Skip to main content

Full text of "The history of ten years, 1830-1840"

See other formats 


This  is  a  digital  copy  of  a  book  that  was  preserved  for  generations  on  hbrary  shelves  before  it  was  carefully  scanned  by  Google  as  part  of  a  project 
to  make  the  world's  books  discoverable  online. 

It  has  survived  long  enough  for  the  copyright  to  expire  and  the  book  to  enter  the  public  domain.  A  public  domain  book  is  one  that  was  never  subject 
to  copyright  or  whose  legal  copyright  term  has  expired.  Whether  a  book  is  in  the  public  domain  may  vary  country  to  country.  Public  domain  books 
are  our  gateways  to  the  past,  representing  a  wealth  of  history,  culture  and  knowledge  that's  often  difficult  to  discover. 

Marks,  notations  and  other  marginalia  present  in  the  original  volume  will  appear  in  this  file  -  a  reminder  of  this  book's  long  journey  from  the 
publisher  to  a  library  and  finally  to  you. 

Usage  guidelines 

Google  is  proud  to  partner  with  libraries  to  digitize  public  domain  materials  and  make  them  widely  accessible.  Public  domain  books  belong  to  the 
public  and  we  are  merely  their  custodians.  Nevertheless,  this  work  is  expensive,  so  in  order  to  keep  providing  this  resource,  we  have  taken  steps  to 
prevent  abuse  by  commercial  parties,  including  placing  technical  restrictions  on  automated  querying. 

We  also  ask  that  you: 

+  Make  non-commercial  use  of  the  files  We  designed  Google  Book  Search  for  use  by  individuals,  and  we  request  that  you  use  these  files  for 
personal,  non-commercial  purposes. 

+  Refrain  from  automated  querying  Do  not  send  automated  queries  of  any  sort  to  Google's  system:  If  you  are  conducting  research  on  machine 
translation,  optical  character  recognition  or  other  areas  where  access  to  a  large  amount  of  text  is  helpful,  please  contact  us.  We  encourage  the 
use  of  public  domain  materials  for  these  purposes  and  may  be  able  to  help. 

+  Maintain  attribution  The  Google  "watermark"  you  see  on  each  file  is  essential  for  informing  people  about  this  project  and  helping  them  find 
additional  materials  through  Google  Book  Search.  Please  do  not  remove  it. 

+  Keep  it  legal  Whatever  your  use,  remember  that  you  are  responsible  for  ensuring  that  what  you  are  doing  is  legal.  Do  not  assume  that  just 
because  we  believe  a  book  is  in  the  public  domain  for  users  in  the  United  States,  that  the  work  is  also  in  the  public  domain  for  users  in  other 
countries.  Whether  a  book  is  still  in  copyright  varies  from  country  to  country,  and  we  can't  offer  guidance  on  whether  any  specific  use  of 
any  specific  book  is  allowed.  Please  do  not  assume  that  a  book's  appearance  in  Google  Book  Search  means  it  can  be  used  in  any  manner 
anywhere  in  the  world.  Copyright  infringement  liability  can  be  quite  severe. 

About  Google  Book  Search 

Google's  mission  is  to  organize  the  world's  information  and  to  make  it  universally  accessible  and  useful.  Google  Book  Search  helps  readers 
discover  the  world's  books  while  helping  authors  and  publishers  reach  new  audiences.  You  can  search  through  the  full  text  of  this  book  on  the  web 


at  http  :  /  /books  .  google  .  com/ 


6000544140 


•  V  :: 


■^ 


tv 


•    f' 


THE  HISTORY 


or 


TEN  YEARS. 


HISTORY  OT  TE^^YEARS. 


THU 


HISTORY  OF  TEN  YEARS, 


1830—1840. 


BY  LOUfS  BLANC. 


IN  TWO  VOliUlCHS. 


VOL.  I. 


LONDON: 
CHAPMAN   AND   HALL,   186,  STRAND. 
1844.  ^ 


c.  wvimo,  wBOrowet  boihk,  rbaiid- 


PREFACE. 


I  AM  about  to  write  the  hiatory  of  my  own  day,  a  deli- 
cate and  perilous  task  1 

The  residt  of  a  ri^d  self-examination,  instituted  before 
I  took  up  my  pen,  having  been  to  acquit  me  alike  of  in- 
terested affections  and  of  implacable  animosities,  I  have 
ventured  to  infer  that  I  am  competent  to  pass  judgment  on 
men  and  things,  without  wronging  justice,  and  without 
betraying  truth. 

The  cause  of  the  noble,  the  rich,  and  the  prosperous,  is 
not  the  cause  I  serve.  I  belong  by  conviction  to  a  party 
that  has  committed  blunders,  and  sorely  has  it  atoned  for 
them:  but  I  did  not  enter  that  party  till  the  morrow  after 
its  last  defeat;  consequently,  I  have  not  had  either  to 
share  in  all  its  hopes  or  to  suffer  personally  in  its  dis- 
asters. It  has,  therefore,  been  possible  for  me  to  keep  my 
heart  free  both  from  the  rancour  of  disappointed  pride, 
and  from  the  venom  that  lurks  even  in  feelings  of  legiti- 
mate  resentment. 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS. 


INTRODUCTION. 

PiasT  Fj.BT.'^-Caïue»  of  Napoleon's  downfid — Contradictions  in  hit  Poliej — 
Militcvry  ItcsonrcH  of  Fans  in  l8Ui  its  Defence  ponaibts — Paris  iras  not 
taken,  bui  auirendercd;  why;  by  whom — Perplexity  of  the  Victors;  Mex- 
■Ddei''t  Melancholy — îfew  Dclaila  rea{iecliiig  (he  entry  of  the  Allies,  into  Pari» 
— Tlie  Bonrbona  brought  b&ek  by  M.  ie  VitroUpB;  aulMjtera  part  played  by 
M.  di:  Tiilltynitid  in  ttiis  matter— Sttine  io  the  Place  Loui»  XV.f  philosophi- 
cfll  aud  bi^torie»]  fntaiity  of  tlie  FaU,  of  the  Empire — Napoleon  at  Fontame- 
bteao — Trui-  Ul^tory  of  the  Dcftction  impnted  to  the  Due  de  Uagoae — Ka- 
poieon  ub&ndoueii  by  ]m  GcneraU;  why— Hii  Feelingo — Fint  Errun  uf  Iiouii 
XVUL— Napuleon'A  l^iurn  fVom  £!lb— The  Bour)j;tfljiAic  D^iûn  f&taJ  to  Nâ^ 
poleuti — Memorable  Woitis  of  the  Duke  irf  Wtllinijlon  rtapucting  the  Tri- 
colour Flaff  and  Foucltê — The  Nam«  of  the  Duc  d'Orlêaru  suggvstbd  in  tlia 
(jjiigress  of  ViciiDa — Louia  XVIU.  forced  to  take  tlie  pegiciJe  Fûuchê  iotn 
hij  Coun8*4s^Tliu   Allies    welcooni.'d  on  iheir  second  entry  by  tliti  Money 

Oetier»— lw;nmrkabk'  FininciniE  HrtulM  of  the  Inrssjon 

Sscnsm  Fabt.— The  BonrÏKins  tuittui  the  Bourgroisie— Monarchy  in  leaiUng 
BtriiiK»-^TU«  ElectiTC  Principle  iueritsbly  futal  10  Ibfi  Beâtoratdon— FaD.  of 
the  Talicyjund  Siluistry — True  Cuuses  of  the  acceasion  of  M.  Decaze»— Vio- 
lent attacks  iiiiide  dq  KoyiJty  by  the  Hoyidist  Cluunber  of  1815 — -The  Germ 
of  the  Rcrolulion  of  183U  laCfttit  in.  the  Onlîmincjî  uf  September  5 — hoyalista 
mid  Liberals;  Lnncenmcy  of  these  Denoroinaticins ;  Tnii.>  Key  to  the  I'uhtieal 
Moreroentaof  tliQ  Rcstoi^lton — The  Des«lJe«,  Hichelien,  un^l  IX'oazes'  Ad- 
^^  mioUtTBSion»— lliftory  ^^  Churbonnc™ — The  Spanish  Kxpc-dition  a  Tietory 
^H  of  the  Chnmiïcr  over  the  Crown — Death  of  Louis  X  VIIL;  Charnrter  of  his 
^^1  Reign — Charles  X.  niorethc  Uenttlhiunme  than  the  King — MomentJu-y  Con- 
P  conl  between  th«  Miinarchical  and  the  Llectivc  rrineipie — The  Ciwijtrepi^'Di 
I  and  the  Jexuita;  Fuoeral  nf  f^i^neral  Foy — Progress  of  Ikiurgt»i«  St-iitimenta 
I  wid  B«^t«  in  Society — Villt  le  Ministry— Trouble»  in  the  Rye  St-  Deiii»;  ilia 
I  Notional  Gaard  disbanded— Marcha,  1830 — Summaiy  Estjiuotc*  of  the  Uealu- 
^^—       ration — Philosophy  of  Itevolutionfl  ^.,.... .<.^.. 


BOOK  THE  FIRST. 


1 


CHAPTER  L 
niBgniK  AdmÎTÛFtmtîon^ForfiRîi  Poliey  of  Prance  at  this  period— Origin  of 
the  Kxpcditiun  to  Algiers — Address  of  the  M^urity  of  321-,  Frurogation  of 
(be  QuunhCT»— Portrait  of  Cliarles  X. — Threats  wi  the  Fart  of  Enpktid — 
ftep«r*twtis  for  tlH!  Expedition;  I>ifflculticB;  Departure  of  the  Fleet— Disso- 
loâm  of  the  Chamher  of  Depwiiea — Chanirter  of  the  Liberal  4'>ppoNtian — 
ChariM  TC.  visits  the  l>ur  d'Orli'iins— t^nsation  produced  by  the  Conqiwsi  uf 
Alfficn)  Views  of  ihv  liovcmtucnt  respecting  it— Rr^yiitj  plnying  the  Dnua- 

h 


IV 


CONTJEliTg. 


îTOpte — The  Bonrgn^e  fear»  lîeYolutioEi — Portrait  of  LoiBtte — Political  m- 

diflerenc»  of  the  l^plc — The  Bo^-alist»  diinded  into  two  Ciirii|is— luflocfico 
of  Ihe  Ct^EX — Charles  X.  niLlcos  op  liis  Mintl  to  a  Coup  iI'J^fai—ApptvhKn- 
Binna  of  Itio  Ciplooiaiic  liody — Tlie  StocltjobberB  anJ  JL  de  Tallej-rand— The 
OrdiiuiQCC»  scctvtly  diacuaawi  and  signed 73 

CHAPTER  IT. 
JcLT  26.-^Pablica.tipii  of  the  Ordioanct;»— Indiflcreaice  of  the  PeopJe — Stupi- 
factionof  tlic  Bourgcoiaie^CoHHUltation  of  Avocate — Senwtwn  produiAtl  in 
llic  Ifenirat'i  the  Iiwiitut«;  MnxmoDt'B  I fcspnir— Protest  uf  tht  JounuJi&t»^ 
Alarm  mid  l'ncertiunty  of  tlu;  Dtpntii-'s:  rorirtiit  of  Camiimt  Piricf — The 
Spirit  tif  ItoEiatancL-  Hprtr-nds;  tlir  Judicïnl  Authorities  take  pott  in  the  Strug- 
gle— The  Bourgeoisie  griidually  forced  iato  laniirrL-ctlou  ...; 9S 

CHAPTER  nL 
JPLT  27.— Tlic  Boargfoia^e  alira  up  the  Pix>p[(i— 'Die  RcTûlution  bcjjim  hj  the 
Dischargt.-^  JourncyiiKuli  ï'nfiti-ra— Kfal  CâuSOfi  of  thti  Kxus pi' ration  id*  the* 
Peopïo— -C'^jnfldtmpe  of  the  Prime  Minister — Ih'licht  of  the  Uh  rn-Iltfynliists — - 
Example  of  Legul  Restslatice — Fïfiali  mctting  of  UcpnticR;  Idle  Words — Va- 
cilliititin  of  tlie  Boldier»;  the  PalBis  Eo,val  m  1830  juid  in  1TSÏ — The  Eoile 
I'oly  ttt'lmique — A  Tricttlnr  Flug  dispUyed — Ominoiu  AppeuraDcc  of  Vans  on 
thu  I^ight  of  tbL'  27th — The  Leaders  of  the  Bourgwiflb  terriiit'd  at  their 
own  Work — Idevting  of  Electors — The  Doiupanutii— Cosiimt  Perler  tind  the 
People - - lOO 

CTIAPTKR  TV. 
JuLT  îe.^TTie  Innirrection  in nde popular  hy  tlie  Display  of  tUeTrioolonr  Fug— 
îwmc  Nutiotml  Guards  arm  for  the  niAinteTioDce  of  Order — Deputation  Ihnu  the 
Eeolc  Polytttl inique  to  LDfaj'eite — JlilitftTj'  Dictatorship  confided  to  the  Due 
ik'  IliigTiM:  i  his  Plati  !>f  DtfLtiet— TcThirs  (if  ihe^ldwhur  Boupp:olsic — C-onfliet»  in 
tlie  llact' de  Grève — liarritndes — The  WeaJlli)'(j|u[u:tfre — Miirt-hoftheTroript 
ulrMi^thc  boulevards — PariB  beeouie  une  great  Field  ufB-ittlu — Varioua  Scejie» 
und  Incidents  of  the  fttrufîwle — MeeCiuif  of  ihelk-putie»  ;  J>ek'gat4>.s  sent  to 
iTi-at  with  the  Dur  de  Hagu»e  ;  M.  Arago'a  Interview  ^-Jtîi  hinij  Slraitja'  lu- 
eifît'Tit»— ItifîUuatïon  of  Ptitivv  Pcihpiac — Frwih  Md-ting  (A'  Deputies— InoTdi- 
tiiite  Cuiifldonce  of  Charles  X.  ;  Beliaviour  of  tlie  CourticTS — Geueral  Vincent 
ytropuscs  to  take  Ihe  Duc  île  Bordeuux  to  Pari» — The  Députiez  ctill  tidkinp 
and  dijitiiT  nothing — Lriifuyette — l'he  Hojai  Troops  evucuûte  ilic  Ilùtel  de 
Ville  at  Midmglit loï 

CHAPTER  V, 
Jtn.T  B9.— Despondency  of  the  Troop»— General  Dnbonrg  at  the  Hôtel  do 
VUle — ScTitinicnl*  of  the  Diplomatic  Body — ^Thc  Di|i[nitnrici  of  the  Healm 
di^rtite  M>L  de  N'tnoiivîUeand  d'Arg^)utto  St.  t'loud  ;  interview  of  the  fortiier 
with  C'hiirlei  X. — Ccnfliuls  in  P&ris  ;  llie  CiUieniL'  de  Iial>ylone — Tbe  I>»urre 
nnii  the  Tuileries  curriid  ;  FUj^ht  of  the  Troop» — Coudnctiif  thi-  IVuplo  in  the 
IWnce  t  how  nccount^  for — Fi^t  in  the  Rurllolukn — DefLVtiunnf  twu  Itezi- 
ineBtt]  Pwtiein  t^m  Hôtc-l  Loffltte — Short<]ivetl  ilt'ign  of  Brotherly  Feelin^After 
Ihe  Triumph — Itobhers  bIioi  on  the  «pot  ;  Iti'iuoii  of  this— DohigB  ut  the  Hotel 
I-iiftltte— PnrinEwvi'mtsl  hy  an  InuiiriHiirj"  PoWL-r-^I^ndicroui  Sidi;  of  tlieâe 
Proihinous  Kvtnt*— Muuicip«Jt^:oimnis!ij<m^L.iifiiyetteiitU>e  Hotel  de  Ville — 
(ieneral  Gerard'*  Promenade— The  Dauphin  and  the  Troni»— The  Duo  de 
MoTUumftrt  minu-il  Minimer  at  St.  Cloud— Km vuy»  &om  Charlea  X  at  the 
lUittd  de  Ville — Ciuindr  Pvrier'a  Signature  omnipotent — Intcn'iew  of  M.  d'Ar- 
goril  with  I,afllttp — ReRinrkubli.-  Words  of  Geniiral  Paju) — Tlie  liuynl  Family 
at  Kt,Cl«»ud — Gcnert(«ity  of  ClidHiii  X.  tairivnIsitui'Dncd'Orléana — Rubtorof 
Whiat — ^Struuge  S^L'iiM  precLtlinp  ttiL-  Iti^vixation  of  the  Ordinanoes — M.  de 
Mortcmut  arrives  io  Pftrifr—Nijfht  of  tli«  ï9tli.,„.„„ .„„„...„ ...,  130 

CnAPTEH  VI 
Ji-L»  rïo.— Clioicc  of  u  KiiiK— Lnfflitc'j  InlliuTiiT— Pnrt  tnken  by  the  Poet  Çé- 
ren^t'P 'luring  tine  U<'rr»liili<Tri — Sdly  Pn^^-diiii,':!  of  If^l- TlUeri  imd  Mignet 

'        '"'    '      » — The  Ihïc  de  Clunlrea  in 


diM" 


I'liMictina  oiul  the  Orkarbu 
Atiuiiy-^'l'lie  Duvlicis  d'Or- 


cosTEarr».  r 

ItMnê  akl  Mxfcune  Adê]a«ie — Im^ÀasHtm  rX  the  Dv:  I'OrliMzu — T1u>  D^pn- 
tÎM  1—inlkii  in  the  Fkbû  BcariKn— K.  «ie  Cucr^ohriaiki  aiki  tbt  Vwi^  <jf 
France — Dedandoo  of  :iie  Cbaarjcr— Bepc^Àj!aa  Mi>£Ci&^  i:  JyÀ&:iér'»— 
DepoBcon  choioe  so  the  H'jttl  3e  ViDe— Ld^j^tb:'*  Iorii»mrJ7c — U.  'fe 
SoafT-  as  tbe  Hoed  de  \~îlk — V'jèvs  c^  ûê  !>:fci«st  Rer^ÀTsàrjoJMi*  u  ùm 
PenôJ — TTie  BoiuiçarddU— Aziirr::.?  u  tt.  Cj-oi— Plii  Y  rîTù  W*r  p*-.- 
poieii  CO  OiaHes  X.— Tie  I>s:  it  haaux  i=*al-^i  -,7  ibt  !>i-:^fcia— TV  Irar 
aOrlàaa  oiKbnxen  t&e  Socrew  n(  hl»  P»rrr  07  hi*  trenimû-jr :  ce  «cvn 
^ri>  fiiRETClT — y.:tx^ir=al  Iz'^rr-Jiw  *Kt»^  ifrx  ici  :he  IJ^:  'ie  )fr.r%man 
— Tmrnr  tt  St  Cloiai:  Rats  .€  ûk  ifc.-nl  Fici:?— I*>»cot:ife=r.T  <.f  xU 
Tnoçm l'A 

CHArTEB  \'n. 
Jrtr  3L — The  lieBSanai-O-iEtEnlihjp  .,^  îI-jî    » —t^'-'-  '-.frr^l  «  îhi:  I>ac 

— ï'neiamMâM.  ■■.^  ■ùat  Cbiaurjtr '-1  I^çniéd — Gnaz  A2:iù;a  j±  ice  Kxtl 
de  V'JSe — Arcâ»   cnccdei  çr.11   Lj£i.it£Lê— &rçi-jccar^-fc   .f   ûe  li^c 

Vaa*  i:  the  H  tei  i  Tlje — X.wz*!XZ  r^:>jï  ?U..fi  âe  '»'= — Lj£it6!k*»  £*- 

înir  ■:^  Laixj^xiùt  —  Fncia;  nrr^ctièr^i  — .-n-.f— f.-i-i.  j  —  ïy.i,:  Jhr.t^.iinui 
=:*)e  ^   Bojar  f    L^j^n^ — 7^   T-jrj.r-y.ri»  '".'rjiacjw    xcrrr.":   »  sLrx 

by  M.  T\â*ri — sizsnlar  0.cTir»ari-.c. — Tbé  irrziat  ic«:»»  i-jra^tf  :=,  ij  'Sut 
%:ckan .-_ ,  i*3 

Fr-yrâBoBoi  lEaiacrT- — I^çrcr:  i:  ."7.-;r^ — Z-  .m.-  .f  C-  -^v. — Fi^is  fr.m  ?«. 
Clfjai — L'.*-iK2r-:  i  ;.:«:  Tr^.cit — Tié  2i.;ru  Ju-.fj  .-^-,«  ïrao.r,  «rt  lt- 
r:"**  tzsJSit-^.ttJKS — t'jjnirje»  j..  ■.•-.ci>7^  u  -nrjihr.  t  l-.vrirt-,* -. .  r-jîlf-jc 
■f  "".TVaa» — ';7iJncsênr.Li-.  .Li»«:-i.Crè — .»,3--.-xr,'L-«  Z^— --r  ^-17.  --;k  r,*-x.  :  ,r- 
V:^  V.  Cuir»»  X  :  A'^iîiarj.c — T^  Mrui^^iu  ■■.  n;t::^i«r.T:  ijari-n**— 
\'^  ïi  Î2IÉ  H-.Cei  l»ÉTi — '!rro-n.  lAr.:izr  ?  .L'eu'-  '.r": .r rjz  :::*■.  .»••.!:  -Y  .v-aSf- 
csa1.11  î5  tâe  îlûii»  ât^t.  -■»  rîï'aet  bi=^**i  1 — i-".  •: -.iLr»-  Y  -_:ft  Inraev 
«r*.^!»» — T-ie  I'm  f>V3Z9  »'jnr»  -^s  la^  f  t  Sr^iV-i-.^  '  .rv.T:j».-tj»r* 
i^ES  •»  ■r!>iir*i!9  X — Tm?-  r:Tîrt  'zaca^;  l-.*r'  f-.-.yr,  -Y  r-jt  I^lca — TV 
EjacKn^K  Zr^wirjc —  .  :•?  ?  L;u.i  ï  ir".»  r.  r,  ":«  M  Y  A  iç-ar — T^jnwr 
«f  tâe  Tryçif  *r  5jm!î».T=i-' — •,  .*i  o^  ^'«.a* — ■"•jLTrt*  X.  VL.11  .£ani:-r.ni^lKfi 
5:r  ICûîfisuia — S*  •.^arr»  :^  Trrr* -,:  -ruixri:  ■^vri-^-jJi  v.  tie  Inr.  !;."*■- 

:  rf  rat  '-ti---.  ■-  "'t^  ïj-.»iirxc-  1  l-î 


Tie  I>K  iTraeaai  za^'&l.:-  t-';---_i,-.-.  -ht  Viii.-. 'sr— 'ï,*  rrvi.V'-.i-'-.' — Zi- 

j2  r^^Frmrs; — I.»:rjiLt  Y  -•*  ïi»**  .t.-r jrj.-7  3f  ."^n'-rtu:   b.  — ; '.'■jt — -irrjur 
9^  'rf  JJLM6 — I.*T,",w  Y  ---.1*  'C.rt-J^    '-Mrtt  1       ■"  ■'•  "■:-  JJift   *..    ulit-raw 


FS^te  tf  CÏKâea  X  icti  zjt  Jur-l.-    -_.•.;.•  2^::..^-z.ir^:r^ 


jxii.-r:.:      i'j.7:  .«t. tea 


■*l 


CONTENTS. 


CILUTER  II. 

J  Blifldsm  of  tho  Bûurfnx-iiiliiï — WretclifÛncss  and  Diiconient  ci  the  People— 
[       Popularity  111'  ilu>  TKw  Kiitg — TUq  l^n««  de  Coudé  ni  St.  Lëu — luc-ditAl  tti- 
ti5tB  ofthê  Due  «t'Orlwaxu — Will  in  favour  of  the  Doe  ifAnnwIe—  Mj^teaJons 
D^ahof  the  PriiKMi  do  Qûôdé *i6i> 

CtlAPTEH  111. 
FonagTi  Policy^Loob  Philippe's  Letter  to  the  Emperor  NM»lai~Temper  of  tbo 
•ef  ernl  Cabin«t8  of  Eurupe—lÏGlitfht  of  the  Engluli— Loui»  Philippe  mid  Fer- 
dinand VII.  :  the  Spanish  Hei'iigi^ea  lued  ta  Tfiola  ami  abandoned — Club  tio- 
Wmmenl — Rititft  io  Bruasela — Di-ipoflitiun  of  the  Belg^ian  Iloiirgenisie — The 
Prince  of  llranpc  in  Brussels  ^  \ûf  Portrait — Views  (if  the  Palais  Itoyol  a«  to 
lieltfiu'" — .Sliopkctpera'  Policy— Irre^pulnx  Appointment  of  TiiUejmad  to  the 
En^Uili  Einbasiy  ;  bii  Inispwhy— Reply  of  Nicolas  to  Looijl'liBippi^^BeTo- 
]utif>n  in  IVI^num— Bclfpnio  intcrciited  in  n  Union  irith  FïïDOe;  ÔppOAithm 
uf  the  PoLaÎb  Koral  to  tJie  Measure;  two  Vastka  in  Brcusda^BotnbutlaiËOt 
iiif  AntwiTp^ExdiuiLon  oi  the  Nïusaa  FamUy— -Ëatbuaiaam  in  Pari» — A 
BAttoUoq  MTLt  to  Belgium  bj  the  Socïetë  des  Amis  da  Peuple „  i&5 

CHAPTER  IV. 
Four  of  the  feX-Miuistera  ImptTBontd  in  Vinoenoe* — Cwnmiasionc™  appointed 
to  eiaiiiinu  them — M.  Mau^iii's  Vltw&i  h»  Portrait — -Ejciuninaliou  of  the 
PriflftiiErfl — Every  thing  done  to  save  their  LiTe*^The  Kiii^'a  Ahhnrren^  far 
CapntnJ  PuniaHiuent^  Farliantentary  l>c:hikte5  on  î\s  Abulition- — Indiguatiion  of 
the  PeOipk';  lïiot  nt  ViacLTine^^IV-t-kmiitions  xnd  Intrigues — EodL^vuura  to 
get  rid  of  (JMJK>r)  Miurot-,  Alt^'n^ntion  ht-twL'va  the  Kini.'  and  Dupant  de  t'Enro 
— Retirement  of  the  DottrimiireB^>'vw  Minifltry;  iJitBlte  President  of  the 
Caoncil-^Iiisastrouj  Reralts  of  Two  ^foIlth■  of  jielgn— Advantage  sought  Io 
be  deriTcdfrum  the  TH&J  iTtlie  cx-MiiiititerB Sui 

CHAPTER  V. 
Forajgn  Policy  of  Friince — A  Itt^petirimi  uf  ttie  C-ongress  ofVienna — Qacatioiu 
put  to  Mimsten  by  iL  Mnufniin;  k^'  ■'  S. m.iiion  product'd  by  Hi.  Bignon's 
Speech — Belgian Con^reai-.  NaiinnLii  ii.iii|»'iidence  prwlaimtd^ Protocol  of 
November  ïO;  ProtesU  ajpiinst  it — Tim  LuxËmbuix  Question;  TaileyrBiid'^s 
Potition — Breach  betveed  Laffitte  and  tl>c  King — AtiimtmoJ  Communication 
tu  the  CliAinbcra — The  Principle  of  Nun-[iitiTTt-ntiuii  Siileniiily  pnxJaiioedby 
the  Prosidcnt  iif  the  Council—Couspimcy  in  l*fjlaiid — Night  of  Nov^rnlvr  85 
in  Warsaw — CWopiclci  Dictator  i  bia  Iiicapacity— Flight  uf  Cunstaniine— 
The  Doctriiuuea  of  Wuwv— Lubecki  set»  out  for  St  Pt-tershurg-^^Miat 
Kraaoe  might  have  done  for  Poland — Strange  Jjmgaage  ctf  the  Consul  of 
FT&nce  in  Wanair , , 3S» 

CHAPTER  VI, 
Thr  Court  of  Feen  conatituif^l  a  Judicial  Tribunal— The  Ministers  br«ufi:ht  to 
Farit — Death  and  ObH-qnics  of  Beiùaraîii  Coastant;  hia  llirtrait^Trial  of 
the  cx-Miiustcn — M.  de  Martignac'i  i^peech;  "SL  4è  Feyronnet'si  M.  3auzet'i 
— Popolar  IndiguatioD— Sittings  of  I)eoeiuUr  SO;  A^tatkm  and  Alarm— 
SlenwDta  ftiT  a  KevolutitiD  ;  BooapKTtiit»,  L«Kilimatbta,  ItepubUcans — .iVrtd- 
laiy  of  the  Katwioal  Gaanl — The  Cotirt^Tiw  Pniftft  of  IVlkw  8uitpLwti"d— . 
ThreateiiiBfP  Pmelamatido  of  Odiloii  Barrut,  I'refoet  of  La  St-iniv— Biot«;  tho 
Fnaoncn  hurripdly  bpwttht  tiadf  to  Viiic«diih;  Terrw  of  tJie  Jiidp,'S;  Sc^n- 
tenoe — Nt^it  of  iJeceniUer  ^K  in  the  Coun-yard  of  iIk-  Louttc— ProoeMJon 
of  btudent«;  Labtyette  appnwee  Uu<  MultitU'Ie;  he  iwrnpromisn!  his  Popu- 
larity—La&yetle  diuniiKd^  Dupont  de  l*Ëure  retires— The  lUivolutîaa  dose^L  .^4 1 

CriAPTKR  VIL 

Belgium  i  tlie  Due  de  Xetnoun  ma  the  Due  de  Leuchtemburg— S^baiBtiani  con> 

Tictod  of  FaUdiooâ— Belglam  emperated  try  tlie  PoUcj'  of  Franco— M.  Brei- 

•on  ud  Lord  PDawmby — M,  de  Lœreatînc  accepu  the  Crown  for  the  Duo  do 

Kcmcnin  In  the  Name  of  hit  GoTcmment— The  King  of  tlie  Freneb  rcAucs  it 

— Exultation  of  the  En^ah;  Critical  State  of  En^Uuid  at  thia  Period — Bd- 

iri   ■      ,     ■■'    :       pmed — PùUflh  5IjUiirf3ti>—Curiou8  Ciministanres  attending 

^t.  Ji-  Morkoiaït  a»  AmluuHilur  to  Russia— Oldopicki  re- 

yi..  _..  - ..siup;  Kod^iinUl  iuuia.d  Gi;iiendis«linoi  the  Uuiik  of  Ito- 


CONTENTS.  VU 

mimoff  declared  excluded  from  the  Throne  of  Poland — Deipondency  of  tho 
Emperor  Nicolas — Diebitch  enters  Poland— Battle  of  Grochow 370 

CHAPTER  VIII. 
The  Political  System  of  France  defined— Budget  of  1831— IntcUoctual  and 
Moral  Condition  of  Societr;  the  St.  Simonians;  the  Republican  Demo- 
crats; the  French  Church— M.  de  lAmenmUs;  Prosecution  of  the  Avenir — 
L^slatire  Labours — Rerired  Courage  of  the  L^timatists — Devastation  of 
the  Church  of  St.  Germain  rAuxerrois,  and  true  Causes  of  that  Occurrence — 
Pillage  of  the  Archbishop's  Palace — Appearance  of  Paris  during  the  CamiTal 
Week — The  Bourse  implicated  in  the  Riots;  Warrant  to  arrest  M.  Ouvrard — 
Flenrs-de-I^s  efàcBd;  Crosses  pulled  down;  the  King  sacriflces  his  Armorial 
Bearing — Portr^t  of  M.  Dupin — The  Electorid  Law;  its  Defects — Law  on 
the  National  Guard — Revolution  of  Italy — Louis  Philippe's  eldest  Son  in  the 
Confidence  of  tlw  Italian  Conspirators — The  Duke  of  Modena  tampers  with 
Menotti — Night  of  February  3  in  Modena— The  Insurrection  spreads  through 
Italy — Rome  threatened;  Letter  from  the  Palais  Royal;  the  Insurgents  aban- 
doned after  having  been  encouraged — Retirement  of  L^tte;  its  Real  Causes 
—Estimate  of  the  Laffitte  Administration 365 

CHAPTER  IX 
Second  Phase  of  the  Goremment  of  the  Bonrgeolde — Casimir  Pérîer  Prime 
Minister— His  Position  with  regard  to  the  Chamber  and  the  Ring — Sittlngi 
t^  the  18th  of  March — Italy  abandoned;  Persecution  of  the  Italian  Refugees 
— The  Government  of  Bologna  deluded — M.  Hubert's  Mission  to  Paris — The 
Anstriana  in  Bologna — Convention  of  Ancona — Perfidy  of  the  Vatican — ■ 
Opinions  enterUdnal  of  the  French  Government  in  Italy — Recall  of  General 
Gailleminnt — Casimir  Périer"»  violent  Proceedings — History  of  the  Popular 
Societies — Prepress  of  the  Republican  Party — Decoration  of  July;  Disturb* 
anoea — Casimir  Périer's  dislike  of  the  King — The  King's  Home  Tour— Disso- 
IntioD  (tf  the  Chamber  416 

CHAPTER  X. 
New  Chamber — Odilon  Barrot  and  Mangmn — How  France  mi^t  have  Intcr- 
frred  in  the  Afiairs  of  Pcdand— Dwemicki's  Victories — Skrzynecki  named 
GeneraUssimo— Ccmflicts  of  Waver  and  DembewiUde  ;  Battle  of  Jganie — The 
Cholera  MOTbns  in  Poland;  Medical  Ccmmiisnon  sent  thither  flrom  France — 
Austria  violates  the  Principle  of  Noo-Intervention — Movements  of  the  Rus- 
atanand  Polish  Armies;  Battle  of  Ostrolenka— Arrival  (rf'Orioff  in  the  Camp 
ef  Pultusk;  Sodden  Deaths  of  Diebitch  and  Constantine— Rumours— The 
Prinoeas  de  Lowicz — Nicolas  and  Constantine — France  Insulted  by  Don 
Mignd — The  Tagus  Expedition — HistOTy  a£  the  C<mference  of  London  437 

CHAPTER  XL 
Speedi  of  the  Crown — I^ut  Struggle  between  LafBtte  and  Casimir  Péricr— The 
AaaLitimis  in  the  Royal  Speech  confuted  in  the  English  Parliament — Nullity 
of  the  English  Alliance;  Insults  to  France — PnUicaticHi  of  the  Note  of  April 
19,  1S31 — Premeditated  Scene  in  the  Chamber  of  Peers — Anniversary  of  the 
Bevohttioo;  False  News;  Exi^osJon  of  National  Feeling — French  Inlerven- 
tâoo  in  Belginm — The  King  of  HoUand  defies  the  Fire  Great  Powers — Eva- 
cnatioa  of  Belgium  by  the  French  Army— IMsgraorfol  Jobbing 459 

CHAPTER  XIL 
IXspoaitioo  of  the  several  Powers  with  regard  to  PcJaod;  Secret  Views  of  Aus- 
tria— Walewski  in  London  and  Zaluski  in  &itsael»~-CompariaaD  betwtcn  the 
PblJcTof  the  Ctoort  of  LoodoQ  and  that  of  Paris — War  in  I'<jlai»l — Pa»kewju:b; 
New  Hsn  of  Campaign — HoveoieDts  of  the  Rossian  Army;  Fatal  Indecisitjn 
of  Skrzynecki;  SCbastiaoJ's  DttfKtcbe»',  M.  de  FUhattt's'Letters— Scenu  'jf 
Anarchy  in  Warsaw — Dembin^'s  Trioinphal  Entry;  be  is  named  G«:oeral- 
saanno — Ni^t  of  the  15tfa  of  August — Kmkowiedd  IMctator — New  Genend- 
iHBno;  Coanol  at  War— Battle  nt  Waraaw — Assault;  CapitulatvA  rjf  Pnga 
— FaQ  of  Poland — Rising  in  Paris — Stormy  Debates  in  the  Chamber— EOmm 
producftd  in  Eançe  fay  the  Fall  of  Wsmw — Tnaty  of  lix  T-wtsttj-fuai  Arti- 
cle* ained  against  France— General  Slate  of  Eorope  U  the  Cloae  cf  October. 
laai _ 477 


vm 


CONTENTS. 


BOOK  THE  THIRD. 

nOH  TUB  EHD  Of  (KTOHEB,  1631,  TO  THE  BEQENNINa  OI  1^33, 

CHAPTER  L 
The  LcgitknatiBt  Party — Chateaubriand — Ben^tr — Drawing-room  Plûts — Idk 
Vendeej  it»  Pbynîtifl]  Cbsnkctert  Temper  oiiJ  Feelings  of  its  Inhabitanto — 
Errors  uf  the  Admitiifttrutian — The  Se£nuitory  Vi-DileHnst  Germs  of  Civil 
Wur — The  Duchess  dt  lierrrs  Homimtic  Schume»— -State  of  Thing»  in  the 
chier  Citiei  cpf  the  Suuth^DiviBlons  in  the  Ruj-jilist  Ptirty— Abùliliun  of  tho 
Hdfditary  Pccfnge — Liiw  of  njuiiahincnt  apiiiut  the  dder  BoucIjcpii  Line — 
~     IrfcpalikUe  D&ma^  done  ta  the  McniJixcliJcal  I^riiuàple  in  FrantX  503 

CHATTER  II. 
Ljotw— DijtreBa  of  the  Silk  Workers— A  fixed  Srade  of  Waffcs  appointeci^-Trri- 
tatioa  of  the  MaiiufiictiJJXTs — -Prfpo-ratiuuB  for  on  Insurrection— Judicial 
Btindncsa  of  tliL-  Aiithoritica^^T(ipof(Tap^iy  of  Lyons — Gathering  in  Croix 
RLyusJW — InnurrectiiHi  ;  U»  DetaUi — Provisional  GoTcmuiont — Adroit  Ma- 
ntcuvrcH — TiK'  Pwiple  cmbajToascd  ■with  the  Kcsulta  of  ite  Victorj' — Phikiso- 
phj  of  thc#e  KTcnl» — ArriTal  of  the  Dnu  d'OrléoM  «id  Marehal  Soult— 
C<>n^UArDB. ■ £35 

CHAPTER  m. 
I  Rctiure  of  the  State  of  Society;  Vices  of  the  Rtign  of  Trade— Attempt»  atln- 
ooraticuii — History  of  Bu  SimouLsm...^,. ...^...  544 

CïîAFTER  IV. 
Progrc»(ïf  the  RcpnMican  Party;  Armiuid  CarrcTTuid  Gamier  F&gdB — Ci»n 
Liiti  M.  de  Connonin's  Pamphlets — Law  PruceetlinKs  on  the  Subject  of  fhe 
Doc  de  Boarlxm's  IJeith— lî^Miiefis  of  the  Repuhtîean  Press;  Pcrsceuticrtis; 
Coorageoui  l>c«liiraLioii  iif  Amund  CarKil—CD^iypinu-y  uf  the  Towet»  of 
Motre  Daine--Conflpifacy  of  the  Riie  dea  Prouviiiri's— Kxpe^lition  of  Ancona 
— CMimir  Péricr'fl  Enimeration;  lu»  Rclntions  with  tlw  Kingi  Frantic  Scene 
DwiUfbance*  »t  Gft-niibk-i  Hot  iJisputea  iii  rwliimient — Systematic  Warfflro 
between  the  Two  CliimtWra — Tlic  liudgii — Clo*tf  of  the  Senwon 67.i 

CHAPTElt  V. 
Ttte  Oiolcra  Mocbiu—fkcoth  of  Curief— Dc»tli  of  Cv^roir  Përict— Eitimate 
of  bii  AdminiamUgii , ,..,„ ....„ 613 


INTRODUCTION. 


A   SUMSIABT   HEVIEW   OF   THE   HESTORATION, 

The  reminiscence  of  a  catastrophe  is  the  starting-point  from 
which  we  shall  enter  wpon  our  theme:  for  such  is  the  obscurity  in- 
voWing  the  principle  of  tilings,  that  their  commcn cement  is  always 
asocaated  Ia  our  mitidâ  with  the  idea  of  decay  and  downfal.  To 
enter  upoîï  the  field  of  history  wc  must  make  oiir  way  over  ruins. 

Napoleon,  Alexander,  Chiurles  X.  : — what  names  now  correspond 
to  these  three?  Saint  Helena,  Taganroe^  Holy  Rood.  So  then, 
when  Alexander  had  achieved  the  overthrow  of  Napoleon,  he  had 
hut  prepared  another  fall;  he  had  thrust  himself  in  between  two 
great  disasters.  And  for  this  it  had  been  needful  to  set  tlie  world 
asdri 

In  that  uninterrupted  succcs^on  of  calanutiea  which  Js  called  his- 
lory,  what  arc  all  these  famous  triumphers,  what  arc  all  these  haughty 
distributers  of  empires?  Their  prosperous  fortunes  manifest^  etiU 
better  than  their  reverses,  how  little  is  their  intrineie  weight.  The 
nineteenth  century  exhibits  to  us  a  monarch  more  unfortunate,  more 
humiliated  than  Charles  X.:  and  that  raonardi  is  the  Einpcxor 
Alexander,  but  for  whom  Charles  X.  would  never  have  reigned. 

Tlic  power  of  that  emperor  was  great,  assuredly,  and  formiilable. 

He  had  led  the  march  of  peace  from  capital  to  capital;  he  had 
ruled  the  congresses  supremely,  and  presided  in  the  assembhes  of 
kings;  it  was  even  granted  him  to  see  the  fortunes  of  a  greater  man 
than  Csesar  grow  pale  before  his  own.  Wliat  then,  it  seemed  as 
though  ho  had  been  lifted  up  bo  high  only  to  make  his  weakness  the 
more  conspicuous,  A  prey  to  devouring  raelancholy»  he  visit^ïtl 
distant  lands  without  being  able  to  escape  from  himself,  and  he 
plunged  into  all  the  a^tations  of  liia  time,  to  stifle  liis  vag^uc  ÉcnsO 
of  suffering.  At  Paris,  whither  he  had  been  <arried  by  the  chance» 
of  war,  men  saw  him  surprise  and  ahnost  appalled  at  the  greatnpFa 
of  his  destiny,  and  he  retracixl  his  steps  to  his  own  dominion?,  !oade<l 
with  the  sadness  of  liis  triumphs.  Why  had  this  Kwlnoss  become  so 
poignant  towards  the  close  ot  liis  life?  Wliat  drove  him  to  kneel  at 
evcnin"  in  the  ffravc-yards?  Wliat  thoughts  were  those  tliat  pur- 
sued hira  in  the  lonely  walks  of  Tsarskoe  Scio?  Had  the  tragic  end 
of  Paul  I.  left  in  liis  troubled  soul  eomc  image  that  would  not  ' 
eflaoed?  It  was  thought  so.  Fcrltaps  he  but  sauk  under  disgust 
life,  that  moral  makdy,  which  God  inflicts  on  the  mighty,  to  avenge 

B 


THTnODCCTTOy. 

the  "weak  and  ttic  Uttlc  for  tlieir  physical  sufferings  !     He  had  hecn 

gone  some  tinwi  from  his  coimtrj^  which  he  shunned,  when  one  day, 

a&  1h9  mother  was  pmying  for  liim  ia  tlw*  cMthcdral  of  St.  Petersburg, 

h  was  announced  that  a  count-r  had  arrived»  dresgcd  in  bkck-     The 

mctlopoUlan   patriarch    entered   the   church,    carrying    a   crucifix 

covered  with  ciupc,  and  ihc  L;hant  for  the  dead  wiis  raised.     The 

I  founder  of  the  Holy  AlUanco,  the  armed  paciftoator  of  Europe,  the 

1  jnan  by  whom  had  been  prostrated  in  Napoleon  the  twofold  gctûuâ 

'  of  wfcr  and  of  France,  the  Emperor  Alexander  vtus  no  more  ! 

A  wholesome  theme  for  meditation  !     Of  the  two  men  who  had 

EtarceUed  out  the  world  between  them  at  Tilsit,  one  died  Dii  from  his 

I  native  land,  iu  a  savage  region  wluther  he  had  Acd  for  reiuge, 

I  Tiireary  of  mankiud,   of  natrire,   aad   of  hiinaelf.     The  other,  over- 

vbolmcd  by  liU  omnipotence,  wasted  slowly  away  in  the  midst  of 

I  the  ocean.     They  lake  upnn  thetu  to  dispr>ge  of  nationSf  and  in.  tho 

I  end  caimot  dispose  of  themselves.     This  is  â  religioui  lesson  of 

cqufllhy. 

After  all,  cvebt^  succeed  each  other  in  a  much  more  logical  man- 
I  n^  than  one  would  be  prone  to  s^uppose,  conaidering  how  unstabh: 
*  ftru  gi>venimeat8.  and  how  ûail  arc  men. 

ThuSj  ance  the  day  when  the  Constituent  Assembly  rcffiatettsd 
I  tho  conquests  of  tho  bourgeoisie  in  Frante,  what  variauona  m  poli' 
'  i^câ  1  wlutt  ohanj^ea  J  whnt  ehoeks  and  perturbations  I  wliat  unex- 
I  pected  modifications  violently  introJueed  iuto  the  govemmeiit! 
I  And  yet  th4j  bourgeoisie  n?ap]xars  on  Uic  sceoe  in  1815,  ready  to 
eonUnue  the  ecarcely  Interrupted  work  of  '8&  ! 

I  have  de«ribod  the  maimer  in  wliich  the  bonrgeoLîîa  unfoldL>d 

I  itself  in  France,  in  a  work  which  will  have  &  beitring  on  the  subject 

[of  that  X  now  publiait,  and  wliich  will  siervc  to  explain  it.     I  luive 

tiicre  represented  the  bourgeoisie  arri\'ing  at  civil  hberty  through 

the  communes,  at  religious  independence  tljiou^h  the  parlmmeut,  ut 

wealth  llirougli  the  trade  coi-poratione,  at  pohtical  power  through 

I  tho  States  General-     It  i^  thi»  last  pluise  of  it^  development  that 

[feeara  upon  the  aifaira  of  the  Restoration,  during  wldch  were  pre- 

I  pared  the  elements  of  a  new  dynasty. 

1  slittU  tJiesrefore  limit  mywlf  to  demonstrating, 
Ist.  That  the  downfal  of  tho  Empire,  and  the  aecesâon  of  haxaa 
\  XVltl.  accorded  with  the  iutercsts  of  the  bourgeoisie,  and  wcia 
j,  acoomplL^hed  bv  that  body: 

I  Sdly-  Tliiit  all  the  pi:jhticat  movements  of  tlve  Resbiration  aroae  out 
[  of  the  dlortd  essayed  by  the  bourgeoisie  to  intliral  tlie  royal  autlio- 
'  lity  wjciiout  destroying  it.* 

*  Rjr  boiÉfpKjmc  1  mena  the  wJinle  boiy  of  ciiiieiia,  vrha,  poutiune:  inipktnenU  ol' 
L  làboiir  or  capital,  vurk  with  mona^  of  dicir  own,  and  Are  not  dcpcodcnt  on  others, 
f^nopC  to  a  eertAÎn  'OCtent.  The  pmpk  Is  thu  wh^ttc  bwlr  of  citizens,  who.  not  por- 
[■■Âat  captai,  depend  compktelj  oa  sMhett,  ami  that  m  what  rsgarda  iïw  pnioo 
igfUlb. 


nmtODTTCTTOW. 

I. 

ïn  the  magic  histoty  of  Napoleon,  and  of  the  armed  people,  the 
port  placed  by  the  buHrccoisie  fieoins  redncerl  to  nothing:  nevofi'j 
tlielcsa,  i£  we  look  narro\ny  Into  it,  we  shall  see  that  with  regard  të  j 
commerce,  manufactures,  and  tmance.  Napoleon  continued  the  worlfl 
erf'  the  Constituent  Assembly,     The  tymnny  tliùt  lurked  in  the  Ici 
aloae  principlG  (laiiseis  fmrt)^  h(?  mtiintaitied  and  favonreti:  his  Code 
he  extracted  Irotn  olJ  books  of  common  law  antï  from  the  folios  of 
PothicT  :  he  ratificKl  the  principle  of  the  divimon  of  property  :  he  did 
DOthiuç  to  substitute  the  commenciai  oprration  of  t4ie  3tAt*?'s  credit 
for  that  of  private  credit.     In  ft  word,  he  strengthened  aU  that  at 
tbifl  day  congtitutw  the  baflis  of  bourgeois  dominadoo. 

This  waa  what  destroyed  Hm. 

For  wliilst  his  cconoruic  system  was  giving  shape  and  conârt- 
ency  to  the  domination  of  the  bourgcolsif ,  he  was  endeavouring^  in 
hia  political  system  to  re-cstabliâli  the  ariatoeracy.  Strangf3  and  latal 
contradiction.!  What  ailed  that  man^  what  lacked  he,  that  he 
oouU  not  tread  hia  path  singly  and  without  retinue?  Hia  genius 
had  endowed  him  with  immense  force;  the  personal  ascetidaticy  he 
oaevei^ed  approached  tlie  miracuioui".  USs  victories  had  encom- 
pMwd  him  with  a  prestige,  the  like  of  which  had  never  been  pos- 
iKserd  by  Churlcmajnie  or  by  Charle?  V.  He  had  niade  France  one 
ioUlier,  and  himself  the  god  of  that  soldier.  Could  he  not  have  dis- 
pCBMd  with  chauiberlftin»  and  ptiges?  But  no.  It  was  not  granted 
to  Nupolcon  himself  to  be  emperor  after  his  own  way.  He  needed 
mo  usque  tairpja  under  the  name  of  aides-de-camp,  hernlds  and  their 
MtlPmyi  carnages  with  coata  of  arms,  an  etiquette  light  puerile, 
ffOl^BlHlukes,  hero-barons,  g reat-inen -princes.  So  much  afraid  was 
ne  IcH  his  genius  should  iïpi>eftT  too  low-lived,  that  he  granted  let- 
ter* putcnt  of  nobility  upon  the  occaBÎoa  of  each  of  his  ^-ictories. 
The  UHttle  of  Wagram  ^ve  him  foe  consort  the  daughter  of  a  mo- 
narcli  whom  he  had  been  able  to  keep  waiting  in  his  antechamber^ 
and  he,  the  sous-hcutenant  that  had  been,  and  brother-in-law  of  a 
ci-dc^vant  stable  groom,  waa  lifted  up  in  spirit  with  the  proud  tliought 
of  being  the  husband  of  an  archduchess,  picked  up,  &o  to  epcak,  ia 
the  baggage  of  a  routed  army.  But  when  a  son  was  Iwrn  to  thi-ii 
man,  ns^o  had  sprung  from  the  lanke  of  the  people,  Oh  that  was 

Îuite  another  affair  truly!  Behold  you,  the  hantHng  ia  created 
Lin^  of  Rome;  a  houwhoIJ  of  the  children  nf  Franrç  ia  appointed, 
■nd  a  coimteffl,  a  real  countess  no  less,  is  appointed  governess  of 
that  chiid  of  I^ranre.  And  now  beware  how  you  look  di-i(dain- 
fuUy  *'n  that  ^irone  which  wa?  not  sufficiently  honoured,  I  suppose, 
by  the  geniua  of  a  parvenu:  around  that  throne  are  ranffed,  to  cover 
n  with  their  liistonc  lustre,  t3ie  de  Croîs,  the  Just  dc  NoaiDes,  the 
Albert  de  Brancaa,  the  dfc  Montmorencys;  all  those^  in  short,  who 
bowc  the  imtnaeulaic  poesstseion  of  old  parchmentg  undevoured  by 
tbe  worms'    FurtlicrauMPe  in  tht  Tuilenes,  overrun  by  this  horoQ 


4  IXTHODUCTION. 

of  nobles  assiç^necl  as  patrons  of  tltc  leader's  plebeian  condition,  ^_. 

qiietU'  fibull  be  more  degroding,   tlie  forms  and  usages  prcscnbed 

more  sen-ilc  tlian  over  they  were  under  ibe  successors  of  Hugh 

Capet.      There  cvctv  movement  eHuU  be  rcgiikted  in  conformity 

with  the  monarehical  ritual;  the  number  of  obeisances  due  to  each 

of  their  majeatiea  shall  be   rigidly  determined.      How  petty  and 

'  paltry  ia  all  this  !     And  yet  who  would  venture  to  deny  that  Napo- 

f  leon  possessed  the  sense  of    true  greatûces?     How  often   bns   he 

\  evinced  it  îu  same  sort    by  the  majesty  of  his  manners,  of    hîa 

'  thoughts,  of  liig  language,  in.  the  loftiest  roffionsof  the  epos?     But, 

pflfi  emperor»  he  was  oveiborne  and  inthralled  by  the  principle  by 

I  virtue  of  which  be  was  seated  on  a  throne.     Now  he  pnould  either 

f  have  destroyed  the  power  of  the  bourgeoise,  or  have  abstained  from 

[irritating  its  antipathies. 

i      Moreover,  in  order  to  phty  out  liis  hiatorical  part,  it  was  neces- 
ftaiy  for  Kapolcon  that  he  should  be  at  once  the  despot  and  the 
warrior:  whereaa  the  bourgeoisie  could  only  develop  ita  growth  on 
the  twofold  condition  of  enjoying  peace  and  of  being  free. 

Peace!  Napoleon  would  have  welcomed  it,  provided  it  were  a 
rious  and  a  etrong^  peace.     When  M.  de  Saint  Aignan  put  before 

Sf  in  November  1813»  the  bases  of  a  pacification,  euch  as  they  had 

been  laid  dawn  by  the  allies  at  Franlclbrt,  did  he  refuse  to  silence 

I  the  voice  of  his  pride?     Yet  hard  were  the  conditions  prescribed  to 

fliim!    To  give  up  Spain,  Italy,  wid  Germany,  was  to  leave  Re- 

r  publican  France  no  doubt  intact,  but  it  waa  to  destroy  Imperial 

f'rsmce.     No  matter:  the  emperor  submits  to  the  sacrilice;  aiid  to 

'  give  the  stronger  pledge  of  his  sincerity  he  removes  the  Due  dc 

Bossano  from  the  ministry  of  foreign  aflairs  to  make  room  for  the 

Due  dc  Viccuco,  the  friend  of  the  czar.     And  when  this  sacrîtice 

j  has  been  accomplished,  when  the  Due  de  Vicence  has  written  to 

the  allies  Uiat  Nnpolcon  consents  to  purcliasc  peace  at  the  cost  of  so 

;  zuuny  conquests  thrown  away,  the  alUea  retract  their  own  proposals, 

'  »nd  march  three  mrat  aiToica  against  France!     That  was  a  time, 

I  forsooth,  to  aecufic  Napoleon  of  tyranny,  when  the  national  territory 

Viùs  overrun  in  every  direction  !     But  what  avail  the  suge-estions  of 

I  honour  against  the  headlong  impulses  of  interest?      MM.   K!au- 

Lgcrgues,  Raytioiiard,  Gallois,  Maine  dc  Biran,  and  Laine  resuscitate 

[airajiiBt  the  araaze<l  emperor  the  old  opposition  of  the  parliaments. 

>  Ho  retorts  against  these  attitcks  by  the  establishment  of  the  dicta- 

^t^jrsliip.     Tlien,  coutiding  in  his  geniue,  and  in  the   fortunes   of 

Trance,  he  prepares  onco  more  to  confront  the  hazards  of  war.     It 

was  n  Bolemn  night,  that  of  the  23d  of  January,  1814,  on  which 

!Napoloon,  ai'ter  burning  his  secret  papers,  embraced  lus  wife  and  hifl 

eon.     lie  waa  never  to  see  them  again  ! 

Tlie  bourgeoisie  Iwul  reason  assuredly  lo  apprehend  that  this 
idepartuTB  would  bo  tlio  signal  for  a  new  kindling  of  iJie  elements 
fftetaSt  throughout  the  world,  and  to  dread  the  result;  but  no  one 


iKTRODUCTfOK. 

oa  with  justice  cast  on  Napoleon^s  head  the  responsibility  of  these 
Inat  oonÛicts.  The  conférences  of  ChAtillon  sur  Soine  must  not  be 
ibtgottcn;  ihcj  testified,  the  steadiust  pursuit  of  peace  amidst  all  the 
ruffe  of  war.  No  doubt  Nnpoleon  reiiiscd  to  FVtlfer  France  to  bo 
reduced  to  her  anciejit  UmtU  ;  no  doubt  lie  deemed  it  his  duty  to 
defend  tlve  heritage  of  the  republic,  as  long  us  a  Pword  i-omained  in 
his  gTHsp.  "  What  !"  be  exclaimod,  when  lie  received  the  proposal 
of  the  7th  from  ChâtiUon,  '*  what  !  lliey  expect  me  to  sign  siich  u 
trcnty  as  this  !  tliat  I  should  trample  undcT  ibot.  my  onth  to  mnin- 
tain  the  integrity  of  the  republic's  territory  1  .  Unheard  of  reverses 
may  have  \ming  from  inc  the  promise  to  i-enounee  the  conquests 
I  have  made:  but  that  I  shouîd  abandon  those  too  that  were  made 
before  me,  that  I  should  violate  the  deposit  so  trustingly  commilled 
to  -my  keeping,  that  in  recnrapencc  for  so  many  effbrt=i,  so  much 
blood,  so  many  victories,  I  should  leui'o  Franco  less  tlun  I  found 
her; — never!'"*  Wua  there  inordinate  pride  in  words  like  these? 
Who  would  dare  to  say  so  after  having  read  the  bidletins  of  the 
prodigious  campaij^n  of  1814?  For  never  had  tJiis  inevitable  sol- 
dier shown  himscu  more  terrible-  The  allies  overthrown  at  Cliam- 
paubcrt,  at  Montrairail,  at  Montcreau,  at  Craonne, — here  was  cause 
enough  to  justify  Napoleon  in  saying  of  the  invaders  oi'  the  country, 
*'  I  am  nearer  to  Mimich  than  they  are  to  Paris."  But  in  that  city, 
the  women  of  which,  like  thoscof  Sparta,  had  not  seen  the  smoke  ot 
a  hostile  camp  fur  centuries^  there  was  a  bom^eoide  eager  for  peace: 
there  were  bankers  dreaming  of  loans  amid  the  din  of  Wctoriea  ! 
Manuliicturcr*,  traders,  all  those  who  suffered  from  the  duel  to  the 
death  jrending  Ixitween  Najwleon  and  Engbmd, — such  were  the 
real  leaders  ol  the  defection  that  opened  the  gates  of  Paris  to  the 
fbrocs  of  the  stranger. 

Waa  Paria  capable  of  defending  itself  in  1814^  though  it  were 
but  for  two  days  longer  ?  This  quesûon  has  been  answered  in 
the  negative  by  most  of  those  who  have  written  on  this  gloomy 
period  of  our  liistory.  Let  us  see  wliat  was  the  slate  of  things  in  a 
military  point  of  view.f 

Tlie  barracks  of  Paris  and  its  environs  are  capable  of  containing 
twenty  thousaJid  men,  reckoning  two  to  each  bed.  Well  then,  in 
Mftxvh,  1814,  the  soldieiB  lay  three  in  a  bed^  and  the  garrets  of 
the  several  buildings  were  crammed  with  men  lying  on  straw 
fta  close  as  they  could  find  room  pide  by  side.  Hence  the  num- 
ber of  soldiers  then  qmirtercd  in  Paris  may  be  set  down  al  the 
lovett  estimate  al  thirty  thousand  men. 

Use  mii^ht  have  been  made  ot^ — 


*  MtaoMd^  do  tnil  huit  coat  <iuAtorzc,  pe^re  1 10,  b^  Bartm  Fain- 
t  Tint  ftcti  Ht  forth  in  (lit  text  arc  J^rivt'l  fr^m  a  Dote  that  hns  bocu  rommuni- 
tated  to  at,  and  vhich  ii  in  the  uctuul  U^tidw^ritlng  of  ooo  ot  the  superior  oiflccra 
inlnHlcd  with  the  dcfuace  of  Pan*  ia  1814.    That  tapeiioc  o£Bcu-  is  now  a  peer  of 
naacc 


IKTBOOUCTtON. 

1.  lime  thfln  two  tlioufA&d  unemployed  ot£cci^  who  itit j  came  la 
AO^t  service  of  the  mûûatry. 

2.  Several  thousand  men  very  slightly  invalided  or  convalescent. 

3.  Ail  those  brave  iuhabltants  of  the  Ikubourgs,  who  were  after- 
■wards  the  fcdércs  of  1815*  and  who  now  offered  their  scrvioce  to 
work  tiie  numcroua  artillery  codlecled  in  P^g  (500  pieces  providied 
Witb  800  thousand  weight  of  powder). 

4.  Well  disposed  men  forming  part  of  the  national  guard, 

5*  Tlic  national  guard  ilseli",  of  wliicli  reserves  migbt  have  been 
£unn^  lor  3how,  and  wbich,  in  any  case,  would  have  performed  the 
necessary  duly  in  the  interior  of  the  dty. 
All  tlicsc  bving  resources  were  paralyzed. 

Paris  had  been  threatened  lor  several  months  ;  consequently  there 
I  had  beeo  all  needful  tiine  to  organixe  the  personnel  of  the  defcnoc. 
I  Whence  comes  it  then  that  when  the  enemy  i^fl  at  our  gates  no- 
[ithln^  w&jg  found  in  readinees  for  his  reception  ? 
I  TtiQ  armed  masB  that  occupiod  Paris,  numerous  as  it  was  abendy, 
wae  to  be  further  incrcciKid  at  the  moment  of  the  Btrugglc^  by  the 
►  todies  of  tniops  that  ivould  fall  back  upon  it. 

The  number  of  mounted  men  of  all  arma  who  were  then  in  Yeot- 

■  Bailies  or  its  environs  haa  been  e«*Limated  as  liigh  as  twelve  thousand, 
I  Tlie  amount  is  exaggerated  ;  but  certain  it  is  that  when  King  Joseph 
[  passed  throu£;h  Vcraaillt^  on  iiia  flight  liora  Paris,  many  dismoimted 
\  cavalry  soldiers  in  their  jackcM  aud  Ibraging  caps,  thronged  hia 
I  jivay  and  saluted  liim  with  cries  of  loyal  attachJment,  mistaking  him 

I  ibi  the  Emperor;    certain  it  is,   tliat  at  Maintcnon  a  regiment  of 

'  garden  d^honncurwas  dntwn  up  in  battle  array  iu  tlie  most  brilliant 

uniform»  and  that  hmcctB  and  cJiaaBcurs^  aasembhog  from  their  can- 

■  tonmcnts,  ntUiod  at  Chartrc?.  Tliosc  troops  were  brave  and  d^^ 
Totedly    faithful     What   my^tcriouB  Imnd    kept   them  rautionlesa 

,  loimd  Paris,  listoniiig;  idly  to  the  sound  oi'  the  cannons  that  were 
deciding  the  Gite  ol'  Fiance  ?  Alas  !  so  well  were  tlicy  kept  aloof 
irom  the  fight,  that  the  niunber  ol"  tlic  poeâblc  defenders  of  the  ca- 
pital could  only  be  surmised  from  the  flood  of  fugitives,  that  for 
fcvcral  days  inundated  the  roada  to  Blois  and  Vcudûme  ! 

As  for  the  iiiatcrial  means  of  defence,  th^  were  more  potent  stiU. 

St-  Denis  might  have  been  secured  from  attack  by  means  of  inun- 

'ans,  eflecled  merely  by  olotdng  the  flood-gates  of  mills,  and  ren- 
d  more  etiicacioua  by  cutting  a  few  trenches. 

The  canal  of  St.  Denis,  2U  metres  wide  and  2  deep»  ahut  in  the 
plain  of  St.  Denis;  and  the  lieaps  of  matter  collected  in  the  proccaB 
of  clearing  it*  channel,  and  thruwn  out  on  its  bank  on  the  side  next 
Paria,  formed  breastworks  capable  of  being  extonsivcly  converted 
into  baltcried,  which  could  nave  played  on  the  enemy  in  periect 
safctv. 

The  canal  d'Ourcq,  from  6  lo  8  metres  widc^  furmsa  ditdi,  wlûch 
flanked  by  the  batt^Tk-a  of   tst.  Denis,  secured  and  covered    the 


WTTBODCCTIOK,  7 

village  of  Fftntoa.  By  taldng  advantaec  of  the  tcmsos  and  of  eome 
mUitaiy  obstacles  capubic  of  being  rapidly  effc-t-tedT  it  would  have 
Ijcèq  easy  to  hold  good,  the  space  enclosed  between  the  catml  and 
the  ecAtpmcnts  of  Hoinam'^'iUe,  a  epace  prelected  hy  the  batteries 
BeciffEily  Edtuated  behind  and  beîow  K»mamvUie- 

1\à»  village  h  elevated  and  iavourably  situated  for  defence.  Its 
nUent  point  towards  the  enemy  is  occupied  by  a  large  and  handsome 
t;Mtfau,  by  the  chiircïi  and  the  cemetery  wliich  command  and  mkc 
titc  slopes  in  front  and  ail  the  roada  by  which  the  enemy  could  ap- 
pîoack  Tïirec  hundred  ciievaux-de-friêe  had  been  prepaied  for  the 
defence  of  the  strcetâ. 

Between  Ronuunvillc  and  Montrciùl  there  ia  a  epace  of'  three 
«juarters  of»  league,  open  indeed  to  attack,  hut  behind  whicli  lie  the 
TiUa^QB  of  Belleville,  Qsgnolet,  and  Charonnc,  and  the  wood  of 
Romainvillc.  The  enemy,  chetked  by  the  fite  of  the  artillaj  in  the 
îftstniuned  village,  would  have  been  obliged  to  get  posseBBion  of  it 
txioTO  advancing  further, 

Montreuil,  an  immense  assemblage  of  houses  aud  walls,  présenta  a 
labyrinth  of  obstacles  which  might  have  been  rendered  inaccessible 
by  means  of  loophoE<^  and  barricades.  It  ia  tnorcovcx  protected 
by  the  vicinity  of  Vinccnnes. 

Laatlyt  between  the  château  of  Vincennes,  and  la  Mame,  the  wood 
Etrewtid  Ti-ith  falls  of  timber  and  otlier  obslaclea  capable  of  bcâng 
qniokly  tiuned  to  account,  rai^ht  have  be«i  kept  possesaon  of 
wiUiout  great  eltort  by  intrepid  soldiers. 

Thus  then,  with  an  army  euch  as  tliat  poBH:B9ed  by  Paris  in  1814, 
■aâ  with  the  aid  of  thoae  mcaaures  we  have  just  cnmnerated,  the 
«LtAtaoe  of  Paris  was  aoapl^ed  in  point  of  fact  to  the  maintenance 
of  Romain  ville. 

This  plan  of  prooecdiiij^  was  formally  proposed.  It  ■sroa  rejected, 
and  that  upon  the  pretext  that  to  occupy  all  this  range  of  ground 
thirty  thmulaiid  men  terre  requisUe.  In  vain  was  it  repUcd  and  proved 
that  it  WBB  CBBy  to  muster  and  dispose  of  thirtif  thousand  mm  ;  all 
propoeaJs  to  investi^te  the  tjutli  of  tliis  assertion  were  obstinately 
Fetiûcd  ;  and  all  that  was  done  waa  to  display  in  front  of  the  different 
bnrricra  a  hidicrous  make-believe  parade  of  defensive  measures. 

This  is  not  ïdL  On  the  eve  of  the  Isttle  a  supcriot  officer  of 
engineers  waa  s?nt  to  King  Joseph  hy  the  minister  of  war.  It  ira» 
Bx  o^clock  in  tlic  evening  :  the  cnemv  were  beginning  to  show  thcm- 
wlvea  at  Noigy,  at  llie  foot  oiiho  heights  of  RomainviUe.  It  was  of 
importance  that  tht-y  sliould  be  anticipated  in  the  occupation  of  that 
village,  the  key  to  the  whole  position;  and  word  was  sent  by  the 
mismler  of  war  to  Joseph  to  that  effect.  Labour  in  vain  !  The  mes- 
ecngcr  could  not  obt^iin  admision,  in  spite  of  his  remoustfanco,  his 
(ffltreotiea,  and  his  urgent  demands. 

The  next  day  it  was  too  late  to  repair  the  mischief.  The  aiemj 
Itad  taken  poBpcMion  of  Xiomaiuvilic  during  the  night  without  en- 


8 


INTRODUCTION. 


countering  nny  resistance,  and  on  the  next  morning  cannon-shots 
dia-hargca  from  its  heights  showed  the  defenders  of  the  capital  that 
they  had  but  one  means  of  safety  left:  they  had  tio  alternative  but 
to  recapture  Horaaini'illc  at  any  cost.  Jerome  proposed  tliis  ener- 
getic act:  he  oamestly  demanded  leave  to  put  himself  at  the  head 
of  the  imperial  giiard,  in  order  to  carry  a  position  on  wliich  de- 
pended the  suocc^  of  tSie  battle  of  Paris  :  hia  demands  were  made 
m  vain. 

What  followed  ia  well  known;  and  where  13  the  French  soid 
from  wliioh  such  a  recollection  could  ever  be  effaced?    It  is  noto- 
rious that  the  6th  corps,  amounting  barely  to  5000  men,  defended 
•Psjns  with  amazing  heroism, —  Pûris,  the  heart  and  brain  of  tîie 
vorldr     It  is  uotonoug  that  Mumiont  had  his  hat  and  hiâ  clothes 
pierced  with  balls  Ln  leading'  tlie  bayonet  charge  against  the  enemy 
^'who  had  alrea.dy  invaded  the  high  street  of  BeUe^^lle.     But  King 
Joseph  had  ah-cady  authorized  Marshals  Mortier  and  Marmont  to 
[■capitulate;  and  that  same  evening,   towards  five  o'clock,   the  pro- 
gramme of  the  funeral  of  the  empire  was  drawn  np  in  a  pltry 
rithige  inn  of  La  Vallctte. 

A  Ittct  less  known  is,  tliat  on  returning  to  hi&  hotels  and  before 
the  ratification  of  the  fatal  convention  of  which  the  baaa  had  ju^t 
,l>ecn  laid  down,  the  Due  dc  Ra^use  remained  ibr  some  time  in  a 
F'fltate  of  torturing  hesitation.     Not\\  who  was  it  that  put  an  end  to 
that  ht^itatitin?     Kepre^entativea  of  the  banking  and   high  com- 
mercial intercsta.     I  make  no  aceuaation  here  against  M.  Jacques 
liafEttc.     History  owes  him  the  justice  of  declaring  that  on  the 
very  morrow  after  the  restoration  he  mounted  the  breach  on  which 
he  remained  for  fifteen  years;  but,  after  all,  M.  Laffitte  had  tlie 
.zmflfoTtunc  on  the  cvcnin'^  oi'  the  30t!i  of  March,  1814,  to  accom- 
Jpany  M,  Perrcgaux  to  the  Due  de  Uttguse*9— he  had  the  mis- 
i  fortune  to  appear  in  that  greenroom  where  the  heart  of  Marmont 
[  opened  to  the  exhortations  of  a  panic-stricken  bourgeoisie. 

ïlïus  it  was  that  the  foreifpiers  entered  Paris.  That  the  capital 
[irould  have  been  capable  of  holding  out  against  a  long  siege  is,  I 
I  admit,  exceedingly  doubtful  ;  but  what  was  requisite  to  save  tlic 
t  fortunes  of  France?  To  resist  two  days  longer;  for  on  the  evening 
I  of  the  battle,  the  enemy,  separated  from  his  park^i,  had  exhausted 
^  ht5  ammunition»  and  the  cmiwror  was  approaching. 

Unfortunately  —  and  I  msist  on  this  point  —  the  dowafal  of 
^  nloon  had  been  prepared  in  Paria  long  beforehand.  Tixc  people 
of  the  faubourgs  had  vainly  cried  **  To  arms!"  the  men  who  then 
occupied  the  political  atam;  had  muskets  without  cartridges  dia- 
irihutcd  at  the  Hotel  dc  Ville,  and  cartridges  without  rauskcta  ftt 
the  Place  de  la  Révolution.  Napoleon  who  was  so  fond  of  tfac 
people  in  uniform,  abhorred  the  people  in  smockfrocks:  and  for 
this  he  was  cruelly  punished.  He  had  against  him  in  1814  the 
bourgeoisie  which  was  all-powerful^  and  for  him  tlie  population  of 


INTKODCCTION. 


9 


the  fiiiubourga  wKicïi  -was  powerless.  He  fell  because  he  liad  not 
chosen  to  be  the  right  arm  of  the  democracy. 

The  French  troops  had  rt^coîvcd  oi-dcrs  en  the  evening  of  the  30th 
of  March  to  iiill  back  on  the  Châteiu  d'Eau;  thence  they  vrero  di- 
rected to  the  Barrii^re  d'Enier.  IVhen  the  roll  wits  called  at  mid- 
night, the  number  present  amounted  to  1800  men  !  How  should  it 
have  been  possible  for  thia  handful  of  eohlier?,  left  to  them&elves,  to 
hold  in  check  the  innumerable  multitude  of  the  a^ailanta  ?  The 
civilians  ol'  Paris  should  tlien  have  tumetl  for  the  detcncc  of  their 
homes?  Nothing  of  the  sort  wfia  done.  Men  in  their  shirt-sleeves, 
men  in  ro^,  these  were  they  who  showed  tbcmselvea  ready  to  fight, 
lo  die:  and  these  men  had  nothing  to  defend]  But  the  bantcra, 
the  manufacturers,  the  shopkeepers,  the  notaries,  the  proprietors  of 
houses,  these  were  the  men  tlial  applauded  the  entry  of  the  allies. 
Yea— and  my  iace  burns  as  I  -n-ntc  this,  for  after  all  it  is  of  my 
country  I  am  gpcûking, — yes,  small  was  the  number  of  those  amoni» 
(he  bourgcoinc  who  thought  then  only  of  grasping  the  sworcC 
Subsequently,  I  am,  aware,  the  bravery  of  the  national  guard  in  1814 
has  been  extolled  in  pompous  terms.  The  hill  of  Montmartre  Ima 
been  made  the  theatre  of  immortal  deeds;  the  barrier  of  Clichy  has 
furnished  a  moving  theme  for  the  painter.  But  ïustory,  which 
soare  above  the  beg  of  party,  and  judges  nations  consigned  lo  eternal 
sleep;  history  will  tell  that  in  1814  Paris  would  not  defend  itseU'; 
that  tlie  national  guard,  with  the  exception  of  some  brave  hearts,  did 
not  do  ils  duty;  tluit  the  bourgeoiFlo  lastly,  all  but  a  small  number 
of  gailant  schoolboys,  and  of  citizens  devoted  to  iheir  country  although 
wealthy,  welcomed  the  invaders  with  open  anns. 

So,  when  Colonel  Fab^îerT  who  had  taken  post  at  the  barriera  by 
order  of  Marshal  Marmont  to  sec  the  army  of  the  enemy  defile,  and 
to  estimate  \is  strength,  went  on  tlie  following  day,  the  3Ist  of 
March,  to  report  what  he  had  seen  to  Napoleon,  uis  indignation  was 
BO  great  that  ne  could  not  find  words  to  give  it  utterance,  Najioloon 
WM  then  behind  Essonne.  Colonel  Fabvier  stood  before  him  witli 
tears  in  his  eyes:  he  had  to  tell  the  emperor  that  the  army  of  the 
eaem^  was  in  possession  of  Paris;  lîiat  that  army  was  formidable; 
tluit  It  had  betai  received  with  cxidtation  in  the  capital;  and  he 
might  have  added  that  he,  a  soldier,  had  been  m  danger  of  being 
mueocred  as  such  by  members  of  the  national  guard,  and  that  he  had 
owed  liis  life  only  to  the  protection  of  a  Russian  officer  !  "  What  do 
thoy  say  of  mcr  the  emperor  inqiiired  of  tho  colonel. — *'  Sire,  1 
dare  not  repeat  it  to  you." — *' Come,  wliat  is  it?" — ''They  vilify 
you  on  all  hands." — '*  Well*  well,"  said  Napoleon  calmly,  "  they 
arc  unhappy,  and  the  unhappy  are  unjust."  And  not  one  barsh 
exprea^on  edcaped  hia  lips. 

The  fall  of  Napoleon  was  then  a  natural  and  nccesaaryrcault  of  the 
growth  of  the  bourgeoisie.  Can  a  nation  be  at  the  same  time  essen- 
tially commercial  and  essentially  martial?  Napoleon  should^  have 
taken  one  or  other  of  two  courseij  either  to  renounce  his  military 


10 


IKTEOOUCTION. 


career,  or  break  at  once  with  the  honrgQoia  aad  the  trading  Byetom, 
To  aim  at  one  and  tho  same  time  at  Teigniug  by  the  swora,  and  at 
contifluing  the  work  of  the  Coiistituent  Asaimbly  waa  infldncss. 
France  could  not  have  at  once  the  destinies  of  Rome  and  those  of 
Carthage.  Napoleon  sank,  and  sanl:  iocidtûhîy,  ^lnder  the  eliorta  of 
the  Cajthaginiiin  portion  of  the  Frencli  people. 

But  if  the  natural  development  of  the  hoîiT^ûjme  broiicfhî  with 
it  the  overthrow  of  the  empire,  it  likewlee  brou«;ht  with  it  the  ao- 
MflnoiL  of  the  Bourbous.  To  prove  this  we  mast  restore  in  all  the 
insti^cti'Pe  plain  truth  of  it^  details,  the  history  of  thia  aeef?ssion, 
which  so  many  histoiiana  have  distorted. 

Let  US  go  back  iu  the  period  when  tlic  diplomatists  of  the  coalition 
were  aBPerabU'd  at  Chutillon  swr  Mame.  What  were  they  al>out  to 
do  with  the  dcBtimcs  of  Fmnce?  France  was  too  indispensable  to 
the  world  to  allow  of  their  thinking  Beriously  of  cutting  it  up  and 
dividing  its  fragmente  among  them.  Besides  the  country  had  still  in 
its  disasters  its  emperor  and  its  despair.  But  independently  of  thia 
fear,  there  was  something  more  almning  to  the  nations  in  Fiunee 
dead,  than  in  France  too  full  of  lite. 

There  arc  nations  whose  eiisl*:nce  is  necessary. 

The  forreign  kings  felt  tlds:  accordiii2;lytliey  bad  taken  care  when 
setting  foot  on  our  soil,  to  olHrm  in  lace  of  the  nations,  that  they 
were  come  to  make  war,  not  on  France,  but  on  the  emperor.  To 
overthrow  Napoleon,  and  to  weaken  France  were  aU  they  dared,  if 
not  all  tliey  dtsircd  to  do. 

And  po  fully  impressed  were  they  with  the  necessity  of  deftUng 
r*«pec-lfuUy  with  ,=ui^  a  prey,  that  they  all  agreed  in  saying,  that  the 
wishca  of  France  should  be  consulted  in  tlie  very  firet  pkec,  as  re- 
garded the  choice  of  a  new  government. 

Tliia  dispoàtaon  of  mind  was  particularly  that  of  the  Emperor 
Alexander.  Amidst  the  loud  din  of  arms  and  horses  with  wliieh  he 
had  Idled  Europe,  be  bad  sunk  into  melancholy  re\'eries,  and  solitude 
had  spread  round  bis  heart  whilst  ho  was  marching  his  coimtlcge 
Boldiers  over  the  distracted  world,  from  the  banks  of  the  Neva  to 
thoee  of  the  Seine.  Fortune  won  granted  him  $o  much,  that 
became  desire  and  hope  alike  irapossiblc  for  him:  he  was  mighty 
and  wretched.  Ashamed  then  of  buying  vanquished  in  Napoleon  a 
mcrtal  whom  he  knew  to  be  Ids  own  superior,  he  felt  a  bitter  enjoy- 
Bkaat  in  inwardly  denying  bia  own  greatneea.  Moderation  in  victory 
was  therefore  easy  and  grateful  to  him;  he  was  humbled  by  that 
victory,  and  the  excess  of  bîa  good  fortune  had  saddened  hmi  for 
ever. 

It  was  Alexander'e  camcat  purpose,  more  than  that  of  any  of  the 
feovereigna  lùa  allies»  to  enter  subjected  France  in  the  character  of  a 
liberator;  but  who  could  tcU  what  were  the  wishes  of  France?  She 
had  remained  mute  uudcr  the  hand  of  Napoleon:  how  were  her 
ann&tionB  to  be  pxseeà  at? 

fW^ennorCf  if  thexo  waa  uncsortainty  in  the  minds  of  the  allies, 


ïîît^aoDtrc'noHr 


11 


there  was  tio  less  iu  the  iniii<lâ  of  their  accomplicxïs  in  the  interior. 
M.  tic  TiàUeyrand,  ivhatevcT  the  historians  ol'  the  R<?storation  have 
said  to  the  contrary,  uotwithHUmding,  knew  natlungj  plotted  no- 
lliing,  foresaw  nutliin";:  only  ho  desired  tlie  rmn  qÏ  Bynoparte,  be- 
cauK  he  had  ceased  to  be  employed  hy  liim.  Bonaparte  would 
have  slways  counted  him  in  the  number  of  his  partiearLSj  if'  he  had 
aliraye  Btopped  short  at  despising  liLm. 

M.  de  Talle}'raud  also  carried  with  Kim  no  pasàon  to  bear  upon 
the  changes  in  pi-eparation.  As  the  govemment  of  an  ignorant  and 
weak  woman  opened  a  £ne  prospect  to  tlic  wlfishnrsH  of  a  Boul  inca- 
pable of  JflTing  or  hating,  his  desiiïsi  pointed  to  the  regency  of  Marie 
Louise.  As  for  the  Bourbons,  he  hardly  thuught  of  them;  ibr 
«hortlj  before  the  31gt  of  March^  he  said  to  the  Duchess  de  Vic- 
«BOCr  ^*  I  would  rather  have  any  thin?,  even  the  Bourbons^  tlian 
the  etnpejroi,"  Be  this  as  it  may,  he  did  not  comtnit  himâolf  ;  and 
contriving  to  pass  off  his  reserve  for  profundity,  he  lived  and  throve 
meanwhile  on  the  stupidity  of  naankiud.  This  was  the  whole  sum 
of  hia  genius. 

Xhere  was  then  in  Paris  a  man  aa  yet  unvisitcd  by  fume  or  fortune, 
Imt  for  whom  was  reserved  a  tempestuous  notoriety.  Full  of  &lirewd- 
ness  and  daring,  ekiJSed,  above  all,  in  disguising  under  the  manners 
ci'theffrand  seigneur  a  cast  of  mind  naturally  aggresàTC,  the  Baron 
de  Vitrolles  was  aiming  at  the  restoration  of  tlie  Bourbons.  He  dis- 
closed his  viewî  to  the  Due  d'Alberg,  with  whom  he  was  intimate, 
and  whose  exâtablc  imagination  he  won  over  by  n  sort  of  revolu- 
tionary petulance. 

M.  dc  Talleyrand's  salon  was  void  of  news  :  what  the  allies  tliought, 
cff  what  they  proposed»  were  matters  utterly  unknown  to  M.  de 
Xalleyrand. 

Tmngs  were  in  thifi  position,  when  the  name  of  the  Baron  do 
Vitrolles  was  mentioned  to  him.  The  Due  d'Alberg  depicted  the  boron 
M  •  man  of  intclUgcncc  and  resolurion^  It  was  euggcsted  that  he 
diould  be  employed  about  the  allies,  not  to  dispoEO  them  in  favour 
of  ilm  Bourbons,  but  to  sound  their  feelings.  This  passive  and  ser- 
vile part  was  the  only  one  phiyed  on  this  ûecasion  by  M.  de  Tuliey- 
imd.  He  had  promised^  it  is  true,  to  accredit  M.  de  "Vitrolles  by 
Bome  lines  under  his  hand  ;  but  when  he  waa  appUcd  to  for  them,  he 
rcftiflcd  them,  being  fearful  of  the  future. 

The  Due  d'Alberg  had  been  intimately  acqnainted  at  Mimich 
with  the  Coimt  von  Stadion,  representative  of  Austri*  «t  the  Crm- 
giess.  Now  the«  two  personages  had  been  on  certain  terms  with 
two  girls,  whose  names  the  Due  d'Alberg  remembered,  and  thcie 
Jia  wrote  down  in  a  poekct-book.  which  served  the  adventurous  am- 
fam&dor  by  way  of  letter  of  credence.  The  Baron  de  Vitrolles  set 
otfwjtliout  havmg  seen  M,  de  Talleyrand  ;  without  having  received 
him  any  commission;  without  having  e^'cn  obtained  from  him 
Im  xvowal.    He  diâguîâod  himâelf^  took  the  name  of  St.  Vincent 


12  INTKODUCTION. 

at  Auxerrc,  and  matle  liimseli'  known  to  the  Count  von  Stadion  by 
moans  of  tlie  two  narnes^  ■wlitcli  recalled  to  his  mind  passages  of  liia 
student  days  and  of  hb  amours.  Such  is  the  way  in  which  Heaveii 
is  paused  to  dispose  of  the  lot  of  nfttiona  ! 

Tlie  Emperor  Alexander  bcinjj  at  Troyes,  M.  de  VitroUes  quitted 
Cliâtillon  and  act  out  thither.  He  ibiind  Alexander  possessed  with  a 
Elrong  repugnance  agidnst  the  Bouibona.  "  To  re-establish  thatdy 
niiBty  on  the  tliroue  would  bc,'^  he  sald»  "  to  open  the  door  to  terrible 
acts  oi"  vengeance." — Key  and  I^abedoyèrc  but  too  fully  proved  the 
trutli  of  this  foreboding, — "  And  then,"  he  adilcd^  '*  what  voices  tiro 
raised  in  France  for  the  Bourbons?  Ai-e  a  few  eminrtinta,  who 
come  and  wliisper  in  our  ears  that  their  country  is  royalist^  to  be 
deemed  reptescut&tivcs  of  public  opinion?"  M,  dc  VitroUes,  who 
spotc  in  bis  own  name,  and  not  in  that  of  M.  de  Talleyrand,  eon- 
tcndcd  very  ably  again^  Alexander's  objections.  In  a  final  interview 
between  them,  M.  de  VitroUes  exclaimed,  "  Believe  me,  sircj  you 
would  not  have  lost  so  many  soldiers  in  tliis  country^  had  you  made 
tlic  question  of  occupation  a  French  question."  '*  Tlie  very  thing 
I  have  myself  said  a  hundred  times,"  was  Alexander's  auimated 
reply.  Tlie  interview  lasted  three  hours,  and  when  il  was  ended, 
Alexander  had  been  gained  over  to  the  cause  of  Louis  XVIII. 

ITie  allies  entered  Taris  oq  the  SIst  of  Marcli,  M,  dc  Talley- 
l^ud  had  prepared  his  saloons  for  the  reception  of  the  czar.  "  Well," 
said  Alexander,  encountering  his  liost^  "  it  appears  that  France  in- 
vokes the  Bourbons."  These  words  struck  M.  dc  Talk'yrand  with 
extreme  surprise;  but,  practised  in  the  art  of  governing  his  fea- 
tures, he  preserved  an  apparent  composure,  and  took  ^ood  care  not 
to  contradict  wliat  he  imagined  to  be  tlie  expression  of  a  personal 
desire  on  the  emperor's  part.  From  tliat  moment  he  was  a  convert 
to  a  cause  which  he  believed  to  be  the  cause  of  victory. 

In  tJie  assembly  in  which  the  political  lot  of  the  French  was  to 
be  discussed,  M.  dc  Pradt  was  one  of  the  first  whose  zeal  was  kindled 
on  behalf  of  ilie  Bourbons.  The  Due  d'Alberg,  who  could  not  jet 
be  in  the  secret  of  his  model,  M.  dc  Talleyrand's,  so  recent  convcr- 
eion  to  rovaham,  harangued  in  favour  of  the  regency  of  Marie 
Louise,  All  at  oncc^  olécrving  a  sort  of  eloud  upon  Alexander's 
countenance,  lie  grew  confused,  hesitated,  and  cast  his  eyes  on  M. 
de  Tullcyrand,  to  take  counsel  from  lus  attitude.  M,  de  Tallcy- 
raad  remained  motioidcss,  inscrutable,  with  his  cyca  bent  on  the 
ground.  The  duke  was  afmid  he  had  gone  too  far»  and  every  one 
present  made  haste  to  perform  an  overt  act  of  royalism,  to  avoid 
compromising  Ids  chances  of  the  morrow. 

Meanwhile  some  royalists  liad  assembled  out  of  doors;  and  wlmt 
was  lacking  to  them  in  numbers  was  to  be  nfiade  up  by  buslling  acti- 
vity. The  ïuenihicîous  show  of  public  enthuâaam  wm  complete  :  the 
KiglicBt  persiojiages  of  the  rcahn  planted  themselves  under  Alexan- 
der's eyes  In  the  I'lace  Lotus  XV.j  to  enact  a  scene  of  schoolboy 


INTRODUCTION. 


13 


rejoicings  în  the  holidayg.  Alexander  tcTaeld  the  nation  in  a.  few 
men  who  shouted;  he  formed  his  opinion  of  France  from  the  win- 
dows of  an  liôtcl  in  the  Rue  St.  Florentin,  M-  de  Montmorency 
waving  a  white  handkerchief  at  the  end  of  a  cane,  prompted  the 
cmbairaescd  coalition  to  a  denouement  of  the  drama.  What  shall 
1  say  more?  M.  Michaud  was  in  waiting  in  the  Emperor  Alex- 
ander's antechamber,  and  held  in  his  hand  a  proclamation  draivn 
up  beforehand  :  thanks  to  the  zeal  of  some  royahstSj  it  soon  covered 
all  the  walla  of  Paria.  The  people  became  apprized,  to  their  great 
anifl7.emcnt,  that  ihey  ardently  longed  for  the  return  of  the  Bourbons. 

Thus  this  return  took  place  contrary  to  the  will  of  the  peop!e,  to 
whom  the  Bourbons  were  unknown  in  1814;  contrary  to  the  sym- 
pathies of  Alexander,  whose  mind  misgave  him  as  to  the  poTils  of  a 
reaction;  and  lastly,  contrary  to  the  opinion  of  M.  de  Talleyrand, 
who  lad  thought  nothing  possible,  and  who  desâred  nothing,  but  the 
regency  of  Marie  Louise. 

And  now  the  new  Toyalty  onco  proclaimed,  all  those  who  had 
the  disposai  of  fortune  and  of  honours  crowded  round  it.  Napoleon 
liad  twice  debased  the  peerage;  by  his  proKKrity,  which  rendered  it 
eemie,  and  by  his  mistortune?,  which  rendered  it  ungrateful.  But 
when  iw  master  was  down,  it  felt  itK.'lf  so  weak  that  it  did  not  even 
venture  to  take  the  lead  in  evincing  its  ingratitude:  it  cast  itself  into 
the  hands  of  the  first  knave  that  ofl'ercd;  and  the  senate  hccumc,  in 
the  hands  of  M.  dc  Talleyrand,  a  workshop  of  treachery.  By  an. 
ever  memorable  chastisement  of  pride^  Napoleon  owed  Ins  downfal 
in  part  to  that  very  baseness  which  ha  had  created  and  fostered.  He 
liad  reckoned  for  the  strength  and  duration  of  his  itign  on  tlïe 
levelling;  down  of  all  indiviJuali  prominence  of  charactcr;  and  hig 
fir«t  ricïcat  let't  hïm  alone  upon  the  wreck  of  his  fortunes. 

This  is  what  was  done  in  1 814.  They  called  this  the  rc-cstabiish- 
ment  of  legitimate  royalty.  What  a  melancholy  buffoonery!  And 
how  strong  were  the  temptation,  in  witnessing  such  ?peclaclê9,  to 
own  in  history  notlung  pave  the  imbecile  empire  of  chance  !  But  it 
ifl  tlie  contingencies  and  the  insti-uments  that  arc  ptitty;  the  causes 
ore  grand.  Would  an  empty  ehow  played  oft'  before  a  leader  of 
Tortiirs,  have  sufficed  to  bring  back  the  succcgsors  of  Louis  XVL 
to  that  palace  which  he  liad  quitted  to  pass  throu^li  a  prison  to 
the  scafiold,  if  the  reason  of  this  apparently  extraordinary  fiiet  had 
not  existed  in  the  venr  eiscncc  of  things?  The  truth  ie,  that  the 
dynasty  of  Louis  XVI.  was  continued  in  1814,  because  liia  death  had 
been  but  the  signal  of  a  halt  in  the  history  of  the  bourgeoisie.  To  cu- 
bic tliG  bourgeoide  in  1 814, to  r<^umc  that  lucendancy  which  had  been 
mterruptcd  by  the  reign  of  terror  and  by  the  empire,  it  wanted  a  go- 
Tcnuuent  that  should  have  need  of  it,  that  could  not  dispense  \rith  its 
Bid  and  even  its  patronage,  that  is  to  say,  a  government  without  in- 
trinsic energy,  without  éclat,  without  nationality,  without  roi^t.^ — 
What  tended  inevitably  to  make  the  Bourbon  monarchy  desirable  to 
the  bourgeois  claw,  was  the  very  wcakncK  of  such  a  monarchy,  and 


à 


14  "^  INTRODUCTlOW. 

«ÎKïvc  aU  its  noTiîlty;  for,  C]^)etmn  as  it  was^  it  dated  onl^  irotn  the 
21st  of  Janiiarj. 

The  bulk  of  tlie  bnurgeoîaîe  was  Êir,  nsBurodly,  from  making  all 
these  calculations  in  1814;  my  purport,  therefore^  is  but  to  prti-re 
one  things, — namely,  that  Pro^-idence  made  tlifsc  calculations  lor  it- 
And  the  more  I  consider  the  pettbit^sa  of  the  incidents  that  make  up 
the  tipoe  of  the  vanq^uialïcd  Empire,  the  more  convinced  I  am 
&at  tbo9C  who  have  'vvritten  its  lustory  liave  mistaken  opportuni- 
des  for  causes,  and  have  explained  by  pompoua  nothings  what  ad- 
mittpd  of  no  other  legitlniate  cxplaniition  than  tkc  neccraary  tend- 
encies of  the  ^-ictorious  march  in  history  of  the  blttgeoiEiCj  from 
the  period  when  tiie  feudal  régime  was  abolished. 

And,  by  the  by,  has  it  net  fcccn  written,  and  has  not  a  pretended 
credence  been  given  to  the  assertion,  that  but  for  the  defection  of 
the  Due  de  Hoguw  at  Essonne^  the  destinies  of  Froiice  might  havç 
taken  another  course  ?  Now,  first  of  all,  has  tlic  truth  been  told 
respecting  this  defc'Ctioa  ?  Lot  tts  be  ailowed  to  disentangle  the 
log-ic  of  history  ft-om  some  facts  with  which  it  has  in  this  instance 
been  unhappily  objured.* 

Nupolcon  was  at  Fontainebleau  still  pondering  on  tlic  means 
of  evading  a  last  stroke  of  illfortune,  when  the  Prince  de  Tarente 
showed  hun  a  letter  be  had  just  received  unsealed:  it  waa  from 
Gonend  Beumoflvillc,  member  of  the  proviaional  govcramsii,  and 
hacï  been  delivered  in  the  first  place  to  tne  Due  do  Jlaguse,  who  had 
rejid  it;  it  contained  pointed  inducements  to  defection,  On  reading 
this  letter,  Napoleon's  despondency  redoubled.  Tl^cj  talked  to 
him  of  abdicating  in  favour  of  bia  son^  and  his  pïide  did  not  seem 
very  deeply  rnortilied  by  the  proposal.  The  iramenaaty  of  his  iU- 
i^-'^rtunc  had  bewildered  him, — him,  whom  hie  fubulous  elevation  ha*! 
not  even  astonished.  He  drew  up  that  conditional  act  of  abdication 
which  ha.=î  rcinainwl  imprinted  on  every  memoryj  and  he  nominalpd 
Marshal  Ney,  Cauhiîncouit,  and  the  Dtiko  of  Haguso,  to  discuss  the 
iatdcets  of  his  son  and  to  negotiate  a  half 'forfeiture  of  the  crown. 
Then  jiiddenly  changing  bia  mind,  "  Marmont,'*  Sidd  he,  "  ia  more 
m  his  place  at  Essonne  us  a  soldier  than  in  Paris  as  a  negotiator.  He 
knows  the  locahtyj  let  him  remain  with  the  advanced  guard,"  And 
Macdonald  waâ  nominated  instead  of  Marmont. 

The  Due  de  Ragusc,  meanwhile,  had  recfivr^l  a  fatal  raesaage  from 
Paris.  Walking  in  a  garden  with  Colonel  Fabvier,  he  asked  hun  what 
he  thought  of  the  overtures  made  to  him.  '*  I  thinks"  and  the 
Kionulj  poîndng  to  a  tree  in  the  garden,  "•  that  in  times  of  ordisaij 
imdne  the  mçsaenger  should  be  ?trung  up  yonder,"  But  ttiune 
were  not  the  sentiments  ^at  actuated  the  mmds  of  leading  men. 

The  tliree  ncgottators  nanied  by  Napoleon  paa?cd  through  Ë^onnc 
on  their  way  to  Paris,  and  calling  on  the  Due  de  Ragusc  they  told 
him  the  purport  of  their  minion.     Marmont  waa  touched  to  the 

*  What  fuUovB  is  fouoiJod  on  tnfttnuatkin  riimâlLod  bj  Mjvïbal  MM^ooold,  mid 
imt  iatù  Tùf  bâaiAt  Xtf  M..  An^. 


k 


mnoPUCTiON;  15 

tliG  confidence  reposed  in  him  by  the  emperor  wrung  him 
like  a  remorse  of  conscience.  He  owned  that  he  had  lent  aa  I 
«ii  to  Schwartzenber^'s  propositions;  that  he  had  assembted  hi*  I 
generals;  tliat  ht  had  conaultêi  them  on  tlie  overtures  of  the  allies;:] 
and  that  in  pursuance'  of  their  advice  he  had  resol-red  to  order  a  I 
TOovcmtut  on  Vei-aaillca.  '*  But,"  ho  added  in  impassioned  accent3|.J 
"  since  you  arc  changed  with  the  intcrcsta  of  the  King  oi'  Rome  I 
will  join  you,  and  I  will  stop  the  raorement  on  Versailles.'*  I 
Acc<irdingly  he  issued  counterordera^  and  entered  tlie  carriage  ia  | 
which  the  commissioners  proceeded  to  Paris. 

Afî<:r  a  brief  halt  at  the  clulteau  de  Petit  Bourg,  where  thai 
Priacc  of  Wurtemberg;  wlio  commanded  the  advanced  fjuard  of  the 
enemy  had  taken  up  his  abode,  they  amved  in  the  gilded  saloonj  j 
c^  the  Rue  Saint-Florandn,  the  scene  of  «o  many  acts  of  biisenes9.J 
The  official  negotiators  pleaded  tlie  cause  of  Napoleon's  son  ;  bixtl 
M-  de  Talleymnd  had  already  committed  himself  m  favour  of  Loui*  J 
XVlIL,  and  he  put  all  the  resources  of  intrignc  in  operation  ta4 
frustrate  the  nc^o^utioû. 

Tlie  hour  of  doom  waa  about  to  stnkc  for  the  empire:  Alexander 
at  last  resolved  to  pronounce  those  fatal  ■word»  fn^m  which  wore  to 
begin  Napoleon's  slow  agony  and  his  own.    He  had  scarcely  finished'] 
spnkinË;:,  when  the  door  of  the  apartment  opened;  a  Russian  ofiiccï  1 
laailr  lus  appeai^nce  and  ^aid,   accompanying  tlio  word  with   an 
Mffeaoive  gesture,  fohrm.     But  too  soon  was  the  meanin^:^  of  that  \ 
Q^ystcriona  word  to  he  known;  lor  what  passed  at  Essonne  after  Mar*TJ 
mont'a  departure  was  as  foUoiva. 

General  Gourgaud  had  been  sent  for  from  FontMncbleau  tOi 
Essonne:  he  arrives:  is  made  acfjuaintcd  with  the  departure  of  thai 
Due  de  lîaguse,  pvea  way  to  a  violent  hurst  of  vexation,  and  ra^j 
turns  to  Fontainebleau.  Upon  this  the  generals  hold  a  meeting; 
Shall  tlxey  order  a  movement  on  Versailles?  Ia  Napoleon  the  ma 
to  pardon  hid  generals  for  having  lacked  faith  in  his  destiny] 
Gnueml  Souham  formalEy  declared  in  favour  of  defection.  Alreailyj 
comprotniacd  in  a  conspiracy  wliich  Napoleon  had  discovered,  no] 
had  a  special  motive  for  dreading  his  anger.  General  Comp  " 
begged  that  nothing  iniglit  be  done  precipitately  +  and  that  at  I 
&e  return  of  Marmont  shitdd  be  awaited.  *''  Beware,"  cxclaimedl 
General  Bordesoulle,  speaking  of  tlie  emperor,  '^  you  do  not  kno 
Ae  t]|çer:  be  loves  blood:  he  will  have  us  shot."  The  order  \ 
giTcn  the  troops  to  march. 

Colonel  Fabvicr  had  rccei  v&l  from  the  Due  de  Ragitse  the  comma 
of  tlïc  advanced  posta  on  the  heights  towards  Paris.    ÏTnable  to  com-j 
pTchond  tlie  movement  that  was  taking  place  round  him  he  cr 
the  bridge  of  EasonnCt  making  his  way  llirough  the  disordered  tr 
of  iofimtry,  and  he  perceived  Generals  Souham  and  BordcsouUe*] 

•  TTi^re  exîiU  a  letter  of  Gcaenl  Borideaoulle'fl,  in  which  be  declare»,  tint  in  «m-  J 
owt  wiUi  All  the  ^eoerali  pnMUt  at  EiuoDne,  with  the  sId^  esc^tion  of  G«rie9iyK-] 
I^BODtle,  he  difep(«d  the  movcpieat  ga  Yenaillet  oûntrary  to  the  order  of  (he  Dm 


16  DÎTJIODUCTIOÎJ. 

beside  a  fire  lighted  near  a  cabaret  to  the  left  of  the  hridge.  Going 
Up  to  tJiem  and  addressing  himself  respectfully  to  Souham,  he  asked 
the  meaning  of  the  movement  given  to  the  troops.  "  I  am  not  in 
the  hahit  of  accounting  for  my  acts  to  my  inferiors,"  was  the  reply; 
and  when  the  colonel  still  pressed  the  question,  Souham  added 
these  characteristic  words:  "  Marinont  has  placed  himseLf  in  safety. 
For  my  part  I  am  a  tall  man,  and  I  have  no  desire  to  be  made  a 
head  shorter."  Colonel  Fabvier  kept  his  temper;  he  requested 
perniit^sion  to  go  before  the  provisional  government,  and  begged 
iliat  nothing  might  be  done  till  liis  return.  This  was  readily 
assented  to,  and  he  set  oiFinstantHy  for  Parie. 

The  three  negotiators  were  at  M.  dc  Talleyrands;  the  Due  do 
Ra^use  at  Marshal  Ney'a.  llurmont  turned  ghastly  pale  on  seeing 
Fabvier  enter,  and  without  wwting  for  the  colonel  to  open  his 
mouth  he  cried  out,  "I  am  undone!"  "Yes,  you  are  undone," 
repUed  Fabvier;  "  your  troops  arc  passing  over  to  the  enemy/'  The 
Due  dc  Ragusc  tottered  to  the  chimneypiece  on  which  he  leaned, 
faintly  ejaculating  that  no  alternative  i^craained  to  him  but  to  blow 
out  his  brains.  *'  There  ia  another,"  said  Fabvier;  "  and  that  is  to 
Bet  out  immediately  and  put  a  stop  to  the  moveraent."  The  duke 
caught  cagcriy  at  tïds  proposal;  but  immediately  afterwards  he 
det'hired  that  he  owed  it  to  his  colleamies  to  confer  on  the  subject 
with  thctn,  and  he  ran,  accompanied  by  tbe  colonel,  to  Pnnce 
Tallcvrand's,  where  he  entered  alone.  Colonel  Fabvier  waited  out- 
ride tor  Mormont,  and  in  a  few  minutes  he  saw  him  come  out  with 
a  troubled  countenance,  but  etriving  to  maeter  liis  perturbation. 
He  was  now  determined  not  to  join  his  troops;  he  took  ujwn  ham 
the  responsibihty  of  a  defection  that  was  not  of  his  own  making  ! 
iThat  fearful  responsibility  Ime  never  rince  ceased  to  rest  upon  his 
^ead:  why  has  he  not  had  the  courage  to  cast  off  tljc  burden? 
To  lra.ve  it  to  be  believed  that  one  is  guilty,  while  one  derives 
Tofit  from  the  public  mistake,  ia  to  be  doubly  guilty. 

It  résulta  from  this  statcment  tliat  the  catastrophe  which  beibl 

tie  King  of  Iloniej  amid  the  very  niins  of  his  father's  fortunes,  is 

Dot  to  be  accounted  for  by  a  few  accidental  facta^  but  by  a  corabi- 

ation  of  irresistible  cause?. 

And  first  in  ibe  Ust  of  these  causes  is  to  be  placed  the  supinencsa 

of  the  genemls  wiio  had  no  longer  any  loiVy  hopes  in  prospect. 

r  J'fapoleoii  had  c<'imniitted  an  irreparable  mistake  in  canting  hiij 

ofliri-Tfl  such  high  favours  that  they  had  nothing  further  to 

hrtv  TumI  been  loaded   with   honours  and  gorged 

w  scixcd  upon  iJicm.     And  assuredly  Napoleon 

rcTB.     His  victories  were  relays;  hi?  armies 

11  bcneiith    lujn   wiUi   exha\is[ion.     How 

«u  cuTjttble  of  Itoldîng  out  hke  his  in  this 

ic  tinknown?    Tbose  of  his  generals,  tîïe 

:ould  no  longer  recede  to  faruier  distance, 

^ing  ili£]jiritèd;  the  lovq  of  tcet  had  taken 


ïrtboottction;  17 

hold  upon  them.  Country-houses,  sumptuous  hotels,  brilliant 
equipages,  women,  pleasures,  the  easy  honours  of  peace,  these  were 
the  deughts  from  which  they  were  torn  by  every  new  desiffn  of  the 
inde&tigable  warrior;  and  they  now  followed  hmi  but  with  discon- 
tented murmurs  across  that  Europe  which  his  genius  perturbed. 

For  a  long  while,  moreover,  the  miHtary  tone  and  habits  of  the 
repubhc  had  become  extinct  in  the  army.  Already  at  the  period  of 
the  formation  of  Bonaparte's  camp,  the  army  had  seen  admitted  into 
its  ranks  titled  soldiers,  yoimg  men  hatched  in  the  corruption  of 
the  Directory,  and  who  adopta  the  corruption  of  the  Empire, — sol- 
diers  without  vigour,  who  carried  with  them  to  the  camp  the  pro- 
tection  of  women  of  gallantry.  France,  nevertheless,  had  not  ceased 
to  prove  herself  invmcible,  but  she  had  ceased  to  vanquish  by  the 
active  and  intelligent  concurrence  of  her  generals,  her  officers,  and 
her  soldiera.  To  this  concurrence,  of  which  the  repubhcan  victories 
were  but  a  glorious  manifestation,  had  succeeded  the  genius  of  a 
sii^le  man:  the  army  had  become,  as  it  were,  a  colossal  Uving  ma- 
chine of  war,  put  in  motion  and  controlled  by  one  all-powerfm  arm. 
The  schemes  of  a  mathematician,  and  the  confidence  with  which  he 
inspired  a  milUon  of  thoroughly  disciplined  men,  were  the  souroet 
whence  flowed  all  our  triumphs  nnce  the  rise  of  the  empire.  îla- 
poleon  had  destroyed  the  personaHty  of  the  French  armies. 

So  then,  abandoned  br  his  generals,  he  felt  himself  all  alone, 
though  adored  by  the  soldiers.  He  could  not  descend  the  steps  of 
the  military  scale  in  search  of  support.  He  believed  himself  lost, 
when  he  taw  round  him  at  Fontameblcau,  none  but  marshals  with 
scared  faces,  and  heard  from  their  lips  nothing  but  this  ultimatum  pro- 
nounced bv  ingratitude  :  "  Abdicate  l"  Abdicate  ?  And  why  ?  Had 
he  not  still  an  army?  Could  he  not  still  cotmt  on  the  dcvotedneM 
of  the  secondary  generals,  of  those  whom  opulence  had  not  unnerved, 
whcmi  intrigue  had  not  entangled  in  its  toils,  and  who  had  no( 
breathed  the  corrupting  air  of  the  saloons  of  the  capital?  Were 
Sonlt's  and  Suchet's  divisions  combined,  was  the  loss  of  the  game 
indeed  inevitable  in  the  hands  of  a  plaver  like  Kapoleon? 

These  reasonings  were  not  beyona  the  scope  of  a  corporal's  spe- 
culations, yet  haridlr,  perhaps,  did  they  suggest  themselves  to  Napo- 
leon. X  cannot  but  admire  how  the  weakness  of  men  shows  itself 
moeit  ghuringlv  in  those  very  things  that  most  attest  their  power* 
UmpcAetm  }^  always  exercised  so  marvellous  an  ascendancy  over 
«U  axoond  him,  that  on  the  day  when  a  doubt  of  his  future 
ibrtimes  seemed  to  cross  the  minds  of  others,  he  became  hitosdf 
m  doubter  Hkc  the  rest.  Unused  to  resistance,  the  first  rcfistancc  be 
encountared  struck  him  with  such  amazcment  as  to  disconcert  and 
PToetiate  his  ener^cs.     He  became  irresolute  to  excess,  in  cx|natioD 

r  the  abase  he  had  made  of  his  will  for  fifteen  years. 

Behold  him  at  Fontainebleau.  Hiâ  hesitation  is  piteoiL?  :  he 
neither  live  nor  die  emperor  !  After  having  abdicated  in  his  own 
name,  erennoae  retreating,  he  abdicates  in  the  name  of  his  race.  But 

c 


r 


18  ismonvcTiOTT. 

no  Booner  lïa&  Ke  haadod  to  the  Duc  de  Viccncc  the  fatol  papef 
containing  (ke  condeanzMlioai.  of  hia  race,  than  his  mind  sutiera  n 
revulsion,  he  repents  the  act,  and  away  he  runs  after  his  surrendered 
empire,  like  a.  child  after  ita  lost  toy.  Then,  when  he  finds  that  &U 
thoughts  of  retracing  liis  ^teps  are  h&poless,  that  the  sacrifice  is  irre- 
vocable» he  khours  painfully  to  replace  by  a  factâtitfus  gi'eatnes  the 
real  greatness  departed  from  him;  he  will  be  a  philosopher;  he  will 
find  enjoyment  forsooth  In  his  reminiscences;  he  converses  aJoud 
with  the  illustrious  dead,  and  comments  ou  àic  suicides  of  glorîous 
memory.     A  comedy  played  by  a  great  man  far  his  own  illusion  Î 

ïlic  last  night  he  is  to  pass  m  Î  cmtmnehlcflu  ia  come.  The  mys- 
teries of  that  ni^rht  have  been  imvcilcdj.  Candles  are  Lghted;  doc- 
tor Yvun  13  summoned;  word  is  ecnt  to  Marshal  Bertrand;  loud 
fiobs  are  heard  all  alon»;  the  g^iUerr  on  which  the  emperor's  apart* 
inent  opens.  He  iasufteting  horrible  ai^uish,  they  eay;  and  Pubse^ 
quently  ic  has  been  related,  that  he  had  made  an  attempt  to  poison 
himself-*  It  is  possible  that  he  had  wished  to  bury  Iiimself  in  his 
pride:  in  that  sublime  and  profound  soul  exaltation  was  blended 
■with  artifice,  and  calculation  aid  not  engross  it  to  the  exdusion  of  , 
poetry. 

At  any  rate,  suicide  would  have  saved  Napoleon  from  lingering 
agony;  for  in  1814  his  career  was  ended.  By  rising  again,  he  could 
only  render  his  fall  more  utter  and  signal. 

In  fact,  it  must  appau:  e^■ident  ou  reflection,  that  of  ûU  the  politi- 
cal arrani^cmeblâ  pc«sible  in  3814,  none  so  completely  accordca  with 
the  real  interests  of  the  bourgeoisie  as  the  accession  of  the  Bourbons. 
The  King  of  Itome  and  the  regency  of  Marie  Louise»  would  have 
been  virtually  the  formidable  shade  of  the  emperor  seated  on  the 
tliTDUC^  or  rather  the  emperor  i^till  governing  France  from,  hiâ  place 
of  exile.  As  tor  the  Due  d'Orleans,  he  was  not  yet  siiflieicnily  known, 
and  it  needed  some  years  to  enable  the  bourgeoisie  to  appreciate 
liim.  all  J  to  become  accustomed  to  hull  him  as  their  natuml  leatler. 
Louis  XVni.  was  the  only  individual  at  hand  to  resume  the  consti- 
tutional  monarcliy  at  the  point  where  Louis  XVI.  had  left  it  ;  he 
alone  could  exercise  the  royal  authority  under  superior  orders,  just 
as  was  suitable  to  the  hourgeoiffle. 

Hie  return  of  the  Bourbons  tmdertLc  patronage  of  our  enemies  no 
doubt  uetessaiily  placed  France  tjn  a  f xiting  of  infcriority  and  depend- 
ence with  regard  to  Europe  :  butwhat  mattered  to  the  upper  bourgcoiwc 
this  eubaltcm  porition  of  the  country  if  its  results  were  to  be  a 
durable  peace,  the  opening  of  the  ports,  the  extcnaon  or  the 
strengthening  of  coimncrcial  rclalions, — in  a  word,  Uic  ragn  of  tnide  ? 
In  the  estimation  of  the  ïQoney-geltcï-â»  ttie  humiliation  waa  amply 
biilnnced  by  the  proât 

Was  there  not  besides  a  pledge  of  BtabiUty,  well  suited  to  allure 
tlie  Eclfishnc®  of  a  mercantile  society,  in  mc  nstoratiou  of  Uiat 


*  &«  the  SUnueciipt  de  le  1 4,  I7  Ic  Bwva  Fain. 


of  legitunacy,  tbe  temporary  rejection  of  which  Kad  led 
no  tlie  cxHiTulsions  oi'  1793,  and  to  ihc  devouring  wars  of  the  em- 
[■jire? 

I      Bot  Ix)ma  XVin.  brought  back  tko  emJOTation  iû  his   train. 

Woii]d  he  nob  bavc  to  pay  the  debte  of  his  exile?     Would  not  the 

KfOcsraitBtzincs  of  the  noblesse  Tanqtiished  in  1Ï8&  strive  to  reconqiier 

I  their  io6t  power,  and  to  avenge  the  wounds  indicttd  on  their  pride? 

I  "Woukl  not  tbe  court  be  revived  Avith  ail  that  was  most  offcnsivo  to 

I  iû.  its  ceremonials?     And,  wlmt  was  a  &till  graver  cona- 

on,  would  not  the  puichasere  oï  natioxud  estates  be  subjected 

^iabcm?     I  will  diseuse  the  extent  and  the  value  of  these  ap- 

âon^  by  and  by;  but  "wbatevcr  bo  tlie  degree  of  itnportance 

[fellowed  to  them,  we  may  positively  assert  tliat,  talcing  an  elevated 

I  view  of  tbe  question,   the  Restoration  was  c^entially  a  bourgeois 

liniiiBCtion;  it  accorded,  I  repeat^  with  the  moft  cheiiâhed  interests, 

I  aid  die  most  potont  instinct£  of  the  bourgeoisie. 

I     Accordingly  it  forthwith  prockimcd  tlie  principles  of  tliat  class. 

Did  not  liberalism  ascend  the  tîironc  with  Louis  XVIII.  i'     Was  it 

'  not  ibe  head  of  tlds  restorcd  dynasty  who,  by  creating  tho  charter, 

■      ■•  tlje  politicid  power  oi'  tbe  bourgeoisie? 

li  of  events  of  which  it  is  important  to  study  well  the  cha- 
r  hero  opens  upon  us. 

The  reign  of  Iiouiâ XVIII.  began  in  vanity;  all  rdgn?  b^in  so; 
Sid  tliia  ifi  ouite  natural.  Kin^a  could  never  deceive  any  one  on 
the  sooxe  oi  their  grcatneâs,  if  they  did  not,  lirst  of  alf,  deceive 
I  by  thû  ikctitiûuâ  éclat  wiui  which,  they  encompass  theit* 

1  XVlU.  had  certainly  received  har?h  Icssona  from  destiny. 

t  crown  wiuch  the  hand  of  a  barbarian  conqueror  placed  on  the 

1  of  the  Bucceâsor  of  Louis  XIV.,  was  stained  with  royal  blood* 

,Il  W8»  not  unknown  to  Louis  XVUI.  how  tbe  lustre  oi'  his  name 

I  had  been  tami&hed.     His  iamily,  insultingly  proBcribcd,  had  been 

|<ee&  msdcri^  through  the  WLirld,  and  begging  a  contemptuous 

iKty  &om   capîtHl  to  capital.     He  iumscii"  had  worn  out  hifi 

_  h  un  tïcading  the  path  of  the  ciilc: — èo  much  so,  that  one 

I,  when  pesing  us  a  fugitivo  through  Germany,  he  had  been 

Bged  to  rest  opposite  a  post  on  wjiich  this  inscription  Iiod  been 

I pUced  by  order  of  a  king;  **  Se^^ars  atid  proscribed  pent&na  must 

^tatriop  here  mt/n  than  a  quarter  nf  an  hour.^'     And  yet  the  first 

t  of  this  nuuit,  so  roughly  tried,  waa  to  puif  up  his  triumph,  and 

■jivu  liunâeif  demonstrative  aseiirance  of  lii»  power.     Ihe  very 

tbing  he  took  îu  band  was  the  lîiat  of  forming  liia  bousehuld 

with  all  poeeible  pomp.     The  old  etiquette  was  re-estabUi^ed  in 

that  palace,  the  wallii  on  which  looked  down  on  tJie  spot  where  tbe 

eSEecutaoner  had  laid  his  hand  on  Louis  XVI.;  and  the  most  îllus- 

tnoot,   the  most    ancient  names  seemed  scarcely  incicnt  or  illuâ- 

bîoQi  esou^  to  jturnish  to  the  new  court  a  grand  moatcr,  a  gnmd 

C2 


M 


IXTBODL-CTION. 


ftlmoncr,  a  grand  maaier  of  the  robes,  a  grand  maâter  of  the  ceremo- 
i  nies,  and  a  grand  h&rbmger. 

The  îilghcr  bourgeoisie  were  deeply  mortified  by  this  coramence- 
ineut:  they  were  wrong.  I  am  aware  that  command  should  be 
modost:  thediiîlTencebL'twoen  the  nreatestandtbelcastofmeaiiianot 
■euch  ihat  ihc  will  of  the  one  can  oi^  rijjht  swallow  up  the  wiU  of  the 
ether.  Pride  is  allowable  only  in  him  who  obeys;  aa  for  him  who 
'  cnmirumda,  he  can  nCYCr  expect  to  bc  pardoned  lor  that  Cïcc^  nf 
[  -insolence,  except  by  dint  of  humility.  But  truths  like  these  are  too 
lofty  for  an  ignorant  and  corrupt  society.  In  Uic  impure  medium 
in  wJiich  tho  bourgeoisie  moved  in  1814,  to  dcnmnd  a  modeat 
royalty,  was  to  demttnd  an  impossibility. 

Be  this  aa  it  may,  Lf  this  first  essay  of  royalty  was  unlucky,  if 
Kapolcon  was  able  to  brin^  back  from  Elba  hia  momentarily  hum- 
I  tied  eagles»  tills  camo  of  the  fact  that  royalty  had  not  shown  itsell' 
,  Bufficieutly  humble  and  lowly  in  its  first  displays.     Ko  pardon  was 
dealt  it  in  the  saloons  of  the  bankers  and  the  liigh  commcrcialists 
for  having  held  out  its  hand  to  the  remnants  of  j^entlc  blood  (la 
!  ffenfiihammerie).     Above  all,  it  I'ound   no  forgiveness  for   having 
■  chogen  lor  ita  miniâtora  and  eounscllora  such  men  aa  MM.  de  Mon- 
\  lesmdou,  D'Ambray,  and  Ferrand,  pale  and  decayed  pcrsonificationa 
bfpl'tho  vanquished  ideas.     Suspicious,  like  all  new  powers,  the  bour- 
9IM£ie  was  implacable  in  its  resentments,  absolute  in  its  wiU. 
Good  proof  of  all  this  was  given  in  the  opening  of  the  chambers  in 
I  June.     Ihe  speech   from  the  throne  was  favourably  received,  bc- 
I  -cause  it  was  moderate,  submissive,  and  even  somewhat  sad.     But 
when  the  garde-de*-3ceaux  begau  to  sound  out  the  old  monarchical 
pliraâeâ  of  usage  from  the  tribune,  there  ivaa  a  terrible  commotion 
'  .throughout    the   whole    assembly.      M.    d'Ambray   ventured,  in 
I  «peakmg  of  the  charter,  to  use  the  words  ordonnance  de  reformation — 
And  hJ3  voice  was   droivncd  in  the  murmurs  they  excited.     Pro- 
phetic murmurs  I  murmurs  tliat  were  to  bc  translbrmed  into  on  a[J- 
|)alUng  tempest,  when  called  up  fifteen  yeare  afterwards  by  tlie  same 
I  word  r    ThuB,  by  a  singular  fatality,  the  foursj-Uables  tliat  betran  the 
«truggle  in  1814  were  those  that  terminated  it  in  1830!     ITic  fat^t 
i  29,  that  the  question  between  the  bourgeoiric  and  royalty  was  in  1814 
I  identically  what  it  h  at  this  day,  and  the  problem  to  be  solved  was 
this,  which  of  the  two  principles  should  obtain  the  lead,  the  elective 
or  the  hereditary,  the  principle  of  thesovcrcignty  of  assembliea  or  that 
j  .oi'  crowns,  of  tlie  law  or  of  the  royal  ordinances. 

AVhilat  llic  formidable  problem  of  governmental  unity  was  being 
\  fhus  enunciated  on  the  surface  of  society,  Paris  wag  the  theatre  of 
jtho  most  multiform  agitations.  The  imperialists  were  conspiring,  pre- 
sparing  heaven  knowg  what  tortuous  and  obst^iire  ways  for  the  return 
'vi  the  man,  who  had  hut  to  stamp  with  hiâ  foot  to  make  an  army 
«lart  up  out  ol'  the  ground,  Fouchc  was  in  constant  intercourse  with 
these  petty-plot  journeymen,  rot  lor  the  purpose  of  seconding  them, 
M  hua  been  supposed,  but  that  he  might  be  the  better  enabled  to  be- 


nTTHOIï^CTroîT. 

fray  tïtem.  His  selfi«li  ghrewdncss  Trasnotat  fault:  he  felt  that  tlic 
strength  was  on  the  sSde  of  the  bourgeois  interests  and  tlie  liberallst 
idcaa.  To  introduce  tKe^'  îïitereets  and  tliese  ideas  to  power,  after 
having  constituted  himself  their  representative;  to  offer  liis  scn-iceg 
tû  the  Restoration  in  that  capacity,  and  to  rule  it  while  he  served 
it,  Buch  was  the  mark  he  aimed  at.  M.  de  Talleyrand  ■was  then  in 
Vienna  negotiating  hia  oountry's  shame:  Eouche,  therefore,  re- 
mained master  of  the  field  of  battle.  He  set  to  work,  and  made 
such  good  speed,  that  one  day  M.  de  Montesquiuu  culled  a  meeting 
of  screral  induential  men  of  the  royalist  party,  to  a?k  them,  Would 
it  not  be  advantageous  to  the  tnonarchy  that  the  reins  should  be 
committed  to  the  hands  of  a  liberal  ininlstry?  Now  the  ministry  m 
question  vas  one  of  FouchtS  s  concoctinfr.  And  who,  think  yoti, 
were  the  men  of  whom  he  had  intended  to  Ibrm  it?  MM.  Laînc?, 
LaUy  Tolcnilul,  and  even  Voyer  d'Argen?on.  Even  devra  such  a 
sheer  descent  were  thinga  sliding,  to  find  at  the  hottrtm  the  trimnph 
of  liberahsm,  in  point  of  principles,  of  the  bourgeoisie  in  point  of 
interests. 

Suddenly  strange  news  is  spread.  The  exile  has  set  foot  on  the 
■oil  of  that  land  T^vhere  he  once  was  ernperor;  tlie  towms  are  rising  at 

Iftppnftch;  the  battalions  run  to  meet  him  ^Wth  shouts  uf  aîîcc- 
tûm;  all  France  comes  Ibrth  in  arms,  and  escorts  him.  Now,  then, 
wc  shall  ece  pi-oof  of  the  degree  of  pijwcr  at  which  ihc  bourgixiisie 
had  arrived-  For,  after  all,  lame  had  not  hed;  Napoleon  was  aetn- 
ully  adv^ncingt  carried  on  the  arms  of  an  urniy  delirious  with  de- 
light; advancmg  with  the  epeed  of  the  eagle»  whose  image  sur- 
mounted tlie  imperial  etanda-rd.  Twenty  days^  the  time  occupied 
in  hastening  from  the  Mediterranean  to  the  Seine,  were  enough,  and 
more  than  enough,  to  place  the  empire  again  in  hh  gRisp.  He 
entered  his  capital  by  one  gate,  whilst  the  other  royalty^  haggurd 
and  trembling,  was  hurrying  away  by  tlie  opposite  gate,  to  a  second 
and  more  liumiliating  exile,  Tlic  next  day,  reviewing  his  faithful 
legions,  he  caused  himself  to  be  hailed  anew  as  Ctraar;  and  stuno 
day&  after,  aa  if  to  testify  the  man's  power  over  the  world,  the  sove- 
tagns  assembled  in  Vienna  sent  orders  to  their  retiring  armies  to 
^^ecl  round,  and  turn  thetr  faces  towards  France.     Could  destiny 

^moie  for  the  glory  of  a  mortal  ?  Vain  éclat  !  triumpli  of  a  day  I 
There  was  in  France  a  power  which  Napoleon  had  not  taken  into 
hâ  cdculation!°,  and  one  with  which  he  was  speedily  to  come  into  fatal 
ooUuDon.  The  burgeoisie,  overc^>me  for  a  moment  by  surjirisje,  re- 
covered its  sclf-poeee«sicm.  LibcTaU?m  applied  itself,  ibr  the  second 
time,  to  the  tafflc  of  sapping  the  imperial  tlirone.  Napoleon  must 
consent  to  the  <u^f£  additional  i  Sic  must  submit  to  receive  Fouché 
as  minister  and  as  eupcrvisor  oi"  his  proceedings;  he  must  lend  an 
car  to  that  mrliamenfary  babbling,  tmt  filled  him  with  weariness 
and  indignation  of  ^ul.  But  eonccsrions  were  as  impotent  as  dic- 
tatordilp  against  the  universal  leaeue  of  the  mercantile  intereats, 
Iakîiig  Its  eland  upon  an  hypocritical  respect  for  liberty  and  for  the 


ii 


à 


3S 


IKTRODUCTIOK. 


rîffhts  of  the  people.     All  Europe  puta  fortli  its  streogih  against 
Napoleon:  he  lal^î     And  by  whom,  I  ai=k.  had  the  consequences 
of  Waterloo  been  prepared?     Was  it  by  the  aristocracy?     Wby 
tiiey  were  hiding  then  in  Gand  or  in  Viemm:  such   of  the  nobles 
as  had  not  quitu^d  the  country  desired  nothin^r  better  than  to  be 
overlooked  and  forgotten;  tlie  Baron  de  VitrcJles  was  languishing 
in  tlw*  dungeons  oiVinceimes;  and  ae  for  the  Marquis  de  Lafayette, 
hehadlonffbccnli^hdno-an^ainst  beingr  perforce  a  ^?-aiw/*fljn«/J".  Wei9 
it  iho  goUicni,  die  artisan?^  the  workmen  of  the  fanbonres  of  Paris, 
or  the  proletaries?    No  one  surely  can  have  forgT>tten  that  it  was 
the  BOns  of  the  people,  men  in  jackets  and  capî»^  or  in  plain  unifonn, 
who  posted  thcrasclves  every  day  after  the  batt!e  of  Waterloo  under 
the  Ti^indows  of  the  Elysée  lîoupbon,  to  raise  the  accuatotncd  cry  of 
Vive  V Empereur  !     And  what  waa  passing  at  those  very  hours  in  the 
'egisUdve  siMembly»  where  the  interests  and  the  passions  of  the  bour- 
IjEeoisie  found  utterance?     "Let  him  abdicate!  let  him  abdicate!'* 
Ixhis  was  the  thought  of  eveiy  breast  in  that  assembly,  and  it  was 
Tfloon  the  language  oi'  every  tongue,     Tlicy  wotUd  not  even  hcor  of 
UiJ'uiolGOn  IL,  eo  impatient  were  they  to  brcaJc  with  all  that  was  im- 
F;penal  in  the  past,  and  to  Pcsimie  the  traditions  of  1789  ! 
'      I  know  not  why  it  is  that  illustrious  misfortunes  move  men'a 
i  ^ndâ  so  deeply.     For  my  own  part,  I  confess  that  vulgar  woes  arc 
[  wliat  most  affect  my  foelLngp.     I  lament  for  those  whom  the  tempest 
I  has  oven-vhelroed^  without    their  having  had   the   satisfiiction   of 
t  breatliing  in  it  freely,  and  braving  its  fury  ;  I  lament  for  those  who, 
^ted  with  strong  souU,  have  yet  died  withoat  liavîng  lived;  for 
(  tbose  whose  dust,  mingled  with  the  dust  of  the  highway,  is  troddetl 
\  nndorioot  by  every  unconscious  paaeeûgar.      Surely  tlicre  aie  o«tam 
defeats  thftt intoxicate» modi  as  victories.  Jluman  pride  iagmrilied 
ty  ^rait  disaatcM  as  well  sa  by  ^reat  successes.    To  iall  from  a  lofty 
emmence  is  one  of  the  tnodtja  in  which  fortune  confers  distinction. 
That  Napol*?on  toppled  down  from  his  pedestal  in  the  couibc  of  a 
few  hours;  that  ho  saw  Ibrcign  princes  take  up  their  abode  in  the 

firepared  for  his  son;  that  they  g^vc  him  for  his  last  country 
oet  in  the  mimeasity  of  t}>o  ocean;  and  that  he  slowly  waattâ 
away  there  under  the  eye  of  his  most  cruel  enemies,— this  is  not 
what  demands  otir  sorrow.  But  that  the  promised  and  longed-for 
«bohtion  of  the  droits  restas  became  one  of  the  causes  of  Ids  down- 
ed; that  he»  the  warnor  without  compare,  was  beaten  by  some  in- 
surgent shopkeepers;  tliat  ho  could  make  no  imprefsîon  cm  an  as- 
I  Bêtmily  of  attorneys  and  stock-jobbers;  he,  of  whom  it  had  been  «sid 
vilh  truth,  that  Ida  presence  produced  on  innuraerablo  armies  the 
wme  etlect  as  the  lion's  does  on  the  most  intrepid  hunters; — ay.  this 
Û  what  must  reader  him  die  object  of  everiasiing  compassion.  The 
hours  that  passed  over  him  in  the  Elysée  Bourbon,  when  he  kept  his 
last  vigil  toeie»  wero  hotira  of  humiliation  and  bitterness,  such  per- 
haps  as  ncvot  mortal  man  endured.  In  this,  and  in  this  only,  I  hnd 
ft  tru«  and  suiEEÙent  expiation  of  his  pride.  - 


INTRODUCTION. 


S3 


TliD  bourgeoisie  completed  tlion,  in  IS15,  iho  ^rorfc  boguu  m  1814, 
But  îtâ  leadei«,  cnli^litciicil  bj  experience,  ou  tliis  occftsltui  took  tlieic  ^ 
precautions  antl  made  their  reservations.  In  order  tîittC  Louis  XVI 1 1.,., 
on  rccovcrin|:r  lug  crown,  migLt  ricvcr  cease  ior  one  instant  to  be  a  . 
bourgeois  monarch,  it  was  important  to  place  beside  him  aa  mini^tCT 
a  man  devoted  to  the  (lominant  interests,  and  euÛicîently  able  to . 
govern  under  the  Jdag'a  name     Touché  was  marvellously  adAptcd  , 
to  pluy  tliia  part  J  be  became  accordingly  ah  iudiâpensabto  man.     U  ^ 
■will  be  recollecled  that  the  chambers  uomÎMted  a  committee  o£  i 
gOTcmment  after  the  disaster  of  Waterloo.     Comot  was  a  member 
ot  it,  but  its  president  was  the  Due  tl'Otiuutc,  It  is  true  that  Carnot 
loved  the  people  ! 

Foxicht-'s  first  care,  on  becoming  roasfter  ofpnhlic  affairs»  was  id 
liberate  the  Baron  de  VitroUes  from  prison.  They  hnd  an  interview. 
M'  de  VitroUes  wished  to  quit  Pans  and  join  tlic  king,  but  the  re- 
ption  he  met  wit!i  from  Fouché  kept  him  back,  •*  I  can  do  good , 
rice  hereto  the  cause  of  Ij<iuiaX\llI.,"  said  Vitrollcs  to  Pouche, 
lut  on  three  conditions:  the  first  is»  that  my  life  slmll  not  be  as- 
ttiled;  the  Bccond,  that  you  ehall  give  me  &t  least  fifty  passports»  ta 
<enable  me  to  keep  up  a  correspondence  with  the  ^jng  ;  and  the  third, 
that  I  shjiU  be  eJlowcd  to  have  access  to  you  every  day.*' — "  Aa 
r^ords  your  head,"  replied  Foucht'^  with  that  picturesque  fami- 
liarity oflanguttge  he  alli,K;t-cd,  '*  it  liangs  on  tlic  some  hooks  as  my 
own;  you  shall  have  fifty  ^lassporls,  and  we  shall  see  each  other,  if 
it  so  pfcfisoyou,  not  once,  but  twice  a  dny."  M.  dc  VitroUes  bocama 
in  this  way  a  sort  of  middle  term  between  the  Bouxbotis  and  Fouche  ; 
the  Rcstoratiob  on  one  sidc^  the  boui^eoisic  on  the  other, 

Wliilat  Foucht'  was  kecpinf;  up  an  active  correspondence  with  tho 
court  ui'  Gand,  he  was  dL-spatching  emissaries  to  Austria»  with  ordcra 
to  plead  the  cause  of  the  httlo  King  of  Komc,  and  he  waa  writing  to 
his  colleague  at  the  Congress  of  Vienna  to  sound  the  diplomatic  body 
as  to  the  candidature  of  the  Due  d'Orleans;  thus  carrying  on  three 
jàota  aimultancotislj,  and  rendering  liîs  own  position  tenable,  be  the 
tqjehut  what  it  might- 

Fouche'a  views  respecting  tlie  junior  branch  wore  readily  adopted 
Ijf  Talleyrand;  and  the  enipejor  Alexander's  mind  was  inoculated. 
Wall  them  by  means  of  certain  dexterous  insinuation?,  so  that  ono 
day  the  czar  suddenly  proposed  the  questiun  in  full  congress  in  this 
furm:  Would  it  not  be  for  the  interest  of  Europe  that  the  crown 
ehould  be  placet!  on  the  head  of  the  Due  d'Orleans?  Univer^ 
etupcliictioQ  followed  this  unexpected  proposition .  But  had  not  the 
hundred  days  afFbrded  proof  of  the  political  nuUity  of  the  elder 
Bourbons?  Between  a  2Ut  of  January  and  a  20th  of  March  what 
place  would  remain  for  the  tranquilh  ty  of  Europe  and  the  security  of 
her  kings?  Opinions  were  already  incbning  m  fiivour  of  the  Due 
d'Orleans  when  the  project  was  deleated  by  the  reristanec  made  to 
it  by  l«ûrd  Cïancarty,  who  cxpresacd  himseli'  earnestly  on  tlic  dan- 
ger of  holding  out  such  encouragementâ  to  the  ambitian  of  col- 


S4 


INTRODt'CTIOy. 


Iat4a:ul  lines.  Upon  tliis  M.  Uc  Tallc}^!!!!!*  shifting  Ha  course  with 
}iis  usufti  «k'Xtcrity,  wrote  to  Louis  XVIII.  to  disclose  to  him  tliia 
specie»  of  diplomatie  conspiraty»  nil  tlie  tlireadâ  of  which  lie  had 
arrfinged  with  his  owii  hand. 

Meanwhile  the  princes  arrive  at  Amouvillo.  Tlie  Burun.  do 
Vlti-oUfs  hastens  to  join  ihem,  impatient  to  sound  fur  lûiust'U'  the 
pentimenis  of  the  hojids  of  the  cualition.  What  waa  his  surprise 
■when  the  Duke  of  Wellington  said  to  him,  '*  'niere  is  in  a\\  this 
a  rj^ueation  of  things, — ^via.,  the  tricolour  cockade,  and  e,  question  of 
pereons, — viz.,  Fouché.''  IM.  de  VitroUes  hiiviug  then  reminded 
the  duke  that  the  tricolour  cockade  was  the  emblem  of  a  revolt  ajraiust 
the  kinfîj  and  that  Fouehé  wttâ  a  regicide;  *'  Well.''  replied  the 
English  gênerai,  '*  the  question  of  things  might  perhnp?  be  given 
up,  out  not  the  personal  question;  that  ia  impossible."*  liemarKablc 
worde  and  well  worthy  of  being  poiidcred  !  So  then»  in  the  opinion 
of  the  allies,  Fouehé  represented  a  more  potent  idea  in  Fnuice  than 
that  which  was  cjtpresscd  hy  the  tricolouTcd  coekadc  itseli!  They 
■were  right;  for  the  fact  Avns,  the  Revolution  had  aroused  two  E-^rts  of 
pogsiuns;  the  one  sort  manly  and  glowing,  lofty,  devoted;  the  other 
gelti^h  and  raeitantilc.  The  former  were  pcpreacntcd  by  Uic  tricolour 
cockade;  but,  after  having  dazzlodand  confounded  the  world  by  their 
marvelloua  e?q>losion,  tliey  hod  at  last  died  away;  over  exeitctî  by 
the  republic,  they  had  been  in  a  manner  exlmusted  by  NaiJoleou. 
The  latter  were  personified  in  Fouehé,  and  these  unfortunately  were 
now  tlic  stronger. 

Alter  thiâ  it  need  not  he  wondered  at  that  the  nomination  of 
ché  to  the  miniatry  of  pohcc  wns  made  one  of  the  conditions  of 
ouiâ  XVlIL's  entrance  into  Piui?,  The  bourgeoisie  required  q. 
jguarantee,  and  it  was  given  one.  Alftnv  among  the  royalists  thera- 
ftelvcs  regarded  this  appointiacnt  of  f'ouchL'  as  n  necessary  evil; 
Among  othcre  the  Badli  de  Crussol,  a  roan  whose  royalism  was 
honeft  and  founded  on  conviction. 

It  was  likewise  tho  sense  of  tliis  necessity  that  detennincd  Louis 
L  XVIIL  to  st«,t  in  liiB  closet  the  man  he  had  execrated  as  his  bro- 
^tlicr's  murderer,  Wcmay  infer  this  from  the  cynical  expiassions  he 
îâ&ed  to  the  liaron  do  VitroUes  alter  the  departure  of  the  Duke 
liVelliûgton  and  M.  do  Talleyrand  for  Nemlly,  where  the  Dukû 
[d'Otrantc  awaited  thcui.  "  I  have  inculcated  upon  them  tliat  they 
Ijliurt  act  for  Uie  best,  for  I  am  well  a^vere  tïial  in  aeccplij^  Foucli^ 
)  I  surrender  at  discretion  (Je  Iwre  mou  puceUuje). 

All  these  scandals  were  to  he  eclipsed  by  the  great  flcandal  of  the 
I  second  entry  of  the  alli-us  into  Paris.  This  time  there  waB  no  battle 
^  fought,  no  blood  ahed.  Paris  did  not  capitulate,  it  courted  capture. 
J  The  ftccorapUces  of  the  foreigner  had  not  actctl  tliis  time  in  secret  but 
kin  the  open  day,  before  the  feces  of  all  men,  in  the  pabce  appointed 
kibr  pubhu  deliber&don.     How  is  it  possible  to  depict  die  aspect  of 


rHTRonrrrr-^K 


n 


PuÎB  during  lliose  lioniblc  days?     Tho  prkle  of  France  li:i<^ 
refuge  among  the  most  wretched  of  her  cliiidrcn  :  the  prolctane»  | 
were  ftU  that  existed  of  the  country,  but  whfit  couUl  they  do?     At 
tie  vety  most  a  few  old  soldiers  were  jnet  here  and  there  at  thft 
turn  of  some  deserted  street  or  in  the  angles  oî  the  cross-ways,  mut- 
tering maledictions.     And  whilst  all  along  the  splendid  main  street* 
and  the  plitterirxg  boulevards  the  loreigncrs  "wore  defiling  by  thou- 
Jftnds,  their  faeca  no  longer  pxpreKnuE'  surj>rise  and  admiration  os  in] 
§814,   hut  wruth,   diedein,  and  ineiilt,  ft  crowd  of  elegnnt  women, 
filling  the  windows,  were  loufily  haihng  tlie  passage  of  the  victors,  I 
and  wavinij;  scarfs  in  token  ot^ joy;  the  rich  w etc  m-cparing  their 
most  sumptuous  apartraents  to  receive    the   EngUçh  or    PnisdamJ 
officers;  and  the  shoplteepers,  in  the  intoxication  of  delighted  cupi-l 
dity^  were  emulously  dipplayin^  »ll  their  most  precious  store?.  1 

On  this  occasion,  however,  the  irniptîon  of  the  enemy  into  thai 
capital  did  not  excite  such  fjoneral  cntlmpiasra  as  the  first  invasion.  1 
liad  done.  It  must  be  achnowlcdgïîd,  to  the  credit  of  a  portion  of  J 
the  bourgeoisie,  that  it  coiUd  not  help  feeling  ji  touch  of  melancholy  J 
and  ehttme.  The  spectacle  of  the  mral  population  wolully  takin»! 
refuge  in  the  city  with  their  goods  and  their  cattle,  sufficiently  tola  I 
the  nature  of  the  chfltige  which  the  disposition  of  the  alhos  had  I 
undergonc:  ihey  were  teared.  And  yei^ — ^but  no!  posterity  will  I 
never  be  brought  to  believe  in  such  excess  of  infamy— they  danced  I 
OD  the  everlastmgly  profaned  turf  uf  the  Tuileries  a  few  paces  ftOM  I 
the  Pont  dee  Arts,  where  our  enemies  had  planted  two  pieces  of  I 
cannon  in  readiness  to  tire  on  onr  public  edifices.  Fronc)mien  dared] 
to  caper  in  vile  measurea  round  the  bleeding  body  of  their  countiy^t  ] 
like  snvages  bounding  in  a  ring  round  a  vanquished  foe.  The  str«iiF  ] 
(gerp  suw  thi?^  and  they  despised  us, 

"ITiiis  began  in  France  the  cm  of  material  interests. 

Those  iudividuals,  after  all,  could  hug  themselves  for  a  time  in  . 
their  prosperous  seUislmess,  wlio  had  computed  how  much  money  an  '< 
humiliation,  till  then  unparalleled,  would  bring  in:  for,  as  the  hist 
depth  of  this  deep  disgrace,  llic  vanquished  suffered  thempelves  t«  j 
be  gorged  with  gold  by  the  victors.     Paris  eold  itself  in  retail,  after  I 

■  having  given  itsoli'  over  in  the  lump,  and  had  not  even  the  merit  of  j 
a  disinterested  infiimy.  "  The  ordinary  takings  of  the  shopkeepers  J 
iDCreascd  tenfold  ;  all  the  young  ofiieers  had  expcnmve  mistreasea,.  , 
boxes  in  the  theatres,  and  dinners  at  Vi^ry's-  From  this  year  1815  ' 
dati  moit  ttf  tht  ghopkttping  fvrtunci  of  Parts.  It  is  irapcssible  to' 
imagine  iho  immens*?  expenditure  of  the  leaders  of  the  coaleeeed  J 
armies;  the  Grand  Duke  Conîflantîne  :uid  lus  brother  SMîk  1,500,000  j 
roubles  in  Paris,  in  the  course  of  forty  days.     Bhichcr,  who  received 

L  three  millions  from  the  French  government,  mortgaged  liis  estate»] 
and  quitted  Pari?,  ruined  by  the  gambling  ■houses."*  Paris,  w«  , 
peiccive,  had  its  wages  largely  doled  out  to  it  ;  the  enemies  of  Franca  i 


26  rSTEODUCTION. 

were  prculigal,  and  tîic  pTirveyors  for  this  mob  of  enclumteu  rovcl- 
lers  ■weic  as  eager  to  gatlior  the  profita  of  its  intoxicatioii  to  the  last 
ikithing,  aa  it  was  itself  to  not  to  tlie  last  in  pl^isurce  and  inso- 
lence. 

But  there  WQS  tliis  siiiguWity  in  the  results  produced  hy  the  in- 
1TISÎOÛ,  tlïat  France  was  brutally  sacrificed  to  Paris. 

The  centralization  established,  by  the  Empire  exiatod  in  full  fortM 
in  1815.  Paris  concentrated,  without  wcakcning^  them,  all  the 
■various  instincts,  interests,  and  passions  of  more  than  thirty  millioua 
of  men;  it  epitomised  them  without  desstroyiofj;  them.  The  inva- 
sion made  pulpable  the  possible  oppression  latent  in  such  a  system 
of  centralization;  a  city  v^as  ennched,  and  u  wliole  kinp^doni  sub- 
jected to  pilkfîc.  Yes»  fields  kid  waste  and  desolate,  a  multitudo 
of  petty  proprietors  ruined,  the  agriculture  of  several  provinces  dried 
up  at  the  fountain-head,  opulent  cities  crushed  under  the  weight  of 
arbitrary  contributions,  every  thing,  in  short,  tliat  conquest  can  do 
ûïid  dures  do  in  its  uiust  savag'e  excesses;  all  Uns  svas  what  those 
pieoea  of  gold  rcprcscnicd,  which  the  strangers  scattered  through 
Paris  with  a  recklessness  ropîete  with  insult. 

Another  result  deserres  notice.  As  France  was  nitilcssly  ran- 
sacked for  the  benefit  of  the  mother  city,  just  so  the  oody  at  lai^e 
of  the  bottrgcoisie  was  finally  impovcriMhcd  to  the  profit  of  &?mc 
fortunate  cûpitalists.  Tlie  cost  of  subsisting  the  seven  JiUîidred 
thoîisatiid  men  who  cnciuubercd  our  soil,  the  fnghtfuî  abuac  ol  requi- 
sitions, the  aun;mcntation  of  all  kinds  of  irapo3t^%  the  forced  kuifls, 
tlie  thousand  millions,  the  price  of  our  deliverance;  what  a  bur- 
den was  all  tlÛ9  to  lay  on  the  boui^coisl  It  is  true,  recoures 
was  had  to  credit  to  clear  oft'  the  incumbrance;  tnic,  that  the  con- 
ditions of  the  loan  contracted  with  the  foreign  bankers,  Boring  and 
IIutK.',  and  of  which  the  principal  Parisian  bankers  obtsîned  an 
eighth,  offered  the  lenders  the  enormous  profit  of  irom  20  to  22  per 
cent,  interest;  tnte  that  the  first  financml  measures  of  the  Restiimtion 
were  80  &vouniblc  to  the  great  capitalists,  that  when  M-  Casimir 
Pcricr  wrote  a  pamphlet  inveighing  against  the  scandal  of  the  opo- 
mtioo,  he  took  his  stand  upon  tiiis,  among  other  grounds,  that  it 
woultl  have  been  more  nationai  to  apply  only  to  the  bankers  of 
France.  ,  .  .  Krcct  above  the  znafs  of  the  bourgeoisie,  bending 
under  the  burden,  the  higher  bourgeoisie  derived  incrcosetl  strength 
and  opulence  from  the  public  shame.  In  tliia  point  of  view,  it  is 
maniKstibat  the  invaâon  was  in  &  manner  a  new  contrivance  afibrded 
the  richest  to  rob  the  poorest.  In  the  long  run,  when  the  foreigners 
afterwards  departed  beyond  our  frontiers,  ihcy  did  not  perhaps  eariy 
ofi  with  them  any  great  i^uantaty  of  money;  but  the  amount  they 
cauHMl  to  change  handg  was  enormous.  Thrust  by  the  chances  of 
war  between  the  great  capitalists  and  tlic  small  manufacturers^  bo- 
Iwcen  the  bankets  and  the  artisans,  between  daring  ppecuktora  and 
working  men,  they  bestowed  on  the  former,  by  mcana  of  the  loan, 
what  they  violently  extorted  from  the  klter  by  way  of  toiation. 


ïKTROl^tTCnOH'. 


n 


\ 


I 
I 


& 


Thu?,  before  ever  the  bourgeoisie  this  installed  in  the  admiiij- 
stration,  the  piinciple  of  death  latent  within  it  had  been  alrGaJy 
indicated  to  the  nttcative  philosopher  by  the  first  material  result  of  | 
the  invasion. 

K  the  reader  wiQ  ponder  tlie  ILncâ  I  have  just  written,  he  will 
find  they  contain  the  germ  of  the  whole  social  history  of  tha 
bourgecnâe:  the  banidng  interest  inthjaUing  industry  and  com- 
merce; individual  credit  profiting  the  strong,  injuring  the  weak;  ill 
a  word,  the  reign  of  compétition  tending  inevitably  to  overthrow 
Email  fortune?,  and  to  undermine  lliose  of  the  middle  standard; 
and  all  this  for  the  purpose  of  amving  at  a  real  financial  femlalit7, 
îff,  if  you  will,  an  oligarchy  of  baukcra.  Admirable  law  of  Provi- 
dencCf  which,  set  the  thi-eat  of  punishment  adc  by  side  with  ilia 
ctdme»  made  the  very  sclftshnesa  of  the  bourgeoisie  engender  th© 
commencement  of  its  dissolution,  and  mingted  with  the  daamciul 
liBiiites  of  ils  aggrandizement  the  indication  of  the  causes  of  ita 
fisal  ruin  ! 

But  a  system  of  tilings  with  which  the  passions  of  numbers  ara 
bound  up  does  not  come  to  nought  m  a  day,  whatever  "be  the  vicei 
of  its  origin.  Many  gcnerationa  are  often  insufficient  to  absorb  all 
the  voQom  of  au  evil  principle.  Etctv  tyrannical  regime  may  bo 
likened  to  an  abyss  which  can  be  filled  up  only  with  dead  boaies: 
tJbc  cniel  operation  proceeds  slowly  to  ita  accomplishment,  for  the 
«bysi  is  profound. 

In  fpite^  then,  of  some  not  very  prominent  signs  of  future  decay, 
a  long  dominion  was  promised,  in  IS15,  to  this  unfeeling  reign  of] 
compc^tion  nnd  individualism.  Only,  that  doraijiiou  required  to  be 
completed.  Tl^e  power  of  the  bourgcoiaic  had  its  roots  in  the  con- 
Atittition  of  society;  it  only  remained  for  it  to  obtain  a  footing  in 
the  politico  domam.  Individudism  below  mmmoncd  hberalism  tQ 
Beat  ita^lf  above. 

Aocordingly,  from  1815  to  1&30,  the  bouigcoigic  bused  itself  only 
irith  completing  ita  dominion.  To  turn  tbû  elective  system  to  ita 
own  idvantage,  to  seiste  on  the  paTliamcnt^ry  power  and  render  it 
■navne  after  having  achieved  its  conquest^  such  was  for  fifteen 
jean  tïic  work  prasccuted  by  libcraliimij  a  work  summarily  ex- 
fweond  in  these  words:  To  £y,sLAVE  boyaltv  without  de* 
■TICUITAG  IT.  Thus,  after  those  revolutionists  of  '93  had  passed 
jrwtT,  who  had  trampled  on  pohticaJ  tradition  with  such  fierce 
hcTûîfm;  after  the  reign  of  a  man,  who,  as  he  could  date  only  from^ 
hixBfletff  had  essayed  to  silence  for  eïcr  the  antiquated  vociferation  of 
ike  mcmbHoe,  uprose  once  more  unconquercd  tradition,  bringing 
with  It  a  renewal  of  the  struggle  90  long  mùntained  against  royalty 
by  thfl  «îtats-généiaux  ajid  the  parliamentarians. 

How  many  noreltzea  had  the  natural  comae  of  events  introduced 
into  this  old  ([uairell  The  field  of  battle  had  been  ttaùEfonncd; 
the  object  of  tho  coml»t  w»no  longer  tine  same;  the  priae  of  victory 
bidadiâercnt  complezion^the  coml^tantâ  had  another  aspect.   What 


è 


âS 


JÎÎTBODUCTIOK. 


of  tliat?     Tlicre  was  in  tliîs  rçviving  caniîict  somotlcng  wliicli  cTcnte 
had  not  been  able  to  change— its  trssential  nature. 

n. 

"Wlien  the  Bourbons  fell  in  1830,  many  and  various  were  the  ex- 
planations ^ven  of  the  event. 

They  had  entered  Frances  it  was  ^d,  floated  on  the  tide  of  in- 
vaHon,  like  its  foam.  Tliey  had  I'cndered  France  vassal  to  E.uro]>e, 
and  tlie  ink  was  not  dried  on  the  fiiipjcra  of  their  ministers  from 
d^TiJni;  the  treaties  of  1815.  Tiioy  had  broiîghï  baclt  into  the  heart 
of  a  sorrowing  country  thousands  of  the  haughty  race  of  yenHls- 
hoinmes^  and  that  grasping?  and  encroaching  caste,  the  dor^y.  They 
had  begun  their  career  with  proscriptionSj  and  the  shade  of  Michel 
Ney  rose  up  agaiûst  them,  aceuâng  them  of  murdw.  Tîiey  held  the 
Êword  siï^nded  over  the  heads  of  the  purchasers  of  nalionul  estates, 
juïJ  tlK'ir  mere  presence  was  a  nevut-endin*^  menace. 

Woe  to  liim  who  should  declare  one  offlll  these  ch:irges  unju?t  ! 
But  are  they  enough  to  account  bistoricaily  for  the  part  played  by  tlie 
bourgeoisie  m  1830?     I  say  not. 

If  Louis  XVm.  dared  to  pick  up  his  crown  from  the  bloody  field 
of  Waterloo;  if  he  re-entered  Paris,  surrounded  by  an  English, 
Kufisian,  and  Prussian  stafT;  if  he  did  not  blush  to  admit  in  tho 
Prince  Regent  of  Engïand  a  right  of  moral  suïertdnty  over  the  heri- 
tage of  Louis  XIV.  and  of  Napoleon  ;  if  Wellington  was  throup-h 
hitn  Marehal  of  Fmnce;  if,  while  he  was  trying  his  band  at  royally 
in  the  Tuilerie?,  the  Baron  von  Muffling,  a  foreigner,  was  made  go- 
vernor of  his  capital  ;  if  the  LouYi-e  was  pillaged  by  the  Prusaans;  if' 
Bluehcr,  in  a  fit  of  rage,  could  talk  with  impunity  of  blowing  up  our 
edifices;  if  Alexander  was  regarded  as  the  friend  of  tho  King  of 
France,  becauee  he  had  been  content  with  making  the  bridges  built  in 
remembrance  of  our  victories  echo  under  the  footsteps  of  his  army; 
if  the  allicB,  treating  with  this  game  Iving  of  France,  exacted,  and 
were  accorded,  as  a  preliminary  to  all  negotiation,  that  the  aiiny  of 
th(^  Loire  sliould  be  dissolved,  so  that  Frunce  should  have  nothing 
left  but  to  entreat  for  mercy;  lastly, — lor  long,  long,  alas  !  \a  the  hst 
of  our  humiliations  in  those  days, — if  out  enemies  acquired  by  the 
treaty  of  November  the  right  not  only  of  retlucing  France  to  her  last 
limits:,  but  of  dismantling  her  fortifications,  of  building  others  against 
her  with  hor  own  money,  (if  watching  and  controlling  her  policy, 
and  of  occupying  her  territory  for  five  years, — was  all  thiw  the 
crime  solely  of  the  king,  the  princes  and  the  ministers?  Wliy  had 
the  reprcâcntatives  of  the  bourgcitisie,  the  membcie  of  the  legislative 
body,  rel'used  tljc  i.-anquishi'd  Kapoleon  that  sword  he  asked  for  as  a 
ample  general  to  repair  the  disaster  of  Waterloo,  and  to  save  the 
cotmtij,  or  die?  And  why,  when  the  first  gleam  of  the  encmiea' 
watchhrcs  was  seen,  why  did  not  the  bourgeoise  oi'  Paris  stir  up  the 
pcoT>ic  so  prompt  to  fi"ht,  aad  rush,  itself,  to  umnâ,  tutuing  de?pe- 
ly  Ui  bay,  like  the  glorious  monks  of  Saiagossa?   But  no  :  all  the 


INTEODCCTIOK. 


» 


I 


I 
I 


I 


gates  of  the  town  were  thrown  open;  and  there  wercshotita  of  joy  in 
all  t!ie  streets;  and  there  wctc  dances  m  the  public  gardens;  ana  La 
all  the  theatres,  for  several  months,  the  enthusiasm  of  those  who  fre* 
qucnt  the  theatres  hailed  in  Aloxander  the  demigod  of  the  invasion  I 
Hear  it  again:  "  The  shopkeepers  increased  their  usual  receipts  tcn- 
Ibld.  From  IS15  date  most  of  the  shopkceping  fortunes  of  the  ca- 
pitaL"  A  proof  that  the  bourgeoisie  liad  no  thoi^ht  In  J  830 
of  punishini^  tlie  Bourbons  as  princes  brought  into  France  by  the 
steâa^er,  is,  that  it  selected  to  fiU  the  throne  i^hilip  Duke  of  Orleans. 
Andliow  had  the  Due  d'Orléans  entered  France?  Waa  not  he  too 
found  in  the  rear  of  the  invasion?  Let  ua  deal  justice  and  truth  U> 
all.  llad  the  bourgeoi&ic  taken  upon  it  in  1830  to  exact  expiation 
of  ilie  crown  for  the  events  of  1815,  then  I  my  it  would  liave  lakcu- 
vengeancc  on  the  elder  branch  of  the  iiourbona  for  crimen  of  which 
it  waâ  itself  the  accomplice.  Nothing  of  the  kind  occurred.  It  vrii3 
the  people  who  remembered.* 

Could,  the  bourgeoisie  with  any  more  show  of  reason  fall  upon  tho 
order  oi'  gentilshommes  /  I  have  noticed  that  Louis  XVIII.  com- 
mitted in  1614  the  mistake  of  profesaing  too  open  a  regard  for 
jmci^nt  nflmc9;  but  he  iud  made  haste  lo  correct  that  error  in  1^15. 
Do  we  not  End  in  the  fii^t  mJniatenal  list  of  the  latter  epoch,  along: 
with  the  name  of  Talleyiand  de  Pcrigordr  that  of  Pasqmer,  belong- 
ing to  the  noblesse  de  rohe,  and  those  still  less  aristocratic  of  Gouvion. 
St.  Cyr,  Fouché^  and  Louis?  Did  M.  Decazea,  who  wasi  so  long  die 
soul  of  the  government  of  the  Restoration,  owe  his  iniluence  to  hJa 
parchments.^  Were  not  MM,  de  Viilèlc,  de  Corbière,  and  de 
Fcyronnet,  who  filled  with  their  existence  the  lastycors  of  the  Re- 
Btoration,  were  they  not  almost  noGi  homines  f     That  the  higheP 

*  Upr  i*  K  specimen  of  the-  U-Thiib  In  which  H.  VUlemiim,  aho  htu  UeH  mâtùter 
mntr  lit;iii,coiij^TTiituliitiMl  thp  Eniptrur  AJciwiUcr  on  bia  vktorj'of  i$l4,aud  th&t  ia 
pull  uciulL'iiiy,  April  2U  S^fU. 

**  Am  tiniç  wlicn  all  heart»  urc  prtoccupicd  by  this  angtut  presence,  I  bmre  need 
tocntnat  imluliLinrc-  :uul  i^finion  tbnhiï  întcm^ïticKi  lamsbnit  tooccatlun,  Uo«r 
gmA  ia  ihc-  contrast  bctvc-tin  .lu  feeble:  &  literary  intemt  aoA  ad  uidicncË  ïucb  ss 
thill  Did  the  PrinoM  of  the  Nurlh,  who  cmnt-  to  minglti  iti  tlicac  mt^tiiiiza  in  limes 
pHt,  fiircfee  that  ihciT  ilvsceadnnts  would  une  day  be  lud  lo  thi.-in  by  lliv  rcaiilt  of 
w«r?  Such  am  the  rerolutiDiis  of  eoipin».  But  the  power  of  the  nrta  aVQV  gime- 
roTi»  couls  does  not  change.  Bt^forv  the  ttnagie  of  the  &rta  nioruLn-lin  In  artiis  piiiUB 
lUtf  mrmarche  on  n  jonmeir,  Tfipy  tcsppct  it  in  our  montiments,  in  the  yviuus  of 
OBT  WTitcni,  and  hi  (lie  mil  renown  of  our  .«ii'<iwii.  Elixjutînw,  or  ratbcr  hL'tor»\ 
win  «dcbratc  this  litenuy  urbaniiv,  when  it  oomea  to  tell  of  this  war  without 
Jimbition,  this  LurioLable  anil  disinterested  Icitgur,  thi*  royal  sBcriBcc  of  the.  uiMi 
vherljbhcd  ft-elingi  inuRobtteil  to  the  repose  of  iiatiocui,  and  to  n  nort  of  Kuropcaa 
patriotiRn.  The  vaUruit  heir  of  Firderick  has  proTcd  to  tu  that  the  chtinctfl  of 
arm*  da  tiot  cact  dcnra  a  ^nuinc-  king  from  the  thronc;  tha.t  he  olwnyi  oriACa  A^aiii 
noUy,  tmrriL' up  on  his  pt-qplc'a  anus  and  romiùna  tnvincibU>  Wvdu^  he  is  luVc-d. 
AloùmlL-r'a  iiiii;miiTiiputy  stt3  Vfi'Tt  onrcyvs  one  of  (hose  !vntiiiueBiJul*i'>isaioQataly 
alUim  for  kI'TJ'.  }lis  pi-.wi.T  and  liii  youili  nr*  «'Brrants  for  tbe  lonp  peat*  of  Eu- 
rope. Uii  h«Tuisni,  p;irinu<i  l;y  ihv  Il(.-]iI  of  tn'jdt:ni  OTilixntkni,  leeau  wortiiy  of 
pemtuatiDg  its  t'mpirf-,  «utthy  uf  rcoc-wm^  and  »ill  more embiùlûhîiig  the  image 
of  top  phikMOiiltii-Bl  ujouan.-h  pro-w.'iiti'il  by  Miknnu  AttTclius, — of  dtsplRyin?,  in  fine, 
on  ttM  thronc.  the  iknucd  wisîlom  ot  a  power,  TUt  as  its  own  wpiraUona  for  tlic 
mUhn  vt  the  world." 


30 


INTKODUCTIOÎÏh 


boDTgeoiaic  felt  a  very  lively  repugnance  for  ibe  nobles  and  the 
dergy,  and  that  it  pursued  the  former  with  its  jealous  passions, 
under  the  war-cry  of  equality,  and  tlie  Litter  with  its  frigid  scep- 
tidsnij  while  crying  up  liberty  of  conacieiifo,  and  iho  indejjendcncc 
of  tl^e  civil  power,  is  heyond  all  manner  of  douht.  Only  It  would 
never  have  incurred  the  risks  of  a  resolution  bad  it  looked  forward 
to  aothlng  else  than  scouring  the  triumph  of  its  scepticism  and  its 
vanity. 

As  for  the  cruelties  so  heavily  charged  upon  Louis  XVIU-,  it 
must  he  owned  tfuit  it  is  chicly  to  circumstances  they  owe  the 
character  they  liave  preserved  in  history. 

**  At  nine  o'clock  in  the  morning,"*  says  on  historian  of  the  Rc^ 
HtcaatJon,  *'  Ney  stepped  into  a  liackney-coacli,  dreseed  in  a  hlue 
frock.  He  had  sent  to  a?k  M,  de  S^monville  for  a  bottle  of  hor- 
deaux  and  had  drunk  it.  The  grand  referendary  accompamed  the 
marshal  to  the  coach;  the  curé  of  St.  Sulpicc  waa  by  his  âdc,  and 
two  officers  of  gendarmerie  on  ttie  box.  The  c^âmal  patty  crossod 
the  Luxembourg-gurdena  on  the  obscrvat«:iry  side.  On  passing  the 
iron  gate  it  turned  to  the  left  and  halted  fifty  paces  further  on  under 
the  wall  of  the  avenue.  The  coach  liaving  stopped,  the  marGhal 
Stepped  out  nimbly,  and  standing  eight  paces  from  the  wall,  eaid  to 
the  officer,  *  Is  this  the  place^  qt? — '  Yes,  monsieur  le  inart^chaL* 
Ney  then  took  o^hia  hat  with  his  left  hand,  Laid  his  right  on  lus 
heart,  and  oddresông  the  soldiers,  cried  out,  *  Comrades^  fire  on 
me.'  The  officer  gave  the  signal  to  fire,  and  Ney  IcU  witlioot 
making  any  motion." 

What  strikes  us  above  all  in  this  horrible  exécution  is  its  gloomy 
Bectecy  and  want  of  solemnity.  The  multitude  wa£  not  tliercat  the 
last  momcntt  it  had  been  deceived,  and  was  assembled  in  the  plain 
of  Gi'cnelle.  Michel  Ney,  Marshal  of  France,  Prince  of  Moskowa, 
Duke  of  Elchingen,  is  shot  in  a  lonely  silent  5pot,  at  the  foot  of  a 
lïalli  by  soldiers  who  skulk  Irom  obsurvation,  by  order  of  a  govern- 
ment alraid  of  its  own  violence.  Tlijs  e?fplâinâ  why  it  was  thût  the 
first  cnicltiea  of  the  Restoration  left  traces  stamped  in  fire  on  men's 
hearts.  Key  had  turned  ag&iust  Louis  XYIIl,  the  sword  he  had 
received  from  him  to  defend  him  in  1814:  there  is  no  question  of 
that.  It  is  true  he  was  under  the  safeguai'd  of  a  capitulation:  but 
the  vengeance  of  rçaetîon  is  not  to  be  stopped  by  such  slight  conEa- 
dcrations  as  this.  To  kill  one's  enemies  had  been  no  novelty  for  liall*  a 
(^nturyt  *93  had  wearied  the  executioner-  But  the  neces^tieg  of  «situa- 
tion without  parallel  accounted  for,  and  more  than  excused  the  blon-9 
itrutkby  the  lievolutîûD  ;  tlie  sound  of  the  axe  was  loii'tin  '93  in  the 
clamours  of  the  forum  and  in  the  universal  uproar.  Here  there  wa.s 
Dotluiig  of  the  kind:  douth  wa^  in^cted  in  cold  blood,  and  a  wh'jlâ 
naticm  Kept  nktiœ  round  tlic  cxecutioncTS.  Be  it  as  it  may,  if  the 
bourgc<n8tewafl  indignant,  its  indignation  was  aâsuredly, disinterested  ; 


UTTBODUCTIOF.  31 

nnce  Key  and  Labédcnrère  died  TÎctizns  of  an  idea  combated  and 
Tanquiahed  with  the  aid  of  tlie  boorgeoiâe  itself  ;  since  ihej  died 
fictima  of  the  Empire, — ^victims  ofthe  Hundred  Days.  Napoleon  had 
caused  the  Duo  dEnshicn  to  be  shot  in  the  trencnes  of  Vincennea. 
Louis  XVm.  paid  Napoleon  back  murder  for  murder, — a  kind  of 
emulation  most  worthy  of  the  masters  of  the  earth  !  But  that  ia  alL 
Did  the  bourgeoisie  on  the  day  succeeding  the  resolution  of  July, 
when  it  was  aU  powerful,  impose  on  its  king  the  duty  of  restoring  the 
name,  fame,  and  memoij  of  Ney?    And  why  did  it  not?* 

I  oome  to  another  pomt,  the  mterests  of  the  purchaaexs  of  national 
property.  Ihis  vras  a  more  serious  question  for  the  boorgcoiaie,  for 
It  was  no  mere  a&ir  of  sentiment  and  humanity  :  acoording^  care 
«as  taken  not  to  alarm  men's  interests  on  this  score.  Ix>nis  XVIII., 
who  committed  so  many  blunders,  at  least  did  not  commit  this  one. 
He  affirmed  in  his  declaration  of  Saint  Omer  that  the  purchasers  of 
national  property  should  never  be  molested.  What  do  I  say?  Did 
the  chamber  of  1815,  intoxicated  as  it  was  with  aristocracy,  ever 
carry  the  audacity  of  its  counter-rerolutionary  passions  to  that 
length?  Recollect  the  law  on  sediûous  cries:  the  5th  article  of 
that  law  provided  a  penalty  against  every  e^^ression  of  a  nature  to 
alarm  the  posBcsBora  of  natioml  proper^.  "  Wherefore  this  me»> 
sore?"  exclaimed  the  Vicomte  de  Chateaubriand  on  this  occasion 
before  the  assembled  peers.  "  Why  impose  a  silence,  which  would 
be  broken,  if  not  hj  men,  yet  by  the  very  stones  that  serve  as  land- 
marks to  the  patnmonies  whose  possessors  it  is  int^ided  to  re- 
■asore?"  Woras  of  rash  dannf;  but  not  all  Chateaubriand's  elo- 
quence could  give  effect  to  ^eôr  hardihood,  even  at  a  moment  when 
ue  oounter-revolulaon  showed  itself  daring  to  insolence  !  If,  ^eio- 
fore,  the  interests  of  the  purchasers  of  national  property  were  so  often 
invoked  in  the  polemics  of  liberalism,  it  was  because  they  furnished 
that  inânoere  system  with  a  serviceable  weapon.  And  if  the 
mUHard  granted  the  emigrants  be  held  up  to  me  in  objection,  my 

*  At  the  Tciy  moment  I  write  tbeae  linei,  tbii  day,  Maxdi  7,  IMl.  the  jonnuls 
«nnopDce  the  determination  jnit  come  toby  the  ion  of  Marshal  Key,  to  take  hiaieat 
in  that  a«aemfaly  which  voted  almost  onammoasly  for  the  death  of  hia  &ther.  In 
the  laat  letter,  explaining  the  motzres  to  thii  détermination,  I  find  what  follows: 

■"UK  MO  of  the  Marqoii  of  Straffiird  did^EMt  take  hk  seat  in  the  Home  of  Lords 
t21  after  he  had  obtained  the  reTernon  of  the  soitaioe  Tu^ntUy  paiwd  m  his  father 
in  therngnof  CbarieiL 

"  LcM  fortanate  than  he,  or  leas  efficiently  teoooded  I^  dicnmitaDeet,  and  by  the 
state  cf  oar  laws,  I  haTe  not  been  able  completdy  to  racoeed  in  the  accomplishment 
of  aidigioiisda^twhicfa  I  hare  nererthdess  punned  without  relaxation,  and  by  all 
the  means  in  my  power  nnoe  1831. 

**  My  eflbrta  with  the  difirentmmiitries  whidi  hare  sooceeded  each  other  during 
tiiat  space  ct  time^  have  beoi  always  fhistrated  1^  exceptions  to  my  lotnu  im  ctpia, 
drawn  partly  from  the  lacmuB  of  our  code  in  matters  of  rerision,  partly  also  from  the 
faeuo>wiienoea  with  regard  to  the  puUic  secnri^  which  would  be  occasioned  by  the 
erocatioo  of  certain  reminbcences  which  passion  wonld  not  £ûl  to  fasten  upon. 

**  What  shall  I  say  to  yon?  I  hare  beôi  flghtjng  thos  without  success  these  ten 
yeanpastr 

lUs  is  what  the  gonrnment  of  the  boorgeoine  had  in  store  fia:  the  memory  d 


32 


INTEODDCTIOX. 


answer  is,  that  tliis  counter-revolutioDaiy  act  was  not  passed  till 
after  tKc  election  of  the  Abbé  Grégoire,  tbc  regicide,  not  till  after  the 
ttsai^nation  of  the  Due  de  Bern;  thjit  ta  to  say^  when  the  monarchy 
dciveu  to  extiûinities,  determined  at  hst  to  dare  all  ugainst  its  ene» 
mics,  clearly  perceiving  timt  its  enemies  would  d^re  all  against  it. 
]}i.-sides,  be  it  well  observed,  if  the  milliard  of  indemnity  waa  a, 
virtual  condemnation  of  the  principiea  of  '89,  it  was  no  less  a 
puarautee  oflered  to  the  owners  of  nationiJ  estates,  since  it  was  the 
price  for  wliieh  they  were  granted  security.  Tliis  indoinnity  being 
paid,  the  possessors  of  the  property  in  question  were  dcfmitively 
protected  from  all  lic^tile  proccedings;  and  thoâe  who  bad  most 
reason  to  complain  were  all  those  poor  artisans,  all  those  workmen, 
all  thoso  children,  of  the  people,  from  whom  the  eminjation  had 
lei.iud  its  impost^  though  tlii-y  had  never  been  partakers  of  its 
spoils. 

Returning  then  to  wliat  I  have  aimed  at  proving,  I  repeat  that 
the  struggle  which  licgan  in  lftl5,  and  which  was  to  terminate  ia 
the  revolution  of  1830,  was  but  tlio  continuation,  for  the  benefit  of 
the  bt>iirgcoi3ie,  of  the  strugj:;le  which  the  états  généraux  Iwd  main- 
tiiincd  previously  to  17^9  against  the  monarchical  priitciple^  though 
without  éclat,  without  vigour,  and  mthout  continuity. 

Can  society  have  two  heads?  Is  so%'ereignly  divlï^ible?  is  there 
not  between  goveroinent  by  a  king,  and  government  by  an  assembly, 
a  gulf  which  every  day  tends  t*j  make  deeper  and  wider?  And 
wherever  this  duaham  existai,  is  not  the  nnlion  doomed  to  lluctuate 
miserably  l>clwcen  a  lOth  of  Augupt  and  an  I8th  Brumaire?  ïliia 
question  was  presented  to  Louis  XVll!.  on  the  day  ho  seated  him- 
self on  the  throne,  as  it  had  been  to  Bonaparte  during  the  Hundred 
Day»  :  and  as  the  social  strength  was  on  the  eide  of  the  bourgeoiaic»  it 
wuR  natuiul  that  the  quc&tion  should  be  decidctl  in  its  favour.  The 
obstacles  with  which  royalty  bad  to  contend  during  tlie  lïcstorationt 
the  countless  feelings  of  hatred  tliat  gathered  in  its  way,  the  tcm- 
t>edt^  that  aâSoilcd,  the  sort  of  popular  earthquake  that  overthrew  it 
in  1830,  all  these  had  no  more  serious  cause. 

Had  it  even  been  piissible  to  create  a  mediating  power  between 
the  crown,  and  the  chamber  I  But  the  right  of  entail  Imving 
been  for  ever  abolished,  the  division  of  patrimonies  liaving  become 
an  inevitible  fact,  the  ariatocracy  having  been  thrice  vanfjuishcd, 
what  availed  a  peerage?  T^at  of  181^  rcprcsentcdbut  aheap  of  ruinfi, 
and  was  in  teahtv  bwt  the  living  history  of  a  quarter  of  a  century  of 
treacheries.  So  little  accoimt  was  made  of  it,  that  Louis  XVIII., 
for  in?tance,  regarded  it  simply  aâ  a  moans  **  of  putting  a  ring  on  flte 
Jittffrr  ufyt-oplf  of  hù  hoxisehoid  on  the  birth  of  their  eldtttt  guru."  Tiio 
del  is,  tliat  the  personal  cûmposilian  of  the  pcetage  ivaa  recast  îa 
ÎHI.J  without  scruple  and  without  shame.  Peers  of  Fniucc  were 
bn»k«n,  rind  titlin-s  were  created;  the  title  of  ]>ccr  Ijecame  a  mode  of 
or  a  priw:  hulJ  out  to  the  higher  otîiccra  of  the  royal 
And  alter  this  M.  dcTuileyrand  fancied  himself  a  great 


■0  or  a 


INTBODUCTIOX.  Sî 

statesman  for  liaving  caiiged  sucli  a  peerage  to  be  ileclarcd  hcrLiditary  ! 
What  poverty  ol"  views  !  ^yhc:n,  Lurd  Cticstoi'field's  sou  -n-aa  sctùn^* 
out  to  visit  tue  difTeront  courts  <il'  Europe,  his  father  said  to  Kim, 
"  Go,  my  son,  go  and  aec  the  sort  of  awa  hy  whom  the  world  is 
^vemcd  !"*     I  comprehend  this  disdain. 

Yes,  before  ever  llie  government  of  the  Restoration  was  in  full 
opcmtioD,  the  leading  feature  of  the  case  was  the  necessary  rivalry 
of  these  two  power?,  the  crown  and  the  chamber.  And  ecc  tlie  kLnd 
of  cm:umstance&  that  announce  and  prenarG  the  struggle.  When 
ihc  elections  be»^,  two  men  are  found  dividing  the  ministerial  [x^wcr 
betweea  them,  Talleyrand  and  Fouclni:  the  latter,  able,  shrewd,  a 
practised  master  of  intrigue,  poaâessiflg  the  confidence  of  tlic  bour- 
ffeoisic.  and  versed  in  the  art  of  dc&ling  with  impure  implements; 
the  other  as  devoid  of  întellectuai  as  of  moral  worth,  but  passing  for 
a  ffrand seitpteiir  without  prejudice?,  and  enjoying  an  immense  repu- 
tation as  a  statesraan,  because  baseness  Ims  its  triumphs,  which  every 
vulgar  mmd  eonibunda  with  those  of  talent.  The  antagonism  between 
these  two  men  is  glaring;  every  one  Pcea  thifi,  every  one  says  this, 
and  it  Bcem&  t]wt  thia  will  prove  the  rock  on  which  the  ministry  will 
be  wrecked-  But  no:  the  ministry  is  about  to  be  dissolved,  but  its 
dissolution  will  be  the  furat  eddence  of  the  power  of  the  bourgeoia 
inicrcstâ,  and  of  the  irresistible  force  of  the  elective  principle. 

We  know  what  had  rendered  Fouche  uecessiiry  as  a,  minister: 
con&ctiucutly  he  could  only  fall  to  make  way  for  another  man,  capa- 
ble bkc  ïiimsclf  of  representing  in  the  govermnenl  the  interest^3  and 
the  possâous  of  Ûit  bourgeoisie.  Tli<i^  who  have  agsigned  no  other 
iiause  for  the  extraordinary  fortune  of  M.  Decazes  than  the  affection. 
of  Louis  XVIII-,  appear  to  mc  not  to  have  dived  to  the  bottom  of 
this  subject.  M,  Decazes  was  of  plebeian  origin:  no  tic  could  Iiave 
fttutcbed  him  to  a  regimen  of  ^and  seif/neurs.  He  loved  money, 
and  knew  its  value:  he  loved  power,  and  comprehended  the  eoadi- 
tioM  of  Its  tenure.  île  posseted  gagacity^  sttpplenoss,  activity» 
■oepticiîim,  jmbaltom  ambition,  evciy  (juality  positive  and  negative 
to  enable  him  to  know  and  to  make  huu  subservient  to  the  «ide  that 
was  the  etrongcr.  Libcryjism,  in  so  lar  as  it  was  lacking  in  eleva- 
tion, coidd  not  find  a  truer  pcrsoniiication.  M.  Decazes  was  Fouché 
âofl<'ijed  down. 

This  13  pi-eclsely  wlmt  rendcied  DecaKcs  fit,  in  the  cyca  of. 
the  bourgeoisie,  to  supersede  Fouché.  Again,  he  had  piiid»  in. 
tecaking  of.  Napoleon's  asboni&hiug  marcli  on  Paria  on  the  20th  of 
March,  "  Legitimacy  is  not  to  ha  acquired  by  dint  of  liard  run» 
mngî"  and  independently  of  this  profession  of  faith,  the  To^'aUst3 
jpRvferred  him  u>  the  Due  d'Otrantc,  because  ho  at  least  did  not 
ïvty  the  smell  of  blood  on  hla  clothes. 

îï.  Decazes  waa  carried  in  this  way  to  the  summit  of  public 

■  Tïie  anlhorof  this  «ayins  wni  not  IjOTiI  Cliesterfifld,  but  Oicnstlenia,  Châucel- 
IwofSvedcn  luider  UasUtvus  AUol^jlma  and  CbrUtiuo.  ^1,  ai  £lj,  vide  ^uaa 
minima  upienti  rcgitur  niiunlus." — jyanshitor, 

D 


34 


nmioi>ucTiOK. 


[konourn,  and  FoucKt;  fell  from  power,  leaving  beLind  a  successor 
rorthy  of  liim.  Ijouw  XVIII.'s  liking  for  the  ncw  minister  served 
bis  fortunes,  but  does  not  singly  account  ibr  them.     M,  Decades 

luriii  a  liberal  ;  that  was  his  strength.     ITie  time  of  favourites  was 

rsl,  and  if  M.  Dccazes  had  been  biickcd  by  nothing  else  than 
royal  affection,  whit^h  is  won  and  kept  by  flattery,  his  jnflu- 
enec^  bke  tliat  of  M.  dc  IllacfLa,  would  never  have  extended  beyond 
the  govemment  of  the  an  tech  amber. 

But  by  the  side  of  this  singular  fact,  the  sudden  elevation  of  M. 
Decazes,  stands  another  no  less  chûracteristic,  the  fall  of  the  Talley- 
nnd  miaiAtiy.  ^Vhy  ctid  that  ministry  break  down  ?  Because  the 
result  of  the  first  elections  fr>retold  a  chamber  hostile  to  it.  M.  de 
Talleyrand  fearing  too  vehement  an  opposition,  had  an  audience  of 
tho  kmg,  and  asJced  him  if  the  c^ibinct  might  count  tully  on  the 
support  of  the  crown  in  the  approaching  contest.  Louis  XVIII., 
long  jealous  of  the  prince's  reputation,  appeared  offended  at  the 
arro^anco  of  his  âlamit  and  to  toe  great  fwtonishment  of  the  whole 
country  dissolved  the  ministry,  leaving  the  destinies  of  royal t y  in 
France  to  fall  into  the  feeble  liands  of  the  Due  de  RicheUeu»  Arc 
not  these  very  remarkable  facta?  A  bourgeois,  a  liberal,  M,  De- 
ouzes  becoming  tho  head  of  the  royalist  government  ;  tho  firat 
ministry  of  tho  Restoration  overthrown  by  the  mere  approach  of  the 
chrtmbcr,  and  in  a  ninnner  by  the  shadow  of  the  elective  principle; 
thi;»  victory  acliiev&d  on  the  eve  of  the  battle;  does  not  all  this  strike 
one  lis  a  revelation  of  that  force,  of  which  the  fifteen  ycjirs  of  the 
Restoration  were  to  be  but  the  compltsle  development  in  a  political 
respect. 

So  fuUy  alive  were  the  most  intelligent  royalists  to  the  invincible 
force  of  the  elective  principle,  considered  as  a  means  of  aggrandizing' 
the  bourgeoisie,  that  tome  of  them  made  incredible  efforts  to  keep 
Fouclie  m  the  ministry  until  the  n.'s^einbling  of  the  deputies:  wh- 
ue&a  JÏ.  t](j  VitroUes,  whose  constant  cry  was,  "Before  dl^missing 
Foucht',  wait  for  the  chamber." 

But  here  is  *)racthing  more  asnificant  still.  The  elections  are 
ended  Î  the  chamber  assçrables.  Tlio3e  who  have  reflected  on  the 
ehanicter  of  all  reactions  know  why  thi^.  chamber  would  naturally 
fill!  ittw-lf  cxflusi\'i:'ly  royalist,  Tliey  talked  of  nothing  in  it  but  the 
kiug:  fidelity  lo  the  ting  was  the  virtuo  of  tho  day:  were  wc  to 
rely  on  tho  official  langua^'C  of  the  chamber,  never  had  France  been 
more  cumpleti-^ly  monnrchicaJ  ;  and  nothing  could  equal,  the  enthu- 
sia^^Tn  thiit  but-st  fortii  in  llie  Oissetobly  when  M.  de  Vaublânc  pro 
iKMmced  these  words:  ''  Tlie  immense  majority  of  the  chamber  holds 
fiat  by  its  king,"  But  what  !  It  ia  by  a  series  of  sharp  attack?  on 
royalty  that  tUh  chanibrir,  so  eminently  royalist,  cammcnees  itd  pro- 
Oocdings.  Tlir  first  bill*  {jfnijrl  clr  lor),  presented  to  the  chamber  by 
due  ffttnle  drj:  icemtx  'n  received  vnû\  many  indiçatioMof  dissatisfiio-. 


rsTRoorcTioïc, 


35 


tion,  and  ïs  passed  only  with  modificatioTia  tl^at  completely  destroy 
its  orignal  chanwrter.  A  broad  and  striking  assertion  tliis  of  tlie 
right  of  the  initiative  on  the  part  of  the  ftssembly  I  And  from  that 
moment  how  nrdently  wns  an  opportimitv  sought  to  exerci.'^e  tJiat 
ûûtîalivc  !  Whetlicf  tho  question  regardctl  the  law  upon  tlic  sus- 
pcnHon  of  individual  liberty,  presented  by  M.  Dccizcs,  or  tliat 
on  iurisdictions  pifsciitcd  by  the  Due  dc  Feltrc»  the  chamber 
tliinks  itseh'  called  on  not  only  to  rectify  the  handiwork  of  tlie  mi- 
nialers.  but  to  make  it  over  again.  Alone  it  iills  the  pohlioil  stage; 
llofic  it  governs.  Waa  there  ever  seen  FÏnce  the  Convention  an 
aaKmbly  mure  violent,  more  irnpcriou?,  more  intoxicated  witli  the 
seiwe  of  its  own  rights  ?  It  learns  that  the  king  proposes  to  Itave 
the  ordinance  of  the  24th  of  July  legalized,  whic^  bmiled  royalist 
vengetLOGG  to  nineteen  beads  of  note  given  up  to  the  tribunals,  and 
to  tmtty-eight  persons  sentenced  to  bimishmcnt.  At  tliia  news  the 
lage  of  the  chamber  rises  to  its  highest  pitch,  and  \csl  the  act  of 
■mnesty  should  be  too  indulgent,  it  takes  the  initiatire  into  its  own 
handâ,  thus  usurping  the  most  personal  of  all  the  prerogatives  of 
royalty.  I»  it  poaeible  to  conceive  any  thing  more  overbearing  ? 
ÂJid  what  act  of  sovereignty  could  be  more  peremptory  than  that 
motion  of  M.  de  Labourdonnayc's,  which  proscribed  at  one  blow 
■U  tiw  mazibab,  all  the  generals,  all  the  prefects,  all  the  hish  func' 
t£rauin<3  implicated  in  Bonaparte's  return;  which  struck  at  all  tlie  re- 
gicide npners  of  the  acte  adtktioneî;  which  excluded  for  ever  Irani  the 
soil  of  France  aU  the  members  of  the  Bonapaite  family;  wliicb 
doomed  the  property  of  eo  great  a  number  of  citizens  to  set^uestra- 
tion  ;  which  in  a  word  mado  the  judicial  power  a  dcpendeucc  oil 
liie  legislative  Î  Ncverthclesâ  the  ngscrahly  Banctloncd  this  great 
ampatîon  in  the  very  teeth  of  the  king's  formal  announcement 
dial  he  would  not  consent  to  the  proscription  of  the  regicides. 

It  has  been  eaid  that  Louis  X\  IIL  was  not  sincere  m  tliis;  that 
in  hid  heart  he  abhorred  the  regicides,  and  only  made  a  sbow  of 
protecting  thecn,  in  order  to  sJiilt  off  upon  the  chamber  the  odium 
of  the  proscription.  Be  it  so.  But  he  had  declared  hîmeclf  opcaly 
ajul  con.«picuously,  and  his  mmjsters  contested  the  projects  of  tlie 
dboinber  in  his  ûïinic  with  extreme  energy.  What  must  have  been 
the  effect  on  public  opinion  of  a  struggle  so  violently  displayed^ 
whatever  may  liave  been  the  secret  thoughts  and  tlie  hypocrisy  of  • 
fcho  combatants  !  The  Due  de  Richelieu  addressed  these  words  ono 
émy  V}  the  chamber:  " 'llie  king  has  caused  liimaelf  to  be  made 
acquainted  with  your  various  propositions  and  your  useful  delibera- 
tkms.  The  will  of  Ltiuis  XvJ.  is  always  present  to  luis  thoughts;" 
and  the  chatnber  on  hearing  these  wortls  remains  mute  anil  mo- 
tionkn;  threatening  looks  lour  on  every  face  ;  and  the  ministry  is 
obfiffod  to  have  recourse  to  long  ncgoti&tioiis  to  bend  the  obstinacy 
of  the  aaecmbly.  Tlie  chumbeT  consents  at  last  to  reject  the  Ban- 
gimury  cstegoiics  of  M.  dc  Labouidonuayc;  but  it  abides  by  the 

D  2 


ixrnonccTiow. 

■  banishment  of  t*he  rcj^ieldes,  aftof  cheering  tho  factiously  foyûlîât 

X tiered  hy  M.  tic  Bcthis/f  "  Vive  le  roi  tiimntl  mcime!"    Qtmnd 
!    The  antyfjonism  oi'  the  two  principles  broke  out  even  in  tho 
[Urdont  royalism  ol  tlio  asscrably. 

This  is  not  all:  the  law  of  elections  is  prcponted  to  tlie  assembly. 
Two  syatems  sug-gcpt  themselves;  the  one  creating  an  electorul  college 
,  in  each  canton,  and  giving  tho  king  the  power  of  annexing  to  each 
Dral  college^  jug^s  dc  paix,  mayoi^,  \'ica.r9-gcncral,  proviseurs, 
!,  &c.  ;  the  other  catabUiihing  election  in  two  degrees,  to  the 
advatitage  of  the  rich,     Tlie  alternative  ia  formidable.     If  the  first 
[eystcm  prevails,  the  croivn  has  a  hold  on  the  elections;  it  is  pbccd 
I  on  an  independent  footing.  If  the  second  system  triumphs,  tho  crown 
lis  undone;  the  sway  of  the  iMirliament  has  no  longer  any  TOUUtcr- 
Ipoise;  the  unequal  duel  between  Pym  and  Charles  L^  between  Robe- 
r^ierre  and  Ixiuia  XVL,  between  Lafayette  and  Bonaparte,  will  be 
llcvivcd  and  continued;  royalty  la  on  the  vcrçc  of  a  precipice.    Well 
ilKen^  the  system  fatal  to  royalty  h  that  wnioh  finds  favoixr  in  the 
XtLÏtra-Tôtfalist  chamber  of  1815-     ^V^lat  a  tlienic  for  meditation  ! 
I      That  this  charober  aimed  its  blows  at  the  ministry  and  not  at  the 
[crown;  that  it  proclaimed  the  omnipotence  o^  parliament  ûomi  con- 
[«derations  of  tactics,  not  on  principle;  that  it  was  bent  on  inakmg 
ftbe  elective  power  an  irresistible  lever,  solely  because  it  was  then  in 
Kts  own  bands; — all  this  is  possible.     And  what  docs  this  prove, 
icKCcpt  that  great  events  aro  obedient  to  laws  that  baffle  the  tricks 
tof  Belljshne?5  and  all  the  strategy  of  the  passions  ?  What  mattora  i& 
I  to  liîatory  what  the  cliambcr  of  ISl.**  intended  ?  Wliat  it  did  is  all 
that  is  to  the  purpo5c.     Now,  it  professed  the  dogma  of  the  absxflute 
Bovei-eignty  of  assemblies,  and  it  was  it  that  wnconsciously  laid  down 
the  premises  of  the  syliogii?m,  from  ■which,  after  fifteen  years  of  con- 
flict, 1830  drew  tho  conelufiâon. 

Hence  it  appear  th»t  the  revolution  of  July  was  comprised  bodily 
in  that  fiitDous  ordinance  which  dissolved  the  impracticabh;  chatnbfr. 
By  the  ordinance  of  the  5th  of  Novcmbcrj  however,  Loui?  XVIII. 
did  but  npp(?al  to  new  elections,  and  to  a  new  clectoml  syfitom.  K^^n- 
tially  this  was  to  establish  in  favour  of  royalty  that  ri^ht  ol"  Ji*k-*oIving 
the  cliaralxT,  which  ts  recognised  an<l  practised  in  England  ;  a  right 
protective  of  the  crown,  and  in  whtcli  there  was  surely  nothing<xoi^i- 
tant,  since  it  had  not  prevented  the  second  Stuart  irom  dyijig  on  the 
scaffold  !  What, nevertnolefs,  was  the  impression  proiluced  by  triis  emi- 
nently monarchical  act  ?  Tlmsc  who  were  called  the  ulira-rot/alhti 
were  struck  with  consternation  ;  those  who  were  called  the  libemls  ap- 
plauded, Tlie  reverse  is  what  should  have  taken  place  had  there 
peallv  been  in  France  friends  of  tho  monarchy  on  the  one  side,  and 
friends  of  Hberty  on  the  other.  Kut  no  :  the  ultn^royalists  cxc- 
crat<»d  the  ordinance  of  the  5th  of  November,  because  it  broke  up  a 
chamber  in  which  they  bojb  sway, — thus  sacrificing  to  a  teinnorary 
Advantage  of  position  all  the  principles  of  monai'ch  j  :  and  the  Libcnds 


I 
I 


nwROutJc 


37 


wekoincd  this  huïiû  ordinance  is-ith  cxiiltation,  because  the  parlia*. 
montary  power  it  smotf  did  not  yet  belong;  to  themselves, — ihna  sati 
enticing  to  a  temporary  advantage  of  position  all  the  principles  of  I 
liberty.  f 

Tlie  tnith  of  the  matter  is,  that  irords  did  not  in  this  case  tally  \ 
with  tho  ideas  they  osicn^ibly  impUod.     Under  tho  dencunhintioua  of 
lihcrt/U  and  roi/fjfists,  interests  were  concealed  that  were  in  reality, 
neither  those  of  liberty  nor  thoso  of  monarchy.  I 

Tiie  actual  division  existing;  in  France  was  tins.     One  party  de-1 
fued  tluit  the  nation  should  be  agricultural  ;  that  cultivation  an  s  { 
luge  scale  should  be  re-estaUishcdj  and  the  system  of  lurge  proprie-- 
totship  reconstitiiled  by  ineane  of  entails  and  the  ripht  of  pnnio^  ' 
gcnittire;  that  the  clerffV  should  be  indemnified  out  of  the  foii3stsof  1 
the  ?tate;  that  the  administrative  centralization  should  he  aboU^hed; 
chat  flm  country  in  fine  should  be  brought  back  to  thtit  aristocratia 
regimen  of  which   the  bourgeoisie,  aided  by  the  kings,  had  over- 
thrown the  foundations.    Tlio  other  party  entertained  diametricaUy 
opposite  notiona.     The  former  class  consisted  in  general  of  gentiU* 
iumntc»t  etnigiant?,  dignitaries  of  the  church,  tuid  iwJûns  of  ancient 
famibcs  :  ihcy  constituted  what  should  have  been  caUed  the  feudal 
party.     To  the  second  class  belonged  sons  ol  parliamentarians^  bank* 
en,  manufacturer?,  traders,  holders  of  national  property,  physicians, 
lawyers,  the  bourgeoisie. 

Looldn"  then  to  the  substance  of  tliinp?  and  not  to  mere  word?, 
the  stnigi^e  was  one  simply  between  ieuifal  ideas  and  bouipeois  in* 
tert.T?t^-  Now  the  descendants  of  tliosc  who  hatl  wa^d  sucIï  fierco 
vcta  on  monarchical  centralization,  through  Charles  the  Boid,  tho 
Comt*:!  de  Soissone,  Montmorency,  and  Cmq  Mars»  were  assuredly 
not  more  royalist  than  the  sons  of  thoso  who  had  so  violently  shaken 
thrones  by  means  of  the  ian&cnists,  the  imiiHstracy,  and  the  philoso- 
phersL  Royalty  was  in  the  eyes  ol"  the  feudal  party,  as  wefl.  as  in 
thoec  uf  the  bourgeois  pirty,  an  instniment  ratlicr  than  a  principle. 
When,  tlierefore,  royalty  Lent  ita  support  to  the  bourgeoisie,  the  ten- 
tlid  party  was  obliged  to  intrench  itsell"  behind  the  power  of  par* 
UajQcnt,  and  to  ppeak  the  Ifinguagc  of  public  immunities  :  and  when,, 
on  the  other  hand,  it  Icjit  itself  to  the  viewa  and  puFfdons  uf  the  feu- 
dal party,  it  was  then  the  tttm  of  the  bour^fcoisie  to  attack  thij 
throne  in  tlic  name  of  hberty.  Tlius  wo  account  for  the  contradic- 
tions And  anûmalica  that  make  up  the  political  movement  of  tlio 
BoBtoration. 

In  1816  the  bourgeoisie  might  almost  consider  JL^lf  seated  on  tho 
tlm^he  beside  Louis  XVIIl.,  wliosc  mind  it  swayed  through  M, 
Docazcs.  TIios*.'  who  were  culled  ullra-royab^ts  began,  therefore,  to 
woar  down  the  royal  power,  and  tlicy  all  graduated  as  doctors  of  li- 
béralisa. Here  you  had  M.  de  Vi(K*!e  comphiining  of  the  uncon- 
Mittitionid  intlucnec  of  the  king  over  the  elections  of  the  Pas  dû 
Cftlaââ:  ilicre,  MM.  de  Ctt^lelbajac  and  de  Labourdonnaye  haranguing 
£Eom  the  tribune  in  defence  of  the  Liberty  of  the  press  and  of  tho 


38 


JSTRODUCTl  ox. 


individual.     AVho  but  remembers  the  petition  of  MinJcnioiscUc  Ro- 
bert.,  untl  llie  slorniy  discussions  it  gave  rise  to  ?   What  I    they  had 
dared  to  riat  M-  Robert  with  arbitfury  arrest  1   They  liad  gone  the 
lengtîi  of  suppressing  his  journal  !    But  wlial  iras  to  become  of  the 
liberty  of  the  press,  if  it  were  competent  to  the  executive  to  deal  it 
snch  tremendous  blows  ?  ^Vhat  penis  himg  over  society,  ii*  autocracy 
ere  allowed  such  cWtic  poiver  of  extcneion  ?  This  was  the  sort  of 
nguftge  held  from  one  end  of  France  to  the  other,  and  by  whom  ? 
|By  the  ultra-roifaUsts.     Now  it  is  to  be  obscn-'edi  that  the  excessive 
I  rigour  with  whioh  M.  Rol)crt  was  treated,  was  oecasioncd,  by  a  pam* 
1  phlcl  said  to  have  issued  J'rom  his  prras,  and  in  which  the  nisjesty  of 
(the  crown  wusdragccd  ihifjugh  the  mire. 

Thc  part  played  \iy  the  liberals  during  this  time  was  as  followa  : 
IM.  Decazes  prepared,  presented  to  the  chambef,  supported,  and 
bis  friends  gupportj  the  system  of  the  censorsliip,  preventive 
Kftrrestf',  and  exceptional  laws.  M.  Villemain  kept  up  a  restless  watch 
I  over  the  press,  and  siippr&^scd  journals  with  oif-hand  llippancy.  M. 
'■  Royer  Collard,  who  did  not  pass  for  au  ultra-royalist»  deckïed 
itrongty  fur  the  pre-eniinonce  of  the  royal  authority,  and  replied  in 
Lerms  to  M.  Castetl^jac^  on  the  subject  of  the  liberty  of  th& 
,  '*  The  fact  must  not  bo  overlooked  or  mistaken,,  tliat  wher- 
rêver  there  are  parties,  pubUc  joumab  cease  to  lie  the  organs  of  in- 
1  dividual  opinions;  that  pledged  as  they  arc  to  the  several  interests 
(that  command  them,  serving  as  instruments  of  their  policy,  and  as 
[  the  field  of  their  battles,  tl»eir  Ubet-ty  is  but  the  Uberty  of  raging 
parties.*' 

I      The  law  of  election  of  February  5,  1817,  was  paaed,  estabbalung 
^departmental  election  of  a  single  degree,  and  fixing  the  electinnl 
qualification  at  the  annual  contribution  of  3(X)  francs.     Statistica 
published  by  the  minislry  show  that  the  number  of  citizens  payin^Ç 
I  800  francs  of  taxes,  patenta  included,  was  90,878.     The  law  of  Fe- 
I  "bruary  5th,  1817,  therL'ioro,  placed  the  parlkmentary  power  in  the 
hands  of  the  bourgeoisie.     Accordingly  tlicrc  aroee  an  invcraon  in 
the  Gist  of  parts  for  the  poUtica!  drama.     The  boiu'geoiâe,  now  para- 
mount in  parliament,  lumed  rcumd  on  the  crown,  of  which  it  had 
:  no  longer  need,  and  set  about  deil-nding  against  it  those  Borne  libcr- 
tiiei,  the  chLimpionship  of  which,  previously  to  the  law  of  the  5lh  of 
February,  it  had  ubaudoned  to  the  feudal  parly.     Tlic  Law  respecting 
prei-'cntivc  arrcsta  was  now  to  be  repealed,  the  ecneorship  was  to  bo 
a1>oli4te<l,  and  the  ministry  of  pobce  was  become   so  manitéstly  a 
«îîiueiire,.  tht»t  M.   Ducazca  hîraself  felt  fonstruiacd  in  common  de- 
ct-ncy  to   call  for  its  s-upprc^jon.     Hut  the  more  tlie  momirchical 

Îtrinciple  humbled  itfrlf  bcfure  that  boui'geûisie  by  which  it  iiail  bc- 
oiolx-cn  sijFtrruuuusiy  Bupiion<'d,  the  more  did  that  party  redouble 
the  exigency  of  Its  dwmuids.  \V1iilst  the  politicians  of  the  Pavilion. 
Mursui  were  seeking  to  entangle  the  king  in  thdr  intriguci,  ttie 
bourgeois  writczs  were  unremittingly  undermining  the  foundationa 
of  tho  throne.    The  Minerve  waa  every  day  becoming  more  acrimo- 


ÉM 


ISTHODUCTION.  39 

nîouB  in  its  hoatilitj.    Citizens  Imo^rni  like  SI-  Vojcr  il'Arwnsoa 
for  iheii  austere  independence,  were  already  suggested  as  conoidiites 
for  tiie  consideration  of  the  elector*.     The  elecUons  of  1818  ehowed  , 
fuDy  how  this  movement  told.     SLuiuel  obtained  a  double  eleiticji 
in  La  Vendée»  and  La  Sarthc  sent  into  the  cliainber  tlic  most  illu»-  ] 
trious  of  the  foea  of  the  royal  family,  M.  de  Lafayette. 

What  then  had  the  feudal  cha.niber  of  1815  donc^  in  giving  so  i 
much  strength  and  pcrmaneneo  to  the  power  of  parliament  ?  With, 
îtiî  owQ  Uandfi  it  load  Ibrgod  a  keen  and  glittering  falchion  for  the 
bourgx»iae,  Iltstoir  ia  full  of  these  deep  lessons  lor  hiin  who  will 
but  take  a  little  pains  to  search  them  out.  Fttrties,  Lke  ccrtaia 
monkfi,  olfen  spend  their  Uvea  in  digging  theb  own  graves,  though 
not  perhaps  because,  like  them,  they  arc  filled  \t-ith  the  conscious- 
aera  of  theii  own  nothingness.  It  amuses  me  to  see  the  air  witli 
which  certain  men  etrut  over  the  sLiîïe  of  tlie  world;  they  fancy 
they  are  impelling  society  onwards,  "wlnlst  they  arc  only  fiuttcrLn» 
their  own  Bttttionary  impotence;  they  set  up  for  immortality,  and 
'Would  make  bold  to  usurp  God's  command  over  the  future.  Laugh- 
able ambition  !  God  atone  murehcs  onwards  tlirough  Uic  vague 
bustling  of  the  generations  of  men  ! 

Meanwhile,  Europe  was  beginning  to  be  uneasy  at  the  state  of  I 
tiling?  in  France.  The  foreign  sovereigns  had  counted  on  establish- 
ing the  internal  peace  of  the  country  by  setting  up  in  it  the  charter 
aim  the  polidcai  duahsm  it  sanctions.  Great  was  their  mistake,  and  at 
last  they  perceived  it.  M.  dc  Richelieu,  w!io  had  jLttcnded  the  con- 
ffron  at  Aix-Li-Chapelle,  rotumod  trom  it  filled  with  lively  appre- 
Acnstons  respecting  the  future  dci^tiniea  of  the  monarchy  ;  tlit  idea  of 
changing  the  electoral  remmen  was  entertaincd.  Unfortunately  the 
danger  which  liad.  cicited  such  serious  attention  at  Ûic  congress  of 
Aix-Li'Chapcllc  was  not  comprised  in  the  law  of  the  5th  of  Fe- 
brnarf .  In  order  to  consoUJate  the  throne  by  raiang  it  above  tho 
aaaauU  of  every  tempest,  it  would  have  been  noccssary  to  destroy  in 
France,  had  tliat  been  practicublc,  not  thJa  or  that  electoral  arrange- 
tpcnt,  but  the  elective  power  itself;  for  whatever  were  the  hands  to 
which  that  formidable  lever  might  be  committed, it  was  impossible  that 
ïoyalty  should  long  resist  its  action.  To  transfer  the  elective  stren^H 
to  othjer  hands  was  to  give  the  monarchical  pi^ciple  other  cncmiesi 
not  to  mve  it. 

This  vas  a  point  not  understood  dther  by  the  flovertigns,  or  by 
M-  do  Kichelicu,  thcii  representative  and  organ  in  the  council  of  mi* 
aiateffl.  In  the  end,  tlie  attempts  made  by  M.  de  KJchelicu  to  over- 
tllTOW  the  law  of  the  5th  of  February  were  uscIck^,  and  had,  as  wo 
ksaw,  no  other  result  than  that  of  expediting  his  dowuikl.  M. 
Docaxcs,  hÉït  colleague  and  Ids  rival;  ^1.  Uccazcs^  whose  c^le  ho 
]iad  denumdei],  remained  in  power,  taJdjig  Gencml  DcseoIc  into  tho 
ministry.  The  aim  of  the  new  ministry  waa  the  maintenance  of  the 
law  of  election  ;  or,  in  oikev  words,  the  monarchy  chose  ministers 
whoM  programme  wafi  the  deslmclion  of  the  monarchy. 


40 


IXTIÏODUCTION. 


No  doubt  sucli  an  idea  had  not  entered  any  one's  head.  The 
boiugeoiâo  itsoli",  in  it«i  impetuous  course  towards  absolute  dominion, 
had  but  a  cont'iiscd  notion  ol'  its  oim  work,  and  was  far  from 
believing  that  to  render  royalty  dcpondent  was  to  tiboUab  it.  But 
«gain  I  say,  men  arc  alfrays  the  sport  of  tilings  thpy  accomplish. 
Society  subsista  upon  one  eternal  series  of  misconceptions. 

The  Dessolc  ministry  waa  and  could  be  in  reality  nothing  but  an 

uninterrupted  succesmnn  of  victories  achieved  over  royalty  by  the 

'"  lourgeoisie,  armed  with  the  power  of  parliament.    And  at  the  outset 

he  first  act  of  the  suasion  of  18  Î  8  waato  vote  a  national  recompense 

or  the  service  which  M,  de  RiclieHeu,  it  was  eidd,  had  rendered 

tf  ranee,  in  delivering  it    from  foreiOT    occupation.        What   that 

|*cr\'iec  co?t  us  I  do  not  care  to  recollect,  but  it  could  -with  truth 

I  be  said  tint  on  thia  occasion  the  honour  of  France  had  sweated  at 

It^-ery  pore.     The  bourgeoisie,  however,  had  attained  its  object;  itfl 

[•STcafth  hud  OTown  amidst  tlie  bumihation  uf  its  country:  some  gra- 

I  titudc  was  clearlj''  due  for  tlus  to  M.  de  Richelieu.     Nevcrthelcsp,  be 

vaa  a  man  of  intcjrrity.     It  was  liia  evil  fate  to  have  bad  to  sign  the 

degradation  of  France;  still  it  is  not  the  less  tnic  that  to  recompense 

lliiiu  was  a  gcandalous  act;  thomoBt  he  deserved  waa  compasàon. 

Be  tliis  as  it  may,  the  vote  of  the  cluimber  on  this  question  was  a 
[mamfeftt  Ftride  towards  a  parliamentary  dictatoi'sbip.  '*  Beware! 
ri)cwaro !'^  was  the  cry  from  the  cute  drnit:  "all  tliis  ia  antîmonar- 
tchical;  you  are  following  the  example  of  the  aasembliea  of  tlie  Rcvo- 
}  lution."  But  it  ia  puenle  to  call  upon  a  power  to  set  limits  to  itself. 
TSbt^  chamber  took  ltd  coûtée,  and  ihejiecforth  purstied  it  without  a 
pftttse. 

There  Tffaa  no  end  to  the  efforts  mado  to  conciliate  it.  Tlie  king 
recalled  the  outlaws;  M.  de  GouWon  St.  Cyr  opened  tlie  army  lists 
[to  old  officers  ;  M.  dc  SeiTcs,  the  minister  of  justice,  wrote  to  all 
tlho  ftltorncy-Kcnerals,  urgently  enjoining  them  to  respect  the  liberty 
|©f  the  individual;  M.  Decaacg,  the  mim.'^tcr  of  the  intcriofi  publicly 
Imnnounccd  that  the  industry  of  the  country  ehould  be  invited  to 
pinatce  periodical  exhibitions  of  its  best  productions,  thus  inaugurating 
[the  guy  doini^  of  labour  on  the  ground  from  wlùch  the  pomps  of 
I  jnonarchy  liatl  alreiidydisapjMjared.  Need  I  contiuue  the  catalogue? 
[in  a  bill  brought  in  to  dctiuc  the  responîdbiiity  of  ministers,  the 
[representative*  of  the  crown  did  homage  to  the  ptlitical  omnipotence 
[■©fthe  bourgeoiMC,  whiUtthey  confcsecd  its  judicial  omnipotence  in 
J  another  bill  which  abolished  the  censure  by  anticipation,  and  put  tlie 
li  public  jounials  under  t!ie  jurisdiction  of  juries,  lima  we  see  that 
I  the  ministry  met  every  demand  upon  ihein  with  full  and  frank  con- 
|.  ccsHions.  when  two  rival  powers  î^tand  face  to  face,  it  is  not  enough 
kthot  the  weaker  give  way^ta  destiny  ia  to  succumb.  The  hour* 
Iffeoieôa  always  demanded  something  more  than  was  granted  it.  The 
rlill  respecting  ministerial  responsibility  was  considered  too  va^e  and 
uicomplete:  inat  wldch  laid  down  rules  for  tlie  liberty  of  the  press 
vraa  violently  uaaîkd,  because  it  created  responsible  publi^ci^  and 


C»l>UCTIOW.  41 

imposed  rccognîï&ncca.  The  complaints  urged  from  tlie  tribuna 
werc  loudly  and  ibrmidobly  echoed  by  tbe  prc?3.  The  cliamlwr  of 
peers,  ftlarmed  by  all  the  din  around  it,  had  talked  of  laodifyinij  the 
Lw  of  the  5th  ot  February,  and  the  ministry  had  Instantly  punished 
it  by  a  large  ci-eation  of  peers,  which  altered  the  cliaracter  of  ita 
majority  and  let  in  upon  it  a  large  number  of  bourgeoisie.  Even 
this  waa  not  enoun-h  ;  the  eftervesccnce  went  on  increasing.  The 
Minerve  was  for  ha^'înp  the  qualification  for  members  onnuUed  j  tlie 
CùnUitu.timmeî  sarcustically  betjgod  to  know,  did  200  deputies  really 
end  truly  represent  thii-tj  raiLliona  of  poopîc?  M.  lîavous  deKvered 
iadûmmalory  harangues  to  tho  students  of  the  uniycrsity,  and  said, 
in  comijienting  on  the  SGtb  and  89tli  articles  of  the  penal  code, 
which  affixed  the  same  penalties  to  the  act  of  merely  plotting 
andBSt  the  life  of  the  king  us  to  tlie  consummation  of  that  crime, 
'■^The  dream  of  Marpyas,  punished  as  high  treason  by  Dionysius  of 
Syracuse,  and  the  death  ofthnt  gentleman,  who  wa3  executed  in  tlic 
market-plftce  (on  haWng  entertained  the  thought  of  assassinating 
Henri  HI., — what  are  these  but  facts  Icgitimateil  by  our  present 
code,  in  deSance  of  the  constant  and  universal  reprobation  of  poa- 
tcnty?"  It  ia  tfflsy  to  conceive  what  must  Imvc  been  the  eflèet  of 
«uçh  language  on  the  fcchnos  of  youth.  Disturbances  took  place  in 
the  School  of  Law,  and  IL  Bavoux  was  cited  before  the  criminal 
court.  But  the  bourgeoisie  applauded  hia  couraije,  the  jury  declared 
him  not  guilty,  and  on  his  coming  out  of  court  the  students  thronged 
round  lum  to  congratulate  and  embrace  him. 

Hie  news  from  abroad  added  to  this  turbulent  condiuon  of  thû 
public  mind»  which  the  bourgeois  writers  took  such  active  meagurea 
to  uphold.  The  antimonarohicJil  maniicstoos  of  the  German  associa* 
tioQs  were  fiivourably  received;  the  aaaaaaination  of  Kotzebue  found 
admirers.  It  was  the  time  when  the  terrible  voice  of  the  Man* 
cbester  reformers  resounded  through  all  Europe.  It  is  supcriiuous 
to  »»y  that  the  French  press  reported  the  proceedinga  of  those  count- 
less aâscmblics  that  covered  the  soil  of  Great  Britain,  tind  the  news* 
||^>crs  teemed  with  such  statements  as  the  following; — "  A  meetine 
^n*  teld  in  ymitiificld.  Henry  Hunt,  accused  by  tile  adversuies  ot 
n^brm  ul"  having  received  money,  replied,  *  Tlic  Duke  ot  York  has 
jtwt  lost  at  pLiy  the  sum  voted  to  him  by  parliament  as  guardian  of 
bi*  heh>lesB  father.  That  i&  a  specimen,  I  suppose,  of  tlie  morality 
of  the  ni«;hçr  orders  of  society.  It  was  the  same  morality  that  made 
Lord  Suboouth  be*itow  tiie  place  of  clerk  of  the  pells,  a  sînecurfi  of 
3000/.  a  year,  on  Jua  son,  a  mere  boy,  iTio  Duke  of  Sussex  hûs 
jusi  abandoned  ids  lawful  wife,  with  whom  he  lived  for  a  very  long 
time,  and  they  have  given  liim  2678/.,  taken  out  of  your  pockets,' 
&ç^  &c, 

Theso  virulent  attacks  made  on  the  aristociacy  in  England  harmo- 
nized with  certain  intercstïî  and  antipathies  in  France,  by  which  the/ 
were  caught  up  ia  the  saloons  of  the  tnagiâtmcy  and  the  fiuancii^ 


4S 


ISTBODrCTiON. 


ftud  pafisioiiAiely  applied  to  things  at  home;  and  rojaltj  ettfîci'^  from 
the  rebound  of"  these  Ftrokes. 

The  feudftl  party,  on  their  eâde^  like  dexterous  tactician?,  whetted 
the  anirooaity  of  tlic  bow^eoiàe  asaÎQSt  minister?,  M.  de  Chatoiu- 
brtand  wrote  in  the  CoTtservateur  thtit  M.  Decazcs  had  set  out  with 
Ixîing  the  persecutor  of  the  revolutionist?,  sud  tliat  he  had  persecuted 
them  without  measure-  General  Donnndicu  let  fly  a  pamphlet,  in 
Trhich  he  east  on  the  faTOuritc  ûf  Louis  XVIlI.  all  the  odium  of  the 
events  in  Grcnohle  in  1816.  He  stated  that  in  reply  to  an  applica- 
tion for  mercy,  addressed  hy  him  to  the  ting,  on  behalf  oi  scvea 
condemned  persons,  an  order  was  transmitted  to  him  by  telegraph 
to  put  tiwm  intiantly  to  death,  niere  was  notldng  but  what  was 
]aid  hold  of  as  a  ground  far  criminating  the  government,  even  to  the 
muûfest  and  sj>ecial  protection  granted  by  it  to  productive  talent; 
»nd  the  J}rapeaii  Blanc  was  in  amazement  at  the  subtle  poUcy  of 
M.  Dccazcs  in  contriving  that  tlic  elections  should  be  coincident  with. 
the  exhibition  of  manulac turcs.  This  was  a  pkin  hint  to  the  hour- 
geoiâe  that  the  government  ilattered  to  deceive  it. 

It  must  be  added  that  the  policy  of  tho  ulttaA  at  that  time  was  to 
provote  to  jacobinism,  by  insulting  taunts.  *'  ^ow  then,"  said  the 
Jowrnal  des  Débats  to  the  adverSBriflS  of  the  feudal  party,  a  propos 
to  a  recent  resolution  of  the  Germanic  diet,  *'  here  you  see  yourselvea 
ocmatrained  to  admit  that  all  Europe  is  ultra  as  wc  arc-  Now  you 
are  convinced  that  what  you  call  Europe,  the  natmtts,  Ute  atft,  turns 
out  U*  be  ut  botiom  noUiiug  move  than  a  few  petty  shopkeepers, 
awtod  on  hales  of  cotton  and  hogsheads  of  sugar,  in  tlic  Hue  des 
Hamass^,  at  Eouen,  a  few  long-haired,  short-jacketed,  beardless 
Btudents,  of  the  university  of  Jena ,  and  a  lew  thousand  honest  radicals 
illuminated  by  the  fames  of  gin."  These  petty  eliopkeepers  suited 
on  bftles  of  cotton  and  hogslieads  of  sugar,  determined  to  show  what 
they  could  do:  they  elccU.'d  M.  Griifgoirc,  and  thus  flunfT»  as  it  were, 

f  the  gory  head  of  Louis  XVI.  as  their  gage  of  battle  at  the  feet  of 

;  their  enemies. 

But  dieir  enemies  rejoiced  at  this:  '*  Give  us  jacobin  rather  than 

!  minifitcrial  returns"  had  been  the  exclamation  of  the  Drapeau  Blanc; 
Wid  the  wish  was  accomplished.  The  Duchés  d'Angoulfme'a  grief 
troke  out  in  redoubled  paroxysms;  the  Comte  d'Artois'  appada 
claimed  a  right  to  be  heard;  Louis  XVIIL,  who  fdt  the  rfanem- 

I  Jjrance  of  the  Pouchi*  miniatry  weigh  lica^Hly  on  hie  crown,  now 
cnlod  before  the  epoclre  of  his  brother;  irom  that  moment  tho 

of  tJic  law  of  February  5th,  was  a  setdcd  thing. 
Tile  miniatci-s  Dcssole,  l*ouis,  and  Gouvion  St.  Cyr  were  for  up- 
lioldiag  that  kw^  they  were  coTn|>elled  to  retire,  and  at  the  head  of 
tlïc  new  cabinet  apj-fcarcd  to  tho  astonishment  of  the  beholdors — 
JL  Decazesl  M.  I>ecaze9,  who*  speaking  Irom  tîic  tribune  of  the 
Chamber  of  Pccra^  had  apphed  the  epithet  vernicittiis  to  Bju^tiielemy's 
propomuon;  M.  Decazes,  who  had  cûmpellcd  the  Due  de  Hieheheu 


15THOI>U€nOW. 

to  retire,  in  order  to  gtuuuntce  £1*0111  all  assault  that  same  electoral . 
«ystcm  which  It  -was  now  purposed  to  overtlirow.   Eut  the  favourite'»  ] 
amhitioii  proved  to  him  a  sorry  c<iun,sellor.  When  one  changea  llic  Hiig  I 
he  serves  under»  he  must  give  pledges  to  the  new  party  ol'  hip  adop- 
tion.    M.  Decjixes  wiis  obliged  to  suspend  the  liberty  of  the  indivi- 
dual.    Tlie  law  which  so  gUringlj  demonstrated  the  defection  of  Ui3  | 
minislerwas  stigmatized  as  thefoïfi?JSKjîprcts;and  the  party  to  whota 
he  made  an  utlcr  sacrifice  of  his  honour,  used  tlic  ioi  dea  suspects  U>  ■ 
cast  into  prison  tlie  friendâ  of  the  vciy  man  who  proposed  it.  As  for  ; 
the  liberal  party,  it  got  up  a  subscription  for  the  \^ctiIus,  and  this  1 
became  so  formidable  that  the  lists  of  subscribers  might  be  and  wero 
oonaidered  as  the  muster-roll  of  revolt     What  gain  was  M.  Decaacs 
likely  to  reap  from  hie  apostacy?  The  bourgeoisie  which  he  betrayed 
abandoned  him,  and  the  fcudul  party  fell  no  gratitude  for  hia  invo* 
lontan^  return  to  them. 

Snadenly  strange  news  vras  heard:  as  the  Due  de  Berri,  thd  j 
prince  on  whom  the  perpetuity  of  the  royal  race  depended,  wea 
coming  out  of  the  theatre,  he  was  seiîcd  by  on  unknown  person^  and 
«ubbed  in  the  âde  with  a  poniard- 
In  the  reign  of  ChiJjles  IF.  of  England,  when  the  dominant  party 
dmircd  to  encct  the  ruin  of  the  papists,  it  suborned  an  audacious  1 
impostor»  named  Tituâ  Oate.i,  to  charge  the  whole  catholic  party  with 
ihe  crime  of  one  individual.  Centuries  may  roll  their  iiood  over 
men  and  natious,  but  Uie  old  mud  remains  unwaehed  away  by  the 
carrent.  There  was  no  lack  uf  Titus  Oategee  ai\er  the  assa^ïnation 
of  ihc  Due  dc  Berri.  The  prince,  said  the  enemies  of  the  bourgeoisie, 
hu  been  stfiMfed  it}f  a  Uberal  idea:  and  as  nothing  was  waited  foi 
but  an  opportunity  to  overthrow  M.  Dccazes,  those  who  wero  called 
idtrH-Poyalists  dro^'e  him  from  the  lielm  of  state,  with  the  ery  of  ! 
*'  You  are  tlie  uccomphec  of  Louveli'  Lying  pretexts  these,  no 
doubt  Î  commonpUce  irioke  of  parlies,  making  the  tomb  of  the  mur- 
dered prince  the  Beene  of  their  combats,  and  turning  bis  dead  body 
into  a  weapon  of  strife.  ITic  true  eause»  of  M.  Decazea'  fall  were 
much  less  odious  and  much  more  decisive;  he  fell  because  he  had 
«■scd  to  represent  any  thing  in  the  government  on  the  day  when  hg 
dedaxed  agBinst  the  law  of  the  5th  of  February  ;  and  it  wasnot  enough 
to  IfMp  hun  in  his  place  that  he  possessed  the  ailcction  of  the  king, 
at  a  time  when  royalty  was  only  a  decrepit  old  man,  to  whom  pcoplg 
fiaid  tin  when  they  spoke  to  hun. 

Tlie  afisafsination  of  the  Due  dc  Berri  having  turned  out  a  perfect 
godaend  for  tha?o  who  called  themselves  the  friends  of  kin^  *nà 
pfiaoee^  M.  de  Uichotieu  naturally  found  himself  advanœd  to  the  ' 
administration.  Here  we  approach,  the  most  instructive  pages  of  tlio 
history  of  the  Reetoration;  but  before  wc  ejtplaiu  why  ihifi  is  so,  le| 
u»  see  how  the  pohtica.!  mission  of  the  new  cabinet  was  fulfilled. 

'Hiut  mission  consisted  in  the  tnuisfer  of  political  power  to  othcf 
bands,  by  a  change  in  the  cleet^iral  aystem.  No  time  was  last*  and 
in  the  month  of  ftlay^  1820,  the  draft  of  an  electoral  Ljw  wa^  laid 


44 


INTRODUCTION. 


before  the  chamber,  -wluch  had  been  convened  shortly  before.  The 
[  ^MUi'geolsJc  thus  thrcQteiicd  rallied  all  ha  forces,  and  prepared  fur  a 
iTigorous  defence.  It  published  pamphlets,  set  all  its  joiimals  groan- 
lîng  or  growling  simultaueouply*  prcMcured  the  prcsenUition  of  urgent 
I  petdticma  irom  tlie  pro^'inccp,  and  decliiTcd  that  the  chnrtt-r  was  in 
danger.  The  public  mind  was  univcrsally  alert  ;  the  discuasion  began 
I  in  uproar. 

There  existed  nt  that  time  an  association  (to  all  intents  and  pur- 
1  poses  a  revolutionary  dub)  hatched  by  freemasonry,  tho  puerile 
;  solemnities  of  which  served  only  as  a  cloak  to  cover  the  political 
action  of  the  institution.     This  club,  founded  under  tho  name  of 
J^tfi/e  des  Amù  de  la  Vérité  { Lodge  of  the  Friends  of  Truth)  by  four 
clerks  in  the  board  of  octroi,  MM.  Bazard,  Flotard,  Buche?;,  und 
Joubert,  had  at  lirst  filled  up  its  numbers  from  the  schools  of  law, 
'  medicine,  îiiid  pliarmacy  ;  and  afterwards,  at  the  suggestion  of  BaJËird, 
it  had  received  into  it  a  great  number  of  young  men  who  were  serv- 
ing their  apprenticeship  to  commerce,     llic  Lo^e  fies  Amix  de  la 
Ycrîté    had    thus   succeeded  in  obtaining  a  mdepprcad  influence 
among  the  young  men  of  Paris,  and  it  was  in  a  condition  to  take  the 
lead  in  political  agitatïûn. 

Meanwhile  the  discussion  had  begun  in  the  chamber  of  deputies, 
amidi?t  the  most  intense  anxiety  of  parties;  and  M,  de  Chauvciin, 
though  suffering  severely^  had  caused  himseli"  to  be  carried  to  the 
Palais  Bourbon  in  a  style  calculated  to  make  an  itnptcasion  on 
tlie  beholders.  AppLuided  by  one  party  lie  was  insulted  by  the 
Other.  The  opportunity  was  a  favourable  one  for  exciting  the  peo- 
ple; and  the  l,oge  des  Amis  de  ia  Vérité  laid  hold  of  il;  the  mcm- 
I>ers  of  that  society  spread  theoiselves  through  the  capital,  every- 
where diffusing*  tlie  spirit  that  possessed  themselves  ;  the  eias^ses  of 
the  university  broke  up,  and  numerous  groups  of  students  assem- 
bled round  the  palace  of  the  legislative  body,  shouting  Vive  la 
charte  f  On  the  other  hnnd  mUitarj'  men,  bulongitig  to  the  feudal 
party,  and  most  of  them  dressed  in  plain  clothes,  nix-Kcd  tt>  the  place 
ftrnjcd  with  canes.  A  brawl  ensued,  and  a  yountj  man  was  killed. 
Who  is  there  but  remembers  the  impression  made  in  Puria  by  the 
death  of  Lallemand  ?  He  had  a  right  to  touching  obsequies  ;  tliey 
Tverc  rendered  pompous.  The  disturbances  contmucd;  the  whole 
garrison  was  turned  out;  all  along  the  boulevards  rolled  un  angry 
niidtitadu  tif  young  men,  whose  numbers  were  swellctl  in  the  Hue 
St.  Antoine  by  all  tlioee  working  men  whom  wretchedness  keeps 
ever  ready  to  act  on  any  fortuitous  impulse.  It  is  irap<>sRb)c  to  eay 
what  might  have  happened  if  the  rain,  which  fell  in  torrents,  had 
not  cCMjpenitcd  with  the  char^res  of  cavalry.  Tlie  scenes  in  the 
chamber  were  no  less  stormy,  ITic  father  of  the  unfortunate  Lalle* 
maud  had  written  a  lett4?r  to  avenge  the  memory  of  hi&  S'vn,  which 
pome  oi  the  court  joutnab  had  l^^cly  outraged.  M.  Loflitto  read 
the  letter»  in  toncfl  of  deep  emotion,  whilst  the  deputies  of  his  party 
cried,  witiihaBdâ  outstretched  to  heaven,  *' Horrible  f  '•Atroeiouar 


IVTRODUCTIOX.  45 

Manuel  appeared  in  his  turn  ;  labouring  luidcr  ill  health,  his  lace 
triiy  pftle,  ne  leaned  against  the  marble  of  the  tribune  and  uttered 
the  terrible  word,  '* AssasgiTis  f"  Nûlhm^  was  heard  durini,'  several 
sittinyï  but  taloa  of  horror  and  death  related  hy  the  deputit-s  of  ihe 
bourgeoisie.  M.  Dcmari^iiy  had  seen  dragoons  charging  an  inoRen- 
dve  crowd  in  the  Kuc  de  Itîvoli,  and  two  of  ihem  Ibrcini^  their 
hoiws  into  the  Passage  Delonne.  Pictures  of  no  less  moTing  import 
were  portrayed  by  M.  Caâtaîr  Ptrier,  And  all  this  while  tho 
journals  were  publishing  tiie  dismal  examination  of  Louvel,  that 
stmnge  man,  who  had  slain  a  prince  only  that  he  might  extinguish 
in  him  a  whole  race  of  kings  at  one  blow;  a  man  of  implacable  con-- 
victionj,  though  not  of  sm  utterly  impkcable  heart. 

In  the  course  of  the  immense  agitation  wMch  all  thia  gave  rise 
to,  tlie  two  parties  accused  each  other  with  reciprocal  bittemçss. 
They  were  both  right  to  a  certain  extent.  The  bourgeoiaie  waa 
ju$ti£etl  in  expresftine  its  indipiation  at  the  sa\Tigc  violence  em- 
ployed in  cpielhng  sedition,  but  it  was  open  to  the  reproach  of  having' 
itself  been  sedidoLi?. 

Some  cries  of  Vivr  FEmpercur  liad  been  uttered  in  tlie  streets; 
the  deputies  of  the  côté  aauvhe  asserted  that  those  who  had  uttered 
them  were  agents  of  the  police,  and  tiiat  they  alono  were  good 
dtixens  who  had  cried  lire  la  c/tarteJ  The  whole  spirit  oi  the 
boumeoisîe  stoo*.!  revoolod  in  those  propositions. 

Vt  c  have  subsequently  seen  the  bourgeoisie  stigmatizo  with  pas- 
sionate warmth  those  tumults  in  the  public  thorouglilarea  which  it 
protectt'd  with  a  high  liand  in  1819»  Tlie  reason  is  simple  :  in  1819 
It  had  not  yet  pushed  its  conquests  to  the  goal. 

Be  this  AS  it  mavi  as  till  commotions  tliat  do  not  ond  in  rcvoln* 
tion  eventuate  to  the  advantage  of  the  power  that  quelb  them,  the 
boutge«iiâo  was  vanquished  in  jiarliamont  for  want  of  having  van- 
quished it*  enemies  in  the  streets.  Some  of  its  leaders  were  seisted 
irith  alarm,  some  c^>nsciences  Buffered  themselvcg  to  be  boughl,  and, 
after  stormy  debates,  the  law  of  the  5th  of  February  gave  pUce  to 
fln  electoral  sjBtem  wliich  gave  tlio  feudal  party  n  representation 
apaii.  It  had  called  for  election  in  two  degrees;  it  was  given.  *^ome- 
tning  better  and  more  tlian  it  liad  demanded,  In  tlio  establishment 
of  a  double  college.  Great  was  the  joy  of  the  victors.  A*  tor  the 
monarchy,  it  erred  il"  it  thought  itself  saved,  it  was  undone. 

To  raise  the  tlirone  above  the  reacli  of  the  storm  it  was  not 
enough,  as  I  have  already  said^  to  modily  this  or  that  electoral 
_jehoMc,  it  would  have  been  necessary  to  destroy  the  elective  prin- 
r^^lc  itself.     The  truth  of  this  observation  is  about  to  appear* 

The  Iliehelieu  mimâtry  had  just  acluoved  over  the  bourgeoîno 
one  of  thdSO  victones  that  seem  decisive  of  the  iato  of  empirefi. 
Wliat  gratitude  was  due  to  him  from  the  feudal  party  !  What  be- 
nedictions ought  so  signal  a  service  ta  lliave  cUcited  for  the  crowa 
from  the  lips  of  royalists,  had  there  been  any  men  sincere  in  their 
I  of  the  name  Î 


40 


IlfTEODUCTlOS. 


MorcoTera  son  had  just  been  bom  to  the  Duchesse  de  Bern,  us  if 

to  prove  that  LoutgVs  hand  had  missed  ils  blow>  and  that  Pro^ 

vidoiïce  mded  with  the  monarchy.     It  is  niadiiCî=a^  titiqucationably, 

to  believe  in  imperishable  dynasties,  when  their  iuturity  rests  upon 

fthe  head  of  a  weak  puling  baby;  and,  surely,  since  Vienna  held  the 

^^apoleon,  no  one  had   any  lonçer  an  excuse   for  doubting 

i  the  pueribt^  of  glory  nud  the  frailty  of  thrones.     But  euch  Is  the 

[Imbocilfi  pnde  of  the  great  ones  of  the  earth,  that  it  debaaea  their 

hMM  below  the  level  of  the  moat  commonplace  philosophy.     It 

piteined,  then,  that  the  birth  of  the  Due  de  Bourdcanix  yvas  necea- 

I  Bstt'ily  to  surround  royalty  with  a  new  prestige. 

Add  to  t]iia  that  ministcra  sot  CTcry  engine  at  work  to  conciliate 
I  tlie  aristocracy.  It  vraa  natural  that  the  new  system  should  secunj 
jit  the  advantage  in  the  election?^  and  this  was  actually  the  case, 
i  îhe  clectiona  of  1820  gave  the  bourgeoisie  but  a  very  small  number 
1  of  represents tivca^  and  produced  a  chamber  quite  as  feudal  aa  that 
of  1815.  To  render  ihia  chamber  Ikvourable  to  him,  M.  do  Riche- 
[îieu  immediately  adopted  m  collenpues  the  men  who  enjoyed  its 
ction.  He  placed  M.  do  Corbiil'ic  at  the  head  of  the  royal 
icil  of  public  inatniction^  and  named  M.  dc  VîUtïe  nûnîstcc 
[isrithout  «pecial  functions  {$atis  portcfewiîle). 

Vain  coDcesaiona  !  The  two  principles  were  no  aooner  confronted 
[than  they  gave  each  other  battle.  Tlie  feudal  chamber  of  1820 
jithowcd  itself  no  less  hostile  to  the  feudal  minister.  If.  de  Richelieu, 
Ethan  the  fiT»nncr  bourgeois  chamber  hnil  been  to  thp  bourgeois  mi- 
FJÙBter  M.  Decazes;  so  natural  and  inevitable  a  thhig  was  the  coniUct 
[between  the  two  powers. 

This  hoetihty  maplaycd  itself  at  once  in  the  address  in  reply  to 

Jtiie  speech   from  the  throne.     Afior  speaking  of  the  ameliomtiona 

Piit  desired  to  introduce  into  social  order,  tho  chamber  went  on  to 

Bay,  "'  We  will  proâoçutc  these  important  ameliorations  with  the 

modenition  tli^t  ù  alUed  to  gtretufth^      This  language  WiUS  decidedly 

th&t  of  a  sovereign  asacmbly. 

Meanwhile  the  seaàoii  opens.  And  what  voice  is  tliat  which  firat 
ounds  from  the  tribune'/  The  inexorable  voice  of  General  Don- 
'jjAdicu,  reproaching  the  kin^'a  ministers  with  attempts  at  sh^jncful 
ttud  corrupt  practices.  Whust  still  smartinf;  under  the  conacquencca 
of  this,  accusation,  ministers  bring  forward  the  draft  of  a  law  respect* 
ing  the  donees,  one  which  was  a  fir?t  step  towards  the  indemnity  to 
the  cmigrantSj  when,  behold  you,  the  whole  aristocratic  faction  of  th*> 
cham1x;r  cheers  M.  Duplessia  de  Grrénadan  upon  his  defining  the 
indemnily  to  tlie  donees  as  iCdtjes  to  cmiiptrators,  A  mimicipol 
law  was  irapntiently  expected;  ministers,  in  preparing  it,  labour  to 
revive  in  it  the  spirit  ol  the  tijnes  of  old;  they  commit  the  whole 
communal  jwwcr  to  a  very  restncted  number  of  eloctora  choscin 
■mon;;  tbc  persons  of  most  wealtîi.  Let  their  ideas  be  adopted  and 
the  way  is  openi'^d  for  the  return  of  feudality  to  the  rural  districts, 
"Jut  wfiat  1  they  have  dared  to  give  the  king  lo  the  town  conimuacs, 


INTEODUCTIOK.  4t 

and  to  his  repreaentutive  in  the  mral  commîmes,  the  rio;ht  of  nomi- 
nating the  prefect  and  his  adjuncts  !  An  impardonable  crime  in  the 
eyes  of  the  royalists  of  the  chamber! 

It  was  on  this  ixcfision  thftt  Louis  uttered  this  exclamation,  wmii^ 
from  a  wounded  soul;  "  I  was  surrendering  the  riglits  of  my  crown 
to  thi'm:  they  will  not  have  ihcm:  it  is  a Icsaon."  Aleaaon  it  was 
indeed,  the  import  of  which  was  this:  wherever  there  shall  he  the 
gorcmmcnt  of  a  Irin?  and  that  of  an  a£»^mbîj  act  face  to  face  with 
Cich,  oilier,  there  iriU  be  disorder,  and  society  will  go  on  its  way 
between  dictatorship  and  anarchy,  that  is  between,  two  abysses. 

Soch  vms  the  position  of  monarchy  in  France,  when  an  event  oc- 
eorred  of  more  imporUince  to  it  than  the  birth  of  the  Due  de  Bour- 
deatix.  Napoleon  had  di^Dd  on  a  rock  fur  away  in  the  wffii  In  the 
nûdst  of  tlfce  ocean  ?     Tlie  worid  waa  moved  by  the  event. 

Deep,  immense  had  been  the  làll  of  Napoleon,  therefore  did  it, 
better  ilian  his  triumphs,  attest  his  genius.  To  what  vast  heart,  to 
what  indomitable  vr-ill,  to  what  cxeellm^  intellect,  haa  history  granted 
Absolute  impunity?  What  great  man  has  not  been,  or  has  not  bc- 
lie^-ed  himself  to  have  been,  destined  to  the  aad  renown  of  altered 
foitunes  ?  Ca?sar  diea  asfsissmated  in  the  eonate  ;  Sylla  is  seized  with 
amazement  and  awe  at  the  constancy  of  his  prospenty,  and  be  abdi- 
cates; Charlca  V.  takes  iunbragc  at  his  own  might,  and  turns  monk^ 
*ïha  destiny  of  really  migbty  minds  is  not  to  remain  at  the  summit 
to  the  end,  but  to  fall  with  splendour.  Show  me  the  man  who  has 
been  able  to  raiike  himself  numerous  obstacles  and  Implacable  ene- 
mies: when,  lliose  obetacles  shall  have  exhausted  all  the  force  of  hÎ9 
will,  and  when  those  enemies  ehaU  have  trodden  him  tinderfoot,  then 
1  will  hail  his  genius,  and  marvel  at  the  energy  he  must  needs  have 
posBCSEcd  to  work  out  for  himself  so  vast  a  weight  of  woe. 

The  dynasty  of  the  Bourbons  counted  one  enemy  the  leas:  the 
court,  however,  was  mistaken  it'  it  thought  it  Imd  reason  to  exult. 
"^ile  Napoleon  lived,  all  other  pretensions  besides  hia  were  irapos- 
whcn  be  was  dead,  prctcndera  rushed  thick  upon  "^e  tield  of 
^  iracy.  There  was  a  party  for  Napoleon  II-,  a  party  for 
Joaeph  ItonApartc,  a  party  for  Uic  prince  En^nc;  and  the  crown 
ms  set  up  to  auction  by  a  multitude  of  obscure  and  subaltern 
ambitions.  An  offer  was  made  to  LaGiyettc  on  the  part  of  Prince 
Eugene  of  the  sum  of  five  millions  of  francs,  to  cover  the  Ursl  coeta 
of  a  revolution  in  favour  of  the  brother  of  queen  Hortense-  This 
offer,  which  was  neither  accepted  nor  rejected  by  Lafayette,  gave 
ûcctsion  Bubseqaently  to  his  voyage  to  America,  and  suggested  to 
lûm  iKc  idea,  cu  the  stTann;c  overtures  he  made  to  Joseph  Bonaparte. 

But  the  most  formidable  enemy  of  the  throne  of  the  Bourbons 
was  a  principle  under  whose  action  Napoleon  himself  had  succumbed, 
— the  eloctife  prindple.  Thesesdon  of  1821  completed  what  that  of 
1 820  had  bcgtm.  The  royalists  of  the  chamber  rcpUed  to  the  pncech 
from  the  throne  by  an  address  containing  thifl  phrase  personally  in- 
Bulting  to  the  monarch:  '*  Wq  congratidatc  ouisclTca,  siie,  on  your 


48 


lîIXnODUCTION. 


unintcrmptedly  amicable  relations  witli  foreign  powers,  ejitertûînmg 
as  WÊ  do  tKc  wcU-foimdcd  conËdcncc  thïit  u  poûce  so  desirable  is  not 
pnrcba&cd  by  sacrifices  incompatible  with  the  honour  of  the  nation 
and  the  diguity  of  the  croTvn." 

So  tlicn,  when  the  boiirgcoisie  m  1830^  JQ  an  ever  mciiLorable 
address,  set  the  sovereiprity  of  parliatncnt  in  opposition  to  the  royal 
power,  ajid  tliat  at  the  hazard  of  the  most  fngfitful  convulsions,  it 
did  hut  follow  the  example  set  by  the  feudal  chamber  in  1821, 

"■  Wl^t  !"  excJaitned  M.  de  Serres,  after  the  draft  of  the  adtlrea» 
had  been  I'cad,  "  you  would  have  your  president  go  and  tell  the  king 
to  his  face,  that  the  chamber  enit^rtaiiis  a  well-groimded  confidence 
that  he  has  not  committed  aets  of  dastardy  and  baseness  l  This  were 
a  cruel  outrage!"  Wliat  II.  de  Serres  rightly  regarded  as  a  cruel 
outrage,  the  president  did  go  and  tell  the  incensed  but  powerless 
king  to  his  fae«.  It  waâ  bcneatli  the  hands^  then,  of  those  who  live 
unly  upon  the  ignorant  adoration  of  the  multitude,  that  you  were 
doomed  to  be  demolislied,  O  ancient  idols  I 

At  tliia  Htogo  of  the  drama,  the  political  dualism  of  which  wefcaTC 
just  traced  tlie  pliascs,  is  about  to  assiune  a  new  eliaracter;  iind  for 
Bome  time  it  will  have  for  its  result,  instead  of  the  conflict  of  the  two 
powers,  the  voluntary  thraldom  of  one  of  them.  In  order  to  make 
this  change  intelligible  it  is  necessary  to  pet  forth  the  origin,  the  aim 
ftnd  the  progress  of  carbonarism  ;  for  its  inHuenc-c  on  the  relations  of 
the  two  powci"s  wad  destined  to  be  important  and  durable. 

On  the  1st  of  May,  1821,  three  young  men,  MM.  Bazard, 
Flotard,  and  Buchcz,  were  sealed  at  a  round  table  in  the  Rue  Copeau. 
It  was  out  of  the  meditations  «f  these  three  unknown  men,  nncl  in  a 
quarter  amongst  the  jiooretit  of  the  capital,  tluit  arose  that  charh&ii' 
nerie  which  some  monthg  aftenvarda  fei  all  France  in  a  ilame. 

The  troubles  o^  !S20  Imd  resulted  in  the  military  conspiracy  of 
the  19th  of  August,  a  conspiracy  which  was  smothered  on  the  vexy 
eve  of  the  fight.  Tlie  blow  dirait  aj^inst  the  conspirators  had  re- 
eounded  Jn  tlie  Loge  de»  Amis  de  h  Vérité,  the  principal  members  of 
■which  dispersed.  MM.  Joubcrt  and  Dugicd  set  out  for  Italy.  Naples 
was  in  the  full  tide  of  revolution:  tlie  two  young  Frenchmen  made 
a  tender  of  their  eervicjîs,  and  were  indebted  only  to  the  patron- 
Age  of  five  members  of  the  Ncopolitan  parliament  (or  the  honour  of 
being  allowed  to  stake  their  heads  upon  ihe  issue  of  that  entcrpnBC* 
Every  one  knows  the  manner  in  which  that  revolution  broke  down, 
and  wiili  what  sad  rapidity  the  Austrian  Eumy  belied  the  brilliant 
predictions  of  general  Foy.  M.  Dugied  retiomcd  to  Paris  carrying 
under  hia  coul  Uie  iricolourod  riband,  the  token  of  the  tank  he  haa 
obtained  in  the  carbonarism  of  Italy.  M.  Flotard  learned  of  his 
friend  the  delwla  of  the  initiation,  which  was  acoompanled  with 
praclices  till  iJien  unknown  în  France.  He  mentioned  the  subject 
m  the  administrative  council  of  the  £,Offv  ma^'Ofti^ue  des  Amis  de  la 
VcTttt^  and  the  seven  members  who  composed  the  coimcîl,  resolved 
to  found  A  French  charbontterie,  after  mutually  vowing^  to  keep  the 


INTBODUCTION,  49 

fomùdable  secret  inviolably  concealed.  MM.  Limpérani  and  Dugicd 
vere  intrusted  with. the  tauc  of  translating  the  rules,  which  the  latter 
had  brought  with  him  from  Italy.  They  were  admirably  adapted 
to  the  ItaliaR  character,  but  not  well  suited  to  become  a  code  for  tho 
use  of  consjnrators  in  France.  Iheir  tone  was  essentially  religious, 
and  C7cn  mysticaL  The  carbonari  were  considered  in  tnem  but  as 
the  militant  part  of  freemasoniy,  as  the  army  devoted  to  Christ,  the 
pitriot/MT  excellence.  Modifications  were  indispensable;  and  MM. 
Bûchez,  Hazard,  and  Flotard,  were  selected  to  arrange  the  basis  of  a 
more  scientific  o^anization. 

There  was  nothine  precise,  nothing  defined  in  the  leading  doctrine 
of  the  association:  tho  considérants*  as  they  were  drawn  up  by  MM. 
Bazard,  Flotard,  and  Bûchez,  amounted  in  effect  to  this:  Seeing 
that  might  is  not  right,  and  that  the  Bourbons  have  been  brought 
back  by  the  stranger,  the  charbonniers  form  themselves  into  an  am 
Bociation  for  the  purpose  of  restoring  to  the  French  nation  the  free 
exercise  of  the  right  it  possesses  to  choose  the  government  that  suits 
it.  This  was  to  predicate,  without  defining,  the  principal  of  national 
sovereignty.  But  the  vaguer  the  formula  the  better  it  suited  the 
divendty  of  hostile  feelings.  There  was  about  then  to  be  formed  a  oon- 
sfnracv  on  an  immense  scale,  to  be  prosecuted  with  immense  ardoUTy 
and  this  without  forecast  of  tlie  future,  without  previous  acquiie* 
mcnts  of  study,  haphazard  as  every  capricious  gust  of  passion  saxmïd 
determine  its  course  ! 

But  if  charbonnerie  was  a  piece  of  child's  play  as  a  principle,  coo- 
siderod  as  an  organization  it  was  something  mighty  and  marvellous. 
Melancholy  conaition  of  mortals  !  their  str^igth  is  manifested  in  the 
means,  their  weakness  in  the  result 

It  was  agreed  that  aroimd  a  parent  association  called  the  hioUà 
vente,  there  should  bo  formed  imder  the  name  of  veines  centrales  other 
asBOCuations,  which  again  were  to  have  under  them  ventes  particulières* 
The  number  of  members  in  each  association  was  limited  to  twenty, 
to  evade  the  provisons  of  the  penal  code.  The  hauie  vente  was 
originally  composed  of  the  seven  foimdcrs  of  charbonnerie,  Bazard, 
Flotard,  Bûchez,  Dugied,  Carriol,  Joubert,  and  Limp^rani.  It  filled 
up  vacancies  in  its  own  body. 

The  following  was  the  method  adopted  to  form  the  ventes  centrales  f 
Two  members  of  the  AaKfe  vente  took  a  third  person  as  their  associate 
without  making  him  acquainted  with  their  rank,  and  they  named 
him  president  of  the  inciment  vente,  at  Uie  same  time  assuming  to 
themselves  the  one  the  title  of  deputy,  the  oU^er  that  of  oouor.  The 
4uty  of  the  deputy  being  to  correspond  with  the  superior  association, 
and  that  of  censor  to  conkol  the  proceedings  of  the  secondai^  asso-. 
ciation,  the  Haute  vente  became  by  these  means  the  brain  as  it  were 
of  each  of  the  ventes  it  created,  whilst  it  remained  in  relation  to  them 
mistress  of  its  own  secret  and  of  its  own  acts. 

*  **  The  vbmAMt,"  if  the  reader  win  accept  a  barborlim  tbr  want  of  lometfaiiig 
tetter.— TVaiirfilnr. 

S 


BO 


rîîTRÔBrCTiOK. 


snbdlvïàons, 
he  progress  of 


The  fetiits  pnrtif^hèr^n  were  only  administrative 
having  for  object  to  avoid  the  compli  cat  ions  which 
chflrboiincriG  might  introduce  into  the  reUtioaa  botwecn"  the  haute 
vfTtfe  and  the  deputies  of  the  ventes  centrale».  As  the  latter  emanated 
frum  the  parent  society,  so  did  tlic  inferior  societies  from  the  se- 
condary. Tlicrc  waa  an  admirable  elasticity  in  Uiis  arrangemont  ; 
the  ventes  were  speedily  multiplied  ad  mjinitum. 

Ihe  impoambility  of  (dtogether  baffling  tlvc  cfibrta  of  the  police 
had  been  clearly  foreseen  :  m  order  to  diûûniah  the  importance  of 
this  difficulty  it  was  agreed  that  the  several  ventes  should  act  in 
common,  without,  however,  knowing-  each  other,  so  that  the  police 
might  not  be  able  to  lay  hold  on  the  whole  ramification  of  the 
system,  except  by  penetruting  the  pecrets  of  the  haute  vente.  It  waa 
consequently  forbidden  eveiy  vfiarbtmiiier  belonging  to  one  vente  to 
attempt  to  ^ûn  adnmsion  into  another,  and  this  prohibition  w&a 
backed  by  the  penalty  of  death. 

Tlie  founders  of  chiirbonncric  bad  counted  on  the  support  of  ihc 
troops;  henee  the  double  organization  given  to  the  îystem.  Each 
vente  was  subjected  to  a  military  staff,  the  gradations  of  which  were 
pftTftllel  with  those  of  the  civil  oflScership.  Corresponding  respect- 
ively with  oAûrAtmftem,  the  haute  venti^  the  veittei  centmhs,  ana  the 
ventes  partiatHheSj  there  were  the  legion^  the  cohortes^  the  centuries, 
and  the  mnmpuhf.  Wben  charlxmnerie  acted  civilly»  the  military  offi- 
cershîp  was  in  aboyant;c;  on  the  other  hand,  when  it  acted  in  a  mili- 
t*ry  point  of  yiew,  the  fimctions  of  the  civil  officere  were  euspendtsl. 
Independently  of  the  force  derived  from  the  play  of  these  two 
poweR,  and  from  their  alternate  government,  the  double  denomi- 
nations they  rendered  necessary  aiibrdcd  a  means  of  baffling  the 
tescarchcs  of  the  police. 

The  dntiea  of  the  diavbonmer  were,  to  have  in  hia  ptasewion  a 
gun  and  fifty  cartri^efl,  to  be  ready  to  devote  himself,  and  blindly 
to  obey  the  orders  ofunknown  leaders- 

Charbonnerie,  thus  constituted»  spread  in  a  very  brief  roftce  of 
time  through  all  quarters  of  the  Capi  t*d.  It  made  it»  way  into  all 
the  classes  of  the  nnîverâly.  An  indescribable  fire  glowed  in  every 
vein  of  the  Ptmsian  youth;  every  one  kept  the  secret;  every  one 
TRras  ready  to  devote  ma  life  to  tlie  cause.  Tlie  membcra  of  each 
vente  recogniâcd  cQch  other  by  means  of  particular  eignB,  and  mys- 
terious reviews  were  beld,  luspo'ctors  were  appointed  in  several 
rentes,  whose  duty  it  was  to  see  that  no  member  failed  to  hare  a 
musket  and  cartridges.  Hio  members  were  drilled  in  their  hoii 
and  often  was  tlic  cxerciae  performed  on  a  floor  covered  with  strai 
And  all  the  while  this  aingular  conspiracy  was  extending  it^lf,  pr^ 
teeted  by  a  silence  and  rescrrc  without  parallel,  and  surrounding' 
the  society  with  a  thousiind  invisible  mï^iies»  the  govcramcot  was 
tran([uilly  plumbcringin  the  shade! 

The  foundeia  of  tyiarbonaerie  were,  as  we  have  seen,  youi^  men 
of  obscujre  statton,  without  official  position  or  recogum  iofluoice. 


lîfTSOtïTTCTTOîr 


5! 


When  die  time  amvcd  in  which  they  had  to  thinlc  of  enlarging 
their  ivork,  and  casting  ova  all  France  tho  net  vntk  which  they 
had  flbrodjr  covered  Paria,  they  hcpitated  and  distrusted  themselves. 
There  existed  &t  that  time  a  parltntnentary  committee,  ol'  ivhich 
M.  de  Lalâyette  wm  a  member.  M,  Bazara,  who  was  on  intimate 
tonus  with  the  general,  applied  one  day  to  hia  friends  for  authority 
to  admit  Lafayette  itito  the  secret  of  their  proceedings.  Objections 
could  not  fail  to  suggest  themselvea  :  Why  make  this  communication, 
which  the  easy  charoctcr  of  Lafayette  must  render  so  full  of  inconveni- 
ence» and  danger?  if  he  consented  to  enter  the  rajita  of  chnrbon- 
tierie,  and  to  ffUake  his  head  upon  the  consequences  like  every  other 
member — why  that  would  be  all  very  welli  These  considerations 
being  represented  to  LalayettCj  ho  did  not  hcatatc,  but  entered 
the  hatttê  vtttte,  and  hi."  exfimple  was  followed  by  the  boldest  among 
hia  coUenguea  in  the  chambta".  The  directors  of  the  system  were 
doc<dved  if  they  thought  this  accession  indispensable»  Tlie  charbou- 
nicra,  having  never  known  from  what  hands  proceeded  the  impulse 
given  thom^  had  never  doubted  but  that  they  were  acting  under  the 
orders  of  those  same  eminent  liborala  who  had  been  ao  rœontly  in* 
▼itcd  to  share  an  inscrutable  authnrity.  The  actual  presence  of  these 
individuals  in  the  haute  vente^  therefore,  added  nolhmg  to  the  moral 
Effect  which  up  to  that  time  had  been  produced  by  their  supposed 
preseoioc.  As  for  the  possible  extent  to  which  their  powers  of  action 
OP  their  during  might  cany  them,  that  was  a  problem  for  the  future 
to  solve. 

Be  this  as  it  may,  their  acc^^on  was  serviceable  at  first  to  the 
progress  of  charbonncrie,  from  the  intercourse  they  kept  up  with 
persona  in  the  province*-  Several  young  men,  furnished  with  letters 
of  recommendation,  went  into  the  provinces  to  propagate  tlic  system 
there.  M,  Flotard  was  sent  into  the  West^  M.  Du^ied  into  Bour- 
gogne^ M.  Rouen,  pernor,  set  out  for  Bn^tagne,  M.  Joubert  for 
AlsBce.  Consider^  ici  its  relation  with  the  departments,  the  havte 
vffiie  of  Paria  leceÎTed  the  name  ofve/ite  supreme;  and  charbonnerio 
■WHS  everywhere  organized  on  the  same  plan  as  in  the  capita!.  The 
impulse  waâ  general  and  irresistible;  ahnost  the  whole  surface  of 
France  was  covered  with  plota  and  conspirators. 

Mattera  arri^'ed  ateuoh  a  pitch  that,  at  the  close  of  the  year  1821, 
ercry  thing  was  ripe  for  a  risin»,  at  Rochelle,  Poitiers,  Niort,  Cohnar, 
Neuf  Brissch»  Nantes,  Béfort,  Bordeaux,  and  Toulouse.  Venieshaà 
been  created  in  a  grciit  number  of  reglmctite,  and  even  changes  of 
garmiofi  become  a  rapid  means  of  propagating  charboimerie.  The 
weadent  offtfrïï/t'  militaire,  when  obliged  to  quit  a  town,  received 
nie  half  of  &  pi£<^  of  metal,  of  which  the  other  half  was  sent  into 
the  town  whither  the  regiment  was  prori;eding^  to  a  mconber  of  tho 
haute  cratr,  or  of  the  tj^e  centrale,  Tlianks  to  this  mode  of  com- 
munication and  reoognitido,  which  was  utterly  beyond  reach  of  the 
police,  the  soldieES  in^ted  into  charbonnerie  becmue  its  taTcUiag: 

E  2 


52  jTïTKODtJcnow; 

bagmen,  as  ît  were,  and  hawked  coQspiracy  about  with  them  in  thcâr 
cartouclie-boxes. 

Meanwliâle  tlic  hour  for  an  explosion  was  flmvod  :  so  at  least  it  -was 
supposed.  The  number  of  members  in  the  vente  sttprême,  baWng  in- 
crcaâcd  to  an  iucouvonient  number^an  acting'  cotnmittce  waa  appointed 
for  the  special  purpose  of  arranging  the  preparations  for  combat,  but 
with  ihe  undcristanding  that  it  was  not  to  come  to  any  definitive  re- 
solution without  the  afficnt  of  the  vente  suprême.  Tlii^  committee  difi- 
pUyed  extraordinary  activity,  Tliirty-six  young  men  received  order» 
to  start  for  Befort,  where  the  mgnal  for  inisurreclion  was  to  be  given. 
TTîcy  set  out  without  hcsitûtion,  tiiough  well  a^ured  thai  they  were 
marching  to  death.  One  of  them  could  not  quit  Paris  without  ab- 
Bconding  from  an  affair  of  honour:  -with  no  less  promptitude  than 
"waa  evinced  by  hia  comtadcs,  he  postponed  a  duel  for  a  more  serious 
coniUct,  and  sacrificed  to  apauiotic  duty  even  that  reputation  for 
courage  so  dearly  prised  by  generous  souls.     A?  the  last  hour  ap- 

oacheti,   the  spirit  and  confidence  of  the  conspiratora  row:  the 

\IEnà£iaù^  thsit  magic  song  so  long  unsung^  was  heard  on  the  road 

jtentiin'Dlris  and  Béfoit. 

Blood  wËâ  about  to  dow.  How  was  it  possible  not  to  think  of^e 
consequences  should  the  cvcut  be  lavourablc?  True  to  the  Fplrit  of 
churbonncrie,  the  members  of  the  vente  suprême  did  not  think  of 
imposing  any  particular  form  of  government  on  France,  llie  dy* 
tnn^  of  the  Bourbons  itself  was  not  absolutely  and  ir 


proscribed  in  their  way 
"     foi 


of  thinking. 


L  irrevocably 

^ ^.     But  in  any  c^ase  it  was  indi> 

pcuKible  to  provide  lor  that   ^aud  necessity  of  all  revolutions,  a 

frovisional  govemtncnt.  The  baacs  of  the  constitution  of  the  year 
IL  wen;  lidoptcd^  and  the  five  directors  named,  were  MM.  dc  La- 
iayclte,  Corcollea  père,  Kœchlin,  d'Argcnson,  and  Dupont  do 
l'Eure  ;  that  is  to  eay,  au  homme  ttêpéef  n  representative  of  the 
national  jfuatd,  a  manufacturer,  an  adimnistrator^  and  a  magistrate. 

Manuel  had,  up  to  this  time,  afforded  but  a  tremulous  and  unde- 
cided aid  to  charbonnerio.  Having  learned  that  it  was  intended  to 
eng;t^c  on  the  theatre  of  the  itiJsurr'C'vtion  those  who  were  preordained 
to  rt^iilatc  its  successful  issues,  he  exerted  his  inBuence  over  some  of 
them,  and  particularly  over  M.  de  Lafayette,  to  dissuade  thi?m  from 
the  expedition  to  Béfort;  whctlier  it  was  that  he  considered  ihe 

,  enterprise  ilI-contri\'ed  or  premature,  or  that,  on  reflecting  on  the 
events  of  the  future»  Ids  rigid  soul  }iad  given  admiseion  to  a  secret 
dietrust. 

CertJÛu  ît  is,  at  any  rate,  that  of  all  the  influential  men  whose 

I  presence  was  expected  at  the  scene  of  action,  one  alone  &et  out  for 
ihô  spot,  namely»  General  Lufayottc.      But  a  domestic  duty  which 

^c  Kaid  always  rcUgiou^ly  lulfiEled,  and  which  he  would  not  now 

I  ibeglect,  detuned  him  some  hours  too  lon^  in  his  eoim try-house  at 
XaOgrangc.  On  the  let  of  January,  1822,  the  postchaiw  in  which 
the  general  and  his  son  were  travelling  was  met  some  leagues  from 


INTRODUCTION. 


5S 


I 


B^foTt  by  a  carriage  containing  MM.  Corwllea  junior,  and  Bazard. 
**  Well,  what  news?"  "  All  is  over,  genei'ûl,  all  ie  iostl'^  r^afayctto, 
in  tk'spair,  chunked  las  route,  whilst  Corcelles  and  Bazard  horned  to 
the  uapîîâl  in  a  cymmon  cûc  drawn  by  post-Iiofôes.  Tlic  thcrraoructcr 
stood  at  twelve  degrees  below  tlie  iVeezins  point,  and  the  roads  were 
covered,  with  sno^v.  When  Bazard  arrivea  in  Paris  he  bad  one  car 
iiozcn. 

I  will  not  dwell  on  the  detaib  of  what  had  just  happened  in 
Béfort, — the  sergeant  who,  coming  into  Iûb  qmiitera  on  the  evening 
of  the  Slat  of  December,  goes  up  to  his  captaJn,  slnps  him  on  the 
sliouldcr,  and  by  the  unusual  familiarity  of  his  knguBge  iiwakt^na 
liital  suspicions; — Touptain,,  the  cnmrartiidnnt  of  the  place,  apprized 
itnd  summoûing  the  ofRcera  whom  he  keeps  by  him  ; — the  perturba- 
tion of  Uioee  among  them  who  were  impHcated  in  the  plot; — the 
hentAUon  of  the  soldiers  cnp^a^ed  in  the  conspiracy  when  they  fotmtî 
tlieinKlires  deprived  of  their  leaders  ; — the  conspirators  asscmbbng 
tumultuoualy  in  the  market-place; — the  truard  Ftiinding  to  anns; — - 
the  column  of  young  men  who  had  arrived  the  preceding  evening  in 
the  fijubourga  advancing;  towards  the  mnrkct-place,  unci  cut  in  two 
by  the  raising  of  the  drawbridge  at  the  critical  ruoment; — the  pistol- 
ehot  Jiied  at  tlie  king's  lieutenant,  and  the  bullet  fattening  on  his 
croee; — the  disperrion  of  the  conapiratoi's,  among  whom  were  tho 
bnTe  Colonel  Pailhùs,  the  impetuous  Guinand,  and  Panco,  a  man 
of  unbending  determination  and  devoted  heart; — the  arrest  of  several 
peiaons; — tlic  Eyrapatlucs  excited  by  their  courage; — their  trials; — 
ihL'ir  victorious  ascendancy  over  their  iudgca; — all  thi&  constitutes 
assuredly  one  of  the  most  pathetic  episodes  of  the  often  blood-stained 
drama  of  the  Kcatoration.  Some  of  tlicse  details  have  been  pub- 
tished»"  but  there  are  othcra  less  known  which  desen'C  a  place  in 
the  bisioiy  of  tJie  bourgeoisie. 

Charixsnneric  waa  lar  from  having  çustaîned  an  itrcprablc  defeat 
at  Béfort.  ïl^ough  smothered  at  one  point,  tlie  inairrection  might 
break  out  at  another,  M.  Flotard  had  been  sent  to  Hochcllc  to 
prepare  a  movement  there,  and  that  town  was  full  of  conspirators. 
The  three  cfiefs  de  bataUhn  of  the  marine  artillery  waited  only  for 
the  si^ftL  There  were  privy  cojnraunicatioua  kept  up  with  Poitiers 
and  with  tlic  garrison  of  Niort.  M*  Sofréon,  a  çaliànt  officer,  was 
to  place  at  tlie  service  of  cliarbonncric  seven  hundred  men,  forming  ' 
pSLTl  of  the  colonial  depot  at  the  isle  of  Oloron,  whom  he  was  under 
ordere  to  conduct  to  Senegpl.  Tha  officer  at  the  head  of  the  depot 
had  himself  listened  to  the  confidential  communications  of  M.  So» 
fnîon,  and  there  w:is  reosoa  to  count,  if  not  on  the  £Ùd  of  M. 
Fciâthomclf  ut  least  on  lii*  neutrality.  Active  measures  were  also 
in  progress  at  Nanleg,  and  Genci-al  iicrtoa  wm  preparing  to  march 
US  Saumur. 

M.  KloULid,  who  WHS  about  to  quit  RocbcUe,  was  ^ning  one  day 


INTBODUCTION. 

al  tUo  table^'bûteofthc  Hôtel  des  Âmbassâdcuia^  v/hen  a  conversa- 
tion on  the  affairs  of  tlie  day  took  place  in  lus  presence  between  Iwd 
military  men  not  known  to  him.  ''■  That  blockhead  Berton,"  said 
one  of  them,  *'  he  tblnkj  hîmâclf  perfectly  ^fC|  and  Ikucîcs  he  is 
QOfllspinn^  in  the  dark  :  now  General  I^espinoia  receives  hou  rly  infor* 
HtfttioiL  ot  liis  proceeding's,  and  is  making  ready  to  liavo  him  shotoo 
the  first  opportunity."  lateiiscly  aHbetiid  by  what  he  had  overheard, 
M.  FlotaM  Bet  out  instantly  for  Nantes,  and  did  not  take  the  road 
to  Parie  tiil  be  had  wamcd  General  Berton,  and  stronfjly  dissuaded 
him  from  hia  deâi^.  The  expcditiun  agamst  Saumur  took  pkoe 
neverthelc»;  it  ikued,  03  might  have  been  expected,  and  Berton  was 
obliged  to  fly  from  one  asylum  to  anotheï. 

There  was  a  radical  defect  in  charbonnerio.  There  wa*  an  in- 
cessant  collision  between  the  fiery  spirits  of  its  founders  and  tlio 
timidity  of  the  men  of  note  who  afterwarda  joined  the  association* 
Again^  M.  do  Lafayette  had  mven  himself  up  without  reserve  to 
the  young  men  whom  lie  f&ncied  he  led,  and  by  whom,  on  the  con- 
tnuy,  he  was  himself  completely  led.  To  please  them  he  kept  aloof 
&om  hi£ coUeafaes  in  the  chamber,  and  hid  himself  iiom  them;  tlto 
consequence  ol  this  was  a  secret  want  of  harmony,  and  injunnountablo 
embarrasamenta  in  circumetanccs  of  great  moment.  Add  lo  this, 
that  with  a  policy  very  well  conceivod  when  ihc  matter  in  hand  is  a 
conspiracy  of  one  day,  but  very  imprudent  when  it  ie  applied  to  a 
permanent  conspiracy,  the  first  directors  of  charbonnerle  had  mado 
it  a  system  to  exaggerate  their  strength  in  order  to  iucrease  it,  and 
had  ended  by  sowing  distrust  around  them. 

Certain  it  is  that  the  prcparaliom  made  at  Rochelle  called  for  a 
OO-Opeiatioa  that  waa  rei'used.  M.  Flotard  reported  the  Slate  of 
diiiigs  on  bis  return  to  Paris.  Success  he  said  wa&  certalat  if  an 
unportont  personage,  known  in  the  country  and  wielding  olRcdal 
authority^  would  consent  personally  to  incur  all  the  risks  of  tlie  en- 
terprbîe.  General  Lafayette  and  fil.  Klotard  made  ajjplication  to 
M-  de  Beauséjour,  wlioee  ^wpidar  senliments^  simple  niimnei-s,  and 
honourable  repute  liad  acquired  for  him  ^rcat  iniluencc  in  Rochelle 
and  itB  eavirouif.  M.  dc  Beauft^our  rcfusod  to  go  thither,  umier 
the  pretext  that  he  had  an  engagement  on  business  with  M.  de 
Villclc.  Tlie  direclory  of  charbonncrie  lacked  therefore  at  once  tho 
tivauth  that  flows  uom  prudence  and  that  which  résulta  ùvm 
'  «dA(Bty> 

M.  de  Lafayette,  in  whom  hia  love  of  populanty,  seconded  by  tho 
prompting  of  a  naturally  generous  soul,  rckintUed  all  the  ardour  of 
youth,  51.  dc  Lafayette  volunteered  to  go  to  litchelk?,  afi  ho  had 
before  to  Bi^fort,  hut  the  sacrifice  was  not  accepted  at  his  hands,  and 
Oolottfl  Dentwl  was  appoiated  to  accompiny  M.  Flotard, 

At  Iioch*?llt:*  they  joined  company  with  General  Berton,  and 
thodc  bnmortal  scrgoants  whom  the  Place  dc  Grùve  awaiUxL 

Tlie  1 4tl!.  of  March,  tlic  day  fixed  on  for  the  esploâon,  was  at  hand. 
Charboancnc  had  at  itci  dii^pocal»  through  the  inôuence  vf  the  olïlccrs 


IHTKOItrCTIOa. 


u 


&nd  noïi-oommiflsîonod  officers,  almost  all  the  jgarrisons  of  the  to^wns 
of  the  West,     Fifty-four  pieceâ  of  fljing  artilfcry  ^vere  to  beloug  to  I 
the  cooapirators  at  a  moment  agreed  on.     RocheUc  had  for  some  | 
time  assumed  a  Btraugc  aspect-    The  hopes  of  one  party,  the  double  i 
of  others,  tine  precautionaiy  lueosurea  ol'  the  auuioilued,  tin?  haljf  I 
diflolosui^s  tliat  were  made,  the  conjectur^a  that  were  busy,  all  this  f 
di  Ifused  an  imeaaincEfi  throughout  the  city,  lliat  mingled  (so  to  spigak) 
with  the  air  men  breathed.     When  the  stoirm  is  gathering  to  ita  j 
height,  patches  of  blue  hotizon  are  seen  in  strong  cuntrast  witli  the 
gloomy  masses  piled  up  above  them.     So  is  it  when  civil  tempests 
gather  :  befure   they  burst   they  illumine  and  cast  a  molancholy 
grandeui-  over  the  minds  of  men. 

It  rarely  happens  that  a  thought  is  given  in  human  enterprises  to  i 
thatgraÏQ  of  aimd of  wliich  Pascal  speaks,  andwhich,if  placed som»' I 
whew  or  other  in  Cromwcll'a  body  would  have  changed  the  face  of  | 
the  world.     General  Berton,  the  military  leader  of  the  plot,  bad  , 
beau  oblig^cd  to  leave  lus  unifozm  in  Saumur  when  he  made  his 
escape  irora  that  Uiwn.   Appeamncca  arc  cvei^  thing  in  revolutions, 
and  this  the  conspirators  well  knew.     Tlicy  made  attempts  to  pro- 
cure a  imiiurm  at  licH-helic,  but  their  cndeavoura  were  Iruitless,  noi 
were  they  exempt  Irom  danger.     It  was  necessary  to  send  to  Sau-  ] 
jnur.     But  the  messenger  did  not  return  till  the  evening  of  the  ■ 
19th  of  March.     Sergeants  Raoux,  Cioubin,  and  Pomimer,  who 
had  been  long  suspected,  were  arrcatcd  on  the  morning  of  tliat  day, 
and  east  into  prison^  whence  they  were  to  go  to  the  scaffold. 

At  daybreak,  on  the  20th  of  March,  tltreo  men  got  into  a  boat 
and  were  proceeding  toworda  the  isle  of  Aijc.  **  The  IHgate,"  sîûd 
the  owner  of  the  boat  ^'  must  have  had  some  difficulty  in  working 
through  the  clianncl  kat  night.'* — ""What frigate  are  you  talking 
of  ?"  cried  the  three  pasdcngeis,  ficarcely  able  to  master  tbeii  emo- 
tions.— ^**  The  frigate  tliat  was  bound  to  Senegal"  At  this  unex- 
pected blow,  MM.  Berton,  Dentzcl,  and  Flotard,  stared  sdently  in 
eacli  other's  facea.     There  remained  to  them  but  one  hope. 

Bertùn  and  Dentzcl  were  recognised  in  the  isle  of  Ais  by  the  com- 
mandant  ;  but  far  from  denouncing,  he  gave  them  a  friendly  recep^  i 
tion;  and  when  they  talked  of  pushing  on  to  the  Isle  of  Olijron,  ' 
where  there  were  still  500  men  left,  **  Don't  think  of  domg  ray 
«uch  thing,"  said  the  commandant  ;  **  you  would  be  shot  there  on.  I 
the  epot"     They  were  tliea  informed  that  in  a  conversation  which 
had  taken  place  in  presence  oi"  an  agent  of  the  government,   M. 
Feiitthomel  had  aakèd  M.  Sofrtk>n  if  he  wa&  not  ac^x^**"****^  with 
Gcneml  Berton.     M,  Sofréon's  reply  in  the  affirmative  had  excited 
the  most  lively  apprehensions:  hence  the  hurried  departure  of  the 
troops  compo^^  tlie  colonial  depot.     The  commandant  of  Aix 
made  the  oonapiratora  bum  the  unilorm  they  had  brought  with 
them  before  hia  eyea,  and  furnished  them  with  a  boat,  which  con- 
veyed them  rapidly  to  Rochcibrt.    Once  more  were  the  attempts  of  1 
the  conspimtora  baffled. 


56 


INTttODCCTÏON. 


Otll4 


wcU   known.      Thcncefortli   chwbonnerie 
way  thxougK  its  martyrs*  gorc,    The  j^OTcmme 


Tlio   sequel 
dragged  on  ita 

organized  against  it  a  vast  and  hideous  sjstcin  ol"  provocntivo 
Bertou,  tbe  pliant  indomitable  Borton,  liad  refused  llie  hospitaljtif 
tiiat  awmtod  Mm  in  a  foreign  land;  lie  rushed  again  into  the  lîs^ 
and  l>eing  betrayed  by  Wollcl^  died  without  surprise  or  complainft 
like  a  man  long  eoaviuced  thût  his  liic  belonged  to  the  cxecuiioncf 
Two  ot'  his  companions  in  mialortune  begged  for  racrcy  ;  but  SaU£ 
shouted  on  the  scaffold  the  cry  of  Vive  la.  république^  as  if  uttorin^ 
a  vengeful  prophecy;  and  Catïe,  anticipating  his  enemies,  opened 
his  veins,  and  died  in  the  antique  manner.     Somebmc  aiWr  thc' 
arrest  of  Bcrton,  a  llcutcnnnt-coioncl,  the  unfortunate  Caron,  who 
had  conceived  tlic  generous  hope  of  aai'iug  the  prisoners  iinpbcated 
in  the  Jiffwr  of  Bn-lbrt,  suiHcred  himself  to  be  decoyed  into  a  meoting^^ 
in  the  forest  of  Brisaac,      The  non-commissioned  officer,  Thieri^H 
boMly  plûgiariîîng  the  ^nllany  of  Wolfel^  threw  himself  into  the 
colonel's  arms,  and  prevailed  on  hiui  by  perfidious  marks  of  devo& 
edness  to  diselosc  Ida  hopea,  whilst  spies,  concealed  behind  a  tbicfce* 
gathered  up  the  fatal  confession.     Caron  was  sentenced  to  death! 
and  was  refused  die  bitter  consolation  of  embracing  Jiis  ^ife  and  chil 
dren  before  bidding  adieu  to  life:  he  died  the  death  of  Marebal  Ney. 
Courage  fails  me  to  proceed  furtlier,  and  to  ioUow  you  to  that  Place 
de  Gi-evo,  where  your  ht^da  rolled  on  the  scaftbld,  aller  your  souls 
had  mingled  in  a  lust  embrace  before  the  cyea  of  o  pitying  mult^^H 
tudc,  O  Bones,  and  you,  worthy  companions  of  tliat  immortal  7^un|||^| 
man  !   The  Restoration,  having  been  attacked,  had  certainly  a  right 
to  defend  itaelf,  but  not  to  defend  itsell"  by  dishonest  stratagems  and 
ambusoadea^  for  this  was  to  pervert  death  by  doom  of  law  int 
murder, 

On  the  evening  preceding  the  day  which  waa  to  Ih>  the  last  he 
twd  his  comcimion  should  bclioldj  Boti^  wrote  to  a  friend  toga  hii 
cell  in  the  Bicêtre.  \ 

"■  Tliey  arc  starving  us:  they  intend  to  separate  us.  If  you  can* 
not  rescue  us  to-day*  it  is  to  be  wished  that  we  may  die  to-morrow." 

Tliis  melancholy  wish  was  accompUahetb  The  prisonerg  had  been 
offered  pardon  at  llie  price  of  certain  disclosurcs^  but  they  noLb 
carried  the  name»  of  their  accomplices  with  them  to  the  grave,       * 

How  is  it  posablc  to  avoid  making  here  a  painful  comparison 
What  did  the  bourgeoisie  do  towards  saving  the  lives  of  these  he- 
roic youths  who  were  about  to  die  for  it?     What!  a xty  thousand 
francs  offered  to  the  keeper  of  a  prison,  whopc  place  brought  him 
in   twenty  thousand  annually — that  was  all  that  was  attempted  ! 
And  when  the  fatal  car  was  mafciog  its  way  tlirough  tlie  deiiae 
TntsscS'  of  a  multitude  eo  deeply  affected,  (hat  men  were  seen  falling 
on  their  knees,  and  old  men  uncovering  their  heads,  the  bourgeoii  '* 
found  no  means  of  rousing  «n  the  people,  that  very  bourgeoisie  tl 
lud  been  able,  in  the  month  of  June,  to  display  so  formidable 
power  of  agitation  on  behali'  of  its  own  threatened  intereatâ  \ 


» 


tSTHODUCTION'. 


5f 


I  have  dono.  ATter  tlic  death  of  the  Rochelle  Ëergemite^  char- 
boimcne  dwindled  and  fell  to  pieces.  Two  parties  spniDg  up  ou  it. 
One  of  these  was  for  declaring'  distinctly  for  a  republic,  and  it  ral- 
lied round  Lafayette;  the  other  was  against  the  principle  of  im- 
posing any  purdcukr  form  of  govemrucnt  on  the  people,  and  docked 
Itself  with  the  name  of  Manuel.  These  di\'isiona,  at  first  obscure, 
soon  becftmc  inore  sharply  marked;  the  two  parties  grew  enve- 
noined,  and  broke  out  into  mutual  accusations.  Anarchy  made 
way  into  the  association  from  all  sides,  briflging  in  its  train  unjust 
luspicdons,  hatred,  i^elfishnesa,  and  amhldon.  The  period  of  devoted- 
ntm  past,  that  of  intrijg^e  began. 

Charbonncrie  had  not  descended  into  the  depths  of  society;  it  hacl  i 
not  atirred  up  its  lower  strata.  How  could  it  have  been  expected 
long  to  preserve  itself  from  the  vices  of  the  bourgeoisie — individual- , 
isni^  narrowness  of  views^  vulgarity  of  sentimentt  exaggerated  love 
of  purely  material  prosperity,  and  grossness  of  instinct?  Charbon- 
nene  had  emploveifthe  generous  and  sound  part  of  the  bourgeoisie; 
but  aller  humig  worn  it  out  and  given  it  into  the  hands  of  &pïêp,  de- 
coyen,  and  the  executioner,  what  noble  enterprise  yet  remained  for 
It  to  attempt,  or  what  could  it  any  longer  euect?  It  was  Ln  thia 
Stage  of  its  decay  and  impotence  for  good,  that  it  aceepted  and  sub- 
mitted to  the  sway  of  men  like  SIJI.  Mcrilhou  and  Barthc.  The 
ktlcr  had  given  token  of  some  noble  proraptinga  in  his  defence  of 
the  Bilibrt  prisoners;  but  if  any  one  attributed  to  him  the  virtues  of 
a  true  friend  to  the  ]>cople,  that  man's  judgment  was  much  at  fault. 

A  great  deal  lias  been  said  since  1830  of  the  dramatic  scenes 
etnacted  tinder  the  shadow  of  charbonneric,  of  tlic  oaths  of  hatred 
to  royalty  pledged  on  poniards,  and  of  other  ominous  formalities. 
The  real  tiinh  of  the  matter  is,  that  charbonnerie  having  becomû 
vastly  extended,  the  centeg,  at  Lart,  escaped  fi-om  all  central  control.  \ 
There  Were  republican,  Orlcanàjti^  and  Bonapartist  venter;  and  some  of 
them  conspired  for  the  pure  pleasure  of  conspiring.  The  rites  were  as 
various  as  the  prlueiples,  ana  an  oasociationj  that  had  at  one  moment 
been  k>  formidable,  was  become  at  last  a  mere  chaos.  The  lack  of 
guiding  principles,  an  inherent  vice  in  the  constitution  of  charbon- 
nono,  WAS  among  the  causes  of  its  ruin.  It  was  quite  natural  that 
ât  should  be  bo. 

As  ibr  its  inSucnce,  this  was  exhibited  in  two  distinct  results. 

liy  manifeating  to  the  government  how  numerous  ïind  implacable  . 
were  ite  enemies,  charbonncric  hiuricd  it  upon  ibat  headlong  course 
ttf  reactions  that  leil  straight  to  the  abyss. 

On  the  other  hand,  by  acting  with  equal  ardour  ûfflùîist  the  Bour- 
bon dynasty  that  tilled  the  throne,  îind  against  the  feudal  party  that  i 
huui  sway  in  tlie  ciuimber,  it  compelled  the  two  to  unite  their  loixes, 
and  for  some  time  slackened  their  necessary  and  inevitable  tendency 
to  mutual  rivalij. 

ïha  vigour  displayed  by  the  Restoration  under  the  VillOlc  mini- 
itry,  and  the  vioIeiiE  efforts  that  brought  destruction  upon  the  Fo- 


ffS  ■  '  INTBODUCTIOJI- 

ligûûc  administration,  liad,  therefore,  but  one  ccunmoQ  sooi-cc — 
namely,  cKarbonneric. 

Tlija  is  the  reason  why  I  have  dwelt  at  length  on  this  episode  in 
the  history  of  the  Kcstoration,  the  character  of  which,  it  appears  to 
^1110,  has  hitherto  not  been  sufficiently  studied,  nor  its  importance 
Fwifficicntly  appreciated. 

See,  far  instance,  what  modifications  charbonaerie  occasions  ia 
tho  rùLitiona  between  the  crown  and  the  chamber.  We  no  tong^ 
Bee  that  continued  struggle  every  instant  renewed  whicli  began  in 
1614.  Royalty  humblea  itself  ajid  gives  way.  lai  its  coinbnta  with 
charbonnene  out  of  door?,  its  attitude  18  haughty,  and  its  victories 
are  cruel;  but  on  the  political  etaga  its  asjiect  la  but  languid  and 
Eubdued.  There  is  now  but  one  real  power  in  France,  and  that  i» 
the  chamber;  and  the  king^'g  miiustcrs  are  the  cLerhB  of  that  power. 

The  first  proof  I  find  of  the  justice  of  this  obwrvatioQ  is  the  war 
in  Sf^in. 

Need  I  call  to  mind  how  atrcnuoua  and  obstinate  was  tlic  repug- 
nance which  the  project  of  an  expedition  into  Spain  encounterol 
in  the  council?  M.  de  Villèlc*  who  waa  the  soul  of  the  minis^t 
ircgarded  such  an  expedition  as  n  public  calamity.  Louis  XVIII. 
could  aot  think  of  it  "wHthout  horror.  And  how  many  were  the 
arguments  to  ^asuade  from  it  !  What  was  France  going  into  Spain 
to  do  ?  To  overthrow  the  constitution  in  tlie  blood  of  Spani- 
ards J  To  carry  ft  sort  of  iSth  Brumaire  «ero^s  die  Pyrenees  !  To 
what  end?  To  thrust  the  Peninsula  under  the  yoke  of  Antonio 
Maranon  and  his  compeers,  men  of  fearful  character  and  deeds,  who 
lield  a  rosary  in  one  hand  and  &  pistol  in  tlie  other.  And  for  whom? 
For  Ferdinand  VII.,  a  prince  of  whom  M.  dc  Chateaubriand  hsa 
Bftid»  that  he  had  sujik  doumfrom  tlie  intrepidity  of  hii  head  to  the 
dtutardy  of  /tin  fteart;  a  despot  who  had  nothing'  but  disdain  to  be- 
stow on  coDStitutioual  monux^s,  on  Louis  XVIII.  and  hia  charter! 
Mtmcy,  too»  was  requisite  for  this  expetiition;  and  M.  de  VUlèlo 
fihowed  the  treasury  cxJiauated,  public  credit  ruined,  liberalism  ner- 
vously csciled,  manuilictures  sus^nded,  commerce  panic-stricken. 
Nor  was  that  alL  Chorbomicrio  had  sown  the  seeds  of  revolt  in  tho 
army,  and  tlie  tricolour  flag,  home  by  French  hands,  waa  âoating 
in  the  wind  on  the  other  side  of  the  Bidassoa,  Lastly,  Encrkna 
WAS  growlingi  Conning  was  showing  his  teeth;  and  Louis  XVUI. 
WM  a&aid  of  displeaang  Wellington. 

But  what  royalty  dreaded,  the  chamber,  on  the  contrary,  deàred 
with  tho  utmost  fervour:  what  M. de  Villcle,  as  minister  of  Louis 
XVIIL,  repudiated  in  Paris,  M.  de  Montmorency  adopted  at  the 
congress  of  Verona,  in  the  capacity  of  confidant  to  tlie  parliaments 
By  aristocracy.  The  victory  waa  with  the  eliarober.  X  hava  al- 
Rody  usgned  the  reo^on  for  this.  Hannony  having  become  a  matter 
of  ncceeeity  between  two  powcra  rimultaucoiisly  assailed  by  a  botuid-. 
les  conspiracy,  it  was  the  part  of  the  weaker  of  the  two  to  j^vo 
way  to  thic  stronger.  ^ 


4 

I 
I 


IKTBODUCTION.  69 

In  aitemptmg  to  Tcsi?t  tJio  will  of  the  chamber,  M.  do  Villi-le  did 
flierefore  but  struggle  against  the  forœ  of  things  j  and  if  he  landed 
lie  had  achieved  a  great  victory  when  he  obhsed  M.  de  Montmo-* 
rency  to  retire  from  the  nûnîstry,  it  was  not  long  before  lie  was 
undeceived.  For  that  same  porliaraentary  sovcreisiity  whicli  M.  dG 
Montmorency  represented^  immediately  seated  the  Viscomte  do  Cîia- 
teaubriand  in  hia  Tacatcd  place,  an  event  which  rendered  the  î>panΣh 
war  inevitable. 

With  u  view  to  avoid  that  war,  Loiiis  XVIIl.  and  M.  do  Yillèle 
bad  endeavoured  to  negotioto  a  recoûciliatiùn  betïveenFerdirmnd  VII. 
and  the  Cortca,  to  be  based  upon  tlic  ralification  of  a  coni^titution,  oa 
the  model  of  the  French  charter;  and  M.  de  Villèlu  had  ivriltcn  to 
that  purpose  to  M-de  Lagarde,  French  ambassador  at  Madrid,  'lliia 
dunned  a  very  imperfect  comprchenâon  of  tlie  neccsaitiee  of  the 

What  mgnified  to  the  rolins:  religious  and  feudal  party  the  poli- 
tical eituntion  of  Spain»  as  it  auectcd  the  Spanish  nation?  Tlio  feudal 
psr^  dcârcd  war  on  its  own  account;  it  desired  it  that  it3  enemies  in 
Fnnoe  might  be  convicted  of  folly  or  struck  witli  terror. 

Aa  fox  M.  de  Chateaubriand,  his  views  were  more  lof^;  liis  de* 
BJKs  were  still  more  fiery,  more  absolute.     M.  de  Cbateaubriajid  had 
accompanied  M.  de  Montmorency  to  the  congress  of  Verona,  and 
thcro  ne  had  studied  the  temper  and  inclinations  of  the  sovereigns. 
He  knew  that  in  declaring  for  intervention  in  Spain,  Austria  and 
Pniseda  merely  followed  the  impulse  ^ven  ihem  by  the  Emperor  of 
Rusia,  who,  ns  he  also  knew,  was  prompted  to  demand  that  inter* 
ventioD  only  by  hia  pride,  and  in  order  that  his  hxmd  might  be  felt  i 
in  all  the  aSaira  of  Europe.     But  M-  de  Chatcaubiiand  would  havq: 
beheld  with  mortal  anmjiah  Russian  battalions  treading  the  ancient  < 
U»d  oi  Charlpâ  V.     lie  wislit'tl  to  mate  the  war  in  Spain  a  French 
afikir.     Devoted  to  the  Bourbons,  the  thought  of  the  treatira  of  1815 
sorely  tormented  his  poetical   âdehty,  and  he  hoped  to  exalt  the  i 
Bfliûvatîun  by  putting  a  sword  into  its  hands. 

A  sUgma  hâs  been  cast  on  the  Spanish  war  by  calling  the  principle  ' 
of  intervention  a  principle  of  oppression.  A  puerile  accusation  !  All  i 
nations  arc  brethren,  and  all  revolutions  arc  cosmopolite.  When  ft  , 
govemracni  Iwlicves  it  represents  a  just  cause,  let  it  make  that  causo  ' 
triumph  wherever  its  triumph  is  possible  ;  this  is  more  than  its  right,, 
it  ia  its  duty.  But  was  it  poaable  to  believe  the  cause  of  Ferdinand' i 
Vn.  a  just  one?  Oh,  there  was  then  in  Spain  a  tyranny  more  to  be  I 
ieirad  ih^i  that  of  the  Descamisados,  the  lyranny  namely  of  the  I 
SuvBex.  Ferocious  hearts  beat  under  the  robe  of  the  Fruucifcana,  | 
and  more  graves  were  to  be  opened  to  llie  chant  of  Vcni  Creator  than  I 
to  the  song  of  TVcyala,  When  a  hundred  thousïmâ  men  crowed  | 
the  Pyrenees  under  the  command  of  the  Due  d'Angouleme,  Iro-  I 
quently  did  M-  de  Cliateaubnand  (he  has  said  so  etnce)  feel  his  heart 
oie  away  within  him.  The  liberals  had  made  all  France,  i'ri.^m  one  f 
caid  to  tke  oth«T,  rcsotind  with  appalling  prcdictioiifl*    Xt'  thuv  wsa 


«0 


INTRODUCTION. 


ÈonfiJcnce  iu  tUc  chamber,  tliere  was  fcnr  and  misgiving  on  tlie 

throne  and  around  it  ;  niid  mo&t  of  the  genemla  who  accompanied 

'  tliû  Duc  d'Angoiileme  had  begun  the  maixh  omlnouslv  shaking  ï^hd? 

.  heads,  because  they  icroembi:rcd  howjnany  Frenchmen^  in  Wapn- 

leon'a  day,  had  entered  Spain,  never  to  return. 

The  expedition,  nevertheless,  succeeded;  but  its  condemnation  wîis 

;  Ivrittcn  in  its  very  succea?.     What  must  M.  dc  Chateaubrtttud  hftvc 

thought  VihtX].  he  learned  that  the  poniards  of  Ferdinand  VII.'s  mi- 

r  nions  were  turned  agflinst  the  liberators  of  tlmt  monarch  ;  when  he 

read  the  decree  of  Andujar;  when  be  could  no  longer  doubt  that 

iVance  had  made  henï-lf  more  enemies  among  those  wliose  cause  she 

fcod  served  than  irnaong  those  to  whom  she  had.  given  battle  ;  when  he 

fow,  in  line,  M.  Fozzo  di  Borgo  set  out  for  Madrid,  and  I'trdinond 

•VII,  bow  beibre  the  influence  of  Ilua^t  to  which  he  owed  nothing, 

aticr  having  rejected  that  of  France  to  wliich  he  owed  eveiy  thing* 

■    lie  this  as  it  may^  the  triumpliant  rctuna  of  the  Due  d'Anffouleme 

'  ttnick  consternation  into  the  bourgeoiî^ic.     And  this  waa  Ine  only 

[  thing  remarked.     Now  waa  there  in  this  war,  undertaken  contrary 

,  to  the  wish  of  royuUy,  and  by  force  of  the  aaccndancv  of  parliament, 

[  nothing  worthy  of  remark  save  the  disappointment  of  a  part}'?  Was 

i  it  not  manifest  to  any  man  who  should  have  looked  deeper  than  the 

f  furtlice  of  things»  that  the  right  of  peace  and  war  had  been  wrested 

I  from  the  crown  ? 

Yet  out  of  this  unpcrceived  though  real  defeat  of  the  monarchical 
I  pHnciple  did  M,  de  VillMc  draw  furth  the  strange  idea  of  septennial 
I  oarliaments.  It  would  seem  tlienthit  M.  de  Villt'le  was  not  aware  that 
I  lo  giving  the  chamber  a  seven  years*  existence  he  waa&ccuting  to  it 
I  greater  consistence  and  prominence? 

K  It  )9  true  the  chamber  waa  dissolved,  and  tJiat  a  new  chamber  was 
Bummonetl  to  pass  the  septennial  law.  But  undi^"  liit;  influence  of 
I  tlie  law  of  tlie  double  vote,  and  in  the  cxeitement  produced  by  the 
[  Bucecss  of  the  war  in  Spain,  the  assembly  could  not  fail  to  be  idtra- 
t  feudttl.  TItc  constitutional  regimen  disappeared  to  make  way  for  an 
I  oligarchical  govemmoni,  a  government  which,  having  no  root  in 
kBocaety»  was  very  ?oon  to  wear  Jtscll'  out  by  it*;  own  excesses,  but  not 
I^U  it  had  enslaved  the  crown,  and  for  ever  disabled  it  from  ziân^ 
j^ain. 

I  do  not  know  whether  M.  do  Villi-le  foresaw  this  result,  or  whc- 

Jier,  if  he  had  foreseen  it,  the  prospect  would  have  given  him  mucJi 

[concern.     M.  de  Villèle  had  a  geniua  only  for  little  tbings:  he  waa 

I  the  man  of  bnsincBfl  of  the  monarchy.     To  regulate  aceoimts,  prepare 

))udgcts,  keep  the  biUikei-s  in  order,  and  control  the  stormy  of  the 

[fftucK  excliange,— all  this  he  was  competent  to  do  with  marvellous 

Macility,     And  M.  do  Chateaubriand  waa  not  an  inconvenient  col- 

lleague  iur  him  in  this  ïcspect:  for  tlie  petty  routine  of  politics  em* 

[fcan^^3i."d  the  Utter»  and  belaboured  imder  lliat  kind  of  incapacity 

tarhieb  îs  cn^rendered  by  the  habit  of  pursuing  lofty  apccuktionf. 

But  his  Utfrary  reputation,  the  gorgeouaicsB  of  bia  manners,  tlio 


I 


INTRODUCTION.  61 

■Dlnptuosltj  of  his  life,  his  influence  over  the  elogant  portion  of  the 
QlbliOQt  cveiy  thing  even  to  tlic  iinpaâng  ctfecC  of  his  pocticaL  and 
Wgh-brcd  indolence,  threw  M.  Ac  ViUlIg  into  the  shade.  M.  ÛB 
Chateau briflbd  was  one  day  about  to  speak  in  the  course  of"  the  dîs- 
custsor  on  the  septennial  mw^  when  his  colleague,  M.  do  Corbière, 
requested  he  would  give  way  to  liim  :  and  on  the  next  day,  the 
Sunday  of  the  Assumpûon,  M.  de  Chateaubriand  beinf^  al  tho 
chât^u»  received  Grom  the  bond  of  his  secretary,  M.  Piloi-gc,  a  letter 
in  the  following  teriMî 

*'  M.  le  Vicomte^  I  obey  the  orders  of  the  king^  and  I  transmit 
you  tlie  ordonnance  hereto  annexed: 

"  Lc  Sieur  Comte  de  ViUèle,  propident  of  our  council  of  rainistry, 
and  minister  secretary  of  etutc  for  tho  department  of  finance^  is  in- 
trusted par  interim  with  the  ponfoUo  of  ibrcign  aifiiirSj  in  lieu  of  the 
Sieur  Vicomte  de  Chateaubriand." 

il .  de  Viilùlq  coutd  not  have  mode  a  more  rude  and  unmannerly  triai 
of  his  influence.  After  having  successively  ousted  M.  do  Montmo- 
rency and  the  Due  de  Bellune,  he  comprumiaed  tho  dimity  of  the 
crown  by  tlio  insulting  dismissal  of  an  illustrious  man.  He  remained 
without  a  rival  in  the  council  :  but  in  the  chamber  he  had  tua^ters. 

An  event  occurred  which  rendered  absolute  the  predominance 
pooKWed  by  ih&  chamber.  On  the  6th  of  ScptembËr,  J  824,  the 
prinoea  and  several  OTand  oflieers  waxG  assembled  in  the  cliâteau, 
ttnd  seemed  aa  though  they  expected  something.  Suddenly  the 
door  of  the  afmrtmcnt  was  thrown  open,  and  a  voice  cried  out,  "  The 
king^  sirs!"  It  waa  Charl^  X.  that  entered.  Louis  XVlil.  had 
juKt  expired. 

Louis  XVIII.  had  steered  hia  course  smoothly  between  parties, 
and  ho  conpratulatcd  him^lf  on  this  in  his  last  moments.  What 
had  he  pained  by  it  ?  The  ability  to  die  quietly,  almost  iikc  the 
lowest  villager  in  his  reaïm.  A  poor  triuinph  tliia,  and  one  withia 
the  reach  of  the  shabbiest  ambition  !  \Vliat  cliildishnesa  there  is 
in  the  vanity  of  the  créai  ones  of  the  earth!  Here  i»  a  king  who 
holds  out  against  the  shock  of  factions  for  want  of  power  to  vanquish 
them,  and  of  courage  to  be  vanquished  by  them;  he  ekes  out  hia 
rdjsn  and  his  hfc,  with  the  help  of  concession  aliter  concession  ;  in 
eccdunge  for  pleasures,  not  given»  but  promised  to  his  palled  tcusea, 
he  ^rrendera  to  a  woman  the  government  of  his  own  house,  after 
having  abandoned  to  his  minieters  the  right  of  yielding  up  in  liis 
name  and  in  hb  stead  every  thing  he  consents  to  lose  from  his  royal 
precogfttive  ;  and  when  at  last,  aged,  infirm,  and  broken  down^  his  last 
BMUBOUa  draught  of  voluptuousness  drained,  consumed  by  the  mock- 
ing phantoms  of  desire,  be  feels  hia  lile  departing — then  he  sita  up 
erect  on  that  throne  he  can  only  bequeath  in  storm  and  tcm]>c3t  to 
his  hrother^  and  with  lus  last  breath — he  boasia! 

It  is  reported,  that  fatting  on  the  iàuteuil  on  which  he  was  about 
to  expire,  muToundcd  by  high  personages  in  tear^  and  hi»  tacc  over- 
£pxvad  with  the  ghastlinces  of  haelcuiug  diâsolutiou,  he  called  to  him 


n  ^^^^  IWTEODUCTIOîr. 

the  youngest  and  weakliest  prince  of  his  family,  aniî  then  laying  his 
>  iiuid  on  the  child's  head  as  it  bent  to  receive  liia  blessing,  he  said, 
'*  X/et  my  brother  husband  tenderly  the  crown  of  this  child." 

Very  idle  words  were  these  !    Crowns  that  arc  fl,ssmled  are  not  to 
be  husbanded  tenderly  ;  they  must  be  saved  or  lost. 

And  now  I  aak  what  had  been  the  fruits  of  that  lonfî  series  of  fluc- 
tuations and  ofpostponementa  of  the  evil  day,  that  made  up  the  reîga 
of  Louis  XVTII?      On  the  surlace  of  the  political  stage  tliscorda 
■withpT,it  end  ;  and  beneath  it  conspiraciep^  treacherous  inatigationa 
,  by  paid  spiral,  viUanoua  snares  for  men's  lives,  military  exécutions  ; 
.  these  were  the  spectacles  that  reign  presented.    The  tempest  rogcdi 
everywhere,  in  the  parliaTOOJt,  in  the  press,  atcourt»  in  tlie  town?, 
.  in  the  rural  districts.    Didier,  ToUeron,  Berton,  Bories,  what  remi- 
[  aiscences.'    Ay,  methiûkâ  that  some  plastic  policy  of  Louis  XVUL 
I  affbrdod  the  executioner  ample  room  for  the  convenient  exercise  of 
Ids  craft. 

■    Naturally  so,  because  every  thing  that  procceda  from  kin^^  w1k> 
«Tc  the  objects  of  attack  is  mortal,     Their  weakness  iâ  aa  latal  oa 
their  strength,  and  their  dismay  as  their  fury.     If  they  choose  to 
.  carry  things  with  a  high  hand  and  can  do  so^  they  cnisn  down  all 
I  before  them.     K,  on  the  other  hand,  they  consent  to  j-ield,  as  they 
cannot  yield  for  ever,  they  provoke  aggressioia  for  which  there  la 
no  remedy,  failing  civil  war,  but  the  guillotine.     What  do  I  bst? 
What  they  yield  in  one  place  under  the  form  of  constituted  autno- 
lity,  they  resume  elsewhere  by  way  of  violence.     Let  their  enemies 
put  on  but  a  little  show  of  bofdnessi,  and  they  revMîge  themselves  on 
the  little  lor  what  is  snatched  from  them  by  the  great,  and  their 
,  "weakness  of  yesterday  seeks  compensation  in  their  cruelties  of  to- 
I  laorrciw.     Thus  their  concevons  and  their  exactions  alike  drink  up 
thti  blood  of  their  people.     When  Louia  XVIIT.  gavo  orders  that 
'  '^erc  fhould  bo  dancing  at  court  at  tlie  very  hour  when  the  grav©" 
digger  wrs  rec^i\*ing  from  the  handâ  of  the  executioner  the  gofy 
lAOTpses  of  the  four  soldiers  of  Rochelle,  Louis  XVUL  took  hi?  re- 
lirage  for  the  vicïûrics  of  the  chamber.     There  were  gay  doings  at 
[  tfie  cbdteftn,  bccau!>e  amidst  all  the  humiliations  of  royalty,  the  un< 
poniâhed  atrocity  of  that  ifitc  wore  a  look  of  strength.     The  mo- 
narch's pride,  hunted  from  every  other  ground,  took  refuge  in  thia 
BBvuge  piece  of  swaggering. 

[      But  was  it  in  the  nature  of  a  series  of  truckling  compromises,  Iciul- 

I  mg  to  such  results,  lonn  to  preserve  the  monarchy  from  nun  ?    Wai 

|.  the  Tirocess  of  perpetually  eluding  the  antagonism  of  the  two  poweD 

equivalent  to  destroying  it  ?  And  must  not  every  ùeth  ©nort  to 

Vdudc  it  have  trended  to  wear  out  and  degrade  the  monarchical  pria* 

bciple?  "  Let  my  brother  husband  tenderly  the  crown  of  this  child," 

[  And  îiow  should  Charles  X.  have  been  able  to  do  this  long,  in  tha 

}  teeth  of  that  parliamentary  authority.  9o  jealoos  and  dO  intractable? 

It  had  frcmiently  changed'^  possewors  Eiince  1814:  had  it  changed  its 

Battu»?  .  Uo,  no.    The  thoroughly  Icudol  chamber  of  1^15  had. 


INTBODCCTIOK. 

tPCâi>pd  the  ïoyal  authority  ^-ith  no  more  forl>earaiice  than  h&â.  the 
tKopoughly  bourgoûiâ  cfcumiber  of  18l7|  and  the  ïaw  of  the  doublfl 
vote  liad  been,  no  less  than  that  of  the  5th  February,  im  implement 
of  war  directed  against  the  throne. 

Ilud  it  bcrn  possible  for  society  to  subsist  thus  divided  between 
the  ftutliority  of  a  kin"  and  that  of  an  asaembly,  this  phcnomenoa 
would  certainly  havo  shown  itself  under  the  reign  of  Charles  X. 

Let  us,  in  &ct,  go  back  to  the  momûnt  of  the  death  of  Louiâ 
XVILL  Waa  it  not  the  foremost  deârc  oi"  the  party  then  para- 
mount in  the  chambeï  that  the  system  of  large  estates  ehauld  be  re-  i 
estabhfhed,  that  an  independent  and  miinptuoua  existence  should,  be 
IWCOffid  to  the  nobl«:s,  und  that  centralization  Bhoold  give  place  to 
!  «way  of  local  inflvienccs?  These  tondencira  so  essentially  op- 
ad  tu  monarchy,  theso  tendencies  which  attacked  the  laborious 
l^rk  begun  by  Ixmis  XI,,  and  continued  by  Louis  XIV.,  were  pre- 
cisely those  of  Cliarlca  X,  Charles  X.  was  not  aenaiblc  of  the  fact 
Ihat  raonarchy  had  grown  and  tlmvcn  in  France  by  the  gradual  de- 
clension of  the  noble:jee»  by  tlie  alienation  of  feudal  estates,  by  the 
ÎBfleoâible  weakening  of  the  Byatem  of  priraogeniturc  and  entail, 
by  thd  discredit  of  the  ccclesiastical  jurisdictions,  by  centraliza- 
tion above  all.  He  fancied,  in  hiâ  ignorance^  that  he  was  fortifying 
tho  monarchy  when  he  was  but  doing  hie  beat  to  revive  fcudatam, 
Loiiia  XI.»  m  order  to  be  king,  had  ceased  to  be  a  gentilhomme, 
Charles  X.  wa3>  by  sentiment  and  habit  of  tnjnd,  mudi  more  tha 
^ttiUufftimf  than  the  king. 

It  resulted,  then,  that  at  tho  death  of  Lonîs  XVIII,  the  dectivo 
and  tlie  royal  powers  were  unit^  by  a  strict  community  of  senti- 
ment» aad  views. 

Acoordingly,  as  far  a£  vigour  was  côQoemed^  nothing  could  ha 
cosnpunblc  to  the  momentary  Impulse  then  i^ven  to  society-  Thû 
milbnrd  of  indemnity-money  flung  la  tho  nuni^ry  emigrants,  the 
law  of  sacrilegCt  tlie  kiw  on  religious  coramumliee,  the  elaboratiod, 
of  a  system  wliich  replaced  i)ropc'rty  on  those  too  grand  bases  of  feu- 
dalism, the  right  of  primogeniture,  and  tlie  law  of  entail;  all  this 
formed  a  conibination  of  measure?,  the  expediency  of  which  might 
well  be  quesdoned,  and  their  chameter  stigmatLEed,  but  of  which  it 
is  Lmposeiblo  to  deny  the  boldness  and  iiii|X)Stng  energy. 

Nor  was  any  effort  spared  for  the  suixi^e  of  this  gigantic  entcr- 
priac.  The  combined  forces  of  the  legislative  and  the  royal  aulho- 
riticâ  had  need  of  bein^  backed  by  a  moral  force  capable  of  holding 
in  check  that  formîdalïlc  Voltairiamtm  to  which  the  eightccntE 
century  Kad  given  birth.  The  Congregation  is  formed)  Llisoiplined, 
ftnd  extended.  Mystical  affiliations  ramify  throughout  the  land, 
lise  Jc8uil9  pciite  on  the  fountmn-hefidâ  of  human  intclligencef 
m  order  to  adulterate  tïicm,  and  at  Sainte-Armc  d'Auray,  Bor- 
deauXt  Billom,  Montrouge,  and  Saint  Achcul  they  gird  up  theû 
loins  to  the  task  of  digging  in  the  rising  gencratioa  the  mm 
cf  itd  predece^otâ.    Thia   was  an  invcmou  of  the    ^irit  of  tho 


INTRODUCTION. 

affpf  but  executed  with  systematic  consistency  and  with  energy. 
I^eed  I  say  a.  word  of  those  (ânatical  sennou?,  those  prixeesiona 
Iroubliug  the  towns  und  covering  the  land,  ihose  expiatory  cere» 
monies,  the  Miserere  resounding  idong  the  highways,  and  the  holy 
mummery  uf  the  coronation  renowing,  before  the  eyes  of  the  popu- 
lation, the  antique  alliance  between  feudal  royalty  and  the  church? 

It  was  in  the  month  of  Muv,  1825,  that  the  luind  of  an  arch- 
bishop hold  the  crown,  of  Charleiniignc  si:spcndetl  over  tlio  head  of 
Charles  X.  What!  and  were  five  years  all  the  span  of  life  ac- 
corded to  the  dynasty  declared  in  the  cathediul  of  Rhetms  to  be 
Gods  daughtcr  and  immortal  ?  That  waa  all;  and  bo  rapid  a  down- 
fai  would  be  scarcely  compréhensible,  if  wc  sought  ita  esplanation 
merely  in  the  opposition  of  tlie  bourgeoisie. 

ïhut  opposition  was  vchemcntj  no  doubt.     The  boargeoiâe  let 
loose  all  the  might  and  energy  of  the  press  against  the  feudaliem  of 
parliament;  it  created  an  ophcmcral  and  fictitious  popidarity  for  the 
cliambor  of  peers,  all  ijillatcd  aa  that  was  with  the  glory  ol"  having  i-e- 
•  jcctcd  the  principle  of  primogeniture,  and  the  law  agaiu?it  the  press 
proposed  by  M.  de  Pevronnet;  it  brought  the  majesty  of  the  crown 
to  the  ieet  of  pamphletecrfi  and  writers  of  chansons  ;  it  cried  up 
■with  ecetasy  tlie  Memoirs  of  M.  dc?  Montlosier,  that  scattered  eeanflal 
lound  the  altar;  it  awoke  the  old  spirit  of  the  parliiimcnts  in  the 
cours  rayaletr^  as  a  counterpoise  to  tlie  league  of  llie  priestg  ;  and  then 
I  tiKsolved  that  it^  too»  woidd  have  its  gala?,  and  would  make  its  own 
l^spcalâ  to  men's  imaginations.     Tliousand?  of  citizens  were  seen  as- 
sembled one  day  round  a  newïy-upened   ffrave.      Young  men  ap- 
I  prottched,  aupporliug  a  biey,  and  followed  by  a  long  file  of  rich  and 
"  '  kI  compogee.     All  the  wealtii  of  Paris  was  there.     Tlie  ob- 
1  of  General  Foy  were  the  anti-part  to  the  pomps  of  the  co- 
ïonation. 

But  what  agnifietl  all  this?    One  tiling  was  lacking  to  these  move- 

kjnents  to  make  them  parturient  of  a  revolution,  namely,  the  aid 

rand  ro-operation  of  penury:    and  the   people  who   po^âcased  that 

source  of  might — what  could  it  understand  of  such  quarrels  ?    The 

I  eombatanta  (ought  over  il,  but  not  for  it. 

]  The  rapid  decline  of  the  royal  power,  imdcr  Charlcà  X.,  i^  ex- 
'•  plained  by  the  fact  that  it  remained  wliat  it  was,  whilst  the  elective 
I  power  insensibly  underwent  a  metamorphûsiâ  fast  tending  to  bring 
'  on  war,  inevitable  and  fatal  war,  between  the  two  powers. 

And  is  there  any  thing  to  wonder  at  in  this  metamorphosia  of  the 
elective  power?      Had  not  the  adversaries  of  the  bourgeois  sway 
themselves  uQconsciou^ly  adopted  the    liabita  of  the   bourgeoiàe? 
Had  they  not  contracted  its  vices?     Had  not  tlie  spirit  of  trrtfllc 
crept  in  among  the  preux  of  the  iiinctcenth  century?     I  have  no  de- 
^■ire  to  stir  up  from  their  foul  br^d  all  the  financial  scandab  of  the 
^Rcftoratron  ;  but  who  ia  there  but  knows  the  history  of  Ouvrard'fl  con- 
tracts? and  what  nameâ  were  thode  that  figured  îgnominiouËly  in  cer- 
,  toiu  puhHc  discua^ons  ?    Colossal  fortunes  sprang  up  Euddcnly  after 


INTRODnCTIOy. 


65 


the  war  in  Spain  :  aad  why  ?  Bccaiiao  tlie  royalists  had  speculated  on 
A  nac  in  the  I'luids  and  had  spcculaied  wkh  certainty.  Jt  Is  notorious 
thut  the  patroim^  ol"  the  Jesuits  was  in  those  days  a  means  of  ad- 
vancement and  fortune;  it  is  notoriuu*  that  the  Congi-ega,tion  dis- 
tributed places,  elasaified  ambitions»  and  ofifered  a  mundane  pri^e  to 
the  icrvour  of  every  professor  of  mystical  piety.  And  the  first  mi- 
nister of  the  king,  be  who  had  been  summoned  in  a  manner  tt>  lead 
the  crusade  undertaken  against  the  bou^eoisje»  was  he  not  a  raan  of 
the  stock  exchange?  Was  he  not  M.  do  Villèlc*  a  bovirgeois  all  over, 
in  manuet^,  lanj^niage,  sentiments,  instincU,  and  capacity? 

The  ieudal  and  rcliorioua  party  earned  then  witliin  it  the  causes 
of  ita  own  ruin.  It  talked  of  founding  the  reign  of  religious  belief, 
and  Its  oblaliona  were  offered,  only  at  the  shrine  of  interest;  its  zeal 
-nrss  kindled  against  the  spirit  of  these  latter  times,  and  it  confcËScd 
jtp  &Twiy.     Such  contradictions  are  the  suicide  of  parties. 

Moreover,  and  independently  of  its  moral  force,  the  bourgcoîàc  pos- 
«ed,  tlirou^K  the  institution  of  the  national  guard,  a  perfectly  organ- 
înd  physical  force.  Excluded  from  piirhament,  it  was  quite  natuiul 
^at  It  should  make  the  public  thoroughfares  its  arena,  and  do  with 
jijenaccs  what  it  could  not  do  with  law?.  A  review  imprudently 
ordered  gave  it  the  opportunity  it  lon^red  for  :  cries  of  hatred  issuing 
jrom  its  armed  mnks  resounded  in  the  ci^s  of  Charles  X.  him$clf. 
In  reality»  this  demonstration  was  no  very  serious  aïlàir;  at  legist  it 

'  was  not  very  revolutionary.  The  bourgeoisie  had  too  much  to  lose 
hy  a  social  convulsion  to  allow  of  its  voluntarily  incurring  the  risk. 
To  difiarm  it  was  not  merely  a  puerility,  but  an  act  of  mîMiness.  In 
a.  monarchicul  country  the  throne  is  the  ârst  of  all  private  properties, 
and  conscfjuontly  cannot  be  placed  under  a  more  trusty  sali^^uard 
that  of  a  bourgeois  mihtia.  But  the  Duchesse  de  Berri  and  the 
iipliiuc,  hearing  thiit  majosty  liad  been  insulted,  forced  the  dic- 

'  tatcs  of  calm  p;oo<^l  sense  to  yield  t»>  tlie  suggestions  of  their  own 
Fploen;  the  nadonal  guard  waa  dismissed,  and  thus  was  the  road  left 
free,  over  which  the  unbridled  people  were  won  to  push  their  way 
to  the  Ti-cry  throne. 

The  only  bulwark  left  M-  dc  VîJlèle  against  ao  many  perils,  was 
the  chamber.  Unfortunately  for  him  and  fur  the  mouarchy,  that 
parliamentary  feudalism,  which  had  at  first  trodden  it^  [>ath  with  so 
firm  a  step,  had  come  to  reel  and  totter  Uke  a  drunken  man.  The 
national  guard  had  been  dismissed,  and  now  it  was  necessary  to  die- 
polvc  the  chamber.  The  storm  blew  from  all  quarters  of  the  heavens 
at  once. 

The  absolute  incompatibility  of  the  two  powers  was  this  time 
proved  in  a  etrikinff  and  dct-i&ive  manner.  King,  ministers,  and 
chamber, — had  they  not  all  desire<l  the  same  tlnngs?  Had  they  not 
marched  in  concert  to  the  «ccomiilishment  of  the  boldest  projects? 
And  yet  they  were  now  come  to  such  a  pass,  that  all  ftuther  concord 
bcmreen  them  was  hopelesa  I    A  new  cuamber  was  summoned,  and 

•  tbe  elections  began. 


89 


ÏKTKÛDUCTIOK. 


M-  tie  Villtte  supposed  that  all  lie  sliûiild  haxù  to  dû,  in  order  to 
remain  in  office,  was  to  cliongcliis  system.  But  would  a  feudal  ]ân0 
Bubniit  to  lay  his  crown  at  the  leet  of  an  assembly  of  lawyers  and 
shopkeepcra':' 

Tlie  inictisG  anxiety  tlwit  prevailed  during  the  course  of  the  eleC' 
tions  is  fresh  in  every  one's  mcmoiy.  A  disturbance  had  broken 
out  in  Paria,  wlien  the  bourgeoisie  luid  been  threatened  with  loss  of 
poBsessicoi  of  the  political  cng:ine;  a  flisturbance  broke  out  when  the 
nope  of  recapturing  that  ona;un?  was  set  before  it.  Blood  flowed  then 
on  the  pavement  of  the  Itue  St.  Denis.  The  two  parties  cast  the 
blame  each  on  the  other:  such  ia  the  usual  practice  in  these  case?. 
The  f«et  appears  to  be,^  that  if  the  police  did  not  directly  create  the 
âisturboncç,  it  urged  it  on.  Cast  an  eye  yonder,  and  loot  at  men 
trampled  down  under  the  hoofe  of  horsc9>  or  bleeding  under  the 
eabrcs  of  gendarmes,  to  aid  the  triumph  of  some  candidate  or  another 
of  tlie  cCté  droit  or  of  the  câtê  t^ancht.  This  tJicy  call  policy,  the  art 
of  rei.Erning,  and  lîcaven  knows  what  beside?.  As  lor  me,  I  hare 
email  Jaith  in  the  poUtical  cfht^acy  of  such  maelii nations.  It  ia  bb»- 
phomy  against  God  to  pretend  that  the  destiny  of  empires  and  the 
futurity  in  store  for  nations  are  dependent  on  a  few  vulgar  devioea 
of  barefaced  knavery. 

I'he  elections  turned  out  as  was  expected:  they  sent  two  parties 

into  tlie  eliambcft  the  stJongCT  of  which  was  tliat  of  the  new  in- 

'  Iei<est0,  M.  de  Villt'lc  would,  perhaps,  have  consented  to  obey  it;  but 

(1m  mmt  h*ve  enoountered  a  CTeater  mass  of  hosrtihty  in  oider  to 

propitiate  tho  party,  than  the  effort  to  keep  his  ground  would  have 

;  «tirred  up  apiinst  him.     He  fell,  bringing  do%vT!  with  him  colleagues, 

who,  hke  MM.  de  Pcyronnct  and  do  Corbière,  were  still  more  t'flm* 

Xffomised  than  himself.     Let  us  sec  to  what  amounted  the  legacy 

I  bequeathed  to  M.  de  Murtignoc. 

T1)0  king  had  made  haste  to  say  to  his  new  ministers,  ''  M,  dc 
VillMc'a  system  is  minof*  and  the  chamber  made  haste  to  write  down 
'  in  its  addrcsa  that  M.  dc  VillMe's  system  was  dephrahte.  The  whole 
feliifitory  of  the  Rt-^loraiion  is  epitomized  on  this  isimple  juxtapcàtîoa 
I  of  fkîtâ.  How  was  the  chamber  to  be  prevented  from  exercising'  the 
[paramount  strength  it  pos-^awdV  And  what  should  hinder  the 
I  Iiead  of  the  state  from  crying  out,  under  the  exasperation  of  insult. 
Ha  did  Charles  X.  upon  the  presentation  of  the  address,  "  I  will  cot 
I  BuiTer  my  crown  to  he  flung  into  the  mire  P'  Wlmt  then  remained 
I  to  be  tried?  To  side  completely  with  the  elective  power?  M,  de 
[liartignac  could  not  do  bo  without  declaring  war  against  royalty. 
[To  serve  royalty  in  accordance  with  its  own  vjews?  He  coidd  not 
[  ^o  so  without  dochiring  war  on  the  chamber.  To  combine  these 
I  two  sorts  of  Ber\'itudcs,  and  to  hold  the  reins  of  government  on  the 
ttânurc  of  l>etng  doubly  a  slave?     He  tried  this. 

And  really  it  ts>  to  be  remarked  that  circumstances  seemed  to 
Cavour  tlio  sueoeas  of  this  conciliatory  scheme.  The  bourgeùiae  had 
gradually  lost  its  turbulent  disposition  in  proportion  as  it  advanced 


nnrsoDtrcTïoif.  fiT 

more  *nd  more  in  tho  exercise  of  power:  it  crcn  watched  with 
a  certain  anxiety  over  the  safety  of  royalty,  from  the  time  that  it 
had  begun  to  feel  capable  of  mnstcnûg  it.  The  royal  courts  ■which, 
und^  th(*  ViUt-le  adnmiktKitioii,  liad  systematicaUy  returoed  ver- 
dicts of  acquittal  in  prosecutions  on  the  ground  of  tendency^  now 
as  imifonnly  viâted  writings  of  undue  violence  with  severe  punish- 
ment; and  the  successive  condemnations  of  MM.*  Bérangcr,  Cauchoifl 
LciDâùn?^  and  Fontan,  evinced  tho  spirit  tliat  actuated  the  magistracy 
undtT  the  Moiti^ac  ministry. 

Circunost&nc*»  then  ^vcre  favourahlc  to  a  system  of  couciliatioR 
between  the  two  powers,  had  that  c-onciliation  not  been  in  its  own 
natufe  futile  and  impoeaiblc.    l>o  but  examine  the  history  af  thaÊ  1 
period.     M.  de  Martignac  exhausts  himself  in  concesdion&  to  propi-  i 
tiate  the  ruling  opinion.    He  excludes  the  congrt^tional  party  irom. 
the  rainistry  in  the  person  of  M.  de  Frayssinous,  and  he  rcmovca  ' 
the  Bishop  of  Hermopolis  to  make  way   for  the  Abbé  Feutrier,  a 
mundane  priest,  Buppoaed  to  be  a  liberal;  he  extinguishes  the  influ- 
ence of  the  king's  agents  in  elections  ;  he  cmimcipatcs  the  prcas 
&oin  the  yolœ  of  the  royal  authorization,  and  mibstitutin^  a  uioneyed 
for  apolitical  monopoly,  he  puts  the  weapon  of  joumahsm  into  the 
kaode  uf  the  rich;  he  abolishes  the  censorship;  be  deals  the  power 
of  the  Jesuita  a  mortal  blow;  he  transfci-s  the  right  of  interpreting  ' 
the  laws  from  royalty  to  the  chaniber,  thus  rccoeniaing  the  «upro-  | 
mary  of  the  latter.     And  the  bourgeoisie  clap  their  hands  ! 

But  when  after  bo  ampîifying  the  range  of  the  parUamentarjr  i 
power,  he  evincca  hi^  unwitlingneas  that  the  royal  power  should  be  | 
uttciiy  stripped  of  every  tiling,  matters  assume  another  aspect. 
He  piie9ciit9  two  billa  to  the  chamber,  one  for  a  law  on  the  OTgitp 
nization  of  the  commune&,  the  other  for  a  law  on  that  of  tM 
departmeotP,  and  these  two  bills  contiûn  his  death-warrant.  Offence 
is  taken  at  the  refusal  of  minsters  to  admit  the  décrive  principle 
to  operate  in  the  appointment  of  mayors;  it  13  upheld  in  oppori- 
lioti  to  ministerB,  that  the  chamber  excrdâcs  a  sovereign  right  of 
the  initiative,  and  is  competent  to  nippies  by  an  amendment  the 
tonsril)!  ti' arrondissement  established  by  a  law.  The  blow  is  struck; 
the  rainisteis  have  lost  the  majority.  Whom  had  they  to  sustaLii 
them  ?  llie  court  had  long  been  spinning  it?  intrif.iics  round 
them;  the  king  had  in  his  heart  vowed  their  downiol.  and  had 
been  «ccretly  prepared  to  appoint  their  succcasors.  M.  de  Mar- 
tîgnao  went  out,  and  M.  dc  Folignac  was  minister. 

On  the  2d  of  MaK-Ji,  1830,  the  day  fixed  for  the  convocntlon  of 
the  chambere,  Charles  X.  addre*^  these  wonla  to  the  assembly: 
"  Fee»  ol  Fiance,  deputies  of  the  departments,  I  entertain  no  doubt 
<rf  your  co-opcnitiou  towards  câectmg  the  good  I  desire  to  do. 
You  will  reject  with  disdain  the  per£diOQ9  iofinuations  malevolence 
«trivcs  to  propagate.  Should  culpable  manacuyres  raise  up  ohstacktf 
tn  the  way  of  my  gtnremment,  an  event  wîiich  Î  cannot  «ad  mSL  ' 
not  abticipctlc,  I  should  derÎTe  the  necesaary  strength  to  mnnotrnt 

f2 


6S 


INTRODUCTION. 


them  from  my  resolution  to  upKold  the  public  peace,  from  the  just 
coniidcncG  of  tlie  French,  and  from  the  love  they  have  alwitjns 
evinced  for  their  king." 

And  wlkat  was  tho  reply  of  the  chamber  in  the  iamous  addross  of  tho 
majority  of  221  ?  '  '  The  charter  has  made  the  poroiiinctit  concurrence 
of  the  political  views  of  your  government  with  the  wishes  of  your 
people,  an  indispcasable  requisite  to  tlic  regular  course  of  pviblic 
^^irs.  Sire,  our  loyalty,  our  dcvotcdnûss,  condemn  ub  to  tell  you 
that  this  concurrence  doca  not  exist." 

The  chamber  was  dissolvotl:  ita  retium  was  to  be  effected  only 

.  over   barricades,    to  the  sound    of  bclLa  toUinfr  for   unknown   ob- 

^  «equie^,  and  by  the  arms  of  children  oi"  the  people  clad  in  battlc- 

,  stamed  garmenta.      Then  the  experiment  waa  to  bo  bog^un  over 

ipcain.,  &t  the  risk  of  dra^ving  fresh  tears  from  the  bereaved  motlicra 

of  the  êelf-dcvôtcd,  the  mothersi  of  the  poor  ! 

Tlte  poor!  did  I  My?    It  is  the  first  time  I  have  pronounced  the 
■word:  ior  the  truth  ia,  thoy  were  never  thought  of  in  the  debates  of 
J  idl  these  fifteen  years.     Triumphs  of  the  opposition,  defeats  or  vic- 
tories of  the  court,  toskatanoes  of  royalty,  what  was  there  in  you  for 
-which  the  people  could  reasonably  feel  sadness  or  joy?    A  deal  of 
noi&e  lifld  been  made  over  its  head;  for  what?    Clmmpinns  had 
marched,  to  the  conflict  and  won  freedom  to  write  :  waa  this  for  the 
people,  who  wrote  not  at  all  ?    Nobles  and  rich  men  had  battled 
with  each  other  for  the  electoral  right  ;  was  this  for  the  people,  who 
,  lived  only  from  hand  to  mouth  ?    From  that  tribimc,  eo  long  résonant 
to  the  language  of  faction,  what  voice  had  been  heard  demanding 
I  that  the  poor  man's  wages  should  |>c  increased,  or  that  his  labovu" 
I  should  bu  dimiïiishod?   Amidst  all  those  ânaneial  discnasiona  that 
[rScrved  as  food  for  the  rancour  of  party,  had  it  over  been  re^dvcd  to 
[Snake  any  imporlniit  niodilicatiou  in  the  unequal  distribution  of  taxa- 
jtion?     Whatl  the  eve  of  a  preat  erisia  wûa  arrived  after  fifteen 
I  years  of  conflict  in  the  name  of  justice,  the  country,  and  liberty; 
,  «nd  the  people,  Imrried  into  the  tumult  of  that  crisis,  were  to  come 
f  forth  from  it  only  to  find  the  conscription  return  up>n  thcui  in  the 
[shape  of  recruitment,  and  the  droits-rénnis  in  tho  indirect  contribu- 
,  tions  ;  that  is  to  say,  thoy  wore  a^in  to  take  up  their  cvcrla^iting 
;  burden. 

The  Restoration,  viewefl  collectively,  prcaents^  it  must  be  owned, 
^  fi  subject  of  pitinful  retlfction  to  the  historian,     Dunns?  that  long 
f  period,  ao  full  of  noise  and  agitation,  liberahsm  often  aclueved  diaaa- 
troufl  victories.     The  principle   of  authority  was  attacked  with  cx- 
cesslve  ardour,  and  it  succumbed.     Tlie  power  of  the  slate,  divided 
,  into  two  forces  peqietunlly  bent  on  mutual  destruction,  lost  by  ita 
i  inrtability  lis  title  to  general  respect.     Incapable  of  directing  so- 
ciety, since  it  was  itseU'  the  scat  of  strife  and  anarchy,  and  could 
hardly  maintun  its  own  existence,  it  accustomed  men's  minds  to  the 
[  'aomioiou  of  licence.     The  nation  was  almost  always  forced  along 
by  TJolcnce,  never  led.     Wliat  wa«  the  consequence?    The  orderly 


i 
I 


J 


INTRODUCTION. 


€9 


ffnulfltîons  of  rank  ceased  to  enjoy  the  Trilling  tribute  of  public 
dcterence  ;  reverence  for  tradition  disappcarcd.  To  rGax;ii  the  priesta;  I 
Trhoâç  tjrranny  Jmd  become  ûitoîerabl<î,  men  Iraoipled  down  reli- 
gion itself  in  tlicir  way.  Protestantism  became  the  fundamental 
principle  in  matters  of  t>pinioD  and  of  socùil  habits;  many  cûïried  it 
to  «xcesa;  dicre  was  a  tmic  wlicn  the  eighteenth  century  seemed  to 
be  revived  bodily  in  the  nineteenth,  and  enrcaam,  wluch  had  Êoared 
BO  high  OM  to  make  kings  its  quarr)',  now  dared  to  strike  atHcnven. 

The  confusion  in  the  material,  was  not  less  violent  tluin  that  in  ' 
tlie  moral  Tvorld.     Just  as,  in  polllica  aud  relifrioii,  the  hourgeoiâe 
had  almost  completely  sacrificed  authority  to  liberty^  community  of 
ùâûi  to  absolute  intellectual  independi-uce^  fraternity  to  pride;  aj 
in  mattera  of  trade  and  manu^cturcâ  it  sacrificed  the  principle  of 
aasodation  to  that  of  competition  :  a  dangerous  principle  which  tTans- 
IbnEs  emulation  into  implacable  war,  consccratca  all  the  ubusea  of 
might,  tormentâ  the  rich  rnati  with  insatiable  desires,  and  leaves  the 
j>oor  man  to  perish  lonely  and  neglected.     Accordingly,  in  conjimc-i 
tion  mth  the  priûcipïc  of  compétition,  there  grew  up  rapidly  among  I 
the  bourgeoisie  immoderate  thirat  for  wealth,  the  fever  of  specula-  j 
tion^ — in  a  word,  raaterialiani  in  all  its  cruel  and  gro«?  delbimity,  i 
To  augment  tlie  mass  of  wealth  without  any  regard  to  its  dis- 
trrbutioBf  this  was  the  sum  and  eubsUince  of  the  economic  doctrinct 
adopted  by  lil>eraiiFm.     They  were  hcarticss  doctrines;  they  forbada 
the  intervention  of  any  tutelary  power  in  mattci"a  of  trade  and  ma- 
nufacture ;  they  protected  the  strong  and  lett  the  weak  to  the  mercy 
ol  cliance.  i 

Alter  this  let  no  man  wonder  tliat  the  bourgeoisie  forgot  what  it  j 
owed  to  tlioso  men  of  the  people  who  had  always  suppcirted  it* 
Aiw  I  they  were  once  more  to  shed  their  best  blood  in  ita  quarrel:  i 
ftud  wc  ishall  see  whether  the  gratitude  of  tlie  bourgeoisie  ttjuaUed  ' 
the  amount  of  the  service. 

It  iâ  certainly  a  painful  task  to  verily  such  results,  and  the  hia- 
torian  who  wntes  such  lines  has  need  of  somv  courage  to  silence  tlio 
voice  of  his  heurt.  ^Vhat  I  those  consuming  conâîcts  between  nicfl, 
arrayed  for  mutual  destruction — thi;fie  geucrationa  successively  Im- 
pcUiug  each  other  with  groans  towarda  a  goal  always  imcertain  and 
idways  desired  ;  fights  by  Land  and  sea,  the  debates  of  assemblies, 
the  intriffuca  of  courts,  conspiracies  and  bulcherica;^tho5c  convid- 
siona  without  numlrer,  that  cJiamje  revolt  into  doiuinioii,  aud  the 
loftiest  hopes  into  psmgs  of  mortaT despair; — what!  jdl  ihia  to  bring 
about  ^nic  pîtilul  various-reatlinç  or  auothcr  in  the  history  of  great 
caiatniiics  and  great  crimes  !  What  have  I  seen  up  till  now  in  these 
ibn&s  that  >Tiry  eternally  ?  Eternal  tyranny:  and  inthediver&ityof  1 
things  1  have  discovered  but  tliu  jjei'^tateut  falschootl  ot  words.  Strati^ 
and  cruel  mystery  Î  to  what  tempestuous  fatidity  are  wc  then  dc- 
Totcd?  WUnt  eilorts  spent  on  aii!  Wliat  an  endless  sum  of  energy 
wasted  since  the  origin  of  humnn  society  !  Can  it  be  that  nations 
•n  doomed  to  tread  witliuut  ceasing  the  âatnc  dork  circle  like  blind  ' 


TO  .  mXRODCCTION. 

iioTseaj  assiduous  creators  of  a  motioQ  they  know  not?     For  after  all, 
ito  wlmt  atnotiutâ  ûic  cvoiutions  of  mankind  in  history?     An  and- 
j  eiputcd  deception  ?     That  ia  tiopc.     A  commencement  of  defeat  ? 
[  ThiB  we  call  a  triumphs     Kdilicea  have  duration  ;  mina  alone  liave 
[perpetuity.     What  matters   it  wheiHer  tyranny  be  cnfojced  by 
liuperstition,  by  the  Bword,  or  by  gold;  whether  it  be  called  inilu- 
Itnce  of  the  clergy,  feudalism,  or  the  reign  of  tlie  bourgeoisie,  what 
Lznatters  it  to  the  motlier  wh,o  weeps  for  the  irmt  of  her  womb  ?  Wliat 
FAatters  it  to  that  old  m^n  who  has  known  neither  repose  nor  love» 
P»nd  whose  last  breath  aa  he  dies  on  hia  bed  of  boards,  is  spent  in 
Icuî^ing  Ufc?     Will  he  whose  doom  is  âuiîerijig  irom  tlie  cradle  to 
the  grave,  be  he  slave,  serf,  or  proletary,  will  ho  find  in  the  cIiMig- 
ing  dcsignatioiia  of  an  evil  fortune  that  uevcîr  changes,  motJveg  suf- 
ficient to  absolve  Prot-idence? 

Oh  1  let  ud  beware  how  we  ntter  one  impious  word-     Our  powers 

t  of  vision  fail  to  embrace  the  whob  body  and  combination  of  tlÙBgs: 

this  is  enough  to  put  all  blasphemy  to  silence.     We  know  not  the 

Inst  consequence  ol  what  we  call  an  evil:  let  us  not  speak  of  human 

Leâforts  as  barren  of  result.     Perhaps  we  should  tliink  the  course  of 

[^ZïTârs  an.  absurdity,  did  wc  know  not]  dug  of  ih^c  ocean. 

I      It  seems,  after  all,  that  good  always  subsists  at  the  bottom  of 

rthingg  sido  by  side  witli  e\ii,  as  if  to  destroy  it  inaeoaibly  aud  absorb 

it.     All  is  not  to  be  found  fault  with  in  tJic  work  ol'  Liberalism 

during  the  Itostoration.     Thougli  generally  selfish,  the  bourgeoisie 

had  its  heroea,  ite  martyre;  and  the  generous  eelf-sacrifices  which 

I  liberalism  brouj^ht  fortli,  were  not  the  less  ^mnd  and  glorious  i'or 

Lliûving  tidied  to  kindle  the  whole  soul  of  society,    Maiiuel,  causing 

Ihinifieu  to  ba  forcibly  exp4.'Ued  from  the  cWmber,  and  to  be  collared 

Iby  a  gendanno  on  the  very  bench  on  which  he  sat  ks  a  le^slator, 

[êêt  a  noble  example^  of  reidscancc  tç  oppressian.     Dupont  de  TEurc, 

I  Voyer  d' Argenson,  Laiïltte,  the  Abbé  Grégoire,  and  General  Ttirayrc, 

[belonged  to  the  people  by  cheir  sympathies.    The  press  disBeininated 

[  ueefuTtrutha  in  ttie  circle  whose  întereate  it  represented,  and  coui-age- 

'  ouily  prosecuted  aod  achieved  the  conquest  of  the  hberty  of  writing 

in  deiianco  of  obstacles  without  number; — a  very  incomplete  Ubert;^ 

i  indeed,  for  it  waa,  oq  the  whole,  but  the  substitution  of  a  moneyed 

'  for  a  poHtical  privilege.    Amon"  the  writers  of  the  bourgeooaie  theic 

I  were  men  of  talent  and  of  heart  :  MM,  Comte,  Dunoyer,  liert,  Ohate- 

I  lain,  and  Cauchois  Lemaire^  did  honour  to  the  profc^on  of  the 

,  journalist.     Paul  Louis  Courier  is  open  to  the  reproach  of  Imving 

(  come  «hort  in  his  pamphlets  of  that  generous  love  of  the  poor  widen 

I  m>uld  sometimes  have  given  to  his  indignation  ihe  eloquence  of  en- 

[thuaiasin,  and  to  his  t^enls  the  potency  of  charity:    but  it  waâ  a 

[real   glory   for   the   bourgeoisie    to    liavo    hailed   its  defender  in 

B^nuiger,  a  child  of  the  people,  sublimely  uttering  the  hinguage  of 

^■Aepeople. 

Tlie  special  characteristic  of  Uie  licstoratlon  i«,  that  in  ite  course 
the  principle  of  authority  was  combated  under  all  its  aspects;  but 


INTEODUCTION.  71 

what  it  lost  tlic  principle  of  liberty  gained,  and  that  tlic  more 
surely,  mAsmuch  as  it  was  invoked  hy  tums  by  all  the  conllicting 
parties — by  its  enemies  when  they  felt  thcmselvea  victors^  by  its  pro- 
W^<cà  when  they  were  vanqujehed.  There  was  also  (La  spite  of  that 
goocral  tendency  towards  splitting  up  into  fractions  which  we  have 
pointed  out)  a  certain  enective  uiuty  in  the  onsets  of  the  bour* 
gvoisic,  wpccially  towards  the  close  of  the  Restoration.  The  liberal 
party,  which  had  acted  at  first  only  under  the  inipulsee  of  blind 
in&tmct,  came  at  last  to  discipline  itself  under  the  direction  of  som^  | 
studious  men  styled  doctrinaires;  and  the  results  of  this  concert  in 
negation  and  hate  proved  at  least  wliat  might  be  expected  of  a 
concord  founded  on  ideas  of  brotherhood  aJid  devotedness. 

Let  us  speak  out  the  whole  truth.     Liber&Usm,  by  the  very  abuse 
of  its  principle,  led  the  way  to  a  reaction  which  contained  the  germ 
of  Saint  Simonismt  and  which  engendered  the  vorioug  social  achoolâ  of 
which  we  shall  have  to  follow  the  proOTcss.     Tlic  conquosta  to  which 
it  pro4npted  thc^irit  of  inquiry,  and  wîiicli  gave  birlJi  at  first  only 
to  a  iystematic  criticism,  neither  far-reaehinff  nor  profound,  were  | 
afWwarda  to  open  up  a  path  for  bold  and  fruitful  investigation g? 
Ijùstly,  if  the  impulse  given  to  the  genius  of  trade  too  strongly 
Aroused  the  lust  of  gain,  and  cast  into  oblivion  alike  the  habits  and 
sentim^ta  of  grace  and  good  taste,  and  the  most  imperative  duties  of  I 
humanity;  on  the  other  hand  it  had  a  favourable  LnHucncc  ou  the  ' 
progress  of  the  sciences  wliich  have  lor  their  object  the  welfare  of 
man,  and  the  apphcaliou  of  which  to  the  ameUorotion  of  the  lot 
of  the  people  it^ll',  awaits  only  the  change  of  the  impure  medium 
in  which  it  moves  and  sutlers. 

What  do  we  know  after  all  ?  Perhaps  it  is  necessary  to  the 
reolizatâon  of  progress  that  ftU  the  bad  cliancea  he  exhausted.  Now 
the  lifetime  of  the  human  race  is  very  long,  and  the  number  of 
posM.blc  solutions  very  Uniited.  Every  revolution  is  useful  in  this 
respectât  least,  that  it  absorbs  one  inxiuspicious eventuality.  Because 
sociotiee  Bomctimes  tall  ixom  an  unhappy  condition  into  a  worse,  let 
us  not  ihcTcfoTc  too  hastily  conclude  that  progress  is  a  chimera,  I 
fiincy  I  sec  before  me  a  car  set  rollinn;  by  provident  Iianda:  the 
rood,  at  the  point  of  departure,  is  well  made,  wide,  and  perfectly 
smooth;  as  the  car  advances  it  becomes  narrow  and  miry;  but  do 
you  not  see,  too,  that  as  the  car  advances  its  distance  ixom  the  goal 
diminishes?  In  like  manner  it  is  ea^  to  diecover,  even  in  the  suc- 
ceaaoa  of  G^qnexal  calamities,  a  law  supremely  intelligent  and  logical. 
If  eVCTy  thing  dopnded  on  chance,  events  ivould  be  more  miscella- 
neous, and  it  would  be  less  easy  to  trace  their  tonnes  ion  and  sequence. 
If,  on  the  other  hand,  a  maleticcnt  genius  governed  the  world,  it  is 
|»rùhablc  tJiat  the  forms  aÉSumed  by  pubhc  maladies  would  be  aa 
Âiouotonous  as  their  essence,  and  tlien  oppresiion  would  be  leea 
ftequendy  chastised.  Courage,  then  !  Lei  us,  if  possible^  behold  in 
the  tynonife  that  arise  only  Uie  punishment  of  the  tyrannies  that 


72  INTBODUCTIQir. 

&U.  The  domînion  of  an  exclasivc  interest^  that  of  a  man  or  of  a 
caste,  such  has  hitherto  been  evermore  the  sore  affliction  of  mankind. 
Why  should  not  the  remedy  consist  in  the  combination  of  all  inte- 
rests, since  these,  rightly  considered,  do  not  differ  one  from  the  oth^? 
Ere  long  all  theones  Tvill  have  been  tried,  all  save  the  simplest  and 
the  noblest,  that  of  brotherhood.  Until  that  magnificent  experiment 
shall  have  been  made,  let  us  keep  watch  over  our  creeds,  and  let  va 
not  despair,  even  though  it  should  be  written  in  the  decrees  of  God, 
that  good  should  be,  alas  !  but  the  exhaustion  of  evil  ! 


THE  HISTORY  OF  TEN  YEARS. 


CHAPTER  I. 


StsCe  M.  de  Polignac's  accession  to  power  the  bourgeoisie  lived 
in  the  continual  expecltition  of  a  revolution,  and  its  feclinga  fltK> 
tUAtnl  between  anger  and  disreifiy. 

Titc  court  Ubouftd  under  all.  die  blindness  of  fanaticism,  but  it 
displayed  all  iw  daring.  Missionaries  had  ovemui  all  France,  cx- 
dung  lûen'a  minds  by  gloomy  haraneues,  paraiiing  before  the  eyca  ' 
of  women  the  pomps  of  an  uwlul  religion,  and  setting  up  in  places  o£  | 
public  resort  the  image  of  the  crucified  Rcdeemet,  Measures  adapted 
to  kindle  the  mindfl  of  the  soldiery  were  in  contemplation,  and 
roj*alty  was  prc])ûring  to  brave  every  chance,  backed  as  it  was  by 
soldiers  and  by  pnests. 

AV'hen  a  king  [>a5sc9,  -ft-hcther  his  road  lead  to  the  throne  or  ta 
the  scafibld,  some  confuted  chunouw  almost  always  issue  from  tho 
crowd.  Such  clamouiB  Charles  X,  had  heard  on  his  journey  to 
Abacs;  he  had  interpreted  them  in  the  kusc  suggested  by  his  pride; 
he  behçvcd  himj^li'  beloved. 

^utjouiTiey^  however,  had  been  marked  by  somo  scenes  of  alms- 
tar  ooucn.     At  Varennra  the  royal  family  had  been  obliged  to  atop 
for  a  change  of  horses  at  the  very  pLice  whence  Louis  XVI.  had 
formerly  been  brought  buck  when  flying  from  his  capital  and  dtserV* 
ing  myaity.     Suddenly,  the  dauphine  was  seizctl  ivith  a  convulâvo 
thuddcringat  âght  of  the  fatal  posthouse;  and  ordering  hor  pcopla  . 
to  drive  on,  she  left  the  assembled  inlmbitants  of  the  pbce,  by  w»y  ' 
of  adieu,  some  of  those  words  that  prmc  the  perdition  of  princxa. , 
Further  on,  at  Nancy,  ilic  royal  family  appeared  on  a  biikony  ta  ■ 
Eedutc  the  people.     Some  hias^  were  heard.    To  whom  was  ihc  iu« 
ault  addressed?    The  dauphine  wïts  indignant;  and  retreating  int-j 
the  apiirtinent  in  a  tit  of  tears,  she  caused  the  windows  to  bo  closed 
abnaitly. 

The  journey  to  Aleace  aevcrtheleas,  taken  altogether,  was  not  aa.| 


74 


ï-OfiElGN  POLICY  or  CHAHLES  THE  TENTH. 


unfavourable  eaeay  of  popularity,  and  Charles  X.  returned  firom  it 
more  self-assured  than  ever. 

But  before  mentjoning  the  lengths  to  which  this  confidence  in 
himself  carried  him,  we  must  first  bestow  a  glance  at  the  foreign 
policy  of  France  at  this  period. 

It  wag  for  the  sake  of  a  dynasty^s  interests  that  the  treaties  of 
IfllS  had  been  imposed  on  P"rancc  by  the  Bourbons»  It  was  for  the 
sake  of  a  dynasty's  interests  that  measures  had  been  in  contempla- 
tion Bince  1829  for  essentially  modifying  those  treaties.  For  it  is 
the  cstâbhshcd  niLc  in  monarchies  that  the  destinies  of  a  people 
sliould  follow  aa  the  aSaira  of  a  family  lead  them. 

The  honour  of  this  project  belonged,  in  part,  to  M.  de  Reynevalî 
M.  de  Pohgnac  made  it  the  basis  of  liia  foreimi  |x>hcy. 

Thua  a  gceat  diplomatic  change  hi  the  world  was  m  preparation 
in  1830.     It  was  m  contemplation  to  rcannex  the  Rliine  to  France* 

Negotiations  had  begun  on  this  subject  between  the  cabinet  of  St. 
Petersburg  and  that  of  the  Tuileries.  The  following  weie  to  have 
been  its  bases  : 

France  and  Russia  contracted  a  close  alliance  specially  directed 
against  England.  France  resumed  the  Rhenine  pro^Tuccf.  IlaDOTC-r, 
wrested  ùom  Great  Britain,  was  to  be  divided  into  two  porta,  the 
one  destined  to  indemnily  Holland,  the  other  to  be  given  a&  a  bonuâ 
to  Pruaaia,  whose  territory  was  further  to  he  augmented  by  the  ad- 
dition of  a  part  of  Saxony  to  the  Prusàan  provinces  of  Silesia.  The 
King;  of  Saxony  was  to  be  corapcnsatcd  at  the  expense  of  Poland. 
To  Austria  were  secured  Servia,  a  part  of  Dalmatia  not  in  her  pos- 
session, and  one  of  the  two  hunks  uf  the  Danube,  Kussia,  mistireaB 
of  the  oppoate  bank,  wotdd  have  the  dominion  of  the  Black  Sea,  and 
seat  heradf  in  ConstandnoplE^  whence  she  might  at  her  leimire  invade 
Afiia. 

Since  the  dme  of  Peter  I.  Russia,  it  is  well  known,  had  never 
ceased  to  covet  posscsaiou  of  the  Eosphoru^,  and  her  ambition  had 
been  but  too  well  Hecondod  by  the  mistakes  and  the  delusioua  of 
France  and  England.  Tlic  battle  of  Navarino  had  taken  place  solely 
for  her  advantage.  She  had  followed  up  its  consequences  with  a 
vigour  that  threatened  ncuschicf  to  French  interests,  but  which  France 
nevertheless  appkudcd.  But  Russia  did  not  intend  to  Êiop  even  at 
the  treaty  of  Adrianople. 

Mahmoud  liad  attempted  the  reform  of  his  empire.  A  vain  at- 
tempt! Tlic  strength  of  races  lies  in  their  originaUty.  Midnnoud,  by 
breaking  up  ihe  old  traditions»  enervated  his  people,  witliout  infiiang 
freâh  youin  into  them;  and  tlie  c^ithaustton  of  the  once  so  vigorous 
race  of  the  Qgmanlifl  was  itself  but  a  symptom  of  the  de^y  of 
Islamiam. 

Already  the  dogma  of  fatalism,  admitted  by  the  East,  had  given 
euic  âgns  of  its  ousostrous  inilui^nce.  Condcnmcd  by  that  dogma 
to  remain  motionless  whilst  the  opposite  dogma  of  human  hbcrty 
breathed  irresistible  energies  into  tlie  nations  of  the  West,  the  East 


4 

J 


AWJIEB8. '  7S 

KJuiwO  to  ask  again  of  Europe  the  life  it  had  formerly  bestowed 
upon  her^  and  it  presented  itself  as  a  ricL  and  limitless  domain,  but 
uncultivated  and  without  poëscssors. 

To  invito  Kuaoa  tbithci,  was  to  put  the  whole  futuie  into  hec 
hands. 

Aa  for  France»  the  revolution  of  1789  had  rendered  her  cssendallv 
a  land  of  tmdei  and  had  given  her  new  geuiuâ  tlic  wings  of  competi- 
tion: conHcqiicntly»  she  coiikl  tkencofortb  contract  only  continental 
alliances.  Foi^  to  provide  a  constantly  expanding  niaj-ket  for  a 
constantly  increasing  production,  to  hasten  from  factoiy  to  Jactory, 
to  procure  customers^  to  obtain  dominion  of  the  seas,  m  a  word,  to 
follow  the  path  which  the  genius  of  Britain  had  pursued,  such 
were  the  necessities  of  ilic  situation  in  which  she  had  been  placed 
by  the  triumph  of  the  hourgeoiàe.  In  renouncing  therefore  all 
oILiattcc  with  England,  she  did  but  obey  the  laws  of  an  inevitable 
nvalzj:  she  renounced  an  impossibility. 

But  was  France  on  the  Khine  a  suflicicnt  equivjdcnt  for  Rufsia  in 
Constantinople?  Was  it  worthy  of  a  people  like  oura  to  abandon  to  a 
people  newly  come  into  Europe,  and  sdU  semi-barboiian,  the  care  of 
the  al&ixs  oi  the  world»  and  the  régulation  of  the  universal  deatimea? 
Wm  it  fit  that  French  activity  «hould  bo  shut  out  £rom  the  Ëeld  diat 
oBcmed  opened  to  it  by  the  îmincuËe  void  made  in  the  East?  Waa 
weh  an  issue  too  greut  for  that  expanâvc  force  which^  under  the 
republic,  had  exploded  in  immortal  caUuitrophcif,  and  in  prodigioua 
conquostâ  under  the  empire?  Set  lius&ifit  on  the  road  to  India,  and 
migEt  it  not  one  day  take  the  place  of  Ei^land,  even  as  a  maritime 
power,  and  cause  us  mortal  anr^Ii  ?  The  Reatoratâon  looked  neither 
so  high,  nor  so  iar  ahead.  The  trcatit^  of  1815  had  left  burning 
traces  in  the  heurta  of  Frenchmen,  and  these,  it  was  hoped,  would  bo 
cfiaoed  by  the  recovery  oi"  the  Rhine  ag  the  Ironticr  of  France. 

In  llus  state  of  tlunga  an  impoi-tant  resolution  was  adopted  by 
Charles  X.  and  his  mimaters.  Xbo  f=lap  with  the  fan  given  by  the 
Dey  of  Algiers  to  the  consul  of  Fiance  hod  asyet remained  uapumâhed. 
ïlncouragcd  by  the  weakness  laanUcsted  in  the  Fraicli  government 
by  tliree  years  of  ineffectual  blockade,  the  Dcy  of  Al|jicrg  bad  caused 
tfie  vcescl  of  an  envoy  sailin^^  under  a  ihig  of  truce  to  be  llred  on,  and 
^■d  forced  our  consul  at  Tripoh  to  quit  lus  post  precipitately.  Where 
^^  ^  thiGte  outragea  lo  stopf  How  long  was  Lmpumty  to  laet?  An 
;  against  the  African  piiatca  was  resolved  on. 
.  Btrongly  approved  of  this  project.  She  was  well  pleased  to 
8GG  Franco  encamped  on  the  AJjiean  shore  of  tlie  Mediterranean, 
bocauac  th^re  she  might  keep  in  check  the  maritime  sovereignty  of 
End^idin  thoec  lutitudca, 

Whilo  these  things  were  in  hand,  two  men  of  adventurous  spirit, 

^MM.  Drovette  and  Lcveron,  arrived  in  Fana.  They  preotai  ted  them- 

M^ves  to  the  ministers  of  Charles  X.  as  envoys  from  Mohammed  Ali. 

The  Pacha  of  Egypt^  they  Baïd,  was  ready  to  ftiU  upon  the  pirate, 


76 


ALGIEES — JEALÔDSr  OF  ESGLAKD. 


storra  their  lair,  and  avenge  on  their  leader  the  insult  ofiered  to 
france. 

Tlieso  singular  overtures,  vçhememtly  rcÉÔf^led  by  MM-  de  Bour- 
mont,  minister  of  war,  d'Hauseez,  miniater  of  marine,  de  Guomon- 
Runville,  and  Coiir^'oisier,  were  received  by  the  Prince  do  Poliffnac 
on  the  cjntritry,  with  the  most  cordial  alùcnty.  He  induced  the  king 
to  approve  thetn,  and  a  trtrnty  was  concluded  without  consulting  the 
council.  ItcoutaiuLHl  stranijc  stipidations:  France  engaged  to  furnish 
to  Mohammed  Ali  ten  miUions,  means  of  transport,  and  four  ships 
of  the  line  officered  by  Frenchmen. 

On  reading  this  treaty  concluded  without  their  partidpation^  the 
ministère  cif  irar  and  iiiaiine  were  eXcecdJpg:ly  irritated.  They  left 
nothinpf  undone  to  throw  impedimenta  in  the  way  of  its  execution, 
determining  to  resign,  shoula  their  efforts  ultimately  be  unjivailing. 
But  the  reugious  scruples  of  the  king  promised  them  an  easy  victory. 
M.  de  Bounnont  eaid  that,  for  his  part,  he  could  never  briog  himself 
to  make  Chri-^tinn  ofticei-fl  serve  under  the  orders  of  ft  Mussuhnan. 
Ghorlea  X.  \v:t-  -i  il^l'^i.tcJ;  tlic  appeal  was  one  ha  could  not  wdth- 
rtand;  luad  the  treaty  was  revoked, 

Mohammed  Ali,  who  had  already  received  intimation  of  it» 
though  not  officially,  displayed  no  irritation  at  ihc  brcalcing  off  of 
lh*i  ncgotiiition.  He  even  disavowed  all  that  had  been  proposed  in 
hia  nante  ;  ajid  in  confirmation,  of  his  disarowalj  he  stated  that  he 
bad,  as  duly  bound,  demanded  a  Ërmaii  front  the  Sultan  to  authorize 
the  steps  he  bad  intended  to  take,  and  that  it  was  rpfiiaod  him. 
Then,  and  not  till  then,  it  waa  deternuncd  that  France  should  arm 
in  her  own  qnarrel- 

EngLind  immediately  felt  all  her  old  grudges  revived.  She  as- 
autned  by  turns  &n  air  of  surprise  and  of  indignation.  She  de- 
manded explanation»,  uttered  complaints,  and  threw  out  threats. 

The  French  goveranaenl  was  neither  alarmed  nor  affected  by  her 
rccmoustraaccs.  It  wa«  assured  of  the  support  of  Russia.  Austria, 
and  Prussia  were  favourable  to  it;  iJl  the  petty  powers  of  Italy  ap- 
proved of  (he  design  of  clcarinj:  the  MediteiTanean  of  the  piratea 
that  inïested  it.  Tlic  King  of  Surdinia  beheld  in  the  cnteiprisc  the 
cmancijmdon  of  his  subjects'  cotumeroe.  Holland  had  not  forgotten 
that,  in  1808»  M.  Fraiasinet,  her  consul  at  Algiers,  hud  been  inao- 
lently  sent  to  the  chain  by  order  of  the  Dcy,  for  ft  slight  delny  in 
the  payment  of  the  accustomed  tribute.  Spain  alone  seemed  un- 
easy at  the  |)ossible  o^grandi renient  of  our  power,  which  wag  about 
to  approach  her  chores.  Jiut  there  was  nothing  to  fear  from  Spain  : 
her  diplomatic  reatli  had  never  ceased  to  growlesp  and  leas  sisce  th« 
day  ^'licii  Cluirlcs  V.  had  buried  himaclf  alive  in  the  mtoiasteiy  of 
St'  Just, 

Charloii  X.  hud,  moreover,  an  urgent  interest  in  reàsting  the  in- 
junction»  of  Kngland,  lltere  was  no  didicnlt}'  in  bringing  \nm  to 
undazBtand  that  ihu  cmbamaBmenta  of  his  domestic  pobcy  callod 


i 


BITTTATIOM  OF  THE  MONARCHY  AT  HOME. 


77 


ibr  SOXÛG  brilliunt  diversion;  that  monnrcby,  wliicli  was  hpginm'ng 
to  rci'I  under  the  rciteiutud  blows  ot'  liberalism,  required  to  be  de- 
fended with  tKç  ardour  of  pftssion;  fmd  that  the  érlnt  of  rcccjit 
canquest  would  render  an  attempt  on  public  liberty  it  less  porUoiia 
OQterprîsc. 

Monarcliy  had,  in  fact,  placed  itself  in  a  forced  and  desperate 
situation  in  France,  There  aubâsted  continually  between  tbe  ])ower 
of  the  tlnff  and  tliat  of  !hc  assembly  that  inevitable  and  terrible 
struggle  wliiclî  had  terminated  fatally  for  Louis  XVI.  on  ihc  lOth 
of  Auffust,  and  for  Napoleon  on  the  day  after  the  battle  of  Water- 
loo. Fifteen  years  ol"  varied  expérimenta  bad  in  no  wise  altered 
this  neccsBury  ajitag&nisin  between  the  tivo  powers.  On  the  2d  of 
Mâich,  Charles  X-  addressed  the  nowly-eonvoked  chamber  in  the 
words  WÇ  have  elsewhere  cited;"  and  they  "wcre  answered  in  the 
mcraorahle  uddtesa  signed  by  221  deputies.  The  chamber  was 
prorogued, 

Immeiliatc  dissolution  had  been  talked  of  at  first.  This  -was  the 
advice  of  M.  de  Montbel,  ■who  would  have  had  the  onlonniince  to 
that  effect  followed  by  a  proclamation,  addroisacd  in  the  king's  name 
to  the  electors,  M.  dc  Guenion  RanvîUe  vigorously  opposetl  this 
miggestion^  urging  that  to  make  the  king  thus  personally  engage  in 
the  eôtiûiet  of  parties  would  be  seriously  to  compromise  the  majesty 
of  tlu.*  crown;  and  that  defeat  in  that  ease  woixld  be  a  deathblow 
to  the  monarclûcal  principle-  M.  do  Montbel  appeared  to  count 
much  on  the  aflcction  of  the  French  for  Charles  A.  M.  de  Guemon 
RanriUe  did  not  hesitate  to  declare,  in  the  monarch's  presence,  that 
hiâ  colleagues  LibouTcd  under  a  profound  error  in  that  respect.  "  The 
French,"  he  eaiJ,  "  have  eeafen  Uy  Icve  their  kings.  Do  you  not 
«ee  proof  of  this  In  the  implacable  hatred  tJiat  chnes  to  men  merit- 
ing and  possesring  the  hiL^hcst  consideration,  irom  the  moment  they 
have  been  honoured  by  the  choice  of  the  crown?''  Charles  X.  was 
not  otl'ended  at  Û\is  blunt  eimdour.  The  idt^  of  immediately  dis- 
■olvin^  the  chamber  was  abandoned.  But  things  were  at  such  a 
pUA,  that  Cliarles  X.  liad  no  other  alternative  to  fall  back  upon 
than  dictatorship. 

In  truth,  what  otlier  ifsue  was  left  the  crown?  Was  it  pebble 
for  Clntrles  X.  to  foi^et  tlie  leswn  eilently  inculcated  upon  him  by 
the  lunereal  monument  erected  in  front  of  his  palace?  Had  con- 
oetfiioBs  saved  Louis  X  VL?  He  too,  finding  himself  menaced,  had 
bMakenhim  to  retreating;  he  had  retreated  as  far  as  die  Place 
Louts  XV".|  and  beyond  mat  spot  he  could  t^treat  no  farl]ier,  for 
he  was  stopped  by  the  hand  m  the  executioner. 

Charlôâ  X.  might  have  abdicated,  he  might  have  decUired  royalty 
aholiahed  in  France;  but  what  other  kind  oi'  moderation  was  poea- 
blc  in  his  pontion?    Conoeaéona  would  only  have  had  the  effect  of 


*  IntrodncUooa,  p.  6?. 


78  CHARACTEIt  OF  CHARLES  THE  TENTH. 

brineînp  liïm,  at  a  future  day,  to  thq  alternative  of  abdicating  or  of 
tuaking  hiraself  despotic. 

No  matter  for  tliat.  To  sacrifice  ttic  nation  to  this  obstinate  duej 
between  two  irreconcilable  powers,  to  strive  for  the  overthrow  of  all 
the  principles  nchievcci  by  so  many  years  of  revalution,  without  any 
other  excuse  tlmn  tlic  impossibility  of  upholding  monarchy  agmnat 
the  force  <if  cireumstAncea,  tlU3  was  û  crime  aguinat  the  people  aïid 
Bgaingt  God. 

Even  though  it  were  true  that  Charles  X,  aneercly  believed  him- 
fieli'  right  in  daring  all  extremes  far  the  safety  of  nia  crown,  still 
there  was  one  damning  defect  in  his  plea  bcfoTe  the  bar  of  history 
' — he  did  not  take  personally  upon  his  own  K«ul  the  dangers  of  tlûa 
revolution  he  brought  about.  Since  be  would  neither  lower  ïàa 
throne  nor  descend  from  it,  he  should  have  died  on  it. 

But  Chailea  X.  was  below  the  level  of  his  destiny  as  well  by  his 
virtues  as  by  his  defects.  Full  of  good  failh  and  loyalty,  of  gra- 
ciousne^fl  and  courtesy,  true  to  the  tiea  of  friendship,  faithful  to  hia 
oaths,  lie  bad  all  the  qualities  of  a  chevalier,  save  only  entliu^asm 
and  courage.  Yet  there  was  something  so  roynl  in  nis  mannors, 
that  in  spite  of  his  faint-heartedncas,  he  disarmed  scom  even  in  a 
land  of  wamors.  With  these  qualîticà  he  might,  perhaps,  have 
Iwen  equal  to  the  requirements  of  hia  part,  if  instead  of  being  ob- 
^ged  to  cany  the  monarchy  on  bis  shoulders,  ho  had  been,  like  bis 
fltnoestDrs^  upheld  and  carried  by  it.  Louia  XVIli.  had  contrived 
to  die  in  his  bed  only  by  making  his  reign  one  long  abdication  of 
realty.  Charles  X.  had  groaned  in  his  heart  over  the  dclHiscmeiit 
of  his  brother,  seeing,  as  he  did,  all  that  Louis  had  debased  around 
hba.  He  hoped  to  reoonstnict  what  had  been  destroyed,  and  to 
raise np what  had  been  cast  down:  that  is  to  say,  to  emancipate  the 
crown,  in  the  teeth  of  parlJaraentarians  impatient  of  sway;  to  re^dve 
the  authority  of  the  church  among  a  people  who  had  eunered  thcm- 
aelres  to  be  made  partakers  in  the  celctration  of  atheism;  to  re- 
«Mfiah  the  prestige  of  royalty  in  a  country  where  a  king  had  died 
ÎBrtiie  common  thorouglifarc,  with  His  hands  bound  beKind  his  back; 
to  resugicitate  the  empire  of  etiquette  in  a  nation  fond,  if  not  of 
eqnnlitV)  at  leftst  of  its  forms  and  its  lies.  The  task  was  immense; 
it  woiJri  liave  exhausted  all  the  genius  of  a  great  mim;  it  did  not 
astound  Cliarles  X.  It  i?  true  that  he  knew  not  its  vastncea;  he 
was  surrmmdcd  by  priests;  and,  from  ihe  day  when,  expiating  the 
licentious  pleasures  of  lus  youth,  he  bad  taken  the  communion  with 
thf?  half  oi"  the  consecrated  wafer  picflented  to  the  dying  lip«  of  the 
Marchioness  de  Polastron,  his  piety  had  assumed  a  highwrought  jmd 
melauihrtly  c:ist,  but  it  was  not  the  less  a  cofflmonplace  piety,  without 
depth,  ^nthout  compaas^  and  one  which  assured  tkllen  Catholicism  a 
sort  of  protection  more  stately  than  heroic.  He  clung  to  old  no- 
tions, hut  it  was  for  want  of  intellect  to  judge  them,  and  of  strcngtli 
of  mind  to  âbakc  them  off.     He  strove  for  the  aggrandizement  of 


ALGIERS — ^UIŒASINESS  OP  ENGLAND. 


79 


his  pôTîor,  but  that  much  more  for  the  purpose  of  making  gCMjd  ita 
prÎDciplo  than  of  extending  its  practical  application.  I^ittle  minds 
oeLight  in  the  majesty  of  command,  its  might  ia  striven  for  by  manly 
soxds  alone.  Despotism  has  its  gloiy»  Hnce  it  has  its  storms. 
Clutrluâ  X.  waa  not  even  capable  of  rising  to  the  force  of  tyranny. 
He  used  often  to  say,  "  You  might  bray  all  tlie  princra  of  the  house 
of  Bourbon  in  a  mortar,  and  not  extract  trnm  them  a  single  grain 
of  tyiwnny."  Ho  spoke  truly.  That  dictatotud  authority  i^cll 
oth«T8  would  have  striven  for,  from  excess  of  activity  or  of  volition, 
he  coveted  only  from  indolence.  His  humanity  was  not  less  than  his 
mediijcrity;  ajid  if  he  desired  that  his  power  might  be  abflolute,  it 
WM  l4mt  he  might  be  sjjared  the  pain  of  making  it  violent.  For 
in  Mn  there  vas  nothing  ençrgctlct  not  even  his  bigotry,  nothing 
greftt.  Dot  even  his  pride. 

Be  this  05  it  may,  Charles  X.  had  taken  his  rcsolntioD,  and  in  hia 
thoughts  the  war  of  Altera  became  every  ilay  more  and  mote  part 
and  parcel  of  the  measures  ivhich^  as  he  pupposcd»  wefc  to  put  roy- 
alty beyond  the  reach  of  its  foes.  The  rcmonstrïmces  of  England 
■were,  therefore,  sUglitcd.  Hence  a  ministerial  despatch,  addrcâscd, 
March  I2th,  to  M.  de  Laval,  then  our  ambassador  m  London. 

ïliat  despatch  waa  drawn  up  in  terms  of  studied  obscurity.  Afiei 
fltying  tliat  the  purpose  of  the  expedition  had,  at  first,  been  to  ro- 
Tenge  tJic  insidt  oficred  to  France,  M.  de  Folignac  talked  of  ikn 
Itkorv  extended  development  which  circumstances  had  subsequently 
given  to  Ûic  king's  projects. 

But  what  did  thc^c  anjb^:uoi;s  words  wgnify?  Lord  Stuart  yres 
directed  by  the  Earl  of  Abndceti  to  obtain  a  loss  vague  reply. 

Those  instnictious,  dated  May  3d„  cftUed  forth  a  second  despatch, 
which  repliod  in  these  terms  to  the  urgent  inquiries  of  Et^land  : 

"'Die  fang,  no  longer  limititig  his  design  to  the  obtaming  re- 
pamtinn  for  the  griefs  of  France  îudividuaïly,  has  resolved  to  mftkû 
the  expedition  prepared  by  hîs  oidcra  subservient  to  Uie  advantage 
of  all  Chriî^tcndom,  and  lie  has  set  betbre  him  as  the  aim,  and  aa 

;  reward  of  his  eObrts,  the  définitive  destruction  of  piracy,  the 

olutc  abolition  of  Christian  ^vcry,  and  the  aboliluon  of  tho  txi^ 
lote  paid  by  the  Christian  powers  to  the  regency," 

AiK^heT  despatch,  dated  May  1 2tb,  stated  that  the  king  would  not 
lay  down  his  arms  tiU  he  liud  attained  the  twofold  end  ho  had  pro^ 
poaed  to  himaoU^ — namely,  rcpamtioii  of  the  wrongs  that  had  been 
the  immediate  cause  of  hostilities,  and,  secondly,  the  triumph  of  the 
common  interests  of  all  Christendom.  £ut  did  France  mtend  to 
OOCupy  -'Vlgiers,  on  her  own  account,  and  to  form  a  permanent  eeta- 
~*^*ment  there?  This  was  what  England  above  oil  desired  to 
r,  and  on  this  point  the  cabinet  of  the  Tuileries  maintained  ad 
abeolute  reserve. 

The  attitude  asmiaed  by  the  French  ministers  created  deep  im- 
tntioTi  in  England.  In  Paris,  Lord  Stuart  endeavoured,  la  succemve 
semi-official  interviews,  to  intimidate  M.  d'Haussez,  the  minister 


80  OBJECTIONS  AGAINST  THE  PROJECTED  EXPEDITION. 

of  marine^  and  M.  de  Polignac,  the  president  of  thp  coundl.  The 
former  repulsed  tUc  arrogant  overtures  of  the  English  amb[t«!Hdor 
witli  much  vehamcnce,*  the  latter  met  them  with  cold  and  con- 
IcmptuoiiB  politeness-  Though  EnghsL  in  his  habits»  by  his  per- 
Kinnl  iHeni^hips,  by  the  Tecollcctions  of  his  youth  passed  in  Lon- 
don, in  his  nmnners,  and  even  in  his  dress,  M.  de  Poliffnac  was,  HA 
u  politician,  entirely  devoted  to  the  system  of  the  Russiiui  aïliancc. 

The  die  tlien  was  cjist;  the  preparations  for  waa-  were  entered  on 
viith  spirit;  the  huid  arîuy  was  rapidly  organized;  and  the  workmen 
in  ail  the  ports  of  the  kingdom  were  put  on  double  work  and  double 
Trages, 

Tlie  liberals  had  mimnwhile  taken  ahum.  Convinced  that  there 
^vafl  some  mischievous!  desljçn  at  tlie  bottom  of  this  tit  of  mihtary 
zeal  affected  by  royalty,  they  sug"gestcd  doubts  as  to  the  reMill  of  the 
war,  exaggerating  obstacles,  conjuring  up  insurmoujitiible  obstaolcs, 
and  doing  every  thing  that  was  possible  to  dishearten  the  public 
The  Journal  des  Débats  was  especially  inveterate  in  its  oppoatioii  to 
the  warlike  policy  of  the  cabinet. 

M.  de.  BoLurinont,  the  minister  of  war^  was  beset  with  the  blackest 
prophecies  of  disMter,  with  the  view  of  shaking  his  confidents. 
Water,  he  was  positively  ii^ureJ,  was  wanting  in  the  environs 
of  Algier»;  there  wi^  no  wood  to  be  found  there  for  making 
tiscines;  the  array  would  be  destroyed  without  ever  having  had  sn 
opportunity  to  fight.  There  was  then  in  Patis  one  who  had  formerly 
bceu  taken  prisoner  by  the  Algerines,  and  forced  to  eerve  for  a  while 
on  board  a  corsaii-  in  the  capacity  of  interpreter.  This  was  M.  Arago. 
Being  quQgtiom'd  by  the  minipter  of  war,  he  replied  that  the  environa 
of  Algiers  would  furnish  wood  and  water  in  abundance, 

liut  the  admiralg,  on  their  pjirt^  declared  the  disembarkation,  im- 
possible, and  they  irritated,  without  disconcerting,  tlie  inexperience 
of  the  minister  of  ma.rinc. 

M.  d'Haussez  resolved,  in  tliis  emergency,  lo  consult  tiie  captains 
of  vea&ejg,  who,  having  been  employed  in  the  blockade  of  Algiers, 
were  competent  to  give  exact  icdormation  on  the  point  in  qucErtion. 
TliD  two  captains,  MM,  Gay  dc  Taradcl  and  Dupetit  Thouars»  al- 
Drmod  that  Uie  disembarkation  of  the  troops  was  not  only  practicable, 
but  Cïisy;  and  supported  by  tlicir  opinion,  M.  d'Hausscz  summoned 
the  odmii'als  before  him. 

M.  Rougidn  was  the  only  one  among  them  who  had  not  yet  very 
catc'gorioally  dcclaTed  liia  opinion.  When  it  was  his  turn  to  speak, 
he  sided  with  his  cumpanions,  and  argued  ag^nst  the  projected  ex- 
pedition on  nautical  grounds.  Upon  this  the  minifter  of  marino 
drew  A  paper  from  his  pocket,  and  smd,  **  I  regret^  sir,  tliat  au<?h  ttre 

*  la  &  ronrcriaUoo  Iw  hftd  witli  thc>  r^TiirUah  [Uti1in5ftiw]ar,  M. 'dTtnussos,  nrllted 
ty  the  per«tjiiitui7  tooc  ainniwd  by  Lonl  Stuart,  BuiftTcd  tbesc  irorda  to  mc»ik."  him; 
•■If  j-on  viint  0.  dipIrtniiiLtlc  rï-ptj-,  ilie  pn-sidcnl  of  the  couuci!  wili  (çîtc  it  to  joa. 
For  my  pnrt  I  toEl  ynti,  «tTtinff  mMc  the  IfiTijçwigç  of  offlciat  intercourK-,  n-c  d<»!it 
care  »  dmnn  (or  you!"    (Sum  nmu       ife  voum.) 


DEPARTURE  OF  THE  FLEET  FOR  ALGIERS. 


81 


your  con\nctaoDa;  for  I  hold  in  my  liand  the  conimisson  appomling 
'you  vicc-aclmîral^  and  giving  you  the  command  of  the  fleef."  So 
saj^ng,  Baron  d'Hauswz  tore  up  the  paper.  His  rf?9olutiûn  was 
imaltCTably  taken.  ^*  To  find  a  commander  for  the  fleet,  the  kingj" 
he  said,  "  ia  resolved,  should  the  admirals  hang  back,  to  go  down  to 
a  captain  of  a  bri^,  ay,  to  a  midshipman,  if  necessary." 

A  eecond  meeting  took  place  at  Prince  FoUgnac'a.  The  expcdi- 
tioiir  against  whicli  Admiral  Jacob  had  prepared  a  written  speech, 
vu  supported  only  by  MM-  de  Taradel,  Dupetit  Thouars,  and  Va- 
lazé.  "  I  am  no  seaman,"  said  General  Valaze,  '*  but  1  do  not  find 
that  at  any  period  of  history  enterprises  of  ivar,  such  as  that  pro- 
posed, have  tiùled  through  the  irnpossibility  of  disembarfcing.  Have 
nautical  tactics  made  no  progress:  Will  any  one  assert  tkia  :*"  These 
views,  «9  \ras  natural,  were  approved  by  tlie  council. 

But  to  whom  was  the  fleet  to  be  intrusted?  General  Bourmont^ 
who  had  the  command  of  the  land  farcea,  recommended  to  M, 
d'HflUssez  Admiral  Duperrt^,  then  maritime  prefect  at  Brest. 
Admiral  Duperrv  had  at  first  no  objection  to  suggest. 
But  on  the  tbllowing  day  he  Appeared  to  have  lust  all  confidence, 
whether  he  had  yielded  to  inâuenccs,  of  whose  nature  he  had  no 
very  definite  eonsciousnesa,  or  tlmt  n  closer  examination  of  the  en* 
tcrprtSG  had  made  him  better  acquainted  with  its  difficulties  and 
dangen.  Nevertheless,  he  accepted  the  command  offered  him;  but, 
aa  hia  deportment  and  big  conuexiona  occasioned  ministers  some  dis- 
trust, General  Bourmont  was  secretly  provided  with  a  royal  ordon* 
giving  him  plenary  authority  ever  the  forces  both  by  land 
i  sea. 

[he  expedition  was  6ttcd  out  on  a  magnificent  scale.  The  army, 
"flôhsisting  of  three  divisions,  commanded  by  Lieutenant-gcnorals  ' 
Berthezènc,  Loverdo,  and  d'Escars,  amounted  to  more  than  thir^- 
eeven  thou^ad  men»  including  a  regiment  of  chasseurs,  and  a  de- 
tachment of  engineers  under  the  orders  of  Baron  Valazé.  The  fleet 
comprised  one  himdred  and  three  men-of-war,  having  on  board 
twenty-sercn  thoueand  men,  three  hundred  and  thirty -sei,'en  trans- 
ports, and  about  two  hundred  and  twenty-five  boats  or  rafts.  Eng- 
land having  held  out  threats,  mcapurc?  had  been  taken  to  repel  her 
attack?  with  vigour,  should  the  case  require  it.  The  eailors  evinced 
the  hvehcst  flidour:  the  admiral  who  commanded  them  was  hra'vc 
and  «sqwrienced.  Tlio  fortune  of  France  was  reUed  on  for  the  rest. 
All  that  England  attempted  was  this:  Tlie  porte,  at  her  instiga* 
lions»  «xercising  in  right  of  nizertumy,  resolved  to  Ëond  a  pacha  to 
Alg^en  wi^  orders  to  kisc  the  dey,  have  him  strangled,  and  oiler 
Franoe  every  stlisfuction  pbe  could  require.  In  Uns  way  all  pretext 
for  the  expedition  would  have  been  precluded,  Tahur  Pïicha  eet 
out  accordingly  for  Alters  in  a  vessel  furnished  by  the  Engliah. 
But  the  minjster  of  manne,  having  received  timely  intimation,  had 
^voi  ordetB  to  the  French  cruiscTB  to  forbid  the  pacha's  entering  the 


nance. 


L 


a 


«2 


CEIARACTER  OF  THE  LIBERAL  OFPOSITION. 


port-  Tlïo  frigûtc  in  wliJcU  he  sailed,  httTmg  met  a  small  vessel 
commanded  by  Midshipmiui  Dubniel,  that  iiitrepi4l  officer  resolutely 
declared  that  tlie  frigate  should  not  pssa  till  it  had  sunk  him.  Xahir 
Pacha  durst  not  puwue  his  voyt^e  ;  the  French  fleet  came  up  with 
Jiim ,  and  he  was  Bent  to  Toulon.  That  ^as  all  tlmt  come  of  the  thicfttfi 
held  out  hy  the  court  of  St.  Jame5*s. 

Oo  the  16th  of  May,  the  day  fijced  for  the  sailing  of  Ûi6  £ect 
from  Toulon^  the  chamber,  -whicli  had  been  but  prorogued,  was  dis- 
solved. A  collision  was  becoming  more  and  more  certain;  and  two 
of  the  minister^,  who  foresaw  wliat  would  be  itsr^ult,  retired:  these 
vfçrc  MM.  de  Chabrol  and  Coun'oiàer.  It  was  necessary  to  replace 
diem.  Now  M.  de  Chautekuae  had  some  time  previously  been  re- 
commended to  llic  king  as  a  man  of  capacity  and  determination,  en- 
tirely devoted  to  the  interests  of  the  monarchy.  The  dauphin,  on 
hi*  return  from  Toulon,  and  hefore  he  reached  Paris,  had  had  a 
senous  conversation  with  Itim,  and  had  pressed  him^  strongly  to  take 
office.  M.  dc  CKantelauzc  consented  on  two  conditions,  first  that 
application  should  he  inadc  of  the  fourteenth  article  of  the  charter, 
and  secondly  that  M-  dc  Feyronnet  should  have  a  scat  in  the  coimcil. 
Tlie  ministry  of  the  interior  was  accordin^ily  oflered  to  M.  de  Pey- 
JTonnet,  and  when  the  Prince  de  Polignac  said  to  him,  "  You  undcr- 
6tand  that  we  intend  to  nutke  oppUaition  of  the  fourteenth  sxticlei" 
M,  de  Pejronnet  answered,  "  That  is  my  own  view  of  the  case." 

M.  Capelle,  who  had  acquired  a  reputiitiou  for  great  dexterity  in 
clectionecnug  matters,  was  also  called  to  the  council;  &nd  as  there 
"Was  no  poTtefcuiUe  vacant,  a  miniâtiy  of  pubhc  works  was  crcaud 
ex^essly  for  him. 

Tlic  court  waa  evidently  advanûng  to  an  ISth  Brumaire.  Tlie 
bourgeoisie  trembled  at  the  mere  idea  of  a  lO/A  of  Augvtst.  The 
HberaLs  menaced  by  tbes&  two  ahapes  of  revolution,  both  of  which 
they  equally  dreaded,  sought  safety  in  the  electoral  privilege  they 
«ayoyed  ;  they  armed  themselves  with  the  sanction  of  the  law,  they 
invoked  the  charter»  and,  in  a  word,  they  displayed  all  that  feveiim 
Tiolenee  that  springs  from  intense  alarm.  A^dociations  were  every- 
where formed  for  the  refusal  of  taxes.  Electoral  committees  had 
[^■Jnen  i^tablisihod  in  Paris  \  and  circulars  were  i^ucd  zcatooâly  iccom- 
iMendiug  the  electors  the  iaetiçâ  of  holding  ovations.  Tbe  better  to 
kindle  public  spirit  a  banquet  was  given  in  Paris  to  more  than  60O 
electors;  tlie  feâtive  hall  was  r^bolicaHy  decomted  with  221 
tro^Tis  ;  and  the  gpcech  delivered  on  the  occasion  by  M.  Odiloa 
BaiTut  rendered  a  common  homage  to  the  king  and  to  the  law. 

For  it  is  to  be  remarked,  that,  in  the  opiuion  of  the  libeiala  the 
throne  remained  aloft  in  a  serener  region,  above  aU  the  pasaing 
Bltjnns  of  faction.  There  had  been  a  very  keen  discussion  in  the 
Aide-ioi  Society,  of  which  M.  Odilon  fiarrot  was  ft  member,  a»  to 
vhcther  the  long's  health  should  be  drunk  in  the  banquet  at  the 
ykmlanjfct  fie  Bourgogne*    But  those  whose  hatred  extended  to  the 


FÊTE  GIVEN  BY  THE  DITC  d'OBLÉANS. 


83 


monarck  himself^  as  vfeW  as  to  Wis  ministère,  were  in  the  minority, 
and  were  foroi*!  to  yîelJ.,  The  liberals  assembled  at  the  V'etidttti^es 
de  Bo*tr^ognû  dfAtiK  the  kËoith  of  Charles  X. 

Anil  in  doing  this  they  were  not  at  variance  with  the  eentiBûents 
of  the  221,  whosjc  liews  were  cicarly  îtwuiiiestod  in  these  words  of 
M.  Dupin  *'m«i,  "•*  ITic  fuadamentûl  basis  of  the  address  is  a  pro- 
fbuiiii  iT-âpect  for  the  person  of  the  king  ;  it  expresses  veneration  in 
the  lughcst  degree  fcr  the  ancient  Bourbon  race  ;  it  holds  up  lesiii- 
MAATf  not  only  as  a  lefi;al  truth,  but  as  a  eocial  necessity,  whidi  ia 
conlesscd  by  all  right-tninking  men  in  tlic  present  day  as  the  result 
of  experience  and  conviction." 

Tlio  few  partisaiM  of  the  Duke  of  Orleans  had  need  therefore  of 
some  Etnking  circumstance  to  put  the  French  in  mind  of  liim.  The 
arrival  of  the  king  and  queen  of  Kaples  created  tliat  circumstance, 
and  advantage  was  tûken  of  ÎL 

At  nine  o'clock  in  the  evening  of  the  3  let  of  May,  the  Palais 
Royal  waa  in  a  blazt-  of  light.  Kumcrous  rows  of  oran^-tteea  em- 
balincd  the  goilericF  around  it,  and  the  garden,  pTiciouely  thrown 
open  to  the  crowd,  was  thronged  with  thousands  of  epcctators. 

To  this  ^Icndid  fete,  in  which  were  to  figure  the  élite  of  the 
bourgeoisie,  m  the  persons  of  a  great  number  oi  men  famous  for  their 
opposition  to  the  courts  the  Due  d'Orl<jûnfl  had  invited  all  the  royal 
iiimil  V  and  the  whole  court.  Charlo  X-,  whom  the  duke's  osîidiûttes, 
apd  Iiîs  almost  obsequious  demonstrations  of  deference  and  respect 
httd  always  rendered  averse  to  listen  to  the  suspicions  gatheHng  in 
the  minds  of  the  courtiers,  Charles  X.  accepted  the  invitation  of 
the  son  of  Philippe  Egalité.  But  certain  high  personages  murmured 
against  this  proceeding,  which  they  affected  to  consider  as  a  dere- 
liftion  of  etiquette. 

Tlie  Due  d'Orléans  having  had  intimation  of  the  king's  approach, 
Jwatuncd  with  hig  family  lo  receive  hîa  majesty  at  the  foot  of  th^3 
■tftircase,  and  bowing  low,  he  testilied  to  his  SMjvereign  in  expres- 
«Te  term»  all  the  gratitude  he  felt  at  the  signal  honour  conferred 
upon  him. 

The  ftte  was  royally  sutnptuonts.  ITirce  thousand  persons  were 
aaserablcd  in  the  magnificently  decorated  apartments.  And  now 
every  mind  was  given  up  to  pleasure,  "whpn  suddenly  a  loud  noise 
ms  hard  from  that  same  ganlcai  whence  formi_Tly  Saint  Huru- 
cifcw  had  set»  out  for  Vereailies  at  the  heatl  of  the  infuriated  mob, 
By  wlum  ivere  done  the  deeds  of  the  âth  and  6th  of  October. 
AH  was  flutter  and  eonfusion  in  the  saloons.  Flames  were  rising 
in  the  garden  at  the  foot  of  the  statue  of  Ajif^llo.  Lampions  filled 
with  «caldiog  oil  were  flying  about,  flung  by  unknown  hands.  Wo- 
raesB  weie  ruling  trom  the  scene  with  Ehrîekî^  of  terror.  At  this 
spêctaclie  the  enemies  of  the  Due  d'Orléans,  invited  to  his  f&te,  ex- 
CiiAUgpd  looks  of  surprise.  Strange  tales  were  whippcrcd  about  :  it 
wu  aûd,  that  that  very  morning  the  prefect  of  police  hod  waited  on 
the  duke  to  obtain  permiâ^ion  to  post  some  soldiers  in  idie  garden,  to 

g2 


84         EFFECTS  PKODUCED  BY  THE  CON'QUEST  OF  ALGIERS. 

pievcnt  any  possiblo  disorder,  .ind  that  liis  request  had  been  refused. 
Looks  of  keen  inquiry  were  bent  on  the  prince,  who,  surrounded  by 
u.  numcrouf  group,  appeared  to  speak  with  great  vehemence  of  tone 
Mad  gesture. 

Order  vrna  speedily  restored  :  troops,  assembled  beforehand  in  the 
nrighbourhood,  were  summoned  ;  and  tlie  bail  ended  without  any 
other  accident.  But  when  men's  minds  arc  in  a  state  of  indecision, 
to  Fuggcst  to  them  an  aim  and  purpose,  and  to  give  them  sometliing 
to  wish,  is  to  create  a  force.  A  candidatesliip  had  been  set  up  amidst 
the  tumult  of  a  i&te. 

Anxious  lorcbodÎDga  absorbed  eveir  thondit  of  the  publie  mind, 
when  a  hundred  cannon-shots  resounded  in  Paris.  Baron  d'HauEsex 
instimtly  ran  to  the  king,  with  a  heart  big  with  emotion  and  a  face 
beaming  with  delisht.  Charles  X,  advanced  to  meet  him  with  out- 
stretched arms,  and  whcQ  tho  minister  bent  to  kisa  the  monarch'^ 
luiad,  "  No,  no,"  Charles  cordially  exclaimed,  *'  tikis  day  we  all  em- 
"bracc."     Algiers  belonged  to  France. 

Tlie  unbounded  cnthuaaera  of  the  eoiut  at  Ûâs  great  news  wm 
displayed  in  exaggerating  its  importance*  TTie  liberals  evinced 
but  a  dubious  joy,  and  hardly  could  the  chief  leaders  of  the  bour- 
geoisie dissemble  the  bitterness  of  their  feelings.  By  a  deplorable 
offect  of  the  impious  excesses  of  imrty  rancouri  the  conquests  achieved 
by  a  French  army  saddened  half  France,  The  national  honouf 
had  ri8;n;  the  funds  fell:  they  had  gone  up  the  day  newa  arrived 
in  Paris  of  the  disaster  of  Waterloo! 

Men's  passions  then,  instead  of  growing  calm,  became  more  heated 
than  ever.  The  liberal  papers  had  revived  one  of  the  most  painful 
reminiscences  of  a  period  imitful  in  perfidies^  to  overwhelm  M.  de 
Bourmant  with  its  weight;  and  they  strove  to  make  all  the  glory  of 
the  expedition  devolve  on  Admiral  DupeiTé. 

The  royalists,  in  their  turn,  uttered  bitter,  though  not  very  loud, 
complaints  against  the  admiral,  *'  The  departure  of  the  fleet/'  they 
faidamonp  themselves,  "  Imd  been  fixed  for  the  I6th  of  May:  why 
did  tile  ndmirul  postpone  it  without  any  plausible  pretext  tiïl  thfi 
25th?  And  when  the  Hect  was  within  but  five  or  six  Iconics  of 
Cape  Cftxlne  on  the  morning  of  the  SOlh,  why  did  he  carry  it  back 
into  the  bay  of  Pahna,  in  epite  of  General  BourmontV  remonstrances, 
and  when  there  was  nothing  in  the  nature  of  tlte  wind  to  justify  hia 
fudden  determination?  And  then  why  did  he  not  display  more  fore- 
thoueht?  Ought  he  not,  in  any  case,  to  have  fixed  and  nollticd  to  tho 
«j|uaorons  a  ndlyin'T-poini  where  they  should  rendeyvoug,  in  case  they 
ehould  be  dispersed?  Hiid  he  done  so,  the  Mediterranean  would 
not  have  seen  many  of  our  vessels  cruislng  at  omdom  over  its  waters, 
and  the  fleet  would  not  have  recjuircd  eight  days  to  reassemble  in 
the  bay  of  Palimi.  Nor  ia  this  uU.  Wliose  fault  was  it  that  after 
the  djscmbiu-kation  the  zeal  of  our  troops  was  baffled  by  the  want  -of 
means  of  tran«poit?  Had  it  not  been  for  the  delay  of  the  transporte 
conveying  the  artillery  horses,  the  heavy  guoF,  Utod  the  material  for 


IMTJUTIOKB  OT  CHABLES  X.  BESFBCnKO  ALOIEBS.  85 

besieging,  tKe  battle  of  Staouëli  would  not  have  taken  place,  per- 
ham,  and  we  should  have  achieved  a  more  rapid  conquest  at  the  cost 
of  leas  blood."  Some  persona  alleged,  on  the  authority  of  private 
letters,  that  during  the  siege  of  the  Chateau  de  VEmpereur  the  fleet 
had  taken  up  its  position  beyond  the  range  of  cannon-shot,  and  had 
but  veij  imperfectly  seconded  due  efforts  of  the  land  force.  These 
accusations  open  to  suspicion  as  they  were,  when  proceeding  from 
the  Hp8  of  political  adversaries,  were  aimed  not  so  much  at  the  ad- 
miral as  at  uiose  to  whose  influence  he  was  supposed  accessible.  Be 
this  as  it  may,  Baron  d'Haussez  demanded  that  M.  Duperre  should 
be  brought  before  a  council  of  war:  but,  not  content  with  formally 
refusing  this,  Charles  X.  elevated  the  admiral  to  the  peerage.  The 
liberals  cried  out  at  this,  sapng  that  the  title  of  peer  was  not  equi* 
valent  to  the  dignity  of  marshal  of  Fiance  granted  to  M.  de 
Bourmont. 

The  Te  Dettm  sungfor  the  victory  was  lost  in  these  clamours  of 
conflicting  parties.  They  were  so  loud  that  little  notice  was  taken 
of  the  financial  report,  in  which  M.  de  Chabrol  announced  a  surplus 
revenue  of  three  millions  for  the  year  1831. 

If  the  policy  of  the  Folignac  amninistration  had  not  been  wanting 
in  vigour,  when  the  conquest  of  Algiers  was  in  contemplation,  its 
views,  when  the  time  came  to  turn  that  conquest  to  account,  were 
completely  destitute  of  boldness  and  of  comprehensiveness.  According 
to  the  opinion  that  seemed  to  prevail  in  the  council,  France  was  to 
content  herself  with  razing  the  town  of  Algiers,  and  occupying  Oran 
as  a  military,  and  Bona  as  a  commercial  position.  M.  de  Bourmont 
accordingly  received  orders  to  shut  himself  up  provisionally  in  Al- 
giers. His  expedition  against  Blida  exceeded  the  limits  of  his  com- 
mission, and  was  disapproved  by  the  court  as  an  infraction  of  mili- 
tary discipline.  From  conquerors  of  Airica  we  were  becoming  in 
some  sort  gate-keepers  of  the  Mediterranean.  The  potency  of  the 
means  was  lost  to  view  in  the  futiUty  of  the  result.  But  the  aboli- 
tion of  piracy  and  the  deliverance  of  Christendom  from  an  ignomi- 
nious tnbute,  were  enough  to  satisfy  Charles  X.,  his  devotion  having 
no  need  of  the  conquest  of  a  world. 

Meanwhile,  low  rumours  were  beginning  to  spread.  Was  it 
true  that  a  coalman,  speaking  in  the  name  of  the  market  porters, 
and  of  the  workmen  of  the  port,  had  said  to  the  king,  "  Sue,  the 
coalman  is  master  in  his  own  house;  be  master  in  yours"?  The 
courtiers  affirmed  ih&t  it  was  so,  and  made  emphatic  comments  on 
the  phrase  ;  whilst  the  writers  of  the  bourgeoisie,  at  the  same  time 
that  they  denied  the  fact,  dwelt  strongly  on  the  gross  and  stolid  ig- 
norance of  the  working  classes,  and  on  the  dangers  of  their  alliance, 
and  vehemently  denounced  the  artifice  that  lurked  in  the  demagogue 
airs  played  off  by  royalty. 

See,  for  instance,  wmit  was  said,  on  the  22d  of  July,  1830,  by 
the  National,  a  journal  established  on  behalf  of  the  iatercsta  of  the 
house  of  Orleans:  "  A  jounud  which  does  not  poeseas  the  full  ooo* 


86 


TITB  COUBT»  TII£  LIBEBALB^  AKD  THE  POFUI.ACE. 


fideûcû  of  tlio  miniatry,  but  which  is  fully  identified  with  it  in  feel- 
ing, exclaims^  apropos  to  au  opinion  put  forth  by  us  some  dajs  î^o, 
'  Sabots  aad  spades  arc  not  to  their  taste,  but  they  have  no  objec- 
tiQ»   to  jmteQts.     W^hat  !  arc  patents  supenor  to  sahots  f     Do  rhey 
mean  to  aasert  tliis?'     Here  ia  something  atill  more  characteristic 
of  the  desperate    pt^sition    of    your    eoimter-revolutlonists,   than 
the  story  of  the  oratorical  coalman.     When  people  have  put  them- 
selves in  opposition  to  the  public  spirit  of  a  couutry,  wlien  they 
cannot  come  to  a  mutual  understanoing,  cither  with  the  chamber^ 
that  represent  that  Bpirit  legally,  ot  with  the  no  less  legal  orgina 
furnished  it  by  the  presa,  or  i^th  the  independent  maeistracy^  which 
I  takes  ita  rule  and  ita  sanction  from  the  law  alone,  they  must  then 
[perforce   find   them  in  the  nation,  another  nation  than  that  which 
[ïcuda  the  joumab,  which  listens  with  tindling  feehnga  to  the  de- 
|bute5  of  the  chambers,  which  disposes  of  cûpituî,  commands  trade, 
Rftnd  possesses  the  BoiL     They  must  descend  into  those  lower  stmta 
\  of  the  population  where  opinion  is  not  encountei-ed,  where  there  is 
I  found  scarcely  any  poïiticûldiaceramcnt,  and  where  ffwarm  thousands 
of  beings,  good^  honest,  simple^  but  easily  deceived  and  easily  exaape- 
Liated,  living  from  hand  to  mouth,  and  who,  ^rucgling  every  hour 
[  of  their  exiâtence  against  want,  have  neither  the  tunc  nor  the  repose 
of  body  and  mind  necessary  to  enable  them  somc(irac&  t-o  give  a  thought 
I  to  the  manner  in  which  the  country  is  govcj-ned.     Such  is   the 
nation  with  which  your  countcT-revoJuiioiiists  would  fain  surround 
^  the  throne.     And  m  truth,  when  you  resolve  to  have  nothing  more 
to  do  with  the  laws,  you  have  nothing  left  you  but  to  throw  your- 
selves  uDon  the  nopulttce." 

We  aWl  eeehow  those  who  treated  the  populace  with  so  much 
disdain,  made  uw  ufit  three  days  after  the  publication  of  tliia  article. 
The  fliiBolution  of  the  chamber  had  occasioned  new  elections. 
Tlierein  wsia  to  be  the  triumph  of  the  liberals;  therein  likewise  was 
,  their  danger.     Royalty  had  resolved  to  stir  up  the  popular  rage 
I  «gainst  ihem  :  it  set  its  writers  upon  crying  up  universal  suflra^  in 
op|X)sition  to  that  eleciave  power  which  was  a  weapon  against  it  in 
the  liandg  of  the  liberals.     Some  of  ils  ûgentê  visîtetl  the  towns  of 
the  South,  and  endeavoured  to  get  up  factitious  disturbances  there. 
At  Montauban,  M.  de  Preissac,  the  deputy  returned  by  the  bntir- 
geoisie,  was  assailed  hi  hia  house  by  »  ferocious  gang»  who  called  for 
li*  hea!d  with  shouts  of  Vive  ie  jRai!  The  leaders  of  the  liberal  party» 
exaggeiated   these  acts  of  violence^  not  reflecting  that  by  so  doing 
they  were  driving  over  all  timid  persona  to  the  ranks  of  their  oppo- 
nents* party. 

Mysterious  tires  bad  broken  out  in  Normandy.  These  calamities, 
occasioned  by  accident  or  by  private  raahce,  were  soon  interpreted  by 
puiBnon  as  proofs  of  atrocious  schemes  on  tlie  portof  govcJiiment,  asex- 
perimentg  in  the  way  of  monarddcal  terroriam.  People  calle»!  lo  mind 
thoiwrrfffs;  they  talked  uneasily  i»  their  family  circles  of  thesc<^ne9 
-which  had  drenched  the  Soutii  with  blood  in  1815.    Alarm  then 


I 


THE  ini>I>LÉ  CI-ASSES  BREAD  KETOLCTIO^^  87 

redoubled}  and  several  of  tlie  wcaltliy  agitators  began,  to  repent  of 
the  courec  they  bad  pursued. 

The  health  of  the  old  monarchy  wluch  had  visibly  and  rapidly  de- 
dmed  of  late  years,  seemed  all  at  once  to  revive.  He  appeared  brisk 
•ndtnumphimt.thouf^h  there  ^vaaU(Jp^eciselynccountillwfo^thGnatuTo 
ofthe  influences  that  had  suddenly  refilled  the  almost  ei^usted  foun- 
tftias  of  his  life-  Again,  the  uphftcd  boating  ofthe  prime  imnister; 
tlie  lŒcrvcd  air  of  hig  coUongues  ;  the  redoubled  arrogance  ofthe  conr- 
tiet8;*.fewi!icautiouswordsstealt]iilynoted,andpropagatedby  fear;the 
language  ofthe  public  printa  more  impasEÎoncd  than  ever  ;  all  this  gave 
scope  to  gloomy  conjectures:  suspende  and  expectation  were  intense. 
Many  of  the  liberal  party  foresaw  «■  coup  d'etat,  but  except  eorae 
Toung  men  who  toolc  their  clesires  for  sagacious  foretJioiight^  no  one 
imagmed  that  a  speedy  involution  was  to  issue  &om  that  coup  tTétat. 
On  the  22d  of  July  M,  Oddon  Barrot  said  to  two  of  the  boldest 
members  ofthe  Aide-toi  Society,  "  You  have  fiôth  in  an  insurrection 
in  the  etrects?  Good  Godl  if  a  coup  d'état  were  made,  and  you  were 
beaten^  you  would  be  dragged  to  the  scaffold,  and  the  people  would 
look  on.  quietly  »3  you  paased."  Thei  political  chiefs  of  the  bour- 
jgieoiâe  did  not  calculate  on  the  armed  protection  ofthe  multitude^  to 
say  nothing  of  the  uncontrollable  violence  they  imagined  to  be  in- 
TMTed  in  the  idea  of  such  s  protection. 

The  bourgeoisie  had  too  much  to  lose  at  that  time  to  encounter 
the  haauds  of  a  revolution.  It  was  in  the  enjoyment  of  all  the 
TcaoDlCflaof  credit;  the  bulk  of  capital  was  in  ita  own  hands;  ita 
intaraontion  in  the  direction  of  public  affairs  waa  important  if  not 
dcciore.  It  had  therefore  little  to  wish  for.  What  it  did  desire  it 
demanded  impetuously;  but  the  hostility  of  its  attitude  evidently 
amrpaased  the  reach  of  its  pretensions.  AJi  appreciable  reduction  in 
the  public  expenditure,  and  a  slight  diminution  in  the  amount  of 
contribntiona  conferring  the  electoral  rifjht,  the  suppression  of  the 
Swiss  gwards,  and  of  some  over-costly  starfsj  a  less  severe  control  over 
the  press,  and  the  re-cstablishinent  ofthe  national  guard;  this  was  the 
Bura  of  all  that  its  own  intensta  seemed  to  suggest  as  requiate. 

As  for  its  passions  they  were  too  utterly  devoid  of  grandeur  to 

urge  it  on  extreme  comtes.     The  bourgeolàe  abhorred  the  nobles 

benuse  it  felt  itself  humbled  by  the  superiority  of  their  maimfira  and 

«od  taste  of  their  vanity  ;  the  clergy,  because  they  aspircd  to  tcm- 

dominion  and  made  common  cause  with  the  nobles;  the  king» 

ausc  he  was  tlie  supneme  protector  of  the  nobles  and  of  the  clergy. 

But  the  macity  of  these  antipathies  was  tempered  by  an  excessive 

làttad  of  die  people,  and  by  appalling  recollections.     At  bottom,  it 

'       à  monarchy  m  so  far  as  it  presented  an  obstacle  to  democraûo 

rations:  it  would  have  wished  to  subjugate  royalty  Tvithout  d*- 

Ting  H.     Thus  tonoented  by  conflicting  sentiments,  furious  and 

ibfang, — placed,  in  a  word,  in  this  dilemma,that  it  must  either  sub- 

>  ^  sway  ofthe  court,  ot  let  loose  the  people,  it  heatated  and  was 


éttojïXïff 


8» 


LEADERS  OF  THE  BOUBGBOISIE. 


|>efrUdercd,  not  knowing  whether  to  nt  down  patiently  or  to  gird 
up  ita  loins  for  action. 

Meanwhile  some  restless  gpirita  had  stated  eingular  idefts.  The 
>clder  branch  of  the  Bourbons  hud  been  likened  to  the  incorrigible 
house  of  Stiurt  They  talked  of  William  III.,  of  1688,  the 
epoch  of  3  pacific  and  yet  searching  revolution  ;  of  the  possibility  of 
expellln"  a  dynasty  without  overturning  the  throne;  of  the  murder 
of  Charles  T,  which  had  been  useless  till  the  expulsion  of  James  II. 
Thiâ  language  had  at  first  circulated  in  some  salons:  the  Nationai^  a 
paper  recently  established,  had  made  it  public,  and  had  supported  its 
tenJeney.  fiut  ideas  Eke  these,  put  forth  with  reaervc  by  skilful 
"writers  (MM.  Thiers  and  MJgnet),  found  little  faith  among  tlie 
public.  Those  even  who  made  trial  of  their  virtue  scarcely  suggested 
them  as  more  than  thcoreticBl  views  of  remote  contingencies. 

There  was  at  this  period  no  real  republican  party;  only  a  few 
young  men,  who  had  belonged  to  charlfomterie,  had  taken  up  an 
overstrained  Hberalism^  and  professed  a  hiitred  for  royalty  thai  served 
them  in  lieu  of  a  methodical  scheme  of  politico.  Thoueh  few  in 
numbers,  their  devotcdness^  daring,  and  contempt  for  hfe,  might 
have  enabled  them  powerfully  to  arouse  the  people;  but  they  wanted 
a  leader:  M.  de  Lafayette  was  but  a  name. 

Lasdy,  apart  from  all  s^'stematic  opinions,  some  known  individual 
Tvifihed  to  brin^  on  a  revolution,  being  moved  thereto  by  various 
motives  or  instmcts;  MM.  Barthe  and  M^rilhou  by  the  habit  of 
conspiring;  M.  de  Laboide  by  warmth  of  soul  and  levity  of  mind; 
M,  M&ugulu  to  display  liis  activity;  M.  dc  Schonen  by  notheaded- 
neas;  MM.  Audry  dc  Puyraveau  and  tlic  Abbe  do  rompièrea  by 
their  principles;  others  by  temperament. 

Some,  like  MM,  de  BrosUc  and  Guiaot,  aware  of  the  impotence 
of  dogmatism  in  days  of  Doiling  wrath,  slirank  from  the  ioÉa  of  a 
movement  in  which  their  own  impoiiance  would  dwindle  to  nothing- 
Many  like  MM.  Sûbn.stiaui  and  Dupîn  tJ^mmed  between  fear  and 
hope.     M.  de  Tailcyrand  waited, 

But  not  one  of  aO.  these  men  was  capable  of  more  powCTfuUy  In- 
fluencing the  issue  of  a  ^e^'olution  than  M.  LioiStte^  because  he  was 
at  once  rich  and  popular.  Ill  adapted  lor  playing  &  revolutionary 
part  on  that  grand  stage,  tho  open  street,  no  one  could  better  than 
he  direct  a  revolution  of  iMikcc-make.  Hisacut^aicss  of  mind,  his 
affability»  his  graceful  vanity,  and  his  liberalism  devoid  of  gall,  had 
bestowed  on  him  a  sort  of  drawing-room  royalty»  the  éclat  of  whith 
he  sustained  without  fatigue  and  with  pleasure  to  himself  Under 
the  Restoration  ho  Imd  not  conspired,  but  chatted  in  favour  of  the 
Due  d'Orléans.  That  was  enough  for  him  :  for  he  possessed  not  the 
passionate  pertinacity  of  purpose,  nor  the  ardour  in  liatredand  love, 
that  arc  the  twin  engines  of  might  in  men  horn  to  command.  Still, 
in  spite  of  the  indolence  of  Mb  desires,  he  was  capable,  on  occaaon, 
of  much  firmness  and  elastic  impulâivenesâ,  like  the  female  kx. 


I 
I 

■ 


DITIBIOK  OF  THE  EOTALIST  PARTI*. 


89 


wliicK  lac  resembled  m  liaLîtual  softness  of  cliaractei*  ai5cl  nervoiiB 
EcnfiibilJty.  He  listcoecî  with  alacrity  to  the  counsels  of  the  poet 
Beranger,  a  ruftn  of  cool  head,  an<l  strong  will  :  and  ho  Ivad  iicetl  of 
such  a  etiiy,  his  own  nature  being  adapted  to  intctmittent  rather  than 
ooDtinucius  «E-tlbî't, 

Such  were  the  sentinoenta  and  the  position  of  the  bourgeoiaie  and 
its  leadeis;  die  feelings  of  the  people  were  of  another  cast.  Fuli  of 
the  rcmembriince  of  him  who  had  been  its  emperor,  the  people 
hftdl  DO  otlier  political  faith.  It  had  imbibed  and  rctaincKl  from  the 
military  habita  of  the  empire,  and  from  the  licence  of  the  camp,  a 
profoimd  contempt  for  the  Jesuits  and  the  clergy.  It  disliked  the 
Bourbons,  solely  on  the  ground  of  the  disgraceful  manner  of  ihcir 
aoccseion,  which  the  popular  pride  connected  with  all  the  miafortunea 
of  the  couixtiy.  For  itself,  the  people  demanded  Httle^  because,  long 
kept  in  utter  ignorance  of  ita  own  aifiiirs^  it  was  as  incapable  of  de- 
timte  desire  as  of  foresight.  TTierc  was^  therefore,  neither  com- 
munity of  interest  nor  coincidence  in  antipatliies  between  it  and  the 
bourgeoisie. 

ViTiÛi  these  data  to  proceed  upon,  there  would  have  been  no  in- 
ordinate  rashness  in  attempting  a  monarchical  coup  d'état  :  but  there 
Ti-ms  not  in  France  either  a  really  royalist  party  or  a  real  Idng- 

What  Charles  X.  was  I  have  already  stated.  Two  royalist  par- 
tus beset  that  feeble  monarch  on  cither  ]iand.  The  one  was  backed 
by  the  clergy;  it  consisted  of  old  cmigiunta,  and  iicntibhommts^  and 
had  for  leaders  the  Prince  de  Pohgnae,  the  Baron  dc  Damas,  and 
the  Cardinal  de  la  Fare:  the  other  built  upon  the  army»  and  com- 
prised all  the  new  men,  niost  of  them  generals  of  the  empire^  who 
had  been  won  over  by  the  Restorarion,  and  such  of  the  ancient  jwbUsse 
at,  moved  by  interat  or  scepticism,  had  offered  their  services  to  the 
existing  government,  as  it  nad  successively  offered  them  to  all  its 
pïodccGâsôts. 

These  two  parties  were  bent  on  equally  imposable  though  oppoatc 
ends.  The  nrst  demanded  that  tJic  lawa  of  primogcnitiure  and 
entail  shoiJd  be  ro-establi^ed,  that  the  church  should  be  rC' 
stored  to  its  ancient  Fplendour,  that  the  offices  and  dignities  of  the 
state  aboutd  be  conferred  on  men  of  hereditary  title,  and  that  the 
oonit  should  take  precedence  of  tbe  parliaments  and  in  these  dc- 
monila  they  iinlxxlied  the  natural  and  ncccsairy  conditions  of  mo- 
nflxchy,  but  without  taking  tlie  state  of  society  into  account.  Tlic 
second  party  rftjulred  that  the  subtHvision  of  estates  should  be  main- 
tttincdi  that  tlie  clergy  should  moderate  it5  pretensions,  that  official 
rank  shoidd  lake  precedence  of  hereditary  rank  even  at  court,  and 
that  the  elective  power  should  be  treated  with  tendcmeœ  and  eonei- 
deration:  and  thus  it  did  take  account  of  the  state  of  society,  but 
overWked  the  conditions  on  which  alone  a  monatcliy  can  subôst 
and  endure. 

This  diviâon  of  royalists  had  day  by  day  acquired  a  more  strongly 
marked  character,  ptnd  its  dangers  had  been  multiplied  by  the  con- 


se 


INFLUENCE  OF  TOE  CLEKGY, 


Kocacnu  predilections  of  Charles  X«  Tkcse  viho  liad  not  TECâve 
toe  baptism  of  caxugifitioiit  those  whom  tha  king  had  not  laioxm  ag 
the  friends  of  hia  boyhood,  or  as  his  companions  in  exile»  met  wilh 
a  Hnd  and  gracious  reception  at  his  hand*',  but  they  were  ilenied 
his  confidence;  he  made  tlieni  feel,  througli  all  the  outward  forma 
of  an  exquisite  politeness;,  that  they  were  aller  all  only  bhes  restored 
to  favour,  and  that  they  ought  to  think  themselveâ  Tcry  happy  at 
the  condescension  that  vouwisafed  to  make  u^  of  their  devoted 
terricea.  Thîa  slighting  temper  on  the  monareh''â  part,  the  sdng  of 
which  he  contrived  to  mitigate  by  extreme  delicacy  of  manner,  ma- 
nifested itself  in  his  favourites  in  impertinent  airs,  and  was  to  royalty 
a  ftuitful  source  of  deadly  deception.  The  etiquette  of  the  court 
was  particularly  offenâve  to  thoee  royaliste  who  owed  their  distinc- 
tion only  to  their  swords:  for  a  gendeman  with  unmixed  noble 
blood  in  his  veins,  though  he  was  but  a  simple  sous-UetUenani^  was 
preferred  at  the  chîltcau  to  a  plebeian  marshal  of  France.  Henc© 
arose  heartburnings,  and  latent  disafiection,  and,  on  the  part  of  the 
superior  officers  of  the  army,  a  great  distrust  of  their  own  authority. 
How  irritating  to  old  soltUers,  like  the  Due  de  Ragusc  and  General 
Vincent,  must  have  been  this  absolute  predominance  of  courtly  over 
military  rank  !  They  had  seen  in  despotic  countries  the  ïplendoiir 
of  heredilûiy  titles  wane  before  that  of  high  military  position;  and 
they  were  at  once  astounded  and  indignant  at  the  thought,  that 
under  a  conâdtutional  government  more  regard  was  had  to  an  old 
piece  of  parchment  than  to  the  most  exalted  claims  of  service. 

To  these  errors,  committed  by  Charles  X.+  the  cîcrgy  added  its 
own.  Whilst  the  inJerior  clergy  brought  discredit  on  the  govern- 
ment by  its  petty  provocationa  and  annoyances,  the  higher  clergy 
compromised  it  by  ïtâ  intrigues  and  its  pndo.  The  influence  of  ftl- 
monera  or  chaplains  in  the  regiments  was  matter  for  sarcasm  among 
the  officers  and  soldiers,  whou  it  was  not  an  encouragement  to  hypo- 
crisy. When  the  expiatoiy  monument,  erected  to  Louis  XVl.^ 
irM  to  be  inaugurated,  ChArlcs  X,  >ra£  to  appear  in  the  ceremony 
dressed  in  violet,  that  bein"  the  eotour  of  mourning  for  kings. 
Thereupon  it  waa  whispered  about,  among  the  soldiers,  that  hia 
majcPty  intended  to  appear  in  public  in  the  costume  of  a  bishop. 
All  this  atTorded  a  ready  handle  for  ridicidc  amon»  a  people  who 
arc  never  more  liberal  of  their  wicked  wit  against  tlie  powers  that 
bo  than  when  under  arms.  At  all  events  it  is  clear  that  thtse  who 
ctU  down  the  divine  protection  on  their  heads,  should  not  oblige  it 
to  descend  to  too  great  a  lowncfs.  It  is  an  insult  to  the  Supreme 
Arbiter  of  all  things  to  associate  the  majesty  of  His  name  with  diings 
that  have  no  grandeur  in  them.  The  alliance  cemented  by  Charles 
X.  between  monarchy  and  religion  did  not  exalt  the  throne^  but  it 
lesBêned  God*»  image  in  the  eves  of  the  people. 

Such  waa  the  atmosphere  m  which  royalty  moved  when  it  re- 
solved to  break  down  all  legal  reristance.  To  violate  the  charter 
was  no  purpose  of  the  king's^  even  in  thought.    Not  that  he  a|K 


I 


A  COUP  D^ÉTAT  nS.mLTW>  OH, 

proved  of  H,  hut  he  had  sworn  to  it,  and  he  was  both  ft  gentleman 
anJ  a.  devotee.*  The  14th  article  seemed  to  o0èr  him  the  means 
of  mokiDg  the  accomplislinient  of  his  wishes  compatible  with  the 
jFopeet  due  to  his  plighted  word.  To  take  advantage  of  that  article 
fioon  became  ihe  most  earnest  puiposc  of  his  miud,  and  a  thousand 
circuniBtaiicce  gave  token  that  nc  was  full  of  Eomç  project,  though 
its  nature  none  could  exactly  define. 

TTie  most  clear-aighted  ot  the  royaHsta  now  became  nncasy,  M. 
de  Vïllèle  mode  a  journey  to  Paris  to  avert,  if  there  were  jet  time, 
the  blow  he  saw  impending  over  royalty.  M.  de  Beugnot  snid, 
'*  The  monarchy  Is  about  to  founder  undcï  fidl  saiL'*  Ministcra 
were  daily  beact  with  urgent  applications  from  all  quarters  for  a 
sohiticai  of  the  fcftrful  cuigmaf  but  thcj  shrouded  themselves  in 
myFteij;  and  when  the  members  of  the  dipli>mulic  body,  trem- 
bling for  the  peace  of  the  world,  questioned  the  president  of  the 
COOncil  about  what  th<?  morrow  wai  to  bring  forth,  he  put  them 
off  with  BKurauces  of  security.  M.  de  Mcttemich,  being  in  liiU 
poaaenion  of  the  siranp;  aspect  of  thin™  at  the  court  of  Paris,  ox- 
preiBed  his  fears  to  Ml  de  Keyneval,  the  French  ambapsador,  and 
uttetedj  these  remarkable  words:  "  I  should  be  much  less  uneasy  if 
M.  dc  Poliffuoc  were  more  so.'*f 

Tho  truth  is,  that  there  had  always  been  a  peculiar  cKamcter  of 
distrust  and  hauteur  in  the  attitude  assumed  by  M.  de  Polignac  to- 
iupvds  foreign  ambassadors;  the  latter  were,  accordingly,  not  very 
'Trell  dlgposed  towards  his  administration.  The  African  expedition 
had  ifntetcd  the  Ën£;lish,  whtfâc  fears  and  repugnances  were  rcpre- 
eented  in  France  by  Lord  Stuart.  Prussia,  by  its  own  account,  had 
not  been  largely  cnoiigh  c^^nsidered  in  the  scheme  for  the  cession  of 
the Rhcmne provinces;  and  this  had  slightly  rutflcd  tiie  relations  of 
M.  de  Werther  with  the  court.  As  for  the  ambassador  of  Kussia, 
M,  Pozzo  di  Borgo,  he  was  sccretlv  incensed  againet  Charles  X,, 
who,  without  violating  tlie  rules  of  decorum,  had  never  been  ablo 
to  biing  himself  to  treat  that  personage  otlierwise  than  as  a  parvenu. 

Every  thing  combined^  therefore,  to  render  the  situation  of  the 
momfiit  ^ve  and  alarming.  But  Charles  X.  infected  M,  de  Po- 
lignac wiui  a  confidence  of  securi^,  which  was  reciprocaUy  ren- 
dcr«d  back  to  him  by  the  latter.  Ile  had  taken  him  aâ  his  mmîster, 
prcdEEcly  because  he  had  no  cause  to  apprehend  contradiction  from 
huiu     Chxu-les  X.  was  totally  destitute  of  decision;  but  like  all  ir- 


*  'ChtflM  X.,  beliiPTing  liis  throne  nnJ  ihc  charter  to  tie  tlmateiied,  di-tomiincd 
to  ilcAAd  tiotb.  It  cADDut  now  be  denicil  tiiaS  both  ircre  in  dKBgor,  tàacc  tlic  charter 
«Bd  the  tlironc  were  overthrown  togi-tliur." — MS.  nn(e  by  M.  de  FvlioMC. 

f  Wi'  have  before  ua  a  collection  (if  Hito(rrai)h  lettera  liy  M-  «le  Polignac  00  llie 
— "1  of  isâo.    Wd  ihall  ptibliiih  thi;w  lioivs  Ironi  time  to  time,  w  occoiion  ih*!] 
!b  cfvi  ta  thoK  caicH  in  whii^h  wc  bcliuYe  ««  luve  reaBOQ  to  dmH  tb?  accu- 
r  lÊMàr  tmÊtrtiona,     Candour  iiD|ier«tiTdy  nsgefti  thU  coorve  to  us.     The 
tiaottcof  these  notes:  "The  umbiuiudot»  made  no  rcpnaentatioaa.    I  àiâ 
t  tlwm  to  mteifcre  in  (lie  juteiiml  aâfùn  of  Fhboa." 


92  THE  8TOCKJOBBEB8  AHD  TAIXETBAXD. 

tesolute  meni  when  once  he  had  adopted  a  couise  of  conduct,  he 
willed  impetuously  that  he  might  not  be  obliged  to  will  long. 

Thâ%fore  it  was  that  both  king  and  minister  strove  with  obsd* 
nate  and  impatient  wilfulness  to  blind  their  own  judgments.  TTn- 
bappj  men,  whose  rashness  was  unsustained  bv  vigour,  who  rushed 
on  danger  with  their  eyes  shut,  braving  it  indeed,  but  not  with  de- 
liberate valour. 

Meanwhile,  the  long  continuation  of  public  uncertainty  excited 
that  spirit  of  speculation  congenial  to  we  higher  boui^eoide,  and 
afforded  the  ir^uenteis  of  the  stock  exchange  an  aliment  on  which 
their  keen  appetites  &iled  not  to  fasten.  The  bankers  sent  out  th^ 
emissaries  to  besiege  ail  the  avenues  of  the  throne;  priestly  infln* 
ences  were  set  in  operation;  and  contracts  were  <aiteied  into  with 
persons  who  had  the  ear  of  ministers.  A  financier,  who  had  ac- 
quired, first  imder  the  Empire,  and  afterwards  under  tiie  Restoiatùm. 
a  deplorable  reputation  for  boldness  and  address,  bound  himself,  by 
a  deed  executed  in  presence  of  a  notaiy,  to  pay  fiAy  thousand  fiàncs 
on  receipt  of  a  draft  of  the  ordonnances,  which  he  foresaw  were  in 
ccmtemplation.  The  fifty  thousand  francs  were  paid,  and  the  lud^ 
speculator  staked  upon  a  fall  in  the  funds.  M.  Rothschild,  on  the 
contrai^,  speculated  on  a  rise,  not  being  so  well  informed  of  what 
was  comg  on,  and  fully  believing  that  the  mine  would  not  be  sprung 
till  the  month  of  August.  In  the  night  of  the  25th-26th  ot  July 
M.  de  Talleyrand  sent  for  one  of  his  friends,  whose  funds  were 
deeply  invested  in  stock  exchange  transactions.  He  told  him  he 
had  been  to  St.  Cloud  in  the  course  of  the  day,  and  had  sought  an 
audience  of  Charleâ  X.  to  talk  with  him  on  the  apprehensions  of  the 
king  of  England,  of  which  he  had  received  intimation;  but  every 
thing  liad  been  done  by  the  influential  people  of  the  château  to  pre- 
vent liis  ha\*ing  access  to  the  monarch  ;  he  had,  therefore,  been 
obliged  to  quit  St.  Cloud  without  eflccting  his  purpose,  and  he 
had  every  reason  to  believe,  from  the  reception  he  luid  met  with,  that 
a  catastrophe  was  imminent.  "  Speculate  on  a  fall,"  he  added,  "  it 
is  a  safe  game." 

A  council  of  ministers  had,  in  fact,  been  held  in  Paris  on  the 
24Ui,  in  which  the  fate  of  monarchy  in  France  liad  been  discussed 
for  the  last  time. 

The  niinisteis  made  no  question  as  to  the  necessity  of  a  coup  d'etat: 
such  a  step  had  been  formally  proposed  to  the  council  in  the  begin- 
ning of  July  by  M.  de  Chantebuzc.*  A  bold  leap  over  the  pale  of 
the  law  was  the  gr.ind  object  M.  de  Polignac  had  proix)Scd  to  him- 
self. Mil.  d'Hausscz  and  dc  Chantelauzc  had  almost  made  the 
adoption  of  the  most  vigt>rou3  measures  the  condition  of  their  joining 

•  *•  The  minUtcn  were  perfurtJy  unanimous  on  tlie  necessitr  of  tlw  onionnancei, 
aiMl  tlie  ri(;lit  of  iuutng  t!u.in.  M.  dc  Kannlle  alonu  wislK>d  that  tlu>  ext-cntion  of 
the  rac-niure  ihould  be  postponed  for  some  week».  It  was  a  mere  qucstitm  of  time." 
~-MS.  muU  of  M.dt  fotignae. 


THE  PROJECT  OF  THE  OEDONyANCES  DISCUSSED. 


03 


the  ftdmmistration.  But  M.  de  Gueraon  Ranville  raieed  more  tKan 
tloubta  SÂ  to  whether  tho  moment  vraa  opportune  for  a  c&up  d'état 
**■  The  elections,"  he?ald,  '^  have  proved  adverse  to  us.  No  matter. 
Let  us  suffer  the  chamber  to  ussomblo.  If,  &s  is  probable,  it  refuses 
its  co-operation,  it  will  remiiin  demonstrated  oeiore  the  eves  of 
natiotis  Uiat  it  is  it  renders  the  regular  course  of  government  impos- 
sible. The  responsibility  of  a  rcfuseJ  budget  cannot  light  upon  the 
Grown.  Our  situation  will  then  be  mwch  more  favourable,  and  we 
|-lflWil  be  in  a  condition  to  consult  with  much  more  freedom  for 
Ùie  safety  and  welfare  of  the  monarchy." 

M.  de  Guemon  Ranville  had  an  oratorical  facility  thftt  empowered 
him  to  cneounter  the  wordy  war  of  the  chamber.  It  was  not  so 
with  his  colleagues.  M.  de  Pcyronnct's  languase  had  no  persuasive 
cimrms.  M.  de  Chantelauze  was  animated  with  a  sort  of  morbid 
ardour  that  was  fretted  by  discussion.  Mlf,  do  Polignac,  de  Mont- 
bel»  Capelle,  and  d'Hausaez,  were  not  men  to  figure  to  ad^'autage  in 
the  tribune.  Thwe  considerations  had  prevailed,  and  it  had  l>een 
decided  to  be  beforehand  with  the  chamber  when  the  meeting  of 
ministeiB  took  place  on  the  24th. 

Tho  firet  question  discussed  wsis  relative  to  the  Glectoral  Pcherae  to 
be  laid  down.  M.  d'Haussoz  did  not  approve  of  the  plan  drawn  up 
by  M.  do  Peyronnet.  He  thought  that,  ance  law  was  to  be  set 
iinâc„  the  more  boldly  and  compietely  that  was  done,  the  better; 
that  to  alter  the  electoral  system  was  quite  aa  dangerous  as  to  destroy 
it,  and  was  less  profitable;  that  the  rich,  whether  noble  or  bourgeois, 
being  the  natural  supporters  of  royalty,  were  the  proper  persons  on 
whom  to  rely;  and  consequently  tlie  best  course  to  take  was  provi- 
sionally to  summon  to  the  task  of  m&king  laws  persona  equal  in 
number  to  the  deputies,  taken  from  those  who  paid  the  highest 
amount  of  taxes  in  each  depitrtment.  This  project,  which  was  at 
least  logical  in  its  audacity,  was  not  adopted. 

The  electoral  system  ol  M.  de  Peyronnet  found  also  an  opponent 
in  M.  tie  Guemon  Ranville,  who  ended  by  esying  to  him,  "  It 
would  come  just  to  the  same  thing  were  you  to  reduce  your  ordon- 
mmce  to  four  lines,  and  decree  that  the  deputies  should  be  elected  by 
iheprefcets  of  the  depirtmonts/' 

Ine  forces  at  the  disposal  of  the  government  formed  the  next  subject 
of  inquiTy,  and  it  was  ono  an  which  mhnf  of  the  ministers  were  not 
free  from  considerable  disquietude.  On  the  departure  of  M.  tie 
Bourmont,  M.  dc  PoIiotûc  had  added  to  his  functions  ss  president 
of  the  council  those  ot  minister  of  war — a  double  burden»  far  too 
heavy  for  so  weak  a  head.  It  ivas  to  no  purpose  that  M.  de  Bour- 
mont  had  ^maestly  requested  and  advised  his  colleague  to  take  no 
dedfflye  steps  before  his  return,  M.  de  Polignac's  confidence  in 
bimtttlfwos  unbounded.  "How  many  men  can  you  count  on  in 
Paria?"  said  M.  d'Haussei  to  him.  '*  Have  you  at  least  from  twonty- 
dght  to  Oiirty  thousand?*' — **  More  than  that,"  replied  M.  do  Fo- 
lignac,  '^*  I  have  forty-two  thousand;"  and  rolling  up  a  paper  be 


94  THE  ORIWNNAKCES  8IGNEt>, 

held  in  Kis  hands,  lie  tlircw  it  across  tlie  table  to  BaFon  d'Haussez, 
"  Why  what  js  this?" exclaimed  tlie  latter.  '*  I  find  set  down  here 
but  tlurteen  thousand  men  ! — thirteen  thousand  men  on  mper  I  that 
is  to  eey,  barely  eome  seven  or  eight  thouKand  actual  fighting  men  ! 
And  the  other  twenty-nine  that  are  to  make  ap  the  number  you 
allege,  «here  are  they?"  II.  de  Polignac  positively  asserted  ihaX 
they  were  qiiaxtered  round  Paiia,  and  that  in  ten  boms  they  could 
be  asBcmbled,  if  necessary,  in  the  c&pital. 

This  conversation  mnac  a  deep  imprcspion  on  ministeia.  Thqr 
"mctù  about  to  play  a  formidable  game  witli  their  eyes  shut. 

The  25th  was  now  arrived,  and  nothing^  very  poâtive  had  yet 
transpired.  So  vague  even  was  public  anticipation,  that  the  Prince 
de  Condé  gave  a  grand  f^-te  tliat  djiy  to  the  Due  d'Orléans.  The 
hours  rolled  on  in  joy  at  the  chateau  de  St.  Iveu:  there  were  tbca-- 
trica]  pecforumnces  in  the  evening,  and  the  Baroness  de  Fcuchèrei 
appeared  on  the  atage. 

Duj^ng  this  time,  a  person  who  had  for  some  month»  been  in 
constant  and  secret  intercourse  with  the  court, — M.  Casimir  Péiîer, 
— received  a  small  note,  folded  triiingukrly,  at  his  house  in  the  Bcis 
dc  Boulogne.  He  opened  it  anxiously  in  presence  of  hia  fanulj; 
his  face  grew  livid,  and  he  let  his  arms  drop  m  despair. 

He  had  received  accurate  intellsgencc.  That  very  day  the  mi- 
nifltera  were  assembled  at  St,  Cloud,  to  sign  the  ordonnances  tlut 
Buspended  the  constitution  of  the  country. 

Xlie  dauphin  was  present.  He  had  at  first  given  hia  voice 
against  the  ordonnuices;  but  he  very  soon  aurrcndered  hia  own 
opinion  in  deference  to  the  king's:  for  the  dauphin  trembled  be- 
neath his  father  e  eye,  and  cjuried  to  a  cliildish  excess  that  respect  for 
the  head  of  his  fiunjly,  in  which  Louis  XIV-  dcaned  that  the  Bour- 
bon princes  should  be  brought  up. 

The  ministers  took  their  places  in  silenco  roimd  the  fatal  table. 
Charlea  X.  had  the  dauphin  on  his  right,  ^id  M.  de  Pobgnac  on 
his  left.  He  quosrionod  each  of  his  servants  one  after  the  other, 
and  when  he  ciime  to  M.  d'Haussez,  that  minister  repeated  his  ob- 
êexy&ûana  of  the  preceding  day-  "  Do  you  refuse  ?'  said  Charles  X. 
— '*  Sire,"  replieil  the  minister,  **  may  I  be  allowed  to  address  one 

Sueation  to  the  king.     Is   your   majesty   resolved  on  proceeding 
lould  your  ministers  draw  back?"^ — "  Yes,"  said  CliarlesX.,  firmly. 
The  minister  of  marine  took  the  pen  and  signed. 

\Vlicn  all  the  signatures  were  afBxea,  there  was  a  solenui 
and  awful  pause.  An  cxpressioïi  of  high-wrought  energy,  min^lod 
with  uncasmess,  sat  on  the  faces  of  the  minUHters.  M.  do  Fo- 
lignac  alone  wore  a  look  of  triumph»  Charles  X  walked  up  aad 
down  the  room  with  perfect  composure.  As  he  passed  M.  d  Haus- 
sez, who  was  looking  up  with  an  air  of  deep  thouijht,  '*  \\Tiat  is  it 
you  are  looking  at  so.''"  he  said. — "  Sire,  I  wag  looking  round  to 
Bee  if  there  did  not  happen  to  be  a  portrait  of  Strafford  here." 


I 


I 


PUBLICATION  OF  THE  OBDOSKAITOXB.  95 


CHAPTER  n. 

The  2€t}i  of  July  paaed  awaj  very  calmly  in  Pans.  At  the 
Palais  Royal,  however,  some  youBg  men  weie  seen  mountb^  cm 
cîhairs,  as  foirmerly  Camille  Deemouluu  had  done.  They  read  Ihe 
Moniteur  aloud  ;  appealed  to  the  pec^de  against  the  violatûm  of  the 
ctharter,  and  endeavoured  by  violet  gesdculaldon  and  inflammatory 
harangues  to  exdite  in  their  hearers  and  in  themselves  a  vague 
appetite  for  agitaticm.  But  dancing  was  going  on  in  the  environs 
OS  the  capital;  the  people  was  engaged  m  labour  or  amusement. 
The  boorâeoisie  akme  gave  evidence  of  constetnatifm.  The  ordan- 
sances  had  dealt  it  a  two&ld  blow:  Ûiey  had  struck  at  ils  political 
power  in  theperaons  of  its  legiaUtors,  and  at  its  moral  power  in 
those  of  its  wntersL 

At  first  there  was  nothing  to  be  seen  throughout  the  whole  botuv 
ffeois  portion  of  the  population  but  one  dull  uniform  stupor. 
Bankers,  traders,  manu&cturers,  printers,  lawyers,  and  joumaEsts, 
accosted  each  other  with  scared  and  astounded  looks.  There  was 
in  this  sudden  muzding  of  the  {«"ess,  in  this  bold  and  deep-searching 
alteration  of  the  decUve  mechanism,  in  this  overturning  of  all  laws 
by  virtue  of  an  obscure  article,  a  sent  of  arrogant  challenge  that 
■tunned  men's  faculties.  So  much  daring  inferred  proportional 
strength. 

It  happened  by  an  unhappy  &eak  of  chance  that  the  revolution, 
which  was  to  end  in  castmg  the  crown  into  chancery,  began  pra- 
■dsely  by  a  consultation  of  lawyers.  At  the  first  news  of  the  ordon- 
nances, several  journalists,  accompanied  by  some  jurisconsults,  hur- 
xied  to  the  house  of  M.  Dupin  àtné.  They  wished  to  know  was 
there  no  means  of  publishing  the  journals  without  an  authomation, 
and  how  &r  a  step  of  such  har^ood  would  be  sheltered  by  the 
protection  of  the  judges  and  of  the  laws.  At  this  meeting  appeared 
acme  men  who  were  destined  to  figure  with  applause  on  the  public 
stage.  Beside  M.  de  Rémusat,  who  manifested  a  calm  ana  deli- 
berate firmness,  stood  M.  Barthe,  plunged  seemingly  in  a  sort  of- 
moral  intoxication  that  foimd  vent  m  words  of  boyuh  intemperance. 
H.  Odilon  Barrot  ratting  a  little  apart,  turned  over  the  leaves  of  a 
Code  with  an  absent  air,  but  his  distress  was  visible  in  his  troubled 
featiues.  As  for  M.  Dupin^  practised  as  he  was  in  concealing  his 
natural  pusillanimity  uz^er  an  afifected  bluntne»,  he  did  not  refuse 
his  advice,  but  he  cried  out  not  without  blustering,'  that  he  was  no 
Longer  a  deouty, — ^thereby  declining  all  political  responsibility  as  to 
events,  the  issoc  of  which  was  unknown. 

Meanwhile  the  gamUen  of  the  stock  exchange  had  not  been  the 


8fi 


SENSATION  AT  THE  STOCK  EXCHANGE. 


last  to  he  moved  by  the  news  of  the  day.  Ttiey  Had  read  in  the 
fatal  lines  of  the  Moniteur  some  of  them  millions  lost,  others  miliiona 
M.  Rothscliild  received  the  first  intelligence  of  the  orJon- 


won. 


nances  in  the  avenue  of  the  Chomps  Elysécs  as  he  WEta  returning 
from  his  country-house.  He  turned  pale:  it  ^\'M  a  thunderbolt  to 
a  speculator  for  a  rise.  Wo  will  state  by-aiid*by  how  it  was  he 
contrived  to  be  a  loser  of  only  some  millions  of  francs.  Others  had 
calculated  better:  the  ordonnances  were  for  tlicra  the  starting-point 
of  u  rerica  of  profitable  operations.  The  three  per  cents,  nftving 
suddenly  fallen  from  seventy-eight  to  seventy-two,  there  were  xacsi 
who  could  date  their  fortunes  from  that  day. 

The  emotion  felt  at  the  Institnte  wag  9a  lively  as  that  at  the 
Bourse,  but  of  a  loftier  character.  There  M.  Arago  saw  Marshal 
Marmont,  Due  dc  Raeusc,  rushing  to  him  with  flashing  cyca  and 
features  convulsively  disturbed.  '•'•  Well  !"  cried  the  marshal,  im- 
petuously, *^  the  ordonnances  have  just  appeared.  I  knew  ill 
Tlie  wretches,  what  a  horrible  situation  they  place  me  in  !  I  shzdl 
have  peilmps  to  draw  my  sword  in  support  of  measures  I  detest  !" 
He  was  not  mistaken.  It  was  his  destmy  to  be  twice  fatal  to  his 
country. 

The  t!oge  of  Fresncl»  which  was  to  have  been  delivered  by  M» 
Arago  on  the  26th,  had  attracted  a  great  concourse  of  [«ople  to  the 
Institute.  M.  Arago  resolved  not  to  pronounce  his  discourse,  in- 
tending to  allege  as  his  reason  the  absorhlng  importance  of  the  poU- 
tical  events  then  pending.  Several  of  his  coUeagucs  Btronply  coun- 
selled tiim  to  this  act  of  courage  :  some  of  them,  amon^  whom  was 
M.  Cuvier,  a  man  greater  by  nis  intellect  than  by  his  hesrt,  repre- 
sented to  him,  on  the  contrary,  that  his  silence  under  such  circum- 
stances woidd  be  factioua,  and  tliat  he  owed  it  to  public  order,  that 
he  owed  it  to  himself,  not  to  compromise  the  majesty  of  science  in 
the  struggïûs  of  party.  Wliile  the  matter  was  in  discussion  M.  Vîï- 
lemain  appeared,  and  an  extremely  violent  altercation  took  place  be* 
twcen  him  and  M-  Cuvier.  M.  Arago  at  last  decided  to  speak  ;  but 
he  took  caje  to  introduce  into  hi?  tloge  on  Frt^nel  some  spirited  al- 
luaons  to  the  aflaira  of  the  moment.  They  excited  &  gloomy  enthu- 
siasm in  the  aasemblv. 

The  funds  had  fallen  ;  M.  Araffo's  words  were  applauded  ;  the  old 
monarchy  had  therefore  again&t  it»  from  the  very  first  day,  money 
and  science;  of  all  human  powers  the  vilest  and  the  noblest. 

Bui  it  had  defied  a  power  more  formidable  fitiH  The  joumaUsts, 
threatened  in  their  property,  in  tlieir  poUtical  importance,  porhape, 
in  their  liberty,  had  assembled  lumultuously  in  the  office  of  the 
National.  Wliat  was  to  be  done  ?  To  fill  the  etrcets  with  long  and 
loud  crie*  of  alarm*  unfurl  the  tricolour  flag,  raise  the  faubourgs, 
and,  in  a  word,  attack  loyaliy  sword  in  hand,— this  the  eiHtrvrs  ol 
the  Tribune  would  have  hazarded  doing,  but  the  writers  of  tlic  Hbe- 
ral  papers  were  not  yet  prepared  to  cany  the  zeal  of  their  convictions 
to  îuch  lengths.    Full  ol"  the  iccoUections  of  *93j  they  would  gladly 


I 


J 


MEETING  OF  JOUHNALiaTS.  ' '  W 

liavo  appealed  to  an  insurrectional  revolution  for  the  protection  of 
iheir  ttiroBtCiied  interests,  had  tKcy  not  been  fearful  of  letting  loose 
tompcsta  of  irrcfflstiblc  fury,  Besidop,  could  they  hope  to  interest 
the  passions  of  the  people  in  rcsentmcnta  of  the  bourgeoisie  ? 
Would  tlic  workaliops  furnish  a  euflicient  number  of  soldiers  and 
of  martyra  to  the  cause  of  a  chamber  where  the  people  had  no 
icpreeentativce,  and  to  that  of  a  prcëa  which  had  not  yet  mv^m  % 
Bmgle  pubUcist  to  poverty  î  Some  of  the  writers  aasembled  at 
the  oflicc  of  tlie  National  had  recently  traversed  Paris  ;  they  had 
noticed  notliing  indicative  of  the  approach  of  popular  commotion. 
The  people  make  no  stir,  they  said  j  and  this  was  a  plirase  ■well  calcu- 
lated to  d^ip  the  fire  of  courage. 

No  more,  therefore,  was  thought  of  than  protesting  in  the  name 
of  tJie  cltarter;  and  the  protest  of  the  journalists,  as  drawn  up  by 
MM<  Tliiers,  Cliatelain,  and  Cauchois  Lemoire,  was,  in  fact,  but  an 
intoepid  and  solemn  homage  rendered  to  the  inviolability  of  the  law. 
It  pet  in  array  against  the  dictatorial  power  of  the  ordonnances  the 
authortly  of  the  fundumqntal  compact  ;  it  appealed  against  the  mo- 
diticationa  arbitrarily  introduced,  DOth  into  tne  elective  sptem  and 
into  the  constitution  of  the  press,  not  only  to  the  terms  of  the  char- 
ter, but  to  tlîo  decisions  of  the  tribunals,  ttnd  to  tlxe  practice  until 
then  pursued  by  the  king  himself;  lastly,  it  represented  the  viola- 
tion of  law  by  the  government  as  the  consecnttion  of  &  dieobe- 
diencc  which  thereby  became  necessary,  legitimate,  and  in  a 
manner  sacred»  This  was  to  combine,  in  due  measure,  prudence 
and  energy.  The  protrat  conceived  în  this  spirit  was  imanimously 
adopted. 

But  WS9  it  necessary  to  attach  to  it  the  signatures  of  all  who 
concurred  in  promulgating  it  ?  MM.  Baude  and  Cofte,  tlie  one  ad^ 
rmnistrtfteurj  the  other  principal  editor  of  the  ÏVm/u,  represented 
that  the  uiiluence  of  the  journab  depended  in  part  on  the  mystery 
in  which  the  writers  of  them  were  shrouded  ;  Uiat  the  solemnity  of 
fluch  ft  leôstance  as  that  now  proposed  would  inevitably  be  impaired 
by  the  publication  of  some  obscure  names  ;  and  that  it  was  expedient 
to  leave  the  whole  action  of  the  document  to  the  force  of  the  un- 
known. M.  Thiers  replied  that  it  wiia  better  to  secure  for  the  pro- 
test tlmt  sort  of  favour  which  courage  deserves  and  always  obtains. 
This  opinion  prevailed  on  account  of  its  apparent  boldness.  In 
reality,  to  divide  the  rcâponsîbility  of  the  act  in  question^  and  to 
éprend  it  over  so  many  heads,  was  to  weaken  it. 

It  is,  nevertheless,  but  just  to  say,  that  most  of  thoFC  who  signed, 
bchcvcd  that  they  did  so  at  the  risk  of  their  lives,  and  some  of  thera 
bimved  the  chance  of  death  with  genuine  magnanimity.  A  deputa- 
tioD  of  studcnia  having  presented  tbcmiselves,  W.  de  Labordc  did  not 
hentAte  to  encourage  them  to  revolt.  But  the  opinion  of  M.  Thierd^ 
M.  Mignet,  and  ol  most  of  the  influential  elector  was,  that  it  was 
expedient  to  borrow  from  the  law  itself  the  means  of  making  it  tri- 
umphant.   Among  these  means,  the  refusal  of  taxes  was  one.    The 

n 


M  TITTÎ  ■DEPTmr,Ô  TIMTD,— OABlMtK  rfiRtEB. 

chamber  havin^  been  ilie^'diy  dissolved,  ti  refusal  of  taxes  wm  but 
an  appeal  to  the  charter,  A  Iresb  meetings  composed  chiefly  of  dec- 
tora,  was  held  at  the  office  of  tlie  National.  The  purposi;  was  to 
organise  that  mcNle  of  opposition  which  liad  begun  m  Eiurlund  hy 
Hflinptlcn'?  resistance,  to  eiul  h\  the  execution  of  Charles  IT  Kof  ït 
in  one  of  the  characteristics  of  the  Freuch  bourgeobie  in  the  nine- 
teenth Lcntury,  to  huve  always  ci>pied  the  procedures  of  England 
witliout  understanding  ihuin. 

There  were  among  the  pcraons  present  at  this  meeting,  Bome  men 
of  ardent  tcmpci-aincnt,  ftnd  pome  violent  înetmirea  were  promised. 
M.  de  Sehonen  cvincffd  extraort Unary  excitement,  and  lu»  words, 
interrupted  by  9oba,  produced  a  deep  and  stirring  effect  on  tbç 
hearers,  M.  Thiers  strove  to  assuajj;e  this  cflci  vcscence.  Address- 
ing the  Tno3t  impetuous,  he  ûsked  them  where  were  the  cannons 
they  could  brimc  fcj  match  the  royal  artillery  ;  or  did  ihey  think  to 
Hive  the  caupc  nf  liberty  merely  by  oni:riti.^  their  naked  bosoms  to 
the  bulls  of  the  Swis^.  Hut  this  liraidily  waa  condenincd  both  by 
thoee  who  were  instigated  by  sinctTe  enthusiasm,  uud  by  those  who» 
ftltfiiig  that  they  had  too  far  commitlcil  themeelve',  thought  only  of 
raergin":  their  own  ]K.'rilau8ly  conapicuouft  position  In  the  chaos  of 
univi'tva]  uprinir, 

Diu-incc  thip  time  pome  dcpntifH,  aPfWMubletl  nt  the  hou?c  of  M.  do 
Laljorde,  were  makiiiyf  trinl  of  their  on-n  uietttc  and  pown-s  oj'danng. 
The  cry  to  arm*  hud  sionmh.'d-  "  Now  ior  a  «ew  jru  rfr  l*aumr^* 
Bftid  M.  liavoux;  Bud  M.  Daunou  declared  the  ULVt-Fii'ily  of  having 
UpttM^  to  an  appeal  to  the  people.  M.  Cotlnnr  Fcrier  suddenly 
appeared.  He  came,  nut  to  ur^c  on  lîic  movomciit,  but  to  aiTest  it 
if  poerfble,  He  aaid  that  the  chamlwr  htw!  been  disadved  ;  that  con- 
soqucntly  ibey  had  ceased  to  be  deputies  since  the  nppe:miiice  of  the 
Moniteur  ;  that  afltr  all,  the  men  who  made  cottps  ffi-tat  did  them- 
selves appeal  Uj  the  charter,  and  thai  there  was  no  judg^e  between  the 
autborities  and  opinion;  that  it  was  exjiedient  to  wait  the  i«iue  of 
[  èventâ,  to  mvc  public  îndigtLatiôn  time  to  d^are  itficlT^  or  rather  to 
eîçç  mistaken  royalty  time  to  strike  into  a  better  path.  And  all 
uils  ho  said  with  the  look  antl  l>earing  of  command,  aud  in  impas- 
■oned  toneii.  Did  there  need  more  to  break  the  springs  of  impvilsc 
At  â  moment  when  hesitjttïon  ini^ht  well  be  natural?  MM.  dc 
Sclionen.  de  Laborde,  and  Villemaiu,  who  liad  l>een  sent  by  tlielr 
coll«i<pio8  to  attend  the  nieeting'of  clcctotfl,  retiuTied  thence,  in  Vftin 
cnnimissioneil  with  strenuous  exhortations  to  courage,  Nothîn»'  WM 
decided.  M.  Casijnir  l'éner,  whosîc  only  object  wns  to  curb  im- 
pcturtstty,  otïered  his  house  for  the  next  day,  and  the  meeting 
broke  up. 

Who,  then,  wa*  the  man  who  thus  presented  hlmKlf  as  mediator 
between  the  bbctalfl  and  the  tlirone  at  this  solemn  hour?  Casimir 
Périer  woa  a  man  of  tall  Ftature  and  a»ured  demeauour.  His  coun- 
tcnancCf  naturally  mild  and  noble,  wns  subject  to  midden  derange- 
ttents  that  rendered  it  appalling.    The  quici  lire  of  lus  glaucc;  Mac 


Tin:  gpmiT  of  besistance  oathers  steekgth. 


99 


împctuoRÎty  of  his  gesture;  hi»  feverish  daquenee;  tKe  frequait  out- 
buT&ts  af  bis  almost  frenzied  cholcr;  all  seamed  to  mark  liim  out  as  a 
mûti  fcwjm  to  fouso  the  wliiriwinda  of  civil  strife.  But  loftiness 
W»s  laclaag  to  hia  miad»  ûnil  generosity  to  hia  heart;  he  hud  not 
tliat  devoUojj,  without  which  the  art  of  swaying  luinds  13  but  an 
illustrious  cbarlataniain.  He  Imtod  the  aristocnicy  only  because  of 
hia  inability  to  match  thora  j  and  the  uproused  people  seemed  to  bia 
Tnorbid  tmagÎAatîon  but  ns  a  horde  of  oarbarians  rushing  to  pillage 
through  f5oa9  of  bloo<l.  The  love  of  money  kept  hold  of  his  mind, 
ftnd  addod  t-o  his  dread  of  that  people  which  was  made  up  of  poor 
men.  Timid  with  vehemence,  atid  prompt  to  crush  beneath  lus 
tyrannical  humour  whoever  provoked  it  by  appearing  to  look  on  it 
with  misgivingj  ho  loved  command  because  it  promised  impunity  to 
yiolenoe.  As  for  his  energy,  jt  sprang  only  froiii  craft,  but  in  liim 
craft  yns  marvellously  seoondcd  by  an  ammonious  and  billtms  tcm- 
peTament,  Accordingly  Jie  took  immense  pride  in  doing  little 
things.  So  much  the  haughtier  in  appearance  as  he  was  mean  in 
reality,  his  empiïe  was  almost  irroàstibio  whenever  unwortliinraa  and 
degradation  were  the  order  of  the  day;  and  nevei  was  man  Bttor  than 
he  td  gain  acceptance  for  pu^illanmlOiiB  deaîgna;  fur  ho  did  not 
counsel  them — he  imposed  them, 

Caainiir  Périer  would  therefore  certainly  have  amothorcd  the  revo- 
lution in  its  cradle^  if  he  had  needed,  to  that  cud,  only  the  support 
of  his  colleagues  :  but  they  tvcrc  not  the  men  whom  the  march  of 
events  obeyed  that  «iay. 

Many  persons,  as  I  have  soid,  after  yielding  to  their  first  impulses, 
jfasred  tliey  liad  gone  too  iiur;  and  as  they  had  httle  reliance  on  royal 
Wmency,  they  resolved  to  make  the  repistancc^cncral,  and  to  make 
the  people  interested  in  their  own  cfcngcr.  Thus  it  was,  that  on 
and  after  the  26th  it  was  rumoured  among  the  bourgcolâc  that  ît 
Ixad  been  resolved  to  close  the  workshops  and  to  turn  out  the  work- 
men on  the  streets.  Endcavoura  were  also  made  to  compromise  the 
judicial  authorities,  and  these  easily  succeeded,  since  tho  merabcTs  of 
the  tribunals  «ere  dra\Mi,  for  the  mo»t  part^  Iruni  the  ranks  of  the 
bourgeoiflfl;  and  llio  publishers  of  the  Cottriirr  Français,  tlio  Jpurtml 
ok  CummurUf  and  the  Journal  de  Fàris,  obtained  from  M.  Dcbel- 
Uffta&f  prorident  of  the  trUiunal  de  première  instance^  an  order 
enjoining  the  printers  to  lend  their  presses  to  tho  non-authorized 
journals. 

We  have  seen  in  what  manner  the  agitatioTi  produced  on  the  siff- 
Am  of  Bocietv  had  begotten  the  protL-at  of  the  journalists.  This 
^^fietcst,  by  giving  a  tangible  expression  to  legal  resisLancc,  comnro- 
misLMl  œrtaàn  name*,  and  the  perfons  thus  impliealcd  kboured  to 
diâieminate  revolt,  that  they  might  not  have  to  bear  the  whole  brunt 
of  the  danger;  and  so  the  commotion  was  gradually  propagated,  till 
itiaTol?ed  the  bwieet  ranks  of  society*  A  tew  stones  tlung  at  M.  de 
Pt^q^Bac'ft  Oftiriagc  on  Monday  evening  were  but  a  prelude  to  more 
daring  Bimif|«iiai.     Such  was  the  coac&t^n&tioa  oi  ^XlOu;^  m^issQAc;^) 

112 


100 


TWENTY-SEVENTH  OF  JULY*  — 


such  the  tissue  of  noble  instmcts,  of  indecisions  anJ  alarni&,  lay  wliich 
legal  reslstanûc  pasaed  into  an  insurrection,  wiiioh  was,  in  its  tum,  to 
give  birth  to  a  revolution.  A  strange  revolution  surelj  !  £^t  it  waa 
brougbt  on  by  the  higher  bourgeoisie,  who  drcadcil  it,  and  accom- 
plished by  the  pooplc,  who  âung  themselves  into  it  almost  imwit' 
tingly  ! 

It  was  ia  the  following  terms  that  a  postibon  travelling  to  Fon- 
tainebleau on  the  night  of  the  26 — 27,  told  one  of  hia  comradcB 
tbenewaof  the  ordounanccsr  "The  ParLsans  were  m  a  line  stew 
yesterday  evening.  No  more  chamber,  no  more  joumab,  no  more 
liberty  of  the  press  " — "  Ay,  ay  ?"  rcphcd  the  other,  ''  Well,  what's 
the  odds?  Dû  you  see  me  now,  provided  we  have  bread  at  two 
sous  and  wine  at  four,  I  don't  care  a  button  for  all  the  rest/'  I  and 
on  a  page  in  which  this  anecdote  is  related  this  note  in  the  hand- 
"tviitinCT-  of  Prince  Polignac:  "  A  charter,  ua  re^rda  the  people  rc- 
Eolvcs  Itself  in  the  very  first  place  into  three  thinga — work  to  do, 
cheap  bread,  and  few  taxes  to  pay/*  M.  de  Poii^nac  was  migtjikcn 
in  tlus.  He  spoke  only  of  the  material  intereetâ  ol  the  i>eHjplc,  which 
is  caailj  contented,  indeed,  in  times  of  ignorance.  Now  he  ought 
to  have  taken  account  of  îlâ  passions  in  their  loftier  aspect:  for  all 
that  was  requisite  to  make  the  postiUon's  language  no  longer  true, 
was  that  the  tricolour  ilag  should  he  unfurled,  reminding  the  old 
K>ldier  tliat  the  last  Waterloo  cartridge  had  not  yet  been  nied* 


CHAPTER  m. 

The  moBt  active  portion  of  the  bourgeoisie  went  to  work  on  the 

■"V,  and  nothing  was  left  undone  to  atir  up  the  people.  The 
etf£,  the  Qitotutienne,  and  the  Universe!  had  submitted  to  tbo 

lonnonces  from  conviction  r-T  from  party  spirit;  the  Journal dei 
Dfbats  and  tlie  Cotistihitionnel  &om  fear  and  mercantile  pohcy.  The 
Giof>e,  the  National^  and  the  Temps,  whioh  had  appeared,  we^3 
profusely  circulated.  The  pohco  order  of  the  preceding  day,  for- 
bidding their  publication^  only  eerved  to  stimulate  curiosity.  Copies 
were  ihsposcd  of  by  hundreds  in  the  cafés^  tho  reading-rooms,  and 
the  restiuranta.  Journalists  hurried  from  manufactory  to  manufac- 
tory, and  from  shop  to  shop,  to  read  them  aloud  and  comment  upon. 
tl)em,  Indi\ndualà  in  the  dnas,  and  with  tlie  manners  and  appear- 
ance of  men  of  fashion,  were  seen  mounting  on  stone  poet«,  and. 
holding  forth  as  professors  of  insurrection  ;  whilst  students,  attracted 
from  their  quarter  of  the  town  by  the  appetite  for  emotion  natural 
to  youth,  paraded  the  streeta  armed  with  canes,  waving  their  hats, 
and  crying,  Vive  la  Charte! 

The  men  of  the  people,  cast  into  the  midat  of  a  movctneot  they 


H0TALI8T  lïBtTreiONe. 


101 


could  not  «mpreliend,  looked  on  with  surprise  at  all  these  tHnga; 
but  pradually  yielding  to  the  contagion  of  the  hour,  thoy  imitated 
the  Kiurgeojsie,  and  running  nbout  with  bewildered  looks,  ttej" 
sliputcti  aa  othors  did,  Vive  kt  Charted 

Some  among  the  instigatoTs  of  sedition  were  sorely  afr^d  they 
had  done  too  much.  They  had  intended  only  to  produce  a  demon- 
stration that  should  afiford  a  salutary  and  correctiTO  warning  to  roy- 
alty; but  what  if  this  should  prove  a  eocial  dieruption  ending  in 
plunder  and  in  tho  dictatorsliip  of  a  few  demagogue»!,  far  more  to  bo 
dreaded  than  that  of  a  king?  Wa?  it  prudent  to  arouse  all  the 
slumbering  passions  of  a  eocial  body  lefl  without  bond  or  tie  ? 
TTiese  conâdcrations  induced  some  masters  to  retain  their  workmen; 
b«t  others  of  more  boldness  dismissod  dicm,  fifiying,  "  We  have  no 
more  bread  to  give  you."  Tlie  printing-hou&es  were  eoon  deserted 
and  the  streets  thronged. 

This  was  the  beginning;  of  the  revolutionaiy  alUanco  between  the 
bourgeoisie  and  the  people:  it  was  rendered  more  strict  by  themad- 
ncsB  of  Charles  X-  and  nia  ministers, 

Tlic  general  officer  who  was  to  have  commanded  at  Paris  on  the 
27th  and  the  following  days,  not  beintj  able  to  fulfil  his  niisaon, 
the  Due  dc  Ragusc  was  appointed  in  his  stead.  Fatal  choice  ! — 
for — Paris  delivered  to  the  enemy;  her  palaces  occupied  by  hiirba- 
rÎAns;  her  mtiseams  stripped  of  their  treasures;  her  squares  ilitmai- 
tifttcd  by  bivouac  fires;  Coesacks  galloping,  laiice  in  hand,  before  her 
diBoonsolate  matmns,  and  riding  to  the  overthrow  of  the  empire  on 
horses  branded  with  the  imperial  N.r  all  the  woes  and  shames  of  the 
country  were  summed  up^  to  the  people's  thinking,  in  one  name,  the 
name  of  the  Due  de  Hamise.  In  placing  him  at  the  head  of  its 
defenders,  the  old  monarchy  put  the  climax  to  ïîs  blunders;  by  its 
own  act  it  converted  an  exclusively  bourgeois  quarrel  into  the 
cause  of  the  people.  How  should  wa  people  have  stood  stiU,  with 
agitators  behind  it  to  goad  it  on  with  the  fear  of  famine;  and  before 
it  Marmont  to  remind  it  of  the  emperor  bctnïycd,  and  of  Waterloo? 

Hut  the  blindness  of  Charlpa  X.  and  his  prime  raiuister  was  pro- 
digious. No  precaution  had  been  ta.kcn.  Tliere  were  at  most 
12,000  soldiers  in  Paris,  the  gorri«on  of  which  had  just  been  dimi- 
nished; at  the  ministry  of  war  M.  de  Cbampagny  had  his  atten- 
tion engrossed  with  administrative  details;  and  M.  de  Polignac 
was  r^retting  that  he  had  no  ready  cash  to  invest  in  the  publie 
funds. 

TIiû  hotheads  of  the  royalist  party  went  so  far  as  to  reioice  at  all 
this  noise,  llicy  had  often  said  that  there  was  nothing  lilce  mowing 
down  action  in  tlie  field;  t)iat  I^rns  XVI.  had  been  undone  by 
excees  of  goodnature;  that  the  saiety  of  the  monarchy  demandca 
victims,  and  ^93  called  for  expiations.  Their  ianaticism  ^w,  there- 
fore, in  the  spectacle  before  their  eyes,  only  a  proof  that  the  final 
hour  appointed  by  Pro^idenco  was  arrived.     What  would  hç  the 


103  EXAMPLE  GIVEN  OF  LBOAL  11E8I3TANCE. 

result  of  this  great  shock  given  to  Bocicly,  but  to  piHDjeot  above  the 
crowd  tlio9e  head»  it  was  expedient  to  cut  off?  Warrunte  to  arrcet 
the  eigners  of  the  jonmalists'  protest  were  iwued,  and  orders  woto 
given  to  eeizc  the  presses  of  îhe  refractory  joumnlE. 

TIjg  Temp»  was,  of  all  tlie  jouruds,  that  wîiicH  had  displayed 
most  energy!  an  invasion  of  its  premises  was  %o  be  expected;  und 
about  the  iiotir  oï  noon  a  detachment  ûf  Riounted  gendurmeric  drew 
np  in  order  uf  battle  before  the  gate.  The  house  Ùius  menaced  wb» 
Htuated  in  the  Rue  Richelieu,  one  of  the  most  frequented  tîiorough- 
farea  of  Paris,  and  the  preî»cs  wliich  it  was  intended  to  eeîwï  were 
in  the  buildings  at  the  lurther  end  of  n  krge  court.  T}ie  dppro»^ 
of  the  conimhmire  bein*?  announced,  M.  Baude  had  the  doora  of  if 
printing-house  li.tckcd,  und  the  gatea  opening  on  the  etreet  throt 
Tvidc  open.  The  workmen,  the  contnhutora,  and  all  tlie  persons 
employed  on  the  paper  in  any  cnpaeity,  ditw  up  in  two  files; 
M.  mude  Btntioned  luraaelf  in  the  space  between  them,  bareheaded; 
and  in  tliat  order  all  remained  waiting  the  event  lu  deep  Eilcnoe. 
Tlic  paFfcrs  by  were  Btnick  withcuriutity  and  et^jjtpL'd;  sojne  of  thcBI 
bowed  respectfully;  the  gcndurmes  were  uneasy. 

Tlie  commissaire  arrived,  Obligcl  to  puPs  between  the  two  files 
of  men,  who  stood  mute  und  impassive  on  either  hand,  he  becftmo 
ïtgitated,  turned  pale,  aikd  ^oin^  up  to  M.  Baude,  he  politely  stated 
to  lûnj  tlie  object  of  lus  niissiun.  ^'  It  is  by  \irlue  of  the  ordon- 
aaiioea,  Monsieur,"  said  M.  Buudi:  lirmly,  '*  that  you  are  como  U> 
demoHsh  our  presses.  Well  then,  it  1^  m  the  name  of  the  law  that 
I  cuU  on  you  to  forbear."  The  amwiiastâre  sent  for  a  iocksmitb; 
ho  came,  and  the  doors  of  the  printing-house  were  about  to  be  forced 
open.  M.  Baude  stopiwd  tlie  mûu,  and  producing  a  copy  of  the  Code, 
ho  read  to  hiui  the  article  rotating  to  tho  punishment  of  robbery  ao- 
eompauicd  with  hou8C!h^eakin^^  The  locKsmith  uncovered  hia  neud 
t6tMO.w  hia  respect  far  tl»e  hnv  ;  but  bein;!.'  af^n  ordered  by  the  com' 
wiuo/^*  to  proceed,  be  scomed  about  to  obey,\when  M.  Baude  said  to 
lint  with  ironical  cooLnetti,  ^*  Qh,  go  on  !  it  \s  only  a  matter  of  tho 
f9ftUcy«-"  At  the  same  time  appealing  IVora  the  commmaire  to  the 
Oligf  ctfiixiB  Jm  drew  uut  his  puckc;t>bouk  lo  cuter  the  iiuine»  of 
the  '  ■'-    The pocket-bjok  passed  from  Jiand  to  hand 

and  '•.<!  h'ja  namo.     Every  particular  in  tliiâ  koenu 

wu-  -'ujar, — M.  Bftudc'a  etal-uiv,  his  sturdy  counte- 

nantit  -^"ihung  with  tluck  bushy  brow»,  tho  law  for 

which    '  pect,  the  stubborn  determination  of  tJia 

$pgt$0U^'  '      '"-eut  iudgea  invoked  wiliiin  a  few 

^i  .nç,  ÙiQ  crowd  that  every  moment 

aiklibl^  ^xn^reaaon  t>:i  its  indigtiation» 
V  up  thu  job  and  was  loudly  <>he«red.* 
Anulbvr  wa*  ecnt  Jirf:  fao  fudcavouned  lo-e»Qouto  the  orders  giveu 

lÛaU  jl>Vt   *udd*july  iijund  that  !■:'  *^  '■  '■■ -ino.     It  vvas  ne- 

'  to  b»vc>  cecî^râa  tv  Uie  «ti  '  jÏYut  tiiti  h\ioâ 


FBBS9  KEBTura  or  DEPunse.  103 

on  the  convicts.'  These  proocedings,  'which  took  up  seTcral  hours,  and 
weie  witnessed  by  great  numbers  of  persons,  derived  a  real  historical 
importance  from  the  circumstances.  By  affording  the  people  an 
example  of  disobedience  combined  with  attachment  to  the  laws,  two 
ciBvinss  of  its  nature  wore  gratiûcd, — viz.,  the  love  of  manifesting 
its  independence,  and  the  necessity  of  feeling  itself  governed. 

During  this  time  tumidtuous  assemblies  were  held  in  various  parts 
of  Paris.  In  the  meeting  of  the  electors,  at  which  M.  Thiers  was 
present,  the  question  of  stirring  up  the  masses  was  b^inning  to  be 
a^^tated,  and  M.  Féline  exclamicd,  *' We  must  put  all  our  ene- 
mies out  of  the  pale  of  the  law,  both  king  and  gendarmes."  But 
iull  of  the  idea  that  a  conflict  between  an  unarmed  midtitude  and 
regular  troops  could  only  lead  to  frightful  mischief,  M.  Thiers 
strenuously  advised  keeping  within  the  limits  of  legal  resistance, 
and  above  all,  "  not  mixing  up  the  long's  name  with  ^ese  burning 
discussions." 

Hiese  sentiments  were  th<^e  of  most  of  the  deputies  assembled  iç 
Paris.  Being  met  together  at  M.  Casimir  Férier's,  they  wasted  ir- 
retrievable  hours  in  making  speeches.  It  was  in  vain  that  tlie  meet- 
ing of  electors  sent  to  tiicm  MM.  Mérilhou  and  Boulay  de  la 
Meurtlie  to  inflame  their  zeal.  It  was  in  vain  tliat  MM.  Audry  de 
Puyravcau,  ^fauguin,  nntl  Labboy  de  Porapières  conjured  tliem  to 
follow  the  example  of  the  joumulists  and  protest  against  a  coup  d'état 
that  disarmed  tliem.  M.  Sébastiani  talked  uf  notliing  but  a  letter  to 
Uieking;  M.  Dupin  maintained,  us  he  hud  done  the  day  before,  that 
tliere  were  no  longer  any  deputies;  and  M.  Casimir  Périer,  as  he 
hkcwisc  liad  done  tlie  preeetling  day,  recorameuded  his  colleagues 
to  lie  down  quietly  under  the  defeat,  and  to  adiouru  their  courage. 
Yet  all  had  been  turmoil  and  agitation  round  these  stock-still  legis- 
lators since  tlie  preceding  day  ;  and  of  this  they  had  ample  means  of 
convincing  tliemselves;  ibr  the  sound  of  horses'  hoois  clattering  over 
the  pavement  of  the  street,  rung  in  the  room  where  tliey  were  sit- 
ting ;  and  some  yotmg  men  who  came  to  cheer  and  encourage  Caeimir 
Périer,  were  charged  by  gendarmes  under  liis  windows,  and  fell 
bleeding  before  tlie  closed  gates  of  his  hôtel. 

Up  to  seven  in  the  evening  tliere  had  not  yet  been  any  very  serious 
engagement.  Stones  had  been  thrown  at  the  gendarmes  diuwn  up 
in  iront  of  the  Palais  Koyal  In  the  Hue  du  Lvcée  the  troops  had 
fired  after  some  hesitation,  and  a  man  had  been  killed.  In  the  Kue 
St.  Honoré  a  shot  discharged  from  the  window  of  an  hotel,  by  a 
foreigner,  had  provoked  a  volley,  by  which  that  foreigner  and  his 
two  servants  were  killed.  Lastly,  a  barricade  had  been  constructed 
within  a  few  paces  of  the  Theatre  Français,  and  lancets  had  swept 
the  adjoining  streets,  sabre  in  hand,  and  wounded  a  few  individuals. 
Hitherto  there  had  been  but  the  prelude  to  an  insurrection:  but  the 
aspect  of  the  city  was  louring,  and  Paris  already  thrilled  with  the 
portentous  buzzing  that  foretold  a  desperate  strife.  The  streets  were 
cxttuuned  with  people  impelled  by  a  sombre  cuiioeity.    Some  ar^ 


104 


DEonmwos  OF  the  fhay. 


inorera'  fiiopa  had  just  lïeen  pillaged;  two  fresh  barricades  inter- 
sected the  Kue  St.  Honot^,  and  a  detachment  of  the  guards  wis 
hastening  from  the  Madeleine  to  destroy  thotn,  whilst  a  battalion  of 
the  15th  light  infantry  was  advancing  in  the  same  direction  fron» 
the  Marché  des  Innocents.  Muskets  glistened  from  one  end  to  tlie 
other  of  the  Rue  St,  Bcnîa,  and  shouts  of  Vive  la  lujne!  broke  out 
ftom  amidst  the  hollow  iind  mysterious  munnurs  of  the  living  surges. 
The  soldicra,  alternately  ilattcrcd  and  threatened,  were  in  a  «tato  of 
the  most  torturing  perplexity  :  they  drove  the  mtil^tude  before  them 
Tsrilh  friendly  looks  and  suppliant  gesturea.  This  was  naturul: 
elegantly  dressed  women  had  been  seen  at  the  windows  calling  out 
to  tlxe  troops  "  Do  not  hurt  the  people;"  and  the  fashionable  Irock 
coat  wa3  aeen  in  the  tumult  ade  by  side  with  the  tattered  jiicket  of 
the  proletary.  Here  then  theoTï  whs  not^  as  subsequently  at  Lyons, 
an  army  of  modem  elaves  led  to  battle  by  other  slaves:  the  leaders 
in  tins  case  were  potent  by  intelligence,  by  wealth,  and  by  honouje. 
Now  such  13  the  mental  serviUiy  in  eveiy  society  yet  in  its  childhood, 
ihfll  misfortune  protesting  agauïst  iniquity^  is  ncld  less  sacred  than 
might  standing  up  in  ita  own  defence  against  those  who  have  dared 
to  misjudge  iU  force. 

No  sooner  had  the  agitation  deect-nded  from  the  saloons  to  the 
thoroughiàres  than  it  encountered  thousands  of  men  smitten  with 
disgust  of  lite.  It  is  a  remarkable  fact,  too,  that  it  was  first  begun 
in  the  Palaia  Royal,  that  is,  in  that  quarter  of  the  CApitâl,  all  gorgeous 
with  gold  and  jewels,  where  civilization  cloaka  its  miseries  under  the 
trappmga  of  ita  pomps»  the  quarter  of  rich  men  and  of  proatitutes. 
It  was  from  those  impure  liaunts  that  tie  masked  behind  glitterini; 
ehopa,  that  were  seen  issuing  on  the  evening  of  the  27th,  with 
wild  looks  and  flushed  faces,  some  of  the  men  who  figured  in 
tlîc  be«^nning  of  the  fray.  But  to  tJie  real  people,  to  the  people 
that  toib  and  suffers,  was  to  );ie  left  the  ts^ik  of  filUng  up  every  page 
in  the  history  of  these  contlicts;  and  on  the  part  of  that  people  all 
WEiB  pure  heroism,  noble  instincts,  and  ignorant  and  blind  magna- 
nimity. 

Day  was  just  declining  when  a  man  appeared  on  the  Quai  de 
l'Ecole,  Ciïrrying  in  his  hand  that  tricolour  Hag  which  had  not  been 
seen  for  fifteen  years.  No  cry  was  uttered,  no  movement  look  place 
among  the  crowd  drawn  up  along  tlie  river  walls,  Amaxedj  silent, 
and,  as  if  immersed  in  their  recollections,  they  cflntinued  gajdug» 
long  after  it  passed,  on  that  standard,  the  unexpected  àght  oi  which 
evoked  such  glorious  phantoms.  Some  Dgcd  men  uncovered  their 
heads,  others  shed  tear*;  every  face  had  turned  pale. 

The  proceedings  in  the  courseof  thisday  at  the  Eoole  Polytechnique, 
which  was  destined  to  figure  so  illustriously  in  the  coming  c^'ontP,  was 
followe; — M.  Charnis,  a  pupil  wlio  had  been  expelled  from  the 


as 


sdiool  for  having  sung  the  ManteiUûiae  at  a  banquet  live  months  too 
BOOQ,  wrote  to  one  ol'  his  <L*ld  comr.ulcs,  informing  him  that,  to  all 
appearance,  there  would  be  open,  hostilities,  and  bidding  him  by  all 


THE  ÉCOLE  POLTTECIINIQUE. 


105 


meana  to  incite  his  companiona  to  energy  în  the  caiise.  Along  wîtli 
tho  note,  he  sent  his  correspondent  the  journals  that  had  appeared, 
that  morning.  The  privates  of  tho  school  had  not  been  obie  to  go 
abroad  into  the  city,  the  days  on.  which  they  were  allowed  that 
privilege  being  every  Wednesday  and  Saturdny;  but  the  pupila 
who  ranked  as  sergeants  and  sergetint -majors,  being  permitted  to  go 
mto  town  every  day  between  two  o'clock  and  five,  went  all  over 
Paris,  and  on  their  return  thoy  related  that  the  troops  had  charged, 
that  victims  had  faUen,  and  that  every  thing  seemed  in  preparation 
for  a  serious  conJlict.  Their  predictions  appeared  to  be  veriSed;  for 
about  six  o'clock  the  pnpils  distinctly  heard  the  noise  of  platoon 
firing  proceeding  from  the  other  side  of  the  Seine.  The  most  lively 
efierveacence  was  immediately  manliest  among  them  ;  their  studttre 
wrae  broken  oflT;  the  officers  and  M.  Binet,  the  inspector-general  of 
studies,  first  threatened,  thon  reraonfftrjtjxl,  but  all  in  vain;  the  stu- 
dents asembled  in  the  billiard- room,  and  set  about  deliberating  on 
the  courec  they  should  adopt,  Tiio  agitation  of  the  meetintr  was 
extreme.  At  last  it  wae  resolved  that  a  deputation  of  four  should 
be  sent  to  Laffittc,  Casiinir  Périer^  and  Lainyctte,  to  declare  that  tho 
school  was  ready  to  second  their  eâbrts*  and,  if  necessaiy,  to  cast 
itself  bodily  into  the  inBurrection.  The  Btudfjats  selected  for  tho 
embassy  were  MM.  Lothon,  BcnhcUn,  Pinaonnicrc,  and  Toumeiix. 
They  forced  their  way  out,  and  made  for  tho  Kue  dts  Fossés-dn- 
Temple,  to  the  apartments  of  M.  Charras.  ITicre  they  dressed 
themselves  aa  civilians,  for  they  were  afraid  of  being  aiTCStcd  on  the 
w»t;  and  all  five  ect  out  for  the  houdc  of  M.  Laflitte. 

Wliat  an  aspect  did. Paris  present  at  the  moment  when  darkness 
descended  upon  it  !  All  along  the  Boulevards,  on  the  Place  Louia 
XV. »  the  Place  Vendôme,  antl  that  of  the  Bastille,  were  Swiss,  or 
lanc<?rs,  or  gendarmes  d*élite,  or  cuirassiers  of  the  guards,  or  foot 
soldicTft;  patrols  crossing  in  every  direction  ;  in  the  Rues  dc  rEcheile 
and  des  Pyramides  attempts  at  barricades  ;  and  all  round  the  Palais 
Royal  a  swarm  of  men  assembled  from  all  quarters  to  batten  on 
revolt;  musket  shot*  as  yet  few  and  desultory;  at  the  loot  of  tlie 
columns  of  the  Exchange  a  ^ardhouse  blflssng,  and  shedding  an 
ominous  Hoo<l  of  light  over  ine  e^juare;  tmdcr  the  peristyle  ol  the 
Theatre  dee  Nouveaut<?s  a  corpse,  laid  there  after  having  been  car- 
ried about  with  cries  of  "  Vengeance  !"  darkness  gathering  thicker 
and  thicker  over  the  city  from  the  destruction  of  the  lamps;  men 
ruouing  up  and  down  the  Rue  Richelieu  barearmed,  with  torches 
in  their  hands.  Ay,  the  instigators  of  the  insurrection  might  well 
be  terrified  then,  for  where  was  the  rolling  mass  they  bad  set  in 
motion  to  stop?  '*  No,"  vehemently  exclaimed  M,  de  Remusat  in 
the  office  ol'  tlic  Globe;  **  no,  it  was  never  our  intention  to  produce 
a  revolution;  all  wc  purposed  was  a  lepsl  resatance."  These  words 
having  been  keenly  repbed  to  by  H.PauUn,  a  violent  altercation 
took  pluct:,  and  threatening  exclamations  gave  reason  to  apprehend 
ft  noTO  serious  conflict. 


106 


THE  BOTTROEOISIB  ALABMED  AT  ITS  OWK  WOUK- 


M.  de  Itcmusatf  ncvorthelcfis,  had  evinced,  a  ârmncsflthat  âidHini 
honour,  as  loog  as  matters  wore  confiined  to  constitutional  rcsûtAiK 
But  he  was  alarmed  at  all  the  contingencies  of  mnrc  reckkas  daring;. 

Tîie  fact  was,  that  all  tliese  Ijoiugeois  feared  tlie  people  still  moro 
tliflu  ilioy  did  tlie  court,  "Take  heed  Mrliat you  do/'  said  ti  tnonu- 
liieturer  of  the  Faubour*;;  Saint- Marceiui  tliat  evening  to  liia  friend» 
of  the  National;  *'  if  jou  give  tliu  workiïieu  arms,  tliej  will  fighij 
if  you  do  not  give  tlicra  aims,  they  will  rob." 

No  amis  were  given  them;  they  took  ihem,  did  not  rob,  ftmll 
tliotight  only  of  lighting. 

Meanwhile  some  citizens,  among  whom  were  MM.  Tliicrs,  Cau-i 
chois  Leinaire^  Chevalier,  Bastide»  and  Dujxint  wore  deliberating 
lit  the  houtic  of  M.  Catlet-Gns&icourt  on  tlic  nieana  of  ^vinju;  wj^nt 
larity  and  nystein  to  the  resistance.  The  house  was  in  the  line  Sw 
Honora;  tlic discussion  waa  carried  on  in  hearing  of  tlic  fusilla 
ani.1  with  more  confusion  than  artlour  of  spirit.  The  neeeseity 
having  recourse  to  le^iral  forms  was  rncrgetieally  advt>catcd  by  Mi\ 
lltitTs.  In  the  opinio  m  of  most  present,  tlic  movouient  going  an  Îb| 
tho  capital  way  ptîrfeelly  identical  In  t-haractcr,  and  tould  not  but  1*: 
idculicul  in  rwidt,  wîlh  thai  which  Imd  bruken  out  in  1827  iu  tl 
line  St.  Denis,  llie  jiicetinj^  had  no  other  tdyuet  llain  to  form 
each  arron'ljgseniont  a  eommitteo  ol'  roslâtanec»  which  tlioiild  com>* 
spiïiaî  witli  tiio  deputies,  lïut  revolutions  aro  nt't  aeeoinnli>hed  is 
ftj  mctliodiciil  a  style,  A  low  intrepid  incn^  such  as  MM.  Clmrlctf 
Teste  and  Aiiious,  sealed  apart  in  a  corner  of  the  room,  grew  ini» 
patient  at  liiese  piTjlLx  diE?eusEiions;  they  auitted  tire  room  without 
waiting  to  hear  Uiein  to  an  end,  and  humed  away  to  concert  me*- 
Bim^s  ivith  their  friends  for  the  next  day's  battle. 

Another  meeting  took  place  at  tlichousu  of  General  Gour^iud,, 
at  which  were  prcseïxt  MM.  Clavet  Gaubcrt,  formerly  uide-de-(um|| 
io  General  Ik-rtmnd,  M.  Dumoulin,  Colonel  Dulays,  and  the  Com-? 
niaiiiUmt  liatheville,  all  men  of  the  empire,  Tliey  agreed  to  kiv, 
deî:vûus  next  day  in  the  Place  des  Pctltfi-Pcres,  not  titr  &om  tl; 
Palais  lloyel. 

Others  thoug:ht  only  of  forcing  Cliarlcs  X.  to  capitulate,  the  only 
mftft^flff,  according  to  them,  of  steering  clear  of  tliose  two  perila,, 
de^iotîam  and  pillage.  The  Btiron  de  Vitrolics  received  avïint  from 
Dr.  Tlnbault,  wh<>  was  on  rather  intimate  terms  with  General  Gérard* 
Tliti  object  of  thifl  visit  wua  tu  prevaU  on  M.  de  Vitrollcs  to  mulce 
conciliatory  overtures  to  Charlefi  X.,  his  influence  with  whom  wa» 
well  known. 

But  a  revolution  was  become  inevitable.  Now  did  that  people, 
which  was  about  to  cHèc^t  it,  clearly  understtand  itA  import-,  and  could 
it  fureaeo  Jta  scopeV  Did  it  know  where  were  itâ  enemies?  Did  ti 
knuw  iJie  men  it  waa  to  take  lor  its  leaders?  In  tlie  course  of  that; 
evening  a  carriage  was  etuppetl  In  the  Rue  de  Glichy  by  a  band  ofi 
working  men  armed  with  slicks.  *'  it  is  a  minister  escaplng/'  tbe^ 
shouted,  furiouisly-    in  the  carriage  were  Madame  Diuuéinont,  her 


ZWBHTT-BIGETH  OW  JVLYt  107 

two  children,  and  an  unknown  individuaL  The  door  was  opened 
and  the  unknown  stepped  out.  He  would,  perhaps,  have  been 
IdUed,  for  he  dared  not  disclose  his  name,  when  a  casual  passenger, 
recognising  him,  cried  out,  Casimir  Périer  1  The  moment  the  words 
«ere  heard,  enthusiasm  succeeded  to  threats,  and  the  crowd  carried 
in  triumph,  as  one  of  the  most  implacable  enemies  of  Charles  X., 
him  who,  at  that  very  instant,  was  pondering  only  how  he  might 
save  that  monarch's  crown.  Too  often  tho  people  nghts  onl^  for  a 
change  of  tyrants,  and  adopts  leaden  of  whom  it  knows  nothing  but 
their  names. 

Nearly  at  the  same  hour  the  youths  deputed  by  the  École  Poly- 
technique,  knocked  at  the  gate  of  the  Hôtel  LaBitte.  They  were 
answered  that  the  master  ol'  the  house  was  retired  to  rest  He  waa 
to  be  awakened  tho  next  morning  by  the  noise  of  a  revolution,  for 
tiling  were  hurrying  down  a  declivity  up  which  there  was  no  re- 
tnnung. 

M.  de  Polignac  on  his  part  was  taking  his  measures,  and  he 
despatched  orders  to  two  battalions  of  the  6th  regiment  of  the 
guards,  then  in  garrison  at  Saint  Denis,  to  march  witli  all  speed  on 
Paris.  It  was  night  when  the  order  reached  tho  colonel.  Tho 
drum  summoned  the  two  battalions  to  their  colours;  fifteen  rounds 
of  ammunition  were  delivered  to  the  soldiers;  and  the  colonel,  ad- 
dressing the  ofTicera,  said  to  them,  in  a  voice  of  deep  emotion, 
"  Gentlemen,  we  march  to  Paris.  Preserve  order  in  your  com- 
panies, and  if  the  guards  engage,  let  every  one  do  his  duty." 


CHAPTER  rV. 


DuBma  tho  day  of  the  27th,  tho  people,  suddenly  startled  from 
its  repose  by  the  uproar  of  passions  tlmt  were  not  its  own,  had  made 
experiments  in  the  way  of  insurrection.  When  it  turned  out  into 
the  streets  on  the  28th,  it  had  not  yet  taken  an  exact  account  cither 
of  its  affections  or  its  hatreds  ;  but  it  was  suffering,  it  had  smclled 
powder  ; — ^what  more  was  needed  ?  Besides,  tho  love  of  danger  and 
an  appetite  for  adventure  are  natural  to  those  who  have  long  bent 
imdcr  the  harsh  discipline  of  pcntuy. 

As  it  is  through  the  outward  si^  of  things  that  human  authori* 
ties  obtain  their  position,  so  Ukcwisc  through  them  arc  they  pulled 
down.  The  people  set  about,  in  the  first  place,  proscribing  what 
was  most  elevated  in  that  society  in  which  it  felt  itself  so  ill  at  ease  ; 
and  that  which  was  most  conspicuous  in  tho  high  places  was  its  most 
^tecial  object  of  hostility.  It  pursued  every  symbol  of  monarchy 
with  insult.  It  obUtcrated  the  signa  of  the  court-puivcyors,  and 
dragged  the  emblems  of  royalty  througli  the  mire. 


108        THE  PEOPLE  TAUGHT  TO  CRT  ^'  VTVE  LA  CÎÏABTE." 

All  Urn  was  only  disorder.     The  tricolour  flag  was  unfurled 
Then  began  the  rcvo!ution. 

In  thoee  three  pieces  of  differently-coloured  cloth,  the  people 
read  a  whole  history  of  heroic  and  affecting  import.  It  meant 
France  about  to  become  nguin  the  first  nation  in  the  world;  it 
meant  the  imprial  epic  about  to  recommence  î  nay  tnori\  pcrfaape,^ 
it  meant  the  empPTor  who  was  not  dead.  Two  men  of  the  empire 
appeared  at  the  post  of  the  Bank  :  one  of  these  M,  Dumoulin,  wore 
a  liat  and  feathers*  and  the  uniform  of  an  orderly  olEocr;  tlie 
other,  the  Commandant  Dufays,  was  disguised  as  a  workios  mian: 
he  had  a  red  handkerchief  wrapped  round  his  head,  and  a  tricolour 
flag  tied  round  his  loins,  They  marched  along,  followed  by  two  or 
three  hundred  men,  who  min^'Ied  the  emperor's  name  with  inroca- 
tiona  to  liberty.  But  J^v€  la  Charte  f  was  the  cry  of  the  boorgeoiâc. 
The  men  of  the  wopîe  who  knew  nothing  of  the  charter,  threw 
into  that  cry  all  the  ra^c  hopes  tîiat  ewelled  tlicir  bosoms.  Many 
(^them  died  for  a  word  they  tUd  not  understand:  the  men  who  did 
understand  it  were  to  show  themselves  by-and-by,  when  the  time 
was  come  to  buiy  the  dead-  Some  dexterous  contrivers  CTen  ven- 
tured in  the  very  heginmng  of  the  strife  to  have  tlic  name  of  Thr 
Black  Prinre  wîdspercd  about  through  some  groups,  Tliey  knew 
how  irresistible  is  the  power  of  mystery,  and  how  poetictd  is  the 
ignorance  of  the  people. 

The  invaaon  of  the  niayorally  of  the  Pdits  I^res  was  one  of  the 
Jiifit  epilodes  of  the  28th.  MÂÏ.  Dcgoufste,  lIin;onnçt,  and  \m- 
^pvche  had  repaired  thither  early  in  the  monun^,  armed  with 
muskets,  and  ready  for  combat.  M.  Degouasee  wore  the  uniform  of 
the  nntionnl  guards  and  as  this  courageous  group  of  citizens  passed 
along  the  boulevards,  they  were  joined  by  numDcn*  ol'  the  people. 
The  post  waa  soon  forced,  the  mayoralty  taken  possession  of,  the 
mugkcis  it  contained  were  dietribittod  to  the  people,  the  drum  was 
beat  to  arms.  At  the  startling  sound  of  the  drum  announcing  in- 
Eurrection  several  bourgeois  put  on  their  uniforms  as  national  guardsi 
jind  hastened  in  arma  to  the  spot.  Some  of  them  detached  thcin- 
eelvea  from  the  main  body,  and  went  to  join  the  troops  of  the  line  in 
keeping  guard  at  the  b&nk^  otbers  posted  tliemsdves  in  the  mayor- 
alty  tu  prcscn'c  piibUe  order.  These  were  strange  auxiliaries  for 
inmrgents.  Meanwiiilc  agitation  was  spreading  in  every  direction, 
and  muskct-shotB  were  fired  m  the  adjoining  streets.  Some  of 
those  who  had  seized  the  post  wished  to  go  out  and  join  in  the 
fight:  Uie  national  guard  stopped  them,  one  of  them  exclaiming, 
*'iV hat  are  you  about?  They  will  fancy  we  are  hwtilo."-^'*  The 
very  Ùiag  I  iatenà  they  should,'*  replica  M.  Higontiet,  contemptu- 
ously, and  thercumn  he  threatened  to  shoot  the  other  down.  Thua 
the  ni^ority  nf  the  bouigcoifiie  brought  only  distrust  and  doubts 
and  fenia  to  that  horrible  mêlée,  into  which  working  men  and  chil- 
dren were  about  to  plunge  with  chivabic  blindoess.    Tliey  looked 


ASMS  DISTHIDUTED. 


109 


for  order  in  ft  revolt,  and  beheld  nothing  but  the  pî«9ervatioQ  of  4 
few  shops  in  the  possible  downlal  of  a  throne. 

But  by  ihis  time  llie  sturdy  inhabitants  of  the  faubourgs  were 
riamg  en  mctaxe^  and  pouring  in  lowarda  the  centre  of  Paria. 
Groups  were  collecting  at  the  Porte  St.  Denis  and  the  Porte  St. 
Murtin.  A  barricade  was  beguii  ut  the  entranceof  tlio  Fnubourg 
St.  Denis  with  a  waggon-load  of  rouj;h  stones.     The  joiUTseymen 

firintcrs  were  collecting  in  the  Passage  Daupliinc,  where  M,  Joubert 
tad  translurmed  his  book  warehouse  into  an  arsenul.  At  another 
point  M.  Andiy  de  Puyraveau,  dinging  open  the  great  gates  of  hia 
waggon  oftico,  called  the  combataiits  to  hiin  with  loud  shouts,  and 
distributed  muskets  among  them.  In  the  Faubourg  St.  Jacquea 
the  studente  were  sticking  their  pistols  in  their  belta,  and  arming 
themselves  with  their  fowlingplecea.  On.  the  Pkce  de  k.  Bourse 
appealed  two  long  wicker  cases  tilled  with  arma  and  imperial  uni-' 
fonnSf  under  the  care  of  M.  Etienne  Arago.  They  came  I'roni  the 
TliL^ûtre  du  Vaudeville,  where  had  been  perfurraed  aome  duys  before 
the  play  of  X<  Servent  Mathieu^  in  whieh  a  body  ot'  actors  ïiad  to 
appear  in  arms.  M.  Charles  Teste  di-^tribuled  these  weaptma  and 
uniibrms  in  hia  house,  Burnamcd  Xa  P^Hte  JacobitâèTe.  The  istu- 
deiils  of  tlie  Keole  Polytechnique  had  broken  open  the  fencing -rooms 
during  the  nighty  possessed  themselves  of  the  ^foils,  broken  off  the 
buttons  from  the  cnds^  and  sharpened  them  on  the  atones  of  the  cor- 
ridors.* Being  made  aequûntcd  about  ten  o'clock  with  the  ordon- 
nance dismissing  the  school,  they  letl  the  premise,  most  of  them  in 
full-dres!  uniform.  They  were  greeted  in  the  lîue  de  la  Montagne^ 
Suinte-Geneviève  with  shouts  ci"  Viae  i' Ecole  Polytechnique!  and 
tliey  replied  with  shouta  of  Vive  la  Liberté!  Vive  la  Charte!  Ono 
of  ihem,  holding  hia  cocked  hat  in  the  air,  tore  the  white  cockado 
from  it,  trampled  it  underfoot,  and  nùsed  the  portentous  cry, 
*'  Down  with  tlio  Bourbona  !"  'Ihc  example  wùs  quickly  followed. 
But  the  school  di^pereod;  and  the  exertions  of  the  pupils  became 
ftlmcKst  individual:  the  con^ucnce  waâ  that  the  fà.miUcs  or  fricnda 
of  miuiy  of  them  were  able  to  keep  tJiem  back  from  the  confliot,  so 
that  instËad  of  two  hundred  and  fifty  who,  not  being  legitimists, 
might  have  taken  part  in  the  combat,  only  sixty  actually  fought. 

About  10  or  n  a.  m..,  MM.  Charras  and  Lothon  preaentcd  them- 
selves At  the  house  ol"  M.  Lafayette,  and  were  told  he  was  from 
lujine.  Another  deputation  which  had  prtHMxled  them  had  received 
from  the  c;eneral  this  strange  reply,  "  Advise  your  comrades  to  keep 
quieL*'  llic  movement  was  imivcrsal,  and  those  who  seemed  na- 
turally callod  on  to  direct  it,  rctnaîucd  stricken  with  iitupor.  Châ- 
telain, ctiicf  editor  of  the  Courier  Frcm^ais^  on  hearing  that  the  peo- 
ple were  tearing  down  the  royal  arms  from  the  shop  fronts  of  tho 
court  tradesmen,  and  were  dragging  them  through  the  kennel^  had 
exclaimed  that,  '^  The  game  were  a  bnc  one  for  tlie  Due  d'Orléans  if 
he  had  the  courage  to  play  it." 

*  L'nd«r  the  RËAtaration  iHc  pupili  c^  ihc  Éc<^  £^7t«cbl>i<l(ie  were  oaanncd, 
iocepl  tbe  Krg«ani«,  who  wore  iitonï». 


110  THE  DUC  DE  RAOCflE'a  PLAN  OF  0PEBATI0N9, 

Moanwliiito  the  Duc  de  Ragusc,  în  obedience  to  a  suDunons  ks 
otnved  at  eight  in  tho  monmi"»  went  immedifttcly  to  M-  do  Potignae. 
Itwflfl  HOC  tni  ihca  i\mt  the  ordonnance  appointing  the  maralial  to  tlie 
onmmand  of  the  fîrst  militaiy  division  was  put  inlo  bis  h»nd,  Ttib 
ordmioanco  ehoiild  have  Wen  notified  tohira  the  preceding  dny  ;  but 
M.  de  Poljgnac  had  thought  Tit  on  the  27th  to  put  the  commandant 
of  ihc  place,  by  a  ppecial  order,  at  tho  head  ol"  the  miards  rtationod 
in  Pans.  For  on  tho  one  hand  M.  do  PoHgnac  befieved  that  whut 
ho  regarded  aa  a  mere  outbreak  oCthe  mob  would  bo  very  ou^ily  put 
down-  and  on  the  other,  he  would  ralher  ha\e  afiorded  the  honour 
ol'  tluat  Little  triumph  to  a  man  of  his  own  party  than  to  the  Duo  de 
Ilapusi?»  who  passed  at  court  almast  tor  a  liberal. 

Be  this  aa  it  may,  Paris  having  been  dcclured  on  the  28  th  in  & 
Btato  of  siege,  the  Due  de  Ragnse  found  himsell'  invcste^î  with  a 
reid  military  dictatorship,  under  tho  êurv^Utmcc  of  the  prime  mi- 
nifftcr.  His  pitmition  wae  a  cruel  one.  If  ho  took  part  vrith  tho 
insurgents  he  betrayed  a  kirig  who  had  relied  on  him  ;  if  he  put  eo 
many  raothera  in  mourning,  without  even  believing  in  the  juBtice  oï 
his  causo,  he  coiiumttod  an  atrocity;  if  he  stood  (uoof  he  was  twice 
dishonourcd.  Of  these  three  linoa  of  conduct  he  adopted  that 
which  y/m  most  fatal  to  tlie  people. 

Having,  howevcrj  once  accepted  the  dictatorship,  he  had  a  very 
eimplo  mcnnâ  in  his  hand^  of  putting  down  the  sneurrection,  and 
that  was  to  threaten  to  set  fire  to  Paris,  But  there  are  men  who 
have  neither  the  courage  of  virtue  nor  tliat  of  crime.  Tîio  foUoiv- 
mg  wofl  tho  duke's  plan: 

rhe  troopÈ  were  concentralctl  round  the  Tuileries.  It  was  nv 
solved  that  they  should  ect  out  theuce  and  inarcii  in  two  main  divi- 
m-nns  towards  the  soulh-cast.  One  of  the  two  divisions  was  opdcanl 
t<j  proceed  to  the  Place  de  Grève  and  tho  Hôtel  do  Ville,  aloug  thu 
hujilcs  of  tlie  Seine;  the  other  was  to  troveree  the  whole  length  of 
the  Ixiulevards  from  the  Madeleine  to  the  Place  de  la  BaflliUe^  and 
then  to  march  through  the  whole  Faubotirj?  St,  Antoine,  Thm  it 
might  be  said  that  the  royal  army,  stretching  out  ita  too  huge  arms 
from  tlic  Tuileries  south-east  ward  a,  one  to  the  right  along  the  qua^, 
^the  other  to  the  left  along  the  boulevards,  enclosed  the  insurrection 
P%<tWeen  them  in  the  most  important  and  most  tumultuous  portion 
of  the  city.  But  it  wa,^  necfftsary  that  a  communication  should  bo 
contrived  ut  some  other  point  than  their  junction  between  these  two 
hneSt  thus  separated  by  the  whole  breadth  of  the  ground  they  en- 
cloeed.  Two  biitliilion."  of  the  guards  were  ^ereforo  ordered  to 
occupy  tlio  Marché  des  Innocents  m  the  Rue  St.  Dcni&j  and  to  keep 
that  street  open,  one  of  them  patroling  it  northwarda  aa  for  aa  the 
f  Iwulcvardfl,  the  other  sttuthwarda  as  far  aa  the  Seine. 

Tlic  defects  of  ihi?  plan  were  manifest.  It  wa»  easy  enough  for  the 
troops  to  traverse  the  blood-Btained  route  marked  out  for  them  on  the 
map,  but  they  were  not  numerous  enough,  by  a  great  deal,  to  occitjpy 
BO  cxtunaive  a  space.  And  tht-n  to  pu&li  ilicm  into  the  street.'*  of  St. 
Dcnia  and  St.  Antoine^  irom  which  un  inânity  ûf  bhuU  crookt^  alleys 


rEBROBS  Off  TTTE  niGITEIt  BOlJïWEOTSlE. 


Ill 


braticJietl  oft'  rigJit  ami  left,  was  to  expose  tlicm  to  dcalli  fi-om  all 
quarters,  wiUiout  the  power  of  retaliating. 

But  whut  otber  plan  was  practicable?  How  was  it  possible  to 
blockade  the  vuat  city  of  Paris  with  a  few  thousand  men?  Had 
Charles  X.^  when  he  signed  the  ordonnances,  been  iible  to  ibre^îe  a 
revoIutJon  ;  and  had  he  taken  care  to  provide  victuals  for  the  troops,  it 
inîght  have  been  possible  for  him,  no  doubt^  to  recommence  the 
cventa  of  the  13th  Ve7nUmiaîre  i  the  royal  nrmj' closin"^  round  the 
pAlacc  of  the  Icin^  would  have  awaJted  the  iusurret-tion  with  bnyoncta 
tixed,  and  with  the  matches  of  the  cuunoas  lighted;  and  if  the  in- 
^UTffiDti  had  confined  them&elvea  to  running  about  the  city,  cup' 
tunng  the  posls,  taking  poeseseion  of  the  public  buildings,  and 
bri-'akjiig  the  ruyal  arms^  the  buui'gcoisic  in  the  excess  of  ita  ter- 
rors, would  not  have  dclEkved  long  to  seek  pardon  on  it^  knees, 
only  too  happy  to  cecapc  m}m  the  f^ir  of  pilkge  by  aubmitting  to 
deapoiism. 

liut  the  wjklicrs  wanted  victuals»  and  they  would  have  been  the 
iir»t  to  be  forced  by  lluuine  to  lay  down  their  ai-ms.  Once  more  I 
peat,  there  were  but  two  alternatives  open  to  a  servant  of  Charles 
^,  oithor  to  let  the  crown  of  tliat  totlenng  old  man  fall  into  the 
abyw,  or  to  set  fîro  to  the  four  comers  of  his  capital:  for  he  it  known 
toevï^ry  budy  politic  that  submits  to  the  sway  of  a  monarchy,  that  to 
Bttvo  thjit  nionarrhy  mny  even  cost  no  less  a  price  I 

llic  Iroopa  then  put  themselves  in  motion,  the  cannons  rolled 
alnnff  the  pavement,  and  civil  war  broke  out  in  Parie. 

VVhat  was  to  be  the  isBuc  of  that  war?  ITie  «mwFns,  the  men  of 
letters,  uiul  itlmitst  all  the  mililary  mcn^  lot^ked  with  pity  on  the 
^wipulftr  t:urabatants  and  their  mad  schemes.  M.  'lliicrH  nin  oiJ"  to 
wck  on  asylum  at  the  liouw  of  Madame  de  Courchamp,  in  the  valley 
of  Montmorency.  M.  Cou^n  talked,  tit  tho  olKt^  of  the  Ghibr,  of 
the  white  tlajj  j*^  the  only  one  the  nation  could  recognise;  and  he 
reproached  M,  Pierre  Loroux  for  compn^mieing  his  friends  by  the 
revolutiowaiy  tone  he  was  giving  the  journal.  M.  Duboia,  the  chief 
j^torof  tlie  Glohe^  waaab^nt.  In  short,  there  was  nothing  on  all 
tods  hut  perturbattoQ,  uncertAinty,  and  contiisioa  in  tho  ranks  of 
the  higher  bourgeoisie. 

Tliere  was  among  the  moet  remarkable  writers  of  that  time^  one 
of  tall  figure,  nbnipt  but  dignitîcd  gestures,  retiring  but  thoughtful 
fomhejwl.  He  hod  been  a  soUlJer.  At  the  firi^t  ie|>ort  of  tlie  mus- 
ketry he  ftbook  his  head  sadly  j  he  then  set  off  through  the  city,  un- 
annttl,  with  a  black  switch  in  hîâ  hand,  heeiUcsa  of  the  balls  that 
whistled  around  him,  and  braving  death  without  seeking  triumph- 
Tliia  man,  destined  to  an  illustrions  and  ill-fated  career,  waa  then 
little  known:  his  name  was  Armand  Carrel.  "  Have  you  oven  a 
Hnglo  battaJton?"  wa«  his  constant  question  to  the  moet  conGdent 
among  hia  friendj?.  On  the  monung  of  the  ÎSth.  pflsnng  alone  the 
bonlmrdd  with  M,  Éticnno  Arago,  who  was  cnncing  much  ardour, 
^*  Stay,"  «lid  he»  pointing  to  a  mnn  who  was  greasing  hie  ahocs  with 


112 


COUBAT  AT  TH£  fLACK  DE  C&ÈTE. 


ite  oil  of  ft  broken  atrcet-lamp,  "  there  you  have  the  people — there 
you  see  Paris  !  Lovitj — recklcssne^a — what  represents  great  thmn 
applied  to  little  uses/'  He  was  inistakeu  in  one-half.  The  people 
was  about  to  lake  pan  seriously  in  the  fight^  it  was  indiffèrent  only 
aa  to  the  results  of  the  victory. 

The  two  battalions  of  the  guards^  ordered  to  march  aloDg  tlie  right 
bank  of  the  Seine,  had  set  out  under  the  command  of  General  Talon. 
FaUiug  in  with  the  15th  li^ht  infantry  at  the  Pont  Neuf,  tliey  car- 
ried it  along  with  them,  and  quitting  the  right  bank  of  iKe  oeine, 
they  advanced  by  the  centre  hne  of  the  bridge  into  ihc  isle  of  the 
Cité.  Then  deffling  along  the  Quai  de  l'Horloge»  they  reached  the 
entrance  of  the  bndge  of  Notre  Dame,  where  they  halted  for  a 
moment- 

The  Hotel  de  Ville  had  been  occupied  ànce  daybreak  by  some 
intrepid  young  nteoT  and  by  mauv  timid  dtkcna,  who  h&d  gone 
thither  for  the  protection  of  pubUc  order;  the  latter  had  entered 
becau^  the  place  seemed  empty»  and  they  appneared  greatly  alarmed 
at  tlic  impetuoâty  of  their  companions.  But  the  Place  de  Grève, 
and  all  the  streets  opening  upon  it,  were  thronged  with  men  of  un- 
conquerable courage,  lue  tocsin  was  sounded  from  the  church  of 
St'  Severin,  and  the  deep  booming  bell  of  Notre  Dame  returned  a 
still  more  awful  response  to  that  found  of  mourning.  The  drum 
was  beating  in  the  Rue  Planche- Mibray,  which  faces  the  bridge  of 
Notre  Dame,  and  the  crowd  was  rushing  towards  the  quay. 

The  guards  advanced  upon  the  bridge,  and  suddenly  opening 
their  fklea,  exposed  two  pieces  of  artillery.  The  drum  ceased  to 
beat:  the  pavement  of  the  street  was  swept  of  all  but  the  dead. 
The  guards  passed  iho  bridge,  deployed  on  the  Quaîâ  de  Gèvreo 
and  de  PellcticT,  left  a  platoon  to  guard  ^ic  entnmce  to  the 
Rue  Planche-MJbray,  and  spread  out  over  t}ie  Place  de  Grève» 
driving  the  Parisiana  before  thetn,  who  retreated  rapidly  by  all 
the  streets  and  lanes  that  opened  on  the  square^  whilst  the  defendera 
of  the  Hûtel  de  Ville  escaped  by  the  back  doot»,  firing  aa  they  tab. 

The  15th  hght  infant^  had  remained  on  the  other  side  of  the 
bridge,  covering  the  Marchi-aux-Fleurâ.  ïlotionlesa,  with  their 
weapons  resting  on  the  ground,  the  soldiers  of  the  15th  looked  on 
widiout  taking  any  active  part  in  the  fi^ht.  Armed  citizens  paaeed 
belbre  them  every  moment,  and  the  ollicer  contented  himself  with 
saying  to  them,  aa  he  pointed  with  his  sword  to  working  men  car- 
ricfl  awoy  bleedjng,  *'  lou  eee!  for  mercy  sake,  do  not  go  aero»!" 
But  sharpshootcTS  from  the  Passage  Dauphinc  and  &om  tho  Fau- 
bourg St.  Jact^ues  were  giaduatly  accum  ulatiug,  ia  defiance  of  all  rc- 
aistiuicc,  on  the  Quai  de  la  Cité.  The  parapet  wall  of  the  Seine 
protected  them  iVom  tlie  ûre  directed  against  Inem  by  the  guards  on 
the  right  bunk^  whil^^t  their  balla  took  certain  oflbct  un  the  soldierv 
that  overspread  the  Place  dc  Grève.  Such,  moîeâV£l(  waa  tlie  ardent 
spirit  oi'  the  men  of  the  people,  that  several  of  them  rushed  upon  the 
suapcnsioQ  bridge  leading  to  the  Pkce,  in  the  middle  of  whico  a  c&n- 


INSURRECTION  IN  XnE  RICH  QTTAKTEBS, 


113 


■ 
■ 

I 

L 


aon  was  pointed  agaiJist  tliero.  Several  discharges  of  grape  were 
Bent  ftiDonest  tiio  assailanta,  and  several  times  in  succession  was  ihe 
bridge  trigntijilly  swept  by  the  shot.  M,  Charras,  of  the  École  Poly- 
technique,  waa  on  the  left  bonk,  sword  in  hand.  A  workman,  wïio 
was  shot  down  by  liia  side  by  a  ball  through  the  chest,  bequeathed 
iûm  hiâ  musket,  but  aiamuiutioii  was  w^utmg.  A  lud  of  filteen  or 
idxteeiiT  stepped  up  to  M.  Charraa,  and  showing  him  a  packet  of 
cartridges,  eaid,  "  We  will  divide  if  yon  like,  but  on  condition 
that  you  lend  me  your  gun,  that  1  may  tire  ofl'  my  phftte,"  The 
musket  was  put  into  liis  hand.i,  and  he  ran  to  have  his  shot.  Just 
at  that  moment  a  body  of  guards  advanced  across  the  bridge:  the 
insurgents  vaniaîicd  up  the  street  opening  on  tho  quay^  and  among 
them  the  intrepid  boy.  It  was  on  lïiia  £«me  field  of  battle  that  a 
■young  man,  who  carried  a  tricolour  flag^,  uttered  the  heroic  cxcîamA- 
tion»  "  My  friends,  if  I  fait,  «member  that  my  name  is  d'Arcole." 
lie  did  fall;  but  the  bridge  that  received  hia  corpse  haa,  at  Iciest,  pre- 
served lus  name» 

Some  paces  off  from  this  scctuj  of  action,  the  students  were  erect- 
îng  barricades.  Tlicn  came  drums  of  the  national  guard  beating  the 
rappti  and  the  ffênéraîe.  Curious  spectacles  were  sometimes  mixed 
lip  with  all  the  horrors  of  such  a  tlmma.  A  column  of  fifteen  or 
twenty  mea  waa  eeen,  for  instance,  in  the  Kue  St,  André  des  Arts 
mttrching  with  avioUn  at  thâr  head.  The  women  stood  at  the  win- 
dows applauding  every  armed  man  that  pa^ed.  Encouragements  ot 
a  diffcren  t  kind  were  parti cularly  addressed  to  the  troops.  Small 
printed  papers  were  scattered  about  containing  tlicse  words — *'  The 
country  fuis  a  vtarshal»  truncheon  to  bestmr  on  the  firnt  colonel  who 
shall  make  common  cause  tcith  the  peopled  Tliua  all  things  concurred 
to  augment  the  energy  of  tJiis  movomejit,  the  moat  extraordinary 
that  ever  seized  upon  the  population  of  a  grcjit  city. 

liut  the  inturroction  was  uf  a  tot^dly  diSeïcnt  cliarooter  in  tlie 
rich  quarters  from  that  it  dispUyed  in  those  whence  issued  the 
combatants  of  the  Place  dc  Grève.  The  prevailing  gentiment  in 
the  Faubourg  St.  Honoré  was  tlie  love  of  order^  the  desire  of  conser- 
vation. Tluâ  sentiment  had  guided  a  great  number  of  national 
gUftrds  to  the  mayoralty  of  the  liret  arrondissement:  a  detachment 
of  the  6tii  rcmmont  of  the  guards,  under  the  command  of  M.  Sala, 
was  sent  thither,  but  not  a  shot  was  fired.  **■  Wo  arc  here,"  cried 
the  national  guards,  "  only  to  insure  the  protection  of  property." — 
"  It  is  for  the  aMDe  object  that  we  are  come  hither,"  replied  the 
officer.  The  altercation  waa  warm  :  at  last  the  national  guards  gave 
way,  and  M.  Sala,  who,  accordin"  to  the  orders  of  General  St.  HÎ- 
laire,  should  have  made  them  pnsoners,  sent  them  away  reaesured 
and  satisfied.  The  battalion  continuing  iu  mareli^  a  dtmi  company 
wtfl  attacked  in  front  of  the  Madeleme  by  workmen  armed  witil 
miukcts  and  pistolp.  They  were  vigorously  received,  and  whilst 
some  nf  the  assailants  dispersed  up  the  neighbouring  streets,  others 
tau  for  shelter  into  the  church.     A  company  followed  them  tliithëc 


114 


EXGÂGEMXNTS  ON  TB£  BOUT.ETÂRD<^. 


Acnes  the  overthrown  barricades.  The  workmen  climbed  ap  into 
the  loof  :  the  asldicrEi  threatened  to  Bet  fire  tc  the  Gscaffbldiug  with 
the  straw  lying  on  the  floor  of  the  unfinished  building:  the  m«i 
came  down,  and  ■were  shut  np  in  the  charch.  Two  houK  aitertvardfl 
another  detachment  camo  and  eet  them  at  liberty.  The  fiokiiets 
who  fought  at  the  Jrladeleme  and  in  the  neighbourhood  had  shed 
and  had  loft  blood*  Their  eituAtion  wsa  di^treesine.  thï?ir  gloora 
was  profbijnd.  And  yet  when  their  usual  hour  of  qïancr  arriredt 
thoy  weire  heard  joking  about  the  siirpiise  and  impatieiiœ  they 
fancied  their  cooks  would  feel,  who  hsd  been  left  behind  at  St. 
Denis.  Such  wm  the  character  of  this  war, — ^laughter  and  t«ira 
continually  mingled  together, — sometimes  generous  and  courteons, 
Bomotimes  implacable;  here  grave  as  on  a  field  of  battle,  there 
ludicrous  as  on  a  stage  in  a  fair,  it  set  forth  in  bold  relief  all  the 
dazzling  qualitic?,  but  likewiEC  aU  the  unstable  Tcrsatility  of  the 
French  natioh. 

Amidst  this  immense  and  confuted  m^lûe,  most  of  the  officers  of 
the  guards  thought  it  ïheir  bounden  duty  to  remain  inviolably  true 
to  their  colours.  Some  of  them,  such  as  M.  I^CTnotheux,  recorded 
their  retirement  from  the  service,  but  still  withth^  full  detcrminatioa 
of  not  dpclflxing  it  openly  till  the  fighting  waa  over.     Others  inter- 

frcted  their  duty  dilJerently.     The  Count  do  Raoul  de  la  Tour-du- 
'in,   for  instance,    addressed  the   ibUowing  letter  to  Prince  Po* 
lignac; 

**  MûNfEiairErR,— After  a  <îaj  or  mastacKs  tnâ  dlaasters  entend  oo  m  défiance 
of  all  laws,  dcTiae  aad  bumaa,  tad  in  which  1  bavn  tMkcn  p«n  od^  £ram  a  rupeet 
fo  hoinau  OHisJilËntioaB  fc»*  wlikh  I  reproaich  dij^kIi'.  my  coDaaemic  impcriuUa^ 
forbiils  mc  to  terve  a  momeiit  longer,  I  Ijave  givftD,  in  tliiz  course  of  017  lue,  pnwB 
FU^imtlj  annffnma  of  my  dcvotiun  to  tbc  Vinfctn  witmuit  nie,  irithont  exinoin^ 
Vgr  muntioiu  to  unjiut  sn£pt(!iu&fi,  to  drav  n  diiUnctian  between  wbtt  etxmnVtKB 
noax  him  njid  the  acrociti»  th4t  «re  commiitcU  in  >»i«  nsme.  I  liavc  the  tKHioar  to 
TC^ucfit,  mousoiji^cur,  timt  jiou  will  laj  bdore  tlie  king  mj  res^giiatkui  of  n^  oom- 
mioûon  as  taptniit  of  \ùb  ^nrd."* 

Mc&awhilc  a  cotunm  commanded  by  M.  de  St.  CKiunan^,  and 
composed  of  two  battalions  of  the  first  regiment  of  the  guards,  k 
battalion  of  the  âxth,  and  about  150  kneers,  had  set  out  for  the 
Place  de  la  Bastille  by  way  of  the  boulevards,  ûccompanicd  by  two 
piccc9  of  cannon.  It  marened  for  a.  long  while  without  meedn^jnth 
any  very  strenuous  resistance,  but  on  reaching  the  Portes  St.  Dénia 
and  St.  Jtartin,  it  was  attacked  with  extreme  vigour.  Here  fought, 
at  the  head  of  o  heroic  and  ragged  multitude,  young  men  who 
carried  with  them  tlio  old  French  gaiety  into  the  tliickcst  pcrik  of 
the  conflict,  leaders  of  proletaries,  whom  one  would  have  lakcDi 
frtun  their  graceful  gallantry  and  their  chivalric  ardour,  for  the  heirg 
of  tliat  vahant  noBease  that  conquered  at  Fontenoy.  T!;e  royal 
troops,  tittacketl  on  all  sides,  halted  and  fired.  This  time  there  wero 
none  killed  or  "tt'ounded.    The   assailants  perceived  this,  and  Te» 

*  '^I  never  r«X'iveJ  thii  Icttrr;  I  would  hare  acnt  it  iMick  to  iit  aathùr.  In  tbo 
noiDeDt  ûf  danger,)»  tme's  mignation  it  accepted." — MS,  m/te  of  M,  ii  P^E^rme, 


IN  THE  FAUBOURG  ST.  ANTOINE. 


115 


L 


lumed  to  ttc  charge  whh  shouts  of  laughter  tlitit  niiiin;lcd  witli  tho 
"^  **  a&l  noiec  of  tiie  rusHliidc.  The  caimons  were  broii^'ht  up.  At 
1  they  were  about  to  he  discharged,  a  boy  dartt'd  ibrward 
_  .oldiors  and  iiretl  a  pistol  at  ihem  at  point  blank  distance, 
iie  troops  continued  their  march,  but  bcJiind  lliem  the  crowd  camo 
on  iii  heaps;  the  trees  oi'  the  houlcvardâ  were  fcUcd  wth  the  axe, and 
barricades,  thrown  up  with  astonishing  quickness,  cut  off  all  hope  of 
retxcat  for  the  soldiers.  On  the  Place  cTe  la  Bastille  M.  de  St.  Cha- 
xooDB  found  a  niuneroua  assemblage  composed  chiefly  of  women  ajad 
childreû,  "  Work  !  Broad  !"  Such  were  the  cries  that  issued  û-om 
thia  multitude:  those  who  composed  it  were  ahnost  all  unarmed. 
Strange  &ct  !  Whilst  the  people  waa  elsewhere  fighting  with  cries 
oi'  wliicH  it  knew  not  the  meaning;,  on  the  Place  de  la  Bastille  it  ut- 
tered its  own  genuiae  war-cry  without  tliinldug  of  fighting.  M.  de 
St.  Chftmans  advanced  among  the  groups  fiud  distributed  all  the 
money  he  had  about  him. 

H©  found  the  square  occupied  by  &  ic^mcnt  of  cuirassiers  of  the 
guards,  the  âOth  regiment  of  infantry  ot  the  line,  and  a  squadron  of 
jgendarniene.  Though  these  troops  had  not  been  placed  under  his 
command^  M.  dc  St.  Clmmans  ordered  the  cuira^picrs  and  the  âOth 
to  march  to  the  Place  de  Grève^  in  order  to  keep  the  communication 
free  between  his  column  and  the  soldiers  sent  to  the  Hatol  de  Ville, 
But  the  50tli  and  t]ie  cuirassiers^  not  being  able  to  efl'ect  this  duty, 
letumed  to  their  position  on  the  Place  de  la  Bnptillc. 

M.  de  St.  Chftiaaua  himself  advanced  into  tlie  Fâubouz-^  St.  An- 
teine.  of  which  be  made  himself  master  after  an  hour's  fighting. 

On  returning  to  the  Place  dc  la  Bastille  he  found  there  the  50tli 
aod  tlic  cLurassiers.  Tlieir  officer  reported  to  Kim  the  impediments 
lliat  had  prevented  the  execution  of  his  orders,  whereupon  he  imrao' 
diatcly  resolved  to  enter  the  Ituc  St.  Antoine  at  the  liofld  of  the  same 
column  he  had  led  iVom  the  Boulevard  de  la  Madeleine.  The  pas-* 
fiBffe  was  loDg  and  bloody.  Groups  of  invisible  ghai-pèliooters  poured 
a  iuil-stoTm  of  ballfl  on  the  troops,  and  broken  bottles,  tiles,  and  lur- 
niture  were  flung  down  on  them  from  every  window.  Fecblo 
women  cturied  h^vy  paving-stones  up  to  the  roofs  of  their  houses, 
and  hurled  thtm  thence  ou  the  heads  of  the  soldiers.  The  number 
of  ïncu  of  the  people  who  appeaxed  in  the  open  street  with  muskets 
in  ihcir  hands  was  not  in  reality  very  comddemblo,  but  the  multitude 
of  those  who  took  part  indirectly  in  the  combat  was  immense.  In. 
the  hottest  of  the  fusillade  several  men  in  f mockfroekâ  were  seen  in 
the  Rue  Culture- Sainte-Cathcrinc  letting  themselves  down  by  ropes 
Jxom  the  walls  of  the  pK>mpiers'  borrûcks.  These  were  ughtm^ 
m«&,  who,  having  been  made  pri^Micrs,  had  been  placed  for  security 
in  the  barracl^,  «nd  whom  the  pompiers  were  thus  sending  baciC 
into  the  action.  Several  cannon  shots  were  fired,  hut  the  extreme 
jDOgnitude  of  the  occasion  that  converted  a  city  into  a  field  of  battle 
gave  Bupemiitural  energy  to  couiti^er  and  filled  the:  very  air  mexi 
MCfttbed  with,  A  contagious  intoxication.     Doora  suddenly  opened  to 

I  2 


US 


GENEa03ITV  OF  THE  COMBATAKTS  OK  BOTH  8IDES- 


(lielter  men  of  the  popiilar  parly  at  tlie  moment  they  were  hardest 
pressed,  and  were  liastily  eliut  to  the  moment  they  entered;  the 
wotindpf!  were  roeeivecl  vnth  alacrity,  antl  their  wounds  dressed  by 
syrapathixing  hands;  making  Unt  or  grindinf^  powder  was  in  every 
house  tlie  occupation  of  the  women — motlicre,  sisters,  or  lovers  of 
those  who  were  going  to  death  t  Never  was  the  simghino  so  intense; 
ita  burning  Itc&t  augmented  the  universal  mental  iever. 

On  reachin^'^  the  neighbourhood  of  the  church  of  St.  Gervaiat  tho 
column  headetlby  M.  deSt>  Chamans  found  its  progrcM  arrested  by 
B  huge  barricade,  wMch  waa  promptly  escaladed  by  the  voltigeurs  in 
the  advance»  but  which  the  soldier?,  with  all  their  courage  and  per- 
severance, were  unahle  to  demolish.  HercT  then,  there  was  an 
insuperable  obstacle  to  the  match  of  the  cavalry  ntid  artillery;  so, 
afler  expending  the  last  cartridge,  M.  dc  St.  Chamans  turned  uff  to 
the  left  to  cross  the  Seine  by  the  bridge  of  Austerlitz,  reach  the 
esplanade  of  Uio  Invalides  by  way  of  the  new  boulevards,  and  so 
arrive  at  the  Place  Louts  XV.  Such  were,  in  fact,  the  ibrma! 
orders  communicated  to  him  before  he  cnlcred  the  Hue  St.  Antoine, 
in  a  despntch  which  was  put  into  liis  hands  by  a  person  dressed  in. 
plain  clothes. 

During  this  lime  the  soldiers  in  the  Place  de  Grève  were  in  a  very 
bad  ph^ht,   and   were   defending  themi?olveg  with  great  courage. 
■Every  house  had  become  a  fortrcas,  and  shots  were  rapidly  tired 
from  e\"cry  window,     'llircc  men  had  posted  themselves  behind  a 
chimney,  and  theuce  they  kept  up  a  deadly  lire  on  the  soldier?,  till 
at  hu^t  ibcy  were  discovered.     A  cannon  was  pointed  against  the 
chimney,  but  before  it  was  discharged  the  cannoneer  made  a  sign  to 
the  three  men  to  got  out  of  the  way.     There  wag  not  less  gallantry 
and  f,''.-neroâlv  on  the  part  of  the  asaaitanta.     But  what  were  these 
attiiekin^'?     Wliat  were  those  defending?    Others  could  telH    Sud- 
denly a  loud  clattering  of  arms  end  hoi'scs  was  heard  in  the  Place  de 
-Orève,     A  detachment  of  the  50th,  preceded  by  cuirassiers,  was 
■  -advancing  thither  along  the  rpmy?.     It  was  marched  into  the  yard 
■of  the  Hotel  de  Ville,  and  its  cartridges,  which  it  refused  to  use, 
•were  distributed  among  the  soldiers  of  the  guartls  who  were  more 
pertinacious  defenders  of  royalty.     A  Swiss  detachment  had  been 
«ont  from  the  Tuileries  to  the  sueeour  of  the  H6lel  de  Ville,  and  it 
entered  the  Place  do  Grt>ve  at  double  quick  step.   The  sight  of  thowj 
Ted  imiforma  redoubled  the  fury  of  the  insurgents;  fresh  combâtanta 
tushcd  forth  from  every  alley,  and  a  barricade  was  seized  and  manriL-d 
I  "by  the  people.     Tlie  Swiss  sustained  this  attack  with  \'igour;  the 
I  ^guards  ud\'ancetl  to  support  them,  and  the  Parisians  were  ïx?ginnîng 
to  give  way,  when  a  young  man  advanced  to  rally  and  cheer  thorn 
I  ion,  waving  a  tricolour  flag  on  the  end  of  a  lance^  and  shouting,  *'  I 
I  will  show  yuu  how  to  die."     He  fell,  pierced  with  bulls,  willun  ten 
['paces  of  tlie  guards.      This  engagemeitt  was  terrible;  the  Swi»  led 
llauY  of  their  numbers  stretched  on  the  pavement 

Tno  war  all   over  F^riâ  abounded   in  scenes  wliimsically  odd, 


HEMARKAni^E  SCENES  ANB  INCIDENTS.  117 

Jberoic,  lamentable.  Tlie  Marqiiia  d'Autichamp  had  taken  up  Ms 
pc3«t,  seattitl  on  a  cimir  in  the  colonnade  oi'  the  Lotivie,  op|H>3ite 
St.  Germain-l'Auxerrols-  Bent  undei'  the  burden  of  lus  years,  and 
Hardly  «ble  to  sustain  Ida  tottering  body,  he  encouraged  tlie  Swiss 
to  the  fijL^lit  by  his  presence,  and  siit  ivitn  folded  urnjg  gazing  on  the 
drsnml  spectacle  before  him  with  stoicnl  inËcnsibility*  A  band  of 
insurffcnts  attacked  the  powder-magazine  at  Ivry,  on  the  Boidevard 
do  rHûpital,  broke  in  iho  door  with  hatchets  and  pole-axc5,  rushed 
into  the  courtyard,  and  obliged  the  people  of  the  pliice  to  throw 
item  packages  of  powd*?r  out  of  the  wlimows;  tlie  jns«rg;euts:,  mth 
aU  the  hot-headed  recklessness  ot'thc  moment,  continued  with  their 
pipes  in  their  inoulhë  to  catch  the  packages  as  they  fyll,  and  carried 
them  oii"iji  their  arms.  The  debtors  coniincd  in  St,  Pelagic,  using 
a  beam  for  a  battering  ram,  broke  open  the  gatcs^  and  then  went 
and  joined  the  {^ard*  at  tlic  post,  to  prevent  the  escape  of  the  cri- 
minaL  prifloncra.  A  bloody  encounter  took  place  in  the  Hue  des 
Prouvairea,  and  cxliibitcd  the  spcelacle  common  enough  in  civil 
"vars  of  brothers  Cghtin;^  in  opposite  ranks.  There  was  throughout 
the  whole  city  a  sort  of  morjl  intoxication,  the  aspect  of  which  it 
passes  the  power  of  human  speeoh  to  deâcrlbe.  Am^idst  the  noise  of 
musketry,  the  roUing  of  the  drums,  the  cries  and  the  groans  of  the 
combfttontfif  a  thousand  strange  reports  prevailed,  and  added  to  the 
imiretsal  bewildermait.  A  hat  and  teaihors  were  carried  about 
some  parts  of  ihc  town,  said  to  Ix;  those  of  the  Due  de  BLifjusc, 
whose  death  waa  asserted.  There  was  something  supernatural  in 
the  audacity  of  ccrtAÎn  among  tli^e  combfttADte.  A  workman  seeing 
a  company  of  the  5th  of  the  line  cmer|riiig  ui>on  the  Pkcc  de  la 
Bourse,  ran  stnught  up  to  the  captain,  and  struck  liitn  a  blow  on 
à  hcftd  with  an  iron  bar.  llus  captain's  name  was  Caumann. 
_  itecled»  and  his  luce  was  bathcfl  in  blood;  but  ho  had  still  strength 
cnouph  left  to  throw  up  his  soldiers'  bayonets  with  his  sword  as 
they  wo^ï  about  to  lire  on  the  aggressor.  Ttie  men  of  the  people 
added  the  moat  perfect  sclf-dcmal  to  their  intrepidity,  ana  they 
ranged  themBclvcs  by  preference  under  the  orders  of  any  combatant 
whose  drc^  pointeJ  mm  out  to  them  as  belonging  to  the  more 
liivouied  classes  of  society.  Furtliermore,  the  young  men  found  at 
every  step  guides  for  their  inexperience  in  the  persons  of  old  soldiers 
vho  had  survived  the  battles  of  iho  empire, — a.  warlike  generation 
ivhom  thcBourbona  liad  for  over  inc^ua-d  in  1815. 

But  the  magnanimity  of  the  people  was  not  less  astonishing  than 
ita  couruge.  If  it  happened  in  the  heat  of  the  fight  that  the  rich 
man  oHered  his  purse  to  the  poor  man  as  he  gaspetl  for  breath  and 
alm<»e  ikinted»  tlie  poor  man  accepted  no  more  than  w^a  Bufficicnt 
for  the  necessity  of  the  moment,  and  ran,  imder  the  shower  of  ballf, 
to  return  tlie  remainder  of  the  piece  of  gold  he  had  received  in  thoee 
hours  of  intense  and  transient  brotherhood.  Sometimes  there  wad 
mingled  with  this  diËintcrcstedness  a  tone  of  poetry ,  euch  as  can  only 
be  conccjTed  by  noble  hearte  that  beat  beneath  rags.     Some  work* 


118  1CEETIK6  OF  jyETVTOa. 

men  were  defending  a  barricade  thrown  up  in  the  Rne  St.  Joseph. 
A  bouigcois  who  was  fighting  amon^  them  saw  one  of  them  leu 
faintly  against  the  stones  of  the  Darricade  :  he  thought  the  yoimg  man 
was  wounded,  for  his  shirt  was  bloodj  and  his  face  waa  deadty  pal& 
The  bourgeois  bent  oTcr  him  ;  but  the  workman  said  feebfy,  *'  I 
am  bunCTy."  A  five-fianc  piece  was  immediately  tendered  to  him; 
■upon  which  the  young  man  passing  his  hand  under  his  bloodj  shirt, 
^ew  out  a  ragged  royalist  nag,  aaà  said  to  his  beneiactor,  '*  Here, 
dr;  take  this  xa  cxcmm^." 

And,  oh  !  what  consoling  episodes  amidst  so  many  sooies  of  woe 
and  mouminç  !  In  the  Place  des  Victoires,  where  the  troops  under 
General  Waff  were  posted,  women  of  the  people  were  seen  carr^inf 
mtchers  full  of  wine  and  n*ater,  which  they  ofi^ed  to  the  paiched 
fip6  of  the  soldiers.  At  the  same  time  the  general  was  oitenng  into 
negotiation  viùi  M.  Degoussée  for  the  remo'v^I  of  the  wounded. 
The  poor  fellows  were  laid  on  cars,  and  it  was  an  insurant  leader 
dressed  in  a  blouse,  a  foraging  cap,  with  a  musket  in  his  nand,  who 
undertook  with  four  men  to  escort  the  melancholy  procesûon 
through  the  wailing  streets  of  Paris.  Unparalleled  war,  in  whi^ 
every  combatant  braved  death  twice, — first  to  strike  down  the 
eoemy,  and  then  to  save  him  ! 

But  the  Marché  des  Innocents  was  the  spot  were  the  battle  was 
hottest.  The  battalion  which  set  out  thence  to  clear  the  ground  as 
iar  as  the  boulevard  of  the  Rue  St.  Denis,  could  only  acoMnjdidi 
its  melancholy  task  with  incredible  exertion.  On  arrivin?  at  the 
Gour  Batavc  it  encountered  a  murderous  fire,  and  it  haâ.  nearly 
thirty  men  killed  or  wounded  before  it  reached  the  Porte  St.  Martin. 
Its  brave  colonel,  M.  de  Pleincselve,  was  wounded  ;  the  soldiers 
carrietl  him  on  a  board.  As  fast  as  the  soldiers  advanced,  the  Rue 
St.  Denis  became  blocked  up  behind  them  with  barricades;  there 
was  no  possibility  of  their  retracing  their  steps.  General  Quinsonnaa 
remained,  therefore,  in  the  Marché  des  Innocents  with  a  small  number 
of  men,  hemmed  in  on  all  sides  by  the  insurgents. 

Whilst  the  battle  was  thu.s  raging  in  various  parts  of  Paris,  the 
following  is  what  the  deputies  were  doing: — M.  Audry  de  Puy- 
laveau  had  appointed  them  to  assemble  in  his  hôtel  at  noon.  M. 
Audry  was  powerful  and  rich  ;  he  has  since  fallen  into  poverty  and 
neglect;  lie  has  folt  himself  smitten  in  every  sensitive  fibre  of  his 
heart;  and  at  this  day  he  is  a  wanderer  in  a  toreipn  land,  not  having" 
been  able  to  find  a  spot  whore  he  might  rest  liis  head  in  a  land 
where  he  had  thought  to  build  a  home  for  Irecdom.  M.  Audry 
distrusted  tlie  firmness  of  his  colleagues  :  before  he  opened  his  dooos 
to  them,  he  secretly  made  it  known  to  several  students  and  to  a 
great  number  of  workpeople,  that  a  meeting  of  deputies  was  to 
take  place  at  his  house,  and  that  they  must  be  frightened  into  a  de- 
termined course  of  revolution.  Accordingly,  on  their  arrival,  the 
deputies  found  the  courtyard  filled  with  a  loud  and  imrassioned 
concourse  of  people.     Some  young  men  endeavoured  incnectuaUy 


M.  omzcyfa  draft  of  a  pkotest. 


Ud 


to  get  into  llio  Tncetm^-room  ;  but  it  was  on  the  groimd-flooT;  the 
"iTuidows  were  opcu;  ami  the  deliberaliuna  mu£t  necesaftrily  take 
place  under  tlie  ejes  *:it°  tlic  people.  M.  Muuguui  was  ttc  lii^t 
speaker:  "  It  is  a  revolution  we  Jiave  to  conduct,'  he  said;  "our 
dioice  lies  between  the  reyal  guards  aad  t!ic  people,''  ïhtae  words 
startled  MM.  Sébastiam  and  Cliarlea  Dtipin,  who  cried  out^  vehe- 
mently» '■  Let  us  remaiji  withLu  tlic  bounds  of  law  Î"  M.  de  La' 
fayette  smiled  disdninfuily  ;  and  wiiilst  M.  Guizot  was  suggesting 
to  his  coU^^cs  that  they  should  interpose  as  mediators  ia  the  in- 
surroetion,  a  felse  report  arrived  that  the  Hôtel  de  Ville  had  fallen 
into  the  hands  of  the  people.  The  assembly  was  thus  distracted  by 
a  twofold  terror,  when  M.  Guizùt  rose,  holding  iii  Ms  band  iha 
draft  of  a  protest,  <lrawn  up  in  these  terma: 

"  The  unflcrsijjncd,  rcgiilarilj  elected  and  deputed  H-  the  colTeiHiMfif  the  flrrondiaie- 

oinits  and  departmcntB  hereiiiKft«r-DUDcd  by  virtue  of  tbc  royii  ordoniumce  of -, 

ajid  coutbrmably  to  the  cuiulUuiLonul  cJiarter,  imii  t«  tbe  law^i  reapâctiog  t!i<r  «lection 

of ;  .iiid  being  at  this  present  time  îuPtrù,  ikt-m  tlicniielresû.bsoliitvlj'  bouud^ 

by  their  tliitj  towTird»  tbe  king  and  France,  to  protest  against  tlit  meaBiites  which 
the  counsolicirs  of  tho  crown,  dt-oçiiin^  tlie  întentîonB  tif  tlie  manarcli,  lutTç  tutdy 
OHUcd  to  be  jidopteit,  to  the  oventirow  uf  the  lawful  s^ieoi  of  elcctiouA  and  to  the 
ruin  of  the  lilx  ny  of  the  prcsa.  Tliu  snid  mcagurcs,  contained  in  the  onlonnonce  of 
,  nie,  in  the  opinion  of  the  nuder^iRiied,  directly  opposed  to  the  conntitutional 
«kurter,  to  iW  QQDstitDtional  rights  of  the  cbAinbcT  of  ivcra,  tu  the  law&  nf  the 
SïïfXKh,  to  the  inivil^ge»  and  tht:  dLTJ^^ioiia  of  tlm  tfibunAls,  And  calculaticd  to  cut 
the  ftiite  into  a  c<infii5ion  jhïtÎIou»  aiikL'  to  its  présent  pence  and  to  îta  future  Sceiiritv. 
In  ooosequeDCV  whcmf,  Tlie  ondcrsigned,  inriolnhly  ftuthfHil  to  thoiri»lh  to  the  Icing 
■ad  to  tfae  GODititiitiaiiaL  charter,  protect,  wilh  aaa  cvmutum  ncconl,  not  only  ugainAt 
Hw  Hid  meuuTEfl,  but  agaioA  aU  the  act?  wliii^h  nmy  rvsuU  tli(;rL-frum.  And 
■Khtrt-njs,  on  tht;  onu^  hand,  thtf  Clmtuber  of  Dcpntii.-!,  n^it  hiiving  been  constituted, 
Oinnnt  hare  bren  lc?:i!lv  di-istîltî.-tl;  iind,  oil  ihe  ot lier  hand,  the  attempt  to  form 
another  Ctnunbur  of  Deputies,  after  a  neir  «id  arbitrary'  mimiUT,  i«  in  dirLtt  coDtn- 
dkrtioD  (o  t)ic  coiutilutLon4il  charter  and  to  tbe  ao^uûed  ngbti  of  the  electon^  the 
imdenigned  dc^clorc  tlmt  they  cortinne  to  coosidcr  themnlm  tm  le^ly  elected  sml 
deputed  bj  the  eollffces  of  the  arrondi ascmeatf  and  deptrtmnits  of  whirh  they  hnve 
chtùBfd  the  8u9'nigv's,  tuid  as  not  eapublt;  ùS  being  set  taùk  for  othen,  except  by 
virtue  of  ek«tioiu  nuuk  ai^cording  to  the  principlea  and  the  fomu  directsd  by  the 
laws,  Anid  if  the  unilersignerl  d»  not  artniilly  eXercJEie  Hk  rigfati,  find  fto  not  dia- 
ehBTge  aQ  the  dotie*  conftiTwi  (ukI  iiupowd  on  them  ttv  their  lawfol  election,  it  U 
llnaH  tbity  u«  prcventeil  hy  »  physical  viuJenn!,  against;  which  tbey  will  not  ceaiç 
[|»IvoleaL" 

Sivere  of  blood  were  flowing  Id  Paria  at  the  motncut  M.  Guizot 

WIS  I't^ding  this  document.  It  was  variously  received.  Some,  among 
whom  were  MM. de  Lafayette,  LaiEttc,  Atidry  de  Puyraveau,  Burard, 
l)Munou»  dc  ScJioncn,  Mauguin,  Ba\-o«x,  dc  Labonic,  nnd  Labbey 
^  Pompieres,  could  hardly  undersnuid  what  was  meant  by  talking 
of  B<lelity  to  the  kiog,  and  of  counseliors  dec^ving  the  intentiont  &f 

[tks  mtautrth,  m  the  midst  of  a  ravaged  dtj,  and  amidst  the  din  of 
koaâled  combats.     Others,  such  as  MM.  Oharleâ  Dupiu  axA  Sé- 

ptiAsttajaî,  tbought  the  declaration  overbold-  M.  Coamir Périer  made 
liimsclf  promineDtly  conspicuous  bv  his  coavulaive  agitation.  Goin^ 
mi  to  M.  Latiittc»  be  and  to  him,  *'Wc  mustabeolutuiy  negotiate  witJt 
liarmont.  Jï^our  miUiona  wuuld  not  be  ill-bestowed  in  tliis  matter/* 
TJie  idn  of  trying  to  efleet  eomething  with  Mannont  was  quickly 
.t  at  by  tne  whole  m^etiDg,  «nd  M.  Lallitte  was  assigned  the 


^^20  ARAGO'e  APPEAL  TO  SIAKMONT. 

of  naming  the  five  membors  wlto  shouU  farm  the  deputation. 

|Hc  uaraeil  MM.   Casuuir  Périer,   Mauguin,   Lobaii,  and  Gerard. 

After  appointing  to  meet  aguin  at  four  o'clock  at  M.  Bt-rard's»  the 

Wtting  broke  up,  and  tbe  five  cammissionera  set  olFfor  head-quarters, 

«topping  on  their  way  at  M.  Laffitte's  to  concert  the  plan  of  their 

frot'ocdinrrs.  On  setting  foot  in  the  Place  d\i  Carrousel,  M.  Casimir 
'éricr  could  not  help  Siiving  to  M.  Laffitte,  iu  the  cx<;ess  of  bis  per- 
turbation, **  I  very  much  fear  we  are  going  to  cast  ourselves  into 
the  jaws  of  the  wolf." 

The  deputies  bad  been  anticipated  in  their  visit  to  Ûie  Duc  de 
Ragiise  by  M.  Arago.  Tliat  same  morning  the  latter  had  received 
a  letter  from  lladanie  do  liuigncp,  intrcatin*^  bini  to  g"o  lo  Mannont, 
and  exert  the  întlucncc  he  possessed  over  hbn  to  save  Paris  from  ir- 
.blo  (lisastci^-  M.  AragobesiLitcd,  well  knowing  how  proinpi 
how  envenomed  is  suspicion  in  times  of  civil  discord.  A  noble 
thought  occurred  to  him,  and  his  decision  was  taken.  Calling  his 
eldest  son,  he  deâied  him  to  accompany  him,  as  none  could  suspect 
a  father  of  meditating  an  act  oi*  pertsdy  to  be  done  in  tlic  pro 
vcncc  of  liis  own  son.  Tlicy  set  out,  made  iheir  way  through  the 
flying  ballâ  to  ]]cad-(|uarters«  tmd  were  shown  into  a  room»  in  the 
centre  of  which  was  a  billiard-table,  on  which  M.  Laurcmie  was 
■writing  an  article  for  the  Quotidienne^  whilst  the  most  horrible  con- 
fuàott  prevailed  all  round  him.  The  aidea-de-camp  were  running 
and  fro  bewildered,  pale,  and  covered  with  dust  und  |j«;rgpiratioii; 
.j^Httcliea  wci'C  going  ofl'  every  moment  from  the  room  occupied 
ly  the  commander-in-chief;  a  thousand  tiunultuousi  i-eports  were 
arriving  from  without,  mingled  with  the  explosion  oi"  fire-arms;  and 
superior  officers,  huddled  promiscuously  together,  were  standing 
witli  cars  bent  to  listen  and  dejected  features,  atixiously  following 
all  the  ductuations  of  the  conflict. 

When  M,  Arago  suddenly  presented  among  them  his  tall  figure, 
noble,  tJioughtful  head,  and  piercing  cyos,  the  agitation  was  tre- 
mendous: they  surrounded  him  on  ail  sides  with  accenuj  of  terror 
or  with  threats,  as  though  there  were  embodied  in  hia  pcraon  some- 
Btartling  and  living  image  of  the  uprouscd  people.  Upon  this  M. 
Komictowski»  a  Polish  officer,  goin^  up  hastily  to  him,  said,  "  Sir, 
if  a  hand  ia  laid  on  ycm,  I  will  strike  it  off  with  my  sabre." 

]M.  Arago  was  conducted  to  the  commandcr-in-chicil  But  before  be 
opened  hia  lips,  Marmont  cried  out  abruptly,  with  a  hurried  sweep 
oi  hia  arm,  ■*  Propose  notliing  to  mc  that  would  dishonour  me." 

"  What  I  am  about  to  propose  to  you  is,  on  the  contrary,  for 
your  honour.  I  do  not  ask  you  to  turn  your  sword  againat  CharW 
jL;  but  refuse  all  command,  and  set  out  this  instant  for  St.  Cloud/* 
"  What  !  abandon  the  post  in  which  the  king's  conddence  has  placed 
me!  I,  a  soldier,  fall  Wfc  before  insurgent  bourgeois  i  give  Europe 
reuon  to  say  that  our  brave  troops  have  i-etrcated  before  a  popuUce 
aimed  with  sticks  and  stones  !  Impossible,  impossible  \  You  knovir 
my  BeDtiment&    You  know  whether  or  not  I  approved  of  these  ftc- 


I 
I 


I 
J 


DErUTATION  OF  MEMBERS  OP  THE  CHAMBER. 


121 


I 


cursed  ordonnances.  But  tliere  is  a  horrible  fatality  upon  me^  my 
destiny  must  Le  accomplished." — *'You  may  fight  «gainst  that  ùt- 
tûiîty.  One  moans  remains  to  you  to  wipe  out  from  the  mcmoi'y  of 
the  Parisians  the  events  of  the  invasion — off,  oÛ\  without  delay  l"    ■ 

At  thia  moment  a  maiï  rushed  into  the  waiting-room,  drcased  m 
3  jacket,  with  a  hftiry  cap  on  his  head.  All  way  confusion  at  the 
aight  of  this  unknown  individual;  he  wm  on  the  point  of  bang^  ar- 
rested, and  he  had  hardily  time  to  dash  the  cap  frotn  his  head,  and 
cry  out,  "  Do  you  not  knnw  me?  I  nm  the  aiae^dc'Camp  of  Geneïûl 
QuinBfunwis.  I  cut  olV  my  mouBtacboa  to  enable  me  tn  get  here." 
He  demanded  to  ppciik  with  the  Dtic  dc  Kiigtiso;  and  he  toid  him 
that  the  troops  posted  in  the  Marché  des  Imiocciits  had  already  suf- 
Jwrcd  severely,  and  that  a  rejuforcement  was  necessary.  "  Why» 
hjkve  you  not  cannon?" — "  Cannon,  monsieur  le  marL'chal!  What 
can  cannon  do  against  the  pavin (^-stones  and  the  furniture  showered 
down  from  every  window  on  the  heads  of  the  eoldiera?" 

Just  then  ft  lancer,  who  bad  been  knocked  off  his  horse,  was 
brought  into  the  adjoining  room.  The  poor  fellow  wss  cove-red  with 
blood;  his  uniform  was  partly  open  in  front,  and  showed  bis  breast 
stuck  with  printing- types,  which  had  been  tised  instead  of  bullets. 

Mannont  strode  up  and  down  the  room;  hie  tumultuous  emotions 
irero  written,  in  Ms  face.  *'  Battahons  !"  he  said,  impatiently,  lo  tho 
aide-dâ-eatnp.  '^  I  have  no  battalions  to  send  them:  they  mu£t  get 
out  of  the  difficulty  as  thev  can." 

The  aide-de-camp  ïcft  tlic  room,  and  M.  Arago  returned  to  his 
exhortations  with  incrfa?ing  warmth.  '*  Well,  well,"  murmured 
the  marshal,  '^  tliis  evcninp; — I  will  eee — "  "  ThJa  evening!  Do 
you  know  what  you  say  ?  This  evening  there  will  be  mourmng  m 
tbomandsof  families  1  This  evening  all  will  be  over!  And  whatever 
be  the  result  of  the  conflict  your  position  will  be  terrible.  Van- 
quished, your  ruin  is  certain  ;  victor,  you  will  never  be  forgiven  all 
uiia  blood.'* 

The  mai^hal  appeared  shaken.  M.  Arago  went  on  with  increase' 
«icrgY  :  **  Must  I  tell  you  all  ?  As  I  came  along»  I  ovcrhcartl  some 
9M>oaing  phrasea  among  the  cTowd  :  Tltrt/  are  Jirinff  grape  on  tfie 
p&vple  ;  it  is  Alarmant  pnipriff  his  tlcbts.^^  At  these  words,  Mormomt 
dutehcd  at  the'  hilt  of  his  sword. 

The  arrival  of  the  five  deputies  was  announced»  M.  Aïa^ 
made  way  for  them,  and  was  a  witness,  at  the  same  moment,  to  an 
extraordmary  ?ccne.  M.  Glandcvez,  governor  of  the  Tuileries, 
havtug  ehakea  hand^  witli  one  of  Uic  five  negotiators,  M.  d'Ambra- 
neac  dared  to  say  that  he  would  complain  of  tlie  act  to  the  king. 
jÉeùted  with  inthSTiation,  General  TromcUn  went  straight  up  to 
bragcac,  and  accosted  liim  in  a  voice  of  thimder,  delighted  at 
g  at  last  an  opportunity  of  unburdening  hie  bosom.  So  impe- 
waa  this  choleric  burst,  that  had  it  encountered  any  resistance, 
would  have  Hashed  from  their  scabbards.     Such  arc  the  bum-' 


123  J5FATUATI0N  OF  PBIKCE  FQUOHAC. 

îng  antipathies  that  smoulder  bexkea^  the  cold  and  deceitful  uni- 
foxmitT  of  courtly  life  ! 

As  ne  was  going  awaj,  M.  Arago  infonned  ]\L  Delame,  aide-de- 
camp to  the  Due  de  Raguae,  that  he  had  seen  in  the  Place  de  TOdéon, 
soldiers  disposed  to  side  with  the  people.  Deeply  struck  with  the 
news,  M.  Ddarue  hastened  to  commimicate  it  to  Prince  Polignac, 
and  returned  disheartened,  saying,  "  It  is  his  desire  that  if  the  tiooipi 
pass  over  to  the  people,  the  troops  likewise  shall  be  fired  upon." 

The  fi.Te  commissioners  were  mtrodnced,  and  found  the  Due  de 
Bagusc  alone.  M.  Laffitte,  speaking  in  the  name  of  his  colleagues, 
intreated  the  marshal  to  stop  the  cmision  of  blood  ;  and  he  repre- 
sented to  him  all  the  fatal  consequences,  not  only  to  the  nation,  but 
to  the  throne,  of  an  obstinate  violation  of  all  the  constituent  laws  of 
the  coimtiy.  The  marshal  replied,  that  it  was  not  for  him  to  judge 
of  the  unconstitutionality  of  the  ord(miianccs  ;  that  he  was  a  soldier, 
and  bound,  under  pain  of  in£uny,  to  remain  at  the  post  in  which 
the  king's  confidence  bad  placed  him  ;  that  moreover,  before  the  re- 
Tocation  of  the  ordonnances  could  be  demanded,  the  Paiiàans  must 
be  forced  to  lay  down  their  arms,  and  that  the  salvation  of  his  honour 
d<^>ended  on  his  not  giving  way.  As  he  uttered  these  words,  he 
tunied  towards  Generals  Gérard  and  Lobau,  with  looks  and  gestures 
of  inquiry.  "  Your  honour  !"  replied  Laffitte,  with  mânt,  "  Your 
honour,  monâcur  le  maréchal  !  but  there  are  not  two  honours  ;  and 
of  all  crimes  the  greatest  is  to  shed  the  blood  of  one's  feUow-citizexu  I" 
**  Can  you  possibly  address  this  language  to  me.  Monsieur  Irfiffitte  ; 
you  who  know  mo  ?*  said  Marmont,  deeply  moved.  "  What  can  I 
do  ?  I  will  write  to  the  king." 

M.  Laffitte,  having  inquired  of  the  marshal  whether  he  had  any 
hope  in  the  success  of  this  last  eflbrt,  the  latter  shook  his  head  sadly. 
"  in  that  case,"  said  M.  Laffitte,  '*  I  am  determined  to  cast  myself» 
body  and  substance,  into  the  movement." 

An  ofiicer  entered  and  spoke  in  a  whisper  to  Marmont,  who  turning 
suddenly  to  the  negotiators,  said,  '*  Would  you  object  to  see  Prince 
Polignac  ?"  On  tlicir  replying  in  the  negative,  he  went  out,  but  re- 
turned almost  immediately.  The  prince  refused  to  receive  the  depu- 
ties. Such  in  fact  was  the  invincible  infittuation  of  that  man.  On 
the  very  night  succeeding  that  bloody  day,  he  said  to  an  offiox 
named  Blanchard,  who  had  a  very  fine  voice,  and  who  had  com- 
manded the  discharge  of  the  cannon  in  the  Place  de  Grève  on  the 
28th,  '*  Sir,  I  have  otten  admired  your  voice  ;  but  never  have  I  hfxsa 
so  heartily  delighted  with  it  as  on  this  day." 

It  was  with  shuddering  aversion,  as  we  have  already  seen,  that 
the  Due  de  Kaguse  liad  accepted  the  fatal  mission  imposed  upon 
him.  He  had  been  forced  however  to  issue  warrants  for  the  arrest 
of  some  men  who  had  long  been  objects  of  suspicion  at  court,  such 
as  MM.  Lafayette,  Laffitte,  Audry  de  Puyraveau,  Eusèbe  de  Sal- 
Tcrtc,  and  Marchais.     He  availed  nimself  of  the  ^dsit  of  the  depu- 


È. 


OEOaS  MIBMAKAGEKENT  ON  THE  PAET  OP  MINISTEE9.       12S 

ties  to  intlidraw  those  cruul  mandates.  His  good  faith  served  him 
for  a  pretext  to  tills  act.  He  tlicn  wrote  to  the  kiisg  as  he  had  pro- 
mised. Thiîi  was  the  third  letter  he  had  addressed  to  Charles  X. 
since  the  capital  had  been  decWed  in  a  etiite  of  aiege.  The  first 
had  misi^nied:  in  the  second  he  said,  "  Sire,  it  is  no  longer  a  dis* 
turfaûace;  it  is  a  rcvolutJoii.  The  honour  of  the  crown  may  etiU  be 
BBVcd;  to-morrow  perhaps  it  will  be  too  kte."  Lastly,  in  the 
third^  ihex  acquainting^  tlic  king  with  the  proceedings  of  the  five 
deputies,  he  urgeil  him  to  withdravv  the  ordonnances,  nt  the  same 
time  informing  him  that  the  troops  could  hold  out  for  a  month,  M. 
de  Puh'Tiac  read  tliis  letter,  and  relying  on  the  assurances  it  con- 
tained, he  wrote  on  his  own  part  to  Charles  X.  to  encourage  hiia  to  a 
'UgQrous  resistance.  The  marshal's  despatch  was  carried  to  St.  Cloud 
lip  M.  dc  Komieiow^ki;  but  he  did  not  peC  out  till  wme  minutes 
•ner  the  courier  sent  off  by  Prince  Poligûac.  Tlius  the  marshaVs 
G0im8els  made  no  impression  on  the  Ving,  who  sent  him  orders  by 
U.  de  Komierowski  to  concentrate  the  troops  round  the  TuilerioSt 
■ad  to  act  with  masses. 

Bat  it  was  now  too  late  to  rest  the  salvation  of  the  monarchy  on, 
new  arrangements  of  strategy.  Tlie  insurrection  was  increasing 
erery  minute  ;  all  the  quarters  oî  the  capital  were  putting  thcm- 
9^TC$  in  motion.  How  w&s  this  conflagration^  thus  blazing  in  a 
l&cnasnd  pkecs,  to  be  cxtii^uished  ?  'Die  revolt  hod  long  crossed 
the  Seine,  The  Passage  Dauphine  was  ft  real  mufter-ground, 
irhcncc  Ixc^  combatants  rushed  forth  every  moment.  An  cnthu- 
GÎaBm.  that  bordered  on  delirium,  premled  there.  Armand  Carrel, 
who  deplored  combats  he  believed  useless,  had  gone  amongst  his 
ijôends  to  represent  to  them  the  unavoidable  eterility  of  theif 
bBRÛmt  Bud  he  wu  hataufuisg  them  from  a  table  on  which  he 
fltoodf  ▼beo.  a  pistol,  pcànted  at  ms  breast,  sliowcd  him  how  irrcsis- 
lible  the  moTemcnthad  become.  B^urious  clamours  resounded  in  the 
Rue  de  GrenoUe  St.  Germain,  round  the  hotel  of  the  minister  of  war^ 
and  Madame  de  Dourmont  wss  90  teiriiied  that  «he  herself  gare  orders 
to  hoist  tlic  tricolour  flae,     M.  de  Champagny  had  it  removed. 

That  superior  ytHcer  had  for  the  last  two  days  neglected  nothing 
to  enable  him  to  be  of  service  to  the  cause  of  lus  adoption;  hut  he 
yn»  left  m  ignorance  of  every  thing,  and  was  never  consulted.  It 
was  from  a  man  who  was  peHcctly  unconnected  with  the  war  office 
that  M.  de  Polignac  received  the  military  intelligence  ho  required: 
■ad  such  was  the  iniatuation  of  the  leading  men,  that  no  one  had 
evcai  thought  of  warning  the  camps  of  Ltmeville  and  St  Orosr, 
W.  de  Champagny  expressly  proposetl  that  this  should  be  done;  \xA 
the  (elcgniphic  lino  was  broken.  Of  the  three  brothcts,  who  ïiad 
the  direction  of  the  telegraphy  two  were  liberals,  the  third  a  royalist. 
The  despatch  was  cartied  as  &r  oa  Ecouen.  aero»  the  bardcadea  by 
a  poor  soldier  ol'  the  InvaUdes,  with  a  wooden  leg.  In  short  thepç 
was  an  utter  want  of  forethought,  an  indescribable  confusion  In  thâ 
higher  quarters  whence  ftU  omers  should  have  issued.    No  regular 


184 


MEETING  OF  DEPUTIES, 


distribution  of  rations  had  been  made  to  the  troofw,  M.  âe  Cham' 
pogny  hearing  that  the  bakery  for  the  troops  was  threatened,  imine- 
diattly  sent  word  to  bead-quarter?,  and  two  compauice  of  vcterana 
were  sent  thither,  who  were  no  sooner  arrived  on  the  spot  than  they 
suffered  themselves  to  he  diaanncd,  M>  dc  Chanipag^iy  instantly 
applied  to  M,  de  la  Toiir  Mauber^,  ^i>vemor  of  the  Invalids;  a  .1 
sort  of  new  bakery  wiis  establialied  at  tlie  Ecole  MiUtaire  with  stores  | 
belongiag  to  the  lûvalidea.  Labour  in  vain  !  When  rations  wero 
to  he  carried  to  the  troops,  it  was  found  that  tlie  communications 
were  cut  ofif^  and  hunger  was  added  to  the  sufferings  endured  by 
the  soldiers  on  that  frightful  day. 

At  (oux  o'clock  the  deputies  ract  according  to  appointment  at  M. 
Bérard's.  Intense  imxiety  was  depicted  in  every  iacc.  SI.  Lnffittc 
reported  what  had  passed  between  the  com mi??i oners  and  I  ho 
l)uc  de  Raguae.  So  then,  royalty  did  not  deem  itself  in  danger; 
it  even  beheved  itself  competent  to  dictate  conditions!  Was  it 
not  very  imprudent  to  brave  a  power  so  eelf-assured?  Excla- 
mations bursting  from  all  parts  of  the  room  testified  the  ponia 
feftRi  oi'  the  asçerobly.  On  the  other  hand,  the  perse ver;inee 
of  the  Parisians  in  revolt,  the  fierce  and  ominous  shouts  uttered 
In  the  very  court3rard  of  the  hotel»  the  turbulent  ardour  of  tho 
citizens  that  crowded  round  the  doors,  the  distant  pealin;?  of  bells 
mingled  with  the  dischargea  of  musketry  and  the  roll  of  the  drums, 
uU  tliis  proved  that  St.  Cloud  was  not  the  sole  abode  of  strength,  and 
tliat  the  people^  no  less  than  royalty,  had  it»  passions.  Wliat  course 
was  to  be  taken?  That  of  courage,  F^iûd  Bérard  and  some  of  his  friends. 
Two  journalist»»  MM.  Andra  and  liarbaroux,  had  nished  into  the 
XOom,  and  there  tliey  stood  sliaming  tbe  weakness  of  the  deputies, 
and  cuDJuring  them  to  put  themselves  at  the  head  of  the  insiu;gT3its, 
and  not  leave  without  a  leader  a  population  armed  for  the  cause  of 
the  bourgeoiaâc.  M-  Coste^  at  tlic  same  time,  brought  in  a  proof 
copy  of  the  protest  of  the  journalists,  which  he  bad  been  directed  to 
print;  but  not  content  with  having  struck  out  from  it  every  exprès* 
àon  savouiîng  of  monarchy,  he  refused  to  publis^h  it  unless  the 
deputies  affixed  their  signatures  to  it.  Tliey  were  called  on  to 
decide  one  way  or  other.  M.  Siibastiani  was  airaid,  and  left  thû 
room  accompanied  by  M.  Bcrtin  dc  Viutx  and  General  Gerard,  and 
by  degrees  the  meeting  was  reduced  to  a  very  Email  number.  To 
fiToid  the  risk  of  real  signatures,  the  expedient  was  ffu^cstcd  of 
making  out  a  Ust  of  names:  tliia  would  leave  every  tme  an  oppor- 
tunity  of  falling  back  on  a  disavowal;  and  as  if  thia  de^ce  did  not 
appear  sufficiently  reassuring,  it  was  proposed  to  swell  the  list  of 
names  by  adding  those  of  all  the  liberal  deputies  absent  from  Paris. 
"  That  LJ  a  very  good  thought,'''  Miid  M,  Lalhtte,  sarcastically;  "  if 
we  are  beaten  no  one  will  have  signed;  il' we  are  victors,  signatures 
will  not  be  bckingJ*  M .  Dupin  aîné,  was  not  present  at  ibis  meet* 
iog.  His  name  was  set  down  la  the  list,  but  struck  out  by  M. 
Manguin»  who  seemed  to  fear  a  violent  remonstrance  on  the  part  of 


I 


i 


£XTB£1DQ  CONTIDXirCB  OF  CHABLES  X.— TB£  COUBTIEBS.   ItS 

faia  coUeague  in  case  of  ikilure.  Hie  deputies  as  they  withdrew  had 
to  pass  tluoueh  a  multitude  filled  with  ind^nation  at  their  conduct. 
Id.  S^bartiani  among  others  was  pursued  with  that  popular  execration 
which  two  davB  afterwards  was  lost  in  songs  of  ^imiph.  Stemally 
banen  lesson! 

General  Vincent  who  had  gone  over  several  parts  of  the  raging 
oily,  in  company  with  General  Pajol,  set  out  in  the  evening  for  St. 
CAoudf  to  state  his  impressions  to  Charles  X.  ;  to  tell  him  wat  the 
aspect  of  thin£;8  was  becoming  more  and  more  gloomy  ;  that  no  news 
ha<d  been  received  either  of  the  Comte  de  St.  Chamans  or  of  General 
Talon;  that  the  troops  were  without  victuals,  that  they  were  dying 
of  thirst,  and  found  nothing  on  their  way  but  threatening  looks  or 
dosed  doors.  A  courtier  whom  Greneral  Vincent  met  on  the  road, 
and  to  whtnn  he  communicated  these  melancholy  details,  found  means 
to  arrive  before  him  at  St.  Cloud,  to  beUe  his  report  beforehand, 
beixkg  well  assured  of  ingratiating  himself  with  the  monarch  by  warn- 
ing him  gainst  the  truth.  Charles  X.,  therefore,  lent  a  cold  ear  to 
the  painful,  but  faithful  reports  brought  him  by  the  general.  "  The 
Eansiana,"  he  said,  *'  are  m  a  state  of  anarchy;  anarchy  will  neces- 
sarily bring  them  to  my  feet."  Like  all  princes,  Charles  X.  had  little 
£ûth  in  the  devotion  of  any  but  those  who  consented  to  join  in  his 
own  illufflons;  and  as  no  one  could  flatter  these  at  such  a  moment 
without  betraying  him,  the  courtiers  did  betray  him  for  fear  of  dis- 
pleasing him. 

As  the  hours  rolled  on,  the  anxietj  of  the  men  of  half  measures 
became  more  and  more  intense.  Casimir  Péricr  especially  appeared 
panic-stricken.  He  had  said  to  M.  Alexandre  de  Girardin  on  the 
'  morning  of  the  28th,  "  The  best  thing  for  France  is  the  Bourbons 
without  the  ultras."  In  fact  he  had  then  no  other  thought  than  how 
to  guarantee  the  throne  of  Charles  X.  M.  Alexandre  de  Girardin, 
agreeing  in  his  views,  hastened  to  St  Cloud,  to  urge  the  king  to 
lecall  the  ordonnances. 

Trepidation  and  alarm  prevailed  in  the  royal  abode,  though  they 
found  no  tongue.  No  one  was  at  his  post;  the  routine  of  service 
was  almost  wholly  suspended;  and  the  high  officers  of  the  household 
were  slinking  away  one  after  the  other.  Among  the  most  practised 
coiirtiers,  however,  uneasiness  was  tempered  by  the  fear  of  ofiending 
their  master;  some  of  them  even,  with  a  refinement  of  adulation 
which  their  paleness  belied,  affected  to  be  iiiU  of  confidence. 

That  morning  Madame  Gontaut  ran  through  the  guards'  hall  to- 
wards the  apartm^its  of  Charles  X.,  hiding  her  iace  in  her  hands, 
and  crying  out  ^*  Save  the  king,  Messieurs  I  save  the  king  !"  Ëverr 
one  instantly  started  to  his  feet;  the  guards  put  on  their  helmets  with 
all  speed;  M.  dc  Damas,  who  was  walking  in  the  park  with  his  royal 

Çipu,  caught  him  up  in  his  arms,  and  ran  as  &8t  as  he  could  up  the 
rocadero,  followed  by  M.  Mazas  supporting  the  terror-stricken 
Madame  de  Damas.    The  cry,  "  To  arms  I"  inopportunely  raised  by 


1£6 


GENERAI*  VIKCEÎfr'Ê  BOLD  PROJECT* 


a  Bcnùiiel,  hod  beea  enough  to  set  &L1  the  inliabiunts  of  ike  cbâteAtt 
ID  confuâoD  and  disnmy. 

M.  de  Giiardin  however  found  Charlea  X.  perfectly  confident  of 
success,  and  immovable  in  his  puq^osc.  While  he  was  implorûa^ 
hira  to  recall  the  ordonnanccg,  ihe  Duchess  de  Bern  mude  her  appear- 
ance, and  when  she  talked  with  passionate  veliemence  of  tlic  neccEsity 
of  preserving  the  crown  and  its  dignity  bj  a  firm  aud  resolute  hvaaSiB^f 
"  Good  God!  Madame»"  cried  Girardin,  "  it  is  not  ray  own  inierasiB 
I  am  here  to  advocate,  but  yours.  The  kinn;  is  not  wagering  liis  own 
crowu  Jrterely;  he  wagera  that  of  monsci^cui  the  dauphin;  he 
■wagers  that  of  your  sou,  Madame  !"  He  continued  to  urge  his  suit, 
and  Charles  X.  rcierred  îûm  to  the  dauphin  j  but  the  latter  answered 
drily,  ^^  I  aui  the  first  subject  in  the  kingdom,  and  as  euch  I  must 
have  DO  other  will  than  the  king's."  Tke  common  policy  of  piinccâ, 
obedient  to  servility^  or  traitors  even  to  assassination. 

Other  attempts  of  the  earae  kind  were  made  on  Charles  X.  in  Ûuà 
course  of  the  day.  The  Baron  do  Vitrollea  appeared  at  the  chiite^Ot 
uid  urged  Uie  king,  in  presdng  terme,  to  treat  mth  the  ikctious, 
representing  to  liim  that  it  was  sometimes  good  policy  to  yield  to 
àïcamaiajices,  in  order  to  be  the  better  able  to  control  them  at  & 
future  day,  and  that  thiâ  bad  been  Mazatin's  policy,  ssid  up  to  a 
certain  point  that  of  Richelieu  himself.  Charles  X.  did  not  conceal 
the  repugmmcc  he  felt  at  dealiu^î  by  stratagem  and  subterfuge  with 
revolt.  Besides,  be  thought  he  had  raif'ht'on  hie  àde,  and  he  spoke 
with  so  much  a^Burancc  of  the  inevitable  triumph  of  his  will^  tiiaC 
the  baron  was,  for  the  moment,  convinced.  But  when  he  returned 
that  evening  to  Paris»  passing  blood-stained  barricades^  and  with  the 
noiœ  of  musketry  in  lug  carg,  he  no  lonaer  doubted  that  the  voices 
of  lying  courtiers  Itdled  the  unfortunate  king  to  sleep  on  the  brink 
of  a  precipice.  He  bad  another  interview  witk  Doctor  Thibatdt, 
who  handed  liim,  not  exactly  on  the  part  of  General  Gtirard,  but  in 
his  name,  a  sUp  of  paper»  on  wliich  were  written  two  namcsi,  these 
0Ï  MM.  de  Moitemart  and  Gerard.  The  Baron  de  Vitrolies  under- 
took to  go  next  day  to  St.  Cloud,  and  propose  tliose  individuals  to 
the  king  bm  hîa  minintcrs.  $u<xh  was  the  origin  of  that  Mortemait 
ministry  which  was  to  be  so  soon  swept  away  by  t3ie  tempttl. 

Whilst  Cliarlea  X.  thought  only  of  inspiring  all  around  him  witli 
hJ8  own  fatïd  security»  a  bold  pchcmo  was  concocting  almost  before 
Jns  eyes  in  the  apartmentâ  of  Madame  dc  Goutaut.  Convinced  of 
the  old  monarch's  impotence  to  defend  his  dynasty,  General  Vincent 
had  resolved  to  save  royalty  without  tlie  king's  co-operation,  un» 
known  to  the  king,  aud,  if  necessary,  despite  the  king.  He  went 
to  Madame  de  Gontaut  and  pct  forth  to  her  that,  in  the  existing 
state  of  things,  the  &to  of  the  monarchy  depended  on  a  heroic  rc- 
Bolvo,  and  be,  therefore»  proposed  to  her  to  take  the  Duchujs  dc 
Berri  and  her  eon  to  Pant.  He  suggested  that  they  should  tako 
Neuilly  in  their  way,  get  hold  of  the  Due  d'Orléans^  and  oblige  him 


I 
I 

I 


ASOTHER  MEETING  OT  DErDTIEa.  U7 

by  mjkin  Ibrce  to  take  part  in  tlic  hazards  of  the  c^teiprîâe  ;  ih^ 
sAouU  then  enter  Paris  by  the  faubourgie,  and  lite  DuchesB  d&  Beztx, 
exhibiting  the*  royaï  chlkl  to  the  people,  should  confide  Mm  to  tha  . 
generosity  of  the  combatants.  Madame  de  Gontaut  approved  of  i 
this  acheme.  In  spite  of  its  ndvcntuioua  cliaracter^  or  rather  for 
Hist  Tcry  reBSOQf  it  won  upon  the  extttahlc  imagination  of  tho 
Duchess  de  Berri,  and  every  tiling  was  anmiged  for  carrying  it  into 
eKOcution.  But  the  iuHdclity  of  a  conlcdcratc  put  Charles  X,  ia 
poflâGBfflon  of  the  plot,  and  it  broke  dawn. 

Meanwhile  ihc  insurrection  was  raging  in  all  quartera  of  the  citv, 
and  everywhere  the  people  had  the  advantage.  A  Swjag  battalion 
WIS  posted  on  the  Quui  de  l'École-  The  Duc  de  Raguse,  who,  aa 
ftlre^y  stat«df  had  received  orders  to  concentr-itc  hja  forces  round 
the  l^iileriee,  sent  directions  to  the  licutenuit-eoloneL,  M.  Mail- 
lardoz,  to  march  forthwjtli  to  the  Mfirche  des  Innocents  and  hring 
off  General  Quinsonnaa,  who  was  hemmed  in  there  on  all  âdes. 
M.  de  Mailkrdoz  imtucdiatcly  left  the  Quai  de  l'Êcolc^  at  the  head 
of  the  Swiss^  and  rcaiehed  La  pointe  St.  Eustache  by  the  Ruo  de  ht 
Monnue,  but  instead  of  turning  off  towards  the  Marché  des  Inno- 
cents, by  the  Rue  Montmartre,  ho  pursued  his  march  through  fho 
Rue  Montoi^eil.  This  was  a  fiital  error  ;  for  before  ever  he  reached 
the  Rue  Mandar  the  pavement  was  strewed  with  dead,  and  when  ha 
had  to  enter  that  street^  which  waa  stopped  up  by  an  enormous  bar- 
licado*  it  was  a  horrible  butchery.  Jlie  bamcitde,  however,  waji 
paased,  but  the  next  day  many  corpses  of  Swiss  soldiers  i^-cre  s^ecn 
stretched  on  the  stones  that  composed  it;  and  that  of  one  of  theif 
officers  lay  across  it,  a  dismal  monument  of  the  dauntlcs^ncss  and  of 
the  vengeance  of  the  people  !  M.  de  MailWdcoï  continued  his  route, 
reached  the  Rug  Montmartre  and  pamed  through  it,  amidst  a  hail  of 
tDusketry,  down  to  the  Man:hv>  dee  IniiDccnts.  There  he  fonned  a 
junction  with  the  ibrce  under  General  Quinsonna^,  and  iho  whoU 
body  marched  away,  by  the  river  side^  to  tuko  up  their  position  on 
the  Quai  de  L'Eoole. 

A»  for  the  troops  in  the  Hotel  dc  VÏUe  they  continued  to  defend 


^ 

k 


hrei  against  a  constantly  augmcntiug  multitude  of  assitilnnts. 
Posted  at  the  windows  of  the  buildmgîlioy  kept  up  a  constant  raking 
fire  on  all  the  surrounding  streets.  The  Dumber  of  victims  at  thia 
point  was  con^dexablo  at  1 1  p.in.,  that  is  to  say  at  the  hour  whea 
the  deputies,  assemhled  for  the  second  time,  at  the  house  of  M. 
Audry  de  Puyrave*ni,  were  afibn^ng  another  spectacle  of  their  in* 
docxsioQ  and  impotence.  lifM.  Lailitto,  La&yctte,  Mauguin,  Audry^ 
dc  Laborde,  Bavoux,  and  Chardel  di^>larcd,  at  th^  mectitig,  a 
flrmiiciis  thiit  did  them  honour;  but  M.  St:l>asliam  was,  more  tJuut 
ever*  a  stickler  for  due  order  of  law.  **  We  arc  nt^ûûaùng»  Me^ 
âetirs,"  said  he.  '^  Our  functions  here  arc  those  of  mâdi&tora,  ftod 
we  do  not  créa  posset  any  longer  the  title  of  deputies."  "•*  We  ara 
oons|nriiiff  as  the  people  conspsres,  and  wth  it,  repliod  M.  Man- 
guin»  with  warmth;  and  M.  L^ttc  repeated  the  same  ttxcat  he  hod 


128 


LAPATETTE  AND  HÎ8  INTIMATE  ADVISEItS. 


held  out  to  the  Due  de  Raguse,  **If  the  ordonnancca  are  not^witli- 
drawn  I  will  tîirow  raysclTbody  and  subelancc  into  the  movement." 
Tlic  room  waa  on  the  ground  floor,  jmd  the  people  heard  all  that 
passed,  through  the  window»,  which  M.  Audiy  de  Puyraveau  had 
ordered  to  be  opened.  Ere  long  there  was  one  lumnimous  shout  of 
indignation  against  M.  dc  Sébaatiani.  Several  combatants  rushed 
into  the  courtyard,  and  reported  how  murderous  had  been  the  con- 
^ct,  XTpon  this  MM.  Lalayctte,  l-.aflitte,  Audry  de  Puyraveau,  and 
de  Labordc,  stung  witlx  grief,  cried  out  that  the  deputies  must  direct 
the  efforts  of  the  peoplo,  join  in  its  danrrers,  and  adopt  its  standard. 
M.  Guizot  remained  silent  and  raotionless.  M.  Mecbin'a  counte- 
jttqOQ  betrayed  his  dissati^iàctîon  and  embarrassment.     As  for  M. 

'  fiftaitiani,  he  had  no  sooner  heard  mention  of  tlie  tricolom-  llag, 
than,  rising;  with  si'Tis  of  lljc  most  violent  anxiety,  he  declared  that 
for  himâcll  he  could  take  no  port  in  such  discussions,  and  that  there 
waa  no  national  flag  except  che  white  flag,  ITien  turning  to  M. 
Méehin,  "Are  you  coming?'^  he  Siiid^  and  they  both  went  out, 
*'  We  have  had  enough  of  idle  talking,"  siiiJ  Audry  dc  Puyraveau, 
"■  the  time  19  come  10  act.  Let  us  siiow  ourselve;*  to  the  people,  and 
in  arms."  Lul'ayctte  demanded  that  a  post  should  be  assigned  him* 
declormg  that  he  wa3  ready  to  go  to  it  that  instant.  Once  more  the 
deputies  separated,  without  ha'iTng  come  to  any  conclusion,  ailer  ap- 
pomting  to  meet  again  at  six  o'clock  in  the  morning  at  W.  Lallittee. 
If  this  sitting  served  for  nothing  el*e,  at  least  it  showed  what  those 
men  were  made  of,  who  were  afterwards  seen  figuring  anaong  the 
triuraphcrs. 

Some  Uvely  acclamations  greeted  Lafayette  as  ho  left  d»e  houae. 
Age  had  enfeebled  his  body  without  chilimg  hts  heart.  Intoxicated, 
moreover,  witli  popularity,  ho  was  ready  to  sacrifice  his  lile:  but  bis 
ardour  was  perpetually  counteracted  and  damped  by  the  pewona 
about  Iiim.  In  that  mght  of  the  28 — 29th,  he  walked  about  for  a 
while  leaning  on  the  arm  of  M.  t'arbonel,  and  followed  by  M.  Lae- 

^ÉBjrie  and  a  domestic,  lus  c^ir  drinking  m  by  auticipjition  the  shouts 
^■fc'n^Mild  doubtlcsE  greet  liim  as  lie  passed  on  the  morrow,  aud  ia- 

,  -  (illt'''^th  ecstasy  the  odour  of  revolt  disused  throughout  the  àty, 

■  He  reached  his  curri^c,  and  was  just  stepping  into  it,  when  a  ci- 
tizen came  up  and  eaid,  **  Grenerul,  I  um  going  to  the  Cour  des  Fon- 
taine*, where  I  am  expected  by  some  in5urgeiits.  I  will  apeak  to 
them  in  your  namc^  and  tell  them  tliat  the  natiunal  guard  is  imder 
your  command."  ^'  Are  you  mad,  sir?"  immediately  exeloiraud  M. 
dc  Carboncl.  "Do  you  want  to  have  the  general  shotï'"  Such 
were  the  influences  that  beset  Lal'ayette  in  the  midst  of  a  crieis  iji 
which  it  waa  plainly  incumbent  on  him  to  venture  hia  head  upon 
the  israe.  Here  waa  a  palpable  confirmation  ol'  the  fact,  that  tho 
potency  of  wcU'known  niuncs,  however  great  it  be,  is  not  always  siif- 
Dcient;  and  certainly  aroong  the  combatanta  of  July,  more  tlnm  one 
vras  fuUy  aware  that  every  tiling  is  permitted  to  ihc  ilaring  of  new 
"Tion  in  times  of  popular  commotion.  For  instance,  whilst  in  one  ]>art 


i  zvï*rrruXi  uat  of  the  28th. 


129 


of  Parâ,  the  warmest  fticuds  of  Lafayette  were  afraid  of  allowing 
lai9  great  naine  to  be  comprflmisctl,  tlie  foUowînn;  chtiractcristic  ïK-ene 
was  tikîiip  place  at  anotlicr  point.  At  the  vcrj  same  Kour,  two 
citizens,  MM.  Higonnet  and  Dcfjousst-c  were  walking  in  tlio  then 
deserted  Place  deg  Fctita  Percp,  ivuen  a  stranger  accosted  tlicm  and 
said,  ■■*  The  fight  begins  again  to-moiTow.  I  era  a  military  man. 
Do  you  want  a  general?" — '*A  general?"  replied  M.  Degaussee. 
"  AIL  that  ia  wantod  to  mako  one  off-liand  in  timeg  of  revolution  ia 
tKe  help  of  a  tailor."  And  M.  Higonnet  added,  "  You  want  to  be 
aeencraï?  Very  well;  put  on  ft  uniform,  and  away  with  you  lu 
where  they  are  fighân^.  The  Stranraer's  name  was  Dubourg:  he 
thougbt  the  advice  good;  acted  upon  it^  as  wc  shall  see  by  and  by^ 
and  was  the  neit  day  king  of  Pans  for  a  time. 

Silciicc  liad  gcttled  on  the  eity  with  the  coming  on  of  night.  What 
a  day  did  it  close  upon  Î  Paris  had  never  seen  any  more  terrible 
even  during  the  savage  feuds  of  thf  Anniiguacs  and  Bourguignons. 
Now  for  what  had  all  this  blootl  been  ahed?  Viv^  la  Chattel  had 
been  shouted,  but  the  cry  had  terrilicd  within  the  walls  of  their 
dwellings  both  tlic  deputies  and  the  gre-atcr  part  of  those  whose 
power  was  founded  on  the  charter.  Vive  ta  Charte}  had  been 
shouted;  but  who  were  the  combotûnts?  They  were  some  yoimg 
bourgeois,  men  of  heart  and  résolution,  who  saw  iu  the  charter  only 
dcepotiî'm  ingeniously  di^guiwd;  they  were  proletaries  to  whom  tho 
charter  was  imknown,  and  who,  had  they  known,  would  have  ex- 
derated  it;  lastly^  and  above  all,  they  were  the  boys  of  tlic  Btreets  of 
Inuû,  a  harebrained  and  vnliint  race,  heroic  from  recklessness,  greedy 
(^amusement?,  and,  therefore,  martial,  for  as  much  as  batUea  are  a 
sort  of  sport.  And  as  if  to  put  the  climax  to  this  huge  and  awful 
dcrisio'ta^  the  commonder-in-cliief  uf  tlie  royal  troop,  the  Due  de 
liaguee,  condemned  tlie  ordinances,  for  the  maintenance  of  which  he. 
poured  his  volleys  upon  the  people.  What  of  that?  the  gajnc  was 
to  be  played  out  to  the  end,  for  human  folly  h  not  so  qiviekly  ex- 
haustftl.  So  then,  aftci-  the  aaasncres  of  tho  28th,  barricade  wero 
busily  erected  in  anticipation  oï  the  inaesac^s  of  the  29th:  and  in 
that  sleepless  night  iiow  many  mothers  sat  waiting  for  a  son  who 
never  returned  ! 

Tlic  troop*  meanwhile  had  fallen  back  from  all  points  on  tho 
Tuileries.  Tliose  that  occupied  the  H*jtcl  dc  Ville,  having  but  forty 
cartridges  left  at  midnight,  determined  at  last  to  retreat.  They  e«1- 
licd  forth,  carrying  their  dead  or  wounded  coTtirade?^  and  marched 
in  doubt  and  appréhension,  with  cars  bent  to  catch  the  least  sound,..  : 
and  seeming  to  suspect  fresh  assailants  behind  cveiy  barricade.  Bufr  | 
^y  encountered  no  enemies;  all  they  met  on  their  way  wcxe  tho 
4vftd  they  stumbled  over  in  the  dark. 


130 


THE  TWEITTT-KINTH  OF  JTLT* 


CHAPTER  V. 

At  daybreak  on  the  29tli,  some  vigilant  bourgeois  left  tbe  bon 
of  M-  Baudc  to  explore  iKe  citj;  it  was  silcût,  desertcdjandahovi 
blnady  traces  of  the  preceding  day'»  events.  On  arriving  at  the  Pb 
de  Giî>ve,  wbcre  still  lay  some  corpses,  Ûiey  ■were  struck  vnth  the 
deathlike  quiet  prevailing  there.  They  then  agreed  to  go  ^verally 
into  the  various  quarters  of  the  capiLiI,  and  ererywhcre  to  propagate 
the  false  r^portf  that  an  immense  a^scmbla^  md  collected  m  froat 
of  the  Hotel  de  Ville,  with  the  intention  of  proceeding  to  th& 
Louvre, 

The  working  men  of  the  faubourgs  were  ahraidy  proparing  to  re- 
new the  iJ^ht;  b»t  a  certain  portion  of  the  bourgeoisie  wcte  tor- 
mented with  thoughts  of  a  different  kind.  M.  Baude,  followed  by 
a  numerous  buid»  with  which  be  had  visited  several  barracks  and 
Bounded  the  fidelity  of  tlie  soldiery^  found  a  company  of  national 
^^uardâ  drawn  lip  in  hue  of  battle  in  the  Place  Royale.  He  harangued 
them  wnrmly,  told  them  tliat  the  troops  were  everywhere  surrciidt3> 
itt"  up  their  jumst  and  endeavoured  to  hurry  them  with  liim  to  tho 
Hotel  dû  Ville.  They  obstinatoly  refused  to  follow;  they  bad  armed, 
they  said,  sok-ly  to  save  their  houses  from  pilLige. 

During  this  time  a  citizen,  named  Gallc,  wna  making  lua  way 
through  the  line  of  scntinck  in  the  Place  du  Carrousel,  under  tbo 
guidance  of  an  unknown  indÏNidual,  to  whom  the  soldier»  opened  a 
passage.     Being  introduced  to  the  Due  do  Rajniee,  "  Monsieur  le 
maréciial,"  be  exclaimed,  in  a  voice  trembling  with  emotion,  "yduf 
troops  arc  firing  from  some  balconies  in  the  Rue  St.  Honoré  on  in- 
ortiensivc  citizens  !  can  you  not  put  a  stop  to  such  atrocities?" — "  You 
iDFult  rae^  àr^  in  regarding  me  as  the  authr^r  of  such  orders,"  re- 
plied the  duke.     "  I  have  just  given  iojunctiond  to  the  tfoops  to  fire 
only  in  self  defence.     This  la  about  to  be  made  known  to  Paris  by 
.  a  prLiclamation." — *--  How  !"  resumed  M.  Gallc  ;    **  for  two  days, 
a^eur  le  maréchal,  you  have  been  keeping  \vp  a  iirc  upon  the 
_     pie,    and  tlie  municipal  authority  hsis  not  yet  shown  itBclfP 
^,  ■—**  True,"  said  the  marshal^  dashing  liis  baud  against  hh  forehead 
\  vith  the  gesture  of  despair;  "  it  is  true!'*     Tlien  calling  his  Bccre- 
faxy,  **  Let  the  raayors  of  Paris  be  summoned  to  attend liere  within 
San  hour!*' — "Within  an  hour,  monsieur  1     But  who  knows  wliat 


[will  happen  within  that  hour?    P< 


you  ivill  not  be  in  ex< 


LiBteuco,  nor  two  hundred  thouaind  Parisians,  nor  the  king,  nor  £ 

Fwho  address  you.  What  must  be  done,  monsieur  le  maréclml,  allow 

me  lo  tell  you:  set  out  instantly;  stop  the  fuailladeai  that  you  hear 

from  this  place;  go  to  St.  Cloud,  and  tell  the  king  that  we  have 

tom  up  the  pavement  of  our  streets;  that  the  roofe  of  our  houses 

piled  with  stcmcs;  that  a  hundred  thousand  of  the  bravrat  eol- 


©«SPOÏHîEÏTOTOP  THE  TROOM, 

diers  sKonW  not  take  Paris;  and  that  many  persons  who  understand 
tlie  art  of  Wax,  myself  to  begin  with,  are  obout  to  put  theni?clTCB 
at  iKc  head  of  tl»e  mpulation,  if  immense  eonccssiona  are  not  madt'." 
The  duki*  n^pticdy  dcspondinglv^  that  the  kiii^  knew  all;  but  thut 
he  would,  perhaps,  listen  to  a  deputation,  provided  it  were  a  depu- 
tation of  the  bourgeoise.* 

Immediately  after  this  interview,  the  Due  de  Haguee  g&vo  orders 
to  the  Tuayora  to  aseemblo.  Four  of  them  responded  to  the  summons. 
The  procliiûiatdoûT  of  which  the  manslial  had  spoken,  was  printed; 
B&d  some  piieoners  wore  $ct  at  liberty,  and.  conitms6ionod  to  cHâtrî* 
bute  copies  tunong  the  people. 

The  royal  troops  were  now  far  removed  from  the  populous  quar- 
tWB,  all  access  to  wliich  was  barred  them  by  the  innura(irablc  Ikittî* 
endes  that  had  spruii"  up  in  the  couibc  of  the  night.  They  now 
occupied  only  the  cordon  extending  from  the  Louvre  to  the  Cnampi 
Elysiiea  Troops  of  the  line  were  stationed  in  the  gardens  of  th« 
Toitcrice  and  in  the  Place  Vendôme.  The  guftrds  ooverei.1  the  Car- 
rouiiel,  the  Place  Louis  XV.,  the  Boulevard  dc  k  li^Iadeleine,  ami 
the  inner  court  of  the  Palais  Royal;  several  posts  had  beca  esta* 
hhshccl  in  the  Kuc  St.  Honoré;  two  Swiss  battabonâ  defended  thd 
Louvre;  and  the  muz?.left  of  tlic  cannons  were  everywhere  pointed 
in  the  direction  by  which  the  multitude  could  arrive. 

The  Swifia  appeared  restlees;  but  a  very  different  feeling  prevafledj 
Ainnn^  the  rcEt  of  the  troops.     ExhauBted  with  hunger^  worn  dowiT* 
with  fatigue,  sons  after  tvU  of  the  people,  in  whose  minda  the  shama^ 
of  dcfcflt  was  combated  by  the  horror  of  victory,  they  stood  leanm^ 
feebly  on  their  weapons,  with  drooping  heartâ  and  leaden  looksi^ 
Thoec  houses,  behina  every  window  of  which  they  were  afieured  of' 
an  enemy;    those  streets,   deserted  and  blazing   in  the  gunshine,,  1 
through  which  they  had  been  led,  and  where  \&y  bo  many  of  thelrj 
comrades  clun  by  invisible  aaeaiUnts;  thoee  high  barricades  ;  thfl 
nience  of  that  vast  city*  in  which  there  reigned  neithiLT  tumult  nca 
rrooae;  those  «hriU  and  desultory  cries  of  ^*Vive  la   CftArUT'  thq' 
wtld  appeal  to  a  system  of  law  of  which  the  irmjority  were  igno-j 
iftut;  all  this  diacoBiccTted  the  Btoutcst  hearts,  and  tlic  oiHcer*  them* 
lelvtt  vtcillated  in  utter  confusion  of  soul. 

The  people,  muter  in  its  own  domain,  was  quitting  the  fâul 
in  bands,  and  advancing  along  the  boulevards  m  dense  columns. 
A  whimsicul  sceuo  wad  pAâsmg  at  the  same  moment  in  the  he 
of  Paris.  Betwoea  ten  and  eleven  o'clock^  a  man  of  middle  hei^ 
and  energetic  counlcnancci  marched  through  the  Marché  dee  Im, 
eentA^  drx'Sicd  in  a  general's  uniform,  and  followed  by  a  great  muortt 
of  armed  mon.  Il  wnâ  from  M.  Ëvarcstc  Dumouhn,  editor  of  the 
CmisHtutionnet^  that  this  man  hud  received  his  unifonn,  purchased  at 
nn  old-clothcfl  shop;  and  the  epaidettes  ho  wore  had  been  given  him 
by   the  actor  Pcrleti  they  came  from  the  property  room  of  the 


A  SEtF-ELECTED  QOTBBEÎWEST. 


Opéra  Comique.  "Wliat  general  is  ihat'r""  wna  asked  on  all  hancls'; 
anj  when  those  about  him  replied  '^It  is  Cfeneml  Uubourg/^  Vive 
Ir  ffhwral  Dubouiy!  shouted  the  people*  who  bad  never  bcfùpe 
heard  the  name.  But  all  had  then  an  immense  need  of  being  com- 
manded. 

Tlie  procession  took  its  way  to  the  Hfiteî  de  Ville,  TPbero  the 
peneral  installed  himself.  Some  minutes  afterwords  the  tricolour 
âag  liad  ceased  to  Host  over  the  building,  A  man  entered  the 
XOom  where  IVL  Dubourg  was  seated^  and  where  several  young  men, 
rai^^  round  a  table,  were  busy  writing.  **  Grcneral»  the  upbol- 
eterer  is  here.  What  colour  is  tlic  Aug  to  be?*' — "  We  must  have  a 
black  âag,  and  France  will  retain  that  colour  till  she  has  reconquered 
her  fjreedoia." 

M,  Baude  appeared  m  his  turn  at  the  Hôtel  de  Ville,  to  enjoy 
the  privilegca  offered  to  the  ^E-trng.  He  constituted  himself  secre- 
tary to  an  ideal  government^  and  sent  out  proclaanalioas,  M. 
Franquc,  an  avocat,  received  orders  to  liasten  to  the  house  of  M. 
Seguier,  first  preadent  of  the  Cour  Royale,  anest  liim  and  bring 
liim  by  foite  to  the  Hôtel  de  Ville.  These  people  wished  to  place 
the  insiurrcction  under  the  apparent  patronage  of  the  judicial  autbo- 
ritiea.  Thus  the  two  men  who  had  chosen  to  be  the  govenimemt 
for  some  hours,  were  the  government,     Thejr  were  obeyed. 

M-  Baude  was  no  sooner  inatalled  than  be  took  some  measures  of 
-urgent  expediency.  He  made  M.  do  Villeneuve  take  an  account  of 
the  treasury  of  tno  Hôtel  de  Ville»  which  was  found  to  contain  & 
little  more  than  five  millions  of  franc^î.  He  sent  for  the  tyndics  of 
tlïe  bakers,  who  informed  him  that  the  stock  of  bread  stulf  in  Paris 
Vaa  enough  lor  a  month's  supplj  ;  and  he  sent  word  to  the  syndics 
^f  the  bulchcrg  that  cattle  Huould  be  admitted  into  the  capital  Iree 
of  toll  while  the  criaa  lasted.  Lastly  be  caused  committet^  to  be 
appointed  in  each  of  the  twelve  arrondissements  of  Paris  whose  duty 
il  should  be  to  correspond  with  the  Hôtel  de  Vîllc. 

Whilst  busied  with  the  cares  of  tliis  authority  so  boldly  usurped* 

M.  Baude  received  the  visit  of  M.  ClaprobL',  an  attaché  of  tlie  Prus- 

iian  embassy,     Tliat  gcntlemiy;  informed  him  lliat  the  attitude  of 

the  Parisian  population  during  those  astonishing  days  had  struck  all 

the  members  of  the  diplomatic  body  not  only  wltli  amazement  but 

with  admiration;  that  their  despatches  expressed  this  twofold  scnti- 

.  mcnt,  and  were  of  a  nature  to  render  probable  tJic  maintenance  of 

[jwoce  between  monarchical  Europe  and  revolutionary  France. 

.  .    A  short  time  si'tcr  tlii^,  some  workmen  cajiie  with  loud  shouta, 

iVrin^ng  in  a  man  they  had  arrested  at  the  barriers,  jmd  who  waa 

[ibund  to  be  tlie  bearer  of  a  despatch,  carefully  scaled.    Tim?  indi* 

TÎdual  was  questioned,  and  proved  to  be  a  bwc^Ush  ofliccr  whom 

Cc'unt  Loewcnhielm,  the  minister  of  Sweden  and  Norway,  had  sent 

off  in  the  night  with  a  report  to  tho  cabinet  of  Stockhuhu  of  the 

«vents  thai  had  just  occurred.     SI.  Baude  sent  back  tlic  officer  and 

despatch  unhroktu  io  Count  LowcnhicUu.    Ibc  Swcdii  mi- 


THE  DrC  DE  IIAGCSE'8  ORDERS  INEFFECTUAL,  133 

nirter,  toncheH  by  such  courtcsv,  hastened  to  write  his  acknowledg- 
ments to  M.  Ikudc  •  but  he  aid  not  make  liis  appearance  at  tlio 
Hutel  de  Ville,  as  it  v,-ns  stated  at  the  time  that  lie  did,  and  which 
he  could  not  have  done  without  impi-udently  breaking  through  the 
reserve  enjoined  him.  For  some  piUtictftna  eu?pccted  Bemadottd 
of  having  ÏOîigcherishednmbîtiuuâ  hopta;  ihuy  l>elieved  that  Ibrtuno^ 
by  taking  him  from  a  camp  to  set  htm  on  a  thronoj  had  pufled  up 
bis  mibd  to  the  degree  of  inapiiing  him  ivith  drcanig  of  the  crown  of 
Franco.  The  fiiU  of  the  Bourbons  was  an  event  of  which  he  miffhc 
endeavour  to  take  advantage.  Did  lie  cutcrtoin  the  thought?  We 
cannot  tell.  At  any  rate  events  were  di?stincd  to  mardi  with  more 
rapid  strides  than  his  desire?. 

There  were  two  military  goveminents  in  Ponsî  wliich  of  the  two 
was  to  remain  possessor  of  the  fuprome  aulhority?  AU  hope  of 
conciliation  was  now  cliimcrical.  Orders  to  cease  firing  had  beea 
de^iatched  to  the  several  posts,  hut  it  never  reached  them.  Tho 
quarter- masters  of  the  corapimicâ  posted  in  the  Place  du  Carrousel 
had  been  commanded  to  copy  the  marshal's  proclamation,  and  had 
acttially  done  so,  sotne  writing  on  their  knees,  nthera  on  djrumhea*ls  ;" 
but  the  fusillade  was  kept  up  notwithstanding  in  front  of  the  eolon- 
Dftdc  of  the  Louvre  and  elsewhere  with  great  vivacity.  A  month 
and  a  half's  pay  was  assigned  to  every  soldier,  and  the  difltri- 
bution  which  was  facihtatcd  by  the  vicinity  of  the  traisun',  yvss 
instantly  made  in  the  Place  du  Carrousel.  An  cight-pounder  was 
pointed  ftt  the  entrance  of  the  Rue  de  Rohan.  Lastly,  the  soldier* 
of  the  Cth  regiment  of  the  guards,  posted  in  the  houses  adjoining 
the  Pakiia  Rnyal,  made  all  ready  to  repel  the  attack;  for  the  ma» 
oi  the  assailaJits  was  swelling;  the  bodmg  hum  of  the  city  wad 
spreatling  wider  and  widcr^  and  the  barricades  m  the  Rue  Richelieu, 
approaching  the  position  of  the  soldiera  with  surpiising  rapidity, 
were  becoming  trenches  of  attack. 

The  Ujldncsa  of  the  royalist  leaders  was  not  commensurate  either 
with  the  threatening  character  of  the  meagures  taken  by  them,  or  with 
the  magnitude  of  the  danger.  The  Due  dc  Ragusc  formally  refused 
to  authorize  the  artillery-mca  to  discharge  the  cannon  plnntcd  in  the 
Rue  de  Rohan;  and  a  young  officer  of  the  6th  guards  haviug  ap- 
plied to  bira  f  jr  permission  to  discharge  some  tannon-shot*  ogainat 
tile  Quai  Voltaire,  *'  Sir,"  aid  the  marshal,  passionately,  "  do  you 
want  to  make  the  city  a  heap  of  ruintfi'" 

As  for  the  dignitaries  of  the  realm,  the  peers  of  France,  tliey  were 
only  occupied  at  this  moment  in  lamenting  o-vtr  their  compromised 
position,  their  property  flung  to  the  ravening  populace,  their  heads, 
perhaps,  threatened!  Tlie  people  waa  let  loose:  how  whj*  it  to  be 
checked?  and  they  outdid  each  other  in  cursing  M.  dc  Poli^ac. 
PoOKssorB  of  a  fortujic  mode  up  of  the  wrecks  of  four  levoluliona; 
fi>rtunatc  for  fifteen  3rear3  in  a  tuMmtry  whose  calamities  wore  typi- 
fied in  their  prosperity,  they  had  adhered  to  absolute  monarchy  irom 
<^cuktioa,  not  from  conviction.    For  this  very  reason  they  bad 


184 


DEPUTATION  FBOM  THE  P££S,6  TO  CHABLËS  Z. 


t  been  able  to  exercise  a  foretliouglit  of  wHcK  M.  de  Polignac  '    .^ 
incapable,  bccAU£C  be  was  dislutercstad  like  alt  Iknaticsy  and  honcât 
;  and  sincere  in  his  bUndness. 

"  We  foretold  all  this/'  said  tbe&e  great  personages  to  eack  otter; 

M'tbe  wild  beast  should  have  been  lulled,  and  Uiey  have  irritated 

Iciha.     Here  we  are  un  the  brink  of  a  fathojnlesa  pit,  and  why  'f    Be- 

'  Cause  our  s&ge  counsels  have  been  rejected;  because  the  court,  swayed 

by  the  liital  ascendiincy  of  a  madinaii.  lias  not  been  able  to  moderate 

[  the  movement  of  tlic  counter-revolution.     What  is  to  become  of  us? 

Who  knowâ  but  that  the  repeat  of  ÛiQ  onliûances  would  he  suf> 

'  £cien£  to  quiet  the  people?    Ihat  would  be  the  saving  of  us." 

M,  de  Sémonville,  tlxe  grand  refereudary  of  the  court  of  peers,  set 

;  out,  therefore,  from  the  Luxcmbour^to  head-quartcrp,  accompanied 

'■  by  M.  d'Afgout.     They  foiuid  the  Due  de  Raguse  in  perturbation 

I  Atid  despair,     When  he  saw  them  come  in,  the  mai-shal  went  into 

'  the  adjoining  room  where  the  minbtera  were  assembled,  uid  imme- 

iidiatc-ly  returned  with  M.  de  Pohgnac,     M.  do  Sémonville  heaped 

>  bitter  and  violent  reproaches  on  the  prince,  who  rephed  ailmly  and 

[  withdrew.     Furioua  at  a  resisUncc  which  left  them  cxposicd  naked  to 

danger,  the  two  monarchical  nogoliators  proposed  to  the  mai^lial 

tliat  he  should  arrest  ministers  who  had  been  guilty  of  risking;  for 

ti^e  ï^g'9  sake  the  fortunes  of  the  servants  of  royalty.     M.  de  OUn- 

âevez  ofiered  his  eword;  the  Due  de  Haguse  hteîtated;  M,  de  Pey- 

'■  Tonnet  reappeared;  and,   as  a  last  elTort,  MM.  de  Sémonville  and 

D'Argout  set  oiF  for  St.  Cloud. 

Just  OB  their  carriuj^e  wa?  entering  tlie  miun  alley  of  the  g£u*dcn  of 
of  the  TuUei'ies,  a  man  spranj*  before  the  horses'  heads,  pointing  with 
i'mom  hand  to  St.  Cloud,  and  with  the  otlier  to  a  carriage  I'oUowing 
y  tbat  of  tliC  two  ncgoûatora.  It  was  M,  de  Poh^^c'a,  and  the  mim, 
vho,  witli  this  mute  eîoqucnce,  urged  M.  de  îwmonviUe  to  make 
bustc^  was  one  of  those  he  3iad  a  moment  before  wiahed  to  arreat, 
M.  do  Peyronnot  1* 

Au    ' 
nation  i 

[  Hcnvs  had  arrived  there  very  early  in  tlic  monùng,  that  the  town  of 

Vereailleg  was  in  o|.>en  insurrection-     The  vicinity  of  the  town  gave 

this  event  a  formidable  character.     A  few  hours  more,  perhaps,  and 

I  the  revolt  would  besiege  royalty  in  ita  very  palace.     No  time  was  to 


aLirmint'  intclHgence  recently  received  had  caused  a  conster- 
L  in  that  cli:iteau  of  St.  Cloud  whither  the  ministers  were  bound; 


*  "  Ji  WW  adthec  tha  «amiiKuu  of  the  Boo  de  B««iue  nor  that  of  M.  de  Séaion- 
ville  that  gAve  occaûon^  u  liu  tieea  suppoeed,  to  the  departure  iif  Uic  miuutcra  fi» 
'  St.  Clood;  und  this  for  llic  vc-r^^  simple  n-tuoD,  thnl  they  mfulo  none,  having  no  title 
I  «0  ^o  BO.  The  deitarlttTP  i^d*  Ibe  mitrW^^rpi  wom  uocaaimol  hj  a  1«ttep  frnm  ChAilea 
I  X«  infurming  uiniitcn  that  It  wa»  his  Ititeatkn  to  wiemblQ  hii  «mscil  on  Ok 
i  Jowioff  numûDff.  Uy  coirkge  wu  wmitiog  fen  ma  in  tfaii  cuunyKrd  of  the  Ti  " 
[  Sm^  hefore  tlic  mrlvul  of  H.  de  Sfnumville. 

•*  The  «InpoiitJan  of  M.  dr  Si-inoiiTillp  bcfo»  the  Cliambcr  of  Pl-cts  was  (inljf  i 

aomc  rurcObct,  got  op  in  tlinilrure^nf  fhecalHoet.  I  po«itivcl.T  dwsTOw  llii-Kirmtcr 

f  Jart  of  tbo  IbiuKB  mUlvfl  <  -  ^  Ijicki  he  nii^ei  me  ûgure  u  an  actur  ;  but 

ivrcTT  am  tn  Mr  mania;  ii  ,odvU1c  ia  oIwaj'b  to  ilicss  u^i  Bomctlûug 

I  jbr  toe  •tage»"'— itf &  noitvf    .^>.  tn:  i  omjimt. 


ChAilea  I 


tNSTTEKECTIOK  IS  VEBSiaLLKS. 


185 


I 


be  loet  ia  dispkyin^  vigour.  Two  companies  of  gardea-du-coqra  were 
ihcn  in  the  courtyatd  ol'  the  cliâtcsu;  they  might  be  marched  against  \ 
VeiaaillcE;  but  tbcfE  w&s  no  captain  ot'  the  guards  at  hand  to  leadj 
the  adventurous  expedition.     On  tîie  other  hand  to  put  under  the»! 
ordcra  of  some  gcncml  of  the  empire  »  corps  which  gentlemen  of 
the  hJf^hcst  noblœee  thoup;ht  lUcuajîolvcfl  alone  worthy  to  command, 
were  &  very  rude  infraciion  of  court  privileges.     Such  a  dGrogatioo,  i 
irora  etiquette  wb»  in  the  eyes  of  Charlos  X.  a  mattM  of  almost  se  | 
much  importULoe  as  the  loss  of  a  battle.     But  there  comes  a  timâ 
wlien  matters  invincibly  forre  thomsolvea  back  to  their  natuiol  level, 
and  when  logic  prevails  over  the  potly  yjran<xements  of  hnman  vanity. 
Getieiul  Vincent  offered  to  take  the  command  of  the  ^niards,  and  to  I 
oâer  was,  under  such  circumstances,  to  prescribe.     Hii  services  wer*w| 
aocepledby  the  dauphin;  Chftrlc«  X.  «mothered  his  dissatisiaclion ; 
«nd  the  eencral  set  out  fur  Vcrsailleâ  at  the  head  of  the  two  ooeiï- 

C'ea  ol  cardea-du-corpe,  supported  by  two  or  three  himdred  gen- 
Kfl.  When  he  came  to  the  last  turn  of  the  loaA  he  halted  his 
men,  and  ftdvancing  alone  to  the  gate,  he  sent  to  demand  an  inters 
view  with  the  autlioritira  of  the  town.  The  secretary-general  and 
tfae  mayor  soon  came  to  him»  J'oUowcd  by  a  numerous  detjLchmcnfi 
of  national  gomnls-  Tlie  group  appeared  very  animated,  and  what 
was  retnarfcable  enônp:h,  the  cry  lliat  iMued  from  every  mouth  wos. 
To  tftt  CommmicI  To  the  Commune!  the  revolutionary  cry  of  th© 
lath  century.  General  Vincent,  who  had  been  knocked  oâ'  liia 
horse  in  this  samo  place,  when  lighting  a^inst  the  Cogsacka  in  1814, 
dispUyed  great  firmness  combined  with  prudence;  and  a  cahncr 
temper  was  Ix^nning  to  prevail,  when  a  column  of  men  of  the  peo- 
ple, anned  with  ^\il3  or  pistols,  and  with  their  arms  bore,  rushcd^i 
into  the  rood.  TW  shouting  was  then  renewed;  the  agitation  be- 
came tremendous,  and  General  Vincent  returned  to  his  men.  But 
Iwmlly  had  rejoiced  them^  when  the  gentU(rtne&  quitted  the  service, 
and  went  over  to  the  people,  and  he  was  obhgod  to  lead  the  gardes- 
da-corpe  back  to  the  heights  of  Su  Cloud. 

While  these  thin«  were  going  on  the  ministera  arrived  in  the 
cbilMUl.  M.  de  PdigDAc'e  carnage  drove  up  almost  at  the  aanw 
moment  as  M-deSemonviUeV.  The  Duchess  deUcrri,  who  had  opened 
her  window  at  the  sound  of  the  wheels,  waved  a  Iriendiv  salute  to 
M'  de  Polignac  alone.  Shortly  aftiirwards  the  grand  referendary, 
who  had  gone  in  the  first  instance  to  the  Due  de  Luxembourg,  waa 
Fummoncu  to  the  king^;  and  as  he  entered  the  ajiartment  he  met  iL 
dc  PoUgmtCt  who  ^d  to  him,  putting  his  handl  to  hia  neck,  ^'  You 
come  todemAod  my  hciidJi'  No  matter.  I  have  told  the  king  you 
vere  here:  have  the  Ërsit  word." 

M.  de  S<!mi>nTiUe  expected  t^^  find  the  king  in  great  agitation, 
and  ho  was  struck  by  tlie  calmncsi  of  his  cinmienance  and  the  gravity 
of  his  demeanour.  Charles  X.  Usteued  with  an  incredulous  air  to 
tho  Xkews  tliat  was  brought  him,  and  even  sou^'ht  to  reassure  M.  da 
S^on^dllc  Uâ  ho  hod  done  the  day  bdbre  by  M.  de  VitroUcs.    He 


■136         U.  DE  sixOimLLB'S  IKTEBTIEW  WITH  CHABLB8  X. 

sdd  that  every  measure  was  taken  to  smother  the  xnnirrectioii;  that 
he  relied  on  the  soldiers;  that  the  revolt  would  wear  itself  oat,  be- 
cause the  people  had  no  leaders,  and  the  order  to  shoot  Uie  instiga- 
tors had  been  executed.  M.  de  Sémonville  did  all  in  his  power  to 
yndecâve  the  kine  but  in  vain.  "  Well  then,  sire,"  he  exclaimed, 
at  last,  "  I  must  tell  you  all:  if  the  ordinances  are  not  recalled  within 
an  hour,  no  more  kin^,  no  more  royalty." — "  Perhaps  you  will  grant 
me  two  hours,"  repUcd  the  king  with  ofibnded  fmde;  and  he  was 
letinng,  when  M.  de  Sémonville  falling  on  his  knees,  seized  his 
clothes,  and  as  the  king  continued  to  retreat,  he  dragged  himself  along 
the  floor  in  a  piteous  manner  !  "  The  dauphine  I  think  of  the 
dauphine,  sire!"  he  exclaimed.  Charles  X.  was  affected,  but  he 
remained  6rm  in  his  resolution. 

The  ministers,  however,  held  a  council  together;  M.  de  Vîtrolles 
had  also  arrived  in  St.  Cloud,  bringing  with  him  the  strip  of  paper 
on  which  Doctor  Thibault  had  on  the  preceding  day  insCTibed  these 
two  names,  imknown  to  most  of  the  combatants,  Mortemart  and 
Gérard. 

A  change  of  ministers  was  tmder  discussion  at  St.  Cloud;  at  Paiîfl 
they  were  no  longer  fighting  for  any  thing  but  the  overthrow  of 
loyalty. 

The  struggle  had  recommenced  at  several  points.  Pupils  of  the 
École  Polytechnique  went  through  the  Faubourg  St  Jacques,  knock- 
ing at  the  door  of  every  lodging-house,  and  calling  out  **•  Students, 
turn  out  !"  A  gathering  had  been  formed  in  the  ^aoe  de  TOdéon  : 
arms  were  wanted,  and  a  voice  cried  out,  "  To  the  barracks  in  the 
Rue  Toumon  !"  A  moment  after  and  the  barracks  were  taken  ;  the 
gendarmes  fled  ;  and  the  first  that  rushed  in  threw  out  to  the  eager 
crowd  sabres,  small  swords,  cartridge-boxes,  muskets,  and  carbines. 
Each  pupil  of  the  Ecole  Polytechnique,  as  he  received  a  weapon,  cried 
out,  **  Who  will  follow  me?"  and  immediately  groups  of  twenty, 
thirty,  forty  workmen  ranged  themselves  behind  hun  ;  the  drums  beat, 
and  the  march  began.  One  of  these  detachments  hurried  off  to  take 
tiiepostof  the  Place  St,  Thomas  d'Aquin  from  the  Swiss;  another 
went  to  seize  a  powder  magazine  near  the  Jardin  des  Plantes;  a  tlûrd, 
consisting  of  from  two  hundred  to  two  hundred  and  fifty  men, 
marched  against  a  depot  of  the  garde  royale,  in  the  Place  del'Estra- 
pade.  The  soldiers  appeared  at  the  windows  with  their  muskets  in 
their  hands.  People  called  out  to  them  "  Do  not  fire,  no  harm  will  be 
done  to  you  ;"  the  column  continued  to  advance  ;  a  young  man  named 
Hostel,  taking  advantage  of  this  moment  of  hesitation,  climbed  hastily 
up  to  the  window,  and  said  some  words  to  the  officer,  which  were  not 
overheard  ;  when  instantly  the  latter  took  off  his  coat  and  put  it  on 
the  young  man,  whom  he  preœcd  in  his  arms.  The  post  was  eva- 
cuated and  the  arms  were  delivered  to  the  people. 

A  neariy  similar  scene  took  place  at  the  Prison  de  Montaigne,  a 
iew  paces  from  the  Pantheon.  The  commandant  of  the  poet  had 
drawn  up  his  men  in  order  of  battle  in  the  street.     Maes,  a  brewer 


GATEffilîIXG  IN  THE  PLACE  DE  L'ODÉON. 


îsr 


of  the  Faubourg:  St.  Marceau,  was  at  tLe  entrance  of  the  street  fol- 
lowed by  a  htmdrcJ.  workmen,  und  ready  to  fire,  when  M.  Cliamtt] 
came  nmning  up,  dressed  in  liia  unilbrm.     He  spoke  a  [ew  word*  | 
warm  from  the  heart  ;  no  more  was  necessary  ;  the  officer  lowered,  lili  ] 
sword,  and  the  &Mdiers  swore  not  to  fire  on  their  brethren. 

At  this  inoraent  the  Place  de  I'Odton  wns  covered  with  iuraaed  men;  J 
In  a  wine-shop,  at  the  comer  of  the  street  which  opens  on  the  middlsi 
of  the  square,  a  great  number  of  atudenta  and  workmen  were  tnakin^  I 
cartridges  under  the  direction  of  some  old  soldiers.  At  first  ther©  J 
waa  a  want  of  pïLpcr;  bût  upon  the  people  shouting  out  for  a  supplv*^  1 
CDonuous  heaps  were  thniwn  down  vrom  all  the  -rondowa  oi  tno  j 
jquare.  Balb  were  brought  cvcrj  moment  iJom  an  extemporaneous 
ioundry  set  up  in  the  Place  St.  Sulpicc,  where  tin  and  lead  weT«  I 
EasU  Close  to  the  portico  of  the  Odeon  there  was  a  cart  containing'  I 
tWQ  bairels  of  powder,  the  heads  of  which  had  been  knocked  in;  f 
they  came  irom  the  magaadnc  of  the  Jardin  des  Plantes.  Two  pupila  ] 
of  the  Ecole  Polytcchjtique,  MM,  Lit-dot  and  MiUette,  contmucdl 
uninterruptedly  haling^  out  the  powder  with  their  hats. 

During  tlie  distribution  of  the  powder,  which  was  occomphahedl 
with  heroic  recklessness,  M.  Lothon  waa  named  by  acclamation  Cû-  i 
nëral-in-chief  of  the  tittle  army,  but  an  uuknown  individual  havmgj 
claimed  thepMt  m  an  old  soldier,  M.  Lothon  cheerfully  ceded  the  author  \ 
ritytohim.  Tlie  stranger  put  on  a  red  saah  ;  the  drum  bcfitthcbon,  andl 
the  whole  column  was  in.  motion.     It  consisted  of  a  thousand  men.    I 

Thirty  or  forty  men  detaclied  themselves  under  the  command  o£*J 
JL  Lothon,  and  took  the  direction  of  the  Pont  Neuf.  They  croascdT 
the  iSeinc  and  proceeded  by  the  Rue  St.  Thomas-du- Louvre  towardi  I 
the  Place  du  Palais  RoyaL  There  they  were  met  by  a  very  brisk  | 
fire,  and  retreated.  M.  Lothon,  to  tally  hia  men,  advanced  alonfi 
Lût?  the  square,  but  he  had  not  gone  twenty  steps  when  a  ball  ' 
Btruck  him  in  the  head,  and  stretched  hiin  lifeless.  He  was  not  | 
picked  up  for  a  lon»^  time  after  ;  his  cocked  hat  was  riddled  witK  i 

M»  Baduel^  another  pupil  of  the  school,  was  leading  a  detachment  j 
of  five-and-twenty  or  thirty  mai  to  the  Tuileries,  when  he  wo»  i 
brotight  down  by  a  grape-shot  nearly  at  tlie  ibot  of  the  Arc  de  j 
Tnoropbc.  •  ' 

The  main  body,  from  which  these  two  detachmcnts  had  gone  olï^ 
marched  to  the  Caserne  de  Babylone,  oœupicd  by  tiic  Swiss.     As  it" 
■jiproachcd  the  barract&  it  separated  into  three  divisions.     One  of 
uicso  posted  itself  in  the  street  fixinting  the  barracks  ;  the  second 
went  to  the  entnuicc-c;atc  by  a  street  nearly  perpendicular  to  it;  the  j 
tiiird  advanced  ujm^ti  tJic  rear  of  the  building,  throuffh  an  alley  then  j 
flanked  in  a  great  measure  by  garden  walls.     Thiî!  uiird  colonnade  j 
which  was  commanded  by  M.  Charms,  had  no  sooner  entered  the  ' 
alley  than  a  brisk  fusillade  opened  upon  it  from  an  unfinished  house 
on  Its  rights     Three  men  fell  ;  five  orummcrs  who  were  beating  the 
charge  ned  ;  &  woiknian,  in  bringing  down  his  weapon,  killed  tlus 


1W 


THB  CAÊfcRSE  BE  BÂETLON  C.lPT17FtET>. 


[  Vian.  vrUo  mzLtchod  before  Lim  ;  the  column  became  disordctlj,  and 
I  ihc  ranks  fell  back  precipitately  on  each  other.     M.  Chiuras  rushed 
I  forward^  witli  his  hat  on  the  point  of  liîs  sword,  followed  bj  a  roaii 
©f  the  pooplo  named  Bcsnard.  enlhuaiastTcally  waving  the  tricolour 
I  "flag      The  Swiss  redoubled  their  fire  ;  fortunately,  some  Parian 
idiBrpshooteis  oppeared  st  the  windows  of  the  ncighboimng  bouses^ 
'*ad  be^an,  in  their  turn,  to  lire  on  the  Swiss  witli  such  sucoeaOir 
,th&t  the  latter  abandoning  the  imfuibhed  hcmso  raada  tJieir  way 
1  i)ack  to  the  barracks  through  the  gardens.     Charm*,  ContrcE  (ano- 
ther pupil  of  the  Ecole  Polytechnique)  and  Bef  nard  advanced  again, 
foHowcd  by  some  workmen,  and  soon  after  by  the  whole  masa. 
fSharpfihooters  posted  thânaelves  in   tlie  gardens  and  on  the  roof 
f)ï  a  house  adjomîng  the  barracks,  which  wi^re  thui^  surrounded  on. 
»11  ddcs.     The  Swias  had  placed  mattresses  against  all  the  windows, 
and  made  a  desperate  dcfoicc.     lîie  assailants,  on  their  part,  almost 
all  workin?  men,  sustaijied  the  fire  with  astonishing^  intrepidity. 
tTkrec  pupJa  of  the  school  fought  at  their  head,   MM.  Vamu^u, 
littcroix,  and  d'Ouvrier.     Tlie  iirst  received  a  ball  in  the  forehead 
Ihftt  killed  liim  on  the  j^pot  ;  the  two  others  were  eevervly  wounded. 
,  21.  Alphonse  MouU,  a  student,  received  a  ball  through  the  thi?h, 
!  vid  died  five  days  afterwards.     M.  Barbier,  a  profesaor  of  mathe- 
matics, was  ahot  in  the  left  arm.     Others  fell  whose  names  have  re- 
imuned  in  obecurity  ;  thcâc  were  of  ihc  people  ! 

The  attack  had  been  going  on  lor  three-quarters  of  an  hour,  when 

[  'the  thought  occxirrcd  to  one  of  tlie  aesailanta  to  heap  straw  before 

,  the  doora  of  llie  barracks  :  it  was  set  on  tire,  and  the  Swiss  fled 

!  ihrough  tlie  gardens.     Some  of  them  woidd  neither  run  away  nor 

surrender  ;    they  were  killed-      Among  theoi  was  Major  Dufky. 

The  drums  bixit  the  recall  ;  the  column  lormed  again  in  the  Rue  de 

jEèvTcs,  and  marcJied  to  the  Tuileries. 

But  the  royal  palace  was  already  in  the  posesBion  of  tlic  people. 
!rbe  Louvre,  which  liad  been  conadtutcd  a  fortn^ss,  wa^  t&keo. 
Olds  extraordinary  event  was  thus  accomplii^hed, 

A  great  maso  of  as^ilants,  i^uing  &am  all  the  narrow  strceta  ad- 
joining the  church  of  St.  Gf^main  rAuxcrrois,  Itad  advanced  to- 
;  vaifdâ  the  Louvre,  which  «omc  young  men  in  a  freak  of  poetic  gx- 

•  tiavagsncc  had  talked  of  capturing  'n4th  a  band  of  music  at  their 
.^ead^     Ttic  Swiîs  pcerted  on  the  colonnade,  kept  up  a  tremendous 

•  fiici,  wliieh  was  vigorously  returned  by  the  Parisians. 

The  Due  de  Raguse  wa5,  during  the  time,  in  the  Place  du  Caï^ 
zoQsel,  making  all  ready  for  a  last  and  desperate  ccMgement.     In- 
telligence was  brought  him  that  the  soldiers  in  the  Place  Vendâme 
I  mvK  in  oonuntmic&tion  with  the  people  ;  that  they  were  wavering  in 
\  JÛketr  ailt^oncc  ;  and  that  a  deifection  was  to  be  apprehended.     Tltc 
mazahal  immedialely  resolved  to  withdraw  the  two  regiments  ùom 
iWmtact  With  the  peuple,  to  miLrch  tiicm  to  the  Place  Louis  XV.  and 
[the  Tuilerie»,  and  to  replace  them  with  the  Swiss,  who  had  neither 
'Isoihan  nor  folationa  among  the  people  whom  it  was  intended  to 


I 

4 


i 


i 


CAPÎTJEE  OF  THE  LOUVRE. 


139 


cannonailc.  Caîling  his  aidc-dtî-camp,  M.  de  Guise,  he  said  to  him, 
"  Haâlea  to  M<  de  balis  ;  let  him  send  mc  one  of  the  two  batudiona 
under  hia  command  ;  one  is  enough  for  the  defence  of  the  Louvre.** 

When  thia  oi"der  reached  M.  oe  Sali^,  there  were  Swiea  in  the 
CODTtyard  of  the  paJuce^  and  In  die  colonnades;  thoEcin  ihi;  latter 
podtion  were  alono  cjcposed  to  Uie  fire.  M.  de  SaHs,  wiahing  to 
seaxd  freeih  troops  to  act  against  the  people,  resolved  to  send  the  duke 
the  b&ttalion  that  vrns  actually  engird,  and  to  supply  ita  place  with 
that  which  had  not  yet  fought  But,  witli  strange  inadvertencir, 
instead  of  ârst  calling  up  into  the  Louvre  tlie  hatUihon  that  wu3  m 
the  courtyard,  he  begin  by  raarfliing  uway  that  which  occupied 
the  colonnade,  Tlie  people  perceived  iiiat  the  fire  of  the  Swiss  was 
alcnced  ;  they  eaw  no  cneiaie&  before  them.  A  bold  lad  hod 
already  climbed  up  by  a  spout,  and  planted  a  tricolour  flag  on  the 
Louvre.  Some  of  tlie  assailanta  entered  by  a  wicket  which  had  been 
iel^  open,  got  into  the  abandoned  hidls,  ran  to  the  windows  and  fired 
on  the  Swiaa.  Ainuzoment  and  ularm  seizud  the  intrepid  mercenaTieSf 
the  fearful  and  bloody  tradition  of  the  lOtU  oi'  August  rushed  upon 
their  mindfSf  and  they  turned  abruptly  and  Ûcà  with  all  speed  across 
the  Place  du  Carrousel.  Uuring  this  Ume  the  people  fired  pistols  into 
the  locfesT  broke  open  the  doors  with  axes,  and  poured  in  floods  all 
over  tlie  Louvre,  wliilst  anothet  portion  of  the  assailants  pureued 
the  fugitives.  The  Due  de  lioguse,  his  Gioe  bunmig  with  rage  and 
ahABlj&i  e&deaTOured  to  rally  his  soldiers  ;  he  succeeded  in  bnngiug 
waae  of  them  hftck  to  the  Tuilcrics,  hut  the  disorder  was  immenso. 
M.  do  Guise  who  hod  \Û5  Buhrc  in  his  hand,  lost  it  in  ÛÛê  horriblâ 
rout,  and  only  fotmd  it  again,  a  long  way  off,  hanging  trom  th« 
curb  of  a  gendarme's  horse.  Musket-shots  followed  thick  upon  each, 
other,  the  men  of  the  people  were  coming  irp  flushed  and  wild  with 
BUCCCS8.  The  Swiss  reached  the  l*avillon  de  I'Jiorloge,  passed  it  in 
dùfortlor,  and  scattered  over  tlie  gardens  of  the  Tuileries.  Tho  panic 
{preftd  to  the  troops  posted  there,  and  from  tliese  it  was  commuju- 
catcd  to  those  stationed  in  the  Place  Lotus  XV.  Some  of  theoA 
pouted  soldiers  tore  off  their  epaulettes  in  their  confusion,  othen 
hastily  threw  away  their  uniforms.  Some  otBccts,  borne  away  by 
tiic  irrcsifitible  force  of  the  tîood,  broke  ttieir  swords  in  dcspoiir.  La 
an  instajit  the  rout  was  become  general,  &ud  the  king's  army  woa  in 
full  rctivat  through  the  Champa  Elyst'cs.  '  j 

At  tho  moment  when  ttie  troops  were  thus  hurrying  along  th^j 
line  eitending  from  tlie  Louvre  to  the  Arc-de-f Etoile,  a  windo^j 
wae  gentJy  opened  at  the  comer  of  the  Rui;  de  Rivoh  and  the  KvitA 
Sftint-Fiorentin.     ^' Good  God  I  what  arc  you  doing,  M,  Keyser,*^] 
erî^  a  broken  and  aged  voice  from  the  further  end  of  a  sumptuout 
•p«rtmcnt.     *'  You  will  have  thu  hotel  pillaged  l" — "  Never  fear,* 
replied  M.  Keyser,  "the  troops  arc  in  fuU  retreat,  but  the  people 
arc  intent  only  on  pnrsuinc  them." — '*  Indeed  1"  swd  M.  de  Talley- 
rand, and  stepping  up  to  lli>c  clock,  *'  Note  it  do^'n,^^  he  added,  in  ^ 
•olemn  tone,  **  that  on  the  â9th  of  July^  1830,  at  five  minutea  i 


440  CONDUCT  or  the  people  IX  THE  EOT  AI*  PALACE, 

^ooti,  tlie  elder  brancli  of  the  Bourbons  erased  to  reign  over  France." 
.Tills  was  rathet  preinatuxely  tolling  the  kncU  ol'  the  ancient  mo- 
narchy;  but  to  predict  great  misfortunes,  in  order  to  betray  them 
nfttrwards,  was  the  vanity  of  lliat  ljiitlili.\*9  soul. 

Whilst  the  multitude  that  had  captured  the  Louvre  was  hurrying 
through  the  long  gallery  ol'  the  inusc\un  towards  the  palace  ot  the 
Tuiluiicp,  MM.  Thomas,  Uastide,  Guiimrd*  Joubert^  and  Ganja  were 
entering  it  by  the  wicket  of  the  Pont  Royal.  In  a  moment  the 
^y»l  dwelhng  was  whoUy  occupied  by  tiic  raristans,  and  a  tricolour 
flag  was  planted  by  Thomas  una  Joubert  on  the  top  of  the  building. 
A  combatant  opened  one  of  the  gates  of  the  garden  for  General 
Bertrand,  and  the  eotupanion  of  the  emperor's  esile.  entered,  ivith 
tears  in  his  eyes,  into  the  place  where  he  had  not  set  foot  since  1815. 

The  people  brotc  statues  of  kings  in  the  palace  halla  ;  portraits 
of  princes  were  torn  with  the  pointa  of  pltes  or  bayonets^  and 
iTOrkmen  carried  home,  aa  the  sole  ti'ophy  of  their  victory»  some 
fltripa  of  painted  canvass.  In  tbc  hall  of  the  marshals  the  victors 
discharged  their  pieces  at  some  portraits  that  awakened  recollections 
x>f  perfidy;  hut  many  a  head  whs  uncovered  before  the  portrait  of 
Macdonald,  whom  tlïc  falling  fortunes  of  his  bcnelactor  had  found 
faithful  in  1814,  A  great  number  of  working  men  had  ji^t*lled 
.thcmaelvcs  in  the  Ijall  of  the  tlirone,  each  of  them  sat  on  the  throne 
in  hie  turn,  and  then  they  placed  a  dead  man  upon  it. 

Thus  act  of  taking  possession  presented,  fur  several  hours,  on  in- 
conceivable mixture  ot  heroism  and  heedlessness»  of  bufloonery  and 
jETrandeur.  Men  of  tlie  humble  claa3e3  were  seen  pulling  on,  over 
their  bloody  shirts,  flowered  gowns  that  had  pressed  tlie  slim  '\^'at2ts 
of  princesses,  ajid  they  stalked  about  in  this  odd  accoutrement,  thug 
making  a  joke  of  tlicir  own  victory,  between  their  penury  of  the 
pa^l  day  and  their  penury  of  the  morrow. 

But  the  rumour  having  spread  that  the  doora  of  the  Tuileries 
were  open  to  every  body,  Eûen  of  various  conditions  flocked  thither, 
robberies  evincing  a  cullîvatifl  taste  were  committed  in  thia 
Lley  concourse.  The  articles  which  disappeared,  and  wliich  have 
not  been  recovered,  were  generally  rare  bookj,  sumptuous  editions, 
elegant  tflipperâ,  a  multitude  of  charming  trifles»  all  Hortd  of  thin^  cal- 
culated to  tempt  the  cupidity  of  the  refined  and  fastidious.  iVith 
theëc  exceptions  little  mischief  was  done.  Tlie  rich  man  went  up  to  the 
fKior  man  and  said  to  him,  "  My  Inend,  you  have  a  gun,  keep  guard 
over  thc^c  splendid  cases." — "  Very  well,"  replied  the  poor  man,  and 
he  would  have  suffered  death  rather  llian  have  failed  to  liillil  the 
lûirder.  A  young  man  hod  got  possession  of  a  royal  hat,  ornamented  ia 
M  very  costly  manner  ;  some  of  the  people  saw  him  and  flopped 
Sma.  "  Where  ore  you  ^oing  with  that?  No  stealing  here  Î"— **il  ia 
eoly  A  token  I  am  taking  with  me." — '*  Ail  well  and  good;  but  in 
tiiat  cKO  the  value  of  the  article  ia  of  no  consequence.*'  So  saying, 
they  U>ok  the  liat,  trampled  it  imder  their  feci,  and  returned  it  to 
the  young  man.     The  people  thcreibrc  kept  perteet  wateh  oves 


I 

I 
I 


rtSAL  COSFtTCTS  ABOUT  THE  PAXAIB  HOTAX.J*  Î4t 

ÛtèrâKlvcs.  A  workunan^  named  Miilleï,  had  been  appointed  cKie^j 
guardian  of  valiiablea  by  M.  de  Caillcux,  the  conaervator  of  thff  1 
muaenra:  he  fuldUed  his  duties  nobly*  kborioiisly,  and  at  tlic  nslc  J 
of  liï3  lîle.  Sorae  days  afîcrwards,  when  order  was  restored,  aï  I 
workman,  named  Mtiller,  presented  liLmseLf  to  M.  de  CaiUeux,  un^l 
ploring  some  assistance.     He  was  without  work  and  6tarving". 

During  this  lime  the  waters  of  the  Seine  were  carrying  atongt  1 
books,  vestments,  and  hangini;'?,  thrown  into  it  from  the  eack  of  thflf 
atchbiahopric;  and  a  body  of  men,  among  whom  pompiers  madrfj 
part,  wcte  retumiag  in  triunipli  from  the  Cafeme  de  Babylone,'  i 
waving  the  red  coats  of  the  vanquished  Swiss  on  the  points  of] 
bayonets.  The  people  had  broken  forcibly  into  the  artillery  muÀ  i 
Pcum;  so  that  in  this  msiurectian  of  the  nineteenth  century  figured] 
the  caaque  ol'  Godefroy  de  Bouillon,  the  raiitchlock  arquebuse  o9 1 
Charles  IX.,  and  the  lanec  of  Francis  I.  ti 

The  courtyard  of  the  Palais  Royal  was  full  of  troops;  the  hoU9(Cl 
of  a  clothier,  situated  on  one  ddc  of  the  ,square,  and  the  Café  de  1» 
Régence,  on  the  opposite  âde,  were  occupied  by  two  compaiiies  of 
the  6tb  guards,  under  Captîiins  de  CoDchy  and  Moctc.  Attcr  seve- 
ral attacks  gallantly  sustained,,  these  two  officers  were  forced  Uy 
retreat.  The  fLtrracr  haviu},^  been  woimded  by  a  ball,  was  carrieA^ 
to  tliG  ^ardhoupc,  where  the  insurgents,  furious  at  the  loss  of  theip 
comrades,  talked  of  shooting  him  :  a  combatant^  named  Baziiir 
saved  him.  During  this  time  one  of  the  people  who  had  made  hifl 
way  into  the  courtyard  of  die  palais,  entered  into  a  parley  with  thei 
officer,  and  the  court  was  evacuated. 

The  Due  de  Raguse  had  forgotten  in  the  hurry  of  the  retreftt  n  com- 
pany of  the  3d  gïiaïda  in  the  Rue  de  Kohan.     The  foldiers  posted 
in  the  house  of  a  hat  raaniilacturer,  a   few  paces  from  the  Théâtre 
Français,  fired  from  all  the  windows  on  wmc  men  who,  under  cover 
of  the  columns  of  the  portico,  or  of  the  angles  of  the  streets,  kept 
up   this  hot  contest  with  unâinching  vigour.      Two  young    men 
were  fighting  side  by  side:  une  of  them  was  mortally  wounded  j  thd'l 
odiicr  who  waa  loading  his  gim  continued  lug  employment,  sayina^j 
in  a  low  Ftifled  voice  to  his  comrades,  **  If  I  am  killed,  you  wiurJ 
pick  tills  po<ir  fellow  up,  will  you  not?    He  is  my  brother  !"  Cj 

The  hfvuse  Wiis  carried  after  a  murtleroua  conflict:  Captain  Méi" 
buiser  was  flung  out  of  a  window  on  the  iliird  story  ;  several  of  the 
soldier?  were  slaughtered,  and  ihc  rest  wore  led  prisoners  to  the 
Pluee  de  la  Bourse.     It  wa^  one  of  the  most  terrible  episodes  of  iho 
revolution^  and  it  was  the  l&si. 

The  resistance  had  been  ol>?tinatc;  it  provoked  acta  of  vengeance. 
A  eoldicr  liad  hidden  himself  in  a  pTt.**;  he  was  discovered  there  by 
a  maniiracturcr  of  the  Faubourg  St.  Antoine,  who  ran  him.  tlirouglt 
with  a  IteyoQCL 

But  if  victory  showed  itself  implacable  in  some,  in  most  it  waft 
maguoniuiuus  and  humane.    An  oiËccr,  named  Kivaubc^  having 


142 


EÎSTAXCE3  OF  CEK^BOSÎTr. 


made  liia  escape  over  the  houâctops,  Kod  slipped  into  the  alley  of  a 
neighbouring  nousc,  whence  he  Imd  entered  the  shop  of  a  milkman^ 
wtaeh  was  empty  at  the  raomeat.     A  penthouse  that  had  been 
thrown  down  served  liim   for  a  place  of  concealment,     Suddenty 
Liroices  were  Iieard  in  the  dark  alley,  and  the  shop-door  was  opened. 
5**  He  is  in  this  house,"  said  the  armed  mert  who  n^d  rushed  in;  and 
^^raocompanicd  these  words  with  the  most  irightful  threats.     The 
rofficer  heard  all  from  his  place  of  concealment  ;  evcr^  word  sounded 
[to  him  like  a  sentence  of  death,  nnd  he  was  terrîBcà  at  the  noise  of 
Jljia  own  breathing.    There  were  some  pieces  of  packing-paper  about 
l.llim  ;  Ilia  bresth  stirred  them,  and  thia  was  enough  to  betray  hU 
Tlkidinfj: -place.     A  man's  foot  trod  h^htly  on  hig  arm,  and  he  thought 
ilkimaeLt'  lost;  he  was  saved.     '*  What  ?ood  arc  we  doing  here?" 
L<ïried  the  man  who  had  diaoovered  him,  roughly.     "  Let  us  go 
rseareh  the  House,"    He  left  the  place,  hurrying  hjs  compomons  witii 
Ikim^  and  returned  a  moment  afterwards  in  search  of  the  officer  who 
t  owed  him  hia  life,  and  who  escaped  by  mean^  of  a  dlsguiae,    Lieu- 
;  tenant  Goyon,  after  having  courageously  defended  himself  from 
story  to  stoiy,  was  shut  up  mi  a  raom  with  some  of  his  soldiers. 
Death  to  Ûw  officer!  was  shouted  on  all  hands  by  the  incensed 
crowd  of  assailants.     "  Here  I  «n  f  he  cricd^  immediately  opening 
the  door.     Struck  by  many  hands  at  once,  he  fell  with  hia  &cq 
plNitKed  in  blood;  but  two  of  the  insurgents  sprang  towards  him, 
took  Mm  up  in  their  arms  and  carried  him  away  at  the  risk  of  their 
Kves.    Another  officer,  named  Ferrand,  hail  a  more  iimhoppy  fate: 
he  fell  mortally  wounded;  but  it  waa  one  of  the  insurgetita  who 
waited  by  him  in  lii&  last  moments,  received  liia  last  breath,  and 
ondertooK  to  execute  his  dying  wishes.     Tl\c  history  of  revolutions 
ÎS  full  of  similar  tnuts:  they  prove  that  great  crises  by  ovcr-excitinff 
tha  various  powers  of  the  soul,  magnify  human  nature  in  all  its  di- 
mensions. 

Two  hours  after  this,  Doctor  Delaberffe,  one  of  Uie  eombatontâ  of 

liÛie  Louvro,  was  rcttiming  home,  when  be  met,  in  the  Rue  Neuve» 

I  âe9-Capacinc9,  a  man  he  could  scarcely  recognise,  so  pale  and  hazard 

irerc  his  feature?.     M.  Casimir  Péner  nwhcd  to  him  and  entreated 

[tim  to  save  some  gendarmes  who  had  taken  rcfu^  in  the  offioo  of 

-Jôreîfflï  ai&irs,  and  who  weipe  beset  by  a  frantic  multitude  shoudng; 

libt  tncir  blood.    Doctor  Debber^e  went  into  the  buildinff,  followed 

Ibysomo  resolute  men,  and  found  eighteen  gendarmes  in  the  pantry, 

^Uriio  bad  stripped  off  their  uniforms^  and  were  expecting  to  be  mas- 

'  Kicrcd.     He   made  them  put   on    phdn  clothe  j  and  whilst   he 

Btood  at  the  front  door  haranctiing  the  people  and  keemng  them  in, 

play,  the  poor  fellows  eficapcd  by  the  door  opening  on  uie  Flaoo  des 

bapucince. 

About  the  samo  time,  two  large  cheats,  covered  with  gray  cloth, 
,  aiHTBd  on  the  Place  de  la  Bourae,     M.  ChaHes  Teste,  who  then 
,  tlie  command  of  the  Bourse,  had  them  opened  :  they  containod 


I 
I 


I 


ATTEMPTS  TO  CAJOLE  TEE  PEOPLE.  143 

Uic  alvGT  pkte  of  tLc  cKâteftUf  and  the  mo?t  valuable  ornaments  of 
the  chapel.  Those  who  ewoited  and  protected  these  rich  articles 
hod  on  their  persona  nothing  but  blood-stained  rdgs. 

The  conllict  seemed  cndetl,  but  stiU  the  eky  had  not  got  rid  of  all 
iu  foca.  From  the  Place  V^endômo,  in  wliicii  there  were  two  regi- 
mentâ  of  the  linc^  ihc  (j;arde  royale  extended  as  far  oa  the  Madeleiiie 
along  the  Kuc  de  la  Folx  and  the  Boulevard  des  Capucines.  But  BU 
incurable  discouragement  had  seÎ2ed  the  troops.  Some  soldiers  had 
seen,  Imm  their  station  in  the  Place  Vendôme,  the  rout  of  the  fugi- 
tives from  the  Lou^TC,  Ûva  captiire  of  wliieh  was  no  looker  unknown 
in  the  ranks.  Defection  was  momentarily  to  be  apprehended-  General 
Wall,  observing  M.  BiUtard,  rode  up  to  him  and  aaid^  '♦Monsieur, 
do  you  know  Casimir  Ptrrier?  It  is  important  that  he  shotdd  be  in- 
formed, without  deky,  that  the  kinc;  dmrcs  to  speak  -with  him." 
M.  Billiard  hurried  oil  to  Casimir  Péncr^  but  he  was  not  at  homo, 

Xhc  news  of  a  truce  concluded  between  him  and  Cluirlea  X.  sprtsd 
jftn^k.  Unknown  u<^cnta  carried  it  about  among  the  vanous  groups, 
tfâhlKeiiuouâly  exhorted  the  people  to  Liy  do^vn  their  arma,  Other 
citLzenSf  on  the  contrary,  conjurcd  them  to  distrust  these  haran^es, 
and  not  to  quit  the  field  of  battle  till  the  victory  was  secured.  Sucbf 
m  particukr,  wa*  the  Linguago  addressed  to  the  people  near  the  Rue 
4b  la.  Chau^ee-d'Antin  by  MAI.  Bérard  and  Dupin  lune.  The 
Vdour  of  the  bttor  was  o-xtreme,  and  singularly  at  variance  with 
die  Kttitude  he  had  maintained  up  to  tlmt  time:  whether  it  was  that 
tli6  spectacle  of  the  victoriouâ  Paiifians  had  Ëred  hiâ  imagiitation,  oc 
that  he  vrislied  to  gain  forgiveness  for  having  doubted  of  the  people's 
success  by  llic  loudness  and  vehemence  with  which  he  partook  in  it* 
Be  thta  aa  it  may,  belligerent  suggestions  prevailed,  and  indignation 
was  the  feeling  entertained  towarda  those  who  talked  of  accommoda- 
tion Ln  the  nud^t  of  the  victims  of  royal  obstiniu^y.  A  wliito  hand- 
kerchief, waved  by  a  man  who  rode  on  horseback  along  the  boulevard, 
e3u»perated  the  nullitude  to  the  highest  pitch.  The  commandant 
Koux,  and  M.  Durand,  advocates  for  the  pacification  of  Paris,  were 
quickly  surrounded  by  a  furiouâ  crowd  shouting  out  for  their  death. 
They  were  saved  through  the  interposition  of  MM.  Gérard  and  Be* 
rard,  who  look  them  away  to  M.  Lafiittc's,  under  proiencu  of  having 
tlicm  tried  there. 

During  thiâ  time  a  column  of  insurgents  was  entering  llie  Rue  de 
1*  Piix  by  the  Ruo  Neuve-Saint- Augustin.  It  waa  preceded  by  a 
bimve  citizen,  M.  Frouasaid,  who  came  running  up  with  his  musket 
slux^  over  his  shoulder  and  a  pistol  in  each  hand.  After  threatening 
General  Wall,  he  delivered  a  soldier-like  address  to  the  troop,  con- 
juring them  to  rcmËanbcar  their  origin,  and  tliat  their  enemies  in  this 
wariiire  were  their  brethren.  Several  of  the  people,  taking  advan- 
tege  of  the  hcâtacioa  of  the  soldiers,  had  gradualtr  l^piOBckcd  the 
ranks,  and  a  thousand  energetic  or  touching  appeals  were  uttered  by 
tlie  excited  multitude.  The  force  of  persuasion  and  sympathy  soon 
became  irresstible,  and  the  soldiers  all  idong  the  Rue  de  la.  Faùe. 


Ié€  .  PANIC  lîï  THE  nOTEL  ULFFITTE. 

turned  up  tKc  butts  of  their  muskets  in  the  air.  Gaatmr  Férier, 
I  vho  was  then  at  the  house  of  M.  Noel,  His  notary,  at  the  comer  of 
I  the  Rue  de  la  Paix  and]  the  Rue  NcuvoSaint' Augustin,  saw  this 
I  iiovemcnt  of  the  guards  from  a  window;  be  hastened  dovra  into  the 
I  itreet  and  declared  Ms  name,  and  amidst  the  criea  that  hailed  hia  pre- 
I  ience,  a  captain  broke  hia  sword. 

Cjisimii  réricr  now  clearly  perceived  wlûch  mde  of  fortune's  balance 
[  decidedly  prcpondcratedi  and  he  naade  all  speed  to  M.  Laffittc'8. 
The  jnoment  he  entered,  M.  Auguste  BilHaid  went  up  to  him  and 
t  «aid,  '  '  I  am  conunissioned  to  tell  you  that  Charles  X.  deeires  to  confer 
yfilh  you,"     Ci*sirair  Pc-rier  retunied  a,  haughty  refusal  to  this  pro- 
posai,    liis  soul  was  already  pledrred  to  tlie  winninp  cause. 

Many  persona  of  note  were  at  this  moment  assembled  at  M,  Laf- 
»*8.  A  great  noise  was  heard  at  the  gate  of  the  hôtel:  it  was  a 
F'fiCrgeant,  named  Rtchcmout,  who  demanded  ndiuïSËnon,  and  whea 
the  servants  ohjected  to  allow  a  soldier  to  pass  into  rooms  where 
QUch  grave  matters  were  in  debate,  Richemont  drew  his  sword,  and 
'  taJông  it  by  tlio  blade,  oftèrcd  the  hilt  to  the  servants,  still  urging 
bis  request.  At  last  he  was  shown  in.  He  came  to  announce  that 
the  53d  of  the  Hoe  was  ready  to  join  the  people,  and  that  the  body 
of  officers,  with  the  exception  of  the  colonel  and  the  majors,  had 
deputed  him  to  convoy  the  intelhgeuce  to  General  Gérard,  At  the 
Inquest  of  the  general.  Colonel  Ileyiuès  went  oat  dressed  in  pkiii 
clothes,  aad  proceeded  to  the  Place  Vendôme  with  Sergeant  Riche- 
mont. Ou  the  way  they  met  M.  Laffitte'a  brother^  who  was  assem- 
bling some  national  guards,  and  he  joined  them*  Tliey  made  their 
way  through  the  lines  to  (ho  colonel;  their  c&mest  words  were 
parâed  &om  man  to  nmn  through  the  ranks;  tlie  officers  applauded; 
the  colonel,  who  Tesist^^i  at  first,  was  finally  overcome.  The  soldiers 
stipulated  only  tluit  they  should  retain  then-  arm»  and  their  culour», 
a  ïîailîtary  punctilio  which  could  not  be  denied  them,  and  tJie  regi- 
jueat  marched  to  the  Hôtci  Laihttc  with  the  dniras  beatini;  before  it. 
The  courtyard  of  the  hotel  wafl  poon  Bwarming  with  soldiers;  livo 
o£B.cers  enterëd  the  ^rand  saloon,  il.  Laiïitte,  who  was  recUning  on 
»  toia,  lia^'ing  hui-t  his  foot+  received  them  with  kindness  and  dig- 
nity. '*  Messieurs,"  ho  said  to  tliom,  "  keep  your  arms,  but  vow 
not  to  use  them  against  the  people."  The  officers  stretched  out 
their  liands  to  take  the  oath-  **  No  oaths.  Messieurs,"  wid  Loflittc 
wi ill  emotion;  "  kings  have  dishonoured  theni;  tlie  word  of  bravo 
men  is  enough."  These  word»  woio  rapturously  Applauded,  and 
çvory  one  was  giving  free  course  to  the  strong  emotions  of  the  day* 
when  euddcnly  »  vtulcy  of  musketry  was  heard.  What  langtiaco 
I,  could  depict  the  tumult  that  tlien  burst  fortli  in  the  roomsi*  Tn© 
I  royal  giiiirda  were  assuredly  victorious  ;-r— the  enemy  would  be  on 
the  «pot  forthwith; — and  every  one  took  to  hia  heels:  the  paasagev 
were  choked  up  with  people  stn^Ung  to  get  out;  and  several  p<r^ 
sons,  M.  Méchin  among  others,  jumped  into  the  garden  &om  the 
viiidows  of  the  gcoimd-âoor.     In  the  twinkling  of  an  eye  M.  Laf- 


TRANSTENT  COnTPL'LLÏTY. 


145 


fîttô  ■WM  desâftcd  by  all  those  that  had  suiroiuided  his  sofa,  with  tlio 
BoUtai"V  exception  oi'his  nephew,  M.Laroche.  His  wife  had  (iiinled: 
aa  for  himscif,  as  calm  as  ever,  lie  took  advantiige  of  the  int4^rva| 
this  rout  aifordetl  to  have  his  leg  dressed  by  his  nephew.  What 
hȈ  been  the  matter  after  all?  The  soldiers  of  the  &th  had  followed 
the  example  of  their  comrades  of  the  53d,  and  going  over  to  tho 
cause  of  the  people,  they  hod  di«;harged  dieir  muskets  in  the  air  to 
give  aâsurance  of  their  fiicndly  mtentiona. 

Well,  this  satnc  Hôtel  LatBtte,  the  theatre  of  siich  maivellous 
alarms,  was  by  and  by  to  be  decked  with  the  name  of  the  head- 
quarters of  the  revolution. 

The  battle  over^  the  city,  so  long;  motionless  end  hidden,  suddenly 
became  alive  again,  and  everywhere  presented  an  imposing  and 
animated  concourse.  In  a  few  momenf?  a  countïcsa  mass  had  spread 
like  a  sea  tlirough  the  street*,  squares,  and  boulevards:  the  dismal 
and  portentous  i^ilcnce  of  the  preceding  day»  interrupted  only  by  the 
roar  of  firC'arma,  was  now  succeeded  by  the  din  of  Parisian  late  iJi 
its  noifiest  mood.  But  how  came  it  that  the  capital  was  free? 
What  mysterious  power  had  made  troops  so  bmvo,  so  well  discî plined, 
give  way  before  scattered  bands  composed  in  a  great  measure  oi  work- 
men and  boya?  There  was  Bomething  inexplicable  to  all  men  in 
such  an  event,  and  astonish  men  t  was  universal. 

The  first  moments  uf  triumph  belonged  to  joy  and  brotherly 
iaeling:  an  enthusiasm  unparalleled  quickened  the  pubes  of 
«very  heart.  The  man  of  fashion  familiarly  accosted  the  man  of  ' 
the  people,  whose  band  he  did  not  then  sltrink  from  gra^pine;. 
Pcrjfon?  wlio  had  ne\'cr  seen  each  other  before  embraced  like  o& 
tricnds.  The  aliops  were  thut  day  thrown  open  to  the  poor.  In 
DOADy  ptaoCË  wounded  men  passed  by  borne  on  litters,  and  every 
one  aJuted  them  with  aftection  and  respect.  Blended  together  in 
one  commou  fecrling  of  enthusiasm,  all  classes  seemed  to  have  for- 
nottcn  llieir  old  grudges;  and  ise<^n^  the  open-banded  gencro?ity 
ftl  tlie  one  «ide,  and  the  reserve  and  modesty  on  the  other,  one 
iprould  have  thomght  lie  had  before  him  a  society  habituated  to  the 
brotherly  practice  of  having  all  tilings  in  common.  This  lasted 
some  hotirs. 

Tliat  evening  the  bourgeoisie  kept  armed  watch  for  the  préser- 
vation of  their  property.  The  sentiment  of  fraternity  bad  abruptly 
given  way  among-  llie  prosperous  to  a  distnist,  composed  in  piirt  of 
Hsar  of  the  relum  of  the  troops,  and  ol'that  of  tlie  people  in  a.  raucb 
ffrcalcr  degree.  Vigilant  pati-ob  traversed  the  city  in  every  direc- 
tion. To  pase  with  any  freedom  from  one  pbtce  t4>  another  it  was 
nommiji  to  be  fuiniâbed  with  the  watcKword.  A  si-eat  number  of 
arbitfary  arriats  were  made:  the  bourgeois  in  undbrtn  diiearmed 
the  worlcmcn  in  jackets,  and  ocn  the  bourgeois  in  plain  clothes. 
Two  of  Uie  combatants  of  the  pr<'ceding  day»  M.  Dupont  and  Gode- 
froi  Covaignac,  were  arrested  in   this  way  at  the    Croix   Hauge, 


Î46 


IXXCLTI0K3  FOE  THEXT. 


ftnd  only  owed  it  to  tliclr  dctcnnincdi  conduct  that  they  were  leA 
in  poaaesaon  of  thcLi-  muskets. 

Prerinusly  too,  on  the  28th,  national  guardâ  had  heen  Been  ocUne 
as  spiitincLa  at  the  bank  conjuintly  with  the  troops  of  the  Line;  and 
whil&t  the  peopk  were  fighlingj  ]VL  Dequcvausilliers  had  repaired 
to  hcAd-quartera  to  ubtain  the  wabchwoi'd  liom  the  Due  de  Kaguw, 
and  permisoon  for  the  national  grurd  t^j  ftct  ireely  fût  the  protccdoa 
of  property. 

rropeity,  therefore,  ran  not  the  least  risk  in  tJw  month  of  July; 
it  would  have  been  protected  by  the  providence  of  the  bouxseoMp 
even  had  it  not  been  so  by  the  dismtcrestedncaa  of  the  proleteicaL 

We  must  Dot  omit  to  say  tliat  tliiâ  disintcrcstedncss  w»  no4  left 

without  stimulus.    Duiinf;  the  dayâ  succeeding  the  victoiry  of  Paris, 

tb»  journals  Tied  with  each,  otber  in  extoIUng  tlic  self-denial  of  die 

poor;  the  admiration  it  called  forth  was  loud  and  unanimous.     It 

wa  rckted  that  a  worknuui  hud  depontcd  a  silver  gilt  vase  at  tlus 

ttcièctun;  of  poliecT  and  would  iU3t  even  state  his  name;  tliatano- 

ttier  had  faund  a  bag  containing  three  tl\ou(iand  francs  under  tbo 

"mckct  of  tlie  Louvre,  and  had  immediatelj  «irricd  it  to  tJie  Coon* 

nnxoe.     A  phrase  uttered  by  an  unfortunate  ûrtasan  was  gr^Aiy  aà- 

[mired^  ** Equality  before  the  law  b  all  very  well;  but  eqnabty  of 

!  fortune  \a  au  impo?sibilJty,"     Lastly  tliete  waâ  no  end  of  ma^niiyiup 

jlhc  good  conduct  displayed  by  the  people  in  eliooting  robbers  tutea 

|iu  the  fact^  and  the  numbci  tA'  tVuse  popular  executions  waa  deagnt- 

l^edly  cxa^q^cratcd.     Â  man  having  been  arrested  for  purloiatng  s 

I  piece  of  plate  of  very  small  value,   he  was  dragged  away  under  an 

kiftreli  of  the  Pont  d'Arcolc.     The  wretched  man  burst  into  tean  xaa. 

['4inied  mit,  "  What!  deatli  for  such  a  little  ÛÛd^  1     It  was  poverty 

■  tempted  me:.     Mercy  !     I  hove  a  family.     Let  me  at  least  em- 

K  my  wiiW  aikd  diildren  for  the  last  time.     Xa  there  never  a  man. 

ftrooQgyou  tliat  has  suffered  tho  pangs  of  huuj,'-erl'    Mercy  I  mercv  1'* 

He  was  made  to  kneel  down,  and  waj  jdiot  dead.  TJieiti  waa  DOthtsg 

spontaneous  in  this  UTSgc  act  of  jusùco  on  the  ttaii  of  those  who 

axecutcd  it:  the  order  for  the  murder  emanated  Irom  the  Hôtel  do 

ViUe. 

Nevertheless^  all  tliat  was  said  of  the  dislntorestcdnGss  of  the  peo- 
p>lcwaa  true;  and  then?  was  no  i-easf>n  just  then  for  being  chary  of 
encouragement  to  tlic  virtue»  of  which  tlierc  was  imniediato  ncoa. 

At  the  close  of  the  day  M.  Chan-ae  conducted  to  the  H^itel  de 
Ville  a  party  of  those  who  had  fought  at  the  Caserne  da  Btdt/looe. 
**  :  found  Gcnend  Ldayettc  very  composed;  and  having  aaked  hi» 
at  should  be  dons  with  tlie  tMo  iîundrod  votuntoan  who  weru 
'  waiting  bdow  in  the  Plaoe  de  Grère,  ho  was  nnswercxl,  ^^  Let  ibeai 
pctum  pcïiccflbiy  to  th«b  bomea;  they  must  htive  need  of  rqxMe/' 
M.  Charras  obaoved  to  the  gencml  thtit  many  of  those  brave  lellows 
iroiild  find  no  bread  at  home  on  their  return.  '  '  WeU,  tlien,  let 
them  have  ûvo  francs  per  man,"  said  the  gcni^aL    The  oïïë^  w 


1 


ATTEMPTS  TO  FOOÎD  A  GOTEENMEST. 


147 


made  known  to  tkc  workmen»  }Fe  tîant  Jit//it  Jhr  money  w%5  the 
cry  that  burst  simultaacously  Iraui  every  mouth.  Tlia  least  poor 
among  these  men  had  not  ten  francs'  worth  on  hia  back. 

Whilst  the  iuailladc  was  ceasing  in  Paris,  and  they  tvctc  di^*nng 
in  iront  i>f  iho  Loutr-  two  hirgc  pits,  which  were  hallowed  hy  a 
^est,  and  aunnounled  with  u  crosa  bcarinfç  these  words,  To  the 
JVifitfAimjil  idfca  died /or  Ithert^y  those  who  were  «swmblod  at  the 
Hâtsl  littffitte  were  busy  founding  a  new  dynasty. 

Hare  bcsfos  a  aerieg  of  intrigues,  frivolous  iu  appearance»  but 
which  »re  clmracteristic  and  were  decisve. 

All  the  moneyed  men  whom  the  sense  of  danger  had  collected  in 
tboae  sumptuous  snloons,  were  disturbed  and  tlioughtful.  Already 
ihey  looked  upon  their  oianËdon^  as  given  up  to  plunder  ;  and  struck 
by  the  mij^ht  the  people  had  dls^yed,  they  counted  little  on  its 
grentnese  of  souL 

M.  Laffitte'a  plan  waa  determincd.  Going  np  to  M.  Oudart,  he 
aid,  "Yesterday  I  re([ue9ted  you  to  go  Uï  Neuilly.  The  prince*3 
le^v  to  the  noulloation  1  sent  him  waa,  /  tittotk  i/<yte*  Have  the 
gôounuss  to  cetum  to  Kim.  Let  him  take  his  choice  hetweea  a  pass- 
port  and  a  crown.  If  I  succeed  I  vnïi  not  diargc  him  banker's  eom- 
miarion  :  if  I  fûl  lie  will  dÙHivow  my  proecediingB." 

People  flocked  from  all  parts  to  Laffitte's:  the  apartments,  the 
courtyard:*,  ami  the  g:irdens  were  crowded  with  f^ranrh  seiynnum^ 
cupibilistd*  men  of  the  hiw,  and  natioual  guard:!.  Ini^uîsiîtive  apcc- 
tatois  poeted  themsvlv^  on  the  roofs  of  tiic  a<ljoinin^  hLitiecs,  A 
linge  faunuff  rom  iMota  this  inceasantly-renewcd  swarm  of  persrms 
animated  by  various  paamong.  Some  cartridges  haviag  been  brought 
into  the  courtyard  occasioned  a  violent  uproar;  for  the  men  of  the 
people  scraubkd  kir  them,  there  bcinc'  yet  mcire  shots  to  tire.  M. 
I>cgL>ufiBée  cntraed,  htdding  a  paper  in  his  hand.  Tliat  intrepid  cidzon 
had  gune  at  daybreak  to  offer  General  Pajol  the  command  of  tlie 
national  guards.  In  revolutions,  authority  belongs  to  him  who  lays 
hold  on  it.  But  Ûiq  j^nersl  having  repUed  tliat  on  authorization 
from  (be  deputies  seemed  to  him  to  be  necesaur,  M^  Degou^c 
hintrnrd  to  the  Due  de  Choîaeul's,  where  he  met  Al.  Dupin,  and  the 
laUer  wiote,  **  The  dcputia  Msembled  in  Paris  authorise  ficncnU 
Pajol  to  take  tlic  command  of  the  Parisian  militia."'—'''^  Parisian 
militia  !"  exclaimed  M.  D^ooBce,  "  why  Aat  word?" — "  lîecauso 
the  iuiti<»ial  guard  has  been  legally  disaolved/*  replied  M.  Dupin, 
who  did  not  choose  to  risk  hiâ  licad.  in  thiâ  revolutioa.  That  aamo 
rooming,  in  that  same  hûtel  of  the  Due  dc  Choîseul,  he  had  said, 
on  heanng  of  the  aueoea  of  the  royal  army,  and  in  presence  oS  the 
Obenfier  de  Pannat,  '■'•  The  royal  troops  are  nj^ùning  the  day  on  all 
peînta»  and,  ma  foi,  it  is  very  fortunate  that  it  is  »o." 

l^e  dcpubea  asombled  at  Laffitte's  fiicr^cd  the  written  «uthoriza- 
^on  presoited  to  them  by  M.  Degousée;  but  they  did  so  with  troubla 


■  TUi  fftcm  flf  «ply  i»  am9UiT«  in  Frtttch.— Trtnutator. 
L2 


148 


PARIS  IttTLED  BY  AN  TMACIKARY  GOVERNMKIi 


tU- 


people 


chief  will 


armed  people  a  chiel  wlio  was 
deputy,  was  to  set  up  by  the  side  of  the  legal  authority  an  authority 
purely  insurrectional.  Just  as  M.  Degoussée  wasquittiii*»  the  room, 
I  Jd.  Baillot,  a  deputy  of  Melun,  hurried  up  to  hîni,  and  asked  îo 
the  authorisîtitionj  aa  if  to  look  it  over,  and  he  did  not  give 
k  the  paper  till  he  had  furtively  toni  oiF  the  signatures.  Tliis 
was  the  style  in  which  the  bourgeoiâc  prepared  itscli'  for  the  ina- 
nagcmcnt  of  public  affairs. 

M^mwhile,  the  throug  was  increasing  ;  a  tnan  of  the  people 
bi"ùUitjdit  news  that  the  Louvre  was  taken;  M,  de  Lafayette  arrived, 
Audry  dc  Puyraveau  had  gone  to  him  very  early  In  the  morning 
to  ui^e  him  to  take  the  command  of  the  troops,  and  was  received 
liy  M.  Carbonnel,  who  said  to  him,  '*  But  do  you  know,  you  are 
about  to  make  the  general  incur  great  risk??'  To  which  Audry 
warmly  rephed,  "  And  I  too,  eir,  have  I  not  been  running  c;reat  nsks 
these  two  days?"  On  hi?  way  to  Laffitte's,  Audry  de  Puyraveau 
found  a  great  concourse  of  the  people  in  the  Hue  DArtois,  and  M, 
Mignet  crying  out  to  them»  *'  Make  your  minds  easy,  my  friends^ 
this  evening  you  will  huve  the  Due  d'Orléans  for  king." 

Those  who  were  met  at  Laffitte's  had  not  all  arrived  as  yet  at  80 
definite  a  pLan,  but  they  all  heartily  invoked  the  establishment  of  a 
alar  government;  some  that  the  revolurion  mjrpht  find  a  pilot; 
Br?,  and  these  were  the  majoi'ity,  that  it  might  be  rigorously 
watched  and  kept  in  check,  Ah-ekdy,  too,  the  necessity  of  9, 
cting  power  nad  been  proclaimed  in  the  strecte  by  the  com- 
nta  themselves.  Several  citizens  liad  assembled  tumidtuously  in 
I  hoUf'C  of  Gttrnier  Pages,  in  the  Rue  Sainte  Avoye;  and  there  it 
'  liftd  been  determined  that  General  Lafayette,  General  Gérard,  and 
the  Due  de  Ohoiseul»  should  be  invited  to  take  the  public  force  into 
LÎheir  hands.  At  the  eaine  time,  by  a  Pingular  comcideneet  MM. 
îles  Teste  and  Tachereau  were  creating  in  the  offices  oi'  the 
/  a  provisional  government,  consisting  of  MM.  Lafayette, 
and  Labbey  de  Pompières.  Upon  the  advice  of  the  poet 
^rançer,  the  name  of  the  Due  dc  Choiseul  was  substiuitcd  for  tliat 
of  the  latter;  andji  proclamation  which  the  Cmistittttiomici  was  crro- 
Jicnusly  induced  to  publish,  i^pread  througli  Pims  the  gi-and  news  of 
Lft  government  which  existed  only  în  the  minds  of  some  couïïigcoufi 
I  forgers,  who  counted  od  success  ï^^x  acquittal. 

!  in  the  capital  but  by  virtue  of  thû 
k imaginary  power:  the  most  intelligent  city  in  the  world  was  go- 
^  verned  by  a  woid. 

*  Men  who  had  received  their  warrant  from  themselves  alone,  in- 
fitulleil  themselves  in  the  Hûlel  de  Ville  as  representatives  of  the 
provisional  government;  and  in  that  capacity  they  parodied  the 
tioajesty  of  command,  «gned  orders,  distnbuted  employtflcnts,  and 
'  conferred  dignities.  Groat  was  the  number  of  those  who  on  the 
^th  of  some  college  reminiscences  dreamed  tlien  of  playing  the  part 
'ifSjrUa;  aaâ  side  by  side  with  young  men  of  thoughtful  courage, 


■ 


LUDICROUS  SIDE  OF  THE  GREAT  DRAMA. 


149 


ftnd  disittttrestetl  iu  their  ilaring,  were  seen  ambitions  pcramblera 
whose  hardihood  was  mure  S^iomncc  of  obstacles,  or  the  delirium  of 
TftJiitV.  Ilieir  reign  vras  short,  because  tliosMî  ivlio  would  dare 
gïeoîl/  must  brnble  to  ilo  greatly;  but  it  ivns  rcui,  and  gave occji^ion 
to  scenes  of  uncxaniplLnl  btifiîioncry.  Gentlemen  parcelled  out  the 
administration  of  Fmnce  biHweon  thtïm  by  ptivote  coutraci  in  the 
8»lle  S(.  Jean,  where  npplicanta  for  office  were  aiTi^"ing  cverv  mo- 
ment to  bow  before  the  omnipotence  of  thc-  rulers  of  the  pl«ce.  Tlieiis 
M,  Dumonlm*  held  sway  by  virtue  of  his  cockuii  hut  and  feathers 
and  his  brilliiint  uTiitbrm.  He  hnd  promoted  himeelJ'  to  the  rnnk  of 
commjindant  of  the  Hôtel  de  VUlo.  und  he  fulfilled  the  fu(R-tiuii9  of 
that  post  up  to  a  certain  point.  M.  Alexandre  do  Lahorde  had  put 
in  his  claim  for  a  place  in  the  victory,  and  the  eommandant  of  the 
hôtel,  with  admirable  eoolneps,  named  hira  Prelect  of  (he  Seine  by 
hc&t  of  drum.  M.  dc  Montulivcti  who  had  been  absent  from  Pans 
during  the  conflict,  came  in  hia  turn  to  the  HOtel  de  Ville  to  make 
known  his  expectntlona;  but  it  waa  to  M-  Baude  be  addrc'ss«?d  him- 
self. He  asked  ibr  the  direetoraliip  of  the  bridges  and  roada,  at  the 
same  litnc  dceUrin»^  tlmt  il'  M.  liaudo  had  reserved  this  for  himself 
he  would  dieeri'uliy  foregft  his  claim,  ÛL  Eatide  lephed  like  ft 
a  tuau  who  flid  not  lliink  lûmself  empowered  either  to  give  or  to 
take.  Tlius  this  strange  revolution  exhibited  in  the  qiacc  of  a  few 
days  all  the  vanou:*  oj^pccts  of  humanity,  heroism  tmd  meatiaea?, 
manly  pageiona  and  childish  vanities,  griindeur  and  wretchedness, 
that  IS  to  say  the  whole  man. 

During  tîiis  time  a  deputation,  of  which  the  two  brothera  Gumier- 
Pflgta  made  part,  entered  the  Hôtel  LafHtte,  with  an  oflor  of  the 
gOTcranDcnt  t<j  Generals  Ladiyettc  and  (K'rard,  TIio  latter  replied 
evasively;  the  former  met  the  proposal  with  boyish  ardour.  He 
mçivly  *«ked  ixïrmisaion  to  communicate  it  to  hia  coUcagtiea;  add 
going  among  tJicm  he  s^d,  "  GentleiiiL-n,  I  am  strongly  solicited  to 
take  the  eoimuand  of  Parir^-"  But  Lafayette  master  of  Paris  ^gni- 
fied  tlie  people  master  of  the  thorou^jlifarf^. 

AL  Berlin  de  Vaux  waa  présent^  a  man  without  eld\*ation  of  soul, 
but  of  rare  penetratio»,  and  of  a  certain  i-each  of  mind  for  cti-iL 
Adroit  in  managing  i>thei-3  through  the  caie  he  look  always  to  ft-^oid 
making  liimeelf  prominent  or  conspicuous,  he  had  lon^  gathered 
ixMind  him,  through  his  brother's  instrumentality,  several  superior 
WTÎlera,  who  iusetiiîibly  imbibed  his  notion»,  and  submitted  to  hia 
aupremacy,  the  more  bocausc  lie  did  not  suÔcr  them  to  discern  it.  In 
this  way  ho  had  created  in  the  Jovmal  des  DvbuU  a  power  widi 
which  every  succewive  fjovemraent  had  been  forced  to  muUe  Icrras. 
M.  Iturtin  <lc  Vatix  had  no  political  passions:  the  egotism  ot  his 
opinions  waa  cold  and  ihoroumily  calculated.  Ttw  intelligent  not  to 
be  very  well  aware  that  a  cliange  in  political  i'onus  may  after  all 
amount  to  no  more  tlian  a  new  i^ion  of  protection  accorded  to  the 

*  Qo.  Ihiboorgî— TVwubttPT, 


300 


LA  FAYETTE  AT  THK  HÔTEL  DÉ  VILLE, 


eame  interests,  he  hnà  strved  ail  the  successiTe  goTemments  one  after 
tJhe  otiier,  witliout  ceasing  to  be  true  to  his  own  doctrines,  wbich 
vcrc  thopc  of  '89.  M.  Berlin  dc  Vaux  was  one  of  the  statesmen  of 
the  bourgeoisie. 

Admirably,  too,  was  his  knowledge  of  tliat  body.  Ho  knew  how 
grcfit  was  its  strength,  and  how  tkr  it  was  capable  of  pushing  ila 
maetcr  passion,  the  love  of  pro]>eny.  He  knew,  therefore,  tiiat  to 
Btifle  the  social  revolution  to  which  the  political  revolution  was  about 
to  i?ivcbii-th,  there  was  but  one  step  to  be  token,  the  reor«;anisation 
of  trie  national  guard,  or,  in  other  words,  the  enrolment  oi"  proprie- 
tor for  the  defence  of  pr&pcrty.  WHicn  he  lictird  Laiuyette'  t&ltc  of 
wnehlin^;  the  tnitliority  of  state  he  began  to  pky  tlie  cnthumst,  and 
cnt'il  out,  "  If  we  cannot  refoiscitate  Baillj\  t-ne  virtuous  mayor  of 
llHQ,  let  us  rejoice  at  finding  again  the  illustrious  chief  of  the  national 
guard."  ïlùs  was  an  adroit  way  of  recalOng  to  Lafayette's  raiad 
one  of  thuse  rocoUcciJons  tlmt  are  dear  to  the  vsnity  of  aged  men: 
leH  Lufuyette  had  no  vciy  conttmanding  range  of  vision. 
'Lafiiyctte  ftcoeptcd  the  proposal  made  to  him,  and  set  oat  for  the 
Hotel  de  Ville,  the  Tuilenea  of  the  people  since  the  era  of  the  10th 
of  August.  Everyone  pressed  forward  to  ece  llie  marqulë,  who  was 
beloved  of  the  people,  &s  he  passed^  tliey  helped  him  over  the  lar- 
liers;  and  he,  leajiing  on  thearmfl  of  M.Carbonnol  und  of  M.  Audiy 
de  Puyravcfiu  proceeded  on  his  wny,  cheered  by  the  popular  accla- 
mations^ and  smiling  at  this  ovatioR,  which  brought  Iresnly  back  to 
liim  the  împreiaioQS  of  bia  young  days. 

In  the  Hue  Neuve- Swint-Marc  he  perceived  &  young  man,  M. 
Étîcnno  Aia^,  who  wore  a  tricolourral  eockedc  in  his  bat.  He 
$cnt  word  to  him  by  M.  Paquee  to  lake  it  oft*^  and  when  Ango 
manifested  his  surpnge,  ''*  Not  yet,  my  friend,"  he  siud  to  him,  Wttvio^ 
Ids  hand.  TlioiMands  of  eitiaens,  liowcverT  already  wore  the  tri- 
colour ribbon  in  ïbcîr  buttonhtvk-î;  but  ?uch  was  the  stuper  with 
which  this  unlooked-lbr  revolution  had  aflbcted  the  nobkst  minds! 
At  the  moment  Lafayette  passed  undei-  the  atchway  of  the  Hotel  d» 
Ville  the  multitude  rent  the  sky  with  a  lon^  suMoined  shout  of  joy 
minj^ded  with  the  dischai^  of  musketiy.  Colomsl  Dubcmrg  being 
appnzed  by  51-  Etienne  Arago  of  the  general's,  airivftl,  replied  **  A 
tout  sritjjieur^  taut  himneuT;"  he  went  to  meet  the  old  jrenoral,  bowed 
TcepectfuDy  before  him,  and  an  hour  afterwards  M.  de  Lafeiyetto  hekl 
in  his  hancU  tlie  desiime»  of  France. 

The  deputies  who  had  forme^l  a  lîttïc  close  committee  at  M*  Laf- 
fittc's,  to  which  the  public  were  not  adiniltod,  saw  cfeariy  how  ini- 
portanl  it  was  for  ihem  that  they  should  countfr-bftkacc  the  powiit 
of  a  man  who  had  received  hi?  in^-cstitutT  from  the  pfopJe,  To  ikiB 
Vkà  thcv  chu**  ftouj  their  own  bod^  Gcneml  Gcrftfd  to  intmst 
him  with  the  dirccti'>n  of  active  operations.  As  for  the  or^nnitation 
of  tlic  civil  power,  was  it  expedient  to  croti to  a  pri/omemU  ^vvr^Kinntl 
ta  M.  Mau^uin  rci^uired,  or  mecoly  a  munieiftat  aatmnHnBn,  me  M. 
GoiioL  proposed?    lite  kuer  opinion  prevailed,  because  it  vrta  the 


I 


4 


I 


THÉ  ML"VlClPAt  coioiiseios. 

more  timid  of  tbe  two,  and  decided  notKin^.     A  tiftllot  was 

then  fot  the  ïiaminadon  of  tlic  nicmbcni  who  should  compose  tho  1 
oomimflsion;  and  the  clioicic  iell  on  MM.  Casimir  Périor,  Laffitto,. 
Génïd,  Odier,  Loban,  and  Audry  dc  Puyraveau.     The  kttcr  was 
pat  in  nomination  without  his  own  knowledge,  and   only  heanl 
of  his  appointment  at  the  Hôtel  de  Ville.     M.  Ocher  refused  to  act, 
and  his  place WÏ13  puppliçd  by  M.  do  Schonen.    M.  LafEttc  had  hurt 
Ilia  foot;  but  in  «ddition  to  this,  it  was  nccesary  to  the  accomplish*  < 
neftt  od'  his  phuïs,  tlmt  he  should  make  hi»  own  bouse  the  focus  ai  ' 
all  the  events  oi'  the  day.     Geneiid  Gerard  made  the  military  dutie» 
"which  had  just  been  imposed  un  him  a  pretext  for  not  ^oin^  to  tha 
Hôteâ  de  Vilie.     The  de^Milics  applaudtil  his  course,   (lelighttsi  t<t 
]iaveui  homme  tTépée  at  Ûvâx  di^ïosal;  and  the  commi^on  ûnaUy 
Bomposcd  of  MM.  Casimir  Péiicr,  Lobau,  de  SchoDen^  and  Audj^r 
âe  Fuyravoui,  completed  its  numbers  by  the  adjunction  of  M^ 
Mauguin. 

The  mmiicipal  commission  was  no  sooner  formed  than  it  published 
the  ibUowin^  manifesto,  a  |riilpable  te?tiniony  of  the  dismist  that 
armed  acainst  the  people  that  oourgeoiae  whach  was  about  to  lay 
hold  of  the  ruddier  of  the  ? tatc. 

"  The  dpputiei  aasimTblol  in  Paria  hare  ft>lt  it  their  da^  to  retnedythe  icrraTe  dan- 
gBt  that  thraiteD  tbc  Kcurîty  of  p^mns  and  properly.  A  oamnmMfkm  hud  bMn 
baiaed  to  wulcti  oviii  thu  intecvïts  of  oU^  in  the  obseucu  ^'  all  n^uLix  orgunizaCiou." 

This  monitusto,  so  luï^ulûn^  to  the  people,  was  the  fixvt  measuid 
taken  by  the  ûrst  authority  that  craanated  from  the  revolution. 
Tliia  waB  mmScing  great  haste.  Tlic  munieipal  commiâBÎoa,  never* 
theirs,  rendcTed  some  services^  and  it  would  mvc  rendered  greater, 
had  it  oonsentod  to  iuUow  the  cour%  M.  Mauguin  wished  it  to  take. 
Uafortunafiely,  M.  lUauguin  exercised  but  a  feeble  inlluence  over 
Itâa  ooUeagiKs:  he  was  re^rardcd  "^vidi  mis^ving  by  the  rigid  Audry 
de  PuvtoTcaii:  M.  de  Schontaa  had  no  sympathy  with  him;  atto. 
General  Lotmu  was  shy  of  a  euporionty  to  wiiieh  he  could  not  6db- 
mit  inthout  detriment  to  his  own  personal  importance.  An  active 
and  mi^lhgcnt  young  mail»  M.  Hypohtc  BofmcUer,  had  been  amon^  ^1 
the  fiiBt  to  enter  the  HuLcl  de  Vdie,  where  the  functio&s  of  accrc- 
tary  had  been  stssipied  tii  him  by  Laikyette;  he  was  retained  in 
that  poet  by  the  municipal  eommiaaan;  but  it  took  likctnec  as  ae- 
creiiiry,  M.  Odilon  Barrot,  who  had  bocn  rocomniftidod  to  it  hj 
M.  lÂJlitte.  Thift  circumstance  had  no  ïitile  influence  on  the  atd- 
tode  ununed  by  the  new  aiitlunicv.  There  existed  bctwecu  M, 
Uauguin  and  M.  Odilon  Barrot  a  discrepancy  of  opinion  rendered 
Kflve  intenac  by  a  latent  nvaUhip,  that  ueitlicr  owned  to  himâclf, 
bot  which  actuated  them  both, 

M.  MuLiguin,  however»  wue  no  «looncr  installed  tlion  he  dispia3Fed 
all  his  natuml  sictivity.  M.Bavoux  was  named  prefect  of  pohee,  and 
M,  Charde.l  director  ot'  the  post-office.  A  proelamatton  placed  tho 
public  monumenlâ  under  the  protection  of  the  French  people, 
VsDDiia  drcuLtrs  were  dmwn  vf^  hariog  for  their  object  to  amka 


^st 


M.  OERARP  SHOTVâ  HIMSELF  TO  THE  PEOPLE, 


provision  for  the  most  immediate  necessities.  M.  Mai^uin  -wisliocl 
[  tliat  the;  inumcipal  coinmipsîon  should  assume  the  title  oi  jrravi^ontU 
Igwentmrnt  Gençi^  Lohau  oppo&ed  thia  in  llie  most  decided  man- 
I  ner.  Meanwhile  a  notification  arrived  that  many  ■vrorkmcn  wer« 
'îii  want  ui" broad:  inonej  -waa  necessary.  Apphcatiou  was  mdde  to 
■'3VJ.  Casimir  Périer,  "who  rcplieJ,  ''  Il  is  past  tbur  o'clock,  ray  cash- 
[  room  is  closed."' 

During  lliia  day  of  the  29th  the  llûtol  Laflitte  never  ceased  ibr  a 
[moment  to  be  the  centre  of  tlie  agitators  uf  Paris:  people  Hocked 
f  to  it  simultaneously  fpotn  all  purts;  deputations  succeeded  deputa- 
tions;   the  people  had  free  aoinisaion;    and  in  this  vast  medley  not 
'  a  siuglc  act  of  Tiolence  was  committed^  not  one  article  was  stolen. 
'  M.  Lafiitte's  horses  were  i-uniiing  in  every  dircetiou,  mounted  by  im- 
Itnown  riders,  and  in  the  evening  they  were  all  safe  a^în  in   the 
stables,     But  the  representatives  of  the  higher  bourgeoisie  did  not 
the  less  cherish  a  deep  distrust  of  the  people. 

General  Pajol,  who  had  entered  the  courtyard  erving  out,  '*  I 
bring  you  the  Waterloo  liat,"  was  very  badly  received  :  General  Lafay- 
ette was  too  popular  not  to  bo  looked  on  still  inorc  unlavourably. 
In  order  to  beg"et  for  General  Gerard  an  influence  wdiich  might  be 
turned  to  account  at  need,  he  was  strou«ly  urged  to  put  on  his  uni- 
form, show  himself  t)  the  people,  and  visit  the  barricades.  M.  Ca- 
BJmir  Periet  wrote  to  his  son's  tutor,  "  Come  without  delay  to  the 
Hotel  Laiïitte,  and  bring  horses  with  you."  M.  Gérard  hcatated, 
but  the  request  was  urged  with  increased  eamesrtnesa.  "  Just  the 
way  with  all  yon  militLiry  men»"  said  M.  Eugène  Laffitte,  to  stimu- 
late him,  '*  you  tannot  march  unlcga  you  arc  followed  by  red  trou- 
tcxs.*'  At  lâ?t  the  general  gave  way,  and  He  eet  out  to  show  the 
people  it  was  in  no  fear  of  wanting  leaders  after  the  battle.  He  stall 
Tvore  the  wliite  cix-kade,  which  he  took  off  at  the  suggestion  gf  M. 
Sarrnns,  but  he  did  not  put  any  other  in  its  place. 

On  the  whole,  whether  it  was  from  fear,  inditfcreuce»  or  thought- 
lessness, those  who  had  already  presented  tlicmselvea  as  leaders  no- 
Tvhere  evinced  any  impatient  alacrity  to  hoist  the  colours  for  which 
the  people  had  IbughL  ITic  manner  in  which  t!ie  tricolour  flag  was 
hoisted  at  the  HAtel  de  Avilie  deserves  to  be  narrated.  M,  Du- 
moulin having  perceived  one  lying  rolled  up.  and  all  covered  with 
dufit,  behind  a  piece  of  furniture»  sifrniljcd  his  intention  of  hanging 
It  out  from  a  wmdow  of  tht;  Salic  St.  Jean,  and  vhd  so  upon  a  âgn 
\^  assent  from  M.  Baude.  Nations  are  too  often  led  with  aigna  and 
'■wopda  ;  but  tlii^  ^vas  u  fact  which  all  tlie  great  lueu  of  the  moment 
aecined  not  uwaro  of.  il.  do  Ijifayette,  eeconded  by  the  chief  of 
his  stall',  Colonel  Zimmcr,  a  brave  officer,  but  whose  capacity  was 
more  limited  tlian  hia  patriotism  and  zeal,  left  matters  oi"  policy  lo 
be  dî^ïosed  of  by  the  Iianda  of  subordbiates. 

A  peer  of  Franco  was  hastening,  mcauirbilc,  to  the  Hûtol  Lalîîtte. 
Tlds  was  the  Due  de  ChoiseuL  He  bad  learned  tliat  he  governed 
FnncCf  and  the  ncwa  paralyMd  him  with  terror.     Aa  none  could 


I 

I 
I 


■ 

A 


BETB£AT  OF  THE  BOYAL  TBOOFS. 


153 


I 


Jbresee  wh&t  m%bc  yd  ansc  out  of  eo  sudden  a  cominotioDi  the  Duo 
6,e  Choifeul  took  M-  LalHltc  to  witness  tow  innocent  he  ws*.  Ha 
protested  above  ftU  Qguiu:-t  the  a^eociation  of  his  name  with  tb&t  of  ! 
Lniiiycttf,  adding  that  ht  would  be  sole  possessor  of  power  or  no- 
ihiug.  "  At  tlmt  Piitc  jt>u  shall  bo  nothing,  M.  le  Duc/'  a  voice 
exclaimed.  The  duke  subsequently  published  a  manile^to  tenni- 
Dating  with  these  words:  "Now  that  the  victory  is  no  longer 
uncerluiii ,  I  deem  it  a  duty  of  conscience  to  declare  tliat  I  never 
Dude  part  of  the  provisional  govemuiciit,  and  that  no  proposa!  of 
the  Idnd  was  ever  made  to  me.  I  acceptai,  eilenily,  all  ûHngerai 
in  the  hour  of  combat;  I  owe  homage  to  tmtli  in  the  howr  ofvic- 
ton'."     This  was  admired. 

Atcatiwhilc  the  royal  army,  lorced  to  abandon  tlic  capital,  liad 
continued  its  retreat  towards  St.  Cloud,  but  every  buttaiion  Ibllowed 
î(fl  own  route  as  it  were  by  chance.  ITic  Swiss  batlftlionsj  nan  of 
the  3d  battahon  of  the  giiardd,  the  l^th  hght,  and  foinc  dijtach- 
ra^ta  of  the  1st  guards,  took  the  rosd  by  Cours  la  Reine  and 
the  Qoai  de  CbailLot.  More  victims  fcU  at  Chaillot.  Clûldren 
BtftTtcd  out  unexpectedly  at  tbe  comers  of  the  streets  and  i&rcd  oa 
tlie  troops  witii  a  feroc-ity  that  was  inexplicable.  Here  fell  one  of  I 
the  most  accomplished  and  gallajit  otïteors  of  llie  guards,  M.  Le- 
mothcux.  No  o\iK  limd  mur»;  forcibly  than  he  diâapprovcd  of  the 
ordin&ncca,  and  he  was  preparing  to  tender  bis  ri^signation.  Lie  lell 
dead,  struck  bv  a  ball  disçliargetl  by  an  insurgent  only  ten  years  of 
Bgc,  Other  olBccre  received  nnortal  wounds,  and  one  was  on  tho 
point  of  being  made  prisoayr  Being  separated  from  liis  regiment. 
Le  yrna  obliged  to  paaâ  the  ni^ht  at  CliaiUot,  whence  he  escaped  thâ 
next  day  iu  diîi^âe.  'ITie  disinterestedness  aud  grandeur  of  the  end 
aimed  at  can  uone  absolve  those  who  excite  the  thirst  of  blood 
among  a  pcofile,  for  there  is  ^niethlng  tn  it  epidemic.  The  revo- 
lution of  July  was,  even  to  childhood  an  encouragement  to  hcToian, 
but  it  waa  abo  a  pruvocutiou  to  cruelty, 

Tlie  battaliuns  whicii  huil  not  token  the  road  by  Cours  la  Heine 
bad  rallied  at  the  Arc  de  L'Etoile  wbencc  they  extended  as  far  as  the 
Porte  Maillot.  They  were  clow  by  the  house  of  Casimir  Pcrier;  a 
Awjor  and  some  oraoen  wore  luked  in;  they  were  politely  re- 
ceived, and  refreshments  were  mi  before  them.  Their  distress  of 
mind  was  poignant  and  profound.  What  terrible  ^■Idiei's  are  these 
Pari&i&nsl  eaid  tlie  iiujor  pondering  over  all  the  gaps  death  bad 
made  in  his  regiment.  There,  as  at  Cliaillot,  a  band  of  clûldren. 
■iMilrd  some  soldiers  with  Brearms,  and  the  latter,  pursuing  tlieir 
MgrcMOrSi  entered  a  house  where  some  ivorknien  were  drinking,  and 
tneee  ihej  fliaughtered  iu  their  bUnd  cxui^pcrutton.  Some  citnnon- 
^lotfl,  firûd  in  Uie  direction  of  Ncuilty,  tlu'cw  balls  into  the  pork, 
which  ihe  Due  d'Orleuns  had  an  opportunity  of  wdgbing  in  his 
band;  one  of  these  balls  killed  a  villager  who  was  crossing^  the 
bridge.  Tluu  tite  miacbicft»  that  every  war  produces  survived  the 
war. 


154  THE  DAUPHIN THE  DUC  DE  MOItTEM.UÎT. 

TKe  danpliiii,  wko  h&d  supcrscdetl  the  Duc  de  Ragusc  in  the 
coinniaïul  oï  the  troops,  came  to  the  Bois  de  Boulc^e  to  receivo 
them,  but  not  one  opportune  thought  c-ouîd  ho  borrow  from  his 

fricf,  or  rather  irmn  liia  an^^cr.     Goinrr  up  to  a  captain,  he  asked 
im  how  many  mon  lie  had  lost.     **  Mirny,  monseigneur/'  repiû'd 
the  captain,  "with  big  tears  rolling  down  his  cheeks.     "You  nave 

[  plaity^  you  have  pleti^/'  vus.  the  «arclus  remark  oi  the  douphin, 
■who  -was  bom  a  prinoo.  The  troop»  arrived  in  St.  Cloud,  ayirxg 
irith  hunger,  breathless  and  panic-stricken.  Tliey  were  mside  to 
birooAC  in  the  park.  The  greatest  diâofder  prevailed  in  the  en" 
YÏrons  of  the  ciiâteau.  The  horsed  wore  standing  ready  saddled  ind 
loaded  in  the  courtyard  ;  the  pupils  of  Si^  Cyr  arrived  in  havte; 
tkerû  were,  moreover,  round  that  eudongcrcd  throne  lour  pieces  of 
cannon^  find  eomo  schoolboyg  to  work  thein.  The  Due  de  Hoideaox 
VniE  at  dinner.  It  is  rclatm  that  M,  de  Damas  having  caused  tk> 
table  to  he  cloJii^,  Uie  Due  de  Bordeaux  hhnâelf  took  several  mWvt 
«lishcs,  which  he  raised  Ti^th  dilHculty  over  his  heatd^  and  handed  to 
the  AtteDiLlanta  to  carry  do^vn  to  the  eoLdici'&  This  alibfded  cbe 
young  prince  much  amue«uaent;  it  was  a  new  kind  of  game  for  tfaa 
child. 

The  time  for  compromisw  waa  now  gone  by  for  Charles  X.     Hi« 

y  «fiCrnies  had  obtained  ?udi  ^ncecss,  that  nothing  remùncd  for  hint 

k'lwt  to  continae  wholly  king  or  wholly  to  cease  to  be  so  t  a  favoiir- 
•blepoBition»  because  an  extrenie  one.  As  long  as  the  chances  were 
on  ht»  fide,  it  was  itllowwble  for  lum  to  yield  wmewhnt;  but  now, 
CB  (he  point  of  being  struck  down,  there  was  hut  one  COUK  leit  him, 
one  only  course,  to  fifiht  to  the  death,  no  longer  for  nsyidty  alone, 
hut  for  autocrM^.     Triig  is  the  course  he  would  have  taken  had  his 

I  wank  been  as  lofty  as  his  rank  :  for  to  hearts  worthy  of  empire  the 
«ncoeas  of  disaster  is  itself  a  might.  But  the  misfcirtune  of  this  ki^ 
me  to  foster  in  «  vul^r  mind  the  growth  of  gigantic  designs.  He 
■WM  doomed  to  be  crushed  beneath  the  isordmaie  weight  on  which 
he  had  presumed  to  try  his  strength. 

The  Due  de  Mortemart  hud  nrrived  the  precedii«?  erenîng  in  St. 
Cloud.  He  was  a  ^rttnrf*e-ryrtfurhiJf  converted  to  Ubcraliaro.  Bcinr 
aaoldier,  he  hsd  acquired  m  «.^nnp-llf;-  i  liluntness  of  laugoage  ana 
ft  simplicity  of  nnannersdiat  ill  L>iu-'iiti  1 1  nvilIi  the  habits  oi' the  Kriato- 
cracy  ;  he  had  eorved  witli  Geneiid  Séba.'^tiaiù,  the  triend  of  the  Di»t 
d*Orleans;  at  Waterloo  he  hiul  almost  saved  the  Ui'e  of  a  son  oi'  the 
people^  Getiârml  Mouton;  ù?  amba^'sador  at  St.  Petfirsburgf  he  had 
been  She  medium  of  the  L^onstitutional  Tocom  m  en  dations  addrcand 
to  the  caUtietof  the  Tuileiies  by  the  Emperor  Nicoks.  For  iJEL 
libew  i<Ba90TW,  Charles  X.  liiile  lik{<l  him.  Ho  sont  for  him  however., 
In  ft  firat  interview  they  had  luid  together,  Clioxlcs  had  said,  h.  propos  to 
the  dang»  of  concession,  "  I  havt?  not  forgottwi  the  evcaita  that  tofA 
place  forty  ymn  ago.  1  do  not  ivish  to  ndc  in  a  cart  like  my  bro- 
thtr,  I  choose  to  nde  on  horseback ."  But  the  old  monarch's  iieefijiigB 
wen  now  no  longer  the  samct  and  he  declared  to  the  Due  de  Mtffto- 


* 

4 


I 


m 


GEUBI.BB  TITB  TEXTH  CAPrTTLATIIS. 


15S 


mat  thtA  hè  named  Kim  Wis  prime  minister.  The  duke  rcCTioctfulIy 
but  fltnaniOUflj  declined  the  huoouri  allegiDg  his  natural  dif^inrUna* 
tion  for  pviblic  afFfuR,  his  incapacity,  his  love  of  repose,  tmd  a  fever 
tJiat  he  had  carried  with  him  from  the  bauks  of  the  Danube. 
Charlra  X.  pereistcd,  and  at  lust  exchumed  iiGpiïïuotisly,  **  You  re- 
fuse ihen  to  save  ray  liie  aiid  that  of  my  ministers?*' — *'  If  that  is 
vlut  yo\ir  majesty  deniaods  of  me — •*'  "  Yes^  that  very  ihin^r^" 
aûd  tho  king,  mTemiplinp^  him^  and  he  addcd^  with  an  involuntary 
outbreak  of  distnii-t,  "  Lucky  stlli  tliat  they  impose  upon  me  only 

M.  de  Poîîgtiflc  appeared  in  the  hall  where  MM.  de  Vitrolles,  do 
flémonville,  and  d'Argout  were  awitilâng  some  dcciaon.  M.  do 
nlîgziac  would  only  admit  M.  do  VitroUes  to  the  king  ;  but  M.  de 
SémanTÎUe  ^oing  up  to  htm  took  hold  of  his  hands  ftfiecUonatcIy, 
Mid  said,  '*  You  know,  my  dear  pritice,  what  confidence  we  reposô 
'm  you,  but  tho  drcumebutces  arc  momentous;  it  is  absijlutely  uecos- 
Miy  tijftt  we  should  spcuk  to  Charles  X."  M.  de  VitroUes  Peconded 
this  entreaty,  and  the  three  negotiators  were  introduced  to  the  king". 
A  dîgniûcd  resignation  was  manii'e^ed  in  uU  his  deportment  ;  but 
his  ooimtenance  Dctrayed  that  inwnrd  bittertiese  which  human  Tani^ 
me&ctaally  disavows.  "  Messieurs,"  he  said,  "  you  have  &o  willea 
it;  gOj  tell  the  Parisians  that  the  king  rçvokçs  the  order?;  but  I  de- 
cUre  to  you  that  I  beUcve  this  to  be  liatal  to  the  interests  of  France 
mnà  of  tne  monarchy/* 

IW  thrtc  ncgotifttor&  kI  oS'in  an  open  carriage  for  Paris,  fc^lowed 
by  the  Comte  de  Girardin  on  hoTwback.  On  the  road  M.  d«  Sé- 
^ovivîUe  continually  cried  out,  "  My  friends,  the  miuisiers  are  down," 
wd  he  scoompanicd  these  words  witJi  coaree  oaths,  flatteries  as  he 
■KMight  thcsn^  when  addrefteed  by  a  prand  KÎt/neiir  from  his 
floadl  to  the  people.  In  iJiifl  way  they  reached  the  Place  do  Grève. 
Several  timci»  ou  the  route,  M-  de  Vilrolles  had  felt  lus  hand  cor^ 
dialiy  graipod  by  men,  who,  Ibtad  they  known  his  name,  would  have 
stj^tched  him  dead  on  the  ipot. 

The  Hôtel  de  Ville  prwenled  at  this  tiuic  the  twofold  aspect  of  a 
club  and  of  a  camp:  it  was  the  mllj-ing-point  of  all  tlie  during  SJH- 
ritp,  the  pbcc  of  bivouac  of  the  insurroction-  A  shudder  ran 
thtuueh  tnc  thrt-e  ffentUshommei  at  the  snght  of  thofe  K^ld  deter- 
mined faces,  those  brawny  figures  dressed  in  T&g»^  those  mxisketa, 
Fwords,  and  patches  nf  gore.  What  was  the  style  of  language  be- 
fitting this  palace  of  equahty  'f  Ought  thoy  not  to  make  nse  of 
the  word  fl/tWTî,  wliich  '93  had  inscribed  ui  its  fonnidablr  voca- 
bukry?  Meeting  on  the  step»  of  the  hotel  M.  Annand  Marrast, 
whom  ho  did  not  know,  M.  dc  SenionriUc  paid  to  him^  dubiously, 
'*Clan  we  speak  with  M.  dc  Lafayette  . .  -  -young  manf  Thus  ho 
doaked,  under  the  dignity  o^  his  great  age,  tlie  obstinate  pride  of  1 
his  rank. 

llie  negotiators  were  kindly  received  by  the  municipal  commis- 
mon,  ffhich  had  been  joined  by  M.  Lafayclie.     Incalciuable  oook* 


156     MESSEXGICRS  FROM  CÏIARLES  X.  AT  THE  HOTEL  DE  VILLE. 

quonccâ  might  have  bt-cn  expcuted  from  thia  first  attempt  at  recon* 
dliatlon  between  royalty  and  the  Iwurgeaialc.  liut  to  HSpire  to  save 
the  throTiG  waa  hazardous  at  such  a  moment,  above  all  in  sudi  a 
place:  for  the  jiiultitutle  waa  chafing  below,  and  demanding  m 
payincnt  for  their  blood  not  something  Ijettcr,  but  something  new. 

M.  Baudo,  however,  having  iicnounccd  to  the  crowd  that  Churlcs 
X.  consented  to  revoke  the  ordinances,  one  of  the  people  shouted, 
*'  Lon^  iive  our  good  king  who  capitulates  !"  but  the  cry  was  not 
TespoiiHed  to  by  those  about  him, 

\\'lien  the  ihrce  were  inti'oduecd  to  the  coinini&sioa,  M.  de   Se- 
momille  was  the  firat  to  speak.     His  voice  -was  very  weak,  whether 
it  was  tliat  fatigue  had  really  exhausted  his  strength,  or  that  he 
wished  to  excite  in  tlie  noànda  of  the  conimiasionera  that  sort  of  in- 
terest which  is  fett  for  the  devotedneea  of  an  aged  man.     He  apolo- 
gized for  tlic  presence  of  the  too  famous  Barou  de  VitroUes;  then 
he  commended  to  the  gencro^ilv  of  the  victors  that  royalty  which 
had  been  &o   oÛen  smitten,  and  which  had   tearl'uUy  suilered  itacll" 
to  be  disarmed.     Tliough  the  nomination  ol"  MM.  Mortemart  and 
t.^Crerard  was  all  that  had  as  yet  been  talked  of  at  St.  Cloud,  he  gave 
fit  to  be  uoderstood  that  the  king  would  readily  assent  to  ^vc  them 
lilîaBiniîr  Périer  for  colleague,  and  he  pointed  to  that  indn-idual  na 
rjjc  spoke.     Then  tiuTiiug  to  M.  dc  Lnfayette»  he  reminded  him  that 
r/orty  years  before,  the  danwrs  that  beset  Paris  had  brought  them 
tbotb  together  in  that  same  H6tel  de  Ville.      Suddenly  a  mcpwnger 
tjEnters,   and   delivers  a  letter  to  Casimir  Péricr,   from  the  Comte 
F,dUexandjc  do  Cnraxdin,  tufomving  him  tliat  negotiations  had  been 
Itopened.     Xlie  surprise  this  caused  was  extreme.     What  meant  thia 
jiplaj'ing  at  cross  purposes?  Was  the  commission  made  the  dupe  of 
I  jBome  intrigue  ?  Uncaaneaa  and  misgiving  wore  depicted  in  the  austera 
||Uid  noble  countenance  of  Audry  dc  Puyraveau.     M.  de  VitroUes. 
[j^ho  was  seated  next  M,  do  Schonen,  vainly  tried  to  sootïi  him, 
f  Baying,  aa  he  slapped  him  on  the  knee,  '^*  A'A,  mon  Dieu  I  I  am  more 
Vb  friend  to  the  charter  than  you  yoiu-self;  it  was  1  thatsu^^tcd  tho 
I  declaration  of  St.  Ouen."     M.  de  Sehonen  had  been  iraplicalcd  too 
[jdeeply  to  look  for  Impunity  to  any  thing  else  ihim  the  downfal  of  n 
I  monarchy,  from  wliich  Ney  s  death  had  snatched  the  projogativï?  of 
|anercy.     He  sjwke  out  all  the  agitation  of  his  soul  in  thcsi:'  terriblo 
[words:  *' It  is  too  late  !     Tlio  throne  uf  Charlt-s  X.  has  foundered 
|in  blood!"  As  for  M.  Mauguin,  whose  natural  ardour  waa  temiwrrcl 
^J**/ judgment  and  forethought,  he  did  not  regard  the  inonaticny  as 
l.yet  l^jftt,  and  he  wished  that  an  car  should  be  lent  to  negotiation. 
Have  you  written  power??"  he  a:?kc<l.     This  unexpected  qnentioii 
lied  Al.  de  feéniouville;  whereupon  the  Irank  and  iincom- 
1  ^        l;^' Autlry  dc  PuymvcHU,  starting  up,  and  running  to  the 
window,  cried  out,  ■'  Siiy  not  a  word  more  of  accommodation*,  or 
1  will  call  up  the  people  !" 

Tlie  envoys  of  Charles  X.  withdrew;  but  Casimir  Pctier,  who  Btill 
"  led  some  hope»,  entreated  them  to  go  to  Lafllttc,  and  make  ft 


d'aUGOUT  ^^IAKES  overtures  to  L.VJFFITTE.  157 

last  effort  on  btlialf  of  Charles  X,  M.  dc  Sémonvillo  wjls  dis- 
coiiTflgcJ,  and  rt-fuscd;  the  two  others  consented;  and  the  colleofrue 
ol'  M,  de  Mottenmrt  g«ve  ihem  a  pass,  in  which  the  name  of  Ar- 
naud WAS  substituted  for  tiiat  of  VitroUea^  which  might  have  called 
up  diuigerous  reeollcetiona-  With  that  scrap  of  paper,  the  negô- 
tiator^  passed  Crcely  throuj^li  tlie  city,  in  which,  as  I  have  oh-caHy 
said,  were  Hirested  that  very  evenînf;  ecvtral  young-  men,  who  hod 
fought  gallantly,  hut  to  whom  M.  Caâmir  Péricr  had  not  given  a 
sale  conduct  I 

\L  d'Arçout  presented  himself  alone  to  M.  Laffittc.  The  heat 
was  fluflocating,  tue  windows  were  opcrij  and  the  rooms  were  full  of 
people,  M-  d'Argout  drew  M-  Lamtte  aside  into  a  window  recess. 
Tkti  negotiator's  voice  was  hoUow  and  broken,  and  when  he  spoke  of 
Chftrlcij  X,  it  WAS  almost  with,  teura  in  his  eyes.  *'  The  ordinances  aro 
withdrawn,"  he  said,  "  and  wc  hnve  a  iresh  ministry."  "  Thia  detiaion 
diculd  lia ve  been  taken  sooner,"  replied  Lailitte.  *'  At  present^ — " — 
**  The  exigencies  remain  the  same — " — "■  Ni>  doubt,  but  the  situations 
«re  changed.  A  century  has  elapsed  ■within  twenty-four  hours/* 
M-  Bortiu  de  Vaux  was  in  the  room.  He  thou|â;lit  he  could  gueM 
that  there  was  a  compromise  in  hand,  and  ho  cried  out  jo'itously, 
"  So  then  at  kst  we  ehall  be  able  to  negotiat*."  Theâe  words,  re- 
peated amongst  the  crowd  tliat  throni^od  the  hotel,  produced  tho 
moat  violent  agitation.  Some  men  of  the  people,  covered  with  dust 
and  worn  down  with  fatigue,  were  stretched  on  the  seats  in  the 
dining  i"oom.  One  of  thcra  abruptly  threw  open  the  door  between 
that  room  and  tlie  one  in  which  Laffitte  and  Argout  were  convert' 
in^,  ami  making  hi^  musket  ring  on  the  floor,  he  called  out  with  a 
a  temble  voic4.',  *'  Who  daros  to  talk  here  of  negotlatinff  with 
Charles  X.?"— '*  No  more  Bourbons,"  wns  shoTitc<l  at  the  same  mo- 
ment in  the  vestibule.  '*  You  hear  them."  said  i-affitte.  "  Then 
you  would  refuse  to  listen  to  any  pniposal?"  replied  Argout.  **  Is 
your  visit  oflicial?" — '*  Officious  only,  out  were  it  official?"  "^  Then 
4i  it  might  be"  M.  Argout  withdi'ow.  The  Louvre  wad  taken; 
ihe  eauNî  of  Charles  X.  was  lost> 

That  evening  M.  LalTittc  received  likewise  ft  visit  from  M-  Forbia 
Janm>n,  who  came  to  ask  a  Kifeconduct  for  M,  de  Mortemart,  hia 
rather-in-hiw-  M.  do  Mortemart  was  waited  ior  till  midutght,  but 
he  did  not  come. 

.    M.  d' Argout  had  been  enablod  to  judge,  from  the  result  of  hia 
imt,  of  t}»e  real  stato  of  tUingft;  but  by  pursuing  his  mediation,  even 
ihough  it  should  lead  to  notliing.  he  was  providing  for  his  futuro 
profpect*   under  cither   party,     llti  went,  therefore,  in  scvarch  of] 
U  Vitnlle?,  who  wns  waiting  tor  him  in  c*>mpany  with  M. 

L;.  11,  andtliL-y  all  three  took  their  waj  back  to  St.  Cloud. 

31M.  Charles  LalHtle  and  Savalette  accompatucd  them,  and  served 
Ùwm  a*  a  safeguard, 

'Ilic  *lay  of  thf'  2flth  had  been  doubly  remarkable.    On  that  day  tha  , 
people  made  the  throne  vacant,  and  the  bourgeoisie  took  its  measures 


M» 


KUBBEG  OP  WHIST  AT  ST.  CLOUD. 


,  to  dlqjoee  of  it,     Oa  one  àde  tke  labour,  on  tUc  other  tlie  Tecom- 
Tlicn,  as  ever,  nameSetB  nctima  aeired  aa  st/ep^mg-Housa  to 

Ï  h^itlees  ambitious. 

Wlicn  darkpeas  was  gathering  over  Paris,  General  Pajol  was  as- 
ending  the  Rue  de  Chabrol  m  a  raclancholy  mood.  Turning  to 
I.  Dttgousscc,  who  jiccompanied  lum,  lie  aaid,  "  Y<ju  UhI  deLcnumed: 
l]uca  to  the  fight;  c:m  you  reckon  on  tbt-ir  zeal?' — ''  Undoubtedly.'' 
[r—**  Enough  to  give  them  orders  to  arrest  the  dtrputles ?"■ — ■■'  Oh,  for 
Itliat  I  could  venture  to  pledge  roysfU"' — ■**  In  tliat  case  the  revolu- 
ttion  is  a  failure." 

The  alarms  at  the  chateau  de  St.  Cloud  had  ceased  for  eoose 
lioura.  The  great  saloon  looking  towarda  Paria  presented  :in  aato- 
nishing  spectacle.  The  Idiig  wais  seat^  with  M,  Duras,  geutlcmJUt 
of  the  bedchamber,  &L  de  Luxembourg^  captain  of  the  guards,  aad 
the  Duchess  de  Berri^  at  &  card-table.  The  dauphin,  who  alwaja 
Siiflcred  liimsolf  to  be  dOgrGeat-d  with  little  tilings,  and  never  thought 
of  grt^ut  unes,  was  porio"^  over  a,  map.  M.  de  Mortemart,  reâtu^ss 
among  all  these  cMnposed  fiersonages,  was  every  rnomcnt  going  to 
the  balcony,  and  listening  anxiously  to  every  distant  t^ound. 

Tlic  nibber  of  whist  pUyed  that  evening  by  Charles  X,,  was 
speedily  recoïinted  in  the  capital,  where  it  excited  a  great  burst  of 
indignation,  very  reasonable  in  those  who  dfsired  no  more  royalty, 
puerile  in  those  who  were  employed  in  mating  another  king. 

The  Due  <le  LuKenibourg  had  given  orders  to  a  lieutenant  of  the 
guards  to  put  îumsclf'at  the  head  of  some  cavahy,  and  rccoiuioitfe 
the  road  to  Keuilly.  The  officer  on  his  return  informed  him  that  he 
had  observed  an  imusual  buado  in  the  park  of  Ncuilly  and  about  the 
chflteau;  adding,  that  had  he  been  authorized  to  do  so,  he  conlcL 
easily  have  earned  off  the  Due  d'Orléans.  Charles  X,  overhearing 
the  ki^t  words,  said  sternly  to  the  officer,  "  H*d  you  doiic  thai,  àr, 
I  would  have  loudly  disavowed  the  act." 

Night  wa»  come,  and  the  party  was  about  to  separate,  when  the 
Due  dc  Mortcmart  went  up  to  the  dauphin,  and  begged  him^  as  he, 
the  duke,  was  going  to  Paris  on  a  lûîaâon  from  the  king,  that  he 
Would  revoira^  at  least  u  far  as  himself  vraa  concerned,  the  order 
catting  oflT  all  communication  between  Paris  and  St.  Cloud.  **  Eh? 
WhatP^the  order — very  well — we  will  eee."  Tlie  duke  could 
obtain  no  more  definite  reply.  Ho  withdrew,  therefore»  tohia  cham* 
bcr  more  diBtre^sed  than  ^urpriscd^  tor  the  words  of  Charles  X-  hung 
hmvyat  his  heart.  '*  Lucky  that  they  force  only  you  upon  me; 
bitter  words  to  be  addressctl  to  a  man  who  beUcTcd  he  wm  risking 
hie  head  for  the  safety  of  his  king.  But  Charles  X.  trusted  only  in 
tho.sc  who  had  a  suificlently  ample  stock  of  baseness  to  make  tneir 
own  opinions  wholly  aubservient  to  his.  This  showed  but  httlo 
knowledge  of  the  art  of  reigning,  which  consist^,,  not  in  annulUag 
the  power  of  original  thoufdit  in  others,  but  of  making  it  the  mo- 
Birch's  own,  as  did  Lrfiuia  XIV.  and  Napoleon. 

After  rU»  by  one  of  those  contndictione  eaâly  to  be  accounted 


SCENES  PRECEDING  TUE  R^CHLh  OF  THE  ORl>03rWANCES.     159 

Sax  in  dajs  ao  full  oï  unexpected  ccmtingeiicit?,  Ctoiles  X.  ehotred 
u  much  hcsitatton  when  tlio  Due  dc  M  ortetruirt  proposed  tu  filial  h^ 
miakin,  as  he  liad  bcfaic  ahawn  eagcmeaa  to  impose  it  upoa  him. 
"  Sire,"  Bud  the  iu?w  minister,  ''  time  pres^s  ;  I  must  be  gone."  And 
Uw  king^  aiiBwertsdt  "  Not  yet,  not  yet;  I  expect  news  from  Paiiâ.'^ 

MM.d'Ax20Ul  and  VitroUes  arrived  dunng  the  oJIglit:  tlieyhaa- 
t«aied  to  M.  dc  Mortcmart  to  request  he  woutd  come  to  a  prompt 
deciaoiu  *'  But  how  um  I  to  obtain  récognition  in  the  c&pitaL?"  he 
objected.  "  Would  you  bavc  me  appear  there  as  a  pc^tical  adven- 
buec?  I  must  at  least  have  the  Ldnga  Dguafturo."  The  new- 
eOBfln  iiknsted:  they  had  %cn  Paiis  in  on»  of  tkoec  violent  situâ- 
lioBs  is  which  a  single  minute  ia  enough  to  give  or  to  take  away  an. 

It  «ae  therefare  decided  that  ordinances  shoidtl  be  hastily  drawn 
up,  xevokiss  thûK  of  the  ^  Jth,  re-câtabll^hmg  tlic  uational  guard,  the 
aamznand  en  whida  was  intrusted  to  Mar^ihuL  Maison,  and  naming  M. 
Gaaimir  Pt-i-ier  to  tL«  niinistry  of  Ënaucc»  and  Genecal  Gérard  to 
that  of  war.  But  every  thing  w&s  injiting,  pens,  ink,  and  papci: 
there  was  nut  even  a  protocol  at  hand  to  serve  aa  a  m<3del.  A  great 
di^aJ  oTdif&cultj  was  lelt  in  getting  uut  of  these  petty  i  iiiiIiihimw 
menu» — impoccptible  threads  on  which  God  ia  pleased  to  haug  the 
deatiny  of  royal  families  I  The  diflicull^  increased  when  it  was  n&- 
OSMZJ  to  oblaiu  the  si^niatiire  ol'  Charlea.  Several  lines  of  garde»- 
du-eorps  Imd  to  be  paased  in  order  to  reach  his  ftpartments,  Tlie 
Due  de  Morteimrt  £d  oil  he  could  to  bend  the  lieiour  of  etiquette 
ia  tiai  oitjcal  moment,  but  in  vain.  The  ^ardeâ-du-corps  thought 
tbensetvcs  the  more  strictly  bound  to  obey  the  letter  of  their  orders, 
aa  royalty  was  in  danger.  Vexed  and  exasperated  at  this»  the  Due 
da  Morteowzt  went  to  the  valet -de -chambre  on  duty,  and  said  to  him 
«ÏÀ  ^iqrtu*"»^  warmth,  ^*  Sir,  I  bold  yuu  responsible  for  all  that  may 
happen"  At  last  he  wm  introduced  into  tlie  bedKtom  of  Cfauke  A. 
The  old  king  vi-as  in  bed:  he  sat  up  l<M>bly.  and  said,  in  a  despond- 
ing voice,  ''  Ha  !  it  h  you.  Monsieur  le  Uuo."  M.  dc  Mortemart 
told  him.  he  must  make  haste  ;  that  the  oriUnnncca  required  to  be 
ùgncd  forthwith,  aiid  that  for  hlft  own  part  he  waA  ready  to  set  oS. 
'*  Let  us  wait  awliile,"  replied  Charles  A.  '■'■  But,  Sire,  M.  d'Argout 
is  here;  he  will  tcU  you  the  state  things  are  in  at  Paris." — "^  I  will 
■ot  aee  M .  d'Argout,"  said  the  king,  who  did  not  like  liim.  *'■  Well 
iben*  Sûre,  die  Baron  dc  Vitrollea  is  with  him.  Is  it  your  pleasure 
he  ihoald  be  breugbt  in?" — "  The  Baron  de  VitroUeaV  Yes,  let 
hia  come  in."  M.  dc  Vitrolles  was  sent  for;  ha  came  £nom  M^  de 
PoUgnac's  bedroom,  where  he  found  the  prince  haU'-asleep  ;  and 
when  lie  asked  what  inconcoivuble  rashness  could  have  prompted 
him  to  mvc  so  haughty  a  challenge  to  the  revoluttoiiary  epuit,  whi^ 
be  had  but  seven  thousand  men  at  his  d,iapoial,  "Thic  liste  showed 
tkiilceii  thousand,''  was  tlic  prince's  reply. 

M.  dc  Vitrc^lea  having  gone  up  to  the  king's  bed,  Charles  X.  mada 
a  aign  to  the  Doc  dc  Martenuirt  to  withdraw  :  the  oHinided  miniâtec 


160 


THE  DUC  DE  MOBTEMABT  TROCBEDS  TO  PAIIIS. 


^îd.  iû  a  low  tone,  **  If  it  were  not  that  tlie  king's  head  is  to  bo 
saved — '*  and  left  the  room. 

Seeing  before  liim  under  such  circumstancra  the  man  who  had 
always  oxerdaed  so  potent  an  inâuenco  over  his  mind,  diaries  put 
on  a  stem  countenance,  and  said,  *'  Wliat  !  is  it  yon,  M.  de  VJtroUes^ 
Tffho  come  to  urge  uiic  to  pive  way  before  rcbelhoits  subjects?"  M- 
du  Vitrolles  CMmestly  replied  that,  in  the  existûig  state  of  tilings,  he 
thought  he  could  not  give  a  etroneer  pttiof  of  dcvotedncsa  to  hia 
"^^  and  that  it  vrould  be  deceivinn;^  him.  were  he  to  attempt  to 
See  light  of  the  ca;e.     "  I  go  still  furtJaer,"  he  added,  "  and  I 

Îuestion  whether  your  majesty  can  now  enter  your  revolted  capital; 
am  sure  tlm  dignity  of  your  crown  would  suffer  severely  :  but 
what  is  to  be  done?  How  is  a  whole  popidation  of  insurgent  to  be 
put  down?  It  would  be  a  hundred  times  better  to  transfer  the  centre 
of  this  horrid  war  elsewhere.  Do  you  think  you  con  reckon  on  Ia 
Vendee?  I  am  ready  to  prove  my  devotedness  to  the  last.**  Charles 
X.  appeared  to  reflect  for  a  moment.  **  La  Vcnd(5e  !"  he  saidj  mus- 
jn^y,  "  it  would  be  very  diiHicidt  ! — ^vcry  difficult  T 

The  Due  de  Mortemart  was  called  in  again.  Tlie  king's  temper 
seemed  to  him  to  have  undergone  a  complete  change  :  his  dejection 
had  given  place  to  a  angular  kind  of  nervous  excitement;  he  showed 
ahnost  an  eager  alacrity  to  sign  the  ordinance?,  nt  the  same  time  nar- 
rowTug  hig  concessions  wîthm  certain  limits.  Such  was  tlie  manner 
in  which  the  monarchy  surrendered  its  sword. 

It  was  almost  day  when' the  Duo  de  Mortemart  left  the  ting*5  bed- 

xoom.     He  met  M,  dc  Poli-^ac  on  the  terrace,    'Thie  was  tlie  tirst 

lime  he  had  ever  seen  him  dressed  in  the  uniform  of  a  general  officer. 

Tlte  prince  was  in  a  state  of  eicat  excitement.    Before  them  lay  Pam 

hidden  in  a  cloud  of  mist  and  smoke;  and  the  firinif  of  the  advanced 

'  posts  was  heard  at  intervals.     Suddenly  M.  de  Polignac,  stretching 

out  Ilia  arms  towards  tlm  capital,  eiïed  out  like  one  inspired,  **■  What 

a  misfortune  tliat  my  sword  broke  in  ray  hand;  I  was  in  the  act  of 

\  establishing  the  charter  on  indestructible  bases!"     Tlion  turning  to 

>  M'  de  Mortemart,  "Do  not  fear  t!iat  I  sliaU  throw  impodimcnts 

'  here  in  the  way  of  your  imssion.     You  aregoing  to  Paris;  I  to  Ver- 

(  Bulles." 

A  carriage  conveyed  M.  de  Mortemart,  with  MM,  d'Arcoutaml 

I  Mazas,  to  tîio  Boii*  de  Boulogne,  where  they  were  ptoppod  and  re- 

f  fused  jx^rmission  to  proceed.     Tlic  dauplun,   who  hiid  taken  the 

^  command  oi'  the  troops  the  day  before»  and  who  was  l>ent  on  pre- 

\  venting  cnnccssinns  at  all  cnst»  had  ■vïritten  to  the  officers  of  the  ad» 

'  Vanoijd  fKJsts,  ibrbidding  them  on  ihdr lives  to  allow  anyone  to  pus 

who  ciimc  from  8t.  Cloud,     AlW  a  very  sharp  altercation*  M,  de 

[Mortemart  obtained  leave  to  proceed;  but  he  had  to  pass  the   Boiff 

"  t  Br.iulognc  on  foot,  making  a  long  beud  out  of  his  way,  lest  he 

ould  be  arreslctl  at  the  barrier  of  Pnsay.      He  observed  that  from 

the  Pont  du  Jour  to  the  Pont  de  GronelLe  all  was  lonely  and  silent. 

He  ^ot  iato  Paris  b^  climbing  a  wall  in  which  a  breach  had  been 


THIRTIETH  OF  JTLT.  161 

made  for  the  purpoEG  of  smuggling  winq.  He  walked  on  without  a 
rravat^  and  with  liis  coat  onliisariiit  faitingm  with  diit'erent groups 
of  working  men,  whose  suspicions  ho  disarmed  by  a  few  off-httnd 
soldierly  phrases,  and  in  this  style  he  reached  the  Place  Louis  XV. 
It  was  now  about  eight  in  the  moniinf.';  the  city  was  gileut,  und 
all  the  windows  were  closed  ;  no  one  was  ^en  in  the  streelâ  but  a 
few  peisone  quietly  p^&ng  along.  '^  It  is  the  cftlninfË»  of  etrengtli," 
said  the  Due  de  Morteinart  to  those  who  accompanied  him. 

The  Parisians  had  n>ent  the  night  in  conatnictin^  barricades  to 
secure  the  city  (rom  all  assault.  Lampions  placed  in  lie  vnndows  and 
on  the  piles  of  stones  gave  licht  to  the  busy  groups  at  woik  I'rom 
point  to  point.  Wlial  was  the  condition  of  Ufe  of  thcj*e  workers? 
For  whom  did  they  keep  watch  beaide  thoec  hca|>a  of  slonea? 
What  were  their  hopes?  Strange  clamours,  followed  by  long  intervaU 
of  silence,  were  heard  bursting  from  the  remote  quarters  of  the  city; 
and  the  bourgeois  patrols  halted  to  hettrkeu  to  that  voice  of  tlie 
people  in  tlie  nig^ht.  Watch  was  likewise  kept  at  the  Hotel 
Lalhtte. 


CtlAPTEU   VI. 

The  monarchy  was  vanquishcd  !  The  iKopIe  was  encamped  in 
the  îitrcctsand  thoroughfares  :  what  wafi  to  ensue? 

At  daybreak  on  the  dOth^  M.  de  GUndevcs  cailed  on  M.  Lafïitte, 
and  the  tbllowing  important  &ud  memorable  converaition  took  phicc 
between  those  gentlemen: 

"  Well,  sir/'  said  the  governor  of  the  Tuilerira  to  the  banker, 
*'  here  you  arc,  ranstor  of  Piaris  thcHi  twenty-four  hours.  Will  you 
B&vethe  monarchy?" — "  Wliich  monarchy, sir?  lliatuf  I7ti9,  or  tliat 
oflWU?" — "The constitutional  monarchy." — "There is buloncmcnDa 
by  which  it  can  be  saved,  that  is  by  crowning  the  l^uc  d'Orlcana. 
"Tlie  Due  d'Orlcans.siï,  the  Due  d'Orléans  !  But  do  you  know  him?'* 
*'  Yes,  these  liftcen  years."— '^  Be  it  eo.  What  are  the  duke's  titles 
to  the  "     " 


crown! 


The  boy  reared  in  Vienna  may  at  least  appeal  to  the 
mcDiory  of  his  lathers  glory;  and  it  miist  bo  owned  Napoleon  has 
fmttca  hie  annals  in  charoctci^  of  flame  upon  men's  mindf.  But 
what  prestwe  encompaff^es  the  Due  d'Orléans?  Does  the  people  even 
k»ow  his  testory ?  ifow  often  has  it  heard  his  name?" — "  I  uonàder 
thmtp  an  fidvant-ugc  rutlior  than  otherwise.  DeriWng  no  strength, 
whatever  from  his  inBuence  on  men'e  iiuiLgijiation?,  ho  will  find  it 
tho  less  caay  to  overstep  the  limits  within  whieh  it  is  deâiiuble  that 
royalty  should  be  confined.  And  then  the  prince  baa  private  vir- 
tuea  which  to  me  arc  warrant  for  big  pubho  virtues.  J:La  life  is 
exempt  &om  the  scandalous  impuiitied  that  have  suUied  that  û£ 
mauy  princes.     He  shows  lus  self-respect  in  rcepeciing  lus  wife  ; 

U 


162 


THE  CHOICE  OP  A  TiTSQ  DIBCU^ED. 


h&  makes  himâelf  loveJ  and  featcd  by  liia  cHldren." — "  ComnM^K 
pbcc  virtue!',  tind  surely  not  so  exalted  that  they  cannot  be  sde* 
qimtcly  recompeneed  save  by  the  gift  of  ii  crown  I     Are  you  not 
awnrc^  too,  that  lie  is  ftocbseu  of  Kax-ing"  opiJily  approved  of  the  ho- 
inicidal  votes  of  his  father,  and  Imping  been  implicated,  in  the  evil 
flays  of  OUT  History,  in  sciiemcs  having  for  their  purpose  for  erer  ta 
exclude  the  direct  heirs  of  the  unhappy  Louis  XVl.  iTom  the  throTte^ 
^•nd  of  liiiving  maintained  ûi  London,  during  the  Hiiadred  Dajs^  Ml 
[-jAâtudc  that  made  him  an  object  of  die  etrangcst  Buspidon»?  Tliat 
m  nury  ha«e  been  calumniated  when  he  has  been  represented  ba 
careâà^  &11  parties  since  1815,  procuring  the  restitution  uf  laia 
appana^  indcSanceof  thelaws,  casting  dismay  âmon^^  the  purcliasera 
of  national  estates  by  his  nunaerous  lawsuits,  cringing  at  courtTf  and 
out  of  court  flattoring  all  the  miscluef-makcrB;  this  is  posmblc^  pro> 
tabic  ii'  you  will.     But  one  thing  at  iJl  events  is  certam, — namely, 
that  Louis  XVIII.  put  him  in  {x^ssesâon  of  vast  domains;   that 
'  Cbarles  X.  pci^onally  interceded   to  procure  him  an  independent 
,  appanage  sanctioned  by  kw  ;  and,  lasdy,  tluit  the  title  ol  '  royal 
iughaess,'  which  he  so  coveted,  has  been  graciously  accorded  htm. 
Loaded  with  favours  by  the  elder  branch,  lie  is  not  in  a  position  to 
allow  of  bis  gathering  up  their  heritage;  and  would  he  himself  per- 
mit, were  he  aware  of  it,  that  liia  name  should  be  used  to  kindle  tho 
conflagration  that  must  consume  his  family  !" — ''  We  are  not  to  dis- 
cuss the  pcrsomd  interests  of  the  prince,  monsieur  Ic  buron;  what 
Wc  have  to  look  to  is  the  interesta  of  the  country,  threatened  s*  it  is 
■with  anarchy.  I  do  not  enter  into  the  question  whether  the  situation 
~  the  Due  d'Orléans  is  painful  or  not  to  his  feelings^  but  amply 
_  Jethcr  or  not  his  advaneement  to  the  throne  is  desirable  for  Frauce. 
[  jTow  wliat  prince  Ja  freer  than  he  from  the  prejudices  that  have  juat 
[  liurried,  Charles  X.  to  his  downfal?  Wbat  prince  has  made  more 
I  open  and  decided  profcîeâon  of  lilK^ralism  ?    And  what  course  can 
I  you  suggest  preferable  to  that  of  placing  the  crown  on  his  head?" — 
•'  If  you  believe  Charles  X.  guHty»  at  least  you  will  admit  that  tha 
I  Xhic  dc  Bordeaux  is  innocent.     Let  us  preserve  the  crown  for  him, 
f  lie  ivill  be  tTained  up  in  good  princijtlee.     Iloeu  Ivufuyette  very  sin- 
1  cerejy  desire  a  repubhc  ?" — ^"  He  wonlil  wish  for  it,  if  be  wercnot  afndd 
I  of  too  dccpscarchinff  a  convulsion.*' — *'■  Well  then,  let  D  council  of 
regency  be  ertabHshcil,  You  would  take  prt  in  it  with  Laikjetlc." — 
j  •*  I  i'l-tenlay  that  might  liave  been  potstble;  and  had  the  Duchesa 
,  dc  Bcrri,  separating  her  cause  from  lljat  of  ihu  old  kin?»  prcEcntcd 
llerself  with  her  young  eon,  holding  a  tricolour  flag  in  her  hand — " 
1**  A  tricolour  fla<;  !  Why  it  is  in  their  eye$  the  symbol  of  every 
lêrîme.     Rather  tnnn  adopt  it  they  would  suffer  tliemeelvee  to  ha 
red  in  a  mortar." — '^  In  that  case,  monsieur^  what  is  it  you  liavQ 
|to  propose  to  me  ?" 

I     M.  dc  Glandevè?  took  his  leave.     The  plan  ho  had  eugg^stcd  ao 

keorded  with  the  secret  hopes  of  nmny  great  personages,  who  were 

nj3  willing  that  the  chain  of  tradition  bliould  be  entirely  broken. 


I 


BÈÏMÎTOKS'S  PAIT  Ef  THE  KETOCFTION. 

Ob©  smgîc  sciomc  could  efiêct  Ûic  twofold  piiTjjose  of  preventing 
tie  pnucîplc  of  legitîmaey  from  beûag  overtlirouTi  in  Franci^  and 
hinumug  royalty  from  too  opcnlr  provoking  ihc  revolutionary 
spirit:  tms  was,  whilst  re?pectijig  the  divine  right  of  Henry  V.  to 
conJidc  the  destinies  of  tue  monarchy  to  the  prudenco  of  the  Due 
d*Orléan3. 

Such  was  for  a  moment  the  view  talcen  by  M.  de  Talleyrand. 
Lttaitte  went  further.  Surprised  at  the  pobtical  influence  of  a 
mAD,  whom  he  had  till  then  looked  on  as  4  niero  banker,  the  old 
diplfflnatiBt  could  not  help  giving  way  to  a  fijcllng  of  vexation, 
which,  contrary  to  hia  liabits  of  reserve,  lie  stiffered  to  ?how  itâclf 
that  very  night  in  presence  of  his  intimate  acquaintances  :  "  Really,'* 
tàà  he  *'  îilT  Laffitte  counts  me  for  Tery  little," 

But  M.  Laflittc  relied  on  the  ïuU"icc  of  a  man  ikx  Buporior  to 
Talleymnd  in  range  of  vision  and  acaiteness  of  inteUoct.  fiérangef 
had  too  keen  an  eye,  too  inexorable  a  sagaàty  to  be  aecessihle  to 
srtbofijkSEin.  When  ht  saw  the  throne  of  Charles  X.  tottering,  he 
immediately  asked  himself  where  by  the  strengtli.  It  was  in  the 
bourgeot^  imd  of  this  he  might  havxj  found  proof,  ii"  needful,  in 
his  own  person.  Hod  be  contented  himself  as  a  poet  with  celcbrat- 
ing  the  ^'reutnesa  of  the  people,  as  linked  with  the  recollection  of  the 
imperial  Jïlory,  hîa  genius  wonl*!  loug  have  reniiiined  unrecognised; 
but  with  the  lines  in  which  he  sung  of  the  emperor,  he  had  put 
forth  others  against  the  stupidity  of  legitimate  kings  and  the  inso- 
lenoe  of  the  nohlcs  ;  in  this  way  he  had  come  to  be  adopted  by  the 
iNOkking  and  high  commercial  ctaâ»es  : — thence  his  literary  fortune. 
His  renown  made  it»  way  from  the  saloon  to  the  worisshop,  and  hia 
popularity  was  imracnac.  It  was  impossible,  thcreforeT  that  he  coidd 
■lut  bia  cj^  in  1830  to  the  prepondomnee  of  the  bourgeold^e  ;  and 
av  thttt  clûa  could  have  hut  one  possible  hcaÀ^  the  «ucocasor  of  the 
regent,  as  moreover  Napoleon  vf&B  not  on  the  spot,  Béranger  becante 
tfa*  aoul  of  the  OHeanist  party.  He  did  Ëttle  personally,  it  is  true, 
bvl  a  great  deal  through  others.  He  hardly  let  him&elf  be  seen  at 
all  proimneritly  ;  but  by  liia  counsels,  which  were  religiously  heark- 
ened to,  he  acted  etrongly  on  the  leading  men  of  the  bourgeoiâe. 
But  for  him  it  is  doubtliu  whether  M.  Laflittc,  for  instance,  would 
have  so  steadily  and  pcrseveringly  exerted  himself  for  the  r^HzatioB. 
of  thcdr  common  wished- 

As  for  the  motives  that  prompted  Beran^r  to  this  determination, 
should  hiirtory  condemn  or  acquit  him?  Neither  the  one  nor  the 
other- 

Whilst  he  upheld  Laffittc's  eteps  in  the  ways  of  Orleankm,  Bé- 
ranger  took  care  to  put  him  on  his  gutird  against  their  royal  creature. 
Fearing  his  friend's  woaknees,  the  aagacious  poet  advise  him  not  to 
ooosest  to  be  maèè  a  minuter,  but  to  reserve  himself,  in  oue  of 
need,  for  another  revolution.  Béranger*a  decision  was  therefore 
neither  cgalistical,  uor  altogether  shortMÎsted  ;  but  he  is  open  to 
î^proach  for  not  hAving  understood  that  in  a  m<3^^^xua^^  ^^:^ 

m2 


164 


H09TILITT  TO  THB  DFC  D'ORlï 


■fihuiflctl  all  tlimga  proniisciaoualy  together,  nothing  wag  impossible 

>vith  the  help  ot  energy.     The  people,  turned  ouï  into  tho  streets, 

too  little  knew  what  itwlf  would  h&ve^  not  to  bc-^tow  on  those  ivho 

I  iflhould  Imvc  rêsûlutely  placed  thcmsçives  at  its  head  the  reward  of 

int€lHgeiit  and  virtuous  during.    Great  deeds,  ofter  all,  never  sprang 

hilt  from  a   subUmc   madness.     Unfortunately  not  to  know  how  to 

I  .dare  is  the  fatal  defect  of  the  too  quicksighted.     Béninger  dcairod  a 

I  .king,  even  whibt  he  distrusted  royalty,  because  he  saw  clearly  and 

promptly  that  it  was  easier  to  mate  a  monarch  than  to  establisb  a 

repuhiic.     He  ^Ya.s  sincere,  he  waa  true-heart«d  ;  but  he  was  tho 

I*  dupe  of  Ms  own  clearaiglitodnese, 

'     Tlio  Due  d'Orléans  had,  therefore,  in  hia  favour,  the  day  after  the 

people's  victory,  the  power  of  namea  and  that  of  ideas,  Jacqu^  Laf- 

ilittc  and  Bérauircr. 

M.  de  Ghuidevi»  had  just  left  M-  Laffitte  when  the  latter  was 
■visited  by  MM.  Thiers,  Mignet,  nnd  Laréguy.  The  draft  of  an 
Orleanist  ptocLunation  was  dra'wn  up  by  M.  Thiere,  and  it  was 
agreed  thiit  it  should  be  published  in  the  National^  tho  Courier 
£raiiçaiSi  and  the  Cmtimerce.  It  had  required  the  whole  strength 
of  a  people  t«  overthrow  one  dynasty,  and  were  one  deputy  and 
'three  journalidta  eno\i£;h  to  create  another  ? 

Nevertheless  the  indiifereQce  of  tho  people,  whicîi  was  favourable 
to  the  projects  of  the  OrHeauiata,  might  become  o  source  of  senoufl 
-impediuienta  to  them  according  to  circumstances.  When  MM, 
Tliiers  and  Mirrnct  set  out  on  tlie  30lii,  ivith  some  friends  from  tho 
ofltce  of  the  Natiffnai  to  the  Bourse,  difltnbttting  printed  stripe 
■amonf^  the  crowd,  containing  cidogies  upon  the  Due  d'Orléans,  they 
must  have  been  much  struck  by  the  aatouis-hincrit  their  proceedings 
occasioned,  and  when  they  reached  the  Place  de  la  bouree  they 
■must  have  felt  tliis  still  more  strongly,  for  there  they  were  received 
•with  hissea. 

The  elevation  of  the  Due  d'Orltana  to  the  throne  naturally  found 
opponents  in  those  young  ïnen  who  had  FÎJed,  in  the  afTaire  of  cAar- 
-haniierie,  ynû\  LaËiycttc  arrainat  Manuel;  accordingly  they  ran  all 
over  Paris  propaïMting  their  own  appréhensions  and  antipathies. 
.When  M.  Pierre  Leroux,  for  instance,  announced  to  the  couibatanta 
,of  the  Passage  Dauphin  the  plot  that  was  in  hand,  one  unanimous 
burst  of  rage  was  heard.  "  If  that  be  the  case  the  battle  iâ  to  be 
b^çuï>  again,  and  we  will  go  and  ca?t  fre?h  balls," 

On  witnessing  tlic  explosion  of  ungcr  which  he  bad  hiniaelf  pro- 
voked, M.  Pierre  I^toux  hwrried  olf  to  the  Hotel  dc  Ville  to  warn 
Lafayette.  Ho  vividly  depicted  to  him  what  was  going  on,  reminded 
him  of  tiis  own  former  cSorts  to  give  a  wholly  repubhean  impulse  to 
^ehafbùfUifrie^  and  of  tho  duty  thence  ininetutively  prescribed  to  him 
['•under  existing  occurrences;  and  he  ended  by  repre3enting  to  him 
tliat  the  acce^tiion  of  another  Bourbon  to  the  throne  would  bo  tbe 
■  signal  of  a  new  and  tcrrihle  conflict. 

iSe»tèâ  in  a  lar^c  arm-chair,  hia  eyes  fixed,  his  body  motionless, 


THE  nue  DE  CHABTRES  IN  DANGER  0Ï  BEING  SHOT.   ]65 

Lafayette  seemed  like  one  stimncd.  Suddenly  M.  de  Boismilon  caina 
in  una  requested  thé  liberation  of  tlie  eldest  eon  of  llic  Due  d'Or-^ 
îàu)«,  wtio^  haTiiig  quitted  his  regiment  at  Joi^y,  had  been  arrested 
by  M.  LcuUicr  the  mayor  of  Montrouffe.  *'^  You  must  at  leii?t  ba 
iJlow«d  time  to  deliberate/'  said  M.  Pierre  Leroux  to  Lafajctte; 
and  M-  dc  Boîamiion  having  left  the  room,  Leroux  hastily  wrote  an.  ; 
order  to  uphold  tlie  arrest.  He  piaeetl  the  paper  before  Lafayette, 
who  was  on  the  point  of  sigmng  it,  when  M,  Odilon  Barrot  made 
hifl  appefti&ïicc  in  the  unifunn  of  a  nntional  guard.  He  drew  the, 
old  general  into  another  room,  and  bnnging  him  round  to  more' 
timid  measures,  he  prevailed  on  him  to  send  ou'  M.  Comte  to  Mont- 
reuse with  an  orJcr  for  liie  young  prince's  liberation. 

"rhe  rumour  of  lliis  arrest  liad  reached  the  peristyle  of  tbe  TkéAtre 
des  Nouveautés,  where  a  band  of  violent  and  daring  men  were 
bivouacked  under  the  command  of  M,  Etienne  Axugo.    "  A  prince  !" 
they  shouted,  "  let  ua  go  und  thoot  him  "  Aud  diey  began  to  march. 
Their  young  commander,  not  being  able  to  reslryin  them,  vrtotc  to 
Jkf.  de  Lafayette,  that  the  life  of  the  Prince  de  Chartres  was  m  dan- 
ger, and  that  be  must  make  haste  if  lie  would  save  liiin.     For  hia  i 
own  part,  he  took  care  to  lead  hia  men  hy  a  great  round.     At  soma  i 
paces  from  the  Barrière  du  Maine,  he  made  them  lie  down  in  tha  j 
ditchea  by  the  side  of  tho  road,  under  pretext  tliat  they  needed  rest, 
and  he  bastenetl  to  the  officer  on  guard  at  the  barrier,  and  begged-  i 
Ihat  be  would  not  allow  the  men  when  they  came  up  to  putB  through;  | 
with  their  anus,  lie  then  pushed  on  to  Momrougo^  where  M-  Comte 
was  already  arrived-     The  Due  dc  Chartres  immediately  set  off^ 
preceded  by  MM,  Boudrand  and  Boismilon,  for  the  Croix-de- Berry, 
wh(M%  M.  Loullier  ^vas  obliijcd  to   exert  his  authority  as  mayor  to 
procure  him  po&t-hor&cff.     Xlie  3'oimg  man  trembled  from  head  to 
lOût,  though  ho  was  not  aware  how  much  Ids  life  had  been  in  j«>- 
Mrdy.     ror  what  would  have  been  the  event  had  M.  Etienne  Araga 
taken  as  much  pain?  for  his  destruction  as  he  had  to  save  him?  And 
who  can  aay  what  coui^e  things  would  bave  taken  in  that  case? 
Could  the  Due  d'Orléans  l»ave  picked  up  a  crown  out  of  his  çon'a 
eore?     A  quarter  of  an  hour  rained»  u  quarter  tjl'  an  hour  lost, — ott  , 
UÙS  altcmativo  hung  the  destmieâ  of  a  race!     A  ïuu?d  Ueaon  thi»  toî» 
pride  ! 

The  Orleaniata  did  not  fail  to  mve  out  tïiat  the  Due  de  Clmrtrea 
had  left  Joigny  to  olTer  his  sword  to  the  cause  of  the  insurrection. 
T^oir  adveraariea  alEnncd  on  the  eootraiy,  that  he  had  set  out  to  A 
receive  orders  from  Charles  X.  One  thing  is  certain ,  that  M.  LcuUicr, 
who  had  converted  a  patriotic  arrest  into  a  generous  bospitaUty*  rcn-  . 
dcred  In  thifi  afiàîr  an  incalculable  service  to  the  house  of  Orleans, 
which  it  VC17  quickly  forgot. 

Be  this  AS  it  may»  victoi-y  could  not  long  remain  in  auapeneo  be- 
tween tKe  repubhcana  and  the  Orloanists.  The  hitter  had  tho 
iBimsDSc   advantage  of  a  govcnrnicdt  all   ready  to    their  hands. 


Id6  TH£  OfiLEAlOSTS  OET  THE  UfPE&  HAXD. 

M.  LalBttc  could  therefore  ossumi^  nith  imptmitj  all  the  prerogaUTea 
of  soveragiity,  and  it  was  he  who  sent  Carrel  Ui  Rouen  lo  direct  the 
revolution  tliere.  It  vraa  at  his  touse,  too,  that  lUc  deputies  a^cm-* 
bkd  on  the  morning  of  the  30th,  when,  under  tlie  momeatary 
|sesuieoce  of  M.  Btrard  (M.  Laffitte's  hurt  prevcntit^  his  being 
pueseat},  Trac  read  the  fljUowLng  pr'^clflTnation,  which,  thanks  to  tUo 
seal  of  ihc  OricanîsCa,  oircady  covered  all  the  wqIIs  of  Paria. 

«CtuiSef  X.  can  Dtvet  retura  to  Paru:  he  bos  shcil  tlie  bkwd  of  llic  people. 

"A  republic wauM cxpcae ii« to horriblû  diTÎaioiu:  U  would  invotrâ  os  in  ho<- 
Ulitifs  witli  Europe. 

•'  Th«?  Due  il'OrléanB  1»  aprioce  doTOted  to  the  caaae  of  the  reTolntion. 

**  The  Due  d'Oriéaiu  hu  aer^  fbupiljt  agaimt  m, 

"  The  Due  d'0r1^.iuu  vu  M  Jemappcs. 

"  The  £>uc  d'Orléiiiu  U  a  dtûeu  khig. 

"The  Due  d'Orléftm  ban  earried  the  triMloarfluguinleTt'heeBeiiiy'i  toe-,  the  Due 
I  i'Oiitaiu  am  alone  ctury  it  ngain.     Wt*  will  Iutc  no  otlut  flag. 
I      '*  The  Doe  d'Orléuu  doe»  not  dcd&râ  hinuell'.     lie  waiU  for  the  ejq)r«Biiaa  ûf  oOP 
l'WÛb^.     hex  lis  procliLtm  those  wishes,  and  he  vUl  accept  thi?  diflxter,,  aa  we  hnw 
LalwsjB  uudcratood  and  desire  it.      It  ia  from  tbc  Frcucii  piXTplf!  be  irfll  hoid  luB 

Tills  prnclamation  was  drawn  up  with  great  art.  It  repeatod  the 
Aamc  of  the  Due  d'Orléans  a^in  and  again,  m  order  that  ihia  nnnw, 
[littie  known  to  the  people,  mipht  ncvertheleps  be  deeply  Lmpriiitod 
l^m  itfl  mcmoiy.  By  talking  of  the  tricolour  flag  and  of  Jtemappes  to 
I  s  multitude  "who  troubled  themselves  littïû  about  politioil  forma,  it 
T'Ongaged  on  behalf  of  the  elect  of  the  bourgeoiâc  tliat  national  foeling- 
feat  had  been  exalted  to  so  high  a  pitch  by  the  victories  of  the  Re- 
I  public  and  of  the  Empire,  Lastly^  it  invoked  the  BOfcrcignty  of  the 
I  people,  the  better  to  destroy  it, — an  old  trick  of  courage- Uckisg 
i  ambition. 

^      The  readinn;  of  such  a  manifesto  cculd  not  but  produce  a  aet^atioiz 
;  in  tlie  assemb^.     Eulogies  on  the  Due  d'Ork^na  passed  from  month 
to  mouth.     What  more  was  wanting"  to  create  a  powerful  party 
^KZiODg  these  tncQ?     The  Due  d'Orléans  wasmouarchy  andaname. 
Genenl  Dubourg  having  presented  himself,  at  tlu3  stage  of  tha 
proceedings,   in  the  unifoiTn   of  si  general,  and  with  a  whip  in  hia 
Jkund,  the  deputies  Looked  upon  his  visit  only  as  an  audaciouâ  piece 
.  of  iiupudcnoe.    They  refiaed  to  lit^teit  to  him,  or  even  to  receive 
I.  lûm.       Leeal  authority   was  already   organizing  itself  above   the 
I  Tsreck  of  the  insurrectional  p»>weti?,  and  the  domitiioQ  of  men  alto- 
gether new  to  lame  wa»  beginnino^  to  wane  before  the  might  of 
established  rcputotîoiu. 

But  it  ^vas  csscntiBl  to  turn  to  the  advantage  of  monarchy  the 
moral  force  of  lliat  revolutioni  thephysical  force  whereof  wa»  then 
fftatianedin  the  Place  dc  Grève.  The  deputies  n^olved  to  aet  up 
the  Palais  Bourbon  aguinst  the  Hôtel  de  Ville;  iind,  under  the  pre- 
text that  no  deliberation  of  serious  moment  could  take  place  in  the 
L^ouae  of  a  private  individuid,  they  rcsuKx'd  to  aBKOible  at  noon  in 
the  l^islntivc  palace.  Hiis  showed  a  j^^ect  nndeistanding  of  die 
caogencieB  of  the  mocieiit.     Power  never  poascsses  «o  much  prestigo 


■ 


I 


THB  CHAXEAU  de  XEUlLLï, 


ur 


as  iinmediately  after  violent  «aà  suddon  perturbations  :  tor  wlial  most 
embarrasses  and  confounds  men  congrcgntod  together  is  to  8cc  Ûxem- 
eelvcs  without  mostei^. 

It  was  not  possible,  bowcver,  to  f^vc  the  crown  to  the  Duo 
d'Orléans  without  first  knnwiog  how  tar  the  wings  of  hie  ambitioli 
inij-'ht  carry  him  at  need.  Sarac  measagvs  had  idready  been  de- 
ppatthcd  to  him.  Tîic  iiollowin;^  lutter,*  written  at  the  Chateau  de 
iNfoiliy,  at  a  quarter  past  three  in  the  marning  of  the  30th  of  July» 
by  one  of  the  moaaengcrB  M.  LafCtte  )i«d  9ont  thither  the  prcceditig 
&y,  win  giro  an  idea  of  the  way  of  thinking  which  prOToiled  at  that 
time  in  the  chiltcau  r 

**  TTiP  Dfxc  d'OrKana  i*  at  NeniUy  with  all  !ii^  tsmîîy.  Neat  him,  at  Patcanx,  arft 
lite  Tuyai  Inx^;  and  ■•  ord&r  imiieil  by  lh«  ouurt  would  be  enough  to  snntcb  bin 
Ihina  Uw  ludon,  whiiih  m^y  flnd  in  liiiu  a  EuSdeut  wammt  of  iu  futOTO  sçcuritj^ 

"  It  is  proposed  *o  wut  on  Jiim  in  the  name  of  tlu?  fonstitutod  aolhorHio,  snit- 
ftbly  apCTmipBni«»d,  and  to  ofTcr  hiro  the  croirn.  Shoulil  he  pltmd  funiilr  coariAta<> 
stioni  Of  Kruph»  of  ddlcftcy.  it  will  be  aniircnyl  lûm,  tliat  hia  Kbode  in  Pua  i*  in- 
porloitc  to  the  tnuuiuLllitjr  of  Ùtc-  t^piuJ  ïuil  ur  Franvc,  imd  tli£t  it  h  ni::C0ÈStry  tù 
fiacv  liijn  In  safety  therf.  Tliu  infiillibility  cjf  ihis  riiia.'iurL'  may  bo  rt'litil  on.  Fur- 
thcrmon?,  it  irniy  i»  set  down  for  rtSTtain  thnt  the  ftvjc  d'Orlfwia  wiU  DDt  be  filcrw  to 
Duite  LimBclf  fully  vitb  the  «iihe*  of  the  utiotk" 

This  noïe  wa5  doubtless  iiit<aidcJ  to  pomt  out  to  the  partisans  of 
the  fluke  the  course  they  wcie  to  pnrsuc.     They  were  to  offer  him 
the  crown  with  a  show  of  forcing  it  upon  him,  and  ttnder  pTftexfci 
that  hb  presence  in  Paris  was  neccsîiiry  to  the  maintenance  ol  order.  I 
But  ihcy  were  given  to  understand  beforehand  that  they  wotild  nofj 
incur  the  twofold  rîsk  of  the  offer  and  of  a  rcfusah 

M.  Thiers  liad  renppcarcd  at  the  H&tel  Luffittc.  On  hearing  tliat-j 
he  had  been  forestalled  nt  Neuilly,  he  complaineJy  with  ill  humour,  J 
of  hai-ing  been  forgotten.  '*  Wjiv  it  is  a  matter  of  course  that  the] 
aliEont  should  be  forgotten,"  edd  îi(?ranOTr,  in  a  tone  of  qtÛPt  aar- 
caaru.  "AiW  all,  who  stops  you?"  M- Thiers  had  his  mission 
authenticated  by  SL  Sebastiani^  and  set  out  accompanied  by  M-j 
Schcffer,     He  went  to  woo  foitunc.  T  1 

On  arriving  at  the  Clidteau  dcNeuilly,  the  two  negotiators  were] 
received  by  the  Duehc?so  d'Orli^-anp,  her  husbandbeing  absent.  Whil^  ] 
M.  Thiers  was  unfolding  the  purport  of  his  nie??aj:i*,  great  uncasincsâ 
was  depleted  on  the  uu:5terc  countenance  of  the  duchess;  and  wheal 
she  learned  that  it  was  proposed  to  convey  into  her  family  a  crown 
snatchf^d  from  the  head  of  an  old  man  who  had  always  proved  him- 
self a  faithful  kînsman  and  o  generous  friend,  "  Çir,"  said  phe,  ad- 
dxeniag  M,  Schcffer,  irith  an  eraolion  full  of  true  greatncî*,  *'  how 
Could  yon  posâhly  take  upon  you  srueh  a  commission?    That  M. 
Thiers  should  have  done  podoes  not  so  much  surprise  me:  he  does 
not  know  us  mudi  ;  but  you  have  been  admitted  to  our  intimacy^  I 

^tfrii"S   li-mm      «rirt    rMr\n.i-iTvft-i lYii  rinr^B  #^*   4^  •r^f**w-aY-»in#-«*^  rr     '|)p         fill         XFO     PJm     ïlCVCr   1 

prompted  by  «uchnoblo 


^bo  have  had  opportimitjcs  of  appreciating 
furmve  you  thia.     A  Tejecrfou  of  their  suit, 


*  Thifl  letter,  pablialicd  In  the  Mémorial  àâ  THùtd  de  VUk,  is  ttiU  Ui  the  ponenîoà 
of  M-  Uyppabte  Ekmndici. 


168       THE  DUCHESSE  I>'ORLÊANS  AND  MADAME  ADÉLAIPE. 

Ècntimenls  Icfi  the  two  envoys  speechless,  when  Msdamc  Adébicie 
entered  the  rooni,  followed  by  Madame  de  Montjoie. 

Madame  Adelaide  had  too  mdsculûie  n  mmd,  nnd  too  liltlo  pious 

fcicmdness  of  heart,  to  yield  to  lamily  considerations.     NevtriKeloss» 

~  cWn^  acutely   the    dangers   that    e!icompfL=sod  her  brother,    she 

[Kagk'ncd  to  ?fl.y,    '^  Lot  them  imalcc  my  brother  a  president,  a  na* 

tional  ^uaiiJ,  any  thing  itiey  please,  provided  they  do  not  make  iiim 

an  outlaw."     These  words  were  tlie  plain  and  genuine  expression 

of  the  princo^s  own  feelings  at  that  moment.     But  what  M.  Thiere 

,  came  to  offer  was  a  crown,  and  Madame  Adéliûde  was  not  prepared 

fto  repulse  so  tempting  an  offer.    Tlioroughly  devoted  to  her  brather, 

whose  views  she  shared^  and  over  whomjshe  possessed  some  iniluenco^ 

she  had  dreamed  ibi"  him  of  honoura  she  deemed  him  worthy  to 

enjoy.     One  only  fear  i^eemed    still  to  haunt  her.     W]mi  would 

Europe  think?     To  seat  liiinself  on  the  tlirone  whicli  Louis  XVI. 

Iliad  quitted  for  the  scftlibld^— would  not  this  carry  alarm  into  every 

I  royal  hnuse,  and  place  the  peace  of  the  world  in  jeopardy? 

M.  Thiers  rophcd  that  these  iears  were  groundless  ;  tliat  England, 

Iftill  full  of  the  recollection  of  the  vanquished  Stuarts,  would  clap 

fier  hands  at  an  issue  of  which  hcE  own  history  furnished  the  prece- 

1  dent;  and  that  as  for  the  absolute  kings,  far  frora  reproaching  tlie 

I)uc  d'Orléans  for  fixing  on  his  own  head  a  crown  that  hung  tossing 

|Ljihe  etorm,  they  would  be  thankful  to  him  for  having  made  lua 

Qwn  elevation  serve  as  a  bulwark  against  the  impetuous  flood  of 

[lawlees  pti^lonâ;  that  there  was  someUiing  great  in  bcine  the  buyout 

I  of  France;  and  that  if  it  was  too  late  for  fejiitimacy,  the  time  for 

[monajchy  was  not  yet  gone  by;  that  after  aU  notliing  waa  left  the 

|X)uc  d'Orléans  but  a  ehoico  between  dangers,  and  that  in  the  exists 

[ing  state  of  thinga,  to  recuil  from  the  possible  perils  of  royalty,  WM 

|jto  run  full  upon  a  republic  and  its  inevitable  violences. 

Such  arg;uments  were  not  of  d.  natui'o  to  move  the  humble  and 
pious  soul  of  the  Duohespe  d'Orlcans,  but  they  found  eftfv  acceptance 
.with  Madame  Adelaide.  As  a  child  of  Paris,  as  she  herself  said, 
«he  otièi'ed  Ut  go  amonc  the  Parisians.  It  was  agreed  that  word 
sliauld  he  sent  to  the  duke,  and  M.  de  Montesujuiou  waa  despatched 
to  \ùta^ 

He  was  then  at  Raincy,  where  he  had  taken  refuge.  Hearing  of 
.the  events  in  preparation  he  stepped  into  hia  carriage,  and  M.  do 
Jirlontesquiou  rode  o!i  before  him  on  horseback.  Presently  the  lutter 
Ahought  the  sound  of  the  wheels  was  growing  fainter,  and  turning 
xound  he  saw  the  prince's  carriage  making  its  way  l?ack  to  JUincy 
Cat  bs  the  horses  could  go.  The  natural  effect  tlûs  of  the  unceiv 
tiûnties  tliat  perplexed  the  prince  I 

The  time  waa  come  when  he  should  be  resolved  and  detcrmincdi 
Jt  found  liim  vacillating  and  wc.^.  Not  to  rim  afler  the  distribiittirs 
of  empty  popularity,  but  to  attract  them  to  him  by  dogroes;  to  avoid 
^ery  conepicuoua  step,  whilst  at  tiie  same  time  managing  to  bo 
tboi^ht  pledged;  to  refuse  nothing,  to  appear  to  promiso  raueh;  to 


J 


IRKESOLTTTION  OP  THE  PUC  p'OHLÈAXS. 


169 


■   Due 

^V    lakci 


keep  fair  TPiih  influcntiai  ftgitators  as  future  donsetTTitcire  of  a  new 
idgti;  to  contrive  that  he  should  be  carried  by  tte  movement  of 
3CS  without-  letting  liimself  be  borne  away  by  it,  such  had  Itecn 
LnB  the  Kcstonttton  the  part  attributed  by  the  court  to  Philippe 
Due  d'OrlëanE.  Endowctl  with  that  kind  of  courage  which  when 
lakcn  unexpectedly  makes  head  affiiinst  the  emergency,  but  not  with 
that  which  looks  with  unrutQed  equanimity  on  distant  pcrilf,  ho  had 
paseed  many  years  in  forcaeeing  a  catastrophe  and  in  dreading  i*. 
Not  wishing  at  any  price  to  be  involved  in  some  great  shipwreck,  find 
ÎÙ8  not  b«in^  one  of  those  stronn;  niinfts  to  which  illtortune  is  wel- 
come, provided  it  bo  ilhistnous,  be  at  first  gave  the  court  interested 
but  ffinccre  advice.  When  his  counsels  were  rejected,  he  apphed 
his  thnii^hta  only  to  creating  for  himself  an  existence  apart  in  the 
royal  family.  He  temporized  with  his  destiny.  To  seize  the  spoils 
of  hi»  kindred  at  the  peril  nf  hia  head  was  a  crime  aboTc  hia  courage. 
He  wished  to  preserve  himself  from  sharing  their  downfall  that  was 
all.  He  would  never  have  staked  his  all  but  a  cast^  amî  was  inca- 
pable of  those  ftcls  of  heroic  raahncss  that  make  up  the  hfc  of  the 
amhitiûue.  At  the  first  sound  of  a  revolution  he  had  foreseen,  it  was 
jDCceasaiy  to  persuade  him  that  his  surest  means  of  preservin^r  hia 
property  wia  to  become  Idng:  for  by  taking  a  crown  he  preserved 
hia  domains. 

On  his  return  to  Paris  M.  Thiers  everywhere  related  with  eathu- 
sîasin  the  pracio^is  reception  he  had  met  with  from  the  princesses; 
not  omitting'  from  the  hst  of  all  the  delightful  things  he  had  cxpc- 
rioiccd  a  tliousand  puerile  and  perhap?  inexact  details,  evcji  to  the 
gk»  of  water  presented  to  him  by  hands  almost  royaL  Was  this  s 
sBiaie  Bot  for  tnc  credulous  vanity  ol"  hia  bourgeois  hearers?  or  had 
he  really  been  the  dupe  of  that  patronirin^  goodnature^  which  is  the 
last  form  put  on  by  ^e  pride  of  the  great.'' 

Tlic  deputies  mot  at  noon  in  the  Palais  Bourbon,  b£  previously 
iwolved.  M.  Laffitte  waa  not  ignorant  how  important  it  is  in  times 
of  trouble  to  offer  a  clear  and  definite  mark  to  the  minds  of  men.  To 
bring  about  revolutioUB  it  is  essential  to  be  well  aware  what  men 
would  not  have;  hut  the  sure  means  towards  swaying  tliem  is  to 
know  better  than  any  one  elf=e  what  men  icouîtl  have.  Those,  thcre- 
iijre,  who  were  privy  to  M.  Laffitte's  purpose  went  about  everywhere 
pnipaciitiiig  the  news  that  all  was  ready  for  the  installation,  of  the 
Due  a'Orl^ns;  that  he  alone  was  competent  to  prevent  the  return 
of  deepotiam,  and  to  bridle  the  turbulence  of  démagogues.  These 
JMurtlonft  adroitly  pri>mTilgated,  reassured  the  timid,  encouraged  the 
vc^  ûxed  the  wavering,  and  created  in  reality  the  strength  of  tlie 
pftrty  that  was  represented  as  so  strong,  for  as  much  ai  the  couxAgc 
^)f  the  bulk  of  mankind  is  largely  made  up  of  cowardice. 

M.  LofHtte,  voted  president  by  acclamation,  opened  the  f^ittings, 
and  M.  Bérard  announcf^l  iho  approaching  visit  of  the  Due  de 
Mortemart.  Deep  must  have  been  the  feelings  of  bitterness  and  pity 
that  aeiïcd  those  who  then  beheld  the  manner  in  which  all  ihuso 


170     THE  DEPUTIES  ASSEMBLED  AT  THE  PAJ.AÏS-BOtTÏBOX. 

pale  kgialators  awaited  tbc  arrival  of  an  cdtoj  from  tlie  king^  On 
ÛiA  naae  hand  they  could,  bear  the  TÏctorious  ghouts  cmt  of  doois;  on 
the  other  ihmr  old  master  socmed  sdll  to  watch  them  from  St,  Cloud. 
Suspended  between  these  two  perib  the  nuyority  ûirangcd  tlieir 
looks  and  atdtudcâ  so  s&  not  to  risk  their  fortunes,  whatever  might 
torn  up. 

A  single  meml>er  took  his  scat  on  the  benches  leserved  to  the 
defenders  of  the  old  monarchy  :  this  was  M.  Hyde  de  Neuville.  He 
Tose  Slid  in  «  Bftddened  voice  demanded  that  a  committee  of  peon 
and  deputies  should  be  appointed  to  propo»:  meaeures  cakndated  to 
reconcile  all  intCMBts,  and  to  put  all  consciences  at  peace.  This  jttti- 
posai  VTBs  perfectly  suited  to  the  uncertainlîca  that  hung  orer  aO. 
those  vacilLting  minds;  it  was  lavourably  received,  and  the  coai- 
mifedonera  were  about  to  be  chosen  and  nominated,  vrhen  Genera! 
Gnînud  announced  that  fifteen  hundred  men  irûm  KoQcn  had  juat 
arriTcd^  bringing  with  them  several  pieces  of  cannon,  which  tbcjr 
had  placed  on  tne  heights  of  Montmartre,  Tlirac  images  of  war  ciBt 
into  the  midst  of  the  as^-mbly,  caused  a  sort  of  shuddering  seosatiGQ; 
and  in  the  midst  of  the  most  restless  bustle  aod  agitation,  the  follow- 
ing names  were  drawn  from  the  balloting  um:  Ai^ustin  Périer, 
Sébastiani,  Guiaot,  Delesaert,  Hyde  dc  Neuville,  The  choice  of 
Fuch  commissioners  urOTcd  plainly  enough  that  in  the  eyes  of  tint 
«Leputics  Charles  X.  had  not  yet  ceased  to  he  king.  The  commit  , 
flioneia  took  the  road  to  the  Luxcmboiu-g.  M,  Laditte^ft  u 
via  manift^;  he  felt  the  victory  csoaping  out  of  his  hands.  Stud 
M.  Colin  de  Susey  enters,  holding  mi  hia  hand  th^  iast  otdinanoes 
cf  Charles  X.  Had  they  been  roceived  the  hopes  and  pietcxuBom 
of  the  Due  d'Orli^ans  would  undoubtedly  have  been  cartangnMhedt 
the  president  was  therefore  invincibiy  firm  and  determined^  and  Bf. 
de  Sussv  was  obliged  to  retiro.  But  dangers  of  another  Ëort  tlutïatenod 
the  Onoanist  foclkm.  The  people  a^embled  round  the  chamlxT 
âenuided  admiaioD,,  and  a  letter  energetically  expressing  that  desire 
vas  put  into  the  prc^dcnt's  handa.  Now  the  publicity  oi  the  attâia 
%t  such  a  moment  would  have  been  tantamount  to  dcxnociacy.  M. 
Laffîttc,  who  had  wished  that  the  a&fembly  of  deputies  ahould  be  hfild. 
in  the  b&U  of  Ûie  legislature,  so  that  their  debates  might  have  a 
«iiaracteT  of  greater  Bolemnity, — M.  Laffitte  negligently  let  iall  the 
word?,  *^  HÛa  is  not  a  sitting  (séance),  but  a  simple  aaacmbiage 
(rétmûm)  of  dœulî»,''  uid  there  the  mattef  ended. 

Hio  peen  cl  France  had  met  in  the  PalftU  du  Xiuxccnhoui^. 
There»  sonoimdod  by  MM.  dc  Broglic,  Mole,  Pa^otct,  dc  Choiacul, 
lie  la  Roche  Aymon,  dc  Coigny,  de  Tarcntc,  de  Deux  Bréaé,  were 
nDiarkcd  the  Due  de  Mortemart^  Ftill  pule  Irom  a  b^mg  lainting-Ht, 
the  old  Marquis  de  Sémon\iUe,  and  the  poet  of  all  ruins^  the  Vi- 
.eomte  de  Chaioaufariand.  Uc  had  arrivcu  in  that  painec  of  a  de- 
gmentc  aristocracy  amid  the  aeclamationaf  and  bome  cm  the  arms 
of  an  enthusiastic  body  of  youths.  Yet  he  had  come  only  to  vfo 
ibr  a  laat  blow  the  m^esty  of  the  things  th&t  hod  long  oatlÏTld 


*\»BCL.ABATION  OF  THE  CHAMBER. 


in 


tlieiDaelTcs.  Seated  apart,  melauciioly  and  triumplumtT  he  Tcmsmed 
awhile  fiUcnt  ami  as  it'  a  pi^y  to  all  the  ctmflîctmg  energies  of  hû 
W5ul.  But  soon  shaldn^  off  liis  Tcvcry  Kc  earnestly  exhorted,  hig 
coUoagucfl  to  undauutcd  fidtlity.  "  Let  us  protest,  he  exckimed, 
**  in  favour  of  expiring  monarchy.  Let  ua,  if  oeoesnry,  quit  Paria; 
but  witbcxsoerer  ibrci;  may  drive  us,  let  os  aave  tlie  làng^  messieurs, 
and  let  ua  put  our  trust  in  ail  the  good  chances  of  coangc'^  Thtsi, 
u  if  the  oration  he  bad  just  receiTed  had  caused  some  disturbanoo 
to  his  thoughts,  *'  Let  vs  think  ftlso,"  be  added,  with  irarmlh,  '*  of 
the  liberty  of  the  press.  It  involves  tiic  salvntion  of  te^tûnacy. 
A  pen  !  two  months  !  and  I  raise  up  the  throne  agadn;^' — a  poet's 
ilhôdons.  The  umbaraadora  of  the  bouTSYXiisie  entered,  demanding; 
the  Heuten&ut-gcncralahip  of  the  kin^om  for  the  man  of  their 
choice;  and  few  voices  m  that  assenQbly  of  dukes  were  raised  m 
&voiir  of  a  ihlling'  |K)wer.  Human  tmimnna  loves  to  nestle  luuler 
Ae  pomp  of  high  station;  the  most  illuatzioai  pafidioâ  are  the  most 

McoDvhilc  tiic  return  of  the  conmoisaioacis  vfts  anxiously  awaited 
•t  tho  FlalaiB  Boorbon.  M.  I>unin  set  fortli  all  the  danger  that  ex* 
iskd  m  the  violeat  situation  of  rariâ.  M.  Keratiy  demanded  that 
a  dednoa  should  be  como  to,  and  Benjamin  Constant  that  the  de* 
ckîon  should  be  radical.  Lastly,  Lafayette  aent  word  to  the  depu^ 
tîai,  from  the  Uâtcl  de  VîUe,  where  ne  was  beset  by  a  thousand 
munis  rumours,  not  to  be  in  a  harry,  and  not  to  c^ve  up  the  crown 
vritiboat  making  condition».  Thin^  were  in  tluâ  state  when  the 
OOJimJMÎoaicM  appeared.  Ocnend  Sébastiani  reported  the  mann^ 
m  w^ich  they  hadf  luMled  their  mission  ;  and  hc^  who  that  very  d^ 
had  uttered  these  words,  T%fre  is  nathistg  national  here  but  the  what 
fiâ^^  drew  Qp,  in  conjunction  witii  Benjamin  Constant^  the  following 
dedaxBtion: 

•TliB  iïK«l  uig  of  Hcpntiri  nX  iWi  timr  ÎTi  Pwls,  lt*a  deemed  it  nrgcntlf  neeewaiy 
lo  falmit  hù  nrj-al  highnew  the  I>ac  d'Orléaca  tu  repût  to  tlic  Uf^tAl,  to  exemM 
there  the  l^inctLaru  of  In  iitmiii  glinilri  of  tlic  kingdom,  aod  tu  exjotita  to  iâtm 
tlwir  ÛVXITO  to  pre-«pi-û  the  tncotour  CDclude-  It  h»,  moreover,  fcll  inipreswd  with 
the  iKW!f»it7  of  appl^iD^  itsclf,  without  fntermiflikni,  to  ttiL-  Xtak.  of  Bt-curing:  iff 
ftanoB,  Sa  the  apptvMchnig  ussicm  cf  tbo  «luBiiban,  «11  thL>  indispoisaMe  guannten 
fir  ÛA  fall  JiQd  ciUire  esecutioB  uf  the  charter." 

Tlir  nsidi^  of  the  document  produced  a  great  agitation  in  ih& 
■■emblr.     iTîOSO  who,  like  M,  Laffitte,  knew  the  Due  d'Orléans^ 
^«■iif«d  too  little  on  lua  hiudihood  not  to  »cek  to  compromise  him, 
feared  that  a  simple  invitation  would  too  much  magnify  in  his 

rthe  dangcn  of  the  moment,  and  that  he  would  bold  out  loogor 
TTCPuid  he  e^wdient  in  a  crias  in  which  every  thing  dcpimdad 
rtti  a  prompt  decision.  Iliej  woold  have  wished  that  the  chamber, 
by  <lecUring  him  lieutenaai«eaezai  in  a  Eolânn  and  peremptory 
manner,  should  have  so  fevoed  him  into  the  ways  of  revolution  that 
Iw  DOnld  not  raccdc.  Knowing  hia  ambition  to  be  more  dehbcmte 
itfiaii  cwcaseoos,  more  anknt  than  active,  they  would  have  wishod 
to  oown  his  hopes  without  leaving  him  under  tbe  mietmtq  of  ex.* 


172  RETCBLICAN  MEETISO  AT  LOTNTIEH^S. 

erting  any  degree  of'  daring.  For  those,  on  the  other  îiand,  whose 
minds  were  not  yet  made  up,  to  express  a  deàre  which  might  seem 
revùlutionary,  vtam  already  carrving  things  mucb  too  far.  Amidst  tJiis 
fluetiintii>n  of  thought  and  feehngt  M.  LaffiUe's  voice  was  heard  de- 
niaurlitiç  that  the  dcclamtion  should  be  signed  in  consideration  of 
îf^  impoi-tance.  Tlie  agitiition  redoubled.  *'  Yoa  have  not  the 
right  to  diËipt^e  of  the  crawm,"  cried  AI.  ViliGinain,  *■  for  mercv'» 
sake/'  said  old  Charles  dc  Lamcth,  in  a  whhiing  voice,  "  recollect 
the  revolution,  and  tho  danji^^cr  of  gignatures." — "For  roy  part," 
gaid  M-  Dclessert,  "  what  I  vote  I  Biim.*'  Finally  the  conclusions 
imbodied  in  the  report  were  adoptett,  and  a  deputation  of  twelve 
membcre,  of"  which  M.  Gallot  was  named  prc&ident,  was  directed  to 
set  out  for  Neuilly,  and  to  lay  before  the  Due  d'Orléans  the  resolu- 
lione.  or  rather  the  wishe.^  of  the  chamber. 

It  is  to  be  remarked  that  ncitlier  the  deputies  nor  their  president 
bad  ventured  to  affix  their  signatures  to  the  declaration  ci  led  above* 
A  copy  of  it  havinpi  been  sent  to  the  municipal  commission,  M* 
MftuguJn  consitiered.  the  docutiient»  as  adopted  by  the  chamber,  so 
counter-revolutionary  in  siibstance,  and  so  ambiguous  in  form,  that 
lie  wrote  Lnslantly  to  M.  Lafiitte  that  ^ch  a  document  could  not  be 
published  &s  an  act  of  the  government,  milesa  bearing  the  «ignature» 
of  it»  authors.     Ho  was  right. 

For  as  the  déTtouempnt  drew  near,  the  republicans  redoubled  their 
efforts.  Assembled  at  the  house  of  Lointicr,  the  restaiiraleur,  lliey 
delibemted  with  their  muskets  in  their  hands.  Pohïieal  science, 
knowledge  of  buaines*,  pofitîon,  reputation,  great  fortunes,  all  tlicse 
things  they  wanted;  tliis  was  their  weakness»  but  it  was  also  th<âr 
strength.  Inasmuch  as  they  could  brave  every  thing,  they  could 
obtain  eveiy  thing-  Their  convictions  were  intractable,  because  men 
must  have  studied  much,  and  liave  had  much  practictti  experience, 
to  urrivfi  at  doubt;  tliey  felt  the  less  hesitation,  oe  tliuy  took  but 
little  account  of  obstacles;  and,  prepared  aa  they  were  for  death, 
tliey  were  thereby  prepared  for  command. 

Tlic  Orleunîst  paity  feared  them,  but  durst  not  combat  them 
openly*  It  had  aent  some  of  ita  most  ardent  emissariis  among  them 
to  discourage  or  divide  them.  No  efforts  were  spared  by  MM, 
liOTrêgny  and  Combe  Siéyts  to  gain  approval  in  Loindcr'a  rooms 
for  the  arrangement  thiit  called  a  new  dynasty  to  the  throne:  and 
it  must  be  owned  that  these  efforts  derived  great  force  from  the 
poet  Béranger's  adheaion.  A  stormy  debate  soon  began.  The  honeot 
and  sincere  rcpublienna  fonmed  with  indignation  at  seeing  what  they 
called  their  victory  filched  from  them  by  intrigue.  Some  of  thc«e, 
witli  that  excess  of  distrust  peculiar  to  conflicting  parties,  already 
wlii^pered  accusatioiis  against  M-  Chevallier,  the  prctndcnt  of  the 
«wmbly,  diarging  liim  with  wishing  tn  prolong  the  sifùng,  and  to 
Rnn  out  the  discussion  to  a  wearisome  length,  in  order  to  let  tho 
giov  of  generous  p&sâons  die  awny.  An  (Meanist  orator  had  ft 
mtiskct  levelled  at  him  by  a  member  of  tho  asH^mbly.     At  lost  it 


I 


J 


ItEPCBLlCAN  DEPUTATlOîI  TO  TUE  HÔTEL  DE  MLLE.      17S 

was  decided  that  a  committee  should  be  appointed  to  present  to  the 
provisional  government,  then  sitting  in  the  Hôtel  de  Ville,  an  ad- 
Oîtâss  beginnmg  thus; 

"■  Yesterday  the  |Kâpk  reccnqti«nd  its  Htcred  lîgrhM  ut  iliâ  coat  of  its  bkiod.  The 
mot  prccîouf  of  Iliote  righte  is  lluit  of  freely  otiDuàing  itsovD  govcmmcnt.  M«?(iinj 
must  be  t^t:^n  to  prevent  &ny  pr(M::tainatiDn  from  being  tnndç  vJxJch  designates  a 
diief,  when  the  very  form  of  the  government  KLonot  ho  detcrmincd. 

"There  Cïiats  a  pronsional  representation  of  the  nation.  Let  it  remain  m  per- 
roaneoc?  tiil  the  wi^h  of  ibe  luiigority  of  yrcnchxu^^  can  luvc  t)ef  n  kaowu,"  &c. 

M.  ilubt^rt  was  chosen  to  carry  this  addrcsa  to  tlic  Hûfet  de  Ville  : 
he  pct  out  in  the  imiibrm  of  a  national  guard,  and  accompanied  by 
Bftveral  membcrâ  of  the  assembly,  amonff  whom  were  Trélat,  Teste, 
Cliiirtoa  liinjp^y,  Btutidc^  Poubelle,  and  Guinurd,  all  of  them  men, 
full  of  energy,  disintercHtodncss,  and  artlour.  The  deputation  made 
iu  way  ibrougli  the  immense  crowd  in  the  Place  de  Grève,  Hubert 
«arry^ns:  the  address  on  the  point  of  a  bayonet. 

Admitted  to  the  presence  of  Gcneml  Lafayette,  the  republicanjfl 
surrounded  him  ivilh  a  sort  of  grave  and  even  somewhat  imperioxia 
deference.  Hubert  read  the  addresa  in  s,  very  ctnphatic  manner: 
then  pointing  to  the  fresh  morkâ  of  bails  in  the  ceiling,  he  adjured 
Lafayette,  by  the  recollections  of  the  fight,  not  to  let  the  fruits  of 
the  popular  victory  perish.  He  added^  that  Laiayette  was  bound  to 
reckon  with  the  people  for  the  ptitency  he  derived  from  a  revered 
name;  that  to  hang  back  would  be  weakness  or  pcrËdy:  and  he 
concluded  by  strongly  urgùig  lûm  to  assume  the  dictatorship.  Tliia 
Wfta  pK-âummg  too  much  upon  Lafayett^'a  hardihood.  Inwardly 
perturbed,  but  still  master  of  hid  emotion?,  be  delivered  a  long 
flpeecht  in  which  his  embairasmcnt  only  betrayed  itself  by  the  inco- 
herenoc  of  his  thoughts  and  by  his  verboEit;^'.  He  talked  of  the 
United  States,  of  the  Hrst  revolution,  and  of  the  part  he  bad  played 
in  those  great  cvcntâ;  and  soon,  thanks  to  him,  the  soleranilv  of  the 
proposal  just  made  to  him  was  lost  m  the  details  of  a  ikmiliar  and 
disjointed  conversation.  A  voice  demanded,  "  May  we  at  lenat  coimt 
0Û  the  liberty  of  the  press?" — '*  Who  doubts  it?"  rephod  M.  de  La- 
boxde,  -yrith  au  oath.  Some  of  the  persona  present  then  stated  that 
they  had  drawn  up  a  prtx^lamation  Jor  whicJi  they  could  not  find  a 
printer,  und  llial  tno^e  they  had  applied  to  liad  shown  them  an  ex- 
press prohibition  bearing  the  denature  of  the  Due  de  Broglio. — 
•*  Take  cane,  mes^ieuTâ,"  said  the  meredulotis  Lafayette,  with  a  smile, 
"  there  is  no  sort  of  means  but  is  employed  at  certain  epochs.  How 
often  during  our  first  revolution  waa  my  own  signature  calumniated  !" 
Such  waa  the  idle  talk  in  wliich  M.  de  Lafayette  wasted  at  the  Plobel 
de  Ville  tlie  precioua  hoiira  that  were  turned  to  such  proiit^iUle  ac- 
OQUnt  in  the  Hùtel  Laffitte,  But  an  extraordinary  incident  presently 
aroused  all  cner/j;ie3.  The  doorof  M,  Lafayette's  oubinet  was  ùjH;ned, 
and  the  visit  of  a  peer  of  France  was  announced  to  the  general  in  a 
whisper.  "  Let  liim  come  tn,"  **  But  he  wishes  for  a  private  in- 
Jerview,"  "  Let  him  come  in,  I  tell  you;  1  am  here  among  my 
friends,  and  whatever  he  haa  lo  Bay  to  me  they  may  hear.'     The 


174       "  THE  DCC  B'OSLÂAHS  IS  THE  BKST  OX  SKPUBLtCg." 

pecf  of  France  ynns  introduced  :  it  was  tlie  Comte  clc  Sussy.  Hie 
ODmrtenaiicc  8<o«ni«(l  wobegune,  ftitd  ten*  stood  in  his  ey«s.  He 
held  out  to  M.  dc  Lafayctte  the  ordinancos  which  the  chambOT  of 
deputiea  had  ret'uBcd  to  receive  M.  de  La&yetbe  nude  a  few  re- 
marks U>  him  on  the  conncxioiis  of  blootî  betwçcn  the  Lcfujettes 
and  the  Mortemarts,  that  savoured  of  the  republitan,  ^rajul-ififfneur, 
and  Uktng  the  papers  from  him,  he  eptttd  wcm  out  Like  el  haiïà  of 
cai<à>i  before  his  young  frienda.  No  «ootset  Trere  the  contents  kuotm, 
tliaii  ft  fuiious  shout  rent  the  liaU — '*  We  are  tncked  !  What  does 
tlÛ9  mean?  New  mmi^rs  named.  by  Charles  X.  !  No  !  no  !  no 
more  Bourbtma  i"  And  &1I  the  republicans  preeeot  stored  anidotasly 
ia  each  other's  faces.  One  of  ihcm,  M.  Bastide,  mihcd  nt  M.  aîb 
Suaa^,  to  pitch  îiim  out  of  the  wiiidow:  **  Wlmt  toe  Jfou  about?" 
Biid  M.  Trélat,  holding  him  back,  "  a  negotiator  î"  Upon  this  M. 
dc  Lafayette^  still  cahn  amidst  all  this  uproar,  turned  to  M.  do  Susb^ 
with  an  expressive  gesture,  and  requested  him  to  ùo  bcibre  the  ma- 
lûtnpai  commissioQ  ;  imd  Genera!  Laban,  coming  m  at  the  moncBl^ 
offered  to  show  the  coimt  the  way*  Some  minutes  aftcr^  the  mcni* 
bers  of  the  republican  depiatation,  unfaisy  as  to  what  might  be  the 
result^  left  IVI.  dc  Lafayette,  and  followed  De  SxiSêy.  Some  of  tlieiA 
lost  their  way  in  the  building;  othets  found  the  room  where  the 
municipal  commlsâon  was  sitting  yrith  the  door  locked.  They  d^ 
TOH^d*^!  admiaeioQ  ;  no  answer  was  made  them  ;  incenËcd  at  this  ihej 
b^an  to  batter  at  the  door  with  the  buts  of  their  muakots;  it  vnm 
open^  at  lust  from  within,  and  entering  the  room  they  found  M.  de 
Suasy  chatting  amicably  with  the  members  of  the  municipal  com- 
inlâ^ion.  M.  Audry  de  PuyraTCftu  alone  exhibited  an  imposaoned 
attitude.  *' Take  back  your  ordinsTico»,'^  he  exdaimixl,  ''we  no 
longer  know  Charles  X."  At  the  same  time  the  sonorous  voice  of 
Hulbert  wn^  beard,  reading  for  the  Eccood  time  the  address  Oom  the 
Lorn  tier  meeting. 

M.  Odilon  Borrot  hastened  to  reply  in  the  name  of  the  mnnî* 
eipal  couimissôon:  ho  cnmbat^-d,  with  moderation  and  ability^  the 
ejpanions  exprcascd  in  the  address;  aad  it  was  he  who,  on  this  ooca- 
Bon,  ittterea  the  words  $ttb«cquently  attributed  to  General  Lafayette: 
*'  The  Due  d^Orléana  i§  the  best  of  republics."  Wliilst  he  was 
spcakiAg,  M.  Maoguin's  countemmoc  showed  agos  of  marked  di»- 
fipprobaticHif  and  bis  gntures  more  than  once  bespoke  his  dimli^ 
iâ£tion. 

The  Comto  de  Suasy,  diwniiraged  byhve  rweption,  flpplîod  to  M. 
de  Lafayelte  for  a  letter  Uf  the  Due  de  Morti-iiuirt,  and  tire  repub- 
lican deputation  was  taking  its  depftrture,  when  Audiy  do  Pxi^'ra- 
Toau,  going  up  to  Hubert,  and  drawing  a  paper  from  his  pocket, 
eaid,  with  wurmth,  "  Stay,  here  ia  a  pro<.lamiition  which  the  muni- 
eîpal  commission  at  first  approved  of,  but  which  it  now  declines  to 
publish.  It  must  be  circulated."  The  moment  he  got  into  the  open 
square,  Hubert  stood  up  on  a  stone  post,  and  read  the  prockmAlios 
to  the  crowd,    it  ran  tnua: 


I 


COSntMaSlON  of  TÀXTU  OÏ*  TH£  B0LJ>£I9T  BBTOfLUTlUMIHTS .  175 

■^  She  -W*,*"^*  &  con5t.itutioa. 

"  She  gnnts  the  pruviaîonnl  pj^ta^nneint  only  the  rijAt  of  cffnatJiing'. 
**  Tin  Mch  time  »»  «hci  iluU  hare  exproKd  her  wQl  b^  nçw  elect^jm,  mpect  t9 
the  foUowiog  pnnciplt»] 
"  No  mow  ÏWJ- Jlj  i 

"  The  goTemmcnt  auricd  on  onSy  hy  miundatorics  elected  liy  the  nation-, 
"  Tlie  executive  poirer  «mflded  tg  a  tcmpoiMy  pn^ndent; 

"  The  uMïpeiHtiâ],  mediate  or  imtDOdute,  of  ^  etti^eiu  in  the  olcction  cpf  dcputiee  ; 
"  Liberty  to  nil  reUgjous  dcDomiB&tioiu;  do  more  eUtc  nligûo: 
**  AppuitttnuAU  in  the  axmy  and  drvj  gusraateed  from  all  arbitrary  acta  of  dig* 

'*  The^itobliAlunent  of  tLe  lutioa»]  goorda  all  ovec  Ptanoe.  The  guArdiaofblp  of 
the  coMtitatiun  ia  c^>nf1di-d  to  tliem. 

"lliaiQ  prindple»  for  wlijch  wc  hare  recently  cxpond  our  lires  ve  wiD  uphold  set 
Btod  1)7  lenl  îonirKctiou." 

This  pTcwkmution  fixes  very  precisely  tKe  limit  at  which  tlie  most 
adventiixcras  spirits  stopped  in  ]  830,  cjccppting,  however,  some  few 
disdplcs  of  St.  Simon.  That  the  stute  religion  should  be  abolished; 
thai  a  president  should  be  substituted  for  a  king;  that  universal 
Riffmge,  in  one  degree  or  in  two  degrees,  shoula  be  established; 
this  was  the  whole  extent  of  changes  eontemplated  by  the  most 
daring  innovatora.  But  would  vxicxy  be  more  happy  when  the 
l%ht  of  morally  directing  it  fihould  have  been  wrested  frotn  the 
Hifttê?  Would  the  ovcrllirow  of  royoltv  suffice  to  hinder  thence- 
forth the  existence  of  tjiTïinny  in  the  civil  relations  between  the 
capitalist  and  the  labottrcr?  whether  was  nuiveraai  suffrage  to  be 
proclâûncd  aa  the  recognition  of  a  metephygical  rights  or  as  a  ocr^ 
tain  means  of  arnring  at  a  change  in  the  whole  OTstem  of  9o<ûal 
order?  Such  quration^  were  too  profound  for  the  tune»;  and  more 
than  one  tempest  was  destined  to  break  forth  before  any  one  should 
tliinfc  of  solving-  Uiem.  In  1830  no  one  even  thought  of  pro- 
pounding them. 

Be  this  aa  it  may,  the  TepttbHcan»  had  thîâ  immense  advantage 

în  presence  of  a  petralc  in.  movement,  thtJt  the  objecta  they  aou^t 

were  Ù1C  most  definite  and  the  newest  of  all  at  that  time  presented 

to  the  public.     But  they  wanted  organization,  and  above  all,  a 

leader.     To  judge  of  the  impalse»  M.  de  Lafeyette  was  competent 

to  ciTc  to  events,  it  is  enough  to  compare  the  circumetaneea  under 

which  it  was  written,  with  the  following  letter  oddreseod  by  him 

to  the  Ihic  dc  Morteraart,  and  sent  by  the  hands  of  M,  de  Sussy  ; 

**  MofiviEtni  ï-K  Duc, — I  httTc  TucciTed  the  Icthr  ymi  have  <îone  ïqg  the  huno^ 
la  write  mc  vitk  tU  the  HatinWBtB  I  iare  long  uiU^rtainËd  for  your  pommai  f^- 
tKttT-  M.  le  Goinia  dc  Snuy  Till  gîvo  you  an  accfjuut  uf  tlie  Tijit  he  had  the  good^ 
ttt*a  to  majke  me  ;  I  hitTS  fïilfilled  your  intentions  in  retuUng  what  you  addreiucd 
to  mc  to  itULny  pi^râuna  about  me;  I  rvqiioaCiHl  K.  tie  SfUmy  U>  go  to  the  rommiBÛan 
th€D  imall  in  tiumlier,  which  wa«  ûttïjiigiiBtheHùtel  ào  \il\c.  Ile  saw  M.  Laffltte.* 
wW  WHS  UiL'n  with  serersl  of  hit  cdÛmgae^  uul  I  will  dclàTïT  to  Guuund  GOr&ri 
till.  iui[>iTB  w](h  which  he  has  comaiiaiioDed  me;  but  the  duties  ihat  kxtp  me  herû 
lendav  it  inwrmrititft  tiuit  I  tboitld  go  to  you.  Shoohl  yoa  ccwnAto  the  Hotel  I  sltoulJ 
I  lave  tlw  boBonr  ti  mxiTiaff  ytn  thctv,  but  withool  adtautive  »■  tp  the  object  iÉ 
I  HàÊ  iTTiiTrifiliMt.  âimùt  yoiat  côputtankrationa  liavc  Iwca  nude  to  mj  ooUc&gucft." 

1C&  irt  Uiis  iitacft 


I7fi     THBEAT  OF  SHOOTING  A  UEUBER  OP  THE  GOYERXMEXT. 


There  waa  in  lliis  letter  a  son  of  veiled  sincerity  not  «aaUy  en- 
dured by  party  paâ^on?.  A  leader  capable  of  writing  such  lineâ 
»t  such  a  moment  woiUd  very  soou  bavc  been  ealumjuatcd  :  '«'hen 
ODce  suspicion  had  fallen  upon  Kun^  it  would  not  be  long  afWr  but 
be  would  be  dealt  witli  as  a  traitor.  In  times  of  revolution  men 
have  not  Ic-isurc  to  suspect  long. 

After  alt  the  field  was  open  to  all  tbat  bad  daring  and  diâceni' 
oaent.  What  might  not  tlie  seeming  îouduess  of  a  mighty  heart  have 
effected  in  that  moment  of  disonlt-r?  They  talked  indeed  of  a 
proviâional  government  in  Paris;  but  the  following  fact  sho^v^  wluit 
wa*  the  inanity  of  that  power  so  oddly  feared: 

The  national  guard  of  St.  Quentin  a^ed  for  two  pupîlâ  of  the 
Polytechnique  to  command  it;  ^d  io  this  end  it  sent  a  deputation 
to  LaJlitte,  \vbich  mentioned  to  him  at  the  same  time  that  it  would 
be  e&sy  to  bring  over  the  regimeut  quartered  at  La  Fère.  Laiiiycite 
auminoned  two  pupiU  of  the  Polytechnique,  and  sent  them  befure 
the  municipal  eommiâsàon,  accompaniod  by  OJilon  Barrot.  M. 
Maugiiin^  the  only  member  present,  was  walking  about  the  hall. 
Being  informed  of  the  purpose  of  their  visits  he  took  up  a  \iGa  and 
beg^  a  proclamation  addressed  to  the  regiment  at  La  Ft:ie^  when 
his  colleague,  Odilon  Barrot,  add  toiura»  "  Leave  it  to  them;  they 
understand  those  things  better  than  wc  do."  AL  Mouguiu  ceded 
the  pen  to  one  of  the  young  men  ;  the  proclaiuaUon  was  drawn  up, 
and  General  Lobau  entering  the  room»  it  was  handed  to  him  to  sign. 
He  le^jscd,  and  went  out.  '^  He  will  not  sign  any  thing/'  said 
M.  Mauguin;  "*it  was  but  just  now  he  refused  to  sign  an  order 
relating  to  the  aeizure  of  a  powder  depot. "^"  He  hangs  back,^  then  Î" 
said  one  of  the  pupils  of  the  Ecole  Polytechnique.  "  I^othing  is 
more  dangerous  m  revolutions  than  men  who  hani^  back.  I  wilTga 
have  him  shoU" — *'  You  do  not  mean  it?"  ropUed  M.  Mauguin, 
eagerly.  "  Shoot  General  Lobau,  a  member  of  tlie  proiTaonal 
govommcnt  I" — '*  The  very  same,"  replied  the  young  man,  drawing 
M-  Mauguin  to  tlic  window  and  showing  him  some  hundred  mt^n 
he  had  headed  at  the  capture  of  the  Caserne  de  Babylone.  "  It'  I 
were  to  tell  those  bi*ve  fellows  to  shoot  U  butt  Dieu  they  would  do 
it."     M.  Mauguin  smiled,  and  signed  the  proclamation  in  silence 

It  waa  on  tïmt  day  that  a  packet  addressed  to  the  Englwh  niribas^ 
iodor,  Lord  Stuart  de  Hutlisay,  was  dcUvcrwl  at  tlie  Hotel  dc  Ville. 
Oie  only  of  the  members  of  the  provisional  government  was  of  opi- 
nion that  its  contents  should  be  examined.  It  was  sent  to  Lord 
Stitnrt  with  the  Êcal  ujibroken. 

Whilit  every  one  was  seeking  to  realize  Ids  wishcsi  or  hia  belief  in 
this  party  arena,  hardly  were  a  few  voices  heard  uttering  the  name 
of  the  emperor  in  a  city  that  Had  ao  long  echoed  to  that  sound. 
ISvD  men,  without  influence,  military  reputation,  or  celebrity  of 
any  land,  MM  Ladvocatand  Dumoulin,  oonceived  for  a  while  the 
lOTa  nf  pDK'Iaiminw  the  empire.  MM.  Thiers  and  Miji^nct  easily 
ptJvuadeJ  one  ol  them  that  lortimc  gives  herâcU^  to  liim  who  haatHM 


I 


THE  BONAPARTfSTB. 


177 


to  seize  her:  the  other  appeared  dressed  as  an  orderly  ofScer  in  the 
ffreat  îiall  of  the  Hôtel  de  Ville;  but  being  politely  requusted  by 
M.  Carbone!  to  pass  into  an  adjoining  roona^  he  was  there  locked 
up  and  kept  prisi-iner.  Thus  tho  parade  of  a  laced  coat  on  the  ono 
side,  and  a  piece  of  boyish  roguery-on  the  other,  made  up  the  whole 
liiâlory  of  tlie  struggle  between  tlie  Orleauist  and  the  Lnp«ml 
party!  Thisia  one  of  those  curiosities  of  history  the  key  to  which 
IS  found  in  the  grovcUing  nature  of  most  hirnian  ambition.  Thû 
Sun  of  Niipûlcon  ivas  far  away,  i'or  those  ivho  were  actuated  by 
vulgar  hopes,  to  wait  was  to  run  the  risk  of  lusing  these  first  Ikvomrs, 
which  aïe  always  tljc  oosiest  to  obtain  from  a  govcnuncnt  that  has 
need  to  win  forgiveness  for  iu  acccwion.  Neverthelcsa,  Napoleon's 
memory  lived  iii  tho  heurts  of  the  people.  What  Wûs  requisite  to  the 
crowning  ol  the  inunortnl  victim  oi  Waterloo  in  the  iirst-boni  of 
his  nicer  That  an  tUd  general  ï-liuuld  appear  in  the  streets,  draw 
hia  sword,  and  «bout  Vwe  Napotmn  IL!  But  no.  General  Gour- 
mand alone  made  «rmic  tentative  efforts.  On  the  29lh  he  protested 
»t  the  Jlot^^l  de  Ville  ngaiiu-t  the  nomination  ollhe  Due  d'Orlôuis; 
and  on  that  night  he  assembled  some  olliccra  at  hia  houae  to  consult 
on  measures  for  llie  next  day.  To  conspire  in  the  midst  of  open 
revolution  was»  to  say  the  leiift  of  it»  eupei'liuous:  but  it  would  seem 
that  c-ivW  conllîctâ  discunecrt  the  judgment  of  men  of  war.  Na|K)- 
leon,  besides,  had  pirrinied  all  mlnda  round  Jiis  own.  The  Imperiid 
rtîgirae  hod  kindled  m  line  ]ilcbeian»  he  abruptly  ennobled  b>  burning 
thirst  for  place  and  distinction.  The  Orleaniat  party  recruited  itâdf 
amon^  ull  those,  whose  promptitude  to  revive  the  empire  nealcd  per- 
haps but  one  dash  of  httrdiliood,  a  leader,  and  a  cry  !  Of  all  the  gene- 
rals wht>t«  Ibrtunes  were  ol  itnperinl  «^owtli^  Subcrvic  alone  cave  lus 
voici?  fur  4  republie  in  M.  Lalhtte's  saloons;  at  Icaiit  he  was  the  only 
One  that  was  remarked.  Thus  all  waa  over  as  regurds  Napoleon  : 
and  some  little  time  after  this  ft  younc  colonel  in  Uie  service  of 
Austria  ilied  beyond  the  Rhine,  thu  fraif  representative  of  a  dynasty 
whoee  la^t  breath  passed  away  with  him. 

At  some  leagues  distance  from  tumultuous  Paris,  St.  Cloud  pre- 
scntt'd  a  gloomy  and  alHicùng^  spectacle.  From  the  pale  faces  and 
drooping  attitude  of  the  soldiers  it  was  e-4$y  to  gu^Bs  wliat  was  pass- 

;  in  their  winds.  Many  of  them  h»d  left  Iriends  and  relations  in 
î:  what  was  their  late?  for  dismal  rumours  were  heard  from 
time  to  time;  and  mys'teriou.'*  emJasaries  arriving  by  tlie  public  con< 
vcyftnoeci,  which  passed  freely  over  the  Sèvres  bridi^c,  spared  no 
pttUUi  to  excite  the  troops  to  dcpcrt.  Soraetimia  the  talc  waa 
that  I'uris  wuâ  given  up  to  pilLtge;  sometimes  that  M.  Lal£ltc  had 
oflcrcd  fourteen  millions  of  francs  to  ransom  the  city.  Tormented  with 
all  these  absurd  or  Ipng  reports,  tlie  soldiers  abandoned  themselves 
to  gloomy  doâ^Kindt^ucy.  Hyd  Bot  their  leader  loo  aet  them  the 
example  of  hcBitation  ?  And  then  itio  disorganization  was  complote. 
Baron  Wcyler  de  Navas,  whoâe  duty  it  wsd  to  provide  Ibr  tlic 
âuâtcuiwce  of  the  troops,  wore  liimself  out  witk  CculUesa  (tXi^Wswiri. 


i 


Î78 


PLAN  or  PTVTL  TVAE  PBOPOST-D  TO  Cn  ARLES  X. 


Bread  waa  brougHt  from  a  very  grent  djsUnoo  in  «mall  cartlocidi, 
and  was  doled  out  with  the  moet  rij^id  poiaimony.  M.  de  Chun- 
pagny,  on  his  return  from  Fleuryj  where  he  had  passed  tho  prcctd- 
ing  evening,  wished  that  a  krgc  herd  of  oxen  he  met  on  the  ro«d 
ahoald  he  seized  and  paid  for  in  hills.  No  one  would  venture  to  do 
this.    They  had  ventured  to  do  a  ^eat  deal  more  1 

To  all  these  embiirrassmcnts  were  superadded  the  imcertainty 
■rising  ûrom  ignorance  of  what  was  pasaing,  and  the  danger  of  mi»* 
conceptions.  Thus  it  was  that  war  was  on  the  point  of  bursting 
out  airesh  under  the  very  eyes  of  royalty,  and  amon^  its  defcnden 
themselves.  A  corap^y  of  gardes  du  carpi  covered  St.  Cloud,  on 
the  Bide  of  Ville  d^Avray  ;  and  in  tlie  woods  beyond  that  villago  wore 
encamped  the  remains  of  a  regiment  of  the  iine,  commanHed  hy 
Colonel  Maussion.  Sceittg  the  ravages  desertion  was  making  around 
him^  the  colonel  cuUcd  together  the  non-commiâsioned  inlllccrs  and 
the  piivatee  that  still  remained  faithful,  appealed  to  (heir  honour  as 
Boldier?,  and  pointing  to  the  flag:,  exclaimed,  "  Can  it  he  tliat  no  one 
will  remain  to  fender  bact  that  llajr  to  him  who  has  confided  tt  to 
uft?"  At  the  word  the  men  laatantlj  began  their  march.  The 
•  ffordes  du  corps  hoard  of  this  movement;  the  rumour  had  already 
run  among  them  that  the  line^  having  sided  with  the  insurgent*, 
was  only  wftiting  the  fit  moment  to  c-harg;e  Uiem,  Alarm  seized 
all  hearts,  and  »oou  gave  place  to  the  blindest  f'lry.  Several  of 
them  drew  their  Kibrea  and  rushed  forth  to  die  gate  of  Ville  d' Ar- 
ray, which  they  were  juat  about  to  enter,  when  a  sons- lieu  tenant  of 
the  company  of  CrnI,  Colonel  Lofpinaaee,  ^rang  forward  to  «lop 
them,  ills  voice  was  disregarded,  euc\i  was  the  intense  exaxpen- 
lion  of  tlic  moment.  Upon  this  he  put  hts  horse  acroïig  th«  ix«df 
I  Asd  dociued  that  none  sliould  pas  but  over  his  body.  A  few  worân 
were  enough  to  clear  up  tlic  miaunders  tan  ding  ;  but  royalty  had 
pcrhflpa  been  exposed  to  an  enormous  danger. 

In  this  immense  disorder  of  the  trctops  to  march  on  the  cafntol 

I  was  very  tlltficult,  perhaps  imposable:  nevertheless  the  daupMn  în- 

eisted  on  this  step,     (fencral  Champagny,  hia  confidant,  »olieited  a 

priv;(te  audience  of  Ch*ik'js  X-,  in  which  he  laid  before  hini  the 

following  plan.     The  king  was  to  betake  hira?elf  t^^  Orl6aTi9,  where 

the   liuopa  would   have   beE^n  conecTitrated;  Marshal  Oudînot  and 

General  GoetJoequct  were  lu  take  command  of  the  camp»  of  Lun-é- 

▼ille  and  St.Omer,  which  it  woa  supposed  were  already  on  the 

march;  some  fifty  and  odd  millions  oi  francs  from  the  Cft^bnh  of 

,  Aigieia,  just  arrived  in  the  roads  of  Toulon,  were  to  he  seizett  ;  Ge- 

'  naral  Bourmont,  recalled  fr^m  Africa,  wmdd  bring  bring  back  two 

MgiraentSf  and  hasten  tlirough  the  royalipt  provinces  of  the  South, 

to  Bupport  the  tni&ty  population  of  the  Wtst.   ïïie  scheme  contem» 

plated  setting  die  whule  kingdom  in  a  blaze. 

Charlea  X-  rsn  his  eye,  in  an  jibeent  and  melancholy  mood,  avtr 

tlio  paper  presented  to  him  by  M.  de  Champagny^  and  said,  after  a 

briel  silence,  **  You  muet  talk  of  this  to  the  dmipliin/'     Bui  the 

sound oJ'his  voice,  aud  the  cxpvesâon  oïliia  ï-o,cc,\iv:'^*ii  \\«;TaisiaiiM\^ 


I 


A 


THE  DUO  PE  KAQUSA  tmXJhTED  DT  THE  DACrniN.       179 


I 


of  hla  words.  What  was  passing  in  the  king's  raind  ?  This 
Question  has  been  Answered  oy  himself  at  a  subsequent  period. 
Oharlm  X.  bcheved  thut  he  was  acting  upon  liis  ngbtfl  when  he 
sought  to  renclor  the  crown  independent.  MThen  new»  mw  brought 
him  on  the  28th  that  blood  wm  flawing  in  VanSj  he  thought  that 
the  whole  matter  concerned  only  some  laetious  persona  whose  auda^ 
city  it  would  be  enough  to  quell  with  u  high  hand;  but  whon  he 
saw  that  the  re^stancc  wft9  general,  dauntless,  and  perKYering,  he 
Mkcd  himself  had  be  not  committed  some  error  that  demanded 
exnUtion?  He  was  then  seized  with  abject  despondency^  nnd 
sinking  under  that  bittorcflt  and  most  utter  hclpleasnecs  of  soul  that 
attiiet'i  the  proud  In  their  hour  of  dismay,  his  only  thought  was  to 
humble  himaelf  beiicath  the  hand  of  God. 

The  dauphin  had  nnneofhisfutherVau^tcro  and  somewhat  morbid 
dsTotion;  so  ho  tnîked  of  nothing  but  entering  Pam  at  the  head  of 
an  nnny,  to  whidi  t;nd  he  demanded  a  lormal  Biuicûon  from  hi» 
iather,  who  refused  to  grunt  ît.  Tlie  dauphin,  who  possessed  that 
sort  of  headstrong  wilfulness  that  is  common  to  nitrrow  intellects, 
withdrew  to  hû  aporttaont,  &nd  ^ving  way  to  one  ot^  Ids  ooeaatooAl 
iita  of  boyish  frowardnes,  he  dashed  his  sword  on  the  floor;  hut 
Chariv  X.  knew  nothing  of  this  scene. 

Tl)e  dauphin's  ill-humuur  soon  fotmd  an  opportunity  to  vent  itself. 
Ifc  <ï>nccivod  the  idea  of  rekindling  the  ardour  of  the  soldiciy  by 
publi&liing  &  proclamation,  and  one  was  drawn  up  by  M.  dc  Cfiam- 
ptiguy  in  glowiag  and  impassioned  term?,  complinicntitig  the  troops 
on  their  devotcdncss,  and  encouraging  them  to  bo  steMOÙat.  This 
proclamation  was  not  yet  published  when  word  was  brought  the 
dftuphin  thnt  a  wupcrior  ollicer  de«irod  t>  ppeak  with  him,  Tliis  wag 
.QtocnL]  Ttilon,  wlio,  on  the  djiy  but  one  beforoj  had  borne  tlie  wholo 
Bitot  of  the  insurrection  at  tho  Hôtel  de  Ville.  General  Talon  put 
on  a  grave  demeanour  in  addressing  the  prinec  ;  his  looks  bespoke  at 
COOq  indignation  and  grief.  He  spoke  of  n  proclamation  which  hod 
iMen  read  to  the  troops,  and  which,  wliilst  calling  on  thom  to  Ixs 
to  their  colours,  announced  to  them,  as  a  welcome  intelligence, 

the  ordonnancée  wore  revoked.    He  added,  that  tur  his  own  part, 

hiB  d«Tot^lncsâ  was  such  m  could  m,igtnm  the  utino!>t  trial,  as  ho  liad 
nlroftdy  proved,  but  that  it  was  not  sulficiunt  lu  ciublc  hira  to  enduro 
dishonouring  treatment.  The  dauphin's  suipriso  was  extreme;  but 
wbeaa  he  learned  that  the  proclamation  corapbûned  of  by  the  general 
bopo  the  fiignaturc  of  the  Due  do  Raguse,  ho  burst  into  a  most 
TÎnlcfit  fu  of  pâsaion.  He  ran  to  the  king,  ocquaintcd  lûra  with 
what  had  possed,  wid  hurried  over  the  chflteaUn,  BCarchino;  ibr  the  Due 
di?  Haguse^  who  wa«  then  in  the  biUiard-room.  The  dauphin  burst 
intotho  room  and  ordered  the  duke  to  follow  him  into  one  adjoining 
It.  Tlie  upshot  of  ihia  meeting  wns  anxiously  Bwait<?d.  Suddenly 
voices  arc  heard;  the  door  of  the  Tooro  is  Tiolently  thrown 
«pen  ;  the  marshal  appears  liastily  reocthngf  nnd  the  dauphin 
jmrsuing  him  with  his  head  bare  and  hia  iijta  "«^  m\Vi  \ftsfaaTt. 

k2 


ISO 


THE  0KLEANIST8  IN  ALASSf, 


Springing  upon  I^larmoat,  as  he  still  f;:Ll  back,  Uic  prince  enatcHed 
hoB  sword  from  liiiïij  but  wilJi  such  intemperate  haste,  thiat  the  blood 
ptartcl  trom  his  fingers  as  he  clutched  the  blade.  "  Gnuirds  i  this 
way,  guards  !"  he  cried  upon  ihia,  like  one  bewildered.  The  gufirds 
BUiTOunded  t!ie marshal,  arrested  him»  and  ied  him  off  to  his  apart- 
ment, where  he  was  kept  priMner.  Jn  an  instant  the  news  oi"  thia 
arrest  spread  amoni;  the  soldiers;  a  thousand  ominous  commentaries 
passed  from  mouth  to  mouth  through  the  ranks,  and  the  word 
treachery  '\i-as  loudly  uttered.  What  a  melancholy  and  singtilor 
^^tSÊtiny  waa  that  man's! — denounced  at  Piiris  as  a  murderer,  at  St. 
lid  as  n  traitor,  and  on  both  liandâ  held  accuised. 
More  t^uitable  ihon  the  dauphin,  Charka  X.  broke  the  mar- 
shnl's  arrest,  sent  for  hiin^  and  did  all  he  could  to  sooth  his  wounded 
feelings.  It  was  an  affecting  right  to  behold  the  old  kingt  lumsell' 
m  rudely  emlttcn,  thus  taking  on  him  the  part  of  a  comforter,  and 
forgetting  his  own  misfortunes,  to  repair  the  wrong  done  by  hja  son 
to  one  of  his  servants  I  The  Due  Ue  Itagusc  was  dec-ply  moved  ; 
but  he  could  not  bring  himself  to  forgive  so  outrageous  an  insult» 
In  obedience  to  the  king,  ho  went  to  the  dauphin,  and  offprc?d  and 
received  an  apology;  but  when  die  prince  held  out  his  hand  in  aitrn 
of  reconciliûtioUf  the  marshal  drew  back,  bowed  low,  and  left  uw 
room. 

The  hour  was  approaching  when  the  whole  royal  iamily  was  to 
Iiavc  nothing  auguât  belonging  to  it  but  the  very  cxcesa  of  its  abaae- 
meut. 

On  that  day,  as  on  the  prtxeding^  ]VJ.  Lalfitte's  house  h»d  been 
the  hostelry  of  the  revolution:  numbers  docked  thither  from  all 
parls  of  Pans.  There  was  not  an  intriguunt  wlio  did  not  repair  thither 
to  recapitulate  the  tale  of  his  services;  ihig  one  Iiad  captured  a  can- 
non; that  one  had  brought  about  the  dcfeetion  of  a  regiment  j  all  Imd 
creeled  barricades,  Some  went  as  far  as  Neuilly,  to  show  their  facos» 
and  rceord  the  date  of  their  visit.  Decidedly,  the  Orleanist  party 
yvas  triumphant. 

But  these  things  soon  wore  an  altered  aspect.  About  eight  o'clock 
in  the  evening  the  deputation  appointed  to  offer  the  licutenant-gene- 
niblûp  to  the  Due  d'Orïtans  presented  itself  at  the  Paki»  Royal, 
where  it  found  only  a  few  bewildered  servonti,  who  either  knew 
not,  or  dared  not  disclose  tlic  retreat  to  wliich  thdr  master  had  be- 
taken liimscli'.     It  was  necessary  to  dc*palih  a  measago  to  Neuilly. 
Wlien  tho  result  of  this  visit  was  known  at  tl)e  Hotel  LaiEtte,  it 
;  produced  a  groat  scnâation  there.     Wliat  wai^  the  meaning  of  tho 
auke's  prolonged  absence  under  such  presdng  circumstances?     Was 
he  afraad?  Did  he  moan  to  ixtura  a  ivlusal  to  the  perUous  overtureâ 
of  the  revolution':*     Sucli  was  the  substance  of  every  conversation. 
I  Is  he  comcy  was  the  uucstiou  every  moment  asked.     M,  LâiËttc, 
J  "whofle  presence  of  min»i  never  Jorsook  him,  made  himself  guarantee 
I  ibr  the  prince,  and  endeavoured  to  revive  in  those  about  him  a  con- 
fidence in  which,  pcrlmps,   he  did  not  liimsell"  partake.     M.  Thiers 
ucat  ûvm  oac  pcrsQii  fco  another^  lepcaûn^^  'VîQlï^^a  o^  çsuyj^nîiÇieiïa'ûat 


â 


TIIB  DUC  tt'OnLÉANS  ENTEBS  PAHIS  BY  NIGHT.  181 

and  hope  to  all.  13ut  iHe  hours  wcie  rolling  on.  It  wm  reported 
that  they  were  carrymg  off  the  lumitiirc  Irom  the  Pal&ia  Ro^al—  a 
fiignificEiit  and  ommQUA  pToceedîn"'  !  The  word  republic,  only  vrhis- 
pcreJ  before,  now  began  to  be  uttered  sdoud:  lastly,  Béranger,  who 
nad  gone  to  the  Lointier  meeting  to  try  tho  force  ot"  his  influence 
there,  Bérangcr  himself  had  been  coldly  received,  it  was  said,  by 
the  young  men.  And  now,  with  one  of  thc^  sudden  shiftings  of 
the  Bails  that  so  ?a(lly  exhibit,  in  all  its  glaring  deformity,  the  baser 
ndc  of  human  nature^  the  saloons  of  the  Hotel  Laffittc  were  rapidly 
evBcunted^  Every  one  frmnd  some  pretext  for  moving  off.  At 
ele^'cn  o'clock,  in  that  a?lnnishing  week  when  sleep  had  flctl  from 
all  eyes,  at  eleven  o'clock  there  remained  with  M.  Laffitte  only  tho 
son  of  Thibuudtau,  the  convcritionist,  and  Benjamin  Constant,  lliey 
were  about  to  geparate,  when  the  Due  do  Broglîe  entered,  followed 
by  M.  Maurice  Duval.  Tho  duko  was  npprchenàvc  of  being  pushed 
too  Gir  into  the  perils  of  revolution.  M.  Laffitte  omitted  nothing  he 
could  poEsibly  say  to  fortify  the  courage  of  ihat  high  personage. 
But  bctorc  the  latter  had  wcU  got  bcj-ond  the  outer  gate  of  the 
court,  Laffitte,  tummg  to  Benjamin  (jonstant,  said,  "Well,  what 
wiB  become  of  us  to-morrow  r'^ — ^*' We  shall  be  hanged,"  replied 
tho  other,  in  the  tone  of  a  man  no  longer  capable  of  stnong  emo- 
tions.    He  had  become,  in  fact,  insensible  to  all  but  those  of  play. 

At  one  in  the  inominff  M.  Laffittc  waa  viâu-d  by  Colonel  Hçymè*, 
who  came  to  announce  the  arrival  of  the  Due  d^Orl^ana.  Tlie  prince 
had  entered  Paris  about  eleven  at  night,  dressed  in  plain  cwthes, 
and  accomjMtnied  only  by  three  persons.  What  may  have  been  his 
fcelincji  as  he  thus  walked  in  darkness  towards  his  palace,  fatiguing 
himself  with  climbing  over  barricades,  and  forced  to  reply  witli  iho 
war-cry  of  an  insui^^cnt  people  to  the  restless yui  i^re  of  the  sentinels? 

We  have  seen  the  manner  in  which  the  Due  de  IMortemart  had 
entered  I'aris.  There  bo  was  not  even  the  testamentary  executor  of 
the  monarchy.  Mis  authority,  disowned  in  the  office  of  the  Muni' 
ttur,  rejected  by  the  chamber  of  deptides,  and  insulted  at  the  Hôtel 
de  Ville,  was  but  a  useless  burden,  to  lum.  Personally,  too,  he  la- 
bountl  under  a  painful  oscillation  of  mind.  Ho  entertained  but  a 
half-liking  for  tlmt  expiring  monarchy,  to  which,  nevertheless,  ho 
owod  the  exertion  of  all  his  energies,  rince  it  had  relied  on  the  inte- 
grity of  his  heart.  He  was  suflerin"  the  full  force  of  tliese  dieltesa- 
infi"  thoughLo,  when  lie  received  an  mvitation  to  the  Palais  Royal. 
\V  hat  could  that  Due  d'Orléans,  who  the  moment  he  arrived  had 
seat  a  oomplinaentary  message  to  Lafayette,  and  an  invitation  to 
LaJEtte,  wbat  could  he  want  with  a  minister  of  Charles  X.?  It  waa 
night  ;  the  Due  de  Mortcniart  followed  the  messenger,  and  was  in- 
iToduccd  tiirouj/h  the  roof  ni  the  palace  into  a  small  closet  opening  to 
iKo  right  on  the  court,  and  not  belonging  to  the  apartments  occu- 
piwd  by  the  faimly,  Tlio  duke  was  lying  on  a  ntuttrcss  on  the  floor, 
m  hia  shirt,  and  only  half  covered  with  a  shabby  aullt.  His  fitce 
WM  bathed  in  pcKpinltion,  thcit  was  a  lurid  fire  in  Ids  eye,  wml  all 
aboHl^i^  heepoke  çacCTËCDC  fatigue  vid  c^^ru^x^àsuti^  «-j^vNesA'aS.  ^'v. 


li£ 


»LIOET  OF  THE  ROYAL  FAifH.T. 


mind.  He  began  to  Fpcak  tlio  tnomont  t\iù  Duc  de  Mortmuii  «B* 
terod,  imd  expressed.  Jnmself  with  irreat  volubility  and  caniestneas, 
protcstàng  hîfl  attaulnnent  to  the  cïïler  branch,  and  vowing  he  had. 
only  come  to  Turis  to  eavo  the  city  JVom  anarchy.  At  thia  moment 
Bgrciit  noise  was  heard  in  the  court,  where  people  wore  ahoutmg 
Vive  le  Duc  tt Orléans!  **  You  hear  that,  moïïBêicncurT,"  said  du 
Mortemart^  **  thoae  ^lonts  arc  for  yovi." — '*  No!  No!"  replied,  the 
Due  d'OiIoans,  with  increased  vehemence,  "  I  yvîW  tufler  death 
eoonet  tlmn  accept  tlxe  crown/'  Ho  seized  a  pen  and  wrote  a  letter 
to  Charles  X.,  which  lie  dehvcTCcI  scaled  to  dc  Mortemart^  who  car- 
ried it  away  in  the  Md^  oi"  his  cravat. 

Stran^i^e  coincidence  I  Alraoet  at  the  totv  hour  these  thincs  were 
pflBang  in  Paris  in  tlic  palace  of  the  Due  d  Orleans,  the  Duchefs  de 
Bern  started^  out  of  bcJ  at  St.  Cloud,  agitated  by  a  thousand  terrorB, 
and  ran  hulf'drcâscd  to  awaken  the  dauphin,  and  to  reproach  him  for 
«a  obetinacy  that  endangered  tho  livea  of  two  poor  children.  It 
would  be  impossible  adequately  to  convey  the  eliaractcr  of  that  noc- 
turnal scene.  Dietrewed  and  uvcrcome  by  tlic  cries  and  tears  of  a 
mothijr,  the  dauphin  acquainterl  Charlea  X.  that  St.  Cloud  was 
tliruatcncd,  and  that  the  seat  of  the  monarchy  must  be  moved  a  little 
lartlier;  aitd  some  minutes  afterwards,  bofore  daybreak,  Clsarlea  X-, 
the  Duchcffl  do  Bcrri,  and  the  chilfhrcn,  were  on  their  ivay  to 
Trianon,  under  the  protection  of  an  escort  of  gardes  du  mrps.  At 
Viilo  d'Avray,  the  lugitive?  might  see  the  wot^d  rpy«/  olilitcnited 
j'rom  all  (he  public-houfic  sij:^s.  Tliat  word,  three  diiya  before,  had 
been  almost  a  means  of  fortune  to  thewî  oblivious  pubbcana. 

The  dauphin  woa  to  pass  tho  night  at  St.  Cloud»  along  with  thO' 
troops.  Ihc  dtparture  of  Charlee X,  had  produced  a  great  senration 
among  the  troop?,  and  a  general  rapTemont  took  place.  Tho  6tli 
guards,  which  were  at  daybreak  on  the  roid  to  Ville  d'Avray,  wcra 
recalled  by  a  counter  order  to  the  bridge  of  St.  Cloud,  and  relumed 
by  the  grand  avenue  tu  tlic  alley  leadmg  from  tlic  Fer-îi-clieval  to 
the  i^ntm-n  of  Diocetieg.  Sèwea  wam  covered  by  two  battaliona  of 
Uu>  3d  Swififl  and  the  lancere,  with  a  battery.  The  aspect  of  tho 
r<riMQip  boded  ill;  and  bitter  thought»  wore  written  jn  the  faces  of  all 
those  armed  servants  of  iugitive  royalty.  The  Tomftins  of  tho  royal 
kitchen,  distributed  among  the  eoldiers,  sent  some  flaahes  of  gaiety 
through  this  dense  and  dismal  gloom,  but  whil&t  the  Ist  guardi  and 
tho  artillery  \<;cre  dividing  this  unexpected  booty  among  thom, 
with  laughter,  tho  Swiw  poitod  at  the  Sèvres  bridge  were  abandon- 
ing their  colours^  and  scattering  their  anna  over  the  road  as  they  Hod. 


CHAPTER  Vir, 


A 


At  eight  on  the  morning  of  the  3l6t,  the  deputation  from  tho 

chambot  presented  itself  at  the  Pahiis  Royal.     M.  Scbasliani  entered 

iho  ivom  vfhei'e  it  wua  waiting,  and  çsËisuagVùï  qo^ùk»^^^  "n^'Ccuau^ 


m 


THE  me  DE  ORLÉANS  LIBUT.-OEN.  OP  THE  KIKGDOM.     183 

a  -word,  went  Btraight  to  the  opartraent  of  tho  Due  d'Orléans,  irliich 
he  cntcpod,  unanBoimccd.  Ino  duke  appeared  ;  the  moment  was 
a  «olemii  one;  the  deputation  acquQÎntcd  hiiQ  with  tho  purpose  for 
vhich  it  hid  come,  bat  the  prince's  confufiioti  was  visible,  and  the 
obeequious  smik  that  played  on  his  Una  iU  âisfiùeed  the  agitation  of 
^  his  micd.  Ho  ttiew  that  Charles  A*  was  still  hut  a  few  leagues 
from  Paris,  that  an  army  of  twelve  thousand  men  could  be  set  in 
moûon  by  a  word  uttered  by  a  monarch  not  jet  fallen  ;  he  knew, 
too,  that  with  nations  as  with  individual  all  violent  exertions  end 
in  weariness,  and  that  reactionfi  arc  mortal  to  those  who  have  not 
known  how  to  anticipatu  them.  Charles  X.,  too,  whom  he  waa  to 
dethrone,  wis  his  kinsman,  and  Uic  duehcsa  had  not  concealed  from 
her  huaband  her  stronq;  conaeioutioua  scniples.  The  language  held 
by  the  duke  flavoured  of  the  diificultied  of  his  positioD.  lie  la- 
boured paiofuUy  to  avoid  the  danger  of  any  pi-ecise  affirmation. 
Xo  ioait,  having  always  been  his  motto,  he  baited  between  the  in- 
expediency of  too  hiïstîly  accepting  a  crown,  and  that  of  too  formally 
retueiug  it.  Ho  kept  up  this  gaiiif  as  long  a*  possible  ;  and  therein 
Iwiw  tacondiid  by  M.  Sèbaetiitnï,  who  \fiiA  the  confidant  of  his 
dondrtâ.  But  those  who  did  not  rightly  guesa  the  prince's  feelings, 
wught  to  pay  their  court  to  liim  by  affecting  to  overbear  his 
ncruplea  by  force.  Some  cunningly  anectcd  blimtncfs,  reproached 
him  with  favouiing  by  his  hesitation  the  establishment  of  a  re- 
public, and  so  oomproraisjng  the  welfare  of  the  country  ;  a  «ort  of 
reproach  more  pleasing  to  the  heart  of  a  prince  than  a  less  subtle 
aiul  mûre  downijght  form  of  adulation.  At  W»  beset  on  all  sidee, 
the  Duo  d'Orléans  appeared  to  suffer  himself  to  be  overcome  ;  but 
true  to  the  last  to  the  port  he  had  pbyed  all  along»  he  demanded  a 
few  momenta  yet,  sajiug  he  required  to  take  advice,  and  be  retirod 
to  hia  closet,  still  followfj  by  M.  Sébastiani» 

M.  do  Talleyrand  was  then  in  hia  hotel  in  the  Rue  St.  Florentiti 
and  wa£  in  the  act  of  dressing,  llic  door  waa  opened,  And  M. 
Sébaetiani  was  announced.  Ho  entered,  and  presented  to  H.  de 
Talleyrand  a  scaled  note,  which  the  latter  glanced  over  with  the 
flippancy  of  a  political  coxcomb,  and  inkme<£ately  returned  eaying, 
"  Let  him  accept." 

Some  luoracnts  after  this  the  Due  d'Orléans  returned  to  the  hall 
where  he  was  wiutcd  for,  uid  mado  known  hia  acceptanco  to  thâ 
imMtient  deputies. 

j^  docmneut  announcing  this  decision  to  the  Parisians  was  drawn 
up  in  tlic  following  terms: 

"  ImAntt-jii>rT9  of  PjiJii», — The  deputiM  (*f  France,  it  tliis  moment  Mtembkd  m 
Bui^  hairo  expratHd  ^bàr  dodre  thst  I  «hoold  betake  mvKlf  to  thU  «apitat,  to  ex- 
crciffc  tticTv  (he  ftnwdtmi  of  licutcnant-ei^iicriil  of  tlic  kin^^'doiii. 

•■  1  imvK'  Dflt  heeitatect  to  «n>c  (uti!  ^HLrt.ike  yoor  diuigcn,  to  pluM  mytolf  in  tli« 
midat  al'  tlits  heroic  popuktion,  aiul  un.'  all  my  cndcaToun  to  presprvc  jan  from  ciril 
war  luij  imiirt.h/.  Oh  piiltriiitc  llie  dty  of  Haria  I  wore  wiHt  pride  tiiose  gUwioiu 
COloar*  yoM  have  nsaili6d,  and  whicli  I  liad  myaulf  lone  carried. 

'*  Tim  Chaiuben  atv  aboitt  to  uucrublo  t  tlit-y  will  consult  Oil  the  mcuil  of  KCUrlnff 
tbe  rfigii  of  the  lam,  anit  thf?  Duûutcnanci:  of  the  righLs  of  the  natioQ. 

"  A  churtoc  ah.ill  be  heuctfûrth  a,  true  thinR.  . 


1S4 


ntOCLAMATION  OP  TUE  CnAMDER  OF  DEPUTIEe. 


This  prockmauDHt  so  sldUully  di^wn  up,  was  approved  by  all  the 
members  of  tlic  <lcptitation^  witli  tiic  exception  ot  M.  Bêrard,  Jititl 
being  carried  to  tbe  chamber  it  tvas  i-cad  tlierc  amidst  loud  acxJaraa' 
tioos.  It  was  expedient  to  tftko  advant:igc  of  this  moment  of  de^Kt, 
and  to  pledge  the  chamber  irrevocably.  M.  Lnffittc  addreased  tbe 
M»embly;  **  1  will  not  recite,  messieurs,"  be  said/'  the  Jueasures you ^ 
have  adopted,  and  which  have  secured  the  welfare  of  the  country, 
but  I  tbiak  it  is  right  that  thia  hietory  shoLiUl  be  recorded,  and  the 
whole  ect  forth  with  accuracy  and  precision/'  Tlic  propositJon  was 
unanîmouely  acjccd  to.  Any  man  that  should  have  hetitatcd  would 
have  compromised  his  position  undcr  the  now  order  of  things. 

But  what  was  the  deokratiou  to  contain?  Should  it  stipulate  for 
certain  g^raatcea  to  the  people?  Such  was  the  opinion  ol  JIM. 
Eusèbc  Salvcrtp,  Btkard,  Corcellcs,  and  Benjamin  Constant.  M, 
Au^siin  Périer  apscrted  "  that  it  was  not  the  fit  time  to  enter  into 
discussions  on  principles  that  would  prove  interminable,"  The  draw- 
ing up  of  the  dcclaratioD  was  intrusted  to  MM.  Benjamin  Confiant, 
Bcrard,  ViUemain,  and  Guizot.  The  two  latter,  as  we  have  eceu, 
had  figured  in  the  three  days  only  as  conservatives;  but  st^cing  tlw 
balance  incline  to  the  âde  oi*  the  Due  d'Orltana,  tJiey  only  tlie  more 
sensibly  fo!t  the  necessity  of  obtaining  pardon  for  their  upuiions  of 
yeslcrdity.  M.  Guizot  waa  prepared  with  a  ready  raade  draft  of  a 
reply  :  it  was  the  programme  of  the  bourgcoisiei  «nd  an  apiocndix  as  it 
wcro  to  the  constitution  of  1791.  Here  arc  the  prindplcs  for  the 
ttduniph  of  which  so  many  Frenclunen  had  lost  tlïclr  lives  : 

"  Frcnchttifn,  yrance  is  frw.  Al^ute  ponrer  unfurlwl  its  flng'.  The  hrfoir  ym- 
piil*lU>n  of  rwi»  liM  Iftîd  it  Iûw.  Puis  uuHulcd  lias  rendenjd  iriumpliant  by  forvc 
ot  Anns  the  Bocrcd  eauM;  that  Jmd  before  triuntphai  in  tlie  elcctioiia.  A  povrt-r  iwanj- 
ing  our  rights,  pcrtutbinR  pur  reprise,  tlitcutctiiMl  ai  once  both  liberty  and  order.  We 
nfonw  poMCfiiton  tif  ortk-r  antl  liUTty.  Ho  motv  fuU-  fur  ûur  ac4|airec]  ri^hti  :  no 
bMtrer  now'bctwwn  us  anri  tlip  riphts  wp  vet  lack. 

"  A  gOTCTTiiiHnit  that  shiiU  without  doLiy  g-iiar.vntee  us  ihose  IJi-SAinK*  is.  nt  thU 
niomt^nt  tht-  first  irsiit  of  our  countrj-,  FrpticJniK'ti,  iliow  of  yoiir  deputies  whn  are 
alrr-idy  in  ^aiu  have  anscniblcU.  luwl,  for  the  pïvscnt.  till  ilio  IThnnilwr»  can  rcurularly 
interpose  tbc'ir  vuicc^lhcy  haro  invitcJ  a  Fn-nclirnan,  vrhn  hiti  ncv«r  fmij^ht  Init  fot 
rnuiCC,  M,  Ic  Due  li'Ortiima,  to  uscTciw  tlie  fimcti^ms  of  I jcuteiULnt-gciM;r.il  uf  tito 
klogtloai.  Thii  iiA  in  their  eyes  t!iç  mcftoa  of  ptxiniptly  iiecuiupElahing'  hy  peace  tltc 
MMcrM  nf  tlie  Trtrnt  k-gitimatc  <tc■^t.•nc(.^ 

"  Ttie  Due  irUrli'ikDs  is  devotc-d  to  the  natjanal  •ind  conK[itqtii>nAl  caUM.  He  line 
iJirajfl  dcfu-ûde*!  it*  intt'rest»  and  profMsed  its  principles.  Jlu  will  «.spfcE  ouf  rijjbiB 
for  htt  vnli  hulil  hi*  uvm  frocn  u&,  Wc  will  »ecurc  lo  ourselves  by  Uwa  nil  the  fua- 
iwilee*  DecoMary  tonnder  lilierty  ftrong  nad  lasttnp; 

*'  The  re-Cfial^lijltm^-nt  tyf  tlic  n[Liiûajil  ^unnl  ^rlth  tlio  ItitiTVCiitioa  of  the  oftiionti 
pionU  in  the  tlxjirr  of  tliLir  oflkt-'t^; 

"  llie  iiilerveutluu  of  the  cUitcna  in  the  (bTtna.tion  nf  tlia  municipal  and  dcpnrt- 
ID(^^lnl  iMiuitniNtr.itiiin«: 

■•  'i'rial  liy  ^ury  for  ollL>ncc*  of  llic  prcs*; 

"Thckg^ly  orsAnired  n^poiuibility  of  the  mlnlttcr»  andiccoadaijaffeDticf  llie 
admin  TBtmiion; 

"  The  rtHïlixtion  of  ckpatic*  pmmoted  to  public  oflkw, 
u"  We  will,  ii>  ewmvTt  with  ilie  hicod  of  Uw  •tfttt,  girc  our  inatitaUon»  ll>«  «Iotc- 
■i^i^nt  of  wliiclt  iIk-v  have  need. 

"  Frc-m-fiiiifii,  îlie  Duc  J  Orlcaji*  himself  In*  (JrctwJy  ipoîicn.  and  hi»  UpfTMtfC  i» 
itm  wliicli  UnYJim-fl  u  frw  eoumry.  The  Cljambcrs,  ]iv  tciU  vuii,  are  ^xmt  to 
aMcmlik.  Thiy  will  nmsiilt  nn  the  nicunj «f  Bccurinu  lliu  fuign  of  the  lain  and  iiu: 
main t«'n Mir T  of  [he  right*  of  tlie  tmiioa. 

"  Tlie  ctiartvr  $tukU  Ik  ht-ncefurtli  a  imo  iWog." 


GREAT  AOrXATIOX  AT  THE  HÔTEL  DE  TILLE. 


1B5 


TKe  proclamatioTi  was  signed,  by  iiinety-otic  deputies* 

Meanwhile  the  proclamation  oC  the  Due  d'Orleana  had  been  pent 
out  throughall  Pôris.  Jt  excited  the  most  intense  disautiafoction  in 
pomc  quarters;  one  of  the  bcnrers  ol'  it  waa  assailal  hj  an  angry 
group  in  the  Rue  Jean  Jacques  Rouaeenu,  and  only  owed  liis  Ule  to 
the  interference  of  a  pupil  of  the  Ecole  Polytechnique.  The  feeling 
excited  at  the  Flotol  de  Ville  waa  particularly  stormy:  the  repub- 
Ucaas,  who  had  been  established  tliere  since  tlic  prccetun^  day,  and 
those  who  wcTc  spr<^  over  the  Place  dc  Cirt^vc»  were  ddlcient  in 
numbers*  but  they  were  energetic  and  full  of  enthusiasm.  They 
oonj^idcred  the  princes  reply  ambiguousj  and  they  talked  of  it, 
aamc  witli  angler,  some  with  contempt.  What  arc  these  dangers 
Use  Due  d'Ork^ans  comes  to  aliare  with  ua?  On  what  day  did  he 
enter  Paris?  On  the  30lh,  after  the  fight*  after  the  victory,  when 
there  was  nothing  left  us  lo  do  but  to  bury  the  dead.  At  what 
hour  did  he  present  liimpelf  at  the  barriers  ?  At  the  approBch  of 
nijT-Lt;  he  stole  in  to  u»  in  the  dark;  he  entered  furtively  into  his 
own  palace.  But  where  was  he,  and  what  was  he  doing,  on  the 
28th  and  29th,  between  St.  Cloud  threatened  and  Pans  on  fire? 
If  u  friend  nf  the  court,  his  place  w:w  by  Iiis  king's  side.  If  a  ûîend 
of  the  people,  why  wae  he  notatoiirhend  before  the  Hotel  dc  Ville, 
at  the  Marché  des  Innocents,  at  the  Porte  St.  Denis,  in  front  of  the 
Jyouvre,  in  every  phiec  where  we  ioughtand  our  brothers  fell? 

Othera  pointed  out  how  warily  every  word  of  the  declaration 
Boemeil  to  have  been  weighed.     The  danger,  they  said,  ia  not  quite 

no  by,  since  there  are  twelve  thousand  soldiers  encampod  witlim  a 

f  leagues  of  tlie  capitid.     So  what  does  the  Due  d  Orlijans  do? 

pdoes  not  declare  himself  plainly  and  distinctly  for  cither  party. 
IR  declaration  talks  of  laws  yioluled,  but  does  not  eay  by  whom 
violated.  The  duke  représenta  his  own  interiercnec  as  a  preserva- 
tive against  anarchy;  could  Charles  X.  complain  of  this  were  he  to 
return  as  victor?  ITîc  declaration  is  not  dated:  why  is  tliat? — It 
WH9  further  said,  thaC  if  the  prince  aspired  to  llie  crown  he  ought  to 
,  JhSTc  the  eoimi^  to  stretch  out  hi^j  liaud  towards  it^  ajid  that  it 
fyna  making  a  muck  of  the  revolution  to  prosunie  to  fineaae  with  it. 
Tliere  wore  some  who  went  the  len^jth  of  roundly  declaring  that 
the  Due  d'Orléans  was  but  a  Bourbon,  and  that  he  tmght  to  be  in- 
cluded in  the  a&me  malediction  as  hi»  family;  and  ihey  asked  ironi- 
CftUy  if  being  the  son  of  a  regicide  were  enough  to  entitle  a  man  to 
iNKiomc  a  king. 

To  n\\  this  the  partisans  of  the  prince  replied  that  allowance  ought 
to  be  made  for  the  painful  tdtuatiou  of  a  man  obliged  to  behold  m 
his  kinsmen  the  oppre*isors  of  his  country;  that  he  already  sulB- 
eientty  compromised  himself  in  the  eyes  ol  the  elder  branch  of  tho 
family,  by  surrounding  himeelf  with  persons  who  had  applauded  the 
iusurroctioii  ;  that  it  wn.*  not  just  to  lorget  that  for  iiftecn  years  the 
prince's  suloons  were  open  lo  all  the  adversaries  of  the  Congregation, 
to  all  the  victimB  of  the  tyranny  of  the  cliâteau;  and  that  instead  of 


186 


T.AFATETTE  CTÎîmNGLT  MAKAOED, 


BO  hju^ly  assailing  a  mim  who  v/âs  potent  both  by  hia  position  and 
liis  wealth,  it  WAS  advisable  to  place  him  on  the  tbronË,  as  the  aolc 
meins,  periiApa,  of  irruvocably  barring  the  rood  to  it  againat 
Charles  X. 

To  lhe?e  reflections  and  eouHMla  some  replied  hy  showing  their 
wounds,  their  hands  begrimed  with  ^Mwder,  and  their  garmenia 
itained  with  dust  and  blood-  A  dlan^erous  fermentation  prevailed 
round  the  Hotel  do  ViUOf  and  a  prolonged  angry  hum  arode  &om 
that  denê«  multitude. 

ft  was  important  that  this  temper  should  be  mitigated.  M.  Barthe 
hftving  been  introduced  to  the  hall  where  the  municipal  oomoiiaBion 
was  sitting,  drew  a  vivid  picture  of  what  he  had  seen,  and  gave  on 
animated  report  of  what  he  had  lieard^  and  M.  Audry  de  Payraveau 
having  reque&ted  him  to  imbody  his  impressions  m  an  ftddresa  to 
the  expectant  people,  he  drew  up  a  pnx'lamation  beginning  with 
these  words,  **  Charles  X.  has  ceased  to  reign  over  France/' 

While  ho  was  writing,  General  LoIjau  stepi^d  up  to  M*  de 
Sclioncn,  and  pointin*;  to  a  brace  of  piatoU  in  liis  girdle,  ho  mÂàt 
*'  My  friend,  1  know  it  is  my  death-warrant  I  urn  about  to  ago. 
One  of  theso  pistol»  is  for  me;  I  ivill  leave  you  the  other." 

But  uheadv  oil  was  prepared  at  the  Hôtel  de  Ville  for  the  receptioii 
of  *he  Due  d'Orléans.  M.  de  Laftiyctte  had  been  surrounded  ever 
eince  the  29'th  by  the  Teprcpentatives  of  tlie  Orleanist  party.  Know- 
ing his  easy  temper,  and  his  natuml  susceptibility  to  generouâ 
exhortations,  they  had  organized  an  active  and  vigilant  eurvciliance 
about  him.  The  noble  old  man  was  as  it  wero  under  tJie  eye  of 
keeper?.  A  sentinel  posted  at  the  door  of  his  closet  had  orders  to 
admit  no  one  to  îùin  with  the  exception  of  the  members  of  a  lÎMle 
camarilla,  of  wliich  M.  Carbone!  was  tlie  soul,  M.  Joubcrt  the  man 
of  business,  and  M.  Odilon  Barrot  the  orator.  M,  Audry  dc  Puy- 
raveau  was  received  but  with  distrust  in  the  sanctuary,  and  whenever 
ho  entered  it  M.  do  La&yette  eontented  himself  with  shaking  him 
by  thâ  hand  with  the  air  of  a  man  exceedingly  pressed  with  buSLoeflB. 
On  the  day  the  municipal  commission  installed  itself  in  the  Hôt«l  de 
Ville,  it  had  been  placed  in  a  room  to  the  right  of  the  great  hall  of 
St.  Jeun,  not  far  from  a  passago  leading  to  the  closet  of  the  eom- 
mandant-gencniK  On  the  30tli,  in  order  c-ompletely  to  isolate  M. 
de  Lafayette,  the  municipal  commission  was  removed  to  a  room  at 
the  other  extremity  of  the  building.  MM.  dc  Schoncn,  Maugum^ 
and  Lobau,  were  nevertheless  not  republicans.  Thus,  kept  remote 
from  all  llie  men  of  erlrong  convictions  and  hardiliood,  from  all  tlie 
young  men  whose  fiery  Language  he  waa  food  of  bearing*  M ,  dt 
Lafiiyette  was  subjocted  to  ii  constant  blockade  on  the  part  of  tho 
Orl4»nis^.  Tho  austere  duties  oi'  tho  dictatorship,  and  tlie  diiUculty 
of  checldng  the  people  in  the  headlong  descent  of  a  republican  career, 
were  *et  before  his  eyes  in  magnified  propt>rtions.  ifis  well-known 
horror  for  emtps  dcint  was  dexterously  turned  to  accoimt,  and  dmine 
haatit^  the  charge,  and  grenadiers  cnterisg  the  Palaia  Bourbon  with 


I 


n 


1 


THE  DEPtrrraa  hepajii  to  the  talais  rotal. 


187 


fixctl  bftyonetfl,  were  Teprceentod  lo  himastJiemnviteblcconflequenue 
vi  proclâimiag  the  republic  in  oppcntion  to  the  wishes  of  the  deputies. 
Deûmg  neiuicr  «a  ^Sth  Brumaire  nor  another  Willinin  111.,  La- 
fiijetto  wu  imeertain  what  course  to  adopt.  lie  waukl  cort^inly 
]iavo  dccidod  for  a  republic  ha»l  he  boon  putroiindcd  by  none  but 
republicjinfi ;  not  bnt  that  ho  0_*ttrcd  tmbridlod  democracy;  but  his 
!ovo  of  popularity  would  hiivo  been  too  strong  for  his  fears,  for  this 
WM  Always  his  most  potent  smrinff  of  action.  He  km^w  not  that  it 
is  the  part  of  a  vulg'flr  mind  to  love  tha  people  for  the  snkD  of  its 
appUuM.  Great  heÀrt»  devote  themselves  to  the  cau6c  of  men  whilst 
dudflining  them^ 

Ilia  newBoftho  agitntions  at  the  Hôtel  were  not  slow  to  reach  the 
Palais  Bourbon,  where  it  was  made  known  at  the  same  time  tliat  it 
was  the  prince's  intention  to  go  and  allay  the  effervescence  by  a  viât 
to  M.  de  Lafayette.  M,  BiLTard  was  sent  to  the  duke  to  inform  him 
that  the  deputiPB  wished  to  accompany  liim  to  the  Hôtel  de  Ville. 
The  duke  waa  dieanng  when  ho  entered,  and  he  received  the  mcs- 
Bcnger  in  hia  dishabille,  whether  from  an  attectation  of  popularity  et 
i'rom  confusion  of  mind  :  lus  face  showed  marks  of  care.  He  taflted 
to  M,  -Uomrd,  as  he  made  him  heiri  him  in  his  toilet,  about  his 
■rerrion  for  the  Pplentluurs  of  rctyulty,  and  above  all  of  that  old 
republican  feeling  that  lurked  at  the  bottom  of  his  heart,  and  that 
aned  to  hitn,  bidding  him  refuse  a  crovm. 

During  tliis  time  tlic  chamber  of  deputien  was  on  its  way  to  thç 
Palata  Royd;  and  «ich  wa»  the  terror  with  which  the  bourgeoisie 
reganlcd  tliat  people  that  had  armed  in  its  quarrel,  tliat  M.  Deleasert 
ïbisd.  tett  the  nroec^ion  ehould  be  etoned  in  pa^ng  through  the 

Bti.     Hiey  nrnvt-d  at  the  Palais  Royal,  the  fipproachos  to  which 

vere  fiUcd  with  a  dense  crowd.  In  addrepsing  hlin  on  whom  he  came 
to  bestow  a  crown,  M.  IjaHitte  appeared  neither  grave  nor  labouring 
under  any  emotion.  A  smile  was  on  his  lips,  and  before  reading 
the  declaration  in  his  capacity  of  president,  he  whispered,  in  the 
prince's  car,  pointing  to  his  own  hurt  leg,  **  Two  slippers,  one  Ptock- 
mg!  Lnrnir  if  the  Qnnh'âimTV  piiw  us!  It  would  say  we  were 
naaklng  a  king  mrm  ntlotf^n!^  Haw  much  blood  was  ?hed  on  the 
i!9th  to  overthrow  a  throne  I  On  the  30th  a  new  one  was  ereet«d 
with  a  jest.   It  is  not  by  its  tragic  side  that  history  instructs  u&  mort. 

M.  Latlitte  having  read  the  decUration  of  the  chamber,  the  duko 
xan  to  Iiim  with  open  anna,  and  pressed  liim  to  liî.s  heart.  Then  ho 
wîrfieâ  to  lead  îiîm  lo  the  balcony  of  tho  palace;  but  M.  Lfiflîttc, 
who  had  now  caught  tho  infection  of  iho  pnncc's  emotion,  modestly 
hung  back.  The  duko  took  hira  by  the  hand,  and  appeared  wiw 
him  before  the  crowd,  which  sent  up  mingled  shouts  of  V?w  te  Due 
d'Orîéfinsf    Vice  Laffitttf 

Such  WB5  the  port  of  tho  bourgcoiàc  in  the  revolution,  but  the 
sanction  of  ihc  Hôtel  do  Ville  was  stjll  wanting  to  the  new  dynasty. 
Tlio  Dae  d'Ork'ans  and  the  deputies  set  out  for  tho  Place  do  Grève. 
'XTio  shouts  of  joy  and  triumph  were  numerous  cnouç^H  w  \\w!.^  \rô. 


L 


188  YISIT  OT  LICrr.-CEX.  TO  THE  HATEL  DE  VILLE. 

the  PalaU  RoyaL  The  Due  d'Orh^ns.  oa  horseback,  pteceded  M. 
Latfitte,  who  was  carried  on  a  chair  bv  Savoyards,  who  were 
obliged  to  walk  «!ow1t  ;  but  the  duke  stopped  ixom  time  to  time  for 
them.  and.  turning:  back  and  leaning  on  his  horse'?  croup,  he  talked 
to  M.  lAfficte  wit£  very  ostentatious  goodwill.  The  bourgeois  8ce- 
inp  this,  applauded.  *'  Things  are  jroing  on  well.*'  said  Lajfittc. 
"  Whv.  yes,"  replied  the  Due  d'Orleans.  "  they  don't  look  amiss." 
Oh.  tÉe  paltriness  ot'  pandcur  !  From  the  time  the  procession  hod 
pascd  the  Carrousel  the  accbmatïons  had  become  much  less  vehe- 
ment ;  and  as  it  proceeded  along  the  qua}*?  the  attitude  of  the  people 
became  more  and  m«?re  grave.  At  the  Pont  Xcuf  the  shouting 
ceased  altogether;  and  the  Pbce  de  Grvve  presented  a  startling  as- 
pect when  the  procession  reached  ir.  It  was  filled  with  a  great 
multitude,  and  every  countenance  wa?  louring.  It  was  alleged,  for 
certain,  that  men  were  p>.vtcil  in  the  ibrk  streets  opening  on  the 
Place  de  Grève  to  kill  the  Due  d'OrU-ans  on  his  way.  In  the  in- 
terior of  the  Hùtel  de  Ville  indÎLmation  was  at  its  height,  and  some 
important  persons  partook  in  it.  Doctor  Dckberge  having  brought 
word  that,  at  some  paces  from  that  spot,  a  iew  young  men  seemed 
disposed  to  bnve  every  thing,  and  that  the  fear  of  missing  their  aim 
and  injuring  Bcniamin  Constant.  I^itHtto.  and  some  beloved  citizens, 
was  hardlv  sufiicient  to  restrain  therc.  "  As  tor  me,"  cried  General 
L."?l>au.  with  soldior-liko  impetU'.'sity.  '*  I  want  to  have  no  more  to 
do  with  this  one  tlian  with  the  others.  He  is  a  Bourb'."'n.''  It  is 
certain  that  the  in\-iLiti«^n  adriressed  on  the  pDxtnlini:  day  to  the 
Du-:  ■VOr'ltti:'.'.  b-.-  :"•.■>  .Iotiu:-.:-.  !:.:■!  lXv*::':-;.  lvc:i  ;ii:i?:'.:r  the  mem- 
l-.rs  ■::  :"..■?  ny.Lii:.:irai  c.  :u:n:??*.  n.  rv./r.  irrxT^-:  àiNravliiaction.  thut 
M  OL'.. n  Rirr.  :  r.-.i  v.:?:  Kvn  ■l:n;v:-;-<.I  t :■  ir-  .îr.i  r.ioe:  :';■.■:■  prince 
jin-^  r-7cv.-r.:  :.:■■  C'T.iir.c-  Sm-.'':-.  w.^<  :?.■.■  :a:;_"".-.'  'i.;nl-.r-::jr.e  bvvvorv 
c-o  in  ::v:iO  <^ys  ■:{  C'""si::v.i::::  c.v.TTi-.n.  i.vii  ho  :•  i.1  ^îkvp  on  a 
?:.".'.  r--^:  --vr.-l-:  :'>.-.-  -.v.;ro  In-JT-r.^  ;■.::::  u  '.■->•:.  T.ioy  \v.:>k'.-  him 
a.n-1  •-■■  ?*.'  ■;■.::.  \Vj.::  w.-i:!  •  \  w--  h:-  :i  :*■.■:  r'.-^.:'.:  :  ir.AZ  in:??ion 
I.J  i  ::  l>.-»:n  :•...::.,■  l?  Iv.::  :ho  Dv.j  t.rOT.-.;ir.?  «.■:;  iiir/ii-lv  •  n  liis 
wjv.  ill  1  t-Vt/T'  :;■.:?._'  wi?  :  •  ■:.. *.•■,"■':     ::  :'•.-■'  rt.->"  '.:  i  "-.■•  '«vi.-  .ib-.'Ui 

y-  î^r.j  r.ijn  '.-.-.i  --vrri  :  ■  i::i":-  !j:o  l.'.iv.  :1»  r: .■•:.■. n.:  :.■.■  *•::  :■•;■:  in 
t..-;  .T'  ^'  ------     T;.-  ■:•  *:  j:i  ■v^-.i-  :'r.;-:r.'.vi-.  :  r  '.v'-.i;::  ;/.-.'  v  -rj  man 

'-•-'.      U   •  '.    \    \....  ^r.  I  ::   j  ■,:-.■•    >:'::.■  r.',y  '  ■.:   :•:    -    Wj^  v-Ai 


VIVE  LE  1>UC  D'OJtLfcANS  î 


idd 


ncBs  t>f  a  gentleman  delighted  to  do  the  honours  of  9.  wholly  popular 
Bovcrelgnty  (o  a  priiicfi.  ITiey  went  in  together  to  the  great  hall, 
where  the  stafi"  was  asenmhled.  Some  pupils  of  the  Ecole  Poly^ 
tethatquc  were  in  atteudanceT  with  their  heads  erect  and  their 
e words  bare.  A  euïlen  grid'  was  depicted  in  the  faces  ot  the  reccint 
combatants,  Bome  ol'  wnoDi  alied  tears.  M.  Laffitte^  as  president, 
should  hùve  ïcad  the  declaration  ol'  the  ehamWr,  but  one  of  the 
deputies  who  accompanied  him  stopping  forward  look  the  paper  out 
of  lii»  hunJs  to  read  it.  At  the  moment  when  the  deputy  pro- 
nounced these  wowU,  '*  Trial  by  Jury  for  oftcnces  of  the  press,"  the 
Due  d'Orléans,  leaninrr  towards  M.  de  Lalàyette,  said,  goodhu- 
raouredly,  "There  ^vill  be  no  more  offences  of  tho  press/'  The 
hanmgue  being  ended,  he  laid  lus  hand  on  Ids  heart  ami  replied  in 
these  tttubiguous,  and,  under  the  eireumatunces,  curious  words,  "As 
a  Frenchman  1  deplore  tho  evil  done  to  tho  country,  and  tlie  blood 
that  1ms  been  shed.  As  a  prince  I  am  happy  in  contiibuting  to  the 
huppiness  of  the  nation-"  The  dt^puties  applaade<l;  the  master»  of 
the  Hôtel  de  Ville  thiillod  with  indignation.  General  Dubourg 
Dow  advanced^  aad  stretehitiïÇ  oui  his  liand  towards  tho  gquarc  Kllcn 
^vilh  armed  mcu,  he  said,  *"  You  know  our  riçhts,  should  you  forget 
tliem  wc  will  remind  you  of  them,"  Imboldcued  by  the  good  will 
of  Lafayette  the  Due  d'Orléans  replied  with  suitable  lii'mness,  and 
Uke  a  loan  justly  indij^nant  at  having  his  patiiotism  called  in  ques- 
tion. Nevertheless  tlie  prince  wïis  not  perlectly  reassured  on  quit- 
ting the  Hotel  de  Viilc.  Finding  himself  tor  gome  minutes  sepa- 
ra,tod  fromhis  suite,  and  seeinc^  near  biui  only  a  young  man  on 
bontebaek,  M.  Lapercho,  who  st^emed  not  unknown  to  the  combat- 
ants, he  motioned  to  him  to  approach  and  ride  by  his  àdc.  What 
could  be  fear?  Tlie  tiling  was  done,  the  revolution  had  just  been 
wound  up,  A  trieolourcd  IW  liad  been  brought;  the  Due  d'Or- 
léa)!»  ttud  M.  lie  Lalayelte  Imd  appeared  together  at  the  window  of 
t}ie  Hôtel  de  Ville  with  that  magic  banner.  Till  then  the  cry  had 
l«»en  only  Viiv  Lafaydte!  Wheu  the  general  liad  embraced  the 
duke,  ^7t!e  le  Duc  d'Ofléaiis!  wm  bkewis;  shouted.  The  people's 
port  was  ended,  the  relgu  of  the  bourj^eoisic  was  begrun. 

That  very  dayt  and  at  no  j^rcat  dietance  from  the  Hotel  de  Ville^ 
a  boat  moored  dose  under  the  Morgue,  and  bearing  a  bhick  flag, 
meivcd  the  corpses  carried  down  toll  on  liand-barrows.  'JTiey  were 
piled  in  lairs  with  straw  between  them  :  and  the  multitude  ranged 
along  the  parapets  of  the  Seine,  looked  on  in  silence. 

The  lieutenant-general  of  the  kingdom  returned  to  big  palace  by 
ono  route,  and  M.  Luilitte  to  bis  hûtA;!  by  another. 

M.  Laditte  has  since  i-elated»  that  on  returning  from  the  PUce  do 
Grève  be  experienced  a  great  aiukiug  of  tlic  heart,  and  as  it  were  n 
eonfuâed  regret  at  ihc  events  of  the  day.  There  are  men  who 
cjcpend  a  great  de«l  of  power  to  arrive  at  a  worthless  result;  when 
their  work  is  finitJied  it  humibutes  ibeui  ;  and  mii^iug  tlie  excitement 
of  the  struggle  they  remain  struck  with   the  puerility  of  thck 


i 


190 


dlABACTER  OP  LAPATETTE. 


triumph.  A  Ming  of  tlûa  kind  muât  liave  taken  tol*l  of  M.  Laffitttf, 
if,  wliile  kbourijigr  for  the  crcalioû  of  a  nev  dyoMty,  he  had  beiieved 
in  good  iaitli  that  he  wbs  about  1o  giirc  new  tbundationB  to  eociety. 
But  if  on  the  other  hand  his  only  aim  had  been  to  Eccure  the  middle 
cUsa  in  the  possession  of  paramount  power,  it  was  wrong  in  him  to 
repent,  even  vaguely,  of  wK;it  he  had  done,  for  he  had  succeeded; 
and  thanks  to  uiin^  the  aiiciert  rf'ffime  ha'tojig  been  dissolvcdi  and 
deuiociacy  put  down,  the  lourgeota  rerolution  of  I7âfi  wae  about  to 
xienimo  its  courae. 

Aè  for  M.  dc  Loikyctte  he  mi^ht  have  done  Any  thing  in  thoM 
dftySf  and  ho  did  nathing.  His  ATrtuo  was  pre-cimiicnt  and  Ihtali 
hjr  creating  for  him  an  influence  more  than  conimensurftte  with  hiji 
CKpftcâty,  it  served  but  to  annul  in  his  hand^  u  powvi',  tlmt,  wi<^ldod 
by  a  gtronper  arm»  would  have  shaped  other  deetinics  Ibr  France, 
Lafayette  had,  notwithstanding^,  not  many  of  the  qualities  ossontial  to 
ouinmand.  liisrannnc^rs  as  w<ul  bA  his  language  exhibited  a  nngular 
mixture  of  fine  pollàh  and  good-natured  Pimplidtv,  of  suavity  and 
strictness  i>f  dignity  without  liauphtineas,  and  iWiliarity  without 
meaitncss.  In  tlie  eyes  of  the  one  party  he  had  remained  the  grand 
«fri^ntUTy  though  ho  had  mingled  ymùi  the  multitude  ;  in  those  of  the 
other  he  was  a  man  of  the  people  born,  notwithstanding  lii»  noble 
lineage:  it  was  liis  happy  pmiaiege  to  retain  all  the  odrantagcfl  of 
liigh  birth,  and  to  be  ireely  forgiven  his  superiority.  Add  to  this, 
thlU  he  poSBeseed  at  once  the  penetration  of  scepticism  and  the  warmth 
of  A  b^ieving  eoul^  that  iâ  the  twofold  power  of  ^lersunding  and  re- 
Btoumng.  In  the  meetings  of  the  charbormiers  he  could  apeak  with 
fie^  force  :  in  the  chamber  he  ^7aa  an  agreeable  and  ingcnioiu 
talker.  What  then  wa^  wanting  to  lilm?  Gçoîu?,  and  more  th«D 
that,  will.  Lafayette's  will  was  never  strongly  bent  on  any  thing, 
liecauee  not  being  able  to  guide  events  he  woidd  have  been  mor* 
tified  at  seeing  tiiein  gtiidcd  by  others.  In  tliis  respect  he  waa 
afraid  of  ercry  body^  but  tno«l  of  liimself-  Power  cnchantod  and 
frig;ht«Twd  him;  h«  would  iiavc  braved  it^  dangers,  but  he  shrank 
from  its  perplexitîefl.  Full  of  courage,  he  wa^  absolutely  deetitute 
of  daring  :  capable  of  nobly  suflerJng  violence,  but  not  of  employing 
it  with  advantngo,  the  only  hcftd  he  would  have  given  without  dis- 
nj&y  to  the  executioner,  was  his  own. 

As  long  as  a  government  of  transition  had  been  in  question  he  had 
been  adequate  to  it,  and  even  delighted  with  it.  Surrounded,  at  the 
Hotel  dc  Ville,  by  a  little  court,  thebuxzing  of  which  was  pleasant  to 
Ida  ear,  he  tarjoyed,  with  eomowhat  childjah  simplîcitv,  the  noisy 
veneration  bestowed  on  bis  old  age.  In  that  cabinet,  which  was  the 
focus  of  ncwa  from  all  point*,  whence  proclamations  Jssliod  every 
moment, where  the  buRincssof  ffovemnicntconaiHted  in  signing  ones 
name,  there  was  much  ado  and  little  done, — a  condition  of  thing!) 
tjix^codingly  congenial  to  weak  mind:?,  because  improductive  bosUing 
help»  them  to  conceal  from  themsoWes  their  dread  of  all  that  bean 
the  stamp  of  decision.     That  dfttul  actuated  Lafayette  in  the  ^ 


I 

■ 
I 


I 


tAFATETTE  OYEBBEACHED  BY  THE  1ÎC0  D'OSLEAÎfB.      191 

degree,  luul  it  woa  numifcat  in  liim  >9lien  tiie  timo  oamo  in  >rbicU 
he  ahoiUd  declare  Mmself  tHJSitively.  To  the  dlaûKer  oldûing  whftt 
lie  wiiifaed,  he  preiemcd  that  of  d'oiug  -what  he  did  not  wish.  A 
crown  was  placed  before  luni;  he  did  uol  refuse  it,  he  did  not  give 
itftwiij;  he  let  it  be  takctt. 

Koycrthelesa,  it  was  not  without  somo  alarm  he  recollected  the 
promieea  with  which  He  had  ilattered  his  young^  I'rienda:  he  antici- 
pated thciT  reproachea.  Would  tliey  not  accuse  him  oi'  having 
betrftTcd  the  cause  of  the  revolution  ?  And  he  who,  as  a  charborumr, 
had  decWed  himself  the  implacable  enemy  of  monarchy  ;  he  who  had 
BO  onetgeticflJly  protected»  in  the  secret  mcetiu*,^  itnder  Uie  Kesiort- 
tion,  a^inat  the  candidature  of  the  Due  d'Orléans,  supported,  it  waa 
said,  by  Manuel, — what  answer  should  he  ffîvc  to  the  men  who  had 
iollowed  hîâ  banner,  when  they  ahould  call  him  to  account  for  tho 
revolution  stifled  in  ita  cradle,  lor  their  illusions  destroyed,  their 
blood  died  in  tlic  hope  of  far  other  rcsuita?  Tonnentcd  by  these 
perplexities,  and  trembling-  for  his  popularity,  he  rcsolred  to  attenuate 
by  tardy  eon^tioûâ  the  inunenaity  of  the  conecaeion  he  liad  made.  A 
scheme  to  that  end  waa  drawn  up  by  him  in  concert  with  MM.  Jou- 
bert  and  Marchais.  'ITie  true  history  of  thia  document,  wliieh  waa 
afterwards  the  subject  of  so  many  controvenacs,  is  a^  iuUows: 

Alter  a  tolerably  close  and  thorough  discusaionj,  a  paper  was  drawn 
up  at  tiie  Hôtel  de  Ville,  coniaioing  the  substance  of  the  conditiona 
on  which  M.  de  Lafayette  cou&ented  to  humble  himseli"  beneatli  the 
power  of  a  king. 

Furnished  with  this  paper,  which  might  have  changed  tlic  des- 
tïûea  of  a  nation,  Lafayette  repaired  to  the  {"akia  lioyal  with  the 
Ûtantion  of  obtainin)?  the  signature  of  the  Duo  d'Orltana  (o  the 
contract.  But  the  prince  f>topped  forward  to  meet  him  the  moment 
hn  entered,  and  acc^^cd  him  with  honcïyed  wonb,  'Iliey  talked  of 
a  republic^  and  of  that  of  the  United  Stotcs,  M.  de  Laiiiyetto  d&- 
clanng  that  it  pocEcssed  his  entire  s3rmpathy,  and  the  <lukc  ausgest- 
ing  doabta  as  to  the  poesibility  of  applying  American  tlieonea  to 
Euch  a  country  aa  France.  The  prince,  nefverthelcas,  did  not  deny 
that  he  was  a  republican  at  heart,  and  he  coincided  with  Latayette 
in  thtnkiner  that  tha  throne  France  required  *' waa  a  throne  sur- 
rounded witli  republican  institutions."*  Lafayette  was  so  enchanted 
with  thcK  declarations,  that  lie  did  ûot  even  think  of  showing  tho 
paper  he  had  brought  with  hira.  The  word  of  a  gentleman  sppteared 
to  mm  a  stronger  guarantee  tlian  a  signature^   which  he  could    not 

I  hare  uked  tor  without  evincing  an  oflensive  distruct  of  the  duke. 
At  a  aubaequent  period,  ho  said  to  Armand  Carreh  on  the  latier's 
: 


bitterly  reproaching  him  for  his  conduct  in  thii  famous  interview, 
"  Well,  well,  it  can't  bo  helped;  but  at  tiiat  time  I  tliought  him  * 
plain,  honest  fellow."     {Jt  ie  crovait  htni  et  bête.) 

Another  fact  must  not  Imî  overlooked, — namcly,*that  politital  opi- 
nion had  received  «  very  bad  education  imder  the  Rcatoration.  A 
republican  throuc  waa  the  last  chimera  cngcaJcred  by  tho  dcâie  of 


the 

I 


]  &2     OltCEANnSTS  SET  OM  TnE  MOB  AOAIKST  HEPUBLICANS. 

ehange;  and  It  must  be  added,  that  it  captivated  the  minds  even  i 
some  reflecting  menî  ior  when  the  old  Abbt  Grégoire,  vho 
then  residing  at  Pasay,  hoard  from  M.  Civiale  the  news  of  the  revo- 
lution of  Juljf  and  of  its  intondcd  couciufion,  he  clftsped  his  liAXids, 
and  exclaimed,  with  fervent  enlhuEiasm,  "  My  God  !  tmà  ia  it  tniol" 
and  are  we,  indeed,  to  have  at  the  same  tirae  a  repuhiic  and  a  king?^ 

Men  of  gvperior  intclligenco  could  li^rdiy  share  in  Ùiu-  pneril 
ecstapy,  and  notldng  more  plainly  phowcd  this  than  an  ejtperiineii 
tricil  fit  that  time  on  Laliyetle  by  BâzAi-.  Ilm  latter  was  a  man  i 
bold  and  vii^oi-ous  mind  :  deeply  read  in  lite  works  of  Si.  Simc 
he  had  imbibed  from  the  writmgs  of  that  aîis'tocrâtjc  innovator  . 
impatient  and  greedy  desire  for  reform.  On  hein^  admitted  to  La- 
JayettCj  he  laid  before  him  hia  own  ideas,  which  aimed  at  noliiing 
short  of  tmsettling  the  very  foimdations  of  society.  "  The  oppor- 
tunity  ia  a  fine  one,"  he  said  to  him;  *'  fortune  bus  anned  you  with 
omnipotence.  What  impedes  you?  Be  yourscli'  the  power  of  the 
state,  and  bo  the  instrument  of  regeneratintr  France.'^  I^afaye' 
listened  with  inexprcfsible  amazement  to  this  man,  bis  junior 
yearSj  but  one  whose  intellectual  superiority  overawed  1dm.  Nc 
had  such  danng  words  entered  his  ears;  never  liad  he  been,  carrii 
by  any  guide  so  deep  into  the  profundities  of  thought.  But  it  wm 
soon  for  a  social  renovation,  and  M.  de  Laiayette,  who  hardly 
ndcrstood  its  necessity^  was  not  the  man  to  encounter  its  hazards. 
Phis  conversation  was  the  only  effort  of  a  really  philosophical  com- 
plexion that  isKuo<l  from  the  convulsion  of  July,  and  it  was  dooi 
to  fail,  like  every  thing  that  comes  before  its  tunc. 

The  government  of  the  bourgeoisie  \vaa  almost  constituted; 
h  had  yet  to  do  was  to  beget  for  itself  a  popularity  that  shoui 
enable  it  to  resist  the  perils  of  a  ûrat  cstabliabment.  Em; 
were  sent  out  through  the  most  populous  quarters.  They  mi; 
in  every  group,  and  mth  all  the  assurance  wliich  a  commenc-eiuci 
of  prosperity  Wtowa,  and  which  always  imposée  on  the  nmitjtud<^ 
they  boosted  of  the  courage  of  the  Due  d^Orléana,  bis  patriotism, 
his  virtues;  and  identifying  the  cause  of  the  revolution  itself  widi 
his,  diey  denounced  all  who  dared  to  utter  a  wortl  agaiikst  ihç 
prince  as  agents  of  the  expeUed  dymiEty.  Bills  were  poon  posted 
up  all  over  the  town,  displaying  these  lying  words:  "The  Dtc 
D'OiiLk.vKs  IS  xoT  A  Bourhos;  he  ]fl  A  Valois."  Republican 
manifealoea  had  appeared;  diey  were  indignantly  torn  down,  and 
their  authors  were  represented  aa  men  who  thirsted  for  pilUge.  *'  To 
the  7^n1une!  to  the  TnhuTte!"  cried  some  voices,  and  a  knot  of 
men  in  rag?  rushed  to  the  oflSice  of  the  republican  journal:  ihey 
broke  into  the  editors^  room,  and  levelled  their  muskets  at  t 
writers  of  the  caper.  The  intiepidity  «f  these  young  men  «avi 
tliem.  ITic  chief  editor^  Auguste  Forbe,  ftandiug  calrnly  befo 
the  frfthtic  men,  whose  bayonets  almost  touehed  his  breasl,  kei 
them  iu  uwe  by  the  dignity  of  his  bearing  and  the  menacing  fii 
nesa  of  his  language.    His  coolnesa  uud  presence  yf  mind  guiiwd 


J 


i 


VISIT  OP  BOME  REPUBLICANB  TO  THE  DUC  D'OBT^ÈANS.    193 

liiQe  for  a  fricml  to  run  for  aid  to  ihc  ^mardhouse  of  the  Petits 
Feras:  bot  tKe  square  was  fiUtid  with  a  dense  multitude^  and  fome 
nûaçreaats  ehouicd,  in  order  to  excite  the  people,  "  Out  witli  tlicm 
hen,  tliese  lepubUcanB  !  out  with  them  lawc,  till  we  shoot  tlicni  !" 
It  was  with  H>mc  difficuliy  the  youtig-  men  were  saved.  M.  de  La- 
fcyette^  hearing  of  what  was  going  on,  caused  the  s^uoro  to  bo 

The  Due  d'Oiléon?  had  escaped  at  die  HuteJ  de  Ville  from  the 
peatest  danger  he  coiild  cDcounter:  he  had  stood  face  to  faee  with 
nia  mtxt  formidable  enemies,  llien^  and  not  tilli  then,  he  lutd  f^itii 
iû  himseli,  and  in  the  proppectfi  of  hi^  nice.  An  liour  luid  siiflieed 
to  ppore  to  him  that  the  most  impetiioua  mea  would,  ere  loiiff,  ex- 
kuel  thejjiselTCS  hy  their  own  Tiolence;  thnt  baseness,  whîeb  has 
ia  coQta^on  no  Icds  than  heroism,  would  dtivc  tlic  ambi^ouâ  ftûd 
the  aocpucal  to  him  in  shoalg;  that  the  multitude,  in  its  unccTbùxkty 
nd  ignorance,  was  quite  ready  for  eervîtude  under  new  itame&;  and 
iKtly,  that  he  could  count  on  the  public  imbecility.  Besides,  M,  dc 
L»&jette  It&J  communicated  to  him,  by  one  embiace,  idl  the  power 
of  AD  honoured  name,  and  of  a  popuhirity  unequalled.  He  had 
kH  8ome  precautions  to  take  as  regarded  Charles  X,  ;  but  he  felt 
tUt  he  had  nothing  more  to  ieav  from  the  republican  paitj. 

Acooniin^ly  the  evening  of  that  memorable  day  was  marked  by 
tflocne  the  mmutest  details  of  which  are  deserving  of  record.  M. 
Thiers  sent  word  to  sortie  young  men  who  eombined  great  personal 
bitvery  with  prompt  and  vivid  intellectual  powers,  that  the  licutc- 
nint-gencral  of  the  kingdom  desired  an  interview  witli  tlicm.  They 
net,  therefore,  in  the  office  of  the  Natiottal,  and  M.  Thiera  left  no 
ut  untried  to  make  tliosc  souls  of  proof  bend  and  accoruJDiodatc 
dtenwclves  to  a  revolution  of  palHce-make.  He  even,  dared  to  say, 
pOÎBtînfr  to  M.  Thomas,  ITterc  is  a  handsome  cohnei:  but  all  there 
aôimaûoiis,  the  suggestions  of  a  vulgar  cunning,  were  rcpulfed  with 
dîadiain. 

The  p«rty  proceeded  to  the  Palais  Royal.  The  viâters  were 
30{.  Boinvillicrs,  Godofroi  Cavaignqc,  Giiinard,  Baftide^  Thomas, 
ud  ChcvaHon:  they  were  introduced  by  M.  Thiers.  Hie-y  waited 
«long  while  in  the  grciU  hall  between  the  two  courts  of  the  Palaîfl 
fiovfti,  and  tlioy  were  beginning  to  give  angry  expression  to  their 
impatience  when  tlic  lieutenant-general  eutercJ  with  a  ^aeious  air 
and  a  «mile  on  his  hps.  The  scene  took  place  by  candlelight.  The 
duke  politely  expressed  the  pleafure  he  felt  at  receiving  tneee_  gcû- 
llftmcn,  but  his  looka  seemed  to  question  tliom  as  to  tne  motive  of 
ihear  visit.  They  were  aetonished  at  dûs,  una  M.  Iii>invilliera 
{Kâaied  out  the  person  who  had  invited  them  in  the  lieutt'nant-ge- 
nerarts  name.  M.  Thiers  appeared  slightly  citibaiTaesod ,  and  the 
dokc  made  an  equivocal  reply,  Thc«;  trides  aerved  as  a  prelude  to 
a icnoiu  conversation. 

"  To-morrow,"  said  M.  Boinviliicrs  to  the  prince;  "  to-mom)W  you 
inll  be  king,"  i^ 

o 


IM 


&TftA>'OE  tilALOGr*.'' 


The  Due  d'OHéans  made  uhnoet  a  gesture  of  increJulitj.  Ue 
aùd  lie  had  ikot  fi«pitcd  to  tlio  crown,  and  diat  he  did  not  deabe  it, 
though  many  pf?rs'>nj  pressed  him  to  acoept  it. 

"  But,  after  all, '^  continued  B<Miivillieïï,  "  supposmp  yon  hecorne 
icing,  what  ia  tout  opinion  as  to  the  tmats»  of  1815  ?  It  h  not  a 
iSjerûl  revolution,  you  will  observe,  that  has  l>eeQ  made  in  the 
etrcfts  ;  it  13  a  national  revolution.  The  si"ht  of  the  tricolour  flag 
iru  what  stiircd  np  the  people,  and  it  vomd  certamly  be  easier  ta 
pudi  Paria  towards  the  Rhine  tlian  upon  St.  Cloud." 

Tlie  Dnc  d'Orléans  tepîied,  that  he  was  no  paitùan  of  the  tmoea 
of  1816  ;  but  that  it  was  important  to  obeerre  a  ^rcrj  wary  discr^ 
tion  in  presence  of  foreign  powers,  and  that  there  were  Bc^ntitneJitt 
^hich  it  waa  not  expedient  to  utter  ttloud. 

Th«  eeoond  ([ucstion  M.  Boinvillicrs  put  to  him  related  to  the 
peera^. 

*'  The  peerage,"  ewd  Boinvillicrs,  *'  has  no  longer  any  root»  in 
tociety.  The  Codo,  by  parcelling  out  patrimonie-s,  baa  extintjuishtsd 
the  pecrace  in  the  germ  -,  and  the  principle  of  herediury  nobility  haft 
now  had  Jts  day.'* 

The  duke  arake  in  defence  of  an  hereditary  peerage,  but  languidly. 
He  conndeiioa  it  as  formin?  the  basis  of  a  good  sjstcm  of  political 
;]^iianm[toQS..  **  After  all,''  ne  ^d,  "  it  is  a  question  open  to  cxatni- 
nation,  and  if  the  hereditary  poeragf!  eannot  stand,  /  am  not  the  nmm 
who  viU  Imàld  it  up  at  my  oum  fjjtaiK."  The  duke  then  spoke  of 
the  royal  courts,  and  of  the  necessity  of  leaving  their  or^anizatioit 
untouched,  at  the  same  time  mcndomng  the  lawsuits  he  had  lost; 
fce  then  spoke  his  mind  vciy  decidedly  agwnst  a  republic^  arowing 
that  he  Iiad  been  a  republican  ;  hut  declanng  his  condemnation  of 
the  syptom,  particularly  Jis  applied  to  I'rance. 

"  ^lonsK-igneur,"  said  M.  I5astidc,  with  almost  iromcal  Jtmooth* 
**  for  the  take  of  the  crown  itself  you  ought  to  convoke  tho 
^prima^y  asscmhïicii," 

TTie  prince  withdraw  the  hand  tliat  rested  negligently  on  M.  6a»* 
tide's  arm,  fell  back  two  steps,  changed  countenance,  and  br^akiag^ 
out  into  a  rapid  jiow  of  words  he  dikteil  on  the  revolution,  <m  iti 
^exceafcs,  on  the  many  disoijil  pages  to  be  contrasted  with  a  few 
clorions  ones;  and  he  pointed  to  two  pictures  of  the  battlca  of  Jem- 
luap.'s  and  Vulniy.  He  then  went  on  to  attack  in  very  explicit 
ttnns  the  systcm  pursued  by  the  Convention,  when  M.  Godulrot 
Oavuignac  Wnding  on  him  a  axed  and  stern  look,  that  abashed  tbo 
i\  oxclnimed  roughly,  **  Do  you  forget^  Monaiour;  that  loV 

her  was  a  member  of  the  Convention?" — •"•  So  yfaê  miike,  Mo£ 
liour,"  replied  the  I>uc  d'Orléans,  *'  and  I  never  knew  a  more  pb* 
ftpectablu  man."  The  bystanders  gave  iittcnlive  eat  to  this  altcrca* 
tion  between  two  *ot»  ofrefricideg.  The  Due  d'Orléans  complaiiicd 
of  t!ic  calumnies  propagated  against  his  family,  and  M,  BoinvilEeia 

WOI 


itjttff  ejçprewed  hJB  a^tprehcnaion  that  th«  CurlieUand  the  dcrey 
i>ula  be  lound  besetung  the  avcnuea  to  the  pakce,  "  Oh!  u  £a 


J 


TS&rFS  Ol^  OHAKAOTKK.  135 

them,**  said  the  duke,  encrgcticaDy,  "  they  have  struck  too  roughly 
at  my  house;  there  is  an  eternal  barrier  between  up'*  Then  carried 
awa/  by  the  Illusive  force  of  hia  own  worcls,  and  qnito  forgetting  hia 
interview  with  M.  de  Mortcmart,  he  talked  of  a  nvalry,  a  long  and 
terribk-  rividir.  **  You  know  the  nature  of  family  quarrclo?  Well, 
that  which  fluhfflBte  between  the  elder  and  the  youn^t  branch  of  the 
Bourbons  is  not  of  yesterday's  datej  it  goes  beek  to  Philip,  tlio 
brother  of  Louia  XIV.''  He  then  culogieed  the  regent  :  the  regent 
had  been  horribly  calumniated;  people  nad  not  been  aware  ofailtho 
services  he  intended  and  was  able  to  render;  many  blunders  bad 
been  tmjustly  impvted  to  liim,  Sec.  &c.  He  ionclteil  on  many  other 
Bubjcct.3  besides,  expressing  himself  on  every  topie  lengthily^  widi- 
out  brilhancy,  without  depth,  but  not  without  maturity  oi'  views» 
and  with  a  remukable  facility  of  elocution.  PerhajMi  in  to  doine  he 
gave  way  to  an  iinpuLse  of  vanity;  perhaps  too  ho  wan  glad  ol  as 
opportunity  oi'  diowjng  how  his  e*UicalJon  had  diifotod  from  that  of 
otbcT  princes  :  in  this  however  he  ehowed  less  tact  than  M.  de  Tal- 
leyrand, who  was  given  cralit  for  genius  by  all  Europe,  because  ho 
had  passed  half  his  life  in  uttering  monoeyUablcs,  and  the  other  half 
in  saving  nothing. 

When  the  itpublicana  were  about  to  take  their  leave,  the  Duo  ! 
d*Ot\6i\b&  said  to  them  in  an  engaging,'  tone^  '*  You  will  come  again.  I 
to  me:  you  will  eeeT*  And  tiie  word  wrï^^*  having  struck  his  car» 
*'  You  must  nB\'er  pronounce  that  word/'  he  said,  quoting  a  vulgar 
aphoriam^  and  Uko  a  man  who  had  little  làith  in  intractable  cotL- 
vic  lions. 

The  young  men,  who  liad  fought  sde  by  mde  witli  the  people  ia 
the  three  days,  withdrew  with  heavy  liearts.  "  Only  a  two  hundred 
a/td  tiOwnty-VHey"  said  M.  Bastidcj  as  he  left  the  palace. 


CHAPTER  Vni 


The  day  of  the  31st  was  decaaivc.     Tlic  revolution  betrayed  oa 
the  one  luind,  dcfiorted  on  the  other,  had  sent  faith  from  ite  own 
bosom  apowcr  strong  enough  to  destroy  it.  The  mimit-ipal  oommis^ion, 
luvwevcTt  wa^  still  funding;  but  one  would  have  said  it  was  impatient 
to  dissolve.     One  only  ol'  the  members  compoûng  it,  Af.  Miiuguinj 
expressed  himself  strongly  on  the  neccieity  o4  contmning  the  popular  ' 
gDvcmment  of  the  Hôtel  de  Ville.  The  coun^eousand  loyal  Audry 
d«  Puyraveau  waa  on  thia  ooosion  insnarcd  by  hie  own  disinteroât- 
«dncn.       **  We  mu^t  not  suffer  a  pretext  to  exist  for  nccurino;  nà. 
of  ambiUon/'  was  hia  constant  cry,   and  he  joined  with  M^l.  da 
£^onon  and  Lobau  in  bre^kin^  tlic  only  instrument  of  reeistADcO' 
the  Due  d^Orleans  had  thenoeibrth  reason  to  fc^.  V  j 

O  2 


TfevertJjelcas,  before  declaring  itself  cxtîrtctt  the  mtinïcîpftl  com- 
Ltoûsaiûn  (lçemc*l  it  its  duty  to  proride  for  tlie  public  admiriiPtraùon^ 
[«ad,  it  drew  tip  the  following  list: 

"  The  nniiJemBnied  sre  appalnted  {t^roTialonal  coramisaionen: — MM.  Dupoat  {ft 
I  J'Eurc),  of  jurtlw;  hi  Huron  Lnuifi,  of  flnanc*;  ie  G^nériiî  Ot-rarri,  of  war;  de 
[  ^igny,  of  nnvftl  affiUnj  Bipion,  of  foreign  ^nirg;  Guiiot,  of  public  instruction," 

Caànùr  Périer  hnvîng  entered  the  hall,  the  ministry  of  the  in- 

J  .lerior  ipslS    offered  bim  by  M.  Maugiiin,      The  unexpected  oflfèt 

I 'perplexed  him^  and  he  atammcred  out  his  acceptances  but  an  hour 

I  Sfteiwards  he  was  with  M.  Bonnelier,  the  secretary  of  the  commis» 

IsROQ,  imploring  of  hia  generosity,  of  hia  pity  almost,  the  favour  of  an 

ytrrattan  iQ  the  Mcniteur,     He  represented  to  him  that  having  been 

[  J)ut  yesterday  the  minister  of  Chfirles  X.,  he  could  not  accent  olîice 

on  the  very  day  after  a  revolution  effected  against  Charîea  X.,  and 

tc  was  orerwhelnied  vfilb  despair  as  Jie  uttered  the  wotda.     Thva, 

this  man,  who  had  always  been  possessed  with  a  pridi?,  the  violence 

of  which  sometimes  amounted  to  madness,  was  suddenly  bocome 

humble  and  suppHant.      His  wishea  were  complied  mth;  but  his 

uneasiness  was  so  great,  that  he  went  that  evening  to  tbe  office  of 

the  Moniteur  to  Imve  ocular  assurance  of  the  omission  of  his  natnei 

for  which  that  of  M,  de  Broglie  was  substituted,     Casimir  Pérîer, 

bowever,  as  he  soon  proved,  was  not  the  man  to  repulse  the  ad- 

Lyancca  of  fortune:  but  it-  was  at  the  hands  of  a  prince,  a  new  comer 

the  revolution,  that  be  awaited  the  realisation  of  his  eecret  hope?. 

I<j\.rdent  and  pusillanimous,  the  cait^s  of  a  ooweiing  ambition  rack^f 

and  at  the  same  time  debased  his  soid.     Others  showed  mare  vigour 

[in  their  degradation,  and  at  least  niehod  with  head  erect  towards 

power  and  sfurltude. 

The  etilections  made  by  the  municipal  commission  were  ratified  at 

[tiie  Palais  Koyal;  but  outof  door^  ihey  were  variomly  animad verted 

inpon.     On  the  whole  it  wiis  thought  very  strange   that  a  power 

L  emanutin^  from  the  revolution  shtndd  Imvc  degignoted,  to  represent 

I  tliaC  rcvulution,  men  lite   the  Abbe*  Louis  and  M.  Guizot-     It  is 

I'  true,  that  during  the  thi-ee  days,  ihe  farmer  hud  put  himself  forwanl 

J  fit  M.  IjalTitte's  as  the  IttMuicior  of  the  revolution  with  an  unresen'cd 

Lfrcedom  that  was  not  without  courage:  he  had  talked  openly  of  cet- 

p|atn  measures  to  be  taken  for  raising  taxes  in  case  the  révolution 

nould  be  prolonged.     As  for  the  latter,  his  part  in  the  movement 

had  not  Ijcon  of  a  nature  t<j  justify  his  ambition.     At  any  rato  there 

[  .twas  something  odd  and  inexplic;ible  in  the  offiociation  of  these  two 

rmmcd  with  that  rif  Dupont  de  l'Eure,  so  well  known  for  his  struggles 

ftigainst  tlie  elder  branch,  of  the  Bourbons. 

r  Dupont  do  l'Eure  refused  at  first  to  take  office;  he  felt  no  taste 
aibrit,  and  his  modesty  made  him  fear  its  burden.  It  was  M.  Laf- 
[Ifitto  that  determined  bim.  Laffitte  had  long  beensubjugfltc-d  by  the 
[Due  d'Orléans,  hut  ho  had  become  more  strictly  devoted  to  bîm 
riincc  the  important  acrvicc  ho  had  rcudercd  bîm;  in  the  first  phico, 
itaause  he  hud  n^cd  of  exalting  himself  as  much  bb  possible  in  the 


I 

■ 

I 


DUPONT  DE  L'£URE — GIOZOT- 


197 


person  ofHs  ToysX  protégt^;  and  aiterwanla,  because  it  is  one  of  the 
artifices  of  oiir  vanity  to  attach  ua  to  those  who  owe  us  much  in  this 
very  ratio  of  the  service  we  render  them.  But  as  in  M,  X^fHtte'ft 
mexïtiil  constitution  an  extreme  subtlety  of  mind.  scr\"ed  as  the  na- 
tural j^ovision.  for  tempering  the  sensibility  of  a  very  susccptihlc 
heart,  he  was  won  witîioiU  being  quite  convinced,  and  deouycd  with- 
out Lcing  deceived.  He  &oua'ht,  therefore,  to  (brearm  himself 
agftinal  hi»  own  impuiâes,  by  calliuff  to  his  aide  a  man  whoso  friend- 
ship waa  courageous  and  austere.  Hg  coidd  not  have  made  a  better 
choice  than  in  selecting  Dupont  de  I'Kure;  the  more  so  as  m  the 
oyts  of  the  people  the  adlieàon  of  such  a  man  waa  a  guarantee 
in  favour  of  Lufiitte»  and  on  excuse,  whatever  mi^'ht  be  tlic  upjihot. 

Hence  tlic  pertinacity  with  wliich  he  pressed  Lis  fricaid  to  accept 
the  ininistry  of  justice.  He  suppUcfited  him,  graspinc  botli  his 
hands,  and  invoking  In.  support  ot  his  entreaties  every  tiling  capable 
of  moving  a  generous  natiu"c.  Xhiponl  de  I'Eiure  j-iclded  at  last, 
and  consented  to  be  presented  to  the  lieutenant-general,  whose  rc- 
Ceptioa  of  him  waa  lull  of  goodnature  nnd  cordiaUty.  The  new 
minister  began  by  expressing  his  distaste  for  the  practice  of  a  mini- 
sterial life;  lie  ^id  he  was  not  a  courtier,  and  tliat  his  habits  and 
sflêetiotu  were  republican.  The  prince  rephcd  that  there  would  he 
no  court,  and  that  for  his  own  part  he  regretted  that  he  could  not 
live  in  a  republican  country  like  America,  Dupont  do  l'Eure  ni&dc 
no  secret  of  his  apprehensions^  and  during  all  this  interview  hia 
llkiu^uage  was  that  oi'  a  free  man. 

But  what  fitting  pLiee  could  there  be  for  a  citizen  of  this  mould 
iu  u  new  monarchy,  and  among  jtarveiitts  making  their  incipiont 
essaya  in  Battery,  in  fine  manners,  and  in  intngne':'  Straight- 
forward judgment,  inexorable  comnion  sense,  a.  frank  demeanour, 
goodnoes  of  heart  blended  with  honoiirahîc  bluntnesa,  great  appli- 
cation to  busmesB— thcH.'  are  not  qualities  ^ulBeicnt  to  give  their 
poaaessor  Ae  miistety  over  tl*e  complieatiyng  limt  arise,  in  a  cor- 
rupt region  Ironi  the  clashing  oi'  interests  mid  the  play  of  the  pa&- 
aiona.  Dupont  de  I'Etire  took  otlice  wlih  i|ualitie8  similar  to  thoso 
of  Roland,  out  under  circumstances  much  more  unfavourable.  Now 
it  IS  well  known  lliat  Roland  could  not  make  himself  acceptable  to 
Louis  XVI.,  who  yet  wjis  well  qualified  to  appreciate  simple  ami 
modest  virtues. 

Anotlier  member  of  this  ministry  was  M.  Gnizot,  a  man  of  eotir 
and  liaughty  temper,  steeped  in  pride,  impassloued  under  an  outwaixl 
»pptfiT«nce  of  camiuess-  You  could  eafily  recognise  the  man  by  lii» 
noble  but  melancholy  forehead,  his  drily  cut  Upe»  his  cold  diadiunful 
emile,  and  a  certain  drooping  of  the  body,  the  index  of  a  troublcil 
soul.  Wo  liavc  since  seen  him  in  the  eliamber^,  his  bilious  and  worn 
fcHtnies  distinguishable  fur  oft'  from  thoec  around  him.  When  pro- 
voked by  his  advcrsiines  he  bent  upon  them  a  look  ot  piercing  acorn, 
»nd  erected  his  head  upon  his  bent  t'ramc  with  .ib  indescrihablc  expres- 
sion of  tiuger  and  irony.   His  peremptory  gesturee,  aïid  hia  dogmatic 


nm 


FLIGHT  fBQM  ST.  CtOUU, 


tone  (he  was  a  protestant  and  a  piofeswr),  gave  him  something  of 
the  fiir  of  cmc  who  was  not  to  be  put  donn;  but  hia  fumnoss  was  all 
apparent;  in  reiility  he  posscssea  no  actoviiy  of  mind  or  vigour 
of  will.  The  conastency  even  which  was  remarked  in  M-  Guizot*s 
wrilingâ  had  in  it  something  of  the  pertinacity  of  the  master,  who 
will  uot  condcficeud  to  contradict  Wimsolf  before  h^a  pupils.  He  waa 
thought  to  bo  cruel;  perhaps  he  was  so  only  in  his  speeches;  but  in 
the  refinement  of  his  pride,  he  waa  fond  of  compromiging  himself, 
and  wiiiist  he  wilfiilly  and  deeianc<lly  let  hia  virtues  be  overlooked, 
he  made  a  parade  of  vices  arwucially  put  on.  The  versatihly  of  his 
political  conduct  waa  no  secret  to  any  one  in  1830,  and  the  recollec- 
tion of  the  part  he  had  played  in  1815  had  made  him  tlie  object  of 
keen  attacks.  He  took  httle  heed  of  them:  fuilhful  in  friendship» 
that  none  might  have  cause  to  repent  of  liaving  trusted  in  his  for^ 
tunes,  he  hiid  always  affected  to  despise  hia  enemies  that  he  might 
not  be  auspected  of  fearing  them.  Ilia  talent  consisted,  in  veiling- 
under  the  solemn  pomp  with  which  he  enunciated  tliem,  a  greitt 
poverty  of  viewa,  and  sentiments  devoid  of  grandeur.  Hij  word 
neverthelcsa  liad  weight  ;  and  bis  (.lisinteieatedness,  the  grave  tenor 
of  his  lile,  hia  domestic  virtues,  and  the  austerity  of  Ins  monnciVr 
marked  him  out  from  the  frivolous  and  greedy  Bocicty  In  which, 
he  moved.  Add  to  tliis,  that  he  had  the  art,  hke  Casmilr  Pcrier, 
of  ennobling  mean  dosîn^as,  and  of  serving  whilst  appearing  to 
leifn. 

Piim  had  suddenly  clwmged  its  aspect:  the  shop»  opcmed  again, 

r  and  businefis  was  beginning  to  flow  baek  into  its  usual  channels-   One 

I  of  the  last  acta  of  the  municipal  eommission  was  to  postpone  for  ten 

the  falling  due  of  billa  of  exchange.     Tlio  suspension  of  all 

mercial  relations,  which  had  been  to  $onio  poreous  fin  actual  cause 

Lof  ruin,  "traa  to  othoM  a  pretext  for  dishonesty.     The  agitations  ^int 

I  ftffbct  society  always  tlirow  iip  f5ome  mud  to  tnc  surface. 

1      At  firo  o'clock  on  the  Slat  Charles  X.  arrived  at  Trianon:  the 

dauphin  hadn;mainedat  St.  Cloudy  which  he  did  not  leave  till  noon* 

f  But  before  ho  sot  out  he  wished  to  try  a  last  ctFort,     A  company 

Wa»  posted  atono  end  of  the  bridge  of  Sèvres,  and  several  mvslcct* 

shot  were  fired  from  the  opposite  end.    The  Due  dc  Levis  waa 

ordered  by  the  dauphin  to  go  to  the  troops  and  prevail  on  them  to 

\  make  resistjmce.      Tlie  chef  de  bataillon  %vho  conunonded  them  waa 

>  itwdsng  motioulcas  at  the  head  of  the  bridge,  with  his  arms  folded, 

Bkc  one  deep  in  tlious^ht.     The  duke  addressed  him:  it  wa«  to  ni> 

osQ.      The  daupiiin,  informed  of  this  scene,  gallops  up  antl 

^  OB  to  liarangue  the  troops.  Not  a  movement — not  a  cry.   r  ranUo 

_;  this  in<liflerence,  he  spurred  his  horse  towards  the  bridge;  but 

*eanc  that  he  was  not  followed,  ho  returned  to  St.  Cloud  with  feel- 

ÎDtfB  divided  between  rage  and  shame. 

The  company  whose  aeal  the  dauphin  had  thus  put  to  ibe  proof 
wa»  commanded  by  M.  Quartcry.  Hie  defection  put  the  people  in 
ponecàoa  of  a  piece  of  artillery  and  of  the  bridge  of  S&vre», 


I 
I 


I 
< 


DtSCOKTEST  or  THE  TEOOPS, 


IM 


,  ■  At  St,  Cloud  the  prince  gave  orders  for  the  depaiturc  So  much 
humiliatlou  had  left  ita  trace  upon  Lis  Icatuxes,  and  augmented  the 
confusioa  of"  hU  id(:4s.  Aa  lie  ptissed  aloni^  tlic  front  of  the  6tli 
giunk,  he  stopped  before  the  colond  aud  said,  "  Well,  the  3d  hag 
gone  over;  cwiyou  reckoii  on  yom  men?"  The  colonel  replied  with 
dignity  that  every  one  woidd  do  his  duty.  The  prince  proceeded 
some  paces  farther  without  utwring  a  word;  but  beeîng  a  soldier 
whoBe  stock  wiis  carelessly  fastened,  he  shouted  to  hiin,  "  Your  i^^tock 
Sb  very  badly  put  on."  There  was  an.  inToluntary  movement  of  in- 
dignation in  tlie  nmks:  the  soldiera  tould  judge  for  themselves  what 
alTUieee  ruleia  of  natioDS  are  wortli  on  cloâc  inspection. 

The  Bgofll  to  retreat  having  been  given,  the  artlllery  and  die  1st 
giiardfl  took  (he  roud  by  Villeneuve  l'Ëtong^j  whiLst  the  voltigeurs 
of  the  6th  eudea'TOured  to  check  with  their  fire  the  skirmishers  liiat 
pursued  them  up  the  grand  avenue  of  the  cliâteau.  This  precipitate 
night  without  striking'  &  blow  deeply  mortttiod  the  troo^  that  had 
zeuuànod  faithful.  Witli  all  their  respect  ibr  their  superiors,  the 
grenadiers  could  hardly  suppress  the  bitU-'ine^â  of  their  feelings,  and 
many  of  tlicm  ttirned  their  bearskin  caps  the  wrtmg  way,  as  if  to 
show  front,  ae  liir  ua  was  in  tiieir  power»  to  the  insurgents  that  pur- 
sued them,  Tlie  olticers  marched  with  downcast  ikcee,  and  many  of 
them  shed  tears. 

On  arriving  at  Versailles,  tlie  regiment*  were  huddled  together 
pell  meil,  partly  on  the  exercise  ground,  partly  on  a  plain  iu  fipont 
of  the  Grille  du  Dragou.  î^o  provident  measure  had  K^cn  taken, 
and  the  olBccrs  hud  much  difliculty  in  procuring  pTovisionâ  Lor  their 
Goidieis,  hajsaeed  in  mind  tmd  body,  borrow  was  by  this  time 
pawing  into  anger^  and  desertion  began.  TJie  bivouac  lasted  Eome 
hours,  as  yet  no  review  of  tJie  trot^pg  took  plaee:  the  men  muf- 
murod  in  iho  rankâ,  and.  a^ked  each  other  with  surprise  what  kept 
the  princes  away  from  ihoac  whom  their  prcstnce  would  have 
checifed  and  stimulated.  M.  de  Sala  and  another  uffîcer  of  the  £th 
ip^ards,  seeing  how  rapidly  discontent  wa^  becoming  general,  pro- 
ceeded to  tlie  gat«â  of  Irianon;  but  meeting  MM.  do  Ciuichc  and 
do  Veutaduur  on  the  way,  tliey  learned  ihat  the  mardi  was  to  be 
resumed.  Tlic  two  officers  loudly  complaiued  of  the  inconceivable 
eoniùûon  iu  which  the  royal  army  was  left.  "  No  one  commands," 
thej  8ud:  ***  at  the  very  moat  a  Lew  generaL-  come,  and  walk  about 
carêleaeiy  amougst  us,  with  oi^ulottcs  btuck  on  plain  eoate.  There 
ia  no  re^lar  allotment  oi'  duty;  no  attempt  is  juadc  to  rctsiir  tho 
blundei^  that  have  produced  univemd  discouragement.  What  is 
intended  to  be  done  with  die  army?  let  ua  be  told  pl^ly.  la  it 
not  time  that  court  doings  should  be  at  an  end,  and  that  camp 
doings  should  have  their  tumi'"  An  order  to  march  wits  the  only 
rcpW  made  to  the^  military  remon^ir^ncoâ. 

Uliough  a  new  mitiistry  had  been  nominated,  the  old  ministers 
had  not  ceased  to  accompany  the  king  and  to  delibeiute-  They 
held  a  council  at  Trianon,  M,  do  Guemon  Ranville  waa  of  opi- 
nion that  the  king  could  not  cntcx  Paiia  \>cibi<â  ik^  %^'ai^>s^^'&  ^ 


900  DïlPAItTURE  FROM  TIUANOI7. 

the  rebels;  tliat  there  remained  to  liim  only  ono  course,  namelj,  to 
i  retire  to  Touts,  and  instAutly  convoke  thither  the  two  chambers,  aU 
'  the  genttraU,  the  higheat  public  functionaries,  and  the  dignîtarieB  of 
I  the  realm.  Xhia  he  conudeiHjd  the  best  meanâ  of  disor|;^mEi£ig  the 
I  înaiirrcction  and  disconct'rtmir  iia  leadera.  The  advice  vras  np- 
proved  of,  and  several  circulars  were  drawn  up  accordinf^ly.  All 
'  that  wag  wanting  wag  the  king^s  Eagnatiire,  and  he  seemed  disposed  to 
pive  it;  but  he  chan^eil  his  luind  all  at  once,  and  his  mluister»,  ren- 
[cereil  despcmte  b^  his  endlesa  vacillation,  tcro  up  the  cbcularp,  and 
^  threw  tlie  piecoa  into  the  baan  of  Trianon, 

The  king  was  ab&rjlutely  incapable  of  adoptiitp  any  fixed  oouree- 
L  A  thousand  ties  attached  him  to  Triauon,  btit  liia  abode  there  wa^ 
|>bcset  with  multiphett  danircrs.  At  last  a,t  the  urgent  advice  and 
BDtreattea  of  M.  de  La  Rot*nejaiim--Un  and  General  BordesoiiUc,  lie  at 
laat  consented  to  abridge  the  lirst  halt,  and  to  set  out  for  Katn- 
lioiiillet.  The  troops  were  ordered  to  march  towards  Trappes,  ajid 
they  put  themselves  in  motion,  after  ISrst  tearing  up  the  cartridge- 
boxes  of  th(Ko  who  had  deserted,  and  throTivin^  several  ol'  the  rauskcte 
that  lay  scattered  over  the  plftiii  into  the  park  cannl.  The  disorder 
of  this  nocturtiftl  retreat  could  only  be  c^mpared  to  tliat  following 
an  actual  defeat.  Artillery,  infantry,  and  cavalry,  floundered  on 
promiscuously  iit  the  dark,  ilusket  shots  discharged  in  the  air  or 
into  the  woods,  every  moment  excited  apprehenfiion  of  some  fresh 
attack.     It  wn^  mors  than  a  retreat,  it  wag  a  rout> 

TliG  royal  faniily  Itad  made  every  preparation  for  its  own  de- 
parture. It  was  settled  that  General  Boraesoulle  should  remain  at 
VcrsaiileB  at  the  head  of  his  division,  that  the  dauphin  should  go 
and  pasa  tlie  night  at  Trappes,  and  that  C'harloâ  X.  should  &et  out 
on  horseback  by  one  road|  whils"t  the  Duchc*3  de  lierri  and  her 
children  should  travel  in  a  carriafie  by  anotlier,  so  as  to  rejoin  tli« 
king  beyond  the  wood  on  the  way  to  UanibOHÎllut. 

Before  leavinn;  Trianon  the  king  beard  mius  in  a  lar^  room  whedna 
there  was  h  chapel  contained  in  a  prcas.  When  his  attendants  came 
to  tell  him  that  it  was  time  to  depart,  they  ibund  hini  immcTK'd  in 

Ïiioua  and  melancholy  meditation.  He  paced  slowly  lîirough  the 
onely  halla  of  Loiug  XIV. 'a  palace,  Btopping  from  time  to  time  as 
if  his  gaae  was  arreateil  by  eome  affecting  puhjoct  of  rcmembraaoe. 
It  was  midnight  when  the  condcmued  iaixnly  reached  the  Château 
of  Rambouillet,  wlutlier,  scarcely  sixteen  years  before,  a  no  lees  ter- 
rible catastrophe  liad  driven  the  Empwss  Marie  Louise,  a  fugitive 
from  the  fate  of  battles,  from  her  father,  and  carrying  with  her  the 
penatfs  of  the  empire.  In  those  gardens  where  young  Henri  went  to 
play  till  the  fast  couûnu  hour  of  exile  should  arrive,  the  boy  kint;  of 
Home  had  romped,  with  equal  b^hthcarU-dnca^,  in  almost  similar 
circumi^tances  ol  misfortune.  But  fîicIi  parallek  arc  endlws  in  his- 
tory; ibev  are  become  mere  commnnpljice  repcd  lions  of  destiny. 
The  fu^tives  alighted  in  the  lonely  and  silent  courtyard  :  the  moon 
alone  lîghtod  Uic  windows  of  the  tower.  The  Ultle  Due  do  Bor- 
iknuix  had  hUcn  asleep  in  hia  govetciot  s  aniis  ;  Ckttlos  X.,  ex.- 


THE  nOTAL  PAmLT  AT  RAMBOUILLET. 


S0f 


L 


hausted  with  fati^c,  let  his  hr^sA  drop  on  his  chest  and  wept.  Suf- 
ficiently jvpepureJ — he  ptovûd  this  afterwards — for  an  utter  dawn- 
fiil,  he  bent  bencûth  the  first  preasure  of  his  rnigfortunes. 

The  next  day  the  troops  arrived  from  Trappes.  There  is  &t  the 
entrance  of  the  forest  o(  Rambouillet  a  pniall  vUkpt;  nomed  Lc 
Pt^ray,  wlicrc  several  regimerls  halted,  others  reached  the  town. 
The  2d  foot-gmardg,  «ucampcd  right  and  left  of  tho  road,  formed 
the  reftr-guard  with  the  3d  and  the  frendarmerie.  Here  some  pre- 
cautions ■were  taken^  nnd  advanced  posts  were  thrown  t>nt.  But  an 
incurable  despondency  hnd  already  seized  on  port  of  the  troops.  Mail- 
coaches  and  diligenees  |»aftsed  every  moment,  decked  with  the  tri- 
colour flag*  and  insurgents  rode  by  on  horseback  before  the  eyes  of 
the  Boldiers  without  any  order  being  gii.'ca  to  arrest  them;  in  fine, 
the  artny.  destitute  of  a  leader,  imorant  of  the  aetuid  state  of  things, 
uncertain  what  waa  to  become  oï  it  or  what  it  had  reason  to  hope  or 
fear,  now  resembled  only  a  mob  of  fii^tivcs.  There  was  a  moment 
when  the  rear-guard  broke  gt^ïund,  and  seemed  disposed  to  return 
to  VersaillGs,  whereupon  General  La  Rochejaquelin  jL'aUoped  up;  he 
ordered  the  drums  to  iK-at,  and  the  men  to  full  into  the  lïinkf,  and, 
addressing  them,  with  elocinent  emotion,  he  appealed  to  their  honour, 
and  brought  them  back  to  remember  their  oaths  and  their  flag. 
l7iY  k  rmf  shouted  tho  soldiers^  fl^d  so  vivid  was  the  revulsion  to 
military  fidelity,  that  when  a  voltsgeur  of  the  2d  attempted  to  de- 
Bert»  his  comrades  drew  their  sabres  a£*ain^t  him. 

A  scene  of  enthusiasm  had  la,ken  pkec  in  the  morning:  the  dau- 
phine  had  arri,vcd  nt  Rambouillet  from  Dijon,  escaping  from  many 
dangers  by  means  of  a  disguise.  This  princess  had  a  nar?h  voice, 
A  Stem  countenance,  and  a  freezing  demeanour;  the  miafortuiies  that 
had  smitten  her  in  childhood  peemed  to  have  dried  up  in  her  all  the 
springs  of  sensibility.  Still  the  guards  loved  her;  for  she  had  al- 
ways dîsplôved  an  active  and  thowghtftd  care  for  the  welfare  of  tho 
more  iinmcoiate  defenders  of  the  royal  family.  When  she  passed 
thTou;>h  the  ûimp,  the  men  locked  round  her:  she  saluted  them 
with  tears,  and  they  returned  her  greeting  with  brandished  weapons 
and  shouts  of  attachment.  But  thia  was  the  last  outburst  of  a  de- 
votion that  was  soon  to  die  away  for  want  of  encouragement. 

When  Charles  X.  beheld  the  princes,  whose  eyes  had  been  the 
fountains  of  so  many  tears,  he  hastened  with  open  arms  to  the 
daughter  of  Louia  XVL,  and  their  sobs  were  mingled  in  their  first 
embrace,  "  And  now  we  are  together  again^  I  hope,  for  CTer,"  «id 
the  dauphinc- 

Al  Kambouillet,  the  sumptuous  abode  of  ro}'ul  leisure,  where  bo 
many  prinuea  had  forgotten,  amid  their  pleasures,  how  much  tlie 
people  must  sutfer  that  a  king  may  be  amused;  at  Rambouillet, 
whiiher^  on  the  Sfitln  of  July,  Charles  X.  hiniR-lf  had  gone  to  refresh 
iiim  from  the  fatigues  of  the  chase  whilst  his  ordonnances  were 
kindling  a  contlagration  in  Paris,  there  was,  at  this  moment,  barely 
the  means  of  shelterinff  the  furtive  family.  In  order  to  dcfrsy  the 
victualling  eapenaWj  mc  king  of  Fraaicc  vïas  leiucsa.  \n  ^*^  Xvâ 


202 


THIS  DUC  D'OltLiANa  GCA&DIAN  OF  HENBT  V. 


platQ.  'Hie  dauphine  could  not  procure  new  tlotlres,  and  compl; 
of  a  Trant  of  lincu.  Lastly,  as  il'  to  put  the  climax,  to  eo  many 
poignant  afflictions,  tlio  colonel  of  the  15tli  light  infantiy  that  day 
gOTc  back  his  colours  into  the  king's  luiad.  Tlûrtecu  moi  acoom- 
pauied  him  ;  all  the  rest  had  deserted. 

The  gardes  du  corps^  hûving  scattered  through  tlie  park,  killed  a 
gi^t  number  of  pheasiintg  and  otiier  game  in  the  preserve.  Thia 
ocxuisioncd  Cliarle.*;  X.  onti  of  liis  most  acute  distresses;  fc*r,  wanting 
the  strength  of  miad  requisite  to  his  eitimtion,  he  clun^  more  to  the 
petty  advantages  of  grcatncfis  than  to  greatness  itselt.  The  king 
tTBB  resigned,  but  the  Eportainan  waa  almost  inconsolable. 

On  the  Ist  August  tije  Due  d'Orltana  received  the  following  or- 
donnance from  Chailca  X-  : 

"  Th«  kin^,  deiiroiu  id  pat  an  odJ  to  Uw  troubles  existing  in  the  capital  aoii  ia 
«Dolbei'  port  of  Fmucc,  kud  coauting.  moivoTerr  on  tlu;  cincerc  altâdjuient  uT  Ui« 
Coiuia  tiic  DoCr  d'Orletim,  itiiaiea  him  lîciitcnant-gviicnU  uf  the  kingiJoiu. 

"The  king  having  thon^ht  fit  to  withdraw  hi»  ordotaianfca  of  the  25th  of  Jttly. 
JtpproTCS  of  the  chamWrn  nicoEm{r  un  tlio  3d  of  AiiROBt,  aad  hâ  dadres  U  iwlnlpa 
tbe  hope  that  they  will  rts-estnljIiEli  trjjit^uJIULy  ia  it'Fuicie. 

"  The  kiiiu;  will  vaÀl  hierc  lor  Uil'  return  ot  the  pt-TSOn  commisiiicined  to  Aalry  this 
dec!nriLi:li:iii  t'l  Paris, 

*'  Slionlil  attempts  be  made  to  fusail  the  liie  of  the  king  imd  tm  femily,  or  tui 
liherty.  Le  irouhl  defood  hinn^lf  to  the  deuth.  Daoe  At  KuubuuiJkrt  the  Ut  dmy  of 
AutfUBt.  "  CIl^VItLES." 

ThiB  message  arrived  at  seven  in  the  morning  at  the  Palais  Roy&I« 
where  M.  Dupin  aîné,  ^vas  already  with  the  Due  d*Orléaiis. 
Trembling  lest  he  should  lose  the  advantage  of  a  loyal  tnêndâhip, 
""  ' ,  DupLn  advised  tfse  prince  to  send  back  an  answer  of  so  d<te- 
li  tone  to  the  message  of  Charles  X.,  as  WTJuld  dlstlactly  sever 
--^ttiOCtlic  houso  of  Orlcana  from  that  of  the  elder  brâncn;  and 

rUfBB  '■sot  so  far  as  to  oiler  to  draw  up  the  reply.  The  letter  ha 
wrote  was  rude  and  merciless-  The  Due  d'Orléans  read  it,  put  It 
with  his  own  handfi  under  an  envelope,  and  lighted  the  scaiin^psrax 
to  £cal  itf  when  all  at  once  appearing  to  betlùnk  him,  he  said,  *'  Thia 
λ  too  serious  a  matter  to  be  despatched  without  conçullinc  my  wiiie-'* 
He  wont  into  an  adjoining  room^  and  returned  some  minutes  after- 
warda  with  the  Kimt;  envelope  ia  \m  hand»  which  was  delivered  to 
the  messenger.  The  letter  tlmt  was  actually  enclosed  breathed 
oûection  and  fidelity,  and  it  soothed  and  touched  the  old  monardi; 
Bo  nnich  so,  tliat  from  that  moment  all  his  doubts  and  uncertainties 
\-amfihcd.  Charles  X.  hud  never  felt  bo  much  repugnance  for  the 
Due  d'Orhians  aâ  had  many  men  about  tho  court.  He  haJ  recently 
given  a  striking  prool  of  this  ia  arderiny  General  Trogoi'  to  conli»- 
cate  all  the  copies  of  the  M^mt^ns  de  Maria  SteUa,  a  libel  against 
the  Due  d'Orléaus»  whidi  the  courtiers  took  a  spiteful  pleasure  in 
circulating  at  St.  Cloud.  He  was  therefore  delighted  to  iind  in  that 
pcinec  tlic  protector  of  his  grandson»  and  loehiig  assured  lliat  the 
nonQur  of  tlie  Due  d'Orlt-un3  was  tlic  best  guai-antee  of  t)ic  Due  do 
Bordeaux's  royal  expcctatlans,  ho  put  in  execution,  without  dolay^ 
a  project  timt  belbre  this  had  but  vaguely  presented  itscU' to  his  mixta. 
J\W  content,  vaux  abdicating  tko  cki^to,  he  used  Uie  abst^ute  coutrol 


I 
I 


mS  NEW  COURT. 


203 


be  pottesacd  over  tlie  dauphin  to  make  him  also  abdicate,  and  he 
believed  in  the  salvadon  of  his  dynasty. 

Me&awhile,.  ailcr  the  scene  wc  have  just  degcribcd,  the  Due 
d'Ofltana  gave  audience  to  all  tlio  lugh  personages  who  came  1o  pay 
early  homage  to  his  fortune.  The  printy;  had  sent  fur  M.  Laffitte, 
but  his  arrival  wus  anticipated  by  MM,  Casimir  Péricr,  de  Broglic, 
Guizfjit,  Dupin,  Sc-bastiani^  Mole,  and  Génord,  Tliis  rather  sur- 
pria^d  M.  LathttCf  -who  thought  he  had  a  right  to  the  ^let  recep- 
tion: but  the  Due  d'Orléans  advanced  to  meet  him  with  marked 
alacrity,  and  trraitcd  him  with  the  moat  cordial  familiaiity,  ivhilsb 
the  bystauders,  in  order  to  please  the  prince,  outdid  each  other  in 
offering  homage  to  the  power  of  the  ikvourite.  The  Due  d'Ork^aiis 
knew  how  irrésistible  arc  iktterica  from  idgh  qiiancrâ  :  he  knew 
moreover  the  chamctcr  of  La&tte.  Taking  liinx  by  the  arm  Yiritt 
an  air  of  friendly  i&uùlLuity,  and  turning  to  the  other  persons  pre- 
sent,  ho  aaid,  "  x  ollow  ue,  Messieurs/'  and  he  Xfcnt  into  tlic  next 
room  arm  and  aitn  witli  ilie  opulent  plebeian,  whom  he  had 
charmed  and  fascinated  by  that  one  word,  that  seemed  to  promise  him 
BO  large  a  share  in  tlie  management  of  public  afiairs  After  a  few 
words,  intended  no  doubt  to  throw  a  sol'tening  hue-  of  pceming 
modesty  over  the  ffloro  of  eudden  elevation,  the  Due  d'Orléana 
recounted  with  an  air  of  mystery  the  message  by  wlUch  Charles  X 
zumcd  him  hcutcnant-general  of  the  kingdom.  All  this,  he  said, 
waa  done  only  to  cotnpromi&c  him  in  the  eyes  of  the  revotutioniets, 
and  mch  a  proceeding  was  j>erfectly  characteriatic  of  the  elder 
branch  of  the  Bourbons.  So  ûxceedingly  bitter  did  he  wax  on  the 
the  subject,  that  M.  Latlitte  took  upon  mm  tlie  defence  of  Charles  X» 
betore  Uio  Cice  of  the  man  who  was  about  to  seize  his  crown. 

On  the  same  day  the  Due  d'Orluans  received  the  mtmicipal  com* 
misaâon  which  came  to  deposit  in  his  hands  all  the  powers  of  the 
revolution.  The  prince  Imd  obtained  very  eurly  intelligence  of  this 
intended  step  by  a  letter  wlùch  M.  Maugmn's  colleagues  car&- 
fully  concealed  from  his  knowledge,  because  they  feared  his  oppo- 
sition. Thus  every  one  waa  hastening  towards  the  newly-created 
Sûwer.  The  Due  d'Orléans  gavo  a  very  gracious  reception  to  the 
eputadon,  at  tho  head  of  which  was  General  Lafayette.  Just  as 
the  commissionera  were  retiring  an  aidc-ile-cainp  whiroered  a  word 
in  11.  Mauguin's  ear,  and  led  liim  to  a  closet  where  M.  Guizot  was 
drawini  up  a  reply  to  tlic  letter  in  which  the  niuniclpa!  commission 
had  resigned  its  authority.  M,  Guiïot  showed  Ids  coUenguc  the 
i«j»ly  he  was  drawing  up  in  the  Ucutcuant-gencral's  name.  Tlie 
pnnco  (bo  tsai  the  document)  thanked  the  goveminent  of  the  H6tel 
dc  Ville  for  tho  patriati?m  it  had  displayed,  accepted  its  resignation^ 
but  requested  itt^>  remain  constituted  until  lurther  orders.  "■'  Orders  !" 
rehemently  ejaculated  M.  Mauguin.  *'0h!  you  tliiuk  tho  word 
too  atrong,"  paid  M.  Guizot;  **  well,  I  will  say  instructions.**  What 
ftn  idle  mocki^y  of  deference  to  an  authority  that  had  ju^t  volmi' 
tarily  prociûmod  its  own  nothingness  I 


204 


VISIT  TO  TDK  HÛTEI,  PIED- 


To  obviate,  however,  any  possible  dângcï  there  might  hù  in  this 
forward  hast*;  to  disarm  tlic  revolution,  t]ic  leaders  of  the  bourgeoi«ie 
weïc  loud  nnd  conspicuoiia  in  tlieir  patriotic  dcmonstiatioiia.  The 
joiinmb  celebrated  the  grcainesa  of  the  Parisi&nâ  in.  the  epic  vein. 
Suhseriplions  were  opened  on.  all  aldos,— a  bitter  eolace  for  the 
tuoummg  thut  had  strickcii  so  many  families  !  The  number^  killed 
were  countcil,  the  condition  of  the  wounded  waa  attended  to  with 
solicitude:  in  a  word,  the  people  was  fooluj  with  it*  own  enthu- 
lissm.  The  stratagems  ancl  intrigues  of  the  ambitious  were  tho  les» 
observed  whilst  the  pubhe  mind  wag  called  off  from  thorn  by  so 
many  heroic  and  patnetic  matter?. 

Tho  hospitals  were  crowded  with  wounded.  It  was  rcsolred  ftt 
the  P&laia  Royal  to  make  tliem  a  viait  of  solemnity.  The  Duche« 
d'Orléans^,  Madame  Adelaide,  and  the  princœaca  LouisCt  Marie,  and 
Clementine,  proceeded  to  tlic  Hotel  Dieu  accompanied  by  MM. 
fi»rb«  MarboiSt  Berthois,  Alexandre  de  Laborde^  IJcLaberge,  De- 
gOm^G»  &c.  The  young  princesses  were  painfully  affected  on  çn- 
loring  the  wards  where  so  mucli  suffering  was  accumulated,  and  the 
Duchess  d'Orltans'a  natural  gravity  of  dememioiir  hurdly  concealed 
the  intonâty  of  her  emotion.  With  a  piety  too  much  idcvated  above 
the  things  of  this  world  to  let  her  degrade  an  act  of  humanity  into 
a  device  of  aelf'mtexest,  she  spoke  some  kind  words  to  the  first  sui' 
feters  she  Iiappened  to  find  in  her  way  :  tliese  were  men  of  tlie  rojal  | 
guards.  **  Is  it  to  comfort  our  enemies  these  ladles  are  «jme?** 
feebly  ejaculated  a  July  combatant.  The  worda  were  overheard  by 
M.  Dcf^oussée,  who  was  escorlin*?  the  Princess  Clementine,  and  goinjsf 
wp  hastily  to  the  DuehoEs  d'Orlcans,  he  said,  '*  Madame,  this  ia  not 
merely  a  visit  of  humanity;  it  is  a  political  visit;"  and  he  pointed  to 
a  bed  simnouuted  by  a  tricolour  flag,  in  which  lay  a  young  man 
who  had  lost  a  Ic^  by  a  cyjnuon  shot-  The  patient's  eyiîfl  gUsteuod 
with  the  fire  oC  enthuaa?m  and  with  that  of  fever:  Madame  Adc- 
iuidc  went  up  to  him  and  began,  to  consoles  him  ^vith  a  profusion  of 
words,  when,  casting  liia  cyca  on  the  tricolour  flag,  he  said,  "  Tliere  , 
is  my  rccompcnce/' — "  Wnere  do  you  come  from?"  continued  Ma-  ' 
dame  Adelaide. — "  From  Randau."- — "Oh,  indeed!  I  am  glad  of  j 
it:  we  have  a  chiitenu  at  Randan:  you  ^-ill paaa  your  cotivale&ccoco 
there,  will  you  not?"  In  the  evening  M.  Dcgoussée  dined  at  tlio 
Palais  Itoyal.  When  he  waa  taking  his  leave  M.de  Berthoijs  said 
to  him,  *'  You  will  not  make  your  way  hcPe.  You  utter  useful 
truih:".  but  you  blurt  them  out  too  rountlfy." 

Wc  know  what  h*fl  determined  Charles  X.  to  abdicate  with  so 
much  iudiJièrence.  The  dauphin  had  submitted  without  a  murmur 
to  his  father  8  will,  but  he  groaned  in  secret,  and  the  consequences  of 
abdication  presented  themselves  to  his  mind  under  the  most  sombra 
Colours.  Still  he  would  have  thought  k  t^lander  %*i  the  blood  of 
Ixïuîs  XJV.  to  attribute  tu  a  prince  descended  from  diat  monandi 
tl»e  intention  of  usurping  the  crowîi-  Tliesc  were  aiso  the  daupliinu'a 
sentiments.     In  au  mterview  ^he  liad  on  the  2d  of  August  witli  0U4  ] 


CHABLES  s  MESSENGER  REFUSED  AI>MISSION. 


205 


of  herliusbond's  most  faîtliful  servants,  slie  appeared  lo  bc  filled  vnih. 
but  Oûc  appreheûpîon  :  her  mind  mîsgftve  her  tliat  imdcr  tlie  auepices 
oi'  ihc  Dvic  d'OrîtanF,  and  amidst  tlic  stormy  elements  of  a  regency 
yoiiûg  Henn  would^  perhaps,  be  trained  up  in  principles  contrary 
to  the  spirit  of  the  monarchy  and  of  the  church.  As  for  Charle^i  X-, 
he  had,  I  say  again,  no  thought  that  his  owrn  fato  could  involve  that 
of  hiiS  grandJAon,  particularly  in  a  cxins  which  the  first  prince  of  tho 
Wood  wfls  enableti  to  control»  So  great  was  his  conSdence  in  this 
respect  that  he  sent  for  Genenildc  Latour^Foissac,  and  gave  him,  in 
prewnco  of  the  Due  de  I>fUïia?,  sundr}*  insts-uctions  touching'  the  re* 
turn  of  the  Due  de  Bordeaiox  lo  Paris.  At  the  same  time  he  diretied 
Lim  to  dispose  of  the  troops  that  were  still  in  the  capital  as  circum- 
stUQces  might  require;  and  he  put  into  his  hanib  that  act  of  abdica- 
tion, which  will  be  recited  by  and  by,  desiring  him  to  go  and  deliver 
it  to  tilt'  Due  d^Orléans. 

General  Latour-Foiasac  immediately  set  out  from  n&mbouiUet; 
he  arrived  at  the  Palais  Royal  on  the  evening  of  the  2d  of  August, 
and  asked  to  be  admitted  to  the  prince.  The  aide-dc-camp  t<i  wliom 
he  applied  gave  him  a  positive  refusal;  t!ie  general  inaisled,  and  an- 
iQounced  himself  as  a  messenger  from  Charles  X.  The  refusal  vas  re- 
iterated. "  BtU,  monsieur,'  cried  iha  geaeral,  **  our  dcûtest  interests 
are  involved  in  the  matter;  the  message  of  which  I  nm  the  bearer  îâ 
of  the  highest  importance."  The  aide-de-camp  had,  doubtless,  rc- 
cci\"ed  positive  orders,  for  he  remained  inilexible.  All  he  would  say 
to  the  envoy  of  Charles  X.  was,  that  there  was  to  be  a  sitting  of  {he 
chttinber  of  deputies  on  the  next  day,  and  that  he  should  postpone 
his  message-  M.  de  Latour-Foissic'H  amajiement  was  unbounded- 
On  arri^'ing  at  the  Palais  Royal  he  had  noticed  men  of  the  lower 
classes  l^jnng  on  the  very  stopa  of  the  Btaircase;  he  had  been  sti-uçk 
with  the  freedom  with  which  people  went  in  and  out  of  the  puluce; 
■nd  tlie  bustle  he  saw  all  round  him  had  even  recalled  Bomc  rlramatic 
ncoUcclions  to  his  mind.  He  could  not,  therefore,  conceive  that 
"wImbb  pecKUs,  who  came  merely  out  of  curioaty,  were  admitted 
mthout  ceremony,  there  could  be  no  admiî^ion  for  him,  the  messen- 
ger of  a  vunqui^heJ  but  not  yet  dethroned  king,  for  him,  the  liearer 
oJ'  that  king's  act  of  alxiication  t*::>  the  lieutenant-general  of  the  king- 
dom. Ho  tioncluded  from  all  this  that  the  Due  d'Orléans  had  been 
MCTctlv  apprized  of  lii?  intended  visit,  and  bad  made  up  his  mind  Uy 
avoid  it,  either  tliat  he  might  not  iiUow  an  envoy  from  Charles  X.  to 
gather  his  wcret  deâgns  irom  any  involuntary  play  of  liis  features, 
or  that  he  might  not  have  his  hands  tied  by  inconTcniently  prociee 
engagements  entered  into  with  an  oflieial  agent. 

In  this  perplexing  position  M.  de  Latour-Fcpissac  thought  it  advis- 
able to  go  to  M.  do  Mortetiiart  and  request  his  good  ofiices.  Tliey 
went  together  in  a  coach  lo  the  Palais  Hoyal,  where  M.  dc  Morte- 
jnait  got  out  alone,  and  taking  the  despatch  from  his  companion,  ho 

SromSed  thai  he  would  not  deliver  it  to  the  prince  till  he  had  firvt 
one  aU  he  could  to  Qbtain  the  desired  interview.    He  came  out 


206 


THB  ACT  OV  ABDlCATIOTr. 


saine  nûnutes  afterwards.  The  Due  d'Orlcana  had  Liken  the  Je- 
spatch^  and  flatly  refused  to  receire  the  person  by  whom  Charles  X, 
had  sent  it. 

Failing  in  every  thing  else,  Greneral  LAtour-Foisac  rcqupfited  per-  , 
nûssion  at  least  to  sec  the  Duchess  d'Ork'nnaj  for  whom  n&  had  two 
letters»  one  from  Madame  de  Gontaut,  the  other  from  Madcmoiiscllle, 
He  was  more  fortunntc  this  time,  and,  thanks  to  the  intervention  of  j 
the  nephew  of  the  Due  de  Martemart-,  who  was  intimatc  with  tho 
eon  of  thç  Duo  d'Orlénns,  hç  was  shown  into  the  princese**  apart- 
meut.     On  reading  the  letter,  written  by  the  unpractised  hand  of  a  i 
child  whose  caresea  she  had  so  often  received,  the  duchess  burst 
jato  tears.     She  did  not  attempt  to  conceal  her  grief  at  the  roe-eat 
ieniMe  catastrophe,  but  she  entered  into  no  particuiara  as  to  her  hus- 
band^a  purposes,  simply  saying  that  the  royal  family  tnight  rely  on  j 
him.  and  that  ho  was  an  honest  man. 

The  act  of  abdication  brought  by  M.  Latour-Foiseac  ran  thus: 

'■'■  I  am  too  doeply  distressed  l>y  tlic  cvUa  tlmt  afflict,  or  that  may  seem  to  impeilA  1 
DTcr  my  people,  tiot  to  h»Te  «oapht  n  means  ta  prevent  them-  I  hiiTc  tberelbn  j 
rOAOlTod  to  iJjdicaic  the  crovm  in  fnrmir  of  iny  çnmdson. 

"  The  dauphin,  who  participâtes  in  my  Hcntiiut^Qts,  lîkCwiSË  KuauuCes  Lia  right* 
Jn  fnToiir  of  his  nephe*w. 

**  You  viU  therefoK  hjiTC,  Di  yirar  qqalitj  of  lieutmnnt-g^neral  of  ttic  king^QOt,  to 
CAiuci  to  be  prockimed  the  acc^itm  «JT  Henry  V.  to  the  crown.     Ytm  will  Ambàr^  j 
moTo  tnke  oil  tJic  meMuito  tUût  befit  you  to  rpjruiotc  the  fonns  (if  tho  goTemmeai^  1 
daring  the  nilaorKyof  the  ncfrklng.    Here,  I  confine  myselT  to  mjUung  kmiwn.] 
tboo  arritnfïcuaentfl:  it  ie  a.  m&am  of  sroldii^;  mnnj  e^vils. 

**  Tou  will  ûommuaJcate  my  intentions  to  the  diplcoxmtic  tudy»  isd  yun  willialbm  ' 
roe  iu  soon  «a  posiiUc  of  the  proclaniAtiûn  by  which  my  gfuadMn  atLaU  be  recog-  I 
ni»cd  king,  nnder  the  nam*  of  nenry  V.  ' 

~  I  cQinjtÛHion  lieatenant-gmcral  t1t«  Vicomte  de  Lntonr-Foissiïc  to  ddiver  ym  ' 
thlt  k'tt«r.    He  has  orders  to  cnme  to  aa  underttanding  with  you  ■•  to  the  aznM 
meut»  to  be  nwde  in  faroor  of  tlic  persooa  who  hare  oecotupaiuud  me,  and  Hkenra 
âa  to  the  arraiiKCTiijeiits  rt-jrartling  wliat  coULcnis  mc?  and  the  tvst  of  iny  family, 

*  Wc  will  then  I^oUtt  the  otlier  raeaauft-a  «wisçqûçilt  upon  the  crliaii^  ttf  ttîg«>  ; 

**  lieHtr  to  yin^  mj  oonaijl,  the  aïsuranoe  of  the  aeatimente  vitb  which  1  am  jmtf  ' 
mBéctîoDate  eooain,  "  CliARLEH." 

It  WM  singular  that  Charles  should  huTc  i3rfl\¥Ti  up  in  the  form  of  ! 
&  letter  the  important  document  that  chantjed  the  order  of  suceesrion 
to  the  t]irr*ne.  Such  an  informality  was  particularly  remarkable  in  a 
monarch  so  gcmpuloasly  observant  of  the  laws  of  etiquette,  Bui  the 
Bwiirmcea  of  attachment  contained  in  the  letter  written  by  the  Due 
d'OriiiaJig  had  sealed  the  mind  of  Charles  X.  ngùnât  suspicion,  la 
thia  dociuncnt  the  Due  d'Orléana  was  considered  as  the  natural  pro- 
tector of  the  minority  of  Henry  V»,  and  he  was  left  supreme  arbiter 
Qf  aU  the  mt^^suns  which  the  fatality  of  the  circumstances  miglii  rc&* 
der  imperative, 

^^lal  couTfo  was  the  lieutennnt-ccnçral  about  to  adopt?  Aa 
konourable  iieue  was  open  to  his  desire»^  though  these  were  ever  bo 
daring,  and  hlg  ambition  wa^  of  too  bourgeois  a  caste  to  fire  him  witil 
heroic  aspiratâona.  By  taking  the  rojidty  of  a  child  tmder  his  gnar- 
dianship,  to  wotild  recoDcile  the  enjoyment  of  power  with  that 
Se^iect  ibr  the  pnncîple  of  legitimacy  which  it  was  not,  pcrhap^^  MA 


COiTMlSMOSEES  SENT  TO  HASTEN  CHARLES's  DEPAItTCRE,  S07 

to  violate,  and  he  would  bcctitç  to  lilms^lf  the  sd vantages  of  monaïcliy 
without  Bhakinc  its  foundations.  Such  were  the  uotions  at  first 
entPTtainrd  hy  tliofe  who  thought  they  could  read  the  princess  mind, 
nnJ  JM.  Séhasliani  used  Ifoigimgo  conformable  ivith  these  TiewF, 
Others  were  convinced,  with  Bératiger,  that  it  would  be  riaHng 
every  thing  to  stop  short  at  lialf  measures^  and  that  thcro  was  no 
way  of  ftToIdin^  fresh  conTulsions  tut  by  assruining^  the  strenfftlx 
arising  oat  of  a  decided  and  straightforward  line  of  conduct.  The 
prince  took  no  oonsfâcuous  step  declaratory  of  his  leaning  to  the  one 
or  the  other  of  these  opposite  ways  of  thinking,  and  lie  talked  inces- 
santly of  his  natural  aversion  to  the  cares  of  so  great  an  authority. 
lîut  at  the  eame  time  he  descanted  earnestly  on  Uie  inconveniencea 
of  a  regency,  and  the  suspicions  which  womd  of  courao  be  excited 
and  eounteoaneed  by  any  dubious  state  of  tlûngs;  he  was  said  even 
to  have  remarked  on  this  subject,  *'  If  Henry  V.  had  only  a  pain  la 
his  bowek,  it  would  be  enough  to  make  lue  paas  in  Europe  for  a 
poisoneT." 

Charlea  X>  was  still  at  Rambouillet  at  the  head  of  more  than  twelve 
thousand  men,  and  hia  dynasty,  though  fallen,  was  sùll  guarded  by 
thirty-eight  pieces  of  artillery.  Sneh  a  neighbourhood  added  to  the 
pcrplesitiefl  of  a  position  that  in  its  own  nature  demanded  so 
much  reserve.  It  was  to  be  feared,  moreover,  that  the  Duchess  de 
Bern  wotild  come  and  cast  her  son  upon  the  generosity  of  the  Pa- 
risians. It  was  not  unknown  at  the  Palaia  tlmt  the  princess  had  been 
advised  m  to  do  by  the  Duchess  de  Gontaut.  It  was  of  the  kât  nc- 
cearity  to  prevent  such  a  step,  and  to  find  means  of  getting  rid  of 
the  vicinity  of  Charles  X.  It  was  therefore  agreed  that  under  pre- 
tence of  protecting  the  old  king  from  the  violence  of  public  resent- 
ment, commisnoncrs  should  be  sent  to  hasten  his  departure,  and  to 
accompany  him  with  demonstrations  of  honour.  The  prince's  choice 
fell  on  Mm.  de  Trevise,  Jacqueminot,  de  Schonen,  and  Odilon  Bar- 
rot:  but  as  it  WB3  doubtful  that  those  gcntîemen  would  obtain  access 
to  Charles  X.»  by  the  advice  of  M.  Sebaatiani  tlic  Due  de  Coigny 
waa asBOciatcd  with  them,  to  serve  them  as  intcriocutor,  and  to  jEïivc 
their  mis^on  a  certain  character  of  wwpcctfiil  protection.  The  Duo 
deTrcvisi'  refused  to  act,  alleging  a  frivolouBcxcuse;  and  by  a  singular 
repetition  of  fortune,  the  man  who  waa  appoLnied  in  luj*  place  was 
B^ffihal  Maison,  tlie  same  who  had  gone  in  1814  to  receive  the  elder 
brother  of  the  monarch,  who  was  now  to  be  driven  away  almost 
tudor  the  ^es  of  a  prince  of  his  Ëkmiiy. 

The  commiftfiuncra  attended  at  the  Palais  RoyaL  The  Due  d'Or- 
leans  told  him  that  it  was  Charles  X.  himself  who  requested  a  6afe- 
f^otxd;  Uidw4ùlsthc  gave  them  their  instructions,  he  tcstiiiotl  tho 
most  kindly  feelin^rs  for  the  elder  brancli  of  the  Bourbons.  M.  de 
i^ûoen  having  asked  litm  what  was  to  be  done  should  the  Due  do 
Bordeaux  be  ooaomitled  to  their  charge,  *'  The  Due  de  Bordeauji  T* 
Cïdûmed  the  prince,  '*  why  he  is  your  king  V  Tlic  Duchés  d'Or- 
lias  waa  pregcnt.     Deeply  afiecled,  she  weat  and  threw  hciaelf  inta 


208  PROTEST  AGAINST  THE  DUC  DE  BORDEAUX. 

her  Kusbami's  arms,  saying,  "  Ah  Ï  you  are  tlie  most  honest  m&n  in 
the  kingdom." 

The  Due  (l'Orléans  liad  made  every  thing  ready  for  the  embarka- 
tion and  exile  of  tlic  vanquished  dynasty.  General  Hulot  was  9mt 
to  Cherbourg,'  and  rceeivçd  command  of  the  lour  departments  lying^ 
between  the  capital  and  the  sea,  in  the  direction  of  Great  Britain, 
Orders  were  abo  given  on  the  2d  of  August  to  M.  Durmont  d*Ur- 
ville,  to  wt  out  for  Havre  in  all  haste,  nnd  charter  two  veaeelfl. 

At  the  Etttne  timtt  the  CoJtriei'  Fmnçfùs,  a  j^per  devoted  lo  the 
cstabhahmeat  of  a  new  dynasty,  published  an  article  tending  to  proTC 
the  illegitimacy  of  the  Due  de  Bordeuux.* 

•  llie  propositions  wliicli  th«  Due  Je  Mortenisrt  hm  j  ust  marie  to  the  chamber  of 
peers  in  favour  of  the  Due  de  Bnnleauï,  will  oaLurolIy  rec^  attcRtion  to  a  subject^ 
wlkicli  at  last  uirj'  Iw  freely  txamiueJ  iind  dÎBCussed.  We  bIuUIi  confine  ourselves  tcMUy 
tupuMLsluaKi'lu^'^i^^'^'^^^'iL'ntLasvrtiHlLii  tlu'EiigUAhpnpenof  cho  timij;  it  hu  never 
Jit>l«aredi  in  France;  its  puMk^ition  la  pc-rfcctif  opporttmc;  it  complvtci  the  psxnilei 
that  hu«  been  drawn,  up  tu  this  poiot,  bctwctm  the  Stuart  aad  the  Caput  fiintilks. 

Tilt'  following  is  the  ttiiour  of  this  diH-ainent,  tiititlfid,  Protest  of  the  Dm  tTOrUdnf, 
And  uiodc  pufihc  in  Londou  in  tlic  nionth  uf  November,  IS3:0; 

'*  Ilia  royid  hiphtiess  declares  Hiy  tlips*  pn'.wiitfl  that  lie  protests  formally  againE^ 
pfoctJi'iferlHii  duU.il  Clie  29th  nf  St-pletiibcr  l&st,  wliich  dut-uni^nt;  professe*  to  fiHttblialt 
llie  (act,  t\\at  the  cbUd  ntuiitHl  Cliarlc^  Ferdinand  Dk'udouti^  is  tlie  legitimate  »otic€ 
bcr  royjil  lùgbo^ss  MfuiLami^  che  Duchess  da  Bcttî- 

'*  The  Due  d'Orléans  will  prodnce  in  flt  time  and  pUtce  iritnena  who  ran  nuke 
known  the  origin  of  thccliild  and  of  its  mother;  he  will  produce  sTl  the  dix-unwnla 
noccvi^rj  to  iniika  it  nuuiifuBt  that  the  Dm^liess  de  Bcrri  has  never  ht^a  pr^Kiiant, 
RÎncc  the  TiTif'jrtitnate  dGutli  of  her  liuiilninil,  iuid  hi;  will  poiut  out  tiic  naciiun  of  tke 
ntachinittion  of  which  thxit  very  wtiik  printfs»  hna  been  the  inBiTumcnt. 

"  Meanwhile,  until  lhf!fiivourti}]lcTTiom>L-otarrivta  t'nr  iitvcstigiiitingttie  whole  of  tills 
latriguci  the  Due  d'OrK-ans  omnnt  Ibrliear  front  calling  ottnilioa  to  Ibc  fADtaatic 
scenet  which,  according  to  the  aforesaid /^roct-^-c-^er^  wus  plajod  id  tlu:  r«viIloa- 
"itaxtfiii. 

"  Tlie  Jovrnat  dé  Paru,  wbich,  u  erQTf  hody  knows,  it  a  eoofldential  joiuiial,  ■&- 
noonced  on  th(!  2nth  of  list  August  tlic  apiironrhirig  oceoilcbeniËtit  iu  the  foU^ving 
tertns: 

"  '  IlerBons  who  have  the  honoor  to  approach  the  princess  asinre  as  tliat  the  ne» 
coiidhcni«nt  of  her  roTil  highnca  wiU  not  lake  place  sooner  than  from  the  2oth  to 
the  i8th  of  taeptember.' 

"  Wheu  ihii  Sâth  of  Ecpt^mher  airivcd,  what  iook  place  in  the  I>uc]iesa's  iqtart- 
niËAtiT 

"  la  llie  nîçht  of  the  SSth-^Satli,  at  two  o'cKick,  the  whulc  hffliwhoM  wa3  in  ht^ 
and  the  lights  L'xtJnguÎAluil.;  at  h:df-pa.<it  two  thi^  priiK^'^-Jis  cuILijI^  h^t  I^i  D^unc  â» 
Vftthaire,  lur  ftrat  t'emme-dt'-chniuhrv,  wiw  iwleeit^  Iji  Dame  Leiuoine,  her  nurse,  WM 
nlwei]t,  and  the?  Sicnr  DtmeiiT,  the  necniicheur.  wa»  undreued. 

•♦ThoDlbesctnt  ehanpedî  La  Dauie  Bourgeois  lighted  a  omdle,  and  aïl  the  per»m 
who  entered  the  ducbcas's  cliaiuher,  saw  a  cliiid  th^  was  not  jrct  detadkcd  mua  Ihe 
U)  other. 

•*  Rut  how  Wiis  that  child  placed? 

"  The  phv-Hcian  Rarun  declares  that  he  jhïw  the  child  plaosd  on  it*  motlier  ntid  not 
yet  detachrd  friim  her, 

"  Tl)c  eiiT^>on  Bouf^u  dL<c1are«  that  the  child  was  placed  on  Itf  nwthcr,  «nd  itiU 
attaclicd  hy  the  uinhiHcal  cor«L  — 

"Tlicsc  two  prac-titionen  know  how  important  tt  is  not  to  cxplùn  mote  ftr- 
tiiMiFarly  licur  the  ehild  was  ^aced  ou  ita  mother. 

"  MaJamiî  hi  Duchei.^  de  Rep^o  makes  tin'  follow  djEK;Iafatiotl  : 

"  '  I  w:li  informed  inslantty  lliïtt  her  my»!  Iii;;hneiis  ft-lt  the  ptiirtl  nf  liihâiu*|  I 
hurried  that  motnent  to  her,  and  on  tnttrriii^'  the  roont  1  saw  the  diilil  on  the  bed, 
aari  not  yet  detached  from  its  lojthcr.* 

"  Thus  the  child  wm  on  the  bed,  the  duchess  oa  the  bc<J,  and  the  umbilical  cord 
Joaodticed  xmder  the  beddothes.  -*J 


I 


THE  C0MMB8IONEHS  PASS  THBOVOa  THE  HOYAL  ARSH'.   209 

-■,  'Tîie  commisaioncrs  began  dieir  journey  at  four  in  the  afternoon: 
it  was  night  when  they  reached  the  outposts  of  the  royal  armyt 
which  waâ  cncampeil  in  the  forest»  right  and  left  of  the  rottil.  By 
tho  blaze  of  the  firca  that  burned  from  point  to  point  along  their 
routo^  tho  TOmmiasâoners  saw  threatening  lool^  bent  on  them, 
and  naked  Ewords  gleaming.  ïbey  reached  UambouiUet  ne- 
vertheless, protected  by  the  nimje  of  the  Due  <3e  Coigny. 
Charles  X.  being  informed  of  their  arrival,  refused  to  rcoeive 
them.    He  thought  it  étrange  that  four  men  should  be  sent  to  guard 

**  Remark  what  wm  ob»cr»ed  by  the  Situr  Dciicux,  4u?coucli£rur,  vvhci,  at  haJf- 
fwft  two  o'dcx'k,  hod  it  iiùtifl^  lo  titm  thnt  tlti.>  diidiess  fdt  the  pains  of  lalxRir» 
wbereupCHi  tic  hutenoti  iji«u&tly  to  her,  withoue  tAbing  tiiâe  to  flaixh  dreasing  him* 
«df*  foanJ  Ler  in  bed,  and  lieard  the  iofiuit  crying; 

"Hemark  wlmt  «  «aid  by  Ma^iaine  de  Goiilaiïj»  wlio^  at  hulf-past  two,  was  in- 
fbnned  that  the  duchef»  Mi  the  puiiu  of  labour,  who  came  Inatiuitty,  and  board  the 

"Reourk  wh&t  woi  seea  hy  tha  Sicur  Frftuqac,  garde  de  corps  ds  Moasicur,  who 
wiB  OD  RUtry  At  hùT  Tvytd  bighncu^a  d^mr,  and  who  was  the  firat  person  infuniied  gf 
tl»  CTŒt  by  a  \ady,  who  nnjiu^ated  him  to  entor  the  room: 

*  Braaurk  what  wtis  twa  by  M,  Latné,  a  ontioiml  guard,  who  was  on  scotry  »A  tbfi 
JooT  Af  the  PaviUun-Miirson,  who  vn^a  r^u^Mtcd  by  a  Ijidy  to  step  up  «tairs,  did  co, 
WM  intradtici^  into  the  princcBs'a  clianiïxfr,  whc-tv  iIh'TV  was  no  one  but  tht;  Sit'ur 
Deomi  snd  another  pctm-id,  nnd  wim,  nt  the  munienc  he  eatcrcd  the  rootu,  observed 
t2iat  the  dock  pcônted  to  thiny-Sve  minutes  past  two: 

"  BofbATk  what  was  st£o  by  the  physician  Itaraiir  who  orriTcd  At  thirty-fivft 
Uiîautca  past  two,  and  the  ■urgeon  Ikiugun,  who  lutivcd  loiuc  moUicntJ  after: 

'*  Rcmurk  whnt  was  accn  by  AlanhiJ  Sncliet,  who  was  todg«l  by  order  of  th4 
king  in  the  l^rillon  «tc  Flore,  and  who.  upon  the  flrtt  inteUigeucc  that  her  roy«l 
highn<3U  fyll  the  pain»  k>{  kbour,  procwded  in  edJ  hwtc  to  her  apartmcnt,  but  ■iid  not 
wrirs  there  uotLl  forty-flvc  mlnutci  paet  two,  and  wo*  caUc-d  on  to  be  prevent  at 
tbe  âlvlaton  of  the  umbUical  cord  «amc  minâtes  nncr: 

**  Renurk  what  muit  luir«  been  seen  by  Horslml  dc  Coigny,  who  was  lodged  ia 
the  TuiUiriei  by  onk-r  uf  th>t  kin;;,  who  was  t^-UIcd  wh(>n  iwr  royal  higlxitesa  wu  d&^ 
livsred,  who  repaired  in  hmtc  to  Ues  apartment,  but  ilid  nut  amri^  till  cl  moment 
«fter  the  iwtSno  of  the  mrd  hftd  tilkea  pince; 

"  Rcnwrk.  ftriolly^  wlukt  WU  nen  by  nit  the  perwin*  who  were  uitruducod  after 
half-pAit  two  up  to  tliu  uiomoat  of  cutting  the  umbilical  cord,  which  took  place  some 
minote«  after  thnx-qimniira  pMt  iW'\  Now,  whurc  were  the  rcUlionfl  of  Ihe  f  rin- 
cett  durmg  thia  scvdv,  vhk-h  lastc<i,  at  k-iUt,  twenty  minuit-^?  Why,  durini;  êù  long 
•  mAceoT  time,  did  ihry  aSwt  to  atiaudon  her  tu  tîic  liiuids  vf  stron^n,  M-ntioela, 
And  miiituy  mca  of  all  roJiks?  la  not  thi^  affuctod  abxuduDmi'lit  prvciacL/  tku  mOBt 
complele  proof  of  a.  grou  and  manifest  fraud?  li  it  not  evident  tluit,  iifti-T  arfang- 
infUiç  ineop,  thev  withdrew  at  hatf-past  two,  sQd  thfLt,  plAi-ed  in  kHi  (idjuiAiii<;  aparb- 
ttient»  they  wait^Â)  the  moment  to  «Iter  upon  the  alagu,  and  tù  play  the  parts  they 
hadHtdgntTJ  thembjires? 

"In  bet,  was  thcru  ever  seen  aa  instance  in  whicli,  wlicn  a  woninn,  of  niiy  cLus 
wlHlterêï,  wa»  about  to  be  deliYertd,  the  liirlits  were  put  out  at  ni^ïii,  the  wk 
taea  about  her  were  aalecp,  that  one  in  particular,  who  wua  moru  Bpeciiilly  charged 
with  the  duty  of  ïakiui^  care  of  her,  went  awrLV.  hit  nccouchcur  wax  undtCsscd,  and 
her  fnnjUy,  reaitling  undJcr  the  same  roof^ remained  more  thoa  twenty  niinUtc»  without 
giving  «îy  tAgti  of  iJi^  eicifltenee^ 

"  Hif  royal  liiglmeu  the  Due  d'iM^ana  i$  conrinced  that  t!ie  Frencli  nation  and 
oU  itm  tovermma  of  Europe  will  be  KOstble  of  ail  iIh:  dangerous  consequences  of  H 
hand  wa  aodaaouj  and  >o  Doatnuy  to  tlic  principki  of  hereditary  and  legitinuite 
maoarehy. 

"  Alrrady  Tnntx  and  £iintte  hare  ben  rictims  of  Bonaparte'*  osurpation.  Cer- 
lainly^aiiew  iiiunHktioQ.ontnep«tof  apr^ttwikfl  Hiuiry  V.,  would  bring  back  the 
•ame  mlfftirtiiim  on  Fnuicv  imd  on  Eur»^<. 

"DooeatFarii^the  aoth  of  September,  1920.*'— C^wrwr  Franfai$  of  th«  Sd  of 
August^  lUO. 


310 


THE  EXPEDITION  TO  BAMBOTTII^LET  PLAJfNED. 


him  in  the  midat  of  lùa  armj;  an^  Ihe  sent  tbem  word  ttiat  tKc 
uaages  of  lijs  royal  Louse  «lid  not  permit  him  to  give  them  audience 
Mi  such  on  hour,  but  that  he  offered  them  the  hoepitality  of  the  chA* 
te&u  fot  the  night. 

The  commisj*! oners  returned  with  al!  speed  to  Pane  to  report  the 
resuUs  of  tlteir  journey.  The  Due  d'Orléans,  who  was  in  bed»  him- 
eelf  let  them  in,  and  received  them  without  taking  the  trouble  to 
drffs  himsKïlf.  The  two  monarclùcs  were  thus  palpably  contrasted: 
ftt  Rambouillet,  respect  for  etiquette  carried  to  temerity;  at  t3ic 
Palais  Royal,  çoj\t(?mpt  for  forms  carried  to  neglect  of  the  most  or- 
dmary  conventional  proprieties.  The  commissjonera  did  not  £iU  to 
mnarkthe  contrast.  Tne  monarch  in  drawcra  who  stood  before  them 
seemed  more  worthy  than  the  other  to  command,  by  virtue  of  a  mys- 
terious right.  Weak  minds  were  theirs,  that  eaw  in  this  religiouB 
reverence  of  etiquette  only  a  monarchy  that  breafe  down  in  a  day, 
whilst  they  might  have  seen  in  it  a  monarchy  that  endures  for  many 
centuries!  Gewgaws  aad  jingling  trinkets^  to  amuse  and  hiU  its 
BcnsGS,  ore  necessary  to  ihe  infancy  of  society.  Tradition^  puerili- 
'ûes  we  the  stuff  of  which  the  majesty  of  kings  ia  composed.  To 
vupprces  human  folly,  is  to  suppress  the  empires  that  endure. 

When  the  comnussioners  brought  their  report  to  the  heutcnan^ 
general,  they  found  him  in  a  very  diflercnt  disposition  firom  that  he 
had  inanifoated  the  preceding  day  with  regard  to  his  family.  "  Let 
him  begone,"  he  exclaimed,  with  vehemence;  *'  he  must  absolutely 
be  gone  j  ho  must  be  frightened  into  it,**  Now  to  force  the  king  to 
depart,  Bomcthing  more  was  requisite  than  a  paciiic  embassy;  it 
was  therefore  thought  expedient  to  back  this  by  a  thtefttening  de- 
fflonstrivtion.  Colonel  Jacqueminot  took  upon  him  to  call  forth  tliat 
demom^tration.  There  was  thiii  additional  utility  in  an  expediiian 
to  Rambouillet,  that  it  would  carry  all  the  men  of  hot  blood  out  of 
Paris.  It  was  the  3d  of  Aumjst;  the  lieutenant-general  proposed 
to  appear  before  the  deputies  in  the  splendour  of  hi^s  recent  dignity: 
a  diversion  might  be  neceaaary.  Men  were  sent  into  every  < 
of  the  town,  who  shouted  out,  "  Charles  X.  h  threatening  _. 
To  Kambouillot  !  to  lUmhouillet  !"  A  large  basket,  full  of^pli 
was  brought  from  Lapage,  the  armorer's,  to  the  Palais  lio 
and  they  were  distributed^  with  packets  of  powder,  by  M.  de 
luigny  among  the  élèves  of  the  JEctile  Polytechnique.  The  drum 
beat  to  arms  in  the  capita],  aa  it  had  done  in  its  days  of  danger,  and 
the  whole  city  started  to  life  at  the  sound.  The  people  was  in  that 
eecihing  state  that  follows  the  subsidonoe  of  the  storm.  The  notion 
of  a  revolutionary  campaign  in  the  environs  oftherapital  charmed  the 
li>Tly  imaginations  of  the  Pansians,  and  Memed  to  promise  tliem  tho 
*^njoymcnt  of  a  party  of  pleasure  in  the  doing  of  a  dcwl  of  patriotism. 
Nothing  was  to  do  seen  in  the  streets  butyoimg  men  who  hiid  cionned 
tlie  bright  baldrics  of  gendarmes  over  tlicir  black  coats,  und  working 
men  in  their  shirt-sloevcSf  with  liL'lm  on  head,  and  limce  or  carbine 
in  hand.      Some  pupils  of  the  Ecolo  Polytechnique,  who  vmted 


qiwitor 


u- 


I 


THS  CHAHBBRS  ON  TBZ  3l>  OF  AVGtVffT. 


211 


lioTW«,  obtained  them  at  oiicc  from  KiuitzmaTin^g  riding-scliool,  on 
Bifrning  ÛkIt  names  and  adding  llicir  quality  at  the  foot  oï  a  bill, 
•which  ran  thus,  "  Hon  pour  ttn  cAciwr'— -1.  O.  U.  a  horse.  All  WM 
one  huge  hurlj'buxly-  The  patriotiani  of  thew  TH>\*el  recruits  broke 
out  in  boisloTous  laughter,  anectlng  -words,  and  confused  cUunours. 
Thoee  ingenious  piaaotks,  who  hftd  reckoned  on  the  frivolity  of  the 
Trench  mind,  h*a  x^$»xa  to  complinient  tbentselTcs  on  tlietr  peao- 
tradon.     They  hud  brought  the  people  to  parody  it^  own  granneurl 

The  command  of  the  expedition  was  gi%*en  to  General  Pajol, 
whom  the  Palais  Royal  looked  on  with  distrust,  and  right  ^'ludly  it 
ecizetl  Uie  opportunity  of  cotnpromieiKff  and  getting-  rid  of  Iiim  at 
one  and  the  same  time.  But  Colonel  Jacqueminot  was  required  to 
take  part  in  tho^xpieditiont  for  the  purpose,  so  at  least  it  was  said-, 
of  keeping  watch  over  the  goncnd  ;  and  he  resigned  his  place  of  com- 
misBOBCT. 

As  for  General  I^afayette,  hi?  mind  preoccupied  and  engrossed 
with  a  thoiisimd  nolhing^^,  he  paw  in  90  thoroughly  a  contrived  af- 
fïiir  as  th.l9  niovemcnt  only  the  spontaneotw  impulse  of  the  people, 
•nd  ho  gave  orders  that  ûva  hundred  men  per  legion  should  put 
thenisctvçg  under  the  command  of  General  PajoL  But  he  was  tor^ 
inented  with  very  lively  apprehensions.  Was  it  not  exposing  this 
army  of  chance  recrmte  to  a  iVighlfu!  butchery,  to  «end  it  out 
^ainfit  brave,  well -disciplined  troopsj  fighting  in  the  open  country? 
AocordingtVi  at  the  samo  time  that  he  signed  such  imprudent  ordere, 
hfl  ttmt  41.  J  rcdqric  l>egeorge  to  bid  tlic  national  guard  of  Arras  and 
tfaflt  of  Amiens  march  to  the  eupport  of  the  expeditionary  anny, 
which  he  Sftid  ran  grrait  jigks  of  being  cut  to  pieces. 

Mfomwhile,  n  great  crowd  had  been  assembled  from  six  o'clock  in 
the  monùng  round  the  Palais  Bourbon,  a  public  sittingof  the  cham- 
ber having  been  announced.  l"ho*c  who  had  taken  the  révolution 
to  bo  a  thing  of  earnest  reality,  bitterrly  remarked  that  it  was  not 
becoming  to  make  the  opening  of  the  chamber  fall  on  the  date  that 
Charles  X,  had  fixed;  that  there  was  something  extraordinary  in  this 
continuation  of  the  past,  and  that  it  would  be  wcU  to  take  heed  tù 
the  firsi  beginnings.  But  these  discontented  observations  were  lost 
in  the  intoxication  of  so  recent  a  triumph.  At  Lost  the  doors  of  the 
palace  were  opened,  and  the  deputies  successively  arrived.  M.  do 
Mardgnaç  walked  alone  in  a  thoughtful  mood,  a  icw  paces  from  M. 
Laffîtie,  who  leaned  for  support  on  M.  Vaasal.  MM.  Ouizot,  Dupin, 
Guimir  Péner,  and  Sebasii&ni,  had  lost  all  vesticvs  of  their  terrors, 
and  wore  the  radiant  counlonances  of  victors.  MM.  licrryer,  Jaa- 
quinot  de  Pampelune,  Roger,  de  Bois-B^rtrund,  and  Arthur  do  La 
Bknudounaye,  conversed  apart,  and  their  dejocî*id  luvk»  were  in  con- 
trast with  the  general  joy.  Th#  peers  ofFrancciippearcd  in  their  tuni. 
hùgùy,  the  Due  d'Orlikna  entered,  ibUowed  fay  the  Due  dc  Nemours, 
rIowIv  AJicendod  the  platform,  and  sat  down  on  a  cushioned  stooL 
Behind  him  was  a  throne  covere<l  with  velvet,  embroidered  with 

T2 


212       CUARACTER  OF  THE  EXPEDITION  TO  RAMBOUIÏ-LET. 

^çolcîen  lilies,  nnd  surmounted  by  à  crown&d  canopy.  Shouta  and 
Bounds  of  appkuse  burst  from  all  sides,  as  usual  ou  thû  &cc^sîoa  of 
all  princes.  The  lieutenant-general's  speech,  was  mucb  kss  reserved 
than  that  he  had  dclivei'çd  on  tho  Slst,  when  things  were  as  yet  in 
quite  an  uncortnJn  position.  He  sptïke,  for  instance,  of  liberty  threat- 
ened, and  of  the  odious  interpretation  given  to  the  14th  article. 
Still  he  alluded,  in  becoming  terms,  to  certain  august  miafbr tunes; 
but  even  whilst  he  deplored  them,  he  announced,  m  a  solemn  tone» 
to  the  chamber,  that  he  had  ordered  the  act  of  abdicaUon  of  Charles 
X.  and  of  tlic  Dauphin  to  be  deposited  in  the  archives.  Aa  for  the 
motive  of  that  deposit, — namely,  the  tacit  recojniition  of  the  principie 
of  legitimacy,  he  said  nodiing  on  that  score.  Was  that  deposit  to  do 
for  the  advantage  of  the  Due  de  Bordeaux,  or  of  anotîier  ?  ïliis  was 
a.  point  the  Due  d'Orléans  left  iji  doubt. 

Meanwhile,  every  thing  was  gettjng  ready  for  the  expedition  to 
Rambouillet.  An  impatient  multitude  filled  the  Place  Louis  XV., 
and  overflowed  into  the  Champa  Elys&es.  Hackney-coaches,  omni> 
buses,  cabriolets,  and  vchiclea  of  every  kind  had  been  put  in  rc<jui- 
sition  to  transport  the  bulk  of  the  army.  The  equipages  of  grands 
seigneurs  were  stopped,  their  owners  obliged  to  aliglit,  and.  tlieir 
plftC^  were  taken  by  men  of  the  lower  classes.  Avocats-,  physicians, 
Doiirgcoia  of  every  calling  in  life,  young  men  of  all  clafêes  jootled 
each  other  in  this  strange  medley»  At  three  o'clock  the  cotumn 
began  its  march.  It  consisted  of  about  ûfieen  thousand  men.  The 
vanguard  was  led  by  Colonel  Jacqueminot,  George  Lafiiyctte,  and 
thç  oomniander-in-chlef,  who,  liaving  been  able  to  procure  his  CH|uip 
ment  only  piece  by  piece,  had  been  obliged  to  borrow  from  Rothsr 
ehild,  the  banker,  the  epaulettes  ho  wore  as  Austrian  consul.  Never 
was  on  expedition  made  T^'ith  more  headlong  thoughtleesness.  The 
ffcneral  having  called  for  a  map  of  the  countty  at  the  Barrière  de* 
Bnns-Horames^  it  appeared  that  no  one  had  thought  of  providing  that 
indispensable  rcfjuisi te  towards  all  operations  of  war.  Oaeof  Gtaicral 
Pajul's  lûdes-dc-camp  was  sent  forward  to  get  a  map;  and  he  ob- 
latned  one  from  the  Sevres  manufactory  of  M.  Dumas,  member  of 
tho  Institute,  on  a  bo7i  subsciibcd  with  the  all-puwerful  title  of  pufnl 
of  the  Ecole  Polytechnique. 

Thus  thousands  of  men  were  undertaking  a  march  of  fifteen 
^Itttgues,  without  guidance,  provisions,  or  money,  through  a  countrVi 
^IIm  resources  of  which  had  been  consumed  by  the  passage  of  the 
troops.     There  were  still  at  Versailles,  through  which  the  expedi- 
tion would  have  to  pass,  the  remains  of  two  regiments:  was  it  pru- 
dent to  leave  these  in  the  rear?    This  reflection,  which  occurreu  to 
M.  Dupoty,  was  communicated  to  Gcnerui  Pftjol  by  a  pupil  of  the 
I'  Ecole  rûl)tech nique,  and  they  all  tliree  proceeded  to  the  barracks  of 
the  Rue  d'Anjou,     Now  such  waa  the  demoralization  of  the  troops, 
that  the  d&ring  step  taken  by  these  tlirec  men  did  not  encounter  the 
least  obstacle.    The  soldiera  thctoselvea  dehvered  up  their  arms, 


CHAULES  X.  EaCAPES  FROM  RAMBOUILLET. 


213' 


which  were  immcdintely  distributed  to  the  people,  and  went  away 
to  Meaux,  wHlst  Geneml  Pajol  returned  lo  the  column,  followed  by 
Ills  two  extemporaneous  lieutenants. 

The  eamcditionanea  arrived  withiji  tlireeH|ua,rters  of  a  league  of 
Rambouillet,  worn  out  with  fatigue  and  lumber,  and  in  the  most  hor- 
rible disorder.  The  municipality  of  Versaillus  was  to  have  delivered 
six  thousand  ratîoDâ:  they  were  not  forthcoming.  To  make  matters 
worec,  (Jic  column  had  been  enlarged  by  the  addition  of  all  the 
adventurers  that  hud  flocked  to  it  from  the  country  right  and  left, 
and  by  two  thousand  voltuileera  of  Rouen  who  had  rattrched  Uy  thû 
aid  of  Pang.  Having  been  met  at  St,  Germain  by  M.  Laperche, 
whom  the  lieu  tenant- go  ncml  himself  had  sent  to  them,  they  had 
iflUen  in  at  Trappes  with  the  rear  of  the  army  of  which  they  Ibrmetl 
the  reserve.  At^St,  Cyr,  M.  Degoussée  brought  awny  eight  pieces  of 
cannon  belonging  to  the  Bchool:  this  waa  all  the  artdlery  belonging 
to  the  expetlition. 

The  head  of  the  column  was  passed  h  little  way  from  Rnmbriuillet 
by  a  carriage  travelling  with  great  speed,  and  in  which  Marshal 
Maison,  Odllon  Barrot,  atid  Do  Schoncn  were  going  once  more  to 
Charles  X.  At  Coi^iy  they  found  tlic  post'horses  enj^sed  by  Ge- 
nera! Boyei-  and  thelbrother  of  M  Cadet  Gassicourt,  The  presence 
of  these  two  mpterious  trfivellers  struck  tliem  with  surprise^  and  it 
woa  not  imtil  they  had  given  orders  to  let  no  one  pû&9  that  the 
commissioner!)  continued  their  ioumcy. 

General  Pajol  ordered  a  halt  at  Coignières,  nmht  hating  over- 
taken the  expedition.  He  looked  on  defeat  as  mevitablc  should 
they  be  attacked;  but  it  waa  among  the  habits  of  hi»  miUtary  Uic  to 
sport  with  and  defy  fortune.  Besides  this  he  counted  on  the  demo- 
ralization of  the  royal  guards,  and  he  was  heard  over  and  over  again 
repeating*  "  Trotips  demoralized,  troops  undotic." 

Meanwhile  some  young  men  who  knew  the  lociilîty,  told  General 
Ëxcclmans  tlmt  it  was  necesBary  to  push  forward;  that  the  tirailleurs 
would  fmd  sure  cover  in  the  Forêt  Verte,  situtited  beyond  Coignicre»; 
that  from  that  point  they  could  seriously  menace  llie  chateau  dû 
Rambouillet;  that  on  tho  other  hand  it  was  all  over  with  the  Pa- 
risians if  they  remained  encamped  in  a  plmn  where  a  einglc  charge 
of  cavalry  would  bo  enough  to  put  thçm  to  rout,  UjKtn  tliis  advice. 
General  Ëxcclmans  gave  orders  to  the  vanguard  to  continue  its 
movement.  Scarcely  bad  it  adi-anced  a  few  paces,  when  it  fell  in 
with  men  returning  full  speed  from  Kambouillet  with  news  tliat 
Charles  X.  was  gone.  Tho«!  who  were  in  front  Êrod  ofl"  their 
pieces  In  the  air  in  sign  of  triumph:  tlioao  who  were  beliind  thought 
that  the  fight  had  begun.  The  emotion  spreading  from  man  to 
man,  tho  disorder  was  soon  universal.  To  protect  his  troops»  whom 
th«re  was  no  hope  of  discîphning.  General  Pajol  caused  the  carriages 
in  which  they  had  travelled  to  be  drawn  up  in  a  line  so  as  to  serve 
them  for  a  rampart.  At  last  it  was  found  to  have  been  but  a  falâû 
r  AhRn,  and  the  men  bivouacked  on  the  road. 


114 


ORD£B  TO  SHOOT  A  PEEFBCT. 


ProTÙîons  failing,  some  pilinged  houses  &s  they  passed»  othets 
Kuread  over  tlie  tidcU  and  brought  in  eheep  wïûch  were  roasted  at 
the  bivouac  fires. 

But  these  £upplkâ  were  insufficient,  and  the  bread  expected  from 
VcreuSlles  did  not  arrive.  M.  Charraa  set  off  to  Icam  the  cau9e  of 
the  delaj.  Oq  reaching  the  rearguard  at  Ti^ppea,  lie  sought  out 
General  Exceknans,  whom  he  found  rolled  up  in  his  cloalc^  and 
îyiog  at  the  foot  of  a  tree.  He  commumcated  the  purport  of  his  noi»- 
fiion,  whereupon  the  general,  highly  inconsedt  rcphed,  '^  Monsieur,  if 
the  vehicles  are  not  on  tho  nmrch  at  four  o'clock  in  the  morning,  I 
order  you  to  have  tlie  prefect  of  VersaiUea  Fhot," — **  Will  you  fpre 
mc  that  order  in  wntint;?" — "It  is  not  nec«saarr:  do  it."  M» 
Charms  pursued  bia  wny,  and  on  reacMiig  the  bttmer  of  V"er?«dlle3 
where  there  was  a  post  of  national  guards,  he  demanded  two  men  to 
accompany  him  to  the  prefecture.  It  was  one  o'clock  in  the  mint- 
ing :  the  porter  refused  him  admission,  until  throats  were  used,  whcit 
he  took  a  lamp  and  conducted  the  pupil  of  the  Kcule  PolytjQchmque 
into  the  prefect's  bedchamber.  "  Where  are  the  ten  thousand  rauoaa 
of  bread  that  were  to  have  been  forviTirded  in  the  course  of  the 
day?"  said  the  young  man  on  entering  the  roomu  TTie  prefect 
«tûtled  from  hïs  sle«p,  and  taken  by  surprise,  replied  that  he  liad 
OEily  arnv^  the  day  before  in  VersuUea,  and  tlmt  he  had  done  hiB 
best.  "  Your  place,"  rephcd  the  meaaengeT,  with  a  rudeness  jus- 
tified by  the  cLFcuro stances,  "  Your  place  is  not  in  bed,  but  where  thfi 
rations  are  made,*'  and  he  repeated  the  order  he  had  received.  At 
the  word  sJufot^  the  prefect  jumped  out  of  bed,  and  promised  that  in 
less  than  on  hour  the  carriages  should  he  on  their  way  ta  Itam- 
bouiUet.  '^  I  will  wait  and  satisfy  myself  of  that  fact»"  eaid  tha 
«de-de-eamp,  sternly.  The  whole  physiognomy  of  the  revolution  j^«^ 
July  stands  forth  to  'view  in  such  aoenes,  and  nothint^  more  ^o^^^^K 
tihowB  what  might  have  been  the  effect  produced  by  the  forces  en-  ' 
nndered  by  me  inaurrccùon,  in  the  h&nda  of  a  man  capable  of 
directing  them.  It  wu  broad  daybght  when  General  I^ajoVs  aide- 
de-camp  rejoined  him  at  Goignières.  Nothing  untoward  had  oo 
currod  during  the  night.  Many  of  the  cxpeditionarie^,  ûvoroomis 
with  fatigue,  luid  dropped  down  and  fallen  asleep  in  the  standinj^ 
com  by  the  aide  of  the  road. 

Such  enemies  were  assuTcdly  not  very  formidable:  and  yet  tli« 
mere  news  of  their  vicinity  threw  every  thing  into  coraraotion  at 
the  eh^tcau  de  Runbcuiliet.  Its  occupiers  comulted  together  in 
mortul  trepidation.  Some  were  for  standing  their  ground  and 
awaiting  all  chances.  Was  there  not  reason  to  hope  for  Epeedy 
rqanlbrcctnentfi  ?  Was  it  well  to  throw  away  the  destinies  of  the 
IDOiiarcJiy  upon  the  Impubc  of  a  panic?  It  would  always  be  pfn- 
nble  to  fidl  b:ick  upon  tlie  Loire;  unil  surely  La  Vendée  had  Ptili  ati 
a^lum  and  avengers  to  oflbr  persecuted  royalty.  Others  rooom- 
awodod  prompt  iligbt.  Tlicy  represented  that  inauirection  wav 
spreading  afar  into  tlic  rural  difitiicLs  ;  that  the  Paii&iana  amounted 


J 


THE  ROYAL  TBOOP8  AT  UAMBOUILLBT* 


215 


Ûi  numbers  pGrhaj»  to  80,000  men;  ttiat  ti(?tn>at  once  cut  afT,  there 
Would  be  no  quarter  to  be  oxpcct^  iroln  the  victors,  an<l  that  no 
time  wss  to  be  lost  in  witLdrawing  out  of  the  reach  of  rebel  rago  the 
last  tender  scion  of  so  many  kings. 

The  fidelity  of  the  uoop&  too  was  hcginulng  to  mveway.  It  was 
related,  indeed,  tliiit  a  soldier  Imd  blown  his  brains  out  in  remorae 
Cot  a  momentary  weakoefii,  and  tltat  tiio  utiUei;  counted  but  one 
dcHiter.  But  cmiasanea  sent  from  Paris  were  inoesâantly  prowptlng 
tKd  fcnwps  to  dûsGrt  The  division  of  heavy  cavalry,  commanded  by 
Gcner&l  Jlordc&oulle  had  deserted  en  niasse.  Some  ofEcers  were 
already  talking  of  tlieir  probable  dismissal,  and  were  beginning  to 
reflect  upon  their  future  prospects.  Those  (and  they  were  the 
grcalor  number)  who  witnessing  the  disastcis  of  the  royal  fkmily 
would  nobly  have  forgotten  that  they  thcmselvca  were  ita  victims, 
bitterly  remarked  the  absence  of  ma^y  great  pci^onageâ  who  had 
never  fiùlod  at  any  oi'  the  ftstivities  of  poytdty.  Did  some  courtiers 
pus  in  elegant  costume  thi-ough  tlie  groups  of  these  wcâiher-âtiiincd 
sokticr?,  tliê  murmurs  grew  louder  than  ever.  And  then  where  was 
the  kinc?  Where  was  the  dauphin?  Wlmtl  these  princes  who 
expected  men  to  die  for  them,  would  they  not  show  themaolveâ  on 
horseback,  sword  in  hand,  and  rc^y  if  necessary  to  fic'ht  to  the 
death  1  Where,  oStcT  aU,  would  be  the  àhame  of  ubaodonuig  a  mo 
narch  who  abandoned  himself? 

To  t!ie  cilucl  of  thia  language  waa  added  the  impre^on  produced 
by  tlio  now  known  fact  of  the  abdication^  and  by  tlio  conjectures 
occarioned  by  tlkc  rnvBterioua  joumeya  of  the  Comte  de  Girardin. 
People  asked  tJicmselve»  was  be  not  the  m&cBuin  of  some  Becret  cor- 
leepondencc  between  Charles  X.  and  the  Due  d'Orléans.  A)l  this 
served  to  increase  doubt  and  indcciaon. 

General  Vincent  had  disapproved  of  the  ordonnances;  but  he 
was  of  opinion  that  thoec  who  had  put  them  forth  at  least  owt'd  it 
to  themselves  to  support  them  with  vigour.  Knowing  what  was 
paasîn|ç,  and  that  the  Parisians  were  on  the  march  to  Jiambouillct, 
ae  took  measures  to  act  on  the  oQeneivc;  but  just  aa  he  gave  the 
order  to  mardi,  General  BordeaouUe  came  and  told  him  on  the  port 
of  tho  king  to  stop  the  movement. 

Ncreithelesa  there  remained  but  two  courses  for  royalty  to  choose 
between;  to  fly  or  to  advance*  At  ten  o'clock  Colonel  Poque  had 
arrived  at  tlie  outposts,  and  he  had  been  scen^  alter  leaving  behind 
him  a  small  party  of  iusurgentâ  whom  he  commanded,  walk  up 
the  grand  avenue  and  pUnt  a  tricolour  Jlog  there,  a  few  paces 
&om  a  platoon  of  national  guards.  Ho  announced  himseli'  a^  de- 
airoHs  oi  tC  parley,  and  demanded  an  interview.  General  Vinocnt, 
under  whose  orders  M.  Foquc  had  been  cjuartermaftcr  in  1814-, 
flatly  refused  to  enter  into  a  parley  which  he  thought  dangerous; 
and  alter  several  t^ucccâsivc  refuiials,  he  threatened  M.  Poquc  to  Itave 
Kim  fired  upon  if  he  would  not  withdraw.  M,  Poque  had  no  one 
viUi  him  but  a  brigadier  of  cuiiasâeis  who  had  joined  the  ixtsuitcc- 


216  CUAMLSA  X.  BECEIYES  THE  COmOSBIONEBS. 

tional  side.  He  requested  the  brigadier  to  letire,  but  the  latter 
refused;  and  Foque  himself  folded  his  arms  with  undaunted  ocxd- 
ncss.  Fire!  cried  General  Vincent  to  the  Swiss  who  lined  the 
road.  The  brigadiers  hotse  was  killed,  and  Colonel  Poque  received 
a  ball  in  the  left  instep.  Ue  was  carried  to  the  omces  of  the 
château. 

Charles  X.  testified  the  most  lively  concern  on  hearing  of  thil 
event.  He  sent  the  colonel  a  messi^  expressive  of  his  regret  fay 
General  Trocoff,  and  had  his  wound  seen  to  bj  his  own  euzgecai. 
Madame  de  Gontaut  visited  Colonel  Poque,  and  undertook  to  write 
to  his  mother,  in  the  department  of  the  Pyrenees,  and  reaasuze  her 
as  to  her  son's  condition.  It  may  be  conceived  what  impressi<ni8 
scenes  of  this  kind  must  have  made  on  the  soldier's  mind. 

Such  was  the  moral  situation  of  the  royal  family  and  of  the 
troops  when  the  Parisians  set  out  for  Rambouillet.  It  was  juat 
after  dinner  that  Charles  X.  received  intimation  of  their  apprïMch. 
The  courtiers  vanished  one  after  the  other,  and  some  of  them  with 
mich  shameful  haste  that  they  forgot  their  white  plumed  hats.  MM. 
Maison,  De  Schonen,  and  Odilon  Barrot  arrived  at  nine  o'clock. 
They  were  admitted  into  the  château  after  having  been  slowly  con- 
ducted tlirou^h  the  park,  so  that  they  might  have  an  opportunity  of 
judging  ibr  themselves  the  amount  of  force  that  Charles  JL  had  still 
at  his  disposal. 

Cliarles  X.  received  them  with  a  bluntncss  for^gn  to  his  usual 
habits.  His  equanimity  had  not  failed  him  so  long  as  the  tempest 
had  hung  suspt-U'lcil  oidy  over  his  own  head  and  that  of  his  scm. 
Ills  devotion,  I  have  alroady  said,  made  him  regard  his  misfortunes 
as  a  cliastiscment  intlicted  on  him  by  Providence.  But  of  what 
crime  was  that  child  guilty  whom  it  was  sought  to  offer  a  sacrifice  to 
rancour  already  so  amply  Siitisiied?  Ilic  natural  contingencies  of  vic- 
tory amK?arod  to  his  overwrought  mind  in  the  light  of  impious  deedfl 
of  violence.  Always  rolyin.ir,  moreover,  in  what  he  supposed  to  be 
the  intentions  of  the  Due  d'Orléans,  he  could  not  conceive  to  what 
purpose  liis  quiet  was  thus  disturbed.  **  What  do  you  want  with 
me,  mes>ieure?''  he  said,  when  the  commissioners  entered.  "Every 
thing  is  now  armngcd,  and  I  have  conic  to  au  imderstanding  witn 
my  lieutenant-general." — ''liut.  sire,"  repUcii  Jlarshal  Maison,  "ho 
it  is  precisely  who  sends  us  to  warn  your  majosty  that  tlie  people  of 
Paris  arc  marching  on  llanibouillet.  and  to  entreat  you  not  to 
expose  yourself  to  the  consctjuenees  of  a  furious  attack."  Charles  X., 
now  thinking  himself  deceived,  gave  violent  expression  to  his 
resentment,  and  Marshal  ^lais.vn,  who  had  been  the  foremost  to 
pn;sont  himself,  was  so  intimidated  that  he  retreated  behind  M.  de 
Schonen.  Odilon  Itarrot  ppoke  out  boldly.  He  talked  of  the  hor- 
rors of  civil  war,  of  the  danger  of  braving  passions  still  glowing; 
and  when  Charles  X.  insisted  on  the  rights  of  the  Due  de  lk>nleaux, 
formally  reserved  by  the  act  of  abdication,  the  orator  represented 
to  him  in  persuasive  tones  that  the  throne  of"  licnry  V^.  ought  not 


SETS  OUT  FOR  MAîNTENON.  217 

to  be  set  up  in  blood- — '^  And  60,000  men  thjeaten  Rambouillet," 
ftdded  Martial  Maison.  The  king,  ^lio  wii3  stalking  up  and  down 
the  room,  «topped  at  thcso  words,  and  made  à  f^gxi  ta  the  marshal 
that  he  wished  to  convorae  with  him  in  privfitc,  to  which  the  marshal 
after  Eome  moments*  hositatioa  consented.  Looking  him  full  in  the 
face,  the  king  then  eald,  **  Monâeur,  I  have  faith  in  your  integrity; 
I  am  ready  to  trust  your  word:  ia  it  true  that  the  Parisian  army 
which  ia  advancing  la  composed  of  60,000  men?" — '*  Yes,  aiic." 
Charles  X.  no  longer  hesitated. 

The  king's  letter  to  his  highncs  the  Due  d'Ork'ans  had  been  read 
to  the  troopg.  The  Due  dc  Luxembourg  issued  an  order  of  the 
day,  acquainting  llie  troops  that  their  position  under  Hemy  V, 
would  be  the  same  as  under  Charles  X.,  so  hard  did  the  old  monarch 
find  it  to  persuade  himself  that  he  could  have  a  successor  in  the 
lieutenant-general  I  So  little  did  he  beltcTe  this,  that  he  commanded 
M.  Alexandre  dc  Girardin  to  go  to  Paris  ojid  draw  600^000  franca 
from  the  treasury  j  and  the  report  having  reached  his  ears  tl^at  it  was 
feared  he  would  carry  off  the  crown  jewels,  he  repudiated  that  sup- 

rtion  with  much  vehom^nce  and  dignity.     Why  indeed  should 
carry  otf  jewels  whicJi  he  knew  to  be  part  of  hia  giandaou'd 
inheritance? 

The  king's  departure  having  been  deoded  upon  by  the  ad^ce  of 
the  Due  de  Raguse  himsoll',  Charlw  set  off  for  Maintenon  with  his 
family.  The  vanguard  woa  composed  of  chasseurs  of  the  line, 
hu9$ar&,  and  lancers;  then  came  carriages,  preceded  and  foUowed  by 
gardes  du  corps,  and  containing  the  first  of  them  the  grandson,  and 
the  second  the  grandfather  j  a.  child,  and  an  old  man,  the  whole 
monarchy.  Four  regimtnta  of  foot  guards,  the  gendarmes  des 
chuees,  and  the  flying  artillery,  composed  tlic  body  of  tbe  army, 
A  regiment  of  dragoons  closed  lîiis  line  of  march  which  was  already 
a  funeral  procession.  Several  chfiteaux  were  passed  on  the  road: 
not  one  of  their  proprietors  appeared  to  salute  him^  by  whom  the 
great  had  always  been  loaded  with  favoms.  The  poor  alono 
remember  in  the  day  of  misfortime. 

Thecommisfioners  who  had  remained  behind  at  the  hôtel  St.  Martin, 
in  Rambouillet,  to  give  some  orders,  rt  joined  Charles  X,  at  the  ch&teau 
de  Maintenon,  where  the  royal  fiimily  received  an  affecting  hospl» 
tolily.  Durintf  the  night  wliich  was  passed  at  the  château,  Madame 
dc  Gontaut  said  with  a  melancholy  smile  to  M.  de  Schonen,  "  I  am 
strongly  inclined  to  leave  that  child  in  your  lap,"  and  she  pointed 
to  the  Due  de  Bordeaux.  *■'  I  would  not  receive  him,  madame  1'* 
ho  replied.  What  mystery  was  there  at  the  bottom  of  this  reply? 
And  what  hadjMssed  since  the  Due  d'Orléans  siid  to  thia  same  M, 
dc  Schonen,  *^  That  child  is  vour  king*'? 

Tlie  commiasionera  brought  Charles  X.  to  consent  to  dismiss  his 
guards,  and  to  retain  for  escort  to  Cherbourg,  the  place  fixed  on  for 
his  embarkation^  only  his  military  household.  Then  was  drawn  up 
this  order  of  ^e  day,  the  terms  of  which  deserve  attention  : 


L 


218 


LAfT  0]U>e]tâ  OF  CHAALES  X.  TO  HIS  AKKT. 


■^  hmmdiatehr  nûw  the  loi^>  depvtuK;  all  tiie  tegidiËiit»  frf  ftui  ^rnards  w»!  of 
;  wiD  pat  tienmàrtt  in  tmi^  for  Charbca,  «than  thej  will  ncdre  iD 
crdaHveed.  MM.  le*dicft^civpK,aAKrlMrriD^  — oBttedtfaete 
,  viQ  «ttectottaoD  ctaulû  IMiîctty  ânda  frnnajaif  vâfa  extraie  | 
to  i^wale  Iran  them;  that  be  dcnre*  tban  (Uw  oOoini)  to  te 
ttm  Ul  M&i&ctïao;  aai.  thst  be  will  alwxrs  prmo^e  tlie  rçcdlectïoQ 
pitaat  oaadnirt  and  Ûit  drwCednan  with  vfaïdi  t^sej  ^upported  ^  fati^ne»! 
prir^io^  wîA  irtûch  fchejr  ban  been  cmrvhejiscd  dnipff  these  anfortoiMto  < 

"TlieldngfiwthelatttîiiK  tmumiti  lui  wden  ta)  tiu  tviTe  troofisof  l!w  jfdsA 
wtetaYCftODonpAiiied  Um:  tim  an  to  pnneed  to  An^  vhm  th^y  win  nnlae 
Uku-  mbnùanûD  lu  tfae  liatfCIHlXt-geD^U  ef  Aa  ^^Ig****,  ^bo  bas  tmkaacwvrf 

Thiâ  kât  pluïLse  was  remarkabîe;  h  seemed  to  prove  ihat  thefe 
eadsied  between  Chades  X.  ân<l  tiie  Duc  d'Orléims  Euch  rektiotu^ 
dut  the  fisrmei  of  iLcâe  two  princes  lud  &  righi  to  count  uni«- 
aeiTedly  oa  tlie  latter.  Such  was  Xhç  oonclusiotL  drawn  from  the 
girder  of  tlie  any  by  several  offiseis,  who  thought  that  they  had  now 
Jbund  a  ter  to  the  mcaniti^  of  those  couùnual  messages  of  M. 
AJexamirc  de  Girardin.  They  thought  that  Chiirles  X.  woidd  noi 
Ittve  BO  implicitly  relied  on  "the  licutcnAnt-geD^^rai  for  the  care  of 
ihfàx  future  wclian;,  if  he  had  not  weighty  lea^onâ  for  doing  SO* 
Grettt  ma  theii  surpnâe  afterwards  when  ^cy  learned  that  the 
guards  were  disband^. 

It  wss  mbout  ten  o'clock  on  the  rooiiiii^  of  the  4th  of  August, 
tbflt  the  rojal  jfkmily  lell  the  châteao  de  Maintenoo.  The  Duche» 
dfi  lioaillic^s  appeared  on  the  threshold  in  teals.  The  dauphine  pt&- 
smtcd  her  hand  to  the  offiocrs  to  ld$s,  and  said  to  Uicm  in  a  voice 
Irroken  with  soba^  ^*  Farewell^  my  friends."  The  commisEÎoQcrs  had 
gone  OB  to  Dreux  to  prepare  lodgings.  The  guards  drew  «p  io  or- 
der of  battle  on  the  rood  to  oAer  their  last  adieu  to  Ûiç  exiles  ;  when 
Charles  X-  passed  by,  die]drum  beat  as  for  the  ^aaatge  of  a  king, 
and  the  colouis  were  lowraed. 

GcucmI  Piijol  being  iufonned  of  the  departure  of  Charles  X.  gave 
ardeis  to  letrcat,  Tlie  ordar  wus  not  well  reeeived-  Some  r^ublicanff 
beloofflug  to  the  expedition  for  a  momcut  entertained  the  thought  of 
aeeembling  three  or  four  hundred  of  the  bravest  and  most  detcnniiied 
men  iit  th«  multitude,  returning  to  Paris  at  their  head,  and  crying 
ont,  treachery  1  The  oppcotunity  was  ^vouzable  for  a  bold  stïwe  t 
the  bigfawTought  state  of  iecliog;  the  uncertainty  of  crentB;  the  ■»• 
semblage  on  one  spot  of  all  the  moet  etininc  Fpirita  of  the  capital^ 
of  all  those  nha  had  no  fixed  occupation  in  hie,  and  who  delighted 
m  «odden  change  ;  what  elementa  of  succès  pr^ented  to  daring  I 
Bat  thifl  project  eaided  in  nothing  :  those  who  had  conceived  it  couH 
neither  combine  nor  concert  together,  ^d  then  the  notion  o^y 
tained,  even  among  the  most  wary  and  distrustful,  that  thix^  were 
hurryiug  down  a  declivitr*  aloug  whiclv  even  traitors  th^uelvoi 
vould  be  imastibly  impelled,  and  that  to  clog  the  wheels  of  sncii  s 
■BTolutioa  waa  utterly  impocinblc 

Be  this  as  it  may,  a  greit  number  of  volunteers,  irritated  by  the 
iàtîgue  they  had  undergone  to  no  purpoee,  refused  to  obey  thfi  order 


THE  PASISIAJ9S  KEXUSN  BOM£. 


21» 


I 


to  reti^eati  and  Hurrioil  to  Rambouillet,  wLither  the  commander-în- 
dûei'  waa  obliged  to  follow  them  to  prevent  diâorder.  They  ran 
about  tHe  gtrccts^  intoxicated  witH  joy,  firing  off  their  guns  at  ran- 
dom to  celebrate  their  easy  victory.  One  ol'  their  own  party  placed  a» 
eeûtiniil  at  La  Verrerie,  foil  by  a  chance  ball.  M.  Degoussée,  who  had 
attempted  to  rally  tbese  disorderly  victors  on  the  way^  was  swept 
along  by  tho  âood  into  the  diâteau  de  Rambouillet,  where  his  first 
care  was  to  secure  the  crown  diamonds,  the  value  of  which  amounted 
to  eighty  miUionâ  of  fruncs.  The  waggon  containing  them,  which 
had  been  left  in  one  of  the  office  yards  of  the  chiteau,  had  been 
sealed  in  the  presence  of  the  commissioners;  and  the  mayor  of  Ram- 
bouillet, the  last  cufTtodian  of  the  treasure,  had  deliv^ed  the  keys  to 
Marshal  Maison.  M.  Degoussée  recâved  the  waggon  in  presence  of 
the  ftuicùonaj-ies  of  the  town  and  of  several  officer?,  and  gave  mi  ao- 
knowlcdr^cnt.  Fearing  that  tlie  carriages  of  the  cX'king  would  bo 
broken  to  pieces,  the  thought  oocurred  to  him  of  making  use  of  them 
to  carry  back  the  most  turbulent  persons  in  the  expôiilîon.  In  a 
moment  the  gilded  carriages,  cmbLizoaed  vrith  the  royal  arma»  were 
filled  with  men  of  the  lower  classes,  with  Uieir  long  pikes  and  their 
hùvoncta  timist  out  at  the  windowtu 

Meanwhile  General  Pajot,  who  had  reinidned  at  Coignières,  notified 
to  the  peasants  of  the  district  tliut  they  need  only  present,  along 
with  the  mayor's  cerdficato^  an  accolint  of  the  irreCTilar  contribu" 
tioQs  levied  npon  them  ;  on  doing  wliieU  they  would  be  ibrthwith. 
paid.  A  great  number  of  p<'ftsant3  Hocked  in  on  receiving  thig  in- 
telligence :  the  treasure  cheat  of  the  expedition  provided  fur  all  exi- 
gendcft.  M.  Cas£ân,  a  iricnd  of  General  Lafayette's,  had  been  ap- 
pointed impromptu  to  the  office  of  paymaster^nertl  ;  the  promised 
ludcmmties  were  paid,  Presently  appeared  a  carriage^  surmounted 
by  a  small  tricolour  flag  inscribed  in  black  letters,  Crown  Diamonds. 
The  signal  was  then  given,  and  the  march  was  resumed. 

Quite  a  new  episode  in  the  old  history  of  the  ijrallties  of  mrthlj 
ndeur,  waa  the  spectacle  of  that  boàsteroua  and  slovenly  multitude 
"hledly  stowing  thcmK*lvcs  09  thickly  aa  tliey  coidd  hang  on, 
made  and  outside  the  magnilicent  coronation  carria^'es,  drawn 
by  cigbt  horses,  with  âlken  reins,  driven  by  tbe  court  coachmen» 
Xhoee  happy  working  men,  whom  want  and  wretchedness  awaited 
in  tljeir  homc^^  madt  a  pompous  and  triumjphal  ont^  into  Paiis,  fol- 
lowed by  the  whole  stable  establi^limcnt  of  the  chateau: — an  heroic 
and  grotesque  proccsôon  w^ll  suited  to  make  tlie  philosopher  Teflcct> 
but  which  the  heedless  crowd  hailed  as  it  passed  with  shouta  of 
laughter,  gay  songs,  and  briiroes  ! 

Tbe  people  then  entered  «i  etntipa^e  the  court  of  the  Palais  Royali 
there  they  alighted,  and  all  gnouted  untler  the  princess  windows, 
"  Hhllo  I  bere  are  your  coaches  !"  Worldng  men  with  begrimed 
&CC3  and  naked  arms  stood  sentinels  at  every  door  of  the  palace, 
some  of  them  armed  with  guns,  others  with  pikes-  The  Duchcssç 
d'Orléans  was  groatly  tcrriâed  at  tbis  spectacle,  which,  icniinded  her 


J30  DEFERENCE  OP  DUC  d'oBLKAJÏS  TOWAKDa  THE  CQAMBER. 

of  the  scenes  of  the  first  revolution.     But  the  due  bad  mustered  up 
îda  couraffe,  and  the  ?mile  never  ceased  to  play  ou  hia  lips.     Charl^ 
X.  w«9  a  fugitive  Tvîth  his  fimiily,  leaving  Ine  throne  r&tant.     Ye 
few  vain  form^tie&  discharged  ;  and  the  lieutenant-general 
ting. 


CHAPTER  IX. 

The  kgitimatist  party  was  panic  stticten  :  the  repubticaa  had  lort 
a  kst  opportunitj  of  a^^tatiag  men  a  imnds:  the  Ducd'Orl^Anâ  had, 
thererorc,  no  other  inUuence  to  fear  than  that  of  M.  de  I^ajette. 
It  wus  determined  that  the  post  of  commandant-generat  of  the  n&- 
^onnl  guards  of  the  kingdom  should  be  given  by-and-by  to  that  re- 
doubted old  man.  Tliis  was  putting  the  dictatorship  into  his  handfl, 
had  he  been  able  to  wield  it.  But  those  who  thus  trusted  him, 
Itncw  their  man.  In  confiding  to  him  a  power,  which  in  hia  hands 
would  be  nothing  more  than  an  authority  lor  show,  they  flattered  his 
vanity  in  due  degree,  they  ossoclûted  hia  popularity  with  the  first 
acts  of  the  government;  and  a^^ain  by  busying  him  with  a  thousand 
nnimportant  details  they  contrived  tj  keep  him  away  from  ffrftT«r 
matterSf  and  confined  liim  to  the  not  vei^  eerioua  politics  of  pro- 
ehunations  and  orders  of  the  day. 

Aa  for  the  chamber  of  deputies  the  Due  d'Orléans  knew  it  to  be 
ready  to  anticipate  his  least  wishes,  omd  already  he  had  found  him* 
flelf  surrounded  there  with  emulous  flatterers.  But  he  felt  the  neceapity 
of  ennobling  and  legitimizing,  by  a  manifestation  of  respect  on  big 
own  part,  the  only  power  from  which  liis  n^cent  royalty  expected  and 
desired  ita  consecration.  That  the  people  might  make  no  difficulty 
of  bendinc'  to  the  commands  of  a  chamber  that  had  no  longer  any 
warrant  fôr  ita  existence,  the  prince  treated  tliat  assembly  witn 
marked  and  elaborate  deference.  He  Eccracd  to  humble  himaelf 
before  the  omnipotence  of  its  dec'isiona.  When,  according  to  the 
usagcâ  of  the  monarchy,  thçy  brought  him  the  list  of  the  five  candi- 
dates for  the  presidency  of  the  chamber,  he  selected  from  that  lJ*t 
the  member  who  had  received  most  votes,  M-  Casimir  Porier;  and 
yet  he  made  it  a  point  to  dechurc  on  all  occaaonâ  that  no  one  was 
more  entitled  than  M.  Laffitte  to  the  firet  testimonies  of  public  gni- 
titudo.  He  went  still  further,  and  ho  expressed  himself  very  dis- 
tinctly on  the  right  which  the  chamber  should  in  future  pome»  to 
name  ita  own  president  ^^rhout  the  monarch's  interierenee.  Hiios 
the  Due  d'Orti'ans  exalted  ds  a  political  power  that  assembly,  tho 
membera  of  which,  taken  individually,  strove  which  should  meet  ob- 
tet^uiously  submit  themselves  to  the  growing;  ascendancy  of  hia 
finttrnw. 

Apart  from  these  conaderations,  the  prince's  prédilections  wcro 


J 


mS  PBEMLECTIONS — INTRIGUES. 


m 


I 


beoijuiing  to  cUeplay  tlwmsekes.  He  did  not  much  like  Mil.  Guizot 
and  dc  Broglie,  whose  hauglity  temper  and  &tilf  maimcra  lie  leared 
and  dbliked:  but  there  was  an  aiUnity  of  ducliinc  between  liiin  and 
these  men  that  silenced  the  voice  of  purely  personal  avereian.  The 
duke  was  much  more  favoui^bly  difpoaed  towards  M.  Laffitte.  He 
hkcd  his  easy  character;  he  listened  with  pleasure  to  his  long  and 
lively  stories;  and  being  lumsell' vccy  verbose»  be  was  glad  to  fund  an 
always  complaccnt  liatcner  in  Laffitte.  He  h&pod,  moreover,  to  make 
him  a  blind  instnunent  of  his  own  designs.  Unfortunately  Laâitte 
had  rightful  claiiïM  upon  the  gratitude  of  the  court,  a.  thing  which 
princes  do  not  forgive.  His  popularity  was  loo  great  for  one  who 
should  pky  the  part  of  a  familiar  ;  and  General  Sébastian!  suited 
the  prince  better  in  tliis  respect. 

In  the  existing  position  oi  things  the  îiîcjst  important  ministry  wafl 
that  of  foreign  afeirs  ;  for  by  this  time  the  Due  d'Orléans  had  no 
anxiety  on  any  otlief  point  than  that  of  conciliating  Europe.  The 
office  had  been  given,  as  we  have  seen,  to  M-  Bignon:  General  Sé- 
bastiani,  who  secretly  longed  to  suppliint  him,  insinuated  that  the 
foreign  sovereigns  would  hardly  cnto'  into  correspondence  with  the 
Hstorian  of  the  imperial  diplomacy  ;  not  wishinL',  however,  to  put 
himself  forward  too  soon,  he  caused  the  portefeuille  of  foreign  ailaira 
to  be  given  to  Marshal  Jourdan,  who  from  his  great  a^  and  his 
woundfit  was  not  likely  to  retain  it  long.     &L  Bjgnon  waa  tranafeired 

froviaionally  to  the  ministry  of  public  instruction,     M.  Girod  de 
Ain,  too,  succeeded  in  supplanting  M.  Buvoux  in  the  prefecture  of 
police. 

The  austere  Dupont  de  TËure  felt  hîmeclf  out  of  hi&  element 
amidst  all  thc^e  intrigues.  Beguiled  by  the  prince's  goodnatuTcd 
Hmplicity,  he  believed  him  impatient  of  the  yoke  of  hia  new  cour- 
tiers ;  but  still  Dupont  did  not  labour  tmder  the  less  painful  disgust 
ut  the  ways  of  power.  And  then,  tlic  leaders  of  what  was  subse- 
catled  the  (httrinairt  school  already  bore  secret  sway  in  the 
Tliis  was  readily  to  be  detected  from  the  famous  erratum 


counci 


in  the  Monitvur,  in  which,  for  the  pjj^*^*3  '*  A  charter  shall  be  hence- 
forth a  reality,"  was  Fubetituted,  "The  charter  ahall  be  henceforth  a 
reality." 

The  dissensions  among  the  leaders  of  tlie  victorious  bourgeoisie 
were,  in  reality,  more  keenly  expressed  than  serious  in  their  objects. 
The  maintenance  of  social  order,  founded  on  the  principle  of  compe- 
tition; the  freedom  of  manufacturing  and  commercial  mdustry,  and 
that  of  the  press  under  certain  limitations  ;  tlic  empire  of  the  moneyed 
interests;  the  ratification  of  the  inequalities  of  fortune;  the  cfinceu- 
tTtttion  of  pohtical  power  in  the  middle  class  more  or  less  strictly  cir- 
cumscribed;— ^these  were  the  aima  they  were  all  bent  on  with  cqi^ 
ardour. 

Only,  some  amone  them,  such  as  MM.  Dupont  de  PEuie,  Laffitte, 
Berard,  Benjamin  (instant,  Eusèbc  Salverte,  and  Demarçav,  were 
for  giving  more  fuU  and  free  play  to  the  course  of  liberal  ideas; 


aa  THE  ORl*ËAmST«  ABUSE  THEIR  VICTOEY. 

ihey  would  have  bad  tliB  monarcMcal  power  more  IJmitod;  the  cloc- 
toFfll  qualification  ivducpd  ;  the  liberty  of  ;  the  individual  raore  re- 
spected ;  and  the  liberty  of  the  press  left  with  less  jealousy  to  itB 
Tiatural  elasticity  ;  in  a  word,  they  demanded  the  curtailineiit  of 
governmental  authority  in  favour  of  public  opinion,  and  they  wened 
to  consider  a  respect  for  all  that  is  individual  as  the  beet  of  »odal 
guarantees. 

The  othci-g,  such  as  MM.  Gvàzot  and  de  Broglie,  believed  in  the 
necessity  of  ceaselessly  watching  and  moderating  the  movement  of 
the  public  mmd  :  they  looked  with  distrust  on  opinion,  thought 
only  oi'  fortifying  the  principle  of  authority  by  augmenting  the 
prerogntives  of  the  crown,  and  regarded  the  concession  of  too  great 
freedom  ti3  individual  genius  as  a  cause  of  disturbance  and  danger 
io  the  whole  Ixnly  of  K>ciety. 

The  instincta  of  the  former  class  prompted  them  to  wish  the  do- 
minion of  the  bourgeoisie  more  complete  -,  the  calculations  of  th« 
latter  induced  them  to  wish  it  more  dumble. 

HencG  was  evinced  in  the  former  a  very  marked  repugnance  for 
every  thing  connected  with  the  principles  the  Restoration  had  sought 
to  uphold  ;  and  in  the  latter  a  manifest  tendency  to  borrow  certain 
coBservatirc  forma  from  the  Restoration. 

These  two  parties  assfumed  shape  and  subetance  the  very  day  after 
the  revolution,  MM.  dc  Broglic  and  Guiaot  affected  to  wlieve  that 
tho  revolutioii  had  been  effected  only  for  the  purpose  of  obtaining 
the  strict  execution  of  the  charter;  therein  coinciding  with  the  secret 
views  of  the  Due  d'Orléans,  But  their  adversaries  had  the  upper 
hand,  and  M,  Béraïd  set  about  revising  the  constitution. 

The  Hfitel  de  Ville  belonged  definitively  to  the  Orléaniste.  Their 
audacity  had  been  swollen  by  success,  and  their  violence  knew  no 
bounds  sanee  the  31fit  of  July.  All  who  had  raised  their  voices 
■gûnst  the  Due  d^Orléana  were  denounced  as  enemies  of  the  public 
weal.  General  Duboorg  above  all  wub  accused  with  pi-cmeditatcd 
Tohemence,  Colonel  Rumigny,  aide^dc-carap  to  the  kcutenant^ge- 
neral,  gave  out  that  M.  Dubourg  was  an  old  emigrant,  an  ag^t  of 
Charles  X.,  a  traitor.  Afler  the  scene  of  the  3l9t,  at  the  Hotel  de 
Ville,  General  Dubourg  had  felt  that  his  place  was  no  longer  therev 
and  had  retired.  He  attempted  to  reappear  there  two  dajTS  after- 
tr&rds,  but  raeasures  were  taken  to  repulse  htm.  Scarcely  had  he 
reached  the  foot  of  the  accond  llight  of  rtalra,  when  he  was  furiously 
assailed,  and  narrowly  escaped  assassination. 

Lafayette  was  near  yielding  to  the  current,  and  had  been  put  out 
vf  countenaDce.  He  had  caused  the  words  Libfriy^  Eqtmlity,  T^iA- 
Us  OrdeTj  to  be  inscribed  on  the  banner  of  the  national  guard.  M. 
GiiDtl  de  l'Ain  ivaited  on  him  on  the  part  of  the  Duo  d'Orléans,  an<l 
besought  him  to  obliterate  tliC  word  Eijttaliti/;  wliich  he  bûw  awoke 
auch  painful  rccoUectiona.  As  Lafayette  showed  some  reluctance, 
Girod  dc  l'Ain  exclaimed,  "  It  is  a  eon  that  entreat*  you  in  the  nanie 
of  his  father's  memory."    New  colour»  were  ordered. 


I 


* 


REPUBLICAN  PLOT  FRC3TRATED. 


22S 


*  The  repiiblicaji3,  however,  Etill  retained  some  hopes.  They  knew 
the  rancoroDS  jeakwsy  with  wKieh  the  bourgeoisie  regarded  the  here- 
ditary peerage.  To  cause  ths  abolition  of  the  chamber  of  peers  to  be 
decreed  in  the  open  etrccts  was  a  danDg  ftttempt,  but  one  that  might 
he  reab'zeJ.  Now  had  that  been  accomplished,  what  would  thcne 
have  remained  of  the  political  résine  of  the  Restoration  ?  Deputies 
doubtfu]  of  the  legitimncy  ol  their  functions,  amidst  the  remains  of 
%  vanquished,  execrated,  trampled  royalty.  The  républicains  re- 
eolved,  therefore,  to  make  the  abolition  of  the  peerage  the  matter  of 
a  coup  de  mtiin.  Looking  to  the  immediate  eftccts  of  their  project, 
there  was  something  puerile  and  even  ridiculous  in  its  charaetCT. 
The  oon5pira,tors  were  to  pather  in  the  square  of  the  Hotel  de  Ville 
from  Yariûus  points  of  E*aTis,  ?et  out  thence  for  the  Palais  du  Lux- 
emboui^,  uttering  shouts  likely  to  arouse  the  people,  rush  into  the 
palace,  pitch  the  benches  out  of  the  windows,  and  bar  up  the  doora. 
However  insignificant  a  dcmcmstration  of  this  kind  might  be  La  itself, 
it  was  capable  of  producing;  immense  results  at  a  moment  when  the 
people  was  still  bivouackea  in  the  square3,  at  a  moment  when  the 
public  force  was  not  yet  in.  activity,  and  no  gorcmment  was  in  re- 
gular operation.  But  what^ve  the  demonstration  £  real  importance 
WB19,  that  it  was  backed  by  the  fonnaUy  promised  adhesion  of  a 
great  pei^onage  whom  the  republicans  wished  to  compromise  beyond 
letum,  and  to  force  into  power  by  the  way  of  insurrection.  Now 
thi«  10  what  happened.  In  the  nieht  of  the  4th — 5th  of  Aagust,  M. 
Charles  Teste  was  visited  by  51,  Marchais,  who  brought  him  a  letter, 
in  which  General  I^fuyotte  summoned  them  both  to  the  Hotel  de 
Ville.  They  proceeded  tliiiher  without  delay,  and  were  admitted  to 
the  general*!»  aparimoit  The  day  was  beginning  to  break,  but  a 
lamp  nearly  spent  threw  a  flickering  light  over  the  room.  Lafayette 
Uy  fast  asleep  with  his  arms  folded.  Teste  and  Marchais  sat  dowm 
by  his  bodt-ide,  and  for  a  long  while  abetained  from  distarbiog' 
the  old  man's  sleep.  Teste,  however,  had  thought  the  words  of 
Lofiycttea  letter  mther  étrange,  and  he  was  impatient  for  an  expla- 
natJOfn.  He  kid  his  hand  gently  on  the  old  man's  forehead  and 
awoke  him.  *'  ila!  you  are  come,  messieuis,"  said  Lafayette,  as 
he  opened  his  eyes  ;  "  I  sent  for  you  to  tell  you  that  the  scheme 
a^rce<l  on  is  imposable/^ — "  Imposeible  !"  passionately  exclaimed 
Charles  Teste,  a  man  of  loyal  youl,  but  impetuous  and  suspicioua. 
*'  What  woidd  you  have?"  n-pUed  Lalayette.  *'  1  have  been  sup- 
plicated not  to  eive  Paris  up  to  the  haHrus  of  a  fresh  revolution.  I 
promised  that  T  would  not,  and  pledged  my  honour  to  that  effect.** 
— '*  But  you  pledged  your  honour  that  you  would  not  let  the  revo- 
lution be  swamped  by  an  intri^e,**  replied  Charles  Teste.  He  did 
not  pte^  the  matter  ;  and  the  republicans  were  soon  informed  that 
they  must  no  longer  reckon  on  Lafayette's  co-operation. 

ITaus  did  a  power,  that  yet  had  not  its  roots  in  the  rery  heart  of 
the  revolution,  ^dually  uxpand  and  gather  strength,  disentan^ling 
itself  Irom  all  ohstactc?.     Neverthelcs,  the  state  of  things  still  iii> 


ov 


■pmà,  evenon  Aè bkmI dmp^et  naUtkn,  aie 

^■awt  fei1>fiimift      The  irôd  ivmai,  idnch  had  < ^^ ^^ 

^lUilenAQ^  ifanng  uie  intee  osjfb,  Ind  BowbeBB  seifipmed.  Tw 
■iienBft  «t  Ae  cpt  wjwir  ttj\tà  themdini  «Jy  «yocali  rf  tte  caml 
of  ^pML  Amoi^  thoie  lAo  ivîibed  to  ne  tiie  Dus  dt)dte9 
CBnmed,  nme  ie|oioed  ai  tibe  idea  that  berna  about  to  liiiiinmf 
kmff  br  lajing  bôa  band  wpcm.  tbe  ooim;  otbea,  leai  decfilf  veon 
ja-mtnowlegga  aftbepn*»feaied  that  he  would  be  wiitiaiiiail-^ 
taontacEupicL 

.  Xbe  nma  of  Ae  chaaaJier  of  dqwrtâea  -wen  wttnnfy  ilîmiiand  at 
Aejoiinnala,diBnkM,aDdevieaîathertneto.  M.  GuaiOa  Boqai^ 
%joaùgh!wjtr^  who  eombûied a  dear întdbKt  matured hj  atn^ 
wsÙL  e  geacvoot  heart,  «ôd,  ia  a  pamphbitirhîdi  escîted  nniob  aH»> 
mkn,  "lliecliartorof  LonkXvmBolaa£pveEMto;ChadeBZp 
biatomitinç  Œi  loldîei^cartridgea  and  oma  hate  acattered- its 
*"C"**"*»  I3ie  FroidL  natîoa  îi  letanied  to  the  éûï.  cseraaa  of  ÎM 
aoradgiitjr.  It  alone  can  and  muit  ddiberate  on  the  fimn  of  il^ 
■nw^iifiMw^  But  dnztr  wîIImm  c£  men  ff»  only  dfi£baBtfe  by 
ftfxxj.  Who  are  to  be  thooe  janinea?  Xbe  eriiring  i  IiiiiiIhib 
cannot  eJumJaa  kgulattve  power  bj  vîttoe  of  the  cbaiter,  beoaan 
Aat  diartK  no  koger  exûla,  and  beoans^  monorer,  it  neodi  tip 
boncnmnce  of  the  tang,  and  we  bave  no  kii^."  Hie  pamjljliit 
tondnded  with  tbeae  worcb: — "The  ohamben.maj  laimeiliati^y 
«mdoj  tbemadfes  in  mazicmg  oat  the  mode  in  which  the  natki^ 
émi  be  ooDBnUed  as  to  the  dunoe  of  its  proxiea;  Ak  mnrt  be  A# 
mincipal,  we  may  even  my  the  sole  object  of  their  deliberationfc 
-llieir  deoâons  on  all  other  to{ûcs,  however  wise  thejr  may  be,  can 
bare  but  a  proTinonal  character.  It  were  to  be  wiahea  that  the 
T^dy  to  the  speech  of  the  lieateiiant*^eneral  contained  a  pcàtive 
declaration  to  that  effect:  that  declaration  would  quiet  many  appre- 
hensions, and  appease  many  discontented  feelings  that  ore  ready  to 
break  out  in  violent  utterance." 

This  pamphlet  put  the  question  in  a  dear  light,  and  imbodied  the 
tone  of  feeling  prevalent  throughout  all  the  soimd  portion  of  the 
bouigeoine. 

The  Ueutenant-general  was  not  unconscious  of  the  ikct;  his  whole 
conduct  was  therefore  governed  with  consummate  prudence.  All 
his  words  breathed  an  mtclligent  Hberalisin.  If  he  talked  of  the 
dvil  list,  it  was  to  bewail  the  heavy  burden  its  excessive  amount 
bad,  up  to  that  time,  entailed  on  the  people.  Laffitte  was  enchanted 
beyond  telling  ;  Dupont  de  TËure  himself  felt  his  distrust  gradually 
melting  away.  He  saw  plainly  enough  that  the  revolution  was 
making  leeway,  but  he  laid  all  the  blame  on  his  doctrinaire  ool- 
le^fues;  and  M.  Bérard  heard  him  say,  on  the  4th  of  August» 
"We  are  beset  by  an  aristocratico-doctiinaire  faction,  that  stnvea, 
with  all  its  might,  to  blast  the  fruit  of  liberty  sown  br  the  revolu- 
tion. I  have  no  hope  but  in  the  loyal  integrity  of  the  Due  d*Or* 
leans,  who  appears  to  me  to  be  animated  with  the  best  intention^ 


DiaoKBTiON  OF  THE  liei;tenai?t-&bnï:iial.  225 

but  does  not  always  possess  the  degree  of  ehlightenment  one  could 
Vfbh," 

Tlie  lieutenant-general,  in  fuct,  showed  himself  neither  impotieiit 
for  nor  grçedj"  of  swaj.  He  seemed  to  wait  till  he  was  aouylit  for; 
whether  it  wag  that  he  wished  to  let  the  bourgctiisio,  whose  triunipli 
was  bound  up  with  hia  elevation,  distinctly  feel  how  necesaiiyne 
-Was  to  it,  or  that  he  wa3  not  unwilling  to  exhibit  himself  to  hie 
family  «nd  to  Europe  as  a  victim  to  the  public  good. 

The  courtiers,  on  thàr  part,  did  not  seem  to  opprchend  the  loss 
of  his  favour  for  doing  violence  to  liis  patriotism.  They  took  upon 
them  the  re?pon?ibilitj  of  all  measures  deemed  useful  with  obstre- 
peroiia  intrepidity,  and  took  mucli  poina  to  compromise  their  own 
popularity,  the  botta*  to  preserve  the  prince's,  being  wl-U  assured  that 
their  deTotedness  would  not  fail  to  be  rewarded,  though  it  had  ceased 
to  be  perilous- 

Thiïir  zeal  in  this  respect  went  so  ûir,  that  on  the  3d  of  August  the 
iTght  of  silting  in  the  chamber  of  pccra  wîig  accorded  to  the  Ducsdc 
Nemours  and  Chartrcg.  This  distinction^  created  in  favour  of  a 
jonng  man  and  of  a  miaor,  must  hftye  appeared,  and  did  appear, 
extraordinary,  when  following  close  upon  a  revolution  accomph4icd 
agniDst  the  privileges  of  birth.  But  as  the  lieutenant-general  had 
never  made  any  secret  of  hia  contempt  for  those  monarchical  triflt^; 
a»,  up  to  that  timcj  his  lan-^uago  and  manners  had  been  those  of  an 
honest  plebeian;  as  ho  was  tlie  first  French  prince  who  had  sent  hia 
sons  to  college,  those  who  were  not  very  sharpsighted  could  suppose 
that  the  admission  of  the  Dues  de  Chartres  and  de  Nemours  to  the 
chamber  of  peers  had  been  contrary  to  his  wish. 

His  conauct»  on  tlic  whole,  disarnied  all  distrust.  Never  had 
prince  wooorl  popularity  with  more  good-humoured  and  unreset^'ed 
frankness.  How  many  men  of  the  people  could  boast,  in  those  days, 
of  having  gmsped  in  their  homy  bands  tlic  hand  cordially  offered 
by  the  prince  to  every  man  that  passed  liim  !  Had  he  not  been  seen 
in  the  Rue  St.  Honorti  putting  a  glass  to  hia  lips  offered  to  hira  by  a 
working  man?  The  people,  which  is  not  fond  of  seeing  men  con- 
dcBC^tiaT  to  please  it,  was  perhaps  but  slightly  moved  by  these 
demonstrations;  but  they  furnished  îm  inexliauatiblc  theme  for  eulogy 
to  th^nM!-  who  had  need  of  dazzling  men's  minds  with  the  prestige  of 
novelties. 

Thus  the  adffiifatJon  for  the  duke  encountered  neither  sceptic  nor 
contradictor  among  those  about  him.  If  some  alight  defects  were 
attributed  to  him,  it  was  only  to  fumisJi  a  motive  the  more  for  jov 
and  hope:  if  bis  rather  jiaxsimonioua  habita  were  mentioned,  it  was 
only  to  point  out  the  economy  that  would  doubtless  be  ininKluced 
into  the  adnjinistration  of  the  state.  The  very  acts  that  mirdit  have 
startled  suspicious  minds  turned  to  his  glory-  He  wus  loudly  com- 
miserated lor  the  sacrifices  imposed  on  him  oy  ministers  not  worthy 
to  serve  bim;  so  tliat  the  lustre  of  his  liberalism  was  heightened  by 
the  apparent  iaulta  of  his  courtiers.  ^  f~ 


bubccubIbI^.  Jb.  BwmA  i  nranoBtKn  ifM  csbbb  to  ttis  ootbbb  i^ 
M.  DipoBt  de  rErae;  it  did  not  ^pcw  «fcaatfy  ■iwiiiii  Jto 
hW  dodinme  p>rt  cf  flic  ciBiMit.    KiaBOcr  cvv  hMM  woib  v 

■  M  "—''"^^Ifffn  flif  "^—ig"^  puifin  m  itamn— i  fit— mmA;  ife  0S^ 

ftDMd«itateniaiftof|rai^lc%diB  «|nJimW»  ofiAâekîft«Hd  wEt 
dtfGne,  and  wUdi  woe  to  be  dncaaed  on  &  ndaequcai 


Win  dm  not  m  thÎB  a  iiiianniliwi  dngv  fir  s  nueMwhy  iihiifc^ 
m  RwilTf  ms  not  mdiiied  to  difiu  "vciy  Tinay  nvu  ouer  b^ 
BBrdnea?  To  leare  the  conitîtntioiMl  compect  indHmite  mm  to  opea 
a  field  for  endless  conUuvetay,  and  to  introduce  the  icrcdnboiiaij 
apiiit  at  the  commenoement  of  a  reisn.  Was  it  not  better  to  talœ 
adTsntage  of  the  pnblic  bewilderment  in  order  to  doee  the  RYolution, 
and  to  enatch,  along  with  the  crown,  all  that  could  senre  to  oonadi- 
date  and  aheher  it?  The  Doc  d'Orleans  was  folly  alive  to  this,  and 
he  confided  to  MM.  Gmzort  and  de  Brc^ie  the  task  of  safaatitotiitf 
a  définitive  compact  for  a  vague  piopoôtion.  Moreover,  aa  M.  Be- 
lard  vraa  lookea  on  with  nu^vinss,  <m  account  of  ibe  energetie 
attitode  he  had  assumed  in  the  revomtion,  and  aa  his  obédience  waa 
doubted,  he  was  twice  succeaavely  put  out  of  the  council,  whither, 
ncverthele»,  they  had  i^omised  to  summon  him,  that  he  might  be 
enabled  to  discuss  the  details  of  the  measure  he  was  preparing. 
Already  acceptance  was  refused  to  all  but  unrcservea  obeequi- 
onsnesB. 

And  flatterers  did  congr^te  in  crowds  round  the  new  throne, 
each  vaunting  his  recent  services,  and  promising  services  to  com& 
There  was  for  some  days,  in  all  the  avenues  to  power,  a  fever  of 
avidity,  an  overflowing  of  boasting  and  meanness,  of  which  it  would 
be  difficult  to  give  an  idea.  The  men  who  had  exposed  their  Uvea 
m  the  revolution  alone  displayed  a  modest  dicnity.  Twelve  or 
fifteen  crosses  having  been  offered  to  the  École  Folytcchujque,  the 
pupils  assembled  in  an  amphitheatre  to  ocmaider  what  answer  they 


MOB  OF  PLACE-IIUÎÏTEaS. 


237 


tboiUd  give  to  xke  offer,  flntl  tlicy  t^oddcd  unanimoualy  thfti  the 
crosses  should  be  reftised.  They  also  dcckrcd  that  those  of  them 
who  had  plain  clothes  ^ould  hy  adde  their  uniformsi,  that  they 
tuiifht  not  be  confounded  with  the  hectoring'  men  of  the  clay- 
In  pmpcirtîon  as  the  revolutloti  receded  mto  the  p&st.  Paria  bo 
came  a  vast  focus  t>f  iutri^e.  The  hunt  for  place  was  prosecuted 
vilh  a  headlong  ardouj*,  that  stopped  at  no  obstacle»  Tlie  public 
convcyanccfl,  every  day  and  every  hour,  discharged  on  Paris  a  hoet 
of  expectants  arrived  from  the  provinces,  to  aiiare  in  the  first  distri- 
bution of  good  things.  It  was  d.1  one  hideous  scramble.  The  whole 
scum  of  society  floated  on  its  surface.  Many  of  those  who  had  held 
pkces  ufider  the  Hestomtion  tiiougbt  it  no  shame  to  ddend  their 
pontioa  agftinst  cAndidatea  arrived  by  coach.  Petitiooa  llowed  In 
uom  all  qn&rfieiB,  and  they  were  crossed  by  defections  as  numerous. 
Many  were  the  royalists  who  then  anathematized  M.  dc  PolignaCt 
And  violently  denounced  what  they  called  thç  madnCEfi  of  the  ordon- 
nance; they  had  not  fiecmcd  &o  very  mad  to  tlicsc  lautl-moulhcd 
roTOliets  the  day  they  were  promulgated.  A  very  remarkable  factj 
vnich  was  brought  to  hght  in  copaequenoo  of  Ûie  seizure  of  the 
correspondence  at  tlic  ministry  of  the  interior^  was,  that  almost  all 
the  prefects  hud  ^ven  their  voices  in  favom-  of  the  tirdonaances. 
One  ikbnâ  had  dconrcd  that  he  would  not  cxecut<^  them  ;  that  was 
41.  de  Ltfôcoufs,  prefect  of  Ardennes,  who  instantly  sent  in  his  re- 
S0ïati<»l.  M.  Alban  de  Villeneuve»  prefect  of  the  North,  had  sub« 
mtted  Ut  the  ordoimances,  iit  the  same  time  expttrssmg  lus  re^^vt 
»t  seeing  roy&tty  enter  on  such  a  course.  MM.  Scib^  prefect  of  Puy 
de  Dôroe,  Rogiùat,  prefect  of  la  Moselle,  Leaay-Marnena,  prefect  of 
liOir-et-ChcT,  had  not  disguised  the  dangers  that  mi^ht  f^pring  from 
the  suspension  of  the  charter.  M,  de  Jcsauutf  who  btwl  been  b 
prefect  ever  siece  the  office  was  LnsUtuted,  had  made  no  observation, 
Tbe  mimstctB  of  Chaxlcs  X.,  we  sec,  had  not  been  altogether  wa.- 
Teaxmsihle  m  counting  on  the  «uppun  of  the  public  functionaries, 
and  of  the  influential  members  of  the  court  party.  But  in  the  cyee 
of  all  who  had  been  attached  to  the  old  ministers  only  by  the  ties  of 
interest,  their  deleat  was  their  foremost  crime. 

The  révolution  which  had  just  been  accomplished  was  the  work 
of  all  France;  Paris,  all  thin^fl  cousidcxed,  had  been  but  the  thoitra 
of  that  event»  It  liad  spread  too  with  extreme  rapiility  throughout 
all  the  deportments,  llie  tricolour  tlag  was  everywhere  hailed 
with  aftbction;  the  outbrak  w«»  electrical  and  unanimoiis.  "  They 
arc  fighting  in  Paris»"  was  iho  cry  in  every  spot  of  France  on  the 
day  the  commimicationa  between  the  capital  and  the  provinces  were 
Gttt  tiff.  This  was  the  natural  conseauence  of  that  strong  centralisa' 
tion  the  Empire  Imd  established,  ana  the  Restoration  ioheiitcd. 

We  will  not  enter  into  the  details  of  the  iunumerable  partial 
riùngs  which  were  but  repâcliEBions  of  the  insurrection  of  Paris. 
AU-  these  episodes  of  ^e  gr>^t  epos  were  Eimilar  in  cliaractcr,  and 
unbodied  the  same  lessons,     The  insurrection  of  Lyon  alone  claims 

q2 


J» 


^u.     —   JLT-     -    nL,-»-  -lie 
--    jlsl^ :     -.T-Tt.   Tar 


•^♦»    --J 


3  T'^^^r'- 


:   '"-s  -art 
ill.-:  -car 


IJ      U. 


A: 


PBOCEEDINGfi  IN  LTOK.  SS9 

tàght  o'clock  M.  Morin,  chief  editor  of  the  liberal  journal  of  Lvon, 
hastened  to  the  Quai  de  Retz.  He  had  refused  to  submit;  his  piint» 
ing-preeses  had  been  seized,  and  he  came  to  demand  aid  of  the  in- 
surgents. Some  armed  men  were  placed  at  his  disposal,  and  he 
published  his  paper,  which  containea  a  vigorous  protest  against  the 
ordonnances. 

Meanwhile  the  number  of  citizens  ready  for  action  was  every 
moment  increasing.  Arms  unfortunately  were  scarce.  Dealers  in 
old  iron  sold  rusty  muskets  and  old  sabres  without  scabbards  at  ex- 
orbitant prices.  The  command  of  the  insurgents  was  conferred  on 
Captain  Zindel,  a  man  of  resolution,  and  on  ardent  patriot:  other 
officers  were  elected  by  acclamation.  The  multitude,  dense  and 
menacing,  was  evidently  ready  to  lend  its  hands  to  the  insurrection. 
MM.  Debrosses  and  Paultre  de  Lomotte,  the  former  prefect,  tho 
latter  commandant  of  the  military  division,  were  in  a  situation  of 
momently  increasing  danger.  The  news  from  Paris  was  gloomy, 
the  fidehty  of  the  troops  doubtful;  and  it  was  known  that  many 
influential  bouigeois  were  connected  by  commimity  of  opinions  and 
by  the  ties  of  friendship  with  officers  of  the  10th  and  47th  of  the  line, 
mdch  regiments,  witli  one  of  chasseurs  and  some  artillery,  nuidc  up 
the  garrison. 

.  In  these  critical  circumstances  M.  Debrosses  displayed  a  courago 
nngidarly  contrasted  with  the  terror  that  seemed  to  have  fallen  on 
the  Lyonese  royalists.  A  proclamation  calling  on  the  insurgents  to 
disperse  on  pain  of  military  execution,  was  posted  up  in  the  streets  of 
Lyon.  The  commission  elected  the  preceuin^  day  had  the  singular 
weakness  to  back  this  audacious  step,  promising  to  use  its  eflbrts 
with  the  government  to  obtain  a  regular  organization  of  the  national 
guard. 

These  two  proclamations  were  treated  with  equal  ecom,  and  M. 
Thomas  Usson,  a  member  of  the  commission,  having  besought  tho 
armed  bands  on  the  Quai  de  Retz  to  retire,  was  repulsed  with  rago 
and  indignation. 

The  authorities  had  concenteatcd  themselves  at  the  Hôtel  de  Villo 
with  the  garrison.  The  arsenal  and  the  prefecture  were  carefully 
guarded.  Urgent  orders,  some  of  which  were  intercepted,  were 
•ent  to  the  garrisons  of  Clermont,  Puy,  Montboison  and  Vienne, 
bidding  them  hasten  to  Lyon  by  forced  marches.  A  shot  was  fired, 
and  it  was  thought  the  conflict  was  begun.  Upon  this  M.  X^revost, 
M.  Zindel's  lieutenant,  made  his  way  alone  into  the  Hotel  de  Ville, 
and  called  on  the  authorities  to  commit  the  guard  of  the  place  to 
an  equal  number  of  national  guards  and  soldiers.  The  authorities 
refused,  and  demanded  concessions.  Prévost  immediately  drew  his 
watch,  and  said,  as  he  laid  it  on  the  table,  "  You  have  but  five  mi- 
nutes to  accept  what  I  have  proposed.  If  I  am  not  back  with  my 
ccnnrades  by  the  expiration  of  that  time,  they  have  orders  to  attack.'* 
He  ^ke  the  truth;  preparations  for  the  attack  were  making  at 
all  points;  the  raiment  of  chasseurs  that  set  out  in  the  direction  of 


tX'  -rmi'i  "^  "ri:!    t.-tt^es:^.  lt  ; 


t*.  .  .       -      . 


-   -  .V   -^    z^ 


TimULTlTAKT  AL^VRMB. 


231 


io5e  to  protest  agam^  motliGcations  which  he  contended  were  not 
Butriciontly  ample,  A  commission  ivas  jippointed,  at  the  suggestion 
of  M.  Villeraain^  to  examine  the  project.  Suddenly  it  was  an- 
nouhcod  that  menacing  groujvi  wei'e  collected  m  all  llie  approaches 
to  the  Palais  Bourbon;  M.  Kératry  demanded  a  nocturnal  sittint:  an 
aooount  of  tKo  serious  nature  of  the  circumstasccs  ;  and,  in  fact,  tlio 
members  could  hear  the  tumultuous  erica  outside,  "  Doivn  ^nth 
heredity  1  The  chamber  betrays  us!"  Tho  deputies  were  seized 
■with  intense  uncasincsp;  they  passed  in  and  out  of  the  hall;  the 
UiQJority  ^thered  round  Lafayette,  Benjamin  Constant,  Jitid  Labbev 
(de  Pompières,  imploring,  witn  clasped  hands,  the  protection  oftluyr 
popularity.  M.  Girod  de  TAin  went  out,  and  meeting  M.  Lhmtier 
diî  l'Ain  on  the  steps  of  the  perigtyle,  said  to  hun,  "  You  know 
MontebcUo?" — "  Yes."-""  He  was  vn  brave.  Well,  Aw  tlaufjUttr  is 
wy  son-in-late.''  For  such  was  the  confusion  of  all  these  IcgteUtors. 
"lacy  proauscd  tliat  the  people  should  be  consulted-  A  protest 
against  what  were  called  instigalots  of  dL3i>rder  was  sent  round  the 
fiaUeriesT  and  ?omc  young  men  were  cajoled  to  sign  it.  Benjamin 
iConstûnt  and  Lahbey  de  Pompitrea  presented  theraEclvea  euceoa- 
"Bvely  under  the  penstyle  of  the  palace;  then  came  Lalayette;  the 
Ltmult  was  allflycd  when  he  appeared,  but  the  most  heated  of  tho 
nultitude  continued  to  cry,  ""Down  with  heredity!"  whilst  La- 
ayctte  raid^  witli  suppliant  voice,  '*  My  friends,  my  good  friends, 
arc  walcîùng  over  your  interests.  We  ore  aware  that  wc  are 
re  without  credentials.  But  go  away  I  beseech  you,"  This  was 
be  ficcond  time  that  Lafnyette  delivered  up  the  revolution  to  njyalty. 
The  chamber  impatiently  awxùled  tlie  report  of  the  commusioo. 
LU  these  deputies  felt  that  thcj  did  not  rcprcs^it  tho  nation,  that 
heir  mismon  had  expired,  and  that  tliere  was  no  reason  why  their 
athocity  should  survive  the  doi\'afal  of  all  the  institutionG  on  which 
;  depended.  It  was  necosaary,  tliereforc,  cost  what  it  might,  to 
iuc^  the  people  from  coming  to  a  clear  unden^t^mding  of  itâ  posî- 
it  was  necessary  to  take  advantiige  of  the  general  btwilder- 
Dt»  to  be  beforehand  with  all  objections,  and  anticijiatc  all  re-*ist- 
e  by  dint  of  promptitude  and  boldness.  The  crown  once  ecE  oh 
head  of  the  I>uc  d'Orl^is,  a  dofinite  position  once  aeeumed, 
rbflt  then  would  signify  protesta  made  loo  late?  The  new  T^^TDO 
vetdd  liaTC  in  its  favour  the  couâccntion  of  iSict,  if  not  of  nght; 
and  every  one  knew  well  tliat  a  people  docs  not  set  about  naaking  a 
tcvolution  every  day. 

The  chûmber»  therefore,  received  with  extreme  alacrity  the  official 
eoBIkiunKstion  of  the  act  of  abdication  made  to  it  by  ïf.  Gruizot. 
ScMiie  deputies,  indeed,  M.  llauguin  among  others,  inreighcd  against 
tlie  nullity  of  such  un  act,  j^>'ing  thut  Charles  X.  s  forlcitUFC 
of  the  crown  had  been  declared  by  the  victury  of  the  people,  and 
that  it  waâ  not  by  virtue  of  au  abdication»  but  of  the  pK>pular  will 
that  the  l^uc  d'Orléans  was  to  becoane  Icing.     It  was  all  in  vain^ 


À 


.•'iu;   .     .  Tr, ..-.    T ■    1^:    _,i    .  ,:  tt    j.  ir;  -.   Lia.— -iz.     Is 


r.'":"'    1.L  '. 


T' 


:..^'îi:;!V:  ^'::!^i::V''VrM''-'^'-^i  J>L^  ir'y;--"i_"^.-^ 


f.'^"-..  -.■:r./V'^;  'i';.r/^.7r"''"'j:.-:"':ÏÏ:.'':.^''^:^";  7:"::  "":  m! 

'!l  ;.■- "   '.f    I:.':    ■■  r ■:-...      ;.  .*!.  .r!:v.      li .:  :..:j!.:.   ;.  -v-v.-  '-.:  ::..:y 
H'*r;,    •-■  '     .1»!', ■,''■'!  iri  rli'-.-:  t'^rii.-.  ■A'";,;':;.  J^.";-    'iv  ■  x:  ...i:i  l".:*-  ]'"ili'y 

«<1  ♦/,'   M-i'.  >;  Oii<':ir.-  ;;ii'i  tL-j  l^';'^rL'','.!-:'j  ..:i  :';.;t  :!:■-:  :-.ri  .-1  ■.!  :"u*-ir 

"  'l)if  I  \inui\rr  '/  i\t\in\\i-A,  taking  ia(n  '■on«i'Icra:  y^n  the  :nj«r:vu  ncrf;-<:tT  re- 
nlliitiC  ff'<r«  i\.*:  i:r<  ut»  U  tli',   ïi,\.\i,  X7iLi,  liitli,  aad  lOtîi  of  July,  ani  iroiil  the 


WfiHOXESTT  or  TUE  ORI.EAN!eT8. 


233 


^nera]  EÏtoBtion  in  whidi  France  liaa  lieen  placed  in  confipquence  of  tlic  violatioi:  of 
the  coQstiiutioiiixl  chrvrtcr;  coitsidmcg,  nipreover.  lîial  iii  ■wnsi.iiiit.-nctof  ihit  viîjla- 
lioii  and  of  the  heroic  resistance  of  tîie  inhabhants  of  I'rtris,  the  king.  Chnxle»  X., 
hi«  HnyiJ  H  iplinces  Louis  Antoinij,  daiiplÙD,  and  all  the  mt-iDWrs  of  llit-  ctdirr  braneta 
of  tlic  TOj'ul  Èuïiily  ftTC  u  ilùs  awintût  quittifi^  ilie  Prendi  U^rritorj-,— dcclarts  tU-it 
thc^  tlirone  is  vimuil,  tk  facto  and  de  jure,  and  thAt  it  ia  inclisiiensalily  n^.tU'tii  lo  pro- 
ride  Tor  the  same." 

This  parafrraph  was  very  juiHciou!;ly  -worded.  It  set  forth  the 
elevation  of  the  Due  d'Ork^ans  as  the  compulsory  result  of  events  in 
■which  it  was  very  possible  he  had  liimsclf  taken  no  part.  Charles  X, 
was  not  expelled  from  the  liingdoni,  ho  quitted  it,  and  the  Due 
d*Orl<?ans  only  ascended  the  throne  hocausc  the  throne  îiapix-ned  to 
be  vacant,  "thm,  whatever  farei^  cabinets  mi^'ht  have  regarded  as 
revolutionary  in  the  dukc^s  accession,  vas,  of  courge,  cleared  ^ip  to 
their  sati?faclioti;  that  prince  was  no  longer  an  usui-per,  he  was  the 
unavoidable  contmuntor  of  tlie  system  of  order  and  peac-e  j^aranttcd 
hy  tlie  monarehical  forin.  It  had  been  the  wish  of  the  Due  d'Or- 
léans to  mflko  Europe  believe  that  lie  irppcctcd  in  Charles  X.  a 
meoiber  of  the  family  of  inviolable  lungs,  when  he  sent  commis- 
sioner? to  ItanibouUlct  to  protect  him  figaingt  the  passions  which  the 
duke  himself  had  excited.  Nothing;  couîd  be  better  adapted  to  fulfil 
the  prince's  iotentiona  than  tïie  declaraUon  we  have  just  read.  It 
jWas  adopted  almost  without  opposition. 

ï  Notlimg  remained  but  to  stipukte  the  conditions  of  tïie  new  es- 
^blishmcnt  in  ordur  to  mask  the  usurpation  fi-om  the  cj-es  of  the 
peojil*?j  after  having  done  this  as  regarded  Europe.  Tlie  second 
mragrnph  ol'thc  proposition  fupprcssed  the  preamble  of  the  charter. 
On,  uiia  occasion  M.  Persil  insistc'd  that  sovcreifjiity  was  vested  in 
the  people  alono;  that  this  principle  mu?t  be  pmclaimed,  inu^t  be 
written,  to  the  end  tliat  no  one  should  in  future  be  able  to  etyle  Iiim- 
self  king  by  divine  gTacc,  and  ho  proposed  that  these  two  artirlca  of 
the  constitution  of  1791  should  be  inserted  under  the  head  of  sove- 
reignty. 

t"  Sovpn?ifîn*y '*ltmgs  to  the  nnlîon;  it  U  inaJaeaaUc  and  imprcscriplible.     Tlie 
tion  can  only  cxurcisc  it«  rights  by  delegat  ion." 
Til  is  proposal  fell  to  the  ^ound. 
M.  PerdI  was  ans^vered  that  Ids  idea  was  irabodicd  in  the  com- 
Lssion's  second  para-graph,  which  ran  tliua: 

"  The  chamber  of  deputies  declorca  t1uit,  According;  to  the  villi  and  m  tlie  Intcmt 
of  the  French  iK^QpIc,  the  preamble  of  the  cliortcr  ia  suppressed  as  ofiëiulrc  to  the 
dignity  nf  the  nation,  inuniuch  as  it  KCcna  to  confer  on  the  Freodi  b/  TQjtl  favour 
(xirvfer)  nicliitB  Lliat  Ixlotig  tu  them  useulially.^' 

^^    Thia  paragraph  was  passed;  but  the  dcjtterous  men  of  the  party 
^Bwecjctly  determined  to  strike  out  from  it  the  homaf^  paid  to  the 
sovereignty  of  the  people;  and  this  was  actually  done  in  printing 
the  now  charter, — -a  gross  knavery,  which  passed  entirely  nnnoticedl 
at  that  lime  amidst  the  struggling  and  conlus^ion  that  prevailed  I 
^m      The  assembly  next  procceoed  to  revise  some  articles  of  the  chax* 
^Hfer,  which  it  hurriedly  e-xamined.     The  fupprcf$ioii  of  the  6th  ar- 
ticle, however,  whidi  declared  the  cûlhohc  rcli^on  the  teU^-iii.  «aiî 


2S4  THE  COVSTITUTION  KEMODELLEU. 

iko  eiate,  provoked  a  keen  dispute.  Some  'were  for  having  the  ca» 
tholic  religion  declaretl,  as  tlie  commission  proposeil,  tlie  religion  of 
tlic  niujority  of  FtencJimen.  The  assertion  of  thia  fact  waa  re- 
garJed  as  Sale  &\\à  imincaning  by  Bcnjftmin  Constant,  whilst  Charles 
Dupin  cagcHy  callctl  for  it,  rc'i^ardint^'  it  usa  îùghly  politic  meaeure, 
and  lie  involtcil  in  lâ-vour  of  Ws  opinion  the  uerronsly  susceptible 
jknatjcism  of  the  eouthcm  populations.  M.  Vieanct  horaugued 
ftgainfit  the  prejudice  tliat  branded  the  Jeiire,  and  would  have  had 
tnti  ininistcra  of  all  n-ligions  paid  by  the  etata  The  balance  of 
opinion  in  the  chamber  was  at  last  aJjueted  and  cxj^eaaed  in  the 
I  following  article  : 

'  Die  tuuiisiera  of  theoittibljc,  A^Mustolic,  uul  ilomao  tvUgïoiL,]irofefl»cd  by  the  am- 
[  Jority  trf  Fïenchmcti,  iim]  those  of  tiu:  aih-a  Chriaiiim  dfaoiniiniUonft  (ch^ûm)  rectâre 
[  HktiC9  CtQin  tbc  public  trcascuy." 

Neither  the  cstholica  nor  the  protestants,  nor  the  French  of  other 
idcnomi nations,  -were  to  be  satiaHed  with  the  uncertain  tone  of  thia  ar- 
ticle; the  first,  because  their  religion  was  no  longer  that  of  the  state; 
ihe  second,  because  the  law  oflfenHVcly  established  theiï  minority;  the 
1^  ©thcrs,  because  tlie  law,  in  making  mention  only  of  Christian  deno- 
L  jninaUons,  Bcemed  to  grant  to  these  only  the  benefit  of  public  pa- 
tronaore.     It  waa  a  strange  compromise   between  the  principle    of 
jnoral  unity  and  the  free  professictn  of  all  creedsj  between  the  pon- 
!  tificatc  of  the  Bovereiffn  and  athast  law. 

The  chamber  then  declaretl  the  censorship  for  ever  abolished;  thoa 
extending  ita  own  omnipotenee  over  the  future. 

Some  minutes  were  given  to  the  examination  of  the  14di  ardclf. 
It  was  BuppreâBcd— a  vain,  obstacle  to  the  audacity  that  U  backed 
•with  might  ! 

In  proportion  as  the  chamber  proceeded  in  this  work  of  hur- 
ried Toviâoûj  it  seeraed  to  forget  tlie  recent  conflicts:  its  recol- 
lectiotia  were  revived,  however,  when  Colonel  Jacqueminot  proposed 
to  txcïudc  foreign  troops  from  the  service  of  the  slate.  But  its 
fcar  of  pro;^c5a,  wliieli  was  not  Icsa  decisive  than  that  with 
Tthich  it  regarded  the  Swiss,  made  it  reject  every  thing  tendiuff  to 
veaken  privileges,  Tïius  it  fixed  the  ogc  of  ehgibiHly  at  a  naini- 
,U3n  of  thirty-five  years,  and  that  of  electors  at  twenty-five.  Still 
declared  null  ajtd  void  the  nomînûtîons  and  ereationa  of  peers 
made  under  the  reign  of  Charles  X.,  but  without  prcjudicino;  the 
j^vc  Question  of  heredity,  wliich  was  to  be  cxaraincd  ata  Juture 
The  same  timidity  made  it  reject,  without  any  discuasion,  M. 
DufrcsDca  propusLtiun  fur  remodelling  the  magistracy.  The 
re  WHB  aflcrwai'ds  brought  forward  in  a]iDtht:r  form  by  M 
Ërigode,  and  was  then  dinrufsed;  but  îii  vain  M^L  dc  Brrgode 
1  Suvcrtc  appealed  in  support  oï  the  project  to  the  examples  of 
pKapoleon  and  Louis  XVlll.  ;  in  viiin  ihey  dwelt  on  the  lâct,  thai 
:fcr  n>mê  years  past  the  nominations  to  the  magisctracy  could  have 
lad  no  other  end  in  view  than  to  render  juftioe  subservient  to  pcJi- 
tica;  in  vain  M.  Mauguin  insisted  that  every  thing  xequired  to  be 


I 


QUICK  WOBX.  È9$ 

leorsamaied,  and  that  tlio  rerolutioii  begmnixig  ùom  the  top  shonUl 
go  down  to  the  bottom,  if  new  and  more  terrible  oommo^ontf 
were  to  be  avoided.  Fri^tened  by  M.  Villemain,  recalled  to 
ooneerratJve  views  by  M.  Dupin  aîné,  and  seised  with  a  saddea 
respect  for  the  Haht»  quo  of  yesterday,  the  <^iamber  confirmed  the 
eiostenoe  and  the  irrerocable  tenure  of  the  magistracy. 

lAme  meanwhile  was  passing  away  ;  it  was  growing  late,  and  % 
king  was  decidedly  to  oe  proclaimed  that  very  day.  It  was 
arranged  that  provision  should  be  made  at  a  future  oay,  and  W 
separate  laws  for  the  following  matters;  viz.,  trial  by  juiy  for  poh- 
tical  offînces — the  responâbility  of  ministers — ^the  re-election  of 
deputies  who  had  taken  office — the  annual  voting  of  the  anny  esti- 
mates— ^the  national  guard — the  podtion  of  military  and  naval 
officers— departmental  and  municipal  institutions — public  instruc- 
tion and  liberty  of  teaching — the  determination  of  the  conditiani 
of  electoral  quah6cation  and  eligibility. 

At  the  moment  when  the  chamber  was  about  to  confer  the 
crown,  M.  Fleuiy  de  l'Orme  demanded  that  the  electoral  collies 
dionld  be  convoked  to  give  their  deputies  spécial  powers  for  uw 
election  of  a  king.  Come,  come  !  cried  Caâmir  Féner,  petulantly; 
and  M.  Laffitte  made  haste  to  read  the  last  paragraph  which  invited 
Louis  FhiHppe,  Due  d'Orléans,  to  take  the  tiue  of  King  of  the 
French,  on  condition  of  accepting  the  modified  charter. 

This  paragraph  was  adopted  by  a  larce  majority.  Thirty  member! 
of  the  night  abstained  from  votm^.  M.  dc  Gorcelles  required  that 
the  election  of  the  Due  d'Orlëans  should  at  least  be  submitted  to  the 
people  for  their  acceptance  :  every  one  k^  silence. 

The  chamber  was  about  to  proceed  to  the  ballot  upon  the  popo- 
flition,  collectively,  when  the  venerable  Labb^  de  romjnèrès  de» 
numded  that  the  voters  should  inscribe  their  names  in  a  r^jister. 
BC  Bérard  supported  the  motion;  but  many  had  not  the  courage 
to  give  publicity  to  their  votes.  The  gift  of  the  crown  of  Franoe 
was  voted  as  a  simple  matter  of  1^-law  r^ulation. 

M.  de  Cormenin  was  the  only  de^tjr  of  the  opposition  who  ab- 

incuspci 


stained  from  voting.  Aooording  to  nim  it  was  incQ^icnsably  reqin* 
site  to  consult  the  people,  rince  its  sovereignty  was  acknowledged. 
He  therefore  attended  the  meeting  of  the  duunbcr  merely  in  the 
chnacter  of  a  spectator,  not  as  a  legislator.  Actuated  by  a  noUe 
scruple,  he  had  already,  in  the  sitting  of  the  30th,  refiued  the  title 
<tf  oonmussioner  of  public  works,  which  was  offisred  to  him  by  a 
messenger  from  the  Hôtel  de  ViDe;  subsequently  he  had  re&aed 
kn  consent  to  the  nomination  of  the  lieutenant-general;  and  now, 
whilst  all  his  colleagues,  some  from  ddnsion,  othera  from  interested 
motives,  suffered  themselves  to  be  floated  along  by  circnmstanoes, 
the  inflexible  logician,  motionless  on  his  bench,  protested  once  moie 
i^ainst  an  unprecedented  usurpation. 

Some  days  afrcrwaids  he  published  his  resignation  in  these 
tenus: — "  I  have  not  reeeived  a  eonstitueiit  «uthont^  franLtha  ^aa-^ 
ple>  and  I  am  not  yet  in  poflseanon  o£  i\a  loXmcsScucA.  V^as^ 


230  Lovis  PDiLirrc  declabed  king. 

between  those  two  cxireniitie*  I  sra  ab*  luvrly  without  poww  to 
iiiuke  a  kin^'.  a  ohanor.  or  an  ci:.::!.  I  Trjy  the  ckiiEber  to  aox-pt 
my  resimuuinn.  ilav  my  e-runiry  ilwiy*  c-e  glorious  and  tree'." 
ïlic  Cunists  niisoil  a  *i:ou:  vf  ■■:■'.•:  i:;.i.  :.:•  r-uii^iie  the  edèct  o:  this 
repifjnatioii.  some  Orloiir.if:?  fr nr^d  ^  r-ror.  "Ju:  M.deCMin«im  wis 
a  disL'uiîHHl  Carlift.  liuî  ïV.e  c--û-:i-zy  wi*  ::■  rûss  away;  iht  protest 
rcinamrtl. 

TIio  lollowiri:  w:.i  :I;o  r-^-jù:  :;"  ::::-  ^cll::  ;■::  ■;■:' whicL,  isfuvû  a 
iv>y:ilty  : 

Nu::;VT;fv-r5 £02 

W:;-:*:  Ulli 219 

IS*       *     *      ""  '■■• 

I'^»'ihK    kLu^  ......  OO 

Tiie  C';C:r.^    v:r    ; -^•.■?  r-ir..;-*  "_i  ".  r.  ■:  >>:r;  :-;r..:ui-:-i  w};»^  >L 
ar.d   ::  wi*  y::-:.1   :y  i.-..i:-.:_:::r.  C— :   *r_:.,-i-  ï"::;-M  rerjjift  :a 


tVf  SSfWEBN  P.ASAèO  AMD  OKATËAtFBRIAîrD.      237 

So  eagerly  had  ilie  pretext  of  present  necessity  and  ofurgi^nt  coii- 
sderudons  been  laid  hold  of,  that  the  only  thought  bestowed  on  tho 
ebiunber  of  pcet*»  was  to  make  it  a  communication  that  rather  re- 
Bemblcd.  a  voluntary  act  of  civility  than  an  indispensable  formality; 
and  without  cai^ng  or  waiting  ior  the  adhesion  of  the  peeni,  the 
cliambcr  of  depntit^  Imd  gone,  aa  wc  have  seen,  with  its  declara- 
tion to  the  Palais  Royal,  and  presented  it  as  a  definitive  compact,  as 
the  ultimatum  of  a  will  without  control.  The  peerage  heingmade 
up  only  of  all  the  glaring  and  scandalous  defections  wliich  thirty 
ycara  of  political  turmoil  hiid  occfiéioned,  it  had  been  deemed  ready 
as  a  matter  of  course  for  a  new  servitude. 

But  there  was  among  the  peers  a  man  whose   chivalric  truth- 
fulness and  fidelity  of  soul  were  well  knowni  at  the  Palais  Royal. 
The  report  had  gone  abroad   that  M.  de  Chateaubriand  was  pre- 
~  ring  an  accusing  and  terrible  speech;  that  he  waa  about  to  set  all 
.  example  of  courage  in  delivering  it,  to  protest  for  the  last  time 
1  bchalt  of  the  vanquished  monarchy,  and  to  denounce  the  friends 
ja.1  had  misled,  and  the  relations  that  had  betrayed  it. 
This  news  had  reached  the  Pala^  Royal,  which  it  tlirew  into  the 
utmost  imeiisiness.     Such  a  danger  was  to  be  averted  at  any  cost. 
fadiime  Adelaide  scut  word  to  M.  François  Arago  that  the  Due 
L'Orléans  wi>lied  to  have  a  secret  interview  with  him.     M.  Anigo 
Ould  not  obtain  acce^  to  the  prince,  whether  it  was  that  he   was 
ated  by  fortuitous  ci rcum stances,  or  tlmt  the  Due  d'Oik'ans  waa 
jud  of  compromising  himself  personally  in  so  delicate  a  negotia' 
n.     Madame  Adelaide  removed  the  dimculty:  ahc  saw  M.Arago, 
ad  told  him  that  he  would  entitle  himself  to  unbounded  gratitude  if 
would  see  M,  de  Cliotcaubriand,  and  entreat  him  to  forego  hia 
odcd  speech;  upon  which  condition  he  s^hould  be  assured  of 
_.Jig  his  place  in  the  administration.     M.    Arago  called  on    the 
[Iustnûustpoet,andsubmittedto  him  that  France  had  justbcen  shaken 
I  its  inmost  centre  ;  that  it  waa  impi>rtant  to  avoid  exposinir^  it  to  the 
akoftoo  Budden  reactions;  that  the  Due  d'Orléans  would  have  it  in 
t  |K>wer  on  becomiuoj  king  to  do  much  for  public  liberty,  and  tliat 
i  bwcanie  a  man  like  the  Vicomte  de  Chateaubriand  to  abstain  Irom 
oaking  himself  the  mouthpiece  of  the  agitators  at  the  commence- 
oent  of  a  reign.     He  ended  by  telling  him  that  a  better  means  re- 
ined to  him  to  serve  hia  country  with  advantage,  and  that  there 
uld  be  no  hesitation  to  bestow  a  portefeuilk  upon  him,  that  of 
ablic  instruction  for  example.  Cliateaubriand  shook  hie  head  eadly, 
nd  replied  that  of  all  he  had  just  heard  that  wliieli  most  toufh<vl  his 
eart  was  the  consideration  of  what  wtis  due  to  the  interest  of  France 
I  ita  deeply  disturbed  condi  tion  ;  that  he  c.^tpectod  nothing  and  would 
cept  nothing  uf  a  dynasty  erected  on  the  ruins  of  liia  hopes;  but 
Ql  since  hh  speech  might  sow  the  sceda  of  rancour  in  hi£  native 
ad,  he  would  soften  down  ita  tenour.    This  singukr  negotiap 
jk  place  on  the  eve  of  the  7th  of  August. 


fcisi 


CHATEAUBEIA>~I>  S  SPEECH. 


The  chamber  o£  peers  li&TÎng  asscirtbled  Ûi&  next  any  at  balf-past 
jûne  LU  tlie  cvcuiag,  the  president  read  the  dcckration  oL  tlie  cbambËf 
of  deputies,  after  which  the  Vicomte  de  Chateaubriajid  rose  uad 
thoa  expreaeed  Kimficlf  ainidât  profound  filence  : 

^*  Mesicura,  the  dcclaratioa  communlctted  to  this  cKambor  is 
a  much  simpler  matter  for  mc  than  for  those  peers  who  pr^jfess  opi> 
nions  different  from  mine.  One  fact  in  tlus  declaration  predomi- 
nates ia  my  view  over  all  the  others,  or  rather  destroys  them.  Were 
VfQ  now  in  a  regular  and  orderly  state  of  thing?,  I  ahould  undoubt- 
edly icniùoize  with  care  the  changes  it  h  tlioughl  tit  to  make  in  the 
charter-  Several  of  llicsc  changea  I  myself  propoaed.  The  tmij 
thin?  that  aatomshcs  me  ia  tluit  any  one  could  think  of  mentianiiig 
to  the  cliamber  that  reactionary  measure  touching  tlie  peers  of 
Charles  X.'a  creation.  I  am  not  suspected  of  any  weak  partiality 
for  haiclies  ifoiimits)^  and  you  know  tliat  1  have  even  withstood 
the  tlueat  of  making  such;  stilt,  to  make  ourselves  the  judges  oÉ"  o«r 
coUeagues,  to  strike  out  names  at  pleasure  {rom  the  list  of  peen^ 
whenever  one  is  the  gtronger,  this  id  too  much  like  proâcrîptioiL 
Ja  it  intended  to  destroy  the  peerage?  Be  it  so.  It  ia  better  to  lose 
life  than  to  beg  for  it." 

Alter  these  words,  which  shamed  the  ehamber^a  patience  under 
the  degradation»  the  orator  inquired  what  form  of  government 
:VIB  theneefortli  applicable  to  Fianec.  A  republic  did  not  seem  to 
Um  to  be  posâble;  but  was  monarchy  so,  on  ttie  conditions  im- 
poeed  on  itr  '*  The  monarchy,"  he  cxckimcd,  "  will  be  swept  aw«y 
ny  the  torrent  of  democratic  laws,  or  the  monarch  by  the  mavcmcnt 
of  fuctioM." 

Before  proceeding  to  what  he  conàdered  the  best  solution  of  the 
formidable  problem  submitted  to  France,  Chateaubriand  paid  a  tri- 
bute tu  the  heroism  of  ihc  people  of  Paris. 

"Never,"  he  sud,  '*  wafi  defence  more  just^  more  heroic,  than 
that  of  the  people  of  Paris.  It  did  not  riœ  against  the  law,  but  fur 
the  law,  aa  K«ng:  as  the  social  conifKict  waa  respected  the  pcsople  re' 
mamed  icjuiet.  But  when  thoee  \y]\o  had  lied  up  to  the  lafit  hour 
suddenly  called  the  people  to  servitude;  when  the  conapiiacy  of  stu- 
pidity and  hypocrisy  burât  forth,  when  a  palace  terrorism,  orgamzed 
by  eunuchs,  presumed  to  take  the  pUce  of  the  terrorism  of  the 
Kcpublic  and  of  the  iron  yoke  of  the  Empire,  then  tW  people  annod 
itâelf  with  its  intelligence  and  it$  courage-  It  was  found  that  theae 
shopkeepers  bt^rathed  freely  enough  the  smoke  of  powder,  and  that 
something  more  was  wantmg  to  put  them  down  than  four  Eoldiers 
and  a  corporaL  A  century  could  not  so  have  matured  a  people  as 
tho  last  three  puna  that  have  ahone  on  France." 

Tlie  orator  then  spoke  of  the  Due  de  lîoTdeaux,  Might  not  the 
principle  uf  Ic^tiiaacy,  so  neceasu^  to  tlie  existence  of  moaarchiea 
AftTo  been  rcepecied  in  him?  The  Duo  d'OfléaoB  would  have  acted 
u  guardian  to  the  royal  child;  he  would  have  guided  him.  in  the 
■àty  of   regent,  untd  the  period  of  hi^  majûrity,  and  EUeh  a 


duxaujlxiOiH  of  the  msw  monabcht,  nt 

scheme,  by  manlfestiog  the  inviolability  of  the  momi^ical  pximnpl^ 
would  peihape  have  i»otected  France  from  p^ilous  conTaliic»i& 

"  An  unavailing  Ganandia,"  he  exclaimed,  lereiting  pûn&llj  to 
his  own  poflîtian,  **  I  have  sufficiently  weatied  the  thrrâie  and  the 
peerage  with  my  diarcgarded  warnings.  It  <»ily  xemains  ibr  me  to 
sit  down  on  the  fragments  of  a  wieck  I  have  so  oAea  predicted. 
I  recognise  in  miafartune  all  kinds  of  power,  except  that  (^  releaa> 
jn^  me  ùwm.  my  oaths  of  fidelity.  I  must  therefore  render  my  life 
niuform.  After  all  I  have  done,  said,  and  written  for  the  Bourbon^ 
I  should  be  the  vilest  of  wretches  if  I  denied  them  at  the  moment 
when  &x  the  third  and  last  time  they  are  going  into  exile.** 

Lastly,  after  denouncing  with  withoông  Harfawn  the  dastazdy  of 
all  those  sealous  rovalistB  who  had  contrived  by  theix  projected 
expknts  to  have  the  aescendants  of  Henri  IV.  [ntaJhrked  out  of  the 
oountiy,  and  whom  he  now  ptHnted  out  aqoatting  under  the  tri- 
ooloor  cockade,  he  concluded  with  saving,  '*  Wliatever  be  the  destinies 
in  store  for  M.  le  heutenantr-gén^al,  I  will  nevo- be  his  enemy  if  he 
effect  the  welfare  of  my  country.  All  I  ask  is,  that  I  may  preserre 
the  freedom  of  my  conscience,  and  the  right  to  go  and  die  wherever 
I  shall  find  indc^iendence  and  repose." 

Thsae  eloquent  outpourings  <^  sqitow  fdl  on  icf  hearts.  The 
peerage  discussed  only  the  measure  that  tended  to  decimate  it:  bat 
so  ÎTunmiiiKlA  -was  it  to  the  insult  c^exed  to  its  dignity  by  the  other 
chamber,  that  as  r^puded  the  questicm  whether  it  would  submit  to 
to  be  thus  outrageously  mutilated,  it  declared  that  it  left  the  mat- 
ter to  the  exaltpfl  prudence  of  the  prince.  It  «hied  of  itself  to  its 
own  humiliatifm  by  this  ^r^ous  flatteiy.  A  deputation  was 
«ipoànted  to  cany  to  the  Palais  fioyal  the  congratulations  of  that 
fast  body  in  the  state.  It  presented  itself  to  the  prince,  respect&l 
and  calm  under  insult  Tne  prince  made  those  grand  êeiymvr»  a 
cnmmfHiplarp  reply.     The  peerage  was  already  dead  in  France. 

Kothzng  remained  but  to  give  the  transfer  of  the  crown  the  aano 
tion  of  forms,  and  that  sort  of  l^tima^  which  juUic  imbecility 
connects  with  the  prestûe  of  an  imposiog  ceremoniaL  Every  thing 
was  therefore  made  ready  on  Monday  the  9th  of  August  for  a  royal 
sémee  of  the  chambers.  A  throne,  overshadowed  with  tricolour 
flags,  and  surmounted  with  a  crimatm  velvet  canopy,  was  erected  in 
the  Palais  Bourbon  :  before  it  were  arranged  three  settees  for  the 
lieutenant-geneial  and  his  two  eldest  sons.  A  table  covered  with 
velvet,  on  which  stood  the  pen  and  ink  to  be  employed  in  signii^ 
the  contract,  separated  the  settee  reserved  for  the  prince  from  the 
thrtme,  and  typified  the  interval  that  lay  between  him  and  royal^. 
The  Due  d'C^l^ans  made  his  entry  to  the  sound  of  the  ManetÛmtCj 
and  the  noise  of  cannon  fired  at  the  InvaUdes.  W^en  he  had  taken 
his  place,  he  put  on  hiâ  hat,  and  desired  the  members  of  both  cham- 
bers to  be  setûed,  thus  changing  upon  a  frivcJous  point  what  sgih 
tibly  afiects  most  men,  ceremonial  usage  :  for  hia  [nedeceseors  had 
been  used  to  address  the  chamber  of  peers  alone,  with  their  own. 


240 


INSTALLATION  OF  THE  NEW  MONACCTTY. 


lips,  and  tlie  chamber  of  deputies  tlirough  the  chancellor,  "who  ttid, 
**  Messieurs,  the  king  perimt3  you  to  be  seated.*'     The  prince  re- 
quested M.  Casimir  Périer,  president  of  the  chamber  of  deputies, 
to  read  the  declaration  ol'  the  7th  of  August.     M.  Périer  did  00 
with  a  firm  voice,  laying  a  stress  on  many  passages»  on  this  one  for 
example:  the  throne  is  voeant  de  facto  and  de  jure.     In  reading;  the 
last  article,  Casimir  Pt-rier  having  said  "  Calls  to  the  throne  his  UojraJ 
Highneââ  Philippe  d'OrK'ans,  Due  d^Orléans,"  the  lieut^nant-gcno  ^ 
lal,  who  followed  the  reader  with  the  closest  attention,  hastily  siudfl 
•'  Louiâ  Philippe,"  correetin^  him.     Baron  Pasquier  having  m  his™ 
turn  read  the  act  of  adhesion  of  the  peeraj;^,  the  two  acts  were  deli- 
vered to  the  lieutenant-general,  who  pûssed  them  to  Dupont  de 
l'Eure,  then  the  garde-des-sctaux.     The  lieutcuant-generai  read  his 
acceptance  in  l^ese  terms; 

*''  Messieurs  les  Pairg,  Messieurx  les  Dejnitc*:  I  Have  read  wilh 
great  altentirtn  the  declaration  of  the  chamber  of  deputies,  and  the 
act  ol  adlieaiou  of  the  chamber  of  peers.  1  have  weighed  and  medi- 
tated every  expression  therein. 

'*  I  accept,  without  restriction  oT  réservation,  the  clauses  and 
engagemtaits  contained  In  that  declarationj  and  the  title  oi"  King  of 
the  }<  reiich  which  it  conféra  on  me,  and  I  am  re&dy  to  make  oam  to 
observe  the  same/"  ^J 

The  duke  then  rose,  took  off  W?  glove,  uncovered  his  head,  ao^H 
pronounced  the  form  of  oath  handed  to  him  by  Dupont  do  rEure  :        ' 

**  In  presence  of  God  I  swear  faithfully  to  observe  the  conyiitii- 
tlon:il  charter,  with  t]ie  modilications  set  forth  in  the  dcclannion;  to 
govern  only  by  the  laws,  and  according  to  the  laws;  to  cauee  goo<l  «nd 
exact  justice  to  be  administered  to  every  one  according  to  His  riffht,' 
and  to  act  in  every  thin»;  with  'Ûie  sole  view  to  the  interest,  the  wcl- 
ûaCj  and  the  glory  of  the  French  people." 

AmiJst  the  cries  of  Vwc  k  Boi,  tbût  greeted  these  words,  Louis 
Phihppo  signed  the  three  originals  of  the  charter  and  of  hi*  oath, 
which  were  to  be  deposited  in  the  archives  of  the  kingdoTn,  and  in 
those  of  the  two  chambers.  At  this  moment  the  four  marshah»  dis- 
played the  insignia  of  royalty,  the  sceptre,  the  crown,  the  sword,  and 
the  hand  of  justice.  ITic  settee  on  which  the  prince  bad  sat  -was 
removed,  and  the  new  king  ascended  the  tlirone,  covered  his  hcmà, 
and  signiâed  that  he  was  about  to  speak. 

*■  I  hare  just  ratified  a  great  act,"  he  said;  *'  1  ara  profoundlv  aen- 
^ble  of  all  the  extent  of  the  duties  it  imposes  on  me.    I  feci  comciooi 
that  I  will  fulfil  them.     It  is  with  full  conviction  that  I  lure 
ccpted  the  compact  of  alliance  proposed  to  me, 

"  1  should  have  cnmestly  desired  never  to  occupy  the  throne 
which  the  wishes  of  the  nation  have  called  me;  bat  prance,  «sbuIi 
in  her  liberty,  sow  public  order  in  j>eri!;  the  xdolation  of  the  chftrti 
had  shaken  every  thing;  it  was  necessary  to  re-establish  the  actioi 
oftîielaws,  and  it  belongred  to  the  chambers  to  provide  for  tlui' 
necesàty.     You  have  done  so,  messieurs;  the  wise  modî£catîons  wo 


DIKTSESS  OF  THE  WORKING  CLASSES. 


241 


tvc  effected  ia  the  cliartcr  guarantee  the  security  of  the  future,  and 

Pmnoe,  I  trusty  will  be  happy  within,  respected  without,  untl  the 

Ppeoce  of  Europe  will  be  more  and  moi-c  conHrmed." 

I      Tïie  Dae  d'Orléans  was  king-       He  was  called  Louis  Phihppc  I., 

[ibr  it  had  not  been  thought  proper  to  give  that  dubious  contiauatOT 

Lof  the  thirty-five  Capets  either  the  name  of  Philip  V.^  which  would 

raiTe  omuwd  an  eoga^ment  entered  ioto  with  the  pftst,  nor  that  of 

TTuLp  I.»  which  would  have  seemed  to  open  a  new  prospect  to  the 

people.     The  tiUe  of  AW/  ofihc  French  was  sulretitutcd  for  tliat  of 

7G»ff  of  France;  these  verbal  innovations  appearing  suitable  to 

bmik  the  multitude. 

Meanwhile,  frightful  distress  was  be^nning  to  prevail  among  the 
-mrkiDg  clâsees^  Those  men  who  cried  Vive  la  Charte  /  and  who 
Ittii  fait  thiee  days  fought  for  it  so  gallantly,  were  aaiazcd  at  the 
nciGaae  of  fiufienng  their  victory  entailed  upon  them.  I'he  ineasTire 
adopted  by  the  municipal  coinjnission  and  by  LafnycUe,  on  the  31at 
ttfXuhr,  of  creaÛJûg  a  tnoveable  national  jjTuard,  and  decreeing  that 
île  toldâei?  should  recdve  thirty  sous  daily  pay,  could  only  have 
otBL  intended  wa  a  proviaianal  measure;  besidea,  it  was  not  acted 

"Httafes  to  ingenious  contrivances,  deceitful  promises,  and  some 
vdl-ptoced  largesses,  the  pc^ople  had  been  easily  brought  to  di^pei-se 
sad  disum.  A  proclamation  was  then  po3ted  up,  bej^tining  with 
tfctte  words:—"  Brave  workmen,  return  to  your  workshops."  ITie 
pOOT  iellowsi  did  return  thither,  and  found  no  work^ 

Capital  disappeared,  09  might  but  too  well  have  been  foreseen^  and 
»U  the  relations  of  trade  were  intcmiptcd.  Every  shot  fired  during 
lie  three  days  had  been  the  prelude  to  a  bflnki'uplcy.  The  Bank 
of  Fruioe«  though  instituted  for  the  purpose  of  providing  against  great 
«mergeDcios,  regidateJ  its  issues  by  lt5  fears  with  cruel  prudence; 
a»d  centincls  as  usual  kept  watch  over  its  vaults  filled  ■with  gold,  :n 
a  city  «wanning  with  paupers. 

Bvery  day  added  to  the  distresg  of  the  people,  which  was  evidenced 
by  innumerable  fiicts.  The  most  considerable  of  all  the  printing- 
toEoea  in  ihc  capital  employed,  when  the  revolution  broke  out,  about 
two  hundred  workmen,  who  each  earned  regularly  from  four  to  six 
fatiKs  a  day.  After  the  revolution  the  premises  were  closed  for  eight 
«  ten  days,  at  the  end  of  which  time  ten  or  twelve  workmen  were 
Ukea  batik  ;  and  ax  months  afterwards  the  men  employed  in  that 
WabUshment  were  but  fivc-and- twenty,  who  earned,  not  four,  iive^ 
OT  ax  francE,  as  before,  but  twenty-five  or  thirty  sous  per  day>  Yet 
printing  seemed  less  hkciy  to  sufier  tlmn  otlier  businesses  Irom  the 
«suits  of  the  troubles.  From  this  we  may  conjecture  the  immensity 
of  the  diaaaters*  The  houec  No.  28,  in  tlie  Rue  Chapon,  Quartier 
dtt  Gra-t-ilhers,  let  out  to  two  hundred  workmen  of  ditfetetit  trades, 
Woo^bt  in  a  rent  of  seventeen  thousand  francs  up  to  the  time  of  the 
Devolution.     Ailer  that  event  the  receipts  suddenly  fell  to  ten  thou- 


S42 


THE  WORKING  CLASSES  LEFT  TO  THEIB  FATE. 


Band;  and  at  this  day^  aiier  a  lapae  of  mora  tlinu  ten  yew*,  it  does 
not  ret  amount  to  more  than  fourteen  thousand  franca. 

Tiie  following  were  the  sort  of  means  employed  to  mitigate  these 
evils,  A  new  Marscilltiûe,  oommsed  by  M.  Casimir  Dolavigne, 
wae  simg  in  tJic  thuiitroei.  Tlie  heroes  who  hod  iklleii  in  the  cau^e 
of  liberty  were  celebrated  in  porapoua  language.  The  Nationai^ 
the  Duke  of  Orleans's  paper^  exclaimed,  "  You  hiive  always  been  thift 
bcHvest  and  most  heroic  of  men.  Honour  to  you,  brave  Putisianfl  !" 
And  the  magistrates  of  the  city,  not  less  ciithuâiastic  tlum  the  journal^ 
ists,  outdid  them  in  praise.  "  Who,"  said  M,  Alexandre  de  Laborde* 
in  a  proclanjation  to  the  inhabitants  of  Paria,  "  who  can  flatter  him'- 
•elf  as  meriting  the  rank  of  first  magistrate  of  a  population,  whoso 
heroic  conduct  hiis  been  the  salvation  i>f  freedom  and  civilisation?" 
All  Oils  while  bread  was  wanting  in  many  families,  and  mtny  A 
weeping  mother  wm  seen  searching  for  a  beloved  corpse  on  the  cold 
flugs  of  the  Morgue. 

Aa  Éubscriptions,  however,  were  opened  on  all  mdea  in  favour  of 

the  victima  of  Jidy»  (so  the  kiUed  and  wounded  were  called,)  those 

who  had  fallen  were,  in  this  reject  at  least,  useful  to  their  wives  and 

children.     Many  of  those  who  had  Burvived  were  leas  fortunatc- 

-     During  this  Dine  the  people  at  the  palace  were  busy  revising  the 

charter  ;  that  is  to  guy,  tatting  measiu'es  for  the  i-e -establishment  of  the 

aatioruvl  guard,  from  which  the  people  could  easily  be  excluded  by 

'making  a  costly  unifonn  indispensable  to  admission;  for  the  mot« 

complete  emancipation  of  the  press^  wliich  up  to  thai  time  had  hardly 

Concerned  itself  about  the  intentions  of  the  people;  lor  extending  to 

U  greater  number  of  citizens  the  power  of  makine  laws^  far  granting 

'  the  legislators  of  the  hourt^isie  the  rin;ht  of  the  initiative;  lastly, 

^for  returning  into  the  ways  of  '89  by  cquaUty  bctwoan  TeligioQl 

^  «lennmi nations  and  the  defeat  of  the  noblesse. 

But  b>  make  a  more  equitable  distribution  of  taxation  ;  to  diminish 

the  burdonii  that  crush  down  the  poor;  to  abohâh  the  indirect  eon» 

rtribudous  of  the  Eestorotion,  çpnmg  from  the  droittrémiù  of  the 

'empire;  to  devise  a  remedy  for  the  homicidal  fluctuation  of  wage&; 

I  to  lôund  workshops — for  the  combatants  of  one  day,  becomo  the  unom* 

|>loyed  workmen  of  the  next;— not  one  of  all  these  thint^  appeared 

'  Vorthy  of  consideration;  not  one  of  them  wa3  ao  much  aa  prumisod» 

But,  by  way  of  amends  for  this  neglect,  extraordinarr  solicitude 

'  WM  bceiowed  on  tlie  gamblers  of  iho  ptock  excluui^     Ihe  ofdon» 

^nances  of  Charlea  had  been  a  sudden  stroke  of  good,  fortune  for  the 

['^«culators  for  a  fall.    Now  vome  of  them^  «a  wo  have  ecen,  hod  bc<m 

^Wdmittod  into  the  secret  of  the  ordonnances,  *nd  had  staked  on  a 

'  certainty.     The  speculators  for  a  rise  availed  ihemaelvcs  of  this  car* 

[cumstance  to  demand  that  the  settlement  should  be  put  ofif  till  tho 

J  9th  of  August.     The  bonkers  who  had  s^ieculated  on  a  tiae,  and  who 

ITere  able  xa  act  on  the  market  with  milhôns,  coutited  on  stiongtlicn* 

m^  it  daring  the  delay  accorded  by  well-managed  puxchasos.     But 


i 


JCn.LED  AJSU  WOUNDBD  OF  THE  TXTREB  DATS.  S43 

the  fçrant  of  that  delay  was  the  consecration  of  an  injustice.  For  in 
(Jiu  nrst  place,  all  the  specitUttirs  of  the  etiick  excliange  were  made  to 
pay  the  penalty  of  &  fraud,  of  which  all  had  not  been  puiUy;  and 
«frain,  the  chamcter  of  stock  exchange  transactions^  which  is  csâea- 
tiaily  that  of  a  game  of  chanw,  was  arbitmrily  disregarded,  to  the 
bcDcGt  of  one  party  and  the  detriment  of  the  other.  No  matter, 
ïhe  speculators  for  a  rise  were  on  the  4Jdo  of  Ûie  ^-ittors;  the  order 
they  desired  was  issued  from  tlie  finance  department,  and  opulence 
Jlcopardised  in  disgraceful  bai^ains  and  illicit  speculations,  was  af- 
forded a  protection  in  vnin  looked  for  by  working  men  rɫlux;ed  to 
despair,  and  offering  their  labour  for  a  little  bread. 

The  blood  of  the  poor  had  been  poured  out  like  water  fir  that 
«hartflrthey  were  reviskig;  und^the  government  was  not  una.ware  of 
4Ke  mignitude  of  the  sacrifice  when  it  publi^htîd  the  ioUowing 
article,  on  the  5th  of  August,  in  the  Moniteur,  the  official  journal: 

**-  The  Btktanents  tbat  h&Te  bepu  given  m  the  vanoan  uovEpapcra  &s  to  the 
Dumbiai  of  the  Idllad  and  woniified  wtn  uworruc!.:  wa  thinic  it  oQr  ftuty  to  puUûb 
the  foUowing;  detçdU,  wbAài  were  inuiBTiiiticd  ycRtcnIiiy,  Au^st  4,  to  tlie  Acad^oùe 
SovaJc  dc  Im-ileciiit,  by  the  surgeons  ndJ  phjsldnna  iff  the  lioMfiitals, 

■■  /tôtfl  Dieu.  About  ftvc  hundred  wniiiiitwl  Imve  been  received,  b^n^iji^t  fjr  the 
moat  part,  to  the  citizens,  but  there  ate  hut  twenty-avt;  iiiiliiarj  men  amoDg  the 
4*8  huodred.  Tliirtj-tJght  dkU  th^  flrit  àa.j,  twelve  the  Mcood^  anil  eight  the 
tbhrd. 

"  Hùpital  àe  la  Chufit^^  About  a  huiidrofi  wounded  hare  been  recdved,  forty  of 
whcm  An  deed.    It  in  hopeil  that  a  great  Dumber  dJ*  ths  athers  will  he  â&«>éd. 

•*  Môpié^ Stattjon.  It  ]iml  Wcu  stutcd  tbat  there  verp  sU  huudixnl  wounded  men 
Id  ^lll  jm^tfll.  îînitîriorv  than  eighty  bsTC  been  bnuyht  loit.  Eight  or  ten  hare 
■mhlguu*  amputJitioD.  Yesterdaf  the  number  that  hod  dk>d  wal  fifteen  or  kixtaerk 
t  Btjilkii  da  Gmt-Caiikm,  Two  haiiijrc>d  woundi'd  luvf  b«a  nweiTed,  A  great 
nam  per  àt  amputations  bbve  bceu  performed^  >iQ  putitfut  faai  died.  This  fact; 
which  appcarea  extrenrdinuy  to  the  AcAdeaiy^  hoa  beeo  conflroaed  by  the  oaaertioika 
«r  MM.  Lany  ma  LndibcrL 

Hôpital  dt  Vat  da  Gr&c*.  Not  morti  than  twcat/  wounded,  or  thcrcahoiili,  hnre 
\sen  receirtil^  The  result  of  iurf 5 Ligations  gires  from  lâÛO  lo  17ÔI)  as  tlw  utttnber 
(rf  killi-d  and  wounded  dating  thf  dnya  of  the  â?th  and  â^th."  It  t»  pmhjiHle  that  the 
Tiuml'ivr  is  more  coiisidi>rubIu,  but  it  hu  not  been  poisitdc  to  ohtaui  an  cnuniEntioa 
ef  the  woonded  reoeirod  iu  the  amb»!smre§,  or  tho«  wha  irert  coBTc^cd  to  their  own 
hoinea.    The  «ccotmt  hew  givoi  rcfcr»  only  to  the  hoapitaJ*," 

So  much  for  the  dead.  I  have  etatcd  the  tieatmcnt  bestowed  on 
Ûia  living. 

The  difficulties  of  the  case  were  great,  no  doubt.  After  a  revo- 
lution like  thoit  which  had  just  taken  phloem  however  rapid  the 
Tictory  might  have  been,  it  could  not  be  expected  ihat  credit  should 
be  revived  by  royal  urdomutu ces;  th^it  commercial  alarm  should  be 
Stilled  bv  newsp«per  articles,  or  confidence  restored  by  prockma- 
tion».  But  the  Conventiou  had  showed  (even  putting  out  of  eonsi- 
^deration  ita  challenge  to  Europe  and  its  iminortttl  Frenzies)  what 

Erodlgios  may  emanate  from  a  genuine  enthusioam.  If  those  who 
lid  hold  on  the  movement  of  afiaira  in  1 830  liad  cxertod  themsHilves 
with  persévérance  and  courage  to  bring  back  the  people  from  the 
toad  lo  ruin,  those  eflbrta,  even  though  they  had  been  unavailing, 
would  have  been  enough  to  acquit  thdr  auUiora  at  the  bar  of  his- 
tory.     But  no  exertion  of  the  kind  w&s  made;  the  charter  waa 

k2 


244       lypIFrEREWCB  TO  THe  STPPEBINGS  OF  THE  POOB. 

Krised,  a  king  wu  crowned^  and  all  the  rest  -was  the  reign  of  inscn- 
Bâtc  fat&liam. 

The  government,  howcrv'tt,  was  ready  to  lend  thirty  mUHona  for 
the  benefit  of  trade;  bnt  as  it  was  not  at  liberty  to  distribute  the 
public  revenue  on  chance,  it  lent  on  mortgage  to  those  who  had  pro- 
perty; conscftuontly  it  lent  to  known  bankers  and  to  opuïont  mann- 
facturera.  Tlie  cnsis  did  not  the  less  press  with  all  its  weight  upon 
the  poorest, 

Hifitoiy  has  nothing  to  compare  with  the  impotence  cvincod  by 
ihc  administration  in  the  davâ  muncdiately  following  the  revolution; 
an  impotence  for  good,  not  ibr  evil. 

An  idea  had  occurred  to  some  citizens  of  founding  a  great  print- 
ing establishment  at  St.  Dcnia,  with  the  aid  and  under  the  piitronotfe 
of  the  state,  and  they  made  the  proposal  to  the  Minisier  of  the 
Interior.  They  would  have  reprinted  revolutionary  works  more 
particularly»  the  writings  of  Rousseau,  Voltaire,  and  the  encyclope- 
aiPts;  and  thtiir  cstahiiahment  vroiild  have  served  as  an  asylum  for 
many  workfncn  turned  over  to  vagabondage  and  ^vrctchednese, 
Tlte  proposal  was  rejected  on  the  grounds  that  such  books  would 
find  no  sale^  since  ihcy  were  weapons  of  which  liberalism  had  no 
longer  need  after  the  battle,  A  reply  of  deep  meaning,  and  worthy 
to  be  pondered. 

But  there  vras  a  Furcr  means  of  employing  many  workmen  'who 
ivantcil  bread.  The  arsenals  c<)nbùncd  but  nine  hundred  thoustuid 
iimskuU',  and  three  millions  were  requisite  to  arm  the  national  guard 
throughoiit  the  kingdom.  Urgent  solicitations  wore  daily  addressed 
to  tlie  miniatcr  of  the  interior,  who,  in  his  turn,  appbed  to  the 
minister  of  war;  and  ufter  all  only  five  hundred  thousand  mu?kctfl 
Tveru  delivered.  In  vain  were  earnest  and  repeated  applications 
made  for  the  numufucture  of  those  that  were  wanting;  in  vain  was 
it  demanded  on  behalf  of  all  the  workers  in  wood  and  iron  that  a 
great  factory  should  be  opened  in  Paris;  iii  vain  were  satisfactory 
projii'-^itions  traiismitU'd  to  the  offices  of  war  from  Tarions  parts  of 
the  kingdom,  and  narticuUrly  from  St,  Etienne;  all  these  cffbrta 
were  unavtûlïug,  and  îuid  no  otlier  effect  than  to  awaken  the  spirilt 
of  ppi'culation.  Wi?  phall  sec  in  the  course  of  this  history  to  what 
date  is  to  be  referred  th^t  purchase  of  muskets  subsequontly  made  in 
England,  which  excited  so  great  an  outcry. 

'Fhe  gnvermnent,  however,  caused  some  wfvrVs  to  be  executed  in 
the  ( 'hiunp  t\v  Mnrs;  n  measure  which,  if  it  did  not  prove  its  eolici- 
Itulc  lor  the  poor,  at  least  scr\*cd  to  mask  its  indifference. 

Woe  to  thoîMî  who  cast  themselvei  at  random  into  rcvolutioas,  and 
izaafa.  to  the  fight  with  unknown  war-cries  ! 


D£FAItTUKE  OF  CHAIELEa  X.  INTO  EXILE. 


245 


CHAPTER  X. 

Whilst  they  were  diapoâng  iu  Paria  of  the  throne  of  his  anc^- 
tow,  ChArles  X,  was  kneeling  in  the  cathedral  of  Argentan.  The 
Wbws  of  the  accession  of  Louis  Philippe  had  already  circulated  in 
tilflt  town.  TiVheu  the  proscribed  lamily  quitted  it,  the  Inhobitants 
thronged  upon  its  ■way  to  watcli  its  looks  and  scrutinize  its  emotions. 
Tliev  Ix^heid  the  Diichessc  dc  Beni  extingubliing  the  majesty  of  her 
misiortuncs  by  her  eiddineaa;  and  beiàde  her  the  daughter,  so  ollcn 
Borcly  tried,  of  Louaa  XVI.;  her  iacc  was  Uvid,  her  eyes,  soused  to 
t^xef  s^xxned  dead  and  viâonlcsa;  the  terrible  catsatrophe  had  burst 
open  all  the  old  wounds  of  her  heart.  Frequeully  during  that  dis- 
mal journey  she  would  alicht  from  her  carriage  and  stand  hv  the 
rood-side,  na  if  that  she  would  faîii  linger  a  little  longer  in  that  kmg- 
dom  thai  hat!  been  thrice  fat^  to  her  fftmily-  The  commissioners 
feared  her  on  account  of  the  abruptness  of  her  movemcnta  and  the 
intense  bittemeas  of  her  language;  but  they  were  deeply  impressed 
with  rcspocl  by  the  immensity  of  a  sorrow  that  dated  irom  the  Tour 
du  Temple.  The  dauphin  did  not  suffer,  because  he  was  free  &om 
tought. 

Charles  X.*a  appearance  was  tranquil.  IndiiTerent  aa  to  himself, 
his  only  care  was  lor  the  nacmhcrâ  of  his  suite;  yet,  even  in  this,  he 
ahowcd  the  effotiat,  for  it  is  thc^  pride  of  kings  to  love  themselves  in 
the  persons  of  their  servants.  Hb  conduct  in  other  respects  was  full 
-of  apparent  contradictions.  The  aspect  of  the  dauphin  in  tears,  of 
kia  wobegonc  courtieis,  and  of  the  two  children,  who,  in  their 
icuoraucc,  found  amusement  in  the  novelty  of  every  thing  about 
tncm; — to  all  this  he  was  insensible,  or  at  least  resigned;  out  the 
sight  of  a  bit  of  tricoloured  ribbon,  or  a  sligbt  negltrct  of  cti- 
qucltc^  was  enough  to  excite  hi*  petulance.  It  was  ncoesœry  in  the 
small  town  of  rAi^le  to  have  a  square  table  made,  according  to 
court  usace,  for  the  dinner  of  the  monarch  who  was  loïdug  aa 
empire.  Thus  he  showed  combined  in  his  person  that  exoes  of  gran- 
dcur  and  of  littleness  wliich  is  acquired  from  the  practice  of 
royalty;  and  whilst  courageously  enduring  the  bulk  of  his  mi^for- 
txuic,  he  could  not  patiently  coduro  its  details.  Ho  woiUd  have 
had  his'enenues  make  him  at  least  a  pompous  nùsoT}\ 

At  Maifitcnon  he  consented,  without  much  difficviïty,  to  the  dia- 
missal  of  liis  army  :  he  made  no  complaint  when  the  artiEery  of  the 
guard,  which  had  retained  but  two  pieces  of  cannon,  was  taken 
away  at  Dreux.  In  a  word,  he  gave  way  aa  long  as  they  took  from 
him  only  the  reality  of  power;  nut  when  it  was  attempted  to  de- 
prive hJm  of  its  externals,  he  felt  all  the  pride  of  his  blood  revive; 
110  wasm^jgned  to  exile  provided  he  might  make  a  alu^w  of  carrying  < 
with  him  tho  lustre  of  his  taco  and  the  trappings  of  royalty. 


Mff  SOUTE  OF  TH£  EXILED  BOYAL  FAKTLT. 

He  complamed  above  all  of  the  impatience  of  the  commissioneis, 
[  and  thought  it  unjust  that  he  should  be  prevented  from  travelling 
[dowlj^;  wr,  after  all,  he  was  leaving  liia  native  land  and  the  graves 
t  of  his  fathers.  Perhaps,  too*  he  retained  some  confusod  hope  at  the 
[  bottom  of  his  heart:  la  Vendée  -was  not  far  from  his  route. 
But  be  was  soon  given  other  catiscs  of  concern. 
A  new  commissioner  anived  at  Falaise  on  the  10th  of  August; 
I  Ûds  was  M.  do  La  Pommeraye,  deputy  of  Calvados.  Charles  X. 
I  was  Gjscecdingly  annoyed  on  hearing  that  the  new  commiaeioner 
[  rrAa  Bent  to  hasten  the  cortéffe,  and  oblige  it  to  take  the  rood  to  Caczu 
I  Was  it  not  enough  that  a  priDcc  of  iiis  family  had  deprived  him  of 
Ilis  crown?  Why  did  they  thus  envy  an  old  man  the  aole  bitter 
^  consolation  of  lingering  a  little  on  the  soil  whereon  he  was  bom, 
I  ftnd  which  would  never  receive  his  mortal  remains?  This  time  he 
,  det<;rmiiicd  to  roai&t.  There  waâ  a  small  road-side  inn  at  some  dia- 
LtftocG  from  Falaise  which  the  long  ehose  for  the  place  of  bia  first 
j  iwtemew  with  M.  de  La  Pommeraye.  He  received  the  envoy  of 
I  the  PalaiB  Royal  with  cold  politcne?»,  and  showed  himself  invincibly 
I  obetinâtc  in  bis  determination.  Tlie  cortege  vrsa  obliged  to  do  as 
the  cliOBc,  and  take  the  road  by  Condé-sur-Nûrreau:  but  aa  for 
I  elackeiung  the  speed  of  bis  journey,  every  thing  had  been  arranged 
;  befort-hand  to  defeat  his  intentions  in  that  respect, 

Gt'neral  Gtrard,  miniater  of  war,  wrote  on  the  10th  of  August  to 
'  the  commandant  at  Cherbourg,  instructing  him  to  organise  a 
[  marching  column  to  meet  the  escort,  and,  if  need  were,  to  act  with 
I  ■vigttur.  The  people  of  the  Palais  Koyal  were  in  haste  to  come  to 
t  the  filiale  of  the  great  drama-  The  minister  of  war,  therefore,  govo 
General  Hulot  uie  fullest  powers,  and  placed  the  maritime  pr^ect 
!  of  Cherbourg  under  Ma  authority.  But  General  Hulot,  who  waa 
fliot  ignorant  to  what  end  he  had  been  sent  to  Cherbourg-,  had  not 
waited  for  tlic  minister's  dci^patch  before  he  acted;  and  when  he 
j  received  it,  the  measures  it  prescribed  were  already  In  full  ckgco- 
^tion.  Colonel  Trobriant  had  been  sent  from  Cherbourg  to  meet  t}i0 
loorUige,  and  bad  reported  to  his  general  that  the  commisâûiior» 
were  without  authonty  over  the  escort,  and  that  every  thing  dû- 
ded  upon  the  will  of  the  Duo  dc  Raguse.  The  commissi  oner» 
>  wrote  to  General  Hulot,  "  We  have  heard  with  pleasure  tiiat 
FjûU  «re  movinff  towards  us  witli  troops  and  arliUcry.  You  will  not 
Vull  back  on  Cherbourg  till  we  shall  have  concerted  together."  The 
I  colonel's  report,  the  commi^ouera'  rcqtiest,  «id  the  alarming 
I  TumouTï  tliat  were  purpasL'ly  spread  on  nil  ades,  dctenmned  Geoe- 
I  lal  liulot's  course:  he  did  but  anticipate  the  nrkinifter's  orders. 

p-WhiUt  measures  were  in  progrcsa  to  rtir  up  the  people,  the  cor- 
_  J|ge  wo»  approaching  St.  LÛ.  When  the  second  Stuort  travcTBcd 
thèlslâ  of  Wight  alter  the  loss  of  a  crown,  und  on  the  eve  of  a 
blooily  deaths  a  young  girl  presented  him  witli  a  ilower.  Some- 
tbing  similar  occurred  to  the  brother  of  Louia  XVI.  At  Val-de- 
Viie  old  XDêDf  women,  and  children,  from  the  houM  of  ChÉnédoUe, 


BOtJTB  OF  THE  EXILED  BOTAL  FAMIIT. 


Î47 


met  tlic  fugitives  on  the  rood  and  presented  ihcm  witli  lilies;  it  Vfùs 
ft  poet's  iamil^  Bblutmg  a  king's  on  its  way  into  eadle  I 

On  nrriring  at  St.  Li5,  Cnarles  X.  learned  tliat  *n  airoed  and 
âtrcatenîng  multitude^  conucanded  by  General  Halot,  was  waid&s; 
for  him  at  CarenUn.  Tbo  national  gu&rds  tbat  had  been  raised 
hardJj  amounted  to  400  in  number,  and  had  but  two  cannonja^  both 
im£t  for  service;  but  as  the  only  object  aim^d  at  was  to  fnghtcn  the 
in^tiveSf  exaggerated  pictures  were  drawn  of  the  dnnger.  Charles 
X,  bcKeved  his  grandson's  life  in  jeopardy,  and  weary  of  struggling 
with  bis  fate,  he  gave  up  all  further  resistance. 

TliG  corami^oners  who  had.  wntten  to  General  Hulot  to  hastea 
hia  arrival,  now  preesed  him,  throtigh  General  Mtdson»  to  hasten  his 
departnre.  M.  Pommeraye  went  on  to  Carentan  in  advance  of  the 
cortege,  and  prevailed  on  the  greater  part  ol'  the  national  guaids  a&< 
ftmhled  th«ro  to  dL-ipcrsef  thero  being  no  turther  occaeion  for  their 
Mrriecs.  General  Hulot  left  the  town  early  in  tb&  morning  ;  and 
nothing  remained  of  the  popular  raovcment  that  had  been  so  artifi- 
csdly  ]>foduced,  but  a  âomcwluit  dangerous  Agitation.  The  aim  had 
been  achieved  ;  no  violence  had  been  committed  (ù  thing  which 
would  have  incensed  Europe),  and  yet  Charha  X.  had  been  suiË- 
<nently  frightened  to  Ibrce  him  to  a  precipitate  flight.  Prom  that 
moment,  in  act,  he  made  all  his  Gpeed  to  his  perpetual  exile. 

He  was  lucky  in  every  thing,  that  Due  d'Orléans  I 

ITieioumey  to  Cherbourg  was  aad  and  solemn  throughout.  Tho 
two  pnncesses  wolted  when  the  weather  waa  fine.  Their  dress 
was  veiy  much  neglected,  because  their  attendants  had  not  been 
able  to  Driag  away  linen  or  clothes.  A  grave  and  penâve  expreâ- 
BÎfiii  Ml<in  Uie  faces  of  tlie  beholders,  wherever  the  cort^c  psiaeed. 
Some  oâio^fl  presented  themKÎvcs  on  the  road,  bending  before 
humbled  greiitnMB.  Two  made  their  appearance  near  Carentan^ 
"  MeançuR/*  eaid  the  king,  **  keep  tho^  worthy  sentiments  for 
that  child  who  alone  can  save  you  all  ;"  and  he  pointed  to  a  httte 
Ihucen-baiicd  head  at  the  window  of  a  carriage  tuat  followed  his 
own.  But  the  tame  was  approaching  when  God  would  no  longer 
leave  the  destiny  of  nations  depending  on  irail  heads* 

At  two  o'cLoclc,  era  the  14th  of  August»  Charles  X.  entered  Va- 
lo^csp  whence  he  wrote  to  solicit  an  asylum  of  the  King  of  Eng- 
land. He  was  fully  entitled  to  a  return  of  the  hospitaiity  Louis 
XIV.  had  accorded  to  James  IL 

At  Valogses,  the  officer  of  Uie  pardes-du-corpa,  with  the  twelve 
aUcflt  soldiers  of  each  comjsmy,  went  to  the  king  to  ^vc  him  back 
their  colours.  It  was  a  tcatful  ceremony  and  suggestive  of  solemn 
lesKnts.  The  king  touched  the  nlk  of  the  colours  and  ssid,  "  I  trust 
that  my  son  will  restore  them  to  you."  Bcibro  icavinff  Valopie*,  ho 
appeared  on  tlie  steps  of  the  hôtel  where  he  had  alighted.  He  waa 
dresnd  in  a  plain  blue  coat  with  metal  buttons.,  without  star  or  ribbon. 
He  Btiove  to  speak  to  the  crowd  that  lUled  the  courtyard;  but  the 
wozda  died  away  on  his  hp  :  the  parting  took  place  in  âlence. 


BOUTE  OP  THE  EXiLKD  BOTAL  TAMihX. 

From  the  top  of  tho  cllfis  near  Cherbourg,  the  exile»  beheld  the 
,  Bca.  The  column  halted.  Sudrlenly  there  was  a  stranffe  coinino- 
iion  in  the  T&rtks.  Some  horsemen  who  had  gone  on  in  ndvance, 
galloped  bacî^  with  intelligence  that  boded  nothing  good  ;  a  great 
multitude,  composed  partly  oC  men  belonging  to  the  harbour  aad  of 
pIotieer3,  was  hurrv'ing  to  meet  the  cortege,  with  a  sound  like  the 
roaring  sea,  and  presently  the  front  ranks  stood  faee  to  face  with  the 

f  pawling  multitude.  The  Prince  de  Croi  wqs  mounted  on  a  white 
one  ;  he  wore  a  general's  hat  and  feathers  and  u  white  cockade  ;  he 
had  a  broad  blue  ribbon  on  his  embroidered  coat,  and  his  featurea  were 
not  unlike  those  of  the  kin?.  '■^  Charlsa  X."  shouted  the  people,  and 
thev  msîied  Telling  on  the  prince-  Others  forced  their  way  into 
.  the  column,  pushing  the  horses  out  of  tlieir  way,  and  btmding  their 
glances  on  tlie  pale  fuces  of  the  riders.  The  officers  of  the 
a,  in  a  state  of  inexpressible  anxiety,  thouglit  only  how  they 
Udight  avoid  a  conflict,  and  kept  off  the  asaaikntâ  with  almost  sup- 
pliant uneasiness.  Charles  X.  and  his  son  had  hastily  stepped  out 
of  their  carriages,  and  rode  forward,  encompaEScd  by  f^tliful  but 
trembliug  soldiei^. 

They  reached  Cherbourg.     The  revolutionary  cry  resounded  at 
ETaie  intervals  in  the  sii-ecls;  hot  tricolour  flags  floated  at  almost  all 
I  the  wiudowSf  and  an  immense  crowd  from  the  adjoining  districts 
,  flocked  to  the  port.     At  the  entrance  of  the  town  the  offioera  of  the 
'  64tK  lowei-ed  tlicir  swords  before  the  exiles  as  they  parsed.     Two 
'  TQsaels  had  been  prepared  to  reccivt;  the  king,  hia  family,  and  the 
persons  of  thoir  suite.     These  were  the    Great  Britain   and  the 
Chark»  Carrol,  under  the  command  of  Captain  Dumont  d'Urvillc, 
YWseUof  republican  build,  launched  in  the  American  wuters  and  be- 
longing to  members  of  the  Bonaparte  family.     Tlie  people  arc  Ibni) 
of  reraarking  thew  contrast*»  ;  they  arc  the  poetry  of  nistory. 

The  port  of  Cherbourg  is  separated  from  the  town  b^  a  great  cir- 
cular railing  j  the  gâte  waâ  guarded  by  aome  grenadiers,  and  was 
closed  Against  the  crowd  bâ  soon  as  the  last  of  the  kiug'^  guards  had 
passed  it.  Sbunge  SLnd  mournful  was  the  epcctacle  that  moment 
presented.  Behind  the  guards,  drawn  up  in  line  of  battle  on  tho 
pier,  thoiuands  of  eager  tacra  were  pressed  against  the  raiU,  glowing 
■with  curiosity,  eompasaion,  or  anger.  In  front  was  the  sea, — the 
vea  with  the  ever-present  thought  of  shipwrecks  [ 

The  carriages  droTc  up  to  a  small  bridge  covered  with  blue  cloth, 
and  nil  tlie  royal  family  alighted.     Sî,  de  La  KochejacqucliJi  sup- 
ported the  <lauphine  s  fainting  stejw.   The  Duchesse  de  Bern,  leaning 
on  the  arm  of  Jl.  de  CharettCf  displayed  more  indignation  than  d^ 
I  Mctcdnera,  and  her  demeanour  attested  the  lire  of  her  Neapohtan 
I  tilood.     Charles   X.  was  calm  as  ever  :   he  kept  wateh  otex  bis 
,  ftelingiL 

M.  dc  Dumns,  who  feared  for  the  Due  de  Bordeaux,  took  him  in 
and  earned  him  on  board  with  every  possible  prccaatiodi 
Btt  uneasmesâ.  But  the  child  was  unwilling  to  go,  and 
Wflie  difficulty  in  overcoming  hia  reluctance.     How  much 


EHBARKATION  AND  DEPABTL'BE.  949 

all  these  adTcraities  resemble  each  otlicT  I  It  is  said^  tlmt  ût  Ram- 
bouillcty  in  1814,  oAer  JoKph  had  determined  on  that  lliglit  which 
surrendered  tlic  empire  to  the  enemVi  the  litUc  King  of  Kome  mid- 
dcnly  hurst  into  tears  at  the  hour  ot  departure.  His  govemcsa  did 
all  «he  could  to  quiet  him,  by  fontUing  him  and  promising  him  new 
toys  ;  but  he  continued  to  crv,  and  rolled  on  the  floor  scToaming 
violently.  l*oor  child  !  that  fhght  entailed  upon  him,  fitst  tho  loss 
of  a  crown,  and  then,  ûRcr  eomc  years  of  blighted  youth,  a  niyste* 
nous  death  beyond  the  Rhine- 

Bcforo  he  embarked,  Chnrles  X.  delivered  to  M.  Odilon  Barrot, 
at  the  latter'a  request,  a  certificate  testifying  the  good  conduct  ol"  the 
commissi  on  era  toward*  him.  The  daiiphme  gave  him  also^  as  u 
token  of  gratitude  on  her  part,  a  sheet  of  paper  inscribed  with  these 
two  words,  Maicie  Théiièse. 

The  king  then  commended  the  pensioners  of  the  civil  list  to  tho 
generosity  of  the  victors.  The  guards  all  expected  to  receive  the 
adieux  of  the  royal  family,  hut  ihcy  were  disappointed.  The  otficera 
were  admitted  to  kiss  the  hends  of  the  princes  and  priactsaea,  hut 
the  soldiers  were  not  even  inspected.  Such  ia  tho  pnde  of  the  mtis- 
ters  of  the  earth,  even  when  smitten  by  the  band  of'  God  I  To  bestow 
beneGtA  is  easy  to  them,  because  it  manifests  their  superiority  :  but 
cratitudc  is  irksome  to  them,  because  it  reminds  tncm  tKat  they 
have  need  of  others, 

Sobfl  meuiwhile  were  heard  on  the  pier.  A  voun£^  man,  named. 
lionnochoee,  ruâhed  on  the  bridge,  threw  himseli'at  the  king's  feet, 
clasped  hia  knces,  and  weeping  bitterly  cried  out,  "O  my  king-î 
O  my  king  !  I  cannot  part  from  you."  Tlie  favour  he  begged  lor 
ma  not  granted  him,  and  some  time  afterwards  he  sought  hxa  death 
in  La  Ycndécj  and  sought  it  not  in  vain,  in  the  cause  of  thoeo  whose 
exile  he  had  not  been  allowed  to  slrnre. 

At  laft  the  parting  moment  was  come.  Standing  on  the  dock, 
tlie  old  king  bade  farewell  lo  France;  and  the  Great  Britain,  towed 
by  a  steamer^  unfurled  her  sails,  whilst  the  gnaxda  silently  took  their 
way  back  up  the  ch^  of  Cherbourg.  Some  spectaton»  who  lingered 
on  the  bcacli  watched  tlie  course  of  tho  vesset  when  suddenly  ihc^ 
Bftw  it  turn  about  and  stand  in  with  all  speed  for  the  port.  Was  this 
in  consequence  of  some  viulcnt  order  given  by  Cnarlca  X.  to  the 
crew?  It  might  have  been  feared  so;  but  every  thing  had  been  nssi- 
dliouflly  provided  for;  a  brig  commanded  by  Captain  Thibault,  had 
jeoaavcd  orders  to  convoy  the  Great  Britain,  and  to  sink  it  if  Charles 
X.  made  tho  least  attempt  to  act  as  master.  This  inexorable  fore- 
tliùuglii  was  not  justified  by  the  event.  The  vcsael  only  returned 
to  tuc  in  provisions  which  had  been  forgotten. 

When  every  thing  was  ready,  the  word  of  command^  wm  given 
again^  and  the  Bourhona  sailed  away  for  England,  crossing  uerhaps 
tiie  track  once  made  by  llic  vessel  ol  the  defeated  Stuarts.  The  sky 
fovebodcd  no  stonn  ;  tlic  wind  filled  the  sails  ;  ftad  tho  ^hip  diaap- 
pearod  over  the  sea.        ,-,_i,, ^ 


2£0 


rOLITlCAL  filTUATlOÎJ  OP  EXJKOrE  tS  1830, 


BOOK  THE  SECOND. 


CHAPTER  I. 

A  PEOPLE  spuming  conUot,  victorious  and  maator  of  itself;  three 
generations  of  kings  flyinç  beyond  the  bêûs;  the  bourgeoisie  appefl*- 
ing  the  multitude,  shuâimg  it  away,  and  giving  itscli'  a  diiel;  llie 
diaippointed  nations  looking  reatleasly  towaida  France,  as  ahe  sat 
still  under  a  new  kinr;  the  revolutionary  ^iîit  Ûattorcd  at  Ëist,  tbea 
comprçssed,  and  finally  exploding  in  prodigioua  efforts  and  scenes  of 
horror,  plots,  and  butt'hcries  ;  tlixee  hundred  repubhcans  giT-ing  battle 
in  Paris  to  a  whole  army;  property  assaîled  by  daring  sectarifais; 
Lyon  twice  infiorgcnt  Mid  deluged  with  blood;  the  Duchesse  de 
Bern  rekindling  the  janaticifflu  of  La  Vendee,  and  disgraced  by 
those  of  her  own  fajnily;  unparalleled  prosecutions;  the  choïeni; 
abroad  peace  uncertain,  tliough  sought  after  with  ruinoua  obstinacy; 
Alxic-a  dc^'astatcd  at  random,  the  Kast  abandoned;  within,  no  secu- 
rity; all  the  wild  riot  of  intellect^  and  some  noble  efforts;  conuner- 
dal  anarchy  at  its  height;  the  disgraceful  excesses  of  apoculation 
ending  in  ruin;  the  executive  decried;  five  attempts  at  regicide;  tho 
peopl«  furtively  piompted  to  vast  doeîrra;  secret  societies;  tho  rich 
alarmed,  irritated,  and  combming  with  impatience  of  the  evil  the 
dread  of  escaping  from  it.  Such  is  the  picture  presented  by  the  his- 
toid of  the  tea  years  between  1830  and  1840, 

In  a  purely  political  point  of  view  it  is  naturally  divided  into  three 
great  période. 

In  the  £r?t,  which  extends  from  the  establishment  of  the  Orléans 
dynasty  to  the  fall  of  the  Laffilte  administration,  the  executive 
appears  restless,  feeble,  tottering;  it  subsista  only  by  fallacious  con- 
ocavions;  it  developea  itself  only  by  aidficc.  Linked  together  by  a 
ootnniunity  of  intcrcsta  and  hopes,  royalty  wid  the  hourgeoiàe 
afford  each  other  mutual  support:  the  parliamentaiy  and  the  monar- 
chical principle  enter  into  a  momentary  alliance.  This  is  the  period 
of  jbundation. 

The  second  embraces  the  administration  of  Cftfiomir  Perier, 
continued  by  that  of  Thiers  and  Gidzot.  The  executive,  violently 
attacked,  defends  itself  with  violence.  A  comraimity  of  danger 
reudcifl  more  close  the  idliance  already  concluded  betwe^i  the  bour- 
geom»  snd  royalty  :  the  parliamentary  and  the  monarchical  principle 
blended  into  one.    This  is  the  period  of  struggle. 


■  eeean 


SCBOFE  IN  ISaO. 


Mr 


In  the  third  an^  1a^  periotl  the  vices  of  Ûie  sjt^em  declare  thcm- 
Ëâlvcs,  The  ûKeeutivCy  ccaaiii^  to  encounter  any  Denou^  dangers^  , 
first  become  listless,  &nd  then  divides.  The  bou^;eoiate  and  royalty  . 
begin  to  Ee^HUBte.  The  chamber  grows  iacticius,  and  the  ministz^ 
practises  tirta  of  corruption.  The  riviilry  of  the  ttro  principles  un- 
lolds  itself  with  all  ita  inconTemences,  fdl  its  djmgcïs.  Thoa  ia  tha 
period  of  decline. 

liut  before  recounting  the  details  of  thia  great  dnana,  it  ia  im« 
^rt&Qt  to  ehow  the  state  in  which  the  revolution  of  July  found 
Europe. 

That  revoluticHi  sent  a  universal  thrill  through  the  world.  Tha 
nations  that  had  been  enthraîled  "by  the  treaties  of  1815  wera 
aiouâed.  Tltc  apparition  of  the  tricolour  flag  iloating  over  tho 
French  consulate  in  Wareaw  made  the  true  hearts  of  the  Poles,  ouï 
old  brethren  in  arms,  beat  hin:h  with  hope.  At  Brussels,  Lie^e,  and 
Antvrerp,  men  asked  tlieniselve^  at  last  by  what  right  two  millions 
of  Dutclunen  conimandcd  four  Toilliooa  of  Belgians.  The  lUienino 
provinces,  which,  though  they  did  not  speak  our  languape,  wishei 
to  rctiLQi  our  laws,  desired  to  belung  to  ua  trom  pride.  A  formidably 
fermentatioQ  was  manifested  in  tlie  German  luiiTcisitieeT  till  then 
lormented  by  vague  aspirations  after  liberty.  But  nothing  could 
compare  with  the  movement  that  pervaded  Italy.  Throughout  tho 
whoio  pcninETula,  including  the  Roman  5tat^^  t]ie  enthusiasm  was 
boimdJess.  In  the  streets,  the  squares,  and  ail  public  places^  tho 
multitude  thronged  round  travellers  irom  France;  they  made  them 
read  aloud  the  journals  of  their  country;  and  when  they  had  thus 
recoimted  to  their  eager  liftctieirB  some  of  the  prodigious  events 
recently  enacted  on  the  batiks  of  the  Seine,  a  unaniiDous  burst  of 
applause  followed  the  recital,  mingled  with  cries  and  sobs.  It  is 
almost  literally  true  that  for  Bcveral  days  the  Italians  never  ceased  to 
look  towards  the  Alps,  expecting  e\-ery  hour  to  see  the  French  de- 
scending from  tlicm.  The  rerolution  of  July  derived  from  distance 
somcthiug  of  a  marvelloua  dumtcter;  and  the  people  of  Franc© 
sprang  up  again,  in  (he  eyes  of  wfflidering  Europe,  in  the  gigaoUo 
proportio^u  given  to  it  by  the  HepubliCf  and,  alter  the  repubkc,  by 
the  Kmpirc. 

The  emotion  felt  in  England  wjis  profound.  Tlie  newspapers  vied 
ilk  celebrating  the  heroism  of  the  Faririane,  and  subscriptions  were 
opened  in  every  direcdon  in  favour  of  the  wounded.  These  demon- 
strations were  sincere  and  di&inlcrefted  only  on  the  part  of  thd 
radicals.  The  wliigs  broke  out  JTito  exultation,  because  their  anti- 
cipaliona  had  always  snociatcd  the  triumph  ol'  French  hberaliani 
with  their  ovra  advancement  to  office.  But  the  tones,  strange  as 
it  might  appear^  the  very  tories  showed  themselves  msensibic  to 
the  calamity  ihut  had  befallen  a  royal  family,  and  the  Wellington 
admini^tmtton  Beemed  to  look  complacently  on  a  crins  that  yet  wat 
destined  to  cause  its  own  dowiiial. 

The  fact  was,  the  tones  saw  in  this  matter  something  superior  to 


i 


S5S  ^VP  EKGLIBH  FAHI 

»11  quesrtions  of  party — the  Question,  namely,  of  the  Biiprcmacy  of 
England  in  Europe,  The  English  aristocracy,  like  every  other, 
pursues  the  accomplishment  of  its  designs  vntn  great  clear-srehted- 
neas  and  ï^stemûtic  consistency.  It  knew  that  the  idea  hm  been 
entcrtainoa,  imdcr  Charles  X,,  of  giving  the  French  the  left  bank  of 
the  Rhine,  andtlie  Russians  ConstantiDople.  It  knetv,  too,  that  the 
Duu  d'Ofléana  was  English  by  taste  ana  by  inclination,  as  he  had 
f Mated  under  bis  hand* 

All  panics  in  England  combined,  therefore,  if  not  to  oeîebratc  the 
llrictories  achieved  in  France  over  tlic  monarchy,  at  lea?t  to  insult  the 
[ tanquiahed  monarch.  When  the  vesel  in  which  Charles  X.  and  his 
nily  came  to  its  moorings  at  Portsmouth,  the  English  flocked  in 
ICrowdB  to  the  port,  wcariug  the  tricolour  ribbon.  Views  of  the 
fCfreat  Britain  Tirere  exhibited  in  the  streets  to  the  derision  of  the 
Ipublic,  and  tlie  walla  were  covered  with  placards  irtaulling  the  cxiltS3. 
l'Une  of  them  ran  thus  : — *'  What  is  the  real  feeling  of  the  English 
■towards  the  unfortunate  individual  who  has  violated  the  laws  he  had 
l»worn  to  maintain?  Abhoirencc  and  contempt,"  The  Due  de 
IHaguse  ha™g  gone  on  shore  al'ter  taking  leave  of  the  royal  fiimily, 
I  ihe  custom-house  ofticers  behaved  to  him  with  capbouâ  and  Tcxatious 
Hgour;  and  no  sooner  had  he  mt  out  landwatus  than  a  multitude 
îollected  round  his  carriage  and  furiously  abused  him,  Charles  X. 
ftiot  having  been  able  to  go  ftshore  at  Portsmouth,  the  Great  Britain 
M.nà  the  Cfiartes  Carroll  went  and  moored  at  Cowes.  Well  then» 
lEnglishmen  went  on  board»  planteil  themselves  in  front  of  the  fallen 
llirinceâf  and  \vith  their  Imts  on  their  heads,  and  their  arms  folded, 
iStoTç^l  at  them  with  Buch  sneering  and  insulting  curiosity,  that  the 
\captain  was  obliged,  at  the  request  of  Charles  X.,  to  forbid  ikcm  the 

Far  from  opposing  iheso  demonstrations,  equally  wanting  aa  they 
I  TK^K  in  good  faith  and  in  dignity,  the  English  government  encouraged 
t$hcm^  andfoUowedtlteroup  with  falsehood  and  contumely  of  its  own. 
LCharitiâ  X.  had  requested  permission  to  land  in  England,  the  tory  nu- 
LtiiaterB  sent  him  back  word  that  he  tnu^t  not  set  foot  on  the  English 
'  goil  until  he  had  divested  himself  of  the  title  of  king.  In  order  to  find 
Ijn  asylum  in  a  nation  that  had  always  made  it  itsi  pride  to  appear 

jiitable,  Charles  X.  was  obliged  to  take  the  name  of  Comte  de 

Dthieu. 

'  On  tbe  iSih  of  Julr,  1804,  the  Doc  d'Orléana  wrote  from  Tvrtckenhun  to  the 
I  ^iihop  uf  Lliuidaflj  on  the  SDt^ect  i>f  tlm  ecrmon  prDuchi?iJ  !□  LoQd'j>[i  oa  tbc  dcatli  of 
I  thu  DiK'  iTBnghieD  : 

I  "  Mtin  cher  Milonl, — I  wai  nucr  yoar  {E^oeroui  Knit  would  ftel  juBt  intlj^nuion  at 
[  tlic  lUruc'luiu  munUT  uf  pay  nnfaituiiate  couitn.  Idu  mother  wm  ray  uuiti  he  h'ua- 
kpidf  wft»,  (liter  mj'  brother,  cay  veûmi  rdâii^.  Hit  One  it  n  vrnming  to  iu  aU;  It 
rtftows  ustliat  tbo  Contican  unupcrwiTl  oevcr  rest  till  lu:  has  swept  away  our  whole 
l^mîl^  from  «mon^  the  Itring,  Tliia  tnalm  inc  fee\  xnora  «eiuilil/  thiui  tiêftitt:, 
I  Éhow^lli  I'uit  Ù  icarwJj-  pqmihlc^,  ibe  valutf  of  tii€  eenCTOua  protwtwb  affunk-d  to  us 
^y  Tour  majrnjiainiiiu*  nation.     1  kft  my  country  ao  youinr»  that  I  hmnlly  relaJu  tlie 

itilt»  of  A  F  PL- 11  eh  lu  An,  luid  I  can  »a.j  wttS  truth  that  t  am  attadied  (o  Englaail  not 

ûy  hy  gratitwiey  but  ibo  by  twtc  and  inclinatioo/ 


I 

I 


d 


TUBATMENT  OF  CHARLES  X.  ÏN  ENGLAND. 


S63 


'  Boron  (rHausses  (who  had  preceded  hh  old  master  on  that  hos- 
tile soil,  and  who  had  met  with  but  a  rude  reception  from  the  Duke 
of  Welliii^ii)j  followed  Charles  X.  to  the  ahode  aesi|raed  him.  Tho 
pa-l&cc  of  Moly  Rood  was  in  a  state  of  compl^to  diMpidâùùn,:  no- 
thing had  been  done  to  render  it  habitable;  the  chuiri  were  still 
covered  with  the  accumuLited  dust  i>f  jeaia;  the  hangings  wcro 
jsgged,  and  every  tiling  about  tlic  place  recalled  the  gloomy  âde  of 
tbcliigtory  of  the  Stuam, 

Could  Châties  X.  httve  dreamed  that  in  a  country  tlien  governed  by 
tones,  the  lineal  dcsccndanta  of  jacobitca,  he  should  fail  to  receiro 
that  generous  and  nmgnificcnt  hospitality  James  II.  had  formerly 
enjoyed  at  St.  Geritiaîn?  But  no  monaa-ch  came  at  Holy  Hood  aa 
at  St.  Germain^  to  the  foot  of  tho  grand  slaircase  to  receive  ih© 
expected  viaiter.  Instead  of  a  prince  it  was  a  doorkeeper  who  ap- 
peared with  keys  in  hia  hand,  and  gmj&y  Bhowed  the  way  ijitu  tha 
dc£K)late  apartrocnts-  Instead  of  the  casket  fJlcd  with  gold^  muni- 
fice-ntly  presented  by  Louis  XIV.  to  the  last  of  the  Stuarts,  nothing 
was  accn  on  tl^c  table  but  heaps  of  scarcely  legible  papers, — writs 
and  wammte  of  execution  alreJidy  awaiting  the  i'ugitivcs  in  that  in- 
hospitable kingdom.  Not  a  soldier  Imd  been  added  to  the  g'uard  at 
the  main  entrance,  and  tho  sentinel  did  not  present  arma  when  tliaC 
old  man  who  had  been  a  king  passed  before  hiin. 

The  Kngliah  aristocracy  bad  a  double  purpose  to  serre  in  out- 
ra^ingj  or  sufièring  outragea  to  bo  heaped  on  the  white  haii«  ol"  a 
guilty  but  uufortimatc  prince:  it  wislied  nn  tlxe  one  hand  to  take 
venj^cance  for  the  preference  Charlcfl  X.  had  shown  to  liussia;  and 
on  the  other»  it  hoped  to  win  the  alliance  of  that  new  France  of 
which  it  w»s  ftlraid- 

The  French  bourgeoisie  was  too  much  en^n^ssed  with  the  prida 
of  its  triumph,  and  too  little  initiated  into  the  mysteries  of  Britiah 
dipUunacy  to  see  through  this  deep  and  artful  policy:  it  took  for  th« 
cscprea&ion  of  disinterested  good  will  what  waa  but  a  crafty  dc^^ce  of  ' 
selHt^hnesSf  and  a  hypocritical  form  di^guLËing  an  undying^  hatred. 

He  this  as  it  may,  ihe  some  motives  that  made  Eingland  rejoice, 
HUcd  the  court  of  St^  Petersburg  with  sorrow.  Rusia  waa  too 
remoie  from  the  centre  of  modem  ideas,  and  too  atemlv  broken  into 
slavery,  to  give  tlic  Emperor  Kicolas  much  reason  to  be  uneasy  as 
lo  the  contagion  of  Fftmco's  example.  He  could  hardly  have  any 
lïpprchenAions  on.  this  score^  c-xcept  with  regard  to  Poland.  But 
the  revolution  of  July  had  put  an  extinguisher  upon  the  project  of 
an  alliance  which  proim:»cd  the  Rusians  a  position  on  the  confines 
of  Europe  and  Aaia,  whereby  ihey  would  have  become  sovereign 
arbiters  of  tho  destinies  of  the  world.  This  was  what  the  Emperor 
Kioolaa  couJd  not  think  of  without  bitter  mortifie» tion.  The  unex- 
pected obafiade  to  his  foreign  policy  touched  him  more  nearly  than 
the  blow  s^Qok  acaiuEt  the  inviolabiiity  of  royal  races.  He  never- 
theless disguised  liitf  resentment,  adhering  in  this  to  the  established 
system  of  Hussiaf  which  for  half  a  oeutuiy  had  nerer  ce«sed  to  mvke 


S54 


AUSTRIA,  PBUSSïA,  BTJBSIA,  TUHKET, 


questions  of  right  and  principle  the  atulking-horaes  for  its  diplanutic 
intrigucB  or  its  sdiemcs  of  aggrandizement, 

with  regard  to  Austria  aûd  Fru9si&i  all  distinction  between  the 
policy  of  principles  and  that  of  intereat  would  ]\aw  been,  idle  in 
their  cose;  for  were  the  dogma  of  tiie  sovcrejntity  of  tho  people  onoc 
admitted  in  Germany,  there  would  be  an  end  to  that  den>otisia  of 
the  diet,  the  shameful  advantages  of  which  Prussia  and  Austria, 
Bharcd  between  them.  The  court  of  Vienna  above  all  was  utercsted 
in  Glutting  out  tlutt  fiery  appeal  to  liberty,  which  would  be  mire  to 
find  echoes  in  Italy,  aud  be  converted  there  into  a  call  to  iiide- 
^ndencc. 

Sucli  were  the  vtiioiïs  feeUiifra  the  revolution  of  July  was  ulti- 
inately  to  excite  j  but  thia  tnanifestarion  was  preceded  by  fitnuifi^ 
"uuhounded  stupefaction.     NothiDg  like  had  ever  been  Blown  in 

'  history.  The  haughtiest  powers  aeenied  thunderstruck.  One  would 
^have  said  that  theneeforth  the  nations  were  to  sutraist  only  with  the 
Kelp  and  by  the  permission  of  f'rancc.     The  immediate  destiiues  of 

,  Europe  were  suddenly  become  a  furmidnble  mystery. 

To  be  able  to  conceive  how  fruitful  and  glorioua  might  have  beeii 
the  part  filled  by  France  at  that  time,  we  must  know  what  wna.  the 
™l  ^u^^n  oi  Europe  ..  the  »™ont  of  the  xe^lu^on  ^ 

-    Turkey  was  s.  prey  ready  to  the  grasp  of  the  Husnans.    On 

ascending  the  throne^  Malimoud  had  foimd  the  provinces  of  hift  eva- 

pire  given  up  to  the  Anarchical  rule  of  the  pachas,  and  the  atithoQty 

of  the  Bultans  humbled  beneath  the  yoke  -of  the  ulemas  and  the 

rjaniaaaries.     Fully  determined  to  bx'eak  down  this  triple  tyranny,  he 

ils&ailcd  it  with  daring  reforms,   but  in   his  cageme^  to  quell  it  he 

^■acrificed  the  independence  and  the  inte^ty  of  Turkey,    Thus  it 

[  ^rae  that  to  leave  his  hands  free  for  the  destruction  of  his  domestic 

J  'CoemieSj  be  signed  in  1812  the  shameful  treaty  of  Bukharest,  wliich 

I  abandoned  the  mouths  oi'  the  Danube  to  Uu?sia,     Greece  having 

JTSea  after  thiâ,  he  sent  the  bravest  of  the  janissaries  thither  in 

^^ehle  detachmcntâ,  and  in  âuch  a  manner  as  to  cause  thçir  eittemii- 

kiution,  feeding  with  hia  own  hands  the  Aamca  of  a  revolt  he  cxMlld 

r  luLVc  extinguished,  and  causing  the  most  valiant  defenders  of  the 

fitouae  of  Othman  to  be  slaughtered  by  its  most  invctciate  foes.     In 

'  this  inexorable  policy  he  pçi>isted  till  its  triumph  waî  consummated 

'on  the  15th  of  June,  I82fi,  which  deluged  Constantinople  with  tlie 

I  Idood  of  the  janizaries;    But  it  is  by  victories  Uke  this  that  empires 

[■re  undone.     The  Christian  powers   had  interfered  in  favour  of 

'  Greece  by  the  treaty  of  the  28th  of  July,  1827,  and  by  the  battle  of 

^xfavarino;  Mahmoud  looked  round  him  in  vain  for  an  army;  he 

b&und.  himself  reduced  ttj  preach  a  crusade  against  RusàiL,  which 

[brought  the  tempest  down  upon  his  head,  but  gave  him  no  means  of 

Econjuringit:  his  new  soldiery,  though  favoured  at  first  by  Ibrtinte, 

t  ^nu  yet  imable  to  close  the  paaies  of  the  Balkan  against  the  Ruasians; 

«ftd  th«  troaty  of  Adoaopple,  wrung  &om  the  dianuiy  of  the  v»- 


n 


SlTfiSIA  AND  XOBKET, 


i5S 


former»  avenged  the  januarica  hy  giiring  vktorious  RusdA  a  large*  ' 
portion  of  the  spoils  M' Turkey,  i 

Tliua  Mahmoud  found  himself  in  1830  in  the  conditioD  of  a  ! 
soviirtigu  who  hnd  inctensed  his  power  by  destroying  his  pcoplej 
&ad  for  every  reform  achieved  in  despite  of  cnemiea  within,  there  ■ 
WÉfl  a  corxEapondeiit  loaa  of  territory  to  enemies  -wiiKout,     The  bar- 
ruulca  of  the  isaiizarlea  liatt  been  bumcdj   but  Greece  was  inde* 
pendcut;  the  divan  was  rescued  from  the  mystio  domination  of  tho 
ulemosi  but  the  CAbinet  of  St,  Fetciabucg  bad  o&uâcd  th«  pen  to  be  i 
struck  through  the  name  of  Turkey  in  the  treaties  of  1^15,  as  being 
that   of  a   kingdom  doomed   to   partition.      The   Turks   wore  â  , 
Em^opean  costume,  and  were  drilled  on  the  Europcnn  eyatem,  but 
Couatandnople,  alitady  TOBaal  to  that  civilization,  which  it  seemed 
only  to  have  adopted  to  undcreo  its  sovereignty,  heard  the  Russiani 
thimdcTing  at  its  gates.     Mahmoud  vas  now  but  the  omnipotent  \ 
head  of  an  empire  leduced  to  impotence.     With  prodigious  exep>  ] 
tion  ho  had  accomphshcd  no  more  than  to  be  enabled  to  reign  die-  ' 
tator  over  the  tuins  liimself  had  made. 

Riiâàa  then  was  on  the  point  of  seizing  the  object  of  her  ambi- 1 
tion,  and  that  a  great  one,  for  it  wnâ  not  rostrict^d  to  the  conquest 
of  Turkey.  To  convert  the  Black  Sea  into  an  interior  lake,  to  hold 
the  âeeta  of  KngLmd  and  France  in  check  in  the  Mediterranean,  to 
rule  the  Adriatic,  to  make  Egypt^  Greece,  and  the  islands*  depend- 
encies on  her  power*  in  Ëne  to  ^hnpc  out  a  road  for  herself  to  the 
EugUidi  possessions  in  India,  such  waa  the  gigantic  scheme  Ruâsift 
had  traced  out;  and  to  Tcaltïe  it  what  had  Ae  to  do?  To  occupy 
the  Dardanelles. 

Moreover  the  possession  of  the  Bosphorua  was  indispensable  to  hef 
to  complete  her  system  of  defence.  I*rotected  fixim  her  foes  on  the 
north  by  the  length  of  the  ways,  the  snows  iiud  the  desert,  she  bad 
but  one  vulnerable  point,  namely  on  the  south.  Now  to  reach  that 
pointaitaated  in  the  centre  of  her  possessions,  was  it  not  necessary  to 
pasï  through  the  Dardanelles  ?  Were  those  straits  her  own  she  would 
thea  be  unassailable.  Everywhere  present*  and  ererywhisfc  un^ 
assailable,  her  tiiight  would  be  felt  at  every  point  of  western  Europe, 
wliilst  she  hereelf  would  be  beyond  the  reach  of  threat  or  blow. 
The  occupation  of  the  Bosphorus  was  for  her  tlie  empire  of  the 
world. 

Accordingly  she  had  never  ceased  for  sixty  years  to  bend  her  ejci 
on  that  point  of  the  map.  Conducted  to  the  borders  of  the  Black 
Sea  in  1774  by  the  treaty  of  Kaînardji;  put  in  possession  of  th» 
Kouban  and  of  the  Crimea  in  the  same  year,  by  the  treaty  of  Con- 
stantûiople;  made  mistress,  in  1812,  by  the  peace  of  Bukarest,  of  ' 
tho  baokaof  the  Fruih  and  of  Beaaarabia,  she  bad  just  put  the  climaiC 
to  hei  dipknaatic  victories  by  the  treaty  of  Adiianoplc,  when  th« 
levolutbn  of  July  burst  upon  her. 

•    By  virtue  of  the  treaty  of  Adrianople  Russia  acqtiired  the  delta 
formed  by  the  mouths  ot  the  Danube,  several mili^iy  pooitioiWi  and 


tM 


SUSSZA,  TCRKEY,  éc. 


>  hundred  leagues  of  coast;  ghe  isolated  the  princlpalitiça  firom 
Porte  hy  tlic  establishment  of  a  quarantine  ^  she  secured  the  light 
of  admimâtfaiîve  intervention  m  the  aflàirs  of  Turkey;  «he  imposed 
fin  onerous  tribute  on  her  enemies,  and  she  exacted  tliat  the  fortrctt 
of  Silistria  should  be  dehvored  to  her  in  pledge  of  payment. 

At  last  there  was  no  mîâtatdng  why  the  cabinet  of  St.  Petcts- 

had  encouraged  thiî  insurrection   of  the  Greeks,  eicited  tho 

^ous  and  philosophic  sentimcntalism  of  the  liberals  of  the  irest, 

provoked  against  Uie  SubUme  Porte  the  diplomatic  excomnm- 

nicfltion  pronounced  wiUi  such  g^uU-like  àmplicity  by  France  aiid 

England,  in  the  treaty  of  the  6th  of  July.    The  trap  set  at  Navarino 

wcred  the  end  proposed.     Russia  gathered  up  the  advantaees 

aed  by  that  victory;  her  allies,  be^iiled  by  her,  shared  tke 

heme  between  them. 

The  treaty  of  Adrianoplc  did  not»  however,  produce  the  aensotioti 

it  ought  iu  Europe. 

We  have  seen  m  the  Erst  book  of  this  history  how  &vounhle  was 
the  poUcy  of  the  Pohgnac  admiuiatration  to  the  viewa  of  Russia 
upon  Constantînople. 

ProBeda  was  too  remote  &om  the  Bosphorus  not  eo  consider  her> 
self  uninterested  in  the  fjuestion  ;  not  to  mention  that  she  had  then 
more  urgent  matters  to  occupy  her  attention,  for  the  Rhenine  pro- 
vinces resisted  the  sub^cuûon  of  the  Prusian  for  the  French  code 
with  a  vigour  wliich  tlie  vicinity  of  France  rendered  very  alarming 
to  the  cabinet  of  Berlin,  The  moral  situation  of  tlut  cabinet  m&y 
be  surmised  from  the  exclamation  uttered  by  the  King  of  Prussia, 
on  heaniuf  of  the  events  of  Paris*  "  If  the  French  go  no  further 
than  the  Rhine,  I  will  not  stir  a  foot." 

As  for  Austria,  she  ought  to  have  watched  wîlh  anxiety  the  stto- 
Doanve  enlargicments  of  the  UuEsian  tenitorj,  which  thttatened  bor 
both  onthcbimks  of  the  Danube  iiud  ou  the  Adriatic;  hut  swayed  by 
M.  Mctternich,  a  statesman  without  originality  or  wide  moge  <h 
intellect,  the  oidy  thing  she  tliought  of  was  tho  danger  to  whicn  her 
Bapremacy  was  exposed  from  the  ambition  of  ^-uasia  in  Germany, 
and  from  the  rerolutionary  spirit  in  Italy. 

KngUnd  herself,  usually  ao  shrewd  and  able,  ao  attentive  to  the 
general  moTcmenlfi  taking  place  in  Europe^  England  seemed  to  hav« 
forgotten  Lord  Cliathara'a  word^,  "  I  have  not  a  word  to  say  to  the 
man  who  can  fail  to  sec  that  the  interests  of  England  are  otmocmod 
in  the  preservation  of  the  Ottoman  enipire.'^  And'in^(act  a  consider- 
able dinjinution  of  Ëngliâh  mfluence  in  the  Mediterranean;  the 
importance  of  her  poasesùons  in  the  Levant  destroyed;  her  projeeta 
ofoomnuinicftting  with  India  through  Turkey  for  ever  ûnstrated; 
the  ^most  inevitable  loss  of  an  outlet  for  the  annual  expoiteliott  oC 
thirtj  millionâ'  worth  of  EiigBdi  pvoductitHis^ — such  were  furc  to  bo 
;  «xmcr  or  later  the  results  to  Great  Britain  of  Busôsn  cway  in 
hCSoostaiinnople. 

DadoBtioos  to  important  had  doubtless  not  escaped  the  poae- 


ivT^iwït  côst>iîrôw  'Si?  bîw£ani>. 


m 


tntion  of  the  flifil'^matists  of  St.  Jaines'?:  but  tlie  întèmar  îier- 
plexîlaes  of  Englancï  account  for  her  apathy.  G&orge  IV.  httd  t^t 
aîcd  in  the  heat  of  the  struggle  between  two  parlica  diflering  i'rom 
each  other  on  secondary  points,  but  both  equally  hoetilc  to  tho  peopl* 
and  lo  the  Uberties  of  the  world.  Gtorge  IV.  vras  succeeded  by  mf 
brother  the  Duke  of  Glarence,  who,  with  a  hypoctisy  common  to 
nil  heirs  presumptive,  had  ranged  himself  on  tlie  whig  ado  ^vhcn 
prinoo,  butt  showed  himself  a  tory  when  he  became  king. 

England  meanwhile  liad  exhausted  the  prosperity  won  by  her 
Crifncs,     Authentic  testimonies  showed  that  penury  and  distrcishati 
reached  their  acme  in  the  agricultural  districts.     The  majority  of  the  i 
farmers  payed  theit  rent  out  of  their  capital;  and  many  dnven  bjrj 
poverty  from  their  holdings  wandered  about  as  common   beggars;  j 
pett3ant3  had  been  seen  in  many  districts  yoked  to  carts  like  beasts  I 
of  burden.     The   towns  presented  still  more  piteous  spectacles  o£| 
distress.     A  wan,  iUthriven,  sickly,  and  prematurely  blighted  po-  i 
pnl&tion  rottod  in  unwholcsorao  factories,  where  all  ages  and  eexea  j 
were  mingled  in  fiightfui  confusion.     Labour  was  e.xeessive,  wagcA  J 
insufficient,     "  Do  you  not  shudder,  my  lords»"  eaid  Lord  StanhoM'j 
in  the  house  of  peers,  "  to  think  of  the  number  of  workmen  whoil 
are  unable  to  earn  more  than  from  three  to  four  pence  a  day?"  From  T 
Birmingham,  where,  according  to  tho  declaradou  oi'the  sBJneuobl«*T 
man,  w^^  had  fallen  two-third»^;  frora  Birmingham  Iliad  issued  iiL'j 
the  beginning  of  1830  cries  ol"  despair  which  George  IV.  might 
echoing  round  his  deatlibed.     The  same  symptoms  of  decay  jiervade. 
the  opulent  and  cruel  clasa  placed  over  the  sjarring  populace.     Th^i 
poor-rate»,  swollen  in  some  parislies  to  forty  shiliinjfs  an  acre,  threat* 
ened  with  an  ever-increasing  burden  the  proprietoi's  round  whom  it 
multiplied  poverty.     The  exporta  had  sensibly  diminished,  an  alarm- 
ing symptom  for  a  nation  that  so  long  perturbed  and  govcriied  the 
world  with  the  gold  of  which  it  stripped  it  !  The  budget,  presented 
in  1830  by  Mr.  Goulbtinij  chancellor  of  the  exchequer,  showed  lhi« 
remarkable  combination^  the  necessity  of  alleviating  the  pressure  of 
taxation  and  a  deficit. 

Every  tiling  then  was  declining  in  England,  agriculture,  industry, 
eommerce^  and  finance.  And  during  this  time  Irchind,  whose  eT.-il 
n^ere  incapable  of  augmentation,  and  whose  passions  had  not  been 
allayed  by  the  recent  emancipation  of  the  catholics;  Ireland  was  ' 
a  ferment,  and  began  her  vengeance  against  her  oppressors  by  send 
inp  iJicm  O'ConneJJ. 

What  remedy  was  lo  be  found  forthis  fearful  iunount  of  cviJs? 
conunission  of  inquiry  was  propcsed.     But  that  would  have  render 
it  nec«36ary  lo  avow  m  the  face  of  Europe  that  iLe  policy  of  Enghm 
had  never  been  any  thing  eke  but  n  criminal  blunder^  and  that  aite 
having  oTerthrown  many  a  kingdom^  fomented  a  thousand  revolts^ 
\'iolatod  treaties,  ravaged  provincea,  £red  town?,  insolently  cntàlair 
the  (tea?,  and  all  tliis  to  End  purchasers  for  English  ^Oûdâ,  that  i 
nil  this  that  policy  resulted  only  in  impolcmce.    It  is  certain  tliaA  \a:" 

â 


25S 


EyGLAKI>— 'RUSSIA — SPAIN. 


TfiftlrinLg  it  ter  CT'stem  to  Bubstitute  hci  own  activity  for  that  of  ali 
the  daUoiir  rendered  trilrEitiuy  to  her  trade,  Kugland  had  not  pcr^ 
cedved  that  she  would  ead  by  iropovenahin^  them,,  and  that  her  own 
mm  voidd  be  oon^immatea  on  the  day  vrhcn  she  should  bave  iiiad* 
ihcm  all  incapable  of  C4i&hing  their  acceptances.  Neither  had  she 
rejected  that  to  render  palpable  the  madnese  of  her  eystcm,  no  more 
iras  necessary  thou  that  a  lew  great  nations  should  be  tempted  to 
imitate  it.  iliis  is  what  an  inquiry  would  have  clearly  reveklod. 
Now  tlie  tory  mmisters  of  the  day  did  not  choose  to  pronounce  so 
flagrant  a  condcmnatloa  against  the  genius  of  old  England;  and 
their  adverarica  taking  advantage  of  this  tlilemmato  accuse  them  of 
incapacity,  prepared  to  force  them  from  ofiicc,  by  demanding  simul- 
tancoiialy  electoral  reform  and  a  conunisdon  of  inquiiy. 

Thus  distraeted  iritiun,  Great  Biitain  saw  her  influence  ptiralyzod 
without,  and  her  dcstânîes  compromised.  Menaced  alike  by  the 
victorious  march  of  Russia  towairas  India,  and  by  the  acquisitions  of 
f  ranee  on  the  shores  of  the  Mediterranean,  elie  had  ecarcely  any 
thing  left  whertnvith  to  make  head  against  these  two  dfaigcrs,  exoopt 
the  well'known  artifices  of  her  diplomacy;  for  Uio  people,  crushed 
dotm  by  taxation^  uuisted  on  ecotiomy.  Mr.  Hume  had  excited 
rtrong  sympathy  among  ibe  poorer  classes  by  proposing  to  the  house 
of  commons  a  reduction  of  the  army  and  navy  estimates;  and  lastly 
Ireland  employed  a  considerable  number  of  troops,  which  were  more 
necessary  than  ever  to  uphold  in  that  unfortunate  country  a  tyranny 
without  parallel  and  without  name. 

Every  thing  seemed,  tlieicfore,  to  conapirc  to  make  Roaiûi  the 
^greatest  power  in  the  world,  Unlbrtunately  for  her  her  real  mifht 
I  vas  &T  from  conesponding  to  the  skill  of  her  diulomatists  ana  to 
Ithe  greatn^  of  her  dc^gna.  Her  last  war  with  toe  Turkâ  had  C3i* 
Efcâtiatcd  her  resouroefi;  formidable  in  appearance  fihe  had  need,  more 
Fth&n  any  other  nation,  of  peace  to  enable  her  to  follow  up  her  in- 
[trigues;  and  her  eropireT  though  colossal,  was  easily  to  be  shaken, 
"  ecanse  it  wanted  aymmetry  and  firm  foundation. 

To  these  complications,  arising  out  of  the  reapectivû  Côndîtiona  of 
Itlie  principal  powcTS,  was  added  the  restlesaaea»  of  the  sccundnry 
en,  most  of  which  were  reduced  to  lead  a  prçcarioua  and  ha- 
id  existence  in  Europe. 
By  Ilia  marriage  with  Marie  Cliristinc  de  Bourbon,  Ferdinand 
m.  had  deeply  mcen^ed  the  party  of  the  monks^  whose  aaectiooa 
rcre  bestowed  on  the  infant  Don  Carlos,  as  a  prinee  more 
_,  more  gloomy,  more  proasly  devout,  and  more  bogotted  than 
I  mooarch  lumBclfl  Christina,  already  giiilty  in  tlie  eyes  of  th» 
apostolus  for  having  introduced  new  f^sliions  at  court  and  tiic  love 
orplesHurea  and  fôtea,  became  hateful  to  them  when  they  learacd 
that  she  was  prâgnant;  for  if  aho  bore  a  son  Don  Carlos  lost  hit 
hopes  of  a  crown.  lîut  tho  partisans  of  the  infante  had  h>oq  a 
moro  serious  prorocabon  to  anger;  Christina  im^ht  be  dehreïod  of 
a  dMoghteTf  ami  'm  that  case,  by  virtue  of  the  saht^ue  law  introduced 


I 


I 
I 


SPAIN— POETTTGAt. 


26& 


mlo  Spftin,  by  tliG  Bourbon  Plulip  V,,Doii  Carloa  would  be  entUlod  lo 
giMxe«d  tûa  brother  Ferdinand  Vll.  To  présent  tbat  misfortune  to 
her  prc^eny,  the  queen  prevailed  on  htr  husband  to  abolidi  the 
saJiqua  aw?  and  on  the  5tli  of  April  a  pragmatic  sanction,  attributed 
by  the  royal  decree  toCharles  IV,,i£iformed  SjMiinthatitinightthence- 
forth,  as  m  the  times  of  the  Gothic  law,  be  governed  by  females. 
The  fury  of  the  apoetolica  redoubled;  their  adversaries  were  duahed 
with  all  the  intolerance  of  victory.  The  juration,  after  all,  was  one 
that  admitted  of  controTCTsy.  Jcrdînand  VII.,  according  to  the 
putÙUis  of  Don  Carlos^  had  no  right  to  abolisli  by  a  mer^  rO'yal 
OTchnuvincc  that  saliquc  law  which  Philip  V.  had  introduced  into 
Spfdn  with  tlic  consent  of  the  cortcs  of  1713.  The  pardMUfi  of  the 
4j«cen,  on  their  part,  replied,  that  the  pragmatic  tanciian  was  not 
a  mere  royal  ordoniULQce,  tliat  it  was  ui  e^iKiiËition  of  the  pragïn&Uc 
of  Charles  IV.  put  forth  at  the  request  of  tlie  cortra  1789.  War, 
it  ia  evident,  lay  at  tho  botcom  of  such  a  dispute;  and  JTrauce, 
■(rhich  was  more  intcreetcd  in  tlu^  quarrcl  than  any  other  nation  of 
Europe,  was  called  on  to  choose  her  coujse  in  the  matter.  Now, 
loolkin"'  at  the  matter  in  a  monarchical  point  of  ^lew,  the  PoUgnac 
administmtion  would  naturally  support  tJie  preteuaons  of  Don  Carlos  ; 
becftuse  if  the  salique  law  were  once  abolished  in  Spain,  a  marriage 
would  bo  enough  to  revive  the  old  influence  of  Austria  in  that  kuuf- 
dom.  The  policy  of  Charles  X.'s  last  mioiËters  consequenu^ 
seconded  the  views  of  Don  Carlos  and  his  partimns. 

Be  this  aa  it  may,  the  iureterate  rancour  borne  to  ChriBtiuft  bv 
the  apofltolicfl  was  of  a  nature  to  serve  the  cau»>  of  the  democratic 
party.  Hic  latter,  it  is  true,  kept  out  of  eight;  it  was  silent;  and 
aU  tKoec  who  might  ïuivo  acted  as  ita  leaden  had  been  despatched 
by  ^e  cjcecutlonçr,  or  were  in  cacilc.  But  the  niemory  of  toe  con- 
stitution of  181S,  and  of  the  cortcs  of  1820,  was  not  the  lesa  aUve 
in  the  hearts  of  the  Spaniardp-  Il  was  even  the  sole  real  motive 
power  in  Spain*  where  despotism  had  consumed  ita  reâoureea  by  ita 
exoesKS.  The  maintenance  of  the  established  order  of  things  ia 
re&nty  interested  hardly  any  other  tlian  the  clergy.  Nobles  einbar- 
nuscd  by  their  privilèges;  a  people  wretched  and  discontented  I  no 
middle  clashed;  no  aim  for  ambition  besides  that  which  olhi:C8  uf 
Slate  held  out;  few  manulacturcs,  no  commerce^  and  consequently 
none  of  the  vices  which  the  pasaon  for  gain  engenders;  none  uf  the 
dMtAclea  it  opposes  to  rovolationfl,  even  the  most  legitim&Ie.  How 
many  chances  in  favour  of  the  triumph  of  the  democratic  party  had 
F»ncc  thought  pmper  to  back  it  t 

Portugal  as  well  as  Spain  was  on  the  eve  of  a  war  of  succession, 
Don  Ptdrr»,  who  had  become  emperor  of  Brazil  on  the  day  when 
the  Brarilinns  had  shaken  ofT  the  Portugese  yoke,  foimd  bimwlT  j 
called  on  upon  the  death  of  his  father,  John  VI.,  to  choose  bctweeitfl 
the  two  crowns.     He  kept  tliat  of  Brazil,  and  abdicatod   that  of  | 
Portu^l  in  favour  of  hÎ3  daughter,  "Dona  Maria.    But  his  brother, 
Don  Miguoi,  whotn  he  nominated  recent  of  Portugil»  *^-l  ^»A 

B  2       " 


200 


POBTDOAL — ITALY, 


scruple  to  usurp  tlid  throne.  Dona  Cliarlotte  Joachiiiic,  the  tvifo 
of  the  jiubccile  and  unfortunate  John  VL^  had  lotig  instructed  the 
infante  m  the  practice  of  crime  and  the  art  of  trcuchrry.  Her 
leeeona  were  not  throi^Tî  away  on  Don  Miguel;  and  in  1830  Lisbon 
trembled  undor  thn  îiand  ot  ihat  sRvagc  and  cnprictouâ  manioci 
that  tyrant  thirsting  insatiably  for  blood,  who  yet  was  upheld  by  the 
nobles  whffse  privilc^os  ho  ^defended,  by  the  clergy  whose  domina- 
tion he  maiiitamed,  and  by  thnt  swnrm  of  b&ggars  whom  the  monks 
of  Portu^ral  had  up  to  thitt  time  fed,  coTruptea,  and  held  m  leash. 

The  rcco^Tiitiou  of  Don  Miguel  was,  ho-ncver,  ht'td  in  suspense  by 
bII  tlie  courts  ol'Europc.  France  lean&d  towards  Don  Pedro,  with- 
ûut,  for  all  that,  ovcrslopping-  the  expectative  line  of  policy.  Nci- 
tlier  did  Kng'land  declare  hoTSelf^  though  her  intertst  in  the  quee- 
tion  was  immediate  and  pre^in^^  on,  account  of  the  eonuneîvial 
yokc  witli  which  she  had  loaded  Portugal.  In  troth  it  was  a  peril- 
ous and  difficult  thm^  lur  England  to  come  to  a  decision.  If  Don 
Miguel  rumninod  on  the  throue  it  was  to  be  feared  that  hia  political 
principl(->s  would  impel  him  to  court  the  alliance  of  the  eiKolute 
IdngB,  and  that  the  court  of  Lisboa  would  accept  the  patronage  of  that 
of  Mjulrid,  »8  the  aid  fiinxîïhed  the  Miguditc  party  by  the  hipaniardâ 
Ccemed  already  to  signify.  On  the  other  hand,  wonld  not  Don  Pedro, 
iuil  as  he  was  of  re!SUeâ&  thoughts  of  glory,  would  he  not  be  tempted 
I  to  cnmncipate  hid  country  from  the  commercial  vassalap;e  m  which 
it  had  been  so  Ictng  kept  by  the  sîiopkcepers  of  London?  Lord 
.  i*on*onby  liad  been  sent  to  ftio  Janeiro  to  sound  the  emperor  rels' 
rtivt'ly  to  the  maintenance  of  the  treotv  which  ratiâcd  thst  duunofol 
MUAgc;  and  the  emperor's  reply  hatl  not  been  satzalkctory.  Tins 
I  «ncHiffh  to  make  Lnc^lând  throw  him  overboard,  even  though 
khad  forgotten  the  zeal  with  which»  in  the  revolution  of  18^, 
b  Pedro*  fritaids,  the  constitutionalists,  bad  overtlirowe  Lord 
l^eresford's  tyianny  in  Lisbon. 

If  «cuch  vds  the  »tat^  of  peq^lexity  in  which  the  independent 
ntiouB,  or  tbo§e  which  wen*  reputed  independent,  were  plunged,  it 
ly  raâlr  be  iTnairitic<t  what  storms  ^xre  ^thcring  in  the  nations 
at  had  Wen  the  victjna  of  the-  treaties  of  1815. 
abr  pal{ûlnte<l  under  the  sway  of  Austria,  of  wliich    her  prinoca 
>  kluo  mure  than  the  prufccif  ;  a  sway  the  more  ^honWl,  fov 
at  it  «as  exerciaed  by  means  of  diplomacy.     Deprimed  of  the  riigbt 
"^     *  '  tavening  their  natirc  land,  and  of  that  of  imbtiidûng  tkâr 
I     nwaiird  in  their  personal  hbcrty — tzacked  by  ifwa,  «vcn 
ihinr  luKBdiokd  cin.'lc9 — cx{x)i^<d  to  the  ^ef  of  bdboUung»  upoo 
I  kaK  nmwueutt  the  abtiomsi  unifianns  of  the  AaetnaB  gamaoo8 
from  Home  to  Aacona,  from  Tuna  to  Naples — Um  Ite- 
t  vmichîng  witli  nrelli^  impaoEBoe  for  the  momoii  to 
ahako  off  their  cbùtks.     Jhotc  diaji»  «tie.  however,  lancfa  heavier 
-  dw  caUghicaed  man  of  the  Batson  than  for  the  rest  of  its  inha* 
«Boaa  phjrâcal  oomUtibn  «as  not  in  reality  rery  mlbitii- 
hat  in  mlj  thcce  ate  no  dâtmctioM  of  gIb»,  prapu^ 


ItaV 


I 


ITALY — BELGIUM, 


Î61 


speaking,  except  in  Piedmont,  where  eociety  is  constituted  upon  a  \ 

MgiiUrly  graduated  scalt^^      The  Italian  «iidtlle   order  felt   conse-  ■ 

qucDtly  tiiat  it  could  easily  cairy  aJong  with  it  in  its  train  that  ' 

people  trom  which  it  was  separated  by  no  barrier,  and  of  wliich  it.l 

formed  tJio  élite.     It  is  certaia  that  the  love  of  Italian  ind^pcnd-J  • 

eoco  existed  cTerywhere,  evtn  among  the  loTvcst  of  the  populace,  ^ 

if  not  in  the  shape  of  opinion,  yet  at  least  în  tliat  of  instinct  andf 

sentiment.      Tlierc  ■vrore  even  countries  of  Itftly,  la  Roniagna  fbc 

instance,  where  that  sentiment  prevailed  among  tno  people  in  a  very 

inU-nsc  degree.     At  Genoa    every  one  still    remembered  the  day 'I 

when  the  AustriunSt  having-  endcavouretl  to  force  the  inhabitunta 

to  help  in  carrying  awuj  a  mortar,  a  child  ciicd  out  la  romjro  (I  will 

break  it  )  ;  a  cry  that  roused  tlic  people,  and  caused  the  expulsion  of 

a  multitude  of  strangcTB  fro£n  the  city,  ai^er  ihreo  days  of  heroic 

conJlict,    The  independence  of  Italy  was,  therefore,  a  thought  tliat 

brooded  in  every  heart,      jVnd   again,  those  who    were  naturally 

called  to  place  themselves  at  ihc  head  of  tlic  movement  looked  for 

the  acbicvement  of  independence  only  to   the    triumph  of  unity. 

In  fact,  though  Italy  vras  yet  ptu-tcd  in to_ fragments,  and  the  memory  of 

the  federative  struggles  of  the  middle  agea  wtiâ  perhaps  not  yet  quite 

extinct  there,  Palermo  and  Naples  were  the  only  two  cities  between  ■ 

which    there    subsisted  a  dorp  spirit    of  cmnity:    Genoa    herîclf, 

though  remembering  how    flounshing   she    had  once    been,   and 

thou4=rh  bending  but  with  indignation  under  the  yote  of  Turin,  even 

Genoa  did  not  carry  her  jealousy  90  far  as  not  to  throw  open  her 

gktes  with  alacrity  to  the  Piedmontcsc  emîgnmts  after  the  insur- 

wetion  of  1821,  give  them  welcome,  furnish  them  with  money,  and 

save  them.     These  were  to  the  Itftlian  patriots  sufficient  moti^'ea  for 

hope.     Only  let  France  lend  thcna  her  aid,  let  her  hinder  the  Ans- 

trians  from  crossing  the  Alps,  and  luUy  was  live,     Rome   would 

then  readily  open  her  gates  to  the   insurrection  advancing  from 

Boltigna;  the  pope,  stripped  of  Ins  temporal  jwwcr,  would  proAerve 

his  spiritual  authority  intact;  Italy^  in  tine,   would  be  politically 

constituted  ofwr  ijiscribing  on  her  banners  the  magic  word  Uuittf. 

Such  were  the  projects  of  the  Italiiui  patriots.     Aa  to  the  leader 

they  would  adopt,  they  could  not  hflve  much  difficulty  aa  to  their  ' 

choice»  titàng  that  in  their  eye*  the  question  of  nationaUty  was  the 

most  important,  and  the  one  to  be  first  of  all  determined.     This  it 

is  that  cxpl^irï  the  relations  which  hstd  been  established  between 

Menotti  and  the  Duke  of  Modcna,  an  artful,  cruel  prince,  inclined 

to  despotifim,  but  of  vigorous  will,  and  capable  of  plunging  into  u 
.^  ..  ...  .  '       .        1  .         o  Italy/ 

its  situation 
.  plijrrical  point  of  view  it  had  never  been  more 
proBperou»  than  since  its  union  with  Holland-  The  Dutch  colonics 
afforded  import«flt  and  ûcL^essary  outlets  for  its  productions^  The  mo- 
narch who  ruled  it  vras,  moreover,  a  man  of  sotind  head,  and  unques- 
tionably one  of  the  moat  remarkable  m^  in  Europe.    Deeply  veoed 


RBLGirM— POLAND. 


.m 


I 


eomomic  âcnenco,  widi  a  ts^tc^  because  witK  a.  genius  for  tpGCoU' 
ttf  William  had  given  the  Holbindo-Belgic  trade  a  very  yivid, 
not  a  very  moral  impetus.  Some  of  the  richest  incrcliaota  of  his 
kingdom  were  his  partacrs,  others  his  debtors;  and  he  it  was  who 
hod  founded,  in  some  ^rt  nt  hi&  own  risk,  the  Général  Societt 
pf  Bruasels.  But  William  was  a  thorough  Dutchman  at  heart.  He 
remembered  but  too  well  that  Belgiumnad  been  united  in  1$15  lo 
Holland,  only  as  an  aceessitm  of  territory.  Hence,  offonave  prefer- 
eaccs,  and  a  rcvnltm^  partiality  iJi  the  distribution  of  public  employ- 
Tnent9,  an  exeeedinglv  formidable  grievance,  filncc  it  nimâd  ogainrt 
Holland  the  most  stirring'  and  the  most  enlightened  pctrtion  of  the 
Bd^ian  population.  Add  to  this,  thai  the  two  people  did  not  speak 
the  same  language,  did  not  prof(?3s  the  same  lehgion,  had  not  tho 
same  liabits  and  manners;  that  four  millions  of  lieUpana  sent  no 
greater  number  of  representatives  to  the  States-general,  than  two 
millions  of  Dutch;  that  William  had  insûsted  on  introducing  the  uw 
of  one  common  language  into  the  public  documents  and  the  proceed* 
ings  of  the  law  courts;  and  lliat^  in  fine,  he  had  by  the  estabhahmait 
of  the  philosophic  college  of  Louvain,  aroused  against  him  the  jealoua 
and  uufo^gi\^Il^  power  of  the  Belgian  clorgy.  The  alliance  between 
the  liberab  nndthe  clcrn;j,  yt:ss  a  natural  result  of  thif  state  of  thin^; 
that  alliance  waa  as  strict  as  possible  in  1830,  and  it  was  daily  becom- 
ing more  menacing  to  the  court  of  the  Hague,  Such,  howeveti  w»* 
the  physical  prosperity  of  the  Belgians,  that  thcii  Irritation  did  not 
prompt  them  to  wish  for  the  violent  overthrow  of  the  dynasty:  an 
administrative  EepamtioQ  would  have  satisfied  them.  Many  would 
have  even  been  contented  with  the  tKaml*w>1  of  Van  Maancn,  the 
minister  of  justice,  the  too  faithful  instrument  of  his  master's  unjust 
desires.  But  it  would  Jmve  been  i^t  otherwise  if,  in  breaking  off  ita 
conne^Qon  vrith  Holhindj  Belgium  could  Iiave  placed  ilaelf  In  a  mtUA- 
tion  that  would  liave  afforded  it  the  advantage  it  derived  iiom  its 
union  with  the  latter  country.  France  had  but  to  rtretch  out  her 
arms  to  Belgium,  to  conclude  with  it  tlie  compact  of  a  faithful  «ad  ^^ 
honourable  fratemitr-  ^B 

The  «tudtioa  of  Poland,  like  that  of  Belgium^  cont^ed  within  it 
numerous  germs  of  revolution.    The  froward  warlike  nobility  of  Po-  ^m 
land,  had  submitted  with  fierce  resentment  to  the  treaties  of  IBIS,  ^Ê 
and  had  more  than  once  endeavoured  to  cost  oflf  their  yoke.     Major 
Ltikfisinfiki,  the  iiifltigalor  of  a  Lvnspiracy  which  was  diseoverod,  had  ^ 
died  tn  &  dungeon  :  but  the  mctnoty  of  tnat  glorious  con^piiatoc  lived  H 
ijï  the  heart  of  every  true  Pole,  and  his  name  was  an  object  of  heroio  ^B 
veneration  nmori^  the  youug.     A  conspiracy  was  on  tho  point  of 
breaking  out  in  Wïirsaw^  upon  the  coronation  of  Nicolaa;  it  fidled 
only  through  the  timidity  of  some  members  of  the  diet.     In  vma 
hfta  Princo  Lubccki,  the  cmperor'a  minister,  given  a  prodigtou^ 
impulse  to  Polish  trade  ;  in  vain  had  the  erona  duke  Constamting; 
BOocccded  in  organizing  a  superb  and  disciplined  array,  Pirland  wêÊ 
bmt  on  bdng  independent,  and  impatiently  endured  tho  û 


I 
I 


r 

i 

â 


KECAPITCLATION,  1-^ MS 

tyrajmy  of  the  ffcand  duki?,  a  princo  of  strange  churactcr,  who  r&^ 
«cmbk'd  fts  much  by  Vis  good  qualities  as  by  hia  defectB^  one  of  ihoao. 
chiefs  of  barbatiatia  who  overthrew  the  Roman  empire.  It  connoB 
be  saiJ  that  the  rcvi^lution  whicH  seemed  in  prcpoiatîan,  had  not  to 
conu^nd  with  rude  obstacles.  Brutftliaed  by  the  hereditiuy  gcrfdom^ 
whicli^  tliOHgh  it  bud  ceased  àncse.  Napoleon's  time  to  exist  dejure^ 
Itill  existed  de  facto,  the  Polish  peasaiite  knew  little  of  tlic  pride  of 
indcpondenct-f  t'cw  thoir  bcirts  had  never  beaten  i'or  liberty.  And 
AS  for  the  noble?,  those  alone  of  them  iirdcntly  lon^d  for  an.  unknown 
fuLuro,  whose  privileges  were  reduced  to  a  mere  name,  and  who 
vegetated  in  penury;  tor  among  the  nobles  who  possrased  along  with 
the  auchoritr  of  high  title  tliat  of  fortuno  likewise,  hntrad  of  the 
•tnnger^s  yoice  wm  combated  by  the  fear  of  anarchy.  Moroover, 
by  the  fddo  of  that  noblesse,  whose  patriotism  was  timidjt  though 
«meere,  there  was  the  watchM  Polish  aristocracy  ;  that  ia  to  say,  that 
class  of  fcloQ  nobles  who  had  accepted  from  Ru^ia  the  titles  of  dukos, 
oauntflf  barotu,  and  princes^ — titles  formally  difiooimtenanccd  by  the 
original  constitution,  and  the  usages  of  the  country.  In  spite  of  all 
this  a  revolution  in  PoUiml  wm  a  thing  easy  to  foresee,  and  ovents 
like  those  of  July  could  not  but  render  it  inevitable. 

Thus  tlien — ^lo  recapitulate — Russia  eueaged  in  projects  too  rart 
for  its  n»ourocs;  P^uSMia  itt  variance  with  the  Uheniah  prorincee; 
Austria  threatened  by  the  spirit  of  liberty  in  Germany,  and  by  iho 
spirit  of  independonec  in  Italy;  England  irresolute,  uneasy,  and  im- 
potent; Portugal  and  Spain  each  on  the  ovc  of  it  war  of  Buccession; 
Itjily,  Bcl^um,  and  Poland,  execrating  the  trcatic*  of  1815,  and 
ready  to  rise  at  the  Itrst  sipial:  such  was  the  state  of  Europe  whûB 
it  was  ffturtled  and  dazzle<l  by  the  revolution  of  July, 

DatA  like  these  afibrded  ïrcnchnien  just  grounds  for  a  boundlcM 
Ambition,  ana.  any  power  worthy  of  gcrreniinc  them  had  evidently 
tbe  means  in  its  hands  of  governing  the  world  tnroun^h  them,  Evc?ita 
fiallcd  on  them  to  assonie  the  patronage  of  Conslantmople,  and  gave 
fiance  with  the  re-estAbliahment  of  the  empire  of  tbc  Sultan,  the 
mesBflof  sAfing  FoLmd.  Thetmifonns  of  the  French  Etoklier!?  glitter- 
ing^on  the  summits  of  the  Alps  were  enough  for  the  independence 
of  Italy.  To  the  Belgians  Trance  could  offer,  a*  the  price  of  a  fra- 
tenial  union,  the  suheiitution  of  the  tricolour  flag  for  the  odious  âag 
of  the  house  of  Orange,  and  her  markets  not  lere  opulent  tlian  thoee 
of  the  Dutch  colaDiee.f  By  declaring  strongly  for  Don  Pedro,  Prance 
would  Itftve  forced  the  English  to  conlroct  an  execrable  alliance  with 
Don  Miguel,  and  woidd  have  sapped  their  dishonoured  domination 
in  Li&bon.  It  was  easy  for  Fruice  to  obtain  a  moral  hold  over  Spain, 
fivr  all  she  had  to  do  was  to  set  on  against  two  monarcbieal  factions, 
M^ex  for  mutual  extinction,  the  Spanish  refugees  invoking  the  mogio 
rejacmbiancc  of  the  cortea  of  1S2U. 

It  was  anuredly  a  marvellous  combtna^on  of  circumslanoea  which 
made  the  ttlvation  of  all  the  opprcœed  nations  depend  to  such  A  do* 
gice  CO  the  aggi&ndboaieiil  of  r  nuu^e.   Tb^  moral  graodetir  and  thi9 


S66     SnaEBTT  ANT>  DTSCOSTKIÎT  of  tee  PEOrLE  IS  FRANCE. 


CHAPTER  n. 

I  bourgeoisie  was  triumphant.     It  had  pk£cd  ajprince  on  the 

tfaaKi&Cf  who  owed  iii?  authority  to  ilâ  gift  alone.  The  TnrniptftW 
were  men  whose  powor  and  reputation  h  bad  crcatc-4.  Tbc  modi- 
fied charter  was  but  a  coostîtutiou  £ttcd  to  its  use.  The  lefrislative 
Sower  belonged  to  it  by  right  of  occupation,  and  a  momenta  coiiÂ- 
ence  in  itsi  own  strength  had  been  coiough  to  enable  it  to  letaill 
that  power  in  the  absence  of  all  constituent  authority. 

Wishing  to  complete  its  work,  it  had  but  littîe  leJt  to  attempt. 

By  rendering  the  oath  of  alle^auce  obligatory,  it  forced  tbe 
emcere  Wgitmii&lB  to  reaîjpi  and  leave  It  roafter  of  ttiQ  parliamoatai^ 
field. 

By  means  of  the  forced  Tesignationa  of  the  (Merent  minlstera,  it 
found  its  way  into  thu  olîiceâ  of  the  state^  and  seized  on  the  adinim* 
fitradou. 

By  means  of  the  national  guard,  organized  with  mcirvoUoTU  ra}»- 
dity,  it  enjkbled  itself  to  rcîgn  supreme  in  the  tboiougldares. 

Nevcrtheles?,  towards  the  end  of  April,  a  strange  spcctacLc  wu 
exhibited  in  the  eapital.  Several  thouFund  arti&an2,  marshalled  ac- 
cording to  tbeir  trades^  were  sueu  walking  in  procession  along  the 
quays  and  tîie  boulevards.  They  marched  slowly  and  in  good  0]^ct  ; 
Uley  kid  no  w^pone  ;  tbor  demeancur  was  gmve,  and  not  a  ciy 
wiea  uttered  by  the  saddened  multitude.  In  tliis  manner  they  pro- 
ceeded to  the  hotel  of  the  prefect  of  police  to  demand  justice  foi 
themselves,  and  compassion  for  their  wives  and  chilcken  ;  ibr  the 
revolution  they  had  accomplished  had  been  fatal  to  them.  Already^ 
on  the  13lh  of  August^  a  numerous  assemblao'e  of  joumeymen''- 
butchers  luid  travcreed  the  dty,  silently  by  torclujght. 

Kre  long  an  extreme  agitation  nianilested  itaelf  among  the  people. 
Wrctehea,  ooTcred  with  flirty  rag?,  just  as  Paris  had  lately  aeon 
them  braring  deflth,  a«eemb1(M  tumuUuously  in  tlie  pubhc  placML 
Concourses  gathered  before  the  offices  of  the  several  minister?,  in  the 
Place  de  (rreve,  in  Iront  of  the  Palaiâ  Hoyal,  and  in  every  epot  tiat 
WW  the  abode  of  power  and  pleasure.  Tlie  sufferings  of  the  poor 
Ibund  cxprcffiion  by  turns  in  ilery  invecdvoa  and  in  touching  lattiea- 
tatlnn^,  Some  bewulcd  the  abrupt  gu.spcnsion  of  work»  oibeiB  the 
dittiinution  of  wages:  eome  indignaintly  denounced  the  preference 
mve^  in  oerlain  factories  to  foreign  workmen  ;  aU  execrated  the  mar- 
oerous  influence  of  machinery.  Hare  we  fought  for  £o  little?  they 
cxclalmi-*!.  Hero  wc  are,  woiw  off  after  the  erpnt  than  befbze  Uî 
what  a  dc«tiny  ia  ours,  and  what  do  they  mean  by  talking  of  our 
victory?  They  call  un  the  atrnsnagh  people,  and  we  arc  not  evisn  pro- 

'«itor»  of  our  own  liaada  and  arnkâ.  Wo  liave  saved  tlie  couatry, 
ley  dcclaic,  and  our  familiea droop  around  us,  with  iw  alteraadvo 
Ife^ggJUj  or  do0pair. 


BEËASimi:»  TAKty  TO  ALLAT  THE  BTIt. 


287 


-  Thua  were  fearful  discords  ûLready  beginning  to  show  themselvcB. 
The  bouigcoiaie,  all  powerful  in  society  hj  its  possession  of  the  soil, 
of  cajntalf  and  of  credit,  had  now  only  to  provide  for  the  establisK' 
tnent  of  its  political  supremacy.  The  people,  on  the  other  hand,  too 
ignonnt  os  yet  to  desiru  any  share  of  avil  power,  writhed  under  the 
joke  of  a  social  system  that  entailed  on  it  nothing;  but  oppression. 

It  ia  certain  diat  the  rcvoludon  of  July  had  tendered  ^e  sufibrings 
of  the  working  cUses  naore  scute.  The  vanqniahed  party  consisted 
of  opulent  men;  ita  defeat  waâ  a  heavy  blow  to  all  the  employments 
dependiuit  on  laxury.  The  future  too,  waa  uncertain;  ■war  was  pos- 
tame}  and  the  enthuaasm  aflcctcd  by  statesmen  only  veiled  the  dis- 
tnut  that  narrowed  the  hearts  of  the  rich.  Hence  irreparable  difl» 
asters,  and  among  the  people  a  bitterness  of  icehng  exaspeTated  by 
dia^posnted  hopes. 

The  hist  measures  adopted  by  the  gorcmment  were  not  of  a  nftttire 
to  calm  this  cfferre^cence.  The  law  proposed  by  Marshal  Gérùïd  to 
assure  the  pOHtion  of  militaiy  officer»  assuredly  imbodicd  a  great 
principle;  neTcrthelc^,  thià  eager  solicitude  disptajed  ss  to  the  army 
might  appear  menacing  at  the  commencement  of  a  reign.  As  for 
M.  Guiajt's  bill  resrpecting  the  re-election  of  deputies  promoted  to 
public  offices,  it  tended  to  realize  a  rdbrm  that  was  iiitile  imdcr  the 
circumstaacca. 

Great  political  situatJons  denaand  great  enterprises;  but  the  bonr* 
geoifide  having  arrived  at  tlie  goal  of  its  wishes,  ita  polity  was  now 
to  hinder  the  awakening  of  new  deeiies;  it  would  nuiuraUv  seek  t<> 
tamn  down  every  thing,  because  that  was  the  emest  way  of  bridling 
public  impetuoBity. 

It  was  m  the  spirit  of  this  nudignîËcd  policy  that  M.  Gnizot  said, 
on  demanding  ot  the  chamber  a  credit  of  fi\-c  miUionSt  to  be  applied 
to  public  wanes;  *''  The  commotion  of  a  great  shack  cannot  subside 
Ûi  a  day^  and  rumour  is  still  strong  aiW  the  danger  is  past.  The 
good  Mnae  of  the  people  admilB  this,  asd  seeks  in  work  a  reiuge 
•gainst  ireih  agilaccms." 

Subwquently  M.  Guizot  unbodied  Uie  Bame  thought  with  emd 
pteosion  in  an  apothegm,  exclaiming^  *'  H''orJL  ù  a  6ndle." 

Be  ihJa  as  it  nmy,  trouble  went  on  iucreaaing  in  the  capita!,  and 
began  even  to  spread  beyond  it.  Tlic  workmen  of  Kouen  demanded 
an  augmentation  of  wages,  or  a  diminution  of  their  toiL  In  many 
places  the  collection  of  duties  and  taxes  was  pnt  a  stop  to  by  vigor^ 
ÛUS  icàstance.  In  the  month  of  August  alone,  the  treasury  sustained 
a  laa  of  two  millions  out  of  thirteen  which  the  indirect  contributions 
diould  hare  brought  in.  Lastly,  the  tax  on  drink  waa  So  strongly 
natted,  that  the  duumber  were  obliged  to  oourtieo  proviaioDaily  a 
law  aafaptmiting  a  composition  for  the  ordinary  modo  of  payisâDt, 
at  the  option  of  the  vender. 

Now  whilst  the  people  wss  tu&tinng  and  palpita^g,  the  boms 
ffeoÛM  oontiniied  to  indulge  In  the  intoxi^tion  of  its  own  snooeHL 
The  theatres  resounded  with  patnotic  songs.    A  gommiwrioa  had 


268 


DISTRE8B  Of  THE  WOftKOiTG  CLASSES. 


been  namcil  for  the  dietribuoon  of  the  Datiimid  rewards  :  was 
this  enough  for  the  braving  of  so  mant  liangcia  and  evib?  X>epit- 
tations  from  all  points  of  Fruice  Uiid  at  the  foet  of  the  mocmu^ 
those  homaees  that  arc  rendered,  without  Taiiatson,  to  evên'prisoe; 
and  Louis  Philippe  accepted  Ûitm  with  a  pooduatared  Funplicity 
that  afibrdcd  his  courtieis  welcome  opportunities  for  the  parade  of 
their  zeal.  Tlic  poets  rapturously  celcbratal  the  virtues  of  the  kzng^ 
and  linked  them  wilh  the  heroi^m  of  the  people;  A  baaqiaet  of 
400  covers  was  given  by  the  citjr  to  Gencïal  Ld^kjette.  The  ûôni- 
lies  that  wanted  bread  saw  idl  tliia  ;  they  munoored  at  it  perhaps; 
hut  in  an  imperfect  state  of  society,  the  munnuiB  of  the  poor  die 
awny  without  an  echo  when  they  aie  not  converted  by  s  sad  fktaHvf 
mt'-t  cries  of  battle. 

Nothing  was  left  undone  to  take  from  the  eomplaintâ  of  the  pocw 
pie  that  character  of  i«^ty  which  they  derived  ^m  évente.  In 
a  little  paper  addressed  by  Charles  Dupin  xo  the  working  ebimBgt  his 
besought  the  artisans,  whom  he  called  hÎ5  inends,  to  be  on  their 
,  against  perfidious  iiiatigatiQQ9,     The  liberal  papers  went  sûU 

rther^  and  dentmnoed  as  ^ies.  or  as  men  escaped  &om  the  gallers, 

1  those  workmen  who  harangued  violently  agdust  maahineiy.  'la 
order  to  sow  discord  among  the  people,  and  so  fetter  its  strength,  s 
bitter  and  virulent  protest  against  the  disorders  that  were  dreaded 
was  printed  aJid  published,  and  its  authorship  ascribed  to  workmen, 
who^  names  however  were  not  made  known. 

Destruction  of  machinery  would  undoubtedly  have  been  a  brutal 
cour^ie  of  violence  on  the  part  of  the  workmen,  and  one  from  which 
they  would  have  been  the  first  to  Bufier.  And  yet  if  machines 
iJiimately  produce  incontestable  advantages,  the  accidental  evils  that 
arise  from  their  sudden  introduction  are  a  sufficient  proof  of  the 
vices  of  the  social  system.  Kxecration  of  machinery  was  therefore 
naturftl  among^  poor  workmen,  the  victims  of  homicidal  competition  : 
to  brand  them  with  the  name  of  culprits  waa  a  dishont-sl  mauauiTc 
But  interests  that  are  attacked  are  implacable,  and  nothing  ootncs 
fuuisa  to  them  by  wliich  tlicy  can  defèiia  themselves. 

In  this  case,  it  must  be  admitted,  the  danger  was  !>enoQf  :  aceord- 
ii^ly  the  le<^timiiât  joumaU  did  not  hold  a  language  diiferent  ùfum 
that  of  the  oihct  public  prints.  Tlic  men  of  the  beaten  p^iy  would 
not  hiive  Ikx-'u  «orry  to  sec  the  revolution  devour  ttselt;  tile  Jon  of 
their  property  howc-vcr  was  a  eacnSce  they  were  not  prepared  to  pay 
for  the  gratitication  of  their  TCfcntmcnt 

The  lenders  of  the  people  had,  in  the  Erst  excitenient  of  the  mo* 
Toeni,  utterc-d  words  of  pregnant  meaning;  they  had  nokea  of  the 
Boverei^ty  oi'  the  people  :  it  was  not  long  before  they  felt  afnid  that 
ita  pride  had  been  too  stronoily  excited.  To  turn  it  away  from  ail 
aspiring  hopes  by  dexterouBÎy  depreciating  its  servioos,  and  to  give 
the  bottrgeoific  a  share  in  the  ^ory  of  the  Gght  wMcb  ehould  serve 
to  account  for  the  part  it  tocAi  in  the  triumph,  hencef«th  became 
the  mo«t  Oftmest  endeavour  of  the  Orleauiats,  _mmT 


I 
I 


A 


POrULAKÎTT  OF  THE  PKElirCH  KTSG. 


269 


■  '*  The  working  people  of  Paris,"  said  the  National  of  the  I8th 
Au^st,  18S0,  "  is  not  the  people;  it  is  oaly^  like  the  arttsta,  the 
BhopkccpciB,  &c-,  a  part  of  the  people.'^ 

ITius  ti>  divest  the  word  people  of  ita  ordinary  significatioa  would 
hav«  been  but  a  frivolous  caprice»  if  the  new  definition  had  not 
conceakd  important  ulterior  intentiong.  The  fact  -was,  there  waâ  a 
msh  to  throw  into  the  shade  all  that  was  brilliant  and  original  in  the 
seizure  of  the  thoroughfares  by  the  multitude.  And  agoîûj  that 
community  of  interests  which  was  attuned  in  words,  without  being 
carried  out  in  the  practice  oi'  social  life,  was  designed  either  to  dia^ 
arm  or  to  calummatc  the  popular  discontent. 

A  tniee  was  made  to  these  bickerings  by  the  review  of  the  national 
^uard,  which  took  place  on  tlie  29ch  of  Aiigxist.  A  tent  was  pitched 
for  the  king  in  the  Champ  dc  Mara,  which  was  crowded  witli  an 
armed  host.  Gencml  Lolayettc  distributed  the  colours  to  the  aevoral 
legions,  and  received  their  oaths  of  fidelity  in  the  king's  name.  The 
aun  shoae  with  the  moat  dazzling  lusire  ;  the  equipment  of  the  lemons 
was  magnificent.  ïhç  enthusiasm  kindled  by  the  revolution  of  July, 
and  which  had  not  yet  subsided,  broke  out  during  that  whole  gala- 
day  in  impusaioned  acclamations  and  aon«a  of  triumph.  The  dciiglit 
of  the  new  monarch  must  have  been  great^  for  liis  popularity  at  that 
time  ae«med  immease,  and  almost  e4Uûl  to  tiiat  of  Latayette, 

But  at  the  very  same  time  there  was  talk  of  a  tragical  and  m^'s* 
teriouâ  event,  that  was  for  ever  to  hold  a  conspicuous  place  in  the 
early  imnals  of  the  reign. 

It  would  be  enough  to  make  bare  mention  of  that  event,  hud  ît 
been  one  to  excite  only  a  frivolous  curiosity  or  a  transient  emotion 
among  the  people:  but  there  was  this  much  remarkable  in  it,  that 
beside  the  diaastcra  of  crandeur  punished  in  the  succeisor  of  Louia 
XIV.  it  displayed  in  the  last  of  the  Condês  the  woes  of  grandeur 
iîdlcn.  Then  U  gave  rise  to  di&cussions  the  noige  of  which  dro^vuod 
lihe  joyous  aoclamationa  which  human  baseness  raises  round  new 
thrones,  und  it  awoke  strange  and  terrible  sfwpicions,  the  envenomed 
trace  of  wliich  we  shall  discover  in  the  subsequent  contests.  It  is 
Ibr  this  reason  I  have  judged  that  a  detailed  account  of  sucli  u  matter 
cannot  be  unwelcome  or  yuperfluoua.* 

When  the  revolution  of  July  broke  out,  the  Due  do  Bourbon, 
Prince  dc  Condé,  was  living  quietly  on  his  domains,  u  stniugcr  alike 
to  the  cares  of  politics  and  to  its  perils.  Dut  liis  mind  wad  seized 
with  deep  dismay  at  the  news  of  the  misfortunes  that  smote  him  in 
the  pcraoTia  of  his  kindred.  Hf  trembled  for  Charles  X.,  he  trembled 
for  hîiïisdf;  and  ere  long  his  fears  and  his  sorrows  were  aggravated 

*  'X'he  mmtivi;  the  Kivkt  Ia  nbuut  to  pcrute  ia  founded  doI  orit)r  oa  an  attentiro 
cxamlnntltffi  nod  (Musparisuo  of  the  viiriuuji  du|}<»ili<}na  mjtde  during  a  long  judicial 
*J'>"lulr3'.  tut  ttbotiu  pftdol  docunventj  nnd  BiitUtoiic  piipcn  kiadl/ ooiiiiDuiiic*t«d 
luu*. 

Vi'v  have  iboujlit  it  uur  duty  tn  n,']atç  cirvutnatsnccs  of  little  apparent  impottnncc, 
twC'iiur  they  Ate,  In  n-nlity^  or  icrinnâ  signiHc^Ticc.  mid  nuj  Bcrvu  toirard»  tW  to- 
lutlou  of  Ao  Impootont  uU  w  tnelaacbd^r  *  in>blni. 


no 


Tax  P&INCi:  DE  CONDÈ. 


by  all  the  tortuioa  of  imcertamty.  Overwhelmed  witK  years  jut3  m- 
firmitiefli  had  he  a  light  to  await  the  Bccumpliâhmcnt  of  his  dostiiiy 
without  accelerating  it  by  a  useless  devcrtedneaa?  Or  ought  he,  re- 
Idndling  hia  energies  by  the  recollection  of  hia  youthful  'fights  and 
ftiud^f  to  go  aod  join  liia  unfortunate  master,  aiid  offer  him,  if  not  the 
aid,  at  least  tlie  conaolinc;  offices  of  a  fearless  fidelity?  The  place  of» 
Conde  ia  by  hia  king's  side  in  the  hour  of  danger,  was  whiapered  in 
the  princes  ear  by  his  most  zealous  retainers;  and  M.  Choulot  ex- 
claimed, ia  answer  to  lees  spirited  udmonitionB»  **  Wlien  tlie  Prinoo 
de  Ckkadé  took  up  arms  in  1793^  did  he  wait  ior  the  adrioe  of  tJao 
Due  d'Orléans?" 

But  the  fceblo  old  ntan  was  then  wholly  under  tlie  control  of  a 
woman  whose  ori^a  was  obscure,  whose  ianiilv  name  was  unccrtaiiif 
who  had .  formerly,  it  woa  said,  figured  on  tJic  boards  of  Covent- 
ffardeo.  Theatre,  who  having*  afterwards  formed  a  connexion  with  « 
lomgQer  of  enormous  wealth,  hud  lived  at  Turûham-grcfoi  on  the 
wages  of  dishonour,  and  who,  kstly,  bavins:  become  all  powerful 
over  the  heart  of  thû  Due  de  Bourbon,  had  married  the  Baion  de 
Feudières,  u  fraidc,  honest  soldier,  whose  abusod  good  faith  ecrvod 
for  some  time  to  conceal  the  scandal  of  adulterous  amoura.  Now  by 
a  concatenation  of  circumstances,  which  it  ia  not  unprofitable  to  r^ 
late^  the  iuteiesta  of  that  woman  became  closely  connected  with  thoso 
of  the  house  of  Orléans, 

Endowed  with  talent,  grace,  and  beauty,  at  once  in^uating  and 
imperioua,  fond  and  haughty  by  turns,  Madame  de  Fcuchtres  had 
byner  influence  over  the  Due  dc  Bourbon  obtained  tiie  testameutaa'y 
bequest  of  the  domains  of  St.  Leu  and  Boissy  ia  1824,  and  various 
nuua  amounting  in  all  to  a  million,  in  1825.  She  coveted  still  more. 
Bt  and  by  she  obtained  the  procecda  of  the  forest  of  Enghien,  in 
oadition  to  those  of  Boiaay  and  St.  Lcu^  of  wliich  she  had  by  anti- 
cipation the  actual  cnioymcnt;  and  even  thig  was  not  enouffh  to 
Batiatc  her  cravina;?.  But  a  Bccrct  imcasineas  no  doubt  troubled  h^ 
in  the  exorcise  of  hor  unbounded  power  over  the  duke:  she  hfld 
reason  to  fear  that  the  death  of  her  bcncfSictor  wcitild  leave  her 
exposed  to  the  ottAclu  of  his  heirs  whom  ehe  stripped  of  their  inhe* 
ritancc,  to  the  lawsuits  which  captation  provokes,  perhaps  to  tho 
indignation  of  public  opinion.  This  was  an  awkward  dilemma,  and 
one  which  has  given  the  enemies  of  Madame  do  Fcudhières  reasou 
to  believe  that  in  causing  the  Due  d'Amnale  lu  be  adtjptcd  by  the 
Due  do  Bourbon,  her  only  object  h&d  been  to  secure  hct«elt'  the 
patronage  of  a  powerful  house. 

What  is  certain  is^  that  in  a  letter  written  in  1827,  in  reply  to 
one  in  which  the  baroness  ottered  her  scrvicea,  the  Duchesse  d  Or- 
l£anB  wrote  thiu  to  her:  **  T  am  very  much  touched,  maiikmc,  by 
what  you  tell  mo  of  your  anxiety  to  bring  about  ihst  result  whica 
you  look  on  aa  Ukely  to  fulfil  the  wishes  of  M.  !e  Due  dc  Bourbon; 
onJ  UUevc  me^  if  I  lia\T  the  happinc^a  to  find  my  son  becomo  lus 
adopted  chtld„  you  wilt  reeeirc  irom  us  at  all  times  and  in  itll  circum- 


I 


J 


THE  DUC  d'oKLÈAKS  ANT»  MADAME  DK  TECGHinES.        271 

Btancea  that  support  for  you  and  yours  wlûcii  you  ore  pleased  to 
âeDunâ,  and  of  whicli  &  moth^r'a  grotituJe  wiJl  be  for  you  a  sure 
guarantee." 

It  must  have  been  a  sore  trkl  for  &  vornsn  like  the  Ducliesae 
d*Orlt'aii8  to  assofiatc  her  matomal  hopca  with  such  equivocal  advo- 
cacy. She  cooËcalcd  to  do  so  however;  but  the  dignity  of  her 
character  reappeared  in  this  other  passage  of  her  letter;  "\Vg  have 
tliought  it  oux  duty  to  abstain  from  any  proceeding  which  might 
have  the  appqarance  of  prompting  a  choice  or  wishing  to  anti-* 
cipatc  it." 

It  Kerne  that  this  reserve  was  regarded  by  the  Due  d'Orléans  as 
a  scruple  from  which  he  was  at  liberty  to  free  himwll..  Learning 
from  Madame  de  Feuchùres,  on  tlie  2a  of  May,  1^2^^  that  sKo  had 
written  a  prcasin?  and  impassioiied  letter  to  her  lover^  "^ging  him  to 
adopt  the  Ihic  d'Aumale^  he  did  not  hc&itato  to  ùddtesâ  himâelf 
directly  to  the  Due  de  Bourbon.  He  let  him  know  in  perfectly 
meamred  and  hecoiumg  lon^a^e  how  much  he  was  touched  by  the 
kind  o£cc3  of  Madame  dc  x  euchère^,  and  how  proud  it  would  make 
Iiim  to  hiive  the  glorious  name  of  Conde  borne  by  one  of  hia  aona. 

Thu  Due  do  Bourbon  was  scizod  with  deep  uncaâiness  at  tliîâ  un- 
expected blow.  Though  he  had  always  in  hiâ  interoourae  with  the 
Onuu  family  conducted  himeeli'  witn  exquisite  pohtenees,  which 
MnuCbnes  even  assumed  the  outward  tokuna  of  fiiendâhip,  he  eaw 
as  Uttle  as  poesible  of  the  Due  d'Orlt-ans,  received  hia  mfrtquent 
visits  with  Heeâtatiun,  and  liardly  c^-er  wrote  to  him  except  to  enter 
into  expluatLODS  of  the  frivolities  of  ceremony,  irivolitieâ  to  which 
the  Due  d*Orl£aiiB,  all  bourgeois  as  wc  have  ^nce  seen  him,  attached 
inordinate  importance.     The  Due  de  Bourbon  had  consented  to  bo 

fodfathcr  to  that  young  Due  d'AumtilCt  who  wa^  tâ.îkcd  of  to  him, 
ut  in  doing  so  he  liad  no  intention  of  making  him  hia  heir.  To 
Inve  the  inheritance  of  tlie  Condoa  to  a  faïuîïy  which  had  had  at  its 
hcttd  the  enemy  of  the  noblesse  and  uf  the  monarchy,  appeared  to 
the  old  leader  of  the  «rmcd  emigration  a  betrayal  of  duty  and  almost 
an  impiety.  He  could  not  forget  that  a  d'0rl6aus,  carrying  hiii 
court  into  an  assembiy  of  regicides,  had  voted  for  the  deatli  of 
Louiâ  XVT-,  and  that  another  d'Orléans  had  fought  under  îîie  ban- 
neii  of  Dumouriex.  But  on  the  one  hand  how  coidd  he  without 
insult  refuse  wltat  he  was  supposed  to  be  so^eairoua  of  giving?  And 
on  the  other  how  was  he  to  bear  up  against  tiie  violent  angej:  of 
l^fadamo  de  Feuchertaj?  Besides  the  crafty  baiones  had  taken  care 
to  write  to  him,  "TTic  Hng  and  the  loyal  fiimîly  wish  that  you 
should  make  choice  of  a  prince  of  your  l^mily  to  be  one  day  the 
inheritor  of  your  name  and  fortune.  It  ia  tliought  tliat  I  um  the 
only  obstacle  to  the  fulfdmcnt  of  this  wiah  ....  I  eotrcatyou  to  put 
an  eod  to  tliî^  painful  stuation  by  adojitiing  an  heir  ....  You  will 
thereby,  my  dearest  friend,  secure  tlio  good  will  of  the  royal  iamily 
and  a  less  luihappy  future  for  your  ]>oor  Sophio." 

The  Due  de  Bourbon  was  not  capable  of  rcdiâting  intcrccasions  of 


172 


THE  PaWCE  DK  COKTtE.. 


tliifikiad:  still  there  was  soraetMno  in  them  so  despotiu,  so  imporfcu- 
uato,  that  be  could  not  suppress  his  indignation.  He  compuined 
hitterly  to  Madame  de  Fcuchèrcs,  that  without  consulting  Mm, 
wiihout  inquiring  what  were  his  intentdona,  she  had  enterai  upon 
po  ini[)ortant  an  affair  with  the  Due  d'^Orltans.  Xhc  baionesa  let 
the  stovni  blow  ovgt;  and  that  same  day  she  wrote  to  the  pnnce 
that  the  Due  d'Orléans  was  on  the  point  of  setting  out  for  Londun, 
tliat  slio  expected  him  to  breakfast,  that  the  opportunity  was  a 
favourable  one  for  an  interview,  and  that  it  might  take  plaoe  "  with- 
out any  thing  positive  being  said." 

Thus  beset  and  hara^ed  on  all  aides,  and  deprived  even  of  the 
«ibihty  of  rctk'Oting,  the  Due  de  Bourbon  gave  way;  the  de- 
d  intcn'iew  took  place.  No  decision^  however^  was  come  to. 
Still  the  Due  d'Orléans  felt  already  so  assured  of  the  lultilment  of 
Ids  hopes,  that  he  secretly  directed  one  of  his  lawyers,  M.  Dupin,  to 
prepare  the  draft  of  a  i?ml  in  favour  of  the  Due  d'Aumalo.*  Thia 
oraft,  which  the  prince  would  only  have  to  sign,  would  save  liim  the 
I  '  trouble  of  composition,  and  facilitate  the  realization  of  a  plan  wj 
gkili'ully  contrived. 

Meanwhile  the  baroness  redoubled  her  importuuitics,  whiUt  the 
old  prince  gave  vent  to  liis  repugnance  in  lanientuble  bursts  of  anew. 
Ilelmdknowuno  rest  since  thiii  fatal  matter  had  occupied  his  thouehta; 
hia  blootl  he  said  was  on  fire,  and  he  passed  whole  nightd  without 
i  sleep.  Incautious  exprcâ^ions  oRcn  câcaiied  him  in  presence  of 
euro  witnesses,  that  betrayed  tlic  agitation  of  liis  luind;  and  the 
silent  re-treat  of  Chantilly  was  ofti'n  startled  with  the  sound  of  de- 
plorable altercations.  ''  My  death  is  the  only  thing  they  look  for,*' 
exclaimed  one  day  in  a  fit  of  despair  that  pitllid  representative  of  an 
illustrious  race.  Another  day  he  lorgot  hirascli'  so  fur  as  to  say  to 
M.  de  Sur\'al,  "  Once  they  shall  Imve  obtained  Irom  mc  what  they 
desirf,  my  life  may  be  in  jeopardj'."  Finally,  with  one  of  tluMC 
Etrange  etratagcms  on  whicli  the  excess  of  iheir  iircsohiiion  sometimes 
I  men  of  no  vigour  or  obtsticity  of  mind,  he  resolved  to  appeal 
hi  the  generosity  of  the  Due  d'Orléans  hiJTiself,  in  order  to  t^cape 

Xlw  folbwiag  li  the  letter  M.  Dufiin  vroba  to  tlic  Doc  d'Ûrléona  on  tlbb 
fUÎijccl: 

"  MfiNSEiQitKCK, — I  send  voit  hurçwitli  the  draft  fûUf  rojal  laghnem  directed  me 
Id  draw  wp  lx.-furc  J-unr  dcparlwe. 

**In  itrict  uccoratàncc  with  tlie  tpcrecyyourroyfd  Ui(;hne!i enjointil  inctoohwrre, 
I  îipnd  yo«  THv  KQoad  mmut(^  written  irith  my  own  hand,  jinou  I  did  not  wi«li  to 
lntm.it  it  to  that  «fAiio^er. 

"  'Du.-  ftatiu>  dciÎTe  nf  obsotati!  Ëùcjtscy  hai  prcTcntcd  ine  fimn  eonftmaft  with  the 
Otiicr  j  ririsL'onsulti,  wliom  I  «hoidil  have  liked  to  ooiiault,  liut  wlimm  ynur  roval  lii^h- 
noaii  will  aSwaj^ï  Iijltc  it  in  jimr  puw«r  |o  (question  if  you  ttiink  it  advisable. 

"Jjeft  WTDj- o^vn  unuded  reaonpces,  I  hare  done  mr  bval;  I  h»To  end^arourcd 
'  IhiUy  loeuAurcthcnoblc  wishes  of  his  H<>TflJI{ighDc»M,lc:  Due  dcBourbciu^  Aad  tlui 
'  tlity  luii^Ut  not  in  any  l'usc  prove  lUunory  or  dusccptltle  of  bting  aMacktd  hy  tliinl 
'  tmrtios  ntwiivtf  liti^'Juufly  disposed  in  Riich  CMSçf,  1  h\ri^  addc<l  to  the  dftiuc  ndaiivg 
I  io  Adoption  that  ot'afunuAlitiRtUuUon  as  huir,  whiuU  I  jitdgtd  intJiV/wMoUe*  to  %ka 
I  mtlUlltjr  oC  the  «ntirc  act.    I  luve  tlie  bonuui.  Ikiù. 

"  Ttvfw  Aîné." 
•  Und«flûi^  iti  Uic  Ofijrin*]- 


THE  PRIKCE  DE  COÎÎDi. 


273 


the  persecutions  of  Madame  dc  Feuchères.  "  The  bw^mess  we  have 
in  hand.  Monsieur,"  he  if  rote  to  him  on  the  20th  of  August,  1829, 
'*  commenced  unknown  to  mo,  and  rather  heedlessly  by  Madame 
do  Feuchtrcfi,  is  înfiniteïy  distre-ssing  to  me,  as  you  may  have 
remnrked:"  and  he  bcsouglit  his  kiusnian  to  intercede  with  the 
liaroness  and  prevail  on  her  to  give  up  her  projccta  respecting  the 
Due  d'Aumale,  to  whom  he  promised,  aH&r  all,  a  public  and  certain 
testimony  of  his  affection, 

Tiie  Due  d'Orléans  replied  to  this  singular  appeal  ;  he  went  imme- 
diately to  Madame  dc  Feuchcres,  and  in  presence  of  a  witness  she 
had  taken  the  precaution  to  provide,  he  intreated  her  to  discontinue 
her  suit.  The  baroness  was  intlcxible.  So  the  Due  d'^Orléan», 
'nilhout  compromidng  his  son*a  prospects  hfld  all  the  merit  with  the 
^uc  de  Bourbon  of  an  honourable  act^  and  of  no  common  ilis- 
întcreHtednegs. 

Tliis  Tvas  too  forced  and  violent  a  state  of  things  not  to  end  in 
some  terrible  explosion.  The  Dtic  de  Bourbon  being  in  the  bllliard- 
room  of  the  pabcc  in  Paris  on  the  29th  of  August,  1829,  M.  Surval. 
■who  was  in  the  adjoining  salon,  heard  loud  talking,  and  his  own 
name  called  out.  He  rushed  in,  and  found  the  priince  in  a  frightfid 
pa&Sion.  "  Only  see  in  what  a  passion  Monseigneur  puts  himself, 
and  without  a  cause,"  said  Madame  de  Feucht-reg;  '■'  try  and  calm 
him." — *'  Yea,  Madame/'  cried  the  old  man,  "  it  is  horriMe,  atro- 
cious, thus  Ï0  put  a  knife  to  my  throat  to  make  me  do  a  thing  you 
know  I  5Q  abhor;"  and  seizing  her  hand,  be  added,  with  a  &igni6- 
cant  gesture,  *'  Well,  then,  plunge  the  knife  in  at  once — plunge  ili" 

Tljc  next  day,  August  30,  1829,  the  Due  de  Bourbon  drew  up 
and  signed,  not  in  presence  of  Madame  de  Feuchèrea,  a  will  by  which 
he  made  the  Due  d'Aumalo  his  unii'ersal  legatee,  and  secured  the 
baroness  a  bequest,  in  money  and  lands,  of  ten  miUiona  (40,000/.). 

Such  were  the  ties  sivbsisûng,  at  Oie  period  of  the  revolution  of 
July,  between  Madame  de  Feuclièrca  and  the  prince  whom  that 
revolution  made  king.* 

Enthralled  as  he  was,  the  Due  dc  Bourbon  could  hardly  refuse 
his  adhesion  to  the  new  dynasty,  but  all  his  affections  belonged 
to  the  ftdlcn  monarch.     He  asked  himeclf  with  terror  what  was  to 

*  The  TkiLloving  is  a  letter  written  by  the  Due  d'Orl't-uu  to  Mjidame  de  Featùttreit 
dated  OrtoberaT,  1820: 

"OnrlittU!  d'AumalGlins  been  nincw1iAtunwdl,butiiot  m  much  so  asWcmweu» 
■B/  ilanni  but  he  tiod  hiui  a  fever  in  oooH^uence  of  oTerfBtlfue,  aad.  wc  belirre,  of 
cxpomtK  to  cold  We  sl-di  to  CIcrmonC  for  H.  Lavent,  -wha  b  ai  the  head  of  th« 
éoote  de  medicine  uid  cpr  the  grcAt  hiMipita],  and  vho  i*  venr  tkilfuL  He  conflrmod; 
OB  in  the  opinion  tbat  there  was  really  noiUin^j;  serions  In  UtÈ  nutter.  In  fact,  thu 
Ibmr  bu  krft  him  Thcic  two  duys.  lie  ntiky  lie  considctx'd  quite  rccoTcrud  fruin  thia 
tmuleat  indiKpn^ition.  and  on  bin  rc'lum  lie  will  tertainly  Its  able  to  gu  and  sea  Lit 
godfkthcr,  wh('ne%X'r  be  w-iL  hnrc  tlie  gmdiK*i  to  pfnnit  bim. 

"  Rcrvin?,  MadiunL-,  the  rery  nnasK  BiHiruiee  of  all  the  Bcnlimenti  ti?"  know  I 
entertam  for  you,  ud  on  ^bich  I  tmit  ytm  ctct  tcIj', 

(Signed}  L.  Pn.  d'OblUsb. 

**  Mailfiinc  la  DochiEsie'd'nTb'ans  and  m^  sister  n-qucst  mo  to  prêtant  voit  all  Ûicit 
rompUnKDt*,  aad  we  all  beg  you  to  pr«>»!nl  ours  to  ÏI.  le  Doc  dc  BoutlnoJ" 

T 


2 


f74  e:i:spictous  cTRCnuttASCZi. 

be  the  lot  of  that  fkîùilj  eo  abruptly  Korricd  from  the  thiono  lata 
eûle?  iio  bu»l into  tean  «t  the  meve  metitioti  of  Charka  X.'r  zkAmo; 
Im  faul  rttunmoed  oil  Asaasemeuts,  and  this  cnr  of  soirow  often 
aaflflq>ad  his  lips:  "  Ah  !  it  is  too  much  to  heboid  two  revolution»; 
I  have  lived  long  fnougk."  He  dreaded,  too,  tempests  lite  those  lu! 
had  in  hia  jouth  seen  sweeping  over  kings  and  noblee  ;  and  thougbt 
fuU  surely  thAt  brigands  woulïl  ovcmin  the  fields  and  pillage  tlie 
cbltcaux.  He  tlicrefore  ordered  that  meafiurcs  ahoidd  be  takeu  fat 
the  protection  of  hiâ  domaios,  and  during  the  daya  immediately  suc- 
ce^og  the  revolution  his  horBes  remained  ready  stddlcd  for  flight. 

IHicBe  apprchcnsLouB  did  not  last  long.  The  general  rertontico 
of  tlïnquilii  ty  foon  Tcossuied  the  Due  dc  Bourbon,  and  the  nc^vs  of 
"tibs  emhurkatioQ  of  tlïc  exiles  put  an  eud  to  his  last  &ai?.  But  hb 
nsUncholy  surrived  tlwî  cause  that  had  at  firat  aocountcd  for  iu 
Hîï  attendants  remarked  this,  and  ^ftme  of  them  thought  they  pet* 
eeiTfid  a  aingukr  ^langâ  in  bia  demeanour  towards  Madame  d^ 
Feuch^res;  htr  name  pronounct-d  iu  Ida  preseuK;  seemed,  at  tixaes, 
iù  aliect  him  paàiilully,  Hh  fondncsa  for  her,  thouph  always  pto- 
TldcQt  and  anticipating  hor  least  wishes,  v,'ii£  marked  with  a  «ort  of 
terror.  It  waa  ob^rrcd  that,  contrary  to  his  loTig  custom,  he  no 
longer  mftdc  it  a  psiut  to  open  \m  lettera  in  h^r  pres*?uce.  At 
lost  he  disclosed  to  M.  de  Choulot,  kia  capiiaim  des  c/ulsks,  and  to 
ManouTy^  \ns  coafidentuil  valtt-de-c/iamlrrt ,  his  design  of  tnAkmg  a 
Ion"  journey,  ïlie  projcet  eoincided  with  the  demand  of  a  miiUoa 
in  bauk-notca  made  by  the  prince  to  luu  intendant,  M.  de  SunraL 
A4  to  hÎB  motive3j  he  communicated  th^n  to  no  one,  but  cnjoinod 
the  strictest  iiociccy  as  to  thcjoumey,  above  all  us  regarded  Madame 
de  Feuchères. 

Thê  baronefli,  on  her  nort,  was  not  without  uneasiness  about  the 
esecation  of  the  wilL  She  would  have  been  glad  to  have  the  be- 
queata  in  her  favour  converted  into  donations,  and  as  the  du^  on 
x^stration  would  have  drawn  too  large  a  sum  from  the  prinoe'* 
confers,  M.  de  Surval  had  proposed  to  sell  to  Madame  Adelaide,  the 
king's  sitter,  the  domain  of  St.  Leu,  which  constituted  part  of  the 
lency  to  Madame  de  Feuchères. 

Meanwhile  the  prepamtions  for  flight  attempted  by  the  Due  de 
Bourbon  disappointed  his  expectation.  Manoury  was  to  have  prtv 
cured  passports,  taken  a  carnage,  and  gone  to  wait  for  his  master  at 
Moisselles.  This  arrangement  was  frustrated  by  the  impossibility  of 
executing  it  without  having  it  talked  of  But  the  prmcc  did  not 
the  less  persist  in  his  wish  to  quit  St.  Leu. 

Dark  rumours  circulated,  at  the  same  time,  about  the  ch&teao. 
It  was  reported  that  on  the  morning  of  the  11th  of  August  the  prinoe 
had  been  found  with  his  eye  bleeding,  and  had  hastened  to  explain 
the  cause  to  Manoury,  saying,  "  I  struck  against  the  night  table;** 
and  that  on  the  latter  ventunng  to  i«ply,  ^*  The  table  is  not  so  hi^ 
u  thie  bed,"  the  duke  was  silent  and  embarrassed;  that  some  minnten 
û/ienr&rdSf  w  Manoury  wu  spceading  »  carpet  in  the  dresaing-nNiB^ 


ATTEMPTED  FLIOHT, 


£75 


lie  rouTnl  a.  lettemnder  the  door  of  the  secret  stairoûsc^  and  brûna;ht 
it  to  tKe  urince.  The  ktter  was  excetidingiy  disturbed  on  reading 
it,  and  Uicn  eaid,  '*  I  am  not  a  good  etory-teller;  I  ^id  I  hurt 
inystli'ju  my  âlcc-p;  the  truth  is,  that  on,  o{jeiiing  the  door  I  fell  side- 
mvs,  and  my  temple  struck  against  the  comer."  The  rancours  that 
maco  up  the  Ufo  of  courta  are  ingeaious  and  implacable  when  they 
arc  armed  with  the  weapon  of  suspicion.  FacIs,  prhaps  ummport- 
ant,  receiTe<l  a  gloomy  interpretation,  which  was  corroborated  by 
the  conduct  of  the  prince,  and  his  apparetït  i'eelitij:^  of  distrust.  For 
instance,  after  the  accident  of  the  11th  he  expressed  a  wish  that 
Manoury  should  sleep  At  the  door  of  his  bedroom;  and  when  the 
latter  obecrved  that  this  nii^ht  seem  strange,  and  that  it  would  be 
more  in  couree  to  give  that  order  to  hecomte,  his  vaUt-de-cfiamàrf  de 
servia,  '*  Oh  no,"  replied  the  Due  de  Bourbon,  '*  that  rnust  not  be,'^ 
Lecomte  had  been  introduced  to  the  cli&Ccau  by  Madame  dc  Feu- 
clièrca. 

Some  days  after*' the  Due  dc  Bourbon  was  visited  by  the  queen, 
who  brought  hinx  the  star  of  the  legion  of  honour,  and  came  to  com- 
fort and  cheer  her  nohlc  relation.  Ho  appeared  pEeased  and  grateful* 
liut  ou  tbe  evening  of  the  same  day  a  horeemaii  rode  towards  the 
chûtenu,  taking  bia  k^  by  the  avenue  of  the  park,  on  which  hii 
lioiac's  hoofa  sounded  less  sharply  than  on  that  leading  to  the  court- 
yurda.  Tïiifl  waâ  M>  de  Choulot.  Ho  was  expected,  and  was 
eautiiously  conducted  to  the  prince's  bedchamber.  "  My  mind  is 
made  up,"  tlie  Litter  said  to  liim.  *'Thc  quoon  brought  me  this 
day  the  star  of  the  legion  of  honour.  They  want  to  have  me  figure 
in  tlie  chambt;r  of  peers.  That  is  impossible/'  The  departure  waa 
then  deJinilivoly  determined  on. 

But  how  waa  «ucb  a  iligbt  to  be  kept  concealed?  Bf.  de  Choulot 
bad  ascertained  that  a  carriage  had  been  stationed  for  some  dnySf  by 
order  of  the  baronees,  in  a  httle  village  two  leagues  from  St.  Leu, 
between  tlic  forest  of  Montmorency  and  that  of  Lille-Adam,  and 
that  the  driver  had  orders  to  take  the  road  townrda  England  on 
receiving  an  appointcfl  signal.  This  suggoMcd  the  fullowin^  plan 
to  M.  do  Choiuot.  There  waa  in  the  château  an  old  vaUt-de-chamffre 
who  wu  not  unlike  tlic  Due  do  Bourbon.  The  domestic,  droned 
in  bis  master's  clothes,  waa  to  proceed  in  the  prince's  own  carnago 
to  tho  vilbge  in  question;  there  he  was  to  get  into  the  carriage  pro- 
vided by  Aukdame  de  Fcuck^ve,  and  whilst  he  was  pursued  on  tho 
road  to  Havre,  the  real  dukû  would  be  escaping  in  tlic  direction  of 
Swit^Eorhmd. 

The  festival  of  St.  I^uia  arrived  whilrt  these  thiri"S  were  in 
vmrnttiou.  Hie  inhabitants  of  St.  Leu,  '^^ho  lored  tnc  Due  dc 
BouHïon»  gave  him  tcet'mionics  of  their  aifcctioa  in  the  course  of  that 
day,  with  which  he  was  tcmchcd  extremely,  and  whicb  would  have 
boen  enough  to  dissipate  his  political  fears  bad  he  retained  any,  Uo 
ffl.ve  tb,c  autboiitlee  a  very  j:;racious  and  Battering  xeo^»tîon.  Nover- 
tttclcss,  on  hearing  an  air  pUyed  imdcr  bia  windQv*ii'«\ûsJ^\«ïwSi^i«^ 

t2 


STtt  TAK  nnrcB  ra  oom&. 

Km  how  mmy  deuM—UaliOM  had  hecn  kriilied  oa  ihrt  fonl  fii^ 
nif  ,  -whidi  WIS  noir  fimed  «w»;-  to  disiaiit  hnds,  he  -wis  maaiSmfy 
ovcreome  vîâi  MrJiMW,  and  cxied  out  in  n  voioe  of  deep  lhpHngi 
"Ahliritttsfite!" 

HMfc  Mme  der  Medame  de  Fenchèxee  pncnzed  firam  BMs/ÙmèM 


■me  d»T 
*  till  on  Kngfand  ftr  half  e  mîIEoa  of  fiano;  whether  it  iraa  that 
IfifîiifPf;  fixeign  to  her  coitnexion  with  the  pnnce,  called  her  to 
London,  or  that  some  doada  had  gathered  helweeu  her  and  the  Dae 
oe  Suuibun. 

Certnn  xfc  û,  at  anj  late,  that  a  -violent  scene  took  place  naît 
noning,  between  the  tnince  and  Madame  de  FeodiènB.  H» 
fimner  was  heard  londlj  nttenns  the  name  of  M.  de  Qianloti 
and  when  the  baionen  went  oat,  Mmomy  fband  his  maatcr  Mated 
on  a  amaU  80&  before  the  window,  intensdj  agitated,  and  adking 
&r  eaa  de  Gcdogne.  Afier  this  accident  the  I>ac  de  Bombon  d^ 
^latched  a  man  on  horseback  to  M.  Chonlot,  dealing  him  to  haMan 
to  St  Leo,  ndiere  he  was  wanted  on  boànesB  of  importance.  NoAhiff 
extnundinarf  tanspiied  dnnng  the  rest  of  the  daj.  M.  de  Com 
Briaae  having  called  on  the  pnnoe,  the  latter  kept  his  visHer  to 
dinner,  and  even  pressed  him  to  pass  the  ni^t  at  the  rhlJtfan  He 
eonvetaed,  not  without  aadneae,  on  the  events  of  the  day;  widied  to 
■^  £>rthwxth  pesons  which  General  Lambot  tokl  him,  as  he  soIk 
nutted  them  to  him,  oonld  not  be  swned  till  the  next  day;  and  he. 
advised  his  gnests  not  to  talk  at  tab&,  in  presence  of  the  servanli, 
of  what  was  gmsg  on  in  Paris.  The  dinner  was  cheerful,  only  M~ 
dc  Cossu  Brissac  rtaving  mentioned  some  caricatures  that  had  ap- 
peared since  the  fall  of  Charles  X.,  the  Due  de  Bourbon  seemed  a£- 
fectcd,  and  leaning  towards  îladâme  de  Fcuchères,  he  whispered 
her,  **  Do  tell  him  to  hold  his  tongue."  Play  began  at  nine  o'clock; 
for  the  prince  had  resumed  his  usual  amusements  for  the  last  three 
da^.  He  played  whist  with  Madame  dc  Fcuchères,  and  MM.  de 
Lavillegontier  and  dc  Prejean  ;  criticised  a  trick,  lost  money,  and  did 
not  pay,  saying,  "  To-morrow." 

He  was  to  set  out  on  the  Slst,  and  such  was  his  impatience  to 
quit  St.  Leu,  that  he  had  ordered  Dubois,  his  architect,  to  prepare 
his  apartments  at  Chantilly  in  all  haste,  even  should  it  be  necesaazy 
to  work  night  and  day.  Getting  up  when  cards  were  over,  ana 
crossing  the  hall  to  reach  his  bedroom,  he  made  his  attendants  a 
friendly  sign,  which  surprised  them,  because  it  seemed  like  a  gcstoie 
of  iarewcll.  Was  this  one  of  those  adieux  in  which  the  thought  of 
approaching  death  betrays  itself?  or  was  it  the  melancholy  indica- 
tion of  a  projected  journey  and  exile  ? 

In  his  bedchamber,  where  he  was  attended  by  the  Chevalier 
Bonnie,  his  surceon,  and  Lccomte,  his  valet-de-chambre  de  ëermee, 
the  duc  remained  silent  wliiist  the  former  treated  him  professionally, 

*  We  luiTe  written  proof  of  this  important  fact,  which  hitherto  has  beoi  to  fkr 
voknown,  that  no  trace  tf  it  is  diacoreraUe  in  the  docomaits  pertaining  to  t**ft 
Judicial  iàguiiy,  «Q  of  whic^  we  bare  card'uUjr  examined. 


ÎOGHT  OP  HIB  DEATH. 


277 


and  the  lutter  undresàng  him.  lîut  no  notice  ■was  t^lcen  of  this  cir- 
cumBtancc  by  citlicr,  because  there  was  nothing  in  it  at  variance  with 
the  prince's  ordinary  habita.  "  At  what  hour  does  Monseigneur  wish 
thai  I  should  enïer  his  room  to-morrow?"  eaiJ  the  valet,  na  he  yroB 
retiring.  "  At  eight  o'clock/'  replied  the  prince,  with  hie  Uâual  tran- 
quillity. 

The  Due  de  Bourbon's  bedchnniber  was  connected  by  a  small  poa- 
sa^,  with  a  waiting-room,  wliich  opened  on  one  side  upon  a  dresfl- 
ing-rooni,  issuing  upon  the  great  corridor  of  the  chÛteau,  on  the 
other»  upon  a  private  staircase,  leading  to  a  lobby,  on  which  opened 
the  apartments  of  Madame  de  Fouchcrcs,  and  those  of  Madanac  de 
Flassms,  her  niece.  From  the  foot  of  the  private  staircase  ran  a 
corridor  leading  lo  the  vestibule  of  the  ch&teau;  and  from  an  inter- 
mediate lobby,  that  of  the  mtrew}^  there  went  oft'  another  corridor 
ftlonp  which  were  ranged  the[rooms  of  the  Abbé  Briant,  secretary  to 
the  Baroness  do  Feuchi'waj  of  the  widow  Lachassine,  her  Jemme- 
de-chambre^  and  of  tJie  marrietl  couple^  Dupré,  her  special  servants. 
iTie  two  latter  lay  in  a  room  directly  under  tliftt  of  the  prince,  80 
that  they  could  eaâly  hear  the  sound  of  his  voice  above  them. 

The  gamekeepers  made  their  usual  rounds  of  the  park,  on  that  night 
of  the  26th-27th.  Leoomto  had  locked  the  door  of  the  drcspinw*room 
and  Ukeu  away  the  key,  a  precaution  which  wa5  indispensable,  be- 
cause it  oficn  hapjK?ncd  tluit  the  prince  left  the  door  of  his  bedroom 
unlocked.  Madame  dc  Flââ&anâ  sat  up  writing  till  two  o'clock  in 
the  morning:  ehc  heard  no  noise;  neither  did  the  Dupr^-s:  the  most 
jxîrfoct  silence  prcvïuletl  all  night  in  the  château.. 

'Hio  next  morning  I^ocomtc  knocked  at  his  mMtev's  door  at  eteht 
o*c]ock,  aecording  to  orders.  He  found  it  locked,  and  the  prince  did 
not  answer,  llic  valet  went  away,  and  retumiug  some  luinutoâ  after 
wi^  M.  Bonnie,  he  knocked  again.  No  reply.  Surprised  and  un- 
Msy  nt  ihia»  they  both  went  down  to  Madame  dc  Feuchères.  '*  I 
win  run  up  directly/'  she  «lid,  **  when  he  hears  my  voico  ho  wilt 
answer  ;  ''  and  she  ran  out  from  her  room  lialf  undressctl.  On  coming 
to  the  prince's  door^  with  M.  Bonnie  and  LfOcomte,  **  Open  the 
door,  Monseigneur,"  she  Paid;  "■  open  the  door;  it  ia  I."  Still  all 
was  silent  within.  By  tliis  time  the  alarm  Wl  spread  all  over  the 
château:  the  valets-de-chttmbre  Manoury  and  Louis  Leclerc,  the 
Abbé  Briant  and  M.  Méry-Lafontâine  hturricd  to  the  fpot.  An  iron 
bar  was  brought  by  one  of  the  gcr\-ants,  with  which  \ianoury  broke 
in  one  of  the  lower  paiiela  of  the  door^  and  entered  the  room  with 
L<?comte  and  Bonnie.  The  window- shutters  were  closed,  and  it 
waâ  very  dark.  A  candle,  however,  was  burning  in  the  fireplace, 
but  there  was  an  iron  sci-eon  before  it,  bo  that  it  only  threw  ft  faint 
gleam  against  the  cciEing.  By  that  dim  light  the  prince's  head  was 
eoen  pre«wd  iwainst  (ho  window  on  the  norui  «ide,  so  that  one  might 
have  supjMWfd  he  was  listening  intently  to  sometliing  outside.  Ma- 
nouiy  Dfcaed  the  wiudow  on  the  cast,  and  a  frightlUl  ppeetacle  sooti 


e  vM  s  pttft  unar  !■  niecfitci  ci  tw^UÉHBS 
rifdMdrcmiaAetevîldmddQiiiaûa.  Xhei 
[  konedibotMqa  SBder  Uff  vîodav,  1 

llodb,«d€y«fflhdwïditei».«id1iiilMfdeFc 
IdoMiij'fiiilanBf  flRKianT'toU.  BomBcs  wdict  i 
1  Ai«tkn|ç  o«ft  Icr  bnïtoAaKdirt  catoed  Al 
/»  C^ûig  m  to  the  alnoDer,  led  faim  îaAo  ihe  dusks  oC 
«UA,  Md  flâd,  <<  IWre  M  MoiMigBeiir  r 

The  Dm  de  BowbcMiv»  fttmedio  dwboltof  the  iMMifcum 
viadov  with  two  haadkadiie&  pHvd  cne  iridnB  Ae  odier:  cBBflf 
lh«e  Hmted  e  fhttmed  aid  dongtted  xîiig;  the  other  an  onl,  As 
hÊÊB  ci  whâàk  aappottÊà  the  lower  jmt,  saS  the  «mnit  hswaffÔÊÊA 
iht  mMT  aadiia^paitc/theheâ.  Thoevw  no  raaiuBg  lent 
on  the  lieiidhaicfaicf  that  cnoooipened  the  head:  it  did  not  jnm  «a 
the  wiaâpfe;  it  left  the  baek  of  the  neck  imunneJ;  and  it  «as  flo 
loOM  that  aerâal  of  the  pefsoof  iBcaeiitooiildeasly  paiB  their  fisMSS 
batweeo  it  and  the  head.  Ihe  heed  of  the  deccned  faimg  on  has 
cbeii;  the  ùce  «aa  pale;  the  tongne  did  not  protrude  from  the  mmmAv 
and  only  pioaed  agaimt  the  lip;  the  hanu  were  doaed,  the  knees 
bent;  and  the  poinU  of  the  toes  touched  the  caipet;  ra  tliat  all  As 
princ;  JififA  have  done  in  hû  a^nj  was  to  stand  upon  his  feet,  lean- 
ing against  the  base  of  the  window,  and  thereby  he  would  oertûnly 
have  escaped  death.  These  obvious  circumstances  were  stronjHT  at 
variance  with  the  euppoation  of  suicide:  they  struck  most  of  the 
beholden  with  surprise. 

The  authorities  arrived  ;  first  the  mayor  of  St.  Leu,  who  caused  the 
condition  of  the  corpse  to  be  authenticated;  then  the  juge  de  paix 
of  Ënghîen,  who  had  it  taken  down  and  laid  on  the  bed;  and 
laatlv,  the  juge  d'instruction  of  Pontoise,  who  drew  up  an  account 
of  tho  hjcality.  The  king  hearing  of  the  event  about  half-past 
cleren  o'clock  sent  M.  Guillaume  his  secretary,  and  JVIM.  de  Rumi- 
gn;^,  Pawjuicr,  de  Sémonvillc,  and  Cauchy  to  St.  Leu.  No  notifi- 
cation wan  sent  to  Louis  de  Kohan,  thoujrh  the  next  of  kin  to  the 
Due  do  l^urbon,  and  it  was  only  through  the  public  journals  he 
was  apprize^l  of  the  death  of  the  prince  of  whose  inheritance  nc  bad 
bc«;n  deprived  by  an  unknown  will. 

Tho  vuriouN^TTocè/- wrdaux  drawn  up  that  day,  the  many  inaccuracies 
of  which  were  manifested  on  a  subsequent  judicial  inquiry,  all  con- 
dudod  for  a  verdict  of  suicide  by  strangulation.     Indeed  the  fact 

*  French  wlndom,  m  mort  readers  are  ftware,  open  on  hioftcs  on  each  tide  IDco 
ten:  Ths  two  otntn  ban  tie  doted  by  a  ttioitg  bolt,  called  an  apaçfiokta. 


IKFBOBABILITIES  OF  SUICIDE.  370 

that  the  door  was  bolted  on  the  inside  seemed  to  put  tHe  idea  of 
assassination  out  of  the  question.  It  was  therefore  under  the  influ- 
ence of  an  opinion  tending  exclusively  in  one  direction  ^t  every 
thing  was  done  in  the  ûrst  instance;  and  so  strong  was  that  opinion 
that  M.  Bonnie,  finding  it  impossible  otherwise  to  explain  tho  vo- 
luntary death  of  the  Due  de  Bourbon,  thought  that  among  thd 
means  of  suicide  was  to  be  reckoned  a  chair,  wnich,  as  he  afterwaidl 
dcpc^od  in  court,  could  not  have  served  for  that  melancholy  purpose 
on  account  of  its  distance  from  tho  body.  He  had  stmck  nis  foot 
against  that  chair  on  entering  the  room,  and  he  had  stated  his  belief, 
in  his  procès  verbal,  that  the  prince  had  stood  upon  it  to  effect  hia 
own  destruction. 

Still,  even  before  it  was  ascertained  how  easy  it  was  to  shoot  a 
bolt  into  its  staple,  from  the  outside  of  tho  door,  the  supposition  of 
suicide  in  this  case  began  graduall)^  to  die  away  in  every  mind.  Hie 
prince's  age,  the  little  energy  of  his  character,  his  well-known  reli- 
gious feehngs,  the  horror  he  had  on  a  thousand  occaàons  evinced  at 
the  mere  idea  of  death,  his  opinion  on  suicide  which  he  re^;ardcd  as 
a  cowardly  act,  the  serenity  of  his  last  days,  all  these  confflderations 
baffled  the  conjectures  to  which  the  fastening  of  the  bolt  had  at  first 
given  rise.  The  prince's  liunting-watch  was  found  on  the  chimney- 
piece,  wound  up  bv  him  as  usual  on  the  preceding  evening;  and 
under  the  bolster  the^e  was  a  handkerchief,  knotted  in  the  way  he 
was  in  the  habit  of  doing  when  he  went  to  bed,  in  order  to  remind 
of  things  he  wished  to  remember  next  day.  Had  not  the  body  too 
been  found  in  a  state  of  incomplete  suspension?  The  valet-de'pied, 
Romanzo,  who  had  tiavellcd  in  Turkey  and  Egypt,  and  hia  comrade 
Fife,  an  Irishman,  had  seen  many  persons  hanged:  they  dedaied 
that  the  faces  of  those  who  had  thus  died  were  not  pale  but  blackish  ; 
that  the  eyes  were  open,  the  eyeballs  bloodshot,  and  the  tongue  pro-  ' 
truding  from  the  mouth  ;  all  which  signs  were  quite  opposite  to  those 
shown  by  the  body  of  the  Due  do  Bourbon.  When  the  corpse  wae 
taken  down  it  was  Romanzo  who  untied  tho  knot  roimd  the  upag^ 
noiette,  and  it  was  with  difficulty  he  could  do  it,  so  skil^lly  and 
strongly  was  it  tied.  Now  there  was  not  one  of  the  prince  s  ser- 
vants but  knew  that  hia  awkwardness  was  extreme;  that  he  could 
not  tie  his  shoe-strings;  that  though  he  could  indeed  tie  the  bow 
of  his  cravat,  he  was  obliged  to  have  the  two  ends  brought  round 
from  behind  by  his  valet;  that  he  had  received  a  sabre-cut  on  the 
right  hand,  and  had  had  his  led  collar-bone  broken,  which  pre* 
vented  his  raising  his  left  hand  to  his  head;  and  that  lastly  ho  could 
only  make  what  nuntcrs  called  tho  covp  du  roi^  by  throwing  himself 
backwards.  Even  admitting  that  the  chair  pushed  out  of  its  plaoe 
by  M.  Bonnie  had  been  within  the  prince's  reach,  conformabl;^  with 
M.  Bonnie's  declaration  in  his  procès-verbal,  and  contrary  to  ms  sub- 
sequent depositions  in  court,  but  little  conviction  was  wrou^t  on 
the  fflinds  of  .those  who  knew  with  what  difficulty  .the  da  msa 


900  nnnoBABiUTaEB  or  SDioiDB. 

cfattbed  ft  itenoMe,  and  liow  be  needed  ibr  ihst  puzpoae  Ae  Anli» 
«nport  of  the  bslitttade  and  of  his  cane. 

The  doabtt  ariaiiig  from  all  theae  dmiimtani'm  weie  «molwy irf 
hj  oertun  ■ngnhmtiwi  which  oonld  not  hare  escaped  the  aotioe  of 
thon  atlmdanta  who  had  been  moat  about  the  penon  a£  the  fÔBtoa^ 
The  ^mèa  which  he  seldom  used  remained  afanoat  alm^  at  dM 
fbotof  the  chair  wheie  he  was  andresnd:  was  it  thcnld  man'a  hapd 
1^  on  that  fiual  night  had  placed  them  at  the  foot  of  the  bed? 
The  prince  oonld  onÇr  get  oat  of  bed  bj  tnming  in  a  mannw  vptm 
himidft  and  he  pressed  BO  on  the  edge  ca  die  bed  as  he  slqit,  that  it 
was  necessBiy  to  fold  the  blanket  in  four  on  the  aide  neact  the  noon 
to  ptevent  us  fiJling:  whj  then  had  the  middle  of  die  bed  besA 
finmd  proBsed  down,  and  the  edges  on  the  oontzaiy  raised?  It  had 
been  die  cmatant  piacdce  of  the  wnnan  and  the,yrattmr»  who  madn 
the  bed,  to  push  it  to  die  bottom  of  the  alcove,  and  no  change  had 
been  made  in  thatre^wct  on  the  evening  of  the  26th:  who  then  had 
nmored  the  bed  abmit  a  foot  and  a  half  from  the  bottom  of  ths 
aleove?  When  die  zoom  was  entered  there  were  two  candles,  eztîiH 
gniahed,  but  not  burnt  out,  on  the  chimneT-peoe:  who  oonld  hanna 
iprritigiii«Ka<l  them?  The  prince?  He  had  tnen  Tolnntarily  left  him- 
idf  in  die  dark  when  setting  about  such  complicated  anangementn 
for  self-destruction  ! 

Madame  de  Fenchètes  supported  the  hypotheria  of  suidde,  and 
nemed  to  think  that  the  aooaent  of  die  11th  had  been  but  an  in» 
efficient  attempt  of  the  sort  She  trembled  at  the  idea  of  the  Duo 
de  Bourbon's  travelling  schemes  being  talked  of;  and  hearing  Ma- 
nouiy  speaking  openly  on  the  subject,  "  Take  care  !"  she  said  :  **  such 
languie  mîgnt  compromise  you  with  tKe  king."  The  Abbé  Briant 
showed  a  remarkable  pertinacity  in  rejecting  every  other  supposition 
than  that  of  suicide  :  he  spoke  of  Ûie  enfeebled  mind  of  the  unfortu- 
nate prince,  of  the  manifestly  impaired  state  of  his  faculties  during 
die  last  days  of  his  life,  and  concluded  that  he  had  committed  sui- 
(nde  in  a  fit  of  delirium. 

And  now  broke  forth  in  all  their  hateful  coarseness  those  greedy 
pasrions  that  prowl  round  every  bier,  and  flagrantly  display  tho 
viciousncss  of  those  institutions  which  the  ignorance  of  society  tole- 
rates and  adores.  Beside  that  cold  body,  the  only  remains  of  a 
vaunted  race — in  presence  of  that  death  which  had  not  yet  a  name, 
amidst  those  confused  murmurs,  those  tears— the  inheritance  of  the 
victim  was  already  coveted,  and  the  idea  of  a  mil  brooded  over  that 
great  scene  of  motuTiing.  The  papers  of  the  deceased  were  become  the 
object  of  anxious  research.  **  Kvery  thing  here  belongs  to  Madame 
de  Feuchères,"  said  the  Abbé  Briant,  and  he  exhorted  M.  Dau- 
Tcrt,  the  head  of  the  plate  department,  to  watch  carefully  over  that 
portion  of  a  treasure  which  was  thenceforth  to  belong  to  the 
Doroncsfl.  Madame  de  Feuchères,  too,  appeared  to  be  very  uneasj  on 
the  subject  of  the  prince's  papers;  but  sue  ascribed  her  uneasiness 


TUE  mrSTEBY  APPAKENTLT  CLEANED  tir. 


2St 


to  a  generous  motive,  declaring  her  desire  to  find  at  the  foot  of 
some  farewell  letter  the  name  of  the  man  who  had  bo  loved  her. 

But  it  seemed  strange  to  all  the  Due  de  Bourbon's  servants,  that 
when  on  the  point  of  putting  such  a  dismal  project  in  execution,  he 
had  left  no  written  indication  of  his  despair»  no  token  of  his  last 
hours,  no  mark  of  aflection  towards  those  whose  zeal  he  had  always 
taken  a  plenâiire  in  recogmsing  and  rewarding'.  This  was  a  sort  of 
moral  suicide  not  leaa  inexplicable  than  all  the  rest.  An  unex- 
pected discovery  put  the  climax  to  these  accumulated  perplexitteSr 

Towards  evening,  on  the  27th,  M.  Guillaume,  the  king's  secre- 
tary, perceived,  as  he  passed  before  the  chimney  of  the  room  of 
death,  soipe  pieces  of  paper  relieved  against  the  black  sides  of  tho 
fireplace.  Stooping  down^  be  *ow  on  those  pieces  of  paper,  which 
lay  on  others  burnt  to  ashes,  the  words,  king —  Vincennes — wn/br- 
tnnate  son.  The  procureur-général,  Bernard,  arriving  next  day  at 
St.  Leu,  the  pieces  of  paper  were  put  into  hia  hands  with  otneta 
which  Ijccomto,  the  valet,  had  picked  up.  "  The  truth  is  here," 
was  the  Instant  ejaculation  of  the  procureur-général;  end  with  the 
help  of  the  persona  present  he  put  the  fragmeata  together  so  as  tq 
ïQakeout  the  two  following  sets  of  lines: 

Baint'Leu  aiipank-cit  &u  nn 
Philippe 

uc  piil';!,  ni  ac  brûlés 
le  cbâtciiu  n)  le  Tiliit(^ 
ne  fkitCft  de  mal  i  pentinDC 
ni  i  D»  amis,  ni  k  m» 
gens.     On  TouB  s  é^iréi 
sur  mon  compte,  je  a'ai 

nrir  en  luant, 
Œur  le  peuple, 
et  IVspuir  du 
bonlicTir  de  ma  patrie. 
Sunt  Len  lA  wi  depend 
uppaniËnamt  à  Yotru  rgl 
Pliilippe:  as  pilUa  ai  tic  lirùlé* 
te  ti.-  Titlflf^ 

ni  es  amis,  ni  à  me9  gent« 

On  Ttvqi  ».  égaras  sur  mon  compte,  je  u'^  <ïu'à  mourir  en  KiuKniiant  bonheur  et 

pmptclU  AU  peuple  Pruiçals  et  il  ma  patrie.    Adieu  pour  t'ju;>uur!:, 

U  H.  J.  DE  BOURBON,  l'rinot  iti>  Coiwlt. 
F.S>  Je  detoimdt!  à  être  siterri  à  Vlncvnacs,  prùs  de  niiin  iufurtunû  âlB.* 

Many  were  pleased  to  see  in  these  strange  admonitions  a  proof  of 
suicide:  but  those  who  were  least  ready  to  be  convinced  could  not 
conceive  that  these  were  the  adieux  of  a  prince  prepared  to  part 
from  life.     In  their  opmioa  the  fear  of  the  pillage  ol   St,  Leu  was 

*  The  Utter  document,  «^  which  ihc  flnt  -woulii  tvem  to  be  •  roD^lk  dnft,  ii  to 
thif  eflbrt  :— Stt  Leu  JWjd  it»  depend  .  ,  belong  to  your  kinjj  PliiUppe;  do  pot 
plUo^  nnr  lïqin  tttfi  .  .  «  tbe  vHloge  nor  ,  ,  ,  .  bum  to  my  one  neither 
.  ,  y  friends,  nor  to  my  people.  You  have  been  misled  on  ray  account,  T  hUTo 
(jol/  to  ax,  wUliin;  pTDdperitf  to  Use  l^rench  poiple  uid.  io  my  countrj. 

Adieu  foi-  ever, 

L.  H.  J,  BOiniBOX,  PriuTO  dc  Coodc. 
P.â.  I  re^uect  iliat  I  may  be  buried  ai  Vucennes,  new  my  uaCdrtvLaLiA  va. 


282 


IIORE  DIFFICULTIES  AND  DOUBTS. 


not  reconcilable  witli  tliat  disgust  at  all  thinas  Trhich  suicide  im- 
plies. It  was  hardly  crediMc  thût  tins  icar  should  have  powMwd 
the  Due  de  Bourbon's  mind  on  the  uicht  oî"  the  26th-27th  AogUFt; 
that  i»  to  eay,  immediately  al'tcr  that  fête  of  St.  Jwouis^  on  which  he 
had  received  so  many  tcgtimonies  of  nffection,  atter  the  kind  atid 
rettflsuring  visit  oi"  the  queen,  and  when  there  was  hardly  anj  ixnaa 
k'ft  of  the  re\:ont  otrîtatioti.  ^Neither  could  it  be  ûccounled  for  whf 
the  Puc  dc  Bourbon  wrote  doira  Louis  Pluiippo  m  the  proprietor  of 
St.  Leu,  wliich  he  well  knew  did  nut  beloog  lo  liim.  It  waa  nukt- 
tei  of  surprise  that  the  prince,  having  taken  up  his  pen  iu  the  mid^t 
of  his  preparations  for  suicide,  had  said  notliiiig  preciae  re«pectiug 
his  fultil  project»  and  had  not  foreseen  the  frightful  «uspicions  to 
which  Uie  vanueness  <jf  his  words  would  expose  liia  Bcrvantd.  It 
WÛB  even  tliouffht  that  there  wtis  gomcthing  inconceivable  in  the 
way  in  which  the  two  writings  had  been  found.  Those  two  papers 
which  Louis  Pliilippe  a  eecrctary  and  Lccomtc  had  so  easily  disco- 
vered on  the  evening;  of  the  27th,  by  whatsingular  chance  had  they 
scaped  on  the  morning  of  the  same  day  the  search  of  M.  de  Cliou- 
lot,  Manoury,  Uomanzo,  and  all  tliosc  who  like  them  had  exa- 
mined the  fireplace  wiih  the  utmost  care?  Was  it  to  be  suppoeed 
that  some  one  had  furtively  placed  tbc  papers  in  the  0rej>kcc  loap 
ai'ter  the  princess  death  in  order  to  corroborate  the  opinion  of  sui» 
cide?  Tliey  had  been  found  lying  on  the  ashes  of  burnt  papers: 
what  reason  was  there  for  belic\'ing  thfit  if  the  prince  had  pftpeit  to 
degtroy  he  should  have  burned  some  and  torn  up  othetfl?  Thete  strik- 
ing cireumstanees  led  to  the  notion  that  the  writing  diacovered  had 
reu-Tcncc  to  a  date  preceding  the  erent^  and  was  only  a  draft  ofii 
proclamaiion  drawn  up  by  tlic  prince  in  the  l>eginiLing  of  August, 
whilst  the  revolutionary  stonn  was  still  growUnf^.  It  Eoon  bucaiac 
known  that,  npon  the  first  breaking  out  of  the  disturbances  of  July, 
the  Due  de  Bourbon  hud  actually  thought  of  issuing  a  prodamft- 
tion,  and  thenceforth  the  fccoud  hypothesis  acquired  the  foice  of 
con'v'iction. 

Thus  the  darknef^  that  hung  over  tliia  sudden  death  thickened 
At  every  ftep,  M.  Marc,  pliysician  in  ordinary  to  the  Idng,  M. 
I'asquier^  and  M.  Maijolin^  were  sent  to  St-  Leu  to  examine  tlie 
body.  They  were  of  opinion  that  the  cose  had  been  one  of  euicide. 
But  tliis  Bcientific  verdict  was  not  enough  to  aliay  all  suspicions;  and 
moreover,  it  was  immediately  called  m  question,  and  impugned  by 
medical  men  oi"  celebrity. 

Two  parties  were  conscqucntlv  formed.  Those  who  bcUcred  in 
suiâdc could  aUecc,  in  favour  ol  their  opinion^  the  procès  verbaux; 
the  melaneholy  ol  tlic  Due  de  Bourlion  since  1830;  his  terrors  as  a 
fovftlist,  a  man  of  opulence,  and  a  grntHJunnme ;  the  distmctinç 
eueeta  on  IiIm  vuciltating  mtnd  of  the  political  parties  that  had 
recently  disturbed  his  house;  the  act  of  Iwneficence  he  had  in- 
trusted to  Manooiy  oa  the  26thi  under  the  fear  that  he  should  not 
*ble  to  perform  it  Hnuclf;  lua  uiute  adieux  to  his  serrants  on 


1 


J 


NO  flATIBFACTOBT  BOLTTTION.  S68 

the  eremng  that  proved  his  Ust;  the  state  of  the  body  ^lUch  pre- 
sented no  other  traces  of  violence  than  certain  excoriationfl  soffi- 
cdentlv  to  be  accounted  for  on  the  hypothesis  of  suicide;  the  state  of 
his  clothes,  on  which  no  stain  or  marks  of  disorder  had  been 
noticed;  the  bolt  shot  on  the  inside;  the  physical  difficulties  of 
assassination;  the  impossibility  of  saying,  with  any  degree  of  cer- 
tainty, there  arc  the  assassins  1  The  defenders  of  the  memory  of  Uio 
deceased  Kplied  to  these  presumptive  arguments  by  scenes  of  potent 
effect.  One  of  them,  M.  Méry  Lafontame,  suspended  himseufrcmi 
the  fatal  espagnolette^  in  a  position  similar  to  that  in  which  the  prince 
had  been  Ibund;  and  the  experiment  proved  to  be  without  danger. 
A  trial  was  made  of  die  possibility  of  shooting  a  bolt  into  its 
staple  from  the  outside  by  means  of  a  very  slender  ribbon,  and  the 
trial  vras  fully  successful.  Suspicions,  which  till  then  had  been 
timid,  now  assumed  a  daring  and  violent  character.  Names  wero 
uttered.  The  will  was  read:  the  exasperation  already  existing 
against  Madame  dc  Fcuchères  was  increased  when  it  was  ascertained 
that  she  had  left  no  room  for  any  one  but  herself  in  the  beneficial 
remembrances  of  the  testator.  Accusing  remarks  wero  circulated. 
It  was  related  that  Lccomte  cried  out,  overcome  by  his  feelings,  in 
the  chapel  where  the  body  lay  in  state,  "  I  have  a  weight  on  my 
heart."  M.  Bonnie,  contrary  to  the  positive  assertion  of  that  same 
Lccomte,  affirmed  that,  on  the  morning  of  the  27th,  the  door  open- 
ing on  the  private  staircase  was  not  bolted,  and  that  to  conceal  that 
terrible  circumstimce,  Madame  de  Fcuchères  had  gone  to  the  cham- 
ber of  death  by  the  longest  way,  that  of  the  groat  staircase  ! 

The  Due  dc  Bourbon's  heart  was  conveyed  to  Chantilly  on  the 
4th  of  September.  The  Abbe  Pelier,  the  prince's  almono*,  took 
part  in  tlie  funeral  service.  He  appeared  carrying  the  heart  of  the 
deceased  in  a  silver-gilt  casket,  and  lie  opened  nis  lips  to  pronounce 
the  lost  iarcwell.  Deep  silence  prevailed,  and  prodigious  was  the 
sensation  when  the  sacred  orator  uttered  these  words  in  a  solemn 
tone  :  "  The  prince  is  innocent  of  his  death  in  the  sight  of  God." 

Kcligion  presided  over  the  obsequies,  which  wero  celebrated  with 
much  pomp,  and  in  which  many  of  the  king's  sons  took  part.  The 
body  having  been  conveyed  to  St.  Denie,  the  episcopal  clemr  re- 
ceivrd  it  at  the  abbey  gates;  and  the  prayers  of  tnc  church  and  the 
usual  hymn  for  the  dead  echoing  through  the  arches  of  the  basiUca, 
accompanied  the  coffin  to  the  vault  where  reposes  the  dust  of  kings. 

Such  was  the  event.  Madame  de  Fcuchères  hastily  quitted  St. 
Leu,  and  went  to  the  Palais  Bourbon,  pursued  by  strange  Noughts. 
For  a  fortnic^ht  she  made  the  Abbé  Briant  sleep  in  her  library,  and 
Madame  do  Flassana  in  her  bedroom,  as  though  she  had  dreaded 
seeing  some  funereal  image  rise  before  her  in  the  lonely  night.  But 
soon  recovering  from  her  emotion,  she  appeared  fearless  and  firm. 
She  had  been  long  gambling  at  the  Stock  liixchange  to  an  enormous 
amount;  she  followed  up  her  speculations,  and  in  the  course  of  some 
months  found  hexsdf  ft  g^^'y^  of  cxuisidenblfi  sumsa 


SM 


DISREPUTABLE  CONDrCT  OP  LOUIS  PEULIPPE, 


McanwtUoj  unpleasant  nunocms  were  beginning  to  rise  on  all 
iides;  the  princes  dc  Rohan  were  making  every  preparation  both  for  s 
civil  and  a  criminal  proseoutîon-  At  St.  Leu  ana  Chantilly  hardly 
any  one  put  credence  in  the  idea  of  the  late  duke'a  suicide;  in  Pana 
the  most  hardy  conjectures  were  Uirown  out  in  the  salons^  the  work- 
ehops^  and  eveiywherc.  The  association  of  an  august  name  with 
that  of  Madame  de  Fcuchcrcs  supplied  the  ïâûcour  of  party  with  a 
weajpon  of  which  it  eajrerly  caught  hold.  It  was  ronarked,  with 
malicious  sagacity^  that  the  court  had,  on  the  27th,  takeu  possesion 
of  the  tlieatro  of  the  event  through  its  trusty  agents;  that  the  Due 
de  Bourbon *s  almoner,  though  on  the  spot»  had  not  been  called  on 
to  take  part  in  drawing  op  the  procès  verbgaitx;  that  M.  Gucrin,  the 
prince's  physician,  liad  not  been  invited  to  he  present  at  the  po«t- 
mortem  examination,  whith  was  intruste^i  to  three  phyâcûms,  two 
of  whom,  MM.  IVIarc  and  Paaiuier,  were  on  terms  of  the  closest 
intercourse  with  the  court.  It  was  asked,  with  a  sarcastic  show  of 
Fiirprise,  what  could  bavn  been  M- de  Broglio's  motive  forpreventdng 
the  insertion  in  tlie  Moniteur  of  the  speech  delivered  by  the  Abbe 
Pc'lier  at  Chantilly.  The  catastrophe  that  swept  away  the  last  of  the 
Condés  from  the  field  of  history  and  the  growing  prosperity  of  the 

.house  of  Orleans  were  placed  in  injurious  jujctaposition-  Lastly,  to 
all  this  were  added  a  thousand  sUly  or  wild  exaggerations,  for  ran- 
tour  always  compromîmes  its  own  success  by  its  ^-iolehce.     On  tho 

L^Aer  hand,  the  zeal  with  which  ccilain  courtiers  strove  to  gain  crc- 
ââlce  for  the  supposition  of  suicide,  turned  out  dieiadvantageoualy 
for  their  idol  ;  so  much  blindnc&s  is  there  likewise  in  hapeness. 

A  dwriàve  means  was  open  to  the  king  for  putting  an  end  to 
rumours  that  did  not  spare  even  the  throne.  Surely  it  was  compe- 
tent for  him  to  repudiate  an  inheritance  round  which  hting  so  many 
black  suspicions,  and  he  would  thereby  have  marked  hia  ace«eàoil 
with  honour,  and  would  have  humihated  his  enemies.  But  Louis 
Pîûlippe  took  a  different  view  of  the  interests  of  his  nascent  royalty. 
On  the  evo  of  ascending  a  throne,  he  had  hastily  transferretl  to  his 
children  his  property  which  he  did  not  choose  to  unite  with  tlie 
domains  of  the  state,  in  accordance  with  tho  ancient  law  of  the 
monarchy.  ïhir*  was  a  sulhciently  plain  indication  that  contempt 
of  money  would  not  be  the  dominant  virtue  under  liis  reign.  So 
then,  though  the  richest  of  European  sovereigns,  his  only  thought 
was  how  to  have  his  son's  dcw  estates  mBJiuged  iu  the  most  pro- 
ductive mannej, 

Thid  entailed  on  the  men  in  power  the  necessity  of  asmnng  to 
Madame  de  Feuchères  a  protection  of  which  wc  shall  have  to  r»naie 
all  the  flagrant  indeconncs.  The  baronsFs  was  invited  to  court,  and 
mot  with  a  reception  there  that  immediately  became  the  talk  and 
tlie  amazement  of  all  Paris.  The  loud  voice  of  public  opinion  ren- 
diarâl{[  M  iaveeiigation  iieccssaryj  evidence  began  to  be  collected  at 

[BooUiaBm  ibe  month  of  September,  butiiothlng  was  neglected  to 
huh  up  the  afiair.     The  cmiscilkr-rapporUur^  AL  dc  la  Huproie, 


I 


I 
I 


^9r 


AN  UNDTTULOED  SECTIET. 


&S5 


ahuwcd  a  determination  to  tHiclt  the  tinitli;  he  was  suddenly  super- 
annuated, and  the  place  of  judge,  whicli  lie  had  long  desired  for  hie 
Bon-in-liiw»  was  granted  hdm.  The  depositions  passed  into  other 
hands. 

We  shall  see  by  and  l;y  to  uîii.t  uccount  so  many  questionable 
circumstances  were  turned  by  the  eloquence  of  M,  Hennequin,  and 
the  resentments  of  the  logiiiraiat  party. 

The  court  soon  ceased  to  be  uneasy  at  all  the  noise  around  it;  but 
still  one  thing  annoyed  it.  It  was  not  -unaware  that  there  had  long 
been  in  the  house  of  Condu  a  secret  of  which  two  pereons  were 
idii-ays  the  dcpositorieg.  That  secret  had  Ijccn  confided  by  the  Due 
do  Bourbon,  during  his  sojourn  in  London,  to  Sir  William  Gordon, 
equen^  to  the  Prince  Regent,  and  to  the  Due  de  Chartres.  After 
their  death  M.  dc  Choulot  had  been  nindc  the  conlidant  of  the 
piiiioe,  who  had  funhermoto,  when  suffering  under  tlie  consequences 
of  ft  fall  from  his  horse,  committed  the  secret  to  Manoury.  Nothing 
has  ever  been  known,  or  is  yet  knowii^  respecting  that  secret,  except 
that  it  is  important  and  fonnidablo. 

Not  one  of  the  le=soa&  derivable  from  this  hîatory  was  lort  upon 
the  people»  in  who^  bosoms  there  remained  an  imperishable  leaven 
of  distrust;  for  the  people  believes  with  alacrity  in  extraordinary 
crimes.  Victim,  moreover,  of  the  excesses  of  pndc  and  the  usurpa- 
tions of  mightj  it  is  granted  to  it  to  enjoy  these  grand  spectacles  of 
power  prostrated  or  dishonoured,  and  of  ancient  races  extinguished; 
spcctactea  which  God  aâbrdâ  ic  to  liil  it  up  and  to  avenge  it. 


CHAPTER  in. 

Whilst  the  bourgeoisie  and  royalty,  become  for  a  while  imited, 
were  consolidating  tlicir  domination,  the  foreign  90v<ireigns  wcro 
gtaduaUy  recovering  from  tlteir  alarms. 

The  first  thought  of  the  new  government  had  been  to  obtain  re* 
copmtion:  it  tlierefore  resolved  to  base  its  policy  on  the  mainte- 
nance of  the  trcutieâ  of  1815.  This  was  preparing  for  itself  a  fear* 
ful  situation.  Would  it  not  be  necessary  on  the  one  hand  to  trucklo 
to  foreign  powers  in  order  to  plense  them,  and  on  the  other  to  de- 
cade the  nation  in  oi'der  to  calm  it  ?  The  cabinet  of  the  Palais 
noyal  did  not  foresee  these  consequcuces^  Oi  if  it  did,  it  braved 
them. 

On  the  19tU  of  August,  1830,  Louia  Pliilippc  wrote  to  the  Em- 
peror of  Russia,  notifying  his  acccssiûu.  llie  «ub.«tanc«  of  the  letter^ 
every  c^r^sion  of  wbich  seemed  carefully  weighed,  showed  through 
all  tlic  forms  of  timorous  obsequiousness,  wlmt  was  to  be  the  atti- 
tude o£  the  new  government.    To  rca^urc  Europe  as  to  tlic  coose- 


r 


360  LOCJS  FHILIFFE  JUTD  THIS  EH»:BOn  laOOLAS. 

qnencfifl  of  llus  revolution  of  July,  Louis  Flxilippe  represented  i 
event  only  as  an  trnfortunat^  but  iaeritabLe  act  of  resaxaace  to 
iœpnidcnt  aggrcainons.  îIîmscLf  he  exhibited  oa  the  modcrvUiT  of 
tlic  i-ictor3,  and  the  natural  prottfitor  of  tlie  vauquiahed,  thus  flatter- 
iog;  tlic  monafchioal  principles  of  the  czar  to  the  height  of  abaolotbiiL 
To  1^  same  end  the  author  of  the  letter  protected  his  respect  for 
thednïosbd  soTsreign,  whom  he  designated,  even  iJler  his  Mi,  Aut^ 
Cèiarùif  X;  thus  doing  homage  to  the  principle  of  legitûaûcy. 
Louis  Philippe  softened  down  whtttevur  iai"ht  have  been  oboûxioui 
in  Uudiog  the  charter,  by  calling  to  mind  the  fjiot  that  it  was  a  fruit 
of  tlie  invttFion  naà  n  ^l  ol'  the  Kmpcror  Alcjtander,  Lastlj",  ho 
adroitly  giive  it  lu  he  undcrstwd  that  the  peace  of  Europe  would 
depeiiil  on  the  support  a{ïûrdùd  him  by  the  Holy  Alliance;  and  al* 
though  wholly  devoted  to  Eugland^  as  we  shall  eee  by-and-bjT  ho 
iUow«4  Kicolafl  to  hope  that  the  catastrophe  which  had  occurred  iit 
Paiiji  would  not  hare  the  eflect  of  breaking  08^  the  aîliancc  canteio- 
plftlcd  by  the  Poliguao  ministry  between  franco  and  RusHÎa. 

'ï\u:  liistoiy  wc  arc  about  to  write  was  comprised  beforcluuid  and 
in  in  whole  extent  in  this  letter. 

The  Kmperor  Kicolaâ  no  doubt  had  not  expected  thcâc  niarka  of 
nbmiflion  of  the  French  gorerument^  for  on  the  ilrst  new»  of  the 
nvolutjon  of  July  he  l»ad  taken  meaeures  for  making  yfox  oa  France- 
He  iont  Field  Marshal  Dicbitch  to  Berlin  to  dctciinino  tho  King  of 
Pniaria  to  an  oQonaivc  aUiance  ;  he  gave  orders  to  the  Kusnan  troopQl 
to  hvlil  thoroeelvca  ia  rcadine.-^  for  an  approachiug  campaign;  anà 
he  wrote  to  Prince  Lubccki,  minister  of  finance  in  Poland,  dcsinng 
him  to  provide  funds  without  delay  for  putting  the  army  into  actÎTe 
service. 

Prince  Lubccki  rcpUed  that  Poland  had  eight  millions  of  florina 
in  its  treasury,  and  a  million  of  ecus  in  Berlin,  and  that  it  was  con- 
sequently r^ày  to  undertako  the  preparations  for  war  requisite 
under  the  circumstances* 

Hie  Qzand  Duke  Constantine  pressed  the  French  consul  in  Po- 
ind to  swear  allegiance  to  Louis  Philippe.  This  consul  was  de^ 
voted  to  the  elder  branch  of  the  Bourbons,  and  the  cabinet  of  St. 
PeCeribiirg  was  a&aid  of  seeing  his  place  supplied  by  an  agent  of  the 
îdeM  that  nad  triumphed  in  Paris. 

Such  was  the  disposition  in  which  the  letter  before  mentioned 
foand  the  Emperor  of  Russia:  it  flattered  his  pride  without  suIh 
dninff  his  resentment.  He  did  not  even  take  the  trouble  to  dissem- 
ble his  scorn,  and  the  envoy  of  the  Palais  Koyal  was  received  by  tlie 
chief  of  a  yet  scmibarbaroua  people  with  an  insulting  haughtiness,  to 
which  the  government  of  the  Restoration  itself  would  not  have  sab- 
mitted. 

The  attitude  of  Austria  was  not  by  any  means  so  hostile,  beoann 

*  Doemnenti  extracted  frcin  the  portfolio  of  the  Grand  Duke  Constantine,  and 
pntfnowl  b7  Lafcyvttt  Iwfore  the  Chamber  of  Depatiet  on  the  S3d  March.  1S81. 


DISPOSITION  OV  THE  OTHER  POTZKTATBS.  S8? 

its  diplomatic  interests  were  different.  The  cabinet  of  Vienna  was 
not  interested,  like  that  of  St.  Petersburg,  in  the  destruction  of  Eng- 
land. It  signified  little  to  the  Emperor  of  Austria  that  the  King  of 
France  was  English  at  heart,  provided  he  showed  a  disposition  to 
bridle  the  revolutionary  spirit,  and  to  shield  from  every  blow  the 
European  system  estabhshed  in  1815.  Louis  Philippe  promised  all 
this.  His  accession  was  therefore  to  be  hailed  with  joy  by  the  so- 
vereigns who  had  in  1815  divided  the  spoils  of  France  between 
them,  appropriating  the  secondary  nations  like  human  cattle,  with 
whicb  they  might  do  as  they  pleased.  In  this  respect  Kussia  herself 
ought  to  have  rejoiced  at  the  accession  of  Louis  Philippe;  and  she 
would  have  done  so,  had  not  her  views  on  Constantinople  given  her 
a  special  motive  for  anger  and  resentment. 

M.  de  Mettemich,  moreover,  made  his  policy  consist  in  avoiding 
every  violent  shock.  Fond  of  repose  from  egotism,  he  was  so  like- 
wise from  incapacity.  They  alone  brave  the  storm  who  feel  within 
them  the  strength  to  master  it.  M.  de  Mettemich  wished  to  enjoy 
without  trouble  a  reputation  eanly  usurped,  and  the  iklsehood  of 
which  would  have  been  exposed  by  the  least  complication  of  affairs. 
He  did  not  content  himself  with  merely  receiving  the  assurances 
given  by  Louis  Philippe  in  an  encouraging  manner,  but  he  strongly 
urged  the  Kins  of  Prusâa  not  to  delay  acknowledging  the  new  ^ 
vcmmcnt  ;  and,  in  fact,  it  was  by  way  of  BerUn  that  the  récognition 
of  Austria  arrived;  that  of  Prussia  was  joined  with  it. 

Uhe  King  of  the  Low  Countries  had  not  hesitated  to  acknowledge 
Louis  Phihppe,  dehghted  as  he  was  to  sec  on  the  throne  of  France 
a  king  who  renounced  for  his  country  the  left  bank  of  the  Khine 
and  Belgium. 

As  for  England  she  considered  the  issue  of  the  Three  Days  as  the 
most  fortunate  event  in  her  history.  Thanks  to  the  elevation  of  the 
Due  d'Orléans,  it  was  for  the  benefit  of  the  English  that  the  revolu- 
tion of  July  had  been  accomplished.  Accoraingly  William  IV. 
gave  General  Baudrand  the  most  cordial  reception. 

The  joy  which  these  little  family  successes  caused  in  the  Palais 
Royal  was  not  altogether  unmixed.  An  Italian  prince,  the  Duke  of 
Modcna,  refused  to  recognise  Louis  Philippe,  and  Spain  put  forth 
an  offensive  manifesto  against  the  government  of  July. 

llie  Duke  of  Modcna's  refusal  was  singular.  There  had  never 
been  any  thing  in  the  relation  between  that  prince  and  the  Duo 
d'Orléans  previously  to  the  revolution  of  July,  which  could  have 
foreboded  a  hostiU^  bo  violently  pronoimced.  The  Duke  of  Mo- 
dena,  who  was  said  to  be  a  conspirator,  ought  much  rather  to  have 
made  common  cause  with  a  revolution,  on  which  all  who  conspired 
for  the  independence  of  Italy  had  so  long  reckoned.  The  strange 
insolence  of  his  refusal,  and  the  still  stranger  impunity  allowed  him 
by  the  cabinet  of  the  Palais  Royal  gave  nse  to  offensive  suspicions. 
AÎ.  Mislcy  had  been  talked  of  as  a  mysterious  agent  scat  from  Italy 


268 


tOtnS  PHlLÎFFfi  AXD  THE  COUKT  OP  «PAUT- 


io  the  Due  d'Orli^aiu  on  belulf  of  the  cau^e  of  Italian  independoncO' 
Some  threwd  persons  thought  ih&t  by  bis  adhi^çnce  to  the  treaties  of 
18Ï5,  Louia  Fhilippe  disconcerted  the  hop»  he  had  inspired;  tJiat 
the  Duke  of  Modena  was  exceedingly  irritated  at  this;  and  that  his 
icûtaal  wu  the  energetic  expression  of  a  di^pleajurc ,  the  aecret  trf  ^ 
which  it  was  impossible  he  should  reveal  to  Europe,  H 

Thç  mami'e^Co  published  in  the  name  of  Ferdin&nd  VIT.  hy  M.    ^M 
CftlomardCf  was  more  easily  accounted  for.     Spun  not  having  been    V 
•  pHtidpator  in  the  trenties  of  Vienna,  the  adherence  of  Loiua  Phi- 
Hppe  to  those  treaties  did  not,  in  the  eyes  of  an  absolute  monarch, 
fltimciently  cover  the  stain  of  his  usurpation. 

The  Pakia  Hûjal  failing  to  win  the  Spanish  goTcniment  by  per- 
Buasion,  determined  to  act  on  its  fear?. 

The  news  of  the  revolution  of  1830  had  atttacted  to  Paris  from 
all  quarters  of  Europe  the  most  illustnouâ  victims  of  the  tyranny  of 
Ferdinand  VII,     Brought   together   by   common  imsfortunea  and 
common  hopes,    Mendixabal^  Isturii,  CalatTa\-a,  San  Miguel,  the 
Duke  de  Kivas,  Martinez  de  k  Row,  the  Count  de  Tûreno*  &c, 
had  fotmed  a  sort  of  junta  in  Paria^  the  avowed  object  of  which  WW 
to  revolutionize  Spain.     The  French  patriots  formed  a  second  ft9a&> 
OAtion,  in  support  of  the  former,  under  the  name  of  Comité  Etpttffnol  H 
The  committee,  which  consisted  of  MM.  Dupont,  Viaxdot,  Mar-  ^ 
chais,  Schœïcher,  Chevallon,   Etienne  Aisgo,  Gauja,  Loëvc- Wei- 
mar, and  Gamier-Pages,  began  operations  with  much  aidoor.     A  ^ 
subscription  was  opened,   and   considemble  sums  were   collected-^  ^| 
Oolonel  Pinto  was  the  principal  intermediary  between  the  patriot* 
of  the  two  nations.     M.  Oalvo,  a  banker,  took  upon  him  the  £aaji-  ^_ 
cial  interests  of  the  body  of  Spanish  emi^rantd.     The  project  of  ^| 
raising  a  loan  was  talked  oC     To  form  a  military  chest,  enrol  lefu- 
gees,  and  send  them  to  the  Pyrenees  were  the  objects  on  which  the 
Comité  Etpa^nol  cmçloyeà  ita  strenuous  exertions,  fl 

Ere  long  it  was  assured  of  the  protection  of  the  povcmment.  H 
General  Scbastiani  was  the  only  member  of  the  ministry  who 
appeared  averse  to  any  intervention^  even  indirect.  M.  Dupont 
lûving  personally  appbcd  to  him  for  his  co-operation  in  the  Libours 
of  the  committee,  he  replied  thut  the  first  duty  of  the  French 
government  waa  to  avoid  a  European  conflict  ;  that  the  new 
govemmcnt  could  not,  without  compromising  itself»  as^^t  the  Spanish 
revolutionists;  that  for  his  own  part  his  mind  was  fully  made  up  to 
exert  his  voice  in  tlie  council  against  every  measure  intended  to  en- 
courage  their  proceedings;  that  us  a  man,  nevertheless,  but  solely  in 
that  capecityi  nc  did  not  refuse  his  succour  to  mUibrtuncs  that  grieved 
him.  **  liul  in  that  case,  monsieur,"  exclaimed  Dupont,  **  there  is 
war  between  yuu  and  us." — "  Very  well,  there  ia  war,"  themioétec 
ooldly  replied, 

M.  Giiizot    displayed    a   very   opposite  way    of  thinking.     He 
repUed  to  M.  Louis  Viardot  when  the  latter  besought  the  support 


I 

I 


LOUIS  PÏHLlPrïl'S  OPIKION  OP  FERDINAND  VII. 


289 


of  the  administration  on  beKalf  of  tlie  refugees,  "  Tell  those  who  sent 
you  that  Fnat»  cominitttjd  n  political  crime  in  1S25;  lliat  sbo  owes 
Spain  a  signal  reparation,  and  that  that  reparation  shall  be  given.*' 

But  the  coniraittte  wfts  well  uware  of  what  weight  would  be  the 
personal  adherence  of  tlie  king.  An  audience  was  theTcfort^  de- 
manded of  him  by  MM.  Dufwnt,  Marchais,  and  Loëve  Weimar. 
A  day  was  appointed,  and  those  gontlemen  were  presented  at  the 
Palais  Royal  by  Odilon  Uarrot.  'JTlie  king  receive<l  them  with  ex- 
quisite suavity.  He  admitted  that  France  was  threatened  with  war 
on  the  banks  of  tKc  Rhine;  that  as  dan'^'^ers  mi<;}it  at  any  moment 
epriti;^  up  aû^aitjsther  on  the  north,  it  was  important  that  she  should 
he  §CL'ur(îd  from  all  asMHult  on  the  south.  He  added  thïit  the  protec- 
tion promised  by  Ferdinand  VI L  to  the  Carhsts  of  the  south  eeemcd  ' 
to  him  alarming,  and  tîiat  it  was  consequently  of  vast  political  im- 
portance to  deprive  them  of  the  Pyrenees.  He  said  too  he  waa  not 
unaware  that  Uiîa  policyprompted  him  to  combat  family  interests: 
"  But  na  tar  as  regarda  Ferdinand  VU.,  they  may  hanjç  him  if  they 
like.  He  is  the  greatept  blackguard  that  ever  existed."  The  reprc- 
seotatives  of  the  committee  finding  the  king  tlius  dispo^d,  thought 
it  was  a  favoutsble  opportunity  to  talk  to  him  of  tlie  projects  of  the 
SpaniiJi  refugees.  These  were  to  ofler  the  crown  of  Spain  to  the 
Duo  de  Ncmoura  on  his  marrying  Dona  Maria»  whereby  French 
interests  and  the  pttlitioal  system  of  Louis  XIV.  would  be  made 
to  prevail  in  united  Spain  and  Portugal.  Such  a  proposition  had 
Utile  to  recommend  it,  in  consequence  of  the  mutual  hatred  of  the 
Spaniards  and  Portuguese.  It  was  not  however  on  that  account  the 
king  rejected  it.  He  spoke  without  any  disguise  on  the  danger  of 
yielding  to  a  temptation  of  the  kind.  He  regarded  the  offer  of  a 
OtDwn  to  one  of  his  eons  as  singularly  rash,  and  he  did  not  choose  to 
ootnproTUÎK  himself  in  the  eyes  of  Europe.  As  for  the  subsidies  in 
money,  forwhich  he  was  asked,  he  abetaincd  from  cither  promiaing  or 
ïefuâng  iheni;  but  some  days  afterwards  he  placed  at  Lafayette's 
dispotsol  a  hundred  thousand  Irancâ  out  of  the  privy  purse  to  aid  the 
«uterpnsea  of  the  Spanish  revolutionists.  Sixty  thoufnnd  francs 
Trere  conveyed  lo  Hayonne  by  M-  ChevaUon;  and  M,  Dupont  was 
commifpioncd  to  go  to  I^farseille  and  deliver  forty  thousand  to  Co- 
lonel Moreno,  who  wfia  to  transmit  them  to  Gcnend  Tomjos. 

Tlic  Spanish  refugees  thus  directly  countenanced  by  the  French 
government,  haâlcnod  with  hearts  full  of  hope  to  the  conquest  of 
their  country.  Every  day  bonds  of  thirty,  forty^  and  fifty  men  set 
out  for  the  Pyren&M,  with  drums  beating  and  colotirs  flyiug.  Pase- 
port»  were  dehvered  to  the  volunteers  by  M-  Girod  dc  l'Ain,  pre- 
i'cct  tuf  police,  'iiie  impirialc  of  the  dihgenci-a  was  always  bcspoKen 
befonrliand  for  the  refugees-  Lastly,  musketa  being  coUectca  from 
nil  quarters,  and  M.  d'Ofalia,  the  Spanish  ainbaFeadort  complunin^ 
of  tKie,  secret  depots  of  arms  were  made  with  the  consent  of  MM. 
Montalivet  and  Guixot. 

General  Minit  was  in  Paria  prcp&riug  to  act  out  f^r  the  Pyrenees. 

u 


290        THE  SPANISH  EEFDOEES  DELUDED  AND  BETKAYTB 


Marshal  Gérard  had  an  interview  with  tkc  celebrated 
leader,  U^-ishedon,  Inm  tho  most  lively  testimonies  of  sympatl] 
promised  his  cause  the  support  of  the  Ifrench  government.  *^  But  It 
13  important,"  lie  said,  *'  not  to  do  any  tldng  over  hiustily.  Set  out 
for  Bayonne  without  delay»  and  pledge  yourself  to  me  that  von  will 
engage  in  no  enterpiise  until  France  shall  have  put  herself  in  a  per- 
fectly Batisfactory  position  with  regard  to  Europe."  Mina  could  not 
suspect  the  good  fuith  of  Marshal  Gérard;  lie  gave  the  promise,  and 
Bet  out  for  Bayonne  without  communicating  to  any  one  eitlier  hie 
hopes  or  his  prospecta.  When  he  reached  Bayonnc  he  kept  hia 
word:  but  lua  inaction  at  a  moment  when  cvciy  thing  depended  on 
promptitude  and  daiîng^,  very  soon  made  him  the  obj^t  of  pain- 
Jul  euëpieion.  The  Spaniak  refugcee  formed  two  camps^  on  the  one 
fflde  were  the  partiijans  of  France^  on  the  other  those  of  England. 
Mina  waa  accused  of  treachery  by  some  of  his  countrymeu;  it  wu 
thought  he  hnd  sold  liiin&cli'  to  the  Enghsli.  Fettered  by  hu 
plighted  word  he  could  neither  act  nor  defend  bimÊclf.  The  distnut 
to  natural  to  men  labouring;  under  adversity,  «prang  up  amongst  the 
refugees^  divided  them^  impelled  some  to  dangerous  precipitation, 
and  frozq  the  zeal  of  others.  A  worse  evil  was  BOon  added  to  the 
mischiefs  of  these  divisions:  Feixlinaud  VIL  had  been  seized  with 
terror,  and  had  made  known  to  Louis  Philippe  the  conditioiv»  on 
which  he  consented  to  support  him.  This  wa^  what  the  cabinet  of 
the  Irakis  Koy^il  looked  tor.  luÉtontly  it  forbade  Uic  departure  of 
the  refugees^  guspended  itf  aid  to  them,  took  means  to  diapei'se  their 
ma^est  obliged  Uic  authorities  to  exercise  an  active  mrveflla»ce^  and 
sent  inhospimbte  ordei^  Hyi^^ï  ^^  the  wings  ol'  the  telegraph  to 
Bayonne, 

Ihen  it  waa  that  Colonel  Valdè«,  yielding  to  the  impulses  ofiiiâ 
despair,  erobsed  the  Bidaasoa.  On  the  13lh  of  October,  at  the  head 
of  a  small  gûllant  band,  he  set  foot  uu  the  sacred  soil  of  his  native 
landf  amidsit  a  thoumndei'ieâ  of  Viva  la  Comtitadim,  and  wilhotit 
any  other  wariitut  of  success  than  the  justice  of  hia  cause  and  bis 
good  sward.  Fortimc  was  favourable  to  liim  at  first:  Mmegeneroud 
&paniarda  rallied  round  his  £ag,  the  lliig  of  an  outlaw.  But  painful 
diftippointmenta  awaited  him.  Another  partisan  leader.  Creoend 
ChapahmgaiTa,  had  entered  Spain  imder  the  fatal  conviction  that  bo 
had  but  to  dhow  himself  to  raise  the  country;  and  his  reply  to  those 
who  reprt-'scnied  to  him  the  Janger  ofauch  excessive  conlidcnce  wnMf 
**  Tlie  balls  know  me  too  weU.  to  strike  me:  and  even  if  I  l'ail  what 
docs  it  matter?  I  shall  at  least  sliow  how  a  8i>ld)cr  of  freedom  c«a 
die."  These  last  words  were  propKeùeal:  observing  a  royalist  powt» 
he  advanced  towardii  it  alone,  aiter  giving  orders  to  his  men  not  to 
iinî,  and  he  utioral  a  few  amicable  word».  He  waa  answered  by  a 
volley,  arid  fell  dead.  His  comrades,  too  feeble  to  resist,  retreated  tO 
an  inn  where  u  hundred  men  were  ported,  whom  the  royalists  had 
caused  to  be  rec<junoitced  by  a  i^py  disguised  as  a  vender  of  caka& 
ThU  poflt  WU3  vigorously  ussâilled,  and  made  u  bruve  redislAAoo. 


I 
I 


BY  THE  FRENCH  GOTBBX31£liT. 


201 


_  tit  P^non  voluntccra  fougîit  tlicro  for  the  cause  of  Spain,  four 
of  \Tbora  were  kiUed;  the  other  four,  after  a  galloiit  defence,  suc- 
cccclcd  iii  saving  tfaeraselves  hj  sfficaming.  Cbapalfiogarra's  tïoop 
was  decimated  tind  dispersed.  Tliia  iixst  check  ivaa  but  tlie  signal 
of  a  great  disaster.  Valdca,  dcpriTcd  of  a  support  on  wliicK  lie  had 
leckcmcdf  and  overborne  by  superior  forces,  had  concentrated  lus 
Strength  at  Vera,  where  he  could  not  fail  to  be  surrounded  and  d&- 
stroycd.  The  news  reached  Mina  who  then  resolved  to  quit  Bayonne, 
and  hasten  to  the  aid  of  his  brother  in  arma.  He  afËcmblcd  his 
companions,  hflGled  the  vigilance  of  the  authorilJefi,  got  the  better, 
tljrotigh  the  kind  assistance  of  Bome  French  patriotSj  of  tlie  cusEom- 
houK  oihccrB  wlio  availed  to  seize  hismedical  stores,  and  at  lastcrossed 
the  frontiers  after  many  obstacles  and  dangci-s.  A  most  serious  mi*- 
tmdcCTtanding  subssted  between  Miua  and  Valdès.  The  former 
only  wished  to  force  Ferdinand  VII.  to  Hbeml  conccsâons,  the  l*tter 
wished  to  deduone  him.  But  when  tlie  two  chieia  met  they  shook 
hands,  eacriGcing  their  mutual  tUsUke  to  the  cau^e  of  their  country 
which  called  them  both  to  tlie  same  field  of  butde.  Valdts  remained 
ftt  Vera,  and  Mina  marched  to  Irun,  of  ivldch  he  made  him&cîf  master. 
Unfonuniitely  the  Spanish  loaders  had  not  been  able  when  they 
commenced  their  enterprise  to  foresoo  idl  tlie  dangei^  that  awaiteu 
them. 

It  h«d  baen  apeed  that  wldlst  Miua  entered  Spain  by  Navarre, 
General  Flacenna  should  simultaneoualy  enter  by  Ai^agon,  &o  ae  to 
hold  the  troops  of  tbu  tattiT  province  Lb  check»  But  the  arms  sent 
to  the  latter  general  were  seized  by  order  of  the  French  government  : 
five  hundred  muâkels  and  aii  thousand  carlridgeg,  collected  by  Greneral 
Vigo,  were  conGscated  at  Maulian,  and  a  aunilar  confiecstion  toot 

flace  at  Ba^crcs,  where  General  Gurrca  waâ  gtatioued  :  for  iho 
'reuL-h  government  wàs  as  zealous  to  p\U  dowu  the  elTorts  of  the 
Spaniel  palriota  aa  it  had  at  first  been  to  excite  them.  Tlie  Spaniali 
govemaieul  too  waa  carefully  made  acquainted  with  every  thing 
that  lo«3k  place  in  France,  The  (Japtftin-general  of "  Aragon  was 
therefore  made  aware  that  hiâ  provmco  wa«  not  menaced,  and  he  re- 
ceived orders  to  unite  his  trooptj  with  liiosc  of  NairaJTC.  AH  resiat- 
ance  w^  thereby  rendered  useless.  Miua,  who  after  the  capture  of 
Irim  luid  occupied  tbc  hcîghta  of  Oyarzuni  was  warned  tJïat  Valdèa 
WM  on  the  pomt  of  being  heiniued  in.  He  immediately  ecnt  him 
lac  cavalry  and  a  snudl  body  of  infantry  commanded  by  Gcncials 
L<^>e3-BaaD0,  and  Butrou.  Witli  this  reinforcement  \  aides  dis- 
puted the  ground  foot  by  foot  :  it  waa  stru^gUng  with  impossibility. 
Uc  wa6  forced  to  retrace  hid  ctef»  acroaa  the  frontier,  followed  by 
auch  of  his  Qomradee  aA  bad  not  i'alien  in  the  unequal  Etrilc.  Alaa  ! 
the  fioil  of  France  yrta  not  Ics-s  fatal  to  those  unfortunate  men  than 
tliut  of  tl*eir  native  land,  Tiiere,  where  they  expected  an  asj-lum, 
many  were  to  find  but  a  crave.  With  a  violation  of  the  law  of 
aationa,  the  audacity  of  which  wa£  only  equalled  by  ita  scandalous 
impunity,  the  royatwl»  puwued  theii  eîicniîee  even  into  the  French 

u  2 


293 


GOVEUKMENT  OP  THE  CLTIBS. 


territory  and  tiiere  sKot  their  prisoners.  An  aide-de-camp  of  Valdès, 
filled  witb  grief  nnd  indignation^  would  not  preserve  Ms  life  in  that 
Franco  which  he  had  yet  loved;  he  returned  to  Spain  to  die  there. 

There  remiuned  to  Mina  only  a  small  force.  He  endeavoured  to 
regain  the  frontier.  Hardly  beset  on  all  «ides,  pursued  without 
respite,  and  tractcd  by  huge  Pyrenean  bloodhounds,  he  passe<l  two 
days  in  climbing  the  ïnountaïn-sides»  often  compelled  to  Hide  in  the 
depths  of  the  ravines,  and  even  in  the  clefts  of  the  rocks.  At  lust 
he  reached  Lorda,  a  house  situated  a  leagtie  from  the  frontier  on  the 
French  dde.  He  had  travelled  thirty-eight  leagues  in  forty-two 
hours;  his  handa  and  feet  were  bloody;  and  the  wound  he  had  for- 
merly received  in  the  war  of  independence  had  broten  out  afresh. 
Several  of  his  companions  fell  into  the  liauds  of  the  rojal  carabineers 
and  were  inassftcred;  some  of  them  were  shot  in  the  market-place  of 
Irun,  amid  cries  of  Viva  el  Reif  ahsoîuto. 

The  cruel  soul  of  Ferdinand  VIL  waa  satiated  with  vengeance: 
he  ceased  to  threaten  the  cabinet  of  the  Palais  Royal.  But  from 
that  moment  France  was  execrated  by  flU  the  Spanish  patriots,  and 
it  was  manifest  that  if  ever  Spain  became  democratic  she  would 
become  En^^'lish.  Now  the  triumph  of  democracy  in  Spain  being 
inevitable,  the  French  government  had  re-erected  that  barrier  of  the 
Pyrenees  which  the  j^enius  of  Louis  XIV.  had  levelled. 

\Vhil9t  France  was  losinj*  Spain  on  the  south,  fortune  seemed  to 
he  opening  to  her  on  the  north  the  road  to  peaceful  conquests. 

Thesre  eariafced  in  France  at  this  epoch  two  governments,  that  of 
Louis  Philippe  and  that  of  the  clubs,  the  former  calculating  and  re- 
served; the  latter  active,  impassioned,  loud-tongued,  and  fond  of 
sudden  flights.  The  party  in  Paris  that  talkcfl  of  prosclytism,  and 
wished  that  France  should  at  last  push  forward  to  the  Rhine  find 
lay  her  hand  on  Belgium,  was  com]>09cd  in  general  of  young  men, 
unused  to  public  hie,  of  httle  wealth,  and  consequently  of  little 
weight  in  a  society  actuated  by  mercantile  principles.  Ncvci-theleaB 
the  xeol  of  that  party  augg^ted  wiser  coun-ssls  than  did  the  ft 
its  opponent:.  In  the  perplexed  condition  of  Europe,  prudence 
sisted  ill  daring  every  thmg,  and  the  most  rash  in  appearance  wore 
in  reality  the  wisest,  for  pcsce  was  aBke  the  nltîmûte  result  of  either 
system  :  only  France  would  have  imposed  it  on  Europe,  had  sho 
shaken  off"  the  treaties  of  1815,  whereas  by  adhering  to  them  she 
was  forced  to  sue  for  it;  and  in  imposing  peace  she  would  have  dic- 
tated its  terras,  whcrcaâ  in  suing  for  it  she  was  compelled  to  accept 
them. 

•  Unfortunately  the  propagandiit  policy  wanted  champions  of 
wdght  from  their  Focial  position.  With  the  exception  of  Geneml 
Ijuniart^ue,  General  Rlchemont,  and  M.  Mauguin,  the  latter  of  whom 
kept  «p  a  ûonstant  oiirrespondenre  with  the  partisans  of  France  in 
Bf  In-luin,  DU  man  of  note  L*aine  fui'ward  to  offer  a  vigorous  resistance 
to  the  ultra-pacific  tendencies  of  the  court-  Moat  of  the  old  gcnemls 
of  the  empire  longed  ibr  nothing  more  than  to  pass  the  Tcmainder 


i 


*^^TW  BBtJSSELB.  293 

of  iHeii  troubled  lives  in  the  swccta  of  repose.  Some  of  tîican  saw 
in  the  adoption  of  the  policy  desired  by  the  new  diepeneers  of  for- 
tune an  caeior  way  opened  to  thdr  finibition.  In  ttie  sphere  in 
"which  diplomatic  questions  were  dlscusscdj  industrial  France  was 
BTcry  thing,  martial  Frauce  was  notldûg. 

Still  the  propagandist  party  actively  turned  to  account  the  state 
of  vaciilation  into  wluch  the  revolution  of  July  had  plunged  France, 
and  the  momentjirj  "weakness  of  all  the  powers  of  government.  Many 
of  itâ  emissaries  set  out  for  Belgiutn,  where  they  hented  the  pubhc 
Tuind,  and  sowed  among  the  people  the  seeds  of  thopc  passions  with 
which  ihcy  were  themselves  ammated,  insomuch  that  on  the  nlglit 
of  the  25th-2fith  Aupust,  1830,  the  cry  wiis  I'aised  in  the  strcetâ  of 
Bruraelâ,  "  Z,et  us  do  like  the  Parisians^  The  Impetus  which  then 
poaseased  some  youn^  men  on  coming  out  from  a  representation  of 
the  Muette,  at  first  led  to  what  seemed  only  a  broil.  Thchoufc  of  a 
miiii&teriall  journalist  sacked;  the  tricolour  ilag  unfurled;  some  ar- 
morers' shops  plundered;  the  windows  of  the  cout  d'axsixes  broken; 
the  hotel  of  Van  Maanen,  the  minister  of  justice,  set  on  fire  amidst 
the  exulting  shouts  of  the  multitude;  this  seemed  to  he  the  whole 
list  of  the  acts  of  vengeance  of  the  Belgian  nation  towards  Holland. 
The  whole  was  a  violent  protest  father  than  an  attempt  at  revolution. 

And  in  fuct  almost  all  the  Belgians  coiïc-emed  in  trade  were 
linked  to  Holland  by  the  tics  of  private  interest;  the  btildcpt  hardly 
desired  more  than  an  administrative  separation^  with  the  Prince  of 
Orange  for  king.  The  people  was  disposed  to  wish  for  more,  not 
from  any  exact  appreciation  of  ita  own  interestfl,  but  because  its  feel- 
ings of  mncour  and  tcndcnciea  to  revolt  were  fostered  by  die  catholte 
dci^y. 

Tliis  descrepaney  of  pentimenta  was  manifested  the  day  after  the 
disturbance  ol  the  25tb  of  August,  The  lirst  thought  oi  the  bour- 
geoisie was  for  the  re-cfitablisïiment  and  tlic  maintenance  of  order: 
It  made  haste  to  E>cnd  a  deputation  to  the  Hague,  with  a  respectful 
address  to  King  William,  which  ended  with  these  words: 

"  FuUf  Tclj-jnjr  Ml  tlie  poalncM  and  justice  of  your  Majestf,  the  citiieru  of 
BruMcî*  Imve  tkputcd  their  fellow -citizens  to  wait  un  yoti,  only  in  order  to  ubtain 
the  plcHinjE:  cvrtaintr  thnt  the  cvl]!i  complained  of  will  be  remcdkd  tbc  motiient 
they  &rc  tDiiwn.  The  S.S.  are  conviDced  iliat  ouc  of  tho  but  nteoni  of  ftrriTlng  at 
thU  *)  deaimblo  tod  will  bo  the  pmrnpi  oooTOcation  of  the  itates-geneiûl. 

••  BnweU,  this  29ih  Ait'jitxt,  leaa" 

It  is  certain  that  the  Bolgiim  bourgeoisie  (a&  far  as  those  who  con- 
Hitutcd  its  principal  force  were  concerned, — namely,  the  manufac- 
turers and  trade»)  was  much  more  disposed  to  fear,  than  to  desire  a 
thorouffh  revolution;  ftrât,  because  guch  a  revolution  would  naturally 
hare  placed  Belgium  in  a  state  of  violence,  and  have  hurried  it  into 
A  course  full  of  troubled  ;  and  secondly,  because  a  shock  of  such  mag- 
nitude was  not  neçeœary  to  bring  about  n  rcUef  (rom  the  grievances 
complained  of  Fifty-fi%'c  deputies  represented  thf  north  in  the 
second  chamber^  and  an  eq^ual  number  the  south;  a  lew  more  repre- 
acnlativea  given  to  the  southern  constituency^  would  therefore  tmvo. 


2d4  DISPOSITION  or  THE  BELGIANS. 

sufficed  to  ovcrtlirow  the  hases  of  the  muon,  and  to  transe  the 
sceptre  of  the  Low  Countries  from  the  Hague,  to  Bnissda. 

But  the  25th  of  August  placed  thinp  on  a  headlong  declivity,  on 
which  it  would  have  been  very  difficult  to  have  stopped  them.  An 
intense  fermentation  prevwlcd  among  the  people;  a  new  hait  had 
been  held  out  to  discontented  ambition;  the  colours  of  Brabant 
waved  in  Brussels;  the  insurrectional  movement  of  that  citj  spread 
to  Liège,  Louvain,  and  Namur;  and,  as  if  to  render  the  mptnre  in- 
evitable, the  Dutch  journals  intcmperately  called  for  the  punishment 
of  the  rebels. 

It  was  in  the  midst  of  the  general  an^dety,  on  the  31st  of  August, 
1830,  that  the  Prince  of  Orange  and  Prince  Frederick,  arrived  at 
Vilvordc  at  the  head  of  their  troops.  A  commission  was  instandj 
named  at  Brussels,  to  propose  to  the  princes  to  enter  the  city. 
They  consented  to  do  so,  on  condition  that  the  colours  of  Brabant 
should  be  displaced  for  those  of  Orange.  On  receiving  intelligence 
of  this  the  city  of  Brussels  was  in  uproar;  the  streets  were  broken 
up,  trees  were  felled,  and  barricades  prepared.  A  fresh  deputation 
set  out  for  Vilvorde,  passing  through  the  hosts  of  an  excited  popu- 
larion.  At  eleven  at  niwEt  the  (fcputation  returned  to  Brussels; 
and  at  midnight,  a  proclamation  in  these  terras  was  read  in  the 
bourgeois  guam-houses,  amidst  passionate  cheers. 

"  IL  R.  H.  the  Prince  of  Orange,  vill  come  tliu  day  with  hU  staff  alone,  and  vithoni 
tToops;  he  demands  that  the  garde  bomvfoijtt  should  go  to  meet  him.  The  depntiai 
hare  pledged  themselm  for  the  Bafetr  of  his  person,  And  that  he  shall  he  at  liberty 
to  cuter  the  city  with  the  ^rde  bourtieoisc.  or  to  withdraw  it*  he  think  fit." 

Tlie  next  tlnv.  the  1st  of  Soptombcr.  tlio  Prince  of  Orancre  made 
his  entn.'  into  lîru^seî?.  T\\q  Umit-^vkk-'  guard  liaJ  nmrolicd  to  meet 
him  in  order  ol"  battle,  fo  to  «peak,  and  proudly  waving  the  colours 
of  Brabant.  Tlie  Prince  of  Oran^'e  encountered  the  head  of  the 
column  at  the  bridge  of  Lairken.  He  wa:;  3eoonij)anif"d  onlv  bv^ome 
aides-de-camp.  An  innumerable  multitude  throngc-d  the  roacî  along 
which  he  had  to  pass.  Tlie  dnim?  beat  n?  he  appr->achcd.  and  the 
guards  presented  arm*.  He  co\dd  even  juilgo  tV'im  the  <hout?  of 
Vive  k  Princr,  that  greeted  him  here  :uni  there,  that  lie  wa::  not  en- 
tering a  hostile  city.  But  when  lie  saw  ilie  «treits  encuniK'red  with 
huge  barricade?,  and  all  the  ominou*  panu>her:iali;i  «  'f  a  ivrilletl  city, 
lie  turned  pale,  and  ncarîv  Liiut'd.  iîe^idc-:.  ar^  ho  :-.dvaneed.  the 
voice  of  the  people  swelled  louder  and  h^udor  ab'-ve  that  i<î'  the 
bourgeoisie,  atfrightin^  \ù<  ear  with  tiles'?  «h-nits  of  war.  Vire  la 
Librrti!  Doicn  inth  Van  Maanen  !  He  wi-hed  to  proeetd  throuirh 
Rue  de  la  Madeleine,  to  his  n^vn  palace,  but  evfrv  tuncrue  cried.  To 
the  Hotel  de  Ville!  Intensely  a;ritated,  he  C'lntinued  his  route  with 
extreme  haste,  and  like  a  fuiriiive.  In  the  Place  'le  la  Ju=ti.'e.  where 
he  appeared  alone,  his  ai<l<^s-de-eanip  not  having  been  aMe  !■•  keep  pace 
with  him,  a  sentinel  g:ive  the  iJamt.  th'.-  guar.b  p.'~ted  in  the  Place 
hurried  up  and  pointed  their  bayonets  at  hiin.  llius  the  r».volu- 
♦ionary  fever  had  already  seized  on  Brussels,  and  the  prince  found 


CHAHACTEB  OF  TîTE  PRIKOE  OP  OÉAVflfe. 


»95 


Wraself  engaged  in  nn  cnt4?rpTipe,  the  jmie  of  which  might  be  most 
disastrous.  He  abridged  aa  much  posâble,  his  stay  in  a  citv,  whero 
ftlieady  thd  coiours  iatal  to  liis  houâo,  were  wRTÎn^  on  all  pointa. 
But  he  had  been  waited  on  by  eevcral  successive  deputations;  ho 
had  been  viBited  by  almost  all  the  men  of  note  in  Bni5se]p^  (ind  a 
commisaoo  appointed  to  cidvisG  on  the  m(?ftBijTG8  to  be  taken  "Under 
the  circumstances  had  at  last  uttered  the  word  separation.  That 
word  allowed  the  Prince  of  Orange  the  hope  of  a  crown,  "  On  that 
condition  you  will  ho  faithful  to  me?"  he  said,  in  a  meeting  in  which 
the  question  was  to  be  decided.  *'  Yes  !  yea  !"  was  the  unanimous  and 
enthusiastic  reply. — "  And  you  will  not  unite  with  the  French?" — 
"  Never  1"  Upon  this,  impassioned  bnguage  was  interchanged  between 
the  prince  and  thoae  by  whom  he  wa&  surrounded  ;  the  emotion  of  the 
ftseembly  was  at  its  height,  and  it  is  said  the  Prince  of  Oiango  bvirst 
into  teats.  On  the  4tb  of  Soptembej;  he  left  Bruasels,  never  to  re 
turn. 

The  Prince  of  Orange  was  a  man  of  talent,  chtvalric,  and  French 
in  manners  and  in  language.  He  did  not  bately  court  popularity, 
he  made  it  gather  round  him  spontaneousiy.  But  his  love  for  play, 
and  h\s  strotig  propensity  to  libertinism,  furnished  Ilia  enemies  with 
a  weapon  which  (hey  wscd  ■withindcfîitigabîe  rancour.  Thuait  wa*, 
thftt  he  was  dceuscd,  not  wîtîiout  ?omc  ahow  of  probability,  of  having 

f purloined  his  wife's  diamonds  to  pny  his  debts.  His  father  did  not 
ove  hira.  William^  a  man  of  hunness,  !iad  no  feeling  in  common 
with  a  man  of  pleasure,  whose  inclinations  he  disapproved  of^  and 
whose  capacity  gave  him  umbrage.  He  preferred  hia  younger  Fon, 
Prince  Frederict,  who  juatificd,  by  an  extreme  mediocrity  of  mind, 
the  paternal  sffcction,  which  in  kings  if.  always  jealoue.  Now,  itwaa 
Prince  Frwlerick's  bnnd,  as  we  shall  hereafter  sec,  that  broke  ihû 
last  link  between  Belgium  and  Holland. 

The  news  of  these  events  produced  a  deep  sensation  in  France* 
Thovîgh  there  was  no  comparison  to  be  made  between  the  situation 
of  France,  and  that  of  Beldum,  the  Parisians  were  pleaaeU  to  see 
in  the  revolution  that  had  just  begun  in  Brussela,  the  influence 
of  the  heroic  example  wt  by  the  peopb  of  Paris. 

The  court  was  occupied  with  other  thoughts.  Tlie  king,  having 
had  a  private  inlemew  with  two  Belgians,  who  were  at  that  time  in. 
Paris,  made  no  secret  to  thorn  of  his  sympathies  ;  he  spoke  of  William 
aa  a  wise  and  liberal  prince,  and  appeared  grieved  at  the  shock  given 
to  the  throne  of  a  monarch  who  had  recognised  him  with  so  much 
alacrity»  and  in  ao  handsome  a  manner.  Louis  Philippe  coidd 
hardly  venture  to  display  the  same  feelings  before  hia  ministers,  par- 
ticululv  before  Dupont  de  l'Eure  and  Laflltte.  But  after  the  reso- 
luticm  he  had  taken,  not  to  displease  monarchical  Europe  in  any 
thing,  how  could  he  have  beheld,  without  di?may,  an  outbreak  that 
forced  him  lo adopt  a  decision,  cither anli-European,  or  anti-French? 
For,  to  refuse  the  hand  of  fellowship  to  Bel^utn,  when  on  the  point 
of  detaching  itself  tiom  Holknd,  would  have  been  to  ^ve  a  very 


200        BELGIUM  MIGHT  HAVE  BEEX  ANNEXED  TO  FSANCE. 

abrupt,  and  perliapa  dangerous  negative  to  the  topes  tbe  lerolatioa  . 
of  Ju^  Iiad  awftkened  among'  tlie  French  people  ;  whilst  to  «cccpW;^-  ^ 
the  acLvances  of  fortune,  would  have  led  him  to  on  irréparable  bfêact^--  ^ 
■with  England,  which  ever  since  the  time  of  Edward  III,,  bad  Btriverr^^I^ 
against  the  estabhahment  of  French  interests  in  Belgîmn.  ^H 

Not  that  the  union  of  the  two  lattei  countries  could  have  beefc:^^^! 
effected  without  impedimcnt,  even  in  the  full  flush  of  the  enthuadfic^^^ 
created  by  the  revolution  of  Jidy.  The  Belgian  clergy,  which  exercase^^^ 
absolute  eway  over  the  people,  detested  the  Fren^di,  ag  a  nation  1^^^"^». 
gone  in  scepticism,  and  m  idl  tlie  licence  of  the  spint  of  inquiry  ;  t^fe-j^ 
n&blea  feît  noUiiiï^  but  aversion  for  a  country  wuicli  was  strewed  -^^a// 
over  wiîh  the  ruins  of  tlie  anstocracy  ;  and  as  for  the  traJlicki-^-ifr 
classes,  they  were  in  general  Orangists,     Notwithstandiûff  all  this»   to 
attract  Bel^um  to  France  would  not  have  been  a  problem  heyotnj 
the  reach  of  sktltul  diploraacy.     Divisions,  which  were  nltcrw&ztlf 
to  show  themselves  in  their  strcnji^th,  and  which  might  Imvu  been 
turned  to  account,  already  existed  in  the  f^erm  between  the  calhoijc 
and  the  Uberal  parties,     ilie  hostility  of  iho  nobles  was  not  backed 
by  such  real  strength,  as  to  mako  it  imprudent  to  overlottk  it.     The 
leaning  of  the  traders  towards  the  Piincc  ol'  Orange,  having  no  othtt 
cause  than  their  mercantile  egoism,  it  would  liave  been  easy  to  con- 
vince them  of  the  great  gain  tbat  would  accrue  to  them  irom  H» 
opening  of  the  French  markets  to  thoir  productions.     The  8(^iftni- 
tion  of  Helgium  from   Holland,  coupled  with  the  royalty  of  th« 
Prince  of  Orange,   could  be  for  the  former  country  only  ft  disgiiiscd 
dependence,  (uid  left  tbe  fear  of  the  Dutch  yoke  conlinually  sunpeoded 
over  it.     Had  not  Belgium,  after  all,  once  been  Frendi?   Was  not 
French  the  language  spoken  by  all  the  influential  and  eidîgbtened 
part  of  the  nation .''    Were  not  the  Walloon  provinces  Frcach 
IiKurt?    If  Brussels  was  afraid  of  sinking  in  importance  by  hoc 
tbe  mere  chief  town  of  a  depiirlment,  was  it  not  possible  to  ovc 
its  apprehensions,  by  etipukting  tliat  it  sliould  become  the  read  _ 
of  a  French  prince,  and  tho  capital  of  an  adminiâtastivÊ  dlviâon  of 
France? 

Such  were  the  thou^hta  of  those  wlio  had  the  greatness  of  l 
native  land  at  heart:  but  thoyhad  potent  and  stubborn  intcreats  ' 
contend  with.     Many   of  the   French  mantifacturere  dreaded 
competition  of  those  of  Belgium,  in  case  of  &  union  between  Hon 
countries,   thus  preferring  their  o^vn  pecuniary  interests  to  Ûie  in- 
terests of  the  nation.     M.  Cuaimit  Péner,  as  proprietor  of  the  mines 
of  Anzin,  would  have  lost  a  great  deal  of  money  by  the  free  int 
duction  of  Belgian  c-oul.     Thus,  when  France,  a  land  of  warm 
had  renounced  her  genius,   she  with  it  lost  her  virihty,  and  fbv 
herself  doomed  to  impotence,  on  tiic  day  she  consented  to  bo  go 
vcrned  by  shopkeepers. 

These  circumstances  too  well  coincided  with  the  political  view» 
of  the  château,  not  tohc  turned  to  account  by  it.  On  SatunUj 
September  4,  1830,  the  king  kid  a  question  of  the  gravest  moment 


TALLETBAND  NAMED  AMBABSADOB  TO  ENGLAND.  297 

before  tHe  council,  viz.  the  nomination  of  Talleyrand,  as  atrtassador 
to  London.  M.  LafEttc  duclared  that  such  aa  appointtnent  seemed  to 
him  exceedingly  dangerous,  because  it  was  unpopular.  SI-  Dupont 
de  TEurc  spoke  in  stiîl  more  deciàvc  terms.  M.  Mole,  whose  po- 
licy was  rather  Russian  than  English,  was  averse  to  a  choice  that 
abruptly  forced  France  into  an  aUiiincc  witli  EngUnd.  M.  Bignon 
sided  with  Dupont  de  l'Eure  and  Lalïittc.  The  king  brake  oS'  the 
diwtission  in  consequence. 

Tlie  next  day  M.  de  Talleyrand,  dining  at  M.  Laffitte'a,  said 
to  himj  "I  tliunk  you  for  what  you  said  ^'cstcrday.  I  know  all: 
the  king  told  inc  every  thîn^**^-"  In  that  case,  you  know  in  what 
terms  1  ^ke  of  your  capacity." — '*  We  will  pass  over  that," — *'  I 
added,  that  1  believed  you  incapable  of  forfeiting  your  word.*'^-"  It 
is  for  thut  I  thank  you." — "  It  is  true,  I  spoke  of  your  unpopu- 
larity." Talloyrsnd  replied  only  with  a  pmilc;  the  others  at  the 
table  imitated  him  ;  and  some  hours  afterwards  M .  Laffilte  learued  from 
the  king's  lips  that  M.  de  Talieyrand  was  ambassador  to  London, 

No  protest  was  made  on  the  part  of  the  council.  Yet  the  reso- 
lution just  come  to  irrevocably  pledged  France  to  a  novel  hoc  of 
policy.  The  nomination  of  M.  nc  Talleyrand  aa  itmbnasadorto  Lon- 
don not  only  bound  Frencli  diplomacy  to  tîie  tnnintenancc  of  ihe 
treaUes  of  1815,  but  also  to  tlic  renunciation  of  the  Russian  alUancc 
and  to  the  adoption  of  that  of  England. 

That  nomination  must  have  deeply  shocked  the  public  had  not 
all  minds  been  dazzled  and  hcwildercd  at  the  moment.  Who  could 
have  Ibrgotlen  that  before  1814  France  Imd  been  the  first  nation  in 
the  world;  that  her  domain  hod  l>egun  and  ended  with  the  Rhine; 
that  Germany  had  been  fasliioncd  for  her  and  by  her;  that  Italy 
acknowledged  lier  laws;  tlmt  the  capital  of  Catholicism  belonged  to 
her;  that  bpain  obeyed  her  influence;  that  she  was  f^^rcatcr  than  all 
thopride  of  LouisXIV, had  dared  todrcam?  Nowitwas  inthehouse 
of  M.  dc  Talleyrand  that  the  ne^otiationa  of  Paris  were  opencdp 
tJiose  ever  sbftmeful  preliminaries  to  the  shameful  troaticsof  \  lenna; 
in  M.  dc  Talleyrand's  house  the  foes  of  France  had,  with  two 
strokes  of  ilio  pen,  wreaked  their  spite  on  the  military  genius  of  the 
republic,  and  ita  continuation  by  lluit  of  Bonaparte,  it  was  there 
it  had  been  decided  (hat  a  nuEbon  ghould  be  ^von  to  M.  de  Met^ 
ternich,  a  million  to  M.  de  Nesselrodc^  and  six  hundred  thousand 
fiwica  to  esïch  of  the  eubaltem  negotiators,  to  indemmty  the  foreign 
diplomatists  for  llie  puins  they  took  to  rob  us.  Surely  these  were 
singulax  quahfîcations  for  becoming  the  linibnssador  of  a  revo- 
lution, wliich,  iu  the  opinion  of  tlve  people,  was  but  a  protest 
against  Waterloo  and  its  consequences. 

The  life  of  M.  de  Talleyrand  *  lurtherraore,  was  no  my5tory  for 
any  one.  He  had  risen  through  the  protection  of  the  courleans 
who  dishonoured  the  bst  days  of  the  monarchy,  ftnd  who  con- 
tributed to  itfi  ruin.  Ho  had  become  bisliop  of  Àutun  on  the  eve 
of  the  church'fl  downiol.    He,  a  ffraud  ati^neur^  had  bcctt  seen  cxn 


298  TAtXKYRANP'S  CHABACTEB  AKD  CAPAOITT. 

the  famous  (mmvcrs^rv  of  the  14th  of  Julv  officiating  at  the  altar 
of  the  coniUrv  as  hisrh  prio?t  of  that  revolution,  which  gave  the 
(loftth-hlow  to  the  nrinivracv  whereof  he  was  a  member.  Ho 
huti  had  hi:«  share  of  authoiitr.  when  the  ISth  Fructidor  smote  his 

)ïrttnMî!i.  llo  had  won  the  [x»rtfc»lio  of  foreign  affairs  by  the  rcro- 
ntion  t>f  tho  ISth  Bntmairr,  dirwtod  against  his  friend  Barras.  In 
1814  he  had  prvH-lainuxl  himwîf  head  of  the  prorisional  government, 
wliiU  his  Ivuotjiotor.  N:iivUvn.  wa?  meditating  at  Fontainebleau 
over  tlie  ruins  oi'  the  Kmpirt».  And  now  that  the  dynasty,  to 
whioh  ho  had  otVenxl  hi?  jx-itronage  in  IS14,  was  exiled  in  its 
(urn.  he  ï\»apjH»anHl  on  tho  stage  once  more  to  bid  good  day.  to 
fortune. 

'I'hi'se  very  fnets  ^vintoil  him  out  tor  the  admiration  of  the 
rtïld-MoiMUnl  amhitiou:}  and  iho  sooptie*  whom  the  misguided  couise 
lïf  tl\e  July  TX'voUition  earrievl  to  the  manairement  of  the  state.  It 
ia  the  pn>|vrty  ef  |H»ttv  s^n;!*  asvl  pottv  intellects  to  deem  him  a 
uuin  of  abdity  who  ihrivi^?  ia  hi?  eo^^tism.  M.  de  Talleyrand  was 
not  even  in  i\ù*  amis^»  a  ludn  ot'  ".nqualisod  ability.  Dismissed 
fft'iu  ministerial  lite  \inderthe  RctniMio.  degraded  under  the  Empire, 
nhi)o>t  exiled  t'lvm  eourt  ureter  ti;o  Kesior.iti^'n.  he  could  not  hoM 
hi^  !;r\tund  muler  anv  of  the  govemr.'.onr*  of  which  his  venal  and 
pr\wtituie  ambition  l».ul  t:(Vv^«rt\l  tho  iriiimph. 

A^  lor  ihaï  other  kind  v'l'abilitv.  wV.'a'H  con*ists  in  accomplishing 
vast  tK>ii;us  with  tlvble  n\e.ir<.  Nt.  de  TalIe\Tjnd  never  jwesessed 
it;  and  of  thii  no  iiue.*tioi\  \vuUl  exi?:  a'.norg  those  foreiirn  diplo- 
nnti"!-*  \vlu>  I'.nd  w '.iiu-^'^'v!    ''■<  •v.-..-.m>".*v  ;i*  Vi-T.r'.a.     For  whilst, 

III    ll\>'   ii'H-..".v-^S     l'!l.".\\     M        «Iv-     Nv-^-^v'""^ 

I'l^e  >'\v'i  liu'  >i".:i:'.  i-v  i'n'  '■■,■■,  \"  •' 
\\-U  n.iuU-!:i>vv.'  ^l^;•  :■;!■■.■.>  .:■-  -v 
t.-  li,-i;i;i;'\  ;  «  î^is;  T:  ■■;.■.•  \î.  ■•.-:•■.■ 
t'.i.i  ill  It.tls  :  «■'.''.';  1  ,>■,'-  i">-'--.:j 
^'oLnp.'.-"»',!  r'r.v.'i'i'  «■.:'■  S.rv-  ••■^  •■■  :  ■ 
M,  a.-  IM'.-x  •■.-!,!  ■^. «•■■•■:  .■'\  ::  :■.: 
oi*N.si'î.-.      \-r..^.  t':. -::,■.  ;■.,.  :^.-.:  . 

'r.il'e^  v.v.'.-.\  «.:■*  ',:'.■  ■■•'  •  :  '     '■•..■•■•  :."\- 


;<>■ 

;  i"i' 

V 

;i 

Tïi:"!-:er 

r  :r.:u> 

V 

r  I  : 

.-. 

K^-i:l, 

whiUt 

:  :  . 

Vr. 

".'î 

'.X  '.vit:"". 

r-.^'^rd 

■  "_  ■ 

:  •:' 

■.■' 

»-:\--.v  f- 

î"  Au=- 

■"■-. 

:-'.. 

■/". 

t    S-';w 

■.ir:  tn- 

\  :' 

;■  ^ 

■'.•S: 

■■> 

■  t'  ';■-  ■~ 

z 

M-; 

:-.■* 

:":■ 

■■•.:•.    :!:•? 

l    --^VJlA 

•  :; 

■V 

■■v., -j;    ;-, 

:"r.:4 

', 

■  .< 

"    .1 

;v. 

■':.:' j\ 

M.  dc 

T.-.e 


e:-:^r!l-<'-;-"Vv;iît>;-;.'' " ' 

kn*;^'  Hisi  i:c  w.!!  lo  :':arhi:i:. 


BOLtOWHBSS  GP  tttB  REPÛTlTIÔir.  ^99 

Fouch^  who  had  aa^jared  all  the  audacity  of  nûschîef  poeseaeed 
at  leant  all  its  cemiis:  TaUeyrand,  on  the  contrary,  was  a  man  of 
mediocrity;  omy  he  had  this  advantage,  that  ho  knew  all  the  forms 
and  degrees  of  human  baseness,  having  experimented  upon  them  in 
bis  own  perscm.  If  he  did  vile  actions,  it  was  sometimes  with  sar- 
castic levity,  sometimes  with  a  contemptuous  air,  always  vrilh  the 
ease  of  a  man  of  high  birth.  He  would  fain  have  made  virtue  pass 
for  a  proof  of  bad  education,  for  a  mark  of  low  breeding  ;  and  he 
was  r^arded  aa  the  protector  of  each  of  the  governments  to  which 
he  haa  given  himself,  such  a  coxcomb  was  he  in  his  treachery,  and 
so  much  importance  did  he  contrive  to  ^ve  to  his  dishonour.  Some 
bon  motit  made  popular  by  his  hangers  on,  some  happy  hits  of  ma- 
lice had  acquired  for  him  a  reputation  de  talon  that  inspired  terror. 
No  one  reflected  that  he  was  feared  not  only  for  the  wit  he  possessed, 
but  for  that  which  was  imputed  to  him.  He  spoke  little  when 
he  had  a  mind  to  show  off,  had  the  art  of  making  his  advice  awaited, 
and  gave  it  with  studied  conciseness,  thus  causing  it  to  be  supposed 
that  he  thought  much.  There  was  nothing  about  the  man,  even  to 
his  outward  lineaments,  that  did  not  subserve  the  lying  part  he 
played.  Though  he  was  clubfooted  Ukc  Lord  Byron,  there  was  in 
his  whole  person  a  sort  of  impertinent  grace  that  no  one  could  equal. 
Imperturbable  too  in  his  seli^posscssion,  he  put  others  to  confusion 
by  the  polished  insolence  of  his  manners,  the  impassibility  of  his 
features,  the  perpetual  smile  of  his  half-closed  eyes,  and  their  pro- 
foundly ironical  mildness.  But  all  this  would  not  have  sufficed  for 
his  renown,  if  Europe,  coalesced  against  France,  had  not  desired  to 
give  influence  to  the  man  she  had  selected  to  degrade  and  ruin  his 
country.  M.  de  Talleyrand  was  silly  enough  to  be  deceived  in  this; 
he  was  not  aware  that  the  foes  of  France  had  bestowed  on  him  a 
celebrity  proportioned  to  her  misfortunes.  He  was  a  pitiful  being, 
and  scarcely  even  that  !  For  his  reputation  increased  oy  every  fla- 
grant infamy,  and  his  prosperity  was  the  type  and  epitome  of  all  the 
disasters  of  nis  native  land. 

M.  de  Talleyrand's  speech  on  being  presented  to  the  King  of 
England,  was  every  thing  the  EngUsh  could  desire,  and  on  that  day 
were  laid  the  bases  of  tlic  Anglo-French  alliance,  an  alhance  which 
it  was  impossible  to  establish  permanently  between  two  nations,  that 
since  1789  had  been  ruled  by  the  same  economic  laws,  and  both 
forced  by  the  principle  of  competition  to  spread  themselves  abroad, 
to  covet  with  equal  ardour  the  acquisition  of  new -markets,  the  ma- 
nufacturing supremacy  over  the  world,  the  empire  of  the  seas.  This 
impossibility,  which  the  narrow  intellect  of  TaUeyrand  was  incapable 
of  apprehending,  certainly  did  not  escape  the  sagacity  of  the  English 
statesmen;  but,  witli  their  habitual  skill  in  dissembling  their  senti- 
ments, they  accepted  with  delight  the  offer  of  an  alliance  which  the 
distressed  condition  of  their  country  rendered  necessary  for  the 
moment. 

The  advantage  was  wholly  theirs,  Fianoe  had  aE  U!)&  âasuroit.  "n! 

The  Emperor  m  Bxaàa,  coundeRd  the  iicntaxa&c(&  t>1't.iS&ss<itK^'^& 


300 


Ï.ETTBIÎ  FBOM  NICOLAS  TO  L0CI6  PHILIPPE» 


a  sort  of  declaration  of  war.  He  could  no  longer  doubt  the  cliangQ 
that  was  about  to  be  introduced  under  Loiiiâ  FbLUppe  into  tlie  m- 
plomocy  of  E;iropc  Tvitli  respect  to  the  question  of  tlie  East.  Ne- 
vertheless, as  he  was  not  yet  prepared  for  war,  he  thought  it  ■expe- 
dient to  temporîîîc  ivlth  rÙH  hatred,  of  which  the  following  letter, 
contemptuous  as  it  was,  was  but  the  mitigated  expression. 

"  [  have  received  from  the  hands  of  Gcncml  Atholln  tlio  letter  of  which  he  hu 
been  Ihe  bêJircr.  Evenls  for  CTtr  toïx;  deploreiî  liflve  plac*<J  your  majesty  in  a  croel 
alternative.  Yoor  ttiD.jt3ty  hits  adoptt^d  a  rletcrini nation  wliicli  ftfijioared  (o  yoa  the 
only  one  fitted  lo  nave  France  from  the  pr&itcsl  ml^mitics,  luid  I  w^ili  not  utter  any 
jud^mf^nt  upon  the  con^idcfutiona  wliich  hart*  ^rujded  yout  maji^ty,  but  I  pray  that 
Divine  Providence  may  be  pleased  ti>  bless  your  mtcnliooe  snd  the  efforts  you  are 
about  to  make  for  the  %reltare  of  tlie  French  people.  In  ooneert  with  my  sdlio»  I  ac- 
cept with  pltiianpu  the  wishes  expresswl  by  your  niaJMty  to  nijùittain  rcJationi  «f 
peaco  and  ivnJty  with  all  the  atatcA  of  Ëiu-ujie,  As  lung  as  these  relation»  shall  be 
bHed  on  the  esistinp  treaties,  and  on  the  firm  resolution  to  respect  the  rights  and  ol^ 
li^tioDS,  and  ibe  state  of  tcrritoriid  po^scsâïon  'si'hich  those  treaties  Imvc  ratified, 
Europe  will  find  tliercin  a  ^ruarantee  for  thai  x>eaec  which  i»  ftO  necessary  to  Ibe  r«> 
pose  of  France  heratlf.  Called  in  eonjunction  with  my  allies  to  eulltv3.te  these  COO- 
■erratÎTe  relations  with  France,  under  lier  goremni'ent,  I  will  for  my  part  brijip  to 
them  all  the  seJîdmde  they  demand,  and  the  disposition*  of  wliicb  I  ghuïly  offer  yoor 
majesty  tlic  asBurance,  in  return  for  the  «entiments  your  majçsty  has  expmaed  lo 
nie.    1  pray  your  niAJecty  to  ai>ccpt  ai  the  same  tinic^  &c.  &^ 

"  NICOLAS." 

The  cont«jnptuou9  tone  of  this  letter,  its  ominous  reserve,  the 
inaulcing  omission  of  the  words  monsieur  monj'rère,  wlûch  Louifl 
Philippe  had  taken  greut  care  to  employ,  all  this  was  a  ihimdet- 
strokc  to  ihc  Palais  Koyal.  It  wa?  wot  discouraged  however,  but 
bent  all  its  thoughts  on  meriting  the  çood  will  of  the  courts  by  new 
efforts,  especially  in  the  Bol^nan  question. 

The  mo&t  fricfntful  confusion  prevailed  in  Brussels  since  the  Prince 
of  Orange  had  quitted  that  city.  A  phantom  of  9.  government  had 
appeared,  there;  but  as  Belgium  liad  not  yet  utterctt  its  irrevocablo 
warcry  against  the  NiisKm  dynasty,  no  Belgian  executive  dftred  to 
think  or  to  call  itself  tcgitimate.  The  people,  which  in  all  countries 
loves  violent  situations,  because  they  break  the  monotony  of  ila  suf- 
ferings, was  all  astir,  and  welcomed  every  hazard,  Tlic  unreflecting 
hatred  it  had  long  cherished  under  the  zealous  promptings  of  the 
citthohc  cler^,  broke  out  against  Holliand  with  an  impetuosity  that 
threw  all  things  into  disorder.  Gatherings  took  place  in  the  public 
squares  of  Brussels  ;  arms  were  demanded  on  all  sides  ;  volunteers 
were  enrolled.  The  agitations  of  the  capital  was  followed  and  ren- 
dered more  terrible  by  those  of  Liège,  Mons,  Gund,  and  Naxnur. 
Disorder,  as  always  happens,  had  engendered  its  orators  and  heroes; 
and  anarthy  was  kept  up  not  only  by  all  the  obscure  aiubitious  who 
triumphed  in  the  uncertainties  ot  tlie  times,  but  also  by  the  Oran^iâta 
who  wished  to  terrify  the  opulent  part  of  the  nation,  and  force  it  to 
surrender  at  discretion. 

Men  must  be  wretched  or  ignorant  to  dare.  The  Belgian  bour- 
gooisic,  Bçeing  above  It  an  irritated  king,  and  below  it  a  growling 
multitude,  trembled,  tind  strove  to  appease  the  king  by  deputation» 
And  almost  supplicating  addresse?,  whilst  to  the  midtitude  it  oppo^&d 
itg  Mrmed  «ectious  :  but,  cxhau&ted  b^  tKU  V^N^^yA  •^si^^  \^  Wgpd 


MUTUAL  EXABÎ*EBATION  OP  THE  BELGIANS  AND  DDTCH.   SOl 

for  the  end  of  the  crisis:  an  administratiYe  separation  ancl  the  main- 
tcnaucc  of  the  Nassnu  djmasty  were  the  objects  of  its  desires. 

The  state&'general  had  been  convoked  to  the  Hagiie,  William 
opened  the  sesaon  with  fi  speech,  in  which  the  desire  of  peace  was 
Sian&lated  into  haughty  langungc.  The  Bel^ans  were  considered  in 
H  as  rebels,  and  the  ting  announced  his  very  decided  intention  of 
Conceding  nothing  to  the  spirit  of  faction.  Tlio  separation  of  ihe 
two  Idngdoms,  however,  being  indicated  in  the  speech  as  tlie  final 
term  of  aU,  divisions,  the  Belfpan  deptities  joined  those  of  Holland 
in  ihankin»  William,  and  the  address  in  reply  to  the  speech  from 
the  tlirone  was  voted  by  a  laï^e  majority. 

But  too  violent  an  aiipeal  had  been  made  to  the  passions  of  the 
two  nationa  to  allow  Ûu:  possibility  of  a  compromise.  The  Belgians 
were  now  talked  of  only  with  anger  or  contempt  at  the  Hague  :  the 
deputies  of  the  southern  provinees  were  insulted  theie,  and  veiy 
eooQ  became  aware  that  they  were  in  an  enemy's  country.     The 

Îuarrel  was  envenomed  by  the  discussion  on  the  address.  The 
>utch  orators  ejaculated  their  desire  to  have  recowrse  to  arms,  and 
this  imprudent  language  W'aa  echoed  from  one  end  of  Belgium  to 
the  other.  Both  sides  were  hurryirig  fast  to  the  dtuoutmimt,  A 
Brussels  paper,  the  Courier  det  Pays  Bas,  already  inveighed 
against  the  timidity  of  the  Bel^an  depiitios  in  the  states-generaL 
Alarming  rumours'  were  spread-  Eveiy  instant  it  was  expected 
that  the  troopSj  commanded  by  Prince  tredcrick^  would  put  them- 
selves in  motion.  Individual  facta  derived  an  ominous  importance 
from  these  circumstancc3.  Now  it  was  a  Belgian  soldier  woimded 
in  a  brawl  by  a  Dutch  soldier,  and  afterwards  carried  about  the 
strcota  of  Alons  on  a  hand-barrow  in  the  sight  of  the  indignant 
people;  now  it  was  a  young  man  shot  by  a  sentinel  in  Liège,  who 
leli  bleeding  into  his  bro'Uicr'a  arm».  The  opportunity  was  a  fa- 
vourable one  for  France.  The  Belgian  bourgeoisie  felt  itself  hur- 
ried away  iknn  the  Nassau  party  by  a  movement  that  was  become 
irre^stiblc.  It  was  sliding  along  between  two  abyescs,  anarchy  oti 
the  one  side,  war  on  tlic  other. 

There  is  no  doubt  that  under  these  circumstances  Belgium  would 
have  become  French  if  the  greatness  of  Fmnce  hnd  been  the  mark 
aimed  at  by  the  cabinet  of  the  PaLiis  Itoyal.  But  the  progress  of 
the  revolution  in  Belgium  was  matter  of  dismay,  not  of  liope  for  the 
French  government.  Louis  Pliilippe  wiis  e<{Uidly  afraid  of  having 
to  refuse  Belgium,  because  lliat  would  be  to  brave  Paris,  and  of 
having  to  take  it,  for  that  would  be  to  ofletid  London,  ITie  agents 
of  the  Pohds  Royal  in  Belirium,  far  from  endeavouring  to  stimulato 
the  movement,  strove  to  discourage  it,  Lafayette  might  easily  have 
baffled  these  discreditable  efforts^  but  unfortunately  his  activity  \\v^ 
wasted  in,  idle  speeches.  Moreover  there  was  something  in  tlie 
union  of  BdgitiUL  with  Fiance  that  gave  pain  to  his  puerile  disin- 
terestedneaa.  He  would  have  been  glad  to  see  Belgium  con^^tituto 
it£clf  into  a  republic,  without  however  supposing  that  France  ought 
to  contribute  to  that  residt  by  a  direct  intecvcuvW.    W  ^axsMa- 


303 


COKFLICTS  IN  BELGIUlf. 


view  he  had  with  M.  ie  Potter^  who  waa  then  in  Pans,  ho  a»]ced 

Mm  for  a.  note  on  tlic  stats  o£  Belgium;  And  there  the  m&Ucc 
rcsttid. 

We  sec  how  critical  was  tlie  portion  of  the  Belgian  bourgeoûûi 
thus  left  alûûc  wîtli  its  tetroTS.  A  fact  of  little  importance  in  ît«If» 
strikingly  mamfested  its  perturhation  and  confusion.  Ab  they 
talked  mcessantly  in  Brusacls  of  the  speedy  appçanmce  of  Prince 
Frederick's  troops,  porno  volunteers  resolved  U>  push  forward  u 
EkimiifihcTs  on  Uie  road  to  Vilvortle.  Tliey  set  out»  and  fearing 
Itst  tîie  dlligenee  which  followed  should  outstrip  them  and  give  in- 
telligence of  their  march,  tliey  forced  it  to  return  to  the  city.  On 
reaching  Terwueien  they  disarmed  some  marichaussUs,  and  got 
back  to  Brussels  without  further  accident.  Great  was  the  co'nuno- 
tlon  at  the  Hôtel  de  Ville  on  the  news  of  this  prooecdiag;  1^0 
nuiJacity  of  tlie  volunteera  was  strongly  reprehended,  in  a  proclama- 
tion. The  people  became  incensed  in  its  turn»  cried  out  tteachciyl 
rushed  upoa  tlie  Hôtel  de  Ville,  gtîzcd  the  anns  there,  and  attac' 
BQveral  posts.  The  bourgeois  ^uard  fired  on  an  useemblage  of  wi 
ing  men,  thn;e  of  whom  Itil  dangerously  wounded-  Dismay  rei 
in  the  city;  and  the  next  day  a  proclaraation,  issued  hy  Prince 
Frederick,  acquainted  the  Belgians  that  thu  Dutch  troops  were 
advancing  td  the  rëquat  of  the  best  citizen^t  fiTtd  to  relieve  the  ùottr- 
ffeois  guard fi-om  a  painful  duty. 

Nor  was  it  lon^j  before  the  Dutch  dragoons  appeared  on  the 
chaattèe  de  Schmrhcck.  Immediately  the  tocân  .'«ûunded  from  St. 
Gudules;  the  drum  heitt  toarniâ;  old  lueUf  wornen^  and  children^ 
laboured  at  the  barricades.  Tlie  moment  showed  one  of  those 
flaBbea  of  eathusiiism  that  sometimes  appear  on  the  apprmich  of 
great  dangers.  The  citizens  onibraced  each  other  in  the  streets,  and 
vowed  to  die  rather  than  to  euhmît  to  tiic  yoke.  Volunteers  from 
Li^ge  had  arrived  in  BruaeeLn;  and  with  the  inhabitants  of  that 
city  they  advanced  upon  the  enemy  and  made  a  epiritcd  attack  on 
the  Dutch  cavalry,  some  of  whom  were  ehot  almost  at  musket 
IciiL^h- 

On  tlie  23d  of  September  tlie  Dutch  troops  presented  thcmsolTca, 
al^ut  nine  or  ten  thousand  strong,  and  towards  eight  m  the  evening 
they  entered  the  city  by  the  Schacrbcck  and  Louvain  gates.  It  would 
seem  that  the  Dutch  weru  bewildered  at  the  appcurancc  of  the  city 
raging  and  panting  for  the  cumhat,  and  at  th<2  fearful  sound  of  the 
tocsiu  mingled  with  discharges  of  musketry;  for  instead  of  marching 
at  once  gainst  the  un6mslied  barricade?,  seizing  t)ie  important 
posts,  and  putting  tliemselvcs  in  a  poeitiou  to  conimand  the  wlioW 
city,  tliey  drew  off  to  the  park  where  ihey  intrenched  thcmselvef 
with  their  artlUery,  llierc  they  wore  BSailcd  for  three  days  by  the 
Belgians,  who  were  masters  of  the  Place  Itoyalc,  and  posted  in  th* 
adjacent  liouscs.  For  three  days  the  Walloon  poachers,  {amons  lor 
t^bnix  tikill  as  marksmen,  inccaaantly  earriod  death  into  the  TaoJcB  of 
ostilc  ariuy«  the  artillery  of  which  as  inceasantly  cannO'Daded 
at/.     Ulic  Dutch  ftt  k^t  cvnciuiWd  Birussels^  carrying  away 


< 


I 


J 


Belgium's  inteeest  if  a  ukion  with  phaxce.       303 

tïieît  dea<î  in  carts,  and  leaving  for  toltçn  of  their  visit,  the  part 
laid  waste  like  a  field  of  hattle,  the  pavement  strewed  with  corpscf, 
and  the  reeking  aslies  of  the  hausea  burned  bv  thâr  shells. 

A  mai"Uil  blow  bad  been  dealt  the  Nassau  family.  Merciless  and 
vanquished,  its  critne  was  double.  The  horror  excited  by  its  abor- 
tive cflbrt  was  Boon  numnentcd  by  reports  of  the  dartest  kind. 
Tim  Dutchj  it  WU3  said,  had  been  guilty  of  ati'ocious  acts:  tlicy 
had  pillaged  several  hotels  on  tiïo  Place  d  Orange,  after  beating  the 
proprietors  to  death  with  tlie  butts  of  their  muskets;  they  had  beea 
seen  on  the  same  spot  filing  through  the  îoopjioies  of  celuirs  on  poor 
inotfensive  peasants;  they  had  fastened  the  innkeeper  of  the  Pavilion 
iioy&L  to  a  horse 'â  tail,  and  tnûlcd  him  idon^  m  that  condition; 
they  liad  brutally  carried  away  young  girls  from  booiding-schools, 
aaa  set  Ëre  to  sixteen  houses  between  the  Schaerbeck  and  the  Lou- 
voin  g»tes,  A  Belgian,  named  Hanregard,  wa3  mentioned,  whose 
hrais  and  legs  they  cut  off,  and  then  threw  the  bleeding  trunk  into 
a  ditch.  Prince  Frederick  waa  reported  to  have  cheered  on  his 
soldiers  to  the  carnage,  and  to  have  said  to  his  artillerymen, 
'*  Courage,  my  sonal  bombard  tliis  villanoua  city.  I  promifie  you 
the  plunder  oi  it."  These  frightiul  details,  whether  they  were  true 
or  uotj  were  greedily  received  by  credulous  rancour,  and  ihcy  ren- 
dered all  reconciliation  exceedingly  difficult. 

There  remained,  therefore,  but  two  courses  for  Belgium  to  pur- 
sue^ to  declare  itself  independent,  or  to  throw  itself  into  the  artufl 
of  France. 

The  former  of  these  two  courses  appeared  very  hazardous.  In 
violently  separating  from  Holland,  lielgium  broke  the  treadea  of 
1815.  Would  thia  be  tolerated  iu  Europe?  And  if  not,  how  were 
the  Belgians,  deprived  of  the  ftpai&tauce  of  France,  to  maintain  their 
independence?  War  seemed  imminent.  IDven  negotiations  might 
engender  a  universal  storm,  if  France,  in  ever  so  small  a  de^ee, 
cherished  hopes  of  conquest.  What  would  then  become  of  Bel- 
gitim?  Would  it  not  then  be,  what  it  had  sooflêubeen  before,  the 
ensanguined  arena  on  which  the  leading  powera  woidd  contend  for 
the  empire  of  the  world?  Was  it  not  plainly  ita  interest  to  give 
itself,  that  it  miglit  not  be  taken  by  the  sword?  Such  was  the 
opinion  of  tho^c  who,  like  MM.  Gendebien  and  Seron,  were  inac- 
ceseible  to  mean  jealousy,  and  who  preferred  for  their  country  the 
solid  benefit  of  «.  strong,  re^Ur,  and  respected  existence  to  the 
frivotoua  advantage  of  an  impotent  nationality,  eternally  con- 
demned to  a  subaltern  part,  subsisting  only  on  the  cmbarrMsmcnU  of 
European  diplomacy,  and  always  at  the  mercy  of  the  clmnces  of 
war.  These  cbnadcratious  were  backed  by  urgent  interest".  De» 
pnvcd  at  a  blow  of  i^U  the  ample  outlets  alTordcd  its  commerce  by 
ilie  Dutch  coloniea,  Belgium  could  not  give  itself  to  France  with- 
out France  reciprocally  giving  herself  to  Belgium.  I^ie  union  of 
the  two  countries  presented  nothing  of  the  character  of  a  conquesti 
and  would  only  have  beeu  the  sealijig  of  â  aoble  pact  of  fratcrmty 


I 


304 


TWO  PAETIES  IN  BRUBÈELS, 


between  them,  wliich  would  have  increAsed  ttrnfold  the  power  of 
each.  Belgium,  moreover,  on  beîno:  declared  independent,  would 
need  a  government-  This  was  a  rrMli  source  of  difHculUes:  for. 
suppoaing  il  to  become  a  republic,  Europe  would  fall  on  it  and 
crush  it;  if  it  became  a  monarchy,  diploraacy  would  enslave  it  hj 
imponng  on  it  a  Icing.  Finally,  as  though  fortune  had  desired  to 
show  au  the  disorders  that  might  lurk  in  that  independence  which 
wm  90  difficult  to  secure,  Beîgiura  had  been  weig^hcd  down  with  all 
Bort?  of  evils  since  its  émancipation.  Formidable  thoughts  had,  been 
ftwakenod  in  the  minds  of  the  people  by  the  encouragements  which 
every  chan^  of  dynaety  holds  out  to  ftudadtVt  and  by  the  hope  of 
licence  and  impumty.  Hordes  of  roaleCictors  overran  the  rural  dis- 
tricts; travellcra  were  tubbed,  rich  merchimta  plundered,  mAQufac- 
toriea  Kickcdj  property  of  all  kinds  menaced;  anarchy  wasspnud- 
ing  day  by  dny.  To  meet  all  the  dangers  of  such  a  situation  thççftj 
was  only  a  self '- created,  government  of  new  men,  which  the  ne 
for  its  existence  rendered  possible,  not  popul^r^  and  which  was 
out  force  becauw  without  prestige. 

Thus  every  thing  seemed  to  invite  Belgium  to  become  French. 
The  dearest  interests  of  France  were  involved  in  that  re^t,  and  it 
would  have  inevitably  ensued  had  not  the  Pakîs  Royal  movctl  heavCD. 
and  earth  to  prevent  it. 

Among  the  iniluentiftl  men  of  Kew  Belgium,  some  were  repub- 
licans^ who,  like  M.  de  Potter,  did  not  wish  to  belong  |o  a.  peoj^ 
relapsed  under  the  yoke  of  monarchy:  others,  like  MM.  Van  de 
Weyer  and  Kothomb,  were  pemi-sccptics,  impatient  of  their  former 
obscurity,  without  systematic  view?,  and  prone  to  regard  political 
capacity  as  consist^n^  in  a  cold  submission  to  the  dictates  of  force. 
The  French  government  could  ea«dly  have  engapied.  these  men  in 
su|Mpoft  of  the  institutions  of  France^  all  it  need  nave  done  to  that 
ena«  being  to  convince  them  of  ita  power,  and  to  promise  them  pcr- 
Bnnal  consequence,  Ic  took  an  oppont<t  couree,  and  imturaJly  nad 
lliem  against  it:  this  waa  what  it  wanted. 

Thanks  to  this  conduct^  unparalleled  assuredly  in  the  annals  of 
diplomacy,  no  real  French  party  could  be  formed  in  Belfrium,  cluff^ii 
ou  that  ode  were  ranop^  the  logic  of  facts,  the  apparent  decisioos  of 
fate^  the  greatness  and  the  future  prospecta  of  the  two  nation?.  The 
rtrupglc  began,  therefore,  in  Iiru5sels,  between  the  patnott,  warm 
partisans  of  Belgian  nationality,  and  the  Orannists  who  had  aided  in 
oombatdng  Dutch  supremacy,  but  who,  not  believing  in  the  poan* 
bility  of  Belgian  independence,  wif^hed  for  the  maintenance  oif  the 
KasBRu  dynasty,  with  new  institutionâ.  The  moneyed  mcn^  many 
of  the  trading  class,  and  the  greater  port  of  the  former  fmphjft4  of 
the  kingdom  of  the  Nciherlaùids,  formed  the  onmgo  party.  Tbe 
patriot  partv  eompriâcd  the  cathoHw  and  the  young  hberals*  az>d 
Waa  backed  by  the  popular  sympalhiea.  The  orangista  were  the  richer, 
and  more  far-si nihfHl;  the  patriots  were  the  more  active,  numerou?, 
and  impaasioued.     Between  these  two  HtiU  paxûea  fluctuated  the 


riSlIN£Sft  ON  TtU^  1*ART  OF  THE  PAl^A^ia  EOY'AL. 


305 


men  who,  eugrosâcd  with  their  own  private  interests,  were  nssidy 
to  side  with.  iJie  victors. 

We  have  said  that  a  provîsîonûl  govcmmont  had  been  established 
in  Bru33cls,  immediatelv  after  the  revolution  of  September.  It  con- 
sisted of  the  Baron  E.  d^'IIoogvorst.  Charles  Ron^pr,  Jolly  do  Coppin, 
Vandexlindcn,  Nicolaî,  f  élix  de  Me^rode,  Gendebien,  and  Van  de 
Wcyer,  to  whom  de  Potter  was  added  four  days  after  its  installation. 
This  transitory  govemraent,  not  venturing  to  take  on  itself  the  de- 
cision of  any  of  the  ereat  «jne-st-ïons  sïicgested  by  the  revolution, 
hastened  to  convoke  the  congreas,  to  which  it  reserved  the  right  of 
fixing  the  dcstinj^  of  Bel^ura.  Only  it  pubUshed  ati  ambigilouâ 
docume&t^  in  which  it  declared  that  Belgium  should  constitute  an 
independent  state.  It  ofterwarda  uppointed  a  committee  to  draw  up 
a>  project  of  a  constitutions  ail  the  membora  of  which,  with  the  ex- 
peption  of  M.  ïielcmans,  declared  for  raonurchy,  and  the  wording 
of  tlie  project  was  intrusted  to  MM-  Devaux  and  Nothomb.  When 
the  latter  read  the  document  to  the  provisional  government,  M.  de 
Potter  bitterly  remarked,  *'  it  was  not  worth  while  to  ahcd  so  mudi 
blooil  for  such  a  trifle." 

Meanwhile  WilUam  had  called  his  f&ithfid  subjoctâ  to  arms,  and 

tlie  Pmsslarts  were  prcpanng  to  second  liim,  whenM.  Mole  declared 

I  to  them  that  if  they  aet  foot  on  the  Belf^ian  territory,  a  French  iirmy 

would  instantly  appear  there.     No  more  was  wanted  to  intimidate 

fPniœia.     The  successor  this  honourable  UrinJicES  ought  to  have 

I  proved  to  ihe  cabinet  of  the  PnlaiB  Royal  how  easy,  profitable,  and 

even  prudent  at  that  tÎTne  was  a  bold  Une  of  policy. 

FccHnt^  little  confidence  in  his  own  Blrcngth,  William  had  re- 
course to  llie  Enjjlish  government.  He  naturally  made  his  appeal 
to  diplomacy,  the  kingdom  of  the  Netherlands  beine  a  diplomatic 
creation.  In  a  note  presented  by  M.  Falck  to  Lord  Aberdeen  on 
the  5lb  of  October,  1830,  it  was  aaidt 

**  As  llw  juaifltanoe  nf  the  kht|!;'i  allies  can  alaHo  restore  ttanqlliUiEy  in  thu  riOUtti- 

'.  era  ppoTjnccs  of  the  NethcrlamU.  I  tinve  received  ordera  to  requo-iE  ihiit  lib  Brilanaic 

'  Uqotty  may  be  pleiuceil  to  ot^mmand  to  tlmt  cml  t\w  immediAt^  dospnicta  of  the 

[  Bcoemrr  number  of  trooiia  icito  the  soatheni  proviRco«  of  the  Netherlands,  tbe 

t  pneruluuted  arrival  of  whÎL-h  migtii  st-riomly  tximpromlK  the  interests  uf  ihoMt 

L  prcniace*  And  thuso  of  iiU  F.UTrpi>.     In  ftilâUinj^  hereby  llie  inlcntkinfl  of  m^  gorcm- 

mçTVt,  I  bn.ne  thi!  hgnour  to  inform  ygur  fXix'ULincy  ttiut  u  iiiiiiiliu-  comiDunicatiuti  hat 

been  nddressiKl  to  Fruasim  Austria,  and  Ku^sin,  which  hiring  Ulrewis©  migned  the 

eight  u-ticlcs  (^Rstitulin^  the  kio^^i'toni  of  the  Nethcrloods,  an  oUed  013»  u  well  u 

I  £a^anâ«  toupholdtheldnedamQfihe  Nethcrlftn-Js  nndthnc^itinffsbiteofGarQiie." 

In  his  reply,  dated  Oct.  17,  Lord  Aberdeen  refused  the  demand 
of  troops  as  coming  too  lûle,  but  announced  the  appioaching  asscm- 
of  the  plcnipoteiatiaries  of  tlie  Five  Powers. 
hat  assemblage  took  place.  Prussia  was  repregented  by  Gouni 
Bulow,  Great  Britain  by  Lord  Aberdeen,  Russia  by  Count  Mastus- 
zewic.  The  meeting  assumed  the  name  of  conferenee,  and  was  but  a 
continuation  of  the  con^rcia  of  VUnjia.  Accordhigly  it  was  vnth 
ineipreeàblc  amazement  that  Europe  beheld  France  represented 
therein  by  M.  de  Talleyrand^  for  her  people  thereby  became  accom- 


306 


BOMBARPMENT  O*'  ANTWERP. 


^ 


ilice?  in  all  tile  meosures  adopted  by  their  enemies  against  item. 

?he  coiifijrence  was  held  in  London,  a&  if  the  belter  to  show  thai  to 
Enfîlanti  belonged  tlie  right  to  reguliite  llie  wotïd+ 

The  Prince  ol'  Orange  liftd  with  Ina  father's  saûction  established 
a  sort  o(  coimter-govcmment  at  Antwerp.  He  published  n  procla- 
mation, in  which  he  acknowledged thcindependcnceofBelgium.  Now 
80  ffreat  wag  still  the  indeeiaion  prevailing  in  the  public  mind  of  the 
country^  that  the  prince's  proclamation  produced  a  prodi^oua  effect 
Tlie  provisional  government  aâected  to  disdain,  it,  but  the  cause  of 
the  rrincc  of  Orange  was  far  from  being  lost.  "  Popular  acts/' 
laid  Van  de  Weycr  and  Feîix  de  Méi'ode  to  an  envoy  from  the 
prince,  "  might  perhapa  produce  an  exception  from  the  general  ban 
pronounced  againttthe  tnernbgrs  of  the  hoitse  of  Nassau" 

A  Jurions  event  occm-reJ  to  simplify  mattera.     On  the  night  of 
the  27th-28lh  an  ulai'min»  aoimd  was  heard  from  a  distance  in  lîrtui- 
Tbe  mcmbera  of  tlic  provisional  government  had  installed 

.emselves  in  the  old  palace  of  the  etaïes-general.  From  the  top 
of  the  peristyle  they  perceived  a  lurid  light  on  the  horizou,  like  that 
of  a  great  conthigration.  Il  came  iVom  the  city  of  Antwerp,  which 
the  Prince  of  Orange  bad  evacuated,  and  wliicK  General  Chassé  wm 
bombarding.  The  indii^nation  of  the  Belgians  waa  extreme.  Whe- 
ther guilty  or  not  of  having  caused  the  bombutdraent,  the  Prince  of 
Orange  remained  charged  with  the  crime  of  having  given  to  the 
ËAmcs  the  most  ilourislun^  city  of  Bcl^um,  and  the  only  one  wluch 
hft*!  until  then  remained  faithiiil  to  Holland. 

The  moment  ivaa  approachin"  wheuBelgiimi  was  to  be  completely 
emancipated.  The  Dutch  had  been  drivtn  from  town  to  town^  from 
posttopo?t.  CuimtFrL-d'-ricde  Merode  was  mortally  wounded  in  one 
of  the  numerous  engagements  that  took  place.  Tne  Belgian  papers 
published  the  details  of  his  last  moments  :  they  were  affecting,  and 
of  a  nature  to  produce  a  great  confusion  in  France.  Just  before  he 
expired  the  count  turned  to  one  of  his  friends  and  said  faintly,  *'  He 
too  ifj  uii  brave.  He  was  an  officer  of  cuirassiers  in  the  Three  Days, 
and  woultl  not-draw  his  sword  against  his  bretliren;"  and  with  these 
words  he  breathed  his  last. 

When  the  news  of  all  these  events  arrived  in  Paris  they  excited 
Bcenos  of  enthusiasm.  The  popular  societies  above  all  were  flushed 
with  pride.  Subscriptions  were  opened  in  favour  of  the  wounded  of 
Septet  m  bt*r-  The  cliibs  sent  emissaries  to  Brussels.  The  Société  de$ 
Amh  flu  PmpU  raised  a  battalion  at  its  own  expense,  and  sent  it  forth 
on  i\6  muruh,  giving  it  a  name,  a  leader,  and  a  banner. 


THE  ÉX-MDfISTEK3  IMPEiaONED  IN  VINCENKES.  307 


CHAPTER   IV. 

A  PJEABfuLdraiBa  was  meanwhile  preparing.  Three  miniaters  of 
[Charles  X.,  MM.  Jc  PejTonnet,  de  Guemon.  Ranvillo,  and  tie  Chante- 
[lauzc,  having  been  brou^jht  back  to  Paris  from  Tmirs,  wore  aent  to 
["Vincenneg,  where  they  wt:re  soon  joined  hy  M-  do  Polignac. 
'  'Hie  priaonera  had,  at  first  boeii  confines  in  the  Pavilion  de  la 
r  Kdiie,  each  in  a  separate  room.  Orders  were  sent  to  trausfer  them 
I  to  the  keep  of  the  castle. 

M.  de  roUgnac  waa  the  first  summoned  to  submit  to  this  painful 
exchange,  lliere  were  several  courts  to  traverse,  and  a  great  number 
I  of  nâtlunal  guards  and  soldiers  of  tlie  gariiaon  prised  forward. 
[,to  feast  their  eyes  on  the  spectacle  of  might  laid  low.  M.  do 
Polignac  appeared^  walkitiLf  slowly  find  bareheaded  between  two 
grenadierg.  Ria  dress  was  disordered,  and  his  features  showed  marks 
of  faUgue,  but  the  fire  of  a  confident  belief»  which  inischaucea  only 
irritated,  stiU  lighted  up  his  eyes.  He  appeared  affeeteti  as  he  as- 
cended the  ^tepa  of  tlie  keep,  and  stopped  and  leaned  liis  liand  an  a 
grenadier's  musket.  The  governor  of  the  chiiteau  accompanied  him. 
After  numberle^  vicissitudes,  Jbrtune  brought  liJin  back  to  that  dun- 

feon  where  he  had  formerly  expiated  his  jpouthful  hostility  t*J  the 
fCupire.     Then  he  was  punished  for  havuig  revoltetl  against  the 
power  of  the  state,  and  now  for  having  abu&ûd  it. 

M.  de  PejTonnet,  who  was  to  be  followed  by  lus  other  two  col- 
leagues, appeared  in  his  turn.  He  wore  his  hat;  hia  denieanou):'  was 
haughty,  and  the  muldtude  showed  no  resentment  at  that  pride^ 
which  în  him  at  least  was  not  justified  by  excessive  strength  ol  con- 
viction, when  an  unknown  person,  taking  aim  at  the  ex-minister, 
cried  out,  *'  On  your  knees^  down  on  your  knees,  and  ask  pardon  ^ 
wretch,  for  having  caused  the  people  to  be  shot."  The  man  wiiî 
quieted  ;  but  scenes  like  this  conveyed  a  fearful  warning  to  the  go- 
vernment. 

The  chamber  had  to  name  commissioners  to  examine  the  accused, 
and  its  choice  full  on  MM,  lîùrenger,  Madier  de  MoiUjau,  and  Mau- 
guln.  These  gentlemen  brought  peculiar  qtialitiet*  to  the  discliarge 
of  their  new  functions;  M.  Bércnger, much  coobieââ  and  gravity; 
Madier  de  Montjau^  a  grc&t  fund  oi  tolerance  combined  witli  a  cer- 
tain austerity  of  deportment,  and  Mauguin^  on  the  contrary,  the 
inflexibility  of  a  tribune  veiled  under  the  pleasing  manners  of  a  man 
of  the  world. 

The  finst  question  on  which  the  oommiaaoners  disagreed  (and  it 
was  trilling  in  appearance  only)  was  one  of  ceremony.  Were  they 
to  Burroiina  tho  discliargc  of  their  mission  witli  pomp  and  cireum- 
Etance?  So  M.  Mauguin  wished.  Convinced  tliat  it  is  by  the 
outward  agna  of  thingsthat  the  multitude  axe  most  powerfully  acted 


CHARACTEB  OP  UArCITX. 

on,  an^  pcthflpe  actofttcd  bj  «  secret  Aemc  ;  K^^  1^  required 

that  the  journey  from  Paria  to  Vmoetmcs  Eboul' i  with  pooip; 

ihttt  tW  chamber  should»  id  its  public  displajB,  :rc3«B  rojntty 

the  impoauig  Taniti^  with  vfoich  it  osaaes  the  multitude;  Uwt 
every  comzmsEiOQCf,  for  instance»  should  hai^e  his  cairùgc  ;  aad  thil 
a  vhole  eqtiâdron  &hoald  esoort  those  who  were  gmng  to  irfiiWWit 
ihejastîoe  of  the  peofAe. 

^jiese  wishes  were  connected  in  >L  Msugrmi's  mind  with  boU 
Bchcnicg  of  ewny.  Tt  was  with  intense  ilî-will  that  he  had  «ov- 
icndcrpd  the  Tevolutiocarr  power  with  which  he  had  been  ixzvcatfd 
m  the  Hôtel  de  Ville.  HflTing  fsâltd  to  nmhe  the  chamber  èb* 
appear  in  the  reTolution,  be  would  fain  have  introdaccd  the  terete* 
turn,  mto  the  chamber,  enga^nl  his  colleagues  in  con^picnona  bm- 
garcÊ  and  irrcrocably  commuted  them;  but  whilçl  subjecting  tken 
to  aD  the  exigencieg  of  popularity,  he  would  have  imported  to  them  ito 
fitrcn^h.  He  himself  enjoyed,  at  that  time,  u  degree  oC  credit  widl 
the  public,  the  ralue  of  which  he  pcihupa  exaggerated,  but  of  iriiich 
he  was  the  man  to  make  a  Tigotons  nae. 

Uofortimatelj  M.  Mauguin  cxcrdfcd  no  inâucnee  on  those  in  hia 
immediate  sphère.  He  had  much  talent,  and  wanted  tacL  Supe- 
rior in  intellect  to  moet  of  hia  colleagues,  be  let  them  plainly 
peroeivc  the  fnct.  Mediocrity  in  no  case  pardons  talent,  but  it 
respects  it  when  content  to  keep  in  the  bûck-groond,  and  then  sal>' 
roits  to  ita  dictate»,  M.  Mauguin  lost  the  fruits  of  the  martcmiiK&t 
ftbiUtiefl  by  a  legibmate  but  indiâcreet  fcLf-sulhcicncy.  He  hHwiInI 
confidence  by  all  those  means  that  usually  cftptrtate  it*  His  qtnck 
eusceptibiUty  to  imprcemcns  pasted  for  seepGcian;  his  naturally 
^ood-notuied  expreseion  of  countenance  waa  spoiled  by  a  subtlety 
that  dcTtroyed  its  eflect.  The  grace  of  his  maniiËismaixedbim  oat 
for  observation,  but  did  not  conriïîatc;  and  there  wa5  e*en  m  the 
anavitr  of  his  Language  something  of  a  patronimig  a^  that  w 
ofiTennve.  Hud  it  Ij&m  granted  to  a  man  to  command  events^  this 
înabilîty  of  M-  Mauguin  to  play  the  leading  part  would  ha^-e  been 
«Imf«t  a  public  misfortune;  for  he  knew  better  than  any  one  ebeaQ 
that  can  be  done,  in  the  sequel  of  a  crisis,  by  intelligent  oaring,  whoxt 
tuidcd  and  controlled  by  the  love  of  the  people.  He  knew  iliat  real 
liberty  can  onlj  be  founded  hy  means  of  power,  oxrciscd  with  cooa- 
fidencc,  intrepidity  and  audacity,  and  that  great  dangers  render  greot 
I  things  poMâble  by  rendering  them  ncccseary.  But  he  fell  ^unt  of 
ftbility  to  command^  for  want  of  certain  virtues,  and  still  more  of 
^  );crtau  defects.  With  talent  enough  to  inspire  many  with  enty,  hç 
had  not  strength  of  character  enough  to  create  himself  enonDOi 
Kuw  in  the  turmoil  of  parties  the  value  of  a  political  man  d<^)endt 
on  the  violence  of  the  animosities  he  excites.  When  power  is  the 
^nxc  to  bo  wrestled  for,  it  is  hate  that  pomtiODt  die  candidates. 

As  member  of  the  municipal  commiasioai  M*  Mangimi  had  eoo* 
cfivcd  some  excellent  idea.*,  wlijch  ha<i  broken  down  by  reason,  of 
^c  distrtnt  felt  towards  him  by  hi»  eoUeagues.    As  member  of  tikc 


I 


J 


PRELIMIXARY  E]L.UUNATIOX  OF  THE  EX-MISlSTERf:.       309 

oammisEiûn  of  accusation  in  the  trial  of  the  ministers,  Kç  inspired  the 
fame  distrust,  and  cucoimteped  tlie  Bame  obstflcles.  His  scheme  of 
making  an  impoeing  ghow,  magnifying  the  importance  of  the  cham- 
"ber,  and  obviously  settîn^f  foitK  its  sovereigtity  before  the  eyes  of  all 
men,  was  looked  on  by  MM,  Montjau  and  Bérengcr  nniy  as  a  petty 
device  of  pcrsonil  ambition,  Wltfiout  openly  combatting  their  col- 
Icagiic's  views,  they  set  abotit  baBllng  thcin. 

The  day  beia^  come  when  tlie  commi^àoners  were  to  proceed  to 
Viacennea,  M.  Maug"uin  was  very  much  surprised  to  Bee  only  five  or 
tax  çcndanneâ  assembled  to  form  the  escort,  and  two  carriages  instead 
of  eight.  Ho  vchemcnily  expresoed  his  disîatisfftctioa,  but  it  "was 
too  lute.  M.  Matlier  dc  Montjau  carried  hia  modegty  to  euch  a 
length  on  the  occasion,  as  to  p-nite  secretly  to  General  Daumesni], 
governor  of  Vincennes,  requesting  him  to  give  the  commisstoners  a 
very  simple  reception.  No twith standing  ttufi,  on  entering  the  castle 
they  found  the  gameon  drawn  up;  the  goldiers  presented  arms  to 
Uiem,  the  drums  beat;  and  wlicn  Madier  dc  Montjau  took  the  go- 
vernor aside^  and  asked  him  why  he  haJ  not  conformed  to  the  m- 
structlona  given  him,  "  I  knewtïctter  than  to  do  e«j,"  replied  General 
Daumesnil^  **  la  not  tlie  sovereignty  now  vested  in  tne  cbaml>er?" 
Tlie  phrase  clearly  exhibits  the  repugnance  with  which  some  high 
personage  then  regarded  every  thing  capable  of  giving  too  much 
prominence  and  prestige  to  the  parliamentary  sovcrcigntyt 

The  exuninabon  of  the  ex-mmistera  was  formal^  and  more  giïkvc 
than  etem.  M.  Maugiiin  alone  showed  signs  of  sensibility.  I  If  had 
formerly  obtained  from  M.  de  Peyronnet  an  amnesty  for  the  French 
icfugoee  in  Spain.  He  hart  been  acquainted  with  M.  de  Ouemon 
lUnvillet  and  slill  more  ultimately  with  M.  de  Chantelauze.  When 
iho  Utter  suddenly  appeared  before  him  pato,  eickj  and  drooping,  he 
ûOold  not  rcl^rain  from  holding  out  his  hand  to  him,  and  bursting 
into  te&rs.  M.  de  Chontolatiziî  seemed  indeed  borne  down  under  tlio 
weight  of  cabmity,  M.  Je  Piyronnet,  on  the  comtmry,  displayed  «n 
■noanoe  thai  was  not  altogether  iree  from  bravado.  He  accounted 
fat  his  co-operation  in  the  ordinimcea  on  the  ground  of  his  absolute 
derot«dness  to  a  king  who  had  loaded  him  nyith  favours.  M^  de 
Gucrnon  Ran\'illc's  courage  was  tinctured  with  ill-humour.  As  for 
ÛL  dc  Polignac,  his  demeanour  in  the  highest  degree  Astonished  the 
comnùsàoDers.  Calm  and  ulmi^t  smiling,  he  seemed  to  look  on  all 
that  wes  going  on  u  on  insipid  ihrcc.  "  The  irreeponeibility  of 
ministers/'  he  ioid,  "  is  hut  a  corollary  of  the  principle  of  royal  in- 
violability. The  inviolability  of  Charlee  X.  has  not  been  re5f»ected; 
hia  ministers  have  therefore  ceased  to  bo  responsible."  This  vnw 
tantamount  to  bidiling  victory  btnv  to  the  subtletiefl  o>t  the  ?pccial 
pleader;  but  A!,  de  Poli^nc  thought  himself  una^ilablc  beneath 
die  liK^lter  of  tliesc  deduction?  I'rom  a  fictiiin  which  had  not  savctl 
eidier  Charlea  X,  or  Strafford.  "  When  shall  1  be  ?et  at  liberty?" 
he  asked  isicesaantly.  ii^imsu^  vociferations  were  heard,  however, 
all  round  the  piùon. 

T  2 


3  lu 


ANXIC 


iVOUSS  TO  PBESBBVE 


The  commissioners  were  careful  to  temper  the  austerity  of  their 
functions  by  many  acts  of  considerate  leniency.  They  cut  short  the 
repUta  of  the  cx-mlnietera  when  ihcy  began  to  bo  hazardous  to  theif 
ûulhors.  The  examination  was  frequently  interrupted  by  conTcrsa- 
tiotu,  during  which  the  accused  might  forget  the  bitterness  of  their 
situation.  Refreshments  wore  set  before  tlicm;  indifferent  matters 
were  talked  of,  and  the  image  of  the  aeaflbld  disappeared.  The  pri.- 
eonâra  complained  of  being  contined  au  sfcret^  and  tlieir  rcmonslrsncea 
were  listened  to  with  iavour,  M.  de  Muuguin,  above  att,  seemed 
disposed  to  mitigfite  the  condition  of  the  culprits.  M,  de  Polignic 
was  allowed,  through  his  inâtrumcutaUty,  to  be  visited  by  the 
Ducliesse  de  Guiche. 

Mcanwliile  Louie  Philippe  was  intensely  concerned  as  to  the  danger 
possibly  impending  over  the  last  ministers  of  Charles  X.  To  turn 
them  over  to  the  executioner  would  be  to  give  bloody  pledges  to  the 
revolution»  ut  the  risk  of  ttiU  more  exasperating  kings. 

The  Convention  had  smitten  Louis  XVL  in  cold  blood,  without 
hatred,  without  passion,  as  one  smites  a  principle.  A  terrible  but 
proiound  policy  !  Well  knowing  what  it  had  to  expect  from  the  re- 
sentments aroused  against  it,  the  Convention  desired  that  these  should 
be  lieroc  and  implacable,  in  order  that  France,  buffeted  by  the  tem- 
pest, might  have  but  one  sole  means  of  safety,  and  thiit  tlie  most 
powerful  of  all,  despair. 

Louis  Philippe  adopted  quite  a  contrary  policy  from  liis  very  ac- 
cession, and  Uus  he  unnounced  to  Europe  by  savmg  M,  do  Poligiuic 
and  hia  colleagues.  To  propose  to  the  chamber  the  abolition  ot  the 
penalty  of  death,  in  this  w»y  to  piepare  the  public  mind  for  cle- 
mency, and  to  intrust  tlic  task  of  passing  sentence  to  the  peers  of 
1  ï'ranco,  mast  of  whom  were  friends  of  the  Gx-n]ùni9teri3i — such  wafl 
the  plan  fixed  on  in  the  Palais  KoyaL 

»  U.ue  course  of  criminal  jurisdiction  had  been  partially  suâpendcd 
&  tlie  revolution.  The  guillotine  had  ceased  ^)  work  all  over 
nee,  though  there  were  in  the  prisons  men  condemned  to  capital 
jpuDLshment.  The  rigid  Dupont  do  l'Eure  was  distrc»^  at  this  de* 
I  jogation  from  the  rcguhir  eour=«e  of  things,  and  could  not  imdcr- 
]  gland  why  the  law  should  remain  8u,«pended.  But  whenever  the 
[acaduld  was  meuUoned,  the  king  manifested  extreme  sensibility. 
[Tlio  ministers  having  decided  one  day  that  an  appeal  to  the  royal 
lolemency  should  bo  reiected  (the  case  was  one  of  poiricidc)  M.  lÂf- 
[fittc  heard  the  son  of  Pîilltppc  Egalité  exclaim,  ''  My  father  died  on 
Filie  scaffold,"  and  Uam  rolled  do^vn  the  king's  cheeks  as  he  uttcrod 
the  words. 

Tlie  plan  thought  most  feaaible  for  saving  the  ex-ministcn  having^ 
encountered  no  opposition  în  the  council,  the  king  rejoiced  at  tlua 
u  at  a  victory  due  to  his  personal  ascendancy,  and  he  expocled 
«▼6^  thing  from  the  condescendance  of  hiâ  miolsterâ. 

'Ilie  abolition  of  the  penally  of  di?ath  had  been  propopcfl  in  the 
nttin^  of  the  17th  of  August,  by  M.  Victor  do  Tracy,  and  on  the 


I 
I 


I 


^•m 


THE  LIVES  OF  THE  EX-UINI8TER91.  311 

6di  of  October,  ÎJ-  Bércnger  had  read  a  rfrport  on  the  subjoct,  re- 
commendjnc  an  adjoumtiieiit  of  the  question.  Two  days  nftcr- 
wards  the  discussion  was  re^'îved.     M.  de  Tracy  doinandcd  thnt  his 

f)FOpoatiqn  should  bo  accepted^  or  nt  least  oxammcd;  he  was  fol- 
owed  by  M.  de  Kératine*  and,  os  it  was  esaenlial  to  interest,  on  be- 
hali'  of  ine  imprisoned  minigtors^  the  generopity  of  that  people,  which 
was  still  powerful  enough  to  be  treated  with  defcrenee,  the  orator 
impetuously  exdidmed,  **  I  aver  in  your  présence,  messieurs,  if  it 
were  possible  to  nsscmbîe  within  these  walls  the  relations  and  fiîenda 
of  tho  brave  victims  of  July,  nhd  to  ask  them,  *I>o  you  desire  blood 
for  blood?  An?vfcX'r!*  that  jury  would  silently  shake  tlieir  heads  in 
BgQ  of  denial^  and  would  return  in  noble  sorrow  to  their  dedoktcd 
hearths.  Should  I  be  mistaken,  I  would  adjure  the  inanea  of  the 
glorious  vicûnia  themselves;  I  would  mentally  appeal  to  them  to 
amend  a  sentence  so  unworthy  of  them;  for  I  know  that  the  brave 
who  risk  their  lives  for  a  holy  cauee  shed  no  blood  but  in  the  heat 
of  the  fight,"  The  walla  of  the  chamber  ran^  with  applause  at 
these  words.  M.  de  Ki*ratry  continuc<l  hia  epeech,  and  demanded 
that  the  committee  whose  report  had  been  read  should  be  ordered  to 
draw  up  the  draft  of  an  address  to  the  king,  and  that  the  abolition 
of  the  penalty  of  death  for  political  offences  ethould  be  confided  to 
the  initiative  of  the  monarch. 

M.  de  Lafayette  next  presented  himself  to  the  attentive  awoiubly. 
"  An  adjourmmcnt  has  been  proposed  to  you/*  he  said.  '*  Doubtless 
those  who  have  recommendea  it  have  not  liad  the  misfortune  to  see 
their  family,  their  fricnda,  and  the  firet  âthtms  of  France,  dragged 
to  the  Kûttbld;  they  have  not  had  the  misfortune  to  see  unhappy 
men  immolated  or  pretence  of  Faytli^m."  The  revered  voioe  of 
Lafayette  was  drowned  in  the  applausea  of  the  chamber.  The  mo- 
tion for  an  addrc-H  lo  the  king,  calling  for  the  abolition  of  the 
penalty  of  death  in  certain  cases,  was  iupported  by  the  garde  des 
sceaux,  and  the  reference  of  the  subject  to  tlic  committee  was  umx- 
nlmoualy  voted. 

Such  was  the  impatience  of  tlic  legiektors  that,  aflcr  a  biief  eus- 
penrion,  the  Httxngs  were  resumed  at  eight  o'clock  in  the  evening. 
The  committee  had  by  this  time  completed  their  ta«k.  The  draft 
of  the  oddrcfis,  dmwn  up  by  M.  Bérenger,  Icrnûuflted  with  these 
word*: — 

"  Sire,  the  chamber  invotos  the  prompt  initiation  of  this  icforni 
by  your  majesty.  Too  much  glory  is  attached  to  it»  t«r>o  many  ad- 
vantages must  result  from  it,  for  the  nation  to  wish  to  owe  it  to  any 
but  ita  king." 

By  bestowing  thie  high  mark  of  dcfereucc  on  Louis  Philippe,  the 
deputies  admirably  subscTved  his  policy.  They  proved  to  Europe 
thai  the  fall  of  a  ^yi^sty  had  taken  noihit^  fnom  the  force  of  the 
ïnunan:hii<al  principle  in  Franoc.  And,  again,  by  subordinating  the 
safety  of  Charles  X.'a  adviser?  to  the  will  ef  his  succewor,  they  sup- 
plied the  latter  with  an  opportunity  of  doing  himself  honour  in  the 


I 


PABLIAMEXTART  DISCUSSIONS. 

ey^  of  fortâgn  aovereigiu.  ^VTiethet  or  not  tiie  chomber  fonesaw  a11 
the  results  of  ihc  ftfîJre^s.,  nt  any  rate  it  adopted  it  with  euthoaiattiL 
The  ftu5tere  Eitsebe  de  Soîvcrtc  iilone  thought  proper  to  protoL 
*'  Thua,  tlien,  if  wo  arc  to  put  faith  in  the  specious  dictatai  of  ■ 
spurious  humanity,  ive  should  aay  to  great  criminals,  You  haire  sou^i 
to  make  our  heads  ùll  ;  kc«p  your  own.  Go  into  foreign  countnea 
and  enjoy  the  wealth  you  liave  oinassed;  time  wiU  pursue  his  fligkt; 
pasfiioua  ivill  die  away^  public  and  private  sorrows  will  be  appealed; 
ihc  history  of  our  troubles,  engraved  irith  musket  balïa  and  grape- 
shot  on  our  walls,  will  no  Songer  be  legible  :  tlien  will  your  long  exOa 
awaken  the  public  compassion,  and  its  voiec  will  demand  that  on  end 
be  put  to  youj  banisluneut,  and  that  you  may  for  a  tliird,  pcriiaps  • 
fourth  tiinc,  bring  your  country  to  the  brink  of  a  precipice,  down 
■which  you  will  possibly  aiu-cecd  in  burling  it.'*  When  he  spoke  of 
l^reat  criiïmmla  who  were  about  to  profit  by  the  pliilanthropy  of  the 
I  chamber,  M.  Eusèbe  de  Salverte  rent  the  veil;  the  sensation  was  iû- 
I  tense  in  the  assembly  ;  but  it  had  taken  its  resolution  ;  the  addrcsi 
■  was  voted  by  an  immense  majority. 

The  king  rcpbod  to  the  deputation  which  presented  Uie  addroL 
•^  The  wish  you  cxprcf^s  Imd  long  existed  in  my  heart-"  And  the 
next  day,  tj  mitigate  tlie  eflcct  which  mif^ht  be  produced  upon  the 
people  by  the  impiuiity  promised  to  the  FiinieTS  of  the  ordonnances, 
M-  Guizot  appeared  at  the  tribune,  and  said,  in  a  voice  of  cmotïOtl, 
'*  MessieuTf ,  tho  king  has  longed  impatiently,  like  yourselves,  to  canc- 
tion  by  a  legislative  measure  the  great  act  of  national  j^titude  which 
the  country  owes  tj  the  victims  of  our  revolution.  This  I  have  tbo 
honour  to  submit  to  you.  Measîcuiï,  our  three  great  days  have  cort 
more  than  5()0  orplmtis  their  iitthers,  more  tbiin  500  widows  their 
buabands,  more  than  îtiH}  old  men  tliL*  afieetiun  and  support  of  their 
chUdien;  311  citizens  will  remain  mutilated  and  inculpable  of  no- 
furaiug  their  occupiitions;  S,6fi4  wounded  will  have  bad  to  endura 
m  temporary  incapacity."  In  the  pn^*:t  de  hti  which  followed  this 
melancholy  inventory,  the  government  proposed  t'")  grant  the  widows 
of  those  killed  in  the  three  days  an  annual  |jension  for  life  of  500 
fnscs.  Their  children  were  to  receive  250  francs  annually  up  to 
the  ago  of  ecven,  and  to  enjoy  the  advantage  of  gratuitous  edaco- 
ûoa.    The  Hi>tel  des  Invalides  was  opened  to  the  wounded. 

Thus  bud  the  govcramcnt  pronounced,  lionour  to  the  victimBÎ 
ao  BCaffolds  for  the  gnilty  !  There  was  certainly  in  this  Bomething 
chivalric  and  exalted,  well  suited  to  touch  the  feeling  of  a  people 
like  the  frentlu  Besides,  from  a  f<onthncnt  of  magnanimity^  casdy 
wrought  to  a  high  pitch,  «hove  all  in  Fnmcc,  the  wounded  of  Jidy 
had  become  the  uatuiul  protcclora  of  the  prieonera  of  Vinccnnes. 
SoTCnd  of  those  courageous  citizens  had  agnetl  a  petition  agunat 
dui  penalty  of  death.  Some  of  them  attended  at  the  chamber  td 
leBfi  the  support  of  thdr  presence  to  the  motion  of  M.  de  Ti*cy, 
,  and  the  interest  they  ecomed  to  take  in  the  diacusaion  had  been 
*H8ed  with  tuaidar  grmpathy. 


I 


I 


I 


I 


ecu     M 


POPri-AB  INDIGitATION.  313 

The  govemmeat  iiad  congnituktcd  itself  befordiûnd  on  the  re- 
Bult  of  its  dexterity.  But  it  is  IJie  vice  of  every  tortuous  policy  to 
lead  to  inextricaLle  dIfHcultica,  tv'ktlat  eludiâg  petty  obstaclea. 
Most  of  the  writers  of  the  bcnirgeoiwc  deecantcd  m  vain  on  the  Oclat 
tliat  would  acinic  to  the  cause  of  the  revolution  firom  a  clement 
poUcy:  the  people  waa  not  deluded,  The  rumour  having  spread  that 
the  penalty  of  death  was  to  be  repealed,  and  that  the  captive  ministers 
were  to  be  tried  by  the  court  of  peers,  cxcitcmeut  prevailed  on  aU 
iidflfl,  and  the  most  menacing  language  weis  euirent  in  the  work- 
«hops. 

bo  this  13  what  they  mtant  to  come  to  I    The  scaffold  for  obscure 
culpriti!+  and  for  illustrious  criminals  impunity  Î     Let  a  wretcli  he 
driveji  to  commit  murder  by  excessive  wimt,  lot  him  yield  to  the 
frij^htful  counsels  of  despair,  and  none  will  intercede  to  snatch  his 
heul  from  the  executioner:  people  would  blush  to  bestow  oom- 
pMaon  on  his  crime,  which,  before  it  was  a  crime,  was  a  misfortune. 
But  let  nobles,  lot  rich  men^  and  men  to  whose  handa  is  committed 
the  destiny  of  empires,  iacrificc  millii:»na  of  human  beings  ta  their 
pride,  act  a  city  in  Hames,  forc^:  brothers  to  cut  each  other'â  throats, 
and  fumilies  to  ^oan  for  ever,  let  them  do  this,  and  when  Oie  liout 
iâ  clonic  for  vengeance,  notiiin^  will  be  talked  of  but  clemency^  the 
clorjf  of  piadoning  will  be  cried  up^  and  the  law  will  all  at  onoe  re- 
lax ita  rigour  1      They  want,  they  tt-U  us,  tliat  the  revolution  shall 
twj  pure,  that  it  eliould  «hine  with  the  histrc  of  gcncro?ity,  as  it  ha» 
already  shone  witli  that  of  disinterestedness  and  courage.     Well 
then,  let  tlie  tafk  of  judging  the  mlniatcra  of  Charles  X,  be  con^ 
fided,  not  to  tho  chambci  of  peer?,  whore  they  have  their  relationa, 
Uieir  friends,  their  allies,  and  their  accomplice?,  but  to  a  natâonal 
jury  specially  enrolled  for  that  grave  office,  and  Içt  that  jury  oon- 
dcmn  them,  let  it  condemn  thcui   to  death  ;  because  if  they  do  not 
âescrvc  such  a  punic.hmeiit,  they  de«rve  none.     Then,  when  that 
Mbtcace  shall  have  botai  pronoimocd,  let  an  i^ipcsl  bo  made  to  the 
cfcmcJicy  of  the  people,  and  let  the  people  cxcrdae  the  right  of 
grace  by  petition.    It  showed  itseU'  great  enough,  God  knows,  when, 
vrith  the  absolute  mastery  of  the  town,  it  knew  how  to  keep  itseli' 
witiiin  due  bounds,  and  tho  properties  of  the  rich  found  protector» 
in  men  who  arc  not  always  vouchsiifL-d  the  u?c  of  a  church  steps  or 
stanca  of  the  street  for  their  bed.     But  no.     The  generosity  of  tha 
people,  whicli  they  extol  in  idle  words,  in  reality  is  calumniated  or 
rather  regarded  with  fear  and  dislike.    Tlicv  at\ï  atmd  lest  the 
pécule  make  too  glorious  a  use  of  its  victory;  let  its  Bovercigntr  bo 
ttaaiiiaEted  by  virtue  after  having  been  manifested  by  force.     If  it 
is  for  the  sake  of  the  cause  of  the  revolution  that  tlicy  wish  to 
pardun  the  ministers,  kt  them  then  address  themâclves  to  tiioâc  who 
have  mode  that  revolution»  and  not  to  thcwc  who  have  passively 
tcceirtjd  it 
This  «art  of  langnage  ereiywhexc  engendered  agitation.    Hia 


314 


KIOT0U8  ÂTTEMFT  ON  VINCENNEB. 


people  folt  itself  in  a  raan&er  insulted  in  îtfl  dignity.  The  com- 
I  mittîng  tlie  carc  of  its  honour  to  an  unpopular  and  antiquated  «u» 
f-thorily  Beomed  n  manif^tation  of  distrust  in  iteelf,  at  which  it  felt 
'  3nc!ig"nant  aftiT  having  givon  so  mnny  proofs  of  moderation.  Ita 
k  înâtinctivc  love  of  cquabty  -wss  in  like  mouticr  oQendcd  by  this  appa- 
[*fntconc-crt  between  all  the  authorities,  in  favour  of  men  belonging  to 
I  the  classes  which  fumisli  t}iose  autJioritics  with  candidates  or  sup- 
'  Jjorters. 

The  fcnncntiitian  increased  from  day  to  day.  Seditious  placarda 
made  tlteir  oppoart*nce  in  several  quartet?,  and  tlie  palisades  of  the 
,  Luxembourg  were  covered  with  thraitening  papere.  On  the  18ih 
-of  October,  large  bodiea  of  men  set  out  from  tlie  Pantheon,  othera 
ntarched  tlirougli  the  Hue  St.  Honore  singing  the  Parisienne,  and  a 
I  «oliimn  moved  towards  the  Palais  RojiJ,  waving  a  flag  inBcribed 
JJcatk  to  the  Ministers  Î  Tlie  gardcn-gateB  were  immediately 
'  -closed,  and  the  national  guard  hastened  to  the  spot.  Ilie  crowd 
telng  repulsed,  took  the  route  to  Viucennes,  tilling  the  air 
"with  shouts  of  ZïenM  to  the  Ministers!  General  Daumesuil  came 
out  to  meet  and  stop  tlie  inscnscd  bands,  and  threatened  that  if  tJiey 
attempted  to  advance  further  he  would  blow  up  the  keep.  Tlicy 
fell  back,  but  rcturnetl  agam  to  the  Palais  Hoyal,  precetled  by  a 
drum,  and  slioutiiirr  more  clamorously  than  ever.  The  council  of 
ministers  was  a^sembk-d.  The  king  was  walking  up  and  down  the 
terrace  witlt  Odilon  Barrot.  Vive  Barrot  !  vios  shouted  from  below: 
whei'eupon  the  king,  turning  to  the  prefect  of  the  Seine,  wiiU  a 
dubious  smile,  Baid,   "  I  have  heard  Vive  Potion!  shouted  in 


time.' 


my 


The  guards  stood  firm,  and  the  rioters  disporsed.  There  remained 
nevertheJcss  a  v&gue  uneasiness  in  the  eapiLal  that  presaged  fresh 
Btonnâ. 

The  next  day  the  kim',  dressed  in  the  uniform  of  the  national 
goard,  and  aceompanicu  by  his  eldest  son,  and  by  Generals  La- 
iaycttc  and  Gerard,  went  down  into  the  eourt  of  i)ie  Palais  Koyal 
to  tJiank  the  armed  bourgeois»  whom  he  called  his  comrades,  for 
their  vigilance.  ITiese  ostentatioua  proceedings  more  and  more 
closely  attached  the  bourgeois  cause  to  that  of  royalty,  but  the 
people  took  umbrage  at  them  :  it  came  by  degrees  to  look  with  a 
common  distrust  on  every  thing  belonging  to  power  and  wealth. 

Insults  mors>ver  were  not  spared  the  people  on  the  part  of  many 
of  those  Uberalfl  oi  the  Restotatiout  whose  cause  it  had  so  valiantly 
upheld.  They  called  the  attempt  on  Vincennes  a  setond  of  Srp- 
teftthrr  att^'inpted  agunst  four  men.  They  decîaimed  ngainat 
blood-drunkenness,  more  irresistible  limn  the  intoxication  of  wine, 
and  they  execrate  agitation,  forgetting  tliat  which  tliey  had  cxcîtod, 
encouraged,  and  applauded  in  the  month  of  July.  "  For  three  years," 
exclaimed  the  Jountal  àes  Débats^  '■"  tlie  democracy  gloated  in 
maaocnes;  for  three  ycar«  it  lapped  tlic  blood  of  the  guIUotinc/' 


I 
I 


I 
I 


I 


I 


ilotinc."     M 


ESMITT  BETWEEN  THE  COURT  ATTD  OOTM)N  BASittOT.      315 

And  then  it  Trent  on  to  «ty  how  that  same  democracy,  trodden  down 
tinder  the  loot  of  a  soldier»  had  boon  ibrced  to  atone  in  slavery  for 
the  dehauched  excesses  of  its  liberty. 

Those  who  had  lost  the  Bense  of  gratitude,  without  having  quite 
lost  the  shame  ofingTatitudc,  preferred  the  advantage  of  dividing  the 
people  to  the  pleasure  of  insidting  it.  With  a  strategy  too  common- 
place to  be  thought  ingenious,  they  congratulated  the  combatanta 
of  July,  the  real  people,  on  tlicir  mere  contempt  for  agitators — thus 
supposing  the  distinction  which  they  wished  to  create. 

OtliCTg  imputed  all  the  mischief  to  the  popuUr  eocicties,  glowing 
furnaces,  as  tliey  called  them,  in  which  were  plunged  and  tempered 
all  the  passions  that  had  no  definite  object.  But  the  popular  societiee 
had  no  part  in  the  disturbances  excited  by  the  trials  ol'  the  ministers. 
Tlie  men  of  whom  tliey  wore  composed  were  themselves  divided  as 
regarded  the  penalty  of  death.  In  tlie  Socttté  des  Amis  du  Peuple, 
ibrînst&ncc,  an  avocat  having  one  day  called  on  the  meeting  to  make 
some  demonstration  of  a  threatening  nature^  aa  regarded  the  prisoners 
at  Vinoennes,  M,  lloche,  one  of  the  most  influential  member?  of  the 
club,  protested  with  extreme  vivacity  against  such  tendencies,  and 
the  meeting  çcparated  without  coming  to  any  decision. 

When  anarchy  exists  in  the  nation^  it  can  hardly  foil  to  he  found 
in  the  executive  likewise.  The  ministry  being  alarmed,  announced 
through  tlic  MoitUcur,  that  the  universal  and  immediate  abolition  of 
the  penalty  of  death  did  not  appear  to  it  to  be  possible,  and  tiiat 
much  time  and  long  toil  would  bo  rcquieito  for  the  purpose  of  re* 
«tiicting  it  even  to  thcœc  cases  alone,  in  which  necessity  justified  it. 
In  this  intcnral  the  Prefect  of  the  Seine  addressed  a  proclamation  to 
the  people,  which  document,  wliilst  it  denounced  in  strong  terms  the 
Etirrerg-up  of  disturbances,  Ptill  applied  the  epithet  inopportune  to 
the  address  presented  to  the  king  by  the  chamber. 

The  procmmftlion  produced  intense  irritation  at  court,  where  M. 
Odilon  Barrot  had  long  been  endured  only  with  llhdiggnised  impa- 
tience. Not  that  his  hberalisra  dillcrcd  at  bottom  from  timt  of  MM. 
de  Broglie  and  Guizot;  but  the  court  could  not  forgi\*e  him  for  his 
disdainïul  probity,  his  pretensions  to  independence»  and,  above  all^ 
his  contempt  for  courtiers.     Hi*  dismissal  was  resolved  on. 

M.  Odilon  Barrot  had  for  his  friend  General  Lafayette:  IHipont 
de  l'Eure  thought  him  almost  indispensable,  Laffitte  himself  afibrded 
himasâneere  andnottîmîdsupport  against  the  doctrinaires.  When  the 
Kubject  of  dismissing  ll\c  Prelect  of  the  Seine  was  t^kcd  of  seriously 
at  the  Palais  Royal,  the  garde  des  sceaux  appeared  ready  to  tender 
his  resignation.     Tlic  case  was  the  same  witti  General  Lafayette, 

The  situation  was  a  critical  one  :  tlic  king  could  hardly  bring  hitU'^ 

•seli'  to  bend.     On  the  other  hand,  to  part,  in  the  most  boiling  heat 

of  the  popular  passions,  with  two  men  who  alone  could  morally 

protect  the  new  tlirone^  would  be  to  encounter  fearful  risk*.     M, 

bëba^tiiftm  interposed.    His  life  and  hid  thoughts  botli  belonged  U> 


I 


Sl« 


THE  KIKG  iM>  DUPONT  PE  L'KTKE, 


the  king;  he  offered  Kis  nawlintion  witK  Odllon  Bandit  to 

him  voEmtarily  to  resign.     But  Dupont  de  TEurc  and  Lai^naite 

rilce  out  stronnlj  arrainst  tKîs  step  una  the  i^ult  expected  £Rna  il 
council  was  neld  in  the  evening. 

There  alreadv  subsistetl  between  the  sarde  dcssccaiix  and  IiUfiot- 
leagues  that  coldne^  v/hich  indiciLt<3  divisions  pushed  to  their  laC 
limita.  Hie  king  waa  expected.  He  arrived,  and  Dupont  de  l'Eure 
remarked  with  surprise  the  radiant  satisfaction  of  his  countewmoe, 
Loui^  Philippe  announced  that  the  retirement  of  the  Prefect  of  tfaa 
a&Dc  was  decided  on,  and  that  Lafoyette  consented  to  it,  "  M-de 
Lftfftycttc!  eaxe/'  Kiid  Dupont  de  t'Eure,  on  hearing  this,  "  yoar 
majcstj  is  surely  mistaken."  "  I  had  it  from  his  own  lips,  xoon- 
neur/'  "  Permit  me,  mrCj  to  beheve  that  there  is  some  mistake  en 
your  part  M.  dc  Lafayette  hag  held  a.  very  different  knn^ge  to 
me,  and  I  do  not  think  the  gcncnd  capable  of  contradicting  himadi' 
to  that  degree."  The  king's  face  grew  fiery  red.  "  Hoircret»"  con- 
tinued the  garde  des  scoauXf  ^'  lot  vs  speak  only  of  what  oonoeciii 
me.  Since  M.  Odilon  Barrot  relirea,  let  rae  repeal  my  request  thtt 
your  mfijesty  will  ûccopt  my  rt^gaatâon."  "■  But  you  said  quite  tfao 
contrary  to  rae  lids  morning.*'     "  I»  fiire  !  this  time  I  all'trm  that  yoo 

I  itt  error,"  "  What,  monsieur,  you  give  me  the  lie?  Everyone 
audi  know  how  you  have  aifrontoa  me."  "  Sire/'  replied  Dupont 
de  TEurc,  with  dimity,  ■'  when  the  king  shall  hnvc  Baid,  yes,  and 
Dupont  de  l'Eure  shall  have  said,  no,  I  know  not  which  ol  the  tiro 
France  will  believe." 

TIds  strange  pccno  had  thrown  the  ministers  into  indescribably 
conl'uaion.  The  king's  emotion  was  extreme.  The  garde  dc»  âceanx 
had  risen  and  was  retiring,  when  the  Due  d'Orleans,  who  waa  present 
at  the  coimcii,  immediately  went  up  to  him,  and  taking  him  by  the 
hand,  led  him  to  the  king  and  said,  "  Fatlicr,  M.  Dupont  de  l'Eure 
is  un  honest  man.  AU  thia  matter  can  be  nothing  more  than  a  mis* 
under? tjmding."  The  king  waa  softened  and  embraced  bis  miBister, 
who,  likewise  oâbcted,  can;«i?nt<ed  to  retain  an  authority,  tlie  poa- 
eeeeion  of  which  waa  still  not  without  danger. 

As  for  MM.  dc  Broghe»  Guizot,  Mofé,  Gafimir  Pérîer,  Duptn^  and 


obBcoguc,  and  Odilon  Barrot  for  their  subordinate*     TUey  resolved 
therefore  to  withdraw  for  a  time  from  office. 

The  king  would  have  wished  to  retain  all  hia  miniflten:  thcae,  be* 
cause  their  popuiarity  would  enable  him  to'cncounter  the  diffîcultîea 
of  the  impending  trial;  tliosc,  because  they  entered  into  hie  views, 
and  lent  them  their  unconditional  support  In  order  to  reotorc  har- 
uony  in  ûm  council  he  i^ipealed  to  the  derotedoeaB  of  M.  LaffiUfti 
orer  whom  lie  poaeaaed  Tenadeoi  iflfluesce  at  that  period.  T3m 
latter  accoidingly  made  every  eiTort  to  reconcile  Dupont  de  l'Eure 


I 


RETIREMENT  OF  TSE  BOCTRINArRES,  8Î7 

and  iJic  Aictrhutttex;  "but  h^  efforts  ircre  frustrated  by  the  inflexi- 
bility of  the  one,  aiid  by  the  jeiloiis  arrogance  of  the  others.  It  was 
necessary  lo  fumi  a  now  cabinet. 

The  Jiiiiculties  of  the  case  were  great.  A  Bullcn  murmur,  por- 
tcnding  luaurrcctionf  was  abroad;  the  air,  so  to  spcâk.  was^led  with 
that  fercrifih  broath  that  cngendcra  revolutions;  and  none  ventured 
to  predict  what  wùuU  be  the  jwicc  events  woi:ild  put  upon  the  safety 
of  the  prisonpTs  of  Vincennes.  When  the  possession  of  power  coa- 
fars  HO  iiioce  ttian  the  honour  of  IkUing  from  a  lufty  eminence,  can- 
didates are  few.  The  imnistcml  portfolios  were  refused  aJmost 
before  they  were  oflcrcd.  There  was  a  tnomcnt  when  Louis  Philippe 
had  reason  lo  ftsuc  that  a  blank  solitude  would  be  leil  round  his 
thime. 

In  truth,  that  thiDoc  flccmcd  thai  suspended  over  a  precipice. 
By  the  rcvivin"  joy  of  the  vanquished  ono  might  judge  the  vast* 
neea  of  the  public  cahunitica.  lîieir  journals  reckoned  up  tho  recent 
banlcniptcics  with  pitiless  exactness.  They  asked  ironically  why  the 
strongest  house  in  Bordeaux  suspended  payment;  why  M.  Vassal 
wag  reduced  to  the  same  cjctrcmity,  M.  \ftsaal  who  had  clapped  his 
iLfOids  at  the  revolution;  and  why  the  credit  of  M.  Loifittc  nimsclf 
was  beginning  to  waver. 

Then  came  the  republicans,  whcisc  accusatiotifl  stru^  etïU  deeper. 
The  fiirt  need  of  the  people  was  to  live.  Well  ^Kn,  above  that 
people  which  wanted  bread,  wlmt  was  beheld?  Ministefa  busied  in 
diHtrihiiting  plocca.  It  was  high  time  to  put  ui  end  to  the  scandal 
of  thni  iodiâcrencc.  Tliey  poôntcd  to  the  ^act,  that  disturbances  had 
broken  out  in  the  dcpartmenta  du  Tam  and  de  Sdne-et-Oise  ;  that 
the  fear  of  a  famine  had  excited  great  approbennon  at  the  last  market 
^'Corbàl;  tliat  in  nearly  fifty  departments  the  jadutM't  impost» 
yiddod  nothing,  or  were  collected  only  by  force;  and  that  at  Bor- 
deaux it  liad  been  neceasary  to  p<Hiit  oanniTn  at  the  multitude  to 
quelt  their  violence. 

Stunned  liy  these  attacks,  which  derived  ineâstible  force  from 
nd  reality,  the  parliEans  of  the  new  -pfltebtîfihmpnt  durst  not  cxpbro 
the  naturë  of  tlic  existing  state  of  thixigs,  Iflvt  they  should  discover 
the  germs  of  a  socud  rcvoludoa.  'tmsy  then  raised  thcii  eyei 
towands  the  executive,  and  talked  of  changing  men  at  a  time  when, 
in  order  to  cure  the  ilia  of  the  nasioQ,  a  cliange  of  things  should 
have  been  ctnmigcou^y  and  dimiterostedly  attempted.  But  the 
more  glaring  was  the  neccsnty  of  a  vigorous  r/overomcnt,  prompt  to 
sugpcst  and  teach,  the  niorc  backward  and  wavering  wens  the 
ambitious. 

So  ihcfli^  cnthusiasm  «ifled,  the  peopîe  discontented  and  insulted; 
cooamcrcc  languishing  ;  labour,  llat  lilc  of  the  poor,  dried  up  at  its 
•OOlce^  actions  madly  fin;ht3ng  over  rains;  the  national  guard  g^led 
pwtorian  by  all  those  it  nad  excluded  liom  its  ranks  and  whom  it 
^Lveatencd  ;  the  nation  uncertain  what  use  ehoold  bo  made  of  tha 
fffirip?H,  the  chamber  diiilod  in  public  by  a  ma^strate  whom  the 


à 


318 


NEW  MÏNISTET. 


imnisters  found  fault  with  ;  the  scftle  of  social  gradations  destroyed; 
the  executive  floating  about  without  helm  or  oompa*s;— such  wu 
the  singular  and  formidable  state  of  things  brought  about  by  tffo 
months'  rcimn;  it  was  impotence  strupghng  iii  the  midst  of  chnos. 

Here»  again,  M.Laffitteofiercdtlic  kin^  his  support  with  adcToted- 
nes  adequate  to  every  trial.  He  took  upou  him  tu  collect  the 
elements  of  a  ministry,  and  he  was  sincere  in  tlie  testiraonJea  of 
affection  he  gave  the  kin^;  for  tlie  confidence  with  which  his  zeal 
was  invoked,  fat  from  wcantig  it  out,  touched  him  to  tear*.  Thanks 
to  him,  tlie  forratttion  of  a  ministry  became  possible,  and  the  fol- 
lowing hst  was  arranged  on  the  2nd  of  November  :  Laffittc,  presi- 
dent of  the  council  und  minister  of  finance  ;  Maison,  minister  of 
foreign  affairs;  Du^xtnt  de  TEure,  minister  of  ju^^tice;  Montali^et, 
of  the  interior;  Gerard,  of  warj  Sebaaliani,  of  marine;  M^rilhou,  of 
public  instrucldom 

The  king,  who  for  two  days  vainly  endeavoured  to  cxinceal  his 
uneasiness,  which  was  partaken  by  his  family,  gave  free  course  lo 
his  delight.  MM,  Sebasliani  and  Montalivet  were  devoted  not 
only  to  hi&  fortunes  and  to  his  poUcy,  but  to  his  person.  He  waa 
all  powerful  over  Generals  Gérard  and  Maison,  because  their  capa- 
àties  were  limited  ;  and  over  M,  Mérilhon,  because  his  heart  waa 
vulgar.  It  is  well  known  under  what  a  magic  influence  M. Laffittc 
then  lived,  Dupont  de  l'Eure  alone  wa»  an  irksome  surveillant  ; 
but  the  court  counted  on  the  disgust  he  felt  for  office  as  a  means  of 
getting  rid  of  him,  when  he  should  have  ceased  to  be  necessary. 

There  had  long  been  introducerl  into  the  language  of  politica  a 
'  word  which  cvi^Ty  one  employed,  though  no  one  was  able  to  dc&nc 
it,  not  even  those  to  whom  it  was  appliui.  Tlie  name  of  da^trinaires 
had  been  given  to  MM.  do  BrogUct  Guiaat,  and  their  friends.  The 
desgnatioDj  winch  gave  them  the  importance  of  a  sect^  âatteiêd 
their  pridcj  and  they  adopted  it;  whilst  their  enemies  used  it  lo 
excite  the  most  lively  antipathies  against  them:  for  it  is  witli  words 
devoid  of  sense  that  men  are  allut^Kl  or  itritated. 

In  reality  tlie  doctrinaires  did  not  constitute  a  schooh  Their 
philosophy  was  that  which  had  been  preached  by  the  eighteenth  cen- 
tury. In  political  economy  they  did  not  go  beyond  tliosc  narrow  and 
cruel  maxims  ot  '  laùsezjatj-e,^  of  unhmited  competitiont  and  of 
individual  credit,  which  Jcnn  Ikptirte  Say  had  ingeniously  recom- 
mended lo  general  adoption.  Their  policy  was  wholly  comprised  in 
that  Knglisn  constitutionalism  which  had  been  essjiycd  hy  the  Con- 
stituent Aoscmbly,  upphed  in  the  charter  of  Louis  XVIII.,  and 
popularised  by  Benjumin  Constant.  Tliey  had  therefore  broitght 
nothing  new  to  society.  Tlicy  acknowledged  no  other  princif^ca 
than  those  which  had  established  the  proponderance  of  the  hour* 
gooirâe  in  France,  principles  whîcii  tliey  lield  in  common  with 
JL«0lttc,  Dupont  de  l'Eure,  Lafayette,  and  all  those  who  were 
looked  on  as  their  adversaries. 

There  wai  indce<l  one  diflerencc  between  them  imd  these  pre- 


TIIE  DOCTniKAJIlES.  319 

tended  opponents  of  thcrr  doctrinea;  but  there  was  notliing  funda- 
mental in  it,  una  the  several  pardea  magnified  it  beyond  incasure^ 
loss  from  calculation  than  tlirough.  ignorance.  With  an  equal 
apprehension  of  all  that  was  cAlcuUtcd  to  ûnoaîr  the  force  of  the 
sytitera  laid  down  in  1789,  the  one  party,  like  M.  Laffittc,  thought 
that  systiim  so  strong,  that  matlcFS  might  safely  be  left  to  the 
spontaneous  movement  of  opinion  and  of  events;  the  other  par^, 
on  the  cûntrarY,  took  upon  them  to  check  that  movement.  The 
two  partiea  differed  in  their  appreciation  of  the  rncnns,  but  there 
was  no  oppoation  between  them  aâ  to  the  end  aimed  at,  nor  any 
diversity  as  to  princ;iplc3. 

\Vc  may  even  affirm,  that  by  adopting  a  lemporizinj^  and  dis- 
tnistfuJ  policy,  the  doctrinaires  much  better  accorded  wltli  that  con- 
servative sentiment  which  the  bourgeoisie  was  about  to  push  to  a 
frantic  excesa.  Tlie  unpopularitv  of  the  doctnnfiirca  mnong  the 
oiiddlc  classes,  whose  interesta  and  jasaions  they  so  well  represented, 
could  not  therefore  be  ascribed  to  the  nature  of  their  policy;  it 
sprang  from  their  personal  defects,  from  their  hanghttncss.  Pride 
vraa  what,  in  fact,  constituted  them  a  school. 

Accordingly,  the  news  of  their  defeat  was  hailed  with  pleasure  by 
the  mujonty  of  tlie  joumala,  because  the  press  can  only  subsist  by 
movement  and  freedom.  But  in  the  Chamber,  the  jealous  guardian 
of  the  bourîjcois  întereiits,  the  impnaaion  produced  was  quite  the 
reverse,  atid  it  eagerly  seized  an  opportunity  to  declare  its  sentiments. 

The  struggle  begun  almost  iinmediately  after  the  accession  of  the 
tkeir  ministry,  on  the  subject  of  a  motion  by  M.  Bavoux  with 
respect  to  journals  and  periodical  work?.  M.  de  Tracy  demanded 
tliat  the  recognizances  required,  of  ioumab  should  be  abohshed. 
ÏI.  Guizot  declared  that,  in  his  opinion,  the  recognisances  «should 
be  retained,  hccau?n  they  were  *'  a  guarantee  intended  to  prove  that 
tlie  men  who  undertake  a  joumEU.  belong  to  a  certain  cla^  in 
society.*'  Tliia  languap'e,  inconceivable  at  a  moment  wlicn  the  part 
played  by  the  people  m  July  was  Btill  fresh  and  vivid  in  reculbc- 
tion,  was  applauded,  by  the  majority  of  the  Chamber.  M.  de 
Tracy's  amendment  vfus  rejected.  In  vain  M,  Eavoux  demanded 
that  the  amount  of  the  recognizances  should  be  reduced  to  a  fourtli; 
in  vain  M.  liarthc  propoeed  to  his  colleagues  tlmt  the  8tanip  duty  on 
joumald  estiblii-hed  by  the  ordinance  of  18 16  should  be  suppressed  ;  all 
these  proposals  were  rejected  with  a  sort  of  systematic  wrath.  TIio 
olmmoer  declared  itself  in  a  state  of  open  war  with  the  press;  and 
during  this  time  those  members  of  the  mmistry  who  had  lost  their 
places  were  preparing  their  vengeance. 

Tlie  effect  produced  by  this  discussion  waa  remarkable.  The 
press,  directly  attacked,  let  loose  all  itâ  energies  agûnst  the  de- 
putiât,  aaà  on  the  9th  of  November  the  aâsennbly  met  in  the  midst 
of  Oj^tation, 

Fiery  Lmguago  wa3  looked  for:  nor  w£â  this  expectation  dij» 


M.G»BtMBuAAthetBbMe,Mdbegmtftgg:"GqH 


^âkd  «n  «a  F^BHi  nUift  bAnnfr  tl»  liownr  lo  lit  m  ibe  ktii^'« 
«uaoL"    Bcat!  Bcarl  vm  cneâ  ficH  tizimv  futo  «f  tiw  luU. 

wiKi&mc9  of  Dot  Iviiflg  fliB^pd^Bded  Ac  ^MHnç  of  the  re- 

'  «tiCJt^.  "T^Tintii  li  iiin  ni  n  rri  tn'— T  *" 
**  It  Iw  itmpwl  »  ayMsly.  ]KhM8H^ttl»aibflltliito« 
'  âiâ  «qpeneded  uanlj  m  pooLUe;  and  it  a  the  paUic  instinct 
AbI  ha  |wiw|iiHl  tbc  eouartry  to  ïotoict  âkia  d^nge  trithiii  the 
■BEDWtflC  tbttti."  At  tKcse  «rocds  time  ma  m  bust  of  îndîgii»- 
lipm.  oa  ihjn  eztreue  Wi  TIk  rest  of  the  uEcmUr  ww  calm,  and 
waaatd  to  ajj|]me  of  the  cgnW^e  wonb.  Pcqntodïj  alhscBoiff  to  his 
him  cothygoci^  widiOBt  Mmg  thet^  M.  Gubot  zonaclfeâ  awn 
nilh  hsving  •ongfat  to  cBcit  neir  JMtîtiiliw  fron  w  rerohitîcn. 
'^  W«U  tbqiy  ay frifndg^ and  Irefiaeed  to  ocmtiiitic  the  n?vblutiofi  n 
thii  waj7  From  the  seontion  prodaced  by  thcae  words,  Uw 
omtor  eoatd  ïniêr  that  ïw  cxpifssed  tlte  paarâoaij  of  the  aaembly. 
Atfeofdingiy  when  lie  added,  '^  We  belief  that  we  have  Wea  tme 
■ot  onlr  to  the  pnmitive  ihâïwttet  of  the  rcvduiiQii,  hot  alfo  to  the 
ml  and  linoeBS  cnnton  aad  to  the  mte^tests  of  Fcmce,"  ¥«ë  !  y^l 
ma  bndiy  leaponaed  cfi  alt  âdes. 

**  I  hoocmr  a  republic,  in«si«nn^"  contiimed  the  orator,  "  St  k  a 
ibrm  oi  ^verom^nt  wluch  resta  on  noble  piindples,  aod  veaxs  tm 
H'iblc  eentimentA  and  gênerons  thoughts  m  the  soul.  And  if  it 
were  jennitted  me  1  wotUd  here  repeat  the  words  which  Tachas 
puts  into  the  mooth  of  old  Galba,  *  If  the  republic  could  be  n- 
«ftabhahed  we  were  worthy  that  it  should  begin  with  va.*  Bat 
Trance  is  not  republican;  itwouM  be  necessaij  to  do  violence  toiler 
oonnezions  to  introduce  that  form  of  goremment  into  her  territ<Hy. 
I  reapect  theodes,  because  they  are  the  elaborated  pro- 
ductions of  human  reason  ;  I  honour  the  pasrâona  because  they  play 
a  Çieat  and  a  goodly  port  in  huiaanit7;  but  it  is  not  with  forces  of 
Ais  nature  that  goremments  are  establuhed." 

The  emotioa  was  intenae  when  M.  Ouizot  descended  from  the 
tribune.  A  great  number  of  deputies  intercepted  the  orator  on  his 
way  to  his  seat,  to  congratulate  nira  on  his  speech  and  to  grasp  his 
hand.  Hic  new  ministers,  motionless  on  their  bench,  looked  on  in 
slenee  at  this  insulting  ovation. 

Odilon  Barrot  rose.  He  was  new  to  the  Chamber.  He  declared 
that  in  hia  opinion  the  government  ought  to  lean  on  the  middle 
class,  because  **  it  was  the  middle  ekes  that  really  constituted  the 
nation."  These  doctrines  difièred  little  from  those  which  M.  Giiizot 
and  his  friends  wished  to  sec  triumphant.  But  personal  antipathies 
aaid  narrowmitided  ambition,  found  lood  in  these  vain  disputes,  which 


LAFFITTE  3  COUNTEB-EXPLAXATIOÎT. 


331 


excited  a  p&aàonatc  intcrcat  m  that  numerous  ^ecUon  of  the  public^ 
that  scca  notbiog  of  hmnan  aâlûra  exctrpt  the  colour  and  the  sm^ 
£icc. 

The  next  day,  Kovember  10,  M.  Laffitte,  presiJeiit  of  the  council, 
rleiivcred  the  foUowann^  words  irom  the  tribune.  *'  Ag  member  of 
llie  li^  and  of  the  present  adminjstrfttioa,  we  have  to  expluin  our 
intentions  and  our  conduct;  wc  will  bo  brief  and  to  the  point.  ,  . 
Every  body  in  the  council  knew  und  bebeved  that  hberty  ought  to 
be  accompanied  by  order,  and  that  the  continuai  execution  of  the 
laws  up  to  tlie  time  of  their  reform  was  indispensable,  if  confusion 
were  to  be  avoided.  Every  body  was  fuU  of  the  lessons  of  cxperienco 
bequeathed  to  the  lirorid  by  the  revolution  of  1789.  Every  body 
knew  that  the  revolution  of  1^30  ought  to  be  kept  within  certain 
measure^  and  that  it  'was  neoesarj  to  conciHate  Europe  in  its  favour 
hy  jolioiu^  A  steady  modération  to  dignity:  a  commua  uudcratond- 
ing  prevailed  on  aU  these  points,  becauae  d'hère  were  in  the  coundl 
none  but  men  of  fense  and  prudence.  But  there  woâ  a  disagree* 
ment  as  to  tlic  manner  of  appreciating  and  directing  the  revolution 
of  1830;  it  was  not  gcnenuly  thought  hkcly  So  soon  tiDt  dege- 
nerate into  anarchVf  as  to  make  it  necdi'uL  so  soon  to  take  pre- 
cautions agûnet  it^  and  to  skaw  it  distrust  and  hostility;  but  saving* 
this  general  diiTeronce  of  opinion  no  fundamental  descrep&ncy  of 
^ystem  divided  the  members  of  the  last  cabinet  from  each  other." 
This  deckiation  was  perfectly  dacere,  more  sincere  j«rhaps  than 
M.  Lotlitto  hiuiaclf  imagined.  And  yet  no  one  believed  it.  Thq 
moËt  impetuoua  pardsaiis  of  the  new  cabinet  rcproachetl  LnlHttc 
with  having  dealt  too  leniently  with  hîa  late  cDUeagnes,  and  with 
having  eslabliahed  between  their  doctriuea  and  hiâ  own  an  affinity 
evidently  impOEBible, 

It  was  in  this  circle  of  misconceptîonâ  that  the  policy  of  the  day 
revolv*^.  The  vietC'rious  boxvri^^oisie  took  a  tiivolous  pleasure  in 
pplitling  itself  up  into  eoctions.  SJen  fought  with  words,  the  better  to 
avoid  remembermg  that  the  seeds  of  a  serious  war  lay  at  the  bottom 
of  things.  Afl  for  the  people,  wrapped  in  darkness,  it  hastened  B'om 
afar  to  thid  din  of  imaginary  warfare,  without  being  irritated  by  it, 
but  also  witliout  corapreliendin"  it.  That  the  ministers  of  Charles  X. 
should  not  eficape  with  impunity  was  the  point  which  absorbed  all 
ite  thoughts. 

This  wQS  not  unknown  at  the  court,  and  Dupont  de  l'Eure  «as 
treated  there  with  inûnite  deference.  It  had  not  been  forgotten, 
however,  tlmt  on  accepting  a  place  in  the  ministry  he  had  refused 
the  twenty  thousand  IrsJics  to  cover  the  costfl  of  hia  installation 
which  Baton  Louis  had  piT^ecd  him  to  accept;  a  very  natuial  re-^ 
fual,  Btnce  that  kind  ol"  allocation,  not  liavlng  been  ordered  by 
the  Chamber,  acceptance  in  snch  a  case  would  have  been  m\  act  of 
extortion,  liut  the  colleagues  of  Dupont  de  TEure  bad  regarded 
these  KTup^r  which  they  did  not  shai'c,  as  an  oilencc  to  themaclves.^ 
Since  then  the  patriotism  of  the  upright  minînter  had  become  doily 


322    ADTANTAGE  FBOM  THE  TBIAL  OF  THE  EX-MIKISTEBS. 


xfXOTQ  and  more  obQoxîouâ  to  thcta.  InËXoraLk  iû  his  virtue,  he  had 
imposed,  on  the  king,  functionaries  whom  his  majesty  knew  only 
through  the  law  suits  he  had  carried  on  against  them  and  lost.  In- 
accessible  to  every  personal  consideration,  and  even  to  tho  seduc- 
tions of  friendiship,  lie  had  recently  been  seen  in  full  chamber  rising 
to  Bpeak  against»  measure  of  which  M.  Laffitte  professed  himself  a 
parUsan.*  And  yet  in  spite  of  all  this,  the  most  obsequious  attentions 
were  lavished  on  Dupont  de  l'Eure,  His  bluntness  was  potticd  by 
force  of  &mcM>thness,  and  the  most  asiduoiiâ  pains  were  taken  to 
cajole  his  puiitanism. 

Fewer  efforts  had  been  required  to  win  upon  Lafayette,  his  vanity 
making  him  the  slave  of  every  one  who  appeared  to  bend  under  hia 
omnipotence,  or  to  recognize  it  merely.  ITiis  vanity,  moreover,  wa8 
in  him  closely  allied  to  generous  instinct?,  so  that  one  was  always  sure 
of  commanduig  him  when  one  ascribed  some  noble  action  to  me  de- 
fiirc  of  plcaang  him.  It  was  accordingly  with  extreme  alacrity  that 
the  pardon  of  sevexd  cilizenjj,  who  had  incurred  the  hostility  of  the 
Reatoration,  was  accorded  to  lua  intercession.  It  was  a  glad  day  for 
tile  old  general  when  he  saw  the  doors  of  the  king's  apartment 
thrown  open,  and  the  usher  ceremoniously  aimouncing  Âfessidtn 
les  condamnés  politiques.  It  will  readily  bo  conceived  now  eaay  it 
wag  to  take  advantage  of  thoso  honourable  weaknesses  of  Lafayette. 
The  part  he  would  take  in  the  ai&ir  relative  to  the  priaonera  of 
Vineennes  was  not  doubted  for  a  single  instant.  He  had,  moreover, 
a  epceiiil  motive  for  wishing  that  the  lives  of  Charles  X.'a  iDini5t«;rs 
should  be  spared.  M,  de  PoUsnac  had  proscribed  him,  and  he, 
with  a  justiliable  artîËce  of  seli-eateem,  wished  to  revenge  himself 
on  h  19  enemy  by  saving  him. 

The  court  thus  assured  of  the  co-operation  of  Dupont  de  l'Eure 
and  of  Lafayette,  beheld  with  l^s  alarm  the  approach  of  the  critical 
moment.  It  even  went  so  far  as  to  think  it  perhaps  de-sirable 
that  the  popular  passions  should  have  an  opportunity  of  vent- 
ing themselves  and  becoming  .spent.  The  revolution  of  July  had 
ifillad  the  multitude  ^vith  a  vai^uc  apixjtitc  for  excitement  which 
cou^  not  die  away  ol'  itself.  Was  there  no  reason  for  apprehensioa 
Ifsrt  the  people  should  .ipply  its  energies  to  more  serious  objecta,  in- 
stead of  concentrating  them  all  upofi  its  demand  for  four  heade,  a 
demand  without  force  because  without  generosity? 

As  Ibr  the  impression  which  troubles  of  this  kind  were  likely  to 
produce  in  Europe,  iho  court  thouglit  timt  what  was  eaeenûal  waa 
not  BO  much  to  prevent  them  as  to  put  them  down.  The  more 
violent  the  sedition,  the  more  meritorious,  in  the  eyes  of  potentates, 
would  he  its  suppression;  for  it  would  be  a  mauilcatatiQn  of  courage 
and  strcngtli  :  aud,  as  we  shall  presently  ece  from  the  conduct  puis 
sued  with  respect  to  Belgium^  the  desire  of  conciliating  the  good 
will  of  tlio  linglish  pcrvaued  every  tliought  of  tho  court. 

*  LafBtte  dcinnndcd,  soldy  on  flaoncial  groonda,  thai  the  elninp^ty  on  newt- 
ft^tn  ibDald  be  cootiuoexL 


I 


VXTSaXAh  POLICY  OP  PBANCE.  Z$S. 


CHAPTER  V. 

Ok  tlie  2d  of  November,  tlie  day  appointed  for  tlie  opening  of  the 
new  parliament,  the  king  of  Great  Britain,  after  declaring  his  satis- 
fiicdon  at  the  issue  of  the  revolution  of  Faiis,  expressed  nimself  in 
these  terms  respecting  the  revolution  of  Brussels.  "  I  have  learned 
with  deep  T^;ret  the  state  of  things  in  the  Netherlands.  I  lament 
that  the  enlightened  administration  of  the  king  has  been  unable  to 
preserve  his  dominions  from  revolt." 

Two  days  afterwards,  lUC.  Van  de  Weyer  having  arrived  in  London 
on  a  mission  from  his  colleagues,  Lord  Aberdeen  and  the  Duke  of 
Wellington  severally  declared  to  him  that  England  was  fully 
ZGSolved  not  to  permit  the  annexation,  direct  or  indirect,  of  Bel- 
gium to  France.  When  the  noble  lords  assumed  this  imperious 
and  menacing  tone,  the^  were  not  ignorant  that  their  exhausted 
country  was  in  no  condition  to  make  war.  They  counted  then  on 
ike  pusillanimity  of  the  French  government,  on  its  ignorance  of  facts, 
and  principally  on  the  desire  manifested  by  Louis  Philippe  to  conci- 
liate the  good  will  of  monarchical  Europe.  Tliey  were  not  de- 
ceived. 

Wg  have  seen  in  the  preceding  chapter  what  were  the  causes  that 
brought  about  the  formation  of  the  ministry  of  the  2d  of  November. 
Dupont  do  l'Eure  was  the  most  necessary,  if  not  the  most  influential 
member  of  that  cabinet,  and  his  soul  was  wholly  French.  Unfor» 
tunately  he  was  engrossed,  as  well  as  M.  LafEtte,  with  the  care  of  in- 
ternal matters.  Many  things  moreover  were  kept  secret  from  him. 
Marshal  Maison,  minister  of  foreign  affiiirs,  lent  nis  name  to  acts  of 
which  he  scarcely  comprehended  the  import  Hence  the  foi-cign 
policy  of  France  was  excluâvely  directed  oy  the  court. 

The  prindple  of  non-intervention  was  adopted  as  the  basis  of  that 
policy  ut)m  the  very  outset  of  the  new  reign.  It  was  a  narrow,  un- 
generous pnnciple.  The  emperor  Alexander  had  been  better 
actuated  when,  m  the  treaty  of  the  holy  alliance,  he  had  laid  down 
the  principle,  that  kings  on  the  one  huid  and  peoples  on  tlic  other 
were  reciprocally  bound,  each  for  all.  If  the  intention  was  odious, 
if  the  application  wss  oppresùve,  the  idea  itself  was  grand.  But  to 
adopt  the  selfish  motto,  Èa^  at  konu^  each  for  telfy  was  what  Franco 
could  not  do  without  violence  to  her  own  genius,  without  aban- 
doning her  calling  as  high  protectreas  of  unfortunate  nations.  With 
the  exception  however  of  M.  Mole,  who  would  not  have  had  France 
bind  herself  beforehand  by  the  openly  avowed  adoption  of  an  inva- 
riable prindple,  all  the  letting  men  in  the  new  government  declared 
for  the  principle  of  non-intervention.    On  this  pouit  Dupont  de  l'Eure 


324 


BULGIAK  ATFAIBS. 


and  LafRttc  tiiougHt  as  did  Sebastiani,  imd  Lafayette  like  Louis  Phi- 
Bppc.  Only  there  was  Hùs  dilîcreace,  thftt  me  one  set  believed 
tnat»  the  principle  once  adjuittcdi,  it  would  be  ligidly  enforced  in 
all  its  applications;  and  that,  for  insUincc,  if  Italy  sliould  rise,  ttc 
Auetrians  would  be  prevented  from  cruslûng  lier  efforts.  The 
others  were  less  scrupxuous,  and  reserved  to  themselves  the  right  of 
acting  according  to  clrcuinâtânceâ.  Hence  tho  participation  of  A& 
french  cabinet  in  tbe  nets  of  the  conference  of  London.  Did  ikâÉî 
that  participation  i-nnstitute  a  il»nrrant  violation  of  tlio  principle 
solemnly  proclaimed  by  France?  Was  it  not  by  virtue  of  inc  diplo- 
matic law  iimugru^tcd  in  1815,  that  England,  Hussia,  Austria,  and 
Prussia,  arrogated  to  themselves  the  right  of  covercignly  disposing 
of  the  destinies  of  Belmum?  Sti^uige  inconsistency  !  Men  lived  in 
thoee  days  in sfuch  &  whirlwind  ol" e%cnta  and  ideas,  that  haitUy  was 
any  notice  tttken  of  thia  flagrant  beiieing  of  its  own  deelaraùûca  oa 
the  part  of  the  cabinet  of  tho  Palais  KoyaL 

E^  this  09  it  maVf  the  conference  of  London  had  hegiin  its  "work. 
In  ita  first  protocol,  dated  Noveinbet  4,  1830,  it  proposed  the  wa»- 
tHA  of  hostilities  between  Belgium  and  HolLmd,  assigning'  «t  the 
flme  time  to  the  latter  country,  ns  the  Hue  of  the  armi^ictj  the  limita 
îthftd  had  before  tho  treaty  of  Paris  of  May  30,  1814.  The  act  of 
the  confeience  was  conveyed  to  Brussels  on  the  7lh  of  November  by 
MM.  Caitwright  and  Breeeon.  It  wm  imperative  mi  the  provisional 
government  to  come  to  a  decision.  The  predicament  ivas  a  delicato 
one.  To  adhere  to  this  first  protocol  would  have  been  to  admit  in 
the  new  congress  of  Vienna  a  compétence  which  there  would  be  no 
pO&^bility  of  subsenttently  denjnng;  it  would  have  been  to  irudcc 
Belgium  vassal  to  the  five  powers.  But  what  could  ilic  BeLnaix 
government  do  y  Consult  the  French  ministers?  They  repuûdt 
"  Beware  of  attacking  Holland;  Prussia  would  hasten  to  itôstijjportî 
and  in  what  a  position  should  we  then  be  placed  Ï  Weshotudbe 
forced  to  disavow  you,  whicli  would  be  painful  to  ub;  or  to  draw 
theâword  for  you,  and  with  you,  which  is  no  part  of  our  inttsntioos." 
Tlie  Bel^an  government,  dismayed  at  this  language,  adheied  to  the 
protocol  No,  1,  thu5  Buhmitting  to  tlic  utmost  arrognnce  of  that  Eu- 
ropean dictatorships  which  hud  Fmncc  for  the  victim,  and  the  French 
government  for  the  accomplice  of  its  usurpations. 

The  Belgian  friends  of  France  were  nevertheless  not  wholly  dis- 
couraged. M.  Ocndebicn  i^-as  sent  to  Paria  to  know  whether,  in 
cafe  the  Belgians  adopted  the  monarchical  form,  Louis  PhiUppe 
would  consent  to  mve  them,  Ids  second  son  for  their  king.  England 
had  declared  heraell":  M.  Oendebien  was  told  iu  reply  tliat  Belgium 
was  not  to  count  either  on  a  union  with  France,  or  on  a  French  prinoeu 
At  tho  âame  time  all  sortA  of  impedimenta  were  thrown  in  the  wajr 
of  the  Pariaan  volunteera  armed  in  the  cause  of  Belgium,  and  an 
'  order  was  sent  to  a  merchant  of  Valcnciennea  to  refuse  the  muakct« 
doeûned  for  the  batmihn  des  amis  du  peuple.    All  thiâ  vras  too  oxtra- 


■ 

I 


M1KISTER3  QUESTIONED  BT  MAUGUIN.  325 

^xdinaiy  not  to  provoka  demanrla  for  explanation.  M.  Mauguin 
gavo  notite  tîmt  on  tlio  13th  of  November  ne  wouid  address  certain 
qu€atlon&  to  iiiLi]JstfX& 

TKe  appointixl  day  arrived.  It  was  impatiently  expected.  M. 
WftuguLn  ascended  tlie  tribune  amidst  a  brcatblcsa  silence.  In  the 
(irat  place  he  pointed  out  Europe  dirided  between  two  principles, 
Willi  France  alono  on  one  side,  but  drawing  the  world  ai  1er  her  in 
her  traiiit  communicadnc;  to  it  her  own  repose,  or  filling  it  with  her 
<avm  ftgitAtion.  Froceemng  to  the  affaire  of  Uie  moment,  he  cited 
with  eurradse  and  indignation  these  words  in  the  bst  speech  of  the 
king  of  Ënghmd  :  /  &m  r^^'/tW,  in  concert  tftth  my  alties^  to  mainica'n 
tkey0Havii  treatif!9y  ity  virtue  of  which  tJie  political  sifitem  of  Entfïpe 
ha*  be&n  estabUihed.  "  What  nrc  these  treaties?"  cjcelaimed  the 
oretor.  *■■  Tlioscof  1814?  But  these  assure  the  |ws3Cftsion  of  Belgium 
to  tho  house  of  Orange.  Here  then  we  arc  conatmined  by  the  rules 
of  lôfîic  to  take  the  part  of  the  Hollander  against  the  Belgian. ,  , .  » 
Deplorable  poâtion  in  which  we  have  been  placed  hy  on  improi-ident 
pohcy — either  to  compromise  the  peace  of  Europe,  or  to  make  war 
OD  our  dearest  neighbotira."  After  alluding  with  puarded  indica- 
tion to  tho  conduct  of  ihegovermncnt  towards  the  bpanisli  refugees, 
and  ex|wre8fflng  some  feari  as  to  the  views  of  the  administration  re- 
lative to  the  preservation  of  Algiers,  M.  Moupiiu  proceeded  to 
recapitulate,  **  Are  our  hands  tied,"  ho  said,  "  bythetreatieaof  T814? 
Whiit  are  we  doing,  what  are  we  about  to  do  in  the  Bel^au  quKtion? 
What  ii  our  poeitJon  with  regard  to  Spsdn  ?  Is  it  U'ue  that  tho  ^"reDch 
no  longer  enjoy  in  the  pcninaiila  the  protection  to  which  they  are 
entitled?  la  it  true  that  the  Spanifih  army  lina  NÎolated  our  tcrritiwy  ? 
In  fmc,  "what  is  it  intended  to  do  with  the  part  of  AiHça  which  our 
youne  army  ha»  conquered?* 

A  ione  pmse  followed  these  bold  apostrophes.  The  deputiei  rose 
from  their  benches.  Tumultuous  groups  gatJiercd  in  the  eetnicircle. 
Horahol  M&ùsoii  attempted  to  reply,  but  qecati^c  bewildered  in  tho 
TigufSie»  of  his  generalizatiotis,  and  his  awkwurd  efi'orts  to  avoid 
fl&yin^  loo  much. 

M.  Bi^^on  next  adTancing  to  the  tribune,  with  all  the  autliority 
derived  from  Ids  diplomatic  career,  demanded  irrst  of  all  what  were 
the  chanoea  for  war,  what  for  peace?  "  Shall  we  have  wnr?  Imme- 
diately, no.  Shall  we  have  it  m  three  months,  in  six  monlha?  There 
hea  tlïe  uncertainty:  let  us  hasten  to  eav  that  it  dépende  in  a  great 
measure  oa  ourvclves  not  to  have  it  ;  or  if  it  is  ine^4  t&ble,  not  to  liave 
cauM  to  fe&r  it."  Tlien  M,  Bignon  attacked  the  speech  of  the  king 
of  England,  aa  M.  Maii^in  had  done.  DcKismting  on  tho  term 
rewit  applied  to  the  events  in  Belgium,  "  What  govcnimcnt,'^  he 
aaidt  '*  better  knows  than  that  of  England,  that  a  movement,  treated 
at  firel  ofl  a  revolt,  rei^ivca  from  fortune,  when  seconded  by  it,  the 
title  of  a  glorious  revolution?  Who  better  knows  this  than  the  house 
of  Hanover,  vrhoso  elevation  to  the  throne  of  England  had  no  other 
tttigifi?"  Speaking  of  tho  conference  of  London,  *'  By  what  right," 

z2 


326 


EIGNOK  s  SPEECH. 


continued  tlie  orator^  "  do  they  pretend  to  reflate  at  Paiis  or  ftt 
London^  what  is  expedient  for  the  gCMxl  government  of  another  coun- 
try? T!iey  propose  to  promde  Jar  the  securUy  of  tfie  other  stat^. 
Measicure»  was  not  rfiis  securitt/  of  the  ether  states  the  principle  in- 
voked ût  Troppau,  at  Leîbach,  at  Verona?  Was  it  not  in  th^  name 
of  this  eecunty  of  the  other  states  that  armies  of  execution  were 
marched  by  turns  Against  Picdraont.  Naples»  and  Spain?  Our  go» 
venunent  has  proclaimed  the  principle  of  non-intervention.  ^Vï«t 
then  is  the  object  of  the  deliberations  of  which  it  speajca?  I?  not  the 
very  concerting  to  establish  an  arrangement  on  tlic  basda  laid  down 
by  the  English  government  in  itself  an  oblivion,  a  vioktion  of  the 
principle  proclaimed?"  There  was  a  movement  Jn  the  assembly  at 
these  words.  The  orator  continued  with  incretising  warmtli.  He 
compared  tlie  right  claimed  of  imposing  on  emancipated  Belgium  the 
yoke  of  a  foreign  will  to  the  execrable  right  which  hud  filled  PcvcmJ 
countries  of  Europe  with  proscribed  men,  and  had  reared  scaftolJa  in 
Turin,  Madrid,  and  Naples.  He  cursorily  disputed  the  chuma  of 
Belmum  to  Luxembourg,  but  at  the  same  time  demanded  that»  withia 
the  Umîts  of  justice,  the  Bovereignty  of  the  Belgian  people  should  be 
inviolabiy  respected.  And  then  Europe  ought  to  r»:kon  on  the 
moderation  of  France.  "  Suppose  in  fact,  McMaeurs/'  continued  the 
orator,  ^*  that  instead  of  the  wise  king  who  governs  us,  the  revolu- 
tion of  July  had  produced  a  repubiic,  or  placed  on  the  throne  a  prince 
or  a  IbrtUEiAte  soldier,  more  jealous  of  his  own  greatness  than  of  the 
welfare  of  France,  what  woidd  there  have  been  to  prevent  tlie  during 
<ihief,  republican  or  monarchical,  at  the  first  sound  of  the  tocàn  of 
ima  in  Belgium,  from  hurrying  thither  at  the  head  of  troops  pro- 
dïuming  tho  freedom  of  the  human  race,  from  dispatching  other 
detachments  to  tlie  lihenlne  provinces  wliich  have  been  French  de- 
partments, from  exciting  or  mther  seconding  the  movement  of  tlie 
peoples  against  theiractual  eovereigns  by  proniisiingthem  free  constitu- 
tions ?  Doubtless  this  would  have  been  to  expose  France  to  fearful  risks  ! 
But  after  all  fortune  often  crown?  daring  with  success,  and  who 
knows  but  that  at  this  veiy  moment  Fr.mee,  led  by  an  enl(?q>rijing 
chiuf  into  the  career  of  conquest,  and  reseizing  a  territory  witJuii  itâ 
rcadi  which  would  gladly  have  become  reunited  with  her,  would  be 
already  in  a  condition»  with  her  name  and  her  millions  of  national 
giutrds,  to  bravo  the  vain  elïôrts  of  Europe  behind  her  triple  ram- 
|«irts  ui"  the  Rhine,  the  Alps,  and  the  Pvrwices?" 

Tlie  assembly  was  breathless;  but  when  the  orator  uttered  these 
words,  '*  If  a  defensive  war  was  neccgairy,  all  our  studious  youth 
woidd  soon  have  cast  aside  their  books  tor  the  musket,  find  would 
rush  with  cagcmegs  to  pay  the  debt  they  owe  their  country* — Vesï 
yes  !  was  shouted  from  the  public  galleries  ;  the  applaufc  was  loud  and 
stormy  :  the  warrior  spirit  of  France  had  been  lor  a  moment  n  wakened. 

The  moderation  ol  M.  Bignon'a  character»  his  age,  the  high  offices 
he  hsd  filled,  his  very  recent  officiid  pomtion,  his  experience  of  m»m 
and  of  afikiis,  all  contributed  to  give  an  imposbg  eficct  to  the  manly 


J 


rTOEFElirDEKCE  OF  BELGITrW  PRÔCLAIMEÔ.  3SÏ 

entliusiasm  of  hk  speech.  Tîic  conventional  eulogiuras  he  bestowed 
on  the  motiftrch  were  not  of  a  nature  to  enfeeble  the  reminiscences 
of  glory  ru'lcmdled  l>y  his  words.  France  had  one  hour  of  tiirilting 
emotion,  aad  fot  the  laat  time  Europe  waa  consdoua  of  great  per- 
plexity, 

Tliree  days  before  this  discussion  the  Belgian  congress  had  as- 
aembieil.  Never  was  situation  more  solemn.  Those  depntÎGs  as- 
seuibled  to  solve  the  greatest  questions  that  can  agitate  the  hearts  of 
men:  how  would  they  eeparate?  Perhaps  amidst  the  din  of  revolu- 
tion; perhaps  amidst  some  vast  fiery  commotion  of  the  world  !  For 
the  vicinity  of  Fmncc  was  enough  to  injure  Belgium,  a  Idngdom 
with  a  population  of  four  miUiona,  the  power  of  keeping  the  eyes  of 
all  the  king^  intent  on  its  least  movement.  The  diversities  of  pas- 
sion and  interest,  the  engagements  entered  into  or  the  hopes  secretly 
conceived,  the  exalted  patriotism  of  some,  the  ambitious  calculationa 
of  otliçra,  gave  the  newly-elected  assembly  an  altogether  strange  aspect. 
Among  its  members  were  seen  the  Abbé  Haëm,  a  republican  pnest; 
M-  Séron,  a  man  of  blunt  and  singular  honesty;  thç  impetuous  M. 
de  Kobaulx;  M.  Van  de  Weycr,  an  apprentice  in  diplomacy,  and. 
parodist  of  M.  do  Tallejncand;  M.  Lebeau,  whom  triumphs  in  the 
tribune  Rwaitcd;  M.Nothomb,  who  was  trj'ing  his  hand  in  politics; 
M.  Gcndehicn,  whom  France  was  proud  to  reckon  among  her  parti- 
Bans.  The  lirst  sitting  of  the  congresa  was  occupied  by  a  speech 
from  M.  de  Potter,  whose  l^t  words  were,  *'  In  the  nmne  of  the 
Belgian  people,  the  national  congress  k  installed  !"  Tlic  deputies 
exuJtingly  applauded  this  déclaration  of  their  wholly  rcvolutâonary 
sovereignty.  On  the  platform,  where  the  throne  iormerly  stood, 
there  was  only  a  simpîe  desk.  Two  tricolour  flags  waved  above  it 
in  sign  of  triumph.  The  arms  of  the  old  kingdom  of  the  Nether- 
lands had  given  place  to  the  Belgian  lion,  holding  tJie  lance  sur- 
mounted by  II  cap  of  liberty.  Those  who  know  what  triHcs  have 
power  over  the  human  heart  will  see  that  even  în  theec  para- 
phernalia there  was  a  chance  of  success  promised  to  the  partisans  of 
independence. 

On  tlic  18th  of  November  the  congress  unanimously  proclaimed 
the  independence  of  Belgium,  saving  the  relations  of  Luxembourg 
with  the  Germanic  conlcderation.  The  decision,  iiowever,  was  far 
iVom  saliïifying  all  interests,  all  sympathies.  Petitiona  had  been  sent 
in  from  oil  pom  ts  of  the  Walloon  provinoes,  calling  for  a  union  with 
France;  hut  what  could  the  portlaLnsof  that  measure  do  when  ihey 
had  against  them  the  French  government  itself? 

From  that  day  forth  Belgium  passed  under  the  yoke  of  diplo- 
macy.  Her  independence  rendered  lier  slavery  inevitable-  T"ho 
congress  having  declared  that  it  continued  the  provisional  govern- 
ment  in  the  lugh  iunctions  with  which  circumstances  had  invested 
it,  M.  dc  Potter  sent  in  his  reaifrna'ion.  not  choosing  to  hold  hia 
autliunty  but  from  the  people,  aad  clearly  perceiving  that  ihc  con" 


PROTEST  OF  THE  KING  OF  THE  NXTHEKLAIÎDS. 


gress  was  about  to  submii  to  sinister  influences.  At  the  same  (une 
a  diplomatic  committȕ  was  formod*  conaisdng  of  MM.  Van  de 
Weyer,  de  Celles,  Destriveaux,  and  Nothomb,  Tvliicb  was  to  deUver 
up  Belgioni  as  a.  prey  to  M.  de  Talleyrand  and  the  EingUsli. 

A  rassal  to  diplomacy,  Belgium,  cvitlotitly,  could  not  coïisiâtute 
herself  a  repubbc.  Accordingly  the  result  of  the  discussion  as  to 
tlic  form  of  the  government  had  been  anticipated.  And  j*ct  the 
Abbe  dc  Hftëm  uttered  a  profound  saying  when  be  exclaimed,  in 
the  course  of  this  discussioUf  *'  Tlic  king  is  inviolable,  the  people  it 
inviolable  likewise»  IVTiat  wilt  become  of  these  two  invioiabuitice 
when  Ect  face  to  liice  with  each  other?"  A  fearful  question,  wliich 
a  revolution  had  just  replied  to  in  Paris,  amidst  blood  and  ruins! 
but  nothing  is  more  intolerant  than  interests  transformed  into  pB»» 
eioits.  Tlie  Abbé  de  Hal=m  was  listened  to  with  impatience.  M. 
dc  UûbauLï,  who  followed  him,  in  pleading  the  cause  of  the  rt-pubUc» 
excited  transports  of  rage  iu  the  assembly.  In  the  end  the  republic 
obtained  but  thirteen  votes  in  tliat  country  which  had  so  long  and 
£o  painfully  experienced  the  "rices  of  monarchy, 

whilst  Belgium  was  proclaiming  ïtB  independcnco,  the  comfcrence 
of  London  was,  by  its  protocol  of  the  20t!i  of  December,  declaring 
the  kingdom  of  the  Netherlfuids  dissolved.  ThLi  pTOtocolj  signed  by 
M.  de  Talleyrand,  as  well  as  by  the  other  diplomatiata,  concludca 
with  words  wherein  was  diacemible  an  offensive  diatnut  of  tho 
French  people,  ^'Tlic  conference  will  apply  itself  to  discuss  and 
concert  the  new  arrangementa  most  adapted  to  combine  the  future 
independence  of  Belgium  with  ihc  stipulations  of  the  treaties,  with 
the  mteresta  and  the  security  of  the  other  Powers,  and  with  the 
oquilibriiun  of  Europe." 

M.  Falck  proteated  in  the  name  of  the  king  of  the  Nctherlaftda, 
who  added  a  personal  protest  to  that  of  his  ambassador.  '^Thc 
king  of  the  Netherlands j*^  said  William,  "  has  learned  with  profound 
grief  the  détermination  come  to  with  respect  to  Helium  by  the 
plenipotentiarica  of  Austria,  France,  Great  Britain,  Prussiù,  and 
Rus.=in,  asserwbled  in  conference  in  London.  If  the  treaty  of  Paris, 
of  1814,  placed  Belgium  at  the  dispogal  of  the  hi'^h  allies,  the  latter, 
from  the  moment  they  hod  fixed  the  lot  of  the  Belgium  provinoea» 
Tenounccd,  by  virtue  of  the  law  of  nations,  the  right  to  retract  llieir 
owm  deed,  and  the  dissolution  of  the  ties  formed  between  lioUind. 
and  Belgium  uoder  the  isovercignly  of  the  house  of  Nassau  was  not 
within  the  scope  oi'  their  authority.  The  increa«j  of  tcrritofy  as- 
signed to  the  united  provinces  was  moreover  acmiired  for  valuable 
conaidcration,  viz.,  the  sfterilicû  ol"  several  of  thcjr  oolomes,  the  ex- 
pense incurred  in  fortifying  several  placée  in  the  fiôuthcrn  provinces 
of  the  kingdom,  and  other  pecuniary  charges.  Tlie  conference  a^ 
eemblcd,  it  is  true,  at  the  request  of  the  king,  but  this  circunkatanoe 
did  not  confer  on  tlie  conference  the  right  of  gning  its  protocoU  a 
purport  and  tenor  opposed  to  the  object  for  which  ita  aseiâtancc  had 


I 

I 
f 


I 
I 


A 


TAIXETRAnD'a  URPATEIOTIC  ACTS.  329 

htcxi  dcmûnded,  njid  of  making  ihcm,  instead  of  co-operating  to  the 
re-estabUfliiucnt  of  order  in  the  Nctlicrlauds,  tend  to  tJie  dismember- 
roent  of  tlic  kingdom." 

Viewing  the  matter  upon  tlio  principles  of  the  treaties  of  1815 
and  of  the  Holy  Alliance,  what  answei-  was  tlierc  for  this  protest  on 
the  part  of  WiUiMn  ?  It  was  proTcd,  then,  in  the  fiicc  of  the  world, 
that  the  po^nrcrs  which  had  signed  the  treaty  of  Vienna  disregarded 
tlieir  own  principles,  trampk'cl  their  own  work  under  foot,  an  obe- 
dience to  the  interests  of  the  moment»  and,  with  aU  their  parade  of 
those  h iffh -sounding  words,  equilibrium  of  Europe,  and  general 
peace,  aimed  only  ut  exercising  a  sort  of  Eupenor  brigandage  over 
JEurope! 

Un&Tonmblo  as  it  was  to  William,  the  protocol  of  the  20th  of 
November  was  not  received  with  a  better  welcome  »t  Bnisseîst  be- 
cause it  was  said  in  it,  "  These  arrangements  can  in  no  way  affect 
the  rights  wliich  the  king  of  the  Netherlands  and  the  Germanic  con- 
federation possess  over  the  ^^rand  duchy  of  Liixembni^."  In  taking 
away  from  Belgium  tlie  province  of  Luxemburg,  which  considered 
ittdf  Belgian,  which  kad  always  been  reputed  an  integrant  part  of 
Ae  eoutliem  proWncee  of  the  Netherlands,  and  which  had  been. 
created  a  grand  duchy  in  1815,  only  in  consequence  of  a  âctitiom 
exchas^,  the  conference  of  London  reduced  Belgiuni  to  a  alatç  of 
absolute  impotence.  I^c  diplomatic  committee  wag  forced  to  sub- 
mit to  a  conditional  acceptance.  A  vain  deference  !  The  diplo- 
matists of  London  responded  by  a  note,  in  which  it  was  said,  '*The 
covons  cannot  recognixo  in  any  rtate  a  right  they  refuse  themselves 
fth®  l^ht  of  self  aggrandisement)."  lliia  was^  in  two  line?,  twitting 
FmiCB  and  stripping  Belgium.     M.  dc  Talleyrand  signed  all  this. 

After  all,  in  spite  of  the  mystery  in  which  it  was  sought  to  wrap 
them,  the  manœuvre?  of  tlie  courts  were  not  fo  secret  but  tliat  some- 
thing  transpired  and  became  known  to  the  pTiblic.  Alarm  was  con- 
ceived in  Pari?,  and  the  alarms  of  tlie  patriots  wore  phared  in  the 
council  itself,  by  Dupont  de  l'Eure  and  Laffîlte.  Being  well  awaro 
that  concealment  was  practised  towards  tliein,  their  apprehensions 
bocame  so  much  the  more  lively.  Already,  moreover,  M .  Lurtitte  woe 
beginning  to  feel  an  estrangement  Irom  the  kin^,  which  was  counter- 
acted by  nothing  but  the  remembrance  of  a  lon^  fricndahipn  We 
will  recount  the  cause  of  this  change  of  fceling,  uccausc  it  demon- 
tstzates  on  what  petty  circumstances  depend  the  dcstimcs  of  a  peoj^e 
in  monarchical  countries. 

The  king  had  purchased  the  forest  of  Brefeuîl  of  M.  LaiHtte« 
whose  a^r?  bad  become  embarrassed  in  C/on^^cqucncc  of  the  revo- 
lution of  July.  But  it  was  important  to  Laltîttc's  credit  that  the 
greatest  sectecy  should  be  observed  aa  to  the  sale,  wbidi  if  it  were 
once  noised  abroad  might  awaken  suspicions  as  to  his  linancial  cm- 
barrafflments,  alarm  tho  creditors  of  his  house,  and  oblige  it  to 
make  forced  and  premature  paytnonts.  It  had,  thopeforfl,  boçn 
agreed  that  the  deed  of  sale  should  not  be  registered. 


330    edptuhe  between  louis  Philippe  asd  ^affitte. 

Meanwhile  some  bankers,  whose  envy  had  teen  excîted  by  I^ 
fitters  elcvationj  had  formed  the  «icsign  of  Tuining  him.  ProrapteA 
by  tliem,  an  intimate  wlvisor  of  Loiiîa  Philippe  represented  (o  nia 
that,  in  tho  jeopardized  state  of  M.  Laffitlc's  aifairg,  it  svaa  impni- 
dent  to  deal  with  him  without  precautions;  and  that  Laffîtte  waa  too 
reaaonablc  a  man  to  require  that  the  royal  purchaser  should  neglect 
his  own.  iutcîests,  by  rennuncing  the  protecting  formality  of  lûgifr' , 
tration. 

Be  it  as  it  ttiaj,  M,  Loffitte  received»  on  the  16th  of  November, 
the  following  note  from  Louis  Philippe: 

"  Mr  DEAB  M.  Laftittf^ — Frfin  whftt  has  been  BtaM  (o  me  bj-  ■  fommciD  fna4_; 
of  whom  I  say  nothing  more  tn  you*  you  must  be  well  awatv  irhy  I  aTÛIi>d  qh 
uf  tho  urgent  instanix-  of  M.  JauiËt,  to  wlioni  tlie  secret  of  the  purchnae  w«a  i 
flJc<1,  noi  by  nve,  1.>ut  at  your  h^juiK^  to  caiuc  the  private  agreemcat  to  be  rcffûti 
ua  ïLC-reily  lu  possible;." 

Nothing  could  exceed  Laffittc;*s  surprise  and  grief  on  reading  thb 
note,  lie  strove  in  vain  lo  conjecture  who  could  be  that  comtnoQ 
ftîeud  who  hud  advised  the  kiii^  to  expose  the  most  faithful  of  his 
subjects,  the  minister  of  hifl  predilection»  the  man  whose  hand  had 
beôto^\X'd  a  crown  on  him,  to  the  risk  of  utter  ruin.  Calling  to 
mind  the  c-omJiliona  on  which  the  sale  had  been  made,  he  could 
hardly  account  fi^r  their  stiddcn  violation.  To  him,  a  banker  ha- 
bituated to  the  coiifâe  of  business  transactions,  tliere  iras  sonoeUunff 
unintelligible  in  the  co-exiatence  wldoh  the  kii^n;  thought  possible  (X 
registration  and  secrecy.  Should  he^  as  an  injured  friend  revenging 
the  wrong  done  him»  abandon  the  ministry?  He  repudiated  tlic 
thought.  His  retirement»  bringing  with  it  that  of  Du[xmt  dc  l'Eure, 
who  would  doubtless  have  eagerly  seized  that  opportunity,  ûppûâred 
to  him  a  detennination  too  serious  to  admit  of  its  being  ndo; 
under  the  iniluenco  of  personal  feelings.  He  carried  hi»  dclii 
so  far  as  to  keep  silence  respecting  the  wound  inflicted  on  his  h 
But  from  that  moment  his  affcetiou  for  the  king  became  more  wary. 

Accordingly  it  was  not  long  befot'?  he  perceived  that  tlio  cxcesa 
of  his  ConEidence  compromised  himself  by  compromising  bis  coun- 
try, atid  he  resolved,  in  concert  with  Dupont  de  I'Kure,  »t  1a 
take  up  a  decided  position  in  the  face  of  Fraoco  by  a  conspic' 
step.  M.  Thiers  was  employed  to  draw  up  a  S[>eçch,  which 
president  of  the  council  wna  to  read  to  the  chamber,  and  in  which 
should  be  given  a  clear  exposition  of  the  policy  of  the  cabinet, 
Tliis  Fpeeeh  w;i3  road  in  the  coiuiciL  It  spoke  to  France  a  Uin- 
guuge  worthy  of  her.  Durintj  the  readinfr,  tlie  king,  who  wu3  pre- 
aent,  showed  signs  of  tJio  mfjjst  ardent  eniJmsifism,  pacing  up  and 
down  with  long  strides,  and  sanctioning  all  the  warlike  paaangos 
both  with  voice  and  gesture,  'llie  last  two  pa^cs  alone  seemed  to 
him  too  impassioned.  This  was  also  M.  Lafhtte^s  opinion,  and 
they  were  suppressed.  Just  as  the  council  was  about  to  separate,  iho 
king  asked  lor  the  ppccch,  as  if  to  read  it  over,  not  forgetting  at 
the  same  time  to  n-'pcat  how  much  he  approved  of  its  letter  and 
its  spirit.     The  next  day  Lafiltte'a  aatonisWvtviiit  -waa  extTCmje  vbea 


raiea 
.pud 

cary. 

cc«aa 

s  comfc* 

ch  tho   i 


the  manuscrint  traa  sent  back  to  him  liy  the  king  full  of  erasures. 
Dupont  de  l'Eure  was  particularly  mortified  at  this.  Accompanied 
by  M.  Thiers,  he  repaired  to  the  king,  add  told  him  lliat  if  the 
erased  passages  were  not  restored,  he  would  resign.  The  trial  of  the 
miniaters  had  not  yet  reached  it«  dénouêiûent:  the  king  gave  way, 
ftnd  it  was  a^cod  that  the  gpeceh  should  be  delivered  in  the  fann  m 
which  it  hiid  been  read  lo  the  coimcii, 

llic  rumour  had  sprcitU  that  a  ministerial  commii  ni  cation  was 
about  to  be  made  to  the  Chambers.  The  avenues  to  the  Palaig 
Bourbon  were  densely  thronged  on  the  1st  of  December,  Sc-veral 
members  of  the  diplomatic  body  repaired  to  the  Clmmll>er  LafBtte 
presented  himself  at  the  tribune.  After  speaking  of  the  apprehen- 
sions of  war  that  had  spread  abroad,  and  of  tlie  friendly  relattona  that 
had  subsisted  aînce  the  revolution  between  the  cabinet  of  the  Palais 
Royal  and  the  other  cabinets  ;  after  reprepenting  the  throne  of  Liouia 
Philippe  ft»  raised  by  the  potent  moderation  of  France»  and  instantly 
liailcd  by  the  enlightened  moderation  of  Europe,  "  France,"  eaid 
the  president  of  the  council,  "  will  not  suilbr  the  principle  of  non- 
intervention to  be  violated;  but  she  will  likewise  labour  to  hinder 
the  violation  of  peace  so  long  as  its  preservation  is  possible.  If  war 
became  inevitAblOf  it  mtwt  be  proved  before  tlie  face  of  the  world 
that  WG  have  not  sought  it,  and  that  wc  have  engaged  in  it  only  be- 
Ciiusc  wc  were  left  no  alternative  but  war,  or  the  abandonment  of 
our  principles.  We  ahaU  be  but  the  stronger  when,  in  addition  to 
the  force  of  our  arms,  we  shall  possess  the  conviction  that  we  have 
right  on  our  side.  Wc  shall  continue,  therefore,  to  negijcinte»  and 
we  have  every  reason  to  hope  that  our  négociations  will  be  pro- 
pperons.  But  whilst  we  ncgociatc,  wc  will  arm."  Shouts  ot  appro- 
bation broke  forth.  The  president,  resuming  his  discouise  with  in- 
creased energy,  conilntied — "  In  a  very  short  time,  besidea  having 
our  ibrtreracs  provisioned  and  in  a  state  of  defence,  we  ehall  have 
five  hundred  thousand  fighting  men  well  armed,  well  organized» 
well  oQtcered.  ITiey  will  be  supported  by  a  million  of  national 
guard:*,  and  the  king»  should  it  be  needful,  will  place  himself  at 
the  head  of  the  nation."  Hcie  the  orators  voice  was  drowned  ïo 
loud  applauses.  "'  Wc  shall  march  shoulder  to  shoulder,  strong  in 
our  right  and  in.  the  power  of  our  principles.  Should  tempests 
burst  forth  at  the  appantion  of  the  tricolour^  wc  «hould  not  be  an- 
swerable for  this  to  the  universe." 

The  enthusiasm  excited  by  tbîa  warlike  speech  was  immense. 
Some  faces  in  the  gallery  ot  the  foreign  diplomfliiut;*  seemed,  it 
was  thought,  disturbed.  Lafhtte  could  congratulate  himself  on  his 
|M>pularity  so  nobly  reconquered.  Ho  had  said  to  the  Chamber, 
*'  Wo  littve  a  budget  sulhcieat  for  making  war»  for  wc  can  dispose  of 
a  revenue  equivalent  to  a  borrowed  capital  of  from  l,4i)0  to  1,500 
nailliona  of  francs/'  The  delight  ot  the  national  party  wa»  un- 
bounded, h  was  nctt  AWnre  that  little  account  is  made  in  diplomacy 
of  speeches  which  are  only  addressed  to  the  multitude.     Some  days 


SSB 


coïîsrraACT  in  polakdl 

»,  II.  LniHtte  received,  i 


after  this  memorable  scene,  II.  Ln 
land  a  Icttor  relating  to  private  aiïairs,  but  into  which  the  diplom*- 
tiat  had  insinuated  these  words  of  poLialicd  insolence: — "  ret>plc 
here  haTO  been  very  much  plcaiied  with  the  speecli  delivered  hy  M. 
Xraffitte.  It  has  been  useful  to  me."  This  was  the  first  letter  the 
presdent  of  the  council  receiTed  irom  the  French  omhasaador  to  the 
court  of  London  elucc  their  icfipcctive  entrance  ou  ofïïœ-  Taflerf- 
jand  corresponded  only  with  the  king. 

Such  wus  the  state  of  things  when  it  became  known  ttiat  a  rero- 
îtttioTi  had  broken  out  at  Warsaw,  a  vast  revolution,  the  detailfl  of 
vhich  deserve  to  be  known,  lor  it  tended  to  overthi-ow  for  ever  the 
treaties  of  1815,  and  to  make  the  sceptre  of  the  west  pass  deû&itivdj 
into  the  hands  of  France. 

An  intetaae  fermentation  had  long  prevailed  in  Poland,  where  po» 
liticol  freemasonry,  founded  by  General  Dembrowski,  had,  in  th« 
course  of  a  few  years,  made  rapid  progress.  Undercover  of  plaiïo 
^phical  and  litcraiy  afiiliations  ii  had  reached  the  sanguine  youth 
of  the  uoiversities  ;  by  means  of  military  brotherhooda  it  had  epread 
through  the  armj,  and  tlirough  the  people  by  means  of  friendly  so- 
cieties. It  was  particularly  in  Warsaw^  and  among  the  corporation 
of  Aoemakers  of  the  old  city,  that  the  revolutionary  spirit  prevailed. 
Now  after  the  revolution  of  July  this  agitation  had  assumed  a  remork- 
shlt  character,  and  had  spread  in  all  directions.  Ëre  long  there  was  a 
formidable  mterchangc  of  bold  sendmcnts  and  daring  hop»  between 
the  univêraity  of  Cracow  and  that  of  Wdna.  ,TIiroughout  the  whole 
extent  of  the  palatinates  men's  minds  were  filled  with  a  vagn^ 
mysterious,  and  so  much  the  more  impatient  uneaaineas.  The 
ruined  nobles,  so  numerous  in  Poland,  armed  themselves  for  un- 
known conflicts;  expectation  was  universal,  intense;  and  &am  the 
banks  of  the  Vistula  to  tliose  of  the  Niémen  men  were  busy  ah*pitfg 
pike  staves. 

Sut  in  the  heart  of  thU  vast  movement  there  had  been  fbnned  a 
conapimcy,  the  aim  of  whicli  was  defmite,  and  the  means  akil- 
fuUj  arranged.  ITic  conspirators  belonged  to  the  School  of  Eo- 
Ingns,  counted  among  them  several  otliccrs  of  the  garrison  ot' 
Waraaw,  and  had  at  thdr  head  two  yoimg  sub -lieutenants^  named 
Wypocki  and  Zaliwski;  the  Jormer  possessing  great  influ(3ioe  over 
the  young  from  hia  decidon  of  character,  his  purity  of  mind,  and 
the  dignity  of  liis  bfc;  the  latter  from  his  fiery  bearing,  hia  ac-lirity, 
pCTBcverance,,  and  daring.  Zali  wski ,  who  was  a  renowned  swmimer, 
was  director  of  the  swimming  Bchool  oi'  Morjinont,  near  Warsaw, 
Wkd  there  the  conspirators  assembled.  It  was  agreed  that  the  out- 
hreok  should  take  place  towards  tlic  end  of  February,  1831.  Sud- 
denly an  imperial  edict  arrived,  ordering  tluit  the  Pohgliarmy  should 
he  placed  on  the  war  footing.  AX\  Poland  was  in  commotion  at  this 
news.  Kono  there  had  foigottcn  that  long  and  glorious  brotherhood 
in  arms  which  renilcred  war  for  ever  impossible  between  tlic  felloir- 
Cf^ustrymen  of  Potiiatowski   and  thoflG  of  Napoleon.    Tbc  oidor 


rÛtnCX  OOSSTAWXIWE. 

given  to  the  Foies  to  BoBRhcm selves  in  ïcadiaess  to  mardi  ajjainst 
France  filled  up  tlie  measure  oi"  their  Tcscntment  against  liuesia. 
TliD  Jïidyaticcil  guard,  as  M.  Luj'ayettc  afterwards  statetl,  rceolvcd  to 
turn  upon  the  main  body  of  the  army.  The  conspirators,  feeling 
the  neccSfflW  of  promptitude,  decided  that  the  first  dIqw  should  be 
struck  on  the  night  of  the  29th  of  Novemher»  Einissûrics  were  sent 
into  each  palatinate.  Measures  were  cautiously  tftkcn  for  preparing 
the  Y^otlcmen  of  Warsaw  to  rise  at  the  fir?t  sd^ttal.  Lastly,  &s  tlie 
eupport  of  the  patriot  generals  might  prove  decisiTC,  their  dispoâ- 
tions  were  sounded*  but  they  replied  only  with  extreme  reserve;  their 
fortcmo  was  already  made.  The  destinies  of  Poland  were  lefï, 
therefore,  to  tlie  courage  uf  a  few  students,  tftth  a  few  sub-Ucu- 
tcnimte  at  their  head. 

Mnaiwhllc  the  emperor  Nicliolaa  was  malcing  formidable  prepara- 
tions against  tlie  West:  lie  was  piling  up  munitions  of  war  in  the 
ilodlin  square  in  a  quantity  thut  seemod  to  promise  a  long  warfare, 
and  his  soldier?,  summoned  to  tlie  Bug,  were  only  awaiting  an  order 
from  St.  Petersbui^  to  make  a  descent  on  France,  hurryinjç  Poland 
forward  in  advance  of  them.  The  intcntiotial  guasi  muiscrotions  of 
the  finance  minister  Lubccki,  and  the  boastings  of  General  Ivrasinsti, 
proved  but  too  well  the  radity  uf  the  projœts  entertained  by  the 
court  of  St,  Petei-sbuTfT, 

From  tliat  moment  Warsaw  assumed  a  angularly  louring  aspect. 
The  police  redoubled  its  eflbrts:  the  sombre  genius  of  Rosnicki,  its 
director,  opened  up  unexpected  resourcci.  All  was  to  no  purpose. 
In  Toin  young  conspirators,  arrested  almost  haphazard,  were  thrown 
into  the  dungeons  of  the  Carmelites:  they  kept  their  conipanions* 
secret,  in  deliance  of  torture.  Uosnicki'a  rage  was  unbouxuled;  the 
courtiers  of  the  czarcwics,  sei^sed  with  t^smay,  felt  conscious  that  the 
sworda  of  invisible  conspirators  hung  suepended  over  thdr  heads. 
Constontine  alone  proved  inaccessible  to  distrust,  tiierein  making  a 
capricious  exception  from  lus  habits  of  suspidoiw  dan>tiam. 

The  grand  duke  was  one  of  tliosc  inexplicable  bemge  who,  baf- 
fling observation,  disappoint  alike  their  fnends  and  their  foes.  HÎM 
figure  WLis  athletic^  and  admirably  symmetrical;  his  Ûloù  hideous, 
and  yet  oWma  of  good  nature  shot  from  his  eyes,  deep  act  beneath 
th^r  bushy  and  sandy  brows,  and  tempered  the  savage  cxpttSHton 
oi'  bis  countenance.  Fierce  by  caprice,  sensitive  by  fits,  he  had 
aatooie^ed  mon  by  renouncing  tho  throne  of  the  cxara  to  wed  a 
yotmç  Pole  whom  ho  loved,  and  to  whoso  influence  he  aseadaoQaly 
submitted,  with  the  docility  of  a  c-hild  and  tlie  rc.ipcctfulntss  of  a 
knight.  Versed  in  science  and  literature,  he  had  nothing  but  con- 
tempt to  bestow  on  their  proiessors;  he  availed  himself  of  his  own 
acquirementa  to  deride  tliem;  and  he  spoke  of  the  gonitis  of  the 
West,  tho  treasures  of  which  ho  seemed  to  pooKs,  sometimes  with 
the  flippancy  of  a  ^rrandcc,  eometxmn  with  the  brutal  disdain  of  a 
barbanan.  He  dcUghled  in  military  eiterdbes,  in  tho  manœuvres 
of  camps,  and  in  corps  de  garde  scenes;  and  though  he  sometimn 


39T1S  0*  v>yr.  ts  ». 

éS^A  ma  SaôcgOsaffi  h,    Abnvv  ait  W  &b  » 
Isr  Ae  4ifa  fegÛBcoï  «c  che  tU*»  wîût^ 


^  mifût  hf  tâe  mnfl«^iniift  «f  tfas  Soke  hnewcij,  aoii  î 

iivo  oc  IDHK  fBjpnmSv  et  omo^~     mss  Va 

M  MKaii.     IV  .^ .. .   >ceiyia2  ^be  tarr^-h  i» 

«Itt  âdnol  of  fjmpm  W  Ac  BtivcâcR,  de  KMiËttE  of  C»- 
jtoKtme,  Tïie  wrwikwi  of  thr  coanniaD  ■■iilil  tbcadbnt  W 
dÎKcted  chîefij  to  ikmmÊmtà  waà  tke Bdiiime. 

Abost  n  n  die  CTWilug  fTgfcirm  jvm^  n 
fckiul  of  fiMttMi^  nAed  oa  die  <rw<Hiii|S  of  tfae 

faMclGedduva  ue  mimelo,  «od  tin  «itli  baravekB  . 

Ae  i^HVtBmto,  ocheo  iiito  (fae  g""*r—  Tfae  aiozm  ^nad;  Ae 
tem6«ri  «ikti  laa  *bortt$  in  «wbrr;  Goienl  G^iâpe  Aad  Xa- 
Inwîski,  tbc  Tice-iiBeôdet  of  poËœ.  eBdemnnxi  to  escape  br  tfij^t^ 
and  tdl  <A»Mwi  vidi  woand».  The  gnod  «Like,  wbo  w^i»  m  bed, 
tad  oalf  nae  Cttoadk  M  CMfc  ft  dcek  crrar  Ikk  buc  ^kwUcb,  awi 
fej  e  nacfe  be  doded  tbe  wMgcaece  of  ibe  unikiita,  whibt  tbe 
knolilU  OatikeaB  of  Idwicz,  on  her  knees  in  an  aputmeot  on  tbe 
moAfJ  fioûr,  ir»  ^/tmymg  for  ibe  lite  of  the  (oiwre  wbo  bad  pn- 
KTTCfl  ber  to  in  crapûe.  Earm^Cfl  at  hiTÎn^  mtaaed  thcsr  vîcôm, 
die  ei^aegii  ampîmora  hielcaea  to  rejou  tlieir  oonindies,  and  tbe 
wbde  bodr,  led  bj  Wjwdki,  procev^kd  to  ibe  cerabj  bertad^^ 
which  ther  b<iped  lo  Ritpnse.  Inc  Rxiisiftii  coijB^siejï  were  alreftdv 
én^m  Dp  in  order  of  baitle.  Tbe  adventurouâ  ph&knx  tben  runted 
Icnruds  tbe  street  called  Xew  World,  vbere  tbe  sub-lieuteDants 
engaged  in  the  conspôiacr  awaited  it  at  the  bead  of  their  respectiTC 
tBWfiii**.  But  d«ëp  silence  prçraiïed  in  everr  direction.  Solec, 
vbich  oaffbt  hj  Una  time  to  have  been  in  âxmes>  had  onljr  showed 
•  bàat  and  transieot  glevn,  Tbe  joong  men  were  uoa^,  their 
tnmlê  tiisseavc  them  that  some  treachery  bad  been  practised,  and 
Adr  perplexrty  wu  incieftsed  nt  the  àgbi  of  â  squad^m  of  laiicers 
■nt  ia  mmuit  of  tbon.  Tbe  Radziwill  stabks  lav  in  their  'Kaj; 
dkcv  took  fùÊt  there»  to  tbe  number  of  200,  and,  after  a  sharp 
Amrtiet,  ■Afieeedcd  in  repulsing  the  Unoer^.  At  the  same  moment 
h^rga  of  moakctry  were  b^rd  at  a  distance,  and  a  fire  blazed  up 


INSUERECTION  OF  THX  29tH  OF  NOT.  IK  WABRAW.        335 

in  the  north.  This  was  the  signal  a^eed  on  between  Wisocld  and 
Zaliwski.  Full  of  enthusiasm  and  hope,  tho  enwgna  dn&hcd 
onwards»  met  a  regiment  of  hussars  at  the  entrance  of  New  fFarld 
Ftrcct,  and  put  it  to  flight;  then  raising  the  natioiml  hymn,  "  JVo, 
JPolaml,  thou  art  not  without  tUfmders"  they  hurried  towards  the 
ccntru  of  the  city. 

The  insurrection  had  reached  the  northern  part  of  the  latter,  A 
battalion  of  the  4th  of  the  line,  brought  over  by  two  sub-lieutenants^ 
marched  upon  the  arpenal,  the  avenues  to  which  were  already  occupied 
by  llie  grenadiers  of  the  6tli,  who,  at  the  call  of  young  Lipowski,  had 
sworn  to  die  for  tho  cause  of  Polish  independence.  The  lîussian 
infantry  had  put  itself  in  motion;  and  whilst  General  Zyrairskii 
who  had  resolved  to  stand  neutral,  was  leading  tho  Lithuaniaaa  to 
the  Champ  dc  Mars,  so  aa  to  isolate  them,  two  Volliynian  batta- 
lions were  advancing  with  horrible  imprecations,  to  meet,  one  the 
4th  of  the  line,  the  other  Llpowakl's  grenadiers.  A  double  and 
tremendous  fight  look  placc^  lighted  by  the  conflagration  of  tho 
houses  of  Nowolipic-  But  from  the  heart  of  tho  old  town  the  mul- 
titude waa  advancing  in  wrath;  and  the  pupils  of  the  school  of  artil- 
lery, who  Imd  Joined  the  cause  of  independence^  were  ho^tening  to 
the  scene  of  battle  with  two  pieces  of  cannon.  The  Volliyniana 
ftt  last  ^vc  way,  and  retreated  in  disorder  to  the  Champ  dc  IVfar», 
abandoning  the  arsenal,  the  gates  of  which  were  immediately 
broken  opcn^  and  more  than  fifty  thousand  muakets  were  distributed 
among  the  people. 

Ilie  insurrection  now  became  universal  The  cry,  To  arms  !  to 
anns  !  had  given  place  to  songs  of  victory.  The  grunadiers  flung 
away  ther  bWk  plumes.  The  armed  workmen  traversed  the  streets 
in  a  state  of  excitement  bordering  on  delirium.  The  Ruaaiafli 
poldlcrs  every  where  abandoned  their  posts,  and  strove  to  make 
their  way  back  to  their  corps  through  this  eccQc  of  immense  con- 
fusion. An  im-iuciblc  terror  liad  Fpread  through  the  abodes  of  the 
rich,  and,  above  all,  among  the  shops  of  the  street  of  the  Franciscans, 
the  Jcwa'  quarter.  Mt^st  of  the  generals  hid  theraselvE».  Chlopicki, 
whoso  name  was  already  on  every  tongue,  and  who  waa  afterwards 
BO  ingloriously  to  play  tlio  most  glorious  of  parts, — Chlopicki  durst 
not  stir  from  the  primate's  palace,  to  which  he  had  retired.  As  for 
the  gmnd  duke's  ministers,  «ssembled  in  the  [lalace  of  the  lank, 
they  deliberated  there  in  a  state  of  tlic  moat  intense  pcrturbatiom 

Li  lUe  centre  of  the  city^  meanwhile,  the  Polish  cavalry  guards, 
commanded  by  General  Kuraatweki,  had  declared  la  favour  of  the 
grand  duke,  and  were  driving  the  people  before  them,  when  the 
pioooors  rapidly  coming  up,  repulsed  the  fruards,  and  made  them 
ictreftfe  into  the  Cracow  suburb.  The  grand  duke  had  now  but  one 
course  open  to  him,  to  cliargfe  into  the  city  at  the  head  of  his  three 
regimcnlâ  of  cavalry,  of  which  Kumatwslu's  soldiers  formed  the  ad- 
vADced  guard.  But  tlie  sudden  hurricane  seemed  to  have  bewildered 
his  ecnfc?.   in  the  camp  to  which  he  bad  betaken  hiniKlf  on  escaping 


336  CHLOPICKI»  ÏSCAFACITT. 

&om  bîa  bI<K>^tamed  p&kce,  be  waadered  listlcsliy  api 
beCotc  the  troops,  ovcrconoc  by  violent  sod  stiinnino:  àe^oA* 
TÔ^  WW  OVÇX.     Tiïc  morrow's  sun  rose  on  îndcpenueat  W«» 

*the  memorable  nigbt  of  the  29ih  of  Koveniber  closed  on  hcnés 
eoesics,  but  likewise  on.  deplorable  Tnassacira.  Sereiul  Polisib  gene- 
ral? were  Blnughtercd  that  night,  and  among  othera  the  *OTd  Stnu- 
]ts  PotocJti,  île  WM  haranguing  the  grenadieis,  and  cndeavaunikg 
to  withdraw  them  from  the  insurrectionary  cause,  when  the  exi*> 
pezated  mullitudc  rushed  on  him,  tore  him  from  lus  horee,  and.  lA 
niffl  mortally  wounded  in  the  hands  of  the  gendarmra.  The  mi* 
iDflter  Haulce  was  killed  with  a  pistol  shot.  Gtnemls  Trembidd  and 
Sicmiontkowski  met  with  no  better  fate.  When  the  infiircectûia 
broke  out  the  latter  was  playing  cardj  in  his  own  house  with  Cfcn»- 
ral  SkîzyDecki,  who  was  aftci^ivarda  ?o  celcbnted.  Où.  haufuig  tba 
Bre  he  went  out^  and  attempting  to  recal  the  saidicra  wilh.  nitutiQg 
laaguflge  to  their  allegiance,  he  waa  laid  dead  not  ùx  from  the  staMe 
of  CopemicuB. 

Of  oU  those  who  had  prepared  the  insurrcetion^  one  alone  w** 
unable  to  take  part  in  it.  Lcfewel  had  the  misfortune  to  be  retained 
at  that  momentous  crisis  for  his  country  by  the  deathbed  of  his 
ûitlïcr,  wlio  expired  that  night. 

Tïifi  next  day,  November  30,  the  cry  of  indcpejidence  was  ralsûd 
by  cTPtry  voice  ;  the  white  eagle  everywhere  disappeared  from  ike 
ucadcs  of  the  public  monumcnte;  the  adminiatrativc  council  made 
all  haste  to  add  popuLir  citizens  to  jts  member»;  men  trod  with 
ecstasy  the  bloodstained  streets;  they  wept  with  joy  and  pride; 
Warsaw  was  free!  And  during  all  this  while  a  countless  multitude, 
ftfleembled  before  the  office  of  finance,  shouted  "Chlopicld!  We 
want  Chlopicki  !"  He  was  sought  everywhere,  but  in  vain  :  he  wa« 
concealing  himself  General  Fac  had  to  take  the  command  of  the 
tiDops  in  the  meanwhile. 

Cnlo^Hcki  was  a  general  brought  up  in  the  school  of  Kapoleon: 
he  had  served  with  éclat  in  Spain,  under  Marshal  Suchet:  subee- 
quently  he  had  proudly  resisted  the  caprices  of  Constantino:  these 
were  nia  only  titles  to  the  enjoyment  of  so  much  popularity.  But 
men  of  the  popular  clase  are  easily  moved  by  the  semblance  oi. 
Btten^h,  and  Chlopicki  pleased  them  by  his  lo%  stature,  his 
martial  countenance,  the  imperious  brusquerie  of  his  gestures,  and 
his  short  decisive  tone.  Unfortunately  Ûiese  outward  appearances 
concealed  a  mind  of  the  most  ordinary  cast  and  the  least  fitted  for 
revolutions.  Chlopicki,  a  mere  soldier,  believed  only  in  the  physical 
ibrce  of  numbers  onnbined  with  discipline,  he  had  no  idea  of  the 
victories  possible  to  audacity,  and  smïbd  contemptuously  when  he 
was  told  of  what  can  be  achieved  by  strong  convictions,  by  the  fire 
of  long-cheriahed  resentments,  the  enthusiasm  excited  by  liberty,  and 
the  impetuous  impulse  of  the  masses.  At  the  first  sound  of  that  re- 
volution which  wished  him  for  its  leader,  he  took  his  compasses,  and 


m 


^m 


CAPITDLAT10II  AJCD  TLIOBT  OF  COWSTANTIKE. 


337 


measuriog  tHe  extent  of  th^  ompire  of  the  czars^  hê  àhoûk  hk  bead» 
Bajiog,  "  If  PoUnd  dareB  to  resist,  she  iâ  loatl" 

He  acoipted  the  commande  tliorcforc^  in  order  to  negociatc.  not  to 
light;  to  soften  the  emperor's  obduiaeyt  T*ot  to  deliver  Polimd.  In 
WJB  hems  ieoondcd  by  Prince  Lubecki,  s  manwtbout  Ikith,  but 
poenfised  of  ft'l»Ht3%  wlio  found  a  an  casj  luultor  to  obtain  campleto 
control  ûvçr  the  nûnd  of  tbe  oM  generalj  and  who  taade  use  of  jiim 
to  zDointain  hia  ovta  podtiou  fur  eomc  days  between  two  oltematiTCS 
oftr^iobeiy^ 

The  Ûïand  Puke  Constantino  woa  encamped  at  a  little  diatanoQ 
Irom  Wat»w,  at  the  liead  of  a  body  of  about  8000  mea.  It  waa  tm 
easy  thing  to  destroy  that  force  ;  to  attack  it  was  fin  ftbsoiutc  necessity, 
for  CTcry  ïevolution  tiiivt  (can  to  go  too  far  is  abortivt',  Cldopicld 
preimed  nogQciabag;^-an  cnormouf^  an  iritïpAirablc  blunder  at  tho 
outset  of  a  revolt.  A  deputation,  compoaed  of  Count  Ladislas  Os-' 
troweki^  PnnoeS  Lubecki  and  Czartorj-ski,  and  the  republican  Lel&* 
Tïri,  repaired  to  the  village  of  Wierzbna,  where  they  found  the 
gtuid  duke  surrounded  by  hia  principid  olficcta,  Constantine  ■was 
by  tlw  side  of  the  Ducheaa  of  Lowicz.  When  the  dcputi<»  entered, 
lie  rose  to  Salute  them^  carefully  dissembling  his  on^r,  whilst  the 
duchess  of  Lowic^i  thouch  a  Vole,  and  of  a  temper  natarally  very 

gentle,  eould  not  control  her  feelings,  which  found  vent  in  bitter 
imcnUitioiia.  Ijibecki  replied  with  the  calinneas  of  a  sceptic,  who 
takes  &c4b  w  he  finds  them,  without  aBection  c^  hatred.  UstrowBld 
was  dignified,  LeLwel  ironical  and  iutiuïâblo.  As  for  the  result*  of 
th*  interview,  they  were  miU  and  void.  The  grand  duke  only 
3rie!dcil  to  the  force  of  circunutanccâ  in  consenting  to  tlie  return  of 
the  Poliah  guanU  into  Warsaw;  and  he  bctmyed  truth  in  giving  it 
to  ha  iinden?tood  that  if  hia  retreat  were  not  molested,  the  Poles 
would  have  no  cause  lo  fear  hta  vengeful  return. 

It  was  in  eonse'iuence  of  this  interview  that  the  Polish  gnarda 
which  had  followed  the  standard  of  the  caarewicz  returned  to  War- 
saw,  aa  did  the  patriotic  brigades  of  Genendg  Skr^ynecld  and  Sxcm- 
beck.  There  waa  sometliing  impoeing  and  terrible  in  the  spectacle. 
Ainidst  the  Pole»,  all  glowing  with  the  pride  of  tlicir  glorious  victory, 
marched  with  downcast  heads  thoec  wnom  a  momentary  error  hod 
withdraiivn  irom  the  defence  of  their  country.  Among  the  generals 
who  had  remained  too  iaitkful  lo  the  grand  duke  wore  Zymiraki^ 
who  ifaM  aAern*arda  to  expiate  his  laulta  with  his  blood  on  the  £cld 
e>f  buttle,  and  Kra^nski,  one  of  the  Itauchtieft  minions  of  Huasian 
tynnny.  When  the  Utter  appeared  in  troiat  of  the  bank,  a  furious 
outcry  juraee,  and  a  thousand  hands  were  uphftcd  to  Btrikc  Idm, 
nrhîLst  he,  filing  on  his  knceSi  begged  for  mercy-  Chlopicki  aaved 
nBU. 

Nothing  remaned  for  Constantin©  but  to  take  prompt  flight.  He 
gave  the  order  to  retreat.  His  soltliecs,  Btupihc-d  and  duma^ed, 
marclied  in  silence^  taming  back  their  eyes  from  time  to  time 


tttt'iiKCŒv  ant  v^mjîsi  ka^w^iwi 
;  Otiraâà..  v^à  taf  ^rac  itsc  xi&sr^seà.  mf^ts  percîbiaccW 
Tipiihir,  w  awke  v  ^«ft  jc  dcrni&r  ^àe  var  ôxeu  LoàiBiCii.  ït  «ir 

pîekî  &ad  cbiAi  1>v  lerinmiir  ;s  ^^  «og^^fCiHis  ii  ois  own.  sader- 
atan&iff.  ail  tbe  ^Wtt*  wscà  wôààt  otâias  àmi  ccncrrcd  u  latpiie 
kàa:  iiînl.  vàk  aH  àe  à^EsxaMe  t^^mcoix  ce  is?  cauairaer.  W  âe-^ 

fcv  ife  ToameuBt  imùriîec  Miçttôu;  aH  rjmnx  ?rnn>  imî  Àt  sibmae 

d»  acmeii  rnihàtuiie  :lbu  cuk  imi  wiam  amàfr  ïi^  -vim^?*^  :  iiigiag, 

ne  àioa&s  in.  wiùcà  ÎUf  aiune  «tK^  ^xsjtîifù.  esufcvci:»!  aïs  rue  md 
snoacàenc  soieèl.     K<  «:>$  ibK  Icatc  Ji  ini^'Tr  "W  '2Jî  hthÎ.     T^ 

had  beâ.  siKwoÀfà  br  i  ji-pvemrîiaK.  oc  wtiàài  Primx  CBr^k^tT^kî 

^■i  xÀe  leoofa&ruL  Li^iev^  mifeiif  pvr:.     Oùucicki  :iu  «àr  ocùisï  a 

tâe  fii«Mrami»TTc.  soa^oxIy-  eooecs  ^^  ccumnl  hoîL  imi.  utiwizftMS  k> 
àe  asaznes  àe  cSiiSLaiEaiàD ;  aÙ£r  wàiicn.  ài:  àa^adizâ  ^j  Iiilt»  a.iiwt^ 


WKAJHTESS  or  THK  BICTATOB.  339 

forthwitli  proclwmed  dictator  by  Uie  aoldiera.  The  closing  of  the 
clubs^  the  intimidation  of  the  sincere  putriots,  tiic  slackening  of 
patriotic  efibrta,  the  revived:  spirit  of  the  aristocracy  and  the  renewal 
of  its  intrigues,  such  wore  the  immediate  cficcts  of  this  new  ISM 
Bnimaire.  After  this  the  dictator  caused  the  fortifications  of  the 
city  to  be  busily  rcpflircd,  in  order  to  turn  public  opinion  into  ano* 
ther  clianne!,  and  give  the  popular  activity  an  object  on  which  to 
expend  itself.  The  2eal  displayed  in  prosecuting  the  work  waa  ad- 
mi  ruble,  but  tlic  ^triots  camt;  gradually  in  this  way  to  see  Folirad 
in  Warsaw.  Now  the  country  couUl  only  defend  itself  on  the  con- 
dition of  being  cvc^  where  present,  wherever  there  might  be  pkco 
for  a  battle  and  foi  a  camp. 

Strange  to  tell,  thq  dictator's  popularity  long  held  out  despite  his 
errors.  The  people,  with  a  pertinacious  confidence  unparalleled  in 
the  annals  of  human  folly,  never  censed  to  call  Chlopicki  the  saviour 
cf  his  country.  The  diet  which  had  bcei»  convoted  in  tlic  com- 
ineDccment  of  the  ingurrcction.  having  by  this  time  assembled,  and 
Chlopicki  having  been  inclined,  in  a  fit  of  ill  humour,  to  resign  the 
dictatorship,  it  wtta  neceaaaiy  almost  to  supplicate  him  to  resume  it. 
All  that  was  done  was  to  place  a  committee  of  sun  cillance  over  the 
all  absorbing  authority  \ni\\  which  he  was  invested* 

Tlio  dictator  was  evidently  impatient  to  make  his  peace  with  the 
Smpcroi  of  Kusata.  Prince  Lubecki^  on  his  part,  had  come  to  the 
■conclusion  tliat  the  revolution  was  about  to  die  away,  for  want  of 
prompt  and  vigorous  action.  Like  a  calculating  and  apathetic  ego* 
list  oâ  he  was,  he  offered  to  act  as  mediator,  having  no  otiier  object 
in  view  than  to  go  and  resume  his  place  in  his  master's  favour;  and 
he  set  out  for  St.  Petersburg*  accompanietl  by  M.  Jexiereki. 

His  departure  left  Warsaw  to  liie  empire  of  mediocrity.  Ab 
always  happens,  Wisocky  and  Zaliwskit  llic  heroes  of  the  29th  of 
NovombeT,  had  eoen  their  own  parta  terraiiinte  w*ilh  the  cessation  of 
danger;  and,  before  the  effervescence  of  tlic  people  had  yet  Bub- 
Ended,  the  aristocracy*  were  already  concocting  their  iutrigura,  dis- 
ciplining their  forces,  and  acquiring  control  over  piibUc  aÛairs  by 
the  crafts  of  diplomacy.  Prince  Czartoryski  puflered  liimscLf,  partly 
from  inertness  of  character,  partly  from  vanity,  to  be  placed  at  tlie 
head  of  thia  movement  Some  enterprizin^  men  were  ambitious 
for  hjra,  and  in  his  stead,  and  they  created  a  royally  for  him  in 
their  crafty  hamngues.  He  was  nominated  minister  of  foreign  af- 
iuis;  but  the  real  miai^ter  was  Count  Malachows'ki,  an  active,  in- 
telli^fentt  and  resolute  aristocrat. 

Tliu?.  whilst  Chlopicki  wa.>>  studying  how  he  might  stifle  the  re- 
volutionary spirit  at  home,  abroad  the  revolution  waa  about  to  be 
represented  by  Czartoryfki,  a  prince  of  integrity  and  good  faith,  but 
steeped  in  aristocratic  prejudices,  and  still  full  of  the  recollections  of 
Alexander's  friendship.     Aiid,  as  if  these  were  not  hostile  inflnences 

*  Ariêteeraejf  uid  tuAW^  are  tiro  tctt  dtïtbct  ttunjirB  in  rolw't  :  llili  muil  not  Ite 
fofKotten.    S«e  wbat  bu  own  sud  od  ihU  rabjcct  in  tlie  1st  chapter, 

2  4 


340 


FEELINGS  lUtCITED  BT  TOE.  POLTSn  KKVOLUTIOPT. 


enougb,  Folisb.  deuiocmcy  had  furthermore  to  contend  against  the 
constitutionftl  fAxty,  guided  by  Vimeiot  Ncmoiowdci,  tranfllatar  of 
the  works  of  Benjamin  Constant,  whose  sterile  doctrines  ho  had 
popiitari^cd  in  Poland. 

When  the  insurrection  of  Wtusaw  was  known  in  T^s,  the  event 
was  hailed  with  an  intoxication  of  delight.  The  heroism  of  the 
Poles  was  celebrated  in  all  the  theatres;  people  accosted  each  otbcrtn 
the  streets  with  the  phrase,  Poland  is  Iree.  It  was  a  national  holi- 
day in  France,  a  second  révolution  of  July.  Aid  and  support  to 
our  Polish  brethren  !  was  the  cry  on  al!  sides. 

In  fact,  if  the  import  of  the  details  we  have  joft  namted  be  duly 
apprehended,  it  will  be  clear  how  easily  and  cfScaciously  France 
might  have  ûded  the  Polish  revolution.  It  was  not  nec«sary  for 
the  goTemment  either  to  march  an  army  to  Warsaw,  or  even  to  ad- 
drcffi  the  language  of  menace  to  the  emperor;  to  save  Pol^od  it 
would  have  been,  cn&uich  to  send  thither  agents  secretly  eotmnift- 
àoned  to  eupport,  in  tlie  name  of  h'rance,  the  democratic  p>r^i 
which  was  ciipablCf  by  its  danng  and  its  impctuostyf  of  tnakîiif 
head  against  circumstances.  That  party  would  then  have  re^aâned 
the  vppcr  hftud;  the  intrigues  of  the  aristocracy  would  have  been 
haffled;  înâurgent  Poland  would  have  armed  itself  with  propa- 
gan^^BOi,  the  weapon  of  the  aadaciou?;  a  rush  would  iiure  been 
UiAdâ  on  Lithuania,  and  Chlopicki  would  hare  fkUen,  unless,  secâi^ 
Imnself  ^acouraged  by  France,  he  had  chan«îcd  his  system,  and  dî^ 
phr^ed,  for  the  purpose  of  strenn^hcning  and  extending  the  rerohi- 
tton,  the  hearty  energy  he  devoted  to  pomlyziiig  its  resoarceaaad 
anatticring  its  Sre. 

But  such  were  not  the  plans  of  the  Palais  RoyaL  If  the  oomt 
cd,  at  first,  to  sliarc  in  the  sympatliics  of  France,  this  iras 
ày  because  it  would  have  been  dangetoas  to  bravo  tlicm.  Cue 
was  taken  to  belie»  in  the  secret  instructions  to  agents  abroad,  the 
aspect  assumed  in  pubha 

Some  time  after  the  29th  of  November,  a  member  of  tlie  diet 
had  an  interview  with  the  French  consul.  '*  What  are  wç  to  expect 
from  the  sympathy  of  the  government  of  July?"  asked  ÏI.  BiemacJci. 
'^Nothing,"  was  the  consul's  cold  reply.  "But  should  fortuné 
invour  U8f  should  our  successes  prove  to  Europe  oU  the  ouer^  of 
our  detenninatinn  and  all  tbe  reahty  of  our  emancipatiofi?"     '''I  I^ 

ntf  nr,  tliat  yuu  have  neither  encouragement  nor  support  to  expect 
u  the  cabinet  I  represenL"  *'  You  will  at  least  take  upon  you  to 
bo  the  incdiiLm  of  communication  between  us  and  your  govozflp 
I  iQCnt?"  "  No,  ar,"  "  To  convey  to  it  our  despatehes  ?'^  "  Hicv 
,  ynW  be  opened  and  read  by  Austria.**  "What,  then,  in  jrour  opt* 
:  nion,  ought  Poland  to  do?  '•^  Submit.'*  M.  Blernocki  withdrew, 
I  full  of  Euiprisc  and  indignation^ 

Thïis  then,    thanks   to  the  «elfishnea^  of  govemmenis,   Poland 
\.yn»  already  heginning  to  and  verified  the  popular  nnd  tonching 
phrase  of  its  dSfui^  '*  God  is  too  high  and  Fraucâ  too  iar."  ^ 


I 


I 


THE  COUST  OF  VEEB8  COJiBTlTUTKB  A  JUSICIAT  TBIBUNAL.  341 

As  to  what  the  Poles  were  capable  of  efiecdng  had  they  not  been 
deprived  of  eveiy  Bapport,  eren  indirect,  of  this  tre  may  form  a 
conception  from  the  prodigies  of  their  long  strn^le,  «a  endlen 
theme  of  adminti<ni  for  the  world,  and  endless  subject  of  sorrow  for 
Fiance! 


CHAPTER  VL 


l^HX  Chamber  of  Peers  had  been  constituted  a  court  of  jusdoe, 
and  four  peers  of  France,  MM.  Pasquier,  de  Bastard,  Séguier,  and 
Pontécotuant,  had  been  appointed  to  conduct  the  initîatoiT  et&^  of 
the  proceedings  (Tinstruciiim)  relattTe  to  the  prisoners  of  vincennea. 

It  was  on  one  of  its  own  members,  Count  Florian  de  Kergorlay, 
that  the  upper  chamber  made  the  first  essay  of  its  judicial  omnipo- 
tence. This  fiery  tempered  gentilhomme  being  put  on  his  trial  for 
having  publicly  reproached  the  deputies  with  their  usurpation  of 
sovereign  power,  the  new  king  with  the  illegitimacy  of  his  accession, 
and  the  mutilated  peerage  with  the  violation  of  ite  oath,  was  con- 
demned to  a  fine  of  500  firancs  snd  six  months'  imprisonment. 

To  discuss  Toyaltjr  is  to  destroy  it:  in  the  Count  dc  Kergorlay's 
affair  M.  Persil,  ihe  proeurenr  ^éna-al  in  the  cour  royale,  had  nothing 
to  set  in  opposition  to  the  pretended  Intimacy  of  Charles  X.,  ex- 
cept the  sovereignty  of  a  peoplewhich  hadnotcvenbeen  consulted.  All 
the  aiguments  of  the  public  accuser  ultimately  reposed  upon  the 
theory  of  tacit  consent.  Now  ho  might  have  been  answered  that 
tacit  oinsent  is  valid  as  the  enunciation  of  a  fact,  not  aa  the  foun- 
dation of  a  right,  which  would  in  that  case  depend  on  an  insolmt 
hypothcas;  that  this  consent  almost  always  results  from  the  impos- 
nbility  under  which  the  people  labours  of  coming  to  a  mutual  under- 
standing and  uttering  its  protest;  that  it  is  an  old  sophism  that  has 
served  the  ptirpose  of  every  tyranny  ;  that  liberius  had  in  his  favour 
the  tacit  consent  of  the  Romans,  when  at  his  least  frown  the  most 
illustrious  personages  swallowed  poison,  or  opened  their  veins,  with- 
out the  people  ceasing  to  bo  indinei^it,  or  the  senate  to  be  mute; 
that  lastly,  not  to  go  back  so  far,  the  Restcnntion  itself  might  foor 
fifWn  years  have  appealed  to  this  same  tacit  consent  in  justification  of 
its  own  outrageous  proceedings. 

M.  dc  Kergorlay^  trial,  as  we  see,  put  formidable  questions  to  the 
issue.  Ihc  partisans  of  monarchy  were  alarmed.  A  prtnet  de  loi  was 
presented  to  the  Chamber  on  the  25th  of  November,  which  forbade 
any  attack  en  the  order  ofsueeestùm  to  the  throne^  and  en  the  rights 
which  the  Mng  holds  from  the  voice  of  the  nation.  The  law  was  passed 
with  all  soeed,  a  law  which  set  out  with  predicatinj^  a  fiction  in 
order  to  sneltcr  from  criticism  Ût/^  majesty  of  a  man,  in  a  country  in 
which  themajesty  of  God  ms  left  opai  to  all  amôltati;    M.Guuat 

2iL2 


342 


THE  EX-MTKISTERS  BEOUCHT  TO  PAE38. 


supported  the  measure,  a  strange  pTocecding  on  the  part  of  a  puh- 
licist  who  had  proclaimed  the  sovereignty  of  reason  in  his  works,  and 
wlio  was  a  protestant. 

On  the  10th  of  December,  at  eight  o*clock  in  the  naunung,  the  çx- 
ministets  were  transfcFred  from  the  Château  de  Vînc<'nnc3  lo  the 
prison  of  the  Pctil  Luxembourg.  ExtraordinaiT'  precautions  liad 
been  fcikcn.  The  Boia  de  Vincennes  waa  filled  with  soldiers.  On  re- 
ceiving orders  to  that  effect,  MM.  de  Polignac,  de  Pcyronnet,  and  dc 
Guernon  Ranvillc  immediately  stepped  into  itic  carriage  provided  fot 
them:  but  M.  de  Chantelauzc  was  confined  to  his  bed,  and  suffer- 
ing' acutely,  go  that  he  screamed  with  pain  whenever  an  attempt  waa 
made  to  raise  him  up.  His  removal  could  not  be  effected  tdl  the 
evening.  The  prisoners*  escort  consisted  of  two  piquets  of  cavalry 
of  the  national  guard,  brought  up  during  the  ni^ht  by  Generu 
Carbonel,  a  squadron  of  clmsâeurâ,  commanded  by  Geneml  Fabvier, 
and  a  detachment  of  ortillerjf  furnisbed  by  the  ffarrison  of  Vin- 
ceanea.  The  minister  of  the  interior  waa  on  horseback.  The  pro- 
cession took  its  way  by  the  Rue  du  Faubourg  St.  Antoine  to  the 
Sutille,  the  Pont  d'Austerlitz,  the  Boulevards  Neufs,  and  the  Rue 
"d'Enl'er^  and  entered  the  Luxembourg,  by  the  gate  of  the  Observa- 
toire. The  last  ministers  of  the  Restoratioc.  could  look  out  from  their 
carriage  on  the  spot  where  the  blood  of  Marshal  Ney  bad  been  ahedf 

The  atiger  oi'  the  people  had  for  some  time  past  appeared  assuaged* 
Some  groups,  indeed,  had  been  &een  moving  iû  silence  round  the 
Luxembourg  pakce,  but  the  walls  of  the  capital  were  no  longer 
Ônend  ■wilîi  placards  invoking  vengeance,  and  no  more  shouts  for 
blood  were  heard  in  the  thorough  tares.  How  indeed  was  it  to  b« 
supposed  that  a  people  which  had  shown  itself  in  the  month  of  July 
so  magnanimous,  and  so  proud  of  its  magnanimity,  should  have 
persevered  with  such  crue!  obstinacy  in  demanding  four  heada? 
Moreover  it  was  not  against  the  people  the  ordonnances  had  been 
levelled.  If  it  had  thought  otherwise  when  it  presented  itself 
in  arms  in  the  streets,  enough  had  since  been  done  to  undeceive  it. 
Accordingly  the  Journal  dfs  Débats  said,  with  respect  tu  the  r^ 
mo\'nl  of  tfie  ex-rainlstcrs,  "  During  this  long  transit  through  ao 
populous  a  faubourg,  and  one  which  took  so  active  a  part  ia  the 
days  of  July,  no  crowds  were  collected  together^  no  sliouts!  were 
beard;  every  one  went  on  with  hia  business  aa  usual;  one  would 
have  been  disposed  to  think  that  even  curiosity  had  given  place  to  a 
deep  sense  of  dpforum.*' 

But  whilejustice  was  thus  done  the  people  in  wonls,  the  executive 
mnnitostod  its  distrust  by  meafiures,  the  overstrained  pnulenteof  tvlucli 
might  have  been  considered  by  the  people  cither  as  a  plot  or  a^  m\  ia- 
Bult.  MJUtary  works  Wei's  effectea  in  the  neighbourhood  of  tho 
capital  Orders  had  been  ^ven,  it  was  said,  at  the  royal  residence 
to  have  baggage- waggons  in  readiness  in  case  of  flight.  General 
Lafayette,  already  coinmandor-in'chief  of  the  national  guards  of  the 
iJoDgaorûf  fvas  inve&ted  with  the  command  of  the  troops  of  the  Une. 


I 


DEATH  OF  BENJAMIN  CONSTANT.  343 

His  ^hef  d'état-major  was  ordered  1o  concert  nieasurca  with  General 
Fabvier.  Lastly,  by  a  proclamation  of  the  8lh  of  December,  all  the 
national  guards  of  raria  and  the  suburbs  were  prohibited  from  lay^ 
ing"  aside  their  unilbrni  afleu  the  l4th,  on  any  pretence  whatcveir. 

The  same  thing  naturally  occurred  then  as  had  taken  place  during 
the  discussion  on  the  punifthment  of  death;  the  multitude  felt  ilseU' 
oÛendedî  it  bccsme  exasperated,  nnd,  goaded  by  its  euflerings,  it 
vetiteditâ  passions  on  the  hrsl  object  that  fell  in  its  way  with  «u  im- 
petuositv  the  more  K-rrible  inasmuch  as  il  vras  unreflecting. 

The  lolly  of  mankind  ia  a  scrioua  ond  sad  theme  lor  meditation. 
The  people  soflered  itself  to  he  wholly  cji/jroaed  with  idle  anxictiee, 
and  il  let  a  discussion  passed  unnoticod,  in  which  its  dearest  intcresta 
were  involved  \  How  often  had  ihc  working  classes  exccmtetl  in  their 
difitres  the  unjust  partition  of  taxation.  Since  the  establishment 
of  the  droits  rèunùt  there  was  not  one  indigent  family  that  had 
not  protested  with  erics  of  despair  against  the  daily  wrong  done 
to  poverty.  And  yet  it  was  scarcely  known  in  the  làubouras  that 
a  law,  autboriiting  the  collection  of  the  existing  imposts,  had  been 
presented  to  the  Chamber;  that  the  abohtion  cf  the  indirect 
taxes  had  found  very  few  advocates  there,  and  many  opponents; 
thai  M.  Charles  Dupin  had  spoken  in  favour  ot  idluviating 
the  burdens  on  property,  and  throwing  the  ehlcf  weight  of  taxation 
on  the  indirect  contribution?,  that  ia  to  say,  on  wine  and  tohaeco, 
the  only  luxuries  of  the  poor,  and  on  salt,  their  only  condiment; 
thttt  these  were  to  be  the  doctrines  of  the  new  régime,  as  they  had 
been  th^e  of  the  llestomtion  ond  of  the  Empire;  and  that  in  a 
word  the  people  ought  to  tliink  itscU'  very  fortunate  that  the  Cliam- 
ber,  in  consideration  of  the  very  recent  lesistances  encoimtcred  by 
the  fific,  waa  pleo^d  to  repeal  tho  toll  on,  the  admission  of  wine  into 
lowna  with  a  population  under  4000  souls,  and  to  reduce  the  dues  on 
retail  traflic. 

Theae  were  matters  that  concerned  the  people  alone;  little  was 
said  about  them.  The  discussion  did  not  even  occupy  a  whole  sit- 
ting', Tlie  multitude,  so  ready  to  fire  up  for  the  sake  of  chimeras^ 
was  about  to  take  up  its  old  burden  again  without  a  murmur, 

Thingâ  were  in  tliia  position  when  the  public  ear  was  startled  by 
the  news  of  Benjamin  Cunsinnl'a  death. 

Tlie  whole  city  was  afoot  to  accompany  to  tlieir  last  resting-place 
the  mortal  remaina  of  a  man  who  liad  deserved  well  of  liberalism. 
Ministers,  deputiira,  peers  of  France,  and  young  men  of  the  schools, 
all  assumed  the  garb  of  motimin^  ;  all  came  form  to  do  honour  to  his 
memory.  The  people,  toij,  Hocked  to  this  funeral  fôte  as  it  does  to 
aU  fête».  A  squadron  of  cavalry  opened  the  march.  The  first  six 
legions  of  the  national  guard  preceded  the  bier,  which  wa«  heaped 
witli  laurel  crowns;  die  hut  six  legions  followed  it,  arul  the  hearse 
was  d  niwn  by  young  men.  On  each  side  of  it  walked,  in  silence  and 
with  heads  uncovered,  M.  Delaberge,  thief  mourner,  and  the  digni- 
luneà  of  the  kingdom.     The  colours  hung  with  cnpc»  the  drums 


344 


CCVEACTEa  OF  BEXJAMIir  CONSTAIfT. 


Muffled,  diousanda  of  beads  Tincovered,  ttc  countrymen  of  UmI 
OttEed,  having  the  word  Alsace  traced  on  theii  nrma,  to  claim,  M  Hi 
■were,  a  share  in  the  triumph  of  the  dust  tht;y  followed,  the  preaeiiM 
in  tl\c  prcy^^sian   of  a  detachment  of  old  mutilated  soldiers,  all  tlôl J 
formed  a  spectacle  fidl  of  mckm;holy  grandcut.     The  funo^  ^ 
proceeded  veir  slowly  ulon^  the  Boulevards,  looking  at  a  < 
Iflce  &  vast  and  almost  motionlosfi  ^ca.     A  low  i^train  of  music,  ; 
vhich  roee  the  dismal  sound  of  the  tarn  tarn,  anuounccd  Uic  ftf 
of  the  venerated  remains.      Saddened  facra  appeared  at  eveiy  win*  i 
dow,  and  laurels  or  dowers  were  dropped  upon  the  bicx-       I^ut  tbo  j 
paeons  and  the  projects  of  the  living  were  busily  astir  raund  tktfhl 
d^d  man's  clay.     When  the  hearse  Icfl  the  temple  where  the  pro- 
cession had  stopped  to  pray,  a  great  noiac  and  tumult  arose.     **  To 
the  Pantheon  I  to  the  P^intheon  I"  was  loudly  shouted.     The  Prefect 
of  the  Seine  interposed.     '^  The  law  sliall  havc  its  way,"  he  said— « 
formidable  phiaâc,  9ubsequently  uttered  over  another  coffin,  -wheooe 
civil  war  burst  forth.    The  procession  resumed  its  route  to  the  Cfane- 
tery.     Some  students  hurried  to  the  Place  du  Panthéon  to  make  \ 
attempt  at  an  apotheosiâ.     Ihe  weather  was  wet  and  gloomy;  lûgfatj 
was  closing  on  the  city  ;  the  raoumen  advanced  by  torchlight.     £*•  | 
fayette  steppe<!  out  m_»m  the  dense  crowd  of  the  funeial  train  to  [ 
pronounce  the  iarcwcll  words.     Suddenly  he  was  seen  stumbling  bv| 
the  edge  of  the  jprave  into  wldch  his  feiend  had  been  let  down,  uMj 
into  which  he  huuself  was  near  falling.     All  wsis  then  at  an,  end,  mil 
the  multitude  dispersed  in  the  dark, 
.  B'jujamin  Constant  had  died  in  penury,  and  almost  of  i 

He  was  a  man  ofsingularlyvifforouaiutcUect,  of  a  feeble  temf 
mcntj  and  a  cold  heart.    His  rectitude  of  judgment  led  him  to  hatrodl 
of  injustice,  and  by  force  of  talent  he  could  occasionally  rise  to  ^ 
aion;  but  he  rarely  displayed  energy,  because  this  was  not  neoenuy] 
to  him,  either  to  stigiuatisc  an  abuse,  or  to  deal  a  mortal  blow  to  a 
enemy.     Adroit  in  eluding  difficulties,  toaster  of  all  the  resoturceft* 
language,  familiar  with  the  most  subtle  artifices  of  thought,  he 
tilled  without  cfibrt  the  venom  timt  lurked  in  his  good-htunoiQ>1 
making  sport  of  his  adversaries  and  of  obstacles,  and  always  with  the 
aame  easy  suavity.     He  had  given  proof  of  the  art  of  the  iw 
'  writer  in  hts  Adolphe,  and  of  the  science  of  the  atatesman.  in  . 
work  on  religion;  and  the  supplenesa  of  his  talents  £<£m  to  hai 
toTQÎncd  him  ja  the  choice  of  his  doctrines.      The  constitut 
system  subàsts  only  by  iBctions,  balancings^  and  the  complications  U 
^vea  rise  to;  it  gives  subtle  natutca  the  advantage  over  strong  i 
ample  minds.     For  this  precisely  it  was  fitted  to  allure  Benja 
Constant,  and  in  fact,  by  his  ideas,  his  seniimcntâ,  hia  turn  of  i 
the  levity  of  his  morals,  Ids  admiration  for  Voltaire,  and  hia 
of  opposition,  he  belonged  to  tliat  Englisli  and  protestant 
which  Mounter  was  the  orator,  Nccker  the  financier,  M 
Staël  the  heroine,  and  of  whieh  the  Emperor  Alexander,  educ 
by  l^arpc,  became  an  adept.     Benjamin  Coostant  enunciated 


THE  TalAt  OF  TIIE  EX-SUÏTISTEEB  BKOmP.  345 

doctrines  of  that  school  wltJi  admiroble  vieour  of  style.  But  there 
wsâ  îa  hiiUf  in  spitâ  of  his  pTofeaaion  of  Ubcralism,  a  great  stock  of 
mdif^crczkoe,  a  aceptical  insUibility  ofteu  manifested  by  gkrlng  coa* 
Iradictions.  A  rcign  of  force  anà  violence  would  have  cxtinguisUed 
him;  fur  having  neither  the  itru  tliat  Imd  rendered  Dântotï  popular^ 
noT  the  convictioçQs  that  had  made  KobespictTc  all  potent,  nuitiicc 
did  bo  possess  that  deplorable  Berenity  which  BanTG  drew  from  hia 
readiness  to  serve  all  parties,  Benjamin  Constant 'a  place  in  a  repre- 
sentative system  was  therefore  marked  out;  he  seemed  appoint^ 
to  pby  an  cppoeitioa  part  on  account  of  his  taste  for  popularity»  and 
lus  sympathies  with  the  youngr. 

Such  was  the  man  to  whom  had  fust  been  rendered  honours  so 
eatruordinary,  that  Mirabeau,  who  died  in  the  lulnosa  of  lus  glory, 
had  receivea  none  greater.  Like  iViirabeau,  Constant  was  open  to 
the  charge  of  not  liavin^  been  capable  of  refiisins  to  the  last  the 
largesses  of  the  court.  But  he  did  not  sell  himself:  his  çonl  wua 
mcapahlf^  of  a  sordid  actîobï  only  a  too  strong  predilection  for  play, 
combiûed  with  the  ignorance  of  business  commoa  to  men  of  thought, 
had  plunged  him  into  n  state  of  distress  of  which  he  had  to  endure 
ail  th*?  bitlcmew.  Tliough  be  possessed  several  houses  in  Paris,  and 
ms  noToundcd  with  the  outward  ^^^ns  of  opulence,  such,  at  timciSr 
wuhude^tution,  that  a  friend  one  day  surprised  him  in  the  act  of 
braak&stmg  on  ïi  morsel  of  stale  bread,  which  he  moisteued  in  water. 
The  details  of  thia  penury,  in  which  his  old  age  wasted  away,  wcro 
BO  pnion-iitt^  that  none  ot  his  friends  dared  to  disclose  the  secret  of 
them  alter  his  death.  They  spoke  merely  of  sorrows  that  had  cast 
B  gloom  C)Ver  his  latter  days,  and  the  melancholy  words  were  called 
to  mind  which  he  had  uttered  from  the  tribune  the  day  he  appeared 
IImtv  for  the  last  time. 

Be  this  as  It  may,  Ubcmlism  bad  celebrated  its  own  ^lory  in  tbe 
pompous  olsequies  it  bestowed  on  Constant.  Grand  spectecfcs  serve 
as  a  piu^de  of  strength  to  dazzle  the  people.  Every  solemnity  is  a 
means  of  government. 

The  duy  of  the  trial  arrived.  When  questioned  as  to  tlie  kind  of 
punishment  which,  in  bis  opinion,  ought  to  be  inflicted  on  the  ac- 
cused, M.  MauguJn  ûnswcred,  Death.  This  reply  was  soon  known 
to  the  court,  and  the  Chamber»  dtcadlng  the  tribunelllcc  impctuf>aity 
of  1(L  MauL'  d  the  opportmiity  to  Bubeùcute  M.  Persil  in 

hûatead,  wi.  /uffes-instrucieun  were  to  assunueanew  charac* 

ter»  and  become  public  accusers.  The  report  presented  on  the  29th 
of  14ovcmber  by  M.  Bastard  suflSciently  indicated  the  views  of  th« 
pecnge.  "  The  penal  code  is  inapplicable  to  the  trial,^'  said  the  re- 
porter, and  he  took  care  to  attribute  to  the  c^urt  of  peers  &  judicial 
omnipotence  which,  by  placing  it  abovo  tiio  laws,  pcmiittod  tt  to 
exercise  clemency. 

Tlie  proceedioM  be^^an  on  the  I5th  of  December.  The  judgment 
hall  was  thronged  with  spectators  at  nine  o'clock  in  the  morning.  An 
uaher  appeared  with  a  waite  wand  in  bù  hand  tipped  with  on  ivory 


346 


UErOSlTIONS  OF  WITNESSES. 


1 


l)all»  with  wliicl»  he  struck  tlirec  Hows.  The  judges  entered.  FingH» 
were  pointed  uom  the  galleriee  fit  such  of  them  as  had  pasaed  thatfin 
inous  scntûûce  of  death  on  Marglial  Ney,  which  was  an  assasamatioo. 
The  regirtrar  of  the  court  was  also  particularly  noticed  ;  he  it  was  who 
had  read  the  fatal  eentencc  to  the  Prince  de  la  Moskowa.  Michel 
Ney  seemed  thus  to  be  avenged  on  his  judges  and  on  the  Bourboan 

The  accused  were  in  their  turn  led  in,  Theii  demeanour  appeared 
neither  ûrrogant  nor  timid-  M.  dc  Chantclauze  was  unwell,  and  hk 
face  was  vervpale.  Tlic  Prince  dc  Poilignac  displayed  a  sort  of  in- 
genuous serenity,  and  M.  de  Pcyronnct  never  Ibr  an  instant  lost  îûs 
eclf'possesâon,  wliilst  M-  de  Guemon  Ean ville,  as  if  indifferent  to  the 
last  accidents  of  an  evil  fortune  that  had  nearly  expended  oU  i  ts  forcCi 
opened  a  pamphlet,  which  he  began  to  peruse  attenlivcly. 

The  eauimi nations  oi'  the  priaouers  were  such  as  rai^ht  have  bcco 
expected.  M.  Pasquier,  a  courticTj  shaped  his  questions  in  such  a 
way  that  it  was  possible  for  the  accused  to  justify  themselves  by  easl- 
injf  the  responsibility  of  all  the  drataters  on  Charles  X.:  but  tliey 
carefully  avoided  the  snare  spread  for  thedr  honour  wtth  the  intf  ntion 
of  saving  their  lives  ;  and  their  replies  were  a  lust  testimony  of  Ëdelily 
to  their  absent  and  unfortiuiate  master* 

The  depositions  of  witnesses  followed  the  examination  of  the  pri- 
«onerB.  The  revolution  was  about  to  pass  in  living  presence  before 
the  eyes  of  Cliatlcs  X.'s  ininij^ters,  to  call  them  to  account  for  the 
blood  ahed.  Tlierc  were  some  terrible  moments  Jbr  them  in  thig  stage 
of  the  proceedings.  The  witnefi&es  were  numerous.  One  deposed 
how  the  fight  began ,  and  liow  many  families  had  been  made  mourners 
on,  the  very  first  day.  Another  spoke  to  strange  and  learful  scenea, 
the  people  drunk  with  heroism  and  Ta>;e;  horsemen  ^Hoping  be- 
wildered through  the  city;  soldiers  (ailing  Iktc  and  there  by  bolfa 
discharged  from  every  street  comer;  paving  stones  falling  like  haH 
from  the  house  tops,  tlung  by  iJic  hands  of  women  and  children;  in  _ 
ft  word,  war  everywhere,  and  Paria  strugghng  in  the  midst  of  H 
chaos.  A  third  depicted  Jn  glowing  language  the  calm  fanaucnsm 
of  Prince  Polignac  in  the  very  heat  of  the  c-arûage,  and  the  criminal 
bewilderment  of  Marmont.  A  father  related  how  after  going  out 
from  home,  where  he  left  his  son  full  of  hfe,  he  returned  only  to  find 
that  son  drenched  in  blood,  and  to  weep  over  his  corpse. 

Of  all  these  accusing  testimomes  the  most  overwhelming  for  the  pri- 
Bonct^  was  tluit  of  M.  Arago,  when  he  reported  this  infatuated  phraso 
of  M.  dc  Polignac  :  If  the  troops  join  the  peoph^  whi/  theit^  tkt  troop»  loo 
jnust  lie  Jirf^it  itpun.  M.  dc  Martignac,  the  prince's  delendcr,  stroTB 
to  cast  some  cloud  of  doubt  on  this  fact,  whereupon  M-  Arago  drew 
hira  aside  and  whispered  to  him  "  I  recommend  you  to  let  my  tceti-  ^ 
mony  pass,  and  that  of  M.  Dclarue  which  eonurma  it.  For  your  fl 
client's  sake  do  not  force  me  to  speak  the  whole  truth:  it  would  b«  his 
death  «arrant.  Do  you  know  that  M.  de  Foligoac  mid  on  the  28  ih 
to  M.  Blanciiard,  who  was  c^ebrated  for  his  tine  voice,  and  who  h>d 
been  commanding  the  dischai^  of  cannon  at  the  Place  de  Grèrei 


I 


I 


M 


BAD  FAITH  OF  BOTH  PARTIES  IX  THE  TEUL.  347 

'  ytiur  voice  never  so  keartiiydeltgittcd  me  as  it  has  this  dayf'  *'  **  Is  it  pos- 
rible?"  excUiraed  M.  de  Martij^dc»  in  consternation.  '*  And  do  you 
know  that,  eeeing  the  ffriei'  in  which  Gt-neral  Troraclin  waa  plunged 
by  the  contemplation  of  k)  many  frightful  ecenes,  th»?  prince  said  to 
liim,  *  IVftatare  you  afraid  off  Once  cottccted  in  the  Place  Vejtdôme 
tite  revoher»  are  Iwt.  1  irould  pa^j  ihrm  to  do  what  thnj  are  nmc  dmnq.^* 
M.  »le  Martignjic  hid  his  face  in  his  hands,  and  M.  Ai-ago,  who  did 
not  deeitc  the  death  of  the  accused,  piomised  nut  to  add  thc^  ire- 
meadous  facts  to  his  deposition. 

A  report  had  for  some  days  been  in  circulation  that  M.  de  St?mon- 
ville  had  many  iiigniucant  and  singulsx  f&ets  to  dificlo&c.  Curiosity 
■pros  strongly  excited;  it  became  still  more  intense  when  the  witness 
appeared  at  the  bur.  He  advanc^îd  with  tottorinfr  stcps^  witli  slooping 
lipure,  as  if  bent  down  under  the  burden  of  his  memory.  His  face, 
which  wore  tlie  marks  of  old  age,  hud  &t  this  montent  a  peculiar 
expreeoon  of  excitement  and  suncnng.  Half  kneelinp*  on  the  chair 
fflven  him  to  le»n  upon,  he  spoke  in  a  languid  and  feeble  voice.  He 
had  lo  rekte  the  proceedings,  the  course  of  wliich  had  led  him  on 
the  28th  of  July  first  to  the  council  of  miniFterB  and  afterwjirds  to 
St.  Cloud.  On  coming  lo  the  moment  when  Chariog  X.  had  received 
him,  he  suddenly  stopped  ehort,  unable  to  overcome  his  emotion. 
The  asKmblv  wna  in  raspensc.  "  I  know  not  whether  I  ought  to 
>o  oti,"  he  said  :  but  in  obedience  to  the  president's  order  he  continued 
lis  narrative.  He  represented  Charks  X.  at  ïii¥t  resisting  all  com,- 
promiso,  then  sofleninff  as  he  thought  ol'  the  unfortunate  daughter  of 
Louis  XVI,,  letting  bis  head  drop  upi>u  his  breast»  and  submitting 
with  nnguiâh  to  the  humiliation  of  surrendering  the  sword  of  the 
monarchy.  Tlie  sensation  produced  by  this  picture  waa  profound, 
teon  flowed  from  many  eyes;  but  those  who  knew  M.de  S^monville 
nw  ia  his  narrative  and  his  demeanour  only  a  well-contrived  pira:^ 
of  «otiag. 

Tho  diwrussion  now  began  between  the  advocates  for  the  prosecu- 
tion and  those  for  the  defence;  but  it  was  carried  oa  upon  neither 
»dû  with  dignity  or  good  taith. 

In  reproudiing  the  minislerâ  of  Charles  X.  with  the  viulation  of 
the  churter,  and  în  making  that  the  groimd  for  denouncing  them, 
the  accuscri  paJpahly  disregarded  the  truth,  for  it  was  by  virtue  of 
the  I4th  article  of  the  cliarte;  that  the  Polignac  ministry  Eiuspended 
thcconstitutiott. 

-  The  accused  on  their  part,  in  resting  their  defence  on  that  article, 
adopted  a  line  of  argument  in  which  there  was  very  little  candour 
and  honesty;  for  when  Liws  conceal  in  their  text  tlie  overthrow  of 
all  liberty,  contempt  for  the  people,  despotifm.and  civil  war,  it  then 
becomes  a  duty  to  abstain  irom  all  eontiict  with  those  laws;  and  to 
administer  them  is  a  crirao. 

If  then  there  had  been  in  that  aasembly,  before  which  this  great 
drama  was  enacted^  none  but  manly  souls,  tlie  accusers  would  have 
contented  themselves  with  siying,  *^  You  have  desired  deTpotiem: 


s 


À 


34« 


TUE  14tb  article  ori 


ÏTEK. 


to  mch  it  yau  have  d&ivd  every  thing.  Througti  you  dMMHBidi  of 
lf|twiw  harw  pcrulietL  You  liave  eroked  from  out  our  BHtitatiow 
bttred,  cuiugc,  every  convulsion»  every  disoaier.     What  law  oa 

■VthoTixc  micb  jitrociticsi?  and  if  there  is  a  Liw  tlxut  aulhonscd  thetn, 
wlwdiail  iJwJvcyoii  from  the-  ^'uUt  of  having  st»pUcil  it?  Youhare 
Itckooed  an  the  rvrord:  Tonqmsiied,  Eubioitto  the  Lawol  Uicswonj: 
pteptti»  youTBelf  to  die  I" 

And  to  thû  Unguflge  what  other  reply  had  the  accused  to  maks 
but  this,  **  What  wc  have  done  wc  believed  it  vasour  duty  to  do  fix 
the  ealvaûoa  of  the  inonatchy.  It  v:as  a  game  in  which,  it  wm  a 
■mplc  matUrr  of  course  that  each  of  us  ^hl>uld  stake  ha  he&d.  \on 
aro  ricio»,  and  we  know  that  it  is  clùldjâii  to  arguo  agaioat  might  ; 
if  the  icafïbld  awaits  U8,  wc  axe  ready." 

But  it  rurcly  liappcna  in  monarchical  countries  thut  parties  rise  to 
thla  dc^TC'f  of  frankness  and  courage.  Here  the  accused  did  no« 
uiidcTifUnd  thiit  thu  scaffbltl  alone  could  bestow  amnesty  upon  them, 
by  ittiii^diiif,'  t}idr  bluod  with  thiit  they  had  caused  to  flow.  And 
aa  iuT  tlie  iwxiiiBt'Ts,  thfir  jmUcy  beinjî  to  show  that  the  revohïtîoil 
had  Iwen  erti^cLeil  8»>loly  for  tlte  maintenauce  of  the  charter,  ihcy 
iroidd  talk  ornuthing  but  the  vioUted  constitution. 

It  waa  on  thia  pretended  -s-ioLatiou  that  M.  Per^tl  made  tlie  wIm^ 
picttocution  turn;  and  thus  he  involved  hiniscli'  in  a  labyrinth  <rf 
•OOirntiiictionN,  mhtlctica  and  sophisms. 

To  prove  Uiai  the  niinistcis  of  Charles  X.  had  not  deviated  front 
the  Lerins  of  thu  charter^  the  14th  article  had  been  âtcd,  which  garv 
the  king  tlio  right  of  making  tht!  rulefl  and  ordinances  ncccano^ 
for  the  ucciirity  of  the  state.  M.  Persil  refused  to  recognixe  iU0 
outhuriiy  cif  thut  article^  which  he  combated  by  means  of  the  loUowintf 
article,  wherein  it  was  set  forth  that  the  legislative  power  is  exerdaed 
collectively  by  the  king  and  tlie  chamlxra.  The  reasoning  «M 
c\'i(i(.'ndy  vifiiMis,  since  tlio  14tk  article  related  to  oxccptionai  cir* 
cuttititaitcesi,  and  the  15th  fcj  ordinary  cases.  Accoroiogly  tlio 
minialera  could  only  have  been  reproached  with  having  made  a  pa* 
fidious  estimate  of  the  exigencies  of  the  moment;  of  having  exagge- 
intod  ils  peiîb  in  order  to  rule  at  their  cuksc  ;  of  having  mcndacioUBlf 
alJcged  a»  a  pretext  for  their  audacity  the  scurity  of  the  state»  whintt 
iraa  not  entlangered  ;  or,  even  without  going  so  iiir,  with  h^ving 
aOBMUttcd  one  of  Ûiosc  errors,  which  in  pobdcs  are  Crimea.  But  to 
pumie  this  line  of  argument,  would  have  been  to  renounce  tfao 
I»licy  adopted  by  the  court  ever  einoe  July,  1830.  If  the  prosecu- 
tion consented  not  to  consider  the  ordinanccâ  as  a  violation  of  tfaa 
very  letter  of  the  charter,  it  run  the  risk  of  stripinng  the  revolutioa 
of  that  sptuioufl  character  of  Lf^ljty  which  it  was  the  scheme  of  the 
new  poucy  to  set  in  opposition  to  generous  impulses^  to  ^^^r^rg 
h(lfH?s^  and  to  all  die  projects  of  innovators.  Neverthcleaa,  with  • 
rery  ejEtiaoidioary  inconafftency,  after  having  absolutely  doaiod  the 
tfft'wNri  ol'  ilie  I4ih  article,  M,  Per^  did  not  scraplo  to  aay,  "  Nol 
woukl  go  the  length  of  aying,  that  if  any  great 


1 
1 


WEIIE  THE  EX-MINISTERS  RESPOÎTSIHtE?  349 

aroâe,  the  king  liad  not  tlic  right  to  poaseaa  kimself  for  the  moment 
of  all  Uic  powers  of  the  slate  ;  but  we  »y  that  ÛÛB  would  not  be  by 
virtue  of  the  l4tH  artick-,  which,  suppoeea  the  employment  of  Itigiii 
neana,  but  by  virtue  of  necessity,  which  rt-co^mizes  neither  time, 
nor  place,  nor  conditions."  Tht-se  were  remarkable  words,  dis* 
closing  in  the  men  of  (he  new  tc^mc  the  intention  of  keeping  in 
reserve  for  themselves  that  occasional  dictatoraliip,  which  they  ac- 
cueed  their  adverâuries  of  having  eâizcd. 

It  had  furthi:;r  been  said,  with  a  view  to  prove  that  the  accufled 
were  protected  by  the  charter^  "  According  to  the  constitution,  the 
king  is  iariolabk,  and  the  minister»  arc  responsible.  Has  the  in- 
idoiability  of  Charles  X.  been  respected?  Has  lie  not  been  visited 
in  his  old  age  with  perpetual  ciiie?  Has  ho  not  been  punished 
cvea  in  the  person  of  his  grandson,  who  was  innocent?  Has  not 
his  race  been  for  ever  prosciibcd?  The  responsibility  of  the 
ministers  has  therefore  been  turned  aside,  and  cast  upon  the  head  of 
Iheir  toaster,  who  by  his  misfortune»  has  absorbed  it  wholly."  To 
this  M.  Persil  replied,  that  but  ibr  liie  intervention  of  the  mimstcis, 
but  for  th^  signatures,  the  monarch's  impotence  would  have 
silenced  Ids  -will.  "  What  matters  after  that,"  he  said,  '*  the  lot  that 
lies  befallen  the  king  and  his  dynasty?  Justice  is  here  in  ac€ord-> 
ance  with  the  most  common-placfl  moi-aJity.  Neither  the  one  not 
the  other  sanctions  the  c-onfounding  together  of  two  things  that  are 
dîalinct,  or  the  pardoning  crinoÎDiib  or  aooomplicca  bccauK:  the  prin- 
iicpeX  malcfsctor  has  suf&red  the  penalty  due  to  liis  misdeeds."  In 
a  morul  point  of  view  M,  Persil  no  doubt  vsas  right,  but  he  was 
wroDg  on  the  principles  of  the  charter^  which  declares  the  king  and 
his  numsters  unequally  responsible,  when  tliey  arc  equally  criminaL 
So,  then,  did  not  M.  Peral  denounce  that  charter  as  a  work  of 
iniquity,  when  he  atlirmed  in  the  face  of  all  men,  that  community 
of  crime  infers  community  of  punishment? 

Aucthcr  diiUculty  pnaenled  itself.  The  charter,  it  is  true,  ratl&ed 
the  responsibiiity  ot  nùsvtcis  in  caae  of  treason  or  of  extortion,  but 
it  left  It  to  otbcr  laws,  not  yet  in  existence  in  1830,  to  specify  that 
class  of  crimes,  and  to  detcraûnc  their  prosecution.  How  was  thu 
«ilence  oi  the  constitution  to  be  remedied?  The  reporter  of  the 
Chamber  of  Peers  had  solved  the  question  hy  ]»roposing  to  confer 
on  the  peerage,  as  a  court  of  justice,  the  twofold  fucnUy  of  detining 
tlie  crime  and  n&mta^  the  ptmishment.  But  this  would  iiavc  been 
to  carry  tlie  revolution  beyond  tlie  limits  of  the  charter,  a  coulK« 
above  aU  things,  dreaded  by  the  mœt  elear-eighlcd  cluimpions  of 
the  Palaia  lïoyal.  M.  Persil,  therefore,  inveighed  earnestly  against 
this  doctriiip, 

Neverthelcfls,  being  himself  aware  how  crazy  was  the  scafifolding^ 
of  the  prosecution,  he  look  care  to  conceal  the  [xiverty  of  his  logic 
under  tkc  rudeness  of  his  language.  The  words  pcrtidy  and  cow- 
lodice  were  ereiy  momcut  in  his  mouth;  he  was  mttcr,  insnltii^, 
and  implacable    Embodying  in  bis  rhetoric  the  splenetic  iedings  of 


M.  DE  MABTIGNAC'S  SPEECH  TOR  THE  DEFEXCK. 

^_^  >  bourgeoiâe,  lie  revelled  witK  savBgc  vehemence  in  the  pleisan 
of  trnmpUDg  on  the  vanquished  rcpresentativee  of  tfaftt  «JatecnKy» 
but  lately  ho  arrogant  and  dicdainful. 

M.  de  PoU^rnau's  ttunquilLity  was  not  at  all  ruffîed  during  H. 
Peràl'a  speech;  but  M.  dc  Peyronnet  shot  angry  gUnoes  at  hâ 
accuser;  and  his  abrupt  movements  often  betrared  the  psngB  flf 
hiâ  wounded  pnde.  Wh«n  it  was  his  turn  to  spealc,  he  rcee  êbA 
provcMl  thfit  a  ctn^tiUr,  dated  a  month  before  his  acceasOD  to  oSoi^ 
had  beeu  inserted  in  tlw  indictment  a^rainst  him.  M.  Pcisil  vm 
conl'uficd,  ùnà  st&mmcTcd^  out  some  unsatisfactory  excuses;  whcrenpoo 
the  accused  retorted  ia  a  slow  and  solemn  voice:  **  Sir,  you  call 
for  heavy  pains  and  penalties:  truth  is  for  us  a  right,  for  yon  â 
duty.'*  ïhis  incident,  in  itself  of  little  moment,  nevertbdess  made  a 
etrong  impression  on  ihe  assembly.  Siime  were  surprised,  olfaen 
indignant,  at  tlie  advantages  alTorded  the  accused  by  ihe  mooB- 
panencies  of  the  prosecution. 

'  '  "Whilst  these  various  emotions  were  prerjûlinç,  M.  de  ïfartignac 
row  to  Bpeak  on  behalf  of  his  chenl,  M.  de  Polignac.  There  waa 
something  touching  in  the  relative  posidott  of  M.  dc  Marti^nAC  and 
one  of  the  accused,  M,  de  Peyronnet.  Thoy  had  been  bom  in  the 
same  town  and  in  the  same  year,  as  the  orator  stated  in  the  begin- 
ning of  hia  address.  ITicir  dfôtiiiies  had  mu  a  parallel  oourec  at 
college,  at  tlie  bar,  and  in  tlie  msOTstrncy.  *'  And  now,'''  said  M. 
de  Alartignac,  '*  after  ha^g  had  our  share  of  high  8tetion  we 
meet  once  more;  I,  as  formerly,  lending  the  aid  of  my  voice  to  an 
accused  man;  he  as  a  captive,  the  object  of  piosecution,  forced  to 
defend  hia  periled  life  and  pood  name.  The  long  confraternity,  which 
80  many  events  had  left  undisturbed,  was  for  a  momcat  interrupted 
by  the  unhappy  efi'ccts  of  political  dis^nsion.  Tliesc  walla,  within 
-which  we  now  stand,  have  sometimes  witnessed  our  acrimomooa 
debates;  but  of  all  tliesc  recollections,  that  of  our  old  fricnd^iîp 
alone  presented  itself  in  the  castle  of  Vinccnncs  !" 

M.  de  Manignac's  «peech  was  full  of  a  porsuaeive  and  gentle  elo- 
quence characteristic  of  his  style.  He  first  applied  himself  to 
demoDStTAtc  that  the  fall  of  Charles  X/s  djiuâty  luul  reUcvcd  fron» 
all  responsibility  the  four  ministcra,  the  survivors  of  the  wreck.  Ho 
asked  where  were  the  guarantees  the  charter  had  promised  thoni, 
where  the  lawa  of  blood  applicable  to  the  crimes  imputed  to  them. 
And  what  wen-  tliose  crimes  ?  They  had  violated  the  charter? 
But  was  tho  14th  iwticle  so  clear  as  to  leave  no  cxcu-ce  for  having 
interpreted  it  in  favour  of  the  tottering  throne,  in  favour  of  the  ai>- 
^îent  monarchy  of  the  Bourbons  when  the  tempest  once  more 
«niledit? 

Then  speaking  of  the  civil  war  so  audaciously  provoked,  und  afler- 
warda  fomented,  M.  de  Martignac  poiynanlly  expreseed  tlie  horror 
with  which  he  regarded  it;  and  in  order  Ui  iAi'Ut  his  client  of  the 
frightfiili  tiuputation  of  haviug  dolilierately  dcngnod  it.  lie  called  to 
tmod  all  the  traits  of  good  feeling  cxliibitcd  in  tho  lilb  of  M.  de 


I 


I 


d 


M.  I>E  PEYTIONNET'S  SPEECH.  351 

Polîgnac,  and  pointed  out  the  excessive  temlemcsa  of  lug  heart,  as 
evinced,  t-Yen  in  his  fp-catcst  ttroH,  And  yet  t  hat  man's  head  wfts  de- 
mauded;  wlierelbrc?  What  more  was  it  needful  to  fidd  to  that  ven- 
geance whicli  liad  placed  between  France  and  the  dynasty  ahe 
rejected,  the  vaet  sea,  and  sû\l  more  vast  cventg.  Thtee  crowna 
Bmvered  in  thzee  days,  the  flag  of  eight  centuries  rent  in  an  hour, 
were  not  these  iruiHcient  triumphs?  What  was  tlie  use  of  tnaking 
mi^ht  cruel?  Was  there  no  danger  to  he  apprehended  from  accu»- 
toining  men's  eyes  to  tlie  impleme-uts  of  execution  !  "  You  arc  Uy- 
ing  the  foundations  of  anew  throne/'  said  M.  de  Martignac  in  con* 
elusion  ;  "  do  not  place  them  on  a  soil  drenched  with  blood  and  tears. 
The  blow  you  would  strike  would  open  an  abyss,  and  these  four 
heads  would  not  be  sufficient  lo  fill  it." 

The  next  day,  December  19»  M.  de  Peyronnet  havinp  risen  to 
fijreuk*  there  was  a  singular  thrill  of  curiosity  throughout  the  aasem- 
hly.  Ilauyhly  lan;;uagc  was  expected,  but  the  expectation  was  disap- 
pointed. M.  de  Peyronnct's  speceh  was  an  appeal  to  the  indulgent 
opinion  of  the  public  and  of  hia  judges.  He  narrated  hia  life  with 
a  modest  eelf-approval.  In  early  life  he  liad  devoted  liis  youthful 
ardour  to  assuaging  poignant  affliction  and  protecting  tlie  unfortu- 
nate. When  he  afterw^ards  became  engaged  in  public  aflfairB,  he 
brought  to  his  duties  a  firm  conviction,  and  at  the  same  time  a  heart 
open  to  pity.  It  was  through  him  tlïc  two  amnestice  had  been 
ca.llcd  for  and  obtained  under  the  Kcâtoralion  ;  it  was  he  who  had 
turned  aside  from  the  heads  of  General  Partlics,  of  Olnnier  and 
Fradin  the  sword  of  royahat  vengeance  already  uptiffccd  over  them. 
jStAuding  there  as  he  did  within  a  few  paces  of  the  scaiïbld,  it  wa9 
aUowable  for  him  to  mention  that  more  than  three  hundred  con- 
victed per?on8  owed  life  and  Ubcity  to  him.  There  was  nothing  in 
Ilia  polilical  career  wliich  hia  conscience  told  him  it  was  liia  interest 
to  conceal,  or  his  duty  to  disavow.  Ag  for  the  law  of  sacrilege,  if 
he  had  proposed  that  sanguinary  law,  it  was  only  because  he  was 
forced  along  by  tlie  irresistible  flood  of  the  prejudices  of  the  period. 
The  law  on  the  prcsd,  stigmaliaed  under  the  name  of  hi  d'amour^ 
he  had  brought  forward  only  in  an  essentially  altered  form,  and  liia 
dcvotedhe^  alone  had  induced  him  to  encounter  the  respousdbility  of 
a  conception  which  was  not  hia  own.  Had  he  enricliLxl  himself  in 
ortiee?  No,  ho  had  quitted  it  in  debt;  the  royal  munificence  had 
provided  for  the  education  ol"  his  children;  and  he  had  a  right  to 
Bay  with  Sunderland,  "  I  have  ailed  a  |K}Si  of  great  credit,  without 
power  or  advantages  whilst  in  it,  and  to  my  ruin  now  that  I  am  out 
of  it."  M.  de  Peyronnet  then  read  an  esjay  he  had  pubhshcd  lo- 
Wtfds  the  end  of  the  preceding  April,  on  wlmt  constitutes  the  illc- 
gitamaey  of  coups  (Téfat;  and  coniessing  the  misfortunes  ooca- 
«oned  W  that  in  wliich  he  had  been  concerned,  he  exclaimed, 
"  Blood  Las  been  slicd;  this  it  is,  the  recollection  of  which  hangs 
lioavy  on  my  heurt.     Am  imfortunate  man  in  my  position  has  Uttlo 


353  Mr  VM.  SAt7ZET*B  Llli:^  O»  ABGCTVENT. 

left  btit  tears,  and  pçrîiapg  he  ought  Jo  have  those  counted  in  hi-^ 
&voar  which  he  does  not  ûieà  for  htmielE"  'M 

This  speech  ahnost  Tendered   snpcrflnoug   the  haianguo  of  JÉ" 
Hennequm,  who  in  tact  did  but  Ticproducc  under  a  novel  and  ingo- 
1Û0U8  form  the  argumeuts  nlicady  dereloped  hy  hiâ  coUca^ie  imd 
bj  hia  client. 

The  fiudience,  moreoTer,  wete  impotient  to  hear  the  pleader  oB 
behalf  of  M.  de  Chantelauze,  a  young  avocat  of  the  Ljons  bar, 
whoee  high  rcipntation  for  liberaiiân  and  eloqnenoo  had  preo^cd 
him  to  Paris.  The  attention  of  aU  present  was  captivated  from  the 
moment  M.  Saueet  bt^an.  The  tall  figure  of  the  orator,  bi^jpate 
and  worn  i>ountanEnceT  the  worda  at  once  pnthctic  and  brilliant, 
that  is&ued  fist  on  each  other  from  his  mouth,  as  thoucb  împeUed  hy 
the  full  assurance  of  triumphant  right,  the  continual  halanctn^  of 
his  body,  attributed  to  the  impulse  of  an  «motion  with  difficc^^ 
restrained,  aU  this  etruck  that  frrvoious  part  of  the  public  which  tt 
ewayed  by  words  and  beguiled  by  appearances. 

After  glandng  rapidlv  at  what  was  pCTSonat  to  M,  de  Chantehitae 
in  this  important  triid,  M-  Sauiyt  tatogorically  asserted  the  dogmt 
oi'  human  necessity.  He  lîald  that  Deceseity  yras  tlie  living  jnterpr^ 
tation  of  chartcTs;  that  as  a  eociety  could  ncTor  command  its  &wft 
£uidde,  there  were  critical  occasions  on  which  it  was  necessary  to 
OTerthrow  it,  to  escape  destroying  it;  that  the  14th  article  coaae- 
quently  ruled  the  world,  and  was  written  in  the  nature  of  thingi, 
even  when  it  was  not  written  in  constitutions;  that  peoples,  after  all, 
had  t!icir  14th  articles  as  well  as  kin^;  revolutions  being  only  tha 
counterparts  of  coups-d'Hats.  There  was,  therefore,  only  one  queff* 
tion  for  inveetigarion  :  Had  the  ordnances  been  drawn  up  under  tlie 
law  of  this  sovereign  necesrity?  On  this  point  doubt  was  impos- 
able. The  d3rnasty  of  the  elder  Bourbons  might  no  doubt  hare 
kept  its  ^nnd  by  means  of  skilfully  managed  concessions,  if  the 
source  of  its  perils  had  lain  only  on  the  surface  of  society,  if  it  had 
had  to  struggle  only  against  the  hostility  of  the  parliamentary  libe- 
rals, if  it  had  had  to  defend  itself  only  against  a  few  obscure  intrigues, 
if  it  had  been  forced,  for  its  own  saiety,  only  to  grant  a  small  exten* 
■ion  of  liberty.  But  no  :  the  dynasty  of  Charles  X.  was  the  child 
of  invasion.  This  was  what  beset  it  with  pitfalls,  this  was  what 
encompassed  it  with  swarms  of  indomitable  enemies,  and  left  it 
no  altematÎTe  but  between  despotism  and  suicide.  It  could  not 
be  denied  that,  after  the  revolution,  the  bourgeoisie  had  suddenly 
changed  its  tactics,  passing  from  the  worship  of  liberty  to  that  ot 
authority,  hedging  roxmd  the  throne  with  love,  and  repressing,  with 
sombre  vigilance,  all  daring  flights  of  mind.  It  was  therefore  neither 
the  old  order  of  things,  nor  the  monarchical  principle,  nor  the 
consequences  of  that  principle,  which  it  had  been  mtended  to 
smite  in  the  person  of  Charles  X.;  but  much  rather  the  insolent 
work  of  U\e  enemies  of  France  during  their  moment  of  victory. 


"> 


ITS  EFFFXT  ON  THE  COLTIT  AXD  OUT  OF  DOOUS.  35S 

TlicncefoTth  how  should  the  dynastj  of  Charles  X.  have  been  able  to 
disarm  the  sciUintcnl  of  nationality  so  violently  excited  against  it, — 
a  Bentiment,  moreover,  very  stroc^  In  the  country,  since  it  had  evea 
vanquished,  in  former  days,  the  iiinaticisdi  oi'  the  league,  and  bafHcd 
ihe  Mat^liiavclism  of  the  Spaniard  Philip  II.?  Thoncc  the  orator 
concluded  tliat  the  strug^çle  between  royalty  and  the  nation  under 
Ghu-ka  X,  had  exhibited  all  the  characters  of  fatality.  Thus  the 
exercise  of  autocracy  became  a  neeesbity  ;  if  it  was  a  erime,  to  abstain 
from  committing  it  was  beyond  human  strength;  and  as  for  it»  expi- 
ation, what  further  was  needed  tlian  the  spectacle  of  Charles  X. 
embarkbg  at  Cherbourg,  followed  by  hts  weeping  family? 

Such  was,  in  substance,  the  line  of  defence  adopted  by  M.  Sauzet, 
Iht  orator  spohe  the  truth  when  he  i"Cprcseûtcd  tbe  Tevolutton  aa  a, 
retaliation  for  Waterloo;  but  he  attributed  to  the  heads  of  tlie  bour- 
geoisie wntinicnt*  which,  in  reality,  sub^fted  only  among  the  people. 
Vien  la  cfurrte!  had  been  ehouted  above  the  men  in  ragp,  and  these 
had  repeated  the  cry  without  clearly  understanding  it  ;  but  it  was 
from  ainon.iî  theimi'lvea  that  had  buret  forth  the  generous  hatred  of 
the  wiute  Hag^  which  became  implacable  )t  was  from  amongst  them- 
eelvea  that  had  cotne  forth,  during  the  three  days,  thotic  who  had 
been  Ken  falling  on  their  knees  bclore  tïic  tricolour  flag,  or  covering 
îta  S8cr«d  tisefiie  witli  kiescs  and  tears.  A3  for  the  do^rma  of  fatality, 
BO  Buocens^ally  ae^criod  by  the  orator,  it  was  certainly  no  new  one, 
for  Europe  still  thrilled  at  the  recollection  of  the  heroic  and  bloody 
application  it  ha<l  received  under  the  t'ommittec  of  Public  Salctv. 

lio  this  as  it  may,  the  etfei't  was  immense.     Tlie  peers  left  their 

Ïilaccs  and  thronged  round  the  orator  to  eonj^ratuktc  him.  The 
lue  de  Fitzjames  was  among  the  foremost.  The  emotion  waa  in- 
lenK  in  the  galleries,  from  which  applauses  batd  issued  on  Kver^ 
OOOaaiona. 

The  journala  propagatetl  the  details  oi'  tliia  triumph  out  of  doo« 
with  many  encomium$>.  Indignation  then  became  unhounded  among 
all  tbo$ê  wlio  had  taken  tho  rcvolulion  in  a  literal  ^nse.  What! 
waa  the  trial  becomins^  for  the  advocates  of  the  accused  matter  for 
oratorical  jousting,  ana  for  the  accused  thera&elvea  aji  occasion  of 
apotheoffls  \  TIk'  defence  was  transformed  into  a  panegyric,  and  all 
theec  sad  remimscences  had  Iteeti  etirR^d  up  only  to  convert  the  tomb 
of  tlie  victims  into  a  pedestal  for  the  men  agïiinpt  whom  the  voice  of 
blood  crie<l  for  vengeance  !  Honest  minds  reit-olted  at  the  idea  of 
Buch  an  insult  oftered  to  the  miwt  legîtîmato  reaentments. 

If,  aj  M.  Sauzct  alt^i^d,  Charlea  X.  had  found  himself  plaeed 
between  the  necessity  of  as^rting  arbitrary  power  and  that  of  nbdi- 
catmc,  why  liad  he  not  resolvctl  on  the  Litter  course?  Instead  of 
escrihcinp  the  people  to  his  pride,  why  had  he  not  tocrificcd  his 

£ridc  lo  the  people?  The  fatality  of  his  position  might  poaâbly 
Bvo  condemned  him  to  lay  down  his  crown»  but  it  could  not  al>- 
eolro  him  from  the  ffuilt  of  the  violent  means  ho  had  taken  to 
pwwtre  it.    He  had,  Uierefore,  not  only  done  violence  to  the  o&tioii, 


354  DtSUAT  OP  THE  PEEKS,  -  •  -» 

li«  hdd  sougKt  to  do  violence  to  destiny,  a  twofold  crime,  of  whtch 
both  maeter  and  scrvaatis .  had  TolunUnty  brav<^l  tbc  conaeduexioaL 
Ffttality,  besides,  excuses  nolluTig  or  every  thing.  Gonncbons? 
Tltcy  maj  be  pt^ided  by  man  before  the  bar  of  Godt  but  if  human 
Josticijr  was  to  diearm  itself  before  ibem^  impunity  would,  be  afsuied 
to  nil  cnmeâ,  and  the  murderer,  for  iDstance^  would  bave  but  lo 
prove  fbo  sincerity  of  htn  hatred  In  order  to  establish  bis  inni>oeno& 
This  was  what  the  instinct  of  the  people,  superior  to  all  reasonings» 
bad  to  offer  in  opposition  to  the  pompous  sophisms  of  rhetoHciajM, 

M-  Sauzet  resumed  and  completed  on  the  â9th  bis  speech,  wbiuit 
iatigue  bad  compelled  him  to  break  off  on  tlie  preceding  day.  U. 
Creimeux  foUowc-d  hîm,  and  disclosed,  sa  he  lifted  lus  arm,  the 
uniforin  of  llie  national  guard  concealed  imder  the  gown  of  the  btf* 
riatcr.  Uneaiinesa  wns  on  every  face,  and  the  judges  made  efforts  to 
conceal  their  trouble,  which  made  it  more  alarming.  M.  Crémieux 
be^B  hie  speech  witli  th<^c  words:  ''  I  mu&t  speax,  and  I  am  stiJl  a 
Ustener."  His  address,  at  first  substantial  and  logical,  gradually  be- 
came exalted  into  a  gtroiti  of  pathetic  and  ra^ic  poetry.  Suddcûlj 
his  voice  faltered;  he  totter^u,  and  was  earned  out  lainting.  Th« 
whole  itœeinbly  started  to  their  feet.  Tliey  tliougbt  they  heard  aa 
ominous  sound — the  drum  beating  to  insurrection. 

The  multitude  in  fkct  inundated  the  approaches  to  the  plaoe* 
thronged  the  gates,  uttering  frightful  clfonours.  Just  then  a  wi 
gon  from  the  royal  prindng'oflice  entered  the  principal  court-ya  _ 
and  thus  opened  a  wfty  to  tlie  angry  crowd.  The  guftrd  lia«t^H:d 
from  the  Luxembourg  to  keep  back  the  intruders.  Horsemen  set 
off  at  full  gallop  to  warn  General  Lalayette.  Alarms  of  pillage  had. 
been  skilfully  propagated  among  the  trading  classes.  Thousands  oi 
armed  men  issued  from  the  shops  at  the  sound  of  the  drum,  calling 
them  to  muster.  On  the  left  bank  of  the  Seine  every  thing  seemM 
in  preparation  for  civil  war. 

Confusion  prevailed  in  the  interior  of  tlie  palace.  M.  Berenger 
had  restmied  the  pleadings  against  the  accused  opened  by  M.  Fer- 
al, but  he  conûncd  himself  to  a  cold  and  subtle  discussion  of  con- 
stitutional fictions.  The  assembly  was  evidently  engrossed  with  other 
thoughts.  M.  Eugène  Briffault,  a  joumaUst  who  had  retired  to  a 
small  closet  to  draw  up  some  notes,  sent  in  the  news  he  received  from 
without,  written  on  small  slips  of  paper,  to  his  comrades.  These  slips 
were  thrown  on  the  floor  of^the  court.  Terror  magnifying  the  dan- 
ger, it  was  whispered  about  that  ten  thousand  men  were  about  to 
scale  the  walls  of  the  palace.  The  judges  trembled  on  their  seats. 
The  sittings  were  for  a  moment  suspended.  In  vain  M.  Lavocat, 
the  second  in  command  at  the  Luxembourg,  endeavoured  to  as- 
suage the  aUrm  ;  in  vain  he  pledged  liimself  for  the  maintenance  of 
order,  and  described  the  national  guard  as  hastening  to  the  scene  from 
all  parte;  M.  Pasquicr,  in  his  confusion,  understood  the  words  in  the 
,^!ery  contrary  sense,  and  entering  the  hall  of  audience,  'cried  out, 
"  **     '  loni,  the  sitUng  is  adjourned:  the  commandant  of  the  national 


p^ 


THREE  PARTIES  OPPOSE»  TO  THE  GOVERNTJENT. 


355 


guard  jofonns  rae  ihot  it  would  not  be  prudent  to  hold  a  mght 
eitting." 

TheChambcrof  Deputies  had  also  assembled,  and  was  in  astaleofno 
less  ptrtarbatjon.  M.  LafKttc-  ciideavourcd  to  restore  confidence,  by  at- 
tributiiitr  the  movements  in  the  capital  to  a  not  very  numerous  body 
of  agitators;  but  the  tnomcjit  he  leit  the  tribune  the  deputies  thronged 
TDund  him  with  pigns  of  distress  and  dismay.  Dupin  ûîné  excltûmed, 
that  eince  the  national  representative&  wete  threatened,  and  an  at- 
tack on  the  royal  residence  was  talked  of,  lirmnesa  w^  imperatively 
requisite,  and  to  give  way  once,  were  to  submit  to  the  necessity  of 
giving  way  for  ever.  "  Let  us  separate  the  people  from  those  who 
wish  to  mislead  it»"  said  Odilon  Barrot,,  in  a  speech  that  was  îîtron^Iy 
applauded,  'Hie  president  at  length  rose,  and  urged  the  chamber  to 
rcaumc  the  tranquil  couisc  orita  deliberaliona.  But  the  agitation  waa 
extreme,  and  no  one  dared  to  dwelt  in  thought  on  the  stomay  aeenea 
expected  on  the  next  day. 

rhere  was  at  this  period  in  Parb  a  bravo  namod  Fieschi,  a  sort  of 
ruffian  bel  esprit^  aman  of  bapc,  cruel,  and  extravagantly  sudaeious 
»ouL  This  man,  who  belonged  to  no  Party,  and  who  joined  a  brutal 
exaltation  of  temperament  to  a  boundless  cupidity,  w»s  nevertbcless 
a  native  of  Coraica,  a  country  inhabited  by  a  noble  race,  a^  houest- 
hearted  as  intrepid.  He  hatl  gathered  round  him  some  wretches 
worthy  to  gcrve  Kim  aa  soldicrsj  and  they  held  themselves  in  readi- 
ness for  a  coup  de  main. 

licsidcs  these  irregular  and  chance  forces  there  were  tlurec  recog- 
nised parties  capable  of  taking  the  Held,  the  légitimât] s ts^  the  bona- 
partiêts,  and  the  republicans, 

Tlie  first  were  not  (unuidable,  on  account  of  their  great  wealth. 
It  was  their  poîitîcîii  interest  that  the  new  ^ovemment  should  be 
overturned»  but  theirsocial  interesta  demanded  that  it  should  not  iiill 
imder  the  violence  of  an  unbridled  people.  Exposed  to  the  risk  of 
Boeing  their  wealth  swallowed  up  in  the  storm,  they  were  yet  im- 
prudent enough  to  invoke  it  :  they  were  in  a  singularly  false  and  con- 
tradictory position;  conservators  and  lactioua  at  one  and  the  same 
time,  friends  to  disorder,  provided  it  would  consent  to  expire  on  the 
threshold  of  their  sumptuous  abodes,  revolutionists  overflowing  with 
hatred  of  revolutions,  forced  in  a  word  to  strive  for  uoarchy  with 
fk  desire  not  to  succeed  too  completely. 

The  bonapartiat  party  was  composed  of  men  of  stability,  and  it 
had  struck  root  everywhere;  in  tlie  people,  the  administration^  the 
army,  and  even  in  the  peerage.  But  it  had  a  Hag  rather  than  a 
principle.  This  was  the  insujiemblc  cause  of  ita  impotence.  Thcao 
moreover  who  were  naturally  calletl  to  guide  it,  had  already  an  ea- 
tablished  position^  whicli  it  waa  important  to  them  not  to  compro- 
mise. They  were  gcneniU  of  the  empire,  most  of  (hem  aged»  bettor 
qualiticd  to  deal  with  battles  than  with  insurrections,  and  in  whom 
the  passion  for  adventurous  efforts  was  blunted  il'  not  worn  out.  Add 
to  this  that  the  government  had  left  them  Uttic  to  desire, 

2  B 


356 


THE  REPUBLICAN  PARTY. 


The  most  formidable  part^'  vns  tlicrcforc  the  republican.  Weak 
and  obiiost  itnpcrccptiblo  in  the  month  of  July,  it  had  àncc  tbea 
become  rapidly  rccniited.  Its  leaders  as  yet  wanted  expeiietioe,  but 
i^onincc  of  ob^laclea  often  confers  the  power  to  overcome  theta.  If 
the  rcp-uhiicans  did  not  poese^i  all  the  knowledge  ani-l  skill  deriwd. 
ixom  pohticaL  practice^  they  had  on  ihc  other  hand  all  (lie  encigjaad. 
dcvotcdncfs  that  is  lost  in  each  practice.  There  was  abo  this  modi, 
in  their  favour,  that  they  followed  the  downward  course  of  reroltitâiMi 
instead  of  climbing  up  nill.  They  acted  on  the  people  throagh  the 
generosity  of  their  sentiments,  and  on  the  stchoob  by  the  iinpctuontjf 
of  their  steps.  Tliey  prêdûmjnuted  in  the  piilriotic  SLEsociationa.  Tw 
love  of  popuhirity,  ol  which  ihej  were  the  dispensera,  Éiecured  then 
the  services  of  influential  personages,  ITiey  held  the  ejtet-utÏTe  m 
check  by  their  audacity,  &nd  they  had  contiived  to  effect  fbr  theni- 
eclvce  a  strong  position  even  in  the  body  of  the  HAtiotiâl  guasd. 
Fully  aware  that  by  dispersing  thcmÊolvcs  they  would  annul  thâ 
cwn  strength^  they  had  taken  pains  to  have  themselves  enroUod  in 
the  artillery  of  the  national  r^uaixl.  Of  the  four  batteries  compon^ 
it,  MM.  Bastide  and  Thomas  commanded,  the  third  ;  the  second  uadv 
the  orders  of  MM.  Guinard  and  Cavuignac^  belonged  to  them  wht^y, 
and  they  had  contrived  means  to  gain  over  the  other  two,  tbou^'h 
the  Dutc  of  Orleans  hfid  entered  the  firet  in  order  to  ctiinbfti  their 
înâuence. 

At  the  period  of  the  trial  of  the  mimstCTs,  an  association  of 
altogether  new  to  public  aH'aira,  but  cntcrpnsing  and  rcsoiute»  had 
beat  ibnned  in  the  school  of  medicine.  Overtures  were  made  ta  the 
Société  dfs  Arnix  du  peuple  to  march  aeainst  the  Palsia  BoiuboQ, 
maze  tlie  persons  of  the  deputies,  and  proclaim  »  dictetorship. 
Such  WM  the  plan  proposed:  it  was  an  18^  limmrnrv,  save  that  It 
"vranted  a  Bomiparte  and  known  names.  Such  pToposfds  wotdd  have 
been  ridicidoiia  if  the  Tuiivcraol  anarchy  hud  not  Tendered  projeoli 
apparently  the  rao^t  rash,  -apable  of  bcin^  realized.  Tba  otie  mci 
witli  a  sneering  reception  in  the  Société  des  Amù  du  peupU,  'Ilie 
iact  iB  that  no  party  had  llien  sufficient  conanence  to  enable  il  to 
lake  ihe  lead  in  a  new  retolHtton.  The  initiative  could  ouly  com: 
from  the  people,  in  cose  the  irnïatioti  produced  by  the  trial  of, 
ministers  should  prompt  it  to  rise  as  it  had  done  in  July.  To  U 
the  movement,  to  second  it;  to  plaoc,  if  necessary,  arms  and  artilleur 
at  the  disposal  of  the  multitude;  a.bove  all,  to  prepare  the  events  of 
the  next  day — the  most  daring  could  not  without  extniva^uiccTeiitnrp 
to  do  more.  The  republicans  thcreiore^  did  not  conspire  ;  they  beid 
theoisclvcs  in  readiness. 

Be  this  ais  it  may,  they  were  become  the  object  of  an  active  Bn^ 
Tcilhince,  backed  by  a  persevering  system  of  malevolent  insinuatiooi 
and  calumnies.  As  their  iniluenoe  was  considerable  in  the  attiUefy 
of  the  national  guard,  it  had  been  for  some  time  one  of  the  -moA 
earnest  desires  of  the  court  to  dissolve  that  corpâ:  and  Count  Pcrnottif 
the  colonel,  îai  from  resisting  the  project,  already  thought  onlj  of 


I 
I 


I 


J 


POLITIC  DRU&AVOITR  OF  M)ITTS  PHn-IPPE.  357 

the  means  of  promptly  carrying  it  into  execution.  Chi  tin?  19th  of 
DecaMnbcr  General  Lafayette  léaming  from  M-  de  Montalivct,  the 
brother  of  tlic  minister  of  the  intoriorf  that  a  plot  had  been  kid  to 
carry  off  the  pieçrâ  of  «innon,  sent  M.  Francis  tic  CorccUç  to  give 
■warning  of  this  to  M.  Godefroy  Cavaiguac  and  hia  fricnde.  The 
kttijr  having  hewd  talk  for  some  days  of  a  bonApartist  conqiiracy, 
promised  to  uke  measuroi  accordrngly,  and  that  wme  ^y  M. 
Cavaignac  threw  on  an  ^rté-table  in  the  Louvre  a  p&ck<rt  of  car- 
tridges, which  the  artt'Ueurn  of  the  second  battery  divided  among 
them.  The  people  of  the  Palais  Royal  on  hearing  of  this  were,  or 
pretended  to  be,  in  great  alarm.  The  most  odious  and  gratuitous 
mippoeition?  were  propagated  among  such  of  the  artillerymen  a»  were 
not  of  republican  sentiments;  tliey  were  brought  to  agree  among 
lliemsielTce  on  a  secret  sign  of  recognition  ;  promises  of  money  were 
majie,  and  some  was  aetnilly  fli^rributed;  Ingtly,  on  ex-militaire^ 
lumcfl  Bûcheron,  pledged  himself  in  n  interview  with  General  Ru- 
migny,  to  form  a  band  of  d*'termined  men  to  sjnke  the  cannons  on 
the  first  eymptom  of  an  oiitbreat. 

In  the  midift  of  this  confusion  and  alutn  the  king  adjtistcd  the  mani' 
fcstation  of  his  hopes  and  hia  (ears  to  the  reqiuremcnta  of  his  poUey. 
He  tcatiBed  hia  apprehcnsioiia  to  those  whose  zeal  would  have  been 
hillerl  by  a.  show  oi  too  mach  security;  and  on  the  other  hand  he 
dijplaveJ  great  confidence  in  presence  of  ihoec  who,  being  more 
emedftlJy  compromised,  might  have  reason  to  tremble  for  the  issue. 
Thus  wlÂilc  he  wa?  writing;  letter  after  letter  to  M.  LafBtte,  to  acquaint 
him  tliat  a  plot  was  fonning  in  the  artillery;  that  the  eonspimtons 
deBigncdto3ctiverupthecannonlothei>eople;  that  the  state  of  things 
^pu  cnticat  and  seriouE,  he  had  conveTsations  with  M.  Mtidier  de 
MoDJati  in  which  he  wore  a  smiling  countenance,  and  spoke  in  con- 
6dent  langimgc.  The  popular  cflfcrvescence  of  wliich  he  was  toltl 
appeared  to  give  hitn  little  concern  ;  he  affected  OTon  to  bo  glad  of 
it;  and  being  pleased,  to  condescend  to  a  picturesque  fiimiliarity  of 
cxprosnon,  hecomnaped  the  impetnoua  boundsof  the  people  to  cirtain 
movements  by  which  horse-jockeys  recognise  the  vigour  of  a 
«tatlioD. 

'ITiis  did  TK>t  prevent  hi?  taking  every  measure  for  promptly  put> 
ting  down  nsteCanee,  In  reality^  he  was  perhaps  very  glad  to  have 
an  oppoTtttnitv  of  figorin^  in  tfie  eye»  of  Europe  aa  a  consen'ativc 
king^  he  who  had  been  till  then  in  the  estimation  of  otlier  monarchs 
but  the  crowned  repreaentative  of  a  success^ful  rerolt. 

One  thing- only  made  him  uneasy:  he  beUcTcdhimPolf  ill  seconded. 
Every  Teromtion  awakens  in  rubaherns  the  «pint  of  adventure,  and 
conaequently  creates  in  those  who^c  ambition  has  bcon  favourctl  by 
fortune,,  a  disposition  to  *ee  eveîywhere  only  irftnsoTW  and  plots. 
Ad  excecftve  distrust  prevailed  in  the  court  of  Loui»  Philippe,  and 
the  peed  of  control  which  resulted  from  it  had  cnu*ed  the  cstabliiiih- 
nent  of  sercTftl  different  dassee  of  police,  whoK  reportsda^ed  with 
each  other,  and  by  their  contradictions  rendered  crciy  thing  un- 

2b2 


3^8 


TASCHEREAC — ^TKEILHARD— ODILON  BAHEOT. 


certain.  Every  moment  gave  bîrtli  to  abaurd  or  lying  stoiies,  and  a 
thousand  deuuDciatioca  prompted  by  notliing  eUc  than  the  ueceeet^ 
felt  by  their  authors  of  earning  tlieir  bread  by  proving  their  own  im- 
portance. Thus  it  was  tliat  General  Fabvier  was  pointed  out 
the  court  US  a  raaix  who  entertained  dangerous  projects.  To 
ueverthelfâis  liad  been  conferred  the  task  of  watching  over  the  li- 
of  Charles  X.'s  ministers;  perhaps  iWis  woa  done  to  baffle  the 
bulent  schcnica  imputed  to  him,  by  imposing  upon  him  obligati 
of  lionour.  «J 

M.  Tasthcrcau,  secretary -general  of  the  prefecture  of  the  SeïiM^^ 
was  also  accused  of  hai'ing  an  understanding  with  the  rcpubUcauL 
He  was  summoned  to  the  Palais  Royal,  where  he  demanded  that  ht 
should  be  confronted  witli  his  accusers^  and  ofifercd  big  resignation. 
It  WU3  not  accepted:  the  government  waitod  till  the  cxma  should 
have  paeaed  by. 

But  no  one  was  looked  on  with  more  suepieion  than  M.  Tml- 
hard,  prefect  of  |>oliee:  and  to  such  a  pitch  was  the  feeling  carried, 
that  but  for  the  extra- official  interference  of  M.  Laffitte,  the  prefect 
of  police  woidd  have  been  arrested  one  da.y  oa  the  stairs  of  the 
Palais  Royal. 

It  is  true  that  M.  Trcilhard  contributed^  as  a  funcdonary.  to  the 
eucccBS  of  apolicy  of  which  he  did  not  comprehend  the  hidden 
roeaninfT,  The  iollowing  [lassagc  was  remarked  in  the  proclamatÛMi 
he  published  on  the  2t>th  of  December.  "  Citizens, — You  cannot 
but  be  aware  that  our  enemies  have  long  pointed  to  the  iseue  of  this 
trial  as  the  rock  on  which  public  order  would  bo  wrecked.  *l*hey 
had  already  counted  on  the  rigours  of  winter»  but  your  patience 
disappointed  their  guilty  hopes,  as  your  courage  conlbundcd  them 
in  July."  Nothing  was  better  adapted  than  thcse  words  to  rtstraiii 
the  roused  people;  but  ihcy  could  hardly  obtahi  approval  from  the 
court,  which,  always  pre-occuplcd  with  the  necessities  of  external 
policyt  was  mucli  more  bent  on  gainins  a  victory  over  the  repubU- 
«ans  than  on  completing  the  victory  thut  had  been  won  witli  their 
iMustancc  in  July.  The  essential  thjng  in  the  opinion  of  ilie  ubLc 
men  of  the  régime  was  to  quell  what  they  called  anarchy,  or  rather 
to  appear  to  quell  it.  Now  this  policy  was  ilUscrved  by  magistrates 
who,  like  M.  Trcilhard,  cast  on  the  vanquished  "f  July,  that  is 
to  say  on  ihc  old  conservatives,  the  ri'«pon^bdity  of  pubhc  di»> 
turbauces. 

M.  Odilon  Barrot  had  likewise  publiahod  a  proclamation*  and  one 
that  contained  threats.  *■■  I  declare,"  said  the  prefect  of  the  Seine, 
"  that  the  first  act  of  aggression  will  be  regarded  as  a  crime;  should 
there  be  among  us  a  man  guilty  enough  to  assail  tbe  Uvea  of  his 
fellow-citizen?,  let  him  not  consider  hsmself  as  exjMjseil  only  to  the 
chance  of  war  :  he  ivill  be  «mply  a  nnirderer,  aud  will  be  ftentcacod 
as  eucli  by  the  court  of  assize,  according  to  the  rigour  of  the  law." 
Tliis  was  invoking  against  aff^ewons  of  tbe  popular  clae»  that  iu- 
tlexible  severity  of  the  laws  w*nich  was  to  be  mitigated  at  (hat  very 


I 


BREPiUUTTOVS  FOB  THIS  CHlfilë. 


3fi9 


BBOae  moment  in  favour  of  the  ministers  and  qrands  èeignciiré^  the 
aggressors  in  thcmonrh  of  July.  Lan^ua^ft  like  this  might  End  ac- 
ceptance ivilh  the  cnurtiers  ;  but  they  couM  not  portion  OJilon  Barrot 
for  having  said  in  the  saine  proclamation,  **  Sprung  from  your 
ranks,  perfeclly  sympathizing  with  you  in  opinion  and  inclinatians, 
what  you  foul  i  fool,  I  ara  no  stranger  either  to  your  impatience 
k)  sec  promised  institutions  realized  among  us,  or  to  your  just  re- 
sentment?, or  to  the  popular  want  of  a  great  reparalton:  but  is  the 
reparution,  which  our  i^enerous  nation  nas  a  right  to  demand,  to 
be  found  solely  in  the  blood  of  a  fovr  wretches?"  Odilon  Barrot 
talked  of  promises  of  whieh  he  expected  the  fulfilment,  lliia  was 
oiough  to  make  him  be  looked  on.  at  court  almost  as  one  of  the  fac- 
tious. And  yet  he  restrained  the  impetuosity  of  some  of  those  about 
him.  "  The  moment  is  favourable,"  they  sud,  "  for  making  con- 
ditions and  exacting  guarantees.  The  new  royalty  haa  need  of  iia. 
Let  us  set  a  price  on  our  co-operation.  Policy  and  the  interesta  of 
liberty  alike  command  tliis,''  Such  was  the  Language  in  particular 
of  M.  Toâchcrcau,  a  man  of  clear  and  practical  understandings.  But 
Odilon  Barrol's  good  faith  was  of  an  excessively  timid  cast.  A  novice 
in  official  life,  and  trembling  lest  he  should  violate  the  laws  of  ad- 
ministrative discipUnCf  he  oscillated  between  IÙ8  duties  aa  a  public 
functionary  and  his  convictions  as  a  citizen. 

Thus  atiarchy  existed  in  the  executive  as  well  t&  in  society. 

The  municipal  guard,  the  rank«  of  which  had  been  opt.^ned  to  a 
great  number  of  the  combatants  of  July,  seemed  little  disposed  to 
tdoe  arras  against  the  people.  There  were  no  longer  any  gendarmée, 
île  soldiers  had  been  bo  often  told  in  July  that  to  fire  on  the 
people  waa  a  crime,  that  it  was  impossible  to  rely  implicitly  on  their 
supfwit.  The  court  had,  therefore^  to  wait  impatiently  for  the  ter- 
mination of  tlic  cHï^tlJ. 

It  was  at  band.  Only  a  few  formalities  remained  to  bo  discharged. 
M.  Madicr  de  Monjau,  though  ft  member  of  tlie  committee  of  accu* 
sation,  liad  made  up  his  mind  fur  clemency:  this  was  known.  Aa 
for  the  peers,  their  decision  was  not  problematical  Only  it  was  ne- 
cessary to  afford  them  facilities  for  the  execution  of  their  part;  it 
was  necessary,  by  skilfully  devieed  culopiumf,  to  give  the  verdict  ex- 
pected the  écîut  of  a  supreme,  exccutional  decision,  from  which 
there  sliould  be  no  appeal.  ThiiB  Madier  dc  Motijau  pt-rfnctlv  under- 
stood. Before  the  court  of  peers,  he  represented  one  of  iho  three 
powers  of  the  stijte.  He  thought  that  his  language  might  have 
some  influence  on  public  opinion,  and  he  resolved  to  make  himself 
the  deliberate  apologist  of  the  judges,  in  order  lo  show  what  respect 
Waa  duo  to  thcjudgmcnt  they  were  about  to  pronounce. 

The  i  1st  of  December  was  to  be  a  decisive  day  :  the  government 
had,  therefore,  taken  its  measures  on  a  fonnidabk'  pcale.  The  Uue 
de  Toumon,  the  Rug  de  Seine,  and  the  liuc  des  Foss/'S- M  onàeur- 
le-Princc^  were  filled  witli  armed  men,  as  well  as  the   Places  St. 


■ 

I 


MM  MAJHEA  DC  iiOJU4.f:  'a  ilVBCa. 

Ifidbd^asrCMiggA^uidderEttfedeM^aeeiztfu   Sixkndndi 

«cxe  puaial  tt  £e  i^ïie  ut  tWLmnbetDgr  ton^  tfe  Ofaoerar 
iMj.     Two  b»iuiiDQs  of  tbe  £»  vue  langed  khnç  ^e  gnad 

watd,  *n  the  appnacbe»  I»  Ifae  mbn  had  ben  nadotd  bwa 
Ifc  to  the  imJmwIr,  «ad  «nae  than  ihânf  AriMBad  hajqag» 
•n*d  OB  ^  faft  bak  of  the  Sew.     Kda^  thk  tfrny  T 
ÎBmcBHe  throog. 

Tli#»  atiffr^i*^  btnag  benii,  thcaocttaed  irere  led  in.     Thtf  bb^ 
aiooiB  spcvuloo  in.  tae  ^tt***""  cozn^y  Kroùoned  the  &eis  aC 
dy  ■  ■  MiBirii  III,  who  dmrad  m  vMte  ÛH  of  eawàim  dm  en  «ha 
■mnirnia  1  r     It  «H  eraa  «fanrved  yiat  IL  ^  ChaaldMnB  had 
tfannvK  off  hil  kinar.     M.  Madicr  et  Mtm^ta  jJimKmL     & 
w  TSf  âL  ^lîfTTlhrlmïï  he  refo»^  to  be  aeatad  whilst  he  ipobb 
In  fa»  ipBBch  he  floatnred  Terr  utioUj  to  uaik  the  indiile^  a»> 
tut  «f  am  fioadaanM  bj  the  Vfhfaynff  of  in  attacks.     He  apoAm 
n  tenaa  of  eoEigelw  lEpcOTmi  of  the  ddnoc,  as  haTii^  beeii  hiLoehtj, 
taBnaatEre,  and  aggi*»fft;  ■■  hanic  iUaAod  the  erottA  of  Jufy, 
W  iL|iHaiiiMHL  dieB  aa  the  iaCTitihL  malt  of  the  vkei  of  vna 
«uztcr,  jad  a*  a  pnvf  of  dkC  abBolote  iscaeonrtSah^  Î 
djQMCT  of  Cbarks  X,  uid  the  natûm.    To  ub  «daad 
flUcgea  by  the  defeaoe  to  hare  left  ro  jshj  no  other  : 
«Mp  d'â^  he  oppoeed  an  «dmaaed  pâetott  of  the  attenrpta  i 
liboty-  -wvJEDiMilf  pezpetr&ted  br  iha  Birtnrafioft-      lie  «a, 
^■^  innÂ*"**^.  md  ahaort  ia&jitaboa,  that  the  adrocat»  fi>r-  tha 
prïsoiMn  had  teatifici  oa  behalf  oî  tiieir  clj«;at=  c>  otiaer t^jrv '-  :iii« 
that  of  having  lost  the  battle.     When  be  came  to  the  historr  of  the 
erih  produced  br  the  viotaticxL  ot*  the  laws,  he  recounted  that  hi^ 
toiy  in  its  true  character — tragical  and  bloodv.     But  in  propofftam, 
as  he  advanced  to  hia  conduaoos,  his  language  became  less  aeron, 
and  his  thou^its  less  dear  and  de&nite.     He  ended  with  these  si|^ 
nificoQt  wordâ — *''  It  is  not  alone  by  your  poeiDon,  mesieors,  that 
you  aze  elerated  above  all  magistracies;  it  is  still  more  bv  that  mm 
dom  and  pcJitical  experience  lor  which  nothing  can  stand  mstead  ia 
Rich  a  caose,  and  in  the  midst  <^  such  passionate  excitement.   Thua, 
messieais,  whaxever  be  yoor  verdict,  it  will  Cfiunmand  our  conscien- 
tious respect.     We  cheerfuUv  render  you  the  deliberate  homage  of 
that  leapcctful  confideDce  which  is  the  noblest  of  your  rights,  and 
which  we  look  on  as  the  first  <^*  our  duties."     M.  de  Martignac  ra- 
phed  in  a  touching  manner,  and  fell   back  exhausted  on  his  seat. 
M.  Sau2et  kept  sikiice  &om  fatigue.     MM.  Uennequin  and  Cié- 
mieux  added  a  few  words  to  M.  de  Martignac's  address:  after  whidi 
M.  Bérenger,  rising  in  the  name  of  the  three  commisaoners.  sud, 
in  a  grave  tone,  *^  Peers  of  France,  our  mision  is  ended  ;  yoma 
begins.     The  iacts  of  the  case  are  b^ore  yoo.     So  is  the  book  of 
die  law.     The  cotuktjy  awaits,  expects,  and  will  obtain  good  and 


OUTB&EAKS  OF  POFULAB  EKDIGNATIOX. 


361 


rJaid  justice."  Upon  this  the  president  ortlera  Uiat  tlic  matter  be 
tiiKcn  into  delibemtiou.  The  accused  ictire,  and  llie  crowil  dia- 
petsea,  immereed  m  de«p  thought. 

A  carriage  wU9  waiting  fur  tiic  miuistera  at  thcpostefn  of  the  Petit 
Luxembourg  TKcy  all  four  got  into  it,  aud  it  passed  slowly  at  first 
between  tbc  ales  of  the  antional  ^uard.  But  when  it  icaebed  the 
end  of  iHe  Kite  Madume*  where  an  escort  of  two  hundred  Korac  under 
General  Fabvicr  awaited  il,  it  set  out  at  I'ull  gpeei  on  the  road  to 
Vincenncs.  M.  dc  Montalivct,  the  mioistcr  of  the  interior,  and 
Lieutenant-colonel  Lavocat,  galloped  one  on  each  side  of  the  car- 
nage. This  being  closed  only  with  ylasa  windows  it  would  have  beea 
«■•y  to  fire  into  it,  and  every  ihin^  was  feared  fiom  the  anger  of  the 
people.  The  party  look  care  not  to  pa^  through  Paris,  and  reached 
ibe  outer  boulevards  avoiding  the  faubourg  St.  Antoine. 

Tlïc  newa  of  this  flight  produced  un  extraordinary  sensation  when 
it  fljread  through  Paris.  The  rumour  at  first  ran  that  Eontencc  of 
capital  puni&liment  bad  been  passed  on  tbc  niinistei^,  and  the  national 
guard  in  the  Piacc  St.  Micliel  openly  teatlliod  their  joy  at  the 
newa,  iSut  when  tlie  report  of  a  condemnation  was  succeeded 
by  tliat  of  the  Ûight,  tndi<;iiation  bur^  Ibrth  on  all  sides.  The 
multitude  advancing  in.  dense  coiunma  endeavoured  to  force  its  way 
tlu:ou«f1i  the  battahons  surrounding  the  palace.  The  national  guard 
stood  its  ground,  aud  bayonets  were  levelled-  The  exa3j)eratcd  people 
shunted  on  B^.mide»^^  J^eatfifotftt  miHistt^s'''  and,  kindled  to  rage  by 
iw  own  chunourSf  behead  in  the  i^oldier  citizens  oppos^cd  to  it  Oidy  a 
wttonan  guard.  The  latter  were  themselves  peqikxed  by  the  most 
discordant  feeliiigâ.  The  protection  aÛ'orded  Uic  accusca  incensed 
them;  the  fear  of  pillage  kept  ihcm  spell  bound.  A  concourse  of 
meu  urmcd  with  cluba  Mssemblcd  in  the  Place  du  Panthéon.  M. 
François  Arago  hastened  up  at  the  head  of  a  company,  and  uitcmptcd 
to  Kui-angue  the  crowd,  hut  they  replied  to  him  only  with  fihouta  of 
*'■  To  tlie  LtttenUtuUFfj  !  to  the  LaxeTubour^ç!  JJmth  to  the  mitustersi" 
M.  Aiago  endeavoured  to  cahn  the  most  liery  among  them.  "  We 
are  of  the  same  opinion,"  be  said  to  them,  ^*  Tliose  are  not  of  the 
aune  opinion,^'  crted  a  voice,  '^  whose  coats  arc  not  made  of  tlie  gamo 
stufi*."  The  quafrcl  waxed  warm:  M,  Arago  received  a  violent  blow 
in  the  chest,  aud  only  &u£oecded  by  dint  ot'  energy  and  jxiticncc  in 
restriiining  the  angry  groups  whoaC  demeanour  beCAmo  momently 
more  and  more  threutening.  General  Lafayette  presented  himself  at 
ûiiôther  point,  full  of  conuaencc  in  the  autlioàty  ot*  his  name.  He 
orgod  tho  groupa  to  disperse,  but  in  vain.  "  I  do  not  recognise 
here/*  he  aaid,  "  the  combatants  of  July."  "  Like  enough,"  replied 
a  man  of  tlie  people,  **  you  were  not  among  them.*' 

A  cannon  shot  waa  heard.  It  announced  to  the  king  that  the 
4i^tiive«  of  Vinoennes  were  in  safety.  I^e  republicans  assembled  itt 
iM  line  Dauplûn«  took  it  for  a  signal,  and  hurried  lo  the  quay» 
^KMitingf  to  arms  !   A  great  mass  of  people  followed  tbcvs,  and  they 


362 


&THAÎIGE  AND  UKEXPECTE»  mUCË. 


reckoned  oa  tJie  pieces  of  cïmnon  in  th©  liands  of  tHeir  comrades  in 
t^ie  courtyartl  of  the  Louvre.  But  lîie  gates  had  been  closed,  and 
all  c<)m  muni  cation  %vas  cut  off  between  liie  anillerjmen  and  the 
people. 

No  en^'agement  liaJ  yot  tûken  place  ;  only  some  partial  bmwU  had 
;*urred.     Thf  Count  de  Siissv,  oolont'l  of  the  1  Ith  legion,  lind  re- 


c>ccuri 


ccivcd  two  blows  of  a  mallet  on  the  cbest;  Serjeant  Dehay  vf9S 
stabbed  with  a  knifp,  ancï  a  national  guaril  with  a  daçgpr  in  the  Rue 
Tiiechappe;  a  pistil  shot  was  fired  between  the  Quai  des  Au^istîns 
and  tlie  Pont  Neuf,  and  gome  wounds  were  inflicted  with  sliarpened 
foils.  But  here  ended  the  list  of  the  caeualtics  of  tlie  great  battle 
that  had  been  expeeied. 

So  tht:n  a  countlesâ  multitude  had  poured  into  the  open  streeta 
with  ïa^e  in  thuir  hearts,  and  erica  of  vengeance  on  their  lips;  op- 
posite parties  busied  thcraaelvcs,  if  not  to  direct  the  passions  of  the 
multitude,  at  least  to  take  advantage  of  their  explosion  ;  and,  after 
allj  during  several  hours  of  overwrought  torturing  suspense,  scajcdy 
were  a  few  drops  of  blood  shed. 

History,  perhaps,  offera  us  no  more  astonishing  spectacle.  To 
understand  it  we  must  recollect  that  in  France  the  destinies  of  the 
people  had  always  been  ^subordinate  to  those  of  the  bourgeoisie.  At 
all  times,  buvc  only  1703,  an  cxc-epti enable  epoch,  aubUme,  terrible, 
and  namele^e,  the  men  oj'  the  people  had  Ibught  for  the  cause  of  the 
bùiirgcoisic  and  under  its  leading.  The  revolution  of  July  itself 
had  been  but  the  effect  of  this  tacit  and  unconditional  aLlismce. 
Hure,  for  tlic  first  time,  the  two  powers  were  confronted,  and  tliey 
pauéi'd  in  amaaement  at  fiuding  themselves  mutual  enemies . 

Meanwhile  ui^ht  was  come.  Firea  were  lighted  in  the  streets  and 
opcu  placcâ.  The  national  guard  bivouacked  as  on  a  field  of  battle. 
Whether  it  was  from  fcttr  or  prudent  forethought,  most  of  the  in- 
habitAnte  of  the  quarter,  thus  converted  into  a  camp,  placed  lam- 
pions in  their  windows.  Tlio  peers  deliberated  in  the  Hubeiis  pd- 
lerj.  The  JolibcraLion  should  have  lasted  several  hours  had  the 
usual  forms  been  observed,  but  the  momenta  wore  precious,  the 
judges  could  see  from  the  windows  of  the  palace  the  glittering  of 
numerous  weapons  ;  it  waa  absolutely  necessary  that  the  verdict 
shonid  be  ready  in  the  course  of  the  cvtnJng.  Sustained  by  tl»e 
punctibo  of  lionour,  that  hypocri^'y  of  fear,  they  all  Answered  to  the 
roll-call  ;  but  their  courage  ubandoiied  tlicra  as  the  dénouement  d  rew 
near.  At  the  moment  wlicn  sentence  was  about  t^o  be  prtitiounced 
they  rushed  precipitately  towards  the  door  of  the  hall.  '^This  is  in- 
decent," cried  M.  Pasquier.  '*  Let  tlie  doore  be  closed,  the  &ittinff 
ÎB  only  suspended."  Ihe  intimation  was  iiiefllictual;  a  panic  haa 
nΣcd  the  judges.  Tliey  assumed  variuua  disguises*  and  stole  awaj 
by  secret  Imucs.     At  ton  o'cltx;k  M.  Pasquier  entered  the  audii 

bitlL     It  was  almt>sten*irely  deserted.     The  lialf  extinguished  h     

threw  but  a  dubious  Ugbt  on  the  empty  benches.     It  was  in  ibo 


I 
I 


THE  SENTENCE — ITS  RECEPTION  IN  FA&J3. 


363 


jjiidBt  of  solitude  and  darkness  that  M.  Ptt5t|uicr  pronounced  sen- 
tence of  perpetual  imprisonment  on  all  the  accused,  and  condutnucd 
Fiincc  Polij*nac  to  civil  death, 

In  tlie  margin  of  tho  document  in  vrhich  this  aentencc  was  in- 
Bcribcd,  the  hand  of  a  high  personage  had  vrntten  in  pencil: — "  Try 
to  point  out  in  a  more  precise  mmincr  that  Kmi)  Cltarles  X.  was  the 
sole  tiutiwr  vf  the  crib  that  for  t/trer  days  desolated  Paria."* 

It  was  at  Vincennes  that  ihc  accused  were  made  acquainted  with 
theif  oonderanation.  Al'icr  the  reading  of  the  sentence  M.  dcChan- 
tclfluze  said  to  M.  dc  Guernon  tianville,  ^^  Well,  mon  cher,  we  shall 
have  lime  for  many  a  ganic  of  chess."  M.  de  Chantt;)»U2C  had  too 
mucli  penetTBtion  to  take  liîa  condemnation  and  tliat  of  his  colleagues 
htcraUy.  M.  de  PoUgnac,  with  a  mind  more  simply  and  frankly 
constituted,  appeared  vividly  «fleeted.  Far  from  hcing  gniteful  to 
the  court  of  ijcers  for  so  much  indulgence,  he  considered  mmself  as 
an  innocent  viclîm  to  iht;  rancorous  rage  of  party. 

Ko  sooner  was  the  sentence  known  in  Pans,  tban  the  whole  city 
was  filled  with  tremendous  agiUition,  The  court  was  in  an  ecstasy  of 
joy.  It  knew  not  the  whole  extent  of  its  danger.  The  indigno- 
tioa  of  liic  people  had  inJcclcd  the  national  guard,  which  saw  il«eli' 
duped.  We  are  armed,  said  the  citizens  in  the  ranks,  to  maintain 
order,  to  cause  tlic  law?  to  he  respected;  hut  not  to  protect  cri- 
minab,  and  to  enable  the  peerage  to  condemn  the  revolution,  of 
July,  by  sparing  I'rom  too  well-merited  punishment  tliose  who  pro- 
voked lliat  revolution.  And  as  they  thus  spoke  some  threw  away 
their  muskctâ,  and  others  broke  their  swords  on  tlie  very  atones  by 
the  palace  CTtes.  The  guards  returned  to  tlicir  homesi,  possessed  by 
the  most  gloomy  forebodings.  The  city  was  illuminated,  and  farai* 
lies  pusea  the  night  in  hoiriblc  anxiety,  ibr  civil  war  was  looked 
for  CHI  the  morrow. 

The  intt^rior  of  the  Louvre  above  all  wore  a  threatening  aspect. 
To  keep  in  check  the  artillery  men  of  the  second  battery,  whom  the 
king's  partisans  suspected  of  intending  to  give  up  their  cannons  to 
the  people,  troops  had  been  marched  into  the  courtyard  by  the  Rue 
du  (Joq-St- Hononî,  posted  on  the  left  side  of  the  quadrangle,  and 
BUKilied  with  ball-cartridges.  Tliesc  precautions  appearing  insuf- 
wàent,  comjiame?  of  the  national  guard  were  also  introduced  into 
the  courtyard,  and  M.  de  Kumigny,  aide-de-camp  to  the  king,  sent 
a  chest  of  cartridges  to  M.  Cartel,  the  commandant  of  the  Louvre. 
The  republican  artillerymen  on  their  part  had  ti>eir  musketoone 
loaded.  Killed  with  anger,  brnverf,  and  magnanimity,  they  were 
ready  to  sacrifice  their  Uves.  But  division  prcvuiletl  not  alone  be- 
tween the  nalionai  guard  and  tlie  artiUery»  it  existed  also  in  the 
latter  body  itself.  Ihe  second  battery  and  a  part  ol'  the  third  were 
repubUcan  ;  the  first  and  the  fourth  were  in  general  devoted  to  the 
government  and  the  dynasty.     The  commandant  Barré  had  gone 

*  Thi«  amgular  fiwt  wai  tUvulgcd  by  M.  Brtt&ulL,  wUa  held  in  bit  loadt  tlia 
ndimle  of  llw  Mntduct,  imniodUlety  al'tçr  it  hjuï  bçen  pnjooonced. 


tnXLEEr  OF  THE  ItATlOlTAI.  GF'AEl?. 

T  to   7CCËÎVC  ordera  ^id    the    oalaia^    ''ïl'a 
ae  Femelti  to  him,  *'  (hat  the  peopb  i»  b>  iMwi 

.1  our  caJinon  and  endeavour  to  cutj  them   off.     Ther  hm 

ptlcflr  spiked,   and  unlinibcr&d,   if  the   people   tnakeï  US  wj 

tilt!  Ijûuvre." — '^  To  file  the  pieces  sad  tpikc  then»,''  npfiod 

Barré,  "would  be  to  insiJt  ihe  mtiLlcrymcD ;  but   ikcj  niy 

aulimbcTed."     And  he  took  tipou  hîm  to  cachet   chip,  U)d  ifr 

Iv  accomplished    U    ou    the    evcmi)|^   of  the    2\rt,      Sudcidlj 

in  JWtide  arrived  in  the  courtyard,    aud   going   tip  to  IM 

I  bntteiy  he  ordered  it  to  quit  the  eqtiare,  whereupon  tt  obend 

II  put  Itself  in  motion.     Upon  thie  the  commandant  Barré  goaa 

up  to  the  cEkptoin,  said  to  kuu,  sharply,  "  Who  cammuods  hen? 

yoa  or  1?" — "  1  do  not  know  youl"  replied  M.  Ba^tîtle,  enem^ 

callyî  *'  lUïd  if  you  do  not  imntedi&ttly  replace  the  liinbers  yon  En» 

hiul  taken  away  I  will  proceed  to  some  extienuty/*      Tho  jsàtaatioa 

«""o  ciitieal;  a   lew  wordj  more  and   blood   would   have   tlovod. 

Bady  tho  cannoniera  of  the  (burtli  battery  threatened  M.  fiascide; 

se  of  the  tliird  drew  their  swords^  and  prepared  to  defend  hîm  ;  til* 

t:«iiimand;mt  Hiirrê  had  the  limbers  brought  back,  and  harried  oC 

to  resif^i  Ilia  comuiand  to  the  colonel,  who  rcfusetl  to  accept  it.    Ât 

any  moîrieJit  the  conllict  mij^ht  bi-gia.     A  rcpubiiLim  procl»matiaB. 

dnwn  up  by  the  clûcf  quartcr-mafiter  of  the  second  baiter)',  and 

ifeftd  on  a  table  of  the  corps  de  (farde  by  one  artillery  man»  was  tatn. 

up  by  ïinothcc:  it  was  thought  that  the  quarrel  wotild  h»VG  lod  to 

UoWfl.     The   strangest   rumours   were  afloat.     The  oonaings   and 

goings  of  some  oflicers  wore  noticed  wîUi  uncaàncss.     Su^ictoii 

was  in   every  mind,  And  the  gbire  of  the  fires  in  the  courtyard 

reflected  by  the  drifted  snow,  showed  misgiving  written  in  ereij 

iace.     Men  muffled  in  cloaks  appeared  about  the  middle  of  to» 

night:  they  passed  silently  through  the  ranks  of  the  national  guaid 

and  mingled  with  the  artillery  men.     These  were  the  king's  eldest 

son  and  some  courtiers  of  liis  train.     He  came  no  doubt  to  judge 

for  himself  of  the  temper  prevailing»  and  to  encourage  by  his  pre- 

eencc  those  whom  he  believed  faithful  to  his  father's  fortunes. 

On  the  22d  of  December  the  joiunals  having  spread  the  news  of 
ihe  sentence  passed  by  the  court  of  peers  through  ali  quarters  of  the 
capital,  the  agitation  began  again,  and  dispmyed  a  much  man 
alarming  character  than  on  the  preceding  evening.  A  black  âaç 
was  imiurled  in  the  Place  du  Panthéon.  Dense  crowds  gathered 
with  confused  cries  round  the  Palais  Royal  and  the  Palais  du  Lux- 
embourg. The  drums  of  the  national  guards  beat  everywhere  to 
armSf  but  those  whom  it  summoned  were  worn  out  with  watching, 
fatigue,  and  discontent.  In  this  danger  recourse  was  had  to  the 
schools.  Their  popularity  had  been  great  since  the  month  of  July, 
and  on  this  occasion  the  government  could  count  on  their  support. 
Imbued  with  the  not  very  sapient  doctrines  of  Ubcralism,  and  ani- 
mated with  a  generosity  of  sentiment  that  hardly  left  room  for  the 
calculations  of  a  profound  policy,  the  students,  for  the  most  part,  be- 


TUE  8CUOOLS  ENLISTED  OH  THE  âlDE  OF  OltDER. 


365 


held  only  tlie  chivalric  side  of  tlie  question  pitrsenteil  to  Frqiioe. 
BcËiiliSf  there  -was  talk  of  pillage,  and  they  thought  it  would  be  good 
and  comely  on  their  part,  after  baTing;  dofcnded  liberty  in  July,  to 
aaliy  forth  once  more  in  defence  of  order.  It  is  easy  to  conceive  how 
attrnctire  to  youiig  men  timet  have  been  thÎA  raooeratorship,  which 
•^med  to  cuboDcc  their  imporUn<S!,  wid  lo  attribute  to  their  youth  the 
virtuel  (.if  mature  nge.  They  asâemblfxi  therefore,  p^iss^  aa  address, 
which  they  published  with  the  express  sanction  of  the  prelect  of  the 
SeïnC^  formed  themselves  into  civil  hattalionâ,  and^  io  conjunctioû 
witli  the  12th  ie;^ion»  set  out  oc  their  march  through  the  city,  de- 
innndiu^  respect  far  the  luw,  preaching  quiet,  oiid  eaUing-  on  the 
multitudo  to  retire  to  their  homes.  The  pupils  of  the  École  Poly- 
technitjuc  had  put  on  that  magic  uniibrm  wliieh,  five  months  before, 
the  men  of  the  people  hailed  with  enthusiaam.  The  students  of  the 
other  schools  wore  thnr  tickets  in  their  hata  for  distinction  sfdcç. 
After  them  came  ten  ot  twelve  thousand  working-men»  who,  hardly 
knowing  what  were  the  intentions  ol"  the  young  men  who  served 
them  fis  au  advanced  guard,  nuidc  the  air  ring  with  challenges  and 
thrcAts.  Thus  reâp|>efii'ed  in  modem  Paris  those  procesaions  of  etout- 
handed  sludentâ  in  which  tlic  aimrcliy  of  the  middle  ages  used  ^ot- 
merly  to  manifest  itself:  for  even  in  this  mission  of  peace,  taken  upon 
thtfindelv^  by  the  students  of  the  schools,  there  eajsted  a  priuciplû 
of  disordetr. 

The  court  was  doubdess  conscious  of  this;  but  ita  policy  beine 
then  one  of  expedients,  il  rejected  nothing  by  means  of  which  it 
could  gtun  time,  and  tide  over  ils  destiny  till  the  morrow. 

Thus  when  tlie  deputation  from  the  fichoolâ  presented  itself  at  the 
Palais  Hoyal,  tlic  king  received  it  very  graciously,  and  sent  it  awaj 
delighted  with  the  aBectionatc  Eimplicitr  of  his  manners 

In  every  false  or  imperiect  civilization  the  people  in  order  to 
march  to  the  fi;^ht  lias  need  of  leuderb  not  sprung  irom  ita  own 
ranks.  What  though  it  bears  the  burden  of  the  ranks  above  it,  it 
is  in  its  nature,  after  envying  their  eclats  to  submit  voluntarily  to 
their  iniluenee.  It  ia  posetb^  that  in  December  the  multitude  only 
awaited  leaders  drcftsctl  in  the  costume  of  the  bourgeois  class;  aa 
none  such  presented  thenuelve^,  but  on  the  contmry,  the  multitude 
ftvnd  themselves  opposed  by  all  whoinc  dress  diftcred  from  their 
own,  lliey  goon  became  disconcerted  and  disporseJ,  their  greatest 
perplexity  being  that  they  had  to  count  only  on  themselves. 

l^y  the  evening  order  nad  been  fiilly  re-esubiished,  according  to 
the  lan^^uage  of  tne  rulers  of  the  day.  The  city  was  illuminated  aa 
on  the  preceding  hi» ht;  but  in  the  homc3  of  the  tdUucnt  gloomy 
iiorebodmgs  had  given  place  to  a  sort  of  hectoring  and  vulgar  exut 
iMion, 

Between  the  ceeBation  of  danger  and  the  incipient  establishment 
of  security  there  is  a  brief  interval,  in  which  it  lâ  poaaâblc  to 
■Hume  tlie  merit  of  ccnira^  without  incurring  its  haûrds.  The 
king  poflBeiscd  un  admirable  tact  ibr  seizing  that  happy  moment. 


3fî6     THÉ  SCHOOLS  REFUSE  TO  ACCEPT  A  VOTE  OF  THAKKS. 

In  tte  evening  of  the  22d  of  Deccml>er»  attended  by  six  fbotmca 
caïT^-ing  flambeaux,  and  by  di  greflt  number  of  couiticr?,  he  vrcni 
down  to  ihe  courtytn-d  of  his  palace^  in  wbicli  were  assembled  sonic 
buudrcdâ  of  inquisitvve  lounger!?-  T3ic  Journal  des  Débats  faded  not 
to  say,  in  relating  this  pnxitodiug,  "  His  people  saw  hira,  touched 
him,  and  seemed  to  ask  pirJon  of  him  ïot  all  the  execsaea  c<mi- 
mitted  in  their  name."  'Ilie  forms  of  aduhitîon  had  certainly  not 
been  more  servile  btJ'oro  the  revolution  ol'  1830;  but  the  men,  who 
like  MM.  Lafayette,  Odilan  Barrot,  and  Dupont  de  l'Eure,  felt  in- 
dignant at  the  language  of  the  new  courtiers,  ill  understood  the 
ndcenary  consequences  of  the  monarchy  they  had  cho3cu  to  have. 

A  vote  of  thanks  to  the  national  guard  of  Paris  wps  proposed  next 
day,  Deeembcï  23,  by  JM.  Dupin  aine  in  the  chamber  of  deputies; 
and  M,  Laffittc,  president  of  the  council,  called  Likewise  for  &  vote 
of  thanks  to  the  young  men  of  the  schools.  But  pToclamationa  hMd 
been  issued  in  the  name  of  the  students,  expressing  a  desire  of  seeing 
liberty  puamnteed  after  order  should  have  been  restored-  The  de- 
puties of  the  centre  âgïiified  their  dissatisfaction  at  these  cotiditionfl 
nid  down  by  the  young  men  as  the  price  of  their  asîiîstance-  Still 
M.  Loffittc'a  proposal  was  adopted.  But  the  olFended  students 
loudly  iissumed  the  respousibiUly  of  the  proclamations  censured  by 
the  deputies  of  the  centre;  and  recollecting  what  tlicy  hatl  done  in 
July  lot  that  liberty  which  they  said  was  doled  out  to  them  in 
Bjggflrdly  iiïstalments,  and  for  which  they  had  paid  hard  ca^h»  they 
contemptuously  rejected  the  thanks  of  the  chamber. 

The  court  was  faintly  excited  at  this  tardy  show  of  opposition, 
and  ordered  itsjournalâ  to  treat  as  mutinous  schoolboys  those  whose 
prudence  and  di?K;retioii  it  had  just  before  craftily  extolled. 

As  for  Lafayette,  what  is  to  be  said  o{  the  part  he  played  in  theso 
recent  commotions?  Candid  as  a  child,  though  he  bad  grown  old 
in  political  warfare,  no  one  had  contributed  so  much  as  he  to  a 
result  which  was  to  prove  the  grave  of  hig  dearest  hopes.  Vainly 
had  eomc  of  his  friends  supplicated  him  to  look  to  the  bottom  of 
things,  to  distrust  the  court,  and  not  to  postpone  dictating  conditiona 
imtiltiiC!  covirt  should  be  able  to  dispense  with  his  support.  To  all 
these  euggestions  and  entreaties,  his  constant  answer  was,  tlut  he 
hod  nothing  more  at  heart  th^n  to  prevent  the  iTVolution  of  July 
from  dishonouring  itself;  that  there  would  always  be  time  enouffri 
for  him  to  succuur  lilx-Tty  if  in  ix'ril,  and  that  it  went  agaJiist  liia 
sense  of  honour  to  abuse  the  need  of  his  support  under  which  llio 
court  laboured.  Never  was  hlindnesa  carried  to  snich  a  pitch;  but  it 
is  only  just  to  admit  that  there  was  a  generous  tlioughl  commingled 
with  It.  Lafayette  was  not  unaware  of  the  blow  he  was  about  to  in- 
flict  on  his  popularity  with  his  own  Imnd,  and  for  a  man  hkc  him 
ihcfiaeri(icc  was  immense;  but  he  made  it,  and  with  a  touching  sere- 
nity- In  his  order  of  the  day  of  the  I9lli  of  December,  he  said  ihat 
his  brethren  in  arms  would  Hnd  him  what  he  had  been  at  the  age  of 
nineteen,  "  The  man  of  liberty  &nd  of  public  order,  loving  his  popu- 


1 


LAFAYETTE  DEPRIVED  OF  HIS  COïIMAND. 


387 


Iftrity  much  better  than  Ma  life,  but  determined  la  eacriGce  both 
rather  than  neglect  a  dutj  or  aaffer  a  crime."  With  a  more  elevated 
intelligence,  Lafayette  would  have  understood  that  a  statesman  has  no 
right  to  ïdiûiuice  his  popularity  on  light  grounds  ;  that  it  is  a  power 
for  >vhich  he  Is  bouncl  to  account  to  hia  country;  and  tîiat  if  there 
13  meanness  of  soul  in  proposing  to  oneself  popukrity  m  a  final  aim» 
ihore  IS  wcakjiGsa  of  mind,  when  one  possess^  it,  in  not  considering 
it  as  an  instrument. 

I^flfflyette'3  imprudence  wm  therefore  inexcusable:  he  was  cruelly 
punished  for  it.  On  the  24th  of  December,  whilst  the  city»  stiU 
tlirobbing,  though  tranquillized,  was  attesting  the  magnitude  of 
the  service  he  bad  rendered  to  royaUy,  the  title  of  commandant 
general  of  the  national  guards  of  llie  kingdom  was  abolished  by 
order  of  the  chamber  of  deputies.  Lafayette  waa  dismissed.  Se- 
veral amendments  were  proposed  with  a  view  to  make  an  excepùon 
from  the  rule  in  hîa  favour;  but  thi?y  were  all  rejected  in  succession. 
At  la^t  the  ministry  proposed  that  the  kinjj  should  be  left  free  to 
confer  the  honorary  command  on  M,  dc  Lafayette  by  a  new  or- 
donnance; a  mockery  by  which  the  government  seemed  to  confess 
its  ingratitude,  whiLst  desiring  to  justijy  it. 

It  13  certain  that  the  authority  which  was  withdrawn  from  La- 
fayette was  exorbitant.  His  friend,  M.  Euscbe  Sjilverte,  had  openly 
declared  ihiâ  from  the  tribune.  He  himself  had  in  ibrmcr  times 
avowed,  that  the  Irresponsible  command  of  the  whole  armed  bour- 
geoisie of  the  kingdom  could  not  be  intrusted  to  a  simple  citizen 
without  danger  to  pubhc  hberty.  But  it  was  curious  that  the 
objectionable  nature  of  hi*  power  was  never  discerned  until  after  that 
day  on  which  at  hia  own  proper  risk  he  had  exerted  that  power  in  a 
manner  so  profitable  to  the  chambers,  the  ministry,  and  royalty.  In 
this  there  was  something  at  once  strange  and  odious.  WhercJbre, 
too,  had  Lalayette  been  left  to  beUeve  during  the  whole  course  of 
the  trial  of  the  ministers  th&t  his  command  would  terminate  only 
wit]i  his  Ufe?  Why  had  so  much  care  been  taken  to  solve  the  ques- 
tion in  tliat  manner,  both  in  the  committee  named  to  examine  tho 
draft  of  the  law  respecting  the  national  guard,  and  in  the  royal 
c-ouncil  before  which  that  law  was  laid  alter  passing  through  the 
hands  of  the  committee.  So  then  they  had  tricked  the  old  general  ! 
They  had  so  long  flattered  his  vanity  ynly  that  they  might  implicate 
him  in  the  service  of  a  pohcy  not  his  own,  and  then  turn  him  off 
when  they  had  made  use  of  him,  Tliis  was  what  all  tho  friends  of 
LftfiwctU!  thought,  and  aid  openly,  and  it  was  goon  universally 
repeated  by  tho  pubUc. 

Lafayette  was  absent  from  the  chamber  when  the  vote  in  which 
he  was  concerned  was  passed.  No  intinmtion  was  given  him  of  the 
blow  intended  for  him,  nor  was  his  presence  awaited.  On  hearing 
of  his  colleagues'  resolution,  he  was  stuno;  to  the  quick;  and  as  the 
sentence  of  digmi^al  was  not  direct  and  literal,  he  unmcdialely  aent 
in  his  reàgnation  to  the  king.     Still  the  gcntiUiommc,  even  in  hia 


BOmKX  l^EALINO  OF  LOriS  PHILIPPE. 

,  Tesentraont,  lie  took  care  not  to  let  Kîa  letter  to  the  Idng  betray  Uie 
I  depth  f)i'  his  oflènded  leelings.  Perhaps  he  was  ^hid  to  put  to  a 
'  fcîfti  proof  the  affection  due  to  him  from  Louis  Phiupiic, 

This  is  the  reply  the  tiiio;  addressed  to  him  on  the  foUowing  day, 
the  25th: 

"  I  Ihia  fiMimpnt  pwpWç,  my  dpnr  peneral,  j-out  lettçr,  which  linn  equally  p^nH 
i^il  aurpris^  mc,  tlirou^h  tbe  <teciEînn  jou.  iDiiTe  come  to.     1  hare  not  yet  li^  i 
1  to  n!ad  the  newspapers.     The  council  of  ministera  asgemWca  at  ooe  o'clock;  T 
I  -tben  be  at  lil>erty,  Ih&t  is  to  sav,  IwtweeQ  four  and  five,  vhcn  I  hope  to  see  j 
]  kHUEe  yon  recaW  your  determination." 

Thiâ  letter  appeared  incxpiicable  to  Lnfayotte,  He  knew  th$l 
>  Ihe  king  took  an  active  part  in  the  buslncas  of  government^  and  that 
'  Co  iiûportant  measure  was  adopted  by  his  ministera  without  his  prcv 
Tious  Icnowk'JjEçe  and  approval.  What,  then^  was  the  meanin^of 
I  the  pkrafip,  *'  /  have  not  f/et  had  fime  to  rfnd  the  newspapers  f*  The 
''king  said  he  was  surprised  at  the  decision  come  to  by  the  general! 
I  But  then?  was  nothing  spontaneous  on  the  lattet's  part  in  that  doci- 
[&on;  it  was  but  the  neoessary  result  of  htg  submission  to  the  will  of 
j  ilie  chamber.  In  consequence  of  theM?  observations,  Louis  Philippe's 
[letter,  instead  of  calming  LafuyetlCj  only  increased  hi?  irritfttion,. 

He  was  auiTounded,  morcoTcr,  with  men  who  strove  to  Bliinul«te 
\hi9  sense  of  the  insult  offered  liitn,  some  from  attachment  to  his 
||>er3on,  others  to  pay  court  to  him,  a  few  from  pntriotismj  and  ia 
Order  to  engage  him  irrevncably  to  the  cause  of  the  people. 

He  went,  howevcT,  to  the  Palais  Royal.  Louis  Philippe  receÏTed 
I  him  \vith  the  liveliest  teptimoDtes  of  afirection,  signified  lug  regret  it 
jealous  digtrnst  evinced  by  the  chamber,  and  censured  his 
'  want  of  tact.  But  the  gcneml,  waving  all  personul  topioi; 
only  of  liberty  threatened,  of  the  revolution  raisunderstood, 
land  of  the  government  gone  astray  upon  erroneous  pallis.  This  wu 
Ijpoming  to  a  definitive  rupture  with  tne  court. 

f  The  attitude  a,3sumcd  by  Lafayette  proved  tliat  hifl  tnittd  wèm 
made  np,  nnJ  ihat  the  more  efforts  vrcre  made  to  hîing  htm  bock, 
the  more  he  would  rcfist.  Tlie  preâdcnt  of  the  council,  the  minister 
of  the  interior,  the  king's  aide-de-camp,  M.  de  Laborde,  and  M,  d« 
Bchoneb,  went  one  after  tlic  other  and  beg<3;ed  him  to  retain,  not  ilws 
command  of  the  national  guards  of  the  kmgdom,  hut  that  of  the 
national  guard  of  Paris.  *'  Think  well  upon  it,"  said  Laffittc  to 
Hm;  *' to-day,  in  uniform,  you  are  the  first  tJtii«:'n  in  the  rcalra. 
To-îîiorrow,  confounded  with  the  crowd,  you  would  be,  in  com* 
bating  the  exccutâve,  only  the  first  of  the  anarchists." 

Aa  might  kavG  been  foreseen,  thc&c  efforts  were  frmtlem;  but 
they  seemed  to  cast  aU  the  (nuit  of  the  rupture  on  the  obetinûcy  and 
pride  of  Lafayette.  His  eneraieg  took  advantage  of  rhia  to  calum- 
niate him;  his  dismissal  was  nothing  more  than  a  quite  voluntary 
resignation,  caused  by  ili-hutnoured  caprice,  and  the  court  triumphc^l 
doubly,  in  his  retirement,  and  in  the  complexion  they  had  contrived 
to  make  it  asumc. 
'ITic  foUoTring  proclamation  was  pobli^hcd  on  the  26lh  December: 


niS  IN^GRATITUDE  TO  L.IPAYETTK.  369 

"BR<LTBNATiairAi.GpATii>s,  MY  vnxa  FPiJ^w-potnmnfKEH, — Yon  will  iwtici- 
t^ate  Ltt  my  wrrtrtr  nn  learning'  that  Gcncnil  Ijifaj-ottc  hna  thought  fit  to  give  in  hi» 
ppsÎRfiation.  I  flattered  myself  with  the  hope  of  weing'  him  longer  at  your  beiul, 
nniniHiiniE  ^ûur  kca]  by  hi»  cximptc,  itml  tty  the  rcoullection  of  th«  gnat  s^rvioej  he 
taiw  renileml  lo  Ibe  t^AiUL-uf  tDieny.  His  retirement  affecu  me  the  more  Aonubly, 
lu-cause  Rgrtiin,  b  Tl'w  diiys  agn,  tht- eïctllL-nt  (rcDCTal  took  a  glûrioiis  part  in  tl*  rtmijj- 
Irnam**.'  of  îhnt  piiMir  opUt  whifli  you  liavp  si>  iiohly  :uid  so  cffleaciotiBly  protected 
daring  the  lait  a;(nEi>-i><]!)«<  I  hnvç  tlic  cnnsiiiation  of  thinking  tlia.t  I  have  wxlected 
ncithiog  tg  avert  (torn  the  aaUooBt  guard  wbM  will  be  fcK*  it  a  «ubject  of  tivelv  aof 
ÏOW,  and  fvr  myadf  a  md  alfiictdoiL  *^  LOUIS  PEIILIPPE.** 

Tlie  moral  effect  produced  by  Lafayctte'^a  retirement  disappointed 
the  expKitiitions  of  the  court.     Surprise  was  univcrsah 

Dupont  de  TEure  ibrthwitU  mdignantly  resigned  his  fiincûozis 
M  ministor  ol'  juFticc.  His  rcsi^ation  was  wished  for,  and  it  \vas 
accepted  with  alacrity,  Dupont  de  l'Euro  being  no  longer  indu- 
pensable. 

The  blow  iJiat  had  been  just  struck  was  tiic  BÎjrnal  of  a  counter- 
rcvolutiotttiry  movement,  which  it  was  proposed  to  push  to  extremee. 

AJUt  ftU,  Lafayettc^s  serricea  were  loo  well  known  to  be  foTgiveti 
him.  Siich  i?  the  vlt-ç  of  monarcliiea,  that  if  one  serves  thcra  in  a 
strikingly  conspicuous  manner,  one  menaces  them.  ITbe  reproach 
of  ingraûtude  is  idle  wh<.nt  addre?9od  personally  to  kuigs  ;  and  it  is  to 
ihe  principle  of  royalty  itself  it  should  be  «Idressed.  Any  king  who 
«honld  prove  liim^U  gnttcitil  to  a  subject,  an  illustrious  câtiz^m, 
would  thereby  |jUcc  the  throne  in  a  subaltern  position. 

Ilie  command  of  the  national  jniard  of  Paris  was  conferred  on 
General  Iwobaii.  M.  Buudc  repUced  M.  do  Treilhard  in  ilie  pre- 
fecture of  police.  The  resignation  of  M.  Tufchcreau,  which  had 
previously  been  tendered  and  reiuscd,  was  accoptcd.  Of  all  the 
men  whose  independent  dmracter  was  fean^,  Odilon  Bairot  alone 
was  retained,  Tiiey  said  wf  him  in  the  pakce,  "  He  will  no  longer 
be  fi>rraidublf,  when  he  ceases  to  have  M.  de  Lafayette  above  him, 
and  M.  Tasuhereau  under  him." 

Such  was  the  upshot  of  tliat  trial,  which  had  so  strongly  aroused 
al!  pussionSj  and  exposed  the  new  monarchy  to  Buch  great  risks. 
It  served  to  make  pftlpaplc  the  power  and  preaumption  of  the  bour- 
geois interesta.  It  proved  two  thiiiga  clearly:  iirst,  that  tlie  people 
was,  as  yet,  neitJicr  sufficiently  enlightened  nor  sufficiently  sure  of 
itBcJf  to  have  a  will;  and  secondly,  that  every  thing  might  be  ob- 
tained, of  the  bourgeoisie,  by  acting  on  itg  con«crvativo  instincUs  and 
amwalmg  to  its  £&as.  The  experiment  was  ihexefure  complete,  and 
the  more  fortunate  fat  the  court,  ioâ^much  as  it  could  llionceforth 
«ay  to  the  foreign  arabaseadorE,  "  Write  to  your  aoTereigns  lliat  the 
revolutionary  spiiit  is  vanquished." 

This  rcault  waa  vaunted  as  the  fruit  of  an  able  policy.  Ncirer- 
iheleea,  there  was  nothing  in  it  of  which  the  court  hiul  rea9<Hi 
to  boiLst.  To  appear  in  arms  in  the  streets  and  keep  down  the 
people,  the  bourgeoisie  had  only  to  follow  iho  dictates  of  its  own 
leaiB.     And  oa  for  the  multituie^  il  was  natuml  tliat,  being  left  to 


S70  APFAIBS  OF  BELGIUU. 

itself,  it  should  retire  from  the  field  through  ignorance,  acaazenKAt, 
and  weaiiness. 

That  IB  assuredly  a  vciy  vulgar  policy,  and  one  within  the  scope 
of  the  most  ordinary  capacities,  which  cotisi.«ts  in  flattering  might, 
and  following  obsequiously  in  ita  train  :  this  is  what  the  executive 
had  now  done,  in  securing  itself  behind  the  bayonets  of  the  bour- 
geoimc.  The  situation  of  Paris  was  no  doubt  a  violent  one  ;  but  by 
reason  of  its  very  \'iolencCi  it  was  impossible  that  it  should  be  of 
long  duration;  and  the  passions  of  the  multitude,  even  had  they  not 
encountered  so  lively  a  rcaîstance  on  the  part  of  the  middle  claaes, 
would  have  died  away  for  want  of  aliment»  and,  above  all,  for  want 
of  guidance.  What  had  the  government  to  be  vain  of?  To  con- 
trol with  a  ^âgorous  hand  the  headlong  impulses  of  the  people,  U> 
make  use  of  them  while  mastcrini^  tliem,  andf  to  direct  without  weak» 
ening  them;  this  is  difficult  and  glorious,  this  is  the  achievemoit 
wherein  is  manifested  the  art  of  governing  men.  But  every  govern- 
ment wliich  bcnda  alt  its  efforts  only  to  deaden  the  spontaneoua 
movements  of  the  people,  proves  thereoy  that  it  feela  itsoll'  incapable 
of  shaping  them  to  a  profitable  result;  it  avows  its  own  impotence; 
and  in  its  material  conservation  t  see  only  the  shame  of  its  moral 
abdication.  After  the  revolution  of  July,  which  left  bo  many 
probLcma  to  solve,  and  furnished  so  many  passions  to  employ,  what 
glory  had  been  liie,  who,  wafU;d  to  power  by  the  tempest,  should 
Have  laid  hold  on  the  social  body,  still  panting  from  the  crisis  it  had 
passed  through,  and  instead  of  checking  its  course,  should  have 
guided  while  he  eoothed  it  I 


CHAPTER  Vn. 


There  were  then  but  two  personages  whose  claim  to  the  throne 
of  Belgium  mcritctl  any  ficrioua  consideration,  the  Due  de  Nemoura 
and  the  Due  de  Leuchtemberg.  Either  would  have  suited  France. 
As  Kin*  of  the  Belgians,  the  Due  dc  Nemoura  would  have  been 
a  natural  link  between  the  two  countries.  The  Due  dc  Leuchtem- 
berg,  the  son  of  Eugène  Beauhamais,  was  of  u  stock  beloved  by  the 
French  nation;  or  King  of  the  Belgian3,  he  might  one  day  ask  of 
France  a  more  brilliant  cruwn,  and  oiler  it  a  tine  kingdom  in 
exchance. 

But  the  interest"?  of  France,  in  this  particular,  did  not  coincîdo 
with  ilicwc  of  Louis  Phihppe.  To  consent  to  the  coronation  of  the 
Due  de  Nemours  would  have  been  to  provoke  England,  which 
country  was  by  all  means  to  be  propitiated.  To  consent  to  the 
«oronation  of  the  Due  de  Leuclitembcrg  would  have  been  to  nm 


d 


SEBASriANl'fl  IH8H0NESTT.  371 

thcriBlra  ÏDcîdpnt  to  the  YÎcîtiîty  of  a  Buonaparte.  M,  Sébastiam 
accordincjly  did  not  heâtate  to  aeclare  to  M.  Fîrmin  Rogier,  in  the 
name  of  Louis  Philippe,  fir?t,  that  the  uniim  of  the  two  countrîeB 
was  impossible,  bccauso  contrary  to  the  mil  of  the  Eûgïîsh  ;  pecondly^ 
tliiit  PnticG  Otho  of  Bavaria  Wii3  tho  king  best  Sîiîtcd  to  Belgium; 
&nd  thirdly,  that  the  King  of  the  French  would  never  bestow  one 
of  his  daughters  oa  the  eon  of  Eugètae  Beauliarnaia,  and  that  in 
CTOflTtiing  tfiot  prince  the  lielgians  would  expose  themselves  to  lose 
the  potent  friendship  of  Fraficc. 

M.  Firmin  Rogîer  mtiJc  known  this  reply  to  t!ic  di|^lotnatic  com- 
mittee in  two  letters  addresst-d  to  the  Comte  de  Celles^ — confidential 
letters,  but  which  tho  conn;ress  insisted  on  reading.  The  second  of 
them  oontainctl  the  tolîowing  passiige  : 

"I  thoditht  it  right  to  ask  31.  S^'lifistiAiu  if  hU  word«  had  on  q/Rfia/ diumcter 
whidi  would  uïlovf  of  my  rtp^irtitit:  tliem.  '  Ttft,  undoHbtcdlv.*  lie  rejilk'd,  '  anii  of 
tbû  jon  DULj  ju4!^  fur  youriwll'.'  'i'lvcn,  ciiUing'  hi»  «tcrctary,  he  diL-UiU-d  n  letter  to 
H,  Breuon,  -wtiiuh  I  forward  idcing  with  i\iis,  luid  in  which  the  vi>ewd  cif  the  Fn'nch 
goTcniiincni.  reapoctinif  thi*  projecle*!  union  tietweeii  the  two  cuutitries,  the  mnriidA* 
lue  q(  the  Due  dc  Noiuoura  and  that  uf  tlu<  Due  do  Lotichtcinbt^rfi:,  arc  clcariy  0.114 
ftunully  exprasol.  AL  Bresson,  I  lx.-lit:T<.',  is  nuthurizc-d  trxiuinmiinicatc  to  you  tbis 
letter,  which,  heiidw,  wjiitnins  noihinp  mure  than  what  1  M-ritt  to  yan  tliis  *Lay.  It 
was,  no  doubt,  with  tin  cXpfËW  purpvnv  that  3tL  Sebustinni  dictated  it  aloud  in  my 
presence.  ■ 

The  unexpected  publicity  given  to  these  straiïgc  details  threw  the 
Palais  Royal  into  confusion.  Sébastiani  found  liimscîf  constrained 
to  dispute,  in  the  columns  of  the  Moniteur^  the  veracity  of  Finnin 
Rogier's  statement,  and  the  latter,  in  his  turn,  funnally  rctortcd 
tlie  lie  given  hira  by  Sébasliani.  Public  opinion  waa  held  in  su&* 
pense  by  those  flagrant  contradiction?,  when  all  doubts  were  cleared 
up  in  M.  Rogier'a  favour  by  tlic  following  letter,  addressed  to  llie 
Osmtc  d'Aersçhot,  president  of  the  diplomatic  committee: 

"  M.  le  Comic,  the  Nntintml  Conçrtsâ  hiivitij?  thought  fit  in  its  wiadom  to  cmault 
the  goTemtnent  of  hi»  tntuusty,  the  iving  of  the  Freuch,.  whi)»  feflinga  of  tntefefll  ttml 
good  will  iQwibnls  Bcljifiuiu  aru  known  to  it.  I  hAiten  to  cotumiuucutc  to  you  il 
dtapalcli  I  have  just  tutàvcd  from  M-  tc  Comte  Sêbastioni. 

"  I  h&vc  tlic  honour,  &C.  &ç^ 

^ISniuela,  Jan.  23,  ISjII.  ** Bressoït." 

Tlic  despatch  addressed  by  M.  Sébastionî  to  M.  Bresson  was  dated. 
Jâmiary  II,  1831,  and  begun  thus  : 

^tr, — The  litnntiun  of  fk^lgîiim  ha»  again  Arrested  tlic  attontfon  of  the  kin^  and  hu 
caoociJ.  AÛcr  a  maïuTË  examiniLtion  trf  all  the  political  question!  ccmnertcd  thcrc' 
wJEli,  I  liavc  boon  urdtrvd  to  make  known  to  >'ou  pK-cisely  the  intention»  «f  the 
kioK"!  BOveninicaC.  It  will  nul  coT>sï:Qt  to  the  uaiuu  ai  Iklgiuiti  with  France  i  it 
will  not  accept  thr  crown  fur  M-  Ic  Dae  dc  Nfnn>uf9,  cvcii  thi'UgU  lie  l>o  uff.'r«î  it 
by  thp  rangn-«!i.  His  niajcf  ly'8  ^vcmaiiËlit  would  see  in  the  dliulec  of  M.  le  Ddc  de 
l«Ui('ht(Miib^rg  an  arraii|it,;niint  of  ■  nature  lo  troubl(>  the  ttunq^uillitvuf  France. 
We  hftve  no  dcsipi  to  trvj^jtova,  in  the  least  «kgreu,  on  the  lilx-rty  of  (ho  Belgians  in 
tha  dection  of  their  soverei^;  hut  wi*  art  aJbo  upun  mir  right  lod^cluK  in  the  moat 
fonn^  nuinner  thflt  we  woi^  not  rtx'ogniso  the  iOccliou  of  M.  le  l>uc  de  Leuiditcm- 
berg.  Uiidoubtedl}'  lli*--  I'owcrs  on  thc^ir  port  would  be  tittk*  diipoied  to  that  récog- 
nition. Aâ  fut  us  we  jihouid  Vxi  di'tcnniiK>d  in  our  refuse]  only  i>y  reasons  of  slikte, 
to  whkh  «V4.TV  thing  must  give  way  when  Uicy  aK  Uot  at  rariuh»  with  tlw  ri^ht* 
of  any  individual,"  6.0, 

This  despatch,  which,  aa  well  as  the  preceding  letter,  was  read  to 

2ç 


of  ùte  5cJif'iii.  Ana  exLzàe-i.  «^  3Ck:s  siEauata-'-sB  sioim 

laat  povnettscaf  ce  ŒpiknBVT.  -vïûi  -niu  9eÔ3K£Med.  enef 
Mé  net  KOES  titaer  îttTe  beÀc^  Àow  Tvraoï^nB;  «v^dcBe  W  noae 
«f  Fraaiat.  frict  vxià  àrr  b»â  Ixii^i  ciljt  f;ir  r^Eaiiij^  jud,  an] 

Hk  bas  v&E  cromà  à  tàe  vbaftS^.  îa  pnessoe  of  a 
vikCMC  perrçùe  CRag  làe  sir  -«^  «K^kzusacms;  viûs  *àe  panàsaBS 

ta  me  VÊrwrmhr  nm  ares  ::ivik  ^aern  "hr-  ^at  TremA 


y 


Tim  XKsLk.  so  csfT  so  fbccsee.  sc^aù:  ojKï;er£^ùC  zzjiù  sÀe  Palais 
Bovki.:  1^  )L  ôe  Lajcicmjbf  -nç  asK^wù.  ùii^er.     He  «rat  a 

)L  Brskc.  tÎo  liad  besi  ««d  n-.h'vr  Vt  ôe  Lcoâcn  oon- 
^— -^^  viis  TÛâûcz  T»âTM«r^-^  xÀs^     Lcoù  r«:âaccLrT.  on  ùte  oon- 

ï-VT^adoKofiL    LopiFcttsocjj  was  a .- j^naMàa  iûgtJy 


M.  D£  LOCTEëTDIE'e  finSSIOK.  373 

skilled  in  the  science  of  petty  mcanfl  &ud  vulgar  trickeries.  Adding 
his  own  p&^OM  to  dioec  of  kls  country,  and  animattd  by  a  hatj^ 
to  Fnmce  which  he  ostentatiously  avowed  with  arrogant  levity,  he 
had  eoibraced  thu  cause  of  the  Prince  of  Orange,  with  whom  he 
and  he  was  related  through  ïùs  wife.  And  he  served  that  cause 
with  fia  much  pueriUty  as  zeal,  sending  hia  domcsiica  abroad  into 
the  streets  and  public  places  to  retail  factious  language,  and  not  dig- 
daJninp  to  go  himself  ùom  shop  to  ahop  as  tiie  opologist  of  Wil- 
liam's oldcsl  son,  and  to  excite  the  sordid  minds  oi  the  shopkeepers 
against  the  new  slAte  of  ihiags  and  iu  disorder?-  But  the  mtfit 
notable  members  of  the  congress  did  not  the  le^  tlirong  rouivd  Lord 
Ponsonby,  day  by  day,  to  adore  in  liis  pet^on  the  victorioua 
ascendancy  of  England.  He  was  surrounded,  above  all,  by  such  of 
the  Belgians  as,  piquing  theniselvcâ  on  bdng  etatcsnien,  builfc  their 
hopes  ot  forttinc  on  the  favours  of  diplomacy»  More  than  once  he 
shut  his  doors  against  MM.  Van  de  Weycr  and  Nothonib,  whose 
diplomatic  erudition  touching  the  grand  duchy  of  Luxcmberg  WM 
not  at  all  to  Hs  taste,  and  whom,  when  he  opened  bis  heart  to 
his  intimate  IHcnds,  he  called  pedants. 

■  M,  de  Evoevestine  came  to  the  aid  of  M.  Bresson's  expiring  in- 
fluence, and  they  put  in  operation  every  thing  they  could  imagine 
to  ruin  the  hopes  of  the  Due  de  Leuchtcmbcrg;  and  in  Ûm  they 
were  secondea  by  Lard  Ponsonby;  for  Kngland  did  not  wish  for 
King  of  tlic  Belgians  a  prince  who  might  have  become  King  of  the 
Trench. 

In  spite  of  all  these  efforts,  the  party  of  the  I>uc  dc  Leuchiera- 
bcrg  went  on  tlaily  gathering  strength,  because  the  more  wary 
reiliscd  to  compromise  thôr  own  prospecta  by  declaring  against  a 
candidate  who  had  uo  competitor.  M.  dc  Locvc«tine  wrote,  there- 
fine,  to  the  Palais  Koyal  that  the  election  of  Eug^'a^'â  son  was  cer- 
tain, if  the  Due  de  Nemours  was  not  formally  proposed  in  oppoàtion 
to  him. 

This  Icltra  was  iramcdiatcly  sent  to  M.  de  TaUeyrand,  who  re- 
plied that  England  would  not  hear  of  the  Due  dc  Nemours  on  any 
tii-rms.  It  was  necessary,  however,  to  come  to  n  decifion:  the 
moments  were  preduua.  M.  Bresson  ?et  out  for  Paris,  at  M.  do 
Locvcadne's  request,  and  brought  back  thence  an  express  authoriza- 
taon  to  state,  that  if  the  crown  were  offered  to  the  Due  dc  Nemours 
it  would  be  accepted  for  him  by  his  father, 

»  From  that  moment  M.  dc  Loevestâne^e  difficulties  %-anished.  The 
ncceptance  being  represented  as  cortain,  tompted  ambition  with  the 
prospect  of  easy  success.  The  friends  of  France  took  courage  again, 
and  a  |>ortion  of  the  orai^  party  joined  them  irom  hatred  to  the 
pntriots.  An  insuperable  difftrust,  however,  still  lingered  in  many 
minds.  *^  Beware^  said  the  putisana  of  the  Due  de  Leuchtemberg 
and  the  republicans;  ^'you  arc  deceived.  M.  dc  Loevestine  i; 
^ubtlesa  an  honeatman;  but  is  he  not  the  blind  instrument  of  9omo 
intrigue?    He  affînna  non-offîcially  that  tlic  Due  de  Nemours  wouM 

2c2 


374 


LÛBD  PONSONBV'S  PROCEEDIKOS. 


bc  granted  ub;  but  do  not  M.  S<iba5tiam's  officiai  despatches  state 

llic  contrary?  And  is  It  not  the  Keieht  of  impmdem:»  to  put  moiQ 
tniBt  in  tltc  declarutions  of  an  individual  than  in  diplomatic  dooh 
încnts?"  This  objoction  had  beon  fbrcseen.  Letters  were  wriUea 
irofu  Paris  tu  all  the  members  oi  the  congre??,  by  the  most  exmneal 
powonageH,  all  teiiclmg  to  confirm  M.  de  Loevestine'»  aasertioiif. 
He  himself,  in  his  irankncss,  did  not  hesitate  to  deolate  before  the 
members  of  the  provisional  government  that  his  mission  was  by 
nutharily^  und,  aa  hesitation  still  prevailed,  he  pted^cd  îûs  word  of 
honour. 

It  was  under  the  influence  of  these  gtratagetns  that  the  diâctunon 
relative  to  ihe  choice  of  a  sovereign  was  opened.  It  waa  keen  and 
iiopRisBioned.  Fear  and  hope  altemntoly  agitated  the  consultii^ 
purties.  It  -waa  known  that  Irom  tlie  urn  placed  before  the  as^omblj 
might  issue,  not  only  the  weal  or  woe  of  Belgium,  hut  a  profound 
change  in  the  destinies  of  Europe.  The  speakers  who  most  strongly 
puppurted  the  nomination  of  the  Due  de  Nemoure.  were  3dM.  de 
Mérodc,  Charles  Kogier,  and  Charles  de  Brouckèrc.  Among  tliein 
WHS  rothftrk<.'d  M.  Van  de  We^er,  who,  having  become  the  repré- 
sentative of  diplomacy  in  Belgium,  ought,  it  was  thought,  to  have 
kept  silence.  ITie  Due  do  Leuchtemberc  had  in  hia  favour  MM,  de 
StaB«art,  Joltrand,  de  Gcrlache,  de  Rhodes,  and  Lcbcau;  the  words 
of  the  latter  nmdo  a  ptronf^  impression  oti  the  assembly* 

Whilst  the  discussion!  was  proceeding.  Lord  Ponsonby  continued, 
I  behalf  of  thti  Prince  oi'  Oraugc,  to  sap  the  momentarily  restored 
'  înflueiico  uf  the  French  party,  whether  it  was  that  ho  -rras  ignonuit 
of  iho  pohcy  oi"  which  (hat  party  was  the  dupe  and  tool,  or  iKal,  in 
the  exafîfl;enited  jntentity  of  lus  rancour,  ne  envied  Fmticc  tbc 
hunuur  of  a  ilivourable.  though  a  sterile  vote.  An  orangist  iD0\*e- 
al  which  broke  out  in  Ghent  was  attributed  to  the  English  am- 
ador,  and  waa  immediately  euppreseed. 
Certain  it  is  that  the  very  day  the  congress  was  about  to  come  to 
A  dcvinoHt  Lord  Ponsonby  caused  one  of  his  secretaries,  M.  Oury, 
to  tnusklc  a  memorandum  against  the  eicction  of  the  Due  dc 
Ncinounf,  and  he  prepared  to  go  and  read  it  to  tlie  assembly. 

M.  UresâOQ  on  his  part,  in  order  to  incline  the  balance  in  favour 
of  the  French  prince,  cominuuicated  a  letter  from  M,  Sébastiani  to 
the  congress.  It  stated  tluit  the  govornment  of  Louis  Plùlippc 
did  not  adhere  to  the  protocol  of  the  âOlh  January,  and  tliat  it  con- 
sidered the  free  eonacnt  of  the  two  estates  as  necessary  to  the  solution 
of  all  the  difficulties  subsnating  between  liolliindand  lielj^ium.  Tliifl 
declaration  waa  deceitful  as  the  seoucl  proved;  but  ita  clleet  was  not 
tlie  îetis  decisive.  Oucc  more  iaith  was  put  in  the  sympathy  of  the 
Frencii  government. 

^essci^gcfs  were  continually  passing^  and  repassing  l^twecn  the 

paUce  of  the  representJitivca  imd  Lord  Ponsotiby'â  hotel.     His  lord* 

'  siiip  burned  wiui  impntience,  and  bitterly  complained  of  his  trans- 

t.  Jatoi'a  buxUucsa.    Al  hA  the  document  waa  ueurly  ûaiahed,  imd  the 


I 

I 

I 
I 

I 

I 


CEOWN  OJ^BBLGltTM  E«Ftr9Et>  rOK  THK  l>rC  HE  ÏS^MOUBS.  375 

earria^  of  the  Ën^rlisli  ambassador  was  in  watting,  when  a  messenger 
arri?^  and  told  Mm  tha;t  all  was  over,  and  that  upon  a  second  ballot 
tlie  assembly,  bj  a  nrnjority  of  one  vote,  had  proclaimed  the  Due  de 
Nemours  king  of  Belgium. 

This  decision  was  hailed  with  the  liveliest  cnthasiasm.  It  snatched 
Bcl^uTD  from  the  convulsions  of  anarchy.  The  city  waa  illuminated, 
Joyou3  nccbmations  mingled  in  every  quarter  with  the  din  of  cnUTion. 
Tlie  portisana  of  the  Ihif:  de  LeuchtembcTf;  took  part  in  this  exulta- 
tion, some  from  disinterestedness  and  g^ood  faith,  others  because  tliey 
had  to  obtain  pardon  from  the  triumphant  candidate  for  a  hostile  vote. 

The  Belgians  had  no  conception  that  at  the  very  time  they  were 
teEtifying  their  sympathy  with  France  by  these  touching  demonstra- 
tions, M.  de  Talleyrand  was  aïçnîng  in  London  the  protocol  of  the 
7th  of  February,  a  protocol  wnich  belied  the  Iflet  asisertiona  oi"  M. 
Sébaetiani  respecting  the  hberty  of  Belgium,  a  protocol  which  ex- 
eluded  eveiy  French  prince  from  the  throne  of  Belgiun*. 

The  conJcrencc  was  obeyed.  In  Paris  the  opinion  of  the  miDistcTS 
waa  for  accepting,  and  that  opinion  found  an  energetic  supporter  in 
the  eldest  son  of  Lrouis  Philippe.  But  a  stronger  will  brooded  over 
Franee.  M.  Sc^Wliani  waa  ordered  to  reply  by  a  refusal  to  the 
dectton  of  the  Due  de  Nemours:  and  such  was  the  character  of  the 
despatch ,  that  the  young  man  who  acted  as  secretary  to  the  minister, 
with  a  courageous  fccUng  of  pride  and  shame»  refused  to  sign  it, 

Tlie  deputation  which  waa  to  oiler  the  crown  of  Belgium  to  the 
Due  dc  Nemourg  wa?  already  on  its  way  lo  Paris.  Tlie  king  of  the 
French  rMeivod  it  with  aflabihty,  and  formally  refused  the  crown 
offered  to  hia  son,  alleging  as  the  motives  of  hia  refusal  his  little  am- 
bition^  and  the  necessity  of  preserving  peace. 

All  the  sound  portion  ol  the  nation  was  horror  stricken.  The 
English  wore  in  transports  of  joy. 

To  Conceive  how  agreeable  Louis  Philippe's  refusal  must  have 
l>cen  to  England  it  is  enough  to  conader  what  was  then  the  condition 
af  that  kingdotn.  Her  finances  were  so  burdened  that  the  supprce- 
Boon  of  two  hundred  and  ten  places  in  the  treasury  had  bet^n  re.«olvod 
on,  and  it  wasin  preparation,  in  tliat  cminentiy  monarchical  country^ 
lo  subject  the  civil  list  to  a  reduction  offensive  to  royalty.  The 
misery  of  the  working  classes  had  reached  that  dire  limit  at  which 
deâpatr  begins.  The  potato  crop  had  wholly  failed  in  Ireland,  the 
people  of  which  country  cat  no  bread,  and  the  landowners  trembled 
m  the  midst  of  their  oppros=(ive  opvilcnce,  for  nothing  was  to  be  scon 
throughout  the  land  but  pale  vagmtnt  hordes  of  armed  pauper?. 
O'ConncU  too  had  risen  amid  8o  many  ruins, — a  violent  orator,  a 
temeless  and  turbulent  spirit,  a  man  all  powerful  by  the  excess  of  hia 
rancour,  und  of  hia  ûuant;ity,  the  demigod  of  a  tAinidhing  people. 
**  The  Repeal  of  llie  DnionT*  was  his  cry;  it  made  every  Irish 
heart  thrill,  and  socnncd  to  presage  the  horrors  of  &  sort  of 
civil  war.  To  match  this  agitation  of  slaves  for  ever  incensed, 
England  had  her  conflicting  parties,  struggUng  in  furious  confusion. 


376  "^^^K  F.NOLAXD. — POLAÎTD. 

Tlie  Dukû  of  Wellington's  ministiy  which  had  been  ovcrtlirown,  wms 
alreiidy  triumphing  in  the  coovubive  exhaustion  it  had  bequeathed 
to  that  of  Lord  Grey,  On  the  one  side  were  the  tories,  auiîrst  for 
vengeance;  on  the  other  the  wlijgs  engrossed  with  tlie  taak  of  pro- 
curing foTgivences  for  their  success;  below,  the  radicals  insulting  the 
defeat  of  the  former,  threatening  the  latter  with  their  support,  and 
hurrying  along  the  people  in  their  train;  and  as  pretext  for  these 
convulsions,  electoral  relorra,  that  fatal  prohlem,  that  sacrifice  ofl'ered 
to  the  unknown,  that  fiiat  hlow  dealt  hy  the  genius  of  modem  iuiv> 
vation  against  that  English  aristociacy  by  which  England  subsisted.  'I 

Hcnoe  there  was  for  the  Engliâli  an  absolute  impossibility  of  mak- 
ing wax,  or  even  of  thinking  of  it:  60  tliat  In  drawing  over  liclgrum 
to  nerself.  Fiance  would  have  inflicted  on  them  the  twoÉV)ld  hiuni-» 
liaùon  of  having  their  impotence  demonstrated ^  and  their  tLrcatA 
chastised.  Hearty  and  earnest  thereibre  were  the  thanks  they  bestowed 
on  lortune.  Moie  than  ever  might  M.  dc  T&Ueyrand  now  regard 
himself  as  a  man  of  genius  :  he  was  popular  in  London. 

As  for  the  Belciana,  thrcatcncd  by  M.  Bresson,  deceived  by  M, 
Sébastiuii  through  the  inatrumentiility  of  M.  dc  Locvcstine,  humi- 
liated and  repulsed»  they  accused  France  of  all  the  evils  in  vrhich 
they  found  tliemselvea  plunged;  and  not  sxdHciently  diacriminating, 
aa  eften  happens^  between  the  French  nation  and  the  goTc;mment 
whieh  represented  it,  they  vowed  thenceforth  against  the  former  tho 
flame  hatred  that  already  kindled  against  her  the  heart  of  every  true 
Spaniard. 

During  this  time  a  borrihle  tempest  was  gathering  in  the  murûîf 
and  threatening  forlorn  Poland.  Invested  withsoverogn  powcr» 
Clilopicki  had  exercised  it,  as  wc  have  Kcn,  only  to  stop  the  adcendant 
march  of  the  revolution.  Full  of  respect  far  the  majesty  of  the  c«ar, 
he  continued  to  consider  liimself  aa  hia  lieutenant,  and  it  was  for  fear 
of  rendering negritiations  bnpissible  tliat  he  delayed  the  organization 
of  the  army*  The  ardent  jjatriois  murmured  at  this  pcrvcrec  ob- 
stinacy  iti  tcmporisintr.  and  the  dictator's  popularity  suflercd  in  con- 
Sequence.  He  multiphcd  his  enemies  by  causing  the  momentary 
arrest  of  the  republican  Lelewel  ;  and  by  refusiHg  to  mnciion  thio 
Polish  manifesto.  That  mmifeisto,  since  6o  famous,  was  notwith- 
standing dra^vn  up  with  much  dignity  and  moderation-  The  rights 
and  the  woes  of  roland  were  set  forth  in  it  in  a  tone  of  high-aooiod 
sadness  that  touched  the  hearts  of  every  European  people.  But  the 
dictator  bad  a  Mul  without  poetry,  and  a  mind  without  compass-  He 
forbade  the  [Hinting  of  Uie  manilesto,  and  it  was  aeceseary  to  lilJio- 
graph  it  clsjidestincty.     It  condnded  with  these  words: 


**  Conrmoul  tliat  our  liberty  and  onr  inJcpcniIclice,  Ùa  fmm  trtt  hÊ.ttog 
luJiiilc  as  regardfi  contemiinul  tiî;iti.'â.  hart;  o»  die  contrary  SL-rTLil  tn  all  liUte*  H  Ml 
o(|iliputM  au<t  a  liQuklcT  to  Kuiripv,  anJ  con  atilt  be  more  usl'I'uI  to  it  than  rrvr,  vq 
ftppHT  befbre  MTcreigtu  gndoatiijinswitl!  Oie  ci.'rtaintj'tltiittlio  toipc*  alike  irfpiilicy 
•ndiif  humwilty  wlU  be  UAed  up  id  oar  TaTour.  Kad  PTYiviâc>Qc«iiIc«tîiiefliïuiMuuI 
to  perpcttial  «ervituiic.  and  if  la  tills  lut  itnigi^lc  the  hbcHy  uf  I^jUnni  nu»t  MdK 
iiniwr  ttiL-  mini  of  U^r  citiui  Mid  [ho  corpsea  uf  liur  dofcndurs,  vui  vaeiay  iluU  iG%a 
ofldy  orer  dewrtt;  «nd  evety  gâod  Pole  viU  have  tàîa  ooiuolBtiofi  in  hU  dying  i 


dM 


THE  1>UC  T>E  HOHTEMAH^MMBASST  TO  KUSSIA.  S7Y 

mcntj.  tliituithli  t»ttl«(a  the  dêoili  be  hM  te  a  aument  tluâldod  tbetht^tcQeJ 
liberty  «f  Europo.'' 

Thia  grand  and  molaneholy  appeal  was  addressed  particularly  to 
Fiance,  With  her  face  turned  IowurIs  the  west,  Poland  invoked  the 
tutelary  genius  of  tliut  French  people  which  of  yore  had  gone  to  save 
the  Chrisliam  of  ihe  Holy  Laud;  which  had  ûîled  all  tlie  history  of 
the  middle  ages  with  the  valtjur  of  her  knights  ;  which  on  the  eve  of 
a  deep-sc&rchlng  and  memorable  tctoIuÛoii  had  sent  the  noblcat  of 
her  children  to  succour  tlio  young  freedom  of  the  New  World; 
which  at  the  cloai;  of  ihc  eighteenth  century  had  deluged  the  battle- 
field and  the  scaflold  with  her  blood,  to  propagate  a.  doctrine  of  fiater* 
nity  ;  which  lasdy,  under  the  Empire,  had  lavished  her  strength  in  ipor- 
tai  eiibrtfi  to  open  the  free  patlis  of  the  ocean  to  the  weaker  nations  : — & 
people  of  fiery  soldieifl  and  generous  adventurers  !  But  by  a  Etrango 
combînfitioQ  of  historical  fatalities  a  govemracnt  of  cold-blooded 
calculators  hung  heavy  on  the  necks  of  those  soldiers  and  adven* 
turtrra.  At  the  very  moment  when  from  the  banks  of  the  Vistula 
all  arms  were  outâtretched  towards  France,  the  cabinet  of  the  Palais 
Boyal  suJRered  tlie  most  humiliating  and  rigorous  conditiottâ  to  be 
ûopcflcd  on  it  a£  the  price  of  a  teconcilÏAtioQ  between  it  and  the 
court  of  Runa. 

In  liis  hatred  of  the  house  of  Orli^nâ  the  emperor  had  sent  an 
order  of  recall  to  Pozzo  di  Borgo,  his  ambassador  in  France.  Thifl 
news  llxrew  the  court  into  consternation  ;  but  it  was  aware  of  -Uio 
esteem  and  regard  entertained  by  tlie  Emperor  of  Russia  lor  the  Due 
dc  MortcmBLTt.  No  doubt  pf^cc  would  be  obuiined  if  eucli  an  inter- 
mediary were  employed-  Nicolas  pointed  him  out  as  the  only  one 
he  w«â  disposed  to  rûceive  iavourably.  The  Due  dc  Mortemart'a 
indinatioo  was  sounded.  He  fraâ  loath  to  go  to  St.  Petcrsbtu^,  and 
the  most  urgent  solicitations  were  necessary  to  prevail  on  him  to  do 
to.  He  waa  peisLating  in  his  refusal  when  he  reoraved  a  letter  from 
Count  Ncsâeln>de^  inlorminghim  that  his  occeptanoc  would  bengrce- 
able  to  the  emperor.  Pozzo  di  Borgo,  on  his  part,  Viitotc  to  the 
duke^ — ^'  After  your  nomination^  and  its  insertion  in  the  Moniteur, 
I  wUl  immediLktoly  present  my  crcdentjala."* 

'  We  hare  before  us  the  orJ^mL  letlers  of  Nefatlrode  and  Ffuuo  di  Burgu,  Tlicw 
TtJiuble  and  uuoditeâ  âocuiBcuu^  vtiich  BL  dc  Mortemtrt  ù  kJad  enoogb  to  Com' 

municAU-  tu  ui,  Afu  aa  liiUows  : 

•*  Tlic  enipcrur  desire»  nw,  my  dear  duVe,  to  leslify  to  yoa  OR  liia  jiart  how  RffTW- 
tbic  to  liîm  |tcrwniAllT  \t  the  miiKuin  which  \%  tn  brin^  rou  \iaeV.  Id  Uu94i&.  VndtJ 
Ihc  cin-uinfttAii^fl,  lio  bu>ileigatjd  t4  ruceUuct  tlt4t  on  ulkiag;i-uurlL-avi:  vou  ftuured 
Liin  that,  if  ^rer  «o  opportwi)^  ptWittd  Itaelf  àt  midoriiig  a  specinl  9crnc«  to 
the  vniuii  bctveeo  Ron  ad  fnoec,  70U  -wv^A  be  vuAj  (o^  ntum  to  hU  mtifiAy, 
ÎO  DnJtr  to  exert  jtmr  HIbrti  to  oblaia  a  icsolt  h  conformnbla  lu  tlw  interest*  of 
both  rnifiim  u  itwaulil  be  lacordiait  wiih  the  iatuntioTu  tuid  wisliivof  tliermpptor, 

"  Yiiu  hare  jurt  pmrtid,  my  dËâr  dukt-,  tint  fou  mc  bept  on  fulflîLinji  rour  «ru- 
mise.  Xlis  maJMty  take*  plcvturc  în  tvRinp:  vou  this,  lie  will  hATc  mucli  murv  lAca* 
nifc  iti  tvpcating  it  to  ;irtiii  mm  met.  1  abuU.  tay  qo  mun;  to-da^,  fbt  juu  tw  well 
laKJw  tlw  omperur'H MBtim^rtB  tvgaidbig foo,  not  to  bp  nueuf  the  latisfactioii  it  will 
BtTdTid  Ilia  niftje«tT  to  hare  once  mem  wUa  hiza  ■  cocnrade  in  anna  of  U)c  rarkiatt 
■wvt  irhoDL  Ik  il  pkaaed  to  boooiir  with  his  «fte«in  aol  coofldaoc*. 


CHLOWCKI  BE8IGX3  THE  DICTATOKSOIP. 

Thfî  fear  of  seeing  war  break  out  between  Ruâgia  and  f  ranoe,  if 
tlïc  cmpL'ror'fi  wish  wits  not  coMplied  with,  overcûïne  the  Due  dc 
iMortcmart's  reluctance.  Named  arabassidor  of  France  to  St.  Pe- 
tcr?bur^r  by  tlic  French  government,  after  hïi\-ing  been  in  a  m^nocr 
nominated  by  tliat  of  Ru^sia^  he  set  out  on  Iiia  journey»  His  tn- 
Vtructiona  were  to  cement  as  cloâely  &3  postible  the  aLIiâncc  between 
the  two  cabinets,  on  the  bases  laid  down  by  the  treaties  of  Vienna; 
and,  as  regarded  Poland,  to  implore  the  emperor's  clemency- 

Si'bastii*m  affected  to  believe  that  Poland  expected  only  pity  of 
liim  who  Imd  been  so  lon^  her  master.  He  knew»  however,  tiinjuo-h 
the  Polish  agent  Wolycki,  that  the  pacific  mission  of  Lubecfei  »nd 
Ji'zierski  to  the  czar  was  owîn^  only  to  the  personal  indecision  of 
the  dictator  of  Warsaw.  As  for  Poland,  Wolycki  had  not  conceflled 
from  the  minister,  that  she  expected  nothing  save  fromi  her  swonL 

On  his  way  through  Berlin  the  Due  do  Mortcmart  met  ft  diplo- 
matic agent  from  Poland^  who  communicated  to  him  a  propomdbd 
Bubmittcd  to  the  diet  relalivc  to  the  dethronement  and  exclusion,  of 
the  house  of  RomanoflT.  Trembling  at  the  prospect  of  the  dancers 
,  Poland  was  about  to  bring  down  on  herscu'^  and  persuaded  that, 
Cidoned  by  the  French  government,  ehe  was  about  to  plunge  fatally 
t  a  bootless  resistimce,  M.  de  Morlcmart  strove  earnestly  to  dift- 
euftde  from  all  violent  measures.  It  was  too  lute;  Poland  "WiB 
already  come  to  that  [rass  at  which  she  could  listen  to  nothing^  bat 
her  despair, 

Bcsîdcsi,  the  reply  of  Nicolas,  so  long  expected,  had  arrived  in 
Warsaw  on  the  15th  of  Janufiry»  Ifi3L 

The  czar  therein  encouraged  the  fidelity  of  the  dictator  by  adroit 
flAtterîeâ,  but  be  was  determined  that  Poland  should  surrender  ftl 
discretion.  Chlopieki  appeared  disposed  to  obey;  the  diet,  on  the 
contrary,  wislitul  to  try  the  hazard  of  a  war  to  the  death.  A  rap- 
ture took  place,  therefore,  on  the  19th  of  January,  between  Chlopieki 
Mïd  the  Jjet,  and  the  former  resigned  the  (hclatorship,  after  a  ter- 
rible scene,  in  which  he  gave  way  so  much  lo  passion,  as  to  Idck 
and  thump  the  doors  with  his  Bate.  Czartoryski  tried  vainly  to 
calm  him,  and  in  vain  entreated  him  to  accept,  at  leasts  the  comnuwd 
of  the  army.      "  No,  no/'  he  exclaimed,  "  I  should  be  a  blackgnctrd 

I   -  "PerBiil  mc,  on  my  own  individoal  port,  to  exiireM  to  yon  the  viery  ttnonre  plaa 
'  tore  it  will  give  me,  my  dcnr  duke,  to  renew  with  ycm  tUnM  rtlattop»  on  which  I 
have  ft!wA,7fl  set  fto  miicii  vulut-. 
.    "  ReccivQ  tht-  aaiur^uicc  ul'  ilils,  a»  well  oi  of  1117  high  coniiidoriitbD  ALid  fiinccfc 

"4>t.  K-tcrsl>urg.  Dec  11. 1330.  (Siguwl)  "  KKSSEl.KODE." 

"My  urarUuke, — -A  courier.  arrivLHl  liuL  niiflLU  tiring  mc  word  Hint  tiM*  mt* 
pcrnr  win  rbt'cive  .Tou  with  the  most  livi^ly  flatisriu'iiuTi.  Of  this  you  will  flind  a  fur- 
ther proof  111  the  arooinpnnyin^  letter  fiir  you  fnjin  Count  NcMetrndc,  )  h*vD  jurt 
cuiunumic&tcd  the^c  ausvptnoiis  particuLitrji  to  GcdcroJ  ïH-liuJKiiuii,  whu  ii  fntit  to  re- 
pcirt  ihcin  U>  ihe  kiii^.  Al'ler  your  noniiiiatluu,  and  its  iiiMTlioii  in  the  SitmiSKur,  I 
will  iiimiiKlifiH'lyprcseDl  my  credentials.  Mc>uiwbik-,  kLi:p:tll  thialo  rourselfl  n»irt 
of  it,  however,  io  the  Jdos  and  the  ministi-r,  and  di^pHttli  with  iip«3  whatever  n  to 
be  done  befbrc  your  dcputore.    fiocei^-e,  Sa:..  &c. 


raREVOCABLE  RUPTURE  BETWEEN  POLAND  AN»  RCS91A.  379 

to  accept  it."  On  hearing  thîa  news  tlie  wldiers  mamfo»ted  deep 
affliction:  tlis  movement  party  strove  to  stir  up  the  people  to  riot 
againat  tlie  ex-^lictator,  ftnd  some  went  so  far  as  ki  accuse  Itim  of 
treason:  whilst  he,  in  the  conGdenec  of  virtue,  made  open  display  of 
Jits  contempt  for  Ëuch  guspicions,  tuid  walked  about  the  Htreets  qÏ 
Warsaw  calm  and  respected. 

A  generalissimo  was  needed;  the  eyes  of  his  countrymen  were 
turned  on  Prince  Michael  Radziwil,  an  excellent  Pole,  but  timid 
thrtiu^h  modesty,  and  incapable  through  irresolution.  He  was 
selected  on  account  of  his  relationship  with  the  house  of  Prusaiûj  and 
of  the  pood  effect  so  great  a  name  would  Imve  with  the  powera. 
Chlopicki,  moreover,  in  pointing  him  out  for  the  diet'a  choice,  pro- 
mised to  aid  him  with  his  advice.  This  being  settled,  the  àtting  of 
the  25ih  of  January  took  into  considemtion  the  propoMd  of  the 
nuncio  Roman  Soltyk,  to  the  eflect  that  Poland  should  be  declared 
indepoudent,  and  the  house  of  RomanofTfor  ever  excluded  from  the 
throne.  Cziirtoryski  had  used  every  means  to  cause  the  withdrawal 
of  this  motion  which  dismnyed  him.  He  saw  Soltyk;  he  laid  before 
him  the  chances  of  war,  and  showed  him  that  all  hope  of  accommo- 
dation would  be  irrevocably  cut  off;  he  tried  to  move  him  by  family 
considerations,  or  to  bend  him  by  flattering  hia  vanity.  Soltyk  re- 
mained unshaken. 

Meanwhile  the  diet  was  dubious^  it  heatated  before  that  great 
act  which  would  leave  it  wîtliout  other  force  than  that  of  hcroi&m. 
Jeeicrski,  one  of  the  negotiators  sent  to  St.  Petersburg,  spoke  of  hia 
interview  with  the  czar,  and  then  read  to  the  diet  the  memorial  he 
had  laid  before  Nicolas,  and  which  the  latter  sent  back  to  him  full 
of  notes  written  with  hiâ  qvtd.  hand .  One  of  these  notes  ran  thus  :-— 
"^  I  am  king  of  Pohind;  I  taill  drive  Arr  (Je  la  roulerai).  The  first 
cannon  shot  tired  by  the  Poles  shall  tinnihilâte  Poland."  The  reading 
of  this  note  sent  a  thrill  through  the  whole  assembly.  Others  wore 
rcad|  in  which  the  authors  oi  the  revolution  were  insulted,  called 
miscreants,  &c-  Thereupon  a  member  presented  himself  at  the  tri- 
bune, and  striking  the  hilt  of  hia  sabre,  he  asked  if  it  was  to  be 
endured  ihat  4  siivereign  should  insult  men  of  honour  and  courage? 
Tlie  assembly  remained  motionless,  and  gazed  in  eilence  on  tbo 
speaker.  Anthony  Ostrowski  rose  to  support  the  motion,  and  ener- 
getically called  to  mind  lus  father's  words  to  AleAftadër  on  delivering 
the  cliurter  to  him — "  Tliis  compact  ia  sacred.  Woe  to  whoever 
«hall  violate  it  T*  Wolowski  attempted  to  gpcak  in  his  turn;  but  by 
this  time  the  emotion  had  seized  every  heart;  silence  had  j^ven  way 
to  li-arful  txcitcmcnt.  Suddenly  Iveduchowaki  was  heard  shouting 
in  »  voice  of  thunder,  "  There  is  no  loTigtr  a  Nicolas  F  On  the 
moment  all  the  nuncios  started  to  their  teel,  and  uU  repeated  tïiat  ter- 
rible cry,  "  No  mare  JVicoiaâ!  No  more  emperor/''  At  tlïis  news/ 
which  the  nuncios  hsaU-ned  to  spread  throiigli  the  city,  the  people 
wtirc  «11  in  uproar*  Warsaw  was  illuminatetl  that  ni^ht,  and  the 
city  wua  {iU«d  with  &  gloomy  enthuaiosm,  and  with  that  mighty  urdottr 


lA  or  fkam:e  ox  m^u±r  of  folaxd. 


ehtf  pot^iÉiab,  vfajc^  sebes  a  mtion  when  it  if 

«f  A*  y^bett  iMefcei  for  Fi&nce  ;  xhcy 
p  mt  «w«  «îdi  foda  ^^  ^agamatm.    Oa  aH  ddcs  wen 

r  ^j  fresii  rtiygglcB  w«c  tb:êAs  ibr  ^«3&  in  the  chunber. 

^«■Ij  guteJiMMted  the  BainiMrr,  daBUtâizig^  whotiiCT 

-^        K  to  Mtfttsn  OS  to  litMdoM  nhad,  imd  whether  or 

i  te^pi  iwmJiL  wBj  bopc  iv  the  pec^  tàuç  had  mlwajl 


i  1m  ikJM  !■■  iki  fiiwiMiixi  nf  riini  i  "  i  iV  1  "  ^' 
'«faealoueicnttaBd  iiââifid  •»  us  ïa  o^  dftjv  of  fedversi^. 

cocu-  hocne  lo  ocr  inmost  souk  ;  bat  vhst  can  we  do  nr 

ir  httmiwiri  k^oa  |iirt  n  froa  diat  ualcntuiiafee  people, 

c  dttan*  iiith  OTBS  ia  onr  iMnds  to  «dûerrv  Une  cang[iie?t  of 

^  Mortb  of  £iinpe?    It  k  ^  caapi^Bi  sf  Ni^nleoa  tfalft 

■e  ta  wa."     LuBHitjqe  «ad  B^ww  n^Bed  «tth  mudi 

-d  doqneBoe.     Ther  iikdigvortlr  «aUed  to  tm&d  thatpoz^ 

b  WH  the  grefrt  ccune  of  the  t^kCflesth  centui^.     l^vj 

4  that  th«  T^tB  of  Poland  dowd  frcm  the  treaties  of 

Il  had  {RTDUused  that  peoofe  a  dadBct  fawmiftion,  n 

^     ,  and  in  which  Alexander  had  pledlged  hhwidf  Ito  govern 

mfoied  wUde.     They  prored  that  th«  czar  was  but  the  oooiili- 

L  loDg  of  PoUnd-     **  Shall  vc  go  and  brave  th«  ooloflsua  of 

jp^T  «xdaûned  Genccai  Lomazque.     "  But  that  coloe^us, 

Ljdable  at  home,  wii^«  the  inclcaiency  of  th#  chmate  protecta 

jnm,  could  not  long  more  without  the  aid  of  the  Engtifh.     Left  to 

hhnaelf,  he  knows  his  Tulnerable  points.     A  firm  language  and 

jttdicions  n^otiations  might  bring  him  to  a  sense  of  justice,  of  mo- 

decatioiL     ïhcse  virtoes  are  no  sbangers  to  the  young  conquercï 

iriio  has  croescd  the  Balkans.     He  knows,  moreover,  mat  Sweden 

■till  thinks  of  Finland;  that  Turkey  is  alwap  ready  to  recross  the 

Danube;  that  Persia  would  soon  return  to  the  Araxus;  that  the 

C&caasians,  the  warlike  tribes  of  the  Caucasus,  the  Tartars,  who  are 

chafing  tmder  the  yoke,  long  for  the  moment  when  they  may  fly  to 

•rms;  and  ^lat  if  Lnglond  and  France  would  interfere  conjomtly,  a 

Um  ^ps  of  the  line,  and  a  few  frigates  passing  through  the  I^r- 

danellpfi  and  the  Bosphorus  into  the  Black  Sea,  would  carry  terror 

along  its  coasts,  and  destroy  Sebastopol  and  its  squadron,  Odessa  and 

ita  magazines." 

These  speeches  were  enthusiastically  applauded.  They  fed  and 
kindled  public  opinion,  and  by  dint  of  wishing  for  the  safety  of 
Poland,  men  came  at  last  to  nope  for  it.  But  to  have  justice  on 
their  side  is  for  nations,  as  well  as  for  individuals,  but  a  sorry 
diance  of  victory. 

And  yet  the  power  of  Russia  was  much  less  formidable  in  reality 
than  in  appeazance,  and  the  opposition  orators,  such  as  MM.  Lo- 
asaxque,  Bignon,  and  Mauguin,  were  not  themselves  aware  in  how 


POLAKD  MTOHT  HAVE  BEEW  SATEn.  SSt 


^reat  a  degree  the  ecneroua  policy  iKey  adrocatol  wos  a  wisp  and 
thûroughïy  busiKsa  like  pciliuy.  ITie  czar  toa  accunttely  ktiew  tho 
lesourcca  of  hU  empire  not  to  have  been  seized  witli  deep  dismay  at 
thu  cvetits  la  Poland..  As  long  as  he  had  seen  Poland  kneeling 
beft)re  lus  anger  in  the  person  of  Chlopicki,  he  luid  displayed  all  tho 
inordinate  pnde  of  the  despot,  and  it  was  then  he  wrote  the  savage 
woTda^je  la  rmtlerai.  But  when  he  leamed  that  the  Poles  apptalcd 
to  God  and  to  their  swonls,  that  Chlopicki's  dictatorship  could  not 
maFtcr  the  revolution,  and  that  the  tiul  of  the  house  ot  Romanoff 
waa  pronounced,  he  fell  suddenly  into  the  utmoel '^dcipondency. 
M.  tie  Mortemart's  carriage  was  impeded  by  the  snow»  between 
Kocjiigaberff  and  McdicIt  and  he  did  not  reach  Warsaw  until  after 
the  ejiergetic  résolution  passed  by  the  diet  ot*  Wstreaw.  He  waa 
surprised  on  his  arrival  a.t  the  emperor's  ndziea.  ïiicolaa  opened 
hû  mind  to  the  French  ambaa&âdor  aâ  to  the  concesàona  he  would 
luive  been  inclined  to  make  to  insui^nt  Poland.  Among  other 
advanti^ca  he  would  have  insured  it  that  of  being  gOTcmcd  for  tho 
future  onJy  by  a  Pole,  to  be  chosen  by  himself  from  a  list  of  three 
candidatira  presented  by  the  diet.  Wliut  u  lixippiacËa  for  Poland  if 
the  cabinet  of  the  Palais  Koyai  had  by  an  cncrgctie  and  even  me- 
nicing  mediation,  turned  to  good  account  a  disposition  of  mind  so 
favourable  to  that  country  I 

Be  it  remembered  too,  tlint  tho  Emperor  NiooUs  i.vBa  the  least 
martial  of  all  the  princes  <jf  bis  times.  Manœuvres,  reviews,  pa* 
rades,  all  this  he  was  fond  of,  and  he  imght  be  vaunted  as  the  best 
corporal  in  Europe.  But  the  EÎ^hlof  a  field  of  battle  overwhelmed 
him.  He  dreaded  too  the  openings  which  the  shocks  of  European 
war  might  afford  to  the  jcalcuâ  and  envenomed  ambition  larking  ia 
his  own  family:  for  Constantino  by  the  insolence  of  his  demeanour, 
and  Êomctimea  by  the  hauj^htineas  of  his  refusals,  eecmed  to  taunt 
the  czar  with  Û*o  oblÎMtion  of  a  crown  conceded.  A  vehement 
diftcrcncc  of  opinion  wliich  had  broken  out  on  the  occaaon  of  tho 
Turkish  war,  had  added  to  tho  acrimotiious  feeling  subsisting 
between  the  brothetsr  the  grand  duke  had  refused  to  detach  from  tho 
Poli&h  army  some  r^mentB  deiiiundcd  of  bim,  but  whicli  iji  the 
exoen  of  his  caprice,  he  chose  to  rei^uirc  for  his  amusement  and 
hifi|ntadcs. 

It  was  in  the  bcgiunii^  of  February  that  Field-mftrâhfil  Diebilch 
Sabalkanski  entered  Poland  with  120,000  Ru&sians  and  400  picee« 
ofcftnnon.  To  oppose  thie  fomoitlable  invasion,  the  Poles  had  but 
35,000  infantry,  10.000  cavalry,  and  130  pieces  of  Artillery.  Th« 
retDftining  forces  of  the  country,  amounting^to  15,000  men,  were  dis* 
posed  of  m  the  garrisons  of  Prague,  Modhc,  and  I.>amo9c 

Diebitch's  army  had  eroEscd  the  marshes  of  the  Upper  Narew 
over  the  ice,  and  was  shot  in  between  the  Narew  and  the  Bug  as  it 
marched  towards  the  conftueoce  of  those  t^vo  ri\*ers;  but  a  night*8 
tliaw  having  suddenly  occurred,  the  manhal  abruptly  changed  lui 
plan  of  campaign,  and  determined  to  tivnsfcr  his  Lne  of  operations 


J 


battu:  of  cbochot. 

of  iIk  Bug.  kaTÎng  behind  lûm  &!!  his  lefl         ^ 

-^  -,O0O  cimàdieis,    under  the  command    of  Ptiace 

—        lofàda  gue^ed  tk&tlhis  great  movement  was   ia- 

'"ifKMed  lo  cfoes  the  Bi^,  iind  ùAl  on  the  Kussun 

KimDy  came  op,  or  else  to  take  pwt  oo  the  left 

e  etietny  into  the  th^ited  river,  ana  prereni  §18  p«»- 

•      at  ÎD  Diebttch  between  tiro  bnad  cuireiits  whick 

cwnc  împaâaibl&     OtKesd  tkoo^ght  of  burning  Wu- 

,  the  ^«rtr  to  ftuothertheaber  jointagtbe  reToh«]  Li- 

,  maa  posbin^  om^,  ifDeedftil,  to  Constutînople^  from  wkich 

imlog  the  aMof  Tufkerr^they  rai^hi  k«cp  in  checkthehuge 

envmre  of  the  cxar.     This  pluL,  ifduinglT  executed,  micht 

ofved  Poiand;  but   HadswiE  thought  cmlv  ofgfithenng  all  où 

round  the  capital  and  coming  to  a  dcosÎTe  cnga^eiucnl  at 

^  Toan  of  tiniid  intelloci,  he  knew  not   that  m  revcihi^ 

es,  natioDS  are  saved  bj  the  means  that  would  he  Jo- 

thoee  r^ulariy  governed. 

I  *Hh  of  FeÎMTiary  the  Polish  army  deplojcîd  on  all  the 

■         '^  fn>m  the  inatekes  of  Zastaw  to  kaTenczyn.     Chlo- 

■■  ^  commander-în-cliief,  reckoned  on  choorâng  hia 

I        wtweoa  Grochow  ai>d  the  Alder  Wood  ;    but  no 

I  '      int  Pahlcn  dehouched,  at  the  head  of  30,000  men, 

DTCffl  of  Mîlosaa,  than  General  Szenibec,  followed  by  the 

I  diriâon,  attacked  him  opposite  Wawcr.  Instead  of  an  ordi- 

.jigagcmeat  it  yna  a  desperate  band  to  hand  combat  that  took 

as  on  the  ver^  of  the  forest.     Ilie  liimaatia  were  driven  back 

l^ain  and  again  mto  the  iorestj  until  Ro*en  coming  up  to  their  aa- 

KStance  with  thirty  pieces  of  cannon,  the  assailants  were  forced  to 

fidl  back  on  Grochow,  iavoured  in  their  retreat  by  G-eneral  Kruko* 

wiecki. 

The  next  day,  February  20,  the  Polish  anny,  which  had  lost  but 
a  quarter  of  a  mile  of  ground,  had  on  its  right  flank  the  Vistula, 
and  ihe  Alder  Wood  on  its  left.  Behind  it  was  Warsaw,  which 
ofièied  it  an  asylum,  but  it  was  horrible  to  think  that  in  case  of  dis- 
aster an  army  of  45,000  men  would  have  only  one  bridge  over  which 
to  effect  ita  retreat.  Victory  was  for  Poland  a  matter  of  necessity. 
Dicbitch  sought  to  carry  the  Alder  Wood,  which  was  the  key  of 
the  position.  It  was  held  by  Skrzynecki  and  Gielgiids'  bri^de, 
which  occumed  the  skirt  of  the  wood.  Rosen  came  up  with  six 
regiments  of  infantry,  supported  by  36  pieces  of  cannon,  crowning 
the  Dombrowa  Gora  siunmits.  Tlie  fight  began  man  to  man  with  the 
bayonet.  Rosen's  grenadiers  entering  the  wood  were  thrice  drivai 
out,  and  the  open  ground  on  the  outskirts  was  covered  with  the 
dead.  Count  Witt's  cavalry  came  up  to  support  them,  but  the 
Polish  artillery,  spreading  into  a  crescent,  poured  a  cros?  6re  upon  it, 
routed  it,  and  separated  it  by  a  Hne  of  gore  from  the  Rusâan  gre- 
nadiers, who  could  no  longer  retreat  or  advance. 

Surprised  and  furious  at  seeing  his  troops  decimated  by  an  enemy 


BATTLE  OF  GttOCHOW. 


383 


*o  infcnor-m  numbcra,  Dit'bitoh  put  au  end  to  tJie  engagement,  and 
resolved  to  await  the  arrivai  of  Prince  Szacboskoii,  whom  he  had 
Icil  in  the  rear.  The  plain  was  strewed  with  dead;  there  were  Rus- 
sian regiments  which  the  grape  had  reducctl  to  the  number  of  a 
battalion  ;  the  two  armies  concluded  a  truce  of  three  hours  to  bury 
their  dead;  but  exlmusted  with  tatigue  after  a  carnage  of  thirty-six 
hours,  ihey  prolonged  the  tnieo  for  three  days.  Prince  Szachoakoï, 
whcfflc  marcn.  the  commander-in-chief  liad  been  unable  to  ^top,  ar- 
rived at  Nieporent  on  the  23  J  of  February,  after  passing  the  Narew 
without  obstacle. 

Daybreak  on  the  25  th  beheld  both  armiee  ranged  m  order  of 
battle.  Forty'fivo  thousand  Poles  confronted  more  than  one  hun- 
dred thousand  llussianii.  Silence  prevuiled  in  both  camps.  The 
Polish  gencrak  held  a  council  of  war  in  a  cabin  ;  but  tho  odds  were 
too  great,  and  they  were  filled  with  discouragetnent.  Chlopicki, 
despairing  of  the  salvation  of  lûa  country,  shed  tears  of  mge.  Mean- 
while the  gcneraU  of  each  division  were  at  tlicîr  posta,  Skrzy- 
necki'a  division,  reinforced  by  tlic  faucheurs'' ^  occupied  the  contre. 
Sïcmbcc  waa  on  tbe  right,  in  possession  of  Grochow  and  protected  by 
the  marshes  of  tho  Vistula.  On  the  left  wing  Zimirskl  occupied 
the  Alder  Wood. 

At  nine  in  the  morning  the  bjittlo  began  alone:  tJic  whole  Huq, 
Diebitch  strove  at  any  cost  to  "et  possessioa  of  tljc  Alder  Wood» 
the  key  to  the  position.  ChlopicKi  sent  orders  to  defend  it  to  the  last 
extremity.  Zimirski's  division  fouy-ht  there  with  desperate  detcr- 
niirtfttion,  and  be  himself  was  mortmly  wounded.  At  last  by  force 
of  men  and  cannon  the  ûeld-marslinl  made  lùmsclf  ma&Ccr  of  the 
wood,  planted  his  artillery  tlicrc,  and  attacked  the  second  line  of 
the  Poles,  commanded  by  Skrzynceki.  Tliat  general  received  or- 
ders to  repulse  liie  Uussians  and  recover  the  wood,  Chliopicki  came 
to  his  ussistancc,  and  both  puttino;  themselves  at  tïic  head  of  tha 
grenadiers,  they  charged  into  the  ngbt  side  of  the  wood^  and  drove 
out  the  Lithuanians  at  the  bayonet  pointy  who,  retreating  in  dlâ- 
order  tlirew  the  whole  army  into  alarm  and  confusion,  rhis  was 
the  precise  moment  for  a  charge  of  cavalry.  Chlopicki  sent  orders 
to  that  eflcct  to  General  Lubiensld,  but  the  latter  refused  to 
obey.  Maddened  and  desperate,  Cblopicki  dashed  into  tho  midst 
of  the  enemy,  and  replied  to  tbe  aides-do-caimp  who  applied  to  him 
for  orders,  '*  Go  and  usk  Radziwil;  as  for  mo,  I  seek  but  death," 
He  was  soon  unhoreed  by  a  shell,  and  was  wcretly  carried  off  i'rom 
tlie  field  of  battle;  but  tuc  news  of  bis  wound  w^s  spread  through 
the  army  aitd  tilled  it  with  cottstemation. 

llcouwhilo  the  field-marshal  liad  put  all  hi»  reserves  in  moLon; 
Prince  S^jtchoâkot,  who  had  been  fighting  alt  the  morning  at  Bia^ 
leuka,  bafEod  the  tjtperience  of  the  veteran  Krukowiecki,  deceived 
hitn  x\B  to  hiâ  munccuvrea,  and  lca\'ing  his  rcar>guard  to  keep  the 

*  Itdimiry  onriLi]  with  a  weapon  ptculùLT  to  Poliiiid,  lomewbiat  nsMinUiag  a 
Kjnhc  blade  Kt  «tniglit  apoti  iu  bandJc 


Jovn.  dieqôacidea^  eîear  jans-^e  rTnnwm    jmi  ieacre  :te 

JBbsBaa  cvnlrr  Érv  a  'veîL-'aiaBimeEt  are.  T^  ^^>^'-  inxzarâa& 
jiaîmF  begwwim  :iie  roxar^  Jnnrruifgïi'r  goeggtî  on  js  âr  :i:ï  s>  ::^ 

«K»  «m  ï«*"«***^  în.  '^  ail  aiteg.     TWr  anka  -jiuuuâeà.  np  by 

fcr^***"  -^asaby  <3C  Prince  JUbe^  «as  jomimîaDeii.  xoiî  «îc£i  iond 
hgT'*''*  IÎk  iiÛBaBaL  naëed  <3il  mW  szocx  inwn.  sïL  wôo  *3aâ  «nr  i  j  w  il 
flbe  MKK  nul  sbe  avvnaes;  TkiB  «aa  France  l'^^tiicd*  anii  is  ')«(■■ 
1^  Oie  hojuk  ';£  {ÎK  Pcies  tâac  ^  oîiî  advmiceiî  zôani  «if  :he  ia- 
VMÎrA  vas  sweoc  ^JD,  dbe  swe  -ic  siie  «ar^â.  T!xîs  ft*r^"ni»'  Zisw  wim 
fitoi  V*  îve  "iiriwanrf  PrJra.  sui  coa  me  Rap^timy  ^âe  fàtp  ce  chisr 
«firer?.  ami  mnrï  dian.  tioi  inoosBui  sbqi  tu::  âcrrs  iû*  c'imàut. 

Sigij&c  cioaed  isL  aaci  tîie  Guuumacfe  ceaaetL       S^rr^necxi    uni 

«f  tii«  daTiCae».  KjiisÉwïI  w  ïàsid  shac  'Àe  cnlj  teij?e  cf  Prae& 
WAlfi  be  eanrioi  «nj  by  cîk  ice.  He  ^xvc  occxss  zc  tkc^o^  azki 
OMKii  &<r«r  :û  ùkc  ]ek  bank  ot'iibe  VisaLi.  «mkc  D&ebsscâ  maicbed 
W  «isj  bock  into  die  fixctt. 


THE  FOLITICAL.  BTBTSX  OF  FXtAKCE  DEFINED.  Stt 


CHAPTER   Vm. 

Whilst  these  events,  were  engroeàns  tke  attention  of  Europe,  tha 
KiTig  of  ^e  French  was  busded  in  consolidating  his  dynasty,  and  was 
calnuy  pursuing  the  accomphshmentof  his  designs.  Seeing  the  leadeis 
of  the  bourgeoisie  thronging  round  his  throne,  under  the  influence  of 
fear,  ignorance,  and  narrow  mindcdness,  he  had  ceased  to  rendex  them 
flatteiY  for  flattery.  He  became  leas  cautiously  reserved  in  his  man- 
ners; ni  9  language  daily  grew  more  conformable  to  his  sentiments. 
The  popularity  which  Had  been  so  eagerly  courted  at  first,  not  £rom 
naturâl  inclination,  as  in  Lafayette's  case,  seemed  now  to  be  held  ia 
little  account  There  b^;an  even  to  be  an  undi^uised  tendency  to 
talk  in  a  style  betrayiog  political  sentuneoits  which,  till  then,  nad 
been  ke^t  half  concealed. 

At  this  period  deputations  were  sent  to  the  kin^  from  all  parts  of 
the  kingdom.  That  from  the  town  of  Ghiillac  having  said,  *'  Abroad 
France  desires  to  be  independent  of  the  foreigner,  within  she  would 
be  independent  of  factions,"  the  king  replied,  "  Should  the  neces- 
sities 01  the  country  oblige  me  to  call  on  the  national  guards  and  all 
the  citizens  to  defend  our  independence  gainst  foreign  aggression,  I 
should  make  the  appeal  with  entire  confidence  ;  but  I  hoj^  the  ne- 
cessity will  not  exist  We  must  not  alone  cherish  peace,  we  must 
avoid  every  thingthatmight  provoke  war.  AsregardsdomesticpoUcy, 
we  wiU  endeavour  to  T"fl^"t*^"  ajuste  mxUtu"  Ths  secret  was  out; 
the  character  of  the  system  to  be  pursued  was  declared. 

These  words  of  the  king  resounded  through  all  France.  Some 
thought  that  the  monarch  was  not  sorry  to  have  an  opportunity  of 

faining  credit  with  foreign  cabinets  for  his  courage  in  stemming  the 
cady  current  of  popular  feeling.    Every  body  remarked  the  unusual 
clearness  and  predsion  of  his  language. 

It  remained  to  be  known  in  wnat  maimer  the  active  passions  that 
demanded  of  the  revolution  an  objoct  and  an  issue,  were  to  bo 
repressed  and  stQled.  In  the  violent  àtuation  of  French  society,  it 
had  need  of  an  innovating  government  in  default  of  one  of  a  warlike 
character.  Now  the  chamie'inedley  government,  thrown  up  by  the 
three  days,  breathed  only  hatred  of  innovations  and  dread  of  war. 
Some  fearful  esqplosion  was  therefore  to  be  expected  ;  and  the  exe- 
cutive, in  its  impotence  to  prevent  it,  prepared  the  means  of  re- 
mcdying  it  when  it  should  have  broken  out  They  talked  of  pur- 
chasing arms,  provisioning  the  fortresses,  levying  troops,  and  rein- 
forcing the  garrisons,    l^ei  had  preparations  for  war  been  made 


kCQoit  âbctdix  ^  :3if  sme  «  ^auee  v  tie  ^mmrsea  &jr  slarr. 

TVe  fe^cîmaiàsg  ^'n  gh*r  ^«r:  r«^  pvinonilT  en  àe  afaeônficr  of 
aa  Buav  v^ecvccaack  T!bfv  rrraBBsa.  mnnnnagitlT  orer  i^  xnczcue 
«f  expvoee  on  as*  'Jon  îtami  imi  ôe  amCiaaat  (^''  income  en  tlie 
oAer.     T^T  sskiBa*  sj  sumi  «ïcà.  jê_*jig  grâi?.  ùax  in  the  fixst 

peaiîmv^:  vèie ks;  en.  Ôk'  ccnxcsix.  31  ^^  irre  htaer  »*-gteh«  t|^  «{^ 
fiât  kid  b«n  ta.  Aiscœï.  5.A5l.!Wttr-  :  31  Sc^cœi^kt.  6.$81.0006-.; 
m  tV«ufc*îr.  5.4>4.A'WÉ-  :  àr  X.'wwncer.  IjtHljOOO^.:  aïki  xa  Dt- 
eeraber.  l2v$rT.iXXi|T.  T^shsl  .^^rm^  %>  tài>  ^rt]«  kboobx  oi  shese 
defidts  àe  3t\*XXUXX>  sois  k  cdmerw,  jobd  the  Ô4.C0O.0OO  esti^ 
Bu&ni  îacTçase  ot*  exrwrniEtic:?  ùi  1  SA\  "àxj  calLeù.  on  xhe  g«iîiis  i^ 
aie  rerohmott  to  ccoîèas  ::seiî  buaimpc  uid  ^xr  ^low^  ax  the 
terr  portai  ot"  tfle  oMiiair  J>sir  »  ôeiim  ot'  more  xkxa  x  homired 
■nlIîoBs  ibr  wiuch  à»  oxrs-trr  fi2)f  t  siÔi  bad  ïo  chant  tbe  reTohitkm 
ftlose. 

The  mool  interests  ot'  iocîerr  «eesïed  «tiQ  more  compnxnised  tbrnn 
die  mitemL  AU  vas  tomuh  xaà  cootuàco  is,  the  inKilectu^  vcaii. 
Tbc  «pirit  of  inqmrr  now  knew  no  bo<œd*,  and  it  set  abcm  wmn- 
deiÎBg  &oni  the  âfe  path,  with  an  indcKxîbabie  and  Àbovmte  p^- 
rerntj. 


ANARCIIT  IN  THE  MOKAl^  WOHLD.  387- 

Mingling  cynical  errors  with  some  bold  trulJbs,  the  St,  Simonlans 
laboured  in  the  Glsbe  to  shake  aU  the  old  foundatiang  of  social 
order.  That  industry  should  be  roçulated  in  obedience  to  an  au- 
thority sclf-constkutcd  and  sole  judge  of  ila  own  legitimacy;  that 
production  should  be  concentrated  to  excess,  ûnd  ils  ajvnntagea 
jwrtioTied  out  in  the  ratio  of  merit;  that  the  Irunsmissiou  of  pro- 
perty should  be  abolished  as  well  aa  that  oï  offices;  that  marriage, 
the  IcgaUzation  of  adullety,  should  give  pkcc  to  the  sovereignty  of 
inclination  and  to  the  emancipation,  of  pleasure  ;  tliat  tlie  empire  of 
society  should  be  substituted  for  that  of  the  family;  such  Were  the 
doctnnes  then  undergoing  elaboration  at  the  hands  of  young  men^ 
mygticral  and  sensual,  but  full  of  talent,  energy,  and  zeal,  'llieir 
moral  philosophy  was  summed  up  in  those  words,  *'  Tn  each 
according  to  his  capacity^  to  each  capacity  according  to  its  works;" 
and  beholding  with  indignation  the  vices  of  ^  social  systera,  in 
which  recompenses  were  bestowed  almost  in  the  inverse  ratio  of  ser- 
vices, diey  congratidated  themselves  on  the  apparent  wisdom  of  their 
formula;  until  a  loftier  sclioot  promulgated  the  laws  of  a  superior 
monililV,  and  deduced  from  the  divcrâty  of  natural  powers  not  the 
inequahty  of  rights,  but  that  of  duties. 

Ihcse  intensely  exciting  investigations  wci-e  ca.rried  on  amidst  a 
thousand  aimless  anxicticp,  and  furious,  though  slumilarly  frivolous 
contentions.  The  Hbcrale,  after  their  victory,  had  divided  into  two 
camps,  that  of  fnovcifieitt  and  that  of  resistance^  sonorous  words  an- 
Bwering  to  little  more  than  mere  instincts — vague  words,  by  meana 
of  which  the  disputants  concealed  from  themselves  the  uncertainty 
of  their  aims  and  the  emptiness  of  their  maxims  and  behef. 

Then  came  a  small  number  of  republican  democrats,  already 
assuming  for  tlieir  war-cry  the  abolition  of  the  proletary  caste,  ^id 
the  bourgeois  républicains,  the  logicians  of  liberalism,  who  contented 
themselves  with  shouting  to  their  friends  of  the  day  before,  "The 
work  of  destruction  is  not  comi>lete:  why  is  royalty  standing  when 
every  thing  else  is  prostrate?"  Lastly»  that  nothing  might  be  wanted 
to  tftis  noiay  war  in  the  dark,  champions  were  seen  entering  the 
list*  who  invoked  the  Empire  in  the  name  of  liberty. 

In  this  vast  wliirlwind  of  interests,  thoughts,  and  principles,  it 
was  scarcely  to  be  expected  that  religion  should  escape  untouched. 
Holigioua  reforma  were  attempted,  Ewmc  of  them  futdc,  olhci^  of 
moment.  A  priest,  named  Chatel,  took  upon  him  to  introduce  the 
vulgar  tonffue  into  the  service  of  tbe  church,  a  schismatioLl  pro- 
ceeding evincing  no  depth  of  judgment,  because  it  divested  of 
all  TQytit<!iTi  that  19  to  eay,  of  all  poetry,  the  prayers  which  ascend 
from  simple  souls  to  God, 

But  amongst  the  religious  reformers  of  the  period  there  was  one 
who  filled  the  age  wiui  his  name.  Wliilst  the  Saint  Simonians 
were  talking  in  the  Gl*^  of  reforming  society,  M.  de  Lamennais, 
with  much,  more  weight  and  learning,  and  not  less  écltd^  talked  in 
the  Avenir  of  regenerating  the  chundi.     Deploring  tlie  mistakes 

2l> 


m^ 


■"1       -.f     rtTtmOB^ 

■■''■"  !-■  v.-   _  .-,.  .-.  z::^  zl^^   t-  ^t<f^^^  ■■-rT^^^      jvami. 

-^^'>     -      ■,  *    ./r  ^..-TTnr..^ïir     ^-''-  '^^   ^iact^r     u:.»    TTIU.    TtîTT  TTï- 


NEW  LAWS,  ^^^^^^  gg^ 

came  to  be  regarded  onlj  &s  an  obstacle, — tlience  ita  dificredit.  For 
it  is  iha  lot  of  ffOTcminenU,  created  by  revoluLÎonSf  to  be  respected 
only  on  condition  of  tbcii  proving  their  importance,  and  com- 
penpatinfT,  by  the  splendour  ol  their  serriccs,  for  their  deficiency  in 
tlio  prestiqe  belonging  to  an  inde]Kndent  origin. 

Ihe  cbernbeTB  roeanwhile  pursued  tlieir  labour?.     A  law  waa 
paa.«ed,*  providing  that»  for  the  future,  tlie  number  of  councillors  or 
judges  in  the  courts  of  asst?*  should  be  reduced  from  five  to  tluree; 
that  a  majority  of  seven  Yotes  in  the  jury  should  be  docisive  against  1 
the  accused;  and  that  certain  artielcâ  of  the  code  of  criminal  in£truC' 
ûon  flhould  bo  annulled,  as  hostile  to  the  sovereignty  oi'  the  jury. 
It  a  tlie  nnture  of  the  institution,  as  every  one  knows,  tliat  the  jury-  , 
men  arc  to  determine  whether  the  offence  is  proved,  and  it  i*  for  lîi« 
judge  to  apply  the  penalty.     Now»  according  to  the  code  dmstruc^ 
Uim  eriminellej  the  judgca  of  the  law  ivere,  in  a  given  case,  to  liav* 
aslmre  in  detcnnining  tlic  fact;  and  thus  a  fuodamentAl  di^tiuctioiL  | 
between  the  two  classes  of  judecâ  Wfxs  vitiated»  if  not  destroyed* 
The  chambers,  by  reviving  thut  diatinclion,  ejected  a  useful,  thouglt,] 
partial  reform- 
Already,  thanks  to  the  active  and  peTscvcring  solicitations  of 
avocut  Patomi,  an  order  of  the  12th  November,  1830,  countcraignedTl 
by  Dupont  de  l'Eure,  luid  re-established  the  institution  oi  juries  ix, 
dorncu,  where  it  had  bccai  supprcsaed  by  Buonaparte. 

These  concesBions  were  not  enough  to  itllcvc  the  govemmcût  fronrj 
the  unpopularity  under  which  it  laboured.  Tliis  increased  whcnthf 
chambers  were  seen  adopting  with  alacrity  n  lawf  tranFfonuing  int 
&n  rmpot  de  ^otité  the  personal  contribution  which  bad  till  then  bees  ' 
numbered  among  the  impôts  de  rejHtrtition.X  Time  no  doubt  had  in- 
troduced serious  abusca  and  gross  inequalities  into  the  apportioning  of 
ihc  contin<:;cnt.'?,  nnd  in  justiBcation  of  the  new  hiwan  m&tancc  could 
be  shown  of  a  wealthy  department  in  which  the  personal  contribulion 
ma  only  at  the  rate  of  94  centimes  per  head,  wbiUt  it  amounted  to 
Ifr.  87c,  in  a  much  poorer  department  But  to  substitute  in  the  ap- 
portionment and  collection  of  the  personal  contribution,  the  direct 
and  inexorable  intervcation  of  the  treasury  ogenta  for  the  fratcm&l 
arrangements  of  the  aasociated  tax-payers,  was  not  this  to  take  away*. 

*  Adapted pioTiiiooBtly  by  ttic  chiDiber of  depaticA,  Jan,  11,  1S3I;  ^iieialcdl 
the  chuDDOt  oT  Men,  ÏVK  11,  1S3I;  and  definitively  adoptii!  Yth.Ht,.  \91M. 

f  I^RtM  hf  too  cfauiiber  «if  deputl»  Jan.  S6,    \6Si,  and  dctiutirelT^  ad 
Mudi  IT,  ISJI. 

}  l%c  tmpf'tét  repartiticm  îk  thul  (if  wIiIpU  the  Ifgiitatirc  niit)>ority  axes  the  ftun 
total  be&nnontl,  otid  wiiicli  it  n^iponSons  mit  uuoDfçst  the  dcpartnicnt^  the  ikiurt' 
mBti  moùDg  the  urondiewnKiiu.  itwK  Utter  anun^  the  cammunes,  and  the  exan- 
manm  nnuing  ihu  iiidiTÎduiU  iuliutjitJUil». 

Till'  niiiouitt  of  tlie  impùt  Je  t/mUiU-  ij  mtt  fixnl  liiifurf tiaod ;  c-Bch  iudiriduid  findt 
ItiniM'lf  in  tmcnedinlc  contact  vitli  Llie  fl«c,  irkich  Icvicj  Ilu.>  impuAt  u^toa  hîin  sc- 
oordinp;  to  the  cnnditinns  \a3d  down  by  law. 

Jn  ÛI0  impit  de  ivpat-MitfO^  "tihiclt  is  n  re^  coni]>o«tion  bctwMn  Ibe  pffWfiUMat^ 
and  the  localitie*,  taeflsc  cmiuiDt  reiUite  ukun  thui  tlii.'  Eum  fixinl,  but  tt  cajuiui  mi.' 
isc  kvs.      In  the  impôi  it  ^nàotitt,  oa  tfw  coutrar^.  H  hn«  all  the  CMt  oui  Lruuhlc  i 
cxiUociion,  and  inciin  all  the  vbuioe«  theragf,  gonl  aod  bud. 


> 


390  TWO  Kiyr$  or  CKSTitii-iiATios. 

aom  the  anfommate  the  wlvaiki^e  of»  iwedftil  protection,  and  to 
XMlder  the  o^lccdoo  of  ihe  wx  husfa,  difficult,  and,  above  oil,  pre* 
«■nous?  And  if  it  vis  tme  that  Sùbie  defittrtiDents  were  dtspropor^ 
tioiutelv  bonkn-ed,  wbv  Dot  hày^  Kooorsc  v>  •  more  equitable  allot- 
XEKBt  aad  modîTv  tlic  appliuliao  ot  the  system  without  nbru^lff 
deatroTing  ild  piindplG.''  Sodi  were  tbc  sTgutnenta  offered  9g%itist 
the  Uxr  ;  and  as  it?  aT<>wed  object  n>  ta  ugOMlit  tbo  iDcome  of  the 
goTEmmeDt,  the  inoovatioii  "fraiS  beUI  ta  odiuin,  as  fidCftl  tytnunj  in 
4BKinK  md  «n  attack  on  the  eiîaeiiep  of  the  poor. 

DïsCTSDOiuof  htgherimzurtuMe  SDoncikgagvd  the  public  Attendait. 

Thù  CÊbtnliaatïiui  establishiïd  by  the  CaoFeatioD,  and  carried  ta 
iti  most  extreme  limits  by  Napoleon,  had  for  a  quarter  of  a  centuij 
OODSlituted  the  swetjgth  and  the  f^ory  of  France.  Unity  was  what 
had  enabled  the  ptuir  of  the  nwDntain  to  dismay  and  vaiiquish 
Buiope,  From  unît)'  doired  til  l3w  prodigies  of  xhs  grott  innporial 
■dvennire.  And  yvt  ùom.  the  day  it  had  ceased  to  be  neoeaaat^'  that 
FjCaiKc  shouM  be  one  soldier,  tbc  cxcca  of  centralizatioiibad  bixiome 
a  cause  of  enervation  to  the  coimiry.  At  the  period  of  which  we 
arv  Trritin.''  the  history,  mo^G  of  the  (■ommunes  ol  France  were  vegis 
tatiufr  in  a  state  scarcely  crédible  of  i^orance,  cjjotian^  wrctched- 
BSB  and  lan^our:  there  inis  no  more  etprù" dt  a^rpt^  no  collective  pa;^ 
GKHu,  no  prescriptive  usage.  ITw  blood  had  siifiered  a  re^Tjkioiai 
from  all  ports  of  the  social  body  to  the  sorcJiai^rçd  heart.  And  wh&t 
WM  the  teeall?  A  marveUous  ardour  ending  in  impoteDce  «id  &oe|>- 
tiCBiDt  the  n>ncetitntioii  t>f  all  foreies  iofcning  that  of  all  ambt tions; 
the  deare  of  dii|ilay  carried  to  effrontery;  an  imnienw  fihsorption 
for  a  little  radiation,  and  intellects  the  most  original  perverted  by  the 
Bumia  of  imitation,  the  lore  of  ^n,  the  despotism  of  fashion,  or  im- 
patient dcarc  of  success  ;  competition  and  its  trauds,  charlatanism  and 
its  scandals,  stimulations  wiuiout  number,  but  to  evil  rather  than  to 
0ood;  incalculable  resources,  but  more  adapted  to  pamper  vain  illu- 
8H>ns  than  to  satisfy  legitimate  hopes  ;  civilization,  in  fine,  exhausting' 
its  lies  and  its  miracles  to  render  man  guilty  and  wretched, — such  was 
under  the  influence  of  an  ill  understood  centralization  the  life  of  the 
c^iitaL     France  around  Paris  was  the  void  aroimd  chaos. 

As  for  the  causes  of  this  state  of  things  they  were  of  old  date. 
Encompassed  by  plots,  snares,  and  treasons,  seeing  none  but  enemies 
within  and  without,  around  and  at  its  feet,  the  Convention  was  ob- 
liged to  know  every  thing  and  regulate  every  thing.  Accordingly 
it  suppressed  the  communes,  made  its  way  into  the  bosoms  of  fami- 
lies by  means  of  its  agents,  and  laying  hold  on  the  whole  life  of  the 
citizens,  made  them  breathe  but  its  own  breath.  Not  content  with 
making  the  general  interests  radiate  towards  itself  (a  plan  which  con- 
stitutes the  force-giving  system  of  political  centralizaUon),  it  had  con- 
centrated in  its  own  hands  the  direction  of  all  local  interests — a  course 
wherein  consists  the  stifling  system  of  administrative  centralization. 

Then  came  Napoleon  ;  and  he  would  not  separate  the  two  systems, 
because,  like  the  Convention,  he  had  need  of  an  all-absorbing  dic- 
tatorship, men  being  but  the  figures  in  the  calculationa  of  his  genius. 


THE  WOBflE  KIHU  AÎ>OPTEI>  BT  THE  LEmSLATrRE,        391 

When  Napoleon  was  fettered,  France,  which  moved  in  him,  sud- 
denly lost  all  înovpracnt  its  ft  collective  body.     But  as  Puris  remained 
the  centre  of  all  business  down  to  the  very  smallest,   it  vctaiut-d 
^  tumulluouâ  agitation  as  a  relic  of  the   Empire,     ITius  political 
centmlizaticm,  wliicli  is  a  good,  iras  dead;  administrative  centraliza- 
tion, -which  is  an  evil,  euirived:    tho  consequence  was  a  peddling 
despotism  instead  of  one  on  a  j!;Tand  scnlc.     An  authority,  "whose 
very  excesses  were  ricli  in  great  result?»  gave  place  to  a  barren,  rçd- 
tape  tyranny;    and  a  government  of  statesmen  was  found  to  have 
bcqucathcd  the  first  nation  in  the  world  to  a  govcnimenl  of  clerks. 
The  problem  to  be  solved  was,  therefore,  how  to  establish  political 
cctitralization  on  larL'e  bases  and  to  destroy  administrative  centntliza*  j 
tion.     In  other  words  it  was  requisite,  in  the  first  place,  to  ccmi'er  I 
on  the  state  the  rigiit  of  acting  supremely  in  uU  great  matters;  of] 
çxercisitig  a  moral  guidance  over  the  pubbc  mind  through  the  rilca 
of  rebgion,  education,  public  festivities,  and  theatrical  entertain- 
ments; of  estabUshing  public  credit  by  the  toippression  of  private 
banks;  of  undertaking,  to  the  exclusion  of  all  private  companies, 
the  construction  of  canals  iind  raihroads,  the  working  of  mine^,  &c.; 
and,  in  the  second  place,  of  oonferring  on  the  commune  the  right  of 
providing,  at  ita  own  instance  at  least,  if  not  independently  of  all 
control,  for  the  repairB  of  the  church  and  the  Hôtel  de  Ville»  tho 
pro^)cr  maintenance  of  the  burial  ground,  and  the  cmbellsi?hnient  of  | 
the  town,  in  a  word  far  all  requisite  matters  of  a  special  kind. 

Unfortunately  the  chambers  which  attempted  to  d^I  with  this 
important  problem,  were  incapable  not  only  of  solving  it,  but  even 
of  duly  propounding  it.  Already  in  ratifying  in  the  charter  the 
equality  of  religions,  liberty  of  teaching»  and  industrial  competition, 
they  had  annihilated  real  political  centmlization  and  stripped  the 
Btate  of  its  most  natural,  its  highest,  and  its  moat  necessary  pre* 
K^ativea.  To  compbt«  this  work  of  folly  nothing  remained  to  be 
done  but  to  strengthen  administrative  centrabzalion  by  taking  from 
the  commune  all  freedom  of  action,  every  principle  of  liib.  This 
they  tlid  by  their  law  regarding  mimicijwd  organization. 

Tlie  disctission  in  tho  chamber  of  deputies  was  Uborions  and  con- 
fu.'Sed,  The  majority  were  for  having  the  commune  absolutely  de- 
pendent on  the  central  authority.  I'hey  demanded»  con&cquently, 
that  the  mayor  and  his  adjoints  should  be  named  by  the  king  in  the 
principal  towns»  and  by  the  prefect  in  those  of  less  importance.  With 
regard  to  the  formation  of  the  municipal  council  they  did  not  ven- 
ture too  openly  to  repudiate  the  elective  principle,  but  tliey  allowed 
it  but  a  very  roatricted  application.  The  minority  maintained  that 
the  commune  coidd  never  bo  healthily  organized  until  all  the  in- 
habitants should  have  votes  in  the  election  of  the  mayor,  the  ad- 
jonU,  and  the  municipal  councillois. 

The  latter  opinion  was  evidently  confummblc  to  the  true  prmdpleB 
of  government;  but  those  who  maintained  it  put  tbrward  tho  que»- 
lion  in  a  bad  shape.    In^tead  of  representing  tne  commun»  in  thcii 


392 


■NtW  LAW  Oy  THE  MTnnCIPALITIES, 


relation  to  the  whole  body  of  society,  they  defended  them  oû  _ 
ground  of  individual  rights.  Instead  of  proving  that  it  was  enough 
to  give  a  vigorous  constitutioii  to  the  comnnmes,  to  enable  these  to 
çrïect  the  busineffi  of  the  state  whilst  effecting  their  own,  they,  like 
their  adTcraarics,  act  out  with  supposing'  that  there  cxistËd  a  natazal 
hoEtiUty  Ijetxreen  the  communes  and  the  statc>  TIiiawBrP  a^ratuicooi 
and  absurd  suppogition  on  the  part  of  the  ïninority;  for  in  predicting 
a  strugcrlc  and  demanding  that  the  comraunœ  should  be  put  in  a 
condition  to  carry  it  on  with  vigour,  the  minority  ^cmcd.  seLT-coQ* 
victcd  of  desiring  the  organization  of  anarchy. 

The  long  and  confused  discussion  ipsued^  ns  was  to  be  expected, 

in  a  deplorable  vote.     Tlie  decision  come  to  was  as  follows:  toe  ma* 

TiirâpaL  coiuicjllora  were  to  be  chosen  by  a  body  of  elector?  oompoMd 

of  the  citizeng  paying  the  greatest  amount  of  direct  contributiimâ  ia 

ttch  commune^  in  numbers  equal  to  a  tenth  of  the  popukttioa  in  ooio^ 

[  munes  of  a  thousand  souL;  and  under.     This  number  wis  to  increfla 

f  At  the  nite  of  live  for  every  hundred  inhabitants  above  one  tKouauid 

I  and  under  five  thousand;  of  four  for  every  hundred  above  fivethol^ 

sand  and  under  6fteen  thousand;  and  beyond  this  at  the  rate  of  thtce 

1  per  hurtdrcdu     To  these  electois  qualiliea  by  their  pecuniary  meazH, 

were  added  certain  cntizena  deemed  to  possess  superior  capaciiit^,  ?ncli 

aa  physicians,  barristers,  nottirio,  jtistic-es,  attorttcys,  officers  of  ilie 

liational  guard,  functionaries  enjoying  retiring  pensions,  &C.;  tJÛ8 

class  however  could  only  cxerciÈc  their  electoral  ngbts,  on  condiUoa 

of  being  actually  domiciled  for  a  stated  time  in  the  conunUJie,     The 

municipal  councils  were  to  be  elected  for  sixyears^  and  to  consist  of 

members  not  undcrtwcnty-fivcycarsofagc,  one-half  of  whom  WËTe  to 

jetire  every  three  years.     The  mayor  and  liis  adjoints  were  to  b* 

chosen  from  among  the  munidpal  coumeilior?;  but  tlie  nominaCMa. 

wM  to  itfit  with  the  king  in  the  chief  town  of  each  arondisBemeiit;, 

mid  in  communes  of  three  thousand  inhabitants  and  upwards;  and 

with  the  prefect  in  the  lesa  considerable  communes.    Nominaled  far 

three  yeai^  the  mayors  andadjiunts  were  liable  to  suspenioon  by  order 

of  the  prefect,  and  lo  be  sict  aside  by  royal  ordinance.     Lastly,  toihe 

prefect  and  sub-prefect  was  cotnmittcd  the  right  of  âummontn?  every 

cïtmordinary  meeting  of  the  municipal  council^  wliich  in  such  caaea 

wac  bound  to  confine  itself  to  tlic  consideration  of  the  special  object 

ibr  wliich  it  had  been  caUwl  topcther. 

This  law,  loaded  vnth  details  which  it  would  be  têdioos  ana  use- 
less  to  enumerate,  excited  universal  uproar.  An  assembly  of  nota- 
ble», elected  by  another  aiwembly  oi'  noUiblefl,  and  directed  by 
miiuBtcrial  agents,  Eiich  was  tbo  economy  of  the  new  law;  that  ia  tp 
say,  it  rested  the  power  of  ministers  on  nearly  thirty-four  thoufliikd 
liltlti  bour^eoiâ  oligarchies.  All  the  democrats  were  inccjuaaj» 
What  !  ihcy  excliiiiiied,  those  are  the  ways  into  which  they  dan 
to  turn  the  eourec  of  the  revolutitm  I  France  then  is  to  paas  under 
the  yoke  *jf  the  Icadiag  tax-payet^  and  pliicc-holdcrs  I  What  ^gnify 
thcM  municipal  capaatiea,  the  proof  of  which  id  to  be  Ibund  in,  tlui 


I 


OBJECTIONS  TO  IT.  " 393 

tttx-gat>iercr's  Uet  or  in  a  licentiate's  tUploma?  An  attorney  knows 
better  than  a  peasant  how  to  deal  with  a  bimtîlc  of  papcra,  but  Joea 
he  better  know  what  relates  to  the  apporiiooing  of  common  iaiidia, 
ibr  instance,  or  the  economy  of  wood  lândâV  How  arbitrary  and  inso- 
lent are  all  these  classiilcationâ  !  Thej  declare  a  man  a  notable  if  he 
knows  the  cavil  code,  or  haa  studied  medicine;  he  is  not  one  though 
he  be  master  of  architecture,  botany  or  astronomy.  And  what  are 
to  be  the  rip:hta  and  privileges  of  the  munititml  councils?  Since  it 
is  thought  tit  to  make  a  ck^Gcation  of  capacjtie^,  at  least  we  ougbt 
to  be  told  on  what  objecta  these  are  to  be  exercised.  But  no.  The 
ranpc  of  their  functions  is  left  for  future  consideration;  so  that,  in- 
etefta  of  creating  the  magistracy  for  the  function,  the  function  ia  to 
be  created  to  fit  the  magistracy  I  To  couTert  the  electoral  right  into 
%  monopoly,  is  to  forge  an  instrument  of  tyranny.  It  would  be 
better  to  annihilate  the  elective  piinciple,  than  to  corrupt  it.  If  the 
rich  have  sway  in  the  municipal  councils,  an  organized  protection 
will  have  been  given  to  those  interests  that  have  tlie  least  need  of 
being  protected.     The  absurdity  is  manifest,  tlie  iniquity  flagrant* 

The  retnonstnmcfâ  of  the  légitima  limits  were  not  less  keen.  In  that 
list  oi'  presumed  notabiUties,  in  which  the  lesialator  enjroUed  half- 
pay  Fub'lieuteuants,  tbey  sought  in  vain  jbr  thfi  pariah  pricât,  and 
they  were  anck&ïed  that  the  hbcrals,  in  their  aristocratic  «com  of  the 
rabhlty  \\tA  visited  alike  with  exclusion  the  village  pastor  and  the 
Tillage  bUcksnaith.  Invoking  the  recollections  of  the  ancien  régitne^ 
tliey  pointed  to  the  vinc-dreœeTS^  the  barbers,  and  the  agricultural 
labourci^,  summoned  by  the  edict  of  May,  1766,  to  take  part  in  tiiê 
a&ifâ  of  their  commune  ;  and  from  the  uberaliani  of  the  legislators 
l^tbe  daVï  they  looked  back  with  regret  to  tliat  of  the  comptroller- 
general,  Laverdy,  who,  nevcrthclcaa,  perished  iu  the  revolutionary 
tempest. 

To  these  criticdaniii»  the  logic  of  which  each  party  pointed  in  the 
diroctiiin  most  ^vourablc  to  its  own  purposes,  were  added  those  of 
some  calm  reflecting  men,  who,  looking  beyond  the  present,  saw  in 
this  blind  rapacious  eplrit  of  usurpation  on  tlie  part  of  the  bour^ 
frçoifie,  the  gcnn  of  Ma  ruin,  and  the  foretokening  of  the  moat  af- 
iUcting  disorders.  The  new  law,  in  fiict,  paved  tlic  way  for  the  de- 
Btmction  of  the  communes,  which  was  con^ummat-c-d,  as  wc  shall 
fee  hereafter,  by  tlie  law  respecting  municifal  privileges. 

Thus  from  its  very  tirst  slop  in  tlic  career  of  legislation,  the  go- 
Yi^nlnent  of  the  bourgeoisie  was  convicted  of  scIBshnesE  and  want 
of  foresight.  For,  strange  to  say,  while  giicli  laborious  ingenuity 
iRraft  exerted  to  methodize  the  oppressons  of  odminiâtratirc  centrah- 
zation,  die  la^t  vestiges  of  political  centralization  were  cflaoed.  The 
odious,  but  bold  and  pcrsevcritig  impulsion  which  the  congregation- 
Ula  liad  given  to  society  luidcr  Uio  Itotoration,  gave  place  to  end- 
lea  oacilJatioDS.  The  lîbcrabi,  the  moment  they  were  victors,  had 
roade  baste  to  realise  their  famous  theory  of  atheism  in  the  Liw,  not 
conffldcring  that,  whatever  in  a  stitte  is  taken  from  the  sovereignty 


394 


THE  STATE  ABAKDOXà  ITS  PUBLIC  UORA1.S. 


I 


of  G(h1  is  trauafcrrcd  to  that  of  the  executioner.  The  equality  d 
churches  (cuites)*  a  principle  iae^-itabW  consecrating  the  gtommt 
charlatanism t  ins^màblj  conveyed  from  the  mtoUccts  of  men  into 
their  constûcnces  that  confusion  which  ariaeâ  out  of  every  violent 
comrnotioii  ;  and  libcrtj  of  teaeJiin^,  poDi|K)us1y  proclaimed,  prt' 
pared  for  coming  genemtions  the  mdancholy  inhen  tance  of  the  nik 
Corous  division^  with  which  the  existing  generation  \rsxs  distracteiL 
No  substitute  had  been  proi-idcd  for  the  pompsof  catbohcisnit  whîcb 
have  such  potency  over  ù  people  govomed  through  the  medium  of 
I  -their  souls  and  ij*tt»es,  Tlic  théâtres  were  left  to  the  maua^emeni 
of  prÎTate  indiN-iduâlâ.  The  chaating  of  proceaeioDS  no  longer,  eTcn 
ou  holidays,  rose  above  the  common  noise  of  tlie  streete;  and  no- 
thing was  provided  to  supply  the  place  of  that  mighty  itiftrument 
of  commantl.  a  mystic  appeal  to  tlie  popidar  emotions.  Society,  in 
a  word,  only  lived  an  upon  tlie  ruins  it  had  made. 

The  evil,  after  all,  did  not  ilow  exclusively  from  the  intemperance 
of  [-ontroveisy  and  tiie  sceptic  indifiercnce  of  the  new  powers.  The 
Restoration  had  so  rashly  invoked  sacred  things  in  support  of 
wretcbed  muudonc  vanities;  it  had  so  compromised  the  divine  tna- 

i"esly  in  its  own  ciuarreb,  and  bo  aecustometl  the  people  to  abhor 
leavcn  in  the  por^oii  of  the  priest,  that  impiety  had  assumed  the 
character  of  legitiuiatc  rcaistauce  to  oppr^sion.  The  pride  of  Um 
high  dignitaries  of  the  church, — ^the  avarice  and  cunnin»  of  theje- 
siuts, — the  calculating  ianaticism  of  the  Congregation, — the  intriguée 
of  priestcraft, — had  but  cîadted  that  sentiment  of  Indcpcudencc  which 
the  age  of  Voltaire  had  bequeathed  to  France. 

An  unexpected  event  placed  in  gkring  relief  all  the  horrors  lurk- 
ing in  such  a  state  of  thmg*.  For  gome  time  past  the  Icgitimatiâts 
seemed  to  be  recoveiing  confidence.  Tlieir  langimgc  was  daily  be- 
coming  more  arrogant.  Already  they  talked  of  the  return  of  H^uy  ■ 
"V.  wifli  insolent  assurance,  and  their  presumptuous  desires  put  the  ™ 
most  singular  interpretation  on  the  cliange  ob&crAX-d  iu  the  demcazLOur 
of  Lôuia  Philippe.  Tlie  Emperor  of  Husda  having  demanded,  as  we 
have  seen,  that  M.  do  Morïcmart  should  be  sent  to  him  as  timhash 
sudor,  and  the  Palais  Uoyal  not  having  dared  to  disobey,  the  legi- 
timatista  spread  u-  report  tiiat  Loui$  Pbilippe  conte-mplated  reaigiiiiig 
the  crown  to  llcnrv  V.,  and  tliat  M.  de  j^IoTtcmart  waa  »ent  to 
NicoUs  to  ftppri^  him  of  that  design.  At  tlie  same  time  ikctioos 
demonstrations  had  been  made  in  various  parts.  At  Bodez,  a  tree 
of  liberty  was  pulled  down  by  night;  the  white  ilug  was  unfurled!  at 
Collioure;  at  Nimes  they  talked  of  some  national  guards  over  whom 
some  r^uscitâted  ferdeU  had  raised  the  cane.  These  facts»  of  HttW 
importance  in  themselves,  derived  a  certain  alarming  &iguific«ncy 

•  We  moflt  not  confound  lîbcrtj  of  corucicnLt  with  the  cqaaJity  of  chtirctiea. 
Coiucicncc  il  It  flunciaarj  which  no  liumatt  pawcr  has  h  right  lo  rioûte;  but  thrtv 
ii  a,  «iiJu  difllrui]i:«  U'twcCQ  nxpecl  for  individual  and  douleatif  Clilh  and  vunhtp. 
and  the  suppiVsaiuii  uf  uJ]  rciigioH  »/  ifnt  slaU.  It  is  the  dut^  of  the  tittle  to  dinct 
the  mora],  tu  it  does  thu  uuittrud  interest»  of  Bocietj.  If  itdt<-hnv3  itwlT Exulifl^ruit. 
It  »bdi«9ite>. 


I 


PUBLIC  DISPLAY  ON  THE  PART  OP  THE  LEQITIMATIBTS.  395 

from  the  tearing  of  the  beaten  party.  The  clergy  moreover  were  be- 
ffiniïinfî  to  bestir  themselves,  u)id  it  wus  cloar  to  every  oiie  that  the 
Carlista  were  about  to  make  some  audacious  trial  of  their  strength  oa 
the  iirtit  oppoïtunity. 

Tlio  14th  of  February»  the  anniversary  of  the  deuth  of  the  Due 
de  Herri,  was  at  hand.  The  (rozette  de  France  and  the  Quotidienne 
announeeflj  that  on  that  day  a  funeral  service  would  be  celebrated  in 
the  church  of  St.  Roch.  Tht*  minister  of  the  interior  wroto  on  the 
subject  to  the  pruTect  of  poUco,  The  minister  of  public  worship  in- 
tinmtod  to  the  Archbiâhop  of  Paris  that  the  intended  ceremony 
might  provoke  a  riot.  l*he  curé  of  St.  lioch  thought  it  hia  duty^ 
therefurc,  to  abstain  from  holding  the  proposed  service.  It  wad  not 
so  with  the  cure  of  St.  Gennûn  TAuxerroi^,  an  old  man  who  bad 
accompanied  Marie  Antoinette  to  the  scaffold.  On  the  14th  of 
Fobruiiry,  men  postefl  on  the  stepa  of  the  chuR^h  of  St,  Koch  distri- 
buteil  cards  to  all  comers,  Informing  them  tliat  the  rendezvous  was 
at  St.  Germain  1' Auxerrois.  A  great  number  of  brilhant  equip:^^ 
thronged  the  upproaehea  to  the  latter  eimreh.  A  fasliionable  crowd. 
fiUcd  the  sacred  edifice,  cloaking,  under  the  Bolemnity  of  an  act  of 
pubhc  mourning,  the  satisfaction  of  a  vengeful  essay,  and  the  funeral 
service  began.  At  eorao  |kicc9  from  the  spot,  slept  in  tlieir 
tombs  tht^e  who  had  fallen  in  Julv  before  the  I-ouvrc.  A  collec- 
tion was  made  in  the  church  for  the  benefit  of  the  soldiers  of  the 
royal  guards  who  had  been  wounded  in  the  three  days.  The  cere- 
mony was  proceeding  quietly  to  its  conclu^on,  when  u  young  man, 
coing  up  to  the  cdtalalquc  erected  in  the  middle  of  the  church, 
hung  on  it  a  lilhograpluc  portrait  of  the  Due  de  Bordeaux.  A 
crown  of  immortaU  waa  placed  over  the  portrait,  and  military  mcu 
suspended  their  decoraiious  around  it. 

Meanwhile  there  Imd  gathered  in  the  Place  St,  Germain  I'Aux- 
errois,  from  all  quarters  of  Paria,  turbulent  spirits  attracted  by  tKç 
new»  of  a  priestly  plot,  and  following  in  the  wake  of  the  multitude 
always  eager  for  noise-  News  of  what  is  doing  in  the  church  spread^ 
the  story  passes  from  mouth  to  moutli  with  Insulting  comments  or 
ingenious  exaggeration».  Imprecations  are  soon  heard;  the  multi- 
tudu  every  moment  becomes  more  iicated  and  denser.  Tlie  prefect 
of  police  having  receivcil  notice,  haslcna  to  the  place,  and  finds  the 
ceremony  ended  and  the  congregation  dispersed;  but  the  tumult  still 
increasing,  ftL  liuude  orders  the  municipal  guanis  to  be  drawn  up 
before  the  doorway^  and  the  iron  gate  to  be  closed.  A  ffflle  yoimg 
man^  dressed  in  black,  with  loose  floating  hair,  was  at  this  moment 
iu  the  place,  mute,  motionless»  and  appearing  to  gaze  in  scorn  on 
the  spectacle  presented  by  the  impatient  multitude  before  hitn. 
"  Down  with  tlie  Jesuit  !"  crictl  a  voii;e.  Immediately  a  terrible  shout 
rent  the  air;  the  young  man  was  surrounded*  seized^  and  borne 
away,  ITtiey  were  about  to  throw  him  into  the  river,  and  he  was  in 
theactof  strugLdingwT,ldly  forlife  on  the  parapet  of  tlie  Seine,  when 
the  prefect  of  police  rushttl  forward  with  some  of  his  men  to  save  hinu 


3d6   PILLAGE  OF  THE  CHITBCH  OF  ST.  CES3CA1V  X-'aUXEKROTS. 

A  %ht  begaa.    It  lasted  more  than  an  hour,  and  Pans  peisahnff 

without  a  prefect  of  police,  wbilu  tie  crowd,  rolling  like  an  unr 
lanchc  alon^  the  quays,  and  buistùig^  from  every  street,  dasb^  vnùt 
a  thousand  confused  cries  jigalust  the  doors^  gates,  and  walb  of  ikt 
old  church. 

It  was  the  gavemment  of  the  bourgeoise  whicli  the  Carlistfl  h*i 
jDcnaced:  accordingly  this  riot  had  not  the  exclusively  popular 
aspect  belonging  to  S^at  of  December.  Boui^eois  in  black  coats  jàM 
yeUow  gloves  figured  in  it  in  the  iwivanced  guard.  Tha  joctUar  im* 
piety  of  tlic  young  men  of  tlie  schools  vraa  mingled  in  it  with  tht 
Hide  licence  of  the  people.  Tlie  authorities  theô^ves  gave  encoo* 
mgenicnt  to  the  mi^hief  by  their  affected  indifference»  lb<ïir  scan- 
dalous apathy.  It  was  by  order  of  a  magistrate  of  the  city  that  the 
cross  eurmouuting  the  church  was  torn  down.  The  troops  s«cmcd 
to  hide  thcuiseivts.  Every  thing  in  the  sliape  of  constituted  aut}i<^ 
zity  inta  absent.  Tlic  national  guards  so  zealous  in  protecting  Ûï6 
B^op,  left  the  road  imobstrucled  for  the  multitude  rushing  to  ilie 
devastation  of  a  churcli. 

The  sacied  edifice  was  soon  taken  by  storm,  and  shameful  satm^ 
nalia,  enacted  wiiiiin  its  walls,  revealed  me  moral  disorder  engendered 
"by  the  fv-arfare  wa^ed  for  lifteen  long  years  by  inCïeUxtlity  agaiaot 
bypoctisj.  To  pull  down  the  altar,  break  the  pulpit,  tlie  balu^Cndci 
tJoA  the  coufcsfaonals  to  pieces,  tear  the  rehgious  pointing  *JaA 
tnniple  tlicrich  liangings  under  foot^  all  this  was  the  work  oi  a  nM^ 
ment.  People  laughed,  yelled,  and  challenged  each  otlier  to  darit^ 
acts  of  indecency-  Some  bUsphemed  God+  all  howled  curses  agMOBt 
priestâ.  The  sacristy  vaa  taken  by  asault,  its  ticheft  treasures  SA 
jnto  the  hands  of  savage  buffoons,  some  of  whom  Tvere  eeen  dancdi^ 
in  sacerdotal  vestments.  A  gni^li  troop  of  national  guards»  cooi!' 
zoanded  by  two  dtizetu  named  Clavnux  and  BoiAfiière,  alone  in  this 
deplorable  scene  of  not  represented  that  principle  of  order  whiciklud 
been  .bo  brutally  ^nolated,  and  on  that  occasion  by  tlie  bûurgocnflî& 
It  remains  to  be  stated  that  not  n  theft  was  oommitted,  not  an  act  of 
diâhonesty  was  remarked.  A  gilded  eagle  "n'as  found  among  tlic^ 
fragmente^  and  carefully  carried  to  the  governor  of  the  Tuunftcs. 
Amidst  a  greedy  and  unbelieving  society,  di^ntcrratedncss  had  not 
ceased  to  be  the  virtue  of  the  poor- 

The  sack  of  St.  Germain  TAuxerrcûs  had  been  preceded  by  thm 
învaâon  of  tlie  pazsonagc.  It  wa^  de^astatedf  but  Uiu  people  balled 
refpectfully  at  the  tlirc^hold  of  an  aportmcnt  situated  on  the  nne 
floor  as  tiiat  of  the  cttre\  It  waa  inhabited  by  the  Abbt't  Paraviey, 
the  Bame  who  In  the  montli  of  July  had  pronounced  the  benediclioa 
over  the  cemetery  of  tlie  Louvre»  and  prayed  iht  thoae  who  bad  iallea 
in  %ht. 

Mieanwhile  the  prefect  of  pobce,  after  rescuing  the  supposed  Jesuit» 
Lad  gone  to  the  raluia  Koyal,  his  mind  violently  agitated  and  bis 
ÛTQ&  in  disorder.  He  found  tlie  king  perfectly  compoeed.  In  iaot 
the  cventa  of  the  day  ociuld  not  be  owerrH&o  than  ^vourablc  to  the 


THE  KIOTERS  TACTTLT ITNCOTTRACED  BTTHE  OOTSRSKENT.  I 

maintenance  of  the  new  djnusty.  They  niûde  innmfest  to  tîic  Car- 
liste Uow  idle  were  their  hape.«t  and  to  tlie  eler^ry  wliat  perik  attended 
ita  obstinate  alliance  witli  n  pro^trnti;  throne.  A^aia,  the  violence 
and  impunity  ol"  these  movements  weit  a  euiEciect  indication  to  fo- 
reign cabinets  how  issurmcnmtablc  were  the  diHicultieB  which  the 
rc-cetahhâhment  of  legitunatc  monarchy  would  have  to  encounter 
in  FriBce. 

The  kinff»  howe\-er,  thought  it  adyiaablc  to  Iteep  the  prefect  of 
police  to  dinacr,  whereby  he  had  direct  cogmzancc  of  all  the  reporte 
of  the  aftemoon.  Some  of  thcee  reporta  stated  that  Uie  ordihii^hop- 
ric  was  to  be  attacked  Ûio  next  day;  others,  that  on  attempt  would 
be  made  on  tlic  Palais  Hoyal,  in  accordance  with  instructions  ts^suod 
by  the  w«et  Kxaeties.  *'  AVc  must  let  the  fire  have  vent»"  aaid  the 
king  to  M.  Bande;  "  think  only  of  the  Palaia  Royal."  In  conse- 
quence of  this,  the  prefect  oi  poUcc,  immediately  on  his  return 
home,  wrote  to  the  commandant  of  Pari»  to  latige  all  the  troops  of 
the  ganiaon  round  the  royal  abode,  aod  not  to  order  any  movement, 
happen  what  might. 

A  £iiVf  ehotfi  were  fired  during  the  night  of  the  14th;  two  ortLres 
posts  were  disarmed^  and  a  ^ang  oC  violent  men  loade  ui  attempt  OQ 
tbe  house  of  M.  Dupin  ainr,  wiiich  tJie  ttuthurities  had  barely  time 
to  prevent.     Every  thing  betokaied  a  stiumy  day  for  the  lUOEZOW. 

Immediately  after  daybrrak,  thiïalening  croup»  coUectcd  ia  the 
netglibourhood  of  the  P&lais  Royal;  but  all  the  spproncKcs  to  it 
were  sedulously  guarded.  No  measure,  on  the  contniry,  had  been 
taken  to  protect  the  archbiEhop's  residence.  Mysterious  instigatora^ 
goine  among  the  pei^plc,  i^kilfully  diverted  tho  current  oHta  fury,  and 
taminç  it  iiom  the  Palais  Koyal,  burned  it  away  to  the  archiépisco- 
pal residence.  The  drum  hiKl  beat  to  arms  iu  the  TOoming  but  par» 
tially  and  ue^Iigcutly,  and  the  national  guard  had  not  aâscnibled^ 
Its  ofiicers  beàne  absent.     A  detachment»  Iiowerer,  of  the  I2th  le- 

S'oD,  cotnman&d  by  M.  François  Arago,  marched  from  tlic  Pan- 
eon  to  the  Cité,  when^  on  ita  reaching  the  httle  bridge,  Count 
de  Clonaid,  the  adjutant  of  the  battalion,  in  brandiâhing  nis  rabie, 
unintcnticnaily  struck  a  man  of  the  lower  cUss.  The  poor  fellow 
fell  mortally  wounded.  A  crowd  gatberod  round  bim  in  an  instant; 
lie  WSJ?  taken  up  and  carried  through  the  midst  of  the  multitude  that 
filed  tlie  Place  du  Parvis*  every  tongue  crying  out,  "  Venffcanoe! 
veumice  on  the  immin  V*  Count  de  Clcmard  had  vani^^  in  the 
•onraion.  M.  Ango  had  the  dying  nuui  conveyed  U>  the  Uutd 
Dieu,  whither  he  acooiopaucd  nim;  but  no  eooncr  had  he  come 
out  fiom  tltc  ho^iud,  than  he  was  surrounded  and  accused  of  the 
murder.  Hurried  away  towards  the  river,  into  which  he  was  oa 
tho  point  of  being  llirown,  M.  Ara^  owed  his  life  onl^  to  his  pre^ 
■enoe  of  mind  tind  decision.  The  tury  of  the  people,  for  a  moment 
■Uayed,  was  capable  of  be'mg  rekindled  on  the  least  provocatioa. 
Won  H*  Aago  and  Ids  men  readied  the  entrance  of  the  garden 


398 


PILI^GE  OF  THE  ARCHBISHOP'ft  PAI^CE. 


where  the  stahl{?9  were  situated^  the  assailants  were  ^j^àAy  în  foH 
poneflsiou  of  the  Archbishop's  palace,  which  they  were  dciaohabing 
with  a  Boti  of  frantic  eagcmcfis.    A  body  of  strong  met),  l&yiiic  hda  j 
of  the  iron  graiiog,  had  bent  it  m  two  by  a  sudden  Tr-îolent  pwL  Jm] 
the  twinkling  of  an  eye,  the  invaders  were  in  the  af 

mirrora  and  liistrcâ  were  shivered  to  piettra,  the  pictures , 

furniture  broken  up,  and  the  woodwork  torn  from  the  waU»;  hcoi4  I 
surfaces  of  wall  fell  flat  in  on  instaat»  aa  if  by  soine  magic  ùxos;  j 
zsre  bookSf  costly  manuscripts^   rich  crucifixea,  oussals,  vttt 
and  omamenls  of  every  kind,  were  flung  out  of  every  windo 
were  ^c^n  âutt^ring  through  the  air,  and  tailing  into  the 
The  thought  of  pilfering  never  occurred  to  any  one;  but 
posoflsed  with  a  raging  appetite  for  destruction.    Several  com^ 
of  the  9th  legion,  cormoanded  by  M.  de  Schoneti^  1^  entered  the  i 
preniises;  but  being  pushed  irom  each  other  by  the  iirewstiibie  flood 
of  the  riotcra,  tlie  national  guards  did  nothing  but  wands^  here  and 
there  through  the  ruing,  and  look  on  with  muskets  shouldered  U 
this  scene  of  enormous  dcvastutton.  Here,  tu  ut  St.  Germain  I'Aax* 
ËÏT01S  on  the  proccding  day^  it  was  the  bourgeois  who  prompted  the 
movement  and  set  the  example.   The  loes  to  art  and  science  wi  that 
day  of  madness  is  incalculahlc.     Never  was  dévastation  more  cxtn^ 
ordinary,  more  complete,  more  rapid,  or  more  joyously  iofatnatc; 
for  the  whole  work  was  doiie  «mitfet  a  tremetidoua  uproar  ol'  Uugh- 
ter,  jokes,  and  yells. 

M.  ArJigo,  finding  himself  too  weak  to  cope  with  the  notera,  sent  I 
M.  Montalivet's  brother  to  the  commandant-general  of  the  national 
guard  of  Parig  to  ask  for  reinforcement.  The  me«eiiger  dîd  not  j 
return;  he  wrote  word  that  the  required  succour  would  soon  utÎtc;  | 
but  it  was  waited  for  in  vain.  M.  Arago'a  surpiisc  wa»  extt«mc;  ! 
he  could  hardly  understand  the  executive's  making  itself  &n  aocom- 
pUce  in  riot.  Workmen  being  bu^y  pulling  down  the  cn>?s  of  the 
cathedral,  he  endea.votired  to  stop  tnera;  whereupon  ihey  told  him 
tliût  they  were  Ohiy  acting  in  obedience  to  authority,  and  thej 
showed  him  an  order  signed  by  the  mayor  of  the  arrondiasement, 

From  the  sack  of  the  archbishop'ai  palace  to  tliat  of  the  catliedral 
there  was  but  a  step.     The  people  threatened  to  force  the  gates  of 
Notre  Dame,  where  Bome  national  guards,  commanded  by  M.  de 
Schoncn,  had  taken  refuge.     Loavitig  his  comptiny  in  tl^e  Kue  de  fl 
l'Archevêché,  M.  Arago  made  3iia  way  to  the  open  space  in  fironfc  of  " 
the  cathedral,  passing  tluough  the  crowd  over  whom  he  rose  by  » 
whole  head,  and,  pomting  upwarda,  he  called  out,  "^You  see  tint 
cross  rocking  and  tottering  under  repeated  blows  :  the  distance  nulcefli 
it  appear  small,  but  in  reuuty  itssize  is  enormous.    Wilt  you  wait  till  M 
it  mUs,  and  bringa  down  with  it,  as  it  most  certainly  will,  tluit  heavy  | 
ircm  balustrade  ?  ForGod's  sake  get  out  oi'  the  way,  or  this  night  manT 
a  KfD.  will  be  fatherless,  and  many  a  wife  widowed."     So  sa^'ing,  M. 
Arago  ran  away  as  ii^terriGed;  the  alarmed  crowd  foUowed  hia  cx> 


J 


^^^ 


SINGUÏ,AH  STATE  OF  THINGS  IN  FABIS. 


399 


îiTnple,  -wlulst  the  nationEil  guards,  forewarned  liow  to  Bct,  hurried 
into  the  oLnndonod  ^ncc,  and  posted  thfîmsclves  at  all  the  issues. 
Tiie  cathedral  was  eaved. 

But  the  invaders  of  the  archbishopric  wcfe  pursuing  the  work  of 
demolition  with  increasing  fury;  whilst  M.  Araf^Oj  witnossing  the 
melancholy  furce,  thought  of  his  own  weakness  with  shuddering  in- 
dignation, both  as  a  scholar  and  a  cicizcn.  Convinced  at  lust  that 
there  was  a  delilierate  purpose  on  the  pan  of  the  executive  to  favour 
the  riot,  he  waa  about  to  order  his  hatuilion  to  advance^  with  the 
dctermlnfiiion  to  endure  all  hazards  rather  than  he  a  party  to  such 
gron  Btipincness,  when  word  was  brought  him  that  some  persona  of 
note  were  g'oing  araonff  the  national  Puards,  and  persuading  them  to 
leave  things  to  take  tnetr  course,  M.  Tliiets-,  under  secretary  of 
Etatc  in  the  ministry  of  finance,  was  particularly  mentioned  to  him, 
and  be  actually  saw  that  individual  walking  about  bcibre  the  ruins 
with  looks  of  satisfaction  and  a  smile  on  his  lips. 

About  three  o'clock  a  legion  of  the  national  guards  appeared,  but 
It  was  only  to  parade  round  the  cdiBcc;  and  upon  M.  Arago's  rc- 
qwescing  the  commanding  officer,  M*  Talaboi^  to  enter  the  arch- 
bishop's premises,  in  order  that  the  rioters  might  at  lea^t  he  expelled 
from  the  nyne  of  devastaûon,  M-  Takhot  repUed,  *'■  My  orders  ore 
to  appMT  here  and  mar«h  back  aeain." 

Kerer  wis  any  thing  stranger  than  the  appearance  of  Paris  during 
that  day.  In  every  dircciion  the  crosses  were  tottering  on  the 
church'tops;  the  ûeurs-dcdys  were  everywhere  effaced.  Heaps  of 
papers,  ftolcs,  mnttrasges,  and  linen  cloths  tnking  the  shape  of 
drowning  men.  tloat*.'d  down  the  Seine.  Fishermen,  leaning  over 
their  boAts*  »idw,  here  and  there  picked  up  waifa  of  outraged 
Catholicism  J  and  the  bridges  were  crowded  with  curious  spectators^ 
flocking  from  all  paru  to  enjoy  the  sight-  The  people  broke  into 
the  Salle  des  Pas  Perdus  in  the  Palais  dc  Justice,  and  was  about  to 
pull  down  the  statue  of  Malesherbes,  taking  it  for  that  of  a  saint, 
when  IVI.  Hortcnrius  St.  Albin,  a  young  inagistratcv  courageously 
mstnng  before  the  crowd,  cried  out,  **  That  was  a  friend  to  the 
people/^  and  the  image  of  the  venerable  Malcsherbes  was  respected. 
It  was  the  height  of  the  carnival  stason:  the  pavement  rattled  under 
the  carriages-wheels  in  the  rich  quarters,  and  masks  were  ninning 
tumultuously  about  the  city.  In  the  evening  all  Paris  was  illumi- 
natcih  On  the  spot  where  the  archbishop's  palace  had  stood  tho 
dav  Iwfore,  there  now  remained  nothing  but  rujns. 

Some  days  afWrwards,  when  the  public  delirium  had  passed 
away,  tho  diiTcrent  mrtics  began  with  their  usual  bad  faith  to 
iicvusc  e«ch  other.  The  légitima tirtp  charged  the  executive  with 
having  itself  instigntod  the  outbreak,  for  which,  according  to  them, 
a  religious  ceremony  had  been  deceitfully  used  as  a  pretext.  The 
opjKwition  liberals  denounced,  not  the  complicity  of  die  executive, 
but  ltd  wcakneâs,  Uie  fruit  of  its  dieseniunia.  The  courtieiSf  aahamed 
of  the  character  of  thdr  triumph,  «dieted  »  painful  iadîgn«tûm 


400  '         inrruAi^  BKCBuuAAriuNa. 

uunst  the  Carlists^  a  feding  which  was  paioded  with  lying  < 
ration  bj  those  who  were  most  intimately  inibated  mto  toe 
of  the  court.  "  You  aro  ^ilty,  not  only  of  your  OWU  l<^lies, 
the  Journal  des  Débats,  addrcssmj;  the  legitîmatîstâ  with 
indj^Tiation,  "  but  likewij?e  of  the  iollica  of  otheirs.  Whhea 
aKeoded  the  throne  of  Eh^IiumI  the  Scotch  parUanient  usembled  în 
Edinburgh.  The  Earl  of  Ihmdee  deling  Udc  aeaonbly  rcftJred  to 
eonicr  the  crown  on  WiUiam,  quitted  the  hali  One  of  his  £i«Bdl 
ran  after  liim  and  said,  'Whither  areyougoins?'  wheroupo^i  thewd 
taking  ofi'his  hat  and  looking  up  to  heaven  replied,  *■  Whither  the 
of  Montrose  shall  lead  me.'  Here  was  aankneas  and  honour  I 
jjTou  too,  you  bave  ":eneroug  ^ladea  to  lead  rou  ;  eo  whither  the  ««^^ 
of  Câtheuneau  ana  La  Rochejaquelin  shall  lead  you  ;  engage  in  clvi] 
war!  Tliis  is  better  tlian  concocting  obscure  plots." 

Theae  empty  deciamntiona  of  the  press  were  seconded  by  those  of 
the  tribtinc,  more  empty  and  more  lunoorouâ  stiU.  ^L  Baude,  bong 
taken  Tiolently  to  task  for  hi»  conduct,  answered  only  with  loDg 
rambling  specchesi  choosing  rather^  no  doubt,  to  sacnâoe  hinafciK 
than  to  cast  off  on  others  a  responsibility  lull  of  inlarny  and  peziL 
The  questioners  did  not  spare  M.  Montalivet,  the  minifter  of  the 
interior,  who  defended  himpclf  by  imputing  the  whole  mischief  to 
the  nr-pili thence  of  the  prefect  of  the  Seine;  whibt  the  latter  com' 

Èlflined  that  he  hud  neither  been  consulted  nor  warned,  and  thai  hê 
ad  bccQ  so  completely  set  aside  by  M.  Montjdivet^  that  the  Dewv^ 
papers  alone  had  made  hira  oeqiiftinted  with  the  instructiona  issued 
to  the  mayors  during  the  riot.  A  curious  and  unseemly  drama  wia 
now  enacted  in  presence  of  the  attentive  chamber^  M..  Montalirci 
rushed  ft  second  time  to  the  tribune,  and  with  iierce  gesticulation  and 
âashing  eyes  arrogantly  insiiltcd  the  sufcrpiibiiity  on  pomit  ofetiqiÊtUÊ 
that  set  hig  mfrrior  Jn  wrray  against  him;  and  Odilon  Barrot,  ùotn 
hÎB  place,  flung  his  resignation  aa  it  were  at  the  minister  with  an  Air 
of  mingled  scorn  and  imtation.  For  Bome  days  tlie  debate  waa  carried 
on  between  the  leaders  of  the  boui^eoisic  with  an  cxasperatioa  of 
manner  that  plainly  bespoke  the  anarchy  prevailing  atDong  all  the 
new  powers.  Dupm  aînt?  and  Lafayette,  Guizot  and  LaHitte,  in 
ttims  reproached  cacïi  other  with  the  e-t-ila  of  a  state  of  things,  which 
they  all  agreed  in  representing  as  gloomy,  imcertain^  and  learfuL 

Arbitrary  force  is  but  a  tbrm  of  anarchy.  In  order  to  mislead 
the  public  the  exeeutiyc  displayed  a  reckless  spirit  of  violence.  It 
arrested  republicans  and  Ic^timatists  without  any  serious  grounds 
fbrdtnng  eo,  and  thug  afforded  its  enemiesan  opportunity  ol  dcckring 
themselves  perwicutcd.  JRash  conduct  this;  lor  notlùng  is  more  re* 
Tolling  than  weaknes?  exceeding  in  its  pas^ioiiDte  excesses  the  rights 
eren  of  strengxh.  The  arrest  of  M.  Ou\Tard  would  probably  have 
exdted  less  vehement  recrimlnatiuna.  It  was  reported  that  this 
celebrated  financier  gambled  on  the  stock  exchange  on  his  own  ac- 
count and  on  that  of  TalLeyraud,  who  it  was  asaertcd  secretly  cx^m* 
mimicated  to  him  every  importuit  news  from  Loadon.    He  had  been 


THE  KING  GIVES  UP  HIS  ARMORIAL  DEAE1KG9.  401 

gp^culatiiig  lar|relj  on  a  fall  since  IS30,  and  he  vras  supposed  to  hare 
A  direct  interest  in  oil  public  disturbftnceSv  To  those  who  put  faith 
in  Utat  opinicm  the  co-operatton  of  a  gambler  in  the  troubles  of 
Febrtwiy  eeeroed  quite  a  matter  of  course,  inasmuch  as  hatred  of  the 
crucifix  and  outmgc  to  heaven  might,  sccortUng  to  thctiraos,  furnish 
aids  to  a  very  lucÉy  speculation  fbt  a  fall  in  the  fimde.  Certain  it 
is,  that  in  consequence  of  a  report  from  the  prtfect  of  police  an  order 
was  isFucd  to  arrest  M.  OuTraid  :  but  he  contrived  to  enuîe  pursuit. 

Meanwhile  the  crosses  had  eveiywhere  been  pulled  down  midK 
the  very  eyes  of  the  authorities  :  and  they  let  all  this  be  done,  inaen- 
fflble  to  the  philosophic  import  of  a  gibbet  which  the  world  adored 
as  a  sublime  and  aAecting  9ymbol  of  devotedncas* 

It  iâ  true  that  the  proscription  of  Uie  crooses  wh  associated  in  the 
minds  of  the  votera  with  that  of  the  fleurs-de-lys.  But  if  war  aguut 
the  latter  on  the  part  of  daring  innovatoii  was  naturally  conceivable, 
ft  was  raucli  leas  bo  on  the  part  of  men  who  were  bent  oa  setting  the 
ptest^e  of  monarchical  usages  in  oppôÊntiôn  to  the  inroad?  of  the 
modnm  spirit.  The  court  neverthclesa  consented  to  renounce  the 
emblem.  Doubly  laithlcss,  to  it9  làmily  réminiscences  and  to  thoao 
of  the  monarchy^  it  suffered  the  riotera  insultingly  to  scrutinise  the 
âimoriBl  beaziiigs  of  Conde,  and  to  deface  the  shield  oî  Duguesclin. 
An  ordinance  app«tTcd  in  the  Mmtittur  giving  a  more  bourgeois 
aspect  to  the  arma  of  the  ?tate.  The  king's  carriage!  issued  from  the 
Ptki«  Koyol  with  the  arms  enued,  and  the  des^cendant  of  the  Cap«ts 
hod  the  tleur*dc-lys  removed  that  amamented  the  iron  l>aludtrade  of 
hifi  dwelling. 

These  acta  of  condescension  were  intended  to  please  the  bourgecnslç, 
which  did  indeed  appear  flattered  by  them:  but  tliey  were  disap- 
proved of  by  thow  leading  men,  who  looked  on  a  policy  of  expem- 
cncy  OS  one  destiditc  of  dignity.  M.  ChamfaoUc,  the  secretary  to 
the  pn-Eidt-nt  of  th«  diomb^  ol  d«?pulie3,  caUi?d  on  Casimir  l'éner 
whiUt  these  things  were  going  on.  "  Well,"  said  Périer  wiUi  a 
watmth  olacpnasàou  which  decency  ooTdpels  us  to  modify,  "  ao  the 
king  gives  up  his  armorial  bearings?  It  was  the  day  after  the  revon 
lutiun  he  t^ould  have  adopted  that  eoui^,  and  I  advised  him  to  do 
9o,  tliat  did  I  !  But  no.  He  would  not  then  hear  of  effacing  those 
âcurs-de-K's  to  which  he  is  more  attached  than  the  elder  line.  And 
now  a  riot  shows  itseli'  under  the  windows,  and  behold  you^  he  pitches 
hid  scutcheon  into  tlic  kennel  !" 

Sinco  the  15th  of  February  Paris  had  bepn  in  a  state  of  taping 
fc^'cr,  the  intensity  of  which  was  displayed,  but  not  Ciduuated,  by 
several  tumidtnoit»  moreisent?.  In  one  of  these,  excited  by  «  fiJas 
ZCportduU  ike  Poles  hod  been  deli?atet1^  the  Russian  ambasBador  was 
iBnilted,  and  the  windows  of  hi^  hotel  w*>re  bmkcn  with  »toitM.  But 
demoaotrntionB  more  worthy  of  France  testified  her  sympathy  in  tho 
ۥ080  of  Poland:  a  great  number  of  etudcnta  tmvened  the  city  at 
the  ■ppcal  of  H.  Afuer,  in  sad  and  thoughtful  niloDcc;  they  cnrripd 
a  tricolour  flag  hung  with  cmpo  and  laid  it  on  the  gavot  dug  at  tho 


CSABjuTCEB  of  JKTSTX  AtJfK. 


■ 
■ 


jboC  of  ^tft  Liaimife     .Abovr  (far  aaar  tnne  anneMir 
mmbii^  m  âm    ii   wiiiii  qC  tfc>  JMej»  fayt    'âœ- 

fiOm  iMIt  ilUD  tBB  itoBBttrlV pBS  dbnVB  CnHBS  ODKOBSBd 

ITwfi  laft ('  Thef  -mere  «'JuvW  9t  li»  pumt  cif  tfc« 

J»  for  tfar.  kiair  ^  ibs^  âôkii  >in  tfae  ait  atbar  pvpobr 
ânn  Da  iihow  fapuriff  itt  plai^  f^  poblic  mmty  ^wa— y  iii»*iT 


^iAi 


4f  bsi 


b^  lis 
:iiJe  at- 


.dcA  mlTdte  abÊÊSsntfWiit(^Sa.mnt^nmÊC^tMtimTiB^idâe^ 

il     i       II    I,      nDMlrfhMiMIM«rhihliiftMWllrfl         " 


«taut  MH^  B  at  OTHifc' «f 

■ni "   'jr~>R9Bea    i  'tôl^   lonr**  at    DDdiBBCiDtL-      LtBcnpaiDiaP^ 

au^Kd  die  meanness  ot'  che  nan.  ShalLuw  observers  eaaly  mismafc 
die  petaianc  âia  ot'  bia  ^oilcT  îerntednes  tor  întieDendence.  ami  die 
mscruxs  rgntJered  Ot  M.  Ehmm  în  the  court  ttut*^  but:  tât  ouKe 
-ninafaie  in  consequence.  He  tos  càe  oroior  best  smed  33  the  ixi&c^ 
a£  liie  palace,  because  ke  odmiiruiiy  d^îlow^  its  ■•harrirTn!?-  r^raitiTB^ 
Aa^W  m  an  eaaejHÎtftt  v^auuity  ot'  <}nmii:a  imi  tu  his  hubns  as  a 
Ivarv^.  In  EÎie  ciiambg'  M.  Duom  uniieiii  the  oztnntnurres  >^'  die 
TnT"""^  repzesenoQiui  wich  a.  lotrr  icne.  x  eiicus  zeal  T^«r  resoib- 
lied  cfae  impetaona  oranuer  at*  die  oïii  oaniamencirian»:  bat  însasmi. 
o£.  like  diiôn.  cieiHiiiinff  die  i3rr7Ue*,i^5  3i  "îiziîaniinic  iininst  c>e 
khuT-  Damn  'ie&niiei£  them,  agonist  die  reccie.  Li  itiiiincn  tj  all 
diia  he  ««neiri  a^  aave  mnerinec  iR  die  iahn«:srT  :t  die  :ui  m^i^is- 
naâea  aeaxnac  die  aoAAïiK  tf'fpee  ind  die  ::rltdsthi  :.;«£-  Servir::  con- 
yT^wrirnTHn**^  iDfi  onnaÎ3teiu!T  ooarï-  Dttnm.  Tas  j,  "im:?eiiisc  m  rt  troi*^ 
An  anaobiy  pcTcnrried  hi  mch  x  -nnrx  -ns  die  "rrud  imnc?:»  -x 
Ae  boQc  'it*  die  facoraecigie:  ami  in  zkit  be  ■■••:& t^fT:  hi:^  :tm;as  it 
SDK  hatï*  heat  m  afl.  thjcae  whcse  hearrs  oaii  been  -îialrifi.  lac  vhiae 
kad  bed  «niarsed  by  die  revT:tat:i:a  :c  JiIt  Lt:ai£.  daerç- 
viae  die  ooomes  ■Mr»"'''*^  is  fr:m  iH  riarsfrs.  I^  ttss  re- 
widi  kKvâg  xennoned  as  die  heaii  :l  aieljs  in  die 


inr 


ZI.BCTOBAI.  BSrOBM.  40S 

of  a  primuple  that  rendered  it  ill^timate;  Trith  having  made  îtt 
own  importance  survive  the  circumstances  it  used  as  a  pretext 
for  its  uBurpalion.  It  was  reproached  with  its  antipathy  to  tke  real 
workmen  of  the  revobition  hj  which  it  profited,  with  its  8elfi8hne8r^ 
its  pride,  for  whidi  its  capacitj  afforded  little  justification,  and  its 
scorn  for  the  people,  whose  interests  it  neglected  and  whose  will  it 
refused  to  consult.  The  dissolution  of  the  chamber  was  soon  the 
subject  of  eveiy  ccmveraation,  and  the  point  of  contest  between  all 
parties. 

Laffitte,  the  prendent  of  the  council,  was  more  interested  than  any 
one  else  in  the  speedy  dissolution  of  the  chamber.  Isolated  in  the 
ministry  mnce  the  retirement  of  Dupont  de  l'Eure,  surrounded  by 
colleagues  who  talked  of  resistance  when  he  talked  of  mo\'ement, 
without  influence  over  the  affiuxs  of  the  interior,  which  Montalivet 
himself  ruled  only  in  a  subordinate  capacity,  and  over  foreign  afiain 
which  obeyed  a  guidance  blindly  seconded  by  Sebastiani,  witiiout 
any  other  consolation  tban  the  flashes  of  an  expiring  popularity, 
Laffitte  contemplated  with  secret  anguish  of  heart  the  downfal  of 
his  hopes.  The  evidences  of  an  august  friendship  no  longer  satisfied 
his  mind,  which  had  now  grown  suspicious,  and  he  would  gladly 
have  retired  to  private  life,  a  step  demanded  by  his  pecuniary  in- 
terests, if  he  had  not  been  stayed  oy  the  belief  that  his  country  had 
still  need  of  him,  that  last  aflecting  illusion  of  too  easy  a  patriotism. 
But  that  illuâon  was  soon  to  be  dissipated  for  ever.  Laffitte,  as 
we  have  said,  did  not  difièr  essentially  in  opinion  firom  the  majority 
of  the  chamber.  Nevertheless  he  had  what  it  wanted,  an  honour^ 
able  inclination  to  draw  near  to  the  people,  to  serve  its  cause  timidly, 
and  to  merit  its  esteem.  For  this  he  was  not  forgiven.  Many  be- 
sides,  thought  to  flatter  the  king  by  waging  war  on  a  man  to  whom 
he  owed  so  much  gratitude. 

Tlic  chamber  and  tbe  ministry,  therefore,  felt  their  existence  alike 
threatened,  and  it  became  necessary  to  provide  beforehand  for  the 
crisis  that  was  foreseen.  Nothing  was  talked  of  in  the  soIenu,  the 
newspapers,  at  the  stock  exchan^,  and  in  all  places  of  public  resort, 
but  the  dissolution  of  the  chamber,  and  the  mode  in  which  a  new 
one  should  be  formed.  The  question  was  a  serious  one  ;  none  more 
so  could  have  been  raised,  llie  ptùnt  at  issue  was  tiic  supremacy 
of  the  people  by  means  of  univenal  suflragc,  or  that  of  the  bour- 
geoisie through  an  electoral  system,  foun^d  on  property.  Every 
party  felt  that  a  most  decisive  moment  was  at  hand,  and  '^Electoral 
llcform  !"  was  the  cry  on  all  sides. 

Strictly  adhering  to  the  sovereignty  of  the  people,  and  n*asoning 
logically  from  that  principle,  the  republicans  demanded  the  right  of 
suflragc  fur  every  citizen;  they  showed  the  strength  and  impt^ng 
dipiiity  that  would  belong,  by  its  very  nature,  to  an  assembly  de- 
riving its  legitimacy  from  the  will  of  a  whole  people;  as  the  law 
ought  to  be  made  for  all,  they  could  not  conceive  why  it  should  not 
be  made  by  all;  they  showed  how,  if  the  legislative  authority  were 

2S 


U2aV£BâAL  SUFrOAGr. 


n 


eonceatratcd  in  the  hands  of  the  rich,  it  would  becotnc  a  cltib! 
beat  down  the  poor  to  the  groimd,  and  they  conjured  tlte  Eudon  to 
beware  ûi'the  tvrunny  of  th«  hiw.  more:  d&iigerou£  than,  that  ot'a  ino, 
bec&uBe  it  endures  lunger,  and  is  fclb  by  more  TJcttms  sîtauItaneonslT. 
Tho  tyranny  of  a  man  is  capriciou:^,  like  every  mdiTÎduai  pttaaoQ; 
it  has  its  momenta  of  inlermitaioD,  eomeûmes  it  prudenfiy  retiactÉ. 
its  Eteps.     Its  duTELtion,  moreorer,  can  be  measurecL  and   defioe^ 
Where  Vitcllius  ends,  Vespaàan  beglna.     The  tymnny  of  tbe  t»w, 
on  the  other  hand,  borrows  from  the  solenmily  of  certam  oottaer 
Cïated  forma  a  chsmctcr  of  sUeagth  and  permunesice  that  roidbr»  ÏI 
more  impoBOng  and  less  eaf>y  to  destroy,  and  that  makes  its  ce^tion 
I- depend,,  not  on  a  pergonal  conungcacv^  but  on  a  social  cozurusnoo. 
^  .    The  cause  ot'  universal  suffrage,  came^tlv  advocated  by  tlie  tiqpii^^ 
Ëcoc^,  waâ  st^ondcd  with  Ic^  ardour  by  the  legitimati^.      But  af 
the  views  of  these  two  parties  were  dîAerent,  so  litccwise  were  ciw 
modëâ  of  practice  proposed  by  them.      The  l^ûmatists  wished 
for  election  in  two  degreca,  faUy  aasared  that  it  would  place  the  so- 
i^mraent  of  society  at  the  disposai  of  tlie  great  local  iziâucnces.^  the 
lural  population  being  subjected  to  the  aseendancy  of  wealth,  by  ita 
necesaties,  and  to  that  of  the  cLer^  by  its  ignorance. 

The  bourccoiaie,  by  the  rcptreaen tattles  of  its  political  etrtngth, 
deiended  iteelf  with  less  sincerity  than  passion.  The  writers  who  were 
utterly  devoted  to  its  intcrcstâ  did  not  hesitate  to  deny  the  people 
l^at  electoral  aptitude  which  had  yet  been  conceded  to  it  by  Moo- 
teaquicu,  the  Erst  pubhciat  oï  constitutioual  monarch  v;  they  exag- 
gerated the  physical  difticultiea  in  the  way  of  univeraal  3uffh^:;B+  aad 
reviving  the  worst  recollections  of  tlie  reign  ofterror,  without  taking 
into  account  the  exceptional  circumstances  that  had  made  it,  at  one 
time,  a  means  of  safety,  at  another  an  incentment  to  heroism,  they 
dwelt  on  the  tumultuous,  savage,  and  almost  always  bloody  charac- 
ter  displayed  by  mob  supremacy. 

Thus  appeared,  in  the  broad^  ligl^t,  the  enormous  mistake  which 
had,  in  the  month  of  July,  1830,  imited  the  bourgeoisie  and  the  peo- 
ple in  a  common  sentiment  of  anger.  At  every  step,  it  became  more 
and  more  manifest,  that  the  only  aim  of  the  bourgeoisie  in  1830  had 
been  to  uphold  its  own  privileges  against  the  league  of  the  throne, 
the  nobility,  and  the  clergy;  so  that  the  recent  revolution  had  not 
even  caused  a  transfer  of  the  oppressor's  rod  to  other  hands. 

Under  the  Restoration,  it  haa  been  necessary  to  pa^r  300fr.  of  di- 
rect contribution  to  be  an  elector,  and  1  OOOfr.  to  be  eligible  ;  this  was 
the  system  which  the  hberals  \vished  to  have  still  subsist.  Only  the 
liberals  of  the  movement  section  desired  that  the  amount  should  be 
diminished  a  certain  small  degree  ;  those  of  the  resistance^  that  the 
abatement  should  be  not  quite  so  much.  A  manifestly  frivolous  dis- 
pute! 

The  »ro;W  de  loi,  so  impatiently  expected,  was  presented  at  last. 
The  ministry  proposed  to  the  chamber — 1st,  to  lower  the  rate  of  eli- 
gibility from  lOOOfr.  to  SOOfi:.;  2dly,  to  double  the  number  of  elec- 


'     IfKW  SLECTOHJLIli  J-AW. 


408 


toT3  by  granting  to  each  department  an  invAnublc  number  of  elec- 
tors, consialing  of  those  iKiying  the  largest  nmoimt  of  taxes.  A 
flgratem  lite  this  waa  not  at  all  at  variiiiice  with  the  polilîcftl  pririleges 
M  the  bourgeoisie»  euch  as  they  had  been  establiahed  by  thu  charter 
of  1814;  it  only  accùmmodatetl  them  to  the  dxangc  introduced  ânce 
tben  into  the  distribution  of  landed  propertj,  by  the  uninterrupted 
subdivifion  of  pAtximonics,  The  majority  of  the  chunberf  howcrer, 
b*»?^7F**'  alannca.  With  the  blîndncâs  natural  to  scliUh  interests,  it 
tkop^tt  itself  threatened  in  its  free  enjoyment  of  monopoiyr  and  a 
committee  appointed  by  it  decided  for  tiie  maintenance  of  the  old 
eLectonti  law,  with  lliis  exception,  tliat  the  rate  of  eligibility  fihould 
be  redueed  £rom  lOOOfr.  to  tâOfr.»  and  the  electoral  rate  from  300&. 
to  â40fr, 

lias  scheme  of  rcibrm  accorded  with  the  ^cntimcnta  of  the  ma- 
jority of  the  chamber,  procisely  becAnsc  it  yms  absurd  and  nu^fttory. 
But  was  there  not  danger  in  adopting  it?  for  the  contrvTcrsy  pro- 
Tokcd  by  tlie  electoral  law  had  grown  extremely  acrimonious  and 
violent.  Speaking  of  the  labouiï  of  the  oommittec,  the  Gazette  de 
Franct  siud:  ^"^  Before  the  rerolutian,  SOOfir.;  ajler  the  revolution, 
240fr.;  diSercncc  in  iaTourof  the  revolution,  60fr.;"  and  the  legi^> 
matista,  Ibllawing  up  this  sarcasm  with  bitter  raillery,  mocked  at  the 
barren  inutility  of  popular  insurrections.  The  repubhcaiis,  more  sn.- 
ccrc  than  the  legitimatists,  were  not  behind  them  in  zeal,  and  the 
doctrine  of  universoi  suiFî-ago  which  they  preached,  gained  ground 
with  rigoroua  thiukcrs,  and  kindled  disinterested  souls,  bcenuw  it 
wat  a  simple,  dccifive,  logical  doctrine,  liree  from  all  ahtïfiSiug  and 
conc<sliucnt,  and  one  that  forcibly  appealed  to  the  most  active  pai^on 
of  humanity- — -namely^  the  love  of  i.'quaUty.  To  dety  that  pus&ion 
might  have  been  hAx&rdoua;  to  twnper  with  it,  and  IhiUet  it  by 
seeming  concegdon?,  was  ft  prudent  and  dciteroua  course.  The 
Ibdng;  tne  electoral  rate  at  200ir.  was,  thercfoic,  m  giaicral  approved 
of  by  the  press,  and  the  aomc  scntimcnta  soon  prevailcct  in  the 
ebombcr^  Liifnyctte  pubHcty  aTorwed  his  adhésion  to  thcm^  at  the 
»mc  time  ndmittins  his  leanixiff  to  a  much  more  ample  syBtem; 
and  M.  do  Sade  enthodied  them  in  m  amcudment ,  in  the  ^ttîng  of 
tfie  25th  of  February.  On  that  day  several  members  of  the  raa- 
Miity  were  absent,  'The  minority,  éiding  with  M.  de  Sade,  wished 
K  eoDKOticncc  to  clwe  the  debate  and  haatcn  to  a  division.  Therc- 
tipon,  with  one  of  thoae  petty  tubtcrfugeaf  of  which  the  parlia- 
mcntuiy  liistnry  of  the  faov^eoàaie  wu  to  furnish  but  too  many 
examples,  M.  Benjamin  Dcleaeert,  who  filled  the  prefideut'a  chair, 
put  on  his  hat  and  arbitrarily  adjourned  the  chamber.  But  tricks 
like  this  usually  turn  out  to  the  dînàvantoge  of  those  who  resort  to 
them.  In  this  instance  the  oppoaiftîaQ  became  only  more  animated; 
the  movement  journal?  redoubled  dieir  ener^^  and  the  next  day 
the  SOOfr.  clause  was  voted  by  a  majority  made  up  of  the  left  of 
the  chamber,  the  right,  and  a  part  of  the  centre,  which  had  been  in- 
timidated by  the  press.    The  réduction  of  the  rate  of  ttigkbility  to 

2  £2 


406 


BAI>  CflÂBACTEK  OF  THE  NSW  LAW. 


âOÛfr.  was  a  second  victory  achieved  by  the  movement  liberals  over 
the  Tesistance  party.    But  here  ended  the  coficessioUB  of  the  majority. 
The  ministry  had  proposed  that,  besides  the  electors  qualified  by  the 
amount  of  their  taxes,  there  ghould  be  added  to  the  list»  a  certain 
number  of  citizens,  whose  pTofeasions  seemed  to  prove  their  cat 
Not  content  with  înordinately  restricting  the  compftsa  of  these  ____ 
tions,  and  visiting  with  insulting  excUii^ion  the  titular  profcssois  of  , 
tlic  faculties  of  law,  and  medicine,  of  the  scicnc*^,  atid  letters,  tlie  no- 
taries, avocats,  auirtïé*,  justiceâ,  &c.,  the  majority  refiised  to  admit  as 
electors  officers  retired  on  a  pension  of  120(^fr.,  or  the  members  and 
correspondents  of  the  institute,  except  on  condition  of  their  paying 
lOOfr.  direct  taxes,  that  is  to  aay^  half  the  ordinary  rate.     Tnig  Ja?4 
enactment,  adopted  at  the  suggestion  of  M- J- de  !./&  Rûcliefoucauld, 
appeared  ridiculous,  and  was  so  esteemed  by  public  opinion;  but  it 
had  ita  çignificance»  dear,  serious,    ond   prafound,      Thenccfottli 
there  was,  for  France,  no  possibility  of  mistaking  the  nature  of  the 
yoke  prepared  for  her.    To  condemn  intellect  to  yield  the  priority 
to  wealtQ,  and  to  found  on  the  possession  of  some  acres  of  land, 
(acquired  often  by  inheritance  or  by  fraud,  by  unjust  Inw-suits,  or  job» 
bipg)  the  pledges  of  morality  and  enlightenment  required  of  tnœe 
wHo  should  exercise  sovereignty,  was  telling  pîainly  enough  to  what 
a  goal  the  nahon  was  to  be  driven.    The  tave  of  money  subsisted  in 
the  moral  constitution  of  society;  the  tyranny  of  money  passed  into 
ita  institutions,  and  the  transformation  of  society  became  its  decay. 
Honest  mindi?  must  have  been  struct  with  isad  forebodinffs,  for  a 
totally  new  kind  of  sway  was  about  to  press  upon  the  people,  with- 
out consoling  it  by  dazzling  its  senses.     Now,,  for  a  great  nation,  a 
cniahing  t^-ranny  is  belter  that  one  that  humiliate  it. 

After  all,  the  legislators  of  the  bourgeoisie  had  forgrotten  that 
they  livci.!  in  a  country  in  which  competition  was  bringing  daily 
down,  more  and  more,  the  level  of  fortunes  conâsting  in  real  estate^ 
»nd  one  in  which  tho  civil  code  sanctioned  the  unlimited  subdivision 
•  of  patrimonies.  They  had  not  reflected,  that  the  more  the  soil  should 
become  divided,  the  fewer  proprietors  there  would  be  in  a  C(mdition 
to  pay  200fr.  of  taxes.  What,  could  be  more  cliimcrical  than  to 
endeavour  to  render  political  power  fixed  and  immoveuble»  by  found- 
ing it  on  proj>erty,  when  the  latter  had  become  excessdvely  Huc- 
tuating?  l^hc  electoral  law,*  as  adopted,  cstabhshcd,  therefore,  a 
gkring  contradiction  between  the  political  and  the  civil  institntioBu 
of  fronce,  and  real  state^mon  would  have  foreseen  that  the  quali6- 
cation  would  destroy  the  code,  if,  sooner  or  later,  the  code  did  not 
destroy  the  q^uahfication. 

lie  this  as  it  may,  the  political  pc*wcr  of  the  bourgeoiôe  Was  set 
up  on  its  base,  at  least  for  a  certain  time.  As  for  îtâ  material  power, 
the  law  respecting  the  national  guard  had  already  provided  for  tM8.f 

*  l^foted  b7  tlie  deputies,  ïlarch  9, 1831,  ud  by  the  pe«n  an  Om  13th  gf  April 

Dg. 

ID.  6,  1S3). 


TILE  DUKE  OF  MODENA  AND  MENOTTI. 


407 


Inat  laiv  opened  wllh  cliaracteristic  worda:  **'TÎig  national  guai'd  is 
instituted  to  defend  the  conEtitutional  royalty."  It  allowed  of  in- 
scribing ill  the  re&orvG  tlioec  to  whom  the  ordinary  wrvice  would  be 
Bcriously  iDconvcnicnt,  and  it  imposed  on  the  national  guardsman  him- 
Belf  the  COSÎ  of  his  equipment,  which  was  to  be  reguJated  by  future 
orders.  The  general  tendency  of  these  dexterous  arrangements  WM 
to  exclude  from  the  citil  army  the  aumerous  class  of  prolctûries^ 
which  wiis  regûfded  with  dread  by  the  rich. 

After  hfiving  taken  such  precautions  the  chamber  offered  no  stre- 
nuous resistance  to  those  who  urged  a  dissolution.  Being  idiuost 
sure  of  being  reH:lecled,  its  disinterestedness  coat  it  little.  But  be- 
faro  it  separated  it  had  the  gratification  of  witnessing  the  fall  of  tho 
Laffîttc  miuistry,  tlie  circumstances  of  which  event  merit  being  set 
forth  in  detdl. 

We  have  described  the  shock  given  to  the  world  in  1830.  No 
where  had  this  been  more  vividly  felt  than  in  Italy.  On  every  ado 
the  Italiiin  patriots  bestirred  tliemselves.  One  of  them,  the  cele- 
hiated  and  unfortUQAtc  Meïiotti,  liad  long  been  the  friend  of  Francis 
IV.,  Duke  of  Modcna,  and  they  had  together  concerted  projects,  the 
aim  and  end  of  which  was  for  the  one  the  ttcqtii.*ition  of  a  crown, 
for  the  other  the  independence  of  Italy.  It  has  been  supposed  that 
their  common  hopca  reposed  ou  secret  engagements  entered  into  in 
France  by  high  personages, 

A  conversation  held  by  the  Duke  of  Afodena  with  M.  Jlisley  in 
the  month  of  October,  in  a  secret  nook  of  the  ducal  palace,  may  af- 
tasd  an  idea  of  that  prince^a  sentiments.  The  duke  received  the 
conspirator  with  extreme  a&bility,  *  '  You  may  open  your  whole 
soul  to  me,"  he  aaid;  "my  word  of  honour,  wliich  1  here  pledge 
you,  secures  you  from  all  danger."  M.  Mislev  replied  that  his  con- 
ndcncc  was  entire;  that  the  readiness  with  wluch  he  had  consented 
lo  such  an  interview  was  proof  of  that,  since  no  one  was  ignorant 
that  his  prinuipleB  were  republican.  "  It  is  on  aceoimt  of  thoee  prin- 
ciples and  the  manner  in  which  you  have  upheld  them,"  repliea  the 
pnnce^  "  that  you  pouess  my  thorough  esteem^  And,  as  the  con* 
vcrsatjon  led  him  to  speak  of  the  Italian  libends  in  general,  he  de- 
clared that  the  jmH  he  luid  been  forced  to  take  mi  him  in  itabf  furbado 
him  the  hope  of  seeing  the  libérais  rally  round  him»  those  of  La 
Romagna  e^peciallyf  who  very  unjufitly  imputc-d  all  their  mîâfoitunes 
to  him.  M-  Miftlev  took  pains  to  persuade  the  duke  that  ttic  com- 
mittees formed  in  France  anil  England,  and  the  Romagnol  leaders 
themselves  waited  only  for  proofs  of  the  integrity  of  hJs  intentions. 
But  the  duke  appeared  to  fear  that  instead  ot  crowning  him  a  con- 
■titutiotial  kingj  the  Itahan  pntriota  would  make  the  revolution  iisuo 
in  a  republic.  He  closed  the  interview  by  commifsioning  M.  Mlsley 
T»-idi  his  thanks  to  all  the  brave  patriots  who  had  granted  him  their 
conËdence.  He  desired  them  luek  in  their  hazardous  enterprise, 
and  desired  that  **  he  might  have  on  opportunity  of  proving  that 
he  was  »  good  ItaUan»  and  ready  to  sacriiice  every  thing  for  tho 


408  TB^  DUXE  OF  MODEKA  AKI>  KEKOTTI; 


ml  welfare  of  ïvb  coimtrr-     Act  with  pradeiuje^"  hb  said,  as  bii| 
djamîi^ed  M.  îliflcy,  '  '  ftiui  come  scad  «^  me  before  yon  set  oat  J 
Paris." 

11108  tiie  Ihike  of  Modeoa  secretly  encouraged  insurrection,  jBt 
without  committing  hiinwlf,  and  in  a  manner  adapted  to  secure  ium* 
peli'  under  any  event,  according  to  the  wonted  course  of  princes^ 

Menotti  wss  not  oompletelj  the  dupe  of  these  tactics;  but  tht 
duko's  name  was  useful  to  him  by  givuig  more  importance  to  ni 
projects,  and  by  enabling  him  to  confirm  wavcïing  patriote  in  later 
stcadtUdLuess  to  a  cause  which  coidd  show  so  high  a  name  in  its  S^ 
of  âup]Kirtej6.  He,  therefore,  kept  up  a  cloK  coaDrc^>Qbde£ice  with 
tbo  Duke  of  Modena,  purposely  exag-gerated  the  advantage  of  «nà 
a  pobtical  JHendsiup^  and  thus  gave  a  sort  of  oSicial  character  to 
thut  fi-('.ruiting  of  conspirators  which  was  then  the  great  buâucsa  ti 
his  Mil'.* 

But  in  the  Rtran^  came  played  by  these  two  men  a^iainst  ^tdi 
other,  the  Dukr  of  Mt)deua  dealt  with  deep  and  abomioablr  d»- 
âmulaùon.  Whilst  Menotti  was  boldly  and  Laboriously  dcibnding 
the  duke's  g»xKl  faith,  which  the  more  su^idous  frionda  of  the  foii> 
Incr  rc[)CûtedJy  called  m  quosrion,  ri;c  dufce  only  thought  of  being 
guided  by  events.  Prepared  witïi  ïxj^ual  readiness  to  put  himself  at 
toe  head  of  tho  conspirators,  should  they  proi-c  the  stronger,  or  ta 
bcfomCj  in  the  other  alternative,  the  most  cruel  of  their  enemies,  he 
waited  until  France  should  declare  hcrseli", 

''Hie  chief  opposioon  leaders  m  France  made  no  secret  of  thcà 
sympathy  with  the  cause  of  Italy;  and  the  ptiudplc  of  non-inlKj- 
yuiitioit,  proi^laimcd  in  the  face  of  the  world  by  M.  Laffitte,  «seemed 
likely  to  remain  inviolate.  But  behind  the  ostensible  policy  cf 
France  was  there  not  a  secret  policy,  the  views  of  which  were  op- 
poeed  to  the  most  solemn  declamtions  of  the  Froich  miniaten? 
Were  there  not  furtive  communications,  through  which  the  cabinet 

*  Henotti's  secret  oorrespondeooe  has  been  commnnkated  to  ns.  Tbe  toDamwf 
i»  his  letter  to  M.  Misley,  then  in  Puis: 

"  My  brother  will  bare  informed  you  of  my  return  to  îTorence.  I  hare  had  a 
long  interriew  with ,  and  we  hare  arranged  every  thinp  very  wdL  On  my  re- 
turn, I  went  to  the  dufce  to  keep  him  fast  in  the  same  position.  He  was  aatsiilad 
irith  me,  and  I  with  him.  1  hope  I  have  succeeded  in  inducing  him  to  perfima  son* 
acts  of  grace  for  the  new  year;  but  I  believe  nothing  mitil  I  see  it.  Every  thing  ■ 
quiet  here,  and  all  is  going  on  for  the  best.  It  was  impoenble  to  proceed  rigbtly 
without  a  centre;  bendes, I  was  oot  enough,  single  handed,  for  every  thing.  IaR»- 
magna  continues  to  be  in  the  greatest  fermentation;  but  it  viU  luit  stir.  Aie  the 
Fiedmontcse  definitively  agreed  with  us?  Adieu.  I  am  impatient  for  news  from 
yen. 

Another  letter  &om  Menotti,  dated  January  S,  1831: 

**Theaoly  thing  we  want  is  money,  and  with  money  be  assured  we  nugfat  eflect  ti» 
movement  whenever  we  chose.  The  old  liberals  who  have  money  will  not  give  aqj. 
No  matter.  This  win  not  disoonrage  us  or  slacken  our  exert  ions.  Tbe  dnfce  per- 
rists  in  his  determination  to  let  things  proceed  ;  so  we  live  as  it  were  in  a  repaMki 
It  is  said  that  Maximilian  (the  duke's  brother),  will  come  here.  I  do  not  beberc  i*. 
AU  is  quiet  in  Italy.  Will  France  interfere  in  case  tlie  Austrians  croa  tbe  Bof 
Ttû»  is  what  we  want  by  all  means  to  know.  Organize  yourselves  as  wdl  as  yoa 
We  must  hare  I^edmoat.    Get  the  Union  decided  on.    Adien." 


1 


B^ 


THE  FRENCH  BflNiaTEBS  AKD  THE  DUC  D'ORLÉANS.       409 

of  the  Palau  Royal  l>ecame  yAedged  to  tKe  court  of  Vienna  ?  Tlie 
Duke  of  Modcna  Icamod  this  or  beIi<!T^  it^  for  Lis  purposes  sad* 
denly  cliangcd^  and  thi&  change  yr^s  manitèatcd  by  tae  most  înià- 
mous  monœuvics.* 

Menotti  and  his  friendSf  howovoT,  •were  not  discouraced.  To  say 
the  truth,  they  could  rockoa,  up  to  a  cerUtin  poiul,  on  the  instinctive 
adhcsûn  of  the  people,  but  not  on  itfi  active  co-ctpcmdon:  for  iht/f 
hiid  hardly  studied  the  w&nts  of  that  people,  vrhich  enjoyed  nuL- 
k;ruJ  fffoeperity,  and  they  bad  not  connected  themselves  with  it  by 
Any  of  those  relations  which  serve  as  the  groundwork  of  a  great  in* 
flurnco.  Âgûin  Austria,  of  hci-»?lf  alone,  was  capable  of  putting 
^wn  their  efibrls;  so  that  the  whole  question  for  tl:em  amounted 
ta  i}û& — would  France  adhere  faithlully  to  that  principle  of  non-in- 
-^BTention  she  had  so  ostentatiously  adopted? 

JI4  Laffitte,  na  we  have  eeen,  had  cxcloimcd*  in  his  speech  of  the 
Iflt  of  December:  '*  Franco  will  not  permit  the  principle  of  non-m- 
tCTi'tntion  tobeTiolalcd."  Some  days  ai'ter  this,  M.  Dupin,  whose  lo- 
Jatîons  with  the  court  are  well  known,  Kcpreœcd  himeelf  in  these 
terms  irom  the  tribune,  amid«t  the  applanaes  of  the  assembly:  "  Had 
Frapco,  coldly  and  sellishly  isoktû^  nerself,  declared  that  she  would 
not  practise  intervention,  tliJs  naiight  have  been  hose  and  dastardly; 
but  to  declare  that  she  will  not  permit  intervention,  ia  ihtj  noblest 
attitude  a  powerful  and  generous  people  can  asaume/'f 

"  Nnn-intervcntion,"  said  M&r&hal  Soult,  mimsla'  of  war,  from 
Uie  tribune  of  the  chamber  of  peers,  '*  non-intervention  ia  henceforth 
«nr  principle.  Wc  will  religiously  respect  it  assuredly,  but  on  the 
BMcutiftJ  condition  that  it  slmll  be  respeetcd  by  othera."^ 

Dedarations  so  clear  appeared  amply  aatiâfactory  to  young  men 
without  experience,  fttid  little  versed  in  the  deplorable  art  of  politicfti 
h-ing.  Lfilayctte  too,  bcin^  himscb"  deceived,  averred  to  M.  Misley 
timt  tiie  prÎQtiple  of  non-intervention  wo^dd  be  courageously  main- 
tained, and  that  he  liad  been  aiiurcd  of  this  at  court.  Lastly,  the 
I>uke  oi  Orléans,  the  eldest  add  of  the  King  of  the  French,  app^ired 
ao  well  disposed  towards  the  Italian  conspinktors,  that  he  was  initiated 
into  their  KcietB;  and  as  early  as  the  month  of  November,  1S30,  ho 
named  to  M.  Viardot  the  day  on  wliich  the  insurrection  would  break 
out  in  Modt3ia,§ 

•  Or  the  nil  nr  Jantinrr,  1831.  Mt-nûtt;  wmtt  ihus  to  M.  Mklcy- 
*!  un  tliîM  nvnnent  Binred  in  Golof^a.  I  mixirt  tcU  you  thnt  tlie  dnkc  U  n  dovn^ 
Tight  raatad  {ètréanie).  I  ini«  iii  danger  (Kf  bcim;  kilted  ycstenUy.  The  dnke  bu 
hwl*  rejioTt  «prrikl.  through  tho  imtruntciilulity  of  tïic  (anrediiU  (wi  uiti-Iibur&l 
toctiini).  tliAt  you  luid  I  are  ■genis  pud  for  fomiing  ceotm,  uid  dt-nuimciog  tb«m.' 
So  MIy  wu  tliii  bdicTcd  In  BolAfna,  that  1  nunnrly  «aexptA  uniujiinAtitifL.  The 
i«ct  il,  Vbat  ibe  whole  Uoa  of  Ban^fna  haï  become  cbftogtHl  wiltiin  a  vi«k,  bat  it 
viUconiebaektoiiK..»  Nuir  tlwt  1  kouv  I  ton  re^pinkd»  »n  «gintof  tbedukt;^ 
1  will  GOttduet  myself  m>  muily  ai  to  attala  mj  «udi  inUioat  furftitUn^  my  jvomiwi. 
Adieu.* 

!8i«Uiifi  «<r  live.  6,  l«34). 
HiltiiiK  of  Dec.  8,  IMU, 
IHi  the  l9Ui  or  Jaanaiy,  1B91,  HtOûttl  wftttc  Uitu  to  ICikyi 
"The  dny  befcw  jatÊriây  I  uw  a  Crleod.    IVon^  bk  ItMmoarTtafity,  T  bop» 


N 


4ia  -^'f  ^         THE  ITALIAX  KETOl-CnON. 

Deep  Kucliiiig,  and  calcubted  tû  change  the  -whrAc  &ac  of  i 
Uutiiosm»  WHS  tiwit  Italian  revohitioii,  whii^  tended  to  blf3t  out  lise- 
ipope  fl  nain«  &oiin.  the  Ix^  of  terapacfltl  tfûttxiâgtia,  irhilA  IcBTÏng  him 
the  ûlle  of  gnpwane  iLod  inTÎokble  head  of  the  cfavzcfau  fior  ihm 
d«c*T  o{  c^ÛÙsXââem,  the  carraptioa  c^  its  psinciples,  the  fitU  of  iti 
tawïitîoi&â»  ihe  adolicmuâ  *Uwicc  of  Uie  oovTt  of  Boo»  witfa  tib* 
^rniiiues  it  once  l»d  oomliAlied,  all  this  vas  the  finît  of  that  tes- 
jnx&l  poorer  of  Use  pop«i  defimdveW  «stsbl^wd  by  Aleacaiids  VL, 
«IpMDted  by  the  nraid  of  Juliiu  III^  and  najntiinoii  afiecwwdB  b^  J 
mki3gue9>  ÎEÛquitiâfl,  and  infrmiefl,  Ihe  pops,  hancg  bfxoœepcnee» 
with  the  mme  title  and  after  Ùie  same  uaoiaa  as  the  other  pmn«  at 
Slw  earth*  had  iiatumllT  paaed  undex  the  yoke  of  moiidanc  intOTBlB; 
Wfed  thus  it  was  that  the  papacy,  ia  other  days  the  proiectreis  of  peck 
plea,  had  ^tadballj  become  the  aiocDmptioc  of  their  tviuttf.  To  take 
ftvay  its  teraporal  pover  from  the  hiMy  fv>e  vms  to  ftnmcrthefit  by 
purmriag:,  ita  ^izîtiial  power;  it  was  to  force  it  to  resome  the  gmr-  H 
diaiuhip  of  the  world-  V 

In  this  reEpect,  the  insuzrectiaa  of  la  Romagna  agaînA  th«:  pope 
lud  a  character  easentially  democntk  «nd  mÛTcrsil,  CGOxqasnuj  u 
French  character.  To  second  it  wks,  therefore,  for  Fzmihcc  a  duty 
of  ^rapAthy  a&d  a  pmnt  of  high  potier^  fl 

But  the  cabinet  oi*  the  Falaa  Bc^al  had  le»  elevaled  rievs,  and  V 
dundbed  pn^ecttt,  the  hidden  impost  of  which  the  Ifialiaa  patzioU 
Otnid  not  fainom.     They  xeaolvcd  to  ace 

It  was  decided  that  the  signal  of  rerolution  should  be  grrai  xt 
]Aodata.  anà  in  the  hou^e  i>f  Menofti  hlmsdf.  The  confpiracry  ^hk  "^ 
to  break  out  on  the  7th  of  February;  bat  the  conspirators  obtained 
îndicatioiis  but  too  clear  that  a  clue  had  been  found  to  their  deâgas. 
There  was  among  them  a  citizen  named  Ricci,  a  sooà  Italian,  ont 
soring  in  the  Duke  of  Modena's  guards,  and  the  wm  of  a  man 
marked  out  for  the  vengeance  of  the  conspirators.  It  is  rdated  that 
IKcci,  trembling  for  his  lather's  life,  went  to  him  some  days  befoie 
the  outbreak  of  the  plot,  and  entreated  him  to  absent  himself  &om 
Modena  on  the  7th  of  February.  Surprised  at  his  stm's  impor* 
tnnity,  the  father  conceiTed  his  suspicions,  and  hastened  to  impait 
them  to  the  prince.  Kicci  was  summoned  to  the  palace,  and  Teb^ 
mendy  threatened,  and  it  is  supposed,  that  if  he  did  not  betray  any 
of  his  accompHces,  his  avowau  at  least  compromised  the  success  cf 
the  bold  scheme  they  had  concerted.  Subecquendy,  the  rankHng 
malice  of  the  duke  afibrded  the  unhappy  young  man  the  honoox  cï 
a  noble  expiation. 

Be  this  as  it  may,  certain  imusoal  measures,  especially  the  order 

S'Tcn  to  the  brare  general  Zucchi  to  quit  Modena.  having  given 
cnotti  and  his  companions  reason  to  suppose  that  their  plot  had 
been  discovered,  they  determined  to  hurry  on  the  dénouement. 

fiir  a  credit  of  9000  francs,  «hicb  u  goanoteed  br  monga^^  It  is  a  tot  good  thine 
that  the  Doc  d'Orléans  protect*  ns;  and  it  is  also  with  the  greatest  pèeasnre  1 1 
Ac  (ood  BodetilBiidBig  that  cxiaU  between  joa  and  Laiajctte,"  kc 


FRUSTBAT£D  CONfiriKACY  IS  HODKNA.  411 

Oq  the  3d  of  Febniaiy  an  imuimal  agitation  prevailed  in  Mg- 
desia.  Whilst,  on  one  aido,  the  conspiiators  were  making  their  pre- 
parations with  their  utmost  speed  and  with  heroic  temerity,  the  Duko 
of  Modena^  on  the  other,  was  i^giiin"^  xirgcnt  orders,  fortifying  hia 
palace  and  conàgning  the  trtxips  to  the  bamcbs.  At  eight  o'clock 
the  conspiiatoTS  assembled  in  Menotti^s  house,  to  the  number  of 
about  forty.  Tliere  were  many  of  their  aceomptices,  thoee  particu- 
larly who  redded  in  the  country,  to  whom  there  had  not  been  time 
to  give  notice.  But,  confiding  in  their  own  courage,  and  in  the 
fortune  of  their  country,  these  high-minded  ItaliEUis  made  ready, 
some  to  invade  the  ducat  palace^  othofs  to  march  to  the  four  ^^ntes 
of  the  city  and  s&xc  po^sesaon  of  them,  when  the  strocta  round  Mc- 
notti's  house  were  suddenly  lillcd  wilh  soldiers.  As  th^e  «inspirotyrs  oc- 
cupied only  the  upper  rooms,  and  the  lower  Hoor  was  inhabited  by  a 
peaceable  ikmily,  composed  chiefly  of  womon  and  clûldicn,  the 
priticipai  door  of  the  house  had  been  left  open.  Dragoons  and 
pioneers  entered  tlie  court,  went  up  to  the  first  floor,  and  tried  to 
break  in  tlie  door  of  the  room  in  which  the  conspirators  were  &s- 
eemblcd.  "  What  is  to  be  done?"  ciietl  one  of  them.  Mcnotti 
caught  up  a  pistol  and  discharged  it-  în  an  instant  the  door  waa 
ziddW  with  balls  from  both  ndes.  Some  of  tlic  conâpirators,  rush* 
ins  to  the  windows,  fired  on  the  troops  posted  in  the  street,  and  the 
âgint  be^;an.  It  waa  a  fearful  and  singular  drama.  Shrieks  of 
women  and  children  in  the  second  and  the  jpro«nd  flqom  mingled 
with  the  din  of  the  firing-.  The  dragoons  iuierriny,  from  the  obsti- 
BAke  Kttstence  they  encountered,  tliat  they  Imd  to  do  witli  numerous 
caiemàtBj  at  last  retreated,  and  descended  the  staircaâo,  which  reeked 
with  their  blood.  Tlio  noise  of  fire-anns  saddcnly  ceased  ;  the  soldiers 
SK^^udcr  cûTCTof  the  porticos;  and  all  was  silent  round  the  house. 
Tbaroapon,  in  the  passionate  excitement  of  tlicir  strange  victory ,  the 
ooïMfftwtors  sat  down  to  table,  joyous  and  melancholy  by  turns;  and 
in  the  expectation  of  death,  they  drank  to  the  deliverance  of  their 
country.  Hope  revived  for  a  moment  in  their  hearte.  Hearing  a 
confused  noise  at  a  distance,  they  supposed  that  llic  gates  of  the  city 
liad  been  forced  by  their  confedemtes  from  tlic  country,  and  they  all 
went  up  to  the  roof  of  the  house  to  see  their  deliverers.  They  were 
mistaken;  the  distant  noise  they  heard  waa  the  shoutiDg  of  some  of 
the  tyrant's  soldiers,  cxultinp  beforehand  ox'cr  their  ea*y  victorY, 
Suddenly  a  voice  was  heard  in  the  street.  '^Who  çoes  there?" 
cried  a  sentineL  '*  Menotti,"  replied  a  maUj  lelilna;  himself  down 
from  the  wall  by  a  rope;  "  I  am  going  to  speak  to  the  duke."  The 
words  were  responded  to  by  j»  Bhot,  and  Mcnotti  was  raised,  bleed- 
ing, from  the  pavement.  During  thia  lime  an  aflecting  scene  wa» 
taion^  pkco  in  the  duc&l  pftlftce.  The  prince  had  been  ftdviaed  to 
have  the  Ofrylum  of  the  oùJOfàaacn  blown  up  ;  but  the  minister,  Scoda, 
itbove  IjunUy  inhabited  the  dontened  dwelling,  threw  liimsclf  at  the 
pnuccfl  fset,  azui,  with  tears,  conjured  hba  not  to  involve  the  ina<v 
cent  in  the  same  fkte  aa  the  guilty.     The  duke,  howercr»  9cn%  cannon 


J 


412 


SFREAB  OF  IKStTKRECTIOS  THKOUQHOUT  ITAI.Y. 


•gunft  tho  conapirators;  and  the  latter,  to  avoid  bringing  dc 
OB  tiie  fimiilics  that  were  itiiplii;ated  in  llidr  dan;^eT,  thoug^h  iia 
wadtttod  in  tKclr  desi^s,  voluntarily  surrendered  tliemselvca  intc 
hands  of  the  soldiers,     llioy  were  dragged  away  to  tlie  pakcc  i 
invective  and  abii:?e  of  all  kinds.      Many  of  them  were 
wounded.     Sifjnor  Ruffini*  received  two  bayonet  wounds. 

The  4tli  of  February  was  a  day  of  inouming  for  the  city  of  Mé^ 
dena;  but  the  day  following  it  became  known  there  that  an  inaa^ 
roctioD  had  liraken  out  in  Bologna;  and  the  Didtc  of  Modcna,  aftor 
bui'ning  his  private  papers,  set  out  in  great  trépidation  for  \£iuitvH,  ' 
taking  the  unfortunate  Menotti  ^^-ith  him  :  he  was  afterwards  ta  moka 
euro  of  the  coniS5>iralor's  silence  by  handing  him  over  to  the  es«- 
ciïtiooer. 

From  Bologna  the  insurreclion  spread  rapidly  through  sU  VUt- 
nta^ina.  But  a  few  ââys  had  elapsed  ere  the  tricolour  âa^er  vu 
hoitted  in  Pci-ouse,  Spoleii,  Foli^no,  and  Tcmi;  the  in^^n 
raged  in  the  provinces  of  Umbria  and  ïrosimenc;  Cardinal  Bcli 
ii^Htie  a  latere^  fell  into  the  power  of  the  instu-gentâ  at  Oqmibp. 
AnooBft  yielded  vt'ithuut  a  blow  to  the  brave  Colonels  Seroogmnn 
and  Amiandi;  lastly,  Maiia  Louisa  Aed  from  her  states  to  whâdl 
the  canfla^Tatian  had  spread.  The  glorious  standard  of  the  ItaUaa 
youth  suon  floated  over  the  heights  of  Owricoli,  fifteen  lei^ucs  Ëntn 
xlome,  and  terror  reigned  in  tho  Vatican. 

X?n fortunately  the  people  applauded  tlie  revolution  without  [ 
Qonately  espousing  itg  eam«.  Half  content  with  thatdeslîny,  the  «h^ing 
of  which  it  was  not  capable  of  perceiving»  it  was  more  disposed  to  hail 
^ê  march  of  its  lil>eraiors  than  to  take  an  active  and  violait  p«rt  in 
their  ranks.  Lcadere  moreover  were  wanting.  There  was  no  unity, 
no  guidiog  hand.  At  Bologna,  Modcna^  Parma,  and  licggio,  there 
had  sjjnmg  up  ns  many  extemporaneous  go-VL-mraents,  not  rivals  to 
each  otiier,  hut  distinct,  and  deprived  even  of  the  idea  of  com  billing 
their  cfîbrtB  by  a  fatal  respect  for  the  principle  of  non-intervcntioiL. 
To  propag.itc  the  insurrection  iu  Tuscany  was  not  to  be  thought  o>f, 
the  people  of  tliat  country  being  governed  with  paternal  wisdom, 
and  enjoying  unequalled  prosperity. 

In  such  a.  state  of  thing? ,  and  amidst  so  many  oWtaclot  audacitip' 
■ssmed  to  offer  a  last  chance  of  success  to  the  Italian  [mtriote.  Tliem 
waepeiilt  not  folK%  in  roarclùng  on  Home;  and  this  "n'as pzopoaed Iw* 
many.  But  the  government  of  Botogua  hesitated;  it  consulted  Colôod 
Armandi,  who  waê  then  at  Ancona,  and  had  not  yet  been  n^sfld 
minister  of  war.  The  colonel's  rcply^  backed  by  all  tho  wcîg^faft  olf 
hia  old  miUlaiy  experience,  w^,  that  Jbe  temper  of  the  pec^ile  of 
Rome,  entirely  dependent,  as  they  were,  on  the  papal  court,  forbade 
aa  expedition  of  the  kind;  that  it  wu  impoeeible  to  attempt  it  with 
maac&a  with  a  handlul  of  men,  unskilled  in  war  and  iil-armed;  that 
it  would  be  mischicTouB  to  the  It&bau  revolution,  thus  blindly  to 


TEBGimHSATIOÎÏ  OF  THE  FttENCEl  COVEE3ÎMENT.  41S 

rush  on  the  liajards  of  a  first  reverse,  in  a  case  in  wluch  a  em&ll  bodj 
of  men  vould  have  to  expose  theiuflclvcs  in  a  vast  plain,  where  the 
nuttiro  of  the  ground  would  not  allow  them  to  march  from  post  to 
poat,  or  to  encamp  in  safety.     This  opinion  previiiled. 

Itehettaore^  Rome  had  suddenly  assumed  an  altered  ospecL. 
Dnil^  the  first  days  of  the  ingurrectioUt  tlse  Vatiian  had  lietraycd 
tlie  most  lively  alarm,  and  preparations  had  been  made  thcpe  for 
flight.  But  news  arrived  from  France,  and  at  once  the  hopes  and 
tlie  pride  of  the  papal  court  rc^'ivcd  ;  threatening  proclaiDations  WMS 
isBUod  £tom  the  otenial  city;  and  iho  Trastcveniu  ^vcre  in  orsaft 
"  Good  ncwal"  said  Colonel  KaTincttî,  in  a  proclamation  addressed 
to  tlie  papal  troops.  **  The  king  of  France  asaurea  the  holy  tathcTT 
by  an  express,  of  his  protection  and  intcn^ention  for  the  luainto- 
nsjicfl  of  the  Fufftl  Stated,  under  the  government  of  the  holy  »oc." 
In  fact,  on  the  llrst  news  of  the  insurrection  of  Bologna,  Louia 
rhiJippc  hastened  to  write  to  the  holy  ftttlief ,  and  to  testify  liis  in- 
terest and  his  solicitude  on  behulf  of  \ns  hohncsa.  M>  Sébastiaui^  on 
hÎA  pfirt,  true  to  his  master's  policy*  l»ad  j^ven  urgent  orders  in 
Fnaoe  to  liinder  the  departure  of  all  ilie  Ilali.in  refugees,  whom  the 
bopoi  and  the  dangers  of  their  brethren  summoned  to  Italy. 

At  thifl  period,  howercT^  the  cause  of  Itsdian  independence  awoko 
in  Sttsusb  Bjinpatlûes  as  energetic  as  generous,  and  a  particular  cir- 
iiiiiiMlniii  II  added  fuel  to  the  hatred  borne  to  the  Austrian  govern' 
ment  by  the  sincere  partisans  of  the  July  revolution.  A  young 
Itiilian  of  mild  countenance,  indeUblv  marked  with  the  traces  m 
cruel;  siifièring,  had  arrived  in  Paris.  îlis  name  was  MaronccUi.  He 
had  long  beea  i&unurod  in  the  black  dungeons  of  Spielberg,  and  the 
tale  of  the  torturca  be  had  endured  was  horrible.  This  innocent 
victim  of  tJne  tyranny  of  a  mispiciouâ  government  had  been  draped 
into  a  foreign  knd,  where  they  assignai  him  for  prison  a  damp  aad 
jrioomr  dungeon,  for  food  black  bread  and  warm  water,  for  bed  ft 
baie  fuank,  and  fordothos  the  convict's  garb.  I£b  Leit  leg^  enclosed 
in  on  irai  rtttg,  to  which  was  attadicd  a  chain  «eghijig  twenty 
pounds,  had  swollen  so  much  that  amputation  became  neoenary,  id 
vuat  Ilia  pre£«t3oc  alone  was  enough  to  denounce  the  barbarity  of  bis 
lortUfCTS.  The  publicity  given  to  thcae  details,  at  a  moment  what 
mmry  heut  vas  throbbing  for  Italy,  produced  a  univcrsd  and  fODi* 
foimd  imprcamon. 

Now  it  became  known  on  the  same  day  in  Pane»  that  M.  d'Apponf 
had  announced  to  the  calnnet  of  the  Palais  Bo\-al  the  intended  spoechf 
intervcntiou  of  Austria  in  the  afîaiia  a£  the  duchy  of  Modemu  AuatZMt 
founded  her  pretensions  on  the  ivroubonaiy  nght  zatijBed  to  her  by 
the  ooQgreB  of  Vienna.  Idle  paetejU  1  Could  a  oontin^rent  right  of 
nveman  tike  ûom  the  duchy  of  Modott  its  chamcter  as  an  indt- 
pauùmi  Jttaêt^  Yrhich  had  been  oofllnrtd  on  it  by  the  «itiptdatioiu  «f 
Vienna,  ud  wbkh  the  French  nrp«nu&ent  had  bound  itaelf  to  aa* 
reneetedt  when  it  prc»daxmod  Ûïo  prindpto  of  non-interreotioo? 
Lamttc  dcdaicd  in  mil  coiuicil,  that  to  such  pretenaous,  if  Auetna 


AU 


THE  FRENCH 


^B  TO  THE  PORTE» 


'perdsted  in  thenii  there  -wua  but  one  possible  answer^ — wmr.     Ail 

tlie  mmipteTs  strongly  concurred  witli  him.     Sébastianî  Kîmfelf^  as 
minister  of  foreign  aitairs,  undertook  to  reply  in  that  tone. 

Marahal  Mfiigon,  the  French  ambassador  at  Vienna,  was  ordei^ 
to  make  a  declaration  to  Austria,  forbidding  her,  in  fonnal  terms,  to 
enter  the  Roman  states.  To  this  ultimatum,  leading  directly  to  war^ 
Austria  rephed  not  only  "with  firmness,  but  with  insult.  As  guardian 
of  the  honour  of  his  povcmment,  and  convinced  that  France  could 
not  mthout  intamy  suffer  a  principle  to  be  trampled  on,  which  he 
WÛ3  officially  commissioned  to  enforce,  the  marchai  immediately 
communicated  the  reply  of  the  Austrian  minister  to  the  cabinet  of 
the  Palais  Ro;^l.  At  the  Eainc  time  he  wrota  to  treneral  GruiUe- 
minot,  French  ambassador  at  C-onstantinople,  that  the  peace  of  the 
world  "was  at  an  end;  that  France  was  decidedly  constrained  to 
diRW  the  sword  for  the  honour  of  a  doclaration  which  liad  been 
menacingly  flung  back;  that  every  moment  was  precious,  and  tliat 
all  speed  must  l>o  uged  in  seeking  out  everywhere  enemies  to  Kusria, 

General  Guilleminot  could  not  hesitate.  The  situation  of  the 
French  embassy  at  Constantinople  had  been  a  dîÉFcrent  one  sdnce 
the  revolution  of  July.  At  the  period  of  the  revolution  that  cast 
down  Charles  X.  from  his  tlirone,  M.  de  Ribeaupierre  was  Rusôan 
plenipotentian^  to  the  Porte.  He  was  one  of  your  KuEraans  of 
imcty-polished  manners,  and,  before  all  things,  an  homme  de  s&ion; 
but  this  did  not  hinder  him  from  giving  vent  to  a  rancorous 
hatred  against  the  system  that  had  gained  the  upper  hand  in 
Prance,  a  hatred  the  violent  expression  whereof  was  not  always 
moderated  by  good  breeding.    The  Divan,  in  it^  submission  to  Rua- 

■  aan  ascendancy,  had  at  first  prevented  the  substitution  of  the  tri- 
colour for  the  white  flag;  General  GuiUeminot  sent  his  son-in-law, 
M.  Roger,  to  the  Russian  plenipotentiary,  to  demand  an  explanation^ 
M-  dc  Ribeaupierre  was  at  table,  âurrounded  by  bia  officersj  when 
M.  Roger  entered.     Unable  to  prevent  the  explosion  of  his  an- 

'  tipathics,  he  began  violently  to  attack  the  Fraich  revolution  and 
'  ita  coneequences.    M.  Roger,  a  man  of  spirit,  and  wholly  devoted  to 

■  his  country,  replied  warmly,  contrasting  the  glorious  event  of  Jidy, 
whicii  had  raised  France  in  the  worlds  cstecm^  with  those  sedirioua 
movements  which,  in  Russia,  ended  only  in  aasBsainadons.  lliid 
Bccne,  though  very  animated,  led  to  no  unpleasant  cons^ucnoes ; 

'  the  obstaclea  to  the  change  of  the  French  flag  were  even  removed  ; 

'  but  a  lurking  hostility  did  not  cease  to  exist  between  the  two  am* 

I  basBadors.  General  Guilleminot  was,  therefore,  neither  surprised  no* 
distressed  byGencral  Maison  s  despatch.  Negotiations  abl^'  conducted 
might  produce,  cither  in  the  Caucasus  or  in  Persia,  efficacious  means 

'  of  diversion,  and  secure  the  salvauon  of  Poland;  but  Uie  essenliai 

thing  was  to  bring  Turkey  to  declare  against  ii.us9ÎA  upon  the  ûrst 

cannon  shot.     To  this  end  overtures  were  made  to  the  Porte,  and 

every  tiling  was  secretly  prepared  in  anticipation  of  impending  war. 

Meanwhile,  the  despatch  addressed  by  Marshal  Mai&ou  to  the 


I 


■HP 


id 


BETIBEVENT  OF  LAFFITTE. 


415 


Fokis  Royal  arrived  in  Paris,  It  was  to  this  effect:  "  Until  now," 
eaid  M.  Mettcrnichp  "  we  have  allowed  France  to  put  forward  the 
principle  of  non-intervention,  but  it  h  time  she  should  know  we  do 
not  think  of  recojcnlsing  it  as  regards  Italy.  We  will  carry  our  arms 
wherever  the  insurrection  extends.  If  this  intervention  is  to  bring 
on  war,  why  then  let  war  come  !  We  would  rather  incur  its  chances, 
th&n  be  exposed  to  perish  hy  seduction  and  riot." 

Marshal  Maison  added,  that  in  order  to  prevent  the  dangers  that 
threatened  France,  she  ought  without  delay  to  strike  the  first  blow, 
and  march  an  army  into  Piedmont. 

This  despatch,  w}iich  waa  commented  en  with  pasaaonate  warmth 
in  public^  had  been  tmosmitlcd  on  tlie  4t]i  to  M.  Sebsatiani.  LalHttc, 
the  president  of  the  coundl,  became  acquainted  with  it  only  on  die 
8th,  by  chance,  as  it  wctc,  reading  it  in  the  coEumnâ  of  the  NationoL 
It  bad  then  been  kept  concealed  ifor  four  days  from  the  president  of 
the  council!  Great  was  M.  Lalhttc'a  surprise.  He  dcm^inded  an 
eipiuutioil.  S^bastiani  hadnothing  tooâcrîn  his  own  justification, 
except  leaaons  so  frivolous,  that  it  was  an  insult  to  name  tliem,  and 
L&ffitte  resolved  to  resign  an  office  of  which  he  was  left  not^ung  but 
the  odium.  He  wished  to  make  one  more  trial  of  the  gratitude  of 
ft  prbwe  to  whom  he  had  given  a  crown;  and  lie  bittoriy  compkjned 
ta  ihim  of  what  had  occurred,  mingling  with  the  statement  of  his  per* 
aoBttl  ^evânœs  »  guarded  censure  of  a  policy  of  which  he  had  been 
made  the  instrument  wliiîe  not  fully  approving  it.  The  king  replied 
to  LofHtte  with  his  usual  olf-hand  làmmarily  ;  he  gently  con»>Ied  the 
friend^  and  seoned  desirous  of  retaining  the  minister.  Tlien,  as  if  he 
had  been  a  total  stranger  to  that  policy  which  LafSttc  found  fault 
with,  he  advised  him  to  have  an  cjcplanatîon  on  the  subject  with  his 
ooiUeapucs.  Loffitte  did  so  in  a  meeting  held  on  the  9th  of  March. 
But  already  every  thing  liad  been  prepared  for  a  change  of  ministry. 
Ciômir  P^-rier  judged  that  his  own  time  was  come»  and  M.  Bouvier^ 
Dumolard  had  been  nude  the  confidential  depository  of  his  views  on 
that  point.  Lnffitte  was  ooldly  received  bv  bis  colleagues.  He  then 
was  aware  of  all  he  had  sacrinced  in  stacrihcing  his  country,  and  he 
retired  from  oUicc  with  n  heart  incurably  wounded. 

Thus  fell  that  miruatry  which  had  been  the  progeny  of  a  revolu- 
tion. The  concealment  of  the  despatch  was  tlic  pretext,  not  the 
«»usc,  of  the  retirement  of  the  president  of  the  council.  Laflitte  fdl 
because  the  services  he  could  render  to  the  new  dynasty  were  cx- 
baiuted.  And  how  should  ho  have  been  able  to  keep  his  ground? 
On  the  one  hand,  if  his  feelings  inclined  him  towards  the  people,  his 
opinions  tended  the  other  way;  on  the  other  hand^  tliv  friendship  of 
a  king  ww  too  dangcroas  a  trial  for  his  sensibility.  LaHitte  had 
great  fipandal  talentf^  a  shrewd  mind»  a  reomrkablc  fiicility  of  speech» 
a  highly  graceful  and  dignified  good-nuturc.  In  )mn  was  inet  that 
rare  combination,  knowledge  of  business  with  very  cxtejiaive  literary 
acquirements.  In  another  postîon,  and  under  other  induenccs,  he 
might  have  rendered  the  giiàleM  services  to  hia  country:  but  with 


40» 


SUMMAKY  ESTIMATE  OP  LAJFITTE*3  MIXISTBT. 


Itia  attention  divided  between  tKe  culUr&tioa.  of  liîâ  popolantT  ud 
the  care  of  hiig  credit,  lie  was  necessarily  ■wanting  in  tt^dut  «lue  Ér 
evil  or  for  good.     He  was  in-eajlute  at  n  moment  when  inl 
were  impatient  to  classify  thcmsflvGa,  and  possionâ  to  find 
He  wâfl  condemned  to  act  only  by  the  bsnd  of  others,  wli«n 
neeeaauy  to  master,  whilst  snving  it,  a  bewildered  and  un 
society,  still  palpitating  ffoin  the  violent  eftbrts  of  its  recent  cnnflirl. 
Lfcffitte'a  name  Wl  been  respeeted;  ic  was  comproimsed;   his  tain* 
cnoe  was  deciidve;  it  was  uiaau  subservient  to  the  suoceflB  of  tfa» 
deplorable  scheme:^.     And  i)ms  it  was  tîmt  bia  tniuBtiy  "mrtitntri 
an  unhappy  poiod  in  tbe  history  of  his  ennntry. 

It  was,  in  Ikct,  during  that  period  that  was  establisbod,  by  tbe 
ceasive  abandonment  of  all  oppressed  nationst  the  diplomntic  gyluo 
which  tended  to  bring  France  down  to  the  rank  of  the  secoodsiT 
powers,  in  order  to  obtain  acceptanec  for  Louis  Pliilippc'a  dyiiastr  ^ 
the  ban«lâ  of  the  pnncipal  powers.  It  was  ^Iso  in  that  pcnod  that  ùx 
bourgcoiâic  enabled  itself  to  command  in  pubUc  a^irs.  By  the  kv 
on  mimicipaUtiea  it  pamlyaed  with  the  s.ime  blow  the  action  of  the 
people  in  tbc  communes,  and  that  of  the  great  local  uiduەiicc&  Uy 
the  law  on  elections  it  possessed  itself  exclusively  of  the  power  of  lae 
state.  By  the  law  respecting  the  national  e^uard  it  reaerred  to  itetf 
the  dominion  of  the  thoroughrarcs.  Guided  by  lieartliSB  leodecs,  la 
whose  interested  calculations  its  instincta  were  mar\-clloudy  subier- 
vient,  it  armed  against  ijiaurreetion  on  the  21st  of  December  to  pus 
down  the  ropublicans,  and  it  encouraged  riot  on  the  14th  of  Februaiy 
to  dismay  the  len^timatists;  being  by  turns  the  enemy  and  the  fncild 
of  order,  accordmg  to  the  exigeueiea  of  the  moment.  How  &tal  iko 
egotism  of  such  a  conduct  must  liave  been  both  to  the  interests  of  tlia 
eabjugated  class  nnd  to  those  of  the  dominant  cIj^s  itself,  will  be  secai 
in  the  sequel  of  this  history.  But  such  daring  usarpationLa  wuuld 
never  have  been  poeaible  immediately  after  a  revolution  efiected  by 
the  people,  hiid  there  not  been  in  office  men  whose  reputation  WB8«f 
S  nature  to  mislead  tlie  malccontcnts  and  delude  public  opimoa. 
Ihese  men,  diiFering  in  claims  and  in  the  amoimt  of  their  respective 
ïespon?ibihty,  were  Lafayette*  Dupont  de  l'Eure,  and  ^-^ffitly. 
Thanks  to  this  honourable  but  impotent  triumvirate,  many  took  for 
a.  necessary  tiansition  what  was  in  rcahty  but  a  transfer  of  tyranny  to 
other  hands.  The  lenders  of  the  repubucan  party  did  not  slure  tho 
mistake;  but  they  had  never  l>cen  either  rtrong  enough  to  oulbroe 
tlieiir  convictions,  nor  sufficiently  attended  to,  to  obtain  acqulcaoenoe 
in  the  wisdom  of  their  guspicions. 


I 

I 
I 


CHAPTER  IX. 

To  cotitinue  the  policy  of  fraud  wna  thenceforth  împoadble.    What 
end,  morcvtr^  could  it  answer?   The  new  régime  possessed  alt  the 


ECOND  PHASE  07  CTX  GOTEBinnUtT  OtV  TRX  BOUBOEOIBIE.  417 

strength  that  can  posmUy  belong  to  the  mendadtr  of  needr  con* 
ocanons:  it  was  founded,  and  nothing  lemained  out  to  de&nd  it^ 
The  natund  course  of  things,  therei^ue,  called  a  violait  minii^tffr  to 
office.  Laffitte  retired  from  the  scene;  Casunir  Périer  appetaoà 
upon  it. 

Ha  entered  on  office  with  an  immense  itock  of  angry  panion,  a 
pride  without  bounds,  and  a  certain  fierce  impatience  to  trample  on 
his  enemies.  An  opulent  banlcer,  and  always  on  the  alert,  the  noua 
of  foctLoos  had  caused  him  mortal  alarms,  and  he  burned  to  avenge 
the  anguish  of  his  fears.  As  long  as  the  state  of  things  remained 
uncertain,  he  bad  looked  on  office  with  a  longing,  amdooa  eye  with- 
out Tenturing  to  stretch  out  his  hand  towards  it  But  when  he 
thou^t  he  perceived  that  the  people  misjudged  its  own  poeiticm; 
that  the  steength  of  parties  did  not  correspond  to  their  Tehemenoe; 
that  the  resources  of  the  spirit  of  revolt  were  incomplete  and  scat- 
tered ;  that  resistance  could  neither  be  efficacious  nor  durable  against 
all  the  combined  elements  of  sway,  capital,  credit,  oreaniation,  e^ 
tablished  position,  and  discipline; — ^then  he  adopted  his  course  with 
impetuosity,  and  Ukou^t  «ily  of  proving  to  the  bourgeoisie  all  it 
was  capable  q£  cffiactin^,  by  the  magnitude  of  the  attempts  on  which 
he  was  about  to  hurry  it:  for  he  did  not  want  vigour,  out  courage; 
and  if  he  tremUod  liefore  the  humiliation  of  a  possible  defeat,  be* 
ibre  the  dangers  of  an  unequal  conflict,  at  least  he  was  not  the  man 
to  lose  the  advantages  of  strenglh  for  want  of  nerve  and  resolution. 

Fully  convinced,  moreover,  that  in  saving  the  interests  of  the  mid' 
die  class  it  was  his  own  he  would  save,  ho  threw  his  wh<^  personal 
existence  into  the  conflict.  The  crown,  too,  he  wished  to  save;  and 
he  rushed  to  its  defence,  but  without  illusion,  dcvotcdness,  or  love, 
and  simply  because  he  chose  to  support  in  royalty  an  institution  pro- 
tective of  banking  interests. 

As  president  of  the  council  he  had  already  shown  on  many  an 
occasion  how  intractable  was  his  ^ptism,  and  now  savage  his  pride. 
One  day,  for  instance,  while  riot  was  abroad,  he  arrived  at  the  Palms 
Bourbcm,  which  he  found  surrounded  with  soldiers.  Firing  up  at 
the  sight,  he  went  straight  to  the  questors,  and  said,  in  the  loudest 
tones  of  passion,  '*  Soldiers,  sirs?  And  by  virtue  of  what  orders?^ 
"  Tlie  minister's,"  replied  the  questors.  **  What  minister?  You  are 
to  receive  orders  from  none  here  but  me."  And  upon  M.  Bondy 
remarking  to  him  that  the  pohcc  of  the  chamber  lay  within  the  pro- 
vince of  the  questcoship,  "The  police  of  the  chamber  !  sir,"  he  re- 
torted, contemptuously;  "say  the  police  of  the  lobbies."  Such  waa 
the  man.  He  impressed  every  one  with  the  belief  that  he  was  made 
for  command,  by  dint  of  haughtiness,  rudeness,  and  disdain.  It  is 
just  to  add  that  he  did  sometimes  reach  a  pitch  of  greatness,  and  that, 
if  he  employed  despicable  beings  as  tools,  it  was  never  without  over- 
whelming them  witii  his  scorn.  As  prime  minister  he  trampled  on 
tlio  legislature,  as  he  had  done  on  tno  ministry  when  president  of 
the  council;  and  he  came  at  last  to  live  only  in  his  despotism  and 


0 


418  fTAgmiit  FÉBiUi — TH£  KINO. 

kta  umnoéûics,  eqiallj  biA  to  hja  icmnts  as  implAcablc  to  hia  id* 
BLlJwim.  ltti|flvg  niali  op  the  courtier,  talldag  in  the  tone  of  t 
BOtfuier  to  hn  coBfgiBaËy  and  «çDordiiig  to  the  king  himficiF  oqJj  a 
bau^btj  co-opexAtiûA  iod  a  «orly  rç^ecK»  ^    ^flj 

Tttpifcifiiff 


Thf  d&y  ftuer  his  aoceaaan  to  office  he  t»  mrpinsed  on 
l0  thjc  ïota  iCndoBne  to  find  daere  ociij  faces  îd  which  urere  depictm 
disocnlest,  and  di^mst.  The  couitieis  whispered  in  an  otScnnre 
wMiMw  u  be  poaaed»  snd  folkrwed  him  wiUi  loakâ  of  hatred.  He 
artÎYCs  in  the  room  vhere  the  lojal  kanlyr  i»  mtpprting  him.  Hie 
Hag  b  svuHiw,  the  queen  poËtc  and  gnv?;  bol  Madame  Adehide 
aâwts  a  ûîevl  bewno^,  uid  the  Due  d'Odésiia  betnrs  bj  hii  de> 
us^Acur  the  z?p^iianoe  he  taiterlsins  lor  the  uew  rainistcr.  Noting 
all  this,  C«nniir  Féner  quiTeied  with  rage;  aztd,  with  pale  iacc  and 
]ips  ;^]asmodicalIj'  costzaisted,  he  v<cd%  up  to  the  king,  stid  asked  to 
apeak  with  him  lor  a  Bsw  jmutes  in  pnvate.  They  entered  an  ad> 
jùtrûng^  nxm,  and  OuEmir  Péiier  blurted  out  the  words,  '^  Sire*  1 
tcndei  you  my  resgutio^"  The  king,  stumâed  with  ftstomshment^ 
endeavoured  to  remonstrate  ;  but  Caàmir  Fener  went  un,  '  ^  ËQemiea 
in  the  cinhft»  enemies  in  liie  «hbI,  it  h  too  much,  sire,  hts  toontack 
To  make  head  against  aa  nwajr  hostilities  at  once  is  imponiyK** 
Tht;  Hog  lîiÉmfJ  itL  panfial  ptr^exity.  He  Mi  plainly  that  sueh  a 
minidtsr  woidd  be  an  iotxactaUc  instrument,  even  if  he  did  not  ns* 
pire  to  conunand.  On  the  other  hand  what  means  was  there  of  n- 
podiatingtheuncom^onusittg^acrTiccaofthcman?  Howwapthefiem 
cxpl<:)dou  of  his  enmitj  to  be  cxHxfintited,  and  Ûte  scHkdtl  of  hia  di»- 
misâil  vrhich  would  be  leamed  simultaneouâly  with  the  news  of  his 
acc<'?*lon?  Tlic  kln^  endeavoured  ïo  soothe  PéritT^uh  ft  profusion 
pf  kind  words  ;  and  HncUng  him  inflexible,  he  called  in  his  sister  and 
his  son,  told  them  of  the  minister's  irritation,  and  what  it  was  pnmer 
to  do  to  calm  him.  Casimir  Péricr  stood  by,  already  enjoying  mi 
triumph.  He  consented  to  remain  minister;  but  he  did  not  quit  the 
palace  imtil  satisfied  and  avenged. 

Casimir  Périer's  colleagues,  were  Marshal  Soult,  minister  of  war; 
Sébastiani,  of  foreign  a&ira;  Baron  Louis,  of  finance;  Barthe,  t^ 
justice;  Montalivet,  of  public  instruction  and  ecclesiastical  affiun; 
d'Argout,  of  commerce  and  public  works;  de  Rigny,  of  marine. 
Of  these  ministers  not  one  was  competent  to  strive  against  ^e  as> 
cendancy  of  the  president  of  the  council  Marshal  Soult  alone  was 
of  sufficient  importance  to  venture  on  the  attempt  with  impunity: 
but  he  appeared,  disposed  to  renounce  supremacy  in  the  councd, 
provided  ne  were  left  free  in  his  own  special  department  to  exercise 
his  adroit  despotism  and  to  increase  his  fortune.  Tor,  conjointly  with 
incontestable  mihtary  science,  and  the  liighest  administrative  talents, 
there  were  in  this  fortunate  soldier  all  the  defects  of  the  old  bar- 
barian leaders  who  invaded  the  Gauls,  savage  rudeness,  rapacity,  and 
cimning. 

Assured  of  his  supremacy,  Casimir  Périer  liad  now  only  to  make 
trial  of  it  on  the  chamber,  where,  simse  the  February  riots,  the  resist* 


ÂîTO  TTfÊ  CHATSBlStti 


4lâ 


aDce  party  exhibited  naly  Indecision  and  alarm.  Caâimir  Piîrier 
presentod  himself  in  tiie  Falai*  Bourbon  on  ihc  18th  of  Mïircli- 
Wln-n  he  ftppeared  m  the  tribune,  excited  and  imperious,  tbeie  ivaa 
a  ïiiomcnt  ot  DTcathlcBs  expectation.  It  waa  cleatly  felt  that,  'wKoreaBf 
t}ic  ministry  of  fiucH  a  m&ti  could  l>e  but  a  long  duel,  his  opening 
speech  could  be  but  a  challenge.  The  anticipation  was  not  erro- 
neous. He  began  by  denying  ivith  iicrimonîoua  candour  that  the 
principle  of  the  révolution  of  July  was  on  insurrectionary  principle- 
He  loudly  procbiracd  his  intention  of  crushing  f«rty  and  of  im* 
posing  jUence  on  all  around  tlio  executÎTc,  The  nations  that  had 
pecome  insurgent  in  imitation  of  France's  example  he  abandoned 
to  their  fate.  Thus  a  pertinacious  peace  with  monarchical  Europe, 
and  TTar  to  the  death  with  democratic  France* — this  was  what  ne 
promised. 

"  French  blood  belongs  only  to  France  !"  he  exclaimed  in  iho 
course  of  lus  speech.  Impious  woids  !  Ignorant  and  narrow-minded 
biaaphemy  !  the  gcniu3  of  France  having  ever  conaisted  in  her  coa- 
mopoEtism,  and  sdf-sacriâcc  having  been  imposed  on  her  by  God 
equally  as  an  element  of  her  mifrht  and  a  condition  of  her  existence. 

Yet  the  majority  of  the  chamber  ecstatically  applauded  the  senti- 
ment. In  vain  Cieneral  Lafayette  opposed^  to  this  proj^mme  of 
delirious  egotifim,  a  touching  appeal  to  every  generous  feclinc;  in 
vain  he  summoned  the  government  to  respect  ita  promise?,  to  have 
re^ud  to  good  faith  and  honour;  in  vain  he  pointed  out  the  Italians 
as  itaving  risen  on  the  {kith  of  French  declarations,  and  Uie  Poles  a9 
armed  for  the  cause  of  France.  The  majority  remained  unmoved» 
cold,  and  silent.  Poland,  continued  the  old  general^  ig  the  advancc'd 
guard  which  has  turned  round  on  the  main  body:  and  he  read  let- 
lerfl  found  in  Constantine'e  portfolio,  melanclioly  testimonials  of  the 
danjjers  impending  over  the  West  at  the  time  when  Poland,  throw- 
ing herself  on  the  way  of  the  CîM",  became  ft  voluntory  holocaust. 
Cheers  were  heard  from  the  left  benches.  Then  turning  an  accusing 
glance  on  the  ministers»  *'  Is  it  true,"  demanded  LafayettCt  "  that 
the  govemnient  declaretl  it  would  never  consent  to  the  entrance  of 
the  Austrlans  into  the  actually  insurgent  countries  of  Italy?'*  At 
this  overwhelming  question  all  eyes  were  turned  on  lit-  Scbastiani. 
"  There  is  a  great  difference/'  rephed  the  cmbairaEscd  minister, 
*'  IxHween  not  consenting  and  making  war,"  *'  And  I,  for  my 
pari,"  the  speaker  strenuously  retorted,  "  do  assert,  that  alter  making 
un  oiGciul  declaration,  to  suu'er  the  honour  of  that  declaration  to  l>o 
violated  by  topping  short  at  saying,  '  No,  I  will  not  consent,'  is  in- 
compatible witJi  the  dignity,  with  the  honour  of  the  French  people." 
Intense  excitement  followed  thii  parliamentary*  struggle,  and  it  awoko 
cchaea  that  lone  resounded  throughout  all  Kuropc. 

Caflimir  Pêner  could  no  longer  doubt  his  ascendancy  over  the 
chamber:  he  rualiod  forward  with  haughty  strides  on  the  path  ha  , 
had  marked  out  for  himself:  but  he  had  much  cause  for  unoannefli 
aa  to  the  diplomatie  part  of  his  ByKeni.     Â  wiU  i^pcrior  to  kas  had 

Sr 


4» 


CRUEL  theathent  op  the  ttallan  bsfttgebs. 


already  nxranged  evùiy  thmg,  and  ike  aljandomiEteat  of  Italjv  ^  ■** 
«tance,  vfas  a  settled  tW^. 

A  great  number  of  Italian  refugees  had  assembled  in  Lyons  at  Ùit 

end  oi  Pebrua^.    An  expédition  into  Savoy  was  concerted  aaoog 

them,  and  actually  prepared  for.     Some  were  to  tnaich  to  C 

whcjTo  they  were  unpatieiitly  expected  by  some  Frenrfi 

Others  were  to  aswrnblc  at  Tenay,  and  to  enter  the  Ms 

The  rcccptioti  they  hod  met  with  at  Lyons  had  singularly  ^fmhrnl 

their  hopea.     On  all  eidea  they  received  mitrka  of  ffympftthy  aad 

potent  encouri^emcnta.     Volunteer  companiea  were  formed  to  «•• 

cort  them,    'flac  prefect  of  Lyons  himself,   M.  Patdxe   dTTroi, 

them  nablc  aid^  iinaginzn^  that  in  bo  doin^  hç  iras  : 

danoe  with  tiic  wishes  of  the  goveroment     It  was  not 

'  before  a  nuniaterial  dcsput-ch  undeceived  hïm.     He  waa 

dinpersc  the  assemblages  of  Italians,  to  hinder  their  departure; 

,  vordt  to  frustrate  their  project.    The  prefect  was  8traek  with  eta^ 

piiae  and  Borrow,     To  oner  a  rude  resistance  to  draipns  which  be 

had  explicitly  E:mctioncd,  to  perBecute  refugee»  he  had  eDoonragod, 

waa  more  than  ]\e  could  bring  himself  to  do.     He  set  out  suddenly 

I  on  an  orticlal  tour,  leaving  to  a  conmeiller  ^/îr^fcfurctheunweilcomc 

I  liniiQitr  of  a  tisk  frem  which  his  generous  nature  recoiled-     Mâftn- 

L  while,  tlic  manifestation  of  sympatliy  with  the  exiles  become  strainer 

liai  Btronget  on  the  part  of  the  Lyonese  population.    They  vere 

XI  to  f>ct  out,   and  in  a  mass;  and  a  bold  citizen,  M.  Bnixaer 
d  to  place  at  their  disposal  two  battalions  of  the  national giuud. 
Tliey  did  not  think  thcmsGlves  justitied  in  acwîptirtg  these  oâ^n. 
Their  leaden»,  who  concsponclcd  with  several  important  pereone  in 
I'aris,  and  particularly  %vith  the  Princess  Belgiocoso,  seemed  to  fear 
L^ei]^  too  precipitate,  and  giving  too  conspicuous  a  notonety  to  their 
raiHV^i-     Ferhape  they  were  atraid,  leât  by  accepting  too  promi> 
rueatly  declared  a  co-operation  tliey  should  displease  the  government» 
irhoM  good  iâith  they  were  reluctant  to  suspect  after  so  many  indi- 
j  Tect  promises.     Tlic  refugee*  hesitated  theretore,  aiid  finally  quitted 
I'Lyona  only  in  &mall  bodice.     A  rendezvous  had  been  agreed  on 
f  bdbrchand.     But  at  the  moment  some  of  them  were  about  to  touch 
the  frontier,  betweeti  Maximieux  and  the  bridge  of  Chaxet,  they 
h^td  the  tramp  of  horses  behind  them.     Presently  app&irod  dra- 
t^oona  and  gendamic?^  t«nt  in  pursuit  of  tlaem,  imdor  the  conunand 
1  of  M.  Carreict,  an  honoumblo  officer,  who  spared  no  paiiu  to  miti- 

Eatc  the  rigour  of  liia  mission.     Resistance  waa  impossible:  the  tm- 
irtunate  refugees  returned  to  Lyons  in  dospaîr. 
I      Some  days  aftervf^rd^^  MessieujB  Mialey  and  Linati  arrived  in 
■Marscillea  for  the  puiposc  of  embarking  for  Italy.     They  had  chu^ 
I  tered  a  vessel,  and  possessed  twelve  hundred  musket»,  two  pieoca  of 
,  cannon,  and  ammunition^     They  had  been  joined  by  many  Italians 
desirous  of  succouring  their  native  land,  such  as  tlie  Count  Grilen- 
[  Eoni  of  iteggio*  the  advocate  Mantovani  of  Pavia^  Lieutenant  Mori 
of  Faensa,  and  Doctor  Fr^mceschiiû.    The  day  of  embarkation  wm 


I 

I 
I 


INVASION  OF  TTAIiT  BY  THB  AUSTRIUTB.  421 

come,  vhen  a  telejnapKic  despateli  suddenly  enjoined  M.  Thûmaâ, 
prtjiuct  of  the  Bouches  du  Rlionc,  to  atop  the  refugees.  A  prohibi- 
tion to  set  ail  wm  imniediateLY  conveyed  to  them,  and  &n  embargo 
wu  laid  on  the  vend  they  had  chârtci-txl.  SImtlur  acts  of  vioIcacQ 
T»rc  exercised  towards  M.  Viac^mtit  of  Milan,  and  the  iUuBtrious 
General  William  Jf^pé,  "who  ever  since  his  arrival  in  Marseilles 
had  been  continually  euiroundcd  with  spîea,  aa  were  also  Lbc  officers 
who  followed  h^  fortunes. 

And  during  this  time  the  Ausbriana  were  insolently  invading 
Italy;  a  band  of  young  patiioiJ,  aimed  for  the  most  part  with  fowf- 
ing-pieccSj  hurried  to  rJovi,  to  be  overbomo  by  numbers  and 
butchered;  Maria  Louisa  had  re-established  heredi*  in  her  dachy; 
the  Duke  of  Modena,  surrounded  by  foreign  bayonets,  entered  that 
eity,  where  the  blood  of  MenottJ,  his  victim,  because  he  had  not 
choeen  to  be  hia  murderer,  waâ  to  iîow  in  testirooiiy  of  his  perfidy  ; 
lutly,  the  insurgents  of  Modcna  were  (locking  to  Bologna,  to  rein- 
force tlieir  brethren  ef  tlio  legations  with  their  arms  and  their  inex- 
tm^luisluibLe  sense  of  their  wrongs. 

Then  it  waa  that  the  trap  kid  for  the  lUliana  by  the  ]>rinciple  of 
non- intervention  stood  fully  apparent.  After  the  occufsiljon  of  Fer^ 
rara  by  the  Austrians,  ihc  government  of  Bologna  sent  Count  Bian- 
chtrtti  to  Florence,  with  orders  to  Bound  tlic  representatives  of  France 
and  England  as  to  the  disposition  *if  their  respective  courts.  The 
reply  was  favouiablc,  and  the  hearta  of  the  patriots  were  filled  with 
hope  and  joy.  Convinced  tlmt  the  word  pliphted  to  the  world  by 
a  minister  of  the  king  of  the  French  wa?  inviolable,  but  that,  to  en- 
title them  to  the  protection  of  the  principle  of  non-tntervcntion,  the 
Itabam  otight  theiiisulvcs  to  be  the  first  to  respect  it.  the  ^overn- 
meat  of  Bobgna  ehut  its  eyes  to  the  intervention  of  Austria  in  Mo- 
dcna; and  when  the  Modeueec.  commanded  by  the  nubile  générait 
ZuochiipnsentcdthemacdTMiHdisanncd  them.  It  went  still  further. 
Napoleon  and  Looia  Bansparte,  the  sons  of  tlie  Count  St.  Leu, 
evading  the  ai^K^ooate  pTeeantiona  of  their  parents,  had  ËpLrîtcdly 
flung  themaelTes  into  the  insurrection,  anddisplavcd  brilliant  courage 
at  the  advMioed  posts;  they  were  rccaUcd  in  all  liante  by  General 
Armandi,  so  much  care  was  taken  to  dcprecnte  the  iU-^-ill  of  diplo- 
QUCT,  and  relieve  the  Pakift  lloyal  of  all  cauic  ol'  wlami  ! 

lor  the  rest,  the  means  of  dcJence  were  vigorously  prepared.  But 
waa  it  poaàble  that  the  gorcmmcnt  of  Bulogna,  kit  to  itself,  should 
naist  uie  fiaroe  of  AuiçtriaV  Seven  lltousand  men,  of  whom  one* 
tfaird  alone  were  soldiers  of  the  line,  geaidaimeâ»  and  custom-house 
{çmrdft.  this  waa  all  the  insurgent  leaderi  had  to  bring  ogùnst  the 
invading  power.  Arms,  moreover,  were  wanting.  Throughout  the 
whole  extent  of  the  insurgent  provinces  there  were  but  ax  thousand 
five  hundred  muskets.  Ijw  pikw,  Genend  Orabin^ki  had  caosed  to 
be  made,  could  bo  of  no  efibctual  use  against  the  enemy.  Tuscany 
had  refined  to  lot  poas  fottr  httadiod  muskets,  and  as  inuiy  oabtea, 
purchased  in  Leghorn,     Tbo  lot  of  Italy  waa  lell  to  the  meicy  of 

â  f2 


<SS  HTBEBT'S  SOSeiOS  TO  PAJtf3- 


7 


ebaOioet  or  latker  it  upended  «hoUv  on  Fruioe. 
of  Bf^ogna  had  intrested  Lord  honnanbr  to  intercède  with 
BntïÀ  cabinet  on  belialf  of  tlae  italiab  potnots;  and  a  **"'*>■*'  cob- 
tor  the  French,  cabinet  w>s  iatinsted  to  M.  Hubâ:t,  mA  tA 
belonginn  to  tli«  geoeiaL  EUff  of  the  Swiai  cxmledtttttidb^    ïà 
a  toQchmg  ppeccade  to  bebob}  veakne»  thus   «ppes&iç  1v 
Itraiigtfa  on  behalf  o>f  TioUtcd  nght.     For,  in  fine^   aj  vîrtiMi  of 
'Wbat  nght  did  Austm  eeod  her  armies  tac»  the  Alps,  to  put  tm 
«Qd  to  a  qoamf  that  wm  not  her  own?     Here  she  b&a  not  cweOf  m 
Modebat  >  pretext  br  which  she  eoold  cover  her  violence.     Hv 
'net,  mrage  and  inhuiïma  with  re^ud  to  Italy,  was  furthertnon^ 
of  pride  and  insolt  with  regard  to  France,  since  the  cabineC  d 
Tleiua,  la  tnmphng  the  pnoôple  of  bou-interrenûou  under  IboC. 
did  not  eren  take  the  trouble  to  attenuate  the  inaoleiioe  of  her  C4tt- 
loupt  by  the  falsehood  of  her  pretenaoosL     M.  Hubert  prooeeded  to 
Paru,  where  he  pleaded  the  cause  commifted  to  his  good  ftôlfa  wîA 
waath  energy  anu  noble  feeling^.  Ought  cot  the  French  garwxmxatmtt 
it  least,  to  ojSer  itself  h  mediator  between  the  Holy  Stv  aikd  theî»- 
aurgent  prtyvTD0c5?     The  Italian  insuircctioa.  had  been  pronapCad  by 
iDme  motives  ineoateetibly  k^timate.      To  put  an  end  to  tke  «on- 
Tulsons  of  Italy,  by^ecunng  the  triomph  of  justice  in  the  land,  and 
nviag  it  from  the  lavages  of  a  brutal  invasion, — what  olEoe  cagld  be 
nove  worthr  than  Ùds  of  a  eonntry  such  as.  Fnnce?      A  senetaat 
md  lofty  policy  wo?,  moreover,  of  all  policies  the  surest  and  tl%  moA 
pradent.     To  cause  the  French  name  to  be  hailed  with  bl<s9sin|:9  by 
the  south  of  Europe,  could  not  prove  a  mean  advantage.      When* 
are  the  natural  allies  of  a  people  in  the  act  of  revolution,  if  not  in 
the  countries  over  which  has  passed  the  breath  of  the  revolutionaiy 
spirit?     But  the  Palais  Royal  longed  to  put  a  stop  to  the  agitations 
produced  by  the  great  concussion  of  1830.     Dynastic  interests  out- 
weighed all  the  arguments  of  wisdom,  as  well  as  all  the  suggestions 
of  duty,     M.  Hubert  was  politely  received  by  MM.  Casimir  Péiier 
and  Sébastiani,  and  could  obtain  nothing.      Not  content  with  hin- 
dering the  Italians,  who  were  on  the  French  soil,  from  goin?  to  the 
assistance  of  their  country,  the  French  government  allowed  the  Aus- 
trians  to  pour  down  on  kologna.      This  was  aiding  the  enemies  o( 
France  to  violate,  against  her  ixiendf,  the  principle  she  had  herself 
proclaimed. 

The  Austrians  entered  Bologna  on  the  2l9t  of  March.  The  pro- 
visional  government  fled  to  Ancona,  the  last  asylum  open  to  ItaJian 
freedom.  But  the  place  was  not  tenable.  Dismantled  in  1815  by  the 
Austrians,  who  bad  only  lef^  the  old  wall  standing  after  blowing  up 
the  salient  angles,  it  was  protected  only  by  a  confined  and  half-ruinous 
citadel.  General  Geppert,  who  was  advancing  to  reduce  it,  was  the 
same  who  had  occupied  it  in  1815.  It  was  on  the  eve  of  being  at- 
tacked both  by  sea  and  land,  and  the  numerous  army  that  menaced 
it  were  provided  with  congreves,  in  addition  to  a  considerable  train 
'  ordinary  artiUeiy.    The  garrison  consisted  of  only  eight  hundred 


tXWVBNTIO»  OT  AWCOÎTA. 


4sa 


troops  of  the  line,  a  company  of  artillerymen,  and  &  few  kuttctred  to- 
limteers.  General  ArmAndi,  tho  minister  of  war,  nevetllieless  sot 
about  making  preparations  lor  defence.  (îencral  liuri,  who  com- 
manded imdtT  Kim,  ordered  a  lïnttcry  to  be  constructed  on  the  point 
of  the  mole,  eo  as  to  pour  a  cro?s  nrc  on  tte  futranoe  of  the  port. 
The  enemy  was  approaching;  all  was  soon  confusion  in  the  city. 
Here  there  were  timlers  wild  with  fright;  there  enthusiostic  pfttiiola 
loudly  coiling  for  the  employment  of  dcciâre  meoïruree.  Some,  with, 
tho  Tehemcncc  natural  to  failing  parties,  reproached  the  goTemraent 
witli  its  siipincneaaj  its  illusions,  its  nmviUingness  to  compromise  tho 
revolution  in  order  to  save  it,  and  ita  lack  of  firm  faith  ill  the  salva- 
tion  of  Italy.  Others  talked  of  pushing  matters  to  the  utmost  cxtre- 
jnily,  and  tranEfcrring  the  scene  of  resistance  to  the  Apennines,  as 
lûftccesîàblc  to  re^dar  troops.  In  this  turbident  stale  of  things  MM. 
Vicini,  Armandi,  Orioli,  Silvoni,  Bianchetti,  Sarti,  Zanolini,  Stu- 
jani,  and  Mamiani,  who  composed  the  provisional  government,  de- 
termined to  rcpign  their  power,  and  they  named  a  triurav  irate, 
wliich,  however,  had  not  time  to  enter  on  its  functions.  The  news 
of  the  treaty  *mtered  into  on  the  3d  of  March  between  the  court  of 
Rome  and  that  of  Vienna  h^^ang  dissipated  the  tu?t  hopes  of  tho£o 
■whomo?t  confidently  relied  on  the  good  Giith  of  the  French  govern- 
ment, General  Armandi  went  to  his  coUeagiios,  laid  before  them  all 
the  inevitable  tendencies  of  the  time.«,  nil  the  di^iâtcrs  that  would 
flow  from  an  unequal  contest,  and  ended  by  advising  thein  to  treat 
with  the  Holy  See,  Hi»  advice  was  adopted.  A  deputation^  con- 
sisting of  Aimandi,  Bianchctti,  Sturani,  and  Silvani,  waited  on  Car- 
dinal Benvemiti,  who  had  been  the  prisoner  of  the  provisional 
government  sane*  tliceoramenccment  of  the  revolution;  and  it  was 
with  their  captive,  suddenly  become  the  diplomatic  representative  of 
the  pope,  that  the  insurrectionary  leaders  arranged  the  grounds  of  the 
treaty  oy  which  the  inaurrection  was  close<l.  By  the  convcntJon  of 
Anconn  Cardinal  lienvcniiti  granted  the  insurgenla  full  and  entire 
amnesty,  pledged  hia  eacrcd  word  to  the  faithful  execution  of  tlie  sti- 
pulations, and  took  the  title  of  legate  a  latere.  These  guarantees 
appeared  ^tisfactory  to  all  the  jwembera  of  the  provisional  govern- 
ment. Count  Mamiani  alone  excepted  ;  he  refused  his  signature. 
The  next  day,  March  27,  Ancona  passed  under  the  authority  of  the 

pop*- 

riie  capitulation  was  no  sooner  known  in  Rome  than  it  was  re* 
solved  to  declare  it  null  and  void:  but  the  papiiï  court  dissembled, 
in  order  the  more  surely  to  smite  the  victims  marked  out  for  ita 
vengeance.  Tlie  deluded  patriota  surrendered  tfacmsclvca  on  all 
ËÏdcs.  The  column  commanded  by  General  Sefoognani  laid  down 
itfl  arms  in  the  furta  of  Spoleto  and  Perousc.  Then,  and  not  till 
tlien,  the  rancour  and  perfidy  of  the  Vatican  buret  forth  undis- 
^uiseti.  Cardinal  Benvenuti  was  bent  with  scrupulous  honmir  on 
the  fulGlmeni  of  hi^  word;  the  engagioniaitfl  entered  into  by  him 
were  considered  as  aon^cBstent,    Sanguinary  cdicta  sprtjad  Icnor 


414 


TSEATHEST  A?P  V  lA'D  IL*T1  TKS£fl8  OF  THE  PAP  AI*  «EF 

Wlui  ■  blnid  ibsCt  intQ  m  mcnnBSTude  oonflcnipC  o€  tn?  ****** 
Ufiii  II  And  ■■  if  die  înâîncl  '"T'*'*^''*'T  t'-VH  dièse  ho 
CMtoDthe  Fnodi  giwuiuuuife  «na  not  #mii^Ii,  iIk  name  c£  ; 
jBib^Bidfir  ftt  RoDe  m  mTBrH  u  utA  ilie  crad  pfaivM 
dbil  Bemrtti*»  prfrfarart^^— ,  nn  no  dcnl  «b  te  aniba 
put  Tiadiartod  ti>e  Innoar  oif  Fwiea.  As  jv  Aostm,  Ac 
ulftil  to  nuke  her  lûuH|ih9  RiU  mtue  ars^  tliin  h^a^te 
Ittd  bem  inkjistoQB.  NÙHiiijr-<î|Àt  luHin?  had  embsikcd  ta  k  ] 
imiii.  iiilliriii  fnwl  finiiiiirriT  frli  kmiir^ÉiMl  iiiiti  iii|^iiIbi  j 
<uuiiuaMgBed  Vf  the  Yteaeh  consuL  aIh  vaSs^mutc  : 
otpbxred  m  tJte  Adiutic  bj  the  AnsUUm,  and  eHt  aa 
iota  tlie  i^aoos  of  Vtsdcc  Whai  ctimp  had  tfaer 
towvds  Absctû.?  Had  dwr  made  war  oa  dtuc  pD>we>y 
proT^iked  it  ?  These  qae.Ttioi  weia  îmËgnam^  a^ftcd^  bot  is  '' 
pen,  ihiousbouc  aU  I»Ir,  now  beeoneacn  *"^^— "  ad  gkuttf* 
Men  tboa^t  aho  of  joaag  Ifapnlpnn  BtVBWte,  foddnfy  «ained 
off  bj  a  tnyMenooa  Stoes,  at  libe  uonan  Wb^  W  appe 
Utf  poiSlka!  fttse  ïmà  grta  aattay  to  the  ioiplacaU^  i 
<if  the  rflhtTwtFi  The  fStke  oCliisdeBa,  oi  his  part,  di£i 
Henocti  to  th«  cxecuuiunerf  and  his  itmuppwaled  ambhicxi  coamAtà 
ifctfwîthhtooddwH,  Jha  mcU  hnkad  on -arkh  anaaBBBst  at  thii 
Sflnal  Kiactachk,  and  au  ejes  wna  trniwd  kraaxdv  Ffaoee. 

BatthepArridential  cv«erof  thiitgnBtiiadiB«*Kniipd  tnded-  Qi 
diploiiBKT-,  libe  tha:  oi  the  wotkEflt  iliom^  wne  ïtseît*  oot  m  oo» 
dei^Miirloii?,  iffiid  did  not  erea  Tçntu»  to  esah  itself  to  artrfieei. 
We  left  General  Gnillaninot  at  Conatantiiiopte,  prepariiis?  erezy 
thing  fi>r  the  anticipated  event  of  irar.  That  gallant  seedier  die- 
lished  a  lireb^  sense  of  the  dignity  of  his  country.  The  coofiagi»- 
tion  of  Europe,  if  it  were  rendoed  muiToidable.  did  not  aeon  to 
him.  mndi  more  terrible  than  the  everlasting  dishonour  of  a  people 
iHiose  invicJabih^  vas  essential  to  the  world's  Bbertv.  On  the  19âi 
of  March,  the  French  ambassador  laid  before  the  Divan  a  note,  in 
which  he  urged  Turkey  not  to  declare  itself  precipitatelv  in  a  state 
of  hostility  towards  Russia,  but  to  hold  itself  in  readiness  for  war. 
The  laoguage  of  the  note  was  at  the  same  time  able  and  dignified. 
It  pointed  out  to  Turkey  that  the  opportunitr  was  a  favourable  one 
for  shaking  off  an  oppressive  vassalage;  that,  in  ca5e  of  a  gennal 
war,  her  neutrality  would  be  her  ruin,  and  that,  by  adopting  a  reso- 
hite  oouzse,  she  would  escape  the  danger  of  beinsr  made  ultimate^ 
to  pay  the  expenses  of  the  war  by  the  partition  oi"  her  territory,  u 
tite  situation  in  which  she  was  placed,  it  was  neceseary,  thCTefoge, 
that  Turkey  diould  equip  her  fleet,  suspend  her  resentment  against 
the  Pasha  of  Bagdad,  and  order  the  Grand  Visir  to  have  done  with 
ihe  Albanians,  and  to  augment  his  troops. 

This  note  was  reoex\'ed  by  the  Divan  with  favour,  but  not  without 
peiplexity.  Bold  resolutions  were  pressed  upon  it.  Accustomed  to 
nek  sapport  or  adrioe  at  the  hands  of  the  Austrian  iatecnuDcio,  it 


OB^BOâii  OUILLËaiiNOt  E£OALLEP.  êfS 

found  itself  forced  otit  of  tlie  tenor  of  all  its  tHpIom&tic  habits.    In  I 
ita  diBtresB  it  thought  fit  to  apply  to  Lord  Gordon^  the  ËDgUsh  ^ 
ambttsaador,  and  it  coramunjcated  General  Gmlleminot  a  overturcfl  < 
to  him.    This  proceeding  on  the  part  of  the  Divan  waa  jusdlied  by  , 
the  reciprocal  marks  of  sympathy  cxchKnjred  by  the  French  and 
English  in  Conatanlinoplc,  fimcc  Ûlq  revolution  of  July.      But  * 
short  timo  before,  a  vast  tent  liad  been  erected,  and  a  sumptuoui 
repast  had  been  held»  at  which,  the  two    peoples  had  cemented 
tlieir  mutual  friendship.     Unfortunately,  Lord  Gordon  waa  at  heftrft 
a  thorough  tory  and  Engliahman.     Was  it  hia  intention  to  betray 
Franc*?  or   did   he   but   follow   the  habitual  routine  of  En^^ljsa 
diplomaoy?     Be   this   aa   it   may,    a   despatch  addrcesud    by   him 
to  the  E^lish  ambassador  at  Vienna,  waa  luid  before  Prineo  JVIct- 
teroidi,  who  wrote  in  consequence  to  Pari*,   to  remonairato  and 
threaten. 

The  forei^  ambassadoTS  immediately  assembled  at  M.  Sébastiaui'e, 
and  shaiply  questioned  that  minister  as  to  the  tooduct  of  the  French 
ambaaEadoT,  conduct  so  httle  in  coufomùty  with  llie  puciijc  aseuraaecfl 
made  to  them.  Stbosuant  declared  that  Goncral  Guilleminot  had 
disobeyed  the  ordera  ^ven  him,  and  he  joined  the  foreign  lUiibas- 
sadors  in  cenauring  the  jealous  zeal  with  which  a  repreeentative  of 
France  had  striTcn  for  her  honour;  and  the  better  to  prove  the  ein- 
oenty  of  liis  indignation,  he  resolved  to  dismiss  General  GuUleminot 
with  mnrkcd  and  conspcuous  discourtesy. 

The  Lreueral^s  amazement  waa  almost  greater  thui  hJB  indignation 
w!i  II  il'  received  his  recall.  Diamiscdl  and  why?  For  supposing 
thu  i' i«jjïili  government  capable  of  enforcing'  respect  for  ita  motit. 
solemn  declaradons  ;  for  dtsioiin^  it  sufficiently  carefui  of  ita  dignity^ 
not  to  revoke  an  ultimatum;  for  having.',  like  Marshal  Maison»  re- 
Mated  an  insult  in  which  tltc  marshal  hud  beheld  proof  of  impend- 
ing war; — weto  thcec^  then,  unpardonable  crimes?  It  is  incumbent 
on  new  governments,  above  all  otliers,  never  to  show  eigns  of  w^k- 
nes3  ;  was  it,  then^  aucb  a  crime  in  a  French  axubaaBftdot  to  have  felt  that 
the  boldncfis  and  deciaoa  is  often  but  the  better  part  of  prudence? 
(leDeral  Guilleminot  returned  with  a  mortilied  heart  to  JPaxi?.  Bub 
he  could  neither  obtain  justice  nor  rereogc,  frc^m  a  govenunent 
that  was  strong  only  against  Fmncc  and  a^in  Bt  iti«l£ 

These  things  wcjc,  therefore,  kept  in  tlic  sbade,  'Die  importance  cf 
diplomatic  negotiations  was  lost  sight  of  likewise  amidst  llie  busy 
anxieties  excited  by  the  domestic  policy  of  the  new  cabinet.  Cui- 
mir  Pcrier  kept  Francf>  on  the  alerti  and  £lLcd  her  with  the  noifte 
of  his  violence.  At  £rst  his  whole  care  waa  devoted  to  consoli- 
dating the  Bti«k^  of  the  executive.  Until  his  time  the  govern- 
rocnt  fuiictiooanes  had  aoi^ht  to  conciliate  public  opinion;  ho 
taught  them  contempt  for  popularity»  and  he  put  tlicm  under  rigor- 
ous discipline.  Concouncs  ofmon  threatened  the  tranquilhty  of  the 
capital:  nc  wrested  fwm  the  fears  of  the  chamber  a  kw  prescribing 
that  afier  bebg  thrice  eumuicned  to  disperse,  the  crowd  should  be 


4M 


riffi  POrULAB  80CI 


fircdon*  Aiïfttionalflssocîfttîopof <rfûch thcpatootsof JfctgfiuiiîJwil 
the  plan  and  eel  the  example,  had  been  jormcd  in  Paris  witK  tfas 
»\rovrod  mt^dition  of  rciidcnûg  the  ictuïn  of  the  Bourbons  £bc  ev^ 

[  impoeable,  but  ia  reality  to  keep  the  counter  nnnohiâoiL  in  ^wck. 

'  ^Dïe  association  published  lifts  wuch  were  thickly  filled  witli  sfint- 
tUTCTit  it  had  s  lund  supported  by  numerous  monthly  oozxtribufioiu^ 
it  rulod  the  prc^,  and  erected  a  rival  by  the  fdde  of  uie  govcounaii, 
Casimir  Féner  dcuounced  it  to  the  p^rliamcat  as  ^ctious,  issued  a 


vchemont  circuiar  agùnst  it,  dismissed  those  fimctioD&ries  iHbo  took 
port  with  it,  and  set  up  iis^aluât  it,  in  accordxaioe  with,  a  fl>»»»w»»«l 
Bcheme  propounded  by  M,  Ilcjiii  Kodngues,  an  ftoociAtioa  of  all  où* 
,  sens  friendly  to  the  executi^*c,  a  league  ot  lenders  of  wbich  he  dedsnd 
liiiiijclf  m  a  inanacr  the  head.  To  invite  thirty  Uiooamd  îndin- 
dunU  to  reahze  a  loan  of  one  hundred  and  twenty  milbûita,  by  eaob 
Eubscribing  at  par  fund^  equivalent  to  two  hundred  francs  «^Tn^l 
incorac,  eoch  we»  the  pkn  proposed  by  M,  Henri  B<odngae&  It 
tcnd^  m^feâtly  to  prevent  tlic  ruinous  intervention  of  bankets  in 
tbo  bueinesâ  of  loan£,  and  to  shake  tlieir  rapacious  supremacy;  and 
in  this  respect  it  was  calculated  to  di&-pleaâe  Casimir  Feriez:.  Bat 
in  the  then  critical  state  of  things  it  waa  a  poteut  weapon^  and  as 
Biicb  Péricr  adopted  it,  with  the  full  iittenûon  of  casting  it  a^dc 
wbcn  it  should  have  produced  the  mond  effect  he  expected  ijrom  it. 
lu  tact  it  was  not  long  before  a  contract  for  the  loan  of  ooc  hun* 
drcd  and  twenty  millions  vraa  adjudged  to  an  osnciadon  of  bankma. 
The  Bubsciiptions  had  not  amounted  to  the  5um  of  twentry-ooê 
thouKind  franco;  a  ibrtunatc  circumstance  for  that  financial  oligarchy 
of  which  the  president  of  the  council  waa  ihcsouL 

For  the  rest  Casimir  Pcrier's  whole  soul  waa  bent  at  thb  ponod 
on.  crushing  the  republiain  party.  ïltc  power  of  that  party  waa  ïn 
i-cality  congiderable,  imtl  every  thing  liad  contributed  to  serre  ic 
A  gTGnt  number  of  political  societies  hud  been  formed  immediately 
after  the  July  revolution.  The  Assoctatitm  des  Ecolesy  directed  by 
two  energetic  patriots,  Kugènc  Lheritier  and  i^Urc  Dufiaisac,  im- 
pctuûualy  called  for  the  destruction  of  the  imivcrsity.  A  student 
named  &nibuc  founded  m  the  quartier  Jwxtin^  the  Sixiêtc  de  f  Ordn 
et  de*  Progrèt,  a  real  cmupiiacy  having  for  its  object  to  restore  to 
the  people  the  exercdso  of  its  sovcrei^  rights-  Every  member  of 
this  society  waa  to  have  by  him  a  musket  m  serviceable  condition, 
and  fifty  cartridges.  The  Um&n  pursued  nearly  the  same  objecta, 
with  a  leas  aggressive  chajîicter  and  under  ihe  shelter  of  l<^al  forms; 
whilst  the  SocKté  Cùnstittitinn^tUe^  under  the  presidency  of  M. 
Cauchois  Lemairo,  who  liod  with  so  much  dclat  advocutcd  tlw  pie- 
tensions  of  the  Due  d'Oilàins  in  the  face  of  the  expiring  monarôhy 
of  Charles  X-,  aimed  at  the  abolition  of  the  hereditary  peerage, 
the  supprcfieioD  of  monopolies,  a  better  apportionment  of  taxation, 
alid  an  clectoml  form  within  prudent  linuts.     The  Société  eàde^êei 

•  *  JLm  nr  It*  attmtpemnitt,  puied  by  the  ehunber  ^  laepaties,  April  !»  IS3I,  and 
Ij  the  cbuaber  of  peers,  April  9,  pf  tbe  «aiA«  mqattu 


SOCIÉTÉ  1>E9  AMIS  DU  PECrLË. 


427 


th&t  liftd  been  sq  iamous  under  tlie  Restoration,  fltill  eubsisted  and  had 
lost  nothing  of  its  înllucnce  over  public  opinion,  thanks  to  the  inap- 
velious  activity  of  Andiij  Marchais,  and  Garnîer-Pagt's.  The  spirit 
that  ftbimated  it  was  however  no  longer  altogether  the  âantc,  and  the 
republican  party  was  predominant  in  it,  since  it  had  no  longer 
among  its  members  either  M.  dc  Broglic,  M.  Guiaot,  or  aay  of  those 
^^'ho  had  made  it  a  step  ping -stone  to  success. 

But  of  all  the  popular  societies  the  most  active  unquestionably, 
and  the  most  importAnt,  waa  tlmt  of  the  Amu  du  J^eupk.  Shortly 
after  the  revolution  of  July,  the  members  of  theZrfJ/?e  des  Amu  de  ta 
Vérité,  of  wliich  M.  Caliaigne  was  then  vénérable^  had  appeared  in 
the  streets,  displftyed  their  symboUoil  banners^  and  Ictl  the  excited 
multitude  after  them  to  that  Place  do  Gnjve,  which  had  drunk  the 
prccioufl  blood  of  the  four  sergeants  of  Rochelle.  The  ceremony  was 
Bolenm  and  affecting'.  M.  Buchei  delivered  û  harangue,  every  word 
of  which  awoke  some  tlirilUng  recollection-  But  the  Logt  des  Amù 
de  ia  Vérité  here  gave  proof  of  its  existenee  for  the  last  time.  Em- 
bamBsed  by  its  mystical  forms,  which  ilL  accorded  with  the  senti- 
ment of  most  of  its  members,  it  soon  merged  in  the  Société  dts  Amis 
dtt  Peuple,  a  bold,  bustling  aaaociation,  composed  of  all  those  heroic 
youths  who  bad  guided  the  blows  of  the  people  in  July,  and  to 
whom  it  was  given  to  revive  for  &  moment  tlic  habits  and  tendencies 
of  the  jacobin  club,  For  the  first  few  months  after  the  revolution 
of  July^  tlie  meeting  of  the  Sociéi^  des  Amis  du  Peuple  haxi  been  pubtic. 
Tbey  were  held  in  Pelber's  riding-school,  in  a  vjat  hi^,  where  the 
yxiTj  numerous  5|K!Ctators  always  present,  were  separated  from  the 
mcmbeiB  only  by  a  slight  balustrade,  'lliithcr  had  ilockcd  from  the 
very  firrt,  to  make  thcLr  first  e^^ay  in  public  life,  those  who  were 
prompted  by  genuine  conviction,  and  those  who^  ^coming  every 
obKttre  positiow,  were  tired  with  the  desire  to  work  out  for  them- 
Boives  a  more  brilliant  destiny.  There,  amidst  a  great  deal  of  idle 
and  vitu[j«rativc  deolàmAtion^  were  put  forth  grave  diacour»;», 
eloquent  complaiuts,  and  sometimes  projects  charactcrixed  by  wise 
and  coQsiderate  coring,  Guizot  and  de  Broglio  were  still  sitting  in 
the  cabinet  at  that  time,  beside  Laffitte  and  Dupont  de  I'Kure. 
The  doctriîiairca  suddenly  took  fright.  (_îu!ïot  proposed  rigorous 
m^easures  ag-^nst  the  pi^pular  societies,  Dupont  de  PEuro  rc:âi:4tcd 
thifl  liarsh  policy.  But  in  the  meanwhile  subordinate  agents  of  the 
executive  suocwed  in  wtting  on  the  timid  sliopkeepers  of  tlio  Euo 
Montmartre  against  the  Société  des  Amis  du  Peuple.  On  the  2âth 
of  September,  the  society  being  afscmblcd  in  Pellicr's  rMitig-SL-hool, 
a  great  noifc  was  heard  outside.  A  captain  of  the  national  guard 
was  introduced  and  said  in  a  respectful  tone,  "  I  have  no  orders  to 
give  you,  messieurs:  but  your  meeting  here  n  the  uccosioa  of  an 
■namblagc  of  two  thousand,  persons  in  the  Hue  Montmartre:  perhaps 
you  will  do  well  to  adjoun/'  '*  I  second  that  proposal,"  exclaimed 
a  voice.  A  staH-officîer  then  comiag  in  besought  the  meeting  t« 
disperse;  **  be  camo/*  he  wdd,  "  in  toe  niune  of  General  Lafayette." 


426 


sociéri  Tms  ahis  du  peuple. 


The  sûciÊtT  deliberated.  Wa  muât  iceist,  said  some;  let 
OUTBelves  niends  d'order  wit}iout,  hûwcvei,  suffering  our  zigËta  tù 
be  arbitrarily  invaded,  said  others.  Finally  the  latter  opîaiou  ptb* 
vailiflff,  it  was  decided  that  the  noxt  mcetuiff  of  the  wcietj  «boi^ 
be  held  by  apccial  summons  fidâi-essed  to  each,  momber  at  has  âaau' 
cite,  and  the  members  separatt^  iji  silence,  amidst  a  great  ciowd 
actuated  by  variiius  feelings. 

The  Socittc  des  Amis  da  Peuple  had  therefore  iong  ceased  to  €xL«t 
as  a  ptÀlfîie  assembhf^  when  Casimir  Féricr  took  ofEce:  but  it  was  fkx 
from  having  lost  its  influeucc.  We  have  seen  in  a  preceding^  chap 
ter  that  it  equipped  a  battalion  at  its  own  expense,  and  sent  it  to  toe 
fud  of  Belgimn.  One  of  those  who  then  di?parted  aa  leaden  mulflr 
that  popular  banscr,  waâ  never  again  to  behold  his  oountiy.  lb 
name  was  Cannes,  and  he  had  edited  a  paper  in  Paris,  called  the  Mmi* 
teur  des  Faubourgs.  The  Independence  of  Belgium  soon  coanted 
him  amongst  martyrs.  Paithfully  seconded  by  its  intellicent  se- 
cretary, M.  Felix  Avril,  the  SodHé  des  Amia  du  Peuple  kepi  \m^ 
an  ossiduoua  correspondence  with  the  departrocnts,  rallied  ihe  aofr 
tered  oombatant?,  corroborated  wavering^  conviction?,  and  comtiiBdjr 
kept  the  government  in  check,  by  a  9crioa  of  spirited  publicatioBi: 
those  attacks  were  tlie  more  formidable  as  there  was  no  ueanA  of  ro- 
plying  to  thera  but  by  the  impure  pamphlets  of  the  poli«t  of  by 
calumnies.  For  the  law  oiïicera  of  the  crown  could  hardly  ve&tim 
upon  a  judicial  struggle,  before  the  Btiil-subsiatinc-  ma^isl 
Charles  X.,  with  men  whom  the  revolution  of  July  nad  surrod 
with  a  sort  of  halo,  and  who  interested  the  feelings  of  the  people  fajf^l 
their  courage.  IVL  Hubert,  the  president  of  the  society,  having  beoi 
prosecuted  for  a  placard  otiensivc  to  the  chamber,  he  delivered  hiinnlT 
thua  in  open  court.*  '  ^  It  ie  a  singular  epectaole  to  see  cited  befonTm, 
miegeieuis,  two  months'  after  the  revolution  of  July,  men.  wbo  faarv 
not  been  strangers  to  the  miccese  of  our  three  great  davs.  Let  tiioee 
wlio  have  not  recoiled  from  this  deplorable  anontaly  bear  tKs  coose» 
q^uencee.  Aa  for  me,  I  shall  not  commit  the  inexcusable  wcAkaBB 
of  accepting  you  for  my  judges,  or  defending  myself  befcB«  yoa 
Judges  of  Charles  X-  renounce  yvur  functions.  The  people»  in  givùijl 
liberty  to  your  victima,  stripped  you  of  your  togas,  and  you  ywi- 
selves  connrmcd  its  sentence  by  oyiug  when  it  was  lighting.  Look 
at  the  tri-colûur  ribbons  we  wear;  two  months  ago  you  wooU  J 
have  vilified  them  as  inâenia  of  Ëedition.  How  can  you  dare  willt  ' 
the  same  confidence,  to  judge  those  who  have  nuaea  them  abon 
your  Tcngcanoe  ?  I  low  can  you  dare,  sitting  on  those  seata  of  yoan 
from  which  the  fleura-de-lyia  imve  been  torn  away,  to  look  diooe  mes 
in  the  face,  who  have  driven  out  the  idoU  to  which  so  nmny  pro- 
scribed have  been  sacriKccd?"  Such  was  tlie  Uuzguago  of  twac 
daring  men.  The  judged  would  have  trembled  at  tlie  thought  of 
imposing  heavy  sentences  upon  them,  and  the  peopls  applauded 
their  high  spirit,  I 

•Ocwber»,  1830. 


PEOOEESS  OF  THE  ItEFtTBLlOAN  PAKTY, 


429 


Aptations,  when  they  arise  out  of  u  natural  wovement  of  the 
people,  almost  always  turn  out  to  tlie  advantage  of  extreme  parties; 
ftU  the  popular  societies,  republican  and  constitutional,  kadi  equally 
added,  to  the  strength  of  the  republican  party,  and  it  possessed  ftU 
retdy  coi^derable  weight  in  the  balance  of  the  nations!  d^tiniea 
when  Casimir  Périor  vowed  its  ruin.  The  party  had  distinguished 
and  even  illustrious  représentatives  in  the  parliaTOent,  the  inâtitute, 
the  pre»,  the  army,  in  the  sciences,  in  the  arts,  ana  in  trade.  But 
it  is  particulaily  as  s,  militant  piirty  that  it  deecrvea  to  be  coûFidcred 
m  this  period  of  Fronch  history. 

A  gre&t  and  serious  thoufrht  posseesed  the  leader»  of  the  republican 
militia  and  waâ  about  to  ioun  the  business  of  their  livee^  They 
T«hed  to  rccoûâtnict  the  cliain  of  modern  ideas  which  the  empire 
had  BO  nidely  broken.  They  wished  to  lead  back  into  the  courw  of 
history  thmt  inan'ellous  epoch  of  the  first  revolution,  over  which  had 
ptflKcL  the  coups  d'état  of  Gênerai  Bonaparte,  It  was  their  glory,  as 
we  ehall  eee,  to  accompliah  this  vast  design  at  the  cost  of  absolute 
Betf-fiftorifice;  am  incalcukblc  service,  enough  for  ever  to  mark  out 
liieir  plâico  in  the  narrative  of  the  most  pregnant  viçiwitudes  of 
FrBDch  society. 

They  were  for  the  moat  part  men  of  brilliant  intellect,  of  chî"ralric 
T^UFf  and  who  answered  more  exactly  than  the  legitiraatist  party 
itaelf  to  the  ancient  nationn!  type.  Amongst  them  liml  taken  refuge, 
when  bauiâhed  from  a  society  overspread  with  meicantilisra,  that  tone 
of  sarcastic  levity  and  int*lhg^nt  turbulence,  that  love  of  adventure, 
that  impctuoBity  in  yelf-abandonment,  that  gaiety  in  danger,  that  ap- 
petite lor  acdon,  those  lively  ways  of  treating  serious  things,  that 
fonncrly  constituted  the  salient  char^eteristicB  of  the  nation.  Thus, 
with  a  curious  contrast,  an  earnest  caro  for  the  thing's  of  the  future 
was  found  precisely  ajnongst  those  vhose  personal  «lualities  best  re- 
called  the  most  brilliant  features  of  the  past. 

liuit  the^c  qualities,  which  certainlj  were  not  incompatible  with 

any  species  of  political  aptitude,  were  fiir  from  answering  to  the  gross 

tiid  materialist  tendencies  of  the  dominant  chiea.     The  republican 

partyi  moreover,  was  by  no  metuns  docile  or  tractable.     If  it  had  all 

(he  "virtueE  of  a  strong,  a  manly  cast,  it  had  also  eerioua  vices, — an 

embennce  of  zenl,  hair-brained  courage,  a  blind  confidence  in  the 

tS&cacj  of  coups  fie  menu,  n  secret  leaning  to  distrust  of  superior  men, 

intolerance,  and  indiscipline.  These  vices,  under  ekilAU  management, 

might  efl«ly  have  been  rendered  subEcrvient  to  most  va»t  deaignfl. 

Unfortunately  the  leaders  of  the  party  were  placed  in  a  position,  and 

cairaunded  by  circumstances,  that  mad©  every  thing  an  obertacle  to 

I  tii^m.     Repulsed  by  tlio  bidk  of  the  bourgeoisie,  which  tr^ted  them 

US  dflnraoua  dreamers,  without  active  inmienec  on  the  general  mosâ 

'  fif  affairs,  wanting  the  conàstency  derived  from  established  posttaoM, 

j  incessantly  menaced  by  the  executive  or  calumniated  by  the  police, 

■they  were  not  ircc  either  to  lay  down  a  deliberate  scheme  of  pro- 

tx&aÔJïgf  or  to  arrange  their  efforts  upon  eound  principles,  to  marehal 


7 


ooazmge,  kfam  iiayKÎaîag  ckel  leotrvi  to  ndbc  &  polifac  eaaftara 
of  tiieir  âûlJs.  Aa  oproctaanrr  wis  scon  &£xdeii  to  aotoe  of  tlidr 
Mwhrr  Nineieai  qtueaff  had  beat  amaftal  ia  tbe  seqod  of  die 
tiDvbles  of  December,  amoaff  wiioML  were  MM.  Treks,  Carii^— f, 
and  Guinaid,  all  three  soil  TOvnig.  bat  mamrcd  br  the  cxpaôenee  of 
pasecutkn.  Daràe  cbe  trial  of  tke  minêant?  cf  Otaries  3L  two  of 
tbem,  Gmnanl  aad  Carv^nae.  cmmmded  tbe  second  battes^,  ia 
whidk  Tivki  eared  m  m  fnrate;  asd  tfaer  mie  acciaed  of  haTii^ 
deagaed  Tiolai^  to  safaethate  a  Rfnbiie  ^  tbe  laofiarckT-  Sizr 
teen.  cituea&,*  iatptJcated  ia  the  saaie  cbaucze,  appeared  aloi^  wilà 
tbem  beËxe  tbe  conn  of  asae  in  the  besiannisr  of  A^ioL  Scodeiit^ 
working-meiiL*  and  others  el  mil  grauie^  avajieii  iHem  at  tlie  doon  of 
the  coait.  XolDertms  detadiinenES  of  mmûcipat  gaud*  occuyaed  the 
intexior  and  the  ap^woaches  to  the  Palais  de  Jusbce.  The  coorts 
vaâex  the  arches  were  Êiled  with  caniry-  When  the  accuagj  an- 
peared  a  thocmud  anas  were  waved  to  greet  them  as  tfacr  paseed; 
they  were  aocompanîed  hy  their  adrocate?,  repabbcans  hn  tlif- 
•elves,  Meadres  Marie,  Dupont.  Booa^.  Plocque.  fiotaTiltios,  Rit- 
tiez,  andMichddeBoOTges;  and  the  serenitr  deincted  in  their  nofafe 

*  These  verc  IDC.  Sunboc.  Tnnrfbrt,  Andrr.  Pmani.  Roohier.  Clupaire,  Go«> 
Urn,  OmEfj,  Clnsnii.  PÉcbnx  d'HeriÉniiDe.'Letiaaard,  Akxudre 
Gmma, 


TiRST  rEOSECtrrios  or  ixa  mxmbees. 


431 


and  proud  countenances  was  lemarlted  with  evtnpatliy.  Carbines, 
pistols,  and  Bome  packeta  of  cartriUgcSj  were  laid  on  the  table  of  the 
court. 

After  a  brief  address  ût>m  the  president,  M.  Hardoia,  who  thought 
it  ri^ht  to  recommend  a  catm  demeanour  to  tlie  actors  in,  thejudicial 
drama  about  to  commeDcc,  the  cxoiiiinatioa  of  the  prisoners  becan. 
But  it  vrm  easy  to  Judge,  from  the  deportment  of  the  accused,  how 
much  they  reckoned  on  the  fiseendancy  of  their  patriotism  and  their 
intrepidity.  Far  from  thinking  of  detending  themselves,  tlicy  at- 
tacked, and  were,  by  turns,  sarcastic  and  vehement,  ironical  and  Im- 
paaooned.  The  trial  kated  two  days,  and  the  excitement  of  the 
people  Increased  continually.  A  pretended  plot,  formed,  it  was  said, 
under  the  Pont  des  Arts,  was  made  use  of  as  *  ground  of  accuaation 
Bi^ain^t  the  prifioners;  the  whimsical  abeurdîty  of  the  charge  was 
very  happily  expcned  by  one  of  the  witnesses,  M.  Degoussée.  La- 
fayette was  abo  summoned  as  a  wiOteâs;  and  on  his  appearance  the 
whole  audience  rose  with  a  spontaneous  movement  of  respect  and 
HtlLxtlon,  The  old  general  came  to  ïÎTe  his  toâtimony  in  iavour  of 
tlic  accused,  almost  all  of  whom  he  knew,  and  who  all  saluted  blm 
from  thetr  places  with  Looks  and  gestures  of  regard. 

The  trial  gave  rise  to  highly  interestiug  scenes.  In  the  sittings 
of  the  7th  of  Aprils  the  president  havino;  reproached  M.  Pécheux 
d'Herbin ville,  one  of  the  accused,  with  havinir  had  arms  by  him, 
and  with  having  distributed  them,  "Yes,"  replied  the  prisoner,  *'  I 
have  had  amis,  a  great  many  arms,  and  I  wul  tell  you  how  I  came 
fay  them."  Then,  relating  the  ^rt  he  had  taken  in  the  three  days, 
bo  toid  hùVft  followed  by  his  comrades,  he  had  disarmed  posts,  and 
sustained  glorious  convicts;  and  how,  thoun;h  not  wealthy,  he  had 
equipped  national  guards  at  lus  own  cost.  There  still  burned  in  tlic 
hearts  of  the  people  some  of  the  fire  Hndled  by  the  revolution  of 
July;  such  recitals  as  tliis  timncd  the  embers.  The  yoimg  man  him- 
eeL^  aa  he  concluded  Ida  bricl'  defence,  wore  a  face  radiait  with  en- 
thuBHBB,  and  his  c^es  were  ailed  with  tears. 

AU  this  rendered  the  speeches  of  tJïC  professional  advisers  almost 
supcrtluuus.  Nevertheless,  Mcsdcum  Uethmont,  Itouen,  Marie,  Hit^ 
tin,  Boussy,  Plo&iue,  Dupont,  and  Michel  dc  Bourges,  spoke  one 
after  the  other;  and  never  was  cause  defended  with  more  manly  and 
tofty  eloquence. 

^M.  Tréiat.  Cavaignac,  and  Gxdn&rd,  were  likewise  heard.  Ta- 
lents of  a  serious  cast,  morals  admirably  strict,  an  earnestness  of  con- 
viction tem|K.'ted  with  much  gentleness  and  charity,  distin^isbed 
M.  Trékt  in  the  party  to  which  he  belonged.  As  a  physiciaa,  he 
had  rnauy  a  time  visted  the  dark  haunts  m  which  dwelt  tlic  sulfcr- 
ing  poor  of  great  cities;  many  a  tiiut?  Iiad  lie  »at  by  the  bedside  of 
the  ofiiicted  and  neglected  pauper;  he  drew  a  pathetic  picture  of  the 
surïerings  he  liad  witnessed  |oe  called  to  mind  the  solemn  promises  that 
had  not  been  kept,  andtbo  jn^nt  aerviccs  that  liad  been  forgotten. 

M.  Cavaignac  next  rose.  TliougU  endowed  with  the  organlation 


-7 


ingaaâîe  -iwtwiwCT»  joi  iimnaxas.     "^xv  âiimui  ^n:  ssraxmi^B  i 

«  onusiuu  jc  "«nix  m  mI  ^le  jurant  ir  ^ijwsiMnifiic  usaz  m 
iRsoux.  aetiaire:  s  x  «îuiïl?  —■■■■■r "—*"'"  Ttà  x  me  kanv  i 

■■■1 X  Tiow?  «mccmc  3>  /livciiL  -•*•*"  s  asBDOSErxcs  x.  Tjkf 
éeuia  ai  '9&  ws»  case  ox.  âe  3BexÊt  <a  tbe  TfonôuaBisl  Btts 
mue-  Bboat  v*ic  j^tui^^as.  aigBari  br  ;xs  gaoîiE.  anal-  'ÀniocxaL  Mtf 

fwv^flKTi^  xocm^^  isrcin^  x  scMtx  oc  sx-<inji-':3irrT  Tocf.  àr 
OMTT^ssÎAa  ftû-Ae  âaiî  r^tir^  «anse  sncâ.  was  iis  wû. — vaèsei 
tnrnwyfiaat,  aiBÛtgt  :îie  ânnu^  -:x'  :;he  ■■yr^rt-jr  .^i  VimÀemÊÊÊmt.  Dîi- 
af^>mfi«i  aoBOÉeioo  -vv  imposed  w  tâe  rçç:vi}àcas&  TSoae  v*b 
«Mt  tiiskt  tinr  od  tkfen  wre  Bb*n  wi>jee  xsibEâ^c.  isaii  bifco.  pxaeA 
t^  trU'^Mt.  VvEKt^  fXL  M  erjaeûierxzirjai  ot  xibxsfr  kiaiL  M.  Ci  ■  lit 
MA  «ivy»*ri  iw/w  miKÀ  ôfttib«aî*  aivi  pnfccai  2^:«i  «ec:» 
m  Ùtéi  fteÀttmm  *Â  ù^  rcpabticaiB.  who  lad  sco  m^ch  tnîâgi; 

WÊ^ftàatUs  t3uâi  fno^raanaa^  aad  U>  fire  oa  tbe  resiinèci^e*  of 


mmm 


WP 


THE  BEPtTBLICUUra  ACQUITTED.— KEJ0ICTKG9. 


43S 


AtlicM  and  of  Homo.  He  argued  im^olnst  monarchy  consideTed  in 
its  action,  not  on  Iraiicc»  but  on  tuc  aecoudary  powerti.  Thnnk 
heaven  !  France  carried  within  her  what  «ïoablt^d  her  ti.i  surmount 
the  mo^t  tearful  iriaU;  but  what  Wiis  to  become  of  the  naûonâ  traced 
under  her  tegisy  and  which  it  was  one  of  the  neceseuy  conditioiiB  of 
the  monarchy  to  abandon?  "  The  rcTolution,"  aaid  M.  Gsviùgnac, 
in  concluditig  hia  addrcs,  "  'a  the  whole  natioa,  with  the  exception 
of  thoio  who  fatten  upon  the  nation;  it  is  our  country  fulhlling 
that  miasion  ol'  emancipation  coniided  to  it  by  the  providence  of 
peoples;  it  ia  &U  France  which  haa  done  her  duty  towards  tliem, 
Afl  for  \l»,  meneurs,  we  havo  done  our  duty  towaraa  her,  and  fihe 
will  find  us  ready  at  her  caII,  whenever  ehe  shall  have  need  of  us: 
whatevcar  she  demands  of  us,  she  shall  obtain."  A  burst  of  applause 
followed  these  last  words,  Hot  was  the  imprcsson  less  strong  afieff 
the  speech  of  M,  Guinaid,  one  of  those  young  men  of  lofty  stature 
and  noble  featuree,  who  combined  the  energetic  virtues  oi  llie  re- 
publicui  with  the  elegant  mannere  of  the  high-born  gentleman. 

Aa  was  eipecied,  tho  traveracra  were  atjjuitted.  AH  was  then 
acclaînationSf  tears  of  eatàttûam,  and  impassioned  movements.  Tho 
•pectators  gathering  round  the  acquitted  prisoners,  wished  to  carry 
tnem  home  in  triiunph.  Guinard^  Cavaignao,  and  the  students  of 
the  schools,  raauEtgea  to  escape  the  ovation  intended  for  them.  Tha 
adjutant,  Guilley,  was  rooogniBcd,  and  chaired  to  hia  dwelling,  in 
spite  of  all  his  remonstrances.  More  tlian  three  thousand  persons 
fÙled  the  square  of  the  Palais  de  Justice  and  the  Quai  aux  Fleuri- 

Tï^lat  and  d'Herbinville  ^t  into  a  coach  with  three  of  tli^ 
friends,  Achille  lioche,  Avril,  and  Lheriticr,  The  coach  set  off 
rapidly,  but  it  was  followed  by  an  eager  crowd.  The  homefi  werû 
stopped,  and  taken  from  the  vehicle.  M.  Tnilat  and  his  frienils  in 
Tain  endeavoured  to  recall  the  multitude  to  Uiat  sobriety  of  feehng 
that  becomes  a  free  people  ;  they  were  drttgo;ed  along  at  speed  to  M. 
Trélat's  door,  amid  ahouta  of  raptuPQUs  applause.  TÎbAt  night  many 
houses  in  Paria  were  illuminated.     The  triumph  was  complete. 

The  trial  in  which  the  republicuis  had  just  been  victoriouSf  an^ 
noonced  but  a  part  of  the  work  they  were  about  to  undertake.  In  their 
dAolaration  of  tlieir  piînctples  they  had  only  touched  on  purely  poli- 
tical and  national  questions;  they  bad  not  alluded  to  those  suggeated 
by  the  momentous  and  deeply  suggestive  phrasc:,  the  proletary  caste. 
But  it  was  easy  to  fwrsee  tKat  they  would  not  recou  from  mvcsti* 
gating  any  of  the  social  problomâ,  the  solution  of  which  was  of  im- 
ptttanoe  to  the  people.  The  acqo^  of  this  history  will  show  with 
irisat  boldniss»  and  eâèct  the  repubHoui  party  made  itscli'  instru- 
mental in  tha  eUboration  of  tho  dootiines  that  were  for  erv^  to  cast 
ânoredit  on  the  fundamental  vices  of  modem  Ricic^.  Meaaw^uls 
that  was  a  grtat  victory  they  had  just  achieved.  The  destinies  of 
monuvhy  in  France  had  been  again  made  a  moot  question  m  pre" 
Bsnoe'of  foreign  sovereigns,  and  great  was  the  coustemaûoD  in  the 
Fblais  Uoytd.  > 


434 


CB03S  OP  JTTI-T. — mSTTTEBAKCES. 


â 


The  next  âay,  ApriS  16,  ûll  Paris  was  abroad.  Tlie  population 
assembled  tiuckly  at  every  point  ;  the  national  guards,  norse  and 
foot,  put  themselves  in  motion.     No  conflict  however  took  plaop. 

Casimir  Périer  had  hoped  by  a  porapoua  display  of  strength 
least  to  intimidate  the  republicnn  party.  But  under  the  goidiUDoe 
men  whose  boldness  grew  with  the  danger,  tliat  party  pnt  forth  ]_ 
doubled  energy»  and  soon  found  an  opportunity  of  powerfully  arous- 
ing the  minds  of  men.  Tlic  decoration  appointed  by  the  lAitr  of 
the  13th  of  December^  1830,  was  about  to  be  bestowed  on  the 
bravest  combatants  of  July.  It  was  decided  at  the  court  that  thu 
cToea  of  July  should  bear  the  legend»  Given  by  tlie  Kinff^  and  that  its 
réception  should  be  accompanied  by  an  oath*  On  hesxing  of  this, 
the  republicans  assembled  to  concert  measures  of  resistance,  and  then 
went  abroad  spreading'  in  every  direction  the  indignation  that  pos- 
sessed themselves,  llerc  was  a  presumptuous  attempt  to  revive  (he 
old  monarchical  right:  everything  through  the  king,  ibr  the  king! 
The  revolution  of  July  existed  forsooth  only  at  the  good  ploBSUfe  ûf 
a  prince,  without  whom  it  had  been  effected,  whom  no  one  had  aeen 
Heure  in  it,  and  wlio  could  only  have  bo  iigured  as  the  iirrt  df  lebda. 
Wliat  did  they  mean  by  turning  into  a  court  bauble  what  ought  to 
l>e  but  an  imperishable  testimonial  of  the  impotence  of 
and  tlie  frailty  of  thrones?  What  m^nt  that  oath  which 
servile  sentiments  with  the  recollection  of  an  event  where] 
Hashed  forth  the  sovereignty  of  the  people,  the  armed  people? 
was  tlie  language  by  which  the  nialecontents  excited  caeli  other 
vigorous  resistance.  Vehement  petitions  passed  from  liand  to  faand; 
protests  were  drawn  up;  and  public  banquets  were  held,  as  foetivc 
rchsirsals  of  revolt.  Many  citizens  who  were  to  receive  the  dcoon- 
tion  appeared  boldly  with  a  blue  ribbon  in  their  buttoa-holes,  wcro 
sent  to  trial,  and  acquitted.  The  décorés  a^^scmbled  in  the  Paaogp 
du  Saumon,  under  Uic  pre$idency  of  M.  Gamier  Pages,  vowed  U>ey 
would  neither  submit  to  the  oath  nor  to  the  legend.  All  Paris  was 
in  commotion.  Excited  bands  tiuversed  the  boulevards^  mngingtlw 
Marseillaise,  The  Place  Vendôme  was  occupied  by  the  people,  tc 
disperse  whom  the  government  durat  only  employ  fire-engines,  lot 
bloodshed  should  give  the  disturbances  the  importance  of  an  inav- 
rection. 

The  next  day,  the  feast  of  the  Ascenâon,  tranquillity  rcigxied  in 
the  thoroughlarea,  but  not  in  tlic  hearts  of  men.  The  dispcfsioD 
cilccted  on  the  preceding  day  was  commented  on  in  various  wan, 
half  jocular,  half  angry.  The  ludicrous  means  of  quelling  the  mnui- 
tude  adopted  by  Marshal  Lobau,  gave  occasion  to  countless  canci* 
tures,  in  which  majesty  itscli'  was  unceremoniously  made  the  tnvk 
cf  French  gaiety.  The  court  took  fright;  the  iJca  of  llie  l^icndl 
was  given  up;  the  mayors  were  ordered  to  distribute  the  cnmet; 
the  cxecutivu  acknowleiiged  itself  vanquished. 

facts  hkc  these  were  profoundly  signiHcant.  It  was  dear  that  on 
thiâ  occasion  tlic  Icadci^  oi'  the  middle  claw  had  hung  back.    Hie 


THE  KTKO  1CAKS8  A  TOUB.  4S5 

fiict  was,  that  in  this  instance  the  cause  of  ro3raUy  was  not  identical 
with  that  of  the  bourgeoisie.  In  reality,  though  the  king  had  done 
nothing  of  his  own  luind  in  July  1830,  though  he  had  incurred  no 
personal  danger,  though  fortune  had  saluted  him  king  without 
having  compelled  him  to  do  battle,  it  was  essentially  in  the  nature 
of  the  moiuutJiical  system  that  to  liim  should  be  imputed  the  honour 
of  all  the  ^rand  deeds  done  without  him.  In  a  monarchical  point 
of  view  this  was  not  only  admissible,  but  necessary.  If  the  bour- 
geoisie was  not  aware  of  this,  it  was  because,  as  I  nave  said,  it  was 
bent  on  the  realization  of  that  silly  Utopia,  a  subaltern  royalty,  a 
royalty  which  should  be  an  instrument  rather  than  a  principle. 

This  error  was  that  of  Casimir  Périer  ;  which  accoimts  for  the 
supineness  he  displayed  on  this  occasion  contrary  to  his  usual  poUcy. 
Perhaps,  too,  he  felt  a  secret  satisfaction  at  the  blow  dealt  the  king 
individually:  for  he  entertained  an  aversion  for  the  monarch,  whi(£ 
he  took  no  pains  to  dissemble,  talking  of  him  in  terms  devoid 
of  all  moderation  and  all  decency,  and  seeming  as  though  he  acted  as 
his  minister  only  to  be  the  better  enabled  to  be  his  detractor. 

Tlic  king,  on  his  part,  every  day  more  and  more  regretted  Laf- 
fitte,  and  recalled,  not  without  some  touch  of  remorse,  his  affection- 
ate maimers,  his  goodness  of  heart,  his  persuasive  language,  and  his 
modest  services.  Forced  to  endure  Casimir  Périer,  ne  manifested, 
in  his  intercourse  with  that  intractable  man,  a  constraint  which  his 
profound  wariness  could  not  always  suffiâently  veil.  Casimir  Périer, 
moreover,  was  more  prominently  conspicuous  tlian  is  convenient  in 
a  monarchy,  in  which  every  ^ng  ought  to  tend  to  the  king  as  to  its 
centre.  lie  tilled  too  marked  a  place  among  the  objects  of  men's 
hatred. 

Whether  it  was  that  the  king  wished  to  recall  to  his  own  person 
the  too  long  diverted  attention  of  the  piibUc,  or  that  he  was  desirou» 
of  sounding  for  himself  the  feclines  of  the  nation,  he  suddenly  re- 
solved to  leave  the  capital.  ÂfWr  iirst  making  an  excursion  through 
Normandy,  he  procmled  towards  the  eastern  departments.  He 
failed  not  to  visit  the  battle-field  of  Valmy.  There  he  appeared  to 
pause  witli  complacency  on  the  spot  where  he  had  formerly  com- 
manded the  batteries  beyond  and  to  the  west  of  the  mill.  On  reach- 
ing the  foot  of  the  pyramid  erected  to  the  memory  of  Kellermann, 
he  fell  in  with  an  old  soldier  who  had  lost  an  arm  by  a  cannon-shot» 
at  the  battle  of  Valmy.  The  king  immediately  took  the  ribbon  from 
his  button-hole,  and  decorated  the  old  soldier  with  it,  as  Napoleon  was 
used  to  do.  It  is  the  rule  in  monarchies  to  bestow  capital  importance 
on  these  insignificant  episodes  of  an  immense  drama.  Tne  court 
papers  made  a  great  ado  about  the  minutest  details  of  the  journey 
undertaken  by  Dumouriez's  old  com|»nion  in  arms.  Great  were  the 
pains  taken  to  busy  France  with  what  concerned  her  king. 

For  the  rest,  the  royal  passa^  everywhere  called  forth  manifes- 
tations of  that  commonplace  enthusiasm,  that  eternally-recurring 
child's  playt  which  is  eternally  token  in  aolcnm  caxncst  !    At  Metz, 

So 


436 


UTSWJLUTIÔTî  OF  THE  CHAMlïP.tt. 


however,  llio  reception  aiToitled  the  king  was  abnoat  iinp^ouB. 
wM  in  that  city  tliat  the  first  plan  of  tl>e  nntional  ofisocîâtiûn  ^ 
been  drawn  up  by  M.  Bauchotte,  the  mayor;  M.  Charpentier, 
dent  of  the   Cour  Royale;  M.  Voirhaye,  avocût-général ; 
Domez.     The  dismissal  of  Bouchotte  and  Voirhiiye  on  these  ^ 
by  Caaiinir  Péricr  had  augmenled  the  irritation  of  the  patriots,  l-_- 
whom  were  tmmbcred  most  of  the  municipal  oouncillors,  all  tho 
perior  officers  of  the  national  guard,  and  several  uniUtary  men  of  C 
garrison.     The  king  replied  dnly  to  the  address  of  the  corpor  '* 
which  contained  remai'lcs  hostile  to  the  hereditary  peerage, 
national  guard  having  wished  to  express  the  same  opinion  th] 
M.  Voirhaye,  the  kang  impatiently  intevnipted  the  speaker,   txA 
bnatchiug  the  address  out  of  his  hand,  told  him,  **  ±he  natic 
guard  must  not  concern  ita?lf  about  political  quertiotifi.     It  has 
tiling  to  do  with  them."     "  Sire,"  replied  M.  Voirhaye,  *'  it  û  i 
an  ndvioo  it  oifcrÉ,  it  is  a  wish  it  expresâcs."'     "  The  national 
has  no  wishcB  to  conceive j  dehberationa  are  forbidden  it;  I  ■ 
no  more." 

ITiia  unforç?icen  incident  occasioned  tlie  liveliest  sensation  in  Met&l 
Tlie  superior  officers  of  the  national  guard  having-  been  invited  to  1 
Idnct'e  table,  one  alone  complied.     Louis  Philippe  made  no  long  staf 
in  Metz;  he  lei'fc  it  on  horseback  in  a  heavy  fall  of  i"ain.     At  sora 
distance  from  the  city,  the  horse  of  â  young  man,  who  liad  got  mise 
up  with  the  cavalcade,  Blruck  its  head  violently  against  tiie  Jon 
leg,  and  there  was  a  moment  of  geueml  anxiety.     It  was  feared, 
an  instant^  that  an  altompt  had- been  mode  on  the  life  of  Louif] 
Philippe. 

It  was  during  this  joiumey  that  Casimir  Périer,  whose  Bplccn 
been  exasperated  by  a  paniculnr  occurrence,  wrote  to  MaiflOftl  8nult,| 
tlie  companion  yf  the  king's  tour,  *'  If  tliis  continues,  X  -n-ill   breakl 
you  like  gla.se/' 

On  the  14th  of  July,  the  annivei-sary  of  the  taking  of  tlie  Baatile^  J 
the  project  of  planting  a  tree  of  liberty  occasioned  tumvltuoua  loeikarf 
in  Paris.  A  young  man,  named  Désirabode,  rushed,  pistol  in  hand,i 
against  the  magi?trate  who  Appeared  at  the  head  of  a  detachmem  afl 
national  guards  to  prevent  that  popular  demonstration.  The  yn 
man  was  surrounded  by  nuinkre  of  the  guards,  and  ftll  p'ie 
with  nwny  bayonet  wounds.  No  otlier  disaslcr  occurred,  and.^ 
orowde  dispersed,  aOer  having  given  cause  at  one  time  to  appr 
some  great  calaatrophe. 

Tlie  chfimber  of  deputies  wrij  prorogued  on  the  20th  of  April;  il| 
was  dissolved  on  the  3d  of  May.  We  have  seen  on  what  luuetf  J%\ 
had  planted  the  dominion  of  the  bourgeoisie.  Casimir  Périer  forced  ) 
it  irresislibljr  to  submit  to  the  dictâtes  of  his  pride,  he  obtained  from  ' 
it  nearly  thirteen  hundred  millions  as  a  pravieional  grant,  and  he  felt 
*^"  more  confident  of  hia  power  to  control  it,  as  it  obeved,  without 
I  him.  But  this  very  circumstance,  it  was  thought,  rendered  h 
loxious  to  the  king,  who,  besides  having  been  crown«d  by  itf' 
h  a  gratitude  ^vLth  whiub  he  wos^  ^tha^,  secretly  annoyed. 


i\ 


ODILOV  BABBOT  ADB  MÀXJffUIH.  487 


CHAPTER  X. 

Amoko  the  new  men  wlio  seemed  lilcely  to  figure  in  the  tribune 
during  the  seemon  which  was  about  to  commence,  were  remarked 
General  Lamarque,  a  son  of  the  south,  whose  vivid,  copious,  and 
flowing  language  was  always  redolent  of  mor^  deeds  and  an- 
tique renown;  a  man  of  little  reach  as  a  statesman,  but  an  im* 
nassioned  representative  of  that  imperial  soldiery  whose  patriotism 
had  remained  monarchical  from  haoits  of  discipline;  M.  François 
Arago,  so  famous  in  the  annala  of  science,  and  whose  name  was 
80  fumiliar  a  soimd  in  Europe;  M.  Duvergier  de  Hauranne,  a  mem- 
ber of  the  family  that  hod  ^ven  birth  to  the  janscnist  founder 
of  the  Port  Royal;  and  last,  MM.  Thiers  and  Gamier  Pases,  whose 
destinies  were  to  be  bo  dissimilar,  and  who  were  both  of  them  to  oc- 
cupy an  important  place  in  the  history  of  their  country. 

The  opposition  had  no  real  recocrnised  leader  :  Odilon  Barrot,  how- 
ever, was  already  its  most  inâuential  member.  He  possessed  good  faith, 
steadfastness,  disinterestedness,  love  of  what  was  nght — all  the  virtues 
of  the  private  man.  But  his  patriotism  was  somewhat  languid;  his 
honesty  was  timid,  and  his  sincerity  somewhat  too  ingenuous.  What 
ought  to  have  been  his  will  was  only  his  wish.  His  conceptions  were 
praiseworthy  ratlicr  than  magnanimous,  and  he  showed  himself  ca- 
pable neither  of  daring  nor  otpassion.  He  was  said  to  be  but  mode- 
rately versed  in  the  science  of^  public  af^rs;  and  as  he  had  neither 
the  dryness  of  practical  men,  nor  the  fire  of  those  who  are  prompted 
by  quick  feelings,  he  was  looked  on  as  a  dreamer  by  one  set  of  men,  as 
a  calculator  by  others,  and  all  his  actual  qualifications  went  for  no- 
thing. As  a  speaker,  he  was  fond  of  summing  up  discussions,  but 
he  did  not  give  them  point  and  precision  ;  or  else  ne  generalized  the 
subject  under  discussion,  without  enlarging  it.  But  his  eloquence 
left  a  lasting  impression,  because  it  was  sound,  lofVv,  and  strong. 
Besides,  despite  his  ^mbrc  visage,  the  sHghtly  scomlul  turn  of  his 
lip,  and  the  apparent  stiffness  ol  his  demeanour,  there  was  in  him  a 
simplicity  of  feeling,  an  ignorance  of  guile,  a  nobleness  of  heart  and 
character,  that  gave  him  a  great  power  to  attract,  if  not  to  chaim 
and  captivate.  .  People  forgot  to  bear  him  envy. 

M.  Mauguin  was  the  natural  rival  of  Odilon  Barrot  in  the  oppo- 
sition :  and  in  the  same  degree  as  the  latter  was  circumspect,  btûres 
of  resources,  and  fond  of  taking  a  wary  middle  course,  the  format 
was  prompt  to  attack,  impetuous,  and  inventive.  But  with  more 
originality  and  more  ibrce  than  his  rival,  Mauguin  had  leas  weight 
and  influence.  ïlis  very  vigour  was  sure,  sooner  or  later,  to  alienate 
from  him  most  of  the  members  of  ^e  opposition,  who  dreaded  being 
led  away  too  tu;  for  the  most  energetic  men  in  the  chamber  eax- 

2o2 


to  bdlcre  ûm.%  the  oonsâtatîoQjU  tjrttem  co«i)dbcat 
^mmmtboiig  weakened:  a  swt  of  iUimaa,  «iodbn  ^ 
J  »  gnator  cxteit  by  Odiloti  Batrot  tfaui  bj  Anj  cae  dB,  at 

Dcapadty,  but  from  caadoar. 

ills  aa  it  maj,  to  M.  ilaugtiin  bclcmgcd  tKe  leaâîs^^iH 
he  revolutionary  movement  pervaded  the  lUktioo,     Be  W 
'centre  of  the  military  party  in  the  chamber;  and  w ^1 
ipccpuded  by  Goner^l  Xf&marque,  dealing  th.^  execotm  at- 
hlows.     Ko  one^  furthennorc,  traced  oa  tbe  sup  of  fio^ 
:uou£ly  tlidn  M.  Mauguiji  thccooise  of  remote  ezpe£tkM: 
inV  moje  delight  in  unravellinnr  the  intrigues  of  coaze,  ad 
nrtiËcra  of  diplomacy;  no  one  more  watcbfalhr ai 
-vrirvud  t!ie  affairs  of  the  ^-nciaï  world. 
,t  that  period,  France  hung^  more  upon  the  Hie  oT  otlur  » 
«  on  her  own.     The  niind$  of  lier  people  were  aimoit  a- 
«mpicd  with  the  evettt^  then  current  m  Poland^  PoztitfJl 
i;  and  ihfisc  trcre  to  form  the  topics  of  every  diacawtf 
ion  that  wfu  about  to  open.     Poland  wn?,    aboTe  ftllt  lli 
-  'JDject  of  an^dety.     Glorioâs  pri^-iiege  of  the   noble   laod  d 
,  to  have  for  her  history  that  of  all  oppressed  peoples  Î 
overflowing  of  thu  Vistula  had  piispended  the  "war  siaee  dil 
Grochowj  but  General  Dwemicfci,  commander  of  thengb 
the  Polish  army,  had  kept  tlic  field  throughout  Fcbmajytf 
.,™^  of  a  small  body  of  3000  horse.     Surrounded  by  the  repab- 
aa  of  the  armyj  that  heroic  man  perfonncd  prodigies.     Darintj  m 
-  «*^^ee  that  amounted  to  ^eniua,  and  prompt  m  lightning»  with  Im 
300<>  soldir-ra  he  routed  and  di^pcmîd  20,IXK).   On  the  14rh  of  Feb- 
ruary, he  beat  Geismar  in  the  valley  of  Sleroczyn.      On  tbe    17th, 
he  crossed  the  Vistula,  advanced  to  meet  General  Kreutz  in  the  pala- 
tinate of  Sandomir,  and,  coming  up  with  him  in  tlie  forest  of  Nowa- 
wicp,  put  him  to  fliglit.     On  the  2d  of  March  he  came  up  with  him 
again  at  Pulawy,  where  he  cut  to  pieces  the  dragoons   of  Prince 
Wurtcmburg.       Everywhere  victorious,  he  went  and  took  up  hiâ 
position  at  Zamosc,  in  obedience  to  the  orders  of  jealous  superiors. 
The  necessity  was  felt  at  Warsaw  of  superseding  Radziwill  as 
incompetent,  though  no  one  liad  tlic  cnielty  to  make  a  crime  of  his 
incapacity,  since  ne  himself  confessed  it  with  a  modesty  that  ai- 
nobled  Ins  misfortune.     Who  was  to  be  his  successor?     Count  Pac, 
formerly  aide-de-camp  to  Napoleon,  the  great  mathematician  Pron- 
dzynski,andKrukowiccki,  were  the  rivals  set  upagaonst  Skrzynecki, 
now  in  the  full  lustre  of  his  recent  glory.    The  repubhcans  proposed 
Dwemicki  ;  but  Skrzynecki  prevailed,  being  supported  by  the  aris- 
tocratic party  of  Warsaw,  and  being  recommended  by  ôhlopicki, 
whose  wounds  redeemed  liis  errors. 

Had  the  French  government  felt  the  same  sympathy  for  Poland 
as  France  did,  it  would  have  rendered  an  incalculable  service  to  the 
Polish  cause,  by  lending  its  influence  to  the  democratic  party,  and 
labouring  to  prevent  the  election  of  Skrzynecki.    No  kind  of  inter- 


PKTimnîCKi  dEWEHAlTSsnfor^iiJTTLE  6t  waveu,     439 


r 

I  VCfttîon  could  liave  been  wjual  in  value  to  that  :  for  what  tfos  wanted 
j  for  the  triumph  of  Pokïid  iimJcr  such  circumstaiK-eei,  wa&  a  govem- 
'  inent  of  raging  madïneo.  Thnre  arc  times  in  which  ordinary  pru- 
dence is  fiital  to  empires.  Skriynecki  continued  what  Chfopicld 
lisd  begun.* 

He  was  a  man  of  acute  mind,  açcomplished  in  &11  the  proflipato 
arts  of  the  diplomatic  circles,  valuing  only  polished  Tnnnncrs,  luloa 
of  nobility,  onil  outwnrd  graces.  He  toolf  pfenpurc  in  displaying  the 
pomp  of  nis  office,  held  îTïviews  in  his  open  carriage,  mid  was  sur- 
rounded by  a  ha*ît  of  yonng  exquiàtcs,  who,  to  plcdsc  hira .  had  adopted 
Parisian  airs,  and  the  language  of  high  fashion.  Imbued  with,  that 
Jesuitism  which  had  crept  into  all  the  courta  of  Europe  during  the 
iTrcncK  Hcstoration,  Skrzvnecki  was  a  constant  frequenter  of  the 
churches,  and  affected  to  t:ilk  of  heaven  in  nil  hia  Fpecchc?,  and  even 
in  his  proclamations  to  the  army.  Such  aman,  a  congrcgationist 
in  epaulctîes,  and  n  pertinacious  negotiator,  was  evidently  not  the 
leailer  befitting  an  ftnncd  revolution,  though  he  poseessed  courage,  a 
quick  discerning  Gje,  and  military  science,  and  was  pricked  on  by 
amijition. 

After  a  month's  cessation  of  arms  spent  in  attempts  to  come  to  an 
aocommodalion  with  Diebitch,  tl^e  com  mander- in- chief  icsolved  to 
resume  hosrilities.  But  he  prwcrvcci  the  niopt  profonmd  werccy  na 
to  his  plans.  In  the  night  of  tlie  30th  of  Maitrh,  whilst  Warsaw 
was  wrafit  in  sleep,  Skrzynecki  rilcntly  ti*«oinbled  his  troops;  the 
J'raga  bridge  was  coverca  with  Ptniw  and  crossed  without  noise. 
General  Rybinski's  division»  çup|x>Ttpd  by  a  brigade  of  cavaby, 
marched  towiirds  Zomki,  and  arrived  by  daybreak  on  the  flanks  of 
(Tei,^mar's  forces»  which  occupied  a  ptrong  position  in  the  I'orcsl  of 
Waver.  A  thick  fng  overhung  the  country,  and  the  Ru^ian!!,  sup- 
posing the  enemy  to  be  remote,  were  ilist  asleep.  Before  beginning 
the  attack,  liybin^ki  detached  Colonel  Ramorino  with  part  of  hia 
division  into  the  wood.  The  c^^lonel  making  a  detour,  posted  him- 
BcU'  behind  the  Ku^ian  entrrnchmctits.  ?o  eis  to  cut  off  their  retreat. 
The  enemy  suddenly  assailed  in  front  and  in  think  had  no  time  to 
recover  from  their  confurion,  for  scarcely  liad  Rybinfki's  infantry 
opened  their  fire,  when  the  hmccrs,  sallying  from  the  barriers  of 
Gtochow,  fell  upon  Gelsmar's  advanced  popl?  and  routed  them.  His 
zmaks  were  all  in  disorder,  and  all  his  efforts  to  ral]y  hia  biittalions 
were  fruitless.  Tlic  Rureians  thought  to  cpcnpe  by  the  roatl  to 
IVtinsk,  but  they  fell  in  with  Ramorino,  who  charged  the  surprised 

*  VfB  cuuMt  loo  «tpom^  ianit  no  ihU  point.  VClxa  the  uppoùfckn  lo  Tchc- 
knentlv  rpproAcïted  tSe  |Cflr«rtnneiii,  in  IMI,  with  i(»  ronduct  iowaitl9  I*cd«D(l,  iho 
«nailion  pltiulcd  a,  very  rightetnu  emûatx  btlt  it  tilnuled  it  uptin  lud  tminticld,  uiil 
Inb  bvc»u3u  it  wu  ignomnt  ut  what  vm  pawing  m  VV&nMir,  vrhcrc  Fmncv  haut  a 
cooaul  (Icvovrd  to  tlte  RiiMÎiaDi.  To  inpport  tlio  party  of  iltc  traÙMÊ  from  tiK  ûnt 
ty  hi»  A^-nts,  thb  la  what  M.  SJbutLuii  oni^ht  to  hare  iIûdc,  uid  wliat  it  wia  Tea- 
MBahiB  W  snet  of  tilni.  TIkmc  who  dctnftndcil  more  were  tberehT  misled  into  Je* 
clamatilBa  but  ton  eoail/  prTuti.'d.  Oili:  thing  n  certain,  namelf,  that  I'liAtnl  oweJ 
tier  min  to  her  (loubtlcM  putriutir,  fmt  iininicltifi-nt  ariMocrocj*.  When  a  n.irolutini| 
like  licn  has  bn>ltea  «t;  Ihoiv  oaij  who  do  iioi  icar  to  trx9|^ratc  it,  saru  it. 


L 


HATTLB»  QV  DEBIBEWILKrE  AN»  IGANIK. 

and  panic-stricken  fugitives  at  the  pomt  of  the  bayonet-  The  iw 
waâ  thon  complete:  Geiaraar'a  corps  were  half  destroyed  or  nui 
prisoners,  and  tlie  Russian  general  lied  with  the  remains  of  hi«  liâtOB 
through  the  wood  to  Dembewilkie. 

Rosen *fi  diviBioii  wns  posted  there,   15,000  strong,,  }n  a  pgatioi 
protected  by  wooJsj  and  lavoiired  by  the  sloughy  nature  of  4e 
ground,  which  was  impracticable  for  cavalry  and  artiUery.    Bnlil 
was  Btill  daylight,  and  though  he  could  only  come  at  Rosea  by  libt 
Hftrrow  ground  afforded  by  the  high  road,  the  commandex^ÛMUrf 
gave  orders  to  take  possession  nf  die  village  of  Dcmbewîlkîs,  ntati^ 
in  an  open  glade  on  the  side  of  the  main  road,  wliich  it  cxnmmndL 
Thougli  unable  to  reply  to  the  Russian  artillery,   the  4th   and  8& 
regiments  of  the  lino  gtillaïUly  advanced  in  defiance  of  a  tTemenâaa 
fire,  and  repeated  char^rea  of  the  enemy.     Two  pieces  were  atlaet^ 
brought  up  with  immense  excrtioQ,  and  about  evening,   the  4lii 
regiment  charged  into  the  village.     General  Skarzynski'a  cxviln 
and  the  Posen  squadrons  then  came  up  by  the  defile,   passed  tbt 
village,  chaj-gcdthc  enemy's  centre,  and  Ijore  down  hia  infantrrni 
hia  huiuns.     Tîie  Russians  ubantlcmcd  the  field  of  battle,  wii  ibe 
loBS  oï  21)00  men  killed,  twelve  pieccfl  of  cannon,  innumerable  nxoêt 
and  6000  prisoners.     The  Poles  had  lost  but  300  men.      The  octt 
day  Lubicnski  hotly  pursued  Rosen  through  the  towns  <ri'  Mink 
und  KahiFzyn,   and  increased  the  number  of  prisoners  to  11,00& 
Skrzynecki  liad  not  tho  skill  to  turn  his  advant-ages  to  good  aoooOBti 
or  to  make  up  by  the  audacity  of  his  moveraenls  for  the  want  rf 
numbers  :  he  was  accused  of  indecision^  and  in  fact  he  did  not  kaof 
how  much  might  have  been  made  of  the  enthuaiasra  of  the  viettmam 
Pales,  and  tho  disco uranremenl  of  the  Ruseiana,  who  soenicd  to  be 
delivered  into  Ids  handa  by  the  incapacity  of  l>icbitch.      The  Rof- 
Bian  troops  were  so  disJieortened  by  the  unexpoctetl  rcveïBea  they  hid 
gustaiucd,  that  being  attacked  on  the  10th  of  April,  at  the  vifiwt 
of  Ipianie  by  General  Prondzynsld,  they  dijsbauded  ;  and  the  liowerof 
the  Russian  infantry,  those  whom  tlie  emperor  called  ever  tdncc  Û^ 
Turkieh  war»  tfii;  Imut  af  Vtiriia^  tuid  down  their  arms,  tore  theeasJoi 
from  their  scbakoa,  and  fled  or  flun-endered. 

Tho  victory  of  Iganie,  iQ  wldch  tile  Russana  lost  2500  meo  and 
some  pieces  of  cannon,  did  not  produce  all  the  results  th«t  mwht 
have  been  expected,  on  account  of  the  slo^vne»  of  tho  j^rnrmljcfinin 
to  execute  the  movement  agreed  on.  Protidzynald  expected  croy 
moment  to  see  liim  approaching  from  Siedlce  through.  Bohimw, 
according  to  tho  plan  they  had  arranged  together.  It  would  hare 
been  all  ov^  wiili  Rosen's  corps,  if,  instead  of  Inging  iavaluabl* 
time  in  repairing  the  KoBtrzyn  bridges,  Skrzynecki  liad  sooner  d&- 
bouched  from  the  forest;  he  would  have  cut  off  the  Ruàsians'  retreat 
and  destroyed  a  whole  division. 

But  a  more  terrible  diaastcr  than  war  was  about  to  inflict  it»  im- 
vagca  on  the  Pole?.  The  cholera  morbup  was  on  its  inarch  from 
India.    To  the  north  it  had  advanced  into  Siberia;  to  tb«  aouth  it 


M 


TUB  ASIATIC  CHOLKEA  IW  POLAND,  441 

as  far  as  the  coaato  of  New  Hullaad;  enstwarda,  it  had 
the  great  wall  of  Clima,  and  showed  it'clf  in  Pekin;  west- 
Wftrdt,  p«^i"g  ovci  liie  Caâpiati  Sea,  it  h&tl  infected  Titiis  aitd  New 
GeorgUt  raroewd  tho  Caucasue,  entered  tlie  Russian  empire,  and 
broken  ibrth  in  Moscow  ;  and  Dîebîtch'g  eoldiers  carried  it  witli  them. 
It  waa  at  the  buttle  of  I-^anit.'!  tliat  the  Polea  eoatracted  tliiâ  frightiul 
malady:  it  bc^ti  with  the  re^iu<:nLs  th::t  had  been  itio^t  engaged, 
and  aoon  eprôul  to  the  rest  of  the  troops.  It  was  as  thoiij^h  the 
mortality  of  hittles  wos  not  enough  to  satisfy  the  mutual  renoour  of 
the  bclhffc rents. 

The  trench  government  heatd  with  alarm  the  news  of  the  ap- 
proachÎDg  contagion:  ite  drend  uf  tho  alîliclion  rouwd  it  ûom  the 
jndifiercncc  with  which  it  beheld  the  dangers  oï  Poland.  At  tïie 
request  o(  M.  d'Argout,  minister  of  comniefcQ,  a  commltteo  of 
ireneh  physicians  waa  selected  by  tho  Académie  Royale  de  Medi- 
cine un  tlic  I9th  of  Mfly»trj  proceed  to  Poland  and  study  the  nature 
of  the  choltra  morbus.  The  committee  onived  in  Warsaw  in  Junc^ 
where  it  Ibund  what  are  called  the  lowest  classes  JuiddleU  u»gethcr, 
as  ifl  everywhere  the  oa^e»  in  tlie  fittliy,  il!-pavcd  quartera  of  the  old 
city^  overspread  witli  stagnant  water;  the  atmosphere  waa  moist  and 
unlie&lthy^  and  the  diet  of  the  people  wu»  black  broad,  uDwhole- 
some  meat,  and  aci<l  and  unripo  fruit.  It  was  on  this,  the  most 
wretehed  class  of  all^  that  tlie  cholera  inflicted  its  Erst  and  its  most 
Javtlng  visitations.  The  rest  of  Poland  presented  the  same  spectacle. 
It  was  in  the  haunta  of  misery,  where  measures  for  the  preservation 
(^  the  public  ticalth  were  impossible,  where  tho  latniUe^  of  the  poor, 
always  oumerous,  were  crowded  together,  tliat  tlie  disease  aboweti 
JtKlf  in.  its  worat  character.  The  Polî&li  peasant,  nererthelesa,  saw 
it  without  di-oad,  aimI  tndured  it  without  complambg.  The  school- 
ing of  de^potisln  hod  steeled  hhn  to  all  tJbe  nmrdshipe  of  Liie,  and 
made  liim  heedless  of  his  lIIa.  Dresecd  in  a  kind  of  blue  smock 
frock,  fastened  witH  a  belt,  barcfi>ou>d,  or  with  tattered  àhooâ,  ho 
goes  alii'td  at  <lawn,  provided  with  his  pipe  and  a  little  com  epiriij 
and  thus  he  Uvob  miserable  and  rcaigned  tt>  his  late. 

The  French  phy^iuians  made  it  their  first  busineea  to  examitSuO 
wliether  or  not  tho  chotov:!  was  contOigioas^  that  is  to  say,  whether  it 
depended  on  a  comraunicable  virus.  To  thia  cjhI  they  tried  to 
inoculatu  theniselvcb  with  the  disease,  and  with  tho  courage  that 
haa  always  done  honour  to  sdcDce*  thry  impre;p;nated  dielr  bodies 
with  tliJ  blood  of  choleric  patients,  or  with  other  fluids  from  the 
bodies  of  thoee  who  had  died  of  the  disease;  but  not  one  of  (hem 
wea  «ffeoted  by  these  expérimenta.  And  as  the  cholera  did  not  at- 
tuek  cilher  the  phjMa^  who  visited  the  sick,  or  the  nurses  and 
Rtteadiaits  who  took  oan  of  them,  or  any  one  of  those  who  vi^ifid 
tlie  hospitals  for  charitable  purposes,  they  wncluded  from  theso  facta 
that  tiie  diiene  waa  not  contagious. 

The  conttiry  opinion  prevauod,  however,  among  the  people.  It 
was  said  the  cholera  hid  been  imported  iuw  Daniijg  by  \ts>xk  l^i:ota 


AUMTatA  VIOLATES  HER  XEUTSALITT* 

I{<ana;  it  wm  rcmnrked  that  tKc  Polish,  army  had  contisctedil  ^ 
fttityMng  with  the  cn«iDy,  and  that  the  cholera  broke  oat  n  m 
itnfjdi  precuclv  «>b  tbe  instant  aiter  tlic  passage  of  the  RivÙK 
"Iht  Freiu:}i  pliyeiciaua  thciuEclves  were  obligea  to  admit  ihat  db 
movements  oi"  tne  troop»,  the  asst mbWe  at  one  point  of  a  great  In^ 
of  men,  cairying  with  them  a  apeciar  atmogplicrci,  might  hiTC  m 
Jnflucbc^!  not  cxcrciwd  by  a  eobtary  choleric  patioat.  These  kU 
hypothcftca  were  cau;:jht  up  by  pasion;  they  augmented  tho  &irjd 
tm»  Poir-»,  who  lU'OuâcU  the  liu^ans  of  having*  taken  an  unknowt 
plajfuo  fur  their  ally. 

Wh<!ther  tme  or  falHc,  this  opinion  eprcad  tiu-ougk  Europe*  tod 
Fm»co  ailoptod  it  witli  avidity.  It  was  loudly  dEDaaiidcd  in  tiat 
iianio  of  humanity  that  an  impious  war  should  be  put  an  end  to,  â 
war  waged  to  gratiiy  the  pride  of  one  man.  Indignadon  vw  tit 
at  the  ifuppjrt  afforded  by  Prussia  to  the  Russian  army,  vhik 
Amilia  BpiKrared  to  observe  at  Icaït  an  honourable  tieutnli^» 
*rhi9  journals  of  thq  French  govemtuent  asked^  ironicaLlly,  did  lÉe 
pOWOm  iiitcntl  to  retaliate  for  the  propagation  of  principles  by  tbt 
propftiifation  of  contagion;  and  the  Joumaî  des  DéOafs  said  :  "  Wbj 
wiil  rccoUeet  that  the  Kin"  of  Prussia  is  tlie  fatiser- in-law  of  thi 


^. 


aa  it  is  now  doing  to  Vienna?    These  are  family  ties 
cont  nations  too  dear." 


1 


ICrnpertir  Nicolas,   on   the  day  when  thejplague  shall   mftrdb  \o 
Iki'lin, 

Kt  na 

Hut  the  Powers  closed  tlieir  ears  to  these  cries  T^Tung  from  ft 
Autitrirt,  aH  if  to  beUe  Iho  sympathy  for  Poland  imputed  to  her,  had 
alrr'fidy  w'i/ied  the  occasion  presented  to  her  by  the  events  we  are 
about  to  relate. 

Since  Dwemicki  was  in  occupation  of  Zamosc,  the  nobility  of 
Volhynia,  Podolia,  and  the  Ukraine,  encouraged  by  his  vicinity, 
were  preparing  a  vast  insurrection,  the  generous  intention  of  whidi 
extended!^  even  to  the  emancipation  of  the  serfs.  To  urge  on  this 
mreat  movement,  to  methodize  it,  and  to  support  the  patriotism  of 
those  regions  covered  with  forests  and  inhabited  by  rude  hunters, 
was  the  task  given  Dwernicki  to  accomplish  with  his  small  band, 
which  was  so  weak,  that  to  give  hira  such  orders  seemed  equi- 
valent to  dooming  him  to  destruction. 

lie  this  as  it  may,  resolved  to  pass  through  the  tliree  armies  that 
menaced  hira,  Dwemicki  set  out  from  Zamosc  on  the  3d  of  April, 
and  arrived  on  the  16th  at  Borcmcl,  whore  he  speedily  encountered 
Uudiger's  corps.  One  of  those  engagements  ensued,  which  nothing 
but  Polish  fury  can  explain.  Leaving  his  infantry  in  the  ■vnllage, 
Dwemicki,  with  2000  republican  cavalry,  dashed  at  Rudiger's 
9000  men  :  with  two  charges  he  put  them  to  the  rout,  and  cap- 
tured eight  pieces  of  cannon.  The  next  day  Dwemicki  directed 
his  march  to  Podolia,  pursued  by  Rudiger,  who  had  eifectcd  a 
junction  with  Kaysaroff.  At  noon,  General  Roth  advanced  to  bar 
his  way.  The  Pohsh  general  learned,  at  Kolodno,  that  it  was  in- 
tended to  cut  him  off  from  the  frontiers  of  Gaiicia.    He  pushed  on 


MOVEMENTci  OP  TICE  EUSSIAK  ANTÏ  POLl-^il  ARMIES.        443 

to  Liilmcc;  but  on  tlïo  niglit  of  the  25tli  of  ApriJ,  Rudijffer,  vio- 
lating ihc  Austriûn  lerritory,  ordered  a  dcladnncnt  to  place  iteelf 
in  the  Totr  of  the  Poles.  On  the  morning  of  the  27tl),  when  the 
fog  cleared  off  that  concealed  the  ninnccuvrca  of  the  Kusîians,  Dwer- 
nicki  Éftw  liiniËicif  surrounded  by  25.000  men,  he  then  crossed  tho 
Jrostier,  but  the  Austrian  troops  vvhicii  had  toleratod  the  violation 
of  their  territory  by  tlie  Ruseinna,  suiTounded  lum  and  ibrccd  him 
to  ky  down  \\i3  arm?.  Tlic  inhahit&ntâ  ol'  the  place  which  the  little 
band  paased  through  ils  priraners,  received  them  with  cnthusi&sni  ; 
ihc  ladies  of  Presburg  plucked  the  button's  from  Dwcrnicki's  uniform, 
and  hung  them  with  gold  chaîna  from  iheir  nccfcs. 

Dwcrnicki's  disaster  fnistnxted  the  insurrection  of  the  southern  pro- 
vinces. That  of  tlie  Lithuanians  thcnccibrth  attracted  all  ihc  atten- 
tion of  the  Poles. 

Skrzjnccki  lost  prcdouB  time  after  the  battle  of  Iganic.  He 
ïnieht,  witli  his  whole  combined  force,  havo  fallen  successively  on 
cacli  of  the  grand  divimons  of  tho  Russian  army,  which  were  always 
at  a  considerable  distance  from  each  other,  and  have  beaten  tlicm 
wparatcly,  from  hia  superiority  both  m  valour  and  in  numbcra. 

The  Hussittû  guard  was  in  cantonments  between  the  Bug  and  the 
Narew,  twenty  leagues  to  the  north  of  Diebitch's  hcad^quarters.  It 
occupied  the  ground  extending  from  Lomsa  to  Zflmbrow^  and  Die- 
biti'h  could  only  join  it  by  passing  the  Bug.  Tlie  guard,  20,000 
strong,  yf&B  commanded  by  the  Grand  Duke  Michael,  and  contained 
the  (L'litc  of  the  Uusfiian  nobility.  Its  destruction  would  have  been 
a  mortal  blow  to  the  Emperor  of  Russia,  and  would  have  exposed 
him  to  the  hatred  of  the  already  malccontent  great  famihes.  This 
corps  was,  thereibro,  the  first  which  the  Polish  generalissimo  should 
have  attacked»  the  more  because  in  murching  to  give  it  butt!o  he 
migiit  have  thrown  sut^cour  into  insurgent  Liuiuania. 

Skrzynecki  had  lost  a  month  in  tergiveisaiions:  he  resolved  to  act 
at  last.  Qn  th«  I2th  of  Mfty  he  quitted  hts  camp  at  Kaluszvn,  and 
marched  on  Scrock,  a  town  situated  at  the  confluence  of  tbc  Bug 
and  the  Narew.  He  had  with  him  46,000  men  and  a  Imndred  pieces 
of  amnon.*  In  order  to  rao^k  tliia  great  movement  from  Diebitch, 
he  left  (ieneral  Uminfki  at  Kaluszyn  with  a  few  troops. 

Having  anivetl  at  Serock  on  tho  14th,  without  any  thing  having 
taimffpircd  as  to  hiâ  deà^a»  eitlier  in  the  Rusrian  army  or  in  War- 
tKW  Itself.  Skrzynecki  divided  his  army  into  two  columns,  and 
throwing  himself  mto  the  ground  caicloscd  between  tho  two  rivers, 
he  tnarvned  against  the  guudf,  having  the  Bug  on  his  right  and  the 
Karcw  on  hia  left.  One  of  the  eolumns»  tmder  the  command  of 
LubJcBski,  moved  in  she  direction  of  Nuf,  to  observe  Diubitch,  and 
hinder  him  from  eroding  tho  Bug.  The  otlier,  under  the  orders  of 
Skrzynecki  himself,  marched  ou  Lomza  to  surpnn  tfae  gnards,  me- 
nftcing  Ostrolenka  on  its  left,  a  ^mall  town  on  the  left  htuak.  of  tlic 
NnrcWf  and  surrounded  by  eands  and  inaiïhes. 

*  Hliftir«!fihiidhcctiL\>n!)idLr!ih|yauffTT!ciit(^  «nee  the  conuDcocemcntof  tbeimr. 
Thejp  mounted  in  «U,  tt  ihU  pcrieil,  to  «boat  a«»000  mcQ. 


BATTti  OP  OSHtOLESKA. 

If  ncrapifld  bj  %  drnÀoai  of  7000 

cwdcen,  wlu  wn  thus  p&ned  &om  the  _ 

Ldistance  beivaes  Ostrolenka  and  Ixiaua. 

ma^  bj Smtheaa corpe,  viudi  could aftuwmk  hâsm 

^  in  ds  Mnhtwl  paction.  Bad  which  warn  ke|Pt  ia  dUdk 

— >.  divin»  menoodf  son  forwwd  to  U»  op^  li^; 

L  cominhtea  ibe  mùtake  of  detadûng*  Gcuu.nl  Gie^aj 

ykatr  -vha^tj  he  at  ooce  weakeoed  the  Pok*  «End  Saiod. 

II  iJiMMin  to  &11  boclc  OD  LomzB  uid  rejoin  the  gtat^Êi    À^ 

vcmxm,  the  guudj  prolking  by  SkrsjDecki'e  tavdisEEMbad 

I  miucb,  and  ^Hed  we  nver  belvcea  tbem  Kod  tbe  rnfiy 

p  fflmedUuin  a^ainR  the  ^mards  iaiied,  ihârefur^,  fînt  mm  t^ 

ttmimaà^iàty.   Dîebilch  at  letigth  received  infornkadon'jt'thae 

OTdnents.   He  might  hjire  nurchol  on  Warsw,  and  c^cwd» 

bleiËvoiaoïi;  be  prefeind  going  to  the  î^pport  cxf  thegiaids. 

ntcmp  nt  Siedice  in  hvte,  «nd  with  as  ratïch  proTnpumde  «v 

«jw^  tt  be  va*  uwailr  alow,  he  adraiKed  to  the  Hua:,  cnnpf d 

■I       tr,  and  Madfied  Xubiemki  io  the  plûn.     Lubienski,  os 

,>d  his  10,000  men,  braTcty  svstoined  the  asaauk  until  er^ 

ABud  in  by  Count  Wltt'v  cavalry  he  refused  to  EUjTfndfT^ 

4  «  paBBfSâ  ikioagh  the  cwany's  ranks  at  the  point  of  the 

«t,  whihl  Uv^JaucAemrs  mowed  down  the  Busiiux  caTalrr,  and 

e  tmdcr  cover  of  darkne»  «fleeted  his  junctLaa  with  toe  e^ 

iirao.     The  ktler,  hearing  eaiuion  in  the  di^ectiosL  of  ^«r, 

■uvady  faUin^  bock  ob  Oitrâenka;  and  on  the  oi^t  of  the  25di 

ne  ms*>:l  the  NareT*-,  over  the  fsro  brides  of  that  town,  with  the 

bulk  of  his  army  and  all  his  artillery,  avoiding  a  battle»  but  by  some 

inexplicable  mistake  leaving  Lubienski's  corps  imsupported  on  the 

left  bank. 

Meanwhile  the  guards  recovering  irom  the  alarm,  and  finding  the 
ground  clear  between  the  two  riveiB,  had  efl'ected  their  junction 
with  Diebitch.  and  on  the  morning  of  the  26th,  the  whole  Ruaeian 
army  advanced  on  Ostrolenka. 

In  iront  of  the  town  extends  a  plain,  interspersed  as  we  have  said, 
with  sands,  marshes,  and  some  wooded  hillocks.  Here  Lubieoskd's 
cavalry  deployed,  awaiting  the  Russians,  behind  General  Kamin- 
eld's  mviâon  of  iniantry. 

At  nine  in  the  mominff ,  the  great  Russian  army  arrived  en  masse  in 
the  plain,  spreading  out  like  a  Ian  and  flanked  by  clouds  of  Cossacks. 
The  afiair  was  begun  by  the  troops  of  General  Berg,  which  were 
vigorously  received  by  Kaminski's  infantry.     But  as  the  vast  num- 
bers of  the  Russians  threatened  to  hem  in  the  wliole  Polish  body,  it 
was   forced  to   abandon  the  ground.     The  cavalry  first  fell  back 
on  Ostrolenka,   and    General   Fac  ordered  it  to  cross  over  to  the 
right  bank.     It  was  followed  by  Kaminski's  infantry.     The  fourth 
lepment  of  the  Une  brought  up  the  rear,  and  fell  back   slowly; 
*rom  time  to  time  to  repulse  the  Russian  cavalry  which 
!  a  deluge  upon  it,  it  fired  trom  all  ius  fronts,  and  I'caclied 
,  whilst  the  troops,  whose  xetfeat  it  recovered,  huixied 


BATTLE  OF  OSTROl-ENKA. 


44S 


Uirough  tho  town  to  the  two  bridges  to  join  the  bulk  of  the  FoUali 
RTmy  encanipod  in  peiibct  accurîty  on  the  right  bank. 

But  the  Ituseians  entored  on  the  hteb  of  the  rair-guard  at  several 
points.  Disorder  Ijegaa.  Ilnfiniglied  barricadea  obstructed  the 
etrects;  shelifl  burrt  m  evciy  direction,  ttnd  the  houses  of  Ostrolcnka 
were  in  flames;  the  %ht  continued  in  the  midst  of  tlic  conilagm- 
don.  Whilst  the  Poles  were  debouching  by  all  the  ievues  towftrdfl 
Uie  bridges,  the  grenadiers  of  Asti^kfln,  already  posted  io  tho  houBes 
adjoining  the  river,  fired  at  point  blank  distance  on  the  rctreatb^f  j 
hitttalionâ.  The  Ruesiiuiaf  mingled  wttlii  Polei»,  choked  up  the 
UTcntics  and  planted  their  batierics  on  the  b&ok  of  the  river. 

The  fourtli  regiment  left  alone  in  the  town,  had  to  cut  ila  way 
llu-outçh  this  deneo  multitude  It  cloeod  it*  ranks,  and  with  loud 
hurrahs  charged  the  human  mass  at  the  point  of  the  bayonet,  made  an 
awful  carnage,  and  cleared  a  passage  lo  the  bridge»  leaving  it  piled 
with  deaii.  Nothing  vf&s  Been  on  tlie  surfucc  of  the  blood  red  Narew 
but  the  dead  or  the  dying. 

It  is  eleven  iti  the  Ibrtnoon.  The  Astrakan  and  Souwaroff  gre* 
nadiors  rusli  headlong  on  the  ciazy  bridges  in.  pursuit  of  the  fourth 
regiment  of  the  line.  Tho  PoUah  cannonJers.  after  repeatedly  sweep- 
ing the  bridge,  have  been  one  by  one  picked  off  by  shar^Mhooters, 
and  stretched  d^^  by  their  gun-i.  It  is  round  these  pieces  that  tha 
fight  rages  on  the  right  bank.  Tlie  Ruaaana  are  protected  by  the 
fii^  of  eighty  gims,  which  the  curve  of  the  river  enables  them  to 
range  in  a  hotsc-shoe  form  on  the  left  bank.  Suddenly  t)ie  geneial- 
i»imo  arrives  in  wild  dismfty  among  the  Potca.  A  moment  bdorCf 
quiet  and  unsuspectiag  in  his  head-quarters,  he  thought  he  heard  the 
TUÀB9  of  a  common  «ngagement,  The  troop»  Bcat<?d  round  their 
btvouBO  fires,  had  not  eaten  for  thirty  hours.  On  learning  that  the 
KusnaiiL  annj  is  uauling  t]ic  right  bank,  all  .'^âemblc  tumidtU" 
ously;  the  huttalions  rush  to  meet  the  enemy  without  order  or  con- 
cert, Skrzynecki  gallops  Uke  a  mit<lman  from  column  to  column, 
shoutiiiff,  "Ho  !  Rybinaki  !  Malachowski  !  Forward  !  forward,  all  !" 
UimBelT,  with  his  co«l  Com  with  balk,  rushes  towarda  the  bridge 
from  which  Irceh  jsamnB  are  every  moment  issuing  ;  and  taldng  his 
bftttaliolis  vtis  afU^r  the  other,  he  plungea  them  into  the  niêlêc.  The 
genetftb  jet  the  example;  Limgerroann,  Pac,  Muchowski,  andPrond- 
synaki  execute  furious  but  ineilectmil  chargts'  ;  the  Polish  artillery  has 
won  spent  its  aminunilbon;  tho  battery  «if  Colonel  Bern  alone  carries 
death  into  the  ranks  of  tho  enemy.  The  battle  is  fought  man  to 
man,  with  euords  and  pikes»  A  sort  of  frenzy  scizeft  tho  Polea, 
Hundreds  of  officer»  aro  teen  mshing  to  the  Iront,  «word  in  hand, 
singing  the  Warsaw  hymn.  Tho  lancoTH  attempt  to  charge  in  their 
torn,  and  tho  generaiiàeimo  orges  them  on  at  luU  speed;  but  their 
horses  sink  up  to  the  breast  in  the  pïaehy  mil,  and  they  are  extrr- 
minated  willioat  striking  n  blow. 

Night  1m0»  t*>  lull:  uiQ  field  of  battle  was  now  but  a  vast  como* 
try.    âJoz^n^Atki  luid  stiooMdid  in  preventing  the  Hussion  army 


i 


446  DEATHS  OF  DIEBlTCH  AND  CONSTANTIXE. 

from  pasang  over  wKolJy  to  tlie  riglit  bank.  He  remained  mafter 
of  the  field:  but  it  had  coat  him  7000  men.  Generals  Kickiand 
Kaminski  were  slain,  270  officers  had  fuUen.  The  Russians  recross^d 
the  Narew  during  the  night,  having  lost  more  than  lO^IXX)  men. 
The  Foliah  gcnernli&simo  g&va  ordera  to  retreat  to  Waraaw,  and 
fls  he  stepped  into  his  carriage  with  Prondzynski,  he  rejwatôd  sttdlj  ' 
the  famous  words  of  Koa;iusco,  Joints  Pohnis?. 

Retired  in  the  eamp  of  Pultusk,  whither  the  cholera  had  pursued' 
him^  ftûd  ovenvhelmed  by  hia  losses,  Diebilcli  had  sunk  into  a  pro- 
ibiind  melancholy.  No  longer  doubting  the  loss  of  his  master*» 
favour,  he  sought  ohtivion  ot  hia  troubles  and  ïiumiliationa  in  in-  , 
toxieation.  Siiddouly  the  arrival  of  Prince  Orloff  in  the  camp  I 
became  known.  The  emperor's  envoy  bore  an  ominous  name.  Th^l 
Orloffai  counted  tho  murders  of  two  sovereigns  in  their  (amily  tra- 
ditions. Every  one  paw  in  the  sudden  appearance  of  this  man, 
tlie  unnounçement  of  a  mysterious  sentence  of  death. 

The  coimt  and  the  field-marshal  had  an  intcridew,  they  sat  at  th« 
eatnc  table,  and  on  the  1 1th  of  June,  Generaï  Toll  took  (he  command  ' 
of  the  Russian  army.     Dicbiteh  had    expired  in  horrible  agony. 
Had  he  fallen  a  victim  tc  the  epidemic^  or  to  that  other  dire  Ecoulée,  j 
tho  rancour  of  the  great  ones  of  tho  earth?    The  popukr  opinion] 
waa  that  he  had  licen  poisoned.  1 

From  Pultuak,  Count  OrlofI"  proceeded  to  Minsk  where  the  gtsni} 
diikc  was  staying.  They  had  an  interview,  they  sat  at  the  sam© 
table,  and  Constantino  died. 

The  Princess  de  Lowk-?,  lovc-d  her  husband,  a  tiger  whom  she  bad'' 
lamed.  Seeing  (ill  around  him  none  but  foeg,  &he  had  watched  over- 
hira  with  the  vigilance  and  courage  of  aftectioB,  with  that  iidmirftblol 
intensityofdevotedticss  with  which  women  tUng  to  what  is  frail  oria 
danger.  When  ConsUintinc  died  she  hud  nwlhcr  the  strength  nor* 
the  ■wish  U>  survive  him  ;  the  aim  of  her  existence  waa  lost,  and  shtt'*' 
pmcd  away  in  pious,  nmtc,  and  imcorn plaining  sorrow,  *' 

Many  were  the  tears  3hed  over  the  grave  of  this  Polonoise»  w' 
beautiful  and  so  truo-hcarted.  The  noble  character  of  her  oifectioa] 
ibr  her  husband,  and  its  hencficiat  influence  over  hitii  were  no  gecrctl 
to  any  one.  As  fur  Constantino,  the  public  malediction  that  had^ 
weighed  on  bim  throughout  hia  life,  contmucd  t*:»  t;ling  to  his  rac- 
îiîtjry;  a  malediction  so  tcnibic,  that  it  smothered  evun  the  intercss*] 
generaliy  felt  for  victims  of  high  rank.  For,  the  grand  duke'^ 
death,  as  well  as  that  of  Dicbiteh,  was  attributed  t^5  some  black^ 
deed:  and  it  roust  be  owned  tliat  a  combination  of  nrcuraslances' 
tended  to  render  this  opinion  probable  in  tlic  eyes  of  the  niultJlud* 
which  reatlily  believes  in  the  cxccsa  of  c\il.  ^ 

Nicolas,  howe%'er,    and  his  favourite,  Cotint  Orioff,   were  men" 
whom  those  who  know  ihom  well  doomed  incapable  of  an  act  of 
]>erfidy.     It  waa  difficult  too  to  reconcile  tho  horrible  idea  of  fralrl-] 
eide  with  the  facta  connected  with  the  emperor's  coronation.     W« 
may  be  i«rmittcd  to  go  back  U  these  facts,  because  they  may  sorrt  ' 


AJÏDICATIOK  OV^  COSStAKTlNE.  447 

to  llimw  light  on  a  question  tW  occupied  tlic  atU^nUun  of  all  Eu- 
rope in  1831/ 

Though  CoDstantine  hûd  renoimced  his  title  to  the  crown  of  tlia 
czar»  in  the  actual  Ufy-time  i>f  Alexander,  Nicolas  had  not  ventured, 
on  liearijig  of  tlio  death  of  hia  elder  hrother,  to  osecnd  a  throne,  the 
Wuy  to  wliich  was  only  opened  U>  him  hy  a  doubtful  rcsijjnation. 
Constontitie  was  at  this  period  in  Poland.  Kicolaa  scut  him  an 
aide-de-camp,  named  Sabouroff,  to  acquaint  lum  with  Alexander's 
dcatli,  and  salute  him  emperor.  On  heai'Lu"  tlie  title  of  rnajcety 
addressed  to  him  by  Uie  messenger  of  Nicolas,  Constantîne  burst 
into  a  furtouâ  la^.  Distracted  hy  convicting  feelio^s,  ^vii:•hing  to 
reign,  but  unwilling  to  bciray  hi.'i  proniiscj  he  oruer(;d  that  he 
sliould  be  Iclt  aloue.  Kven  tlic  Princes»  Irowicz  herscU  could  not 
speak  to  him  or  approach  him  at  that  moment  of  crisis;  but  shu 
made  him  a  sign  Iruni  a  distance,  and  clasped  her  hands  with  the 
gesture  of  supplication.  Cunstantinc  shut  himself  up  iu  his  apart- 
ment tor  two  hours.  When  he  left  it,  the  broken  furuitura  and  tlie 
gUiasca  sliattered  to  atoms,  showed  in  what  way  the  tratbiporta  of  hia 
savftge  soul  had  expended  thcraselvea.  He  now  appeared  with  a 
traitquil  countcuance.  lie  went  up  to  the  perplexed  and  anxiouâ 
Pnncesi  dc  Lowicz,  and  said,  ^'  bet  your  mind  at  re&t^  madam: 
you  shall  not  reign," 

SabouToS*  returned  to  the  capital  of  the  czar.  Secure  of  hia 
brother's  consent,  and  victorious  over  a  eonspiniey  tliat  placed  the 
Komanoff  family  oil  the  very  verge  of  destruction,  Nicolas  eaw  him- 
Bçlf  decidedly  emperor.  He  gave  orders  for  his  coronation.  But 
that  there  might  remaia  no  doubt  of  hid  legitimacy  in  the  mind 
of  the  old  Russians,  of  whose  pbyàoguomy  and  character  hia 
Vrotlier  presented  the  truer  tjpe^  it  would  be  necessary  tliat  Con— 
Sbmline  should  come  to  Moscow,  and  by  his  pi'esence  silence  all 
suspicions.  ,  Nicolas  anxiotifly  expcctetl  lum  for  a  long  time.  At 
last,  on  tlie  eve  of  the  day  at  first  fixed  on  for  the  emperor's  corona- 
tion, CoBStontinc  stepped  out  of  his  carriage,  attended  by  a  einglo 
aide-de-camp,  Nicolas  in  grcAt  delight  hastened  forward  to  meet 
him  eonlially;  but  his  surprise  wii^  extreme  when  the  grand  duke 
drily  declared  that  he  wus  come  *ilcly  for  tlie  purjioge  of  atteudiui^ 
the  cercmuny,  and  that  he  would  return  the  same  evening  to  Poland. 
To  make  matters  more  cmbarrasaing:,  NîcoUs  was  obliged  to  tell  his 
brotlier  that  the  preparations  not  having  been  completed,  the  eoro- 
nutiou  coutd  not  take  place  before  ei^ht  or  ten  days.  On  hearing 
tliis,  Constantine  spoko  out  all  hia  diasatisMaction  in  vt-ry  plain  and 
unmca^red  terms,  at  tlie  smie  time  faying  he  would  t-ndurc  tlie 
annoyance.  Mcim while,  the  news  of  Constantino 'â  arrival  had  spread , 
and  the  old  Uufsians,  the  men  who  wore  iheir  beardH,  gathered 
together  in  tlto  streclSi  and  talked  of  him  with  gloomy  cnthusiaam. 
Tormented  with  anxiety,  Nicolas  knew  not  how  towotho  the  fero- 

*  Th<<  ileuUa  we  mre  about  to  frirr  of  the  citipemr'i  cânxutioa  ven  fllinibhed  US 
by  on  tjC'inUHm^  vlio  wh  At*ctked  |g  tho  dJploauLtK;  bgd/. 


him  miâkk  beotûwing  tm 

ha  ordered  gnnd  nùlîtojj 

flf  Mtmoofw*     But  iw 

itaààfeepat»iiùà 

loi  làm yictiton  after  ïàm, 

-^  ■  "Aip  ni»  vfaea  Caaf^aÉÉae  hiEKd  bj  chance  th^l 

l^viB  «bIbb  I»  h— IL  *  ifana»  «ei«d  ibr  bis  elder 

.iBHtti^BhiAHfrlfecMMMiy-'m  to  take  place,  oppo- 

■(■tttBiWae»  Aa*«fÂtt«MpM»Baâct.    Trooi  tbac  mo- 

R       lirai  to  b*  »  Yiqr  BMA  ihiaiiiiii  ia  CouïtaDbne'a 

■Jk         ■^w«Bnia»tteihetnHif«|Mnidift.     It  happened 
1  «■  ifcvtT  iun^d.  pfft  of^  tiw  ngnDCDt  oe  which 

ibsontendon  prtncesees, 
î  to  ■VF™*'  ^^  ^  rcînfflcxit 

j  gliâlf  I  «JfaA  by  fc  ^ght,  wh<.ti  £e  took 

»  beÎHXkd  Gamal   jxlii.  to  Ae  n^hk  m^  iJto  &:A  ^neiudieT 
;  nmk-   XW  y— -'i —  ^  itteb'  îa  toMÎML     A  czo«d 
f^mi/Ê^m  lÉHQfBà  ik«  srâa^  ffatfaiHB  cRcied  toth« 
Al  A»  cawity  rf  &e  pi—hi  stood  the 
B^  hâ  «WM  âiim^  1>ux 
osKd  tfcje  vhnte  «pum, 
mS*  *****•.  sfea  ttBVBHC'  to  v9toBC  ttov.     Vi  bai  hv  itood.  bnbto 

to  gi\-e  the  militarr  alute:  ^iooias  caugKc-  him  bv  the  aim,  ana 
whea  Constantine  stooped  to  kis?  the  hand  ot"  hia  brother,  now 
become  his  master,  the  emperor  ea^rly  drew  ^lim  to  his  breast  :  and 
thej  minarled  their  embraces.  Mact  spectator?  burst  into  tears; 
and  the  people,  touched  bv  the  grandeur  ot'  the  scene,  made  the 
Krembn  rinir  with  load  and  lon^  appLiuses.  The  next  dav  the 
grand  duke  lert  unoccupied  the  uirvne  prepared  tor  him  in  the 
dttnch.  and  modestlT  took  his  place  beside  the  Grand  Duke  MichaeL 
Kever  was  inTestiture  more  aflècttn^  and  heroic. 

It  may  be  conceived  how  utterlv  improtsible  the  idea  c^'  a  base 
Mwaggination  must  have  appeared  to  tho!?e  who  recoll«ted  such 
scenes  as  these.  On  the  other  hand  many  years  had  eLipeed  since 
their  occurrence,  and  the  intercourse  between  the  brothers  in  the 
interval  had  not  been  without  its  clouds.  It  I-  imp.?nant  to  remark 
furthermore  that  there  had  been  somcthinçr  LaexpliV-able  in  Constan- 
tine's  conduct  daring  the  Polish  war.  It  is  suid  that  tar  trom  con- 
tributing to  the  succès  of  the  Russians,  he  rejoiced  it  their  dis- 
aster?, and  that  without  disguise  :  whether  it  was  that  the  subaltern 
part  assigned  him  in  the  campaign  had  irritated  his  pride  bevond 
measure,  or  that  he  was  glad  to  show  what  sort  ot"  men  in  the  âglit 
were  thoâe  Poliâh  warriors  whom  he  boasted  of  having  trained  to 
e  art  of  war,  and  whom  he  continued  lo  call  hiâ  children. 


TXAHGB  mSDLTBD  BT  DOS  HXOITEL  449 

Notwithstandinff  the  remoteneaa  of  the  scene  of  theee  events  fix>m 
Francef  the  Fxenui  nation  watched  their  progress  with  a  passionate 
eagerness,  from  which  it  could  hardly  be  oiTorted  hj  the  sense  of  its 
own  wrongs.  Serions  matters,  however,  which  touched  it  nearly, 
had  occurred  in  Portugal  Don  Miguel  reigned  there,  adored  if 
the  beggars,  who  were  fed  by  his  largesses,  but  abhorra  by  all  the 
rest  of  the  nation,  whom  ho  made  the  sport  of  his  sangumary  ca- 
prices. Don  Pedro,  his  brother,  abdicating  in  consequence  of  ucti- 
tious  disturbances  excited  by  himself,  left  Brazil  ior  Europe,  in 
order  to  uphold  the  cause  of  Donna  Maria  against  the  usurper  of  the 
crown  of  rortugaL  Thus  threatened,  and  unable  to  get  himself  re- 
cognised either  oy  France  or  Kngland,  Don  Miguel  uved  in  a  state 
of  continual  fuiy,  increasing  his  tyranny  without  end,  and  avenging 
on  strangers  the  xmiversal  hatred  he  inspired.  Already,  on  many  oc- 
casions, Frenchmen  settled  in  Lisbon  had  suffered  from  the  persecu- 
tions of  this  ferocious  prince.  M.  Bonhomme,  a  student  of  the 
university  of  Coimbra,  and  M.  Sauvinet,  a  merchuit,  both  of  them 
French  subjects,  were  more  espeàally  victims  of  an  oppression  that 
knew  no  bounds.  Being  handed  over  to  special  commissions,  made 
up  of  hangmen  playing  the  part  of  judges,  the  former  was  con- 
demned, for  an  iraagmaiy  offence,  to  be  flogged  in  the  public  streets 
of  Lisbon;  and  the  second,  condemned  because  a  rocket  shot  up  on 
a  day  of  riot  from  bis  garden,  which  was  open  and  accessible  to  every 
one,  was  sentenced  to  oe  transported  to  the  burning  coasts  of  Africa. 
The  consul  of  France  remonstrated  ;  his  complaints  were  treated  with 
scorn,  and  he  was  obliged  to  embark. 

The  French  naval  captain,  Kabaudy,  immediately  received  orders 
to  appear  off  the  mouth  of  the  Tagua  with  a  small  squadron  of  fri- 
gates. He  was  commanded  to  demand  reparation  and  indemnity  for 
the  French  residents  in  Lisbon  ;  and  on  the  refusal  of  the  Portuguese 
government,  to  blockade  the  mouth  of  the  Tagus.  But  Don  Mi- 
guel's rage  increased  with  his  dangers,  and  the  sentence  on  M.  Bon- 
homme was  insolently  executed. 

All  hesitation  was  impossible  on  the  part  of  the  French  govern- 
ment. Kngland  having  likewise  been  outraged  by  Don  Miguelf 
Icil  the  way  to  him  unobstructed.  M.  de  Rabaudy  set  about  chasing 
the  Portuguese  cruisers  blockading  Terceira,  which  was  occupied  by 
some  partisans  of  Don  Pedro.  At  the  same  time  the  contre^mirtu^ 
RousBin,  sailed  from  Brest  in  the  Suffrtn^  to  put  liimself  at  the  head 
of  a  squadron  which  was  to  proceed  from  Toulon  and  join  him  at 
Capo  8t.  Mary.  On  the  2dtii  of  June  Admiral  Roussin  arrived  in 
rignt  of  Cape  la  Roque;  the  next  day  he  had  an  interview  with  M. 
llabuudy,  who  had  just  despatched  his  sixteenth  Portuguese  prize  to 
Brest;  and  on  the  6th  of  July  the  squadron  from  Toidon  was  re- 
ported to  him.  It  oonnstod  of  five  ships,  two  frigates,  and  two  cor- 
vettes for  carrying  despatches.  It  was  tinder  the  ^ag  of  the  contra 
amiral  Ilugon,  wno  had  under  his  order  the  capitaineM  de  vatueaUj 
MoiUart-Iiiflcottrt,  Fonans,  Moulac,  de  Ia  Sun,  ha  BlaaCi  de  Ch»* 


450 


ï'BENCH  EXPEDITION  A0AIK9T  LISBON*. 


teauvlllp*  and  Casy,  and  the  capitaines  rf*  frégate,  Jouglfts  vnâ  Tk- 
lûfre.  Cîombiniîig  witli  the  Sitjfrtn  and  tlit;  Mcîjîomett^^  commaaded 
by  tbâ  copitmncs  de  vaisseau,  Tmiitel  iUid  Rabaudj,  and,  witli  Ùe 
tenders,  Èf^ic,  Hussards  and  Endymiûn^  imder  tlie  comraand  of  Mit 
Ratry,  Thoulon,  aiid  Noaay,  it  presented  a  magnificent  aspect,  iid 
strikinply  testified  to  the  naval  power  of  Franco. 

On  the  7th  of  Jnly  Admiral  Roussin  ordered  the  squadron  to  ait* 
chor,  instriicted  the  captains  as  to  ilie  details  of  the  intended  opet> 
tions,  put  Jranzini  s  noUiS  on  the  entrance  of  the  Ta^s  into  thar 
hands,  and  niade  every  prcpnratton  for  striking  a  ueeisive  bloir. 
But  l>efore  engaging  in  an  enterprise  which  might  end  in  the  de- 
Etruction  of  a  city  of  280,000  souls,  he  thought  it  his  duty  to  nitki 
B  last  elFort  for  peace,  and  he  wrote  wiUi  that  view  to  Viscount  Snh 
tarein,  minister  of  foreign  aôaii?.  The  viscount  having*  replied  iJii: 
the  Portugncsc  government  rejectetl  the  demands  of  France,  A<i- 
miral!  Roussin  dehnitively  resolved  to  force  the  lenlrance  of  the  Tagu& 

The  winds  were  not  favourable,  and  tlie  iishermen  who  had  ' 
engaged  to  accompany  the  squadron  said  ihcy  were  too  light.    A\ 
the  enterprize  was  hazardous.     A  Portuguese  squadron  of  eiffht 
ecb  was  ranged,  broadside  to,  across  the  river;  troops  lined  the  » 
all  the  way  from  Belem;  and  numerous  well-supplied  forts  thiat-^j 
cned  the  assaiUnts.     But  on  board  the  French  squadron  both 
duers  and  sailors  glowed  witli  cnthusîûsm.     Europe  had   long 
quiesc^d  in  tlie  opinion  that  the  Tagus  was  impregnable  from 
Bca;  and  this  wû3  a  motive  the  more  for  impatience  on  the  part 
the  intrepid  French  seamen.     On  tlic  1 1th  of  July  tho  wind  rooe 
eight  o'clock;  at  ten  the  squadron  prepared  to  wei^h;  and  at  bilf-' 
part  one  it  was  in  full  soil  up  the  Tagus,  steering  between  iort  S 
Julian  and  fort  Bugio. 

The  corvettes,  placed  on  the  right  of  the  line,  were  to  d^d  exclu- 
Hvely  witli  fort  Bu«^o;  and  St.  Julian  was  to  sustain  the  fire  of 
vessels.     Admiral  llQUSïîn  liad  feared  that  the  vessels  would 
so  much  damage  in  passing  those  forts  that  it  would  be  impoenl 
for  them  to  continue  their  course. 

The  first  two  forts  at  the  entrance  having  opened  their  fiic, 
French  squadron  held  on  its  way  for  ten  minutes  without  n^plviiiff. 
On  coming  within  about  500  fathoms  of  St.  Juhan  the  vessels  &t«S, 
and  a  cloud  of  sand  and  stone  iramediatoly  attested  the  accuracr 
of  tiicir  aim.  At  the  same  time  the  frigates  and  the  corvette?  silenoeii 
the  forts  of  lînfHo.  The  otJier  forta  fared  alike.  Their  ilUdirccted 
shots  did  hardly  any  damage  to  the  French  vesseb,  the  crewa  of] 
which,  as  they  ptisscu  before  the  enemy,  made  the  air  ring  with  their 
cheers. 

At  four  o'clock,  the  leading  ship,  the  Sitffren,  came  abrea^  of  tKo 
fort  of  I^lcm  at  60  fathom?  distance.     Presently  the  Trident,  Uwfl 
Aigiers,  and  the  Algedras^  with  the  frigates  and  corvettes,  attacked^l 
the  Portuguese  squadron  ranged  between  the  city  and  the  point  of 
the  Pontai.     The  J'aîlas  being  a  foster  sailer  than  most  of  tbo  odaer 


I 


SUBMISfllOÎÎ  OP  THE  POnTCÔUE^E  GOVERNMENT, 


451 


veaaels^  fired  the  firet  broadside.  The  Portuguese  flag  disappcared. 
At  five  o'clock  the  whole  French  squadron  vras  moorea  within 
300  fiithoms  of  the  qtiaya  of  Lisbon,  where  the  most  profound  àlcncc 
prevailed. 

Admiral  Rous&in  immediately  despatched  the  following  letter  to 
Viscount  Sontarcm. 

*'  HoKflEini  LB  MiKimE,— Yoa  Mc  I  lc«p  my  word:  I  gave  yim  notice  jester- 
àay  that  I  wuuld  force  my  vay  tip  llic  Tuguii.  Here  I  urn  before  Ltebun.  AU  vuur 
furlfi  an.'  bt-liiiid  nic,  ind  1  huvc  nolliiti^  in  front  of  me  but  the  patacv  of  the  govern- 
ment. Lei  ui  not  cn.iito  any  raah  eiposurt;.  Fnuiiti,  always  onerous,  offers  you 
tiw  nne  coni^ittuns  aa  before  the  Ticborj.  I  only  reserte  to  myitelf,  in  gatherinisr 
the  fruits  of  tlic  viclurji,  to  lupcnutd  a  donand  for  iodciuaitiea  f<iT  iht  viciiuutd'tbe 
war. 

"  T  have  the  Itonour  to  requcet  your  tmmcdi&tâ  Kpif. 

'*  HcfvlTe,  CTKinsrleuï  Itr  minûtrc,  the  exprcMion  of  mj  IligTi  coasidênitiôn. 

"  Tbc  coDtra-JuniriLl  cotnnuuirdjng  the  Freocii  sqnadjon  i;^t1it;  Tu^ruK^ 

"  Baron  KOUSSIN." 

Viscount  SontArem  having  repUed  that  he  acceded  to  thL-  propo- 

sltions  laid  down  in  the  letter  of  the  8th,  an  e<jmvocal  siihraieeion, 

^  which,  tended  to  &hirk  the  new  conditions  contained  in  the  letter  of 

the  1  Ith,  Admiral  Roussin  sent  the  Portuguese  miidstei  &  lull  list  of 

llicpropositioiis  made  by  France. 

They  cousJBted  in  the  annulment  of  the  sentences  paeeod  on  Fr^ch 
citizens;  an  indemnity  for  every  one  of  thein  who  had  cause  to  com- 
plain of  ilie  Portujruc^e  government;  the  dismissal  of  the  chief  of 
the  police  of  the  kingdom;  on  iudemuity  of  eiglithundrcd  thousand 
ftatics  to  the  French  government  for  tlie  expon^eê  of  tlie  exi^edition; 
and  the  poeûng  up  of  these  facta  on  tlie  wulla  of  all  the  greets  in 
■which  the  student  of  the  univeraty  of  Coimbra  bad  been  ignoniimously 
exposed.  To  the»  conditions  Admiral  lloussn  added  tliat  of  an  in- 
demnity to  he  fuced  by  urbittvition,  for  the  damages  occasioned  to 
French  commerce,  and  he  declared  the  Portuguese  voracts  that  had 
struck  their  flags  under  his  fire,  to  be  French  property. 

Viscount  Sanlarem  cndcJivourlng  to  procrastinate,  and  appearing 
to  Wish,  tliat  tho  nccodatioufi  should  take  place,  not  on  board  the 
admlral'a  vessel,  as  the  latter  insisted,  but  in  the  palace  of  Belcm,  the 
admiral  wrote  thus  to  the  vi^iount  on  the  13th  of  July  : 

"  MoMtEim  I.C  Mf!fi9TRK. — You  drive  me  to  extremities,  «id  I  hare  the  bonour  to 
■uibrm  yuu  timl  ttti»  ouiDot  do  yuu  any  fuud.  I  rcfur  you  to  my  letter  of  th»  day, 
and  I  K'iti^ntf  my  9*tiurmcQ^  thftt  if  lU  noon  to-nKHTuw  t  cUmII  not  hare  conchideâ 
(hv  «niTeniion  tif  whicli  you  haft  icMirted  tho  liiieiD,  I  wiEl  rcfitini«  hoitilitifltagaJiMC 
LtobQiu  I  nwalt  your  exctUence,  or  tiic  imiliuriAed  pertou  to  bo  named  by  you, 
tcHliiy  or  tu-nHHTQur  until  nooa.  I  will  rcct'tie  you  or  bitn  Où  board  toy  itaip  and  do 
wTwre  dfc 

■■  1  hare  the  bonovr  to  exprtm  to  you  the  aMomioe  of  nir  lùgU  cnniideratJoD. 

~  TV  coiitre4minlt  conmuiiding  lbs  Pnnch  ntiadRHi  or  the  Tsriu- 

"Baron  KOUSSIN." 

Ou  the  Hth  llic  ncgoliations  were  terminated  on  board  thcadmi- 
taI's  vessel:  France  was  avenged;  and  rame  time  afterwards  the  Por- 

retletsm  by  the  liberation 
ose  dcliveniuce  was  gene- 


tuguesc  fleet  whidi  Don  Migiiel  rcfuâed  to 
of  some  Portuguese  poUtiou  priaoners,  whi 


2h 


■J 


•*: 

vo€  to  e>ry  ^  ■>■  wfc  »  i 

Ita  itt  «aior  ftAf  to 

^  il  II  iaAvpeiaile  «• 

i^  iûgjbi  cnnedlj  «TlnBtcBj. 

iWTif^  HiftiliMi  mni  Pi'l^mii      xUf  nnNouBli 
«imaèatùm.    TWfe^gwift  uawuj  gwd  m  it  to 

fix  tltmssolT^s  no  Dtn«T  R^^rt  duo  tJu.t  of  '^-  fmaËêeXûr^  the  Hkàfl 

of  tilt  political  •raeîtioiis-"' 

lielgium  could  not  have  refused  to  accç<ie  to  an  art  c^  this  natoie 
without  proving  herself  ref'Jred  to  proceed  lOTrards  HoBand  in  the 
wav  of  violence  and  conqueçi.  Accordingiy.  the  protocol  <tf  the  4âi 
of  Xovember  was  accepted  bv  all  the  members  of  the  proTÎâoDal  go- 
Temment  of  Belgium,  not  excepting;  M.  de  Potter. 

However,  ag  this  protocol  contained  an  ambiguous  phrase  re^iecl- 
iDg  the  line  cf  the  armistiee,  and  one  which  might  give  rise  to  the 
mort  violent  consequences,  the  government  took  care  to  declare,  in 
ite  act  of  adheâon,  that  *^  by  tiu propotrdiine,  it  UMderstood  tàekmats 
which,  conformably  to  the  2d  article  of  the  fundamentid  lam  of  tke 
IketJierlumU,  separates  tlie  nortfiern  from  tJu  soulftem  provinces,  £■- 
chuUng  the  left  bank  of  the  Scheldt."'  This  reservation  was  very  <dear: 
it  proved  that  the  Belgians  gave  only  a  conditional  adhesion  to  the 
prot4Xu>l,  and  that  they  did  not  rccog;nise  in,  the  Gjnl'erence  the  right 
of  determining,  at  its  good  pleasure,  on  what  bases  should  rest  the 
system  of  demarcation  between  the  two  countries  wliich  a  revolution 
had  •wparated. 

Jiut  diplomacy  has  resources  all  its  own.  On  their  return  to  Lon- 
don, the  two  commissioners  of  the  Conference,  M  M.  Cartwright  and 
Bresson,  declared  that  the  important  reservation  mentioned  above 


COÎTFEllXNCE  Of  I.ON1>OTT. 


45» 


ho<l  been  accppto'l  by  tKem  only  as  a  simple  ohservntifyn.  Tliey  f^veB 
pave  it  to  be  understood  tliût  this  rfser\'iition  was  but  the  ospression 
of  peculiar  views  cnt*?rtmnc'tl  by  M.  Tîclctnans,  who  tphs  appointed 
by  the  proviMonal  government  to  confer  with  llicm. 

Cou]d  M.  Tieletnnnat  in  a  negotiation  in  which  he  spoke  merely 
%B  the  delegate  of  others,  have  presented^  ob  his  personnl  opinion,  a 
dftuse  on  which  dçpentipd  tlie  future  fate  of  his  country?  The  sup* 
poaiticni  wm  afaeura.  It  wns,  however,  on  this  siipposirion  that  tha 
Conférence  proceeded  to  winouncp»  in  its  protocol  of  the  1  Ttli  of 
November,  that  tbero  liad  been,  on  the  part  of  lielgium,  a  pure  and 
simple  adhrgitm  to  ihc  protocol.  No.  I.  Wbt-nce  the  live  powera  drew 
this  strange  concbaoa,  that  to  them  alone,  tlicnceforth,  belonged 
the  rijrht  of  disposing  of  the  lot  of  Belgium,  and  that,  in  consenting 
to  A  BUfpetisioa  of  artus,  the  Letter  country  had  ph-dt/^d  it#clf  not  only 
townnle  Holland,  but  alao  towanla  the  6ve  ^eat  courts. 

Thu*  an  allegation,  unsupported  by  proofs  a  puerile  equivocation, 
bad  sufficed  to  elevate  what  nt  firat  waa  but  a  philanthropie  medi- 
ation to  the  importance  of  an  arbitremcnl,  admitting  neither  resînanco 
nor  appeaL  \et  çren  to  such  petty  schoolboy  tricks  as  this  amounts 
the  clovemess  of  all  those  great  mmd*,  beftire  whose  depth  and  com- 
PM8  the  common  order  of  in.cn  bow  down  with  awe  ! 

Be  this  as  it  may,  the  usurpation  was  proc!aim(?d;  it  remained 
only  to  gi^3  it  effect.  ITus  the  Conference  <1id  in  its  protocol  of  the 
SOth  DtKember^  which  declared  the  united  kingdom  of  tbe  Nether* 
lands  dissolved»  and  which  called  forth,  on  the  part  of  William,  n 
protest  wo  hare  already  àted. 

But  on  what  bases  wa?  this  separation  to  he  efîeeted^  which  bad 
been  ratiHcd  dij^oniaticnlly?  And  \That  would  be  the  respective 
bmita  of  the  two  countries? 

Afl  rejjardcd  the  terrtlnrinl  division,  three  points  were  Utigated, 

'Hie  king  of  Holland  called  attention  to  the  fact  t)utt,  in  the  nc- 
gotiationa  of  the  Congress  of  Vienna,  be  had  received  the  gnad 
duchy  of  Luxembourg  in  compensation  for  the  Naaeau  countries 
which  he  had  given  up.  He  demanded  that  province  in  consequence^ 
in  the  name  of  the  house  of  Nassau,  and  in  that  of  the  Gerinanig 
Confederation.  But  to  this  the  Holgians  could  and  did  reply,  that 
imder  the  old  public  law,  Luxembourg  had  never  had  any  5pecial 
relationa  with  GermanY;  that  ance  its  ftcquiàiion  by  the  tliird  Dilke 
of  Bisrgundy  down  to  tlic  French  conquest,  it  had  never  ceased  to  bo 
repnt«a  An  mtegioot  port  of  the  southern  provinces  of  t]jc  Ncther- 
landïi;  and  that  its  relations  with  (fcnnany  d^tcd  only  from  1815,  a 
period  at  which  it  had  been  lietitiouâly  given  in  exchange  Ibr  tiie 
rlasRQU  dominions.  Now  William  had  liimself  annulled  uial  fiction 
by  unidng  the  gnnd  duchy  of  Luxembourg,  in  the  mc^  complete 
manner,  to  the  nilgdom  of  the  Net hi_-r lands,  and  by  indemnilying, 
milt  of  the  proptrty  of  the  tiiUr,  hifiron,  Krinrc  Frwlcrick,  from  whom 
the  imiori  cut  oS  the  future  sovenrignty  of  the  grand  duchy. 

2  n  îf 


454 


PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE 


reasons  were  concluâive,  nnd  derived  irrcsisitible  force  from  Ui9S> 
thoaAMii  with  which  the  laliabitants  of  Luxembotu^  had  «asorâtoâ 
themselves  v?ith  tho  Belgian  revolution. 

Tlic  second  subject  of  dispute  related  to  Limbour^.  Suppoaiw 
tîifi  conquests  wrestcd  from  Holland, from  1790  to  1813,  to  bend 
and  void,  and  that  slic  had  be^n  reconstituted  on  tlic  footing  c£  n 
Bncient  nation,  there  is  no  doubt  but  that,  diplomflticallyt  HoUnd 
had  u  light  to  a  part  of  Limbourg.  For  she  possessed  tliere  in  1790 
the  town  of  Vcnloo  and  fifty-three  villnges,  and,  she  shared  th^v,  willi 
the  prince  bishop  of  Licge,  the  sovereignty  of  the  city  of  Miët> 
tricht.  But  ought  such  argumenta  to  prevail  over  the  will  of  ll» 
inhabitants  of  Limbourg^  who  had  associated  tliemselTCS  witK  lie 
revolution,  and  who  wished  to  be  Bclgiana? 

The  third  question  had  reference  to  the  left  bank  of  the  SclkcUt 
Here  the  pretensions  of  Belgium  were  foimded  neither  on  trtatia^ 
nor  on  an  energetic  and  incontestable  assent  of  tho  population;  ontf 
the  Belgians  had  in  their  favour  every  consideration  of  the  fitnev  rf 
things,  for  if  deprived  of  the  left  hank  of  the  Scheldt,  Belgian 
would  remain  exposed  on  that  side;  not  to  mention  thatj  in  thgt 
ca&e,  the  free  navigation  of  the  river  would  become  a  totally  illusan 
stipulation.  Besides,  if  the  Dutch  remained  masters  of  the  left  Kw*^ 
tliat  is  to  say,  of  (ill  the  watercourses  constructed  for  the  dischnn 
of  the  waters  of  what  used  to  be  Augtrion  Flandera,  what  wm  Ib 
hinder  William  from  inundating  the  Beigifin  territory  wheziever  Be 
pleflsed? 

To  these  three  tenîtorîal  questions  was  added  another  of  a  fiiMB- 
dal  nature.  What  was  to  be  the  share  apportioned  to  each  of  tbf 
two  countries  in  the  payment  of  the  debts  contracted  by  the  two 
conjointly?  In  the  partition  of  these  liabilities,  was  re^rd  to  b» 
hdd  or  not  to  their  origin? 

Such  were  the  diffieidties  which  the  Conference,  in  its  usurpet! 
omnipotence,  had  to  solve  :  and  it  did  not  hesitate  to  do  so  in  a  man- 
ner opposed  to  the  dearest  interests  of  Bclpum. 

By  Its  protocol  of  Jan.  20,  1831,  it  decided— 1st,  •■  That  thfr  > 
limita  of  Holland  should  comprise  all  the  territories,  fortressee,  towmt, 
and  places  which  belonged  to  the  whilom  republic  of  the  imiteiî  pro- 
vinces of  the  Netherlands  in  the  year  1790,"  which  was  settling  tlie 
question  of  Limbourp  implicitly  in  favour  of  Holland  ;  2dly,  *' That 
tho  grand  duchy  of  Luxembourg-,  possessed  by  special  title  by  the 
princes  of  the  house  of  Nassau,  made,  and  should  continue  to  moke, 
part  of  the  Germanic  Con  (ede  rati  on," 

Some  days  afterwards,  the  Conference  completed  the  niin  of  Bd- 
pum  by  the  protocol  of  the  27th  of  January,  by  expressly  r^-tuâi^ 
It  possession  of  the  left  bank  of  the  Scheldt,  and  proposing  that  the  i 
Belgians  should  be  burdencd  with  16'31  of  the  debts  of  the  kinff-  I 
dom,  taken  collectively,  and  without  reference  to  the  circutostaacei  j 
under  which  they  had  been  contracted. 


CONTEÊENCE  OF  LONDON.  455 

Upon  Ùàs,  "William,  recognising^  a  competence  he  had  at  first  de- 
niodlt  adhered  to  thu  ba^^is  of  the  separation  laid  down  in  ihc  pro- 
tocol of  the  20th  and  27lh  of  January. 

Belgium,  on  the  contrary,  protested.  Vain  resistance!  The 
diplomatists  of  London  Tepliei.1,  thnt  the  aiTangenicnts  tnadc  by 
them  were  "fundamental  and  iruevocadle  areangemests,* 
&  decoration  whicli  they  repealed,  with  the  addition  of  threats,  two 
months  afterwards.f 

ilitlicrto,  we  perceive,  the  Conférence  had  shown  itself  invariablr 
hostile  to  the  Belgiana;  but  nil  at  once  its  policy  assumed  an  altorea 
aspect.  In  its  protocol  of  May  21,  1831,  it  did  not  shrink  from 
hinting  that  an  important  modiiication  was  about  to  be  mndo  in  the 
bases  of  separation  of  the  â6th  and  â7lh  of  Januai'y,  notwithstand- 
ing these  yr^Tn /fundamental  and  im-vocatih  aTTongements.  "The 
five  Powers,"  Bays  the  protocol  of  the  2lst  of  May,  *'  promise  to 
enter  into  a  n^otiation  with  ihe  King  of  the  Kethcriajiids,  the  object 
of  which  shall  be»  if  possible,  to  secure  the  possession  of  Luacem- 
bourg  to  lielgimn,  in  consideration  of  equitable  compensations/' 

The  fact  was,  that  serious  events  had  taken  place  during  the  coursQ 
of  the  negotiations:  tliC  Belgian  Congrcîi?,  as  we  Iwivc  ahcady  re- 
lated, hud  been  made  the  dupe  of  an  intrigue  by  the  Palais  Royal; 
the  crown  offered  to  the  Due  de  Nemours,  and  refused  by  Louis 
Philippe,  had  brought  upon  the  Belgians  the  inevitably  stormy  and 
ûnai'clucal  regencj  of  IVT  Surlot  dc  Chokier;  Itistly,  the  French  go- 
vernment had  for  ever  alienated  Belgium,  by  taking  part,  in  inten- 
tion, in  the  protocola  timt  robbed  that  coimtry,  after  it  had  formally 
announced,  when  its  object  had  been  to  defeat  a  rival  candidate, 
tliat  the  views  of  those  protocols  were  not  its  own,  and  that  in  ils 
eyed  the  Conference  of  London  was  but  a  aiiuplc  mcdiatioD4    Thus 

•  Protoct»!  of  Ilie  I9tli  ofFL'brqan-,  1&.11,  WEniL*»!  Esterliaxv,  Weasemberg,  Talle^'- 
ïancl^  t'ai  1  lit' rs tun,  Dulow^  Lipvt-n,  and  Mnstiisi'L'Wici, 

M.  Nothomb  lis»  irrittcn  n  bwk  on  the  Udgisn  rcTolution,  in  ivhich  he  has  dù- 
fiU7«d  Hpid^  lad  tokni.  Unfott mutely.  xJMsk  fi  a  gmt  denl  of  diplatnocf  in  this 
vark,  vhioh  It,  In  reality,  bui  on  «vkvranl  jucUflcation  at  the  ocu  of  thi:  Canféreno.-ûf 
Lofwhw.  M.  Kothamb  cita  in  hia  book  part  of  the  protocol  of  ihi-  istli  of  Fetmiur j 
bat  h*  dou  Oal  care  to  cite  tbc  mosL  important  juirt  of  it,  tlijit,  najndj^  iJ)  wbich  un 
Aw  HurcrB  totk  of  thi^ir /uuLrnu-alo/  and  irrfvyciiifir  iirTnayramU,  Tlic  omissioD  i4 
dCufii-iLiilt     JL  Nôthi»riili  liu  bct'n  constrwncd  to  iniitU^tc  lustory,  tu  onkr  to  jiroid 

ÏPttftoi»!  >'a.  fia,  April  17. 
Oil  «be  iBt  of  Fobruary.  1831,  M.  SfbtsUui  wttAù  the  fbUowiiig  lcCl«r  to  U. 
Brestw: 

"  MfKmRDR,"— tf»  u  Î  hope,  you  Itavc  oot  jet  camnmnicAted  to  the  HclgiKR  go- 
veratnint  the  protcpcol  of  ibe  :27th  of  Joniuurv'.  you  vill  prirent  thai  cutnuiiuiîcKlîua, 
becauK  \\xv  kîog^'a  gvwL-miiiçiU  lias  ntvt  adhi;n.il  to  it»  Bn'ongcinenti.  Wllh  njgnrd 
to  the  q^ii«ation  of  the  iVbt,  and  t|ut  of  the  Beltkment:  of  tli^  rxtcHt  amj  Umitm  of  Ihfr 
fid^K^  Bild  Dttteb  ixrnUuvn,  we  hare  alw«-i  held  tliHt  the  irv^  iijcuperutton  and 
consent  of  the  two  ttatcf  were  iKc»Hrv.  liie  Cûaft-nna'  tif  J^ntl™  i»  a  nwdiaiion, 
wad  the  kui^)  inteoikiD  ia,  Èhat  H  *boufcl  nemr  low  thnt  vlimtu-^cr.^  Accept,  s.i\ 
(Signed)  "BOKACK  SEBASTL^SL" 

Thifl'  letter,  bdn^  coinmitnicatoJ  to  the  congrus  whibt  il  w»  diMSlsÛDg  th«  rival 
prptcosioni  of  the  i;>uc  de  Nemoun  bihI  the  l>tw  du  LAttcblfiaborg,  oouuiinited  Ut 
the  defeat  of  tb«  Utter. 


rBOC££I>U<G5  OF  TH£ 

liomUïated,  repulsed^  and  decdvedf  Belgium  at  Ift&t  withdrew  Sam 
France^  azkd  atteclied  KerseU'  to  England:  and  then  (dianks  i 
victonous  &9ceiid&Dcy  cf  the  English  qvcr  thq  Canierenoe)  BcV 
found  only  supportera  in  those  irho  had  just  before  beea  bet 
eoeTtùç», 

Such  was  the  triumph  of  English  inEucnoe,  that  an  Englii 
pince,  Leopold  of  S&xê-Cobourg»  came  s<30D  to  be  regarded  m  iho 
only  possible  sovereigu  for  Belgium:  and  in  order  lo  hasten  hit 
election*  the  Couiorcncc  drew  up  the  ikmou^  protocol  kuLOwn  by  tbft 
ûuhë  of  the  treaty  of  the  eiffhteea  articles. 

This  protocol  was  as  iavoumblc  to  Belgium  aa  those  of  the  20tfa 
tana  £7th  werc  peTniciaus.     The  Jive  powers  decidetl  tliis  time  tbC 
ike  question  of  Luxembotu'g  tvus  distinct  from  the  Holiaiido-BeIgM 
Btion^  and  that  pending  the  controvet^Vf  the  Bei^iazu  ahonld 
p  the  grand  duchy,  ot"  which  they  were  in  occupatioti.     Iht 
five  powers  furthermore  insured  lo  Belgium  all  t!io  jo^uarantees  <« 
account  of  which  it  desired  the  left  t^k  of  tl^e  Scheldt.     It  wm 
epeciOed  that  Belgium  should  be  entitled  to  that  portioa  of  90i<e- 
reignty  in  the  city  of  Maastricht,  wUch  did  not  belong  to  HoIUnJ! 
in  17  SO,     Lastly,  the  principle  of  apportioning  the  debt  witli  rtic- 
rence  to  the  circumstances  of  its  t:antnu:tJOii,  was  formally  adopted. 
The  Conlcrence  could  not  more  completely  renounce   iu  own 
wort;  it  could  not  in  a  grosser  manner  overthrow  the  bases  hid 
down  by  itâclf  in  the  protocols  of  January  the  2Uth  and  27tli«  asd 
by  itself  twice  declared  irrevocable, 
^  But  the  Conference  placed  a  couditioa  on  it5  favoma, — the  dbfr'  | 
Uoa  of  Prince  Leopold,     The  will  of  England  waâ  donc:   LeopoUJ 
1  proclaimed  kin^  of  the  Belgians  on  the  4  th  of  June.      Amuw] 
Aoee  who  voted  agaimst  the  Coulerence's  candidate  we  must  cite  Mil 
^Frison,  who  gave  the  reasons  for  his  vote  in  these  terms:  "  I  rafttSB 
my  vote  to  the  Prince  of  Saxe-Cobourg  .  .  4.  .  because  that 
can  only  accept  on  the  conditions  imposed  by  ûia  protocols  ;   _ 
L^teis  hostile»  I  do  not  say  to  the  French  government,  but  to  Franc^' 
'  iKd  because  I  regard  every  anti-French  amngemetit  sb  ft  ïnisfortune  : 
fox  mv  country.*'     The  treaty  of  tlio  ciglitecn  articlea  did  not,  cai  I 
the  whole,  &ud  a  lavouiuble  rccepdou  in  Brussels,  and  it  fumidhed  | 
matter  for  a  veTy  brilliaiit  and  vehement  debate  in  the  congress. 

From  the  rapid  statement  wc  have  just  mode,  result  the  two  fill- 
lowing  great  facts:  I 

Afl  long  as  Fi-ench  infiucnçç  kept  its  ground  in  Brussels,  tlie  Cqq- 

*JfW  lUnger  to  llic  dynasty  having  paned  by,  tbt;  ftjllowtn]^  iite  the  tcrmi  in  «hSefa 
by  Ul(^  proutcul  Uo.  21,  April  17,  tlic  govcnitiuent  adhered  to  that  of  the  aofh  lat  j 
Jniiiiitry,  of  which  thuT  of  the  27tb  was  liot  tlic  ffaianciol  coTaplemt!tit : 

"Tlie  Frpntli  xilcnipoleuliQry  declores  ofiBcially,  by  expfeœ  otdef  of  the  Ung  Ua  i 
mMtcr— 

"Tint,  Fnmtx  nwHiervs  to  the  protocol  of  the  2ûth  of  .Taiuinry.  18S1 5  thnt  fc 
tirrly  tippnjvcs  tf>e  Umiu  mar^nl  aut  in  tliid  not  for  litigiiuu;  lliac  it  will  tu-oKiilie  | 
the  poTtTrcijni  ûf  Iklcinin  only  in  10  fir  aa  ttc  shall  liave  follr  ocvedcd  U>  all  thfioiio*  < 
dltkmi  ma  dauKM  of  the  I'luitUttieDUl  protocMd  of  Jhh,  30,  1831." 

■^hl»  la  calleJ  cIcvltik*»! 


COÏÎf  fiBEHCE  OP  LONDON. 


457 


fercnce  bhowed  a  eystematic  liosdUty  to  Belgium,  and  l&Louied  to 
render  it  petty  and  feeble. 

The  daj  the  £ngh^  iuâucac^  proviulcd  m  Brussels  the  Gonfeiv 
cncc  suddenly  eliaiiged  its  policy ,  did  not  lit'sitate  flaf^rnntly  to  belle 
its  own  affinQutionSj  and  ihoii^Ut  only  oi'  sttcûgtheaing  lielgiuin, 
out  of  hatj«ti  to  France. 

The  part  played  by  Tulleyrajul  in  London  ■wa»  osac,  t!:erefijrc, 
of  utter  insigîîilîcancae.  He  sri^cd  protocols  that  wcalïcned  Hel- 
ium yrhjoL  that  country  held  out  her  bands  to  Fruace,  and  he 
fitgncd  that  which  rendered  her  strong  at  the  moment  ebe  separated 
&Dm  Fnuice. 

And  wliat  motive  so  impcriouÈly  constrained  the  Frencli  ambas- 
sador to  this  inconceivable  abandomnent  of  uU  the  interests  of  his 
country?  When  it  was  proposed  to  sti-engthea  Belgium  against 
Jfnuice,  could  he  not  have  said: 

In  rejecting  lieïgium  which  oiFered  itself,  and  in  refusiag*  tlie 
crown  tij  the  son  of  Louis  Pliilipiw,  the  Frccnch  government  has 
given  an  incontestable  proof  of  moderation.  We  call  on  Europe  to 
ftdndt  this.  It  has  been  the  irish  of  the  Confùrencc  in  the  protocols 
of  the  20ih  and  27tli  of  January,  to  render  Bel^'ium  small  and  weak. 
Right  or  wron"  it  wished  this;  but  at  all  events  it  declared  its  will 
on  this  point  immutuhtc.  It  cannot  now  retract  this  dcclnmtion 
without  lying  in  the  face  of  Europe,  the  dcstinii'a  of  whieh  it  urro- 
gates  to  itedf  the  ri^ht  oi' determining.  What  then  has  taken  place 
eincc  the  20th  of  January,  which  can  suddenly  have  rç-ndcrcfl  un- 
just and  pernicious,  what  at  that  time  was  acknowledged  as  just  and 
useful?  If  you  have  sided  with  Belgium^  only  because  Belgium  liajs 
become  evtnmgvd  Ërom  tis,  ytnimost  then  Acknowledge  that  the  bond 
which  holds  you  together  here  is  yoiu-  common  hatred  to  France; 
that  respect  Ibr  vested  fights,  tlmt  tnc  &ith  of  treaties  taxi  pretexts 
covering  the  terror  that  arms  you  igainst  ms  and  the  inveterate  liolK 
Idxty  With  wliicL  wo  havo  inspired  you.  Well  then,  if  that  be  », 
allow  ua  to  aid  you  in  the  w^f»rk  of  our  own  destruclion.  In  the 
Cos^reia  of  Vienna  vunquished  France  had  perhaps  to  submit  to  th<! 
Jaw  of  tlic  strcmg  hand.  In  the  Conference  of  London,  tJiank  Hea- 
ven she  docB  not  stand  as  a  viclira  to  leceivc  the  consequences  of 
her  revcrsea,  and  bear  this  in  mind,  she  holds  in  her  hand  llic  key 
of  that  bag  full  of  icmpt'sts  of  wliich  Canning  o?ed  to  talk. 

What  answer  could  the  fori'ign  dtptotnatl^its  ha^~e  made  to  lan- 
ffoage  like  this?  Thoee  who  directed  tlic  policy  of  France  must 
BaTe  been  lûen  of  very  mean  capacity,  did  they  not  know  that  if 
Louis  Fhilippe's  dynuaty  had  reuaons  for  dreading  war^  iho  foreign 
powers  had  fcr  more  urgent  rcasona  for  phunnitig  it.  Might  not  the 
TeprescatatÎTCâ  of  the  Pahus  Royal,  if  they  had  poescseed  any 
sagacity,  have  taken  itdvant^e  of  our  eoeimes*  fcrroiv,  as  the  latter 
contrived  to  take  advantage  of  the  fears  entertained  by  the  partisans 
of  the  now  dynasty? 

lliere  was  something  paltry  and  vile  assuredly,  in  rcnoimcing  that 


458  PRO/ECTKD  PAfiTITlON  OF  BELflTUM. 


Uiûy  ftod  generous  policy  whioK  vrould  have  for  ever  cemented  the 
union  betvren  Belgian  and  France:  but  the  polii:/  oi'  djmâstic  «tf- 
tflhncss  obce  âdoptod,  it  would  have  been  easy  to  render  it  leA 
niinous. 

la  fact,  after  tho  election  of  the  Due  de  Ncmoara  had  been  an- 
nulled by  the  rcfusttl  tif  the  King  oî  the  Freach,  Belgium  did  nul 
yet  ocasQ  to  be  a  subject  of  great  European  erabarraasmenit.  The 
question  of  its  partition  was  seriouslj  cntertmncd. 

According  to  tlie  plan  proposed,  France  would  have  obtained  the 
southern  part  of  the  countr/t  and  tVie  northern  would  have  been 
restored  to  Holland;  Prusaa  would  h.a,ve  laid  hold  on  the  two  babkf 
of  the  îleuaî  flnil  the  Moselle,  and  Antwerp  would  have  been  gÎTM 
up  to  England.  We  have  grounds  for  aHirming  that  the  Kmpeflor 
01  Russiii  wilUiinily  acquiesced  in  this  plan,  wliich  was  Approved  of 
by  tho  Due  de  Mortemart.  Nîcoïaa  was  very  well  pleaacd  to  turn 
aside  the  ambition  of  Fiance  towards  the  Netiierlands,  in  which  case 
ahe  would  have  menaced  none  but  the  Kn^lish.  As  for  Ausferia, 
all  whoso  thoughts  were  engros^d  with  hatred  of  revolutioxu,  &hâ 
would  not  have  been  sorry  to  sec  the  Bd^iana  chastised  for  tbeti 
recent  insurrectiou. 

Once  more  we  repeat,  it  would  have  been  little  consistent  with 
liie  dignity  of  tlie  French  nation  to  accept  a  share  in  the  profits  of 
Euch  a  spiuiation.  But,  upon  the  eelËsli  principl<^  of  those  who  go- 
verned her,  this  policy  would  at  least  have  worn  the  scmblanee  of 
ability,  for  it  adbrdod  a  means  of  employing  the  ïcslle&s  temper  of 
the  Î  reuoh  peo]>le:  it  would  have  cxinsolèd  France  far  her  looses 
in  1815,  by  modilying  the  treaties  of  Vienna  to  her  advantage, 
and  it  woidd  have  disconcerted  the  warUke  enthusiasm  of  the  oppo- 
sition. 

The  cabinet  of  the  Palais  Royal  comprehended  nothing  of  this. 
Its  policy,  devoid  of  courage  and  high  feeling  was  still  more  destitute 
of  sagacity.  It  left  Lord  Ponsonby  to  get  up  orange  plots  unhindered 
in  Belgium,  with  no  other  view  than  that  of  forcing  the  country  into 
thearms  of  England;  itleft  him  to  cajole  and  threaten  the  congress  by 
turns  in  order  to  detach  it  from  us,  to  our  merited  confusion  ;  lastly, 
after  having  forced  Louis  Philippe  to  refuse  on  behalf  of  his  son  a 
crown  he  nevertheless  ardently  desired,  it  stripped  the  dynasty 
which  an  immortal  revolution  had  recently  created,  not  only  of  all 
popularity  in  France,  but  also  of  all  moral  influence  in  Europe. 

As  for  M,  de  Talleyrand,  the  truth  is,  he  was  incompetent  and 
subaltern;  his  colleagues  in  the  O^nference  made  use  of  his  reputa- 
tion against  himself,  bent  him  to  their  schemes  by  appearing  de- 
lighted with  his  botis  mots^  and  played  upon  him  Uke  a  chud  :  a 
grave  lesson,  and  one  that  diows  that  a  policy  always  wants  abili^ 
that  lacks  elevation  and  integrity. 


»    -.- 


OPEKIKG  OF  THB  KEW  CHAMBER. 


459, 


CHAPTER  XI, 

A  SOLKMY  mpmeat  was  at  hand  hi  Yiùhcû.     A  dïscusûon  prcg- 

nt  witli  immense  coiiâcqucnces  was  about  to  begin.  Ptiland  totter- 
ag  to  its  fall^  and  thrcAtt-'uing  to  bring  Jown  with  it  the  old  preponde- 
rance of  the  westi  the  papacy  violently  reinstated  iu  its  temporal 
8û\X'rcign1y»  ûïid  thereby  become  once  more  the  accomplice  of  all 
earthly  lyiaimics;  four  powers  khouring  hard  to  repair,  to  tho 
detriment  of  one»  the  European  balance  which  had  been  disturbed 
by  die  cmancipatiaa  ol'  liclmum;  lastly,  France  abandoning  the 
guardianship  of  the  pextuibed  world  to  tho  haiidâ  of  some  proud 
and  incompetent  men; — such  were  the  interests  at  stake,  such  were 
the  questions  to  be  discussed  and  resolved. 

Never,  accordJuglv,  did  a  now  chamber  present  itself  under  cir- 
cumstances of  more  nigh  wrought  anxious  expectation.  So  great  a 
quaïK'l  would  arouse  no  common  passions. 

Besides  tlie  intense  inlcrcst  excited  by  forcûgn  affairs,  every  one 
'was  In-patient  for  the  solution  of  the  perilous  ptoblein  submitted 
to  the  nation,  namely,  was  tJie  hereditary  succession  of  the  peerage 
to  bo  retained? 

To  grant  only  to  the  licad  of  tlic  state  the  privilege  of  hereditary 
succession,  was  evidently  to  isolate  monarchy^  to  withdraw  its  na- 
tural supports,  and  by  putting  it  in  a  wholly  exceptional  positioil 
at  tho  summit  ol'  society,  to  condemn  it  to  a  precarious  cxistenoj, 
always  menacing  or  always  menaced.  But  in  tlus  last  blow  dealt  to 
feuduhty,  in  this  last  humiliation  indicted  on  an  expiring  aristocmcy, 
in  tliis  depreciation  of  royalty  which  waa  to  be  brought  down  to  ine 
condition  of  existing  only  by  favour,  there  was  something  slngu> 
krly  tlatlerin^  to  the  pride  of  tlie  dominant  class.  The  ubolitioa 
of  the  heredjiary  peerage  was,  therefore,  made  a  tine  çuâ  turn  by 
many  electoral  cuUegeSf  and  the  bourgeoisie  insisted  with  cxtniurdi- 
nary  importunity  on  what  it  ignoiantly  rc^pirded  as  the  completion 
of  its  victory. 

Ou  the  23d  of  July  the  Iring  repaired  to  the  Palais  Bourbon, 
where  thu  members  oi  the  peerage  bad  modestly  joined  the  com- 
mons. The  times  were  gone  by  then  when  tho  royal  sittings  wci© 
lield  in  tho  Luxembourg  it'  not  in  tho  Louvre. 

The  Icing  was  cheeredon  His  entrance  iatu  the  leirislative  assembly; 
but  whcDf  contrary  to  ussffo,  a  herald  cried  out  *'  'l^he  Queen  I"  there 
was  rilence  m  tliat  afsembly  of  jealously  susceptible  bourgeois. 

The  king's  spcccli  was  remarkable  for  a  certain  lone  of  haughtincM 
thai  indicated  iJic  presence  of  Casimir  Pcricr  in  tho  royal  couucils. 
It  dealt  insult  to  n-pubhcun  opinions.  It  asserted  the  extent  of  pub- 
lic distrcas^  without  any  other  show  of  conccm  than  a  cold  adtnira- 


acnmses  -i"  -.-unwHrr.    t   rrsr  "He  -^rtt>^  zi  jasKnuA  air  tiie  haiA 


TTHjantTl     tli     TI 


I 


51.  L-aÇne-.     A^  u  iwanber  -ji  xbe  I»e  «■ 


"î 


at  "ie 

Cjannr  Pvr^T  :^-r  -tn;.  irp-i  iiTîxtiïsr  "H  "i»  lewi  "-be  boujufcuOB  hti. 

CoHinir  t^-'rr^r  ?^  "ir,-    i-tzr^ab     1   lit*  r<4e  mncree  -was  waijea  wnfc 

L-T-inT-r---».^  —^1  ^^       rtit^  T^Tr^mrL"--!  i::ir  ^are  '*^*  3csa  •a*ifi*n  in  lee 

ïT  -jp  icnit'îisit-.i  -ji  3«'iir':ii:.  t-uvs  -^--imrM  1  -Kiintwns  mumlae  to 
an  inm^nxitie'-i  •TTir'"uv!3t:'.'n.  ■i»'^  JEscKfi  m  "ne  "T'^aKneaB  of  Dan 
3(*_çr.et-  dip  ^p^>-st^sll  --v  :5vs»  r  ■!"  i  -_Tite?te-i  ■^nrme.  liie  srrcxcûrK 
'^  I  apï*.  miaT"  cuir^.L-m.  i  -'miw  >  u::i.-i  .n  E^it^tw;  and  b""'*^ 
^TiCTiFruiç  ":::(»  :LrT!:bie  ?i;mmi-^r     r    r::?    T-iins  "vrai  the  absndi»- 


wm 


DISGRACIIS  HEAPED  OX  THK  FBEXCH  GOVERNMENT.        461 

tmtionalîty  it  <lld  not  dam  to  recoffnite,  they  accused  tlic  ministry  of 
having  sliown  determinatiim  only  where  tliere  was  Tio  danger,  aad  of 
having  cloaked  itfi  pusiliLininuty  under  its  orro^mnce. 

At  the  aunc  time  the  report  of  the  proceeding  in  the  EngU^ 
parliament  arrived  in  Paris,  proceedings  flatly  at  variance  with  thq 
gpecch  of  the  king  of  the  l!*rench*  Upon  a  qucsûon  put  by  Lord  Aher- 
ïh;en  respecting  the  intended  dcmohtjon  o?  fortrcssea  **  erected,"  his 
lordsliip  said,  '*  for  the  purpose  not  only  of  defending  the  NcthcrUndfl 
bu£  ol  krepittg  f ranee  in  check"  Lord  Grey  replied  **  tbfit  the  mutter 
was  alili  under  discussion;  thut  in  a  protocol  which  France  had  been 
Bjc^uded  ironi  participating  in  for  obvious  reasons;"  it  had  been  set- 
tled, indeed,  that  a  pait  of  the  fortresaefi  sliould  be  diHuiantlod;  but 
tlmt  in  the  same  protocol  the,,ft>tf7';fwcershadrc£crvcd  to  themeelvca 
tile  right  **  of  determining  what  ibrtrcsscs  should  be  dismantled.** 
And  to  this  reply,  so  iusumiiLr  to  France,  tlie  Duke  of  Wellington 
added  these  vporxiB,  more  insiJting  still*  "  I  learn  with  pleasure  tliat 
the  four  powers  aUino  have  concurred  in  the  iuranmjiuiciit,  and 
tJiat  France  has  been  excluded  from  the  deliberations.  I  regret  that 
tlic  noble  lord  has  no  explanations  to  offer  on  the  subject  of  Ptir- 
tugul.  I  conicss  I  felt  humiliated  when  I  heard  that  tlic  tricolour 
flag  was  wavioff  uudor  ttie  waJla  of  Lisbon"  (prolonged  cheer? J. 

ïîuch  words  laid  bare  the  fv'belc  tftlschood  of  the  Kngli^li  alhâJiCK 
Tl)e  lULtioaai  feeling  was  nruuired  ag&iuM  a  government  bo  little  ca- 
pable of  making  FtAOCC»  or  itself,  respected.  A  circular  addressed 
by  the  re^stêsentativea  of  the  great  powers  to  their  respective  consuls 
m  th«  BtaUs  of  lire  Church,  w&s  published  at  tlie  ^aaa  jierioil  in  the 
Gasetie  of  Au/^fiiturff,  and  put  the  climax  to  the  afiUction  uf  all  tho 
light  thinking  part  of  the  nation.  The  circukr  Htat*?d,  iKat  *'Tha 
lepteseututivcs  of  the  powers  h&vc  deemed  it  right  to  testify  to  hifl 
holineffi  liie  lively  interest  their  respective  cotirta  take  in  the  main- 
tenance Cki' publie  truii(]uillity  in  the  states  of  the  church;  setttmumts 
tthic/i  itam  heat  already  rxprtMed  b^  the  Frfnth  ^ofprrtment  hi  «  note 
prxKiiUd  by  Ui  «Bocgr  Qt  Matae  the  I9th  of  April  ef  this  year." *  So 
tJicn  the  Prtmch  government  had  not  shrunk,  when  pontifical 
Vctifcance  wus  at  the  highest,  &om  jcNuing  with  ihe  other  courts  in 
eooasimiiltg  ^loee  unibrtunatc  Itulian  patriote  Y\huyethad  b^ome 
insoxgiBiti  «Mily  in  imitation  of  France  s  example,  on  the  &ith  of  its 
âeclantiaoB,  and,  for  some  time,  with  its  co-operation  ! 

It  was  while  these  things  were  pending  that  M.  de  Sémonville, 
the  grand  relerendary,  conceived  the  idea  of  diepliiying  in  the  hcvso 
of  peers  the  colours  taken  by  the  French  iirmyiiC  Uhn  in  1S05,  and 
which  liad  been  hidden  till  then  in  a  secret  and  inviolable  a&yluot. 
'Xhc  king's  eldest  stm  waa  i&  hia  jkkco  aa  a  member  of  the  house  of 
peera  the  dav  this  unexpected  dii^y  va»  made.  "  Prince,^'  odd  M. 
de  Sémouville  ta  him,  ^'  to  rmi  hrâioeforth  bdongs  tfae  light  of  difiw- 
ing  the  sword  in  defence  ol^  these  trophies."    The  young  uisti  madie 


iSl  JiiT.  mil  L-^ncfiac  m  _  Sorc  "^ças  ±i±sn3eu.  vrire-oresUEiiE  ut  a,  a^ 
Tûcrv   al'  jia.  Tntes.      tniaiE*î   3'?'  :ais  imLr^asn-  ''tTHf  g.     " 
i*ferLer  lascKHeti  n   ztïp   osiiï:  Jis  Turent-   mn   ^hî  fiii^s 
y^f  >^ba:aiaiii.  L*:uis.  ui'i  V-innurT?^'-  xilirweà  jis  âxaoxsÂe.     T^ 

Bac  a  mpriie-neTiT:  s   :â*;  Mnaânr  Tas  suîùtsilTr  pubiÊàïBâ  :iiMit 
prr;  i  iiuuc  :n.  r.ie  -tci  ;e'  Aoipsc.     I-  jnacmûrei  siol  the  ônr  rf 

Xn.j  otîiiiaijii  was  inniionceTi  i:  ;^e  irn"*;»'  m  zzs  l'.iiCVtiur  ss3bs: 
'•  Tilt  fTig,  na,T-j2;r  rrv.- ■r-T-swT  i^tf  :aiieT:»ni' îiiHj:^  :c  zha  f-rr-r»:?*-»  jf 

sa.  i-ui  Pradsia,  izji  ize  .-;-;•  tt-i-^-.->^  'z*s:z^  -.ir-j'iiii-  .TrTT-t^>*c 
^  r':rry>£C  '^t'  ûie  King  oc  :iie  Bei^ûias.    H<f  ■*-_-.  c-j-iît  :!:*;  in^ 


FREÎfCH  TîrrEnVEWTTOK  TS  BELOTTT». 


463 


iBDtered  into^  by  common  accord  wjtU  the  great  powers,  to  be 


lio  French  government»  after  Kftving  everywhere  suffered  Uie 
prinelpk  of  non-inten^ention  to  be  violated,  was  thus  itsolf  come  to 
violate  it  directly.  And  it  took  care  to  state  tliat^  if  it  intcrlbrod  in 
Belgium,  it  W88  not  to  support  the  revolutionary  principle  there,  but 
to  enforce  rci^xtet  to  the  will  of  the  amphyt-Uonic  council  sitting  in 
London.  Thcu,  fearing  that  this  mai'ked  liuraitity  was  not  enough, 
it  forthwith  ordered  M.  dc  Talleyrand  to  apply  for  the  assent  of  the 
Conference,  bidding  him  explain  the  urgency  of  the  case  wliich  had 
forced  the  cabinet  of  the  Palais  Royal  to  anticipalc  the  authorization 
of  tlie  four  great  poweis.* 

The  indignation  folt  throughout  all  Holland  was  intense  when  it 
was  known  that  the  French  were  interposinjr  in  the  quarrel  in  the 
name  of  the  Conference  For  this  colour  given  to  the  intervention 
rendered  it  manifestly  uiijust,  William's  conduct  tow.ai-rls  Belgium 
in  this  matter  bad  not  been  very  honourable,  no  doubt,  since  he  pro- 
ceeded against  tlmt  country  by  way  of  surprise;  but,  diplomatically 
speaking,  he  was  in  the  right.  No  treaty  bound  him  to  the  Belgians, 
who  were,  in  his  eyes,  but  rebels.  And  what  were  hia  obUgationa 
as  regarded  the  Conference?  He  had  consented  to  a  cessation  of 
amis  only  as  a  preliminary  measure,  wliich  wns  to  lead  to  an  armistice 
that  had  not  been  concluded,  and  to  arrangement?  that  hîwl  not  been 
effected.  His  adhesion  to  tlio  protocols  of  the  20th  and  STth  qf 
January  could  alone  have  bound  him,  if  the  live  powers,  ai'ier  de- 
claring the  compoct  therein  irrevocable,  had  not  themselves  annulled 
it,  and  substituted  for  it  the  treaty  of  tho  eighteen  articles.  Now, 
William  had  loudly  protested  against  the  eighteen  arricles;  and  it 
ma  ho  who  could  reproach  tlie  Oonli-rence  with  the  violation  of  pre- 
dae  and  formal  engneemcnts.  The  Dutch,  therefore,  had  grounds 
for  conaideTing  the  ^  rcnch  intervention  marked  with  violence  and 
injustice,  from  the  moment  tlie  French  army,  initcad  of  advancing 
in  the  name  of  the  revolutionary  principle,  or  of  Borne  \-iolated 
French  interest,  presented  itaclf  but  &s  the  gendarmerie  of  the  Holy 
Alliance. 

As  for  the  Belgians  (who  had  become  the  enemies  of  France  since 
their  advances  had  been  repubed,  and  since,  by  iiattering  them  %vith 
the  hope  of  abeotute  independence,  they  had  been  given  interestB 
Itoetile  to  thoK  of  the  French)  they  beheld  in  the  succoura  brought 
Aon  by  the  latter  only  an  alFroni  to  their  honour.  Are  we,  then,  so 
contemptible  m  the  eyes  of  the  French,  they  said,  that  they  deem 

*  Protocol  No,  31.  At  the  tnectinfï  of  th«  «th  <iif  Ai^rast,  Lord  lUmêntm  in- 
Ênmed  Uw  Cuar^itrticc  Ibtl  tbc  Briliib  (lOTcmmcnt  hiul  girca  arden  to  m  divulon  of 
the  fleet  to  icndrxvoiu  ira  the  Down*.  TUc  Prince  dc  Tuiloynuid  aiinnun«'U  Iftnt,  at 
tbe  reqaeat  of  the  Kln^  of  the  Bel([iuif,  the  French  frnvcmiDmt  liiu]  4m  l>(S(<d  to 
laarch  an  «my  to  tbe  lid  of  Bdftinm.  Tbe  ConferoMv  dediircd  Uut  i1i(!  cntrf  ttf 
the  French  trat^  into  Belgium  ihouhl  be  r«|nmled  m  hftrin^  taken  pliux:,  not  with 
am  inlentàm  pmper  to  JWtiuv  OE/hvidua^t  bvifot  an  otjKi  toward»  tenicH  tht  cammom 
debbtratioma  «AoiJtf  bt  direcluL 


4<4  ¥BEIirCH  INTEEVEBrnOS  DT  SSLGTITM. 

ttf  incapable  of  defending  ourselves  TFÎtîïoui  their  aid?  Xh*re  *B 
soon  buî  one  voice  on  this  point  m  Bru?sek;  and  public  opinion  im- 
peratively called  on  th?  executive  to  respect  tKc  12l5t  article  of  tlia 
Belgimi  «>nstitution,  wluch  says^  '*  '^o  forri^n  troop  can  ooraw  fir 
pa»  tbrough  the  territory,  except  by  virtue  of  a  kw."  The  Bdsùa 
gOTcmment  was.  thcrt^forc,  forced  to  yiëld^  and  Marshal  Gezani  ^i^_ 
to  suspend  his  march.  ^H 

iTius,  by  an  inconceivable  aecumul&don  of  btuflders,  tte  cahiae^ 
of  tlie  Pakia  Royal  fbtly  hclicd  it?  avowed  policy;  confeac^  itself 
TMPftl  to  the  Conference,  placed  the  army  in  a  ridicuIcHia  Hçrtit,  saà 
Uude  France  odious  both,  to  lIolLmd,  on  ^hich  site  declared,  anjuât 
W.ir,  fttid  to  Belgium,  whose  îcaloupy  she  imprudcBtiT  prorolced. 

The  Dutch,  meanwhile^  had  entered  Belgium  in  three  divisaiu, 
vhicb  advance!  rapidlv,  citending  from  Maastricht  to  Hreda.  Tfl 
meet  this  invurion,  Belciium  had  tvo  small  anaieSr  that  of  the  MeoK 
and  that  of  the  Scheldt,  the  speedy  junction  of  nrhich  waa  of  ifas 
utmost  importance.  Leopold  joined  the  army  of  the  Scheldt  on  the 
8th  of  Atiii^st,  neat  Aischot,  where  he  waited  for  ilw  «rmj  of  tfae 
Meuse,  There,  turning  a  deaf  car  to  counsels  dictated  by  meansnd 
ovenveetiing  jealousy,  he  wrote  to  Man^ml  Gûrard  to  advance  with 
speed.  On  tie  10th  he  wsa  gi^'iiiz  orders  to  attack  MontAigue; 
when  word  was  brought  him  that  the  army  of  the  Meuse,  Imôag 
been  attiieked  on  the  march  from  Haseclt  to  Ton^res,  had  scMtoM 
without  Ëifhting;  tlmt  the  rout  was  complete,  and  tliat  he  hinïsdf 
waa  in  danger  of  being  east  off.  He  immediately  fell  back  on  Ijoù' 
Tain.  The  Dutch  attacl^ed  Kim  before  that  cvty  on  the  22d,  fotted 
him  to  retreat,  and  blockaded  Louvain,  which  soon  surrendered. 

Belfpum  was  on  the  very  verge  of  ruin.  But  bv  tbia  time  the 
French  were  entering  Brussels,  and  the  Prince  of  Orange,  by  hiv 
father's  orders,  led  back  hia  victorious  troops  to  Holland.  Wiilijun 
had  not  yet  made  all  the  necessary  preparations,  and  he  was  satisfied, 
for  the  moment,  with  having  shown  the  Conference  what  he  was  ca- 
pable of  attempting  and  accomplishing. 

Far  superior  in  inteUigcnce  to  those  who  then  guided  the  connaeb 
of  France,  WilUam  had  clearly  discerned  that  the  apparent  conootd 
of  the  great  powers  concealed  strong  dissensions  ;  that,  coUectivelv, 
the  powera  made  a  show  of  dictatorial  pretensions,  to  which  their 
eficctive  means  were  far  from  corresponding;  that  to  make  tlicm  more 
compliant,  it  was  only  necessary  to  defy  them  ;  and  that  thev  would 
be  all  submission  upon  the  least  tlireat  being  held  out  of  tiring  the 
mine  then  dug  under  all  Europe.  The  event  provetl  the  justness  of 
tlicse  views.  To  uphold  the  honourof  his  motto,  "^c  mcàntimdred^ 
the  King  of  Holland  had  imposed  on  himself  a  perseverance  and  an 
audacity  as  successful  as  they  were  grand  ;  and  it  was  his  fortxme,  as 
we  shall  see,  not  only  to  hold  the  great  powers  in  check  singlehanded, 
but  also  to  force  them,  once  again,  to  recede  from  their  solemnly  <a- 
presscd  will. 

Whilst  the  sovereign  of  a  little  people  of  two  milHon  souls  ooold 


SFECIOra  APOLOGY  OF  THE  FEE^TCH  MTNISTBT. 


469 


«nploy  this  eystcni  of  intimiilntioa  witL  snich  happy  efiect,  sua  without 
«Kposing  the  gcncTal  ]>eocc.  the  incompctcdt  men  vfho  composed  the 
French  government  cli'l  not  even  thinlc  of  niaUin*?  trial  of  st.  though 
havings  at  tlieir  ihspo^al  a  nation  of  thirtv-thrt^e  inJilionS'  of  men,  an 
Qxubomiit  youth,  and  a  mass  of  soldiera  tilled  with  the  recoUccQona 
of  the  Kcvolution  and  the  Empire, 

On  the  I3th  of  August^  Marshal  Soult^  muiister  of  war^  an- 
nounced to  the  chamhcT  of  deputies,  t!iat  *'  the  French  army,  be- 
fore cTftcuatin^  Belgium,  would  w«it  «util  the  questions,  on  acocimt 
of  wWkK  it  had  put  it^-lf  in  motion,  had  been  decided."  But  the 
ConiVrouce  had  onlurcd  otherwise;*  and  the  French  army  returned 
from  its  military  pamde  without  having  even  enjoyed  the  satîsfuctîoa 
of  tlirowing  down  the  WAtcrloo  lion  on  its  way. 

Mrtmwhilc,  the  addreBs^  in  reply  to  the  speech  from  the  throne, 
Ittd  been  ffuhmtttcd  to  the  chamber  of  deputies;  and  the  debate  bfr» 
glA  OB  t}ie  9th  of  August 

The  robùstry,  a-wailed  with  regard  to  the  whole  body  of  it^  policy, 
pleaded  ita  c/iusc  much  better  than  had  been  expected.  What  weie 
ika  griefe  of  the  o]>poeàtion?  it  aaked.  Sprung  from  a  tempest  that 
seemed  destined  to  sweep  the  nations  towards  chaos,  the  Freocb  go* 
vcmmeut  had  sought  to  rcrstore  iinlver?ai  quiet;  waa  there  no  grcat- 
ncn  in  this  lofty  moderation?  Was  it,  then,  so  blamabLe  1o  have 
preferred  to  the  ferocious  pleasure  of  throwing  the  world  into 
confusion,  the  ^dory  of  saving  it  Irom  the  twofotd  scour^  of  de- 
mocracy and  conqucat?  The  govcmraent  waa  reproached  ivith 
havinr»  abandoned  Italy  to  the  Auatrians,  Bçigium  to  the  Engli^, 
and  Poland  to  the  Russians:  idle  and  declamatory  reproaches!  Had 
not  every  thing  thai  couid  have  beeo  attempted  in  rea^iB,  been 
tnod  in  l)ivour  of  Italy?  Had  not  the  ejsisting  ministry,  in  taking 
office,  found  the  Austrian  invnsîori  a  part  of  the  embarmasmp;^  It^facy 
bequcaihed  to  tlicra  by  their  predecessors.  They  had  detnanded, 
they  bud  obtained  the  ovaciintiim  of  the  Roman  states:  could  more 
be  required  of  them?  If  the  national  frontiers  had  not  been  carried 
£?rw»td  ti)  the  Rhine,  If  Bel^um  had  not  been  uniteil  ^rith  France» 
if  the  king,  doinjf  violence  to  his  family  affcetîonSt  had  not  accepted 
the  crown  offered  to  lua  son»  it  waa  because  there  were  arave  and 
ÎDfiirmount&ble  obstacles  to  all  this.  AVoidd  the  opposition  have 
jbad  the  aoTcmment  run  the  rick  of  kindling  a  blaze  throughout  all 
ihtrone,  for  no  other  eod  tkm  aggrandisement?  Would  it  have 
lud  the  ^veramentf  in  the  hope  of  a  doubtful  conquest,  make  an 
enemy  of  the  English  people,  the  ooly  potent  ally  the  revoltmOD  of 


*  t^ririml  Nck.  31.  <* The  ConfuT«iïce  iledaned thu  the  extenùon  w  hi  gtreata 
0|i>  <>|j<  rnliociA  uC  lïw  Fruncli  inxrptk  and  Uie  dotation  (if  llMïir  sUV  In  Bd)ïîiuïi,  ihoulil 
bç  ftxed  bjr  runnnraT  »c«>ptt;  that  thi'j*  nVidiitt  ti*rt  crcwi  the  ancient  limita  of  HtiUand; 
that  iMr  oçttwàîaam  évcnld  "be  conltm-t  m  rhv  \utt  bank  0(  the  Meuw,  and  that,  in 
no  cwib«ho«M  t^iiir  «nivD  either  al  &Uc«tricht  «  at  Vonloa" 

PfDtooDh  331,  34,  naà  5*^  "  11»  OooAflRMM  luu  Appniprkt«d  to  iuelT  tlu:  [d«;vst[tv 
«pootftiiRMiJy  ac]<rptcd  bv  Fnuwe.  Aeoovnt  hat  been  TmJeiwI  to  it  of  the  march 
md  fctnat  of  the  Frcacfa  Hfany." 


i  ^tWLUuuezit  to  hajre  lliRsl* 

so  nmr  xutiou  d 

r  gms  tbezn  to  li^e*» 

ïiy  flbrcw  were  ibtf 

f^naoe  £nd  herself  in  ■ 

rkosirsfc  oaure  dùintcRArf 

JU  to  MqipaBe  that  tlx  1M- 

""        ~  1  pcxncc  lud  benoi 

nrtiocis.  their  AM» 

l«  Ae«pot<]a  wkbcbitU 

«ad  her  dia«ÉEM 
■  d(  bnr  WM  she  to  k 
I  tfrwdtfa  of  the  cond- 

r,  toi^  'rw[in  Wijm  of  irahi 

to  iicr  siûoour  wtntld  htn 

r^âxs  xt  the  point  vbcR 

r  O  uwiiaJL  ift  «tfaooe  fiir  life  « 
Wmiaaw  the  Fjcdch 
I  fe  dcscxtied  die,  and  the  totnb 
Fobd?  SyniwoD  hima^,  K 
^  kaa  ■at  HBfe  '^^s*  ^i*  ™bi  ftB^  nfoMMi  uoiijgh  he  w^ 
tliwgfc  ^  ka4  H^  kn  fire  kodivd  ifaoiVEad  inviDcii^ 
^OÊtasTS-  ~^ow  west  bd  IttB  too  lendh  Ibr  lAiMt  pvodigiou?  mm, 
vho  iud  tr^cn  ised  10  nakie-  fport  of  -^êiiîâsaân^  £on>pe  'vnth  lbs 
swori.  oc^oid  ihi;  hnv  faeea  aaemptcd  bj  ïCk  mmister?  of  1 831  vnih 
imptmirr.  viih  an  incompieie  urar.  as  viet  bïdlv  or^uiixed,  and  ctno- 
poeed  ot  conscripis?  To  mypiinr  the  oAOonibrr  of  Poland  woold 
have  been  bin  an  imprudcui  braffî:»iocio,  whilst  the  means  of  sup- 
porting that  declaiation  were  wantinff.  The  gOTemment  had  there- 
fore done  all  it  was  passible  for  i»  to  do.  in  offering  its  mediatioii, 
and  calling  forth  that  ot  the  other  powers.  It  was  full  time  that 
Ae  opposition  should  explain  itseil.  Universal  war,  urar  to  the 
death,  was  this  what  it  desired?  In  that  case  it  was  right  to  warn 
it  that  the  question  was  no  longer  between  peace  and  ww.  bat  be- 
tween war  and  libertr,  for  a  people  committed  to  snch  enterprises 
has  no  leisure  to  stop  and  set  its  house  in  order.  Battles  and  tumob 
abroad,  demand  absolute  quiet  and  àlence  at  home.  Despotian  is 
the  necessary  coimierpart  of  victory.  Napoleon  proved  this,  and  so 
did  the  Convention  before  him,  bv  acts  that  will  never  be  effiu^ed 
from  the  memory  of  men.  "  Have  you  made  a  compact  with  vic- 
toiy  ?"  was  the  question  one  day  asked  in  that  terrible  assemUy. 
'*  No,"  replied  Bazire,  the  Montagnard,  "  but  we  have  made  a  com- 
pact with  death."  Death  soon  summoned  him  to  keep  his  promise. 
A  year  had  hardly  elapsed  before  Bazire's  head  rolled  from  a  scaf- 
fold.    If  the  opposition  did  not  shudder  at  the  employment  of  each 


IÏKP1.T  OF  THE  OrPOSITION.  467 

TMourccs,  and  at  the  mere  recollection  of  these  ornons  examples,  let 
it  have  tlie  coyiage  to  avow  this  ! 

Such  were  in  substance,  the  reûsonîngs  developed  with  much 
talent  by  Cftftmir  Ptricr,  Thiera,  and  Subastiaai,  orator»  already 
known;  and  they  were  ably  and  brilliantly  sctonded  on  thig  occa- 
Bion  by  two  new  men,  MM.  Duvcrgict  de  ïî&immne  fils,  and  Charles 
de  Remusat- 

But  tlie  oppoîâîion  replied  to  thîâ  apology  Cot  the  ministry  with 
formidable  ar^mentfl.  Yea,  it  said,  we  aceuao  you  of  having  com- 
pcromiBcd  the  mterests  of  France,  wliich  arc  identical  with  her  honour, 
and  the  cftreer  of  civilization  which  ia  mvolved  m  the  ^rcatnes*  of 
FnuiLje.  Remember  wluit  we  wcic  a.  year  ago»  imd  see  what^we  now 
are.  With  what  a  prestige  were  we  not  encompaascd  in  18301 
In  the  eyes  of  the  aetoniahcd  nations  and  paniostricken  kings,  we 
bad  in  pood  earnest  reaeizcd, — and  for  still  more  vast  dengns,— the 
Bceptre  that  had  ikllen  from  the  honda  of  Napoleon.  Neretr  was  a 
more  dazzling  position  granted  by  destiny  to  any  people;  and  we 
had  no  need  to  turn  the  world  upside  down  in  order  to  change  it, 
for  it  was  at  our  mercy.  At  present  what  do  we  avail,  and  wliat  are 
we  doing  in  Europe?  To  know  how  to  bo  juiat  when  one  is  strong 
Û  the  cart  of  eminent  moderation;  but  when  one  ia  strong^  to  tolerate 
injustice  is  the  mark  of  puâUantmity.  Now,  the  Austrians  trampiing 
Italy  under  foot,  upon  no  other  right  than  that  of  dcap>tlâm  whicE 
docs  not  chooùe  to  be  disturbed;  the  Conference  chopping  up 
nationaUlies  without  regard  for  the  traditions,  institutions,  aûd  affec- 
tions of  ix'oplos^  and  smiply  according  to  the  convenience  of  faut 
kings;  the  Kusaiane  hastCDUig  to  exterminate  a  high-fouled  people, 
as  a  punishment  for  its  having  been  unable  to  endure  their  awayi — 
this  IS  what  you  have  permitted.  You  have  suffered  the  reign  of 
brute  force  to  cstabhsli  itself  evcrj'whcro  around  you  to  tho  ever- 
lasting ^rief  of  those  who  had  counted  on  our  support  and  who 
loved  uft.  You  allege  that  on  taking  office  you  found  the  Austrian 
invamon  already  begun.  Who  is  there  but  knows  tliat  the  Loihtte 
Dinistry  fell  thnîatemng  Aiutiia,  and  that  you,  on  the  contrary, 
ottei^  into  ollice  only  disdained  and  menaced  by  her?  You  Je- 
nunded  tho  evacuation  of  the  Uomaa  fltatee  in  Klarch,  jind  you 
obtûzwd  it  in  July»  that  is  to  say,  after  the  execution  of  Menottl 
and  hi»  componionap  after  tUe  rc-câtabliahmcnt  of  Mafia  Louisa  in 
Parma^  the  brutal  ocoupation  uf  Ferrara,  afler  the  convention  of 
Aacona,  after  the  conbKaûûiu,  the  proscriptions»  the  imprison- 
mente,  in  a  word,  when  Austria  had  nothing  mcH%  to  do  in  Italy, 
You  have  tlius, — to  say  nothing  of  the  odious  side  of  this  totei^tion,^ 
you  hâve  thus  younalvca  ratified  the  vway  of  Austria  over  tho  Italian 
pcninitik,  a  sway  deemed  in  all  timei  so  contranr  to  French  inter- 
cslfi,  a  swajag^mt  which  our  fathers  fought  tor  three  hum^lred 
ycarv,  and  which  provoked  even  the  weak  LouJa  XXIl.  to  arms  in 
1629.  Must  we  follow  you  into  Belgium?  l'hère  was  no  question 
here  of  conquering;  what  you  had  to  do  wai  to  accept  the  country. 

2  1 


4CS 


REPLT  OF  TUE  OPPOSITlOlT. 


And  asBuredîy  great  has  been  our  folly  in  doing  violence  to  ih^ 
Belgianâ  to  hinder  them  from  disposing  of  ihcmsetTOss  in  our  i'&v< 
But  you  say  England  would  have  withdrawn  her  friendship  fi_ 
us.     If  ifhe  puts  such  a  price  on  her  friendship  her  hatred  would 
less  pcnîlcious  to  u?.     \ou,  however,  have  abandoned  Belgium,  i 
you  have  done  so  offensively.     That  Prince  Leopold  ia  au  Kn^ 
subject  ia  not  wliat  grieves  us;  but  lûa  clccbon  has  had  this  inc 
testnbly  pernicious  result,  that  it  has  demons tta tod  the  superiority  t 
British  diplomacy^  and  forced  the  Belgians  no  longer  to  believe  cdtha 
in  our  ability  or  in  our  preponderance.     That  is  the  evil.     Ita  r 
suits   may  already  be  prodicted.     The   English  have    acquired 
bridge  for  their  armies  to  the  north  of  our  frontiers;  and  their  Man*| 
chesier  and  Birmingham  arc  at  onr  gates.     We  are  promised,  it 
tiTie,  that  the  fortresses  formerly  erected  against  us  enall  be 
liaheil.     Bemûlished!   nvhen  it  would  have  been  so  advont 
for  us  to  have  left  them  standing  and  made  them  our  own  ! 
thcmiore.  Lord  Grey  has  refuted  the  speech  of  the  crown  on 
point:  rel'ute,  therefore,   the  offensive  explanations  of  Lord  GrcyJ] 
With  regard  to  Polnnd^  v.'rs  it  possible,  yea  or  no,  to  succour 
otherwise  llinn  with  an  armed  hand?     You  have  offered  your  i 
diation:  has  it  been  acceptetl?     This  is  what  you  should  nave  tul) 
iifl>     Strange  inconsistency  î     You  have  consented  to  take  part  in  i 
congress  to  terminate  a  conflict  confined  to  Holland  and  Kelgiunif  1 
and  you  have  not  been  able  to  obtain  a  congress  for  substitut' 
ncgotîatîniis  for  a  frightful  war.     Whei-efore  a  conferenc-e  ufter 
insurrection  of  Brussele?     Wherefore  not  a  conibrence  after  the  in*] 
aurrection  of  Warsaw  ?     Is  it  that  in  the  former  case  the  league  m*  I 
formed  against  us,  wliilst  in  the  latter  it  would  be  formed  against] 
Russia?     Had  you  even  recognised  the  nationality  of  Poland  J     Foi-j 
unless  France^  governed  by  you^  have  become  the  laughing  âtock  of  J 
the  nationsj  wo  must  admit  that  there  is  some  weight  in  her  wia 
energetically  expressed.     What  an  effect  would  have  been  piodc 
in  Lithuania,  Volhiniii,  PodoUa,  GalUcia,  and  Hungary,   by  the 
words  solemnly  pronounced  by  France, — we  recognise  the  n    ' 
tdity  of  Poland  !     It  was  not  necessaty  therefore,,  in  order  to  i 
friendly  people,  to  ^ve  our  armies  four  hundred  leagues  to  tta% 
Aud  as  lor  the  fear  of  drawing  Austria  and  Prussia  inlti  the  con 
that  fear  woiUd  have  been  groundless  if  the  French  govenameat 
had  the  courage  to  take  in  the  whole  field  of  the  European  , 
from  a  French  point  of  view  :  for  then  Austria  would  have  had 
Poknd  in  Italy,  and  Prussia  hera  in  the   left  bank  of  the  lUiine 
What  inattci-a  after   all   the   armed   intervuntion  of  Prussia  «ad 
Austria?     })o  not  thopc  powers  this  moment  practise  intervcrntioB 
in  a  manner,  alag  I  almost  &s  decisive?     Docs  not  Prussia  tiimtth 
the  Muscovites  with  arras,  provisions,  and  ammunition,  whilst  Po-J 
knd  has,  to  defend  her  against  her  innumerable  enemies,  ouly  hetj 
courage  and  the  contemned  wishes  of  France  !  '  I 

Of  all  the  nttBcka  directed  against  the  executive  with  cOgOBC^l 


KADICAI.  'WEAKNESS  OF  THE  OPPOSITION.  469 

(m<I  eloqncQce,  but  not  without  some  declatiiation,  by  Generd  La- 
inarquCf  Murslial  Clauzelf  MM.  Maugiun,  Bignon,  and  Larcbit,  not 
one  assuredly  was  >vide  of  liio  mark;  and  the  oppusitiun  proved  very 
clearly  that  the  conduct  of  the  mùijatrY  liad  been  controry  to  tlie  in- 
ti^rcsta  of  France,  Hut  when  the  minlstcre  asked  it  ""  What  would 
you  have  doue  ia  our  place?  Are  you  lor  a  general  conflagra- 
tion? What  are  your  plans?"  T}ic  opposition  became  confused,  and 
rephcd  vaguely  or  not  ftt  all. 

There  were  many  causes  for  this,  the  chief  of  which  was  the  un- 
certain character  of  the  doctrines  of  the  parliamontary  opposition, 
jVIonarchical  and  b>3urgcois,  Uheral  rather  than  revolutionary,  it  would 
have  been  unwilling  to  3ee  the  throne  engulphed  in  a  sudden  tem- 
pest, the  bouTGicoiaie  again  thrust  a^de,  and  the  people  onee  agiun 
assuming  the  loicmoât  part.  Now  it  knew  well  in  its  heart,  though 
It  hardly  dared  avow  so  much  to  itfieli'»  tliat  a  etrougly  constituted 
democracy  would  alone  be  capable  of  rending  the  treaties  of  1815 
aud  rcinodelling  Europe;  tliat  there  was  no  eucoiinteriiig  sueh  a 
task  wiUiout  an  iron  will  and  strong  passions;  aud  thut  the  question 
would  never  be  settled  in  a  manner  grateful  to  our  pride,  so  long  a» 
it  remained  mixed  up  witli  the  interests  of  a  d>*nasty.  Undoubtedly 
this  bLuenage  might  naTC  been  addressed  to  the  kinpa:  "  Within  the 
space  of  le88  than  fifty  years,  England,  Russia,  Au&>tria,  and  Prussia, 
have  înordiiiateîy  aggrandised  themselves,  France  alone  has  diuii- 
mshcd;  aod  at  tfustky,  after  those  three  grand  niaiiiri.T^»auon3  of  her 
might,  the  Conventionj  the  Emperor,  and  the  Kevolution  of  July^  elie 
is  iSmullcr  than  the  was  under  Louis  XV.  We  may  well  be  asto- 
nislicd  at  this  at  a  moment  when  it  ia  proved  that  France  ha£  but  to 
make  a  three  daya  ciTurt  to  give  a  shock  to  the  whole  world  î  Be- 
mâa^i  tho  disinterestedness  of  a  people  like  ours  consists  not  in  re- 
nouneing  force  but  in  employiog  it  geaerouslyi  and  it  is  incum- 
bent on  ua  to  watch  over  our  might,  because  it  belongs  not  to  us  but 
to  humanity.  But  to  uphold  this  bnguage  it  would  have  been  indis- 
ponnble  to  prepare  for  a  eeriouâ  struggle,  »nd  had  the  nation»  armed 
Bjld  rushed  into  a  general  mêlée,  how  would  it  have  been  poâsible  to 
mùntun  in  France  that  balance  of  powerfi,  tho?c  fictions,  all  those 
systematic  puerihtiea  that  rob  the  etafce  of  unityni  that  is,  of  foree? 
It  would  luivc  been  necessary  to  recur  to  Ihat  mixture  of  impetuosdty 
and  discipline,  to  that  regulated  eudiusia^m  whence  sprang  tlie  tri- 
umphs of  the  first  revolution.  And  this  was  of  aU  things  what  vfss 
most  dreaded  by  men  r^ired  in  the  school  of  liborahamf  »  school  &% 
oxLce  anarchical  and  timid. 

Hod  the  opposition  possessed  »  more  uccurate  knowledge  of  the 
&0tB  it  woula  not  have  been  stoppe^l  by  this  fear  of  lieroic  ne- 
œsBtics:  for  tho  powen  trembled  at  the  thought  of  a  oonviilnon, 
beeauac  they  had  few  reâourccs  againat  many  obstaclee.  And  wliat 
could  they  gain  by  a  war?  They  liad  every  thing  to  losr  by  it. 
Bcfidc?,  the  time  for  miUtmy  coalitions  was  pa5t.  Hie  eourae  of 
cvcnxa  had  brought  about  between  Austria  and  Prussia,  between 

2l2 


^1 


ic  V-rcr,'"'^^  1  rm-'m.ntJr  '*s'^  tear  lo  i:  "iie  ■erranrr»"  saïc  rry  as- 
ttTnaiirr  --r  Piàami  -riL  3r;r  -j«r*sn.  '  X.  3«j»nit  itnooee^  sz-  saà- 
stttra»  5ir  tne  ▼r.pi  rertiaatTj  -in^  jîs  -anDiiaiu:  ■2£rai_  ,«d-«i  ^"P"* 
aofi  M  ^'ïr  "iw  JîJnwt^r*  •?r»*^.j^ir'rTtr  -ftyr  :ât»  ieol  cs-aoatï  jnamaKti 
S»  »  'ii*ria23cfoii  -t*  -mr  i^rêns:  tjairjvjie.  -iiey  3i:itie  :e  :acicja  ti^ 
iwr»  ihoiS  V*  2rr»  ttd  àneir  pcr::niî»3e  a:  -Jti  -^jTiirie*.  a:  she  Iibr 
«iç;2«yiCoa  ot'  tm»  iii^a.     fci  tze  ^irâcr  it  :âii  I5t^  ;£  AngTBt  s^ 

as»r.k<»^  bv  M.  D-cîGi-  :-  ^ts  ?iin>:;rTed  ■*:à.  -Èe  :inn,os  enetai  W 
ÎU  v.tKr^.  '-,▼  G«=n»^3i  Lamar:  -**?.  ia«i  b-x  >L  iiî  Tr^irr.  As  ien^tk 
M.   ''r^Tvi  ''•ic  i'Ain  .   or*î«itieîi':   :t'  ■die  Chizib»?r.  rc:  the  :^aesoaa. 

**  f>^  'ifl  «ft,T<*  Poldarî."'  wai  che  crr  in  w^eii  nizi  ev^rv  aioati-  Sod- 
Af^>\7  »*-rrtir.7  îrr,ïa  Êi*  r,Lice  Cl-^-^--  Perier  n^ieti  to  tàe  iribcar. 
frr,  thf;  d^^hat/î  waa  clr>w^  iii<i  the  nies  ot'  tke  Chimber  ôd  no*  pe-- 
rràt  »h^  m:nvwr  to  «peak  n;»n  the  '^Tjesi-ro.  exi-eoc  jj  to  »  Doint  ot 
orÎT-  Fr-^m  frr^Tjr  âde  lie  ^ri*  kwdir  caiie<i  uron  ro  resnske  fais 
<i^4t,  ^/Tït  ?t«TKini2r  at  the  rribraïe.  onerci^tne  with  p^aEZOïi.  lie 
frrTK^'.'ly  t^tihmvA.  '*  I  will  «ly^k  !  I  will  «r^ak  T  making-  no  e&irt 
CM'-iHatft  tK*;  Chamber,  or  to  obtain  from  iz3  courtesj  li»  op- 
^^^tjr  be  dfflrired.      There  then  arose,  in  erery  comer  o*'  the 


cASiHfR  Timssst  AOOtr^Sî»  or  6KÔSarïÔBftî^;         471 

Chûmber,  tïie  most  imlicard-of  clamour  and  tmnult.  Every  mcmljet 
of  thû  HoufG  was  agitated  vntk  the  most  powerful  excitement.  De» 
putjc^,  f^]K?ctators,  all  etood  up.  It  was  all  in  rain  that  the  president 
rung;  his  bell  ;  its  Bound  was  altogether  unheard  amid  tlio  umvcrsal 
canRUDOQ.  Gauche  and  droite  sent  forward  A  constant  succesdon  <oC 
onion  to  the  tribune  to  dii^ute  its  posseasioii  with  the  miniator» 
who  kept  hifl  croimd,  imperious^  menacing.  At  length  the  presi- 
dent put  on  hia  hat,  and  the  a^cinbly  separated,  alter  a  scene  of 
dÎM^Taceful  and  hitherto  unexampled  disorder. 

Next  day  the  Chamber  wore  a  depressed  and  gloomy  aspect*  ns 
though  it  felt  ashamed  and  exhausted.  The  conduct  of  Casimir 
Pénoi  T«ccived  iiom  his  friends  and  from  himself,  an  explanation  by 
no  mean»  fiivourable  to  liis  prido;  but  then,  in  the  intervid  botveea 
the  two  sittingfi,  the  ministry  had  been  making  auperhunuui  efScftta 
to  tmufcr  the  lunjoiily,  and  the  chances  had  evidently  turned.  M. 
SfgDoïi  having  ocinsonted,  by  an  unlurtunatc  concession,  to  sul^titut* 
the  word  assurance  tor  certaijify^  the  oppoeltion  divided,  and  the 
former  expression  was  cairiedj  though  the  minister  dîslînetîy  do* 
elated  that  he  ghoidd  not  hold  himeell  engaged  by  it.  Thus  was  the 
question  resolved.     The  government  system  had  carried  the  day. 

In  th«  courso  of  tho  discussion  M.  Guizot  had  taken  occasion  to 
speak  insuldngly  of  the  republican  paily,  and  he  hjul  been  a]>plaudod 
for  whfLt  ho  said  I  M.  Odilon  liarrot,  on  the  utlier  liand,  had  og^ 
nally  làilled  in  an  endeavour  to  introduce  into  the  address  a  disUoo- 
tion  between  seditious  tumults  and  the  muae  of  republicanism.  Hie 
minietiy,  then,  come  out  of  this  last  parliamentary  contest  perfectly 
vïctorions.  Public  opinion^  indeed,  was  stronply  pronounced  agjiinat 
them,  but  it  had  not  sufficient  weight  to  overthrow  them. 

In  the  midit*  however,  of  their  joy  at  this  triiunph,  a  terrible  blow 
was  Etruck  at  Ckâmir  P<;rier;  he  was  chained  b^  his  opponents  with 
malvemtiDn,  with  pcauktion,  and  the  accusation  instantly  created 
immenac  scandal.  Happy  were  it  for  the  historian,  if,  in  the  picture 
whiiïh  he  traoes  of  the  career  of  QationSf  he  could  always  keep  within 
the  lofty  regions  of  noble  thoughts  and  preat  designs.  But  for  hjoi 
who  would  make  himself  thoroughly  acquainted  with  the  maniMfli 
and  history  of  a  période  who  would  learn  the  sad  secret  of  sodoti^js 
in  their  decay,  there  is  oÙen  m  the  lower  claa  of  details  Ktmething 
far  more  characteristic  and  instructive  than  in  the  tedtal  of  battks^ 
of  diplomatic  intriguer,  and  great  legîdsitiTO  dehatea. 

It  will  betrcollccted  that  immediately  afier  the  revolution  of  July, 
the  whole  nation  demanded  to  be  supphed  with  arms.  The  first  care 
of  the  Laihtte  ministiy  waa^  therafore,  to  devise  the  raost  prompt  and 
cjfectual  means  of  meeting  tlm  demands  This  -was  also  the  object 
of  all  Laiaye^'e  most  anxions  thoughts,  who,  roundly  declared  that 
if  there  WH  not  to  be  foimd  in  Pnnco  a  sufficient  number  of  mufkets 
for  dio  purpose,  Ihey  must  have  recourse  to  foreign  manufa'  uirers. 
VariouB  oâors  were  made  to  the  government  by  Fronch  gunmakciii> 
but  these  offer?,  though  ntunerous,  did  not  appear  to  moct  the  d^ 


472  THE  COKTBACT  FOB  MUSKETS. 

mand,  and  there  was  besides^  reason  for  distnisÙD^  the  irreguUr  im- 
pubiO  which  the  unexpected  shock  of  events  in  Europe  mlgbt  h^xe 
grren  to  daring  speculators. 

Under  these  circumstances,  there  was  but  one  step  to  be  taken  for 
the  promotion  oi"  the  object  in  France.  'Hie  revolution  had  just 
t&kcn  from  thousands  of  workmen  every  source  of  labour,  ana,  of 
course,  all  means  wf  support.  The  obvious  plan,  tlicrcfore,  was  to 
form^  in  the  namo  Jînd  under  the  direction  of  goremmentj  large  ma- 
nufactories for  the  construction  of  guns,  capable  of  giving-  employ- 
mont  to  from  25,000  to  30,000  workmen.  This  "was  the  pro- 
position made  by  men  of  sincere,  enlightened  patriotism,  and  it  re- 
ceived the  warm  support  of  M.  Dupont  (de  l'Eitre)  one, of  the  then 
ministry. 

The  idea  was  at  once  a  bold  and  a  wise  one.  By  fflving  occupa- 
tion to  men  who  else  would  have  wanted  bread,  it  took  them  out  of 
the  way  of  dangerous  temptations;  and  it  relieved  the  revolulioii  of 
July  from  that  painful  character  of  tleceptian  which  it  had  natund^ 
assumed  in  the  eyes  of  the  people.  It  gave  £i  sudden  and  cflfectual 
check  to  the  spirit  of  «ipeculation,  and  to  its  attempts  at  plunder  ;  and, 
finally,  it  invested  tlie  state  in  a  most  emphatic  manner,  and  under 
circumstances  in  the  highest  degree  favourable  to  such  an  inno>vaUon, 
with  that  right  of  taking  the  mitiative  in  matters  afîecting  the  in- 
dustry of  the  nation,  witliout  which  society  must  inevitably  presoit 
a  mere  round  of  anarchical  disorder^  class  tyranny,  and  die  ro"  '^~ 
of  tlie  people  by  legalised  and  unpunished  spoUation. 

But  the  chiefs  of  the  triumphant  bourgfoiàe  were  bankcre,  grmt 
capitalists,  men  of  business,  always  on  the  look  out  ibr  expansrre 
commercial  ventures.  The  persons  in  office  were  oonsequently 
afraid  of  sanctioning  a  pvstem,  the  principle  of  whicli  involreJ 
danger  to  so  many  individual  pretensions  ;  nay,  threatened  tlie  niia 
altogether  of  that  base  and  vulgar  despotism,  the  so-called  freedom 
of  industry.  Tlie  project  was  accordingly  rejected  in  all  haste,  oa 
the  most  preposterouâ  pretences  ;  the  material  difficulties  in  the 
way  of  its  application  were  exaggerated  beyond  measure.  Thert 
were  no  workmen  rendy,  Ibrsootli  1  The  workmen  must  be  tiained^ 
and  this  would  take  such  a  long  dme  !  Oh,  no,  the  thing,  tbey  were 
sorry  to  say,  was  quite  impossible.  In  a  word,  speculation  tv 
maincd  triumphant  mistresâ  of  the  licld. 

Of  all  those  who  bore  the  weight  of  the  prime  minister  b  friendships 
there  was  no  one  more  humbly  submisaive  to  its  cmpine  than  M. 
Gisquctt  a  Elan  of  some  talent  and  much  activity,  and  who,  in  the 
revolution  of  July,  had  manifested  the  most  honourable  ûnnnefl 
and  dociaion  of  conduct.  A  judge  of  the  tribunal  of  commetrcc,  M. 
Gisquet  had  co-operated  in  the  heart  of  Paris,  at  that  time  a  pp*y 
to  I'lirious  excitement,  in  the  drawing  up  of  a  courageous  jndg* 
ment,  which  was  delivered  bv  M.  Gauncron  on  the  27  th  of  July, 
against  the  ordonnances  and.  in  favour  of  the  charter.  Rt^eoio- 
ZQËitded  by  iIùè  circumstance,  and  supported  by  M-  CaeizDii  P^îâer, 


M.  GiBQtTET  Amr^vmxwTKTt  473 


M.  Giftfuet  received  a  commianou  on  the  2il  of  October,  1830,  to 
prctt^ccd  to  London,  and  to  ncgolinto,  on  account  of  tKe  war  de- 
pnrtment,  tlie  purcliasc  oi"  three  hundred  thousand  muskets.  He 
went  EB  n  government  agent;  hia  letter  of  authomation  contained 
tbe^e  words:  "  You  will  Iw  allowed  a  commif^ion  upon  tlie  pur- 
chftse-money,  and  your  iravclUinpr  exponses;"*  ihetc  can  then  be  no 
doubt  that  M.  Gisquet  wiis  a  salaried  mandatory  of  the  government, 
and  that  he  proceeded  on  hi&  miseion^  invested  with  a  public  cha- 
racter: yet  on  his  arrival  in  England,  he  conceived  hini*cU"  entitled 
to  enter  in  his  own  private  name  into  a  pro%'t^ioual  har^ain  with 
MefiBTs.  Wheeler*  Iron,  and  Fairiar,  gun  inanuiacturera  tit  Birm- 
ingham. 

The  Tower  of  Loudon  contftinod  a  vast  quantity  of  old  muskot?. 
The  Birminghftm  manufacturers  proposed  to  M.  Gisquct  to  buy 
these  on  his  account  from  the  En|2:li£ih  govenimeut,  reserving  lo 
themselves  one-third  of  the  net  profit  realized  by  the  operation. 

Tliid  last  clause  waa  in  reaUty  inadmissible:  M.  Gisquet^  being 
merely  an  a^cnt,  had  no  profita  to  make  by  the  operation,  no  profits 
to  divide,  llut,  nevertheless,  he  consented  to  treat  on  this  basis. 
Nay,  more,  it  was  apfreed^  that  if  ibo  thirds  reserved  for  Messr?. 
Wheeler  and  Co.  did  not  produce  the  sum  of  1jO,000  I'rancs 
(fiOOO/,).  the  profits  should  be  halved. 

M,  Gîsquet  only  requiitd  a  frtrtnight  for  giving  his  definite 
answer  ;  and  in  the  singular  uE^rccment  entered  into,  he  took 
care  to  inïToduce  a  clause,  which  preclmbxl  Messrs.  Wheeler, 
Iron^  and  Fairfax,  from  making,  without  hia  special  authority,  n 
■Duiu  contract  witb  any  other  foreign  power  whatever;  whether 
is  tfcflB  ho  WM  animated  by  pure  patriotism,  or  simply  by  a  desire  to 
make  out  a  case  which  should  recommend  his  plan  to  tlie  immediate 
acceptation  of  tlic  French  govcmtnent,  it  J3  not  for  us  t«j  decide. 

In  accordance  with  the  arnmgemcntâ  ^reed  upo&>  the  Bimuag'- 
bam  manuihcturorï  then  made  a  proposal  to  the  Briiish  administrai 
tjon:  they  offered,  by  the  expiration  of  a  certain  periotît  to  replace 
with  new  muskets,  which  they  engaged  to  construct  from  the  ma- 
tcrittla  already  existing  in  the  ^vemment  arscnflls,  the  old  rausketa 
contained  in  the  Tower  of  London.  The  ofter  was  eagerly  ac- 
cepted, for  it  presented  two  important  advantages;  the  cxcutingc  of 
oitt  and  ineiltcicnt  weftpom  for  new  onea,  and  the  pestoration  of 
pome  degree  of  activity  to  manuiactoTiee«  that  since  tJic  wars  of  tho 
empire  liad  been  in  a  very  depressed  and  Inuguishing  condition- 
On  the  I7tli  of  October,  1830,  M.  Gisquct  was  back  iigjûn  in 
Paris,  'llic  day  before,  his  hou?e  had  been  ubligod  to  stop  [«ymcut  ; 
the  dflv  after*  hi^  house  resumed  paymenL 

Manbal  tiérord,  tlien  mimstcr  at  war,  rtsad  tho  contract,  and 
reraaed  to  ratify  it,    Ilis  successor,  Mar&hal  Souit,  alao  mauifcetod 

*  Yfl  w«  nai  in  the  Mmoin  of  iL  Gwquct  (TtJ.  L,  p.  1T6):  "  No  wnimiaiSna. 
w  «caajarr  adTanta^BTH  pcondied  me.  Mj  zdauoQ  m*  nnJcrflrrn  frratuit4Mul7, 
.aHMllBtljr  «it  9t  Atvottou  to  the  «oTcmmHkt.*  .■< 


474  THE  CONTRA.CT  ros  srcsxKTfi. 

oooiBÎdet&ble  hcsîtatîoii  on  the  subject;  and  tlie 
ooododcd  ibr  nearly  a  moDtk. 

Duriiijg;  this  iutervai^  M.  Gisquet  was  daily  "pteaâag  tlw  aàaîsv 
at  war  to  aa^nt  to  Jus  contract  When  asked  tbeppoe  m  dMiid 
die  muaketci,  he  propoaed  tt>  deliver,  Kc  had  fixed  it  si  ^âr^^4KU 
francs  mnety-ibur  centimes  (about  2^.)  csch,  pu^s^  and  qmiigi 
included.  This  appeared  to  tlic  minister  a  meet  exorbitant  phoe; 
ftnd,  moreover,  there  were  a  great  msxiy  teudezs  actiulijr  made  far 
leâà  burdensome  to  the  treasury  On  the  27th  of  Kov^mber,  1630, 
an  extensÎTe  dealer  of  the  namo  of  Vandexmeck,  nude,  tlmmgh  Ù£ 
medium  of  Marshal  Gérard,  a  written  proposal  to  supplj  tbe  mquiiri 
quantity  of  muskets  ibr  twenty-six  francs  each,  including  J^^'*'^ 
and  carriage.  He  undertook  to  furnish  modcets  «exacUj  ular  the 
model  of  those  made  in  England,  and  of  the  first  quaH^.  U. 
Gisquct,  on  being  informed  on  the  8th  of  December  of  the  proooi^ 
thus  made,  was  CKoeeeÎTely  disconcerted.  He  had  associslea  H. 
Bothschild  in  hh  hopes;  and  his  fears  were  eKMlj  lelieTed  lija 
letter  which  he  received  the  sumo  day  Ixom  the  great  banker^  «o^ 
nouncing  an  inlamcw  for  the  next  day  with  thâ  minister  ai  w. 
Xhe  interview  took  place^  and  M.  Gisquct,  now  no  longer  a  goycBh 
Bent  agent,  but  a  ^»eculator,  an  army  contractor,  concluded  wilfc 
Marshal  Soult,  a  bargain,  which,  though  its  terms  approodmaÉBd 
considcrahLy  nearer  to  thos  of  M.  Vandermeck  than  had  his  Ani 
proposal,  still  involved  the  treasury  in  a  dear  loss  of  Tcry  ttttadj 
2,500,000  franca  (100,000/.). 

Very  unplca^at  mmoura  âoon  began  to  circulate.  The  gcnll^ 
men  whose  tenders  had  been  rejected,  were  loud  in  their  cotnnlai^iL 
Why  had  this  préférence,  bo  ruinous  to  the  tr^^ury,  been  given  to 
M.  Gisquet?  Had  M.  Gisquct  peculiar  acquaintance  with  lb«  mb' 
ject,  entitling  him  to  the  superior  coafidence  of  the  minister?  Vfrn 
he,  had  he  been,  an  o01cer  of  artillery?  Nay,  (hd  he,  as  a  merchâalv  J 
as  a  tradiue;  contractor,  oifer  an  adequate  guarantee?  What  mjil^  V 
lioua  motive  could  have  induced  the  authorities  to  confide  to  a 
trader,  whose  afiàir^  seemed  to  be  in  much  confuâon  and  difficnlty, 
an  operation  which  required  great  and  pccuhar  knowledge*  and  vfr 
qupstionablo  solvency!'  Ere  lon^,  grave  suspicions  paned  itom 
mouth  to  mouth,  infusing  additional  irritatiDn  into  these  and  *^*^»^r 
questions.  It  was  pointed  ont  that  M.  Caamir  Pi^rier  was  com* 
meicially  connected  witli  M.  Grisquet  to  a  very  important  ***<*^f; 
that  in  feet  M.  Caaimir  Périer  was  a  sleeping  partner  in  the  botu»; 
that  he  had  capital  invested  in  it,  to  the  luge  amount  of  1,100/ 
franca  (44 ,000/,),  250,000  franca  of  which  dated  ftom  1825,  apA 
remainder  from  tbe  2d  of  July,  1830.  It  was  sBppoecd,theD, 
Ctaimir  Péricr  had  been  anxious  to  secure  liiâ  own  interests, 
ireve  so  seriously  compiomisod  by  the  anticipated  iàilure  of  tbe 
cetn.  People  did  not  fail  to  call  to  mind,  that  the  house  of  iL  Gi 
having  just  before  stopped  payment,  had,  ia  point  of  Hact,  sudi 
resumed  its  paymeuta  on  tno  r^um  of  M.  Gisqoci  &wn  ' 


K.  GISQnZI  AKD  THE  UINIBTBT.  476 

With  a  contract  in  his  pocket,  which  thus  seemed  to  be  "Ùiû  rcatûîcr 
of  his  fortttncfi.  Tbe  rumoms  aa^umed  »  stiU  more  dictinct  and 
liireatenmg  ahapc  when  the  public  lûamed  that  the  muskets  pur- 
chased  at  kj  dear  *  tnte,  were  of  a  very  itilèriop  quaîitj;  that 
they  were  very  heavy,  and  very  awkward;  and  that  the  workman- 
ehip  of  the  locks,  &c.,  waa  not  so  wcdl  finished  as  thoee  of  JFrench 
manufacture^* 

The  minister  of  war  had,  it  is  true,  ap])owted  a  oommianoaf  eon- 
Hflting  of  twelve  artillery  officers,  to  prove  the  mulets  Kut  fixan 
£ncliuiat  on  their  arrivd  at  Calais;  and  tlùâ  commisdon  fulûlkd  îta 
duUes,  aa  &r  as  they  went,  with  the  utmost  int-cgiity  and  good  faitlu 
But  of  the  200,000  gunB  dcHvered  by  M.  Gisquet,  only  110,000 
had  been  fumi&hed  by  tho  manufacturen,  the  remaining  90,000 
eomînç  from  the  Tower  of  London.  Now,  various  circumfitanceii 
gave  the  public  reaaoo  to  believe  that  the  latter  portion  of  tlte  sup- 
ply, wbicK  was  by  &t  the  most  liable  to  suspicion,  had  undei^ue 
zio  examination  whutcver.t 

All  these  cûcuTn£tancc3  fonned  a  combinatian  of  the  most  suspid- 
ouB  deecriptiôn;  and  it  bocamc a  matter  of  irapdrtance  to  clear  up  suck 
a  inystcry,  at  a  lime  when  every  thinf  seemed  already  to  anuounoe 
A  oliangc  for  the  woiso  in  the  natiomu  character,  and  the  rapid  pro- 
gresa  ot  mcreantilism  in  France.  It  wfu  mode  a  questioa^  whether 
we  nutter  should  not  be  brought  before  PatLiament;  but,  meantimer 
suspicion  growing  stronger  and  stronger  every  day,  a  republican 
journal,  the  Triune,  determined  to  give  the  signal  of  attack;  and 
accordingly*  on  the  9th  of  July,  Iddli,  it  published  sa  article  con- 
taining Siese  worda:  **  Is  it  not  true  that,  for  the  musket  and  cloth 
oontractâ,  M.  Gasmir  Péri»  and  Murshal  Soult  have  each  received 
ft  booaa  of  above  a  million  of  tnnaT* 

M.  Armand  Marraat  waa  the  author  of  Ùùê  article,  A  writer  iiill 
of  talent  and  energy^  he  threw  all  his  powers  into  its  production. 
The  sensation  it  occaaoncd  was  immcuEC  ;  and  the  prosecution  of  the 
journal^  that  was  iinmedlatcly  institutod,  lead  to  a  mcmorAble  irtaJ. 
Personages  of  the  preatcst  eminence  in  the  state — Mtssicun  dc  Lala^ 
yctte,  Dupont  (do  VEure),  Lamoique,  Guizot,  de  Corcelles^  Laffitte, 
andde  Hncquevillc— «{niearedaswitnŒes.  MeaneunCaâmir  Péiier 
and  Giequet  were  dcf«oded  with  much  subtlety  ondstdU  by  Mcsôeare 
Dnpio,  jun-,  ami  Lavaux;  but  they  had  to  sustain  a  terrible  attack 
from  tlus  advocate  of  the  Trièuncy  M.  Michel  (of  Bourgea),  a  Beroe 

*  &L  âuqoiît  lûnwdf  K^uowledc»  thU  in  bii  Memoin,  toI.  L,  p.  ISû. 
t  [n  tho  margin  oT  tbo  n^nrt  addnoed  to  UvibAt  S<mlL  \>y  Uk  ComtniMiaD,  we 
raid;  *■  It  will  »  pccwjy  to  pran  all  the  imaketa,  without  exceptLoa,  Aa<  art  noi 

nppittJfrom  tke  Tomm  of  Jjh^oh.** 

Aod  U.  GiiiM|i]«t,  wiahiiiir  u>  oukke  odt^  in  hi*  UomotTi,  tliat  the  proTÏng  hul  hoo 
conducted  wUh  \\w  tilmuM  «trictneui»  myi  (toL  i,  {^  Uèy.  *  tu  tact,  uf  the  1 10,000 

nmikeli  AtnUied  by  the  mmiiiifiicturcn.  35,000  wvte  ptii  addc  for  rrpkincr  kHoih 
tknu,  vhî£h  tbe  ConnniauiD  deemed  "t*VT"T.*' 

Why  ikioi  &L  Gipquct  hcTC  amfUt»  blmicif  to  the  1I0,IHX)  miukcti  famiahcj  by 
the  luanufacturcn?  Why  doc*  hp  tell  ni  nothing'  oi  to  whether  the  90,000  amhç 
from  At  Jctw  ^  Landm  went  mfmitwd? 


47B 


IMPUTATION  AOAJlîST  PeRIEB  AND  SOULT. 


and  irresistible  orator,  nvlio,  in  a  second  revolution  of  *92,  wouU 
have  become  4  second  Danton.     M.  Armand  Morrast  also  took  a  pazt 
in  this  celebrated  contest,  and  asserted  the  rigîitB  oi"  the  pross  vidi 
powerful  oloquencc     "  What!"  he  exclaimed, speakino;  oi  thoecde* 
positarics  of  power,  who  wished  to  enjoy  its  sweets  without  fo 
Its  responsibilities;  "what!   they  aie  to  have  at  tlieir   entire  i 
ptî&al  the  army,   the  public  money,  tlie  whole  national  iouuence; 
with  a  bare  sign,  they  are  to  set  in  motion  tlie  entire  body  of  pnblio 
functionarioa  ;  they  arc  to  have  all  these  powerful  means  tot   direct 
ing^  the  destinies  of  the  country;  at  the  least  movement  of  theàf 
thought,  they  are  to  call  up,  as  ovurwhelmers  of  those  who  uppoM  ' 
them,  the  bar  jmd  the  bailiffs,  the  ^end*armerie,   and  the   whok 
pla^'ue  of  the  police  ;  and  when  they  present  themselves  before  u»  with, 
all  this  train,  we,  poor  scribblers,  are  not  to  have  a  right  to  questkn 
them;  to  suggest  a  doubt  of  the  tendency  of  such  \'ast   powcrj  W 
suspect  abuses,  where  abuses  may  so  easily  be  perpetrated.      We  U9 
not  to  give  uttemnce  to  tîie  munnurins;  voice  of  opinion,  whose  ïa- 
etinct  is  so  direct  and  sure  I     We  think  differ^dy;  our    duty  ia  aà 
clear  aa  it  is  elcvatetl.     Liberty  is  nourished  by  dii?trust.     Keep  yooi  \ 
power,  if  you  wiU;  but  know  that,  from  tlaat  moment,  yoa  are  pueed  ' 
under  the  empire  of  pubUcity;  you,  your  present,  your  past,  your 
futiu'e;  ull  your  known  acts,  all  the  acta  that  you  have  in  project  t  J 
And  shame  to  the  coward  ivriter  who  shall  desert  his  duty,    bccMMI 
some  danger  or  other  may  be  attat^bed  to  il  !" 

In  the  course  of  his  warm  and  animated  improvisation,  M.  A^nuuid 
Marraiit  had  ^ivcn  to  the  theory  of  public  rcsponslbihtieâ  a  deveiop&t 
ment,  that  M.  Dupin,  juu.  lost  no  time  in  declaring  highly  danser* 
0118-  According  to  him,  charges,  even  against  public  functionanes^ 
were  not  permissible,  when  founded  merely  on  presumptioiui  j 
however  strong,  upon  the  mere  report,  or  even  knij-R  ledge,  oi  indi- 
viduals, howevLT  honoiu-ablo.  ^Vnd,  such  being  llic  case»  it  «"M 
equally  unwanantible  in  writers  to  put  Ibrth  accuaitious,  whether  in 
the  disputative  or  in  the  afiirtuauvc  form,  the  first  form  being  ntcrel^r 
un  artince  of  Language. 

In  the  course  of  the  trial,  M.  Bâscans,  directar  of  the    STWAtuw, 
produced  a  letter^  written  by  one  of  the  principal  giinmakeni  in 
London,  Mr^  Bcckwith,  the  very  pcirson  to  whom  M.  Oisquet   h»i 
intrusted  the  inspection  of  his  muskets.  The  thin";  was  very  curious  i 
M.  Bascans,  some  dnys  before  the  U'ial,  had  gone  to  London,  audio* 
troducing  himself  to  Mr.  Beckwith  as  a  person  eommisgiotied  to  pur- 
chase a  considerable  quaulilj  of  guns,  had  requested  that  geatlenuuL  ^ 
to  give  him  a  Bt*temcnt  of  his  pricca  in  a  letter,  so  that  ne  znigbft  j 
comjuuntcate  them  Uj  the  persons  interested  in  the  trimsacCit»su     It 
was  thig  letter  that  M,  Bascans  now  produced  to  the  court:  it  con- 
Uined  the  following;  **  A  musket  and  bayonet,  of  exactly  the  sam*] 
quality  in  all  respecta  as  those  furnished  lu  M.  Giaquct  by  tlie  Bi' 
tish  government,  will  cost  you  twenty-six  francs  fifty  centimes.' 


TUii  letter  wts  Jepoiitgd  wiUi  thi;  regiitrar  of  tlie  Otur  Ag^Ic. 


J 


.'I 


FKOÂECÛtlOIT.  ' 


477 


SIgmficant  as  thù  letter  ^âs,  it  went  for  notMb|^1ti  sustaining  thd 
theory  of  persftiifil  attacks,  M.  Armand  Morrast  had  ascribed  to  the 
press  a  right  of  investigation,  which  was  perf-ectly  alarming'  to  the 
authoriti^  in  this  epoch  ol"  corruption  and  deuij.  He  Wiis  seu- 
tenced  to  pay  a  fine  of  3000fr.  and  to  six  montha*  iraprisonment. 
But  public  opinion,  without  accusine  the  judges  of  partiality,  mani- 
feated  very  bttle  diapoaition  to  confirm  the  sentence;  and  the  ex- 

fiTe?sioa,fttsiIa  Oistptet^  took  ilâ  fixed  place  ia  the  polemical  Tocabu- 
ary,  as  a  term  of  disgrace. 

In  the  course  of  tliis  trial,  several  important  questions  iverc  started, 
and  eolveiî  in  various  irayi?.  Tlicre  was  one,  however,  upon  which 
no  opposition  of  opinion  wne  manifested.  The  law  which,  in  prose-^ 
entions  for  attacks  upon  private  cltizena,  prohibits  the  judidal  proof 
by  tlie  defendant  of  the  facta  alleged»  hod  been  cited^  without  a  word 
betcg  said  a^tûnst  itâ  propriety.  'nii&  feet  was  typical  of  the  wiiole 
ifnrit  of  the  age.  Doubtless,  it  would  be  on  odiouâ  state  of  thiugsi, 
which,  holding  out  a  premium  for  scandal,  should  £^ve  up  the  private 
life  of  the  citizens  for  the  informer  to  batten  on,  as  ufaa  the  case 
at  Rome.  It  is  necessary,  then,  that  pcuallies  should  be  imposed 
upon  calumnVf  and  that  those  pcnaltica  should  be  of  a  very  severe 
character.  But  to  proliibit  the  citizens  from  denouncing  uagitious 
acta,  of  whit'll  th^y  hold  the  proofs  in  their  liands;  to  say  that^  when 
they  have  unmasked  vice,  and  are  called  m  question  for  it,  they  ahaU 
not  be  permitted  to  call  the  truth  to  their  aid,  is  an  insult  to  reason, 
to  comnion  sense,  and  to  public  virtue;  it  is  to  throw  over  the  disso- 
lution of  public  monda,  over  the  aelf-abascmcnt  of  public  men,  the 
protecting^  mantle  of  public  and  insured  patronage;  it  is  to  give  leeal 
encouragement  to  bad  faith,  to  tlie  spirit  of  intrigue,  to  skillul 
frauds,  and  to  tell  the  society  at  large  tliat  it  is  not  to  enjoy  that  se- 
curity which  is  given  to  its  indi\'idual  nocmbctB,  Besides,  men  can- 
not form  in  thcm^lvea  two  distinct  beings,  the  private  person  and 
the  pubho  functionary.  The  judge  who  jobs  on  'Change,  will,  sooner 
or  later,  job  on  the  bench,  Tiic  deputy  who  has  many  wants,  tho 
oflapring  of  many  vices,  will,  sooner  or  later,  traffic  in  his  vote,  in 
order  to  supply  them.  I  pity  a  country  whose  laws  and  manners 
are  such  as  to  render  possible  the  popularity  of  a  Mirabeau. 


CHAPTER  XH. 

WllTLE  France  was  allowinw  its  attention  to  lie  taken  up  with  lliese 
lamentable  discussions,  Pi>Wd  was  preparing  onw  more  to  astonish 
and  excite  the  minds  of  men  with  the  Fjiectacle  lif  lier  dying  agonies. 
But  as  a  prclimluary  to  tho  fiad  story  of  that  painful  and  awe-in- 
spiring struggle,  it  is  neccaeflay  to  explaûi  what,  at  this  moment,  wero 


'  TIEWIS  OP  AQSZKLL  WTIB  BBGAKH  TO  POCASO». 


«■fiictiiBate  people. 

TTpon  '^-^■«"g  &e  mttuiMtûm  of  Wczw,  Aaeckm  i 
MÛea  witk  greit  aknm.     OM»ftiicd  hj  the  poiicT  o£  ilie  '.■ 
Viema,  and  imitRH  of  GaiBcu,  abe  lek  b«nelir  dooU^ 
But  yÀai  the  âetexmiiwd  «nd  poloued  leâftaBee  oC   i 
iHBnied  tomewhxt  of  a  reallj  firm  un  fcimiiMihi  mmootH 

iaa^endcnt  footsn^,  would  not  be  more  «dmitwsoaB  fer  tfaê  A^ 
ttSm  peofde,  tKon  ^c  co&tiatiatioii  of  astntgefewaBckooBldHitU 
to  prodnee  tHc  inost  profound  excitement  iziu  **^ 
of  vfalch  irQ«  altogether  bcjond  calcalalioit. 

It  is  CCTtûn  that  the  reconstitotion  of  Folaod, 
rtBte,  ira*  the  true  iotereat  of  Aoatriaf  eren  thoufi^h  xt  oast 
Bcû.    For,  mu»  the  ^moiu  l^eftt;^  ufparticiaik,  the  aspect  4 
ind  altogetiier  changed.     Riuaa^  conMantlj  tending^  tcnr 
aoii^-ire>t,  bad  as  oooitiBtlj  overwhelmed  by  bcr  pondczooa  ' 
•fi  that  die  oane  ecra«  in  lier  way.     Her  ftdirances  almj^  the  < 
of  the  Black  Sea,  and  hex  progress  in  Turfeer»  were  of  *  nati 
awaken  the  amdani  floUàtode  of  Austria,  who  saw  baadf  tluia< 
the  point  of  being  tamed  and  smrooaded.    In  Uiis  aituatiaa 
oouw  bo  more  adTantageoos  for  her  than  the  fbmution  of 
àota  which,  from  the  Bouth-eafit  to  the  north-w<^,  ahoald 
Mcnro  her  firontien? 

Whether  influenced  by  iheae  conaderatioDft,  or  pel^xtg'  to  i 
motives  of  a  I0&6  clcTuted  kind^  the  court  of  Vienna  prooeeded  wisb»  J 
out  much  delay  in  diecoanccting  its  policy  upoa  this  qoestiotL  :~ 
that  ui'  tbc  other  cabinets  of  Europe.     Yet,  UhhiUl  to  its  old  I 
of  wary  ciîCumspCûtioD,  it  took  care  to  give  its  agents*  flieir  îi 
lioiu,  couched  in  such  tcsua  that,  should  tbe  need  arse,  it . 
dittVOW  whatever  steps  iiad  been  taken  one  way  or  the  otïier. 

^Qie  Aujitriiui  coiiBulf  who  had  not  quitted  Wai^w^  now  g&ve  tfas  1 
Polish  goTcmment  to  understand  that  his  soTcreigu  was  not  SBdis-l 
posed  to  favour  the  re-eelablishment  of  Polish  natioimlitj,  and  aymat  | 
pntotiadly  to  contribute  towards  tliat  object  by  relinquishii^  Gal- 
licia,  on  these  conditions:  fîrat,  that  Poland  would  acoe{»t  as  hcr{ 
king  an  AxtEtrian  prince;  and,  socondly,  that  the  propootion  sbcmU.  ' 
be  made  conjointly  by  France  and  Austria. 

In  consequence  of  this  communication^  M.  WalcwsM  was  de- 
spatched to  sound  the  disposition  of  the  cabinet  of  the  Tuileries  and 
of  the  cabinet  of  St.  James's.  He  arrived  in  Paris,  in  the  b^in-  ■ 
ning  of  Marchf  just  at  the  moment  when  the  ministry  of  M.  Lam(t«  | 
■Wits  giving  place  to  that  of  M.  CuÊiinir  Ptrier.  The  Palais  Royalj 
did  not  reject  tho  overtures  of  Austria;  its  reply  was,  that  it  ooaldl 
not  but  unite  its  adheâon  «ilh  that  of  England  il'  the  project  dkoold  { 

*  Tbe  factji  irhlch  we  here  rcoord  npe  not  rdat&l,  nor  even  in^cated^  by  aay  at  1 
hUtarisBt  of  the  rerotutioB  of  Pûluid.  Bat  vnc  odvAocc  do  vlAt$tucac  wloch  iro  1 
Ml  declvçd  from  otulwotic  Mnawi»  ^ 


otfacri 


.  fioKJ 


POLANU  AÎTD  THE  BELGIiN  QUESTION. 


479 


prove  satisfaotoTy  to  that  country.  M.  Walewaki  then  procecdtni  to 
London,  But  tkc  answer  of  the  J3ritiah  cabinet  wîiâ  very  diflbreiit 
from  tha,t  of  the  French,  government.  Lord  Pahnerston  ûdinitted, 
with  the  utmost  frankness,  that  France  was  the  sole  object  of  the 
tli?truitt  and  ftpprcliensions  of  Great  Britain.  He  s&ià  tlmt  hia  Bri- 
tannib  majesty  mstintamed  with  SU  Petersburg  relationa  of  amity 
which  1)0  and  no  desre  to  interrupt;  that  he  would  never  consent  to 
imita  hia  efforts  with  France  in  any  deaiga  that  was  hostile  or  dis- 
agreeable to  Kuscia. 

From  this  a  jurkçment  may  readily  bo  formed  as  to  the  extreme 
imbeciUty  of  the  part  which  was  baug  perftunned  in  the  diplomatic 
world,  both  by  the  directors  of  French  policy  at  home  and  by  M. 
de  Talleyrand,  their  representative  in  London.  But  the  blind  inlù- 
toation  of  ctw  statesmen,  on  the  subject  of  Rtigliah  alliance,  amounted 
to  insmity. 

The  cflUK  of  Poland,  as  far  as  diplomacy  was  coneeraei],  seemed 
hopelessly  lost,  when  Just  at  that  point  of  time  tiiere  waa  put  upon 
the  carpet  that  iiouous  treaty  of  the  eighteen  articles,  of  which  wc 
have  iJJeady  reïatcd  the  origin.  Although  favourable  to  Belgium, 
lliia  treaty,  it  has  been  seen,  waa  very  ill  received  in  Brussels.  Had 
the  Belgian  congresa  rejected  it,  the  clectioa  of  Leopold  of  Saxe 
Cobourg  would  Imvo  been  materially  compromised.  The  cabinet  of 
St.  Jamc&'s  foresaw  this  contingent  result,  and  was  thrown  into  the 
greateyt  perplexity. 

In  the  meantiiic  M.  de  la  Mcrodc^  mi?cting  RL  Walowski  in 
London ,  had  informed  him  of  the  warm  sympathy  which  the  cause  of 
the  Poles  and  thâr  undaunted  efibrts  had  created  in  the  breasts  of  the 
Belgian  catholics.  M .  Walewski  immediately  conceived  a  hope  of 
rendering  this  sympathy  practically  useful  to  Ki^  coimtry.  M.  de 
U  iMexode  did  not  appear  to  entertain  a  doubt  but  that  ^c  eathoHc 
party  in  the  Belf^an  cnngrees  would  vole  for  the  eighteen  article?,  on 
çondîtlûn  Uïat  England  would  promise  to  interpose,  conjointly  with 
France,  in  &Tour  of  Poland.  Lord  Falmerston,  on  thia  being  put 
to  liini,  refused  to  enter  into  any  formal  engagement  on  the  subject, 
but  f^^ave  it  to  be  imdoratood  that  the  acceptance  by  Bel^um  of  the 
Ogbteen  ortictcfl,  might  prove  an  eminent  service  rendered  to  Poland. 
Ab  to  M.  do  Talleyrand,  ne  warmly  adopted  the  project^  and  promised 
to  present  a  note  to  the  British  government  m  its  favour*  Upon 
this  osurance,  a  PoUsh  agent,  M.  Zaluski,  proceeded  from  London 
to  Brussels,  where  his  exortiona  Tnatemlly  aided  the  pasring  of  thd 
treaty." 

*  Wff  ha.n  Mbr»  tn  two  kttors,  -written  on  thu  occuion  by  M.  Z*ltuki  to  U. 
Walmfci    Tbe  foUmnn;  srv  portions  of  their  cooumtfl  : 

"BniwçK  JnlT»,  I  «31, 

*  Mt  DEin  Wjtixwtxt, — ^Thc  dcbMln  ■»  not  yvt  condadpd;  but  thv  a«*pt»iw* 
of  the  ConfercDM't  ttropoAltfaiM  ii  do  kuer  a  niittCT  of  tk>abt  tt  U  w  Mth  h  itiat- 
toT  of  dcnbt that  Uu;  caft^dtntiaa.  of  thePottah  quesâon  hu  wmrftal^  cxntribtited 
to  briitg  OTCT  a  mnntier  o(  ni«mben  wbo  wov  onp^*^  "^  vha  HOfKMlttoa!.  The 
gbJRTton  had  a  liigh  and  generona  p^uod,  tbc  ijiiflsuua uf  tbe  abaailDQiPeot  of  Vetilpo; 


480 


rM3.iXTUÀXM>  .iX  Txcvr, 


ËD^Biid  hid  obtaiiied  the  olijoct  of  lier  wishes,  without  i 
into  uij  acbnl  cngigement.     Accordingly,  when  M.  dc  ^~ 
preeeated  the  prcnmaed  soke  he  wxa  met  by  a  refusal,  the  p 
lOTm  of  which  but  vczj  impo^eelly  veiled  ita  real  infiolence.* 
de  Taiieynnd  had.  agûn  lieen.  tzicked. 

He  had  so  Ënle  «ntidp^ted  the  result,  that  with  a 
^tute  unpazdoiiAble  in  a  laaji  of  his  jeais  and  expcricnoc,  he  1 
wiitteti  off  watd  to  ûte  Fabis  Ro^rai,  that  ticgotiattoïtâ  highW 
Touiable  to  Poland  were  in  progrcs.     !^f.  Sébastiani,  placing 
pHcit  rdiance  upon  the  infonnadoa,  hastened  to  commiuiiâUe  it 
the  Poti^  leganan  in  Pari?,  by  "whafii  a  courier    -was   huluili 
despatched  to  vVai^.w,  with  advices  conlbrmable  to  the  pacific  <  * 
racter  of  the  intelligence  reo^vcd-     At  a  later  period,    the  op 
tion  made  ose  of  mis  cirtnunstance,  and  of  the  disastrous 
which  attended  it,  as  a  groand  for  accuâng  the  mimstiy  of  petfid| 

tlie  reUnqntdimPiMt  of  tliedr  oppoftitiua  bad  «Im  tu  high  and  gsneion»  geaaaA,  X 
XmiBotkii  of  the  tzw  m»r«5U  of  FuUDd,*  &c. 

«Bnua^  July  10.  isst 

*  Mt  ltta.B  Walswbsx, — I  Tpstcrday  annntlKvd  to  jou  tbe  tu^ceptunce  by  On 
giw  of  the  etght^ien.  krticlts.     I  thinX  it  mj  dnty  to  SucL  that  bj  the  ivlmifii-^  i 
agnct  jDsny  manben  xii  Coagnsa.  the  ooncderasâon  of  the  Polish  qoestitni  bmt 
iHuBr  «aambated  to  pndooe  tUt  nwdc    I  m  nor  oadeannring  to  dcrin  an  i 
TUU^e  firatn  thi»  çJTOaaaUuÈOt,  by  wekiiiK  to  obtÙD  ao  afilDivwledgkiient  of  «w  i 
tÏAlal  goTciiiDieul  fnKU  the  new  Itmg.,    iL  Lt^Leau,  who  «ill  deljTer  thiix,  has 
mîaed  to  asÛÊl  ha  bj  eruiy  mfani  in  hia  power,"  &;€•  &C. 

*  We  huTc  heea  foroisbod  irith  a  copj  pf  Lord  Pahncmtun^i  note.      It  imu  Iho 

"  The ondenigDcdt  &c^  ftc^inmlj  to  the  note  prnoited  to  hîm  bythea 
4]or  of  Fmiec,  the  ùbjcct  of  which,  u  to  indooc  the  British  Koronmait  to  ii 
ill  com^ert  with  France,  in  the  allhin  of  I^4arad,  fût  the  pnrpne  of  «topping  thea 
■km  of  hlood,  xnd  ai  pmcvnng  far  that  coiintr^  a  pdlitkaJ  aod  nalUnruJ  ^^îftfi^p^ 

"  lias  the  hiMiour  to  iafoTm  liis  esodlencj-  the  Prince  de  TaUejrrtmd,   that  vith  i  " 
tbedimwitiiHi  the  King  of  Gnat  Britain mi^^t  hare  to  ooontr  with  tlie  Kiogvft 
Tkbim,  hi  snj  meuDre  calcnUted  ta  oaisâidste  the  peace  of  Em-Qpc.  uid 
tÊTpedàUy  in  aoy  which  would  reallj  bsvt  tbfe  L-fiixrt  vf  ^uitinfr  an  end  t«  tim  w 
extcrmiDatioQ,  u  which  B^aiid is  new  the  tlieairt,  his  Majesty  iâ  coiuirelletl  toilo 

"  That  a  mere  onUoarx  mcdlaUDiD»  andet  existing  circiuortaaces,  ootild  not  i 
be  rejected  hy  BnsNa;  the  ûiore  «o,  that  tbe  court  of  St-I^tntbarf?  has  jtu«c 
the  proposals  of  this  kind  made  to  it  bf  Fraaoe^  that, conaeqoentljr,  the  Inter 
of  the  two  courts,  to  he  eiTcctire,  must  be  U)  intCTvcatioa  to  ^  culbroed«   in  I 
erent  of  a  ivjcclioti  on  thu  part  of  Rossis, 

"TIk?  King  of  £nKl4nd  dct*  nrvtooDcelTe  hiiiiieU;b7Ui7ineaiis,j™(>Aedini 
ing;  the  Utter  altanatiie;  the  iiiAueiK-e  tbu  the  mr  may  hsTe  upon  tbe  tnacp 
uf  other  states  û  not  luch  as  to  ntx^sitalc  aor  snch  £lcp;  ftitd  the  frank  uid  u 
cahlc  rplatioas  cxistiiif;  between  tbt-  L-mirt  of  St.  Pç(cf«lmrE  and  his  Mojestx  do  1 
permît  lûm  to  undertake  it.  Hia  Brilaijciic  ^I^Ù^^Ji  ^^^ore^  flnda  hjiimir  no 
pclk^  to  duiline  th«  proposais  transmitted  to  huD  bj  ilia  exoellcBOT  tlw  Pbmm* 
Talleyrand,  bi  his  note  of  the  SOth  cf  June,  htraig  of  opinion  that  ute  time  bat  : 
yet  arrivfKl  for  aoccesefhlly  adoptia^  them  against  the  will  of  a  aoreicifB  wh 
riffhts  arc  ioamteatafale. 

"  At  tlte  same  time,  hii  Majesty-  has  dinetcd  tbe  ttndenipitJ  to  cxpreaa  to  Ws  i 
ccllcncy,  tho  aiTiba^sôiIor  of  Frajict^,  th«  deep  aaf^uish  of  his  heart  at  teÉÔOg  ||h 
Tflgea  that  ak  taking  place  in  l'oL-ind,  And  t«  assure  him  that  Le  will  take  even  4 
OOiapalihli;  with  his  ftiemUy  relations  with  Kiiuia,  to  pnt  an  end   to  those  1 
Instructions  lut-c  already  been  fo'nrardt-d  Co  the  ambassador  of  his  Britazmic  L.^ 
at  Et,  FetVTBburg^  to  declare  that  lus  ïtajest^"  will  msisi  apûu  the  mamtjwi^tfHTe  ^^ 
t>clhtal  eaiitcapf  of  Poland,  tu  ut  nbliabed  in  lâiï,  anJ  of  b^r  oatiooal  institut 
•         i^\  (Signed;  "  r  AL1ŒESTOS.- 


PABKXwrrcn's  new  plan  of  operations.  481 

Tho  charge  waa  an  unjust  one:  the  ministry^  this  time,  was  only 
guilty  of  incâpociiy. 

Tnus  the  Poles  nad  iill  the  powers  Bgoinst  them  :  Russia  was  ex- 
hausting herself  in  gigantic  efiorts  to  cxtcfcainatc  them  ;  Austria 
abandoned  thcrn|  through  pure  timidity;  Prussia  was  helping  to 
OTerwhelm  thcra  ;  England  waa  quite  wilhng  to  ècc  them  pcnsh, 
bec&uso  tlu9  aSoTded.  a  manifest  proof  to  Europe  how  very  little  the 
aisndahip  of  France  availed;  France  herself,  under  the  direction  of 
a  goremmeat  alike  destitute  of  elevation  of  soul  and  of  capacity , 
!ifld  beconie  an  instnimcnt  against  them,  in  the  handa  of  a  diplo- 
macy, steadfast,  impkiciible  in  its  sullen  and  selfish  egoism, 

Meanwlùle,  from  the  depths  of  Husâia  incessantly  poured  forth 
new  masses  of  troopa.  The  Russian  army,  70,000  strong,  with 
300  eaimon,  had  passed  imder  the  command  of  Field-miirshal 
Paskewitch,  of  Erivau,  the  conqueror  of  the  Persians,  Renomiciûg 
the  idea  of  attacking  Warsaw  on  the  right  bonk,  where  it  was  de- 
fended by  the  suburb  Pruga»  and  by  tlie  river  iteelf,  tliis  daring 
man  formed  Uic  project  of  transporting  his  hne  of  opemtions  to  tho 
otiicr  side  of  the  Vistula.  His  plan  was  lo  marcii  towards  the 
Prussian  frontier,  where  additional  succours  of  every  description 
«waited  him,  to  cross  the  Vistula  at  0:£iek,  and  to  return  and 
attack  Warsftw  on  tlie  left  bank. 

After  passing  Warâaw,  the  river  continue  ita  courac  towatxla  the 
north  for  about  five  leagues,  as  far  as  ModUii,  a  fortilicd  town,  then 
occupied  by  the  Poles.  At  this  phice  it  makes  an  clbow^  turning 
sharp  round  to  the  west;  and  here  receives  the  Bug  and  the  Narew, 
whiehf  just  befoixt  united  into  a  single  stream,  throw  thcmselvea 
irst^j  it  by  one  mouth.  Modlin,  tl*ea,  waa  a  fortresB,  whence  the 
Poles  were  to  command  the  new  theatre  of  war.  But  the  resolution 
of  tlie  Ëcld-marshal  wa£  taken,  and  on  the  4th  of  July  the  Russian 
army  wm  put  in  motion.  Divided  into  four  columns,  it  was  ordered 
to  execute  a  pandlci  march,  turning  round  Modlin,  as  round  a 
pivot,  the  column  nearest  that  fortress  having  directions  to  adu^noe 
slowly,  in  order  tliat  tho  column  at  the  cxtreraitv  of  the  radius 
might  have  time  to  accomplish  its  movement.  Thta  march  wa$  in 
the  highest  degree  rash  and  dangerous.  The  soldiers  had  to  make 
their  way  over  a  country  ploughed  up  by  the  heavy  niins^  and  in- 
Icssected  in  c\'cry  direction  wilii  rivera  dnd  torrents.  Worn  out  by 
the  heaviuesa  of  the  way,  encumbered  by  their  baggage,  their  largo 
park  of  artillery,  and  the  immense  tnin  requisite  for  the  transport  ol' 
iwcniy  days*  victualling  for  such  an  army,  pursued^  moreover,  by 
the  cholera,  which  stTcwctl  tlic  road  with  dead  and  dying,  the 
various  divisions  dragged  on  tlicir  painful  march,  cxhausE^l,  broken 
up,  dispcïaed.  Iladftn  army  oi'  40,000  men,  debouching  from 
Modhn,  fiiUen  upon  these  diaordered  masses,  there  is  every  proba- 
bility that  Paskewitch  woidd  have  bwn  utterly  orerwhehued,  that 
Polimd  would  have  been  saved,  A  corps  of  X'olish  cavalry,  sent 
out  as  a  rccounoilcring  party  »  proved  indeed  the  cjicremo  prouabihty 


oCftidiAzei&b^bjrsliÊeimie  eonf aâoo  wbitdi  ù  tLnev  i 
âa  vmji  hy  dmii^  in  Aomsi^ê  oonocks. 
Bol  ti«»lcB&l^bn^âkizyaMfci 

irttd  tfe  tTwofiiridi  I'lilliiiMiiii'i^etgy,  each  tow  i 
pMBd  bdbcv  liieir  naiks;  bat  liuwiwuM,  iaflrrthir, 
Mbd  or  «bragged   kw  AonMwM.     Wint  mjilfij 
shA  thjt  eoodoct?  Didsheliaoof  Doè>e,cif  Gxocfaavpor  Wa 

of  I>mW«iIkie.  «i^  to  dnw  die  Rmâjnu  ara  ta  the  1^  ] 
|fc«  hope  of  cniiamg  beneath  tlw  mralki  of  Wcm  xKe 

fi^-nuxalal,  Ûka  cat  o^  û^am  aU  ""■■—■■■![<  t*'^'  vîik  ? 

to  adxe  tM  TÎdoir}-  wbicb  oAeeed  indf  n  fnclj  b 

atmôt  n  ander  ârcamstnnc»;  to  poGipoDe  it  until  it  "trm^,  as  lie  saa^it 
cbeDH  campirtia,  wms  to  raider  it  ■■"""'"-      So  thonghi  Uh;  | 
ao  tHnwgtrt  Ibe  Kldurv,  c^œ^efled  to  inactÎTVj.    lÀid  i 
«kiDcmr  arnw;  «lid  veil  b  m^bt,  Ibr  Bukeniicl^  m  tlw 
badcTotud  tbenwon  flciarii^  hndgM,  ^  inaWnih  fer  vbiiebl 
buD  prepared  I17  ^Maet  Hwm,  rad  bi*  smj  1 
a  cotDpuA  anaj  totwaBow  up  devoted  Wwamm. 

The  cUmcucr  dow  became  nxûreml  i  SkizyEbecki  £d 
bend  that  there  vw  »  lerolutioii  in  this  «r«r;  diatû  ^rw 
tbe  timdîest  poaiihiÊ ttcniwf,  to  push  feinittd  Poknd  vponl^i 
jfitwvean^tonTebar&ombQvelf;  that  this  whb  line  « 
ibe  gmbeittl  tnxiit  a!»  Hit  the  ■tetmcan;  that  eticb  di^s  dd^f  ^ 
CfHm^ï>d  the  gTf>wtti  of  aD  deçiTCt^"incr  anarrhir.  A  man  snA  a  çyi* 
tern  of  daring,  these  are  evidentlj  what  were  wanting  to  unhapfy 
Poland.  It  would  have  mffioed  to  save  her  had  France  sent  her  a 
^ef,  who,  free  from  all  local  prejudices  and  jealousies,  should  have 
establifhed  in  Warsaw  the  authority  of  the  French  name,  harre  ren- 
dered powerless  the  aristocrat  negotiators  and  schcmeis,  and  bare 
given  the  preponderance  to  the  democratic  party,  the  only  one  <»- 
pfthle  of  striking  an  effective  blow  at  Russia,  and  demanding  triHrnph 
from  despair!  Eut  no:  four  French  generals,  Meesiems  Ëzoehnau. 
Hulot,  LÂllemand,  and  Grouchy,  offered  themselves;  they  were  fozoed 
to  retire;  Prussia  permitting  no  volunteers  to  pass,  and  France  not 
daring  what  Prusaa  had  dared.  Tlie  indirect  intimations  of  M. 
Sébastian!,  the  letters  of  our  minister  at  Berlin,  M.  de  Flahaut,  who, 
like  M.  Sébastiani,  was  inclined  to  the  temporizing  policy,  the  inde- 
fatigable intrigues  of  that  party  in  Poland  which  feared  the  pevcia- 
tionary  principle  even  more  than  it  feared  the  Rusôans,  such  are  the 
circumstances  which  explain  the  indecision  of  Skrzynecki,  but  do 
not  absolve  him. 

For  the  results  were  terrible.  In  the  entire  absence  of  a  stn^ig 
and  democratic  party  in  Warsaw,  that  city  had  fallen  into  all  the 
excesses  of  unbridled  demagogue  sway.  The  proposition  made  by  the 
generalissimo,  to  coniidc  the  power  to  one  single  person,  had  only 
aerred  to  engender  furious  discussions.     The  iaifure  of  the  expedmon 


ANABCHICAt  SCESEg  IN  WARSAW,  483 

of  Jankowski  into  the  palatinnte  of  Lublin^  wMcb  vi&s  ûttrlbutcd.  to 
the  TiEcst  treachery,  Icauto  anumbcr  oi* sudden  arrests.  The  passions  of 
men  having,  in  that  day  of  peril  and  disorder,  uo  olhtr  occupation, 
naturally  employed  thcmaeîveâ  in  augmenting  the  peril  and  disorder. 
Jluro  furioug  bands  were  sa:en  parading  the  atreets,  and  detnanding 
with  loud  cries:  '^  Deatli  to  tlie  traitors  !"  Tliere  sal  in  conckve  a 
knot  of  agitators,  whom  old  Krukowiecki,  well  skilled  in  turning  to 
his  purpose  the  rude  feeling  and  coarse  bravery  of  hii  humble  fel- 
low-countrymen, was  secretly  inflaming  with  views  favourable  to  his 
own  ambitious  projects.  In  a  third  direction,  in  order  to  save 
General  Hurtig,  whom  the  people  were  about  to  tear  in  pieces»  the 
father  of  Koman  Soltyk,  who  had  grown  old  in  the  dungeons  of  the 
Czar,  though  well  nigh  at  the  portals  of  death,  crawled  to  a  balcony, 
where  he  exlwrled  the  multitude  to  mercy.  But  those  dark  and 
fearful  days  had  also  their  pointa  of  grandeur.  All  at  once  in  the 
midst  of  the  storm  which  raged  around  it,  the  Diet  stood  forth 
and  declared  the  country  in  danger.  Tliere  was  something  sublime 
in  the  address  which  it  sent  forth  to  the  people:  "  In  the  name  of 
God  and  of  liberty,  in  the  name  of  tlie  nation  trembling  between 
life  and  death,  in  the  name  of  the  kings  and  heroes,  your  ancestors, 
who  have  fallen  on  the  field  of  battle  in  defence  of  the  faith  and 
independence  of  Europe,  in  the  name  of  future  generations,  who  else 
will  demand  a  terrible  account  of  your  abashed  shades  for  their  ser- 
vitude^ priests  of  Christ,  citizens,  culuvators  of  the  earth,  Polta,  arise, 
arise  as  one  man  ]*'  and  at  tlds  invocation  all  did  arise  as  one  man» 
One  vast  cry  of  despair»  solemn,  formidable,  rebounded,  tliroughout 
the  countiy.  Kach  prient  set  up  his  crucifix  m  a  standard,  whither 
eagerly  flocked  the  whole  male  population  of  his  parish,  the  children» 
the  fatliers,  and  the  grandsires,  armetl  aa  beat  they  might  witli  forks, 
with  sickles,  and  with  foythes,  the  labours  of  the  ripe  harvest  alto- 
gether forgotten  or  set  aside. 

It  was  m  the  midst  of  this  universal  cK&ltAtion  that  DembinsH 
appeared  among  them,  bringing  back  from  the  depths  of  Lithuaniai 
whither  he  had  gone  to  spread  the  tkme  of  insurrection,  the  wreck 
of  his  little  array.  ITie  expedition  commanded  by  Gielgud  had 
been  imfortunalc;  suspected  of  treachery,  Giclgud  hunaelf  had  been 
shot  by  his  aide-de-eamp  ;  but  iiere,  as  throughout,  the  Poles  had 
performed  prodigies;  among  tho  rest,  one  noble  young  woman  of 
twenty,  the  Countess  Plater,  had  put  herself  &t  the  head  of  a  detach* 
ment  of  insui^^ts,  and  had  lead  them  undauntedly  against  the 
cnetny^  As  to  Dembinaki,  compelled  to  give  way  before  the  force 
of  overwhelming  numbers^  he  had  effected  a  retreat  worthy  of  im- 
mortal renown;  and  now  having  in  twenty  days  accompliafied  two 
hundred  and  ton  French  leagues,  in  die  course  of  whtch  he  hod 
crossed  eleven  rivers  and  travelled  vast  desert  forests,  lie  brought 
back,  for  a  last  great  struggle,  the  remnant  of  hia  gallant  Bouadrons, 
exhausted  and  in  rags,  bat  full  of  indomitable  courage  ana  patriMr 
ism.    Tiio  reception  which  he  met  with  at  the  bands  of  the  people 

2  K 


xof.  -  .    -  '^i  T»!l  wt  in.  feice  fimp»>  wio  had  bcea  ^^ ____. 

Iiux2ig^i«fi  br  Vû^  hskî  et*  tbe  îazcp».  ra^wd  tD  the  fsue  pàecm  mk 

tT^acrLerr.  Oui«r  pTi?c«Kf?.  ccoânei  ss  Wo^  vere  ^ho  ihiiffc 
taPCfi.  bût  tL«  PT€aier  nTnsber  ot'  tbâte  v««  wrctc&e.  Kjcgptua  ty 
j^iici».*.  asûd  me  sriiveratl  ccnf^a-iti.  wlio  h^  been  «est  timv  m 
gnîltT  of  inàsKAZ  é^MXxhaj.  ot*  armcs  wiikii  the  pen  igiuuei  to 
dcs^mte.  KrQko-iri«cki.  the  prennxKci  iiistLr»tor  cf  taese  iHttiden^* 
vhich  were  carried  into  eâêct  br  %  sauli  parrr  et  aasKâsK  made  ve 
of  tboQ  for  tbe  p^irpoae  of  «eisng  the  rein*  -:  t'  pow«-.  He  ns  to 
the  goTcnunent  pakce,  uid,  being  nimed  ^tTT^nor  ot*  the  cxtj,  £»- 
pCT««?<i  the  Mifrnibied  crrurd  bv  &  sen  wiài  his  whip.  Etygy  ikiif 
D^aune  inunediiteij  quiet.     ï^olacd  hid  bet  one  more  miafcituM 

to  UD<^rçT>. 

The  next  dar.  the  QointiunTirs  humiliated,  overwhrdmed  vith 
th«ir  own  utter  poweriesenee^  g*'*^  ^  their  reEtgnanon.     The  Diet* 


*  Tbe  general  haa  pvbfiahed  an  apiaa^tioB  o^  hk  candart.  in  vhiek  be  nfth 
iXtU  ImpciAliccL  TelMcHEiesn  rfiniin  -~i  t\}\  m  1  T  iiii  ^irmnliTifci  Thnhrahirt 
wr.iitn,  vith  dilKru::  qiailût*  »ai  ..fia.^os.  h^l  bocb  «rih  ^n^i  earaesaKaa  ana 
afcdit»,  th^  KâîcTT  of  ihe  lfcT>U-tiGc  ■:€  P-?tioi  tsre*  in  repre«ntiiif  Knkovierte 
am  Uk  uabccfif  the  lemUe  aiflu  o^  tbe  lixh  at  ÀafWt.  This  o^Btian  affManla 
be  tLanA  ïrjr  M.  Ma«  &ioK)vaki,  as  exact  aad  tuUifal  kiKaràa  «f  tW  vitalBKy 
ofner^ti'AiS  bf  the  period;  and  it  Kcorda  wim  aU  tbe  peinte  inimnaÔNi  wlùch  v* 
^VTC  ccAeded. 


cot 


r  OF  WAM. — ^DEPLÔBABtiE  DÊCtBIÔN. 


485 


ch^^injE^  tKe  lonn  of  goTcmroent,  decrectl  tKflt  the  ruling  power 
ïthoulil  be  confided  to  a  president,  who  should  ulioose  six  ministers, 
and  have  tJie  priTilego  of  nominating  the  gencîiilissirao,  Kruko- 
iriêcki  ym»  electa  pteâdent  by  a  large  majority.  The  first  pro- 
ooeding  of  the  new  dictator  vms  to  diamiss  Dembinski»  and  to  nomi- 
nate in  his  place  General  Makchowaki,  an  octogenarian,  though 
still  fiiU  of  patriùtic  fiw,  who  had  already  refused  llie  command,  t>n 
the  plea  of  nia  apreat  ofc. 

Meantime,  we  PoUsh  army  was  asecuibled  beneath  tho  watla  of 
Warsaw.  I'askcwitch  had  steadily  ad^vaced,  and  was  now  only  a 
mile  from  the  capital.  Kudiger  had  eroesed  the  Vistula  with 
13,000  men  and  forty  pieces  of  caimou,  and  was  on  the  point  of 
eomploting  the  inTeetment  of  Warsaw  by  a  junction  with  Paakc- 
witch. 

On  the  19th  of  August,  Krulcowieclci  osBembled  a  coum-il  of  war, 
which,  of  all  the  measures  proposed  to  it,  most  dociaively  rejectod 
that  which  was  at  once  the  boldest,  and  tlic  only  practieablo  one, 
that  suggested  by  the  Dictator  liimaelf,  which  was  to  give  battle 
under  the  waUs  of  Warsaw  with  the  entire  force  at  the  disposîtâon  of 
tlie  (government,  Uminski  proposed  to  detach  ofle-half  oi  the  army 
by  tûc  right  bank  of  the  nvcr  into  Podlachia  to  victual  the  capital, 
and  render  it  capable  of  a  hmg  defence.  Dembmski  suggested  that 
the  whole  array  should  abandon  Warsaw,  aud  transport  itself  into 
Lithuania,  crushing  on  its  way  the  small  corps  of  KWn  and  Golo- 
win.  These  two  tatter  plaiu  were  evidcntlv  only  admissible  after 
the  first  had  been  tried.  For^  after  they  "had  ^vcn  battle  there 
would  be  ample  time  for  them,  in  ihe  event  of  defeat»  to  entrench 
themietTee  in  the  city,  to  rittuall  it  from  the  right  b&nk^  to  arm  the 
people,  to  barncadc  the  streets,  and  to  renew  the  immortal  defence 
of  baragossa.  A*  to  the  proposition  of  l>eoibinski,  it  was  only 
worthy  of  cousîderution  as  a  forlorn  hope,  as  a  Last  resource,  &ftit 
the  £ylure  of  every  thing  else.  The  plan  adopted  was  that  of 
Uminaki;  a  most  tàtal  selection,  for  it  sent  away  one  entire  half  of  an 
army,  already  far  too  w«»k,  on  iho  preposterous  mL'ston  of  procuring, 
a  full  fortaight  before  they  were  wanted,  additional  provisions  for  a 
city,  whocc  greatest  danger  at  that  moment  was,  not  famine,  but 
amuUt 

Aocordingly^  Ramorino  was  deeoatclwd  with  20,000  tqcq  and 
ibr^-two  pdwes  of  cannon  into  PadJachia,  and  InrulueDdà»  with  a  dc- 
tacunent  of  4000  men  into  the  PalatimOc  of  Hodc,  »  that  there 
ranuBod  for  the  defence  of  the  captai  only  35,000  m»i.  On 
lamûn^  tlint  the  Polish  army  was  Ûaa  broken  up,  Paskewitch  de* 
cideri  upon  attempting;  an  assault,  tod  fixed  the  6th  o£  September 
for  tiiat  purpose.  His  forces  had  jusl  been  increase  by  a  new 
army  of  30,000  men,  whidi  (ioiiend  Kreut*  had  brought^  llms  the 
cq>ital  of  Poland  was  menaced  it  diflisient  points  by  a  total  maas  of 
120,000  men  and  3BS  aouum.    Hw  dTccUve  of  the  Polish  army 

2k2 


480 


THE  KU89IÂKS  ATTAclTwImO 


about  80,000 


and  144 


but  tKere  -were  at  ihs] 


men  ana  144  cjinnoHi 
sent  moment  ia  Warsaw  only  35,000  men  and  136  pieces  of  vÛ- 
lery.  The  city  waa  defended  on  the  left  bank  by  three  scmi-ctnokr 
lines  of  vallationg,  the  most  extended  of  which  did  not  einbiaoe  hs 
than  five  leagues.  The  principal  sallies  were  Wolay,  Parus,  tsA 
Marymont,  connected  together  by  limcttea.  Tliia  immense  dere- 
lopcmcnt,  to  be  adc<juatcly  maintained,  required  an  army  thnc 
titnc^  as  large  as  that  ol'the  Pole?-  Certain  points,  oï  necessity  is* 
fiufficiendy  raanned,  must,  as  a  matter  of  course,  fall  into  the  luuiutf 
Paskewitch,  so  that  they  had  built  forts  for  tlie  enemy,  and  the  voy 
works  -which  were  intended  to  gtop  the  besieger,  became  an  addi- 
tional clement  of  euccesa  at  his  di^sposition.  To  complete  this  mi^ 
ibrtune,  the  pointa  the  beat  fortified  were  precisely  those  which  tibs 
Rusaiana  could  not  nttat-k.  Knikowiecki  had  conceived  the  ida.1^ 
embodying  the  male  population  of  the  suburbs,  and  Zulcwski»  ûit 
celebrated  chief  of  the  ensigns,  had  succeeded  in  organizing  a 
urban  guard  of  mote  than  20,000  men,  the  staS"  of  -which  wn 
formed  of  the  unemployed  oflicers:  but  Chrzanowski,  by  Pprcacting 
an  alarm  of  another  night  of  the  15tli  of  August,  obt^ned  the  à»- 
solutioii  of  this  formidable  militia.  Thus  every  thing  conspired  tt 
bring  about  the  lall  of  Warsaw,  each  step  that  I  oland  made  towii^ 
her  ruin,  corresponded  with  t!ie  progresmve  enfeeblemeat  of  tiM 
democratic  principle. 

Before  commencing  the  attack,  Piiskcwitc-h  wished  to  attempt  la 
arrangement,  and  Genoml  Berg  presented  himself  for  thin  paTp(M 
at  the  outposta,  where  he  had  an  nitcrview  with  Prondrynski;  bo: 
the  council  ol'  ministers  and  Xi-ukowieeki  himself  having  dccknd 
that  they  would  only  treat  on  the  basis  of  the  manifesto,  which  «n 
equivalent  to  a  niptnre,  the  iicld-mnrshal  ordered  the  attach  for  the 
next  day,  the  6th  September,  and  prepared  his  troops  ior  it  by  db- 
tributing  among  thera  enormous  muons  of  brandy-  For  the  Ris- 
nans^  though  good  soldiers,  well  able  to  endure  fatigue,  and  obet^eol 
unto  death,  arc  deficient  in  the  impetuous  energy  requisite  for» 
tcrnblc  an  asgauU  as  this  was  to  be. 

At  daybreak  the  Russians  opened  a  fire  from  two  hundred  cannon. 
Muravieff  and  Strantmann  advanced  to  attack  Uminski,  tn\à  at  llr 
.same  moment  the  columns  of  Kreutz  and  Luderi^,  deboucliing  ôxn 
the  centre,  threw  themselves  upon  the  intrenchments  to  theloft rf 
Wola,  and  carried  two  redoubts  î  but  as  they  were  taking  po^esMM 
of  battery  54,  Lieutenant  Gordon  ilred  the  powder  ïoagiuâtM!»  taà 
blew  up  hîmseîf  with  the  enemy.  Wola  was  then  attacked  f 
behind  by  the  victorious  troopsj  and  in  front  fcy  tlie  gene 
Pahlen's  corps,  who  Imrried  their  drunken  soldiers  on  to  tho  a 
after  having  battered  the  walb  with  a  humdred  and  fifleca  pîc 
lu'avy  artillery.  Assailed  from  nil  poinla  at  once,  the  nuTisoa  ' 
WoLa,  too  feeble  to  resiat  such  a  mighty  attack,  retreawS,  axxl 
trenched  ibernselves  in  tJic  churcJi,  where  their  old  command 


KRUKOWTECKI  MAKES  OVEBTTTBES  TO  THE  BITSSIANS.     487 

Sowinski,  made  them  swear  upon  the  cross  never  to  surrender.  Tlie 
place  was  Boon  forced,  nnd  the  soldiers  put  to  death,  SowinsH  him- 
fldi'  falling,  pierced  with  wounds,  upon  the  altar. 

Masters  of  Wola,  the  Uussians  planted  their  artillery  there,  and 
marched  from  it  towards  noon,  under  cover  of  the  fire  of  a  hundred 
cannon^  to  attaelc  the  second  line,  which,  resting  on  the  suburb  of 
Czyste,  was  covered  at  the  point  of  x^sault  by  forty  pîecea  of  cannon 
under  the  direction  of  the  deputy,  Ronian  SoUyk,  and  of  General 
Hcni,  that  incomparable  artillery  oflliccr,  who  had  been  so  fatal  to 
Dicbiteh  at  the  baltlc  of  Ostftdenkû.  On  seeing  the  Rnssians  de- 
bouch from  the  fart,  the  general  directed  his  artillery  and  poured  in 
a  terrible  fire,  overthrowing  horse  and  foot,  and  clearing  the  ground 
quite  tip  to  the  intrcnchracnta  of  Wola,  which  Soltyk  inundated 
■with  shells  and  projectiles.  ITie  OeneraUssimo  Malachowsfci,  seizing 
the  opportunity^  pushed  forwiutl  two  battalions  of  the  4th  regiment 
of  the  line  to  retake  Wola;  and  a  fierce  ptru^gk'  commenced  at  the 
foot  of  tlie  fort,  bristling  with  cannon,  and  defended  by  a  body  of  in- 
fantry double  the  number  of  the  uafflilanta^  and  whicli  was  reinforced 
by  four  battalions  of  grenadiers.  Tliricc  tbe^c  masses  fell  upon  the  two 
Polish  battaUou9,  and  each  time  they  were  diiveu  back  to  iho  fort, 
by  one  of  those  charges  at  the  point  of  tlie  bayonet  which  have  im- 
inortalized  the  4th  regiment  of  the  hne.  The  enemy  at  length 
found  itself  compelled  to  eend  the  squadrons  of  Chilkoff  against 
ihcra,  and  the  two  battalions,  not  being  supported,  fell  back  in 
gûod  order  upon  the  suburb  of  Czyste.  The  Russians  remidncd 
Bustcra  of  the  first  line,  of  which  they  occupied  the  chief  pointe. 

At  midnight  the  dictator  shut  him^eli'  up  with  a  (ew  of  his  more 
intimate  friends,  and,  giving  no  intimation  of  the  matter  to  his  mi- 
nisters, wrote  to  thf  field-marshal  requesting  an  interview.  Upm 
receiving  an  answer  in  the  afhrma^ve  from  Paakewitch,  he  secretly 
rcjuired  to  Wola,  accompanied  by  General  Prondaynski,  After  a 
long  nc^tiation  an  armistice  of  eight  hours  was  concluded. 

When,  next  day,  the  7tli  of  September,  the  ministers  learned  the 
step  that  had  been  taken  by  Krukowiecki,  they  immediately  giivc  in 
Ûimr  w«gtiation.  At  ten  o'clock  in  the  morning  the  diet  aâsemblcd. 
General  Prondzynski  presented  liiinseli',  and  Iiaving  obtained  jier- 
mtâsion  to  addresa  them,  proceeded  to  give  an  account  of  the  inter- 
view which  the  dictator  and  he  had  just  had,  in  the  Russian  camp, 
with  Pafikcwitch  and  the  Grand  Duke  Michael.  This  statement  waa 
heard  with  closed  doors.* 

He  commenced  by  drawing  a  inoet  lamentable  picture  of  their 


*  W4  ban  ia  mr  poMeMion  the  mntucripc  of  &  tcudsaan,  into  Ocnoiui.  of  the 
«omUUimI  jeunuh  oC  the  nttlogi  of  the  dût  during  iha  «icgjt  ai  Wanaw,  Tbû 
TmiOkUo  manuacript  hu  en^bki!  ui  to  form  a  Ilinrough  kcv^tuintaii»  with  thcHC  nie- 
mqrabfo  Kcfie«.  ThMO  jooniftlt  lud  been  printed,  and  ven^  ahout  to  be  puMisbcd, 
vtien  Rofeun  oiivQts  purrliAMd  frum  llic  (■eravn  editor  tlic  wbolo  imprcMioa,  and 
dMtrojTDd  it  tu  i\ui  vLTv  l:i9t  4^-opy.  It  wiu  frotn  k  Kt  of  Ute  proof-ibeeti,  wtiicti,  by 
R  yirve  ot  gnat  guod  fitrium-,  hid  been  piTHiTcd,  that  ttw  tiào^tion  waj  oiade,  of 
which  iM  po«9«m  th*  mwitt»chirt. 


488 


8TORMT  SCENE  ÏK  THE  DIET. 


present  «iHLiation.  "  This  morning/'  said  be,  '  '  I  haire  seen  tbe  wUk 
Ruasian  anny,  ranged  in  otdoi  of  battle,  beneath  our  ivall*,  U  th« 
distAnc«  of  but  Kali'  a  caimon  sbot;  it  is  in  a  most  comj^cte  stktB, 
and  far  more  numerous  than  yve  îmapncd.  At  this  momeat  oar 
poadon  is  9ucb  that,  having  lost  Wola  and  the  outer  redoubts,  m 
c&a  kardiv  sustain  for  a  few  abort  houre  tlic  attack  of  the  ea&ay." 

After  tWia  ccmmeucement,  as  if  he  bad  wished  to  strike  tent»  isto 
the  assembly,  Prondzyniîki  talked  of  the  approaching  ftssuiU,  mi 
gloomily  depicted  «11  the  honors  of  an  armod  iiruptiûn  into  WanWi 
— tbq  cradlq  of  the  national  existence  given  up  to  fire  and  sword,  p»- 
pcrty  abandoned  to  the  mercy  of  an  unbridled  populace  and  of  KMfetd 
soldiers.  The  nuncios  listened  with  stupefaction,  and  SGemed  aiOMri 
at  the  Btrangcneati  of  this  harangue.  '■*  The  conditions  oâeied  Id  ni 
by  Paskewitcb»"  continued  the  general,  '*are  not  such  aa  we  our- 
gelvei  should  have  proposed.  The  marslial  is  of  an  impotuoitt  chip 
TÂcter;  Toll  ia  with  him;  both  are  true  Russians;  they  chftfeattkl 
least  opposition  from  General  Krukowiecki.  Tbey  insist  on  Ùtm 
Gonditiocjâ,  wliicli  have  not  the  full  consent  of  the  Grand  £)uko  Ifi* 
chael.  I  had  a  great  deal  of  talk  with  the  duke  whilfi^  the  prendeni 
was  conversing  with  Paskewitch  and  Toll;  Gencml  KJrukowieekî'l 
language  was  worthy  of  the  aatioDt  perhaps  even  a  little  mot 
haughty  tluui  was  proper  under  the  circumatances."  l4istfy,  hfl  ODl* 
meruted  the  conditions  of  the  capitulation^  wliich  were  tho  retvai  «f 
the  kingdom  oi'  Poland  under  the  sceptre  of  the  emperor  NicoUa,  h 
consideration  of  û  full  and  entire  amnesty,  respecting^  which  mntoal 
arrangements  remained  to  be  made  The  nmîshal  oi  the  diet  ukna 
Prondz3m£ki  up  to  what  hour  the  armistice  was  to  continue.  Uttdi 
one  in  the  afternoon,  replied  the  general.  The  assembly  pr^erreià 
a  cabu  demeanour.  The  nuncio,  WorccU,  roac  and  eud,  "ll» 
country  baa  been  many  titnea  saved  already;  the  like  may  happa 
again.  We  alone  can  sign  it*  death--w»rrant.  Whoever  wiabe»  n 
sign  it  must  quit  these  walls."  Prcdzewski  followed:  ûiTokÉng  ihn 
Almighty,  and  holding  up  his  aabre^  "Never,"  he  said,  "has  my 
hand  felt  more  able  to  wield  it."  **  Ijet  ua  assemble  the  ^McraU." 
said  Niemo^owskj,  *'  let  us  give  the  command  to  whichever  ahall  hare 
the  mofit  faith  in  our  cause,  and  let  ua  not  with  a  stroke  of  the  ]        ' 

libeiately  give  the  lie  to  our  protestations."     The  paUtino,  *     

Bect>ndea  this  motion,  and  added,  "  We  must  arm  tlie  inhabitanta  ^ 
WttiBuw  and  present  ourselves witli  them  on  the  ramparts.     We 
keoD  the  enemy  in  check  until  we  ehall  have  surrounded  tho  dt 
with  entroncîiments,  which  may  bo  done  this  very  night." 
Prond^ïynâki  tlicu  proposed  to  apeak,  but  no  one  would  hear  hub,  and 
Ostrowski^  the  marsWl  of  the  diet,  declared  that  ho  would  ec       ''" 
quit  the  chair  and  adjourn  the  mating.     Szaniecki  instantly 
out,  "  Let  U5  quit  Warsaw  when  the  Ru^t^na  enter  It.     Let  us  i 
seek  another  capital  in  our  coimtry,  and  if  ail  our  towns  are  ooour 
by  tho  encEoy,  let  us  disperse  through  tlie  world  rather  than  u 
honour  ourselves."     An  old  man  presented  himself  at  thu  Inbiuie,  ' 


THE  AfiSAULT  BE609IRD.  489 

ip«ak  for  the  laft  time/'  he  saiid,  "and  I  eKali  end  my  dftySi  doubtleas, 
in  SibâTÛif  but  I  trust  that  all  the  proviucoa  of  tho  Ruâaian  empire 
will  rise.  I  am  an  old  roan  and  shall  not  see  that  time;  but  you  that 
arc  young  engrave  it  in  your  heaj^,  that  Poland  must  have  no  other 
limit*  than  the  Dniopr  and  Dwina."  Godibaki,  Zionkowiccz^  and 
Lelewel  energeticaily  resisted  all  idea  of  compromiee.  One  of  Kru- 
kowiecki  fl  ùdea-dle-Cftinp  entered  the  hall,  and  reminded  the  assembly 
that  it  woa  ono  o'clock.  The  diet  continued  itfi  dolibcratioDS.  Wo- 
lowski  uj-ged  and  inipbred  his  colleagues  to  quit  the  capital  for  the 
ovation  of  Poland,  and  to  grant  the  presidents  of  the  two  chombera 
tlie  right  of  convoking  the  diet  in  muitever  place  in  Europe  they 
BhouldT  think  proper.  During  tliis  time  Godcbaki  had  been  drnwing 
up  a  fiery  proclamation,  whim  he  read  to  the  oasembly,  entreating  it 
to  a^oum  and  march  ftgninat  the  enemy.  All  at  once  the  windows 
were  shaken  by  the  report  of  cannon.  It  was  the  signal  for  the  a»* 
Huih,  All  the  nunuios  rose  aa  one  nmn  aud  shouted,  '*  To  the  ram- 
parts  1    To  the  ramparts  I" 

Tlie  battle  berçan  with  a  cannonade  in  which  the  Ruâsi&ns  had  the 
■Fuperiority  in  number  of  pieces  and  the  Poles  in  skill.  Three  hun* 
drcd  and  fifty  pieces  thundered  together.  To  facilitate  the  principal 
attack  made  by  KreuUi  and  Pahlen's  corps  on  the  suburb  of  Ciyeie, 
Murevioâ'  received  orders  to  m.ireK  against  Umiuaki,  who  com* 
manded  the  left  of  the  Poles,  by  tlie  barriers  of  Jerusalem.  The 
seventy-third  battery,  under  Colonel  PriedpeUkt,  placed  on  a  salient 
lunette,  played  aslant  on  the  Rusfdan  arliUui^  acting  ïi|,'&inst  Czyete, 
disabled  the  enemy's  pieces,  and  swept  aÛ  before  it.  Murftvie^ 
ïvished  to  drive  the  oolonul'a  artillery  from  itA  posiûoD.  Two  co- 
lumns of  infïuitry,  commanded  by  Geneiul  Witt  m  person,  advanced 
along  the  two  ilanks  of  the  Raszyn  cflufcway  leading  to  the  Jéru- 
salem gate.  Tlie  Polish  grenadiers,  without  Wfdtinff  for  the  enemy 
to  ceme  up,  ni^cd  on  their  columns,  alreiidy  bnucen  by  the  die- 
charjge»  of  gtape,  and  made  a  great  carnage.  As  they  were  rallying, 
Umiiuki  &ent  the  blue  lancers  and  the  squadrons  of  Sandomir  to 
ebarga  them  in  Sank,  and  they  were  driven  back  upon  their  batteries^ 
But  a  brigade  of  tlie  cavalry  of  the  Ru?f.ian  guard  hastened  to  their 
aid,  and  drove  the  Poles  back  to  their  bneg,  but  there  it  suffered  its 
imprudent  ardour  to  carry  it  loo  fw-  It  was  mowed  down  by  the 
fiïo  of  the  Poles,  and  but  tliirty  horaea  were  left  out  of  the  two  Rus^ 
wan  regiment*.  Fteeh  masses  of  cavalry  attempted  to  carry  the 
seventy-third  battery,  but  the  cannon  nmde  Iuitoc  in  their  rank?,  and 
they  retreated  full  g&Uop. 

Whikt  this  formidable  battery  waa  occupied  with  it»  own  defence, 
Kr«utc  and  Pubien  n£Ued  theii  dunwed  pieow,  and  recommenced 
the  attack  on  C^ate,  which  woi  th«  laLent  point  of  the  bccond  line. 

Their  columns  marched  resolutely  over  the  ground  swept  by  llieir 
^itillery,  and  they  carried  two  batteries.  Availed  on  aU  sidea  by 
lUilen  s  troop,  which  siole  along  under  cover  of  tha  houses  «nd 
guden  walls,  the  twenty- third  bftttery,  commanded  by  Colond.  Ro- 


490 


CAPITULATION  OP  WA119AW. 


manâkî,  Fustained  a  desperate  conâict.     Rotdanskî  waa  killmL     Be 
and  Bern  weie  the  ablest  ofiicerH  of  artillery  in  the  two  amaics. 

It  was  iive  in  the  aflemoon.  Tho  Cayate  faubourg  had  been  set 
on  fire  by  a  shower  of  shells,  and  the  ilamea  lî^hl<?d  up  the  ttl<eea 
Btrewed  with  dead.  The  gardens  and  cnclûsures  became  tlio  scam 
of  partial  conBicts,  in  which  the  combatants  fought  almost  man  to 
The  4th  ref^iment  of  the  line,  entrenched  in  the  cometcrr, 


man^ 


made  a  furious  defence,  but  was  soon  driven  from  beneath  the  will 
of  the  toll-house  by  tlie  spread  of  the  conflagration.  Oeticral  Nab»- 
koff*^  and  the  grcnadiera  led  by  Szachoskoi  hlmsolf,  advance  as  6r 
a&  the  barrier  of  Wola,  eeek  a  passage  through  the  flames,  and  h^ 
come  entacglcd  in  ft  labyrinth  of  lanes,  ditches,  and  parapets.  Ob 
reaching  the  cross  ways,  their  ranks  were  there  swept  by  four  pieui 
of  cannon,  planted  at  the  end  of  the  alley.  The  murderous  confliol 
continued  lar  into  the  night.  That  day  the  people  of  Waimw  wm 
disairaed,  and  the  mobs  were  dispersed  !  llic  streets  of  the  cityweR 
silent  and  deserted;  all  eyes  were  turned  towards  Praga,  ^nrhencetbe 
20,000  men  under  Ramoriiio,  so  cruelly  backward,  were  every  my 
ment  expected.  At  nine  in  the  evening  the  army  received  new  t£ 
the  capitulation^  with  orders  to  retire  on  Praga. 

The  following  is  the  way  in  which  this  memorable  capitulatîoe  rf 
Warsaw  was  accomplished.  The  diet  held  a  second  sitting'  at  fcv 
o'clock.  Krukoiviecki  sent  in  his  resignation,  but  so  long  ta  it  w» 
not  accepted  he  thought  liimself  empowered  to  negotiate.  AiW  « 
violent  debate  the  assembly^  deprived  of  its  moat  energetic  members, 
who  were  engaged  at  the  ramparta,  refused  the  president's  resm»- 
tion,  and  authorized  him  to  treat.  At  five  o'clock,  Prondzynski  seata 
third  time  into  the  Russian  camp,  returned  thence  with  Genejal  Boij 
through  the  midst  of  the  flames  and  the  conflict.     Shut  up  with  tl«l 

f  encrai,  Krukoiviecki,  it  is  said,  i-esisted  hif  st-cm  exaction»  wiih 
rmncas.  He  was  heard  to  say  as  he  ?trucfc  the  table,  "*  If  ihat  be 
É0  1  will  recall  Kamorino,  arm  the  suburbs,  and  bury  niysclf  uadd 
the  walls  of  Warsaw."  Tlie  cunning  Muscovite  alloirpfl  the  stona 
to  blow  over,  and  when  he  went  away  ho  carried  with  him  the  fcli" 
lowing  letter: 

"  Sine, — CûtnmiiMkHiecI  at  this  moinenC  io  speak  to  jour  impérial  and  npl 
mnjeity,  in  ilic  numt.''  of  the  Polish  nation,  I  addrts*  myself  Ihrougti  hi*  excr* — " 
tkiiiiil  Psftkewitch  d'Erivati  to  your  prueriinl  heart. 

"In  submiltiii^  uncondiLioiiikll^  ta  your  majeslj',  oQt  kitig,  tllo   Polûh 
knows  that  your  mnjesty  aluae  in.  compsltinC  to  u^ak.e  the  pqat  fbrgottcD,  i^tyj  to  ] 
the  deep  wound»  that  linve  rent  mv  fountry. 

(Siffoed)        "  Thf  Count  KJtUKUWJECKl,  Treaident  of  Uio  Go 
*■  WaiHw,  Septcmhcr  7,  six  I'.m. 

Suddenly  in  the  midst  of  the  nuncios  asemblwl  in  the 
the  government  appeared  the  commander-in-chief  Malacho\ 
ing  and  begrimed  with  powder,     Tlic  old  man  harangued  thein  : 
conjutiHÎ  them,  in  accents  of  despair,  to  break  oif  all  ncgotiuùons  i 
die.     The  nuncios  rushed  to  the  gates  of  tho  palace.     Kmkoi  * 
had  given  orders  to  cloâe  them.     Marshal  0?trowski  made 


known  to  the  aoldiere,  went  up  to  ihe  dictator,  called  on  hira  to 
abdicate  anew,  and  carried  back  lus  resifmatioii  to  the  diet,  which 
named  Bonarenturc  Niemojowslti  president  of  tho  government  bv 
acclamation. 

At  eleven  at  night  Generals  Berc  and  Prondzyn^ki  returned  and 
demanded  the  ratifications  of  Knikowiecki,  Tliey  were  told  that 
the  government  was  changed,  ^erg  being  introduced  into  the 
paUce  found  the  nuncios  id  military  dress,  and  armed  with  sabres. 
He  declared  he  would  only  treat  with  General  Krukowiecki,  A 
mesEcnger  was  sent  to  Praga  for  the  latter,  and  he  arrived  at  three 
in  the  morning.  On.  catching  sight  of  Genend  Berg,  Krukowiecki 
dashed  his  cap  on  the  pround,  exclaiming,  *'  I  am  no  longer  anj- 
thiiig:  I  am  but  a  private  indien  dual."*  He  then  hurst  out  into  ahusc 
of  Ostrowaki:  "  Here  is  the  marshal  of  the  chambers  in,  our  hands," 
he  laid,  trembling  ivith  rage,  to  General  Berg  ;  '*  it  i*  he  who  by  hia 
infatuated  extravagance  haa  fostered  the  pride  of  the  nation.  You 
ahali  remain  here,  sir!"  But  the  marshal  calmly  answered,  "■*  I  make 
no  reply  to  idle  threats;  tliey  have  no  influence  upon  me;  I  am  hero 
in  Balcty  rince  I  see  Poles  around  me."  And  he  added  "  You  have 
no  authority  to  treat  in  the  name  of  the  nation."  General  Berg  hav- 
ing then  satd  he  begged  leave  to  put  faith  in  the  declarations  of  the 
honourable  General  Krukowiecki,  Dembinski  cried  out,  paiïsionatelv, 
that  the  marshal  of  the  diet  poaa^Kd  the  condclenco  of  the  nation, 
and  that  no  one  would  Rutïcr  him  to  be  insulted.  *^  Let  him  then 
jftgn  witli  me,"  replied  the  ex^president,  **  and  let  him  authorisMï  me  to 
conclude  arrangement*  ia  the  name  of  the  diet."  *'  No,  no,"  repUcd 
Ostrowski,  ana  he  refused  a  paper  written  in  Kjmch,  which  was 
presented  to  him  for  his  signature.  Up^m  this  Krukowiecki  bursting 
into  a  rage  exclaimed,  "  Vou  are  arreelod,  marahal  !'* — "  Arrested  !" 
replied  (Jfetrowski,  coolly.  *'  Do  you  expect  to  obtain  a  disgraceful 
flQgnaturc  from  me  by  force?  Though  there  were  a  htmdrcd  thousand 
Muaoovite  bayonets  here  I  would  not  swerve  from  my  dnty/*  and  he 
withdrew  calmly  with  the  most  resolute  patriots.  Urged  by  the 
ftmerula  about  him,  and  overborne  by  tiie  despair  of  all,  Malachowski 
Bgned,  against  his  will,  the  capitulation  that  surrendered  Warsaw,  m 
well  as  the  bridge  and  tête  de  pont  of  Praga.  The  Ruasiatis  in  return 
granted  the  Poles  an  annisticeof  forty-cignthours,  to  evacuate  Warsaw 
with  their  arms,  ammunition,  and  equipments.  But  whilst  the  array 
yna  retiring  on  Modlin,  taking  the  djct  with  it,  most  of  the  membcra 
of  which  were  on  foot,  the  Hufsians,  once  in  pceee^sinn  of  Praga,  au- 
daciously broke  through  the  terms  of  the  capitulation,  by  refuring 
egnes  to  the  military  eguipmenlit,  instead  of  joining  thcmain  army, 
Hamonno  thought  it  nght  to  take  another  route  :  he  was  obliged  to 
enter  Gallicia,  and  there  he  kid  down  his  arms.  The  last  com- 
nânder-în-ehicf  of  the  Poles,  Uybinskir  marehed  to  the  Lower 
Viatula,  and  found  himself  compelled  to  take  refuge  in  Pni^n  ! 
Just  «B  hb  waa  about  to  set  foot  on  the  jroniicr,  Dombmski  suddenly 


.11 


49Ï  EFFECT  PHODtTCEB  IN  PARIS  BT  THE  TAIL  OP  TO'LAKD. 

wheeled  rûund  yrith  Ûm  rear-guardf  and  h»d  the  Iionoar  of  £nqg 
the  last  Palish  shot  against  the  Rusaiana. 

On  the  15th  of  September  the  news  of  this  diauter  was  announi 
in  France  by  some   cruelly  concise  lines  in  the  J/omfewr.      Aj 
usual  in  great  csiUmitieâ,  there  was  at  first  but  a  dull  sorpriiie,  a  uni- 
Tersal  stupefaction-     Not  one  of  the  thouswjd  busy  thou^fhta  of  Um 
preceding  d&v  surviycd;  the  debttes  on  Uie  promotions  of  ch«  hun- 
dred days,  tne  abolition  of  the  hereditary  peerage,  M.  Béren^rvi 
report  on  that  importiuit  subject^  the  admirable  pamphletd  it  ' 
drawn  forth  from  M.  de  Coimcïiîn — all   waa  forgotleo  î  çmc 
thought  filled  every  mind- — Poland  !  one  word  alone  waa  on  c 
lip— -Folaad  !    Business  was  stupendcd,  the  theatres  w«e  cUmd 
mght.     The  population — -and  thia  will  be  an  everlastùig  Kox 
the  country  in  tuture  ages — the  population  went  about  the 
appalled,  silent,  and  iui  if  overwhelmed  under  the  load  of 
parable  humiliation.     Wc  French  had  all  cdaaed  to  groan  over  • 
own  mislbrtunes,  in  thinking  of  that  people  of  heroes  thai 
nahinji;  four  hundred  leagues  away  from  us;  and  we  were  all 
at  thut  unparalleled  rancour  of  fortune,  which»  even  after  1830  and] 
its  prodigies,  sent  France  another  day  of  Waterloo  ! 

The  next  day  dependency  was  chan^;ed  into  lactï.  In  ererrl 
part  of  Paria  groups  were  formed»  in  which  the  puwic  fuiy  ibnu 
vent  in  imprecations  and  threats.  Armourers'  shops  plunâer«d«  «fld 
barricades  attempted,  for  some  daya  gave  the  capital  the  aspect  i 
revolutionized  city.  In  all  the  squares,  along  the  quays  audi 
boulevards,  nothing  was  to  be  seen  hut  men  on  horsebftok  and 
waiting  a  signal.  The  roU  of  the  drums  mingled  m  eireiy  c 
with  the  shnll  voioea  of  the  public  criera,  who  were  followed 
excited  people.  The  throng  hastened  to  that  garden  of  the 
Royalf  which,  ever  since  1789,  had  kin  in  the  path  of  every  k 
tion;  and  the  Orleatiï  family  could  look  down  from  its  dwelËns  on  j 
scenes  like  those  which  had  ruined  the  eld^r  branch  of  the  BouraeM 
for  its  advantage.  Bui  this  time  the  soldiers  did  not  arrive  too  iafis; 
ihe  multitude  was  dispersed;  the  iron  gates  were  humcdly  <î^fttT^i 
and  unfortunate  men  were  laid  dead  on  the  spot,  struck  at  nadoB 
by  the  swords  of  the  serpents  de  vitU,  During  ttûs  time,  a  cmxeag^ 
aag^ly  pursued,  dioro  rapidly  across  the  Place  Vendôme,  and  tm% 
men  ^ot  out  of  it  Tbeao  were  S^bastiani  and  Casimir  Fcna. 
They  iiad  been  rixognised  as  they  lef^  the  office  of  ibreij^  a0îni^ 
and  tlie  people  was  hotly  exasperated  against  them.  Thus  pasâoa, 
peril,  and  alarm,  went  on  incrc-aFÎng^  and  tlds  cxpknoD  of  paUia 
feeling,  even  in  its  exaggeration  and  boyish  violence,  «mrad  Um  i^ 
competence  of  thof>c:  narrow-minded  ministers,  who  pass  Tor  praoocri 
men  because  they  leave  out  of  their  calculationa  all  the  vytnpatliatw 
«ide  of  human  nature;  mcian  souls,  incapable  of  undersluidiag  (hat 
ha  impulses  of  the  heart  is  found  the  roost  polent  lev^  of  pobcT- 
\  was  amidst  this  effetvesceuce  of  public  feeling  that  ihn  ^^v^ 


MTNlfiTEÏtS  BHOtlOHT  TO  TAfiX  BT  M.  BlAtJGUÏN. 


49a 


of  the  19th  of  September  began.  On  Uie  IGth,  M.  Mauguin,  thou^ 
ill,  had  given  B(.>tice  that  he  would  question  the  ministry,  and  he  lut^ 
tened  to  fulâl  his  threat.  Impetuous,  uckd  oloâe  m  his  icasûnûig,  he 
overwhelmed  the  ministry  wilSi  questions  precise  and  coccnt.  why 
had  the  §canda!uuâ  and  barbarous  iiiterveution  of  Pruaeia,  in  favour 
of  Ruaeda,  been  permitted?  Why.  at  least,  had  not  the  same  thing 
been  doito  to  «v©  Poland  as  the  Pnisgians  liad  done  to  destroy  ii? 
Wliy  had  M.  Sébasliani  cut  off  from  France,  by  tJie  recall  of  General 
Guillemmot,  the  aid  of  Turkey,  4md  the  meang  of  sending  a  fleet 
into  the  Black  Sea?  Why  had  haste  beea  nude  to  give  an  anti- 
French  aolulion  to  the  afiiiira  of  Belgium,  iastcftd  oC  Ae  M.  Bignon 
had  satdf  keeping  Belgium  disposable»  and  making  it  serve  as  a  ran- 
Bom  for  Poland?  Kow  wae  il  that»  in  spit<?  of  the  formal  doclara* 
tiona  of  the  minister  of  w*r,  the  French  army  had  so  soon  evacuated 
Belgium  ?  Was  it  true  that  a  courier,  sent  to  Warsaw  by  the  French 
government,  had  been  arrested  on  futile  pretext*  in  the  dtuhy  of 
Poeen,  without  regard  to  the  dignity  of  France?  Was  it  true»  and 
hi.  de  Lalayettc  believed  he  bad  proof  of  the  fact,  that  the  Poles 
had  been  dL'luded  into  a  fatal  inaction»  by  holding  out  Ëilae  hopes  to 
them  timt  ne<:;Dtiationfi  were  going  on  in  their  behalf;  and  that  in 
two  monlhfl,  tlianks  to  tho  eilbrts  of  diplotnacV)  they  should  enter 
■gain  into  the  great  family  of  free  nations?  And  M.  Maugiun  called 
on  mtnistcra  to  fumisli  precise  explanations  on  all  theae  hcada,  to 
produce  documents,  and  to  prove  otherwise  than  by  ^-agiie  assertions, 
iï  not  llie  merit,  at  Ica^t  the  good  faith  and  integrity  of  tbelr  policy. 
M.  Sébastian!  replied,  tlmt  PruBÔa  having  conûnêd  herself  to  fur- 
nishing the  Ruasianâ  with  aid  in  money,  provisions,  and  ammunition, 
euch  an  intervention  did  not  constitute  a  casus  belH;  tliai  General 
GuiUeminot  had  been  recalled  because^  in  endeavouring  to  ejEcite 
Turkey  against  Russia,  he  had  commiUod  the  triple  fatUt  of  endan- 
gcring  the  sjsi^xtl  of  peace,  disobeying  his  instructions,  and  tnikinfj 
to  a  ctrrpge  ;  that  the  interests  of  i  rauce  were  ffUËiciently  guaranteed 
by  tliti  declaring  B«lgiiun  neutral,  since  that  neutrality  could  only  be 
violated  to  the  advantage  of  France^  in  consci^tietico  of  her  vicinity  ; 
that  the  evacuation  of  thorn  oouptrics  by  tbc  I'rcnch  troops  had  Ixcn 
a  point  of  good  faith  towards  the  Conicrcnce;t  that  the  arzest  of  tho 

*  Gcnt'nil  GuillcnÛDot  coulil  nr>t  have  dÎMihej-ed  hU  inriructiflni.  Dot  bi^iog  re> 
celTnl  JU17.  The  trutb  is.  and  tills  woa  prnvol  «ftcrranb,  the  initrucLloni  of  wliirh 
I4^biiitiuil  «puke  oo  thte  occaaiaD,  mn  only  ant  10  the  general  ticm^  with  ibg  ordar 
xvc&ltiiiK  Illiu,  and  io  Jap/inite  Ùmjirtt  oopj,  tt»nge  tù  tall,  dî<l  not  anivo  in  COB- 
■ualiuQpte. 

t  SAwtia»  added  (we  i{B«lo  hi* own  words):  '^Wliatdid  the  mltuttei  of  w«r  te& 
ymit  Thnt  the  Fnoclii  lamy  wooid  &ot  quit  Bclfiam  tintil  wv  ilKHild  hare  tccexTod 
iHffBruice  «r  llie  indicpendciKO  of  fielfiaBi.  Wa  have  Roànd  it,"— (6*r  Utmitnir, 
Sent.  SO,  I ^Jl.) 

Now  the  Cùllowin^  arc  tht>  tcni>9  in  which  Minhal  SooU  had  nqn^**"^  hinuitf: 
■*  Th«  Dutch  ami;-  ]imâ  KceirM  otilfni  Io  retire  befim  our  tnxipvs  Stitl  nur  troopa 
do  not  return  ua  tluttweutiiiL  h\*r  it  U  atceaaaiy  that  ihi>  iKTitirmaïKit  »hali  hava 
Hm-iinJiid»!  to  the  inteoiion,  uul  that  m*  be  aaiured  ihii  tlurni  wiU  be  oo  mura, 
brtbrv  our  tnxipe  «am»  iHicli  to  {■'nucn,''— <8ee  Mnuanir,  Aug.  U.  isai.) 

The  mailer  then  In  rtew  vu  oat  the  uioruicc  uf  Delgian  intlependeaoa.  but  the 


"1 


AgâÊKTâ  THE  IMPOeSIBILlTT  OP  POLISH 

ucfajr  of  Po«ea  h*d  been  ocnsioned  only  bj 
id,  ksttr,  that  ma  to  the  pretended  advice  giTcn  Û 
I  French  gOTCnuibeat,  that  she  shonld  give  up  all  o&s- 

1  los  hope  of  being  recogiu£«i  in  two  ïDoaths,  **  the  ^ 
ïad  never  said  any  thing  of  the  sort-"* 
i^cplv,  in  which,  moreover,  the  fhda  were  ïnooirectlj  etaud, 
misenhie  wexknese.     To  wr  that,  for  the  sake  of  piBCe, 
iment  had  pecmitted,  <m  the  put  of  PrusFia,  ui   indinvt 
DO,  which  It  denied  to  itself  at  Comtuatinople,  was  opcnlj 
-*"  iiLËenontj  of  the  policy  of  Fiuncc,  Mid   to  encoumgc 
to  ga  any  lengths  against  her.      As  to  the  neutrality  of 
BS^  it  wa3«  at  ks5t,  a  cuno4B  aserdotk^  that  the  p^vem- 
ione  well  in  dectaring  it  inTwlahle,  bt-cause   the  Freoch 
we  eaalf  Ttolatfi  it  than  any  other  power.  ^B 

the  sJEfipe  the  discussion  had  taken,  and  alter  the  long  di^H 
i  the  adores.  aU  arguments  se«;med  exhausted  ;  and  Gcï»enl 
could,  in  l^c,  only  present,  under  the  pompous  fomu  of 
-ûce,  what  hsd  been  already  said  over  and  over  agfdn-  Bot 
5  found  metinj  to  fre^ien  the  dî»cu3sioti  by  scarttn^  new  ami 
cted  conaderalioos.     Addressing  himwlf,  Hrs?  of  all»  to  thœc 
iUed  lor  war^  on  the  principle  that  war  was  incvilnblc,  be 
a,  what  wa5  actually  the  case,  that  the  powers  had  n^ithex  tbe 
nor  the  ability  to  enpage  in  wiir.    Replying  next  to  those  who, 
M-.  Bignon,  would  hare  wished  to  see  the  saivation  of  Poland 
Ait  from  neçotifttJons  ably  coadncted,  he  went  into  the  questiunf 
wnethcr  the  rt-constitiition  of  Poland  ttss  po^ible?     Polmid.  acconî' 
ing  to  his  views,  being  but  a  vast  plain  without  strong  frontiers,  the 
idea  of  reconstructing  It  would  have  been  chimericai.     Had  the  Re- 
public been  able,  with  its  fourteen  armies,  to  effect  any  thing  of  the 
kind?     The  cabinet  of  Versailles,  which  had  made  an  America,  had 
it  made  a  Poland?     Had  not  Napoleon  himself  halted  before  this 
painful  but  fated  necessity?     Tbe  great  Frederick  would  never  have 
thought  of  that  famous  partition,  for  sake  of  wlilch  he  so  ably  asso- 
ciated himself  with  the  mterested  policy  of  Catherine  and  Kaunitz, 
had  he  not  recognised  the  impotence  of  Poland  to  sen-e  as  a  bulwark 
to  Europe. 

This  speech  made  a  deep  impression.  Lafayette  replied  to  it  with 
great  eloquence  and  epirit,  nicely  comraingUng  urbanity  and  sar- 
casm, and  opposing  his  personal  recollections,  and  the  experience  of 

certainty  that  the  Dutch  would  not  return  to  Ueljiiuin:  for  as  to  the  indcpcndeiKv  o^ 
Bel^um,  is  it  to  be  supposed  that  S^'bastiani,  minister  of  foreign  affairs  as  lie  was,  did 
not  know  that  this  had  been  recognised  lonp  before  the  Dutch  inv;isinn? 

•  General  Lafayette  having  asked  for  explanations  on  this  point  of  the  Polish  Le- 
gation, the  following  is  the  answer  he  received: 

"  Vi'e  hasten  to  assure  yoxi, 

"  That  it  was  the  minister  of  foreign  affairs  who  persuaded  u?,  on  the  Tth  of  Jnlr, 
to  send  a  messenger  to  Warsaw,  whose  travelling  cxixïnses  he  dtfrayeil;  that  the  ob- 
ject of  this  message  was,  as  his  excellency  M.  le  Coratc  Scbastiani  tuld  us,  U*  induce 
our  goveminLiit  to  wait  two  months  longer,  Ix-cause  that  was  the  time  requisite  for 
the  DegutiatioQfl." 


INDEPEKDENCE. — FXIXACT  OF  HIS  REASONING. 


495 


liig  age,  to  the  somewKat  jejune  erudition  of  the  young  orator  who 
precedeii  him. 

But  the  important  part  of  Thiers'  speech  was  haïdly  touclied  on 
in  that  oi"  Lalàjûtte»  although  ihis  vprdjct  pronounced  againat  Polish 
nationoUtj  was  a  pohtical  dictum  without  foundation  und  without 
grandeur     When  he  poinied  out  Poland  as  destituic  of  frontiers, 
Thicm  bad  not  coasidered  that  ho  exhibited  her  not  such  aa  nature 
deigned  her,  hut  such  as  she  had  been  made  by  perfidious  contri- 
TWices  and  the  sacrilc'ïious  abuse  of  might.     Is  it  true  tliat,  from  the 
Black  Sea  to  the  Guli'  of   Livonia,  from  Khclson  to  Kiga,  ihe 
Dniepr  continued  by  t!ie  Dwiua,  would  not  mark  out  a  line  of  fron- 
tiers capable  of  protecting  resuscitated  Poland?     There  cannot  be  a 
doubt  but  that  Poland,  constituted  as  she  ought  to  have  been,  with 
two  fffcat  rivers  for  her  limits,  ^nd  backed  by  the  coast  of  the  Balûc, 
would  have  been  a  barrier  aj^inst  Knsbia,  and  would  have  hindered 
her  from  overflowing  the  West.     Napoleon  had  clearly  perceived 
this;  and  not  stopping  short  at  the  petty  idfti  that  Poland  would 
never  be,  with  regard  to  France,  other  than  an  advanced  n^uard  too 
far  removed,  ffom  the  niain  body,  he  had  set  down,  among  the  moat 
cheiished  scliemea  of  hia  ambidon,  that  of  creating  another  France 
on  the  bordera  of  the  Vistida,  a  France  strong  enough  to  resifit  by 
herself  and  to  wait.     And  if  he  did  not  realise  this  plan  at  Tilait, 
it  was  because  hia  great  soul  already  brooded  over  the  desi^  ol  real- 
ising it  in  Moscow,     As  for  the  Kepublic,  she  had  fuU  occupation 
for  her  fourteen  armies  in  maintaimn^  her  existence  in  defiance  of 
Europe.     The  crime  of  Frederick,  Catherine,  and  Kaunit^^  liad 
been,  after  all»  but  a  stupid  crime.     The  last  Polish  war  sulfîâently 
declared  this;  and  the  torrcnla  of  blood  shed  in  consequence  of  tlïc 
partition,  the  extreme  terror  Tk-ith  which  it  had   been  necessary  to 
keep  watch  ovei'  its  abominable  résulta,  the  uncertainty  it  cast  upon 
the  future  prospect»  of  the  three  participating  powers  ;    all   this 
«bundAntly  proved  that  atrocities  can  never  enjoy  impunity,  and 
that  acta  of  piracy  can  never  be  wise;  that  time  and  space  swallow 
up  the  Bueee$3  of  the  most  ekilful  spoliators;  and   that  crime  is  al- 
wiiys  foUv,      And  then  there  was  no  ordinary  audacity  in  declaring 
a  lirttioïnûity  impossible  wliich  had   twice  saved  Christendom,  ana 
which  it  would  nave  aaBuredly  been  moit  just  to  entitle  immortal. 
How  many  trials  had  it  not,  in  fuct^  resisted?     How  oflcrn,  rising 
again  when  it  was  thought  to  be  annihilated,  had  it  convicted  of 
impotence  the  warfare,  the  butehcrles,  the  treacheries,  and  the  in- 
fernal machinations  of  diplomacy?    What  then  wa?  requisite  to  de- 
monstrate the  vitality  of  Poland,  if  the  efibrts  which  the  fifth  part  of 
that  Poland  had  just  made,  tlicir  duration,  and  their  truly  prodi- 
gious energy  were  euimied  for  nothing? 

Tlie  speech  of  M.  Thiem  was  therefore  in  realilv  but  a  brilliant^ 
dtspriti  not  to  speak  of  the  enormous  self-oontiadiction  it  contained, 
ftnd  which  no  one  in  the  cliamber  tlsen  thought  of  cx[»sing.  For 
surely  there  was  fftr&nge  iniprudeace  in  maintAining  on  the  one  hand 


â 


MLâÂXEXTAXT  WâaX, 


!  «D  be  jéazcd,  lon^lJbe  lenipcr  nui  the  roDon» 

taà  OA  the  Otter  htnd  Out  the  ga^vnaaeiA 

I  «iihiiiig  r*wy  llôii^  m  ^m  daâjia  of  avoidi^  d. 

Z*!;"*'^"*^"'^^  '^  *^""*'***''*fl:dîfHiilBj^fiînniri|| 

r  pdbwici  ■■■ ,«l  «  tone  of  «xtnoniîiuiT-  *0P»'"y* 

^  ta  the  chamber  oo  the  I6lh  of  September  lÈÊà 

■Cbtt^Mle nuMB»  Ott^ tv»^  û  ilAnaxr ;  on  tbe  I9lih 11* 
he  mndfit  umi  IS15  woolil  wA  be  repeated  if  Fnmoe  «ii 
r.-  tiicfl&  ««^  wm  noD  caagfatt  cç  «ad  tmde  the  cnbjwt  </ 
A  ud  ntfhiJiiBiit  ciMittHOt&    AtfÉDi  evav  thing  coospuied  w 
mt  tbe  nvutnen  ud  she  imtiCHm  of  the  troop*,  who  irsv 
i  Ibr  fereRl  dan  together  to  btvoou  in  the  ^uares  and  opo 
>     Two  deptUKS,  Aodr^  de  FvjmvHi  tad  Lahordièn,  wt 
oiï  t^T»g  the  chamber  to  pM»  ^mvgh  the  Une  of  soldiai 
w  Toood  the  Palais  Boozboa,  and  even  aiW  ther  had  tmid» 
n  their  quality,   they  were  «b^eosd  to  otMiee'and  Tioleol 
■%    It  could  not  hare  been  expdrted  that  «H  Ûôb  «ngrj  inË^ 
1  not  hare  its  eSect  on  the  dumbtr.     ^*  M.  Mau^nin  lon^i 
rid  !"  eaid  the  partisans  of  the  BUBbtry;  and  he  with  lui 
lomed  audacity  ming'  beck  this  charge  upon  the  cxecutir^ 
two  parties  wanted  poatire  proofs,  arid  «qxised  them.«elns 
I  «^oaTrecklessneeB  to  tbe  haxaid  of  bein^  unjust;  but  awelliiif 
rtOEQ  iâ  ocmtent  to  d<ai  with  appcaionces.     On  the  21st  of  Sep- 
iber  Casimir  Périer  started  u|»  in  the  tiibone.     He  ran  his  era 
OTftT  the  a?pcmljîy  in  search  of  M.  MaugTUD.  on  whom  he  wished  "to 
pour  forth  the  full  vials  of  his  wrath,  and  not  perceiving-  him  he 
complained  of  his  absence.     He  plunged  into  the  fight  notwithstand- 
ing, and  indignantly  repudiated  the  charge  of  having  favoured  the 
progress  of  riot,  declaring  the  accusation  to  be  a  base  calumny.     M. 
Mauguin  entered  the  chamber  just  at  the  close  of  these  vehement 
recriminations.     He  ascended  the  tribune  in  his  turn,  and  assuming 
the  attitude  of  an  assailant,  he  related  all  the  ministers  had  done  to 
excite  the  revolution  they  now  disavowed.     Spreading  out  pass- 
ports and  fndlles  de  route  on  the  marble  before  him,  here,  he  cried, 
here  are  the  written  proofs  of  the  support  lent  some  months  ago  to 
the  Spanish  revolution  by  one  of  the  most  fervent  upholders  of  the 
ministry,  M.  Gniizot.     Then  taking  the  members  of  the  cabinet  one 
by  one,  he  vehemently  demanded  what  they  severally  represented 
in  the  executive.     One  of  them,  M.  d'Argout,  had  been  the  osten- 
sible negotiator  on  l>ehalf  of  Charies  X.  at  the  Hotel  de  Ville  during 
the  three  days;  another,  M.  Casimir  Périer,  had  obstinately  refused 
his  signature  to  the  act  of  deposition;  all  had  defended  legality  in 
July  whilst  the  people  was  fighting.     And  who  was  the    repre- 
sentative of  the  cabinet  abroad?    M.  de  Talleyrand,  the  same  who 
had  stood  sponsor  for  legitimacy;  the  same  who  in  1814  had  signed 
^e  degradation  and  the  ruin  ot  his  coimtry.     It  is  then  the  Restor»- 
*<OB,  the  RestoratioQ  complete  and  bodily,  that  is  in  office,  conti- 


CABTHIR  pftRTËB  AKD  UAUOTTIK.  497 

nuûd  Mâuguin.  Thei^  h  the  evil,  there  is  the  danger,  and  peopI« 
come  and  try  to  frighten  us  with  the  rfpublic  î 

Durina;  this  implacable  inquisfition,  which  was  every  moment  in- 
terrupted by  exclamations^  cheers,  murmurs,  and  flat  denials,  Casimir 
Périer  writhed  in  his  place,  and  ehowed  every  mark  of  boiling  rage. 
In  c&ating  \ip  flffïUDSt  him  CÊrtain  nrysterioua  rintâ  he  hud  made  to 
the  Hotel  de  Holbndc,  Rue  de  la  ï*aix,  M.  Mtiuffuini  had  impru- 
dently given  Kim  fin  opportunity  of  doing  himself  honour  on  the 
score  of  his  generosity.  Pcrier  related,  therefore,  with  eloqucBt  vi* 
vieity,  that  an  unfortunate  woman,  who  bore  a  name  prc-etninenlly 
glûrioua  in  the  national  history,  hud  come  to  France  with  her  sick 
son,  a  fugitive  from  ItalVi  and  braving  the  cruel  laws  that  baniâhcd 
her  from  the  soil  on  which  Napoleon  had  reigned.  He  related  that 
thia  woman  bad  made  application  to  the  Pahiis  Royal,  and  had  so- 
licited, for  some  days,  a  hoapitality  not  beset  with  danger;  and  h« 
avowed  that  the  ministry  had  not  had  the  eourngc  to  be  inflexible 
to  her  intrcaties;  this  was  the  amount  of  his  crime,  The  avowiil 
was  noble,  and  touched  the  ieclings  of  the  assembly.  But  the  omtoi 
wai  incapable  of  moderating  bis  own  vehemence.  He  chose  to  msaail 
Ms  «nemy  with  the  language  of  invective;  and  tlien  bejc^an  between, 
then  two  men  the  long  paniamentary  duel  that  consumed  the  life  of 
Ouimir  Perler,  and  hurried  him  to  the  grave.  For  Mauguin  pos- 
■cmd  met  Péricr  the  superiority  of  disdain  over  violence,  To  the 
furious  bursts  of  his  enemy,  he  replied  sometimes  with  ironicnl  pohtc- 
neas*  sometimes  with  on  icy  smile,  ever  the  accuser,  but  over  con- 
temptuous and  muter  of  himself, 

Tlicee  conflicts  produced  a  trtrong  sensation  in  Paris.  Kothing  yfeB 
talked  of  on  the  evening  of  the  21«t  and  the  next  day  but  M,  Mau- 
guin*8  attacks  on  the  ministry.  But  this  popularity  eren  ruffled 
those  of  his  coUcngues  in  the  Chamber  whose  opinions  most  nearly 
coincided  with  his  own.  H«  had  demanded  an  inquiry;  the  minister 
tDOwd  for  the  Qrd«r  of  tha  day;  the  order  of  the  day  was  voted. 
In  a  gTAVf!  and  meanrnd  mecli,  delivered  by  Odilon  mrrot  on  this 
subject,  there  appeariNl  to  be  some  severe  allusions,  and  an  intention 
of  turning  away  the  tfauthf  from  the  paths  into  which  M,  Maudlin's 
impetuneity  seemed  bent  on  forcing  it.  M.  Laurence  also  questioned 
the  raimstcrs  on  domestic  aSairs,  and  he,  too,  was  met  by  the  order 
of  the  day.  It  had  needed  but  a  week  to  make  weariness  suoceêcl 
to  excited  feeling  both  in  the  parliament  and  out  of  doors. 

Tho  fall  of  Poland  and  the  barren  effervescence  of  Paris  com- 
pleted the  ruin  of  the  revolutiormry  principle  in  Europe.  Thîe  mB 
maaifested  by  the  new  attitude  aspumed  by  the  Conlerence  in  tb* 
disputes  betwaen  Belgium  and  HnlUnd.  "ft^Uiara  had  ofwnly  braved 
the  diplomatiftta  of  London;  he  had  invaded  Belgium  in  contempt 
of  their  orders^  and  had  only  retired  before  tho  French  bayonet*. 
Subsequenilj  beuff  inltEronted  as  to  his  designs  by  the  enusmioB 
of  the  OonfaMDO»,  n*  n^mL  haughtily,  that  he  waa  not  obliged  to 
mako  knowu  bia  iutcadons.  It  was,  therefore,  natural  that  the  Coik- 


49S  AJUrSTMEXT  OP  THE  APPATES  OF  HOIXAXD  AX1>  BELCmf. 

Ceretux  abooU  take  port  vith  his  advoBnee  against  him.  Tie  ze- 
rei»  WM  ftctuftUj  the  caae;  fint*  m  I  hATe  svd,  be^.«uie  tiieW 
wtj  of  tnR^ing  th«  powcTs  oomplû&t  wsB  to  iBftke  head  a^nge 
theoit  and  aecoatdlr,  because  the  kst  erests  bad  tiaii^èired  «Q 
iDond  power  I'rom  the  revolutioiujT  principie  to  its  oppoaite.  HoKc 
the  trrât^  known  under  the  name  of  Trraty  of  itamE^^-Jirmr  mHtdÊt, 

By  this  document  the  Conference  (mce  more  undid  its  cnm  woric, 
ana  oa  ihiâ  occaaidn  to  the  fldTantace  <^  Holland-  Bat  it  matt  fee 
temvked  thftt  in  thU  new  shifting  ot  the  aubt  in  tliia  scukdalona  aa- 
nulmcnt  of  the  treaty  of  the  eighteen  articks,  tnatten  irere  oOfttlSfed 
in  such  a  manner  that  French  intetcsts  were  àacri£ced.  The  IbUâW^ 
ing,  in  tact,  were  the  hoses  of  the  tre&tT  of  twenty-ibtir  arteke, 
B^gned,  October  15^  163L 

As  for  the  apportionment  of  the  debts  between  HolLind  and  Bd- 
ghun,  the  conference  decided  that  those  which  had  been  ecmtzacted 
durixtg  their  union,  and  they  amounted  to  10,100,000  aoiiaa,  timaU 
he  divided  into  two  equal  portions^  so  that  the  ^ure  oC  Bd> 
gium  was  5,050,000  florin.*!.  The  conference  also  burdened  ibe 
latter  country  with  the  Beltrian  debts  contmcted  bcAjre  the  imâai, 
and  which  formed  a  ^m  of  2,750,000  florins,  to  which  it  supendded 
600,000  Ûorins  as  &n  indemnity  to  Holland  for  the  SBcziGces  impoaad 
on  her  by  the  separation.  This  decision  was  eqmtahle  enough;  for 
if  on  the  one  band  the  Belgians  could  contest  the  origin  of  the  debts 
anterior  to  the  union,  as,  for  instance,  the  Austro-Belgiax  debt  created 
by  an  arbitrary  extension  given  by  AViUiain  to  the  treaties  of  Fads 
and  Lunév'ille,  on  the  other  hand  it  U  clear  that  the  Conferenoe  did 
not  treat  Belgium  imiÀTOurably  in  ha\nng  regard  to  the  propoiÂaD 
of  taxation,  and  not  to  tbat  of  poptlatlon  in  the  apportionment  of 
the  debts  contracted  in  common.  There  remained  to  be  considered 
the  indemnity  of  600,000  iîorins.  Now  this  was  not  too  much  for 
commercial  advantages  such  as  the  free  transit  towards  Germany 
through  Limburg',  the  freedom  of  the  Scheldt,  and  the  navi^tion  of 
the  intermediaie  waters  between  the  Scheldt  and  the  Rhine. 

On  the  whole,  then,  the  commercial  and  financial  question  ma 
not  settled  to  the  detriment  of  Belgium.  It  wm  otherwise  with  the 
territorial  question,  because  here  the  Conference  made  it  its  principal 
aim  to  revive  ag&in&t  Fr&nce  the  idea  that  had  led,  at  the  congredt 
of  Vienna,  to  the  formation  of  the  kingdom  of  the  Netherlands. 

To  this  end  there  were  three  things  to  be  done,  the  réparation  of 
the  two  countries  being  maintained.  1.  To  delare  Belgium  neuter, 
and  ipvc  it  the  northern  part  of  Luxembourg,  so  that  the  French 
frontier  from  Longwi  to  Givet  should  be  imprisoned  by  the  Bel^çian 
neutrality.  2.  To  secure  to  the  King  of  Holland  a  p^  of  Luxem- 
bourg eonfiiderable  enough  to  mcdcc  him  rcmiûn  a  member  of  ^e 
an  ConJederatlun.     3.  Tu  give  UolLond,  not  only  what  it  po^ 

fin  Llmburg  in  1790 — that  is  to  say,  half  of  Maestricht,  Vcp-  ^ 

loo,  and  fifty-three  villages — but  also  all  the  territory  stretchxaflfl 
along  the  Meuse  that  could  enable  it  to  acquire  Btabiliiyand 


ETATE  OF  EUROPE  IN  GENEHAL. 


490 


weight  &s  a  conlmental  power,  and  to  form  a  strong  barrici  agoiost 
Franca. 

All  this  WM  settled  by  the  treaty  of  twenty-four  articles;  and  the 
deciaion  waâ  come  to  unanimously  I  Since  the  commencement  of 
this  century,  M.  de  TiiUcyrand'a  signature  had  never  been  wimting 
lo  any  document  pemiciuUâ  to  his  country. 

Here  terminates  all  tliat  waa  most  important,  heroic»  and  stormy 
in  the  European  movement  engendered  by  the  revolution  of  1830. 
To  the  moat  huge  surge  and  swell  recorded  in  the  history  of  human 
agitations,  succeeded  thcealm  of  exhaustion,  and  universal  silence. 

A  victim  to  her  own  government,  France  had  nothing  before  her 
eyes  but  the  KCxJtation  of  the  powers  hostile  to  her  glory  at  the  un- 
expected successes  they  had  achieved. 

Frufsia  saw  the  Rhenish  provinces,  where  the  name  of  France  nt> 
longer  wakened  one  echo,  returning  peaceably  under  the  sway  of 
her  laws. 

Austria  w^  ro-assured  and  satisfied.  By  cnllmg  forth  the  insur* 
rectiona  of  Modcna,  Parma,  and  Bologiiu,  the  revolution  of  July 
had  only  furnished  the  cabinet  of  Vienna  with  an  opportunity  of 
having  her  prétendons  with  regard  to  Italy  openly  and  strikingly 
recûgnised, 

Knglond  had  during  the  whole  year  swayed  the  sceptre  of  diplo- 
macy, and  had  turned  to  her  own  advaulagc  that  Belgian  revolution 
which  fortune  seemed  to  have  rent  to  France  as  a  compensation  for 
her  loeavs  in  1815.  The  Reform  Bill  passed  by  the  House  of  Com- 
mons had  been  rejected  by  tlte  Lords;  but  the  indignation  which 
this  rejection  excited  throughout  all  England  insured  a  speedy  vic- 
tory to  the  whig  aristocracy,  an  aristocracy  not  îeaa  hoetile  than  that 
of  the  tories  to  the  people,  to  France,  and  to  the  Ubcrty  of  the  world, 
but  more  adroit  in  cloaking  its  iU-iècUngâ,  and  in  coboring  the  cal- 
culations of  its  selfishness. 

Russia  had  loet  a  conâdorable  number  of  soldiers  in  the  last  cam- 
paign, but  she  no  longer  bore  in  her  bosom,  as  a  ibcns  of  rebellion, 
living  Foknd.     Bcsidcâ,  her  &way  at  Constantinople,  far  from  having 
been  impaired,  had  been  strengthened!  by  the  blunders  of  Franco  i 
nnd  the  co-operation  of  circumstances.     For,  depopulated  by  th<S  ' 
plague,  rent  bv  a  sort  of  religious  war,  menaced  by  the  revolts  of] 
the  pachas  of  Bagdad  and  Scutari,  Turkey  was  more  and  more  tot-] 
teiing  to  her  downlal.     To  the  reforms  oi"  Mahmoud,  tho  true  b<?-i 
lievcrs  replied  irith  conflagrations;  that  of  the  suburb  of  Pern  had 
recently  attested  ihc  h{U:red  borne  to  the  ^sours  by  the  worshippcrt 
of  the  prophet.     And  during  tliis  time,   the  (irrt  subject  of  the 
«ultan»  his  rival  and  lus  eecret  enemy,  Mohammed  Ali,  tiic  refr>rmiîr 
of  Egypt»  was  equipping  a  ricel  O!  Iwenlytwo  vessels,  raising  on 
army,  and,  nadct  pretext  of  his  quarrel  witli  the  Pacha  of  Acre.  Vfn» 
preparing  to  iaviidc  Syria  with  or  wiiJiout  the  consent  of  the  Porte. 


âOO 


STATE  or  ECBOPE  IS  GEDTEKAI^  AT  THE 


KcTcr  had  Turkey  been  more  imperiously  bowed  bcseatli  the  ^poioB 
tjf  foreign  probection,  Nuw  tlie  recall  of  General  Gruilleminot  ktl' 
showed  litir  liow  inevitable  for  her  was  the  protectorate  of  the  Ka»- 
eianSf  and  CoPBtîUitinople  was  at  tlicir  mercy. 

Such  were,  tor  the  great  powers  hostile  to  France^  the  conn*- 
qucnces  of  the  revolution  oJ"  July,  and  tlic-ir  de]ij.^ht  at  their  »eoar 
ceiviibie  prosperity  was  equalled  by  their  astonishment. 

As  for  the  peoples  TriUice  ought  to  have  protcctetî,  ihey  WHl 
blotted  out  from  lie  map,  or  reduced  to  servitude.  The  oountn 
the  Poles  ejdfited  only  ou  a  foreign  soil.  Italy  was  no  loxi^er  CaXked- 
of.  The  opostolic  party  in  Spuin  lorded  it  over  the  quoen^  adioi^ 
latcd  the  ferocity  ot  Ferdinand,  and  avenged  itself  for  the  attempts' 
of  Torrijoa  by  nameless  cruelties.  An  insurrection  extinguish^  ~ 
blood,  and  tbe  success  of  Count  Vilkdor,  the  fortunate  champi 
poima  Mario,  had  exasperated  Don  Miguel,  and  put  the  dim: 
the  caUmitics  of  the  Portuguese  nation.  Lastly,  Bet^utn  thenceforth 
feeble  aod  mutilateiî,  bent  beneath  the  dictatùrial  power  of  the  Cott- 
ierence,  wliilst  the  Kine  of  Holland  pronounced  tbreatenlng  harai^WBt 
and  ^cmed  a  £ccond  time  to  call  his  people  to  arms. 

And  for  all  tliis  one  year  h&d  suBtced  ;  all  this  had  been  the  nvoik 
of  some  men  without  genius,  grandeur,  prestige,  or  ability  ;  men  who 
had  no  other  foresight  than  fear  of  the  morrow,  no  other  profunditj 
ihiin  perseverance  in  the  love  of  eviL  Thus  selfiahneaa  renmined  tn- 
V  ETiphaat  ;  in  presence  of  the  monarchies  ever  prompt  to  ooitccrt  tt^C- 
tiier,  the  insurgent  pooplc  had  been  unable  either  tu  come  to  a  tnutAaJ 
undei-statiding  or  to  combine;  and  the  problem  of  the  comtauiutv  of 
iiiiercata  andrcspousibihty  among  mankmd  at  large»  having  been  laid 
before  the  world  in  ité  two  difiWent  aspects»  hud  been  determined  ia 
a  ratsci^ble  manner.  To  add  to  all  these  alQicdons  the  cholera  had 
E|ncad  over  Europe,  and  was  hiying  it  waste. 

As  for  France,  guilty  of  having  neglected  her  appointed  tasV,  uid 
having  sutiered  violence  to  be  done  to  her  genius,  she  was  about  t» 

!  more  rudely  sujitten  iliau  any  otjior  nation.     In  their  love  of 

sec,  vrhich  accorded  with  the  sentiments  of  the  dominant  cUao^ 
und  with  their  intereste  aa  tmderBtood  iu  a  tiarrow  and  paltry 
Bjiirit,  the  French  rainistcra  had  violated  the  meet  elementary  nodpoB 
ol'  political  science  nnd  the  rules  of  the  most  ordinary  prudence, 
luslead  of  preseîving  peace  by  inspiring  the  powers  with  mmd  of  war, 
tlicy  had  givcu  the  enemiea  of  the  J?  rench  the  meana  of  inspoatng 
tlica-  own  will  upon  them  by  making  the  French  afraid  of  thcm- 
Bclvcs.  T"he  vicdoua  nature  of  this  policy  had  been  clearly  d^nxoti- 
Btrated  by  Williain,  who,  aa  we  have  already  faid,  liad  the  glory  of 
aliuoBt  dictating  the  conditions  of  peace  by  showin*.;  that  ho  vas  zfr- 
eolved  not  to  receive  them  at  the  dictation  of  others.  The  vatxsnl 
result  of  the  conduct,  of  the  French  eovernment  was  that  the  votoc  of 
Finance  lo8t  all  wei^^ht  in  the  councils  of  Europe,  and  that  her  dipSo- 
luBcy  fell  into  that  inexorably  iiital  dégradation  which  iU-tiuaed  txizk- 


I 


A 


€IX>8B  OF  OCTOBBB,  1S3I.  .     iBOi. 

ceenons  produce.  There  vas  nothing,  even  to  her  conquests  in 
Africa,  but  was  destined  to  be  for  her,  as  'will  be  seen  in  the  sequel 
of  this  history,  a  source  of  errors  and  calamities. 

There  was  a  singular  pettiness  of  views  in  suppodug  tliat  internal 
repose  would  be  purchased  by  dishonourable  weaknesses.  When  the 
passions  of  a  people  have  beesi  stroi^ly  aroused,  men  must  make  up 
their  minds  to  combat  Ûitm  if  they  cannot  give  them  employment. 
Accordingly  France  was  about  to  be  alone  agitated,  whilst  all  the 
nations  around  her  had  sunk  back  into  motionless  inertness.  By  a 
just  and  memorable  expiation,  she  was  condemned  for  a  long  time  to 
come  to  trouble  that  gloomy  alecce  abe  had  suâcrcd  to  be  established 
around  her  ;  and  the  generous  passions  which  were  everywhere  driven 
back,  were  about  in  some  sort  to  recoil  oa  her  «nd  be  oonvcrted  into 
tumuHanddvilwar.  I  will  narrate  tlwae  woes,  ^ese  disorders;  and 
it  is  my  âncere  dearc  not  to  mingle  too  much  bittemeis  with  tho 
recite  of  these  sufferii^  and  humiliations  of  my  country;  for  the 
historian's  duties  are  austere,  and  it  is  imperatare  on  him  thai  he- 
preserve  an  unimpaasioned  rectitude  of  judgment. 


9l9 


502   TBE  LEGITIÏIATIBTS;  TUËIK  &TBËM<ITH  AND  W^£AKfi£SS 


BOOK  THE  THIRD. 


CHAPTER  I, 


ÂBBOAD,  tKe  FtËïicli  goTenunent  h&à  accompliâlied  ils  1 
ail  that  was  left  for  France  was  to  crawl  through  the  chAngii 
Bcenus  of  the  obscure  part  which  had  been  asslgued  it  on  the  staai 
of  the  world;  but  at  home,  miniatcra  had  sown  the  seeds  of  a  ten- 
£c  struggle,  thïougb  the  disgust  iaspîred  by  the  systctnatic  aufaae^ 
vicncy  of  their  foreign  policy,  whifet  the  unÊnîsJied  constitulioa 
had  yet  to  brave  the  storms  of  pubUc  discussion;  and  all  were  coai- 
BCtoua  that  the  moat  senoua  difficulty  of  the  govemment  would  bo  to 
secure  its  own  existence. 

A  year  had  slipped  away  before  the  l^itimatlsta  had  rcooTend 
from  their  stupor.  The  time,  however,  seemed  to  have  BTri\~ed  for 
their  resuming  the  direction  of  public  opimon;  to  which  they  wen 
alike  encouraged  by  the  vacillation  of  the  partj^  in  power»  ftUc^ 
natcly  truckling  and  threatening,  by  the  increasing  sufièriiig  and 
discontent  of  the  people— a  discontent  exasperated  by  the  recoHw 
tion  of  their  recent  triumph,  by  tbc  disgraces  heaped  upon  the 
country,  and  its  subjection  to  the  caprices  of  the  foreigner  through 
the  very  extent  of  the  concevions  made  liim.  Besides,  the  legiti- 
matist  party  was  rich,  and  supported  by  the  clergy;  and  nugbt 
look  to  be  backed  in  their  botdest  undertakings  by  the  enUtuaiaili 
of  tlïe  soutlij  the  gentry  of  the  west,  and  ilic  indomitable  and  Gàthr- 
fui  peasants  of  La  Vendt-e.     But  the  party  ivantcd  leaders. 

A  prey  to  the  feverish  excitability  and  loneliness  of  heart  which 
are  the  canker  of  genius,  M.  Dg  Chateaubriund  loathed  mankjud  and 
the  age,  and  groaned  beneath  the  burden  of  an  caostence  wluch 
seemed  glorious  and  enviable  to  all  others.  I  often  saw  him  at 
this  period  of  liis  life,  and  was  greiitly  struck  with  the  utter  pro»- 
trallon  of  spirita  under  which  he  appeared  to  labour.  A  ecnaB  of 
inward  bitterness  mingled  with  the  kindly  cjxpresdon  of  his  ocMin- 
tenance;  he  smiled  wilh  an  effort,  and  then  sadly;  whilst  the  dwp 
and  faltering  accents  of  his  voice  f^okc  the  trouble  of  his  mind,  and 
his  conversation  was  desponding  in  the  extreme.  Nor  was  this  to 
be  wondered  at.  Of  all  that  had  once  been  to  liim  objects  of  dcàiv, 
of  hope,  ot  of  beUef,  not  a  vestige  remained;  and  he  vainly  soug] 
find  food  (or  his  enthimasm,  or  inspiration  for  his  ^ciùus,  in  the 
of  the  mighty  'nTcck  which  he  had  survived.     With  the  ruin 


I 


M.  CE  CHATEAUBRIAWP. 


503 


noHtity,  the  humiliation  oîûie  ctowh,  the  degradation  of  relimon, 
and  the  ïos3  of  liberty,  the  enchantment  whjch  had  coloured  his 
existence  was  broken.  His  chivab-ous  «apathies  were  outraged; 
ajid  he  felt  his  occupation  as  a  high-born  gentleman  and  as  a  poet, 
gone.  The  only  solaces  for  his  wounded  spLiït  were  wanting.  Ho 
required  brilliant  scenes,  noble  friendships,  or  ennobhnff  enmides; 
■whilst  all  that  remained  of  the  dreadful  or  heroic  spectacles  enacted 
beibre  his  eyes  by  a  terror-struck  or  an  adminng  world,  were  some 
reminificenccs  that  were  laughed  to  scorn.  There  are  epochs  when 
the  pride  of  St rouj?' minded  men  can  wrest  satisfaction  out  of  sufler- 
ipg»  when  they  wiU  court  danger  with  a  kind  of  fearftil  joy,  and 
find  a  consolation  for  anguish  in  hatred  :  such  epochs  were  the  Uevo- 
lutioa  aud  the  Empire  to  M.  Dc  CKnteaubriaTid.  The  age  had  &ince 
become  narrow  and  coarse;  calculation  Imd  replaced  impulse;  the 
grave  carea  of  government  were  frittered  on  the  wretched  details  of 
ofticc;  pympatty  was  made  matter  of  calculation,  dislike  gave  way 
to  cunning,  and  so  dwarfish  had  aU  become,  that  one  could  not  even 
hate  with  credit  to  oneself.  After  the  victory  gained  in  July  oveï 
the  crown  find  the  nobles,  what  part  was  there  left  for  Chateau- 
briand to  sudtain?  That  of  a  partisan?  He  was  tmfit  for  it.  His 
wa*  a  disposition  which  could  not  submit  to  the  drudgery  of  petty 
details,  nor  satisfy  the  incessant  calls  of  business.  Ile  could  maks 
large  sacrifices  atiB.  rise  equal  to  great  emergencies;  but  could  neither 
ntoop  to  lise  vile  instruments»  nor  to  traffic  with  human  feeling». 
So  far,  itkdced,  his  Jxicnde  admitted  îùa  disqualifications  for  active 
life.  But  his  enemies  went  further.  They  refused  to  sec  in  him 
any  of  the  qualities  of  the  statesman,  and  recalled  the  course  of  hia 
oublie  career — Im  haughtineefl  and  hterary  reveries  when  at  the 
ncad  of  affairs;  his  contemptuous  indolence  whilst  the  court  waa 
iDtriguiug  around  him  ;  the  emba^ics  which  he  would  liavc  had  under- 
taken aa  sa  rnaïiy  pious  pilgrimage;  his  contempt  for  the  connraon- 
pkce  routine  of  duty,  and  hîa  predilection  foribsplay;  and  hia  lavish 
expenditure,  for  even  hie  own  fortune  he  hod  wasted  with  the  philo- 
sophy of  a  poet  and  the  haughty  indiflcrence  o(  a  ma<rnifico.  It  is 
true  iliat,  viewing  the  matter  on  its  poetic  side,  M.  De  Chateaubriand 
would  willingly  Imvc  undertaken  the  leadership.  He  would  have 
delighted  to  climb  so  as  to  overlook  society,  and,  enlarging  his 
sphere  of  mental  vision,  to  employ  the  opportunity  to  witch  mankind 
by  imprinting  on  each  social  movement  the  imprew  of  his  own  poetic 
conceptions.  Nor  need  this  provoke  a  smile.  They  alone  mould  a 
nation's  destinies,  who  soar,  self-gustained^  ahove  the  common-pUcea 
of  the  million.  This  was  do  secret  to  Napoleon,  who  beguiled  hil 
burned  interrals  of  leisure  by  the  reading  ofOsaian;  and  who  owed 
to  the  poetry  of  his  conceptions,  acts,  and  language,  much  of  thai 
JUHnrclIous  asceodancy  over  his  (ellow-mcn,  whicli  lesùfîcd  the 
grvatncas  of  his  earthly  mission  far  more  clearîy  than  his  victories. 
It  was  not  Chateaubriands  faults  as  a  statc5man  which  stood  in  his 
Way,  but  his  dcficicaicy  as  a  partisan;  for  party  pelf-lovc  is  otily 


equalled  hj  party  înffratitude.  Party  ever  deairea  to  find  ft  dift 
in  llie  very  leader  whom  it  has  emulousij  choaen,  and  impêriôariT 
tulËS  ihe  ctiief  it  sçema  to  obey.  The  zealot  partisaDS  of  tli9W 
àjTwety  had  never  forgiven  Cliateaubriajid's  having  been  bo* 
mentanly  dazzled  with  the  glory  of  lîonaparte,  on  hi»  wjmaiug 
until  decided  by  the  death  of  Ûic  Duke  D'Enghien  to  deadficM 
hatred  of  hJa  niiirderer;  still  less  could  they  overlook  has  defenee  «f 
the  liberty  of  the  press,  and  his  sliare  in  the  glorious  thiee  àMj% 
Tims,  a  man  whose  imagination  inclined  him  to  delight  in  the  w»- 
drou9,  who  was  giflcd  Tvith  rare  and  various  endoTTmcnts,  and  wbow 
FHSccptibleof  cvt-ry  noble  impression,  was  reproached  for  no*  hwinr 
remained  insensible  to  the  fagdnationa  of  glory  and  the  iriaiB^w  of 
Mberty.  But  it  is  not  the  first  timewe  have  had  occasion  toremaiit  thi> 
psrly  is  a  despot  not  to  be  braved  with  impunity.  To  guide  it  re- 
quires a  blind  and  ignorant  fanaticism  or  a  servile  ambition.  Sedt 
to  enlighten,  you  repulse  it;  ask  it  to  be  justf  you  become  theo^ 
^t  ot  its  gnapicion;  serve  it  dcdpit»  of  itself,  and  you  fvnwcpgnltt 
it.  Such  were  the  chief  cuuses  which  consio;ned  M.  De  CïmtMO 
briand  to  a  compulsory  inactivity.  Such  is  the  age  in  which  <ne 
is  forced  to  exphim  why  genius  is  silent,  and  power  pwwerlesF  ! 

Aa  for  M.  licnyer,  wScre  was  the  party  which  woald  not  h»t« 
exulted  in  having  him  for  its  leader?  In  whom  could  be  foandeos» 
bined  more  varied  eleincntâ  of  auccc^,  uniting,  aa  he  did,  imlnfcll 
gable  activity  with  singular  discernment,  an  extraordinary 
accommodating  himsiclf  to  the  mcpst  cmbarmesing  situaticMis, 
inexhaustible  comraand  of  rcsotrrees,  graces  of  langage  and 
ner,  which  could  disarm  the  bitterest  hatred,  and  a  ^enioa 
poured  Itself  forth  on  all  things,  and  drew  all  to  itaelf.  Never,  ^ 
had  any  noan  swayed  so  absolutely  the  passions  of  hia  hearers, 
reigned  so  despotii^ally  through  the  magic  of  eloquence.  There 
times  in  which  Mirabeau  scenied  to  revive  in  him;  yet  M. 
was  powcrlcgs  to  aid  the  legitimadst  potty,  to  which  he  had 
himscli';  firstly,  because  he  wanted  laith  in  his  poUticat  creed; 
conflly^  becaitse  his  finest  talents  were  shaped  by  the  fcelitt 
habits  of  an  artistic  mind.  Plebeian  by  birth  and  education, 
mode  himself  knuwn  ju?t  as  the  aristocracy  had  resumed  ike 
power  in  France,  was  felt  to  be  essential  te  it,  and  wis  we 
never  to  be  parted  with,  on  the  self-abasLng^  butprudcnt  principle 
mon  to  all  aristocracies — a  principle  which,  in  England,  has  pi* 
class  whose  birthright  is  pnde  at  the  beck  of  Sir  Ilobcrt  F^el, 
son  of  *  CO tton-manti facturer  who  was  made  a  baronet  bj  Pirtî 
Lord  Lyndhurst,  a  painter's  wn;  and  of  the  Duke  of  Wellinj 
uprung  fiom  a  race  of  Irish  citizens,  Ushered  into  and 
a  new  world  of  grace,  pexfunie,  and  harmony,  smUing  & 
words,  and  all  the  clegaocea  and  witchcnes  of  lifê^  there  b  bo  deny^ 
hue  that  M.  Berry^r  swallowed  the  gilded  bait,  and  Bufi*6red  himdC 
to  be  inextricùbly  caught.  He  had  panted  for  tlic  iitvour  ofoanrdj 
circleaj  it  had  inspired  his  finest  burets  of  eloquence,  had 


ipkeedi 


OTHEft  LESTtlMATÏST  1,BA15«H5. 


SÔS 


his  ffuccew,  haÀ  ftpcûetl  to  liim  a  vi&ta  of  pleasures;  and,  transported 
with  the  means  thus  joined  of  blcmling'  dissipation  with  business — 
for  iu!  was  not  one  who  cared  to  husband  his  powers — he  had  iuaea- 
ôbly,  but  irrcTocablj,  pledged  hiïoscU'.  Such,  at  Icaat,  is  the  por- 
trait drawn  hy  his  enemies;  and  how  else  explain  hh  having  made 
timaelf  the  bondslave  of  a  monarchy  whose  faults  he  vainly  de- 
plored, and  of  a  nobility  with  who%  ob&tinnlc  préjudices  he  could 
nave  no  sympathy — he,  a  man  of  the  people,  cJeBT-i?ighte<l,  bold, 
manly  in.  maoiicr,  and  democratic  in  lecling?  Thus  M.  Bcrrycr 
likewise  etood  alone  amidst  his  parly,  »ncc  he  openly  profe^^d  tole- 
rance, behared  to  the  rcpubbcans  with  such  winning  delicacy, 
that  some  of  them  âaltercd  iheraaelvea  thc^  had  his  friendship,  was 
aooeasble,  agreeable^  or  useful  to  all,  and  did  not  hesitate,  m  hÎ3 
place  in  the  Chamber,  to  pay  homage  to  whatever  was  truly  great, 
whether  animated  by  the  recollection  of  his  country's  Btruggles  far 
freedom,,  or  at  tlic  image  of  France  «aved  by  the  republic,  into  those 
barsta  of  enthupiiBm  which  shake  an  auditory.  Never  did  he  appear 
to  more  advantage  than  when,  casting  off  the  chains  of  his  party,  he 
stood  lorth  in  the  tribune,  spoke  of  national  honour  betrayed,  o  people 
Inumllftted,  and  ^ve  himself  np  to  the  inspin^on  of  the  moment. 
HÎB  fliiiiing  eye,  the  air  of  hau^]ity  defjonce  wi^  which  he  toesed 
boelc  his  head,  the  startllng  tones  of  his  sonorous  voice,  the  action, 
idtcmalely  majcsdc  or  threatening',  with  which  his  gesture  filled  up 
the  rocanmg  of  hi«  dJacourse,  formed  a  perfect  pictnrc,  and  the  whole 
•fcembly  would  arise  in  involuntary  transport.  Next  dsy,  too,  the 
puty  upon  whom  his  triumph  reflected  its  brightness,  durst  hardly 
whisper  its  diwattïfàction  with  \n»  vagrant  fancies.  Still,  these 
ephemeral  triumphs  were  all  which  M.  Bcrrycr  could  achieve.  Men 
bunîed  to  hear  him,  ti>  be  moved,  and  to  forget.  Strangle  orator, 
who  exercised  no  real  inAnence,  althou^^h  everj  prcpoasesâon  wa3 
Id  hi?  £ivour,  and  who,  in  his  futile  omnipotence,  played  with  mcu'â 
fwaoniS  but  oould  not  direct  thrm. 

M.  Vâkèle  «ppoufld  to  stand  aloof  Mewieurs  dc  Fitzjamcs,  Hyde 
êib  NenviUe,  id  Blntigtiâe,  And  de  Noaitleâ,  enjoyed  4  reputation 
vkkh  thoy  turned  to  no  Acoount,  *nd  kf%  the  fortunes  of  their  p^rty 
to  chance.  But  the  wstkBOi  of  the  party  reuUy  ?pmng  from  ita 
own  want  of  enthuAasm.  Change  was  neither  essential  to  if,  nor 
dierarable  to  iu  leatËng  men.  To  beein  a  revolution  in  such  a  state 
of  flings,  waa  to  anlicipatc  defeat.  Wluit  could  the  heads  of  the 
par^  hope  far  more  tlian  they  cnjoycïl  at  the  handa  of  the  new  go- 
remment  ?  Property  was  respected^  birth  honoured,  the  past  trented 
with  delicate  rea^rve,  and  ancestral  rccolleetions  flattered  nitberthan. 
diwouratfed.  What  had  a  man,  like  M-  Uerryer,  to  whom  the  dé- 
fait of  ht9  pftHy  Itad  brought  no  diminution  of  iainc,  reputation^ 
pleasure,  or  luxury,  to  hope  for  even  from  the  pogwagjon  of  power, 
which  always  brings  its  own  bitten  along  with  it;  or  how  could  iU 
attainment  be  worth  his  risking  the  hasard  of  the  die?  Bitter  hatreds 
and  Aïipirîng  hope»  arc  the  matciial  of  revolutions,  vad  the  k^tinta" 


tÎBtf  }i*^  "Biùt  to  i)W£«  fc^tL—^j^  "âHir  }nd  ao  lack  of  hate* 
ibem,  ikc^werec^  vm  mbb  j  ■iiflif lif  ipintT  vlio  bomed  fot  «aita; 
and  TÎiam  th£  îtiMt  4jn^  **  Vl«fft  vore  jm.  daring  Uie  tfcice 
^■n?^  w.i>A^Ty4  ^  ^Mâ^  mmtÊai  m.  kno,  witb  circufiisunai 
tSâth  â^  ^b  km  ^""^^  ^"  ^V*"^  llieîr  warlike  aççc» 
&■)■  vœlli^taBBd  lir  dië&eaÀS  M  Ae  iiB.Mei.  court,  wko  Iodcc^ 
ta  gontam  m.  ïngàHB'vî^  a  fin  «T  lU^  &n*  and  -were  mom^ 
MU  enèBmcK  A  ^""^  ^"^  jviaâ  «nt  of  theàr  places  bj  ct; 

idle «iut  crf^     iMUi.  4bM  Ac ttva  ^w Ud  wbicb  w^â   to  t^onTiifae 
ITuftlY     lia» a^  iaduiL  SBv  litf  a  ti^aaiiee  î&  an  attempt  wlûch  WM 


I 


tonli 


San  2s 


lâB^Bt^l 


the  cruel  piide  ol 
<^ihe  penile  ialBi 


AU  kiK^  the  inaon-  «f  La  ToBiôe  Aati^  liw  R^^bUc,  and  iH 
SmSai  TÎtb  ihc  hcacv  âfe«â&  iaaàni  %t  Wk  and  rdigion,  of  ikt 
rf'TkAiiiiiiwii.  u  y lafcfjMiijiwifn ,  and  Lckbr. 
à  Ae  MMfe  «floral  derabatt.Ai 
,  Ti^  aiwa— iiMihwKtatiy^begimme  of  ^n»,  nanniflf 
la  fioL  ^va^T^dwail  r  oofisédercd,  tbe  «■ 
,  LX>cae^  BJTlngws,  «k^  La  Xeaàét^BOcateà  marked  fot 
tan^^^  onâvHi  ^e  taittUy  »  îitfen«cled  bf 
taà  hf^pt^  tAmm  èimk.  lawii  tlw  aot^rr  wb»  v» 
desf  fivn  kâinni&  Ik laaAi an  WAvad  In- steep  bnnkji, tcfpi 
vsàhB^H,bdi^«lMJ^iakB^^V»«tWd,  a  IwAafiâMk 
mrisbie,  BXkd  zneiitaUe  foenwo  bekaks  thet^eJrcs  ;  and  vast  are  Ù£ 
XBsaoTçvt  tSùcàeA  w  a  bsad  c/  rcsJbke  parô^iw  br  ibe  wîid  isd 
fcatui  cWaciBs  cif  ihe  sc£L  in  pane  denadj  vooded;  itear  à« 
flBMt,  ox  br  ciztfeiE  a&d  mT=hm  lûddoD  fcj  Aâck  and  ntiOf^ 
xa^RE;  cad  ^sevbeie  EinuiÛBÇ  iaAa  nuaease  pUtat,  corcred  vt^ 
hwMD,  irlûc^  gTQ-rs  to  lîw  ïneâg^iS  of  m  sua.  aIis  ebcloeiaeft,  tco, 
'iAÎkIl,  Kt  ^xB-i  iaterralf^  Kepustr  like  &nits.  Lare  atây  eue  pboe  d 
MtlMin.  xikd  of  exh,  which  i±  cunefuBT  masked  ovo^,  and  w^^:^ 
lu  PII,  known  to  ibe  mhAbûutfi  iLxke,  «JSgcdf  tkem  aa  easy  WMWTrtcJ 
fiSt^  Rkddodj-  an  m  eneniT,  orenrhelmii^  hùn,  and  diaa|ipcù^ 
Swh  'aw  tlK  doaauT  whidi  t>ie  ConveUHB  h«d  lakim  upw  H  is 
Aibdac.  Il  wae inhabiicd  bjra  simple,  eoCTggtàe,and ]gionapep|ile .  liviag 
oci  ihç  pr>i'4/c«  of  Ûtâi  Ûocks  wîucîi  tbcT  di<nded  vith  tiàn^mmart, 
tu  irho^  pâtnarcK&l  authoritT  ihex  hâà  ever  looked  op,  aaa  wha^ 
tfUli£ii^  thdr  d'sârcs  do  ks  ihui  iheîr  tuiis.  Their  ptiestt  «ttC 
hiM.  Îq  «specul  rererpncc  bv  this  piinûnTe,  crade,  and 
bi;:^ov^  tmtx,  Buiied  ia  Uie  solitude  of  thôi  woidb  wê»A  ^ 
WfTi^  uocotucûxiE  of  the  uproar  mseii  around  thon  bran 
tïvl  whjLt  ^verj  recejTcd  d^kIoii  h^  been  shakrn 
Ûv.  wwt  of  Fnajice,  prescnpîJTô  usa^â?  remained  witk 
thfrtuh^el  both  Lv  hereditAiy  fecîÎDgs  and  Weaduy  i 
BeVbtutioQ  fuUIDiji^  its  dstÎDT,  reeotred  to  force  La 
ibat  great  P^  ^^  ymtj,  oar  knowledge  of  which  is 


HABITS  AND  DISPOSITION  OT  ITB  INHABITANTS. 

TÎolencçe,  but  whose  boneûts  will  be  recognised  by  posterily.  All 
know  wbat  then  took  place.  Tliese  peas&bts,  wtiosu  greatest  dread 
vas  to  be  compeUed  to  serve  in  the  array,  displayed  in  defence  of 
their  customs  a  warlike  heroism»  unequalled  save  by  that  of  the 
bluest  their  opponents.  They  rushed  to  the  châteaux  and  forced 
the  gentry  to  put  themselves  at  their  head;  whilst  the  latter*  in 
their  turn  would  share  the  coinmaud  with  a.  ffame-keeper,  and  abso- 
lutely chose  a  carrier  commander-in-chief.  Tlien  began  the  war,  a 
^ur  without  it*  feUow»  in  which  peasant*,  tuniultuously  assembled, 
Btoud  thtiir  ground  against  large,  brave,  and  disciplined  nrmira, 
^^■hoBo  Bombre  enthusiaern  had  long  been  the  terror  of  Europe, 
Thus  waa  it  fated  that  the  power  of  prescriptive  usage  should 
exhibit  its  greatest  j^trength  whilst  change  was  working  its  wildest 
■wonders;  and  certainly  one  of  the  not  least  touching  or  least  pliilo- 
sophical  epectaclca  o(  the  age,  was  that  of  these  crowds  oi  poor 
cotmtryini;'n  throwing  themBelves  on  the  republican  cannon  whilst 
making  the  sien  of  the  cross,  or,  after  some  hanlly  won  Tictory, 
fallipg  on  th^ir  loices  on  the  field  of  battle,  in  the  midst  of  their 
staughtered  kinsmen,  to  return  thanks  to  iho  God  whom  theîf 
ùthera  had  wotsbipped. 

13 ut  they  who  judged  by  the  past  of  what  might  bo  expected 
iroM  La  Vendee  jn  1831^  miscalculated  gadlv^  Ati  interval  of 
thirty  years  is  too  short  a  breathing-space  to  allow  of  the  renewal 
of  eo  romantic  a  struggle  as  that  Ix^un  by  Cathelineau,  and  ended 
by  Georges  Cadoudal.  Georges,  the  miller  a  son,  the  brave,  the  loyal, 
the  devoted,  but  also  tlie  inflexible,  and  relentlessly  unforgiving. 
Lad  worn  out  the  West  by  the  chouannene  of  which  he  was  both 
the  hero  and  the  victim.  On  his  deuth,  Natnleau  had  disarmed  La 
Vendee  by  his  clemency;  and  he  reduced  it  to  submission  by  the 
irreaifitiblc  ascondancy  of  his  genius.  Borne  over  tlie  world  in  the 
Tanks  of  the  conquering  armies  of  the  Empire,  such  of  the  Ven- 
dcans  as  had  survived  liic  carnage,  returned  to  their  firc-âdcfl,  mia- 
sionarjcs  as  it  were  of  new  ideas,  A  change,  too^  had  come  over 
their  country  through  the  progress  of  trade  and  the  sale  of  the 
national  property;  which  had  introduced  into  it  a  class  of  men 
whose  only  aesiic  was  quiet,  and  only  religion  interest.  Tlio  ingia^ 
titude  of  the  Ucstoration  forwarded  the  work  began  by  the  cosmo- 
politan and  conquering  pyptem  of  Bonaparte.  Forgotten»  insidted, 
and  the  prey  of  calumnies  which  were  eagerly  circulated  by  the 
courtiers,  the  was  of  the  uutnerous  royalists  who  had  died  for  the 
Bourbons  bad  a  leisure  of  fifteen  yoais  to  learn,  in  the  bitterness  of 
want,  tlic  wortli  of  king?  and  phnccs;  in  whose  selHï^h  climate  a 
su^eet'a  devotion  is  but  a  port  of  their  revenue. 

Yet,  all  things  taken  into  account,  an  insuirection  was  still  poe- 
Bblo  in  La  Vendée.  The  mercantile  Fpirit  prevailed  only  in  the 
towns  and  the  districts  tlirougli  which  the  main  roads  ran;  and 
waa  but  fiUghtly  felt  in  the  countiy  parlf,  where  the  nobility  and 
cler^  maintained  thdir  old  influence.      This  influence  happened 


sm 


nïstrtiiiECTioî*  nr  la  trîtoêk. 


to  be  exceedingly  dangcroug^  oTvinj^  to  a  eause  of  discontent  specMÎ 
to  the  province,  and  which  proceeded  from  the  vigour^ — ^laTrful 
ttndoubtedly,  yet  oniy  to  be  safvly  indulged  in  by  a  strong  go- 
Temment- — with  wbidi  the  malccontents  bad  been  pursued  flinca 
1830,  EbulUtioDS  of  hatred  and  revolt  were  the  consequence; 
*nd  the  younger  pcflj;antry,  drawing  lots  for  the  chance,,  fled  inta 
the  woods,  led  a  hard  and  wandering  life,  chenshefï  their  rosent- 
ments  in  common,  «nd  hardened  each  other  intn  deadly  discontent. 

All  danger  might  have  been  averted  by  ft  wise  ibrbftirance.      But 
the  government  agents  forwarded  to  Paris  ridic-alonsly  exn<r^rB(ed 
xeports.     Received  in  the  West  with  cold  disdain  by  the  legitin»- 
tifitB,  who  declined  their  overtures  and  lauphed  at  their  cit-lile  ina* 
portance,  they  dissembled  their  wounded  self-love  under  a  pretended^  j 
2cal  for  the  public  service,  stooped  to  petty  perwcutions,    stimo*  ' 
latcd  the  government  to  brutal  mcasuTcs,  and  lîo;hted  with  iheif  j 
own  hands  tin;  fire  which  it  was  their  duty  to  extin^ish.     Domi- 
ciliary vints^  by  drivinn*  the  ffpntry  from  their  chat«sux,  proTid«ii| 
leaders  for  an  msuitection,  which  md  already  been  largely  mip- ' 
phed  with  soldiers  by  the  system  of  search  which  had  driven  the 
peaEiints  frota  their  huls;  and  these  foimed  theraselves  into  sepant^  ] 
hoxxas, 

Then  appeared  a  Dekunay,  a  Diot.  a  Wathiirin  Mandff;  fe«*'J 
less  adventurei-s  who,  eq^uippcd  irith  a  nuiskct  and  a  hunting  fl>9k,l 
and  accompuuied  by  a  (lvt  brave  and  active  tbUowers,  uttodted  flUko  I 
soldiers',  gendarmes,  and  the  civic  gtiards,  and  ronraed  ore»  the  coun* 
try,  at  one  time  skirting  the  woods,  at  anotlïer  lurkiog^  amidst  the  t*^| 
broom,  dreaded  in  the  towns,  but  cordially  welcomed  at  the  solitary  j 
£uin -house. 

The  natural  sequel  of  these  partial  revolts  was  rapine,  Lawlen  me^  j 
Soon  joined  the  scattered  bodies  of  royahsts,  ana  compromised  ! 
^lahonouTcd  them  by  their  excesses.  Government  took  good  CMr&i 
to  confound  in  one  sweeping  denunciation  both  the  irtal  chvuax»  i 
the  odious  ïdh'ea,  whom  they  had  not  only  tlisowiied,  btit  had 
several  occasions  punished.  Rumour  soon  exaggerated  the  > 
a»d  smcurot  of  the  diaordeis  committed,  and  the  most  sniflter  l 
porta  were  circulated.  Feari'iil  tales  spread  from  mouth  to  edoucIl] 
A  cry  for  vengeance  bnt^ta  from  Town  and  village.  The  nat 
ffuarcfcs  assemble,  anns  in  hand.  The  patriots  themselves,  th 
Boetile  to  government,  range  themselves  on  its  aide  for  âceunt 
enkc.  "  Death  to  the  brigandji  !"  is  the  rallying  cry  of  the  i  ' 
and  cnra^d  citizens,  and  every  chouan  on  whom  thtry  can  l»yl 
hands  is  butchered.  Bloody  reprisals  follow  the  bloody  exectiticmJi'f 
and  swell  the  scene  of  horror.  Tlic  blow  is  struck;  the  pftaeions  of  I 
Xficn  are  let  loose,  and  civil  war  is  begun. 

it  waa  at  this  fatal  crisis  that  the  Duchess  de  Bern  resolved 
leaving  Scotland,  and  on  proceeding'  to  cheer  by  her  pKK&oe  diél 

Srtisaïis  of  her   eon.      The  regohition   waa  an  accursed  one;   firfl 
atric  Corulinc  did  nc4  launch  into  the  CAteer  of  the  conspiracy  ttf  1 


THE  DrcntSS  CE  SSftRfS  ROMAWTlC  HOPES.  509 

jMïTXH:  Tast  project  of  social  reform,  ot  to  improTC  the  condition 

of  the  people;  «nd  she  should  have  asked  hera^li'  whether  ahç  was 
i«0tifie<l  in  pKinglng  Fmnce  inta  a  lon^  moaming  only  to  ratbon 
aer  to  tlie  Duke  deliordcaux,  as  you  would  a  field  to  an  owuct  who 
hftd  been  deprived  of  it.  Yet,  with  the  prejudices  which  she  had 
imbibed  fifom  the  endk,  ihe  Duthess  de  licrrî  could  hardly  be  ex- 
pected to  «e  the  cnmisftlity  of  her  design;  and,  besides,  her  Nea- 
poUtAn  imagînatioiL  was  fired  with  the  thought  of  her  becoraiDg 
anotlicr  Jeanne  d'Aibrct.  The  idea  of  eroftsing  the  sc*  at  the  head 
oTlaithiuI  paladins;  of  Lmding,  after  the  perita  and  adventured  of  au 
wïiçxpecl*a  voyage,  în  a  counlry  of  knights-errant;  of  eluding,  bv  a 
thouHind  dis;;ui0C3,  the  vigilance  of  the  watchfîil  enemies  through 
whom  Bbc  bad  to  pav;  of  wamlering»  a  devoted  mother  and 
banished  queen,  from  haralet  to  hamlet,  and  château  to  château;  of 
testing  humanity,  high  and  low,  on  the  romantic  âde;  and,  at  iho 
eoA  of  ft  Yïctorioii»  conspiracy,  of  rearing  in  Franco  thg  andcxit 
standard  of  the  monarchy — otL  thiswati  too  dai^ting  not  to  CBfMmrte 
a  young»  high-spirited  wouian,  bold,  through  very  ignorance  of  the 
,  obrtadca  she  had  to  nirmouut;  heroic  in  the  hour  of  danger, 
through  levity;  ublc  to  endure  all  but  ennui,  and  ready  to  lull  any 
tniiigiringv  with  the  casuistry  of  a  mother's  love. 

Charles  X,  îmd  drawn  up  and  signed  at  Lidworth,  where  he  re- 
nded  aome  time  before  r«pairin|;  to  Holyrood,  an  act  confirmatory 
<3i  the  abdication  of  Raanbotdllct.  Too  rudely  tried  himaclf  to  m- 
dnlg?  in  illusory  drcanui  be  only  balf-approved  the  warbke  projeotl 
oi*  K»  daughter-in-law  ;  who  bad  become,  in  the  eyes  of  the  fiunilyj 
themotlier  of  a  kin?,  a  miuof.  He  trembled  at  the  notion  of  tUaw 
licate  princeea''9  playing  for  the  Wt  stake  of  royalty  with  that  gaaoB 
of  modem  revolmdans,  whose  oft^rwhelming  faljility  had  crusKed 
iûm  aga4  *alf,  the  Burnror  of  bo  raanT  fbipwreeks.  Nercrthelefli^ 
ha  oawMrtid  to  autliorise  the  enterpriw  ot  the  damig  nother  oif 
Henty  V.,  and  even  named  her  retient;  b«t,  more  amâoua  thaJl 
wise,  bo  gave  her  a»  her  counsçUor  the  Duke  de  Blacas,  to  whom 
he  cntroBtcd  vroval  arden  rclatiTc  to  the  exercise  of  the  repnicy. 

There  waa  a  donbt  whether  the  duehmi  should  hud  m  the  west 
or  the  south;  but  it  was  not  long  in  being  decided.  I^mb  Vcndeaa 
royalists  who  ha<l  b««n  deputed  to  Holyrood,  bad  dis<p!ajed  a  caln 
axid  qoabaed  devotion;  whereas  the  deputies  from  the  routh  had 
«dùltted  an  euifauâanîc  aidour  in  tlieir  loyal  înTitattous.  Uene* 
it  wsa  aetded  that  liie  dnchea  should  first  repair  to  Italy,  whew  ebe 
mÎL'ht  concert  her  jAan?  in  safetj;  and  Marseilles  was  &xed  upon 
beforehand  aa  the  point  where  the  ahonld  Land  in  France. 

Marie-Caroline  set  out  then  by  way  of  Holland,  and  pasinff 
tkzDugh  Ment2,  TyroU  *ad  Milan,  reached  Genoa.  She  traveUed 
md«r  the  title  of  the  Coonlw  de  Sagana.  The  reception  wbidi 
Ab  u:rperienccd  from  tl»  Kk^^  of  Sardinia,  Chariea  Albert,  was 
tÏBid,  prudent,  and  ngulaled  fay  pothieal  oonsideniloBa.    He  pre- 


à 


% 


r.  %  cdwboqw  ctuu  W9  nafl 

lad  the  irell:<kiio>wK  «or 

hapB  m.  Àe  Wxc^  Mniy-TS^r.  «a  t^ncabmal  tanva,  ui  4 

fciy  iimiiimimY  II  .^iaêd  bilieEiif  «lhe*d£iBoaal  eic^; 

fefirn^  a£  îlî-vîfl;  Hhi  ilie  't*"V*"*".  nnoDairtned  to  libenlifS» 
«àed  tbanaeb»  vhti  bfSKât  ifacr  ind  doinil  from  m  rev<ïbitiia 
hmeà  oa  13iasl  ideas.  Ljoos,  t^  ^'P'^  of  ibe  aoalfa.  ic-fts  pluqgd 
in  »o  ftbr»  of  oûoT.  FÔËtîc»  nie  onfe  Uuuglit  of  there  ;  bat  tbi 
fiigbEt'LiT  dâtiBV  wlucli  preruLed  uau^it  îts  numerous  alk  ■«■ml 
tbreaieaed  »qiïi«  horriblÉ  aïuUvififae.  Mtit%tUes  W4â  Toy  i£^ 
fcraiUj  ciicumitaxKed,  aaà  eajojîà  %  prosperitr,  which  £rom  itt 
TKiiùtj  to  Ailiers,  ennclied  by  peace,  fraa  hkAj  to  ÏQcresse.  ïe* 
here  Tb«  multiiude  were  secrettv  incited  to  iasiurectioii  both  bj  the 
cIcTDry,  who,  despite  ihetr  iâûlEs.  preserved  ibeLr  a^oendaocj,  ud 
hy  (J^te  nobilitj,  who,  alihoue:h  lialîoji.  had  ikot  ret  lost  all  theixio' 
^ucncc  on  the  chores  of  ihe  MedUerranea-n. 

In  this  *tatc  of  aflkirs,  the  enteïpriEe  ot'  the  Duchess  de  fierri  *« 
jmUior  hazartl(jU9  than  foolish.  WTicn  the  people  of  a  country,  over 
^hich  ihft  Btorms  of  revolution  have  awept,  are  unhappy  ^Lnd  uod^ 


opmroNS  mvîDED  amono  the  legitimatists. 


511 


ceived,  the  csreer  lies  open  to  pretenders  ;  ûad  when  a  goTemmeat 
forccta  to  be  pntemn!,  it  puta  up  the  crown  to  competition. 

But  though  the  chances  of  the  hïgîtimatiât  party  had  been  greater, 
it  could  have  turned  them  to  no  account,  for  it  was  torn  by  divi- 
sons. 

**  Why  dehiy,"  said  the  chivalry  of  the  Duchess  de  Beni;  "  why 
delay  throwing  down  the  g^unllet  and  challenging  this  revolution 
%«hich  has  struck  and  which  insulu  U8?  France  Buffers;  Europe 
threatens.  Between  the  republican  pasdona  which  growl  at  the  very 
foot  of  his  usurped  throne,  and  the  powers  which  desire  him  as  their 
vassal  or  hold  him  for  their  foe,  the  head  of  the  house  of  Orleans  has  no 
other  dependence  than  upon  the  toleration  of  a  sceptical  bour- 
geoisie, absurdly  jealous  of  its  dignity,  attached  to  ita  chance  king 
neither  by  the  sacred  bond  ofpreacriptive  usage  nor  by  that  of  here- 

tdiwry  attachment,  and  which  will  hatt  us  &$  its  masters^  when  on 
the  <ïay  of  victory  we  shall  promise  it  rest,  safety,  and  security  from 
all  further  shoclcs.  Can  there  be  a  more  auspicious  moment  for 
delivering  battle?  The  various  parties,  offspring  of  the  revolution^ 
eye  each  other  measuring  their  respective  strength,  and  long  to 
destroy  or  be  destroyed;  ambition  pants  for  the  contest;  opposing 
intcreâts  jostle  in  incrcaang  confusion;  commerce,  so  proepctoua 
three  or  lour  years  since,  is  one  gigantic  bankrupt;  famme  secures 
us  the  aid  of  the  lower  cUssca;  and  if  invasion  attack  our  frontiers, 
the  insult  will  make  the  country  ours  both  to  govern  and  to  dq-^ 
fend: — why  delay?*' 

On  the  contrary,  others  of  the  leg:iiimatigts  thought  that  haste 
would  ruin  all;  and  that  the  prefemble  course  was  to  wait  for  dîfÏÏ' 
cuUies  to  increase  round  tlie  new  throne,  and  for  the  usurping 
government  to  abuse  its  apparent  victories,  which,  like  those  of 
PyrrhuSj  would  end  in  inevitable  ruin.  They  argued  that  govern- 
ments arc  the  arbiters  of  their  own  dt^Unies;  that  when  they  die, 
thoy  dio  by  their  own  hands;  tliat  to  fi^ht  the  battle  in  parliament 
was  the  shortest  and  safest  road  to  success;  that  to  draw  the  sword 
would  be  to  hazard  the  rallying,  through  a  sense  of  common  danger» 
all  Û\G  enemies  of  the  former  dynasty,  who  were  now  divided  ;  tliat 
civil  war  would  give  birth  to  dreadful  animosities;  that  it  would  be 
impohtiG  to  raise  tlio  throne  of  Henry  V.  on  a  foundation  of  blood; 
tliut,  beddes,  the  opportunities  of  tne  time  were  not  so  brilliant  aâ 
they  appeared  to  young  minds;  tliat  the  South  was  divided  by 
opposing  feelings  ;  that  La  Vendee,  held  in  che<.':]c  by  fifty  lliousand 
soldiers,  had  not  the  âomc  ineentires  to  insurrection  whidi  aroused 
it  in  1792  ;  and,  finally,  that  the  fate  of  the  monarchy  was  not  to  be 
staked  on  a  «ingle  hazard. 

Thia  w:is  the  tenor  of  the  language  of  men  who»  like  M.  dc  Pa»* 
torctj  enjoyed  ample  wealth;  who,  hke  Chateaubriand  or  Hyde  de 
Neuville,  had  reputation  ftt  «take  ;  or  who,  Ukf  ^f .  de  lierrj'er,  feared 
to  jeopardize  a  brilliant  career.  Tlicir  advice  to  their  party  was  ovU 
dently  <>3uiisellcd  by  prudence,  and  the  lo}-alty  of  the  greater  muu- 


512 


INâUlîRECTtON  IN  THE  WEST  POSTPONED. 


ber  of  them  wob  indisputable;  but  cgotism  is  ever  at  the  bnttoan  ta 
tbe  wi^om  of  bumanitYf  aad  theic  i&  m  Ûiû  bosoms  of  us  all  a 
tcrioLu  dictator  who,  wilhout  our  coaBciousness,  prompts  our 
anil  ruks  our  actions.     Fcelin^B  of  this  kind  Dnginatcd  the 
tion  of  royalist  committees  in  Paris,  in  the  view  of 
impetuosity  of  the  loyal  provincials     llieeâ  committees 
the  leadiiig  peraotutgcs  ot  the  party;  eikI  their  expçctftSit  policy 
ttbly  supported  in  the  Gazette  de  Irance,  edited  by  MM.  de  Genr 
ana  d«  Lourdoucbc. 

McfiDwhile,  M.  de  Charettc  had  arrived  ia  La  Vende*  to 
the  conduct  of  the  insurrcctiob,  by  virtue  of  the  powers  esktmst.„ 
him  by  the  Duchess  de  Bcrri     His  firsC  step  was  to  siunmon  I0 
f  étAlIiùre«  near  Remouillé,  the  leaders,  wbow  countexiaisce  w: 
dJFpciisable  to  him.     The  mcetinrr  took  place  on  the  24tk  of 
tejuber,  1831;  and,  among  the  fourteen  present  yras  the  Coon' 
Auguste  d«  1a  KocKejacfju^ltn,     The  diacusBion  vas  lou^  and  ani* 
mated.     M.  dc  Charettc  began  by  laying  before  them  the  inotructi^ 
vriiich  he  had  received  from  Mft^ac,  and  which  were  couched 
contradictory,  or,  at  least,  in  controTertible  terms;  since,  on 

hand»  La  Vendee  was  suiumoncd  to  take  up  anna  Dnly  in         

£ucoes8  in  the  South,  of  a  republic  being  proclaimed^  or  of  forûgn  ùfc- 
vasioa,  whilst,  on  the  other  band*  tlie  propriety  of  an  immédiate  tûbig 
iras  Icfc  to  the  diKTCtioQ  of  the  general  offi^n.  M.  de  Chaiette'v 
own  opinion  was  that  La  Vendee  should  not  wait  for  ini 
of  the  success  of  Madame  in  the  South,  but  ihat  the  movement 
be  Kimiiltancoua  in  both  quartern;  and  this  was  the  adrice,  too, 
the  Countess  Auguste  de  La  liochojacquelin,  wlio  supported  it 
the  eloquent  feeling  peculiar  to  the  ecx.  However  the  mone 
opiiuon  prevailed;  and  it  was  decided  by  a  majority  of  nine  to> 
tliat  the  West  should  not  declare  itself  until  alter  the  sub 
the  soulliem  provinces^  uolera  France  should  be  invaded,  or 
proclaim  a  republic- 

But  whilst  the  iiohlhty  were  thus  discussing  the  means  of  reil 
the  ancient  regime,  tlie  bourgeoisie  were  prepaiiog  to  CQai{detc  «Smv 
triumph  by  the  abolition  of  hcrcdîtaiy  pecmge,  and  by  the  lonl 
prtecriptlon  of  the  elder  branch  of  the  Bourbon*. 

The  6tate  of  affah-s  was  critical;  mid  there  was  no  domûiuki  or 
well  dc&ncd  power  to  regulate  the  crisâ.  In  the  eyes  of  the  poopk 
the  Chamber  of  Deputies  had  neither  the  charm  of  authority  htSàr 
Uantly  usurped,  nor  the  influence  of  an  incontœtably  l^itimai» 
power.  The  Cliamber  of  Peers  ^-as  decried  and  powerïé«;  and  the 
univeraal  feeling  was  to  deprive  it  of  its  Tety  principle  of  exislenoc 
by  cutting  off  the  right  of  descet»t.  J-,istly,  roysîty,  ÎK^cd  and 
uneasy  at  the  summit  of  this  unsteady  sodal  fabric,  wonted  ^Icodour 
ftS  well  as  file  defencea  which  ehould  circle  a  throne. 

It  wu  the  mistake  of  Louis  XI.,  and  sdU  more  that  of  IxmiB 
.XIV.,  to  believe  that  royally  coidd  support  itself  without  being 


I 


A 


ABOLITION  OF  TH£  B£B£PlTART  PËEBAOE. 


61Z 


Ijuaed  on  a  powerful  arîetocracy.  Kow  tlie  iDonarcliv  wlûch  is  not 
mcorporatcid  with  an  arisbocxatâcal  hoày  must  either  keep  the  swocd 
vnfhcalhcd  for  constant  use,  or  the  treMurr  open  for  constant  oor- 
ïTjption;  oppressive  if  it  is  absolute^  if  under  check»  demonthging. 
But  cither  mode  of  government  must  be  of  uncertain  duratifOQ^gincef 
in  the  one  case  authority  purchosts  seeurity  by  Jogradation^  and,  ia 
tiic  other,  it  cannot  afigTZJidtse  without  exhausting  itself. 

Thus  the  coiiBtitutton  inAieted  by  ignorant  sophiëtâ  on  Franco  in-* 
Tolved  an  inipoi^àbUity;  since  to  uesire»  ae  the  bourgeoisie  did,  to 
4xunbine  a  living  monarchy  with  a  dc^  aristocracy,  wae  neillicr  moie 
IK»*  leas  than  to  vraiit  the  head  to  live  apart  from  the  body;  and  eo 
romplctc  waa  their  hallucination  tliat  ihey  -vrere  jealous  ot  on  hero- 
ditary  peerage,  that  ia  to  say,  aitcr  having  arniibilntod  Icudabsm  they 
pursued  it£  shadows. 

It  16  true  that  amans;  the  U>ûder9  of  the  bours:oo:sie  were  some, 
and  especially  MM.  Casimir  Perler,  Rover  CoUard,  Guizot,  and 
lliicrs,  who  did  not  adopt  the  ^nerâl  leeUag  with  t^ard  to  ut 
hereditary  peerage;  but  their  objections  were  too  inconclusive  lo 
have  anv  weighL  Acknowlcdffiiig  the  reaaonablencsa  of  the  over^ 
throw  ol  feudalism,  how  could  they  prove  the  nccefleity  of  preserving 
the  symbol  when  they  had  consented  to  the  destruction  of  iJie  eal^- 
atanee? 

At  all  ev'enta  tlic  revision  of  the  twenty -third  article  of  the  char- 
ter»  relative  to  the  constitution  of  the  peerage,  was  clainoured  ùx 
from  every  port  of  the  empire,  and  the  anxie^  wts  universaL  C3o- 
TcnuoeDt  found  itself  forced  to  decide,  ^od  Casimir  Pviier  eubmitCed 
to  parliament  a  motion,  in  proposing  which,  after  having  expatiated 
<xn  the  advantages  and  even  the  neccsEity  of  the  law  of  descent»  hû 
concluded  by  aajnng»  '■^  I  move  the  abolition  of  hereditary  peerage,** 

Tliie  conclusioiD^  preceded  aa  it  had  been  by  argumenta  dixectod  to 
gainaay  it,  did  no  honour  to  Casimir  Périer,  and  proved  how  littkt 
true  couraçe  this  hau^^hty  man  posKsoed.  To  despise  popular  ap- 
pUttsc,  when  indemnilted  by  the  flattery  of  the  richest,  moat  en- 
lightencd^  and  most  important  body  in  the  state,  ia  but  a  petty  socri^ 
lice,  of  which  (he  most  vulgar  miUitlB  are  capable;  but  it  is  the  mark 
of  fiupeiior  natures  to  resist»  for  the  truths  sake,  the  uUurcmenttof 
popularity  at  the  luacb  of  the  repulei.1  éiiù^  of  the  nation.  Proud 
ciuiugli  to  brave  the  difitant  murmurings  of  popular  ilini  niilinnt, 
Caeunir  Périer  had  not  the  loftiuceâ  of  heart  to  dare  the  lescntmeUfc 
tif  the  bourgeoisie. 

A  committee  having  been  appointed  by  the  Chamber  of  Deputies 
to  examiuc  die  prckpo«ition  submitLcd  to  it,  M.  Bérenger  presented 
on  the  19th  of  iBeptember  on  elaborate  report  on  the  aubjectt  and 
on  the  30lh  the  cbbate  bqgui. 

ilcrc,  however,  the  question  ftitm  whether  tha  Chamber  of  De^ 
puticfl,  in  deciding  on  the  fate  of  the  peerage,  acted  w  a  constituent 
and  sovereign  power,  or  whether  it  belonged  to  the  peers  to  ratify 
the  supreme  «enteocc  about  u>  bo  passed  on  them. 


zu 


FREHOOATIVES  OF  THE  CHAMBER  OF  DEPtTTTEa. 


rvniKt  0Î  a.  constituent  fcSsemDiy.      was  iteor      »i,  ae  uormc 
ft  celebrated  pampblet,  proved  the  negative  with  angular 
ûf  style  and  reasoning.     "  Constitutions/'  he  argued,  '*  must  ] 


•  Legally  &nd  logically  considered  this  w&s  an  InsuniMmtoUb 
d.îfËcuLty  ;  bÎûcc,  aiW  the  revolution  of  July,  tKc  new  ^oTemnMatU 
constituted  itself  in  violation  of  every  pnnuiplÉ.  To  a^k  the  pecnge 
-tu  consent  to  the  loss  of  the  most  precious  of  its  privileges,  wmi  tons 
the  risk  of  a  frightful  conflict  between  the  three  estates,  a&d  toex|iaie 
■the  state  itself  to  a  «hock»  To  do  without  tlie  consent  of  thcClmabet 
of  Peers  wm  to  arrogate  for  the  Chftmber  of  Deputies  tKe  dM> 
ïauter  of  a  constituent  ftssembly.     Was  iteo?      M.  oe  CormeoÎB,  ia 

^  ^  pnixw 

laws;  consequently,  national  assemblies  (les  congrès)  must  preoedctk 
■formution  ot  representative  Imdiea  {chambrex).  Who  appoint  '■ntiiniil 
"luwerablics?  The  pcopîc.  Wlio  choosea  representative  bodies?  IV 
clectora.  These  are  the  true  principles;  now  to  apply  them.  Hi*i 
tlio  French  peuple  called  a  national  assembly?  No.  Mas  a 
asflembly  passed  the  chaii,cr?  No.  Who  did  then?  A  few 
Who  gave  them  authority?  A  few  electors.  And  who  nos 
Ihc  electors— the  people  i*  No.  Whom  did  they  represent — tie 
»?  No,  If  a  national  assembly  were  nec^tery  to  orgajiize  tic 
r,  is  not  a  national  jissembly  necessary  for  taking  into  cocnifr 
Tation  a  modification  of  the  charter.  If  the  chamber  of  1$30  excujej 
its  usurpation  of  the  sovereignty  of  the  people  by  alle^ng  tîie  neo»- 
eity  of  the  circumstance?,  can  the  chamber  of  1831  advance  thenoM 
necessity?  And  if  it  cannot,  we  do  not  ask  what  right  it  has,  bol 
-what,  pretence.  It  is  useless  to  tell  us  that  the  electors  have  gmi 
It  authority.  We  gnmt  its  leg! dilative,  wo  deny  ita  conatitaent  ■»• 
thority.  One  cannot  give  what  is  not  one's  own.  Are  tte  electoa 
the  people?  Are  a  hundred  thousand  citiscns  thirty'three  millioiu  « 
men?*' 

This  pamphlet  which  appeared  in  the  Courir  Français^  and  in  the 
National^  had  a  powerful  ctTect;  and  by  replying  to  M.  de  Conxiaùa 
ïnÛiG  Journal  des  Débats^  M  iM .  Devaux  and  Keratry  only  THoroJced 
Tejoinder*  from,  a  formidable  antagonist  wMçh  served  to  sLate  puUc 
<ïpinion. 

The  oi-atOTs  who  deolared  tbemBelvca  against  an  hereditaiy  peeiue 
■were  M. M.  Thouvcnel,  Lherbette,  Audry  de  Puyraveau,  Mara^^ 
■de  Bri^ode,  Tardîeu,  Daimou,  Bignon,  Vîennet,  Ëusèbe  de  Stt 
voTte,  Marahnl  Clauiçcl,  Generals  Lafayette  and  Tluard,  Odibs 
Barrot,  and  de  Uemusat.  Its  champions  were  M.M.ThiçTB,  GuiaoC 
Bcrr^er,  Kcratry,  Jara,  and  Royer  Collard.  The  debate  lasted  mi»y 
days,  and  was  animated  and  brilliant;  yet,  nevcrtlieless»  was  ïnfcnor 
to  its  subject,  tlie  vastest  which  can  occupy  the  atteuûon  of  znaB. 

In  what<3ver  way  the  peerage  be  considered,  said  the  enemies  of 

the  hereditary  principle,  tho  law  of  descent  will  be  foimd  to  be  iigflwft 

I  'dangerous,  and  iktat.     Regarded  as  a  legislative  assembly  it  ougfal  M 

'  'be  protected  from  the  intnision  of  the  ignobly-minded,  ibe  UDpatnocic. 

lind  the  untalentcd.     There  is  no  higher,  more  diiBcull,  or  raocv 

important  function  than  that  of  framing  Ws;  and  wliat  m«dpfH  lo 


ARGUMENTS  AGAINST  THE  HEREDITAUT  PEIt&AGË. 


015 


leave  to  chance  the  care  of  providing  us  wilU  legislators  !  How 
puerile  ami  how  crîmioal  the  impriKlcncc  which  rfjecis  bclbrehand 
citizens  recommended  by  tlieir  racnl  alone,  and  Cûtmï=t5i  the  control 
of  uur  dL'stioiea  to  an  assembly  cornpLiscd  of  the  first  camera  !  Here- 
(litury  monarchy  wc  cjiti  undcratand,  smc-e,  however  imbecile  the  king, 
there  is  an  intelligent  and  responsible  minister  to  answer  for  him. 
England  was  never  more  powerful  or  greater  limn  when  Pitt  was  at 
the  head  of  afliiirs,  although  Its  sovereign  was  bereft  of  reason;  but 
where  is  the  remedy  for  the  inefficiency  of  an  asEembly  found  unequal 
to  an  emergency?  If  we  regard  the  peerage  as  a  check  on  the  other 
estate  of  the  kingdom,  it  ehoulJ  still  be  our  object  to  abolish  the 
hereditary  principle,  which  by  securing  it  an  independent  existeuce, 
gives  it  a  special  interest  to  delend,  and  so  renders  it  liable  to  the 
most  dangerous  prcposscssionsi.  The  pride  of  man  finds  greater  satis- 
faction in  originating  than  in  stopping  a  movement;  since  actian 
presupposes  hberly»  that  is  to  say,  power,  whilst  resistance  argues 
necessity,  that  is  to  say,  weakness.  Now  what  is  true  of  an  indivi- 
dual is  a  fortiori  true  of  an  assembly  of  raea  ;  and  it  is  in  the  nature 
of  a  moderator  to  lose  sight  of  his  functions^  and  to  employ  inaction 
the  weapons  which  lie  baa  received  for  the  jpuipose  of  resistance.  It 
may  be  accounted  certain  that  a  power  devised  as  a  cheeky  disdains 
ita  mission.  When  strong,  it  gives;  when  weak»  it  follows  impulsion. 
Tlic  lessons  on  this  point  furnished  by  the  Long  Parliament  are  idl 
in  oil  instructive.  Could  the  House  of  Lords  cheek  the  course  of 
the  Commons?  It  wished  to  save  Stiiflord,  jet  pronounced  sentence 
of  deatli  upon  him.  It  wished  to  preserve  their  scats  for  the  bishops, 
yet  voted,  for  their  exclusion,  ll  dcaitcd  peace  yet  voted,  for  civil 
war.  How  vain  the  idea  of  balancing  against  each  other  an  here^ 
ditary  chamber  and  an  elective  chamber,  in  the  hope  of  check* 
ing  the  progressive  spirit  of  society:  it  is  Uko  placing  an  aristo- 
cracy in  the  bosom  of  a  republic  !  Itather  let  us  rcL^l  the  an- 
cient strife  between  the  patncians  and  tlic  plebeians,  between  the 
decrees  of  the  senate,  which  legalized  usurpation,  and  the  edicts 
of  the  people,  wUcb  legalised  violence;  a  strife  which  so  long 
consumeil  the  Roman  empire.  The  notion  of  averting  such  a  cob- 
toét  throiigh  the  agency  of  a  monarchy,  which  shall  mediate  between 
tlic  two.  is  preposterous.  In  the  faoc  of  on  elective  nssembly,  tlie  in- 
terest of  an  hereditary  monarchy  and  of  an  heretlitary  peerage  ifl 
identical.  At  tlie  best»  it  will  be  a  war  of  two  against  one  ;  and  the 
rcpult  of  our  scheming  will  have  been  but  a  compUcatioa  of  dis- 
orders. On  the  contrary,  granting  that  the  hereditary  peerage  has 
a  will  of  Its  own,  how  subdue  this  will,  when  braving  at  once  tho 
elective  chamber  and  the  throne,  it  shall  obstinately  stand  in  the  way 
of  durable  innovations?  By  swamping  it  with  a  batch  of  new 
peers?.  Adieu,  thon»  to  all  respect  for  it  and  to  all  its  independence: 
it  merges  the  raoderator  in  the  slave.  But  now  to  look  at  the  peer- 
age «a  a  representative  body; — with  what  interests,  in  a  stale  of 
society  bora  of  revolutions,  cau  the  principle  of  political  inheritance 

2m 


S19 


lîfEFElïCB  -or  Tira  HËRËDTTÂÏÏTTiÊËHAÔër 


asiijimktc?  Arc  Dot  Ëefâ  abolished;  is  not  feudalîsrti  extinct; 
nobility,  which  no  longer  transmits  its  function»  but  only  tt*  1 
for  ever  discredited;  have  tre  in  France,  Bt  lO  £aglftlld| 
class,  %vho  liave  joined  u-illi  the  people  A^nst  SKHMrefaiod^  _ 
âon,  and  who  h«ve  so  acquired  a  title  to  tlie  re?pect  of  fultirp  ^ 
nuions;  have  we  anything  in  France  ivliich approximates  to  the  \ 
lations  of  patron  to  client,  of  lantiloid;  to  tenant?  An  ht 
peerage,  tlicn,  is  in  a  IàIbc  posilion,  pince  it  reprcECUts  n« 
Jfitcrest,  and  keeps  alive  the  reooUccrions  of  that  odious  n 
piii-ilcgcs  against  which  the  people  rose  in  178B  ùb  one  Dm 
yon  cûunt  the  universal  dislike  of  the  horeditwy  "peetAffB 
now  exists,  of  no  moment?  What  more  would  you  have  then 
prùve  its  manilesl  disagreement  witli  the  tendencies,  progretSf 
manners  of  tlue  Bg«?  Would  tlie  herexlitaiy  peerage  have  00  « 
exliibited  the  spectacle  of  its  weaknew,  had  it  elruek  root  in  d»" 
nation?  Wliat  tîid  it  do  for  Napoleon,  eonquored,  at  Watetiloof 
What  for  I-rtrtiis  XVIIL,  when  threatened  by  the  exile  of  Elhif 
What  did  it  do,  on  the  29th  of  July,  for  Charles  X.?  Wluit  iMk 
boen  able  to  do  for  liberty?  What,  the  day  after  the  9lli  of  Aaglli^ 
could  it  do  for  its  dignity  and  for  itself? 

We  acknowletlge,  answered  the  advocates  of  the  li^rcditary  prâ- 
cipie,  tliat,  as  a  Ie<j:islative  and  judidai  bod)',  the  poem;^e  ougfeCI» 
cxintain  enlighteni^d  men;  hut  wl»at  else  is  the  devoiving  of  làt 
largest  functions  of  governmeat  on  a  certain  numUu-  of  ffve»t  bmilici 
than  the  founding  of  a  praetirul  school  for  etateaiien?  JPitt,  tliCMB 
of  ixitd  Chutli^m,  attended  the  sitliuga  of  parliametit  from  dMC  êm 
oi'  iifteen,  in  order  to  qunhfy  himsflf*  to  eucceod  his  fatber;  AM, 
when  twctity-tliree  ycare  old^  Pitt  povcmcd  his  country.  BcsMki^ 
it  docs  not  ioUaw  that  a  chanilx-r  of  [x^er?  sliould  consut  nrhoOy  if 
etoincnt  men;  in  which  case  the  advimttip^  would  be  jkr  cxoei!df4 
by  the  dangers,  since  all  would  aspire  to  the  first  pUce.  Xke  tnh 
influential  bodies  arc  those  which  consist  of  some  pro-ekoâncsit,  oil 
of  a  large  number  of  seu^blo  men;  for  the  intinenco  of  ui  smnaUv 
|BEulî«  not  from  the  pergonal  merits  of  its  members,  but  fmni  ilveoB- 
ititution;  and  tlie  sole  question  to  be  solved  is,  whetbcr  tbo  nrnmr 
qnenccs  of  the  hereditary  principle  arc  salutary  or  the  revose.  NoV 
aa  obvioiiâ  good  proceedjug  from  this  prii^tciplc  i^,  that  it  ccmsUmê 
one  of  the  estates  of  the  realm  to  act  the  part  of  moderator.  Wmtt 
begets  desire,  desiïe  tempts  to  acqui^tion;  and  an  elective  neen|m 
would  be  always  tempted  to  make  itself  hereditary,  sinco  Uuit  woml 
be  its  want;  but  wiiat  can  a  peerage,  raised  by  hereditary  riffhii 
above  all  umbitious  longings,  desire,  mve  to  keep  thin^  rs  iHct  «kP 
It  is  asked  whether,  with  the  wilî  to  be  conservai  ire,  such  ik'boaM 
would  have  the  power.  Wc  answer,  yes  ;  a  power  grounded  ua  ùm 
mâuence  of  its  independent  position,  on  the  monl  authority  of  tbs 
prcsn-ipti^-e  nghta  of  which  it  i&  the  depositary,  on  the  Ktxxmg  lia 
of  corporate  and,  above  all,  of  family  interests.  If  H  Stand  aiMl 
fcom  tne  tbroiie,  it  k  iaid  to  be  dangerous;  if  nunisteiv  can 


TMmOT»  OS  BOTH  BIDéK      '•        ^^  fflï 

ft  kiMtife  majoritj  br  creatûig  b^tch  upon  batch  of  peers,  it  Is  prd- 
nrmtr^  servile.  But  the  power  of  creating  new  pccra  is  only  thm- 
MRHi*  wImb  it  beromes  tin  abuae;  and  out  guarantee  ogainst  its 
Dcng  aJaMcd,  is  the  weU-understood  interest  of  the  idirone  It^eJf. 
We  ^rrant  that  Una  hereditary  peerage  may  be  denounced  by  public 
Gfiûi.ion  sj  «  relic  of  former  pnvilegçs;  but  wc  maintain  tbat  public 
opoaion  is  in  tliia  c&sc  the  victim  of  a  recklees  infatuation,  which,  in 
our  capîicity  of  lo^laton,  we  should  be  guilty,  were  wo  cither  to  flat- 
ter or  iijlii>w.  Wlial  isprÎTilc^e  but  a  jjcrmanent  violation  of  right; 
ÉÊkà  right  but  A  recofliueed  public  utility?  Any  other  dotiuitton  of 
lîolit  would  be  to  make  it  a  metûphyàcal  abstraction,  an  empty  word. 
Now,  not  only  i»  it  useful  to  muntaîn  inviolatË  tbc  hereditary  prin- 
ciple of  the  pGcra^e,  but  tt  is  noccssary  and  denuuidcd  by  the  condi^ 
tioni  Tital  to  every  society.  Tkere  arc  a  thousand  diiftfient  interests  ia 
tfaft  world;  but  thoy  nmy  nU  be  reduced  to  two — ^movement  and  dur- 
tAm.  li'  tlie  ioMUET  reigns  uucontrolled,  sobriety  is  thrown  iat» 
confuîûon;  if  the  latter  mlw  cxciufiively,  tlio  social  machine  becomes 
.  clogged  and  stops.  Hence  the  DeccEBity  of  a  multiple  power;  of 
borrowing  from  each  form  of  government  the  advantages  whieb  are 
peculiar  to  it.  Monarchies  arc  distinguished  by  energy  of  will; 
aristocracies  by  âieudiaess  of  purpose;  dcmooraded  by  the  ^adiacm 
of  thfiir  pasiuci».  Scpiirate,  these  tlirec  forma  are  peridbane  ficom. 
tbeir  each  wanting  wluit  the  others  have;  united  and  oraibiiied, 
they  coBStittitG  a  government  at  once  prudent  and  vigorous^— a  pel- 
lect  gflvemraent. 

Such  were  the  ar«rumwitfl  :*dvanc^  on  Iwth  sides.  Bat,  friends 
or  enemies  of  an  hereditary  peerage^  they  were  equally  in  the  Avrong: 
the  fortner,  becauac  they  oveHut>ked  oug  of  tfae  ÊHcntial  conditioDS 
^  rmafitutioDal  goTesamenk;  the  latior,  beoaan  Ûiey  did  not  re- 
«ognÎM  the  rmdicai  vice  i^at*nt  in  constitutiooal  goYemmciit.  To 
the  1lr»t  it  mîglit  be  objcxïted — "  Do  von  rightly  imderstand  the 
Bcn&î  and  Ecope  of  your  argument?  What  is  to  become  of  the  hc- 
reilitary  tenure  c^  the  crown,  if  that  of  the  peenge  be  destroyed? 
What  f  «ce  TOO  tiot  that  it  ■•  <*wrn1.i«l  to  the  existonce  of  royalty  to 
bo  furroundicd  by  a  clus  who  haxe  the  larao  inten^As^  or,  if  yo\i  pre- 
fer the  wordf  the  suna  |»rrili)DflB  to  ddCead?  Doee  the  right  which 
you  repudiate  for  an  aBcrab»  «f  nqeQ,  appear  to  you  les  odious 
when  veeted  in  an  iodividunl?  Will  lie,  who  raat^  and  exDcutefl 
fcbe  kw,  be  long  peniiiKed  to  exercise  u  privilege  wbicli  you  Imto 
jrfwud  to  a  laantly  fajgulativo  body  f  To  what  docs  tho  raapuuM- 
bilityiif  aÛBMlMS  naount?  Wo  all  know  it  is  only  a  chimera. 
Olio*  •  itRi|g^  «UDCSf  the  aoverciga,  when  victorious,  saves  his 
miaiftin;  but  ^'an^niahed,  he  ta  dragged  down  in  their  fall.  Charles 
X^  notwithstandtfig  the  inviolability  of  hia  perMn,  is  at  ihii  mo- 
Beat  an  jaxile^  ito  punishment  of  Kis  miniaten  osdy  could  not 
artîate  tha  TCi^geauce  of  hta  inmnveni  people.  Away,  then,  with 
ikne  uile  fittiom,  which  an?  only  nt  to  beguile  ignorant  ardulity; 
Vut  whidt  BO  further  protect  power  lliaa  whilii  li  neodi  do  protoc* 

2Hâ 


HJTtÔIÎ  OP  THE  HESEDITART  TK^MAGB, 


is  not  tHc  inviokbjliij  of  Ûte  royal  person — sfrppot 
ue  fcspected — after  all,  a  privilege;  and  ihe  mo»  uui!> 
TÎIqpiS,  and  the  least  eaâly  jusùiîab!e  "by  the  conia>:T] 
?     VVbcQ  you  have  once  admitted  the   principÎË  i^ 
LucoAon  of  political  functions  by  hereditary  i1**«'^t  it  i 
clc  on  jusdcË,  eq:Ufllity,  and  reason,  do  Dot  you  see  tttt 
t)  the  ver^  of  an  abyss,  nnce  you  will  hmve  made  it  a 
^your  ^credf  fupreme,  and  fimo^Lmental  principlo?  Tab 
.thi  your  system  lands  you  in  a  rcpubîic.      Xor  b  tLk  ill; 
iw  the  °ourcc  of  this  peerage  which  ypu  'vrill  noisBfttH 
f?     Will  you  make  it  elective?     Then  your  peeiiB 
of  deputies.     Is  it  to  be  nonûnated  by  t]i«  eorerp|^ 
jTOuld  be  «)  many  chamberlains.     Will  y<m  leave  it  â 
'  '^hoîce  out  of  a  list  of  eminent  individuals?     la  this  t^at, 
lût  have  a  mere  aristocracy  <  f  funeti(Mis,  but  what  i>  k 
II  and   injurious,  one  of  fun  tionaries.      Would  you  pt 
"^malion  of  the  elective  prîr;^:iplc  with  t]»>  nomuttOattaf 
,  through  the  medium  of  a  system  of  mndwfatrijnp^ 
••»i|#lirodite  chamber  of  peers  would  be  the  reaectioni  oftx 
ns  which  it  would  have  been  created  to   icguUte,  laà 
he  embodiment  of  the  two  antngonistic  eiemciiE^,  vh^ 
iment  is  soug;ht  to  be  repressed.     Thus,  wilboul  hocA- 
UK,  a  peerage  is  an  iin^>ossit)Llity.     Logicully  fipeukio^,  êtt 
and  A  miele  chamber  are  the  results  of  your  pyetcm,  whkfc 
ap  coustituUonal  government  root  and  branch/' 
i.o  their  oppoucnte,  and  to  M.  Thiers  in  particular,    the  ztftj 
might  lie — "  Vou  arc  consistent,  but  in  your  errors  only.      I'ooiat 
that  thcro  are  two  opposing^  interests  in  the  world — movemeni  aail 
duration.     But  if  instead  ofboinpf  an  evanejjcent  fact,  which  aUit<a 
the  infancy  of  a  nation,  tlua  dutdism  be  cont^îdercd  a^r  an  es^eoûl 
and  permanent  élément  of  a  ftatcV  existence,  to  what  concluaioa  ifc 
we  led — that  every  society  bears  within  itself  the  &eeda  of  a  nettt- 
ending  and  consuming  struggle;  that  war,  war  without  a  trucr^  i« 
the  law  of  the  world  ;  that,  condemned  to  pass  under  the  altenuitt 
yoke  of  these  opposing  interests,  nations,   by  turns  paralyzed  « 
convulsed^  arc  the  victims  of  a  i'atality  equally  adverae  to  perfect 
security  and  steady  progression  !     Vainly  do  you  evoke  to  recontuf 
these  interests  a  power  which  you  call  royalty;  t^ince,  ia  conformiïj 
with  the  law  3-ou  yoursclvta  lay  doivn,  this  power  can  have  no  inte- 
rest whicli  is  not  identilied  with  one  of  the  two.     The  inten^eDUon 
of  royalty  cannot  strengthen  the  consenative  principle,  without  rm- 
dering  it  more  unpopular;  and  thi.*  is  not  to  modei^le,  but  to  oûbû- 
piicate  the  struggle.     And  now,  if  from  the  existence  of  two  interestà 
which  you  fancy  you  wt!  contending,  in  virtue  of  the  laws  of  humia 
nature,  iur  the  empire  of  KK-iety,  you  argue  the  uecessily  of  two 
principles  contfudiug  for  the  possession  of  power,  what  do  you  do? 
hy,  you  transport  from    social    into    political  existence    all   ihc 
;ues  agaimt  which  it  is  the  duly  of  a  legislator  to  guard.    ThA 


THE  xvrnSffsr^^S^B^î^Tin.  51fl 

truth  Î9,  tliat  in  tTie  eyef  of  philosophy  and  of  statesmen,  scK-lety  h^ 
but  one  interest;  "which  may  be  defîniod — duration  in  movement* 
To  tmnBrorm  into  a  Uw  of  humanity  a  phenoinnifln  which  proceeds 
Boluly  from  the  defects  of  a  stitl  imperfect  civiliMtion,  is  to  deny 
pro^'rt?ss,  to  blasphème  God,  and  to  abandon  the  woild  aforehand  to 
the  weak  government  of  chance.  The  stinultancous  exiaUïnce  in  the 
bosom  of  nations  of  two  interests  ever  at  variance  with  each  oilier, 
tfl  a  fiicï^  but  it  Î&  alw)  an  evil.  Watch  it^  not  to  regulate»  but  to 
destroy  it.  As  refjards  the  advantages  peculiar  to  each  form  of  go- 
reniment,  such  ia  their  nature,  that  to  bring  them  together,  without 
aitering  their  çharactor,  ia  to  neutralize  one  by  the  other,  and  to 
pasa  through  disorder  in  order  to  arrive  at  powerkasness.  Monarchies 
OTo  distinguiahcd  by  the  fmitfiU  energy  of  will,  only  there  where 
that  will  ie  exempt  from  being  every  moment  discujsaed,  disputed, 
pfti-atyKcd.  In  democracies,  the  greatnesg  of  the  passions,  which  U 
their  characteristic,  soon  degenerates  into  ^nolcnce  when  opposed  by 
permanent  obstacles  and  syatematic  obstinacy.  And  what  becomea 
of  the  steadiucM  of  purpose  inherent  in  aristocracies^  when,  side  by 
«de  with  reverence  tor  prescriptive  usagcft^  contempt  for  them  h  the 
tpirit  of  the  national  institutions?  Your  constitutionnl  govtmmcat 
slops  short  at  merely  approximating  the  elements  which  it  ought  td 
fuse.  Now,  as  society  ouglit  to  have  one  interest^  power  ehould  havô 
but  one  principle;  and  it  la  only  by  recognising  the  latïer's  Inith  that 
tiie  first  can  be  established.  If  Englanii  have  held  the  world  in 
check,  and  have  subdued  it  by  her  merchants,  more  eomnletely,  in- 
solently, and  Uslingly,  than  Itorne  did  by  her  soldiery,  this  success 
hfls  been  owing  to  tiic  existence  in  England  of  one  pnociple  only — 
the  aristocratie.  Her  aristoenicy  ovms  the  soil,  directs  lrt»dc,  swaya 
the  crown,  and  dominocra  in  the  House  of  Commons  by  the  venality 
irhicli  has  been  its  work,  and  which  converts  the  vytes  of  the  people 
into  so  many  lies,  at  its  disp<rsol.  Hence  in  England^  kin^,  loi-ds, 
ftnd  commons,  are  really  nothing  more  than  difiercnt  mamiestftlions 
of  the  ttmc  principle — three  functions,  and  not  three  power?.  Aye^ 
unity  m  power — all  is  included  in  this,  if  orj^aniztd  conformably 
^'JUi  the  dictates  of  prudence  and  of  justice,  all,  movement,  order, 
and  durution  !  To  estuhliab  a  compound  powcr^  is  to  organize 
anarchy  and  regulate  chaos." 

The  foregoing  argumenta  embrace  tho  just  view  of  the  question, 
and  oansequently  it  was  far  from  bcinir  thoroughly  discussed  Jn  the 
debates  upon  it.  Perhaps*  however,  the  fear  «ti  supplying  the  spirit 
of  inquiry  with  too  formidable  weapons,  was  a  i'liifck  upon  it» 
being  discussed  as  profoundly  its  it  d<.«erved,  For  instance,  they 
who  eagerly  called  for  the  aboUtion  of  the  herediuiir  principle,  «s 
regarded  tliê  political  machine,  might  have  perceived  that  ihpir 
arguments  might  one  day  bo  turned  ajjainst  them,  and  that  they 
might  he  invited  to  alnthal»  it  aa  regarded  the  sociaL  For  tlierc  la 
DO  argument  against  tlic  succosrion  ofnoUiical  funcbona  from  father 
to  aon^  which  does  not  equally  apply  to  property^  in  &  country 


520  THE  CHAMfiJ^B  OP  DEPDTIEg'  COMPK^BNClT  QUKSTIOSTED. 

\\lirm  projwrty  piv«  an  eicluslve  nght  to  the  UîgKest  funebtiB, 
and  where  one  «ui  ot\\y  become  a  ^eputy  by  being  neb  I 

Kot  ono  0Î'  «11  lliese  bolil  concloaona  was  senously  «nteilVM^  I7 
the  vpcakorâ  wliu  were,  above  ûQ,  party  men.  The  resoU  wis,  tW 
tho  Cliawibei- of  Deputies  voted,  by  a  majority  of  386  to  40i,  ^ 
&bobuaa  of  llxe  bctvdïtary  pcorogc,  and  the  ^yst«m  of  noimnatioa  ^ 
tW  liEÎQg  out  i>f  a  lo^ly  ci>iistituted  liât  of  emimeiit  tncn  and  us 
lu  oQIce,  T1u>  siàtjîilJtcùon  of  the  bourgeoisie  was  complete;  bo&ii 
ruin  hirkcd  beUiud  ilit  tnumpb. 

Tlio  stTioiw  diïiiculùes  aï  tlie  sfùâr  were  soon  apparent,  TeW 
Conio  liiw  it  waâ  necesâary  that  the  dcciïiioii  of  tlie  Chamber  c(  De» 
puticfl  filiould  be  fbrmftUy  ratified  and  prcckinaed.  Kow  here  tk 
knotty  qneEtioD  o^n  urosc-^'Hlid.  the  Coamber  of  Deputies  in  iottf- 
f«rin^  >vit]i  the  cobstitutioa  Exercise  a  constituent  or  oalj  a  It^isi»' 
tivfi  power  ?  Was  itd  dûciàou  soveieigii  aad  without  appeal,  or  aW 
jrct  tu  the  ratiâcation  ûf  Ûm  peerageî' 

Objections  una  ^flleidûed  st£^tqd  up  In  abundance  either  my 
If  tlio  Cburabcr  of  Deputies  uspired  to  the  sovereign  pow<rrof  1 
^natitut'tit  Jt¥sciribiy>  where  were  ita  titles  and  commission?  Wb** 
I  the  9Ui  uf  Aug4i£4,  1830,  it  reconetructed  a  charter  and  fcranM 
a  dyntMy  hi  A  fiivf  hour$,  it  had  nC  least  imperious  necessity  and  in- 
«OTii'  i->f  ËUtc — ttic  sophistical  wanaut  for  all  usurpations — to  ur^eM 
its  HOlhority.  But»  la  November,  1831,  xas  it  allowabte  ibr  H  » 
pridouâty  to  nasumo  the  rigïit  of  changing  the  b&sea  of  a  ooiufUtf' 
una  by  which  it  jioqiurvni  ita  leffitimacy,  and  of  reoonstnjciins  * 
gïivi'rnmont  ut  whith  it  was  itself  but  a  part?  If  it  referred  lia 
piX'toiiili>d  tiédit  to  ihe  Sill  of  Au^Tist,  18^0,  and  to  the  time  is 
•wiiit'h  tho  revision  of  the  twenty-tliird  article  of  the  charter  had  bcŒ 
dct.'ii]i'J  tipini,  tlve  peerage  had  fnjtu  that  moment  been  in  a  maana 
8uq"iidt;d!  lîiiî  the»!  by  w)i&t  faut^^uc  inconsistency  had  it  bea 
ulluucd  ui  continue  its  sittings.  Had  e^-ery  projet  ate  loi  been  sub- 
imiu'd  for  lifut'n  inontKs  to  \.\s  dclibcrationa  and  its  votes  onij  tiff 
tlie  j^ikc's  auke?  The  Cliambei  of  Deputiœ,  then,  bad  not  the  conr 
slitucin  power. 

Now  ii',  oil  tho  other  hand,  it  looked  upon  itsplf  only  as  a  lo^id*- 
ittvc  cbaiuber,  h^w  cotiU'S  it  lliat  it  d^ed  to  do  in  1830'what  it  dunt 
not  ntteitipt  in  \S^\  'i  It  had  :irMtr.inly  created  a  kin^,  and  it  oon- 
ffiM^Oti  itself  ineûiupL'tcnt  arbiErLU'ily  to  remodel  a  peerage!  The  cï- 
cu*-^  of  necessity  allo'^jed  10  justify  the  crowning^  of  Louis  Philippe, 
waa  n.^t  even  a  sullicunt  excua:;  for  il'  circumstAucea  autboriae  00 
estiibliihtuoal  o(  provisiaual  government  immediately  after  a  reTqhi- 
tion  lius  becu  t'dbcted»  they  cannot  authorize  the  establishment  of  a 
permanent  autJiority;  and  the  rights  of  tho  nation  rcnmin  in  iuU  fofctf 
after  the  duiii^er  is  piist* 

Tliervï  wad^  tlieretbre,  no  choice  possible  but  between  two  cquaDv 
dflUgcreui  and  bad  course?.  It  was  ajrroed  that  the  peerajie  ^booki 
be  called  on  li>  dL^'iJe  its  own  lliu;.  liut  what  was  to  be  done  if  it 
refused  to  commit  an  act  of  maaixest  suiddc^  and  voted  ior  the  main- 


K£W  OBËATION  or  PEER3.  fiSl 

tenuice  of  its  omi  heFoditary  succearâon?  In  that  case  Kow  irould 
it  be  poesibl«  to  restrûu  the  \\iyni  of  pttnions  thftt  were  ready  to  buisfc 
fortli  on  such,  n  provocation  1  Wliat  would  be  the  issue  of  a  collision 
between  tbâ  two  chambcra?  A  revolution  perhaps!  Bewildered  hjr 
the  clumoure  raieet!  on  aU  sides  around  them,  ûttriglitc<l,  wavering, 
&nd  deâpcntc,  the  uùniâters  xcsolvcd  at  all  costs  to  prevent  the  storm 
they  forchodcd,  and  on  tho  19th  of  November  appeared  a  royal  or- 
donnance creating  thirty-aix  jKers. 

The  intention  of  this  meadure  wm  obvious;  the  mîmstcra  wished 
to  acquire  a  majoiity  in  tlic  Chamber  of  Feen  fkvourabk  to  the  ex." 
tinctiou  of  the  hereditary  principle.  The  newv  erf"  the  ordonnance, 
Iwwerer,  ])roduced  a  ternûu  explosion  of  public  feclinp-.  The  ad- 
Ter9uîeâ  of  the  hereditary  peerage,  liir  from  rejoicing  at  h  evup  d'état 
ihai  secured  thein  the  vickHy,  broke  out  into  imprecationa  against 
the  ministry.  Formidable  atoetînga  of  oppoâitjon  deputies  were  held 
at  Lointior  the  rci^Uiur^i tour's,  and  a  protest  was  dtHvtm  up  there, 
which.  Dujwnt  Je  l'Eure  was  commissioned  to  hy  before  the  Cham- 
ber, l'hû  Uiip:utige  of  ihti  jourruiU  breathed  pa&sionutc  exasperation. 
The  enemies  of  the  govemment  alleged  that  in  subjecting  the  twenty- 
third  jLTticle  of  the  charter  to  revision,  tho  Chamber  of  1630  had. 
eutpeaded  the  right  of  promotion  thcitûn  contained;  tliat  the  ordon- 
nance of  lUu  20th  of  November  wad,  oofuequently^  but  »  rovp  d'etat 
in  tlio  m£ifit  tyninuieul  and  insolent  aense  of  the  plirase  ;  that  it  lA'a?  aa 
insult  to  the  nation  to  make  the  objects  of  its  aatipatlues  thetn^lv<9 
the  judges  of  those  fet-lings;  that  instead  of  overstepping  the  Limita 
oi"  the  law  in  order  to  prevent  resistances  too  eaay  to  loredee,  the  mi- 
nisten  voidd  liave  dooe  bett<!r  not  to  encourage  those  resistAnces  by 
pleading  the  cause  of  the  aristocracy  ot  the  very  moment  when  they 
mejmiy  sacrificed  il;  by  crying  up  the  hereditary  principle  at  tlie  very 
lijoe  iJiey  intemkd  to  df«troy  it;  and  by  refusing  to  the  deputies, 
now  that  an  odious  privilege  waâ  to  be  abolished,  that  conatituont 
power  which  had  been  accorded  to  them  witliont  on  objection  at  the 
time  when  the  victorioua  but  uncertain  and  wcftried  peoplo  waa  to  bo 
forced  under  tlic  yoke  of  a  new  dynasty. 

There  was  something  uncandid  in  UiQ  loj^c  of  thcfc  comptaiots. 
For,  after  all,  the  means  wliich  the  opposition  «o  vehemently  r&- 
pudiatcdf  was,  perhaps,  the  only  one  which  could  Lead  witbonivioioooe 
to  the  end  tliey  ardently  longed  fur.  But  Cu»imir  Péricr  put  his 
Gnemiea  in  the  right  when  he  mibde  bold,  in  the  Chamber  of  i'ccn, 
on  the  22d  of  No^xutber,  thus  to  chuacteri»  the  ordi^mnanoc  of 
the  SOth.  "  Thie  ia  not  a  nmplc  question  of  a  majotity,  for  there  !■ 
always  in  thia  Chatabei  *  m^ority  ready  tu  ainctiuu  a  |.itttriolia  reao- 
Inlion;  it  ï»  rallu'r  n  respectful  précaution  against  your  own  geofr- 
iQSiy,  which  would  lutvc  tttuniped  upon  ther«iMUW)ll  of  tlit  Chambar 
the  character  of  an  act  uf  devoÉséiMM  imlhw  than  tluU  ni'  it 
purely  legislative  act,'*  So  thai  a  maaewa  dsewhere  represc-nlv'd  as 
ft  \nfa.r,a  "t^f^îtaTnring  tW  wlfiahitwi  rf  t^*  ^"""^^i  **"  here  exhibited 
«a  a  imn  hnm^pi  to  its  gcxicnisity.    A  poof  device,  U&at  had  fiok 


"**^."   ^•''-    '-  ^li'iai  *?;•"?_    ;«*'_„i— :    1— _i_^r 


:e  ii-;f^  .a.  s  air 


BANISIDIENT  OP  THE  ELDETl  BOURBOX  I,TXE. 


523 


yoke  of  a  new  dynasty?  Tîiia  notion  waa  very  striking^lv  presented 
on  tlie  I5th  of  November  by  M.  Pages  dc  rArricge,  "  France,  the 
courtiers  tell  ua,  is  rcnovfned  among  nations  for  Kcr  love  of  her 
priaccB.  History  tt'lls  another  tulç,  anil  truth  bclit'S  flattery.  It 
wufi  the  Ofâosâînation  of  the  lost  Valois  that  cnubled  the  Jirst  Bourbon 
to  ascend  the  throne.  Henty  IV.  was  barb^roualy  mnrdered.  Dur- 
ing their  minority  Louis  XIII.  and  LouJs  XIV.,  pursued  by  their 
■  levolted  subjects,  hardly  found  a  shehcr  for  theif  heads;  the 
steel  touched  the  brc*st  of  Lonia  XV.  Louis  XVI.  died  on  the 
■Oftff'bld;  Louis  XVII.  died  within  the  bars  of  a  dungeon.  There  is 
Bourbon  blood  in  the  trenches  of  Vinccnnes,  ivnd  oa  the  threshold  of 
the  Opcm.  Louia  XVIU.  was  twice  proscribed.  Chorles  X.  has 
thrice  trod  the  path  of  c?dlc,  It  is  not  in  a  country  that  has  beheld 
at  so  near  a  view  alt  the  miseries  of  royalty»  that  im  addition  to  this 
parade  of  oppresion  may  be  made  under  a  monarehicfll  goveni- 
Bfient,  aj;d  that  a  tyranny  ni>t  found  in  the  wrath  of  the  people  may 
bo  inscril>ed  in  the  acts  of  the  legislator" 

To  the  speech  of  M.  Pag»^  de  TArrieEc,  filled  throughout  with 
sound  and  elevated  consideratioOB  of  this  kttid,  M.  Eus^be  de  Sal- 
verte  eould  oppose  only  a  narrow  and  merciless  lop^c.  The  assembly 
Jicvertheless  appeared  insuapensef  when  M.  de  Martignac  appeated 
at  the  tribune.  Uia  face  wore  the  stamp  of  death,  the  seeds  of  which 
It  vtHs  thought  he  already  carried  in  his  constitution;  and  those  who 
saw  him  ready  to  defend  his  old  exiled  master,  remembered  the  eâTorta 
he  had  made  to  prevent  the  catastrophe  that  had  belidlcn  that  mo- 
Raich.  "  Messictirs,"  he  said,  in  fïdnt  and  touching  aecents,  *^  ba- 
niehment  is,  in  our  laws,  a  penalty  entailing  infamy,  pronounced  by 
the  judge  fifcer  mature  examination,  and  you  are  called  on  to  pro- 
ttouncc  it  beforehand  against  the  existing  and  future  generatianSf 
iritbout  examination,  by  anbcipation;  and  without  knowing  wh&t 
manner  of  man  he  will  be  whom  you  condemn  !  One  of  your  ora- 
tors «aid  ju.^t  now  from  thia  tribune,  *  In  France  proscription  brings 
acquittal.'  Those  words  of  deep  truth  havepronounced  the  doom 
of  ^our  law  I  Thua,  let  a  pretender  arrive  in  France,  Mid  the  autho- 
rities will  be  warned  of  the  danger  that  may  impend  over  tliepubhc 
security.  But  let  an  outlaw,  condemned  beforehand,  arrive,  and 
where  will  you  find  the  man  who  wiU  clap  the  executioner  on  the 
ciliouEder,  and  say  to  him,  *  Look  at  tliat  royal  head,  recognido  it 
and  strike  it  oÛY  It  is  not  in  France  you  will  find  that  man." 
Here  the  apCT.kcr  mused,  overcome  by  his  emotion,  whicli  was 
shared  by  tlic  ossembly.  Then,  resuming  his  discourse,  he  related 
tlifit  at  the  time  when  he  had  the  misfortune  to  be  ministor«  a  regi- 
cide, an  outlaw,  having  been  discovered  on  that  French  soil  where 
he  WHS  prohibited  from  appearing,  the  miniati^  far  from  c^usinff 
him  to  be  arrested,  hastened  to  protect  his  rotrcat,  '*  The  old  man,  ' 
C-oDtinued  M.  de  Marttgnac,  ^''waft  taken  catc  of,  for  he  was  ill;  he 
fvooived  Msbtukce,  for  be  was  in  want;  he  was  oonvevod  with  the 
tcaderaew  due  to  hia  years  «nd  his  miidbrtuues  to  tne  frootie».- 


524      rATAL  BLOW  TO  HEREDtTART  MOÎTAKCHT  ITU  FILVXCE. 

Aûer  this  I  gave  an  accoynt  of  what  I  liad  done,  ma  my  cxndurt 
unts  approvea  of  tlien,  as  it  would  be  by  joa  at  tliia  day."  Yea  ! 
yes  !  tiiey  cried  from  tdl  parts  of  llie  Chambor  ;  end  tin»  scnsatiou  ' 
profound  wbcB  the  orator  added,  ^'  How  would  it  have  been  tJ 
had  the  peualty  of  death  been  in  qxtostion?  I  really  believe  t| 
^ould  not  have  spoken  of  it  to  you  V*  M.  Martignac  completed  shtfl 
oâ'^t  of  these  noble  words  by  this  striking  image:  "Suppose  one] 
of  those  outlaws,  whom  the  motion  belbre  you  would  puoish,  tor  I 
come  to  France  and  seek  an  agylum  there;  let  him  ^o  and  kzKxk  asJ 
tlie  door  of  the  very  author  of  this  propostiûii  ;  kt  that  door 
opened,  let  the  outlaw  declare  his  name  and  enter,  and  1  will  Cakoij 
it  on  mj'self  to  warraiit  beforthand  for  his  safety." 

By  such  generous  reaâons  as  these  the  question  woa  decided:  thtfj 
Chamber  remoiïed  eveiy  penal  sanction  frc»m  the  propoeition  sub*  j 
nutted  to  it*  It  would  have  been  more  consistent  in  the  asEcmbtjT  ] 
to  reject  the  proposition  altogether  than  to  mutilate  it.  What  sg^ 
mfies  a  law  that  is  but  the  declaration  of  a  fiict?  But  the  miniatript] 
waa  pleased  to  regard  tliis  decbration  as  a  sort  of  new  ratîiluali<io  i  " 
Loins  Philippe's  dynasty.  This  was  the  conaidcration  ffifiirarf  ^ 
M.  Guizotf  and  with  this  view  the  majority  voted.  Fix 
ments  are  all  blind  and  vain  after  ibe  same  fanion;  they  ; 
îaold  preteasiolM  to  be  immortal,  as  if  there  waa  any  thing^  ia  f 
SUcee^oQ  of  Ages  but  n  succession  of  disasters,  as  if  there  ivAfi  not  I 
fete  involved  in.  every  fucceasion;  and  the  idea  of  death,  praent 
every  phenomenon  of  life.  It  too  had  deemed  itself  iinmcvtalf 
Tepubhcan  government  tliat  Imd  drowned  with  the  roll  €(f  the  dram*] 
the  dying  words  of  a  king  sentenced  as  tlie  hst  repr^aaitatioii 
royalty  m  France.  Napoleon,  too,  had  thought  hia  dynft^tni'"] 
mortal  ;  he  who,  that  he  mij;ht  tatrviYe  in  hia  lineage,  haà  called  I 
hia  bed  the  daughter  of  the  Germanic  Cœsar?,  and  by  that  tH 
insenaate  pride  xvruught  hia  own  abasenMait  and  ruin.  And  tWi 
KcBtomtion^  had  it  not  written  on  its  banners  that  eteniatlr  do-  J 
ceiving  word  perpetuiif/^  which  was  now  printed  in  Louis  Philippe's  | 
Moniteur  f  Within  two  steps  of  that  pabce  where  they  dared  tot  J 
tftlk  oi^  one  race  for  ever  proecribed,  and  of  another  for 
faiumpKant,  stood  a  palace  which  for  fifty  years  had  been  but  a  I 
tehy  lor  rorattiea  tlmt  came  and  went.  This  was  notorious: 
of  that?  The  Chamber  voted  this  monstroua  fallïicy.  "^  TliA^ 
branch  of  the  Bourboos  is  banished  pcrpetuaîly."  And  ^se  101^ 
took  this  in  downright  earnest.     History  is  full  of  these  exannUii 

In  the  course  of    the  discusion    M.  Berrycr  dfimâ&deâ  in  thvj 
name  of  the  union  of  [«trties,  the  repeal  of  the  kw  paiwil  ia  ISlft^j 
Bgainat  Napoleon  and  his  fajniiy^  who  likewise  were  decWed 
petually  banished      But  the  Chamber  repealed  nothing  of  th«t^ 
of  1816,  except  the  penal  sanction  Attached  to  it  by  men  who 
selves  had  since  then  become  propcribed  ! 

Such  was  the  light  in  which  the  new  powxrra  displayed 

edvee.  A  royalty  had  been  ccected^  and  its  sole  natmai  nippoct»  i 


Arràsas  of  ltoki.  SES 

hereditary  peerage,  was  taken  away  from  it.  That  royalty  had  bees 
declared  inviolable,  and  pains  were  taken  to  flatter  it  by  derotiag 
the  other  royalty,  inviolable  likewise,  to  the  execratirai  of  future 
ages.  The  statue  of  Napoleon  was  placed  on  the  Colonm  Vmdâme, 
and  the  sea  was  forbidden  to  cast  any  wandering  member  of  th« 
Bonaparte  family  on  the  shores  of  France.  It  was  wished  to  keep 
the  people  under  the  continued  influence  o£%  m(marchical  education, 
and  they  were  invited  by  those  at  the  summit  of  society  to  indulge 
in  that  alnding  hatred  of  kings,  which  is  the  boast  ofrepuUics.  Itia 
impoeeâble  to  tell  to  what  lengths  the  madness  of  pnde  may  lead^ 
when  it  has  taken  its  place  in  the  coimcils  of  sovere^ns. 


CHAPTER  n. 


Whilst  Paris  was  absorbed  in  these  agitating  matters,  Lyoo» 
was  hatching  civil  war.  But  at  Lyons  it  was  not,  as  in  Paris,  poli- 
tical questions  that  kept  men's  minds  alert,  and  their  pasaKXis  exited. 
There  the  evil  had  deeper  roots.  An  immense  population  vege- 
tated in  the  faubourg  of  tne  Croix  fiousse,  devoted  to  hard  labour,  and 
to  one  that  was  almost  fruitless  for  the  labourers.  Ihe  workmen  in  the 
lilk  factories  of  Lyons  were  not  only  suffering  under  severe  distrcM, 
bat  were  furthermore  treated  with  the  moet  unjust  disilain.  Those 
whom  they  enriched,  affected  to  look  down  on  than  aa  an  inferior 
and  degraded  nee;  ihe  horrible  inroads  made  on  their  youth  and 
their  health  by  their  unwholesome  dwelUngs  and  the  excessive 
fatigues  of  Jact<^  labour,  only  furnished  another  weapon  to  scorn, 
and  the  nickname  camU  summed  up  all  the  unhappy  circum- 
Mancea  of  their  lot.  What  thoughts  must  have  buaiea  the  minda 
of  these  pariahs  of  modem  civilizaûon,  whsi  often  in  the  middle  oC 
the  night,  by  the  light  of  a  lamp  burning  in  a  noisome  den,  they 
]died  tne  loom  for  tke  idler  sleeping  quietly  in  his  bed?  And  yet 
their  revolt  was  to  be  the  result,  not  of  their  will,  but  of  the  fatal- 
ity of  circumstances,  as  though  want  and  misery  found  in  their  own 
nature  some  self^eustaining  principe. 

It  is  necessary  to  be  wdl  acquamted  with  the  manufiicturing  ly^ 
tern  of  Lyons  in  order  to  form  an  accurate  conception  of  the  oloody 
drama  the  reader  is  about  to  peruse.  It  was  in  1831  what  it  is  at 
this  day.  The  silk  trade  employed  from  30,000  to  40,000  jour- 
neymen. Above  this  class,  having  neither  capital,  credit,  nor  fixed 
domiciles,  and  that  lived  from  hand  to  moutn,  was  that  of  the  mas- 
ter weavers,  whose  numbers  amounted  to  8,000  or  10,000.  Each 
of  these  had  four  or  five  h>oms,  and  employed  journeymen  whcMa 
they  furnished  with  implements  and  materais,  keeping  back  to  their 
own  share  half  the  wages  paid  by  the  mana&ctaxec.    Hie  mana- 


»TATE  09  THE  LYONireBE  TRADE. 

fftcturers,  of  whom  tliere  were  about  800,  formed  o  thirê  éi». 
intornicdiûtc  befween  the  master  weavers  and  those  who,  m^ertlK 
name  of  coniiuispion  agents^  supplîc<i  the  raw  material,  •  art  of 
parasites  and  very  Wechea  of  the  Lyonncse  manufacture.  'Hua 
the  commisfflon  agenta  ground  down  the  manufacturers^  who  in  Ùtàt 
turn  squeezed  the  master  travers;  and  the  latter  -were  forced  M 
transmit  to  the  jourtie^tnen  tlie  oppression  entailed  on  tbeaadm 
lieQCC  arose  among  the  cîass,  who  had  to  bear  the  ïvîiole  bunkn  of 
these  accumulated  tyrannies,  that  sullen  rancour  that  ferments  to 
the  surcharged  heart,  until  the  hour  come3  when  it  bursts  forth  îa  i 
"ffhirUvLnd  of  passion. 

The  prosperity  of  the  Lyonncse  trade  had,  however,  for  a  loaj 
time  put  oil'  the  evil  day.  As  long  os  they  had  ivorfc  tipon  tem 
not  utterly  homicidal,  the  Lyonncse  joiirneynien  had  conlmttd 
themselves  with  the  modcrate  pittance  that  enabled  them  to  susbii 
life.  But  a  blow  was  dealt  tlie  Lyonnese  manufacturés  by  arai» 
Btonces  foreign  and  anterior  to  the  revolution  of  July.  Numcrra 
BÎlk  factories  had  been  established  in  Zurich,  Basle,  Berne,  a:ii 
Cologne;  and  England  was  gradually  emancipating  herself  fiao 
her  long  dependence  on  the  products  of  the  Lyonnesc  looms.  Aa> 
ther  still  more  active  cause  of  miu  to  tbe  journeymen  vtbb  added  it 
this.  The  number  of  manufacturers  in  Lyons  had  increased  tbi 
considerably  since  1824,  a«d  the  cflects  of  foreign  compctbiai 
■which,  after  all,  affected  only  plain  goods,  were  au^moaled  br  tie 
àisastrous  results  of  a  domestic  eompetition  pushed  to  its  utr»^ 
limits.  Some  manufacturers  continued  to  enrich  ihcmselrea;  bit 
the  majority  seeing  their  profits  diminish»  shifted  tîieir  loasa  IBM 
the  shoulders  of  the  master  weavers,  and  these  agaiii  trRnafbmii 
portion  of  their  burden  on  the  journeynien.  The  wages  of  the  »• 
telligent  and  industrious  workman  foil  gradually  from  between  (ncr 
and  ex  francs  to  forty,  thirty-five,  twenty-five  sous.  In  Norcrohf 
1831,  the  workmen  employed  in  weaving  plain  silks  gaînçd  l« 
eighteen  sous  by  eighteen  hours  daily  labour,  lluis  the  oppKsaiix 
had  descended  through  all  the  degrees  of  the  industnal  scale.  Tfcl 
unfortunate  journeymen  began  to  utter  loud  cries  of  distr^n  wba 
they  sow  their  wives  and  children  deprived  of  their  very  brad 
The  situation  of  the  master  weavers  themselves  was  become  mMl 
fearful;  the  fall  in  prices  no  longer  allowed  them  to  defray  the  ot- 
ponses  of  high  rent,  and  the  losses  resulting  from  the  repeated  jtof 
pages  of  their  looms,  and  from  their  too  frequent  putting  jn  a^j 
out  of  gear.  Complaints  became  general;  the  master  weavers -^^ 
the  journeymen  made  common  eiuia?  in  suffering";  and  a 
confused  clamour,  that  soon  became  articubte,  foniiitluble,  a^ 
îtnmcnse,  arose  from  that  region  of  misery  culled  the  Croix  R(.iu«. 

Lyona  had  for  some  time  had  lor  prefect,  a  man  of  adilre»  is^ 
elcill  in  flattering  and  vnanngiug  the  popular  papsiona.  M.  Boui-t 
Dumoulard  comprehended  at  once  that  under  exiatingcircumsiincti, 
tbtfâ  was  no  poaaiUe  middle  course  between  exterminating  the  laboar- 


lîELATIOXS  liETlVEEN  MASTEES  AJID  WORKMEN. 


527 


inç  population  anrl  salii»rying  ita  Ic^timate  vanta.  He  took  the 
laltiLT  courw.  Unlbrtunatclj  liis  authority  in  Lyons  waa  ill-.wcurcd 
and  tottcnng.  He  was  lecbly  seconded,  by  tJae  mumcipul  adminia- 
tjation»  whose  jealousy  had  alrcûdy  cauaed  ihe  downfal  of  hia  pre- 
UeccesoT,  M.  Paulzc  d'Yvoy;  and  what  was  still  wor^c  he  had  a 
perfioaal  enemy  in  the  Lieutenant-general  Rocuet.  Count  Rognet 
was  a  brave  soldier,  but  he  was  no  more,  Tnc  complainta  of  the 
working  population  of  Lyons  were,  in  bis  opinion,  only  an  explo- 
sion of  factious  diacontenl;  and  tbia  way  of  tbinJrinff,  added  to  bia 
private  enmities,  unfitted  him  for  seconding  the  views  of  the  civil 
authorities.  Houvier  Dumoulard  set  to  work  in  devance  of  all  these 
djfiicultic?.  He  strove  at  liret  to  gain  the  conËdcncc  of  the  work- 
men by  exhibiting  himself  as  the  champion  of  their  interests. 
They  demanded  that  a  minimum  rate  of  wagc«  «hould  be  axed; 
the  demand  wo»  a  juat  one,  and  be  took  measures  to  have  it  enforced. 
On  the  lltb  of  October,  1S31,  the  council  o(  prod  hommes  had 
drawn  up  the  following  declaration  : 

"  Con^^idering  that  u  ia  pubUdy  notorioua  thai  msokv  manufac- 
turers really  pay  inordinately  law  wages,  it  is  expedient  uiat  am  ini- 
mum  rate  be  established-" 

Allhouph  by  tlie  strangest  interversion  of  magisterial  functions 
the  council  oï  ptud' homme*  had  assembled  at  the  call  of  the  Lieu- 
tenant-general Roguct,  Bouvier  Duinoutard  resolved  to  follow  up  A 
proceeding  tluit  quite  accorded  with  his  own  views;  and  on  the  lath 
lie  convoked  and  prcâded  over  a  meeting  consisting  of  the  cham- 
ber of  couuucrce,  the  mayors  oi'  Lyons»  and  those  of  the  three 
viUe-fauimurtfS.  It  was  decided  in  that  raccling  timt  the  basis  of  a 
tariil'of  wages  should  be  dif»ci*sçeiï  pro  and  ton  by  twenty -two  work- 
men on  the  one  aide,  twelve  of  wnom  liad  been  uhx^dy  delegated 
by  their  comrades,  and  t\renty-two  manufacturers  on  the  other,  who 
were  selected  by  tlic  ohimiber  of  commerce. 

Kolhing  assuredly  could  be  more  in  conformity  with  the  laws  of 
iuaticc  ftnd  humanity.  Suppo&ing  even  that  this  measure  Ytm  not 
legal,  supposing  it  had  not  been  authorized  in  1769  by  the  Consti- 
tuent A^nbly»  in  1793  under  the  C'onvention,  and  under  the  Em- 
pire in  ISi  I|  was  it  not  imperatively  culled  for  by  the  existing  state 
of  thjjïgs?  Several  thousand  workmen  were  proving  by  tlie  ex- 
c(;sa  of  their  misery  how  much  tyranny  might  exist  under  cover  of 
tiiat  pretended  fireedom  of  pecuruaiy  dealings  which  the  manufac- 
turers cried  up..  Were  the  laws  of  uiunauity  to  be  violated,  and  a 
civil  war  to  beooine  in<rvitable»  and  ootliing  Jone?  The  government 
tliat  knows  nut  how  to  be  arbitrary  under  duch  circumstances  ought 
to  abdicate.  One  is  unworthy  to  cotomand  men  when  he  is  incapable 
of  risking  much  for  their  salcty  and  preservation,  and  even  of 
etJiking  his  \icsA  upon  the  issue. 

M.  Bouvier  DumouWd  might  and  ought  then  to  have  Ëxed  tho 
tari  il' himself  ;  he  liad  not  so  much  h^urdihuod,  and  he  contented  him* 
self  with  bringing  the  two  parties  together.    But  so  strangely  cr* 


SSB  A  FIXÏÏD  SCALE  OP  WAOES  AGR££l>  OJf, 

roncous  nFeta  tbe  notions  tKen  cunçut  Teapocldsi^  the  liglita  ofo» 
jnepce,  and  the  necessity  of  leavin^of  the  market  for  labour  firr  » 
end  its  natural  Isrel,  tLat  X\vë  prdcctV  conduct,  ûnùd  and  pciftctiv 
li?gitil  49  it  waSy  was  vchemcnttj  ccnsnrcd  by  tbe  mADO&ctiBn^  H 
.çocaidQ^d  as  an  abuac  ol'  power.  The  Trorkmcn  on  xhax  pal  tt 
^cded  almost  as  a  favour  what  was  but  a  Etnct  and  necciwa» 
cution  of  the  lavrs  of  justice. 

A  freeh  meeting  was  called  at  tte  pnefcctiire  on  the  2  let  of  Oc- 
tober. The  t\rcnty-two  manufacturers  selected  hy  the  chaaAné 
commerce  met  the  twelve  deLegatea  of  the  working  ck».  fibtib 
manur&cturcrs  gave  notice  tliat  harîn^  bocn  nonunftted  fay  lliett- 
thoritica  tlicy  tould  not  undertske  to  biitd  the  procoetUngi  of  Ém 
brethren.  On  the  otlier  hand  the  number  of  tho  worioBêft^U» 
gates  \T&8  not  complete.  A  thini  meeting  ^\~a?  thercforû  appcÔMiJ 
thfit  the  manuÊicturers  might  have  time  to  noinioate  their  auUHinJ 
reprcsentativeA,  The  crisis  meanwhile  was  beeoming  motv  mi 
more  urgent;  crowds  of  workmen  assomblotl  cverf  evening  in  ^ 
streets,  and  popular  orators  went  about  among  thern  declaiming  v 
jbemcntly  against  these  crael  delays,  and  askino;^  if  no  jialioe  «Mil 
be  done  to  tlic  working  man  uutil  huni^^er  should  have  <l>aBVM  )m 
ev^a  from  complaining-  The  '25th  of  October  had  been  fi»«>  ta 
Jbr  the  final  discussion  of  the  taiilî'.  At  ten  o'clock  that  EMtaiul 
etcange  and  touching  spectacle  woâ  beheld  in  Lyons»  An  ima^ 
multitude  descended  silently  and  in  good  order  £rom  Out 

tlie  Croix  Eouase,  paesed  through  the  city,  and  filled  die 

Bcllo.'our,  and  the  Phtce  de  h.  Préfecture.  Thcso  wei«  tbo  tJMTiÎÊÊ 
aiti^ana  who  had  come  to  learu  their  fate.  They  reCMÔAed  tfafll 
Eome  time  %nthout  uttering  one  eiy  or  menace;  their  ^^^n1^rt  «M 
firmed  neither  witli  guns,  nor  swords,  nor  vrven  «ticks  ;  only  a  to* 
colour  flag  waved  above  their  hca<la,  and  their  leaden  camodièendft' 
wund^  to  distinguish  them  and  enable  tlieni  in  mnintain  oxdo'. 

Pacifie  as  was  thia  demonstration,  Bouvier  Dumoulard  w^  f4r^ 
it  would  give  occasion  to  calumny.  Going  down  tbcrclby^  »ncM| 
the  woi*kmen  in  his  ofhcitd  cos^iume,  he  repre^ntcd  to  thmn  Iwv 
necessary  it  was  tlmt  the  taritf  should  not  appear  to  hav^  faeôiei- 
torted  by  violence^  and  he  ended  by  declaring  that  the  meetisuf  iImmU 
not  proceed  to  business  matil  they  hud  withdrawn.  Shouts  of  Fit 
le  Prffit  WQTQ  raJBcd^  and  that  people  of  paupers  returned  to  JB 
quarters  with  elow  FtcpSj  in  irood  order,  through  tike  midst  of  tht 
otlier  people  mute  with  astonidnnent. 

.  The  discussion  began  between  the  delegates  on  eitKcr  eide  uam 
r<||lpctying  abuse?  that  bad  crept  into  the  manufacturing  blMB]MA,M 
fEHiciilarly  on  the  drawing  up  of  the  tarifl^,  and  m£  ims  the  ml^ 
oenitioa  of  the  workmen,  tlmt  the  rate  of  pay  for  what  am  ~|VI 
i-FwcTif,  for  wiiich  the  empEoycrs  had  consentetS  twclvedjkys  foelcnk» 
give  eight  sous,  was  reduced  one  eighth  in  favour  of  tbc  ibuw&c- 
turei-s.  The  tjiriff  was  aigtked  on  behalf  of  both  parties,  «ad  tW 
-  council  Qi  prud'hommes  W3»d)ftrgcd  with  the  task  of  scoiiw  lo  sto 


^ÊHmmm 


1^^"P 


^m 


BUT  ATTERWARDS  REJECTED  BY  THE  EMPLOYERS. 


529 


execution;  and  one  day  in  crery  week  waa  appoiiited  for  hearing 
^i«  complainte  to  which  bad  faith  might  possibly  ^ve  oocâsion. 

Lyons  wa»  deeply  aftbcted  by  this  great  news.  The  workmoi 
gavL  loose  to  their  joy,  iUumiimted  their  liouses,  and  testiGod  their 
«nlliusîosm  by  keeping  up  the  suag  and  the  dauoc  nearly  the  who^ 
oi'  Ûui  night. 

Moreover,  po  little  dipposcd  were  they  to  follow  up  this  first  8U&- 
CCTS,  that  their  twenty-two  delegates  otJtred  to  resij:^.  But  M.  Boti' 
\i<T  Uumoulurd  vehonwntly  porsuitaied  them  to  withdraw  the  offer, 
eitlter  in  the  'view  of  creating  a  pcrmuient  borner  against  the  bad 
feeling  of  the  numufacturcis,  or  that  fcarâg  kjhic  suddça  chflogc, 
he  wished  to  secure  a  p^irty  within  the  working  class  itsej£ 

However  tliiâ  be,  the  agitation  waâ  tran&l'crred  from  the  camp  of 
the  workmen  to  that  of  the  mastcra.  Among  the  latter  were  some 
honest  and  enlightened  men,  who  were  ainoereiy  glad  of  the  taiiiE 
jmd  ulao  ic^rdcd  it  as  a  neocasary  restraint  on  the  avidity  of  some 
iarge  speciuators,  and  as  a  certain  means  of  modityini^  the  dlaaâ* 
tn'ous  results  of  cocnpctitioB.  But  theac  were  the  fwiD^  of  the 
■sailer  number,  and  no  sooner  was  the  paann^  of  a  new  tnria  known, 
tlian  the  mge  of  the  majority  of  the  manufacturera  borsi  out  in 
(hrertld  and  repTùftc^ieâ.  **  What  intoUorablc:  tyranny  !"  was  thêît 
«ngrj  cry.  "  We  are  told  that  our  dckgatea  gave  their  consent; 
bttt  ](  was  extorted  hy  fear.  Besides,  hy  whom  were  they  delegated? 
]3y  a  meeting  at  which  toany  of  u^  refused  to  be  prcsvnt.  And, 
aller  all,  wlmt  h  the  tariU'  but  an  outrageous  attack  on  the  freedom 
oi'  busineas?  What  tocurity  can  we  expect  for  the  future^  if  vuch 
interference  with  industry,  and  sack  rcadr  support  to  tlic  turbulent  do 
uuftds  of  our  workjpiïfu  be  allowable?"  I'hey  exas^ierated  (.-ach  other's 
pMBOQS  by  eonvonations  of  this  kind;  and  some  refuaed  compliance 
lôtk  iha  toriC  The  ncuantto  were  adjndl^fed  to  be  in  the  wrong 
by  tlic  pnuffumtmrs;  and  the  irritation  incrca*cd  daily.  At  Icn^i» 
about  the  10th  of  I^ovembcr,  a  hundred  aaid  four  manufacturers 
i*ei  and  wgnnri  &  mcoumal  in  which  they  entered  an  energetic  pro- 
test igiiost  tho  taiiff,  and  complained  of  the  unjust  demands  of  the 
workmen  who,  according  to  them^  asked  for  unmuonnble  wages 
only  AafltfiMB  ihtjf  had  aoeuUamcd  t/iemulDOi  to  artificial  wtaUtm 
ThreAlmng  icporte  fipr^ul  through  the  city;  even  M.  Bouviet 
JDumoalard  waa  inlLmidutcd;  and  on  the  17  th  of  November,  a  letter 
of  his  vu  read  in  the  council  of  yrttifhoamin  coutoimri^  a  paarago 
to  the  cfi^  tliflt  the  Uriff  h«viaf  never  hod  the  force  ofa  law,  was 
obligatory  on  no  dm,  and  oaura  at  the  moat  he  bindiikg  in  honour 
tt  a  ba«L8  for  agpecsneati  hwtirtten  maatcr  and  workmen.  On  the 
«dMT  ha&d,  the  tuaaoor  ma.  that  the  minister  for  commercial  afitdrs 
Ind  UApimiJ  lus  approbation  boUi  of  the  ttu-itf  and  of  the  conduct 
of  tho  ptéEbcti  at  a  meeting  of  tho  deputies  for  the  dq>artn>ent  of  tlio 
Khone  «tmmoiicd  hy  him  at  Paris,  At  the  eame  time,  so  toeans 
«en.  left  unuiod  to  tugi:  on  the  civil  powers  to  haiah  phiwum» 


630 


^KOVOCATIO^Ç  GITElf  TO  TBK  WOftKHTG  MXS. 


liieuten^^tr-genenl  Roguet  deàreâ  the  Iftwa  ze^iectii:^  pnUk 
meetings  to  be  (dacarded,  in  order  to  hinder  the  workmco  ùrm 
jMakîng  a  mânifcscation  sînûlar  ta  that  of  the  25th  of  Octofaai  Jht 
iroopA  cti  the  Line  were  kept  in  barracks  for  a  w«ek,  b^of  ihe  aoi 
iiecrazur  leady  drcMacd;  and  double  sentries  were  pasted,  dnbbaif 
maaetOT  that  purpose  out  of  the  lat  legion  of  MtÎMfl  gHodit 
which  coaaated  exclusivety  of  Diaoufacturcrs. 

Ihis  was  more  thaa  enough  to  gire  the  olartn  to  the  wqApuL 
The  tariff  was  repeatedJy  violated;  the  council  of  prmePkmm 
retracing  \\s  6rst  dccisians,  declined  condemning  those  who  fatob 
ita  floleinn  promises;  and,  thus  pushed,  the  unnappj  tremen  » 
^Lvcd  to  al^taînfrom  work  for  a  week*  and  to  parade  dailj*  thni^ 
the  citv  in  a  poaceful  »nd  oi^erly  manner,  agreeiag  to  eoûW  «vm 
^gn  of  respect  as  they  paased  to  those  mauulkctureis  irho  had  prani 
themselves  just  and  hbetal. 

But  thifi  modccation  Ecircd  to  flatter  the  pride  of  their  cacoM, 
and  to  provoke  contemptuoua  taunts.  One  daj  a  ooanulActiinT  »• 
ceived  bis  workmen  with  pistols  on  his  table.  Another  nenl  io  àff 
sa  to  «y,  *'  If  they  have  uo  bread  in  their  bellies  we  will  fill  iKoi 
with  bayonetfi/'     The  storm  lowered  :  it  was  inevitable. 

A  review  of  the  national  guard  had  been  dxcd  to  take  pUoe  on  tbt 
SOth  of  November,  in  the  Place  Bellecour,  before  Gt;nenU.  OnSo^ 
ncau;  and  thia  review  served  to  draw  together,  and  brinf  mlo  pfct 
all  the  clcmcntfi  of  discord  which  existed  in  the  bosoms  olthe  poof* 
of  Lyons. 

At  this  time  the  national  guards  of  Lyons  did  not  drcas  unifbmh'. 
TliG  rich  who  had  mounted  the  new  clothing  immediately  after  M 
revolution  of  July,  wore  the  uniform  of  tho  RestoradoiL,  *Qe 
poorer,  that  is  to  say  the  master  weavers  (chefs  tTaieUer^  wow 
the  uniform  appointed  by  law.  This  différence  of  habtiinot 
occoeioacd  insulting  remarks  on  the  part  of  the  former,  to  vhick  tl« 
latter  answered  by  threats. 

Every  thing  seemed  to  prognosticate  a  Hot  on  the  following  dif' 
Men  trod  the  streets  at  night  with  thoughtful  or  stem  cou&tcnana*; 
and  hatred  might  be  said  to  be  In  the  air  which  all  breathed.  SL 
Bouvier  Dumoulurd  desired  a  conference  with  LiGatcQ&nt*gaiK>l 
lloguet,  in  company  with  the  mayors,  military  commandants,  loi 
chicfe  of  the  national  guard,  in  order  to  consult  on  the  ntessonsfii 
Le  lukcn;  but  aa  had  been  anticipated,  the  general  who  had  noBkng 
for  tho  prefect,  bluffly  refused  to  receive  him;  a  refusal,  deeply  to  bi 
deplored.  But  In  sonetics  such  ua  ours,  the  lives  of  many  thouaandi  i^ 
hiiinan  beings  may  depend  on  a  circumstance  like  this.  Xt  was  d^ 
cided  at  the  meeting  which  was  held  at  the  prefecture^  "ndtkout  de 
Lieutenant-ecnerBl,  that  the  five  gates  leading  Irom  Lycos  to  Croû 
ilouBac  ahould  be  occupied  from  dnybi'cak;  that  a  battidion  of  tlw 
national  guard  of  Crouc  Uûus3e>  and  three  hundred  of  the  nnkr 
iuJantry  sliould  form  together  at  seven  in  the  moruitig',  ia  tlic  Pbot 


JUDICIAL  BLINDNESS  OP  THE  AUTHOBITIES.  531 

of  that  suburb,  in  order  to  prevent  any  assembling  tJiere;  and  that 
four  battalions  of  the  Lyons  national  guard,  and  one  of  that  of  La 
Guillotàère  should  muster  at  the  same  hour  in  their  respective  Places. 
llianks  to  the  weakness  or  the  blindness  of  the  auUioritics,  not 
one  of  these  arrangements  was  carried  into  execution.  The  mayors 
of  Croix  Rousse  had  given  way  to  a  fatal  security;  and  as  to  General 
Roguet,  when  apprized  of  these  measures  by  the  meeting,  he  repUed 
as  follows: 

"  MoMmum  12  PKEncr, — It  wu  nnnecenvy  to  npply  to  me  mpocting  the  pre- 
pvatioDB  to  be  m»de  fiw  the  morrow;  all  you  apivixe  me  of  hid  been  already  ar- 
nuogcd  between  the  mayora  of  Lyons,  Croix  Uoune,  and  myseIC  You  may  make 
TtNursdf  perfectly  easy  both  on  this  point  and  on  my  uneqnlTocal  detennination  to 
Veep  the  peace  of  the  town." 

The  general  strangely  deceived  himself  r^;arding  the  means  at  his 
command.  The  garrison  of  Lyons  did  not  exceed  three  thousand 
men.  It  consisted  of  the  66th  regiment  of  the  line,  three  troops  of 
dragoons,  a  Iwttalion  of  the  13th,  and  a  few  companies  of  the  engi- 
neers. But  no  reliance  could  be  placed  on  the  66th,  which  had  been 
formed  after  the  revolution  of  July,  out  of  the  remains  of  the  royal 

rrd,  together  with  dtizens  who  had  fought  against  Charles  X.  t 
Bouvier  Dumoulard  had  written  of  these  min^  to  the  minister  in 
pressing  terms;  but  the  minister  taken  up  by  his  official  and  par- 
liamentary intrigues,  had  paid  no  attention  either  to  these  commu- 
nications  or  to  the  reports  forwarded  to  him  of  the  misunderstanding 
between  the  civil  and  military  powers.  This  neglect  unfortunately 
was  expiated  by  others  than  those  who  had  been  guilty  of  it.  Num- 
bers who  slept  in  Lyons  the  night  succeeding  Uie  20tn  day  of  No- 
vember, slept  their  last  night's  sleep. 

For  the  lull  understanding  of  the  fearful  struggle  which  was  about 
to  take  place,  a  description  of  the  battle-field  is  important.  Hie  city 
of  Lyons,  as  is  known,  is  extended,  lengthwise,  between  two  rivers, 
the  lihonc  on  the  cast,  and  the  Saône  on  the  west  To  the  north, 
on  an  eminence  commanding  the  city,  is  the  town  of  Croix  Rousse, 
which  is  almost  wholly  inhabited  by  nlk-weavers.  Between  Lyons 
and  Croix-Rousse,  on  ground  higher  still  than  the  latter  is  a  table 
land  from  which  two  long  roads  descend  towards  Lyons,  tlic  left- 
hand  road  called  the  Grand-Côte,  the  right-hand  one  Carmelite  hilt 
{la  maniée  de$  Carmelitet).  These  two  principal  roads  meet  at  the 
bottom  of  the  acclivity,  and  run  into  the  street  des  Capucins,  which 
is  occupied  by  manufacturers,  who  thus  have  the  workmen  above 
them.  Northward,  on  the  western  bank  of  the  Rhône,  and  along 
the  sides  of  Croix  Rousse,  stretch  the  suburbs  of  Saint-Clair  and 
Bresse.  Eastward  and  southward  are  the  quarters  des  Brotcaux  and 
la  Guillotièrc,  separated  from  Lyons  by  the  Rhône.  On  the  west 
is  the  suburb  of  St.  Just;  and  on  the  south,  between  the  rivers,  tho 
peninsula  of  Perrache.  Three  bridges  thrown  over  the  Rhone,  con- 
nect lea  Broteaux  and  la  Guillotière  with  Lyons,  called  la  Guillotiùro 
bridcre,  Moraud  brid^,  and  Lafayette  brii^. 

With  the  topography  of  Lyons  lôeutenaut-general  Ro^et  was 

Sk 


at  ftxtj] 


1 


âv  ^BanfiiefcaBBa;  sad  «al^iWiriiA  m  eceetii  itnke 
AoflU  be  neogmsBd      Some  o^daem  pfweeded  to  ifae 

ICf  Êka^  aatcp  av^  Ibw      i  ililiMir"ljby«f 

Taiued  v^  &cea  baraietg.    1^  <  iiii^wi 

^DtftanhilBasqneUvMRaBes,  wiihopt,.  kowi^er, 
^mrht^^ihm^  AA  tlrt  im  ^db»  of  «h  &a 
aacyof  w|MtiBg  Aepaafie— ^B*a»qC<hegStk  v£ 
Witti  tkk  talctit,  Ike  wenoa  jaâûç  bob  ud.  MdU 
dfenal,  bqna  ta  dcocod  iSie  Gn^  C6«&  Tbe  çi^Hdfa 
Ui  kÂn,  mMKniji  eKcIinrelj  of  iiiamifw  Iniaia, 
«cbM  to  laeci  tin  bddj.  Unir  wiask  im  ai  ÎBft  ba|Ebfcrrtà 
fevenl  of  ùxm  thvw  Im^  of  «■nzidges  oui  nf  ifaeir  imnàgf  «lia 
urne  lun>tïcd  fmrn  nan  (a  man.  Tie  tao  cotyi  siec  ahoot  V^ 
mj  on  tibc  Grud  Coce;  aiui  tbe  fiuwiliiiii  ^mg,  âgbft  cf  4» 
ipotkiacm  ièU  aorlallf  vovnded.  ThennksoftiiclBlifer  no  Anat 
imlo  difordei;  lad,  Te-ftsoeabdii^  tbe  Grami  Côce,  ull^vin^  e»  d 
ckroaiTt  ihc  wodtiDcn  di?T>erse  tîiemselTTs  over  Cratx  H<iu»<p  Ltr  i 
Td'^nn'^  Eca.  Jn.nantaneouslv,  an  immense  clamour  arises;  eaA 
house  pours  forth  iightin^  men  armed  with  sticks,  clubs,  stoae?, 
pitchforks,  and  some  with  musket?.  The  more  enthusiastic  ra 
from  Fpot  to  spot,  shouting,  '*  To  arms  !  ther  arc  mtntlering  oor 
trothers  !"  Each  street  has  its  barricade,  raised  by  the  hancU  rf 
chilflren  and  of  women  ;  two  pieces  of  cannon,  belonging-  to  the  ■»- 
tioual  guard  of  Croix  Rousee,  are  seized  by  the  insurants,  who 
jnarcli  upon  Lyons  preceded  by  drums  beating,  and  displaying  » 
black  fla;,'  with  tlic  affecting,  but  ominous  inscription — *'  IaSc,  w«k- 
ing;  or  Death,  fighting!"  It  was  nearly  eleven  o'clock.  M.  Boo- 
vicr  Dumoulard  had  repaired  to  the  Hôtel  de  Ville,  -which  is  ca 
tlio  Place  des  Terreaux,  nor  far  from  the  quarter  des  Carpucias. 
Tliithcr  is  borne  General  Koguct,  who  is  too  ill  to  walk.  *'  Gene- 
Tiil,"  Paid  the  prefect  to  him  vehemently,  "  I  require  you  to  ord« 
a  «li^tribution  of  cartridges."—"  I  am  not  here  to  take  jour  com- 
manda," replied  Count  lioguct,  "  I  know  my  duty." 

At  half-past  eleven  cartridges  were  distnbuted;  and  the  prefect 
and  General  Ordonneau  put  themselves  at  the  head  of  x  cohuna 
formed  of  national  guards  and  of  troops  of  the  line.  Alreadr,  » 
strong  barricade  had  been,  raised  at  the  top  of  ^e  Grand  Cote. 
Tlic  column  began  to  scale  the  hill,  which  is  very  steep,  «nd  Uncd 
by  houses  entirely  occupied  by  workmen.     Suddenly,  a    perfect 


TSE  PHETECT  AITO  TTIE  OHyERAL  MAIVC  ITMSOKERS.       5S3 

liail-storm  of  tîlcs,  stones,  and  balla,  fiiUaupan  the  colmmi;  thepreiect 
15  Ptmck  by  a  fllnt-îtone;  manv  aromid  Hm  arc  likewise  struck, 
and  the  column  falls  back.  The  naticmal  givtrd  of  Cj-oix  Itonsflc 
Iiad  joined  the  workmen.  Two  officers  9ak.  to  treat  widt  the  prefect. 
He  folloTW  theiQr  passes  with  them  tliroog^  the  banicacic  and 
mcnnits  the  bakon  j  of  the  mayoralty  of  Croix  Rouasc  ito  harangue  tlio 
populace  twmultuously  OAS^tnbled  behow.  From  time  to  time  his 
"Worda  Tpere  intomaplcd  by  the  ternblc  cry,  **  Work  or  Death  !" 

Such  was  the  state  of  things,  nnd  hostilities  appeared  suspended, 
when  the  Ërinff  "W»»  lawwed  at  three  différent  peints.  Tlio  caniion. 
boomed.  **  VengGince,  TengcancCf  tfo  are  lietrayed  !"  aliouted  liic 
■worktuCD,  TTic  rrefect  was  snrroimdcd  by  an  infuriated  crew  who 
wrcFtcd  his  sword  fi-om  him  and  dragged  him  widi  npliftcd  fubrefi, 
into  s  house  where  he  wnfl  detained  pnsouer.  General  Ordanneau, 
who  had  joined  hiin,  vms  aUo  seized,  and  "vtoa  led  to  a  workman's^ 
named  Bernard,  who  saTcd  his  life:. 

Me.inwhilc  the  alarm  was  beat  in  diâèrcnl  ffuarterp.  Tïm 
q^îsys^  places,  and  atreet?,  were  crowded  with  national  guards  and 
fioldicra.  Howerer,  the  interior  of  the  town  wsa  fpiucd  ht  that  day 
iiom  ciril  war. 

A  troop  of  di^oona,  supported  by  a  bgiterr  of  the  drtillcry  of  the 
national  g\3aaà,  scnted  the  street  des  CannelîMSr  through  a  beary 
firr,  nnd  ma^good  thf'ir  footm^  on  the  top  of  the  hill.  Bot  tbc 
workmen  fired  so  briskly  on  horse  and  nrtiuery  from  the  rooCi  of 
their  houses  in  Croix  Komt$c,  tlist  the  ground  was  30cm  strewed  witli 
dead  and  wounded.  However,  the  contfel  woe  mnintotnedf  and  tho 
national  guazd»  under  M.  PreTcst,  wad  nrffrriiy  ■  -maioas  renat- 
snee,  when  s  note  w?s  bronchi  him  from  GoKTiu  OrdonnMRp 
ordorit^  faam  io  fidl  back  with  his  battaHon.  Noi  knowing  that  the 
gcncnl  w«s  m  priïioïKT,  Commandant  PïOTOst  obr^cd. 

Wliilst  those  things  were  going  on,  a  crowd  of  nrmed  men  sur- 
roimd«d  thdr  pii«>ner«  hi,  Bonricr  Dautautaid,  and  etrore  io  force 
}ûm  to  stRi  aim  tor  lÂie  delivery  of  fiarty  thounnd  cnrtzid^a  and 
five  hnnmd  ibcUa.  He  zefuscd,  and  the  uproar  nfound  nim  waa 
fearful.  Fonir  ^end  bodi«9  were  e:q)09ed  beneath  Ùk  windows  of  tlic 
room  in  which  he*  wa?;  and  the  cry  was  raised — '*  Hcje  are  four 
"neânf;  we  must  I^tc  a  fifth  to  avenge  tiiein  !"  Ail  the  workmen, 
}unriTer^  did  not  participate  in  this  sentiment.  Slany  of  them,  ami 
ptftknlarly  Lacombe,  ono  of  their  lead»*»,  exliibited  ctiQ  best  &cl- 
Ja^  towards  tliie  prefect,  and  even  oâered  to  connôve  at  hia  Mcapo 
rn  êkgWÊÊO  Ûatmeh  the  irardena;  To  attempt  this  wonld.  n«t  havo 
been  without  ita  danger  or  its  disgrace  to  hint.  As  the  day  drew  to 
m  cImd  Ko  wgun  ptcaentcd  hima^  to  tlic  wotkmmr  '*>d  nid-^ 
**  LiaUa;  if  you  think  for  n  nomeat  that  I  luiv*  hubmytA  ynur  ta- 
teiTCMB,  keepna  as  a  hostags;  bat  if  you  have  nothi^  to  n-proacli 
roe  wHlv  aumr  me  to  rctura  to  my  poat,  andyoaw^  nnd  (in(lab(dl 
act  aa  y<nr  ^ood  friend  and  &tlMr.  Mot«d  by  tbâa  adcfanaf  aoma 
wete  fcr  aettmg  bim  tree;  ocbcis,  nov»  isifâMi^  ttfmïàtOÊà  «Mh 

2n2 


534 


BEAL  CHA^ACTfK  Of  TH£  TSSURHECTIOIT. 


gmciutity  u  impcudeoi.     At  last,  about  eight  in  the  emû^, 
was  set  lA  iibett;f,  x&d  tetamed  to  Ljoos  surrDundGd  bj  a  mob  ciai^l 
tenng  its  HtspkioiB  of  tmsoD.  dotked,  boTcrer,    by  Aouti 
^Lattg  Une  the  prefix  ^   Im^  Saetkewriamm'tfatherr 

M.  Bouvier  Dumoiibttd  firtind  Geaenl  Roguet  at  the 
Vnic,  and  o&ted  him  hû  hand:  *  fnci^,  but  tardy  and 
reconciliadoD  !  The  aitiUerj  and  dnngoous  kfed  retired  ùam 
height,  and  only  a  fevr  duultorf  muiket  shotjt  were  < 
beard;  but  General  OrdonneaUr  'n-ho  did  not  regain  his  liberty  I 
zught&l,  was  etiil  in  the  power  of  the  insurgents,  and  the  weucs 
of  Cioix  RousK  watched,  arms  in  hand,  round  fires  irhicji  ibf 
h»d  lighted,  mournmg  their  ûieuds  who  had  fullen,  and  thinUng  of 
the  Tcogcanoe  of  the  moirow. 

Let  OS  pause  a  moment,  to  remazk  one  of  the  most  àngiiUr  val 
lamentable  features  of  this  fÀtal  day.  We  hare  eec&  the  cans» 
which  diovo  the  workmen  to  insurrection.  Ihery  were  '*****gp-^ 
hy  no  political  fecUngs^;  and  entertained  but  litde  idea,  at  dMi 
period,  that  it  was  a  nidiod  change  of  goremment  only  which  cofék 
ameliorate  their  condition.  The  party  men,  on  llieif  part,  weceo- 
grossied  by  the  single  desire  of  OTertbrowin^  the  established  authott^t 
and  did  not  dream  of  placing  the  social  ^nric  on  a  new  baaiâ.  Thai 
there  was  no  leal  bond  of  onion  between  the  worldn^-claaacs  aad 
the  rnu^t  ardent  and  gencrouâ  portion  of  the  boui^geoiaie.  Hmr 
were  at  this  time  at  Lyons,  as  in  all  parts  of  France»  nomemus  v^ 
publican?,  but  few  true  democrats;  and  so  it  happened  that  msBT 
republicans  took  up  arms  against  the  workmen,  conceiving,  thnnn 
a  very  excusable  though  iatal  mistake,  that  the  safety  of  the  oty 
was  at  stake;  and  it  was  tbey  wbo  fought  with  the  most  dctermioni 
i*alour  and  resolution.  Many  of  them  were  wounded,  oUicrs  killed; 
and  among  the  latter,  M.  Schtrmer,  one  of  the  most  respoctabk 
-  manufacturers  of  Lyons.  Howerer,  on  the  Tuesday,  some  of  the 
repubticans  were  seen  to  sde  with  the  workmen;  so  that  thoat 
who  were  united  in  the  closest  bonds  of  public  feeling  and  of  iriend- 
^tdûpi  found  themËclve^t  unwitcin^lv,  opposed  to  eacn  other;  a  loo 
eftequent  mistake,  which  supplies  tîic  htstory  of  civil  wars  with  tti 
most  fneihtful  episod<a  ! 

On  Tuesday^  the  22d,  General  Roguet  caused  a  proclamatioe, 
which  he  had  had  printed  in  the  ni^ht,  to  be  posted  round  the  town; 
but  it  only  served  to  add  fuel  to  the  fire,  and  was  emryvrhcro  toni 
down  ^vith  insults.  The  tocein  of  St.  Paulas  wïu  soundod  as  on  oc- 
caidons  of  great  calamity;  tlic  alarm  was  beat  in  every  quarter*  and 
the  insurrection  rccouimenced. 

T'hc40th  re^^iment  of  the  line  liad  jimved  from  Travoux  at  about 

two  in  the  morning;  and  a  detacliraent,  with  two  companies  of  iha 

13th,  was  ordered  to  move  up  by  tlic  hill  des  Cannelîics  to  lak» 

I  possession  of  the  height  of  Croix  Koussc.     But  the  workmen  who 

•  inhabited  the  Hue  Tholosau,  and  û\e  adjacent  streets  fell  witii  fury  on 

r  this  detachment,  and  compelled  it  to  lay  down  its  arm^-     The  zoads 


EVENTS  OP  NOVEMBEU  22.  535 

leading  from  Crobc  Rousee  to  Lvons  were  thus  left  perfectly  open; 
anJ.  the  dense  populaïîoti  of  the  eilk-wcavers  haatencd  into  the  eitv^ 
and  thronged  it  in  every  dirccUoD,  di^rsin^  themselves  over  tÈe 
quay?,  the  pfaceSj  and  in.  the  streets,  and  Bpreadinff  cvcrywliere  their 
own  fiery  passion?.  ISut  already  the  alnrm-bcîU,  tJie  booming  of  the 
cannon,  the  emell  of  powder,  and  the  sight  of  blood,  always  so  con- 
tagious, had  aroused  everywhere  the  spirit  of  revolt.  AH  around 
Lyons^  and  ubnost  at  the  same  moment,  the  quarters  des  Broteaux, 
do  la  GuilîotitTCj  and  St,  Just,  were  up  in  arms.  Count  Roguet, 
in  the  view  of  preventing  the  working  population  of  lUc  first  named 
quarter  from  falling  upon  Lyons  by  the  bridges  Morand  and  La- 
iaycttc,  ordered  a.  battery  to  be  raised  nfron  Fort  St.  Clair;  and 
wliilat  the  balls,  poamng  over  the  river  ravaged  this  unhappy  dis- 
trict, manufactiuren,  posted  4t  the  windows  of  the  hoiiâes  which 
line  the  Quai  du  Khâne,  kept  up  upon  it  a  constant  and  murderous 
fire.  Elsewhere,  the  contest  had  become  general.  The  town  was 
covered  with  larricadta.  Every  outpost  of  the  military  had  been 
carried  one  after  the  other  ;  a  Tcptiblican,  named  Drigeird  Desgamii?r, 
who  lived  in  tlie  passage  do  1  Argue,  had  distributed  grattiitously 
among  the  people  fowliog-pieces  out  of  his  shop;  three  gumnakera 
premises  hod  been  broken  into;  part  of  the  nfttionid  guard  bad 

tone  over  to  the  insurgentâ,  and  supplied  them  with  cartridges;  and, 
nally,  the  workmen,  wlio  hadbe^unthc  battle  with  sticks,  h&d  re- 
placed them  with  muskctâ.  In  me  botanic-garden,  a  handful  of 
mnirecnts  hnd  repulsed  s^cveral  companies  of  soTdicrs.  The  barracks, 
Bon-Pasteur,  had  been  forced  by  a  mob  of  women  and  children; 
and  the  troops  kept  their  ground  with  difficulty  in  the  street  de 
TAnuonciade,  which  was  commanded  by  the  Place  Rouville,  and  by 
Bnmet-houK,  which  was  in  the  hands  of  the  insurgent^. 

Meanwhile^  Lacambe,  a  man  of  resolution,  and  much  looked  up 
to  in  the  faubourgs,  made  for  Lafayette-bridge  at  the  head  of  a 
numerous  column,  eompoeed  of  the  inhabitajits  of  St.  George's.  He 
liad  sent  on  before  him  a  il^  of  truce  which  was  fired  upon;  and 
he  was  making  preparationa  ior  the  attack,  when  word  was  brought 
him  that  the  Eoldiers  of  the  line,  stationed  at  the  Carmea- 
Déchaiiseés  barraoks,  were  about  to  take  him  in  the  rcaJ.  He  in- 
Klantlv  ehajigea  his  plan,  hurries  to  the  barrack»,  forces  them,  and 
then  directs  his  Bteps  to  the  Place  des  Cclcstins,  where  a  tumultuous 
crowd  wa.*  already  asaerablcd.  Here  there  happened  to  appear  a 
bravo  young  man,  named  Michael  Anffe-Pt;ricr,  who  wore  on  hia 
breast  tlie  decoraûon  of  July;  and  at  die  sight  of  this  raemorial 
n-ith  which  so  many  remembrancer  were  connected,  they  crowd 
zouud  Périer  with  cnthuriasm,  embrace  him.  and  one  of  the  work* 
men  hands  him  a  carbine,  ejttlaiming,  as  "  You  loUù;ht  for  the  peo- 
ple in  July;  well,  light  for  them  once  more  to-day.'  Pi^'ricr,  «j*- 
ing  the  carbine^  answcis:  *'  Yes,  friends,  once  more  I  will  fight  for 
the  people;  the  cause  is  yours,  mine,  and  that  of  all  of  us.     Long 


5âG 


nACKTTAnnSESB  OF  THE  TBOOrS. 


lire  the  republic  !"     Tlio  err  is  repeated  by  a  tbouflAnd  voicos;  giul 
tiiey  marcb  -mût  one  accord  on  the  Hotel  de  Ville. 

Thug,  circuîn>t;mro?  introduced  -politic*  into  the  itt^utrecticm, 
■whidi  be«cefor\v;ir.l  ;i?5umijd  a  double  character.  But,  for  tlw 
ova-throw  of  a  government  wliich  w*9  based  on  tiie  bourgeoisie, 
tlien  all  powerful,  idciia— more  formidable  wcflpooa  of  «rar  tbAH 
cannon  were  nocêfleary. 

Arrived  at  the  corner  of  the  Rue  Neuve,  tJie  column  whicà  lad 
set  out  from  the  Place  de&  Cêlcsdiis,  found  itsoK  in  fiice  of  a  detidl- 
ment  of  troops  of  llie  line,  posted  od  the  Place  du  Plâtre,  The 
s5iortest  road  to  the  Hôtel  de  Ville  wes  by  tlie  Rae  Sirène;  bat  tv 
begin  0.  conflict  there  was  to  eiisure  a  ffarful  carnage.  Pèrier  stepped 
forward  to  tlie  otTicera  in  cjonunand  of  lîie  detaclmicut,  and  thcait  r&- 
tuminf  to  hiâ  foUocvei^,  mounted  a  barricade,  and  iotrcatcd  thi^n, 
in  forcible  terms,  to  avoid  a  nseiïsa  effueion  of  blood.  The  cxiliuiut, 
îiecordjpgly,  took  the  Hue  Neuve,  and  debouched  on  tlie  Quai  du 
Exïtz.  Balls  roincil  upon  it  from  every  window;  and  dmgoonacuiA 
up  at  full  gallop.  They  were  received  with  a  fire  of  musketry;  IkU 
tae  column  having  broken  its  ranks  to  give  them  pUMgie,  OBODJ  of 
1hi  workmen  threw  tbcniedves  in  diBordcr  on  a  Gule  walk,  ffan**^ 
with  trees,  and  sepamted  iiom  the  quay  by  a  pnrapet-  Hoe,  md 
all  aloni^  the  Rhône,  the  b&Ulc  ragtAl  with  e£<ieaBiTe  fury.  À  uqgio^ 
named  BianigUs,  -^o  took  his  stand  on  Morand-bridge,  Ebot  dom 
a  dragoon  or  sji  artillerymnA  at  almod^  every  diacharge  û£  lia  Uttt^ 
k^t;  and  each  time  gave  loose  to  his  joy  in  exprcfldvc  gg'^tMlCT  nd 
eavagc  shouts.  Midoael-Aiige  Pcrier  rec^red  a  imi£ket>d»oi  inl  at 
he  waa  kneeling  «pon  ifee  quay,  at  the  corner  of  a  street,  to  tUBO  ûm. 
SX  a  national  guard,  poetcd  ^t  a  windov.  Pi^^clet^  his  irioid,  received 
two  hftlb  in  his  arm.  They  were  eairwd  oÛ\  coveted  widi  blood;  ■ 
ïmd  the  insuji'ectloQ  lost  in  themi  the  only  men  ifbo,  ùx  êqbèb  dftji 
at  least,  could  give  it  a  political  direction. 

By  this  time^  the  workmen  were  everywhere  tnirmphant.  Ma4 1 
of  those  national  guards  upon  whom  the  manufacturers  bad  lelie^  I 
had  withilrawn,  discouraged  and  amazod.  The  soldiers  of  the  liwfrl 
oppoBed  only  a,  weak  and  ind<ecifirc  roast  anoe  to  the  inaUZgcoalft  1 
Still  full  at  the  remcmbranoeg  of  1830,  they  retorted  npoa  thtl 
hbcrols  the  lessons  wliich  the  latter  had  taught  thenu  In.  1830,  ihtJ 
soldiers  had  been  teught  that,  to  shed  tlie  blood  of  their  feiloir-'«ittc^ 
aens,  was  the  greitest  of  crimes^  and  the  defection  of  the  âOth, 
the  29th  of  July,  liad  been  Icmdly  applauded*  Could  the  flokU . 
hare  forgotten  all  this  by  1831  ?  They_  thought  that,  if  the  PiiLJiMl 
TTûTc  justified  in  rising  up,  in  1830,  in  defence  of  a  chwter  vluc 
did  not  concern  them,  the  people  of  Lyons  wercxnnch  more  jufllifii 
in  rifing  up,  in  1H31,  in  doletice  of  a  tariff  wlûch  would  mt»  lbM|l 
from  starving.  Tlius  the  cause  of  the  workmen  met  wiih  »  ^B"^] 
Eympathy  in  the  troops  themselves,  which  iavoufod  the  atiooettaj 
the  lusuiTection. 


mf 


TIIE  AUTHORITIES  EVACUATE  THE  TOWX.  537 

Sf  «ercn  in  iKe  evening  all  was  over.  Fmding  himself  unable  to 
kc(!p  posaeesLoa  of  the  powder-mill  of  Scnn^  wliich  he  had  held  fill 
Uïc  day  with  two  pieoca  of  cannon.  Captain  Pisloux  spiked  them, 
threw  a.  large  quantity  of  powder  into  the  Saone,  *md  djcw  oS  his 
men.  By  nightiat,  the  tiuopa  were  drÎTen  in  upon  the  Place  des 
Terreaux,  and  the  authorities  iound  thcmaelvcs  restricl<xl  to  a  single 
point  in  Lyons,  the  Hotel  de  Ville,  where  th^  were  henamed  in  on 
every  aide.  In  this  extremttr»  Count  Uogiiot,  the  prefect^  imd  the  re- 
pnMOtatives  of  the  municipality  of  IrTtais,  held  a  council,  nt  which  it 
yns  determined  tliat  the  town  should  bo  cvociiatod.  This  was  at 
■ÛduijLfht.  Tlie  busy  hum  of  the  Insurgent  town  wits  still  audible; 
asd,  at  diâercnt  pointa,  tlic  guard-huusea  and  excise  stations  (pa" 
viUotm  da  Voctrot),  wliich  had  been  set  fire  to  dunn^;  tlic  baidç, 
ûnL^hcd  burning  in  the  darkne^.  The  futlowiDg'  was  Û\e  manifesto 
4rawn  up: 

«•  Ifl^iabt,  Nor.  SSd.  19.11 . 

"  TIic  undcrùgDcdt  in  cubdcU  at  tlit  Ilùlf  1  do  VOlc,  i>it«ent  Lkatenaiït-ifcacml  CounC 
Sognet,  comiiuiMleT-in-cliiii'r  uf  th«  7ih  and  19th  militATy  iLvisioni;  «t^  Tkary, 
TlllffAfltll- iki  Uilf'rf  tbe  eBfriaecn;  ViHOUDt  dc  Saiat-Qeiiie^  niArôc-hol-rlc-CBnip, 
«■■BaadtoB  1^  deputaorait  uf  the  Bhûtu>;  BuDvîer-DttnHHilanl,  cniiûciUor  uf  itale, 
pnfbctof  tliedffttBrtnieatof  tlic  Kliûne;  l^u[ilu.a,  soUi-it't^T-gt.'ncral  of  tbe  Cour  Ro^aie; 
«e  BeiMiOi,  ftnm  iu!}oint,  urtin^as  mujvri  tiroi,  iuljuÎDt  to  the  luajoraJty;  Gautier, 
wmtAotfÊi  miiucilkir,  arting  mm  A^i^^^^t 

"CaaaiiteriBjttaub  after  twa  dàgn*  faml  Igbtiag,  ia  wbicU  U»  amdh  Fnaicfa  blood 
hn  whiriâir  imm  rtinJ.  îhii  Imiiiii  tiTi  linrr  tirrail  If*  winn  Itii  tllttri  ilr  THIij 
iriiireA^aiwWadairtaJ  by  an  ïmcmb  «pd  >nntd  wnltlaae;  that,  «dniMted  with 
firiirtic  and  hc*rj  ioaau,  and  witho»a  ■znmunitinn  or  food,  or  itc  fmna  tit  fUnciiTTng 
uny,  tiicy  sav  inJui|io«ct3,  iU!Ci»niLng  to  tU^  rvjiuTt  tjl  ihdrolBacn,  M  fmlHIf  a  nstU^a 
WbHtflcc;  tlmt  lite  MBOlgeol»  ban  wtaad  many  important  poste; 

««  nndpr  nrmsi  that,  in  Util  extranlty,  tlw  generals  are  agivod  on  ilw  In^demoa* 
«r  «tterapiiEiK  lu  hold  oat  ttv  flôtti  d»  ViH»; 

"  'Xlijit  tu  make  timatteBpt  wouUt  ^■^aAaB0DR  the  contest,  infinlliblT  cxairpcnitc 
the  4LuaLliuit9  to  the  highest  piidi  of  nu-y,  and  tiitpiMe  the  besieged  and  the  whola 
Hty  Co  the  most  deptombfe  molU; 

"  Alter  iklfcgate  copgakaliMU,  al  awparal  «uingii.  «gmialmop^  ayreeJ« 

" TluU»  tu  ft^  the  etfuwm  at  Uooâ.  and  I'^avuu  the  sacking  of  tbed^,  ttieonly 
Btcp  to  talie,  In  tliii  terWnt  Doqfoactaie,  u  lu  withdraw  Ami  the  HAtd  4e  Ville,  in 
oriier  ic  taka  Vf  a  nan  UmmalÊie  foMoÊi  oaiJik  tbe  irsUs,  ••  ••  to  Imp  «p  « 
cuuuiuùstkm  with  Uie  local  auâurisîak  Tke  c«aMftl  alio  nnmhfiMBljr  acqaBat 
M^  te  IVrri-l  to  runiain  aC  Iti»  piMt. 

■"  Drawn  np  ir  <!apljrjite.  In  Htsloo,  at  Vhe  Hfttd  dc  Tïllo. 

~Sn;ni.-d:  DumtraUrd.  CmuU  Ko^liet;  VisMUftl  SidDt-GcSLi^,  Tleurr,  Dnplan, 
BuiMCt,  UixH^  and  CiatttitT.' 

The  wnal  for  rcErcat  was  given.  General  Ro;?uct,  who  was  in  a 
rerj  weak  state  of  hcadth^  was  obUgtxl  to  be  bftcd  on  his  hoTfi<v. 
The  troopa  uadez  hira  oooMrted  of  the  66th  rc-giniont,  and  of  «rcnLl 
battutîonâ  of  the  40tlL  and  the  I3th.  Some  dctochracnta  of  xhe  n&- 
tioiuJ  guard  followed,  with  botoc  cannon.  A  body  of  workmen  liad 
aftitiuoed  theiiiK'lrcs  at  tbe  bairicr  St,  Clair,  on  the  Une  of  tlie  f6~ 
tmttt.  At  the  linit  wUi>4hng  of  tlic  balll  oat  «cpp^>:lching  the  b«Érn«F, 
âeneml  K^^ust  ocdÉÛtted  to  those  near  hitn,  "  I  begin  to  broftlfa«; 
liie  anoli  OB{mwdcr  mtorc*  me  to  lilo;  I  mn  mtteh  better  here  than 
im  the  Hotel  cb  Vitte."  Then  he  ordered  the  anîUery  to  hresch  tho 
ImricadeB.    Tbe  zught  was  calm  aad  clear,  and  the  bayonrls  gtiV 


rVACTATlOS  or  THÏ  HÔTEL  DE  VrLLfc. 

tered  in  the  moonlight.   AH  the  belb  pealed.    The  cry,  "  To: 
Sepateà  £rom  man  to  nun  fhro«^  the  fiuboiiinf  praduoed  la  da^ 
tn^  effect,     llie  wiodawe  were  ifaio&ged  wiui  zaflttrgenliL     TW 

tzoope,  compdHed  to  crçcp  vXtm^  under  the  fire  of  the  wïKirl». 

BcniBs  numérota  banriadtf  whkti  the  aniUety  was  inodeqittic  I» 

haUt-r  dowQ,  airived  ai  lut  at  Moatesny,  panting  and  oEJeefcd, 

dugg^n^  their  cannûOâ  aAier  thera^  uid  eartjizi^   their  wrtwwiri 

Geoeral  Fleury  had  receiTcd  a  bflJ],  and  had  seen  nifl  aiiieNde-aif 

lied  dead  at  hb  feet     The  fight  in  that  iaaboorg^  iras  a  Uoodf 

but  it  vsm  the  last  disastroiu  cceiH*  oi*^  the  aril  wvr. 

Mcanwhiie,  the  autboriues  in  the  Hotd  de  Vilie  ivmaîned  ia» 

rpute  of  panic-Etricken  indecision.     The  Quartier  de^  Tcsveaox  «if 

1^1  in  uproar.     The  prefect  and  ihe  membeis  of  the  Lyosneseai»- 

iôpaliiy  resolved  to  redre  in  ibdlr  torn,  and  to  withdtav  to  tfae 

rttctuie,  where  they  drew  up  the  following  declaration,  vkic^ 

I  Bever  been  pubtished^  and  which  was  the  h^  will  atzd  ti  iiliiiirm 

[  u  it  were  of  the  expiring  magistracy, 

**  Wedneidaj.  Noreniber  S3. 1S31.  two  o'clock  ia  llw  i   n  '  [""f 
'  Wcb  thcimdangDed,  M«tmbl«l  at  Uk  Uûtcl  de  U  IVûIrtcuv  «Indue  aai  catt 

*■  1*.  l^ai  n  tbe  «eqod  of  the  meUuididy  erenu  that  u»k  place  in  tte  dif  « 
the  aist  and  2fd  of  thù  nidnth,  ail  thç  militaiy  forces  of  tiierj  «nn,  timic  «^  A* 
Aendamwrie  and  of  tbe  tiatwiu]  gnaid,  undlcr  tbe  cominaiid  of  Ueafecaiafc-CMlBl 
'  CouPt  Ifoguet.  were  constrained^  in  order  to  aroid  the  cftunon  of  talood  iad  tl* 
iiomri  (rf  cinl  war.  to  erafuate  at  t vo  o'clivk  the  Hôtct  dc^  Ville,  the  anaaiC  ■! 
the  powder  msifraziiie,  TwwttioDs  which  iliej  still  occupKd,  and  to  witlkdmr  iMj^al 
tliE  city  hy  the  Faulxiurjr  SLCIoJr; 

"  3"^.  That  v'c,  ihc  uiiduHi,gne(l,  have  been  Ukcwisc  ocuutmned  to  •oiler  tkt  Vtf 
Cif  thp  Hôtel  de  Ville  to  bç  œcupied  ^  the  fbroe*  lOf  tb?  iiiaïU^enta  whjeh  ItÊmÙI 
nuulcrj  at  all  points  ; 

"  3^.  That  at  thij  moment  the  IHuft  O0m{4etfl  ^MigaiJaation  pne^^ûli  in  tlW  titft 
that  înnirrecttoD  pranilc»  dl  tbe  «itboaïtiet,  ud  AeA  tbe  kwa  «nd  tbe  n^^MtxilCf 
ve  paweriiai. 

''  J'bDe  at  tlic  H6(el  of  the  PrefcctiiRt  the  daj  and  lioor  aboTenaiBad. 

"  (Signed)        1>L  aiOULAHI>,  BOISSET,  E.  GADTIEH,  DUPLAK." 

The  sgnerâ  of  tluB  melonchoty  declaration  had  no  gooner  alao' 

doned  the  Hotel  de  Ville,  than  it  was  entered  by  the  iikfiiuMdL 

The  doors  were  opened  to  tliera  by  Quériau,  the  actor.      Some  wA- 

venturers  established  themselvos  there  with  some  Ecctionai  leadccav 

der  the  title  of  provisional  état  major.     The  government  of  Lyoas 

■  then  shared  lietween  LacliapcUcf  Frédéric,  Charpentier,  leMen 

the  workmen,  and  PérCnon,  Jtiosset,  Gamier^  Detrieux,   and 

I  f'ilhol,  men  unknown  to  the  working  cluâgcs,  but  who  took  that 

^  place  in  the  victory  of  the  people,  wlùch  in  times  of  disturbaaoe 

I  belongs  to  whoever  possesses  audacity. 

Wliat  course  was  this  provieional  government  about  to  pursue? 

LachapeUe,  Frédéric,  and  Charpentier,  had  seen  in  the   stntfjrie 

'  little  more  than  a  tariff  question.     Perunon,  Koset,  Gamier,  D«» 

I  vieux,  and  Filhol^  had  regarded  it  Eolcly  in  the  Ui^ht  of  a  poUtical 

^  Convubion.     Tlie  former  wished  that  the  physical  eoudiuon  of  the 

people  should  be  ameliorated;  the  latter  that  monarcliy  should  givv 

l^aoe  to  a  republic     Aâ  for  the  inllueucc  which  a  change  ia  thft 


THE  WEAKSCBS  OF  THE  PEOPLE  AFTER  THE  VICTORY.     559 

conetitulion  may  produce  in  the  or<ler  of  eocUl  armngementp,  no  one 
tlicn  gave  this  a  tnought.  Pérénon  l>clengcd  by  conviction  to  the 
caUBc  that  Iiad  T»en  defeated  in  July,  1S30.  Rossct  was  an  old  man. 
to  whom  the  habit  of  t-onppirinff  liad  given  a  sort  of  fiiVcrisK  cnt^rgy 
which  ape  had  not  yet  exÛnj:ruiBhod.  Garnii-r  had  no  potitîcnl  crcwJ, 
i)ct\*icS(X  And  Filiiol  were  turbulent  men  of  no  aVnlity.  Such,  how- 
evert  ^^^i^  tUc  hnudâ  îato  which  fortune  cast  tho  deslini^  of  the 
LyoïmcdË  ihSurr«iClion, 

The  people,  for  whom  to  obey  is  the  strongest  of  all  neceeatiefl, 
was  slupitied  when  it  found  itst-If  ^vithonl  mnstora.  It  was  fnght- 
cned  at  its  own  suprcitiacy^  and  thencdVirth  ihouglit  only  of  mining 
up  those  it  had  cast  down^  and  rendering  back  to  them  an  autho- 
rity of  which  it  could  not  support  the  burden. 

The  mayor's  adjunct»  M.  lioiasci,  returned  betimes  to  tlie  Hûtel  da 
Ville,  and  waa  soon  followed  by  M-  Gautier,  and  the  central  commis- 
stocier,  M.  Prat.  M.  Dumoulard  folt  that  the  best  moans  of  wresting 
the  fruits  of  their  victory  from  the  workmen  was  to  employ  them^ 
eelvcs  in  tliat  task.  He  ecnt  m  the  middle  of  the  nichtfor  LÂeombc. 
Tlie  messenger  foirad  him  at  the  head  of  an  armed  band  besieging 
the  post  of  the  arsenal.     Ile  replied  tliat  he  would  not  go  to  the 

Srciecture  until  lie  had  taken  the  post,  and  he  kept  his  word. 
I.  Dumoulard  received  this  leader  of  insufgeflts  with  great  demoQ- 
Urations  of  ealecin  and  conlidenoe;  lie  flattered  his  vanity  and  had 
no  difficuhv  i-ii  obtaining  over  him  tlie  ascendancy  which  tiie  habit 
of  command  and  the  prestige  of  authority,  even  though  vanquished, 
aâbrd  their  posfesf«r  over  minds  fashtoned  to  obedience.  Lucombe 
■WM  named  governor  of  the  Hôtel  de  Vilto  by  the  prefect,  and  in- 
toxicated witli  hi$  new  grandeur,  he  went  tliithex  not  to  direct  the 
insurrection  but  to  curb  it. 

No  very  strenuous  resîâtance  waa  to  be  apprehended  from  Lacha- 
pelle,  Frédéric,  and  Charpentier;  but  Perenon  and  Gamier  were 
not  disposed  to  forego  the  power  ihoy  had  received  from  diunce 
and  their  on-n  audacity.  They  drew  up  and  publisltcd,  with  the 
eotuent  of  Kosset,  Dcr\'icux  ana  Filhol,  a  violent  proclamation,  but 
one  that  gave  evidence  of  Péréuon's  legitimatist  opinions:  it  waa 
posted  up  on  all  the  walls  of  the  town.  To  give  it  the  more  wciû;ht  its 
authors  attached  to  it  these  names,,  well  known  and  esteemed  by  the 
irorking  clasBca,  Lacombe^  Lae/iai)€Ut\  Frederic,  Chnrpcntirr, 

ItûBSet,  on  hia  part,  proceeded  to  M.  UumoulardV,  andrceolutety 
Bummoiied  Mm  t*}  resign  his  authority  into  his  liands.  But  Du* 
xnoulard  had  alreuly  come  to  an  understanding  with  the  inoet  ÎdÛu- 
çiîtial  workmen  ;  he  had  tiicd  the  mettle  of  those  imcultivated 
liiinds,  and  he  alri'ady  knew  to  what  a  pitch  tlie  bewilderment  *nd 
perplexity  of  triumph  may  reach  among  a  race  long  bowed  in  eer- 
vitude.     He  rcphed  witli  hrmuees. 

Hiâ  authority,  however,  waa  exposed  to  more  serious  daogeiSr 
ïlen  io  Uttered  garments,  wiUi  hashing  eyes,  were  marching  to- 
wards  the  hûtel  ottbe  preftrcture.    They  entered  it,  and  forced  thciv 


540     TIIR  ACTnOGITlJ&S  GSAlHJdU.LT  KECOV&B  IXWIAjKSCB, 

Tif&j  mto  Ûiù  prefect'^  apgrtmenta  with  tbeir  Itats  on  Ùtâr  hiêik, 
and  muâkets  in  their  hands.     They  brought  urith   tliciii   PéiéttM'i 

poclainatioii,  and  threateningly  demand^  the  tlidattting  of  tlie 
iiret  legion.  M.  Dumoiikrd  put  on  a  bold  face,  and  uDweamt^ 
EuiTouuded  kuuscli'  with,  tine  ijiuueutuil  woflancn  lie  hjid  aUkil 
togeth^^r  in  thç  lUOTning.  Thea  addressing  the  introder?  in  a  ipeacà, 
at  -once  Teibemeut  and  paUicticf  Jbe  had  the  art  to  pexsuade  tboit 
iha  natural  londcrs  of  niiarmy  of  prolctaiies,  in  tike  very  beai  Asdaa^ 
cif  victory,  that  political  institutions  under  which  there  wasnoprvn* 
a.0h  whatever  to  protect  them  froni  etarvin*;,  ncvertbelcas  mfiiitedai 
their  respect  and  attectiun.  Iliey  believed  this  no  doubt,  for  Ùef 
jpied  on  tJie  epol  the  folloinBg  proeUroatka,  ui  evcxl^liiig  ombb* 
F  jncait  of  popukr  iiiiprovidenee  ana  înconâdentezkeBS. 

"Ltoiwew.— We,  tlie  «ndcTsifrnc-*!,  chiefs  of  sçetions,  all  protest  VmSfy^giiaÊtéi 
^tocard  lenduig  io  iàeown  leguiiaate  ajittLontj%  wbicli  liu  been  nuhbtail  mi 
puHtfcd  ta{i  vitb  the  aiyiatnrM  cf  LooêUx,  cfntlic,  C/iâi7>«Mfj>r,  i^/wfiM^  avfX* 

**  We  call  Ort  fill  poivl  iirorlcmen  to  join  us,  m  well  aa  «fl  rfas-sp^  tif  sorfrty  ftieslf 
io  that  jwuci?  JUkd  cmion  ïiliicb  ou^ht  tu  tïiBt  lietweeQ  all  tnia  Frenchsnrok 

The  prefect's  efibrts  were  luoreoTer  admirably  eecSdnded  by  é» 
acts  of  Uie  municipnl  nnthonties,  M.M.  IïoÎ!>set;  and  Gauber  U 
early  betaken  themf*lves  to  the  Hfitel  de  Ville»  Tirhero  tbCT  p»- 
dutilly  e^'t^bbehed  their  ini^iience.  Thoy  adroitly  flutteiod  VM  i^ 
premtLcy  ef  the  vorknita  only  iso  destixiy  it,  and  Fpared  «o  ^«v» 
point  out  to  tl^ir  ËUïpioïous  the  politiciiuis  Trho  aimed  at  oblaiuc 
a  f^bore  of  the  inmirrectional  power.  Tliey  said  it  inkB  0Cang*,to 
ay  the  leiu«t  of  it,  that  Pér<^oo  and  big  accomplice*  hftd  vufascribl 
a  fiictious  protest  with  the  namea  of  brave  and  honest  wotkoM, 
thuâ  eeltiâhl/ e:tpeeing  ilicm  tu  obloquy,  and  pci^tape  to  tlie«vy 
wonrt  consequenoee;  that  this  vras  both  a  forgeiy  aaid  on  act  a 
treecbcry,  and  that  the  pretended  signers  ought  vigoroosly  to  ]■»' 
test  agninst  it. 

Thuaprompted,  Lacombe,  Frederic,  Charpentier,  and 
did  cani|^Tn  very  bitteily  c^  the  use  made  of  their  narncs,  mîà  ifat 
H^lel  de  Ville  became  the  scene  of  very  angry  cUmutêA,  «tiA 
«euiDcd  the  character  of  territJc  di^^order  t^iwards  t}>e  latUrnt^ 
Ae  day.  Roeset,  who  had  gone  in  qne^t  of  partisans,  ■udAwlj 
âtipccired  there  at  the  head  of  an  arme<l  bamh  He  burst  out  iat» 
violent  invectives  against  the  old  municipal  authority,  €>f  irikîeh  M- 
Etienne  Ouutier  v.â6  juet  then  the  sole  ïvprcaentatiive.  Tliea  tn- 
ÎBgto  the  leaders  of  the  wtwking  men,  he  charged  ibem  witli  aliia* 
doning  the  cause  of  the  people  which  was  conlidcd  to  tbcm.  **  IV 
mayor  and  Uie  prefect  arc  notliing  now ^^  cried  Dcrrietccî"  thep^ople 
alono  commands  here;  it  has  a  right  to  chonae  its  leaden.  M- 
£ticnno  Gautier,  etunding  up  in  a  chair,  endcavonrod  to  make  kii 
voice  heard  above  the  mn,  and  he  was  implorin?  the  croml  to 
remndn  in  aUcgiance  to  lawful  anthority,  when  Fuhol  màbed  fe" 
Turd  in  a  fury,  vntli  a  pistol  in  hia  hand,  »nd  thicatetittd  to  Uw 


ÛËX&ftOVâ  COSTDUCT  OF  TH£  IKSURG£irrS.  541 

out  Lucombc's  bnins:.  Tbe  moment  was  a.  critif^  rme:  htit  the 
men  who  aspired  to  guide  the  political  movement,  had  neither  Buifi- 
cictkt  et«blUty  nor  luk^uato  intelligence  to  cn&Ue  them  to  play 
such  a  pnt.  Not  very  well  knuwn  to  the  i^-orking  cUascs^  they 
spoko  u  new  Uoguago,  which  its  violence  wuuld  nave  render^ 
acocplAble  to  the  crowd»  but  lor  the  prejudices  with  which  it  had 
been  iagcniomly  ÎBq>îredf  through  the  instrumentality  of  the  TCTf 
leaden  of  the  insurrccdon.  RoBset,  Filhoi,  and  Derviciix  failed 
tèkenébre  completely  in  their  cSbrte.  They  withdrew  in  bafflod 
jmge;  and  Dcrvieux,  as  he  quitted  the  Hi^tcï  do  ViLle,  said  to  tho 
vsvititndc:  '*  You  will  not  listen  to  lis.  So  much  tbe  worse  for 
yoursclvea.  You  wUJ  repent  when  it  is  too  late!"  A  day  had 
■ufliced  to  brixig  the  victonous  people  utidcr  the  control  of  tlio 
leaden  of  the  beaten  bourgeoisie. 

Naixn  hadthecity  of  Lyons  been  better  corded  than  during  that 
atlouBtdmg  day  of  the  23d  of  KovemlK-r.  The  lirst  thing*  the 
workmim  thought  of  when  ina«ter«  of  the  city,  was  to  dinributa 
themselves  through  the  most  o^mleut  quaners  to  maintain  ord^ 
and  preserve  property.  Men  m  rags  ma<e  teen  ¥rnh  Aooldcrcd 
Kuekctti,  kHpmg  an^ciouH  and  vigiluit  watt^  at  tbe  3£iit  and  at 
the  office  of  the  recraver-gtmeral  ;  poor  vorlcmcsi  were  teem  drông 
dtiW  aa  sentinels  before  the  hrnucs  from  wliirh  the  inanufoetui^t* 
had  ÎBued  to  charge  them.  Tlie  viet^jrf,  wilii  u  rumarknble  xetlne- 
m(nt  of  generosity,  took  e^xciid  pains  to  protect  the  rich  hotcla 
of  thopo  manofiicUirerB  who  had  proved  thenaaolwe  the  moçt  merci- 
loB.  A  OTcat  b(nifii%  hmpervor,  was  hghted  befine  tbe  Ca£é  de  hi 
Ferle  ana  the  Maûon  Oiol,  whence  the  manafaeturera  bad  fired  cm 
the  Quartier  de»  Broicaux  during  the  whole  day  of  the  22d,  IImï 
furniture  uid  the  'gnoda  ooabuihoa  in  thoc«  houaea  were  thn^m  into 
the  dames.  Thia  waa  die  whole  extent  of  popular  yeoe^aiKK. 
But  nolliing  was  BtoWn»  ahd  ll»  people  shot  two  raêii  on  the  #pot 
who  were  ninning  amy  with  p&rcela  under  their  urms.  Such  of 
the  workmen  m  were  not  eisployed  in  ^anting  the  property  of  iho 
wnufanWir«fa,  buâed  thonnelmi  in  remnving  the  bloody  traocd 
of  th«  ooRdkt.  Some  did  bo^KtiU  duly  in  the  hntlâ  of  tbo 
Hotel  do  Vilio  where  the  amlofamw  liod  been  cstahlii>hcd:  others 
itfrre  engaoxl  in  making  hand'horirvwaf  and  in  carrying  the  wounded 
to  the  warchi,  Yvhero  tlicrc  wop.-  eo^n  thn;e  hundred  of  them  col- 
lected; oiKf»  «gam  went  about  tlic  city  looking  for  the  corpsea  of 
their  miaeiug  fncndsi  an  aflèctïng,  and  in  tnauy  cuOi  hi  usanilôtg 
task,  a  great  nufflber  of  dw  vivlima  having  been  thioim  iuto  the 
two  rîvcra. 

Whiirt  tho  working  men  -  npiod  -witli  lh<*c  pinti?  eareSj 

the  boorgeo»,  haring  recover' -  i  iicir  Ptujx>r,  wi;:v  tliinking  of 

tho  futim:  and  conceiting  their  ineajtMrL*.  l>isgui.«ed  an  workmen, 
they  went  about  when  the  night  catne,  and  mlnjJlod  ^vith  the  groupa 
at  aU  the  poets,  so  that  the  old  authoritic*  haa  now  but  to  «how 
to  be  locogniaed  and  obeyed.    ADCvdingly  M.  Pumea* 


i 


M2   ABBTVAL  OF  MABSHAL  SOULT  AXT>  THE  DUC  D'OBLfelXS. 


|-1ud  Icii  tKc  pr^«c(«ne  that  mgbt  br  iorchHglit,  and  piiwHj  l» 
adf  at  all  lïbe  poets  «tieoenTely,.lôUowcd  by  some  tmaty  mm.  At 
CTCty  halt  be  made,  ibe  àxiq^msed  bouleau  aweUed  hâ  Œoit, 
irbich  oonsBted  of  ox  hundred  men  by  ihe  time  he  i  cached  Ae 

From  that  moment  the  old  fonne  imposed  on  a  dtseaeed  tatà  «Ale 
•oci«tT  rp?um<^  atl  their  empire.  The  authorities  nev^rtlielMi  en» 
tinuoa  to  associate  certain  wcokmen  with  tbems^TeSf  aaoBBi 
dtbeiB  a  wireworkcr  named  Buisson  ;  it  vaa  neoeasaiy  to  anmae  ne 
people  for  some  dnys.  A  suhecription  was  forwith  opexkcd  in  &innB 
of  the  working  men;  and  Bomc  bnportant  persona  piit  dovn  ihâr 
names  for  large  saras,  which  were  never  to  he  paid. 

At  hist,  about  noon  on  the  third  of  December,  a  procdaiiM&ca 
from  the  mayoralty  aononnced  the  arriral  ol'  the  prince  rovai  tml 
2Caniial  Soult.  tHiey  entered  Lyon?  by  the  Fauboure  de  Vaiaet  «l 
the  head  o(  a  numerous  army,  which  adii^nced  in  tbmudalJc*- 
lav,  with  drama  beatiiig  and  matches  lighted.  Th^  mai^kalbd 
fallen  in  at  the  campof  KfrilLeux,  whither  General  lionet  had  gnr 
1o  moct  him,  with  the  troop$  th&t  had  been  quartered  in  I^roniM 
the  time  that  the  insurrection  broke  oat.  Aiarsfud  Soult — a  mig'**»' 
tinder  Louia  Philippe,  who  had  become  king  because  the  txoaa 
of  Charles  X  had  refu»?d  to  fire  on  the  people  in  1 830,* — htn^ 
upbraided  General  Roguet's  troope  for  the  înertneâa  of  ihcir  nàth 
ance.     The  soldiers  hstened  with  aftonishment. 

At  Lyons  he  displayed  a  still  more  menacing  eererita?.  He 
working  clasfies  were  disarmed,  the  national  guard  wab  didiaadcdf 
and  Lyouâ  was  treated  as  a  conquered  town.  And^  aa  if  to  zmkt 
the  people  feel  how  utterly  diarc^rded  were  its  prei^ewonhy  g«i«- 
Jl^miy  ttud  its  voluntary  abdicsition,  a  garrison  o£  twenty  itoMtfOiA 
lyaua  were  placed  in  Lyons»  and  the  Croix  Kougsc  was  grmàuJij 
emcorapasseu  with  a  bell  of  forts  bristling  with  cannon. 

There  was  no  longer  any  reason  why  the  uriff  should  be  canned 
into  effect  I  Not  content  with  refusing  it  ita  sanction,  the  govenuiKBl 
diemissed  M.  Dumoukrd  for  the  part  he  had  taken  in  tiiataet  of  ji»> 
lice,  thus  forgetting  tlie  incontcstahlc  Eer^icea  that  prefect  bad  ren- 
dered to  the  lujig's  cause.  M,  Dumouîard  was  ill  when  the  prince 
royal  made  his  entry  into  Lyons.  On  the  6th  of  December  he  te* 
ceived  orders  from  Slarslml  Soult  to  quit  the  city,  trrre  it  hut  to  go  m 
dhtance  of  two  ieuffttes^  and  tcaii  there  tili  his  health  u;ae  (tetter,  ilc 
departed,  therefore»  from  the  city  he  had  pr^ervcd  for  tbe  royal  aa* 
thority,  driven  out  hkc  a  malefactor,  suifcring  in  body  and  xnind*  is 
on  inclement  teason,  and  leavin»'  unprotectedi  to  use  his  own  wofda, 
a  panic-stricken  fiimily,  conaistmg  of  three  grenerationa  of  women, 
mnong  whom  were  ft  malîon,  ftget!  82,  and  infant  cliildrca.  lie  had 
taken  part  in  arrangino;  the  tariif  i 

Tlie  news  of  the  Lyonnese  insurrection  had  spfcad  rapidly  tlutw^ 
France»  and  (iîlcd  it  wiili  ^dness  ftnd  anxiety.  It  was  not^in  Éict,  eitbf 
in  the  name  of  Henry  V.  or  of  Napoleon  II.,  nor  for  the  sako  of^ 


QB088  lOMORAnCB  IN  ITIGH  ThACES, 


543 


«(public  tliftt  the  workmen  of  hyom  had  rî&cn,  Tlio  insurreclioii 
had  iWis  time  a  far  other  and  more  IbrmîUablc  character  and  scope. 
Tur  it  was  a  fan^iuDary  dcmonatrntioa  of  tlie  economical  vicea  of 
lliii  inilustmd  regime  inaugurated  in  1789;  it  was  a  revelation  of  the 
hascntss  and  hypoorisy  lurking  in  iliat  apecioua  system  of  leaving  un- 
restricted ail  pecuniary  dealings  between  man  and  man^  wliich  leaves 
the  poor  man  at  the  mercy  of  the  rich»  and  promisca  to  cupidity  that 
■waitg  its  timC)  an  easy  victory  over  hunger  that  eannot  wjûl,  T&Uve 
icurkingy  or  die  Jighïmg !  Never  was  motto  more  hcart-rending  or 
more  terrible  inscribed  on  a  banner  on  the  eve  of  a  conflict;  it  de- 
momtrated  a  real  servile  war  in  the  insurrection  of  the  unfortunate 
workmeu  of  ilie  Croix  Kou3^;  and  from  tlie  noigbt  displayed  by 
these  shivea  of  modern  times,  sUvea  who  yet  had  lacked  their  Spar* 
taciisj  it  was  onsy  to  divine  with  what  tempefts  the  ISth  century  was 
pregnant 

But  sucli  was  the  blindncsê,  such  traâ  the  ignorance  of  the  men 
then  pSaccd  at  the  head  of  society  that  they  were  re-apsared  and  aa- 
tifified  when  they  learned  that  the  insurrection  was  not  poHticai.  "It 
iâ  nothing,"  was  the  parrot  cry  of  all  the  government  organs.  "  It 
ia  a  mere  struggle  between  the  manufacturers  and  the  working  men." 
And  the  Journaidea  Débats  publiiJaed  these  savage  Hnc'&:  "  Assured 
of  peace  abroad,  encompassed  bif  a  jMnverful  army  assembled  imdcr 
the  tricolour  flag,  the  government  can  have  no  other  conse<^uencea 
to  icar  i'lom  the  revolt  tlum  cases  uf  individual  hardïîhip,  which,  no 
doubt,  are  very  niucli  to  be  Unitnte<l,  but  wMuh  will  be  abridged 
and  diminished  by  the  rigorous  manner  iit  which  the  taw  wHl  be  ai- 
forced  t^ainst  malefactors." 

Caàmir  Périer  decUtrcd,  in  giving  an  account  of  so  many  diaaaters 
to  the  Chamber,  that  '*  the  events  were  of  a  grave  nature,  but  that 
the  measures  ordered  by  the  government  would  correspond  ivith 
thorn  by  their  force,  their  rapidity,  and  their  coraplelcness." 

As  for  the  Chamber,  it  thought  it  did  enough  lor  the  cure  of  the 
imuie:is6  malady,  of  wliich  the  Lyouncso  insurrection  waa  a  symp- 
tom, by  presenting  tlic  following  address  to  the  king,  upon  tlie  mo- 
tion of  M.  Augustin  Giraud. 

"  ^Ut,— W«  have  heard  with  gTaUtud^. anti  al  the  ume  tîinç  with  pain,  the  fmtilc 
on*)  <:H>m|ilcte  oonunaaicalioos  tuAdo  by  f  onr  puijiatj'*  miniiten  ncpentiiig  ibc  <Uï- 
turlHiiKia  Ebat  l\iL?t  biulctn  out  ta  tl!«  city  of  Lyons.  Wc  «piilnud  tliL>  pathotic  ita- 
pulM'  thut  prompt*J  the  prince,  ynnr  ion,  %o  present  hiniwtf  in  Ihc  midst  of  Weeding 
KtcachoMii  to  nop  the  cQ^uion  of  their  blood.  We  hutcn  to  expr^a  to  your  tda- 
JBttj  the  iinMwJTHiHi*  hIbL  uf  the  ik-puliua  of  France,  that  joiir  ^venuAent  mity 
oppope  ibw  deplorable  c-xn-SMra  vilb  all  i\ui  miglit  uf  the  hiwB.  The  «ecurity  ol' 
serfoïu  hat  bmn  TÎoIrnlly  »tl;ic.kcd  i  property  has  been  nn^nanrd  in  thc^  princijilc  of 
ita  exiatenoe  ;  tbe  frci^'iotu  of  iadustry  lia«  hvca  tbTcii(tnt>J  with  dcstructiun  ;  the 
■voice  of  tbo  magiitntM  ha*  Dot  been  Uetcocd  to.  These  diaorden  muit  proiu^Hly 
ctuue-,  raeh  oiminal  acta  ami  b«  wigfwoaÊ\y  put  <lnwn.  All  Fnuu<«  is  a  sullercr 
tbrangh  thk  iMuilt  on  the  rigbti  of  all  In  the  penoa  of  hok  eitisenvî  she  owes 
thcRi  m  rigmt  pnteeUon.  The  meanme  alreu^  taken  Inr  yaar  mueity'a  ];uvt?rn- 
iiMsat  oonrfnoe  m  chat  tho  rotum  cf  order  will  not  be  lona  èaureà.  Thi?  Ann  unitn 
anhdiUng  tmwcen  Ui^^'  nuiiuual  guojOs  unil  tbo  iroop*  w  the  Une  roujuii:  nil  «ood 
dtùeeoi.  Your  niajesiy  nmy  oiunt  on  the  baniionfaiui  oo-operaUoa  of  tbu  Buthori- 
ito.    Wc  HC  happy»  urv»  to  oflûr  yoa.  ia  the  muna  of  Vxiuaoe^  tbc  co*op«;ni<Ui3ti  of 


M4 


m  uanar  Tirorr  tm  ti 


A  immIj  Moûln'  aâditm  vu -rated  hf 
^ilta  dôi  wvf  the  kâ^  Iiftâ  ta  opyrtiMky  of* 
Hgfa  -mth  wlwh  Iw  bcMl  the  mnon  of  llw  le^ 

Tliiv  mbuftf^,  drpotia,  utd  pects  of  Fzaïice  bliliul*!  felts^v 
Vt(f!T  numj  of  gofcmment  tltui  cuiaom  to  imiuly  Ife  «vftr  rf 
eoiDjpeurjon;  f7rtr*:*sfts  to  rcflo^  a  luuIlîuiÉe  rf  tiClJdu'  «tfrl^ 
fivcd  tWr  bVïtir  on  the  foSe  eonâhrai  of  vo«  eyia^af  kngtr;  al 
■oUiess,  atxoc*]  poor  in«fi,  Uf  ^^^  dinns  poor  mes  ^«râiafll  «ami 

TKe  oppofitxoa  îte«lf  «p4*ke  in  uieae  «ml  drmm^catacea,  «  ti>^ 
Hk  rt>«£tabttf}im«iït  of  otder  bad  bee»  in  its  rj^t  bot  sn  ofiir  d 
poUoe.  Id  the  YÏolnit  debatts  Ûœ  mstaiwdon  gvre  nto  to  ia  pf 
umeni,  noi  a  word  vns  said  of  fixing  a  utiiuiQuicn  oF  vra^Tiv.  9fir  i 
At  oeeeMitj  of  the  irtate  interfcmig  m  m^ttcts  oT  ttvde,  eitt  -rif  t^^ 
»odificatidna  TCtjrôate  to  be  made  ia  ifae  opprenr»  ktiamez  Jarre  r^ 
tem,  HOT,  b  mrt,  of  edentifie  maugquartg  BdapCeâ  to  pirvÂ; 
were  It  but  pTBYisimiaHj,  the  renewftl  of*  cottfiict  Inr  ercr  to  I»  -t 
pkifvd.  Jkr.  M.  Mvagnin  demvid^d  t)tat  tbe  ^pttlwte,  J^wl  «^ 
omj^tiBt  ûmnAÂ  be  struck  oat  of  the  addre»  ;  Caanilr  Péri»  fr 
mandfvi  the  rrwrtfary.  Cininir  Ptri^r  caOed  MaTî^^Tiin,  urflRjiKnlj, 
Off  mdiviauftl;  Mau^in  pnt  Casimir  Férfer*a  impertutenoPBi  >  Aflif 
light.  TbcrcupoQ  there  wafl  a  great  upnnT,  and  a  me<fliy  <Mii| 
of  ^  the  pftGÔ£)43s  of  partj.  A  month  after  this  tfae  president  oTs 
ofrtinrn  appeared  at  the  tnbnne,  aîid  protiotmced  an  iadJtWtga 
ii<f:iin=.t  th'j  profcct  of  thç  Rliôni?,  who,  boiïiTig  with  rage,  sezzedlfe 
moment  when  the  president  of  the  council  was  Ica'iTiT"-  the  f^«i*ifc*^ 
to  tlireaten  and  give  hira  the  He  in  the  most  humïiiatmg-  roaOtf. 
This  vras  all. 

T]]u  goTeftimcnt,  tnori^ovcr,  had  othc-r  miitteTs  to  owsijjt  îa 
8ttr-ntion  at  this  time.  The  daj  wag  approaching  when  thc'cTU 
Est  was  to  be  fixed  fiîr  the  whole  duration  of  the  new  reign^  e:^ 
the  list  of  the  royal  expenses  judged  nccwsarr  hj  the  mînîsîrr  "bt 
circulated  among  the  public.  That  list  showed  an  anti>iÊirt  -i 
ciglitecEi  tuillionâ  of  ftanca  lis  the  tribute  to  be  IcTied  by  nnrsin: 
from  the  pixiplc. 

The  workmen  ofLjonsheing  once  more  reduced  to  trood  in  âlcac» 
over  their  misery  «id  thcii'  murlal  suffÎTing,  the  friends  of  ocir 
were  triumphant  The  retirement  of  the  ptwplo  to  Mont  Aventa 
hod  ut  k:aât  ci^uited  in  the  ûatabliâhtucnt  of  the  tribune 


CHAKEEKIIL 

Teœ  tnic  history  of  our  century  consists  in   the    kïstory  of  tt» 
~"     The  ciAiU  and  subtleties  of  dtplcmacy,    th«    intngtus  d 


FALSE  AlfDPBHOTCïOTB  BÔCÏAt^  TBinûfrtW, 


545 


Courts,  ihc  zioâsj  debates  of  aatemblio,  tbe  eonHieHa  m  thç  cypcn 
streets;  ail  tûcse  are  but  the  ontwavd  saltations  af  society,  Its  life 
I*  ^wImr.  It  exist!  im  »lw  mystcnous  «ierelopoïent  of  general 
leaàeatàêM^  m  that  uotselcn  ebbomtion  of  doctrines  v^hich  prrcpores 
tlic  way  J'<Jr  revolutiong.  For  there  is  always  a  deep  seated  catise  for 
the  many  cTeutd  whith,  when  they  bmst  upon  us,  app^f  the  0&- 
Wprin^  ci  chance  and  of  the  hour. 

The  iiiBurrcKlioa  of  Lyona  htâ  come  upon  the  mmi^fers  unawarefl. 
Enslaved  to  political  routine^  incapable  of  adopting  an  on^iiai  line 
of  conduct^  fitiunirc-ns  to  the  intcllecluftl  tnoi'emcut  takm^  [ddiQe 
round  them,  and  accustomed  to  behold  the  existence  of  society  ctflly 
in  the  liivûkna  q-aurrels  on  which  ihcy  expeadeil  all  iheîr  wal,  the 
mmÙÊSea  ceaspd  to  imderstand  the  impcàrt  of  the  ??v^t  of  the 
■WW  fiom  the  moment  it  ceased  to  be  noised  in  their  cars.  Bat 
hetieaCh  that  executÎTc  so  obstinately  cntrcncbed  in  ita  iinpKmdi?ncft 
and  its  egotism,  men  fiiU  of  intelligence  and  boldness  were  studying 
the  problema  it  left  unaolved,  w^re  seizing-  on  tlie  pftrt  it  di9«:k.mcd 
in  its  Impotence,  and  were  seeking  to  govern  by  thoi^Kt  a  nation 
wbich  tJic  cxcctittvc  could  not  govern  by  soldiers. 

Now  noYcr  had  any  socie^  been  mase  âtled  with  dîflord^rs  than 
that  wbich  the  men  omculiy  appoiotcd  for  its  guidance  were  thua 
«baB^oBing  to  the  eoatrol  «  cnanoe. 

Sinigglfia  between  pcodncefs  Ebr  the  possession  of  the  market^ 
betnvui  idK  members  of  the  working  class  for  the  posc^on  of  ent- 
fàuj  I'm  I  it  ;  rtraggiea  of  ilie  numuilicturer  aRainst;  uie  poor  man  on 
litm  subject  of  wa^cs,  of  the  poor  man  a^ftuu^  the  mftchiae,  which 
1^  wpy  law  ting  hiza  devoted  nim  to  stâivatmi:  such  was,  und^r  the 
— nw  <B  ccmrSTtiioN,  th»  tammttamfiac  fcseun;  in  the  situation  of 
lUnn  xqgmded  in  a  coimaeickl  and  manuiÎKlani^  point  of  view. 
ft nrt  Thtt  itiMrtf  n  ■  in  L-onse^Knoe  [  GrcAt  e«dl«k  rafloring  the  yk- 
tory  in  ecoaomic  wars,  like  great  battahons  in  other  wars,  and  the 
ifAiaacz  lAiAB  &ystcm  tliuft  Wding  to  the  most  «odious  monopolies; 
wodLentarprisea  ruining  the  miall;  uffliry,  that  modem 
■^Ihan  the  ancient,  giaduaUv  u^urpin^  the  soil;  and 
i  pcaperij  encumbcTcd  with  man  than  a  thousand  raillions; 
UtiiuSf  propnetorâ  of  their  own  iiulustry,  giving  place  to  workmen 
who  had  no  property  in  their  own  toil;  a  vile  cupidity  burying 
cabotai  ill  wild  Fpecnlations  ;  all  interests  umed  one  ogamst  the 
«IMTt  th*  vine-gToweiB  against  the  Twwl-owncr?,  the  manufacturers 
of  hwtffnnt  nfigr  ^aiosfc  the  ooloEiies,  the  scapona  a^ninst  the  lâc- 
t  of  th*  nterioT,  tbe  soathen  «gwiiet  the  norinern  ppovinc^ 
~x  iyiat  Pttfia;  h«fie  marketa  glutted,  and  capitalists  in 
tlkùn  woc^hops  cloeod,  and  the  operative  «tarring;  eoot^ 
snevett degraded  by  tacit  conscnL  itito  q  traSic  of  tricks  and  lies;  the 
nataoa  muching  to  ^ke  »Cûautitnti(Ml  of  ftrudal  property  through 
itmry^  and  to  the  istablkhmrnt  of  a  momed  ohgvféhy  by  means  oi* 
■Ttdit;  all  the  discoveries  of  acicnce  transtfarmed  into  meanâ  of 
cifpwiwop;  tdl  the  con^uato  Khicvcd  by  the  gcnias  of  niftB  <rrer 


546 


FALSE  AN»  PERNICIOUS  SOCIAL  PltlNCirLES, 


nature  converted  into  weapons  of  strife,  and  tyranny  multiplied 
some  Eort  by  pra^ross  ilself  r  the  proletary  made  tho  nnderstnppeel 
of  a  inacliinc,  or  m  times  of  cnsis  seeking  Ills  bread  between  revûlt| 
and  begging;  tlie  father  of  the  poor  going  to  die  at  sixty  in 
lamr  house,  and  the  dauo^hler  of  the  poor  man  forced  to  pTOBtitub 
herself  itt  sixteen  for  subsistence,  and  the  son  o(  the  poor  man  xe-J 
duced  to  breatiic  at  the  age  of  seven  the  noisotne  air  ol  the  fkctorieal 
to  add  to  the  scanty  wages  of  the  family;  the  bed  of  the  jourucy- [ 
man,  improvident  through  wictcliedness,  become  frightfully  pn^l 
liËc;  and  pauperism  threatening  the  realm  with  an  inundaùou  o£J 
beggars; — such  was  the  picture  which  society  then  presented.  I 

Again»  viewing  that  society  in  anotlier  aspect,  there  was  no  lort^^erl 
any  conimunity  of  fuith  oi  belief,  no  attacluncnt  to  traditional  usafflct^l 
whilst  the  spirit  of  inquiry  denied  everything  iind  affirmed  nothingfi 
and  religion  was  aiippLanted  by  the  love  of  lucre.    The  nation  beingi 
thus  turned  to   mereuntilism,   It  followed  aâ  a  tiling  of  couree  tiaM 
man-iaj^c  should  be  made  a  speculation,  a  matter  of  borgùti,  a  ((JKOki 
of  trading  adventure,  a  means  of  bringing  custom  to  a.  shop.     And! 
aa  marriu^'C,  though  contracted  in  this  liideous  way,  had  Deem  de^l 
elared  indissoluble  by  the  laws,  adidtery  almost  always  served  m  iie«f 
of  divorce  in  Paiia  and  tlic  great  towns.     To  the  diaordeta  created  iaj 
families  by  the  frailty  of  the  conjugal  tic  were  added  the  acandaloiiiJ 
quarrels  occasioned  by  the  greedy  desire  to  inherit;  and  the  newâ-J 
papers  daily  presented  to  the  eyes  of  the  public  the  lamentable  spec- 1 
tacle  of  brothera  wrangUng  for  scraps  and  iraginents  of  the  pateroiilj 
property,  or  even  of  sons  standing  up  against  their  mothcra  ia  preeence] 
of  the  judges,  to  wliom  such  odious  striie  had  become  so  babituar 
that  they  ceased  to  look  upon  it  with  horror.   Amon^  ihc  Ubouriss 
classes  the  dissolution  of  liiniily  ties  had  a  different  origin,  but  l  _ 
more  deplorable  cliaractcr.     In.  the  regi&lcra  of  prostitution,  penuiyl 
figured  as  the  principal  primary  cause  of  debauchery.     Ma 
being  for  the  pauper  but  an  increase  of  expense,  and    liber 
a  means  of  drowning  the  sense  of  suifeiing,  the  sexual  intercoune 
the  poor  woa  a  mere  animal  indulgence  ;  and  thua  penury  en^ 
oûncublnagc,  and  concubinage  infanticide.  Another  caLunil^  ( 
if  the  poor  man  did  many  he  wita  soon  forced  to  peek  in  the  poaaL'*- 
slon  oi  cliildrcu  only  a  meana  of  eking  out  his  wages,  ond  to  $cnd  hir 
children  when  ju?t  arrived  at  the  age  when  the  young  have  ] 
need  of  pure  air,  movement,  and  freedotnt  ^^^  the  manu^t 
where  bodily  heaith  is  destroyed  by  excessive  toil,  and  the  health  > 
the  soul  by  the  contact  of  the  sexes.     Every  day  at  five  in  the  ma 
in^,  round  the  doors  of  every  lactoiy  were  Been  a  crowd  of  wreld. 
çhildreii,  palet  squalid,  and  stunted,  with  dull  filmv  eyes,  and  Uriil 
cheeks,  walking  wtli  bowed  backs  like  old  men.     ^or  such  woa  f*^' 
eruel  and  insc-usato  character  of  the  social  system  founded  on  ■_  _  _ 

tition,  that  its  eiiect  on  the  children  of  the  poor  was  not  only  to  i- 

their  intellecta  and  deprave  theii*  hearts,  but  even  to  dry  up  in  thcan  of  1 
pûieon  tlie  springs  of  liie.  And  the  moment  was  spproachbg  when  M. 


TlïJtT&ÏOlÔrB  ^ËHËDrES. 


547 


Chgrlç*  Dupîn  was  to  make  this  solemn  declaration  fmtn  the  tribune 
of  the  Cliambor  of  Peers,  "  Out  of  10,000  young  mon  cn]led  to 
military  service,  the  ten  most  manufacturing  dcpartmc-uta  of  Fmnce 
furnished  8980  Infirm  or  deformed,  whilst  the  tt^cmUural  depart- 
ments furnished  but  4029."  It  is  superfluous  to  say  that  in  s  society 
in  which  oppression  like  this  was  poesible,  cHuity  waa  but  u  "word, 
and  religion  cut  a  bodilosa  remembrance. 

And  the  evil  subsisted  in  the  legiskture  and  the  executive  afl  well 
&s  in  society-  Itoyalty^  an  hereditary  autliority  incessantly  menaced 
by  an  elective  authority,  was  perforce  wholly  ubsorbed  in  the  care  of 
self-defenoe.  The  Chamber  of  Pcere,  become  the  creature  of  royai 
nomination,  was  counted  only  as  a  superfluity  or  as  an  incumbrance  to 
the  constitutional  mechanism.  The  Chamber  of  Deputies  was  com- 
pelled to  forego  all  initiative  power;  first  because,  as  the  representa- 
tive of  the  one  dominant  class,  it  could  not  desixc  to  reform  the 
abuses  by  which  itself  profited;  and  next,  because  conasting  partly 
of  functionaries,  it  crouched  to  ministerF  who  made  tha  corrupting 
distribution  of  places  a  means  of  enslaving  the  majority. 

Thus  to  recapitulate  the  state  of  things  under  its  three  principal 
tipccts:  in  social  order  there  was  competition;  in  moral  order, 
soepticism;  in  political  order,  anarchy:  such  were  the  characteristic 
features  of  the  reiOT  of  the  bourgeoisie  in  France, 

Evils  so  great  demanded  vigorous  remedies:  none  had  been  dia^ 
corered  which  were  not  calculated  to  aggravate  the  mischiof. 

Turning  boxes  were  estdbU&hed  to  prevent  motheis  from  killing 
tbo  child  they  could  not  rear;*  but  tliese  turning  boxes  became  an 
cncoiinigcment  to  licentiousness,  and  the  number  of  foundlings, 
which  had  been  but  40,000  on  the  Ist  of  Jtmuaiy,  1784,  amounted 
in  1831  to  ISO.OOO. 

Penitentiaries  were  erected  where  virtue  was  lo  be  taught  to  thow 
whom  misery  had  educ-ated  in  crime  ;  but  it  waa  a  very  improvident 
system,  which  showed  a  solicitude  for  the  criminal  on  which  tho  poor 
man  had  no  right  to  count,  a  system  which  waited  for  tho  murder 
befbro  bestowing  moral  instruction  on  the  murderer,  which  erected, 
close  by  the  factory  where  children  were  left  to  every  corrupting  in- 
llucncc,  the  prison  where  hnary  villains  w"ere  to  be  catechiKcJ. 

Savings*  banks  were  established  to  encourage  economy  among  the 
poor;  but  in  an  age  when  the  first  of  all  maxims  was  this,  "  Every 
ono  for  himself,  charity  begins  at  home,"  the  institution  of  «avings* 
banks  could  servo  only  to  render  the  poor  man  wlfieh,  to  rend  among 
the  people  that  Focrc^  bond  that  holdâ  tofï>?lher  those  who  suffer  in 
common.  It  was  a  mockery  beddes^  to  bid  the  working  man  lay  up 
Mvingfl  which  his  penury  inexorably  forbade.      On  the  3lst  of  Dc, 


*  Thetw  ire  iiuQrtvd  into  *n  awrtinv  in  tho  wait  of  the  fonodlir^  'rtUUiihlBCiit 
In  which  thi^  nrolw  bociaontnUT.  The  child  u  depa«t«id  in  tlmn;  the  dvpoattor 
fines  a.  beUt  the  toniiit  box  MTtHVC*  un  iU  oiU.  «umI  Uu;  child  !■  nveivinl  iniô  tba 
hou»p.  The  acton  In  init  pTocccding,  qq  either  fid«  of  ihc  wall,  do  not  txchvig«  r, 
word  or  kc  «ach  other'»  fiuca. 

  o 


9-  ^ 


I 


pKt,   <■  IB  II  Ml 


1630,  TA^^i  out  of  Î63«i94j 

«et  oe'  tke  ofKFSciws  cEb^  ad  wo^ 

Tkm  btJE  of  Faaae  w» ^mameà  itwaiw^rfito  priTQl^a;fcë 
lea*  Itfik^  idwà  olBiÉiâaHlMiM  pfofita  fiooa  the  ^aàmimé 

[  p^iii  TUMiM  rrmli  il  tm  jm  fiu  ihwi^i  das  ludeoas^ni* 


QMrJâ-4  FooDcr,  «  ■■&  «f 
ai  Uk  epock  «fr 


viv  ma  deAined  to  die  bock  tf^ 
ÎA  olsamcj  and  aolito^  bS 


H 


kasm  ba«  to  AVOT  aaafi 
pnbScâa^  «aa  vIhI^  cagnon  fej  tha  Sl 

It  mis  gi^cn  to  ;bst  a^uok  to  fcalHis  1i— mr  Èo  «fce 
aoSbocity  u&:>i=(  tlic  1 1  iiiwfih  af  fifcftaiaa;  t»pfiiclûu 
of  a  itocuJ  Rb|ek>n,  st  a  tôse  wlics,  the  kw  ÈCttU*  liad  faect^ia  Mfe* 
âaîc;  ta  âonsnii  liie  «KaniasinB.  of  ladnrtn'  and  tlwn  ^voq^iïm^ 
■itocMiâaiÎBg  like  ^OTkagfatof  the  fcHaniMa  aiKsa»  «riTcoa» 
fthkiB.  Witk  »  II  If  I  irtiiâiîlj, viA  a  ^"«"w  «MtoÛhf 
mat  takate  «ad  latanPi^ wt^tmimmm, tkrt  wfaul  kM  hmcU^ 
tabulas  SORS  of  tlw  *^  ;  U  shook  a  tbousaiid  preiucHcca,  toaà 
darp  thoughts,  sal opË&t>d  «  new  4nd  taa  career  to  mt^iecL  U« 
lequkiie,  ibrrelorv^  to  saj  what^wienr  the  St.  Sùnaoîaas,  "a^ 
tLey  âcoj'mpli^vcd.  ^ïut  imifas  or  ertc-r?  thej  broo^i  to  a  ueiiiatd 
aocîeiT,  ud  iroBi  wfaai  so^nrr  were  «invn,  in  what  n*»*^^,^^  «^ 
developed,  tKoee  doctziaes  vhicfi  v^re  to  be  ahenuiicly  die  ûlwca 
af  astmi^unait,  of  tidkule,  and  ot'  anger. 

Tbe  liMindef  of  the  St-  Siahoniaa  scitixil  bad  be^n  fî<r&  yun  <^M 
Itkea  thti  Julj  rfvolatiaD  broke  out.  He  hecagnd  to  ow  ef  13U 
DotilcTt  hooses  of  France,  and  wa^  hôr  to  the  n&Mie  and  mœv  of  ù 
femoas  Doc  de  St,  Simoiï,  %h^  litstomn  of  the  re^n  of  Lam 
jUV.,  thiç  la^t  o^  il^e  re^l  grands  »riffitnas:  and  jet  he  made  i(  bi> 
bnsirit^  to  attâick  sll  pnvU^>^  ca'  bitth.  aud  to  alErxn  tlut  w  ê 
împi'jua.  For  be  was  a  m-in  Ftron^  in  inieUectoa}  int^pt^ideBcsc  i^i 
iD</r^  courage.  Coavinoed  that  bet^ic  compoan^  a  code  for  ir*»- 
fcmtl.  it  ii  D^cc^sarj  to  laave  atteotivelT  analj-sed  tuen  aikI  thôuttib 
P*^.^  th<  tirst  hftlt"  of  his  Bi'e  in  5tud\'i]ig  societj  in  all  itg  Hi^a^ 
sbippiDg^  short  of  no  cxpen^Bce^  practistn^  in  tlte  character  of  M 
oW/ïTcr  tÏcc  05  'wcl!  as  vinue,  deriving  a  lesson  fivm  câcli  of  Ibï 
iàlU,  making  his  follîw  raautr  for  his  otm  study,  Uii-îsLing  pndi- 
gaMj^  but  iTith  a  purpoac,  a  fortune  acquired  bj  speculatÂocu^  an* 
ftt»  cnccgy  in  the  sequel  of  a  studious  opulence,  liring  bv  &  mùoitfa 
teiplo}'mcDt  a3  A  copyist  at  the  rery  time  he  wââ  goremuig  the  waàà 


BT-  BIMON'B  DOCTRIXES. 


S49 


in  ihott^t;  &  aagc  in  tlie  cetimatc  of  some,  in  that  of  the  majority 
a  nuniiriBn  ;  aardent  to  cntluis^ttsm,  tlien  desponding  to  the  degree  of 
attempting  suicide;  la5tly,  reduced  to  bce^  he  who  had  bo  often  ttf- 
eembled  at  hla  table,  to  judge  thcm^  tho  most  brUliaiit  arristB  and 
the  most  celebrated  savants.  Such  was  the  lile  of  St-  Simon:  now 
let  us  sec  what  tpere  hs  intelJedUftl  results. 

In  coTomon  with  all  other  reformers,  St.  Simon  wt  cmt  irilh  the 
principJo  of  huumn  perfectibility.  Uut  ■£  hiâtoty  shuwed  him  hu* 
iBnmty  in  a  perpetual  alteniittion  of  despotism  and  anarchy,  repose 
and  convulsion,  he  tlistinguisliod  the  career  of  nations  into  two  sorts 
of  epochs:  those  in  which  there  picvftils  a  system,  gootl  or  bad,  aa 
BBT  happen  to  bo  the  case,  but  a  systcjn  exactly  planned  in  it5 
▼Snoua  parte,  and  accepted  by  general  consent;  and  those  ctmrac- 
tcrijEod  by  the  câorts  niade  to  poas  &om  the  existing  order  of  thiu^ 
into  a  new  one.  The  .Erst  of  thrao  St.  Simon  entidcd.  cn^uo 
epochs,  or  epochs  of  orgatûïfition  ;  the  second,  critical  epochs,  or 
epoclia  of  cnsis.  He  saw,  for  instance,  an  orgimic  epoch  in  pa^ 
ganism,  up  to  tho  ûmG  of  Socrates;  and  another  or^uic  epoch  in 
Christianity,  up  to  tlie  period  of  Lulhot. 

After  haTing  dirigea  society  into  workeis  and  idlers,  Tvith  the 
permanent  cooTiction  that  the  future  belongs  exelusÎTcly  to  the 
lotneri  St.  Simon  proceeded  to  intjuire  what  was  the  most  cx-ict 
cJMBÎficatioa  to  be  introduced  among  the  workers.  Alan  feels, 
linuks,  «ctst  St.  Simon  thence  concluded  that  the  whole  of  the 
wrald'a  work  Is  to  be  done  by  those  who  address  themselves  to  the 
ieelmgs  of  man,  by  those  who  cidtiTato  bis  intelligence,  and  by 
thoH  who  set  in  niotî<ffl  his  powers  of  acdon.  Hence  three  00:^ 
ftmctianâ:  the  cxcjIide:  the  emotions  of  man,  the  enlightening  him, 
the  enriching  hûn.  Hence  alw  three  classes  of  workcis,  ortiatB» 
êavaRts,^  and  men  of  labour  and  trailic  (industritls). 

There  remained  to  find  out  the  connecting  link  between  these 
tiireo  ordcra  of  social  functions, — that  is  to  say,  the  law  of  progroaft. 

The  first  French  révolution  had  forcibly  struck  the  imagination 
cf  St.  Simon;  it  was  clear  to  him  that  tlùse\'Yïnt  ms  only  a  ccm* 
tinufttion  and  esctension  of  the  ï«to1i  of  Ltithcr  The  ruin  of  the 
papacy,  or,  which  is  the  same  thing  in  other  wotds,  the  fbtrfoiture  of 
Its  authority  by  the  ^iritual  power  of  Europe,  iras,  then,  tlut  which 
appearctl  to  lum  the  moat  striking  and  general  exprcîdon  of  tha 
work  of  revolution.  Now,  could  llie  union  which  the  church  had 
established  among  nations,  remain  dissolved  and  broken  up  forever? 
Was  it  jiofeible  for  the  gOTemnient  ofmiind,  of  the  ^idlit,  to  reosain 
pujyaïcded,  without  the  march  of  humanity  being  siupenâed?  An 
immense  void  had  been  created  in  the  world:  this  void  must  be 
Ctlied  up.  But  how?  By  whom,  and  on  what  basia  waa  tho  ^- 
ritual  power  to  be  reconstitutod? 

In  hia  first  work,  entitled  "  Letters  of  an  Inhabitant  of  Geneva  ta 
his  Con  temporaries,"  St.  Simon  oddiesecd  Mmaelf  to  the  savant». 
The  project  which  he  here  threw  out  waa  iantastàcol  ia  the  extreme: 

2o2 


550 


fiT.  SlMOX'ft  DôCTKtXES, 


It  çnibûdîeil  the  ideas  whicK  the  author  at  a  later  period  raoro  fiiDy 
developed,  especially  that  ûf  election;  it  was  not^  nowever,  u  yet  « 
doctrine,  but  merely  a  n>ugh  sketch.  According  to  this  project  d 
his,  a  aubscription  was  to  be  opened  bcibrc  the  tomb  of  Kcwioo; 
evefy  body  was  to  be  called  upon  to  contribute,  rich  and  poor,  tdcii 
and  women,  ijach  according  to  ïiis  or  her  means  and  inclioation; 
and  each  contributor  waa  to  name  three  mathematicians,  three  phy- 
eicnan&T  three  chemists,  three  pliysiolopistst  tliree  men  of  lettaa, 
three  painters,  and  three  muâcians.  The  product  of  the  sobeci^ 
tion  was  then  to  be  divided  amon^  thoge  savants  and  artixts  woo 
should  have  received  the  greatest  number  of  suÔrarfcs.  The  tirttity- 
one  persons  »o  selected  by  mankind,  imited  together  under  the  tiUe 
of  The  Conaeil  ofNciPton,  and,  pre^dcd  over  by  a  nmtliciaatîcîan,  were 
to  form  the  spiritual  government,  charged  with  the  high  task  of 
directing  towntdâ  oûc  common  object  the  varioua  nations  of  the 
globe. 

This  project,  the  only  thinp'  noticeable  about  which  is  its  sûien- 
larity,  was  not  of  a  nature  to  be  generally  cither  relished  or  txBAir- 
stood.  Bc-sides,  it  was  incomplete  in  itself.  It  created  no  penn» 
nenl  and  necessary  connexion  between  science  and  labourj  bôtweea 
the  discoveries  of  mind  and  their  application,  between  theory  aaà 

E Factice.  Moreover,  St.  Simon  was  not  long  in  observinff  that  tfat 
ody  of  tavanls  had  become  a  body  witliout  warmth  ana  energy. 
almost  without  life,  that  on  iill  occasions  it  received  its  impulse  &tim 
the  world  without,  inatead  of  giving  it;  while,  on  the  otheï  hand, 
industry,  growing  mpidly;  and  strongly,  was  aniTnatiik|;  socictj  with 
its  manly  breath,  and  daringly  taking  the  initiative  in  4U  uiinp; 
and  had,  of  later  years,  ^ro'^^'i  powerful  enough  to  keep  in  chodc 
the  brute  force  ot  sword-sovereignty,  and  to  counterkahtnoc  the 
genius  of  Napoleon. 

He  determined  then  to  addresa  liims^  to  industry,  to  the  men  oï 
labour,  and  in  all  the  writings  of  this  the  second  period  of  hia  intel- 
lectual life,  industry  occupied  the  place  which  in  hia  fbrnusr  works 
he  had  assigned  to  geience.  Adopting  as  his  motto,  **  Tinttptvtl 
pour  ri/ttiustrie,"  he  declared  that  tlic  time  was  co«ne  for  tescbig 
from  the  brow  of  idleness  the  crown  it  had  so  long  worn:  that  the 
time  WÏ13  cotue  for  inaugurating  the  reign  of  labour.  He  whom  the 
men  of  labour  looked  up  to  as  the  first  man  of  labour  among  them, 
was  to  be  the  king  of  tliia  new  rule.  Tlie  miniatera  were  to  be  nidi 
eelect  men  of  enlightenment  amongst  them,  &a  should  ho  deemed 
fittest  to  prepare  and  make  good  the  budget;  the  aaseaament  of  the 
taxes,  giving  the  clcctoi'al  franchise,  he  required  to  be  placed  00 
such  a  footing,  ft3  should  substitute  tlic  inilnence  of  the  cabi- 
vator  fw  that  of  the  idle  proprietor;  that  is  to  say,  the  influenos 
uf  the  man  who  pays  rent,  lor  that  of  him  who  receives  it.  Ha 
added  a  variety  of  schemes,  alt  of  them  directly  tending  to  tranjler 
jjoUiiad  power  from  the  soUlier,  the  lawyer,  the  lundholdcr,  to  tho 
xaan  of  labour. 


8T.  BTITON'S  DOCTRIKEP, 

Tîiis  WM  eridently  o  mere  theory  de  cirronstancc,  of  very  ques- 
tionable value  in  itaelf,  and  which,  after  all,  juives  only  the  political 
BJUe  o("  tl)e  reformer's  views.  For  liow  was  industry,  left  to  itself, 
to  provide  for  the  moral  and  inlelluctual  necessities  of  mankind? 

^t.  Simori  then  made  an  sppcal  to  tho  artists.  And  this  time, 
calling  together  all  the  various  ideaa  which  at  intervals  he  had  sent 
forth  A3  detat'hed  thoughts,  he  composed  thesn  into  oae  harmonious 
whole,  which  then,  under  ibc  nninc  of  the  New  CliKiâTlANiTY,  be- 
came tliat  brge  conception,  which  its  author  was  destined  to  bej^fueath  1 
to  a  lew  beloved  disciples^  a  brilliant  buî  labour-bringing  heritage  \     '\ 

Je&us  Christ  said  to  nmnkiad  :  *'^  Love  one  another  as  brethren;" 
an  atlmirablc  and  touehtng  precept,  but  conveyed  in  a  somewhat 
vague  ibnn,  as  befitted  a  period  iu  which  the  world  was  divided  into 
masters  and  slaves.  Aa  ativery  by  degrees  disappeared,  thtg  precept 
of  Christ,  ough*^  according  to  St.  Simon,  to  have  rraoïved  itself  into 
this  beautiful  and  generous  formula:  The  earliest  posàblc  nmcliora- 
tion,  physical  and  mor&I,  of  the  condition  of  the  poorest  and  mi^ 
numerous  class.  It  was  to  realize  this  object  that  a  spiritual  power 
had  been  instituted  j  that  there  existed  In  the  world  a  vicar  of  Christ, 
a  pope. 

But  in  order  to  secure  the  introduction  of  his  sublime  doctrine, 
it  was  Deoeamj  for  Christ  to  keep  termfi  with  CiCKir,  who  had  the 
power  on  his  «de.  This  vas  why  he  told  the  people:  "  My  Idng- 
oom  is  not  of  this  world;  render  unto  Cxsar,  the  things  wliich  arû 
Gesar's."  And  thus  it  was,  that  from  the  very  bosom  of  Christian 
regeneration  arose  tliat  grand  dualism,  which  characterized  the  his- 
tory of  the  middle  ages:  the  spiritual  power  and  the  temporal 
power,  the  Church  and  the  State,  the  Pope  and  the  Emperor,  The 
direction  of  t!ic  material  interests  of  mankind,  being  thua  removed 
beyond  the  province  of  the  church,  the  church  was  forced  to  limit 
withiu  the  circle  of  theological  disputation,  the  exercise  of  the  spi- 
ritual powet  coniidcd  to  it,  and  to  dc\'otc  all  the  resourctM  of  learning 
to  the  analyns  of  dogmas,  without  any  poss-lble  material  application 
whatever;  altogether  neglecting  any  consideration  of  the  pJiysicûl 
ftmeUûratîon  of  the  people,  nay,  preaching  up  contempt  for  the 
fl^and  all  carnal  interoiïta;  contributing,  in  short,  nothmg  to  thâ 
jeHef  of  the  poorest  and  moat  numerous  class  but  this  maxim  :  "  Suf- 
fering is  a  holy  and  expiatory  thing;"  words  which  iverc  to  infuse 
into  tne  exUtence  of  tlie  most  miserable,  uU  the  joys  of  hope,  and  to 
console  the  damned  on  earth,  by  showing  them  the  gates  of  para- 
disc  opening  for  them  hereafter. 

Yet.  after  all,  thcro  was  much  in  this  influence  of  the  spiritual 
power,  though  Umited  to  thiâ  indirect  utility;  nay^it  may  be  said  to 
have  been  sufficient,  so  long  as  the  temporal  power  only  manifested 
ît^lf  in  wars  and  conquests.  But  a  day  came  when  the  action  of 
llic  temporal  power,  instead  of  developing  it^'lf  exclusively  in  war, 
began  to  extend  its  energies  to  industry.  And  on  that  day  the 
church  waa»  as  a  matter  of  natural  consequences,  shaken  to  its  very 


552 


ST.  fiOEOK  8  POCTRrXES: 


ibuiulatiotu.  Foe  indus^  required  jl  special  science  of  ita  «m. 
And  what  happened?  'Ui&t  a  layman,  Kepler,  led  the  Wf  £« 
Newton;  that  a  layman,  Gutenburg^  inveated  pnntmg;  ^Mt  kjfk 
men,  the  Medioj  traced  out  for  comraercci  paths  hitlierlo  unkaBin 
to  it;  that  mathcmati^f  physics,  physiolo^,  ustroaomy,  oved  W 
laymen  much  of  their  avowed  progress,  ^cre  was  thus  sees,  nâft  — 
by  âdc  with  thoolo^cal  oi  aacred  sciences,  n  practical  or  praua^B 
«dcbce;  theic  arose  lu  the  face  of  the  spiritiml  power  exevaied  If  V 
the  church,  aaother  spiritual  fwwcr  exercised  by  the  state.  A  an  f 
TTcight  descended  upon  the  mighty  bidaîice.,  'wliich  during  the  ni^ 
die  ages»  hung  suspended  over  Europe,  holding  in  the  one  «sk 
the  emperor,  in  the  other  the  pope:  tlie  new  vfi^iijht  favoured  tb 
ibrnder  of  the^e.  Luther  appeared,  una  the  old  gipiiiUial  power  vtf 
well  nigh  annllukted. 

The  pope,  lti  iàct,  became  hercfac,  from  the  moment  vrl^ea,  Î&  4i 
path  which  leads  to  die  amelioration  of  the  lot  oi'  the  most  niiiiiiim 
cbfiS,  he  found  liiingelf  outstripped  by  the  temporal  power.  BotLs* 
thcr,  also,  on  hia  part,  hercticizcd,  when  he  made  tlio  Christiiii  » 
ligion  retrograde  to  its  point  of  departure,  by  placix^  it  «j*Aw  tbe 
jurisdiction  of  Caesar;  he  hcrcticizea  in  b^nishing  from  the  voniô 
of  tlie  reformed  churcheâ  the  iniluence  of  the  arts,  whicb  ootxoBOa 
to  one  of  the  three  grand  ëoôsI  funetions,  the  appeal  to  the  ftpitfr** 
of  mankinds 

Thus,  tn  the  opinion  of  St,  Simon,  the  rclt^iotts  powto-,  wodl 
have  been  that»  which  embracing  hura^inity  in  all  that  whicfc  a»* 
stitutcs  its  e^ience  diould  have  guided  it  on.  towards   that  «hi^ 
forms  the  true  aim  and  scope  of  Clitistiarûty,  the  ame 
the  lot  of  the  moât  nnaierous,  and  that  by  these  thrco 
feeling,  employiug  therein  the  artiets;  by  reaaou,  eTnjvloyîng 
the  êavaats}  by  acts,  employing  thereiu  the  men  of  Mbour. 
cording  to  this  vjcw  of  the  matter,  the  papacy  liad  been  a  ; 
power,  but  not  a  rehgioua  power.     The  popes  had  Jbeen, 
Leo  X.,  cliiefd  of  tbe  savojU-t^  rather  thau  cWf  pneâta. 
Btill  remained  to  be  founded,  and  it  coidd  not  hu  Ibuadod  on 
basip,  until  there  hod  been  discovered  a  eystem,  which  should 
currently  guide  towards  one  and  tlie  same  design,  under  tlie  feai 
impulse  ol*a  power  cndawcd  at  once  witli  regenerate  teeling, 
found  knowledge,  and  indefatigable  activity,  artùta.  aavatù»^ 
men  of  labour.     Such  vras,  according  to  St.  Simon,  tho  basa  of 
New  Christianity» 

One  would  be  disposed  to  regard  these  lucubratSon»  aa  mex^y  i 
ingenious  temnnology,  had  they  not  g^vcn  birth,  as  we  dialf  c 
plain,  to  a  doctiine,  fruitful  of  pi-actioal  consequ«aGe«,  tiic  onac 
ment  of  which  had  something  really  foimidaHa  about  iL 

St.  Simon  himself  ivas  deeply  imprcâsod  with  the  importance 
his  concoplioDî  for  ho  died  full  of  iailh  and  hope*  utfccnng-  as  a  ' 
adieu  to  the  select  disciples  who  surrouaded  lias  dcatli-Wd,  d 
wordfi,  which  showed  how  elevated  by,  perhaps,  justiiiable  pinde 


FOBMATIOK  OP  THE  ST.  SIMOXIAÎT  IÎCHOOL,  553 

that  eool  about  to  fly  hence;  "TTie  fruit  is  ripe^  bo  it  youra  to 
pluck  it." 

M.  Augustin  Thierry  had  been  St,  Simon's  eecrctaTy;  M,  Au* 
guetc  Comte  ozw  of  Ua  disciples;  but  the  person  whom  be  oppomtcd 
Bcir  to  his  doctiince  was  M,  Olmde  Rodngues.  A  j*iunml  entitled 
I^  PrùdtKteurf  whicli  nppcaretl  in  1825^  shortly  after  St.  Simone 
dcuth,  hîkI  the  editorship  of  which  was  confided  to  if.  C-etclet» 
became  the  centre,  around  which  M.  OBnde  Rodriguca  collected, 
Jbr  the  purpoeo  of  îiu^ating  them  into  the  doctrine  of  his  master, 
those  men  who  he  thoug-ht  would  preach  it  ibrth  with  most  tident 
and  sucjce^>  Yet  the  Producteur  was  not  a  St,  Simooian  jour- 
nal. Its  contributoi^  being  snch  men  as  Me8sieuT3  Olinde  Rudri* 
gues,  Enfantin,  Bflz;ard,  Bûchez,  Auguste  Comte,  Armand  Carrel, 
maFters  of  high  merit,  but  who  did  not  all  obey  one  common  faitlK 
the  pnblic&tion  had  little  other  oHect  ihiui  that  of  aetomahin^  aadl 
alarming  the  libcnJa  by  the  novelty  of  some  of  its  hints  and  incide»- 
tal  skedtcnes,  and  by  the  Yciy  unexpected  solutioi»  which  it  offend 
of  eertain  problema  which  were  then  presented  by  the  industrial 
mcId. 

Meantime^  the  doctrine  was  elaborated  by  the  joint  study  of 
Meneurâ  Olinde  Rodiigueâ,  Enfantin,  and  Hazard.  They  brought 
over  to  their  views  «>mc  of  the  pnpila  of  the  Scok  Poiytec/mique^ 
tome  distinguished  men  of  letter?,  orators,  artists;  SLp^  ens  lon£  « 
ichoolwaa  iormed.  When  the  revolution  of  July  broke  out,  the  St. 
Simonian  school  wa«  already  constituted;  it  recognised  as  it  chii-fj, 
MM.  Enfantin  nnd  Bazord,  to  whom  Olinde  Rodriguea  had  nobly 
ceded  the  supremacy.  Tlic  following  waa  tho  development  given 
by  the  disciples  to  the  ideas  of  the  master^ 

Accepting  his  divifàon  of  mankind  into  artiste,  jtavtmiti  and  men 
of  bumeesv  thu  St.  Simonians  occupied  thcmielves,  la  the  tli'st  lq- 
etonoe,  with  verifying  by  hiatorical  induction  that  law  of  pcogrea^ 
which  ccnuftituicd  the  bama  of  their  belief. 

With  respect  to  the  order  of  fcelin»^,  they  remarked  that,  in  his- 
tory, the  cooTK  of  hmoabity  was  from  liutrect  to  love,  ^m  antaco- 
idsm  to  aaaociation.  The  com^ucror,  tlney  found,  had  in  tbo  fant 
instaDCe,  eet  out  with  exterminating  the  conquered;  by  and  hy,  ho 
Contentctl  hliusolf  with  reducing  them  to  slavery;  ihc  «orf  Bocceeded 
to  the  flkre,  th»  fncmiui  to  the  serf.  Again,  they  found  a  na^le 
iSunil^r  odizigîng  itself  until  it  has  become  a  city,  the  city  mnflttg 
itaelf  Into  a  idnHiom,  the  kingdooQ  becomioç  a  fedensiGtt  ttf  Hag- 
doiDP,  imtil  by  degrecfi,  tram  one  step  to  another^  a  groat  number  of 
ïiationa  united  under  the  law  of  Catholicism.  The  march  pf  Ituro*- 
nity,  then,  woa  towards  the  principle  of  noiversal  aasociationt  £auaded 
vpun  universal  love  ! 

Studied  with  lefiennM  to  the  facta  ndtich  cosoem  jojifiror,  history 
afibràttl  them  instnieéoB  of  a  no  leca  valuaek  natvrtt.    Th«d«relflp>  / 
mcnt  of  civilixatioa  had  continuously  angmontod  tlve  im|>ortanoe  of  ' 


roxscATTQy  or  THE  st. 


k 


i|>e  bitdloctiiil  Buai,  to  ihe  UfUUBO*  «C 
nf  gnificfflit'  ImoiL  «m  g>wB  to  t&e 
dmidi,  «ffgaaiaBd  othniae  ~^       "^ 
r  ft  niriloal  power  obtesmg^  sa 

fCÊâtm,  uiil  ill  inlnASBC  ment:  ca  ) 

ijagpcmfiig  iti  aathoâty,  W  ^IS^  of  ob    ^ 
b  tbe  middle  mgcs,  tbe  MtetUtaTf  pdvopkl  w^ 
wwa  of  tbu  cmfurrof  ;  lie  cootaiy  pmuiJc 
donm  tn  thi;  ùma  of  Leo  X.  who  iWUMHMlod  feanngti 
ltk«  A  tcrnpr^ml  prince,  who  Bold  indnbuBM  tftdefiajri 
«•lerV  lolk'tf  who  tnnilbttiwd  InMaT  nte»  Ch 
tw«  powcn,  the  cïiurch  or  tliCAlatc,  M£{ind  sid4 
Wiu  thcru  na  profound  concluâoD  lo  be  dnwiï  fiti^  diei 
jnonk.  who,  ifiû  one  day  quildii;^  the  tAieeaxitj  of 
I         Mocnd  the  pontifical  throne*  oa  the  oexi,  hw  tlie  f 

die  monar^A  of  the  tariH,  km^Uog^  BotMuUelftlf  Iw-fcaa 
yererentially  kining  tiit^  dust  (nua  oW  Iw  aadUi?     Hi 
P  wu  ckwr,  WAH  marcliiRg  on  towar^lj  ui  pfgimrâtion  n  vk»^  ^ÎA 
^^    iliDiitd  be  mvc-n  to  each  acconiîng  %o  hîa  cupadtj,  and  to  ^k&  op 
^H   city  Accordmg  to  ito  work», 

^K        ID  what  conceriu  imliulry  or  Inbottt,  tbe  kw  of  progreai  wv  ■»- 

^■i  xûféit.     Habita  of  îndustcy  had  unccasiiiglj  been  cvAiu^t^  g^^Bit 

^B    which  habi^  of  war  had  oa  coDTÎnuoiielj  been  loiSAg.      VTwr^  it  vM 

^B    tnttj,  had  not  yd  bocome  bïUiUhed  from  bistoiy,  but  its  ob^ÎDatm 

^1    no  toni<r>r  the  «ami;.     WhoFË  nutionâ  fonncffy  «ned  tib^MR^VB  fe 

IV    pUfixMeii  uf  dc^'uitlulion,  they  now  &rmcd  tberâdvGS  is  tmàer  to  ^b> 

minh  iiiurls  *>f  trade.     The  commercial  cofiquwla  of  England  W 

i>c«-<jmr.:  «ubtîtltutcil  fjr  the  triumph -con  quests  of  old  Romei     Tbe 

inihUry  cla<«i   wiw  daily   ^iving^  way   before    the    mcn;&iiti}e  fl**- 

Ne[*ol'_'rju  himscU,  tlic  man  of  battles,  Napoleon  had  held  oat  to  iki 

ambitiiin  of  îiis  armies,  commerce  and  peace  as  the  object*  for  vkidk 

they  \vr:re  to  conttmd.     Humanity^  then^  was  marchlog^  oa  towvdi 

the  orLT'ini/isition  of  ini-Uistry. 

Aa  résulta  of  these  hiatorical  investigations,  came  the  three  fiJloir- 
ing  formula:: 

Universal  association,  baaed  upon  love;  and,  as  a  corollary,  no 
more  hostile  competition. 

To  each  according  to  his  capacity,  to  each  capacity  according  to 
ito  works;  and,  as  a  corollary,  no  more  hereditary  possession. 
Or^'unization  of  industry;  and,  as  a  corollary,  no  more  war. 
Such  doctrines  as  tliesc,  tended  directly  to  shake  down  the  entire 
fabric  of  existing;  social  order.  Their  annoxmcement  caused  gn^at 
sensation,  consternation.  Yet  they  arc  deficient  alike  in  logic,  true 
grandeur,  fjcnuinc  courage. 

In  preaching  forth  the  universal  association  of  mankind,  based 
upon  love;  in  demanding  that  industry  should  be  regularly  orga- 
nized, and  should  establish  its  empire  upon  the  ruins  of  a  system  of 


FORatATlOW  0»'  THB  8T.  SIMONIAIT  SCHOOL. 


555 


I 


as  m    - 


diBûrdcr  and  of  war,  the  St.  Simonians  ehowed  a  thorough  com' 
prehension  of  the  laws  which,  at  a  future  perioJj  wUl  be  the  riile  of 
mankiud-  But  they  overturned  with  one  hand  the  edifice  tJicy  were 
nûsîtig  with  the  other,  by  this  celebrated  maxim  :  to  eac/i  according 
to  his  capacity;  to  each  capacity  acrordina  to  its  wcrrkt;  a  wise  and 
équitable  pribeipLe  in  appcaïofiee,  but  in  reali^  unjust  and  sub- 
vcraivc.* 

Whetlier  inoquoUty,  the  mother  of  tyranny,  takes  her  stand  in  the 
world,  in  the  mime  otmcntfl!  superiority,  or  in  the  name  of  pliysical 
conqiicstj  what  matters  tliis  to  u»?  ïn  the  one  casCi  equally 
I  the  otherj  charity  disappears,  «ïlliahness  triumphs,  and  the  pnneiple 
I  of  humim  brotherhood  19  trainpled  under  foot.  Take  a  private 
iamily^and  oxaiTiine  its  proceedings:  the  lather,  in  the  distribution 
of  that  which  he  has  to  give  his  chihircn,  docs  he  take  into  eonât- 
demtion  tlie  dlfierence  in  the  services  which  they  render  him,  or  donea 
he  not  rather  guide  hirnsclf  entirely  by  the  wants  ■which  they  feel? 
He  him^Lf,  he  who  bears  the  whole  burden  of  the  domestic  aâsooia- 
tioa,  docs  he  not  rcïwlîly  abridge  hia  own  enjoymenta,  that  he  may 
bo  Able  to  satisiy  the  requii'cment^  of  a  sick  child,  or  promote  the 
bappinesa  of  a  child  who  is  under  incapacity  from  a  diseased  mind? 
Here  you  liavc  charity  in  action.  Let  the  state  model  its  proceed- 
ings aiYer  tliosc  of  the  private  family.  If  it  does  not,  there  can  be 
Dûlhing  but  violence  aud  injustice.  Give  to  each  according  to  his 
capacity  I  What  then  is  to  become  of  the  idiots?  What  of  the  in- 
firm? 'Wlmt  of  the  incurably  helpless  old  man?  Arc  these  to  be 
left  to  die  of  hunger?  It  must  be  so  if  you  adhere  to  the  principle 
that  society  owes  notlung  to  ita  members,  beyond  the  vuluc  of  what  it 
receives  from  them,  llic  St.  Simonian  logic  then  was  a  homicidal 
logic?  No:  it  was  merely  inconsiitentr  for  elsewhere  it  admitted 
of  hû^italâ  for  the  incapable,  and  of  fiieétro  for  the  insane.  To 
a£6crt  It  to  be  Gtting  that  a  man  should  adjudge  to  himself,  in  virtue 
of  his  intellectual  superiority,  a  larger  portion  of  worldly  goods  than 
to  other  members  of  society,  is  at  onco  to  interilict  our^ïv^  the  right 
of  execrating  the  strong  man,  who,  in  the  barbaric  fkgcs,  enslaved 
the  feeble,  in  right  of  his  physical  wperiority:  it  is  a  mere  trans- 
ference of  tyranny.  The  St.  Simomans,  indeed,  went  upon  the 
principle,  that  it  is  good  to  stimulate  talent  by  the  prospect  of  recom- 
pense; aeckiug  in  social  utility  a  justiBcation  of  this  maxim  of 
thcira.  But  13  it  necesearv  that  recompciiH.-s  should  bo  materia 
should  have  a  money  value.''  Thank  Heûven  Î  mankind  have  ehown 
thiit  they  can  be  inifucuced,  and  more  efficaciously,  by  other  and  fer 
higher  motivcfl  of  action.  Incited  by  the  promise  of  a  bit  of  rib» 
bon,  to  be  stuck  in  the  button-holes  of  the  bravest  by  their  emperor, 

*  It  is  fair  to  mention  fhtit,  amonii  the  &t.  Simonians,  there  ore  Mme  who  umlcr- 
Btnnd  the  mixiffl  wt<  ar  criticiftn^r  in  thi*  Kni«,  "  thai  ttic  oust  c«Mbl«  dunld  hare 
aiH  bigtton  plue*  In  tlw  hienrch^  or  yofiïrDnicni,"  which  wotild  1«  a.  perfectly 
XHnakI»  pniiiMitkn.  Bnt  the  maxim  goes  tw^»'^  ^^'^  ■'  '^y*  ^^^^  ^^  °*^*t  ^• 
faOt  tludl  ftiTe  the  highest  allowanre.  And  it  ia  In  thù  nwre'  extcnuTc  meuLiDg 
t)M4  tin  maxim  wu  n.'cciTi'd  ia  ttic  ichciol^  tad  iu  its  offldiJ  organ,  the  Globe. 


556  rioMCirLBi  ASi>  esocseiksgb  a 

i^de  vmies  1^  Nipolean's  eotfios  nAed  <■!  to  tt«et  dflMk  Ik 
^atà  f^nft  *<^  '°^  ^  VBêattaoà,  lus  dïiceted  the  «lolîaits  o^  Ai 
VDild.  £j  vliAt  ixtfeEtf  ^aQ  lluU  whk^  hma  auffiued  to  à^ 
pmtkeiU,  wIkh  the -vork  m  Iwid liu  been  cietfz^icôaDi  nut  iraEp 
■iffifle  to  mgpn  mutt  whea  ti»  wack  m  iand  v  pcodadâBBL?  un 
But  ihft  tndj  KR*t  ETCXL  flooelit  uni  ûmnA  Ifars  pnaBÎpiï  asB- 
pBDte  in  tlie  ex£icifc  of  tLeir  high  Ctcalties?  HaidKKiKCf  daW 
wàafÊÊidy  to  cewd  Kevion,  ue  «itole  smum  wmld  Iniw  fiftï 
iluAi:  tbe  g»at  and  sn^cin^  Tecompeme  oflfefrtaix.  wis  tiae  gi?*- 
iag  happutcH  wUdi  filkd  hi»  stwl,  when  his  «emns  iud  daocmsd 
Âe  Inrs  which  goT^an  the  world  oJTipaDe.  Tbctc  ore  tno  diaetf 
IbniQi  m  ms&:  vaaa  ana  àculdcei  Bj  his  wikzits,  mas  ii  |wiwii, 
br  bu  Realties,  be  is  acure.  Bj  hù  «3Uit&,  he  is  thnran  vpnlà 
lajow-nLcn  £at  asiataficc;  by  hâ  facullia,  he  la  enabled  to  — «e^ 
&Uow-men.  The  wastf  ue  the  iuScadoii  ^yi^tL  by-  God  to  »xvrr, 
to  ponit  oat  what  it  owes  to  îitdîvîdoalâ.  The  iaculdcA  bic  îke  *> 
^i*****^  §"*«»  by  God  to  iodrnduals,  to  pant  out  wh&t  the^  or  b 
WOàtitf*  Then  there  is  the  taorc  doe  ta  Kim  wrho  has  the  enic 
vmlBy*  And  we  may  &îîly  leqoîre  more  of  hïm  who  hag  iIh  flBtf 
fiKa]tic&  Then,  accoriiin^  to  th^  dirmc  law,  ivntten  in  the  oi» 
BizotioQ  of  each  human  beings  hdgher  iutelh^oioe  is  ddled  iffiu  fe 
contribute  mare  extended  and  ijscful  action,  bat  is  not  enâe^l  a 
greater  remuneration;  ind  the  oaky  Ic^timate  rula,  with,  irferexf 
to  inoqua^tics  m  apdtadc,  U  that  from  thoec  who  axe  Icaa  apt  fcc  tki 
datiai  of  aooety,  lees  duty  shall  be  TcqDized.f  Â^ufit  ue  nod 
•Qftic  according  to  capai-rty:  thiâ  h  well,  it  la  productive  of  all  fjo^: 
but  the  diatri&ution  of  the  pubUc  mcaas^  according  tQ  cfrucuj  à 
worse  th&Q  cmei;  it  is  impioofl. 

The  principle  of  distnbution  then,  proposed  by  the  St.  Simnaiiffl 
was  in  direct  contradiction  to  the  noble  a<sign  stated  by  themâeiTïï: 
tiniversal  ussociation  based  upon  tovo.  Kor  was  th 'fs  alL  Wifl 
liiey  were  asked  who  was  to  be  the  judge  of  capajcitifs,  and  in  wii 
mûuncr  t!icy  proposed  to  set  about  the  estabtiskinent  of  tbdr  nht 
power,  they  replied  without  he-citation:  '*  ITie  law  iu  critical  epoci 
w  but  a  dead  lutter,  and  it  is  this  dead  letter  which  the  p^irple  oter; 
but  oTganiii  epoclia  require  a  law  which  is  mixed  up  with.,  fosed  wià. 
which  la  part  of  the  le^iislutor  Imnself  ;  a  liviug  îaw.     He  ishall  govja 


■> 


*  Man  hus  pliy^icaJ  wants  to  ^wKK\^  nafure  licrself  tas  ai&î|;aiL>U  limita.  A  !■ 
moruJ  WiLiutd,  t^'liidi,  io  a  rogulu*  ami  pru^reKirc  OMOcùitiouT  would  find  tncsM  i 
teti^fjring  ufltl  titivtlojiiiiiï  llii-tUMi-lves  ctjIlL'Ct.ivtij'.  As  lo  (wrelf  factiiioo*  wK 
crcatixl  ]<y  A  '^ïoÉ'ni»  und  ciimi|it  civilizzLtiun,  one!  which  ypve  ristr  to  cxtmTiufiat  it 
DUliJB,  tbebC  WouUL  be  merely  rL-)j;iiri]e<L,  in  a.  ri'KuL'ir  a^pocJatîoii,  ai  in^tJTyUtjt  hw- 
dUiK,  wliidi  HOCicty  wouli)  uot  enctnirapL',  Imt  elîwtually  cure. 

■f  But  liijw  to  put  lliid  priiiciiiic  Jiilo  oixiratiun?  Tliis  is  -^  point,  t}%e  'lûrMlfi "  '^ 
wkidi  i]«»  nut  fPtcr  into  tiiiu  plan  ot'  tliii  present  work.  We  liavu  limited  ovné*^ 
tapuûjtinguut  tJtt!  wcaic  niili;  ot' ihv  tit.  Ùiiuuiiian  inoaTittiiuu.  NdtLwr  doci  lM 
miiirc  ul'  uiir  UDdtrtukia^  udtidt  k*C  a.  iltrttiiiL-d  criladsm  u|>iin  St.  KiiiuinuuiitRi,  J^ 
*JKctifi|7  which  We  have  iiiurely  patduwn  what  seemed  to  iia  lKst»dauted  foriniUvt 
uKt  ruiiiT  to  appreciiLtc  tLc  epciul  «i^tuflcatioo  qS  tLiut  ^jst^m,  aujI  its  tn^  lones^ 


I 
I 


ST.  siMomAîra,  557 

inhû  aitall  feci  liimeeli*  the  moet  capablcr  and  shftl]  be  able  to  procufe 
Ikia  a^teptation  OB  suctu"  So  timt  they  had  in  view  a  pci^onal  &ndl 
paciGc  dfspoiktn,  huvijig  iu  source  m  the  petfcctly  Toluntary  luthe- 
Hoa  of  llic  governed  ;  or,  in  other  worda,  their  chief  vas  to  be  ha 
who  was  tlic  moEt  loving  and  the  most  beloved.  Now  had  they  been 
A  little  more  logical  in  framinf^  their  doctrine,  the  St.  Simoniana 
"Would  have  seerit  that  in  a  systôoi  whereby  the  wealth  of  society  Is  not 
distributed  on  a  purely  fraternal  and  ciual  principle,  and  whereby  tho 
piiblic  economies  are  not  framed  on  the  principles  regiiiating  a  family, 
the  powiir  of  the  **  most  loving  and  the  most  beloved"  ia  a  chimeni, 
a  sheer  impossibility.  ïo  cliarge  the  ruling  power  with  the  diatii- 
bution  in  unequal  proportions  uf  the  fruits  of  the  society's  labour,  is 
at  once  to  expose  it  to  bitter  auimadvcraions,  and  to  throw  in  its 
way  endlcBB  obstacles;  to  asàgu  to  it  the  right  of  oj^t«rtaimDg  pre- 
{noBces  ifi  to  raiec  up  a^ust  it  a  host  of  oieinics.  The  exercise  of 
the  per9«i:d  authority  thus  rendered,  sooner  or  later,  a  ^urce  of 
odium,  hatred  wouKl  mtxoduee  itself  into  tJie  anodiatîon  in  the  train 
of  jealousy,  and  unai'chy  would  fuUow  Imtrcd.  Such  would  be  the  in* 
evitablu  consequencea  of  the  clusaîllcation  of  capacities,  if  thia  woe 
tnadc  to  correspond  in  the  least  degree  with  the  distribution  of  shares. 
And  once  this  state  of  things  supervened,  what  would  become  of  the 
system?  it  must  citlier  maintain  itself  by  forœ  or  fidl  to  piecea. 

It  WÎU  be  seen  a  little  further  on  how  this  fundamental  error:  To 
each  according  to  his  capacity,  to  each  capacity  according  to  its  works, 
evolved  other  errors,  whicli  in  the  firet  iostanco  tiMwIonued  St- 
Slmonianism  into  something  el^c,  and  then  altogether  nmied  it.  But 
before  we  enter  upon  the  second  phasLs  of  the  exiAence  of  the  Sft. 
Simouian  school,  it  is  necessary  to  say  a  few  words  aa  to  the  external 
part  it  took,  and  the  influence  it  exercised  upon  society. 

The  revolution  of  July  had  given  to  St.  Simonism  a  sngularlr 
energetic  impulse.  That  which  m  the  Erst  instance  was  but  a.  BchooTf 
waa  now  a  Gimiïy.  Combining  with  the  authority  of  lofty  intellect 
and  solid  acquirements,  the  paEeion  for  prosclytism,  the  first  adepts, 
men  of  the  world,  jealous  sectaries,  spread  fJkemselTCs  about  in  ev^cry 
direction;  lioldlug  out  to  omtors  the  promise  of  a  noble  arena,  a  stir- 
ring th«me;  temptiAÇ  poets  and  tirUets  with  the  bait  of  reptation 
ea^y  acquired;  pzonng  to  the  aavauts  that  the  euatxng  science  of 
Uwmion  was  false  and  hollow,  without  aim  or  Kopc,  as  witlbcait 
Veart  or  feeling;  talking  to  the  women  about  the  âne  arte,  lore,  uid 
Ebtirty.  llie  5uco«aâ  of  Utcae  eflorta  was  rapid  ;  they  eooa  zaadc  plenty 
of  individual  conquests,  and  they  then  began  to  think  of  coUectiva 
triumphs.  I'hc  lueiarchy  was  iouaded:  tlie  collie  firet,  then,  tba 
Bocona  degree,  then  the  third  degree.  The  Giabe^  which  the  lotmt 
of  the  doctrinaires  had  left  xd  theWuU  of  M.  l^orre  Leroux»  a  P°^ 
m6d  tiunkoi  Aiui  water,  bccmc  the  dmly  jottnial  of  the  achiKil  wltidi 
vaa  alccady  posseaaed  uf  the  Orjimâaieur.  It  waano  sof"  -  '  --^i-d 
that  money  wm  wanting  than  money  Uowod  in.    M.  d'£i  ir* 

nished  a  considerable  sum.    To  a  letter  ixom  Baiard  and  i^uiantia» 


5j8 


PRINCIPLES  AND  PROCEEKISOS  OF  THE 


M.  Henri  Foumel,  who  waa  then  at  Creuzol,  matantly  replied  by  the 
oflcr  of  his  \ïhole  fortune,  liis  reply  being  thus  ?ubscribed  :  ^'  HeniT 
and  Cecilia  Foumel  for  their  child,"     In  a  society  ovemm  with  l''^ 

coarsest  and  most  narrow- min (led  mcrcantiliam,  there  wa?  sonirtii' 

in  a  very  high  degree  maivelloua  and  toucliing  in  this  burst  of  ce- 
ncroua  enthusiasm.  The  far  larger  portion  of  the  journals  of  this 
period  ■were  mere  trading  speculations:  the  Gtol/e  was  diâtributed 
gratuitouFly. 

The  zeal  of  the  adepts  animated  them  to  the  most  \'igorouâ  exer- 
tions. The  quiet,  modest  conferences  which^  before  the  revolution 
of  July,  were  held  in  the  Rue  Taranne,  were  now  succeeded  by  the 
vehement  and  noisy  harangues  of  the  Rue  Taitbout.  Here  men, 
full  of  eloquence,  such  aa  Messieurs  BairauU,  Charton,  Laurent, 
Abel  Transon,  repaired  to  exercise  in  turns  the  sovereignty  of 
mighty  harangue.  Nothing  could  be  more  curious  than  the  ffpec- 
tacTe  presented  by  tJiese  ûssomblies.  Around  a  vast  hall,  ben^b  a 
roof  of  glass,  there  arose  three  tiers  of  boxes.  On  the  stage  in  front 
of  these,  and  of  an  ainplc  pit,  the  red  benches  of  wliich  m  the  ctodc 
ptruck  twelve,  were  crowded  with  an  eager  audience»  there  arranged 
themselves  every  Sunday,  seated  in  three  rows,  a  number  of  young 
and  gerious-lookinn;  men  habited  in  blue,  among  whom  might  be 
seen  also  a  lew  ladies  dressed  in  white,  with  ^'iolet-colouicd  0cÉr& 
By  and  bye  there  appeared,  loading  forward  the  preacher  of  the 
day,  the  two  supreme  fathers  of  the  society.  Messieurs  Bazard  and 
Enfantin.  As  they  advanced  to  the  front,  the  disciples  rose  with 
looks  of  tender  veneration;  while  among  the  spectators  there  im- 
mediately  prevailed  an  intense  silence,  contemplative  or  ironical, 
according  to  the  mood  in  which  they  came.  Afler  a  short  pause  the 
preacher  began.  Many  among  the  audience  listened  at  fîrèt  Trith  a 
emile  on  their  lips,  and  raillery  iu  their  eyes;  but  after  the  oratoi 
had  apyken  for  a  while,  there  would  be  one  feeling  amongsl  his 
bearers  of  astonishment  mingled  with  admiration;  and  the  most 
sceptical  found  themselves  irreâistibly  impelled  into  an  earnest  xoA- 
ditation  upon  the  discourse,  iJ'  not  into  a  secret  emotion^  in  syin* 
patliy  with  it. 

Every  thing  tended  to  render  this  propaganda  active,  triumph- 
ant. 'Ihe  family  established  in  the  Rue  MonaignVi  was  Ukc  b 
glowing  fire,  reflecting  brilliant  hglit  upon  those  whom  its  genii! 
warmth  drew  around  it.  The  doctrine  developed  itself  here,  uniil 
the  inspiring  bustle  and  ^iety  of  elegant  moirées,  under  the  powerftd 
inâuence  of  fascinating  women.  Abandoning  the'u:  occupfttkma, 
their  dreams  of  fortune,  their  early  associations  of  the  hcftitt  cnp" 
neers,  artists,  physicians,  advocates,  poets,  rushed  hither  to  thiw* 
into  one  common  association  their  most  exalted  hopes;  some  brought 
their  books,  others  their  furniture;  tlieir  meals  were  taken  in  com* 
nnon,  and  they  assiduously  studied  this  new  rchgîon  of  human 
brotherhood.  The  name  of  father  was  given  to  the  members  of 
each  supericE  degree  by  those  of  the  inferior  degraes;  and  iha  £c- 


BT.  SIMONIAN3. 


55» 


iwîio  haJ  entered  themselves  of  this  intellectual  colony,  were 
.,  .J^d  by  the  gentle  naraea  of  mother,  sister,  daughter.      Here 
saté^ra  the  relations,  constantly  extending  themselves,  which  csta- 
["linshcd    between  these  Parisûm  innovators    and    their  provincial 
T allies,  an  unintf-Tmitting  correspondence;  and  this  was   the  point 
r 'whence   there  set  forth,    bent  upon  sowing  the  eeed  of    St.    Si' 
moaiaaism  tliroiighout  the  length  and  brcadtlï  of  France,  misçionaries 
i  who  everywhere  left  traces  of  their  course;  who  nmdc  their  way 
1  into  shops  and  into  drawing-rooms,  into  huts,  hôtels,  and  châteaux; 
received  horc  with    enthusiasm,  there  with  hootings,  but  every- 
i  "where  indefalig^able  in  thcii  ardent  zeal.     Tlius  MM.  Jean  Key- 
[  saud  and  Pierre  Leroux  were  sent  to  Lyons,  which  they  kindled 
linto  a  âïme,   and  which  was  destined  to  retain,  an  imperishable 
nemory  of  their  presence. 
This  energetic  movement,  however,  did  not  ohey  the  laws  of  an 
linflcxible  tmity.      Aa  to  the  maimer  in  which  the  f^uestiona  should 
llie    propounded,    all  were  agreed  ;  but  they  were  not  all  eqîiaîly 
lagreed  as  to  tho  manner  in  which  these  questions  should  bo  dcïi- 
[lutively  resolved.     This  diversity  more  eapeciaïly  manifested  itself 
[in  the  missions,  where,  removed  fiora  the  eye  of  the  chieis,  each 
I  preacher  found  himself  at  liberty^  or  permitted  himself,  to  give  way 
to  his  own  particular  inspirations.     With  aorae  of  them,  as  for  in- 
«tancc,  with  M.  Margerin,  mysticism  was  all  in  all;  others,  such  aa 
M.  Jean  RejTiaud»  were  full  of  the  revolutionary  spirit,  the  demo- 
cratic sentiment. 

The  same  want  of  unity  ia  to  be  remarked  in  the  St.  Simoniaa 
publications,  when  compared  with  each  other.  The  Exposition,  by 
M.  Bazaid;  the  Letters  sur  ta  Religion  r.t  la  Politique,  by  M.  Eu- 
gene Rodrigucs;  the  Cinq  Discours  of  M.  Abel  Transon,  the 
Aofe  of  M.  Olinde  Rodrigue?,  upon  marriage  and  divorce;  the 
lectures  of  M.  Ptrcirc  upon  industry  and  finance;  the  Trois  Fa- 
milles, by  Monsieur  E.  BarrauU;  the  writings  of  Messieurs  Pierre 
Leroux,  Jean  Reynaud,  Charton,  Margerin,  Casœaux,  Stt'phano 
Plachat,  Charles  Duveyrier,  Enfantin,  upon  metaphysics»  iho  arts, 
political  economy;  all  these  works  are  far  irom^  forming  a  com- 
plete body  of  homogeneous  doctrine,  and  are  little  raore  than  so 
many  proofa  of  long,  learned,  and  courageous  elaboration. 

However,  in  the  meantime  of  all  these  various  etTorts,  an  able 
rwwmé,  popidarized  for  the  benefit  of  the  uninitiated,  was  regu- 
larly punished  by  the  Globe.  Under  the  direction  of  M,  Michel 
Chevalier,  a  man  ver^  moderately  endowed  with  original  power, 
but  marvellously  akillul  in  translating  into  language  adapted  for 
ordinary  comprehension,  the  abstruse  ideas  i^f  others,  the  Gloèe^  in 
order  to  enable  itscU'to  ait  in.  judgment  upon  the  aocicty  that  was 
iti  motion  around  it,  had  taken  its  stand  in  a  very  elevated  position, 
whence  it  carried  on  a  furious  and  inexorable  war  against  all  the 
received  institutions,  while  it  dealt  with  men  and  parties  in  a  spirit 
of  the  most  philoeophicol  ckuity  and  forbearance.     Of  all   the 


660 


miSCIPLES  ASD  P^OCEEDt^'GS  OP  THE 


attacks  which.  St.  Simomanîsm  directed  against  a.  socxkI  order  viiich 
it  anat^icmatiKed  as  wholly  tîcîoiis,  the  ino£t  dflxing,  beyond  queetkon, 
were  those  which  h&d  foi-  their  object  tho  prevailing  system  of  inlie- 
ritance. 

The  marcli  of  humanity  accordins;  to  the  St-  SimanÎMis,  wm 
to'ftarda  ;i  stute  of  things  in  which  mdivLduala  should  be  daflKd 
accotding  to  their  capacity,  and  aaloiied  according  to  Uicdr  ^rocV*. 
Property  then,  aa  it  now  eadsts,  was  ti>  be  aboliahed  bccaoac  it  fiir- 
nishes  a  certain  chias  of  men  with  the  taeaoB  of  living  hj  tho  Iftbour 
of  others,  because  it  gives  sanction  to  the  diriaioii  of  «odcfeT  inta 
tporkcrs  and  idkrs;  because  in  âne,  in  cont<anpt  of  *U  obviooi 
zwtioti  of  cqtiity;  it  placc&  thofc  whu  produce  luucJt  and  oonnm 
little,  in  the  hands  of  those  who  consume  much,  and  produce  Htdby 
or  even  nothing,  to  be  worked  and  made  n»e  of  at  their  plcnn». 
But  the  existing  system  of  inlicritancc  was  not  only  uix}Uit,  aooocd- 
jng  to  the  St.  l>imoaians;  it  was  in  the  liighest  dcgnee  pvgodkial 
snd  objectianaMe  in  an  economi&il  point  of:'  view;  it  was  not  metéif 
oondemned  by  «iuity;  it  waa  equally  rejected  bv  scientific  reMOB 
Of  what  do  nchc»  conaÎBt?  Of  land  and  capital.  Whit  is  capital,  in 
xeJation  to  production?  The  instnuncnt  of  labour.  What  aro  ths 
CftpitoUeta?  The  depoâtaric»  of  this  instrument  of  labour.  And 
what  then ,  as  a  consequence,  is  the  BociaL  fimcuou  of  capitalists  ?  Tbt 
Retribution  qI'  the  instrumenta  of  labour,  to  the  men  of  labour.  How 
thiâ  function,  the  meet  importait  of  all^  requii^  a  profound  klk01l^^ 
ledge  of  the  mechanism  ot  industry;  a  perfect  famiharity  with  1^ 
laws  which  rcj^ukte  the  relations  l>etween  productiao  sod  con 
Bumption.  It  cannot,  therefore,  without  immense  danger,  be  i 
£dej  to  the  privileged  by  birth,  who  are  the  elect  luezely  by  cha 
Besdes,  was  not  the  Bystem  condemned  with  equal  force,  by 
sature  of  things?  Sjwwt,  the  right  of  property  of  man  in 
Lad  been  abobshed.  ScrhigS;,  which  was  merely  the  modiâc 
of  tJie  property  of  man  in  man,  had  undergone  tbe  samo 
For  the  rights  of  primo^niture  and  o£  (âitail,  the  limit 
to  tlic  power  of  transmission,  had  there  not  been  substitut 
equal  division  of  a  mans  property  among  his  children,  a 
limit  assigned  to  tlic  same  power?  The  nature  of  the  right  of  i 
pcrty,  its  character,  its  limits^  its  ciTcctj,  all  this  had  been  ffubjot 
to  the  will  of  tlio  législature,  to  the  mighty  influenro  of  UtOW 
neral  movements,  wmch  ever  and  anon,  lay  hold  on  socieAiei;  ma  i 
that  remained  to  be  done,  was  to  advance  at  once  to  that 
wbich  it  was  evident  from  the  tendency  of  all  hiftory,  the 
of  the  world  were  from  the  first  desigoed  to  occupy.  If  the  '. 
progress  wei-e  admitted,  it  was  essential  to  admit,  *a  a  ootoUtxTi 
gradual  perfectioaing  of  industry.  This  granted,  tho  whol*  i 
tioQ  resolved  itself  into  this;  wfiethcr,  yea  or  no,  it  was  ~ 
intérêt  of  industry  that  the  rent  of  land  and  hoasea,  and  ibe  i 
the  instrumenta  of  laboiar,  should  be  made  gradually  cheaper?  i 
there  be  any  doubt  upon  the  matter  ?    Troc,  the  idlos  wouid  i 


chaoo^l 


Urn* 


for 


vr.  smamiank  561 

out  Pit  the  lowering  of  wmgea  and  tho  rise  of  rent  and  interest;  and  very 
nataruUy;  but  tKen  theworkcrawouiddenumd  jiL^t  Oïccontrary.  Tlio 
gradual  development  of  labour,  then,  -n-ould  iDTolve  tlic  continual  re- 
duction of  the  ratD  of  interest^  and  oi  the  rent  of  land  and  kouâca.  This 
hem^  the  cAse,  the  St,  Simonuiu  uked,  whfit  'woulii  become  of  tho 
proprictcna  Then  the  rcduction  dunild  have  become  bo  grcat^  that  it 
wi>uld  be  no  longer  possible  for  them  to  live  solely  upon  the  interest 
of  tlicir  money,  and  the  rents  of  their  lands  and  houses?  They  must 
perforce  work.  But  die  proprietor- worker  djingj  his  son  might  not 
imrc  the  same  ta.?tes,  or  the  a&me  peculiar  capacity  as  his  fklhcT. 
For  instance,  the  irtist  soo  o£  «  proprie tor-cnltivitor^  finding  it  im- 
pof^ble  for  him  to  live  on  the  rents  of  his  patrimonial  estate^  would 
be  noûCdaarily  snbjeeted  to  tliti  alterrutive  of  either  altogether  paa- 
poîug  himself  hj  cultiTatin^,  unaldUully  and  i^sùjnatlus  inclioa- 
uttùj  the  domains  ho  had  succeeded  to,  oi  of  selling  thcm^  in  order 
to  obtain  the  means  of  tleroting  hiraaell'  to  the  prafèsaon  more  8mt^ 
able  to  his  turn  of  mind.  And  ma^ihl  totâil  phenomsna  present- 
ing themselves  throughout  the  iriraile  extent  of  society,  was  it  not 
evident,  that  there  wuuld  aiiao  a  bcoeaâty  for  a  general  liqaidation, 
which  the  state  alone  would  he  in  a  position  to  T^^ulAto,  and  the 
direction  of  which^  it  would  be  to  the  diear  intérêt  of  the  proprietors 
ihemselvua  ti>  confide  to  tho  ataie? 

Our  readers  will  have  obserred  the  freedom  irith  whieh  the  SL 
ëimoejaiu  afuproaelied  the  moitddieato  qiieBCidn&  And  to  iJioea 
who,  upon  tma  very  question  of  propertTr  repnMcUod  tJiem  with 
seeking  to  destroy,  aiozu^  with  the  n^bt  of  ueTcditB^  ptaMMOtt»  Ûta 
■tîmuliis  which  the  father  denTcs  from  the  hope  of  enrichînjç  hia 
BOD,  they  replied  that  this  etimulua  had  not  eadsted  for  the  majority 
of  those  workers,  of  whom  humanity  «ns  proudest;  that  it  h^à  not 
existed,  either  for  the  popes,  or  for  tnc  amikB»  or  for  the  crowd  of 
wtive  and  iateltectual  men  who  had  devoted  to  the  austere  rule  of 
cehfaacy  a  life  which  their  great  worka  were  to  render  of  immortal 
fame. 

They  might  hove  replied  in  a  tnanBer  etill  more  definitive  and 
peKîmptory^  if,  inate«d  of  adoj>tmg  tèûs  ibmiula — to  each  ftocording 
to  hia  aapacity,  to  each  capacity  according  to  ita  works — they  had 
•doptod  that  which  is  derivea  from  the  purest  sources  of  gospel 
monlity.  From  that  day  en  which  the  docLriDe  of  duty  aliould  be 
zecc^msed  aa  tho  foundation  of  aocial  momlity,  the  father  would 
■o  longer  have  occasion  to  provide,  by  hiâ  own  providence,  against 
llie  idûntûvidence  of  tfata  alate;  he  would  no  longer  have  need  to 
nosre  M&iehanâ.  for  Ids  vsi,  a  capitatist'B  povtum  in  society,  tho 
only  one  which ,  in  th«  preacnt  state  of  things,  aSRnda  any  Becurity. 
Tlie  ftcti'nty  of  cadi  member  would  have  vùvet  motivoi  to  prompt  it, 
when  once  society  should  have  become  a  large  ikmily,  whierc  places 
•boula  bo  natkea  outfuf  all  men  of  goodwill,  accodiag  to  thewesda 
of  ifattgD^dl:,  the  ikest^  the  mott  &wt£iilof  good,  theiuort  ioaaODg 


JSCrPLES  AND  PBOCEEDIXGS  OF  TIEE 

»  evei  pronounced  :  '*  Blc^ed  are  the  pCiaccniaJcers,  to 

rpe^*-»."     UnfoTtiinatcly  tiie  Si.   Sunoman^,  "ythn^ 

iMT^Ï  »wrt,  went  too  fiw,  did  not  go  far  enough  tovrnJ**" 

lid       aprchensive  tbeory.     Far  the  &ge  in  ^hich  t}icTlin^ 

ri      lora  tbun  was  cqmtâble  ;  for  the  interests  of  pcnoaMtf 

I    dec,  thetr  aspirations  were  rery  much   ebcal  dTda 

ae,  a  btent  division  reigned  in  the  veiy  heart  of  tlie  Sl 
1  family.     The  principlea  had  been  laid  do^rn  t   it  T&tmmi 
them  bjr  practical  application.     Had  tKc  time  arrÎTed  ftr 
'  this  application^  this  pcrilous  applicaticm?       Haviitf,  a 
il,  completed  the  theory,  vrepd  they  now  to   pas  mm 
o  practice?    TTpon  thia  point,  there  were  consîderahW  if 
!  of  opinion  in  the  collie.     "  All  the  problems,"  urged  torn 
BcmbcTS,  **  though  propounded^  ate  not  yet  resolved:  let  a 
sanded  together,  firmly  as  ever;  but  let  our  task  be  confined 
iiftbomtion  and  pi-opagtttion  of  the  great  work.     WIhilvi 
e  gained  over  to  our  couse^  the  society  ^hich  currooudto  m, 
itself  effect  the  desired  revolution.  Let  us  scdiilouf  ly  vnie 
joke  of  cTcating^  a  little  society  in  the  midst  of  the  large  mm. 
I  oe  apostle»,  and  not  set  up  as  a  govcnunent.**      *•  We  hn* 
«tised  long  enough,"    contended  the  others;    "  the   cseoitiÉl 
jovr  13  to  proceed  to  realization.     Let  us  preach,    by  *>v^**|ii^ 
itgwàîù  labour,  let  us  constitute  a  government  in  inxkSatantj 
uur  idcaSf  let  us  quit  the  purely  apostolical  poaition.'*    ^ISkk^tf 
tnc  opinion  of  Bazard  and  Enfantin,  and  theii  opinion  nfltvnJ|;f 
carrif  d  the  question.     They  proceeded  to  plan  the  establishment  « 
great  workshops  and  manufactories;  they  admitted  adherent*  froai 
among  the  proictary  class;  the  children  of  a  number   of  these  w«b 
adopted  into  the  £(3ciety  with  polema  forms.     Tlic  capita)   and  Ûœ 
provinces  were  next  ambitiously  partitioned  out  among  them,  aai 
St.  Sirumiinnisim  friimed  its  own  map  of  Prance;  the    two    suprea* 
fathers  assumed  the  title  of  popes,  an  appellation  which  was  at  once 
a  daring  plagiarism  and  a  betrayal  of  the  proud  ambition   at  work 
within  :  in  short,  the  question  was  no  longer  the  collecting  together  s 
select  body  of  choice  men  to  form  a  respectable  synagogue,  but  how  to 
constitute  a  powerful  force,  of  the  progressive  numbers  of  -which  the 
Glolte,  every  morning,  published  the  emphatic  and  imposincT  census. 
Tliis  new  turn  and  tendency  of  things  gave  birth  to  illusions  of  an 
almost  incredible  description.     The  chiefs  ventured  to  direct  their 
eyes  towards  the  Tuilcncs:  Louis  Philippe  was  summoned,  by  letter, 
to  give  place  to  Messieurs  Bazard  and  Enfantin.     St.  Simonianism, 
which  was  at  first  but  a  school,  then  a  family,  now  started  as  a  go- 
vernment, and  a  government  destined  to  supersede  the  authority  of 
cathoHcism. 

In  all  this,  Bazard,  who  had,  for  a  long  time  past,  assiduously  im- 
bibed the  ideas  of  M.  dc  Maistrc,  saw  little  more  than   a    political 


BT.  SIMONIASS. 


563 


conclusion;  wtereas  Knfuntin  cotitempUtcii  nothing  less  than  the 
cjuryin^  out,  to  their  fullest  extent,  the  numerous  pixiblcms  aiimng 
out  of  the  docUincs  by  the  foundation  of  o,  new  religion. 

This  diversity  of  viewa  in  the  two  chiefs,  was  complicated  by  a 
profound  oppotution  of  character  aad  organizatioia.  linzurd  was  a 
man  of  a.  inasculine  soul,  but  of  a  cast  of  intellect  which,  timid  und 
hesitating  fioia  a  habit  of  long  uid  cautious  reflection^  willinj;]y  ad- 
mitted no  ideas  that  were  not  perfectly  clear  and  distinct.  Mixed 
lip,  an  ultra- democrat*  with  the  atrugglcs  of  the  Restoration,  he  had 
retained,  unimpaired,  the  revolutionary  inytincts,  the  strong  hatreds 
of  his  carbonari  life;  he  had  an  ardent  desire  to  take  a  part  in  the 
conduct  of  Qtlkirs,  and  a  tfl*te  for  theories  of  easy  applicatioo.  En- 
fantin^  on  the  contrary,  with  somewhat  of  the  feminine  in  the  eenti> 
mente  of  his  eoxil,  combined  a  bold  and  eoftrin»  mind;  m  contrast 
with  the  methodical  dcUberation  of  Bazard,  he  felt  an  impetuous,  an 
unconquerable,  an  inexhauiitïble  paaaion  for  the  initiative.  That 
whit'h  Jiazixrd  would  have  sought  to  accomplish  hv  the  managremcnt 
of  existing  resources,  by  the  cmpioytuent  of  political  m(^ns,or,  if  need 
were,  by  phyacal  force,  Enfantin  wiabed  to  attain  by  the  ascendancy 
of  intellectual  daring,  by  tlio  «eductions  of  intcIlcctUAl  fascination. 
The  first  felt  hirapeif  by  nature  a  tribune,  the  second  made  himself 
an  apostle.  The  fiist  would  willingly  have  limited  himself  to  the 
sj^ncy  of  logic  and  science  :  tho  other  aimed  at  procuring  ûcceptancc 
for  his  domination,  by  adding  to  reason  mysticism.  The  organiza- 
tion of  Enfantin,  theo,  was  the  more  complete  of  the  two.  In 
addition,  he  was  a  man  of  rare  personal  beauty,  and  incomparable 
serenity  of  temper,  and  he  posf^^sed,  in  an  astooiohing  t^grce,  the 
art  of  justifying,  by  logical  reaaoning,  the  most  flagrant,  the  most 
fitarthng  {mradoxes. 

So  long  as  tlic  school  had  contc}ited  itself  with  developing  the 
dogmatics  of  St.  Simomanism^  the  active  influence  of  Bazard  had 
preponderated,  hç  had  even  conatratncd  his  colleague  to  sign,  in 
favour  of  Uie  iostitution  of  marriage,  a  public  declaraljon  which 
Enfantin  in  his  own  mind  disavowed.  Dut  Bnmrd  found  himseU' 
launched  into  a  career  wherein  he  was  interdicted  from  stopping 
abort.  For  what,  in  fact,  w^aa  the  idea  St.  Simon  went  upon? 
That  the  Bohition  of  die  great  problem  conaifted  in  discovering  an 
efficient  E£Lir.roU3  bond  of  connexion  between  the  spiritual  power 
and  the  tempotul  power»  or  between  science  and  indiiatry,  mind  and 
labour.  So  that  in  proclaiming  the  nece^ty  of  org&niâng  indu^ 
tiVi  confumiably  with  the  laws  of  association^  and  in  affirming  the 
imnciplo  of  the  clat^ification  of  capftcitie»^  the  Su  SLmonians  felt 
that  they  had  only  acconipUslied  one-hali'  of  their  task.     Tlicy  m'.ist 

{;o  i>n  :  lliey  must,  following  the  impulse  given  by  the  eloquent 
etters  of  Eugene  Kodrigues,  press  forwards  to  the  religious  part  of 
St.  Simonianism,  and,  first  of  all,  come  to  a  decision  whether  society 
baa  a  religious  futurity. 

2p 


564 


PRINCiri-ES  AKD  PROCEEDIKGS  OF  THE 


Upon  t>ùs  point,  both  Bnzard  and  Enfanrin  were  agreed.    Bodi 

Cuncurred  in  the  opinion  that  die  rdliraous  dev^optncnt  oi  bn- 
i  manity  hinl  comprisod  three  gcnetal  conditions;  Jirtitûnsm^  m  vfaiek 
^niini  dciËcs  nature  in  each  of  her  Tisiblc  productions;  /wl^fèWH, 
[  trhercin  imui  elevates  hi*  imagination  to  certain  abstnctionâr  iHiici 
l}ic  ihc'n  deîâes;  monotheism,  wherein  he  refera  all  avaàaa.  to  ' 
'  Bngle  cause,  eitemal  to  the  univewe.  They  sbw  in  tbe 
lof  these  three  general  states  or  conditions,  the  prao&  of  a 
If  easily  vetîfiïJale.    for,  in  fctichiâm,  fear  w  well  nif^h  the  oaily  i 

mi^nt  that  unites  man  to  the  diiinity,  such  as  lac  conocrrci  t^ 
rdiviuity  to  be.      In  polytheism^  We  is  mingled    -witli  ibe  fiar, 
'  Wgb,  even  in  tiiis  religious  state,  the  type  of  iKe  just,  man  is  W 
bo  la  represented  nz  fearing  the  gods.     In  inonotheisin,  of  lAxA 

■  3udaisni  and  Christianity  constitute  t}ie  two  phaaea,  loTC  tendfi  aon 
.  and  more  to  supersede  fear  in  the  sentiments  of  man  «idi  teiygi 
.  to  the  divinity.     The  progress  of  the  religious  idea  is  eqtiaUr  p«^ 

ceptiblc,    in  ita  social  bearings.     For.  utter  fetichism»  irbicti  c^ 

Itspomla  to  the  isolated  worship  of  the  individiiaJ  ^.^zmify,  oooM 

Fpolytheism,  wliich  consecrates  only  the  worship  of  the   oty^  wjti, 

,  uicj],  after  the  moaotheism  of  the  Jews,  which  prodainu  tlie  jaùsf 

■  cf  God,  but  adds,  "  Gx-d  has  chosen  one  only  people,"  comas  l» 
monothoism  of  the  Chnstian?^  which  pfochtuaa  At  onoc  tbe  nnâ^  t£ 
God,  and  the  unity  of  the  human  ikmily- 

From  these  piemises  Bayard  aod  Entkntin  agreed  in  the  oaad» 
[jion  that,  notwitlistanding  the  seepticisin  by  which  thej  winoifl^ 
'  rounded,  an  adrentitioua  malady,  which  yvas  not  to  bo  wandcndil^ 
L  in  nn  epoch  of  crisis,  humanity  was  morcliing  towvrda  a  ni^bs 
I  future,  the  soul  of  which  was  to  be  pantheism. 

After  this  profes^iotï  of  fiûtli  B;i74ird  wished  to  psuae  axtd  TCâaat,kil 

the  time  for  that  was  gone  by;  Eniiuitin  v/aâ  it  Jiia  n^e,  a  IflflffllP^ 

logician,  unremitting,  inexorable.     Since  humanity  had  a  teii^m 

j  future,  to  occupy  themselves  with  tiiat  future  was  a  dDtj*.    îf«» 

!  vbat  had  been  the  idea  of  St.  Simon  on  this  point?     fiazard  eo^ 

rjtot  but  be  well  acquainted  with  it,  for  he  had  himfdf  cxponadsi 

and  developed  it.     Yes,  acconling  to  Bamrd's  own  writino»,  Ghm* 

tianity  had  adopted,  with  the  dognms  ol  original  sin,  tbe  lall  of  titt 

angels,  paradise,  and  heU,  the  ancient  theory  of  the  etrupgle  betivees 

Ltwo  principles,  ^ood  and  evU.    And  Bftsard  hftd  not  denie<î  Ulat  C3tiii^ 

Ltianity  had  viewed  this  piinciplc  of  evil  as  embodied  in  mt^igr.  M 

MPOâ  abundantly  proved,  by  the  preference  given  to  celibacy  over  mtf- 

jiriuge,  by  the  order  given  to  mankind  to  mortiiy  the  ôesK,  by  thaiUdi 

I  care  the  chinch  had  manifested  to  direct  the  matexiai  actiTstv  ^ 

ttai^ind,  and  by  lis  celebrated  do^nna:  ''^Sufieringisa  holy  aadc» 

IMtory  thibg,"     All  this  JLnfiintin  impressed  upon  tho  roooUeeCMn 

of  Bâtard,  aiid  catted  upon  him  to  proceed  to  ml  tlie  caoaeqa^KA 

of  thiâ  their  ct'mEQOQ  deckradon:    ^' The  most  stjikxog;,  the  »Mt 

ori^n»),  if  not  the  moât  important  feature  of  Uio  pmrn^  ivftBBh 


ST.  RnfOKTAm, 


B9& 


liumanitT  îs  liov  raiQcd  upon  to  make,  is  th«  rth^^aii&fi  i^taattêr, 
a  m  ode  of  uniTcnal  cxiËtencc  wliîch  durieUabity  fraote  witK  its  repïo- 
bation." 

Acconling  to  the  notion  of  Enfantin^  tteee  cffnsef[uenoes  ttctc — tii*t 
the  artiMt^  na  intci^reters  of  tlie  principle,  /etw,  Ehould  servo  as  a 
connectbe  link  between  llio  AWtfwty  Mxd  «le  tant  afttutin^t,  wid  ihii» 
form  a  pnesthûod  whose  aim  and  dnty  it  should  I»  to  ast&blÎAli  hsx* 
mony  between  mind  and  matter,  whicn  had  fot  fo  Iobj/  ft  pwiod  bota 
plac^?d  in  hostility  with  one  jinother;  tbat  the  pri«t  should  propow 
appetites;  that  it  wa£  essential  to  the  hoppincse  of  humftnilyi  ihftt 
to  himself  the  important  t,tak  of  fnvounng  but  regulating  tho 
înipulîesof  the  sensual  appetites,  as  well  as  those  of  the  intellectual, 
the  brintft  vf  prt^fovwl  afftetitnLs  sboulci  not  bo  scparatod  by  an  msur- 
TOonntable  barrier  from  tho  being?  of  vivid  ajfvctioru^  and  that  it  was 
in  the  throwing  down  of  thi  s  barrier  that  the  misâon  of  the  priest  con- 
n(ed.  Proceeding  to  derive,  as  ii  concJusion,  from  the  liarmony  to 
be  cstabliahed  between  mind  nnd  matter,  the  equality  of  mind  and 
beauty,  ol'  man  and  woman,  Eniiwuln  prockinicd  a«  a  religions  ne- 
ocBBity,  tho  eniranchificment  of  wornan^  and  her  psrtlOpadini  in  tho 
supreme  power,  whereby  would  be  confitituted  the  TATR  miEST. 

Tho  miaEion  of  the  PAift.  priest  would  have  boon  to  "  impose  the 
power  of  his  lore  over  boingB  whom  n  eiato'Rg  imn^niilion  or  tnintbij^ 
passion  was  misleading-,  rooeiving  (rota  them  the  homa^  of  a  mystic, 
ekÊtftbîMtd  tender  aiTection,  or  the  wortUiip  of  an  ardoiit  Itjve.  KjïoW" 
ûigf  m  •  mastn-,  all  the  grace  of  chastity,  all  tho  clianu  of  pk^snre, 
he  would  be  able  to  control  and  regulato  the  too  adreiituroua  mi  ad 
of  foroe,  and  the  ovcrnowcring-  pawiona  of  odicw,**  **  In  our 
*orld  of  crisis/'  added  Knlantin,  "we  seem  to  have  forgotten  ibo 
divine  influence  exercised  bv  the  dame  of  the  middle  ages,  or  tho 
Christian  virgin,  upon  tlie  h'fe  of  the  pa^c  and  of  the  tniffht?  we 
Ieiiow  nothing  of  tlmt  stale  of  feeUnj^  in  which  the  present  of  a  scarE 
a  look,  even  though  it  wero  unaccompanied  with  a  emilc.  would  ctfm- 
ToanA  the  devotion  of  n  life,  though  that  devotion  wo?  without  hope; 
abore  aU«  we  appreciate  not,  know  not,  the  i»faenoe  of  a  virtuous 
caren,  oi  ».  içh^n»  kin»,  of  a  holy  vohip«B«une«.  We  hftve  no 
idea  of  Fuch  things.  Our  bodies  tie  eron  more  foul  and  rorrupt 
than  our  minds;  «nd  the  bazo  au^mtion  of  that  of  which  I  luvc 
now  spoken,  acara  a  wiwld  that  ts  t^oraiit  tie  ytîi  of  the  lockl,  re* 
Ugious,  and  moml  power,  that  the  futnrc  has  in  reserve  for  beauty." 

Ilu}  relatxona  of  Auahand  nnd  wife  were  not  to  be  exempt  from  the 
dose  intnrwliim  of  the  priest.  Ënûuitin  did  not,  oe  a  mndomottal 
prineiplo^  ooixl«mn  ineowtancy.  He  aaw,  indeed,  cwo  vioea  in  is* 
uifiiosmce,  or  a  &ciHly  in  passing  from  one  aâvctîou  to  another;  and 
m  j^louET,  tho  exduf^ve  love  lor  one  sole  being,  a  devotmnx  pa»< 
aion^  whioh  dreads  all  approach,  which  is  agitated  by  a  look,  asa  ren- 
dned  nrissable  by  a  doubt;  but  under  these  two  vioes,  tho  types 
9i  which  wwe,  to  his  n<rtion,  î)on  Juan  and  OdioUo,  Ëufaniin 
itMB^nt  he  discovered  two  virtues.     A  ûunlity  in  paapAg  from  a 

2p2 


^ 


iBii   sa  tnm.  ^^«t""      Sc  '^""■'"   Bad.  aev^  advHKBÎ    ■»-  sikÀ  90 

fftie  "^  L£S£zB  f  BH.  JHÉÙnK  ée  Gein-it*  jei  Coo^^yan^"  mI^ 
he  sTs:  -  Wtfvca  Aaik  he  ^«pt  jurea^  u-  ttifaBtifte.     Th^^  ^^  ^ 

For  àbe  Anrttrnr  -^*  du  ^'i  11  ipli   pihj—  m  iF  : 
tfae  '*y-i^i'i'w^  of  *  HtfuduCil  iiRirifeace:.  wbicfL  vQixMi  {han  A»i  uwi 

^k^B  ^3&pL  ivvâ  »  «  ViffBff  a£  piveuiiuMR;  it  w*  |^  m^a^ 
toBHB  oc'lte  la««T  bf  tiie  eonâ^nr. 

Btitaccfaii  Am  of  ^garoe  *fciiw=ôaM,  Bvïvd  EccoOed  in  "*■»*■ 
■kniL  He  wiafaed.  6a  liinJe  far  tLe  fia£:diûKs  nlMiiii|!.  b>  ùk  tf*- 
fldtosicii  ol*  ^  fmmif.     H«  ^AÎi  &  wtte  «îwm  Ik  tc&ieciT  iovoîr 

Mitt^LmaMte-jf  tbgretmapgcaiicc&i^infppcacfacict'  ~ 
Ieevtb?  iIk  cttttooutt  prdbrmed  vttii  ilL  Ae 
luiBtui  tiaoL  aad  tar  ■  tot  Iiooe'  tune,  ïfEvaeiUa  vtuch  iliffiiiiiiil 
ilaras  mi  A^icuidn  dma^  kb  sooL  Bac  witk  tàiC  'mi^nm  sg. 
permrWnîrtT  vtuck  sma-  doencc  ainx,  Knt'iftTλ  pvzstord  li»  tt- 
•fizarfcn  of  tiia  desisn.  ^t'ot  content  "arita  t-wrlij.iing  Bftzani  in  his 
■ophisms.  in  <iiscîi?sioas,  penectiy  uaiahjiiigiiJe  to  tbe  lars*  m*- 
'yttixj  ct  tike  â;.  Simonians  he  a{>piied  t**">*^f'  vsaiaiQ^j  «.^j  iu> 


BT.  BÏMOWTAire. 


667 


téïtiîttuifily,  to  the  task  of  atlacliin^  to  his  y'leytB  and  to  his  porson, 
^  extended  a  body  as  possible  of  faithful  disciples,  tlis  radiant 
face,  his  noble  mnnncrs,  hia  perfect  acquaintance  with  the  lanL^'tiago 
in  wbicli  it  iâ  necessary  succei?sfnlly  to  address  beings  full  t.f  son- 
«bility  and  pa^on,  all  this  tbrew  ufwn  those  who  approached  him, 
b  spell  o^  enchantment.  With  an  iistoaisbing  mixture  of  good  faith 
and  deception,  lie  managed,  by  insensible  degrees,  to  stagpcr  and 
to  destroy  in  the  minds  he  set  about  to  seduce,  hU  those  arUcles  of 
Ittith,  which  lie  had  promised  himself  to  uproot.  The  better  to  prove 
to  them  of  what  illupions  they  were  the  fictiras,  he  managed  by  tho 
Bole  influence  of  hia  personal  ascendancy,  to  penetrate  into  the  wrcreta 
of  the  families  around  him  ;  he  induced  the  women  to  mnke  a  public 
oonièsnon,  and  thus  obtiiîned  possession  of  eome  formidable  dis- 
closures, which  he  made  use  of  to  prore  the  merit  of  bis  theories, 
ready  to  justify  the  mcanu  he  employed,  by  the  worthiness  of  the 
end. 

Atthia  time«  tliere  passed  in  the  Rue  Monsi^y,  in  the  midst  of  that 
Ffendh  «ocicty  which  had  become  so  sccptical^so  fall  of  scoffing,  pcenea 
of  such  an  exti-aordinary  deacription  that,  to  find  any  thing  at  all  re- 
sembling them,  wo  must  have  recourse  to  the  history  of  the  anabap- 
tiets,  Thoêc  merabere  of  the  coUc^  who  repelled  the  doctrines  of  En- 
fantin, felt  as  though  they  were  suddenly  transported  to  the  brinW 
of  an  iramenw  abysp,  the  existence  of  which  they  had  never  onc<s 
BUfipccted  ;  they  aeted  themselves,  full  of  terrible  misgivings,  whether 
their  life  hitherto  had  been  but  a  dream;  they  experienced  a  name- 
leas  pane»  when  they  thug  found  themselves,  perhsps  for  ever,  se- 
parated from  him,  whom,  in  the  enthusionn  of  mdnite  tenderness  and 
devotion,  they  had  so  lone-  called  their  father.  As  to  those  who 
remained  faithfiil,  their  lervour  became  doubly  fervid,  altogether 
beyond  expression,  beyond  conception  ;  their  exaltation  amounted 
to  frenzy.  Freqiicntly  there  were  held,  in  a  hall,  whose  doora  were 
£ut  dosed,  whose  lliick  walls  gave  w'eas  to  no  sound,  secret  discu3- 
OODB  which  lasted  whole  days,  wltolc  nights,  without  iu&erruption, 
without  relief^  without  repose.  Sometiracir,  it  happened  that  young 
lucn,  less  capable  than  their  companions  of  supporting  this  tearful 
flauraae  of  mind  and  body,  gave  way,  and  fell  fainting  to  the  ground  : 
they  were  removed,  the  discuwion  poin^  on  unintcrmplcdly  aa 
though  nothiny*  had  occurred.  One  day,  M.  Cazeaux  fell  into  an 
«c*t«cy  of  a  full  hour  3  duration,  and  set  to  work  prophesying:.  On 
■BoUiar  oocjUfion  M.  Olindc  Kodrigues  was  almost  stxuck  with  opo- 
plcxy^  becatue  when  he  went  round  to  the  various  members  pre- 
sent, asking  whether  they  had  any  doubt  of  its  Ix'ing  a  fact  that  the 
Holy  Ghost  waa  in  him,  Jtodrigucs,  M<  licynaud  answered  very 
shortly  in  terms  expressing  the  must  entire  incredulity  ;  the  crista  waa 
extremely  violent,  and  to  aave  the  patient,  I>r.  Fustor  was  ubligiîd 
to  haverecounc  to  a  formal  retractation  on  the  part  of  M.  Uevnaud, 
which  that  brother,  lull  of  sorrow  and  anxiety  at  the  mishap  he  had 
ftflUÉJtmH.  very  readily  funuflhcd.     Such,  even  upon  men  oi  a  grave 


Ma 


PîtINClE'LES  AXD  PBOCEEDINCS  OF  THE 


9.ucl  sobei  turn  of  mmd»  of  aouad  aud  elevated  understanding,  is  the 
fllrange  cmpirG  of  faith,  wbea  it  has  reached  a  oerUJa  point  of  ex- 
altalion;  irom  sucli  singular  phsnomeiia  may  a  judgment  be  fbtmod 
cf  tlic  puiTcr  of  the  mavemeut  wliich  St.  ^imotûuusm  hftd  ^«itted* 
Although  the  secret  of  these  debates  which  were  ao  deeply  «ffj- 
tatlng  the  coLLegCr  was  well  kept,  il  was  înipo^iblo  that  the  unrnj 
ftt  lai^  aliould  not  indirectly  receli.-c  their  impresaon.  From  mt 
irearicd  step  of  the  members  of  the  college,  from  their  worn  and 
pallid  faces,  wliicJi  gave  manifest  cridencc  of  sleepless  and  anxioui 
nights,  from  their  white  lips»  from  the  wild  disorder  of  thor  «^ 
marks,  from  the  mystery  with  which  they  carefully  sunronaded 
tlicir  prococdingg,  the  mem}>crs  of  the  second  degree  saw  that  wotttt 
iembte  drama  vrm  goinp;  tbrwaid;  the  anxiety  became  geaati^ 
«very  one  asked,  what  wiU  be  the  end  of  this  disunion? 

Aa  cxp^rimeût  was  tnade  of  a  hierarcliical  anaogemcut,  vhiok 
ehould  prevent  the  two  chiefd  from  encountering  at  every  turn  am. 
the  same  g;round.  To  the  ternary  division  of  the  80<^e^  into 
KtistB,  gauanfs,  uad  men  of  business,  corresponded  these  tliioe  terms; 
teliyion^  or  the  direction  of  Bentiinents;  dogme^  or  the  mculcatida 
of  science;  and  cu£f«,  or  the  direction  of  material  intérêts.  £■- 
{antia  was  named  chief  of  réiigi&n^  Bazard  chief  of  the  do^m^ 
Olindc  Eodrigucs  chief  of  the  culte.  Vain  atteoipt!  Scbiam  liad 
become  inevitable. 

Snon  after,  in  a  conference  at  wliich  but  few  of  the  adepts  wwt 
present,  Bazard  and  Enfimtin  measured  ar^mcnts  ibr  the  nut  tsML 
The  disouaaioa  was  mo9t  impassioned.  The  domestic  Atfectkiai 
which  had  bo  great  a  hold  upon  Bazard,  gave  Hm  an  agomiâw 
interest  in  this  lina]  contest.  He  felt  that  upon  ita  result  depended 
hia  whole  personal  happiness.  He  struggled  long,  vehemently,  il 
anguish,  against  a  mati  who  overwhelmed  him  by  his  pitiless  im- 
passibility. At  length,  vanquished,  imknowing  where  to  tak«-| 
etand  between  error  wliich  was  imposing  ilaclf  upon  him  by  the  i 
of  eloquent  vrords,  and  trnth  which  was  escaping  from  hiiQf  <S^ 
hausted,  utterly  despairing^  he  suddeuly,  al'tcx  a  whole  night  ptsed 
in  this  tJ&rrihle  duel,,  fdl  to  the  earth  n^  though  ho  had  b«cai  etradt 
dead.  While  the  others  hastened  round  him,  Ëufanûn  atood  by, 
aiiil  said,  with  suppressed  emotion,  '*  No,  it  is  not  posdUe  that  ne 
ihoold  die  thus:  there  arc  too  many  great  thinga  far  him  to  aoooi 
pbsL."  Basiard  was  raised  in  a  state  of  otter  inacitâlnlitT;  by  de- 
grees his  friends  auooecded  in  i^atoriog  Ikim  to  life.  But  the  fouiGCS 
of  happiness  were  dried  up  in  his  bosom  tor  ever.  Ho  languidiod 
oa  for  a  ^hort  timc^  and  then  died. 

Imnïcdiutcly  niter  tlic  declaration  of  tiie  schism,  «i  the  Idlk  of 
November,  \iiZ\,  there  was  a  general  meeting  of  the  tamiJy.  E»> 
&ntin  appeared  there  in  his  quality  of  Eupre<me  &thier.  in  tint 
asâcmbly  tliere  were  coUeetcd  a  number  of  St.  Sîmonâiou,  ivbei, 
\i-itiiout  rallying  under  the  banner  of  Bazard,  liad  pmdexitly  loidc 
»  «hcif  minds  to  quit  timt  of  Enfantin;  ^xoao%  these  wera  MM- 


'"•  ST.  eiMONIANS.      ■!■■.--«•  0Qf 

Picire  Lcrauz,  Jean  Itcyiiaud,  Chartoiir  Jules  LocKcTolHcr,  Caï- 
Dot,  FouT&el,  AWl  Transon.  Eofknlin  opened  the  dificuaaioa,  and 
4Litcr  having'  cxpt&incd  the  CAuacs  of  the  miidunclËrsiandiDg  which, 
lud  exûtti'd  for  som6  dme  bctwcea  liimâell'  and  Bazard,  he  pro- 
oeodcd  to  fxpkin  his  ideu  on  tlie  rvhàbititati&n  of  the  body,  oa 
divorce,  considered  as  an  asfàation  to  a  nobler  attachment,  upon 
the  j  unctions  reserved  to  the  St.  Sinioniitn  pnest,  male  and  feWile, 
upon  the  ncccâûty  oî  renderinjjf  woman  equal  to  man  In  Uie  stato 
AB  veil  as  in  the  family,,  in  tho  tcmpEs  as  well  as  in  the  state* 
'*  But,"  added  he,  *'  it  is  not  a  law  that  I  give  you,  a  doctzine,  a 
mle  thiit  you  must  leam;  it  is  merely  the  opinion  of  a  man  tliat  I 

expTCTs Tho  moral  law  of  the  future  cannot  be  rcTGikrd 

Triihuut  the  co-operation  of   womun,      Unùl   that   is  reveakrl,  I 
pponounce,  that  every  act  is  immoral  with  us,  wliich  now  would 
DC    reprobated   by  tho   manccrs    and    tnorol   ideas  of'  the    world 
around  us;  for  it  would  be  lat;il  to  tho  doctrine  in  general;  and 
for  myself,  personally}   1   should  regard  the  cotmnîssion    of   aay 
such  act,  as  tne  gtWltfSt  proof  of  disregard  my  children  could  give 
me."     But  Buch  a  rescrnition  as  this,  did  not  lessen  in  the  cyea  of 
Ahe  disaectiente,  the  danger  of  tliose  principles  which  the  supremo 
father  had  made  it  his  constant  endeavours  to  instil  into  the  minds 
and  hearts  of  his  discifdes.     Snddtyaly  interrupting  the  speaker,  M. 
Pierre  Leroux,  in.  the  nftme  of  the  college  protested  against  him 
«ad  Im  docthnes»  ft&d  uukonzLOod  that  b6  luonld  forthwith  retii^. 
M  LechevaUief  deolaied  that  nnce,  aooording'  to   Kniàntin'â  own 
admission,  the  morale  of  the  duotiine  liaJ  not  yet  been   fmmedf 
it  wu  out  of  tho  q^uestion  to  thinic  of  constituting  the  St  Simonian 
family  at  proaenti,    the  whole  aflair  still  tcanainiog  in  a  state   of 
elaboration.     Abel   Tiw:taon  mauinfully  complained  of  the  abuse 
that  tho  supreme  tathei  had  deemed  it  hia  duty,  in  the  further- 
a&oe   of  th«   doctxine,  lo  make  of  the  system  of  pnvate  coufes- 
Mons,  which  he  had  contrii-cd  to  introduce  in  many  quartci^.  **  The 
fiiitKcT  Enfantin,"  excltumed  in  his  turn,  M.  Kcynoud,  *^^  crîdcntiy 
fittcdeâ  that  wotnaa  will  not  fail  to  come  forward  and  legitimate 
his  particular  ocmoeptions,  and  this  it  is  makf»  him  walk  with  his 
head  on  high.     For  iny  port,  1  have  full  Jùith  that  woman  will 
OMh  his  head,  but  wc  mi^t  wait  until  woman  shall  rise  up  for  this 
pwpcM.     Far  minelTea,  wa  bava  brought  over  men  to  this  doc- 
trine; sa  «DormoDS  Teqxtnnbt&y  npon  \xt,    1  fe:tr  the  influence  of 
Father  KnEmtin  OTcr  those  men,,  and  I  will  n-jnalii  at  his  adc,  to 
shuw  him  to  them»  such  as  he  really  is"     This  waa  the  bitterest 
att;fcck  that  had,  as  yet,  boen  modo  upon  Enfantin.     *'  Reynaud,"  he 
loplied,  williout  enncing  tlifl  slishtait  emotion;  '^Keynaud  alono 
comprehends  tJio  misnoa  of  bien  protestantbra.    He  Icqùwâ  me 
■natf  fad   aoos  lao  great,  and  no  dsnrcs  to  protest  there  whero 
M  knows  protwtiag  will  bo  most  afluctivc,  at  my  side.    It  is  there 
that  liasard  ought  to  be,  above  llcynaud."     'I'uen  fuececded  an  in- 
twnjtnay  of  iiud  wocds,  between  ihoso  vho  attacked  and  those 
who  ^atmdod  the  conceptions  of  the  supreme  father.     Â  ludy^  a 


570 


PRINCIPLES^  ASD  rBOCEEDISOS  OF  THE 


member  of  the  family,  Tiaving  loudly  exclaimed  thai  she  repciW 
the  ideas  propounded  by  Ettfantin  as  immoral,  her  dcnuncûtion  «n 
energetically  echoed  by  eeveral  wotnca  in  the  gallery.      ftL  Founë 
Wcclared  against  the  supreme  fa^er.     "Your  doctrine,'*  crieJ  U, 
fCam&t,  *'  IS  the  syEtematization  of  adiiltery."      **  The  r^ubiUtiùui 
lof  vice,"  added  M.  Dutpcd.     On  Ûm  other  haJid,    the  p&rtâauf  li 
[Eniknlia,  applied  themselvca  to  his  dcfohce*      M.  ISIichel  Chevullic 
bexpresscd  his  astonishinGiit  at  tho  conclusion    which     some  mem- 
Lbers  hod  amv<:d  aC,  that   because  some   few  abuses  might  hxn 
[crept  into  the  St.  Simoman  govcmment,  a  dissolution  wasnecoBBTT 
fM-  Duveyrier  stated  hig  conviction,  that  not  one  of  Knfkntin^a  idi 
[had   proceeded   from  personal,    ov   selfish,    or  unwrorthy  motins: 
and  that  tlic  defects  complained  of,  -were  entirely  owing  to  the  rvj 
C ire luii stance  that  ihey  had  not  îxs  yet  existing    amon^  them  tut 
I  h.vf  of  propriety,  of  modesty,  of  fidelity,   which    womait  was  laat 
,  Especially  quaUned  to  introduce.     "  I  eolcmnlv  declare  to  you,"  sai 
.  M.  Talabot,  pointing  to  Enfantin,  "that  iFub  man  is  the  chiiffot 
humanity.**     And  addressing  M.  Transun,  M.   liarrault  cxcUinieJ. 
in  a  voice  full  of  emotion^  "  It  ia  not  without  deep  pain  thai  1  It- 
hold  Tranaon,  the  standard-bearer  of  the  doctrine,  by  who£«  âdc  I 
have  Bo  long  marched,  separate  from  us.    But  no,  Trunson,  thy  pImg 
is  with  the  Father  Enfantiii,  with  me.     Thou  can'st  not  quit  to,  fcc 
thou  art  rchgious,    ïhou  wUt  not  follow  Jules,   for   Jules  \ua  sul 
that  the  doctrine  is  bankrupt.     Quit  vsl    No,  thou  can'st  not:  ùtot. 
loveet  the  men  of  labour,  tlie  children  of  the  poor,    those  who  ue 
suffering." 

Tiiroughout  this  scene  Enfantin  never  for  an  instant  showed  ife 
loss  of  a  thorough  mastery  over  himself;  he  replied  to  «ach  aoca» 
tion  with  proud  and  perfect  sclf-poBsession  ;  and  at  length  '^î*T«i»«l 
the  assembly  with  these  words,  enunciated  in  the  moat  solemii  fstt* 
îicr;  "  Although  that  which  is  now  taking  place  amongst  us  i>  «i 
the  greatest  utility  to  all,  yet  I  cannot  but  desire  at  length  bi  ictmi* 
nato  the  scene.  We  will  recommence  the  discussion  ou  Mondij; 
hut  if  wc  continue  to  occupy  ourselves  with  such  contests  as  thai* 
llic  workmen  will  in  tho  meantime  die  of  hunger,  and  the  child» 
we  have  adopted  will  be  forsaken.  One  thing  quite  manifest  i«,  ibl 
there  arc  men  among  us  who  should  for  awhile  retire  and  seek  ix^poas." 
Some  dikys  after,  the  family  «gain  met.  The  insurrection  of  Ljnf 
had  taken  place  in  the  interval^  and  the  assembly  wore  tlic  aniMtdf 
deep  and  painful  thought.  An  arm  chair  kit  vacant  bcsâdo  that  d 
the  supreme  father  symbolically  indicated  the  absence  of  woman.  U. 
Olinde  Rodri^ucs  took  his  scat  as  chef  du  cultc^  on  the  riiçht  <^ 
enfantin.  Eisiujo^,  after  a  short  pause,  he  recalled  to  the  mectise 
how,  from  a  Jew  he  had  become  a  St.  Simonian.  Then,  ia  ■  Una 
voice,  he  went  on:  '*  Rothschild^  Lafïîtte,  Aguadoi  never 
po  ml";bty  an  enterprise  as  that  which  1  am  about  to  enter  b 
AH  of  these  have  come,  on  the  conclusion  of  a  war,  to  supplj 
conquered  with  the  means  of  mtisfying  the  conqueror.     They' 


A 


BT.  STMOinAlfS. 


571 


all  done  ^rcat  things,  of  whict ,  tltanks  to  St.  Simon,  I  was  llie  first 
to  perceive  ami  make  known  the  rettl  character,  seven  years  ago. 
But  these  men  have  discountiMl  bills  upon  the  luiurc  of  political 
test  o  rations  I  and  this  future  lias  nhcady  its  limits  foi  them.  Their 
mifsioEi  is  about  to  terminate;  mine  is  commencing,"  He  then  ex- 
plained the  cToundivork  of  the  prrvject  whicli  was,  according  to  his 
Bcicount,  to  mnujTurfite  tho  moml  power  of  monoy.  Tho  financial 
ctjnunittec  of  the  St.  Simoninns  was  to  Wve  for  their  object:  1st,  To 
labour  by  a  combination  of  measures  exclusively  pacific,  for  the 
moral,  intellectual,  and  physical  amelioration  of  the  poorest  and  most 
numcroua  clfls;  2(1»  To  estublish  houses  of  education,  in  which  the 
children  of  St.  Simoniaus  should  be  brought  np  ^nthout  distinction 
of  birth  or  fortune;  3d,  To  tbund  houses  of  industrial  association  for 
ihopc  in  en  of  labour  who  should  become  St,  Simonians;  4tb,  To 
provide  temimrarily  for  the  wants  of  those  oiFâociatîons;  5th*  To  pro- 
pfigfttc  tJic  doctrine,  fso  as  to  replace  industrial  anaTchy  by  the  roli- 
gio&a  Association  of  the  workemi.  The  act,  jin^scd  belorc  a  notary, 
WBB  to  be  signed  by  all  the  members  oi"  the  iiimily,  -whasc  united 
means  were  to  constitute  the  Fociul  slock,  and  who  were  all  to  be 
answerable  for  pn;Tagenfients  contracted  with  third  parties. 

Tlie  pLm  having  been  read,  M.  BarniuU  traced  a  rapid  sketch  of 
the  sufl'erings  of  society,  and  of  the  «?r\'ico3  tliat  St.  Simqnism 
had  abrady  rendered  it;  in  accents  full  of  pity  and  eloquence,  ho 
described  the  wretched  Lyons  veaverB,  and  from  this  frightful 
episode  in  the  ^;reat  civil  war  called  ftwdom  of  industry,  he  de- 
duced the  double  conclusion,  that  reform  was  necessary,  and  that  it 
was  on  the  path  nf  St.  Simonisin  that  reform  must  advance. 

M,  Barmult  Imd  finL:<bcd  his  diâcouise,  and  Knfanûn  hod  risen 
to  leave  tho  hall,  when  M.  Keynaud  made  a  agn  that  he  Tunshed 
tt>  speak.  His  gesticulation  vfus  vehement,  and  hia  countenanco 
MÙmated  in  tho  extreme,.  "  Money t"  he  exclaimed,  **  cfui  ha\'c  no 
mofid  power,  rince  you.  Père  Enfantin,  according  to  the  terms  stated 
bj  3r<HtrBelf,  destroy  the  old  moral  system  without  replacing  it  by  b 
new  one."  The  greatest  excitement  immetliatcly  pervaded  the  a»* 
sembly.  Addresnng  M.  Reynaud,  M-  L.iuront  a&kcd  him  whether, 
when  ho  went  to  preach  a  new  era  to  the  suffering  population  of 
Lyons,  he  had  been  conscious  of  one  St-  Simonian  moral  eyslem, 
M.  Talabot  added,  that  the  morality  of  the  apostlc^ip  w^as  m  tho 
emancipation  of  the  beings  appcjdod  to,  M.  Henri  Baud  demandeâ 
to  address  them,  and  burst  out  cnthuriastically:  '*  My  i^thcr  waa 
a  common  m&s,  who  triumphed  over  the  accident  of  birth,  and 
amassed  riches  by  the  strength  of  his  arm.  When  the  words  of  St. 
Simon  came  to  my  ear,  1  tclt  that  to  ennoble  my  privilege,  I  oneht 
to  employ  it  in  the  abtitition  of  all  privileges:  I  became  a  labouring 
man.  And  is  it  tlius  the  family  of  the  blood  rewards  me  for  having 
put  my  rtligion  forth  into  practice?  But  not  all  the  unldndnesc  of 
tho  family  of  the  blood  shall  triumph  over  llic  love  I  bear  it;  I 
will  force  it  by  jny  wojjca,  to  give  me  its  tenderness,  its  aSccùoo. 


572    PRIXCirLES  A>rD  rROCEEDlNGS  Ot  TnE  ST.  SrMOKTAXa. 

Reynaud,  I  Layc  ofteii  heard  tliese  mîglity  vortlâ  ptc^ceed  from  thj  ' 
ïnouth  ;  the  voive  of  the  people^  is  Ike  vaux  of  God  !     What  is  it  tfaiû  >< 
they  who  forni  the  people  of  the  most  irnîustrioua  cities  and  toims 
ilemand?     What  cr/  ia  that  wliich  is  heard  tinder  that  standard  of  | 
dcfttli,   amid  the  storm  ot"  grape  shot?     Kevtuiud,  Reynaud,  that, 
demand,  that  cry  ia  fur  briawl;  money  wliich  ■will  give  bread,  ia  < 
then  ft  moral  power.     Ye  men  of  labour,  who  hear  mp,  my  hmd^ 
has  often  grasped  your  hands,  hardened  with  labyur,  and  oaa  61t  j 
them  tetum  its  pressure.     KeïKeure  yourselves,  God  would  wva\ 
have  pennittcd  a  man  tlnia  to  place  Him^li'  before  the  prewBoe  of  I 
his  fellow-men,  with  that  calm,  serene  face,  with  that  gnsmdetir,  and  f 
that  beauty  of  form,  that  he  might  avail  Idmsell'of  these  attiihotcs  j 
for  the  purpose  of  sedudng  and  dtstroying  them.     And  you,  O  I 
women  !     She  who  bore  me  in  her  bosom  cornea  not  here  to  IuAbbJ 
to  niy  wordsj  do  you,   therefore,  make  place  in  yoiir  heart  to  ft  ' 
mother's  Itrt'c  for  me,  that  so,  if  you  meet  her  whom  Ciod  ordained 
to  give  me  bîrth^  you  may  appease  the  torments  of  the  sepantioa 
to  which  she  îias  condemned  herself  and  me.     Tdl  her,  to  exdte 
her  emotion,  how  great  are  the  5uflorings  that  a  son  like  myself 
fccl^,  deprived  of  her  embraces,  of  tlie  sound  of  her  voice,  of  tho  : 
âglit  of  her  countcmmce.^'     At  thc^  wonk,  the  assembly  roae  ia  a  i 
tl^?port  of  enthusiofim.     Sevcmi  iQemhi-r$  of  tlic  family  ruafaad  np 
to  Enfantin^  and  tlircw  tlicmselve?  into  his  arms.     This  wu  tha  lutit 
scene  to  \yhicb  the  schism  gave  birth, 

The  tnorc  important  members  of  the  St.  Simonian  bnuly^  up  to 
this  peiiod,  had  been»  after  Jiuzai-d  and  Enfantin;  Meaâcun  FmnJ 
Leroux,  n  man  of  Icttera;  Reynaud,  Tronson,  Cazesux,  MidhJl 
Cberalher,  Lambert,  Fournel,  all  of  them  mining  cn^neeis.  laca 
Tsdio  had  quitted  witîi  honours  the  Polytechnic  scuool;  D'Ëichshoi,  | 
the  son  of  a  Jewish  bajiker;  Pereirej  a  mechajiic;  Duvcymr,  tj 
barrister;  Maigerin,  a  lieutenant  of  artillcrv;  Barrault,  ex-pni£uMac  j 
of  rlietonc  at  Sorèze;  Laurent,  author  of  a  nfutaiioa  of  Sfoot"] 
guillard^  and  of  whom  1^1.  St.  Beuvc  said^  spcakiug  of  his  t^bmtlifci  ' 
iiaturc,  that  he  had  seen  him  walking  oa  the  crest  of  the  Motmlam;^ 
Jules  Lecherallicr,  aman  ol' letters;  Oamot,  son  of  the  cçl^mMAl 
member  of  the  Cbnimitt*:ïe  oî  Public  Siifety;  Du<riedt  ibnnder  of] 
Girbonarism  tmder  the  Rcstor&tiou;  Olindc  Rodrii^ea,  wliom  Su  i 
Simon  appointed  heir  to  hia  doctrîniîs;  and  lastly,  JSladame  fiaxord. 
Of  these  eighteen  persons  MM>  Barmult.,  I>urcyncT,  LanbcvtfJ 
Fonmel,  Michel  ChevalUer,  and  D^Eichthal,  alone  remaizkod:  &itlifiil  1 
to  Enfantin;  for  MM.  Laurent  and  Kodiigueg  who,  in  the  otttaet  of  I 
the  schism  still  followed  him,  soon  so^rarated  &om  him.  ^t *■"***  r 
clearly  £aw  that  the  old  college  was  slipping  away  from  biin,  bat  hs  ' 
had  jbrmcd  \ns  plan.  To  raise  the  euurasfc  ol  his  reooxunxiiff  dis*  i 
ciplcs,  who  were  ^jmewlmt  alarmed  at  the  iâolatiou  in  whtch  Am 
£}und  themselves,  he  peismded  them,  that,  in  thâ  order  of  pw*^ 
fflcœ,  ibr  a  new  period,  neif  men  were  wautingt  difierefit  uwia^ 
those  who  had  seceded;  and,  suatîuncd  by  that  mvtnôcUsod  i 


PEOGRESR  OP  THE  REPUBLICAN  PARTT.  fi7S 

wMcli  Constituted  Kîâ  ptrengtJn,    lie  ptrecipltated.  kiiuBelf  into  the 
canuT,  wbercLU  he  waa  dtïÉtîotil  hopdcssly  to  looeo  his  way. 

J^C.  Simooûm  asimte<I  n  new  tbnn.     Wc  bIiaU  by-and-by  come 

X>n  it  agnin^  Bunxiunding^  itself  with  a  sincuW  sort  of  pJinp,  dis- 
yihg  before  the  cyea  of  the  populace,    innovationB  cm  co9tiiiae, 
înuch  monî  adapted  for  «tribng  tnem  thfln  innuvadooa  of  îdcââ; 

rutÛTig  into  practice  amon^  itâ  votaïi»  &  £ftnt««tJo  kind  of  brothoT- 
Dod,  and,  m  the  citd,  âlnkuig  utterly  effaced,  amid  the  porsecufeious 
of  ignonuit  power,  and  the  hootings  of  the  scoffing  multitude.* 


I 


CHAPTER  IV. 


The  jcslt  1832  opened  to  the  Icing,  amid  the  usual  fciicitatiaiw 
and  Ûatteiics.  And  yet  never  had  royalty  in  France  been  more 
eenoualy  mctaxxd.  The  revalutiou  wmch  the  St.  Simonians  wer« 
■eeking  to  introdurc  Into  sooul  ordcr^  the  rcpahlican  party  were 
jgnamàDg  in  the  pohticol  order  with  Bcry  ^eal  and  considerable  site- 
COK.  On  the  2d  of  January^  M.  Armand  Carrai,  in  the  NaUonal^ 
praiomiced  for  a  iT|HibIic,  and  eotne  days  aAoTi  M,  Gunier  Pagôi 
entered  the  Chambô-  of  Depoticfl  aa  an  nrowcd  republican. 

One  deputy  akino  rose  to  protest  against  tUu  adm^ioD  of  this 
IKTV  member:  thia  w$m  Cafflmir  Fcncr,  Btrong  hate  making  him 
quicksif^tedt  be  ^  obob  diBocmcd  what  enoBuea  vetc  rising  up 
ftçvîofltbnni  &nd  bow  much  oonld  be  dooie  towards  the  nun  of  all 
hsa  hopis  by  two  Bach  men  as  MM.  Arnumd  Cuncl  and  ûaxnicr 

lliem  was  about  the  wtrale  pcrsozi  and  manner  of  Armand  Carrd, 
ft  decidedly  chiralroue  air,  Uia  free,  bold  step,  hi?  brief  emphatic 
action,  b»  deportmont,  full  of  manly  elegance,  his  taste  fctr  bodily  ex.-' 
ezoiacs,  and,  mrtbermorc,  a  certain  m^ednem  of  tempenincnt,  jnade 

•  A  t  ihf?.  limo  in  whiich  w*  «rritc,  th«  St  8inHWiUfiii  ■.«)  dtarpcmd  in  T«Tid«  «a^ 
ten  flri<l  i[i  wimH  con^^vh  H,  Lwnbcxi  tma  gODC  to  KfCT^^  «>4  beooniB  Laauierl^ 
Iky.  M.  DoTt^n^  wciKa  TUde^TiUc*.  &[.  Mtcbd  ClieTaibcrûaooaadlkrtf  tfatb 
U.  Ciuuot  ii  â  difrtil/.  H.  CakMiut  fa  dliwtiag  ihc  opcntioiu  tpf  the  Wnte  JjoA 
CitrtiTniicii  Camimiy  in  Ihv  ImuA/êi,  «p4  Iwi  iJmJimiiiliriil  lilinrlf  fcreatly  fer  ikdfi 
VMÎ  Ln.iurtT7.  MM.  Traiiwin  tad  Pi^ad  han* rfr<ntCTwi  with  gteai  idat,  into  tbe 
buHXti  of  cfttbolicUiiL  iL  liuwa^  ■  nrofrwr  in  dud  tk  the  catlwUo  timrcnitic* 
tf  BrlAma.  V.  Tienln  It  RttAcnod  to  tJie  Ktmtpûtnttrc  ^mrtmtiit  of  one  at  th$ 
TeiMÉkanâmli,  cf  which  ht  bu  bMn  (fanmehoni  tbo  elnrf  a^mt.  Jf.  lAurent 
ha*  Mnpi*^  a  judyuhip  H  FnvM»  ud  Iwa  writMi  a  pofmlu  luttoiQr  qC  3Siytoia 
ÏL  lilinde  Rulti^ruEa,  *.  iiutai  of  miiMl  ind  a^on,  ù  ea^^cA  in  flnanrial  operatfooa. 
UiulaniMr  Btard  Iim  n.'-cnh-n.'c]  Mu<  hMdtn  «vf  cnthoJidim,  vlih  bcr  •3ii<in''nir,  VL  As 
Bl  Cbhoa,  aOttiir  of  Uiu  Vmrm  Htiifinur.  USL  Jmb  H^imvâ  aad  Fieaa 
bnaa.  Iwo  «icn  uf  higlily  philtMjpUual  miiida,  kavf  cnHttiund  Id  ftitkvw  iml,  fca 
Ifaair  IMman^  tlw  ûuublL-  objiit  uf  loair  tacwut  Miwiit^^vwiS^va.  uxl  humaalijr.  Stt- 
tind  to  t  oûantTT^bousc,  Qui  fifcf  ftom  lorooi.  M.  Eaikatla  to«  rcnnied  (he  mBM 


574 


ARMAND  ÇAHREL. 


ifianifest  In  the  strongly  projecting  lines  of  his  faco,  and  the  cn^r^l 
getic  dcterminatiou  of  hia  look,  all  this  had  much  inore  of  thai 
soldier  about  It  than  of  the  writer.  An  officer  under  the  Resto-j 
ration^  a  conspbatur  iit  Héfort,  in  arms  in  Spain  rtj^fiinst  the  whital 
flag,  drafîgïjd  at  a  Uter  period  before  three  counciU  of  war^j 
1830  found  him  a  joiimahst.  But  the  scildicr  still  lived  in  Kim.! 
How  many  times  have  we  seen  him  entering  the  court -yard  of  ibfll 
Hôtel  Colbert,  on  hoTsebacV,  whin  in  hand,  wearing  as  stem  ûJiàl 
tnartinl  a  mien  as  ever  did  belted  knight  of  old.  Full  of  raitlttl 
kindliness  and  winnino;  oaso  when  among  his  private  friends,  hfti 
appeared  in  public  life  domineering',  despotic.  Aa  a  writer,  hi»] 
Btylo  had  less  brilliancy  than  relief,  less  animation  than  nerve;  butj 
he  handled  with  inimitable  effect  the  weapon  of  scorn;  ho  dJd  nok] 
criticize  liis  adverearies,  he  chastised  them;  and  as  he  was  alwayfd 
ready  to  risk  the  sacrifice  of  tia  life  in  affording  satisfaction  to  ftDjI 
person  who  might  take  'offeace  at  what  he  wrute,  he  reigned,  m-3 
prcrae  over  the  domain  of  polemics,  disdainlul,  furmiduble,  tntlj 
rrapccled.  He  was  born  to  bo  the  chief  of  a  party,  chief  of  a  schoi^j 
he  could  never  be.  He  was  utterly  deficient  in  that  cool,  imma 
able  fanaticism,  which  springs  from  stubborn  tmdeviaUng  deroti 
to  one  particular  class  of  studies,  and  creates  innovatore.  Âbov^l 
all  things  a  Voltairian,  he  seemed  never  to  have  conceived  the  notioai 
of  marking  his  place  in  history  by  the  initiation  of  thought.  Yet^ 
when  a  truth  came  s|)arkbng  before  him»  a  truth  he  had  not  beforftl 
known,  he  instantly  perceived,  and  surrendered  himself  to  it;  for  ml 
him  the  love  of  progress  was  irresistible,  and  the  modesty  of  hifl 
nature  was  full  of  bra-vc  and  noble  aspirations.  But  incapable  as  hé\ 
was  of  sacrificing  to  a  vain  desire  for  popularity  the  moderation  vin 
his  opinions,  and  being,  moreover,  somewhat  aristocratic  in,  his  nunfl 
isers,  Ilia  ascendancy  over  his  party  was  only  that  of  a  lordly  miKul,c 
true  and  trusted  talent.  He  possessed  in  &  very  high  degiee  lh«fl 
power  of  coTOmandinfî  the  minds  of  men;  hia  friends,  he  coulli 
influence  as  he  pleased;  his  soul  was  all  energy.  In  his  cnemica  h«i 
inspired  fear  mingled  with  a  certain  conGdcnce  ;  they  fdt  thmt  isk  ' 
day  of  anticipated  reaction  they  would  possess  a  safi^uard  in  thft^ 
znodcration  oi  the  man,  in  the  imperial  magnaoimity  andgon«roàlj 
of  bis  nature.  In  fact,  all  violent  ^y^tems  were  repugnsuit  to  himl 
the  American  principles  greatly  pleased  him,  in  the  homoffc  tf 
paid  to  individual  liberty,  and  the  dignity  of  human  nature.  He  1 
long  been  a  Girondin  from  sentiment;  and  most  reluctantly  had  1 
bowed  before  the  majesty  of  the  revolutionary  dictatorship,  the  tcrrorjj 
the  gloiy,  the  despair,  und  the  salvation  of  France.  T!iough  the  coip' 
had  tempted  his  fancy  with  its  pnrpassing  glorie-S,  hia  mind  rcvolic 
a^inst  the  insolences  of  its  organised  iorce;  and  he  experienced  a  sort 
of  haughty  enjoyment  in  tbrowitig  scorn  upon  the  rough,  and,  iaj 
Bome  caara,  somewhat  bnitieh  soldicrg  of  the  court,  whom  in  hiii 
cner^eljc  way  he  called  "  swash  bucklera."  Unfortunately  he  hwlj 
^  Q&d  a  faith  in  the  prodigies  of  discipline,  though  he  [  ' 


OARNIER  PAGès. 


575 


self  had  been  much  more  conspirator  tlian  soldier.  Can  on  insurgent 
people  get  the  better  of  a  regiment  faithlul  to  its  standard?  This  is 
TV  hat  Armand  Carrel,  even  after  the  revolution  of  July»  always  re^ 
fused  to  helieve.  On  llie  other  hand,  the  cravintf  after  action  was 
evef  at  work,  within  him,  urging  liim  on  and  on;  he  would  eagerly 
have  overturned  every  thing  that  was  an  obstacle  to  the  exaltation 
of  the  destinies  of  his  coimtry,  with  which  his  own  were  closely  in- 
terwoven by  bigh  and  honourable  ambition.  The  written  war  which 
he  liad  declared  against  power,  notwithstanding  the  real  dangers 
which  it  involved*  only  served  to  console  without  satisfying  his  dur- 
ing spirit,  to  beguile  the  uneasy  ytiarnings  of  his  heart.  Olten  com- 
pelled to  extinguish  in  hia  friends  tbe  fixe  that  waa  consuming  lilm- 
self,  he  was  by  turns  exalted  and  depressed  in  this  internal  struggle; 
checking  the  impulses  of  passion  by  tlie  dictates  of  prudence,  and  thetn 
indignant  at  the  very  wj^dom  which  imposed  that  restraiiit.  While 
BtrucgUng  between  bright  hopes  and  bitter  fears,  it  was  sometimes 
liie  fato*  under  the  influence  of  the  latter,  to  declare  against  movementa 
vldcli,  perhaps,  panctioned  and  supported  by  liim,  would  liavo  suc- 
ceeded. Yet  when  the  battle  against  whicli  he  had  raised  liis  voice 
had  been  fought  and  lost,  he  embraced  the  cause  of  the  vanquished, 
.  «peuly  without  limitation.  Heroic  inconâistency,  ths  magnanimous 
weakness  oi'  lofty  souls  J 

Endowcil  with  intellectual  superiority,  not  leas  eminent,  but  of  a 
dîâfcrent  class,  Gamier  Pages  was  more  especially  distinguished  for 
his  subtlety  ofmiiid,  bis  penetration,  his  câlm^  decorous  prudence;  for 
his  singular  skill  in  setting  the  two  parties  adverse  to  him  together  by 
the  ears,  and  making  them  ruin  one  another,  while  hehimself  obtained 
the  esteem  and  approbation  of  both.     Garnier  Pages  had  not  hke  Ar- 
mand Carrel  become,  gradually  and  insensibly,  a  convert  to  repub- 
licanism; at  his  very  ouU^et  into  the  career  oi  politics,  and  even  be- 
fore   1830,  he  had  declared  liimselfa  tcpubUcau.     Hia  youth  had 
been  a  youth  of  labour;  the  cliild  of  parent?  whom  unmerited  mis- 
fortunes had  borne  down,  he  had  suficrcd  much  for  himself  and  for 
[  A  brotlicr,  whose  destiny  waa  appointed  to  remain  throughout  lile, 
united  with  his  own  in  the  bonds  of  the  most  tender  iriendship: 
At  length:  '^  Be  it  thy  cai-e  to  provide  for  our  worldly  fortune," 
j  said  the  eldest  of  the  two  brothers  to  the  other;  "  as  for  me,  my  task 
]  ahall  be  to  render  our  name  honoured  among  men!"  and  with  this 
I  «ompftct  they  went  forth  into  the  great  worid,  strong  in  their  mutual 
devotion.    The  rigours  of  fiite  are  iatal  only  to  feeble  natures-    Gar- 
,  nier  Pages  brought  with  him  into  the  career  of  politics  all  those 
I  qualities  which  adversity  bestows  upon  select  oiindsî  the  habit  of 
I  observation,  calmness  in   discussion,  a  wholesome  appreciation  of 
diffictdties,  n  knowledge  of  the  world,  a  practical  method  of  consider^ 
ing  its  daily  occurrences.     Now  these  aic  precisely  the  qualities 
wliich,  in  the  constitutional  n^gime,  adapt  a  man  lor  taking  part  in 
the  exercise  of  power;  their  possession  would  have  placed  a  politician 
of  an  inferior  order  of  ambition  in  the  ministry  ;  m  Gamier  Pages 


■  J-  .■       -    ..J    -^t   J-.-   -7,77: — :j   - 
.^      ..-'jATr.,*^:      r    ■ni>r    ..sr..^rL7Tt    5*  'SCSI  3no    ^E 


THEIB  NEW  CIIIL  LIST. 


577 


tiunuftiid  faxnishiiig  workoieQ  at  Ljnns,  the  court  wftB  tliintiiig  of 
BMhing  but  gorging  royalty  witli  wealtli  iipon  wealth.. 

ITie  king  himsdf»  whether  herein,  he  yielded  to  the  dcluaiTa 
couBBela  o£'  a  set  about  him,  who  were  greedy  for  a  eharo  oï  tho 

Elundcr^  or  whether  it  was  that  a  year's  experience  had  taught  him 
ow  very  cxpenFiTc  a  show  to  exhibit  ia  that  of  monarchy,  uie  king 
'*"'lileeU'  reemed  very  willing  to  sacrifice  to  the  exigencies  oi'hia  new 
~tNHBtion,  ail  his  old  bourgeois  habit.s,  and  tlic  sinipie  tAiËtes  which 
hady  under  the  RcffLoration,  made  him  the  object  ot  almost  unÎTecsal 
admiration-  There  were,  indeed,  friends  of  his  who  stiD  wished  io 
sec  in  him,  now  that  he  had  become  a  king,  the  same  man  whom 
they  liad  known  as  a  prince;  there  were  men,  such  aa  MM.  Dupont 
(de  l'Eure)  and  Bavoux,  who  kept  recalling  to  thcinaelvea,  with  atill 
^mdcpartcd  hope,  the  words  they  had  heard  him  prcnaunce  in  the 
firat  days  of  his  accession—'*  There  must  no  longer  be  a  court  kept 
up:  ythat  docs  a  cii^sen  king  require?  Six  tviUiana  for  the  civil 
list,  at  the  very  oiitaidc."  But  it  vcryfioon  became  upparcnt  to  thoee 
who  comprehended  ihe  necesedties  uf  a  monarchy,  that  Kuch  disin- 
terestediuesa  as  this  was  altofjethcr  pninitive  and  Utopian,  There 
■*rafi  accordingly  drawn  up — M.  Laihttc  being  çtill  minister — *  list 
'wlûch  mounted  up  to  no  leas  a  sum  tlian  twenty  millions,  the  neooih 
s^ry  expenditure  of  the  king.  This  estimate  for  a  civil  list  was  com- 
mumcatcd  by  Louis  PhiHppe  to  M.  LaiTittc,  who  did  not  shrink 
irora  expre^^ing  his  utter  surprise  at  it.  In  his  ojjinion,  ho  distinctly 
tAAted,  eighteen  milhona  would  be  ample,  perhaps  more  than  enough  ; 
and,  besides,  how  was  the  inflexible  M.  Dupoiit  (de  TEure)  to  be 
■mm  onrer  to  such  a  pi-opcraition.  Tlic  king  insisted.  A  commissioa 
had  been  appointed  by  the  Chamber  to  examine  the  royal  budget: 
it  consisted  of  MM.  niuuvencl,  Duvergxcr  de  liauranne,  Anis- 
Bon-Dupcrron,  Etieane,  Réimiaat,  Gcnin,  Jacques  Lefevre,  and 
Cormeiiin.  To  tliis  commisslonj  the  note  of  wliich  we  have  just 
spoken,  and  which  its  fmraer  hjid  not  ventured  to  communicate  to 
the  council  of  mimaters,  was  handed  over  by  M.  Thiers,  th*  person 
entrusted  with  this  delicate  iniaaon.  The  astonishment  of  the  re- 
pn'seïitûtives  of  the  chamber  was  extreme:  they  refused  to  beticve 
that  demands  so  exorbitant  could  have  emanated  from  a  monarch, 
whom  they  had  known  ua  Duke  of  Orleans.  Whon  this  cxtn- 
ordinary  note  was  read  to  the  chamber  itself,  its  reception  thci-e  was 
equally  uniavourable.  It  hecajoe  necessary,  then,  to  rcpuir  tliis  la- 
iticntablc  blumder^  somehow  or  other. 

Ju  this  estn^niitj,  the  king  had  rccoutse  to  the  unrelaxing  devo- 
tion  of  M.  LaOittc,  his  favourite  nûniatcr.  It  was  arranged  betM-een 
them,  that  the  king  should  write  a  letter,  in  vrhich  he  was  tt>  com« 
plain  oi"  the  inconsiderate  zeal  of  his  courtiers,  and  to  doiilare  him- 
«'If  an  utter  stranger  to  the  fixing  an  amount,  evidently  so  unpopu- 
lar. Thia  letter»  addressed  to  M.  Lailitte,  was  to  be  strictly  privitto 
and  confidential  ;  hut,  by  a  akilfid  indiscretion,  M.  Lallllte  was  to 
take  care  and  read  it  to  the  members  of  the  commission  aa  im  ir? 


578 


TH£;iR  NEW  CIVIL  LIST. 


refragable  proof  of  the  disiatercstcdiicsa  of  Louis  Philippe  a  i 
tercstedncss  whîdi  it  was  to  be  supposed  tKat  certain  injudiciotis  ser- 
vants had  mshed  to  do  violeocc  to.  This  little  armngtmieai  was 
carried  out  successfully;  the  popularity  of  the  king  was  ssi'od  jQrain 
this  ita  first  great  peril;  and  for  getting  the  chamber  to  adopt  a  list 
which  he  disavowed  without  renouncing,  the  king  awaited  the  oo- 
currcnce  of  more  favourable  àrcuinstanoes. 

Tiiese  drcumgtancca  were,  aa  we  have  related,  the  bloodless  con- 
clusion of  the  trial  of  the  ministers  of  Charles  X-t  tlie  fall  of  M. 
Laffitte,  and  the  succession  to  his  place  of  M,  Casimir  Périer.  The 
court  now  found  itsell'  rehevcd.  from  the  necessity  of  aflecting  any 
Sêrupks.  The  new  chamber  liad  appointed  r  leas  teancious  com- 
misBion:  nothing  now  waa  talked  of  but  a  magiiiticeut  endowment 
of  the  croffu.  In  order  not  prcmiiturely  to  alarm  such  deputies  as 
might  wish  to  economize  the  publie  revcnuo,  the  rainiatry,  iii  thôr 
iiuauce  project,  left  the  amount  of  the  civil  list  blank;  but  all  thnr 
^^rtâ  were  directed  to  procuring  the  adoption  by  the  chamber  of  a 
«ïy  high  amount  indeed;  and  the  list  which  waa  circulated  me- 
naced the  kingdom  with  a  burden  of  18,533,500  francs,  on  thia 
estimate  alone.  This  waa  assiguing  to  Louîa  Philippe  an  allow- 
ance thirty-seven  times  prealer  than  was  paid  by  Fiiince  to  Bona- 
parte, first  comtul,  and  a  hundred  and  forty-eight  times  ^freatcr  thm 
that  wliich  in  America  is  deemed  sufficient  for  the  president  of  tlic 
flouriiiliiûg  republic  of  the  United  States. 

At  this  very  period,  a  charitable  society  had  just  puhUsked  the 
following  statement:  "  24,000  persons,  inscribed  upon  the  register 
of  the  twelfth  atrondissemeut  of  Paris,  are  in  absolute  want  ot  food 
and  clothing.  Very  many  are  eagerly  soliciting  bundles  of  straw 
to  serve  them  as  beds."* 

But  a  civil  liât  of  eighteen  millions  and  more  did  not  eatuiy  tho 
court  people.  They  must,  besides,  imve  assured  to  the  king,  as  ml  I 
appendages  of  his  crown,  the  Louvre,  the  Tuilericg,  the  Ëlyaâir-  ' 
Bourbon;  the  castlca,  houses,  buildings,  manufactories,  land^,  pa»* 
tures,  farms,  woods,  and  forests,  comprising  the  dotocdns  of  Ver- 
sailles, Marly»  Meudon,  St.  Cloud,  St.  Germam,  Fontainebleau,  Com- 
piùgne,  and  Pau;  the  manufactory  at  Sèvres,  and  those  of  Gobetinft 
and  Beauvaia;  the  Bois  de  Boulogne,  the  Bois  dc  Vinoenne*,  the 
Foret  de  Silnart,  to  say  nothing  of  a  splendid  personal  eadowment, 
comprisït^  diamonds,  pearls,  precious  atones,  statues,  pictures,  cameos 
and  other  worked  stones,  museums,  Ubrarics,  and  other  collections 
of  art  and  science. 

As  to  the  Orleans  appanage,  the  courtiera  were  of  opinion  thftt  { 
the  property  constituting  this  appanage  should  be  united  with  lb*  | 
real  dotation  of  the  crown,  thus  apparently  forgetting  that  appanuet  ' 
had  never  been  any  thing  other  than  the  source  of  rnaintenanoc  for 
the  younger  branches  ot  tlie  royal  family,  and,  from  their  very  »• 


I 


I 


.     "  CHEAP  OO^'ERKMEKT.'*  S7S 

Ecncc,  reverted  to  the  state  when  the  younger l3ràzicli  acceded  to  ths 
throne. 

There  rcToaincd  one  very  dehcate  question  to  be  settled.     Inde- 

Îcndently  of  the  vust  riches  he  W(ia  about  to  possess  as  king,  wasLoiua 
*hjllppe  to  hold  pnvflte  property  fis  a  simple  citizen?  According 
to  tlic  edict  of  Henry  IV.,  in  15Gfl,  the  constitution  of  1791,  and 
the  law  of  the  8th  of  Novetnber,  1614,  every  prtBce  called  to  the 
throne,  was  at  the  same  tirae  called  upon  to  unite  iiis  private  property 
with  that  of  the  state.  This  was  at  once  a  dignitied  proceemng,  and 
a  custom  of  profound  import,  for  it  seemed  to  elevate  the  ting  to 
the  dignity  of  father  of  the  people.  But  Louis  Philippe  by  no 
means  regarded  the  matter  in  tïuî  light;  and  immediately  before 
his  accession,  or  the  6th  August,  1830,  he  took  care  to  dispose  of 
)Ùm  pctgonal  property  in  fayour  of  hia  âunîly. 

The  summary  of  the  claims  of  the  court,  then,  stood  thus  :  a  civil 
list  of  cightoea  millioDa»  four  millions  revenue  from  knds  and  forests; 
eleven  magniliccnt  palaces,  vast  and  sumptuous  personal  property, 
2,594, 912tr.,  the  Orleotiâ  appanage,  and  the  king's  ostil  private 
prop*!rty. 

Such  WM  the  hma  of  the  royal  proportions.  The  commission 
adoptod  them,  vrith  the  single  exception  of  reducing  the  civil  list  to 
twelve  or  lôurtecii  miUions,  and  M-  dc  Schonco  presented  the  report 
to  the  Chamber. 

Tl\c  public  waa  perfectly  atupifîed.  The  theory  of  the  constitu* 
^onal  Ubcrals  as  to  cheap  govemmcnts,  had  received  the  he  direct, 
in  the  most  unexpected  and  outrageous  manner.  Polemics  becuue 
inflamed  to  the  bghest  pitch,  A  detailed  estimate  of  the  royal  ex- 
penses, having  been  laid  before  the  public,  immediately  became  the 
subject  of  a  thousand  commentaries,  wherein  the  opinion  of  France 
on  the  subject  made  itself  unequivocally  known,  in  the  form  both  of 
the  moet  cutting  ridicule  and  of  grave  and  virulent  attack.  In 
one  journal,  it  waa  pointed  out  that  the  maintenance  of  the  royal 
chapel  was  about  to  coet  ten  times  more  than  under  Gharlca  X., 
though  Louis  PhiUppe  used  it  ten  times  less.  In  another  quiirter, 
«stonishmcnt  was  eipreîeod  lliût  80,000fr.  a  year  should  be  cona* 
dered  necessary  for  medical  attonihinto  upon  a  monarch  who,  tliank 
Heaven,  enjoyed  the  moH  robust  healtJi.  AVhy,  Louis  XVIII., 
poor,  gouty,  broken  up  man  as  he  was,  doctoreil  himself  for  less. 
Thai  4r2Ë8,000fr.  ^rely  «ccmed  a  rather  large  sum  to  allow  as 
pocket-money  for  a  fnvereign,  who  rather  piqued  himself  on  tha 
idea  of  possosaing  a  philosophic  turn  of  mind.  Again,  people  could 
not  make  out  the  meaning  of  the  three  hundred  horac?s,  at  a  thousand 
crowns  s  head  a  year^  which  ligurcd  in  the  estimat<»;  why  waa  each 
of  thoBc  hones  to  be  treated  as  ivoll  as  a  counsellor  of  the  Covx 
Royale,  and  twi{%  as  well  as  a  member  of  the  Institute?  'Xlicn, 
200,OOÛfr,  for  hveries!  this  was  a  tolerable  allowance  for  plnah  and 
gold  kcc«  cozifiidcring  that  200,000ir,  a  year  would  pay  a  huadrod 

3Q 


[ 


THE  mESCH  SOT  THEIH  Kmo'S   "  fiUBJECTS."  flSL 


L  prince,  whcee  i'ïtt  protection  temU  to  degra^  their  higli  tniar* 
alou.  than  by  the  Lotty^  inspiratious  of  religion,  glorr^  and  liberty. 

The  Bcnsation  produced  by  the  pampKlcta  of  M.  de  Cormenin  was 
univeraHl  and  lasting.  In  the  Ciiamber,  lfx>,  the  d«bale  on  tUc  ques- 
tion occupied  several  sittings;  a  hot  and  obstinato  debate,  wherein 
the  majesty  of  royulty  Vfa&  irrevocably  compTomiâed,  and  wheroiii  it 
vroa  thoroughly  evidenced  that,  in  the  opimon  of  Uie  liberal  portion 
of  tlic  bourgcoiate,  royalty  itBâlfWBtWiînstratnent  and  nota  pnaciple. 
*'  if  luxury  is  baiilâhed  irom  the  paitceâ  of  tho  king/'  said  AI.  de 
MontoJivct,  '*  it  will  soon  dùoppear  from  the  houses  of  the  sui/jectt,"' 
At  thifl  vi-ord  aubjectSt  the  aaetnbly  quivered  with  indignation. 
"The  men  who  nuke  kings/'  impotuoiialy  ciclaimed  M,  Marschal, 
**  ate  not  snbjet-ts/*  The  minister  was  called  to  order,  by  cries  which 
nnundod  from  Qvery  part  of  the  Chamber.  MM.  Cabet,  dc  Ludre» 
Clrrc  Ltisnlle,  and  LuboiaeiereT  enerj^etically  demanded  icrom  M.  do 
Montalivvt  all  cxpluWHJoa  of  wliat  lift  had  aaid,  "  Do  your  duty/' 
exclaimed  a  series  oi' voices,  addressing  the  president:  *'the  minister 
must  Ik"  TLillitd  to  order.     The  nutioii  lifts  been  outraged  by  him." 

"Go  ii[i,  L^-iitlcmen!  go  onl"  aaid  the  keeper  of  the  eoals,  half 
cbokc-d  ^viih  a^tation  and  fu/y^  and  well  skfh  ^baking  his  Esta  a£ 
tlic  certtn^  Toe  confusion  vrta  complete,  llie  miniater,  leaning 
a^inst  the  marble  coluiffln  of  the  tribune,  affected  a  haaghty  and 
disdainful  air.  The  preadcnt  for  some  time  srtood  up,  inccs^^uitty 
ringing  his  boU,  but  finding  himself  altogether  powerless  to  appeaaa 
the  tumult,  he  at  length  put  on  his  hat.  Tlw  eitting  was  dccWed 
sounded,  And  tho  deputies  retired  in  diâorder.  Next  morning',  al- 
moet  the  whole  of  the  dytustic  press  thundered  forth  tgainst  the 
âiult  oflïsred  by  M.  de  Montalivet  to  the  notion,  and  iho  majority  of 
the  Chamber  liaving  voted  the  order  of  the  day  upon  this  incident^ 
U.  Odilon  Barrot,  ibllowcd  by  a  hundred  uid  four  mcmbeiâ,  pro- 
ceeded to  tho  confcreocc  hall»  and  drew  up  a  formal  raotoat  ogamaÉ 
s  word,  irrcconcileablc,  he  said,  witli  the  principle  of  tne  sovereignty 
of  the  nation.  NoUun;?,  it  woul.l  ^cru,  could  more  completely  than 
thia  exhibit  the  disposition  of  a  large  portion  of  the  dominant  party 
Ti-iih  reference  to  royalty;  yet,  in  the  end,  tlie  Chanjber  gmntud  to 
tb«  crown  all  that  had  be^  doiwidod  on  its  behalf;  retd  dotation, 
penonal  Avtetiofi,  privât.^  pn:q>«l7;  it  even  allowed,  as  part  of  this 
eivil  list,  the  sasa  which  the  king  had  received  np  to  tliat  time, 
though  ^y  had  been  jxtid  him,  at  the  rate  of  eighteen  millioiiB  a 
jear,  inste&d  of  at  the  i-ato  of  the  modified  alli^wanee  ;  n  dowex-  ms 
flO^ned  to  the  queon,  in  tllia  avmfcof  her  huâl>antVâ  decease,  and  tho 
«Binnl  dotodon  of  the  hmr  IffiWWl  vas  iixeii  at  a  miUion  (40,000/.) 
Attogotli«r  ÛïQ  court  seemed  to  have  gained  a  brilliant  triumpht 
Bat  th«  di«ea»i<»iis  which  had  filled  the  jnurnstls,  iho  rcdoubtabW 
iHter?  of  M.  de  Cormenin,  the  long  and  animated  dehatea  with  whidb 
the  Chamber  had  resounded,  tW  «v«re  nniwodrersion  with  which 
•  former  minister,  M,  Dunont  de  r£arc,  had  publicly  visàtcd  pre- 
tcnaioii5,  which  he  deemed  and  deecribed  as  utterly  acandalQUa,  thi} 

âQ2 


perSécùtiôf  op  the  press. 


583 


"Îq  a  word,  as  an  effort  of  vengeance  wKicli  all  the  friends  of  tlic  re- 
Tolution  of  1&30  oueht  to  view  with  indignation  and  contempt. 
That  the  legitimatlsts  had  an  interest  id  the  trial  waa  manifest  ;  but  to 
combat  facts  confirmed  by  an  imposing  moss  of  evidence,  something 
*kc  waa  "t^antcd  than  a  brawKng  appeal  to  popular  recollections  of 
the  month  of  July.  Tlïc  Rohatis  lost  tneir  cause  before  the  judges;  but, 
right  or  wrong,  they  gained  it  before  the  tribunal  of  public  opinion» 
An  unexpected  circumstance  arose  to  add  fresh  iuel  to  the  ex- 
-citemerit  of  men's  minds.     In  the  course   of  his  sjjeech,  M.  Du- 

£in,jim.,  had  made  a  highly  eulogistic  reference  to  tlic  youth  of 
lOuis  Philippe.  The  Tiibune  replied  to  this  by  a  bitter  article, 
in  which  it  gave  a  by  no  means  eulogistic  sketch  of  the  career  of 
Louis  Philippe  of  Orleans^  dwelling  upon  bis  proclamation  at  Tar^ 
tagona,  and  upon  the  coraraand-in-chicf  of  the  army  of  Catalonia» 
which  waa  given  him.  by  the  governing  junta  of  Cadiz,  and  with- 
drawn from  him  at  the  instance  of  the  Duke  of  Wellington. 

M  Germnin  Sarnit,  "who  had  boldly  affixed  his  mgnature  to  this 
«rticle,  was  forthwith  summoned  before  a  magistrate^  M.  Thomas. 
He  had  gcarcely  entered  that  functionary's  room,  when  the  muni- 
cipal guards  were  ordered  to  take  him  into  custody.  *'  I  change  your 
summons  to  appear  into  a  ivrit  of  commitment,"  satd  the  magiglrata 
to  M.  SaiTut. 

The  arrested  writer  immediately  appealed  to  public  opimon,  Bu6 
the  govermnent,  now  seeing  in  the  press  a  hostile  power,  which  it 
was  necessary,  at  whatever  coat,  to  get  the  better  of,  at  once  com- 
menced a  series  of  fierce  and  reiterated  attacks  upon  it.  Seizures, 
nearly  eimultancouâ,  were  made  upon  most  of  tne  public  prints. 
The  TribvTie  panted  beneath  the  weight  of  the  prosecutions  which, 
one  after  another,  were  directed  against  it  :  having  lost  all  hope  of 
qucHing  \t^  the  minister  had  sworn  utterly  to  destroy  it.  The  witty 
çdîtor  of  the  Caricature,  M.  Philippon,  and  the  author  of  the  poetical 
Nemrgh^  M.  Barthélémy,  were  in  like  manner  vigorously  proceeded 
against,  but  without  the  effect  of  crushing  the  pencil  of  the  one  or  Ihe 
pen  of  the  other.  Dragged  before  a  court  of  justice,  the  Society  of 
the  Friends  of  the  People  was  condemned  to  fine  nnd  imprisonment, 
in  the  persons  of  MM,  R*i.=pail,  BonniaF,  Gerviiis,  Thouret,  and 
Blanqui,  after  a  trial,  in  whicli  the  accused  loudly  reasserted  their 
■principles,  and  their  determination  never  to  ilinch  from  them  ;  and 
threw  in  the  very  teeth  of  the  judges,  the  utter  contempt  which  they 
felt  for  them  and  thcii:  master  Strong  hate  thus  every^vhere  raaui- 
fcated  itself,  active,  persevering,  indefatigable. 

Ciisimir  Pcrier  was  alike  nmazcd  and  furious  at  the  resistance  he 
encountered.  For  those  whom  he  had  selected  or  accepted  aa  inatni- 
tnents,  were  men  whose  passions  were  altogether  his  own,  the  im- 
^Ucit  Sittellitos  of  a  despotic  master,  the  unscrupulous  agentg  of  an 
^mscnipulows  policy.  M.  Persil,  a  bilious,  sour,  ferocioits  man,  waa 
attorney- general.  MM.  Vivien  and  Snulnier.  successively  removed 
^om  the  prefectship  of  police,  were  now  replaced  by  M.  Gisijuet,  a 


£84 


GHANTt  EKEOE  IN  CASIMIR  PÉKIER'S  TOLICT, 


ttmn  Vfho  trembled  before  Casimir  Périer,  and  whom  the  minister 
treated  aa  one  who  belonged  to  him,  bcidy  arwl  soul.  In  »  word, 
nuthority,  regidarly  besieged,  had  fortified  itself  accortlinply  i^dthitt 
its  piece  of  strength;  and  the  administration  inig"bt  v&y  well  be  re- 
garded OS  an  army  sent  into  the  Êeld  to  wage  fierce  war  with  the 
coTintty. 

The  fault,  to  say  the  tnith^  was  not  always  on  the  side  of  power. 
The  oppoEation  oiten  uofairly  assailed  acta  of  the  goveromont,  which 
were  of  great  utility^  i^sy»  aometimea  of  essential  necefflity;  oft^n  the 
magistracy  wiis  in^ted  without  provocation  by  men  who  inistootc  , 
turbuk-aoe  for  couraf^e^  vulgar  assiiraiice  for  dignity.     There  w. 
war  in  the  state,  and  hatred  availed  itsellV' fall  sorts  of  weapons. 
-    Notwithstanding  aE  this  there  is  no  doubt  that  Casimir  Périer,  , 
£irm  and  resolute  as  he  waf),  would  in  the  end  have  securCNl  for  tb« 
bourgeoisie  domînahon  a  trajiquil  existence,  if  the  expansion  of  his  ' 
ideas  had  corresponded  with  theenergy  of  hia  will.     But  deBcicnl  in 
graiidemr  and  conception  and  in  the  capacity  for  daziling  men's  mind* 
by  greaX  resiidts,  in  Ixis  hands  power  assumed  extreme  violence  without 
acquiring  strength  ;  he  kept  tlie  public  in  a  state  of  breathlesa  cxcili^ 
ment,  but  he  inspired  no  respect  ;  he  sought  to  reduce  every  thing  t» 
fi  condition  of  unquestioning  silence;  what  he  did  was  lo  throw  erery 
thing  into  commotion.     His  policy  could  not  be  sanguinary  hy  rcusoK 
of  the  state  of  manners;  it  could  not  be  absolute  by  reaioe  of  tbo 
lawg;  the  greater  arrogance  it  displayed,  therefore,  the  more  PAlttjr 
and  contemptible  did  it  appear.     That  is  unskilful  power  wbiCB  osii  ] 
up  loftier  pretensions  than  it  has  resources  to  maintain.     Tlûs,  undor  j 
QiËimlr  Périer«  was  the  government  blunder.     The  ir^^vdt  vas,  làaê  1 
the  audacity  of  the  varions  panâes  in  opposition  grew  more  and  man  ' 
daring;  and  authority^  binding  the  law  inadequate  for  the  supjpeflSflQ  i 
of  its  a*Eailants,  was  fain  to  have  recoui^  both  lo  arbitraty  prooee' 
ings  and  to  expedients  of  a  by  no  means  honourable  character.     Al- 
ready, at  the  kst  anniversary  of  the  taking  of  the  Bastilc,  the  pubUo 
had  seen  a  party  of  yoimg  people,  who  were  about  to  plant  the  tn» 
of  liberty,  felled  to  tho  e^h  by  a  gang  of  labourers,  part  of  a  body  ' 
whom  an  obscure  agent  of  pohce  had  tbrmod  into  a  sort  of  blud^ieoB* 
mcn  regiment,  with  the  pay  of  tliree  fmncs  a  day.     This  outn^r«t 
about  which  there  was  so  much  of  premeditation^  was  dcaounced  m 
the  chamber  by  MiVL  Mauguin  imd  Odilon  Banrot;  Cflsiinir  Puâer  ] 
repelled  with  infinite  haugotinesa  the  imputation  of  liaving  dirooleA  i 
Bueh  excesse?.    But  adjnitting,  aa  is  probable*  that  the  giiTcraxaeBt  i 
hud  had  no  liand  in  this  odiuus  machination,  the  work  of  polîtical  ! 
fanatics,  of  a  lower,  ft  subaltern  class*  yet»  at  any  rate*  govenuoent  | 
was  open  to  the  reproach  of  having  taken  no  steps  to  disooTcr  tht  | 
perpctmtora  of  tlic  outrage,  of  not  having  ordered  n  strict  inqmijT  | 
mto  the  matter,  and  moreover  of  having  permitted  the  Afûmtmri 
officiaidy  to  eulogise  the  zeal  which  the  bludgeon-men  had  diiplAfsdj 
in  FUpprcpaiog  the  émeute. 
lu  other  respects  tlte   encroachments    of  arbitrary  power  «• 


ATÎÎIANP  CUtKEL  S  COURAGEOUS  DECXASATION. 


£85 


I 


l^ecomiog  more  mordinntc  day  hy  day;  arrests  of  ^nrriters  wera 
Incoming  multiplied;  men  who  imâ  to  miûntaÎQ  &  family  bj  tlieir 
profciËigional  labours  were  toxn  fiom  tbeir  homes  by  m^ht  on  tbt 
îïjost  iVivolous  informations;  moajrcerftU-d  preventively,  fitrictly  sa* 
eluded  from  all  intercourse  witli  tbosc  beyond  tlicir  prison  walls, 
those  unhnppy  men  appeared  at  kst  before  tbe  tiibunal,  whidb. 
eomedjuca  aodarcd  them  innocent,  sainctiincs  condemned  them,  not 
£ar  the  imaginary  o&acc  whieK  had  been  taade  the  pretext  lor 
their  arrest,  but  for  oîfcnsive  words  wrun<5  from  them  by  their 
indifrnation  ot  their  long,  tinjust  imptmiiinaent. 

The  press  almost  unanimously  btted  up  its  voice  against  such 
AsgHntabtieee;  its  r^nonstnuiccs  were  dii^ilained.  Armand  Carrel 
^oonpon  ulopted  &  determination  that  will  for  ever  relîoct  honour 
on  his  memory.  In  an  ardelc,  signed  with  hb  namo,  he  proved 
thai,  &s  legarded  the  prinkng  and  publication  of  writings,  the  CA«e 
oi'Jh^rant  déHt  existed  only  when  a  call  to  rcTolt,  to  a  speedy*  aii 
immediate  levying  of  war  on  tic  government,  was  printed  in  a 
place  known  bel'orehand  to  the  agents  of  the  Muthoritiee;  thai  the 
Jia^ant  délit  was  not  p>ogaible  on  the  part  of  the  penû<lieal  press 
except  in  case  of  rcyoluCioa;  that  there  waa  not  one  of  the  writers 
ooaaxmitted  to  prison  ditrin^  the  pa^t  naontb,  of  whom  there  wore 
grounds  for  aajrmg  that  he  had  been  surprised  m  Jintpranie  deHcto; 
and  that  the  executive,  therefore,  had  rendered  itself  guilty  towards 
ihêm  of  4  tyjsnny  which  each  of  them  ou^ht  to  cmubat  with  oil 
hoM  prnwiial  ^m&rgj.  Tho  article  concluded  with  this  intrepid  de- 
Yduatian  ; 

"  It  shall  not  be  said  Hhai  a  Bystcm  that  cmgaged  in  t]i6  absurd, 
the  countless  pïosecutîons  that  fill  our  tribunals  wjth  their  brawling 
din;  that  permitted  the  cooHscation  in  detail  exercised  upon  our  pro^ 
pcrty  by  tiic  post  and  tlic  crown  lawyers  ;  a  system,  under  which  wri- 
Aen  ate  diagiaced,  while  awaiting  judgmant,  by  being  coupled  with 
lainicaf  or  an  killed  otV  quietly  by  the  pcatitential  miasmata  of  St. 
fiâuîei  shall  be  permitted  further  to  enrich  itaetf  with  an  unli- 
ttDtnL  arbitraiy  right,  bearing  the  ujunc  oï jtiritprtidence  dujia^rtatL 
dcHt.  Such  a  syâtcm  shall  not  with  our  consuut  l>c  designated  liberty 
ol'  the  press.  A  usurpation  »o  moostivus  djall  not  stand.  We 
«Itould  be  criminal  were  we  to  tvtSex  it,  and  this  ministry  most  be 
aaadA  to  kitow  that  a  âu^Ic  man  of  stout  heart,  having  the  law  on 
Mb  taatf  may  stake  his  life  on  equal  chances  not  only  against  tlmt  of 
i«f«K  <«  eight  ministen,  but  against  all  the  întœstB  great  or  Baatt 
tliBt  ibonld  imprudently  attadi  tlicjDitfJTes  to  tlie  destiny  of  mcli  m 
ttdantrf.  It  if  a  Little  thing,  the  U&  of  one  man,  slûn  furtively  at 
the  oomar  of  a  Ftrcct  in  llw  confusion  of  a  riot  ;  but  the  Ulc  of  a  mm 
of  lununir.  who  dioold  be  slain  in  his  own  house  by  tlit  myrmidong 
of  M.  Périer,  whilfi  MÙting  in  the  name  of  the  Law — uns  wtmld 
not  be  a  litdc  thtzig.  Hn  blood  would  cry  for  vcngcanoc.  Let  tbc 
ministry  Tenture  tliis  «take,  and  perhaps  it  will  not  wiu  the  game. 
^£he  writ  of  coanmittal,  imdcr  pretext  of  ^ayrant  délit,  cannot  be 


58B  CONSPUiACT  OF  THE  TOWERS  OF  NOTRE  DAME. 

legrally  decree^!  Against  the  writers  of  the  periodical  press;  and  every 
writer  possessed  ■with  a  sonse  of  hJs  dignity  as  a  duzen  -will  oppose 
law  to  lawlcâanesa,  and  fotcc  to  farce,  it  û  a  duty:  come  what 
rnay. — Armand  Cajebel." 

Tliis  langïiage,  so  firm  and  so  noble,  excited  tlie  most  lively  en* 
ttusiasni  in  the  press.  M.  Caucliois  Leniaire  (who,  on  the  ctb  of 
the  revoîutiou  ot  1830  had  so  boldly  invited  the  Due  d'Orléaaa  to 
lay  hoM  on  the  crown)  conderaniid  m  cloquent  terms  the  system  on 
■wliieh  it  was  sought  to  rest  the  new  dynïisty.  Almost  all  the  jouroalfl 
applauded;  ûxeJojtmal  des  Débata  itaclf  pronounced,  though  timidly; 
against  a  jurisprudence  so  generally  reprobated.  The  mortiûcatioB 
of  Casimir  Pcrier  waa  excesave:  he  caused  the  National  to 

seized,  and  prosecutions  were  likewise  ordered  against  two  jon      

which  had  eaergoticnïly  eecondcd  its  declaration,  the  Mouv^ment^ 
edited  by  M.  Achille  Koche,  and  the  Rcvdution  de  1830,  edited  by 
MM.  Charles  Kcybaud  and  Antony  Thouret.  This  was  doing  too 
little:  but  the  ministers  Imew  well  that  Armand  Carrel  was  the 
mau  to  receive  with  iiis  pistols  on  the  table  any  aj^ent  of  a  systein 
that  defied  the  laws:  they  did  not  take  up  the  gauntlet  flung  to  tliem. 
hy  the  most  spirited  representative  of  the  republican  opinions. 

With  these  conflicts,  which  occupied  the  first  montîis  of  1832, 
were  mingled  strange  attempts  and  plots.  On  the  4th  of  January, 
about  fbuf  in  the  afternoon,  the  bell  of  Notre  Dame  was  heard  to  ring 
on  a  sudden.  The  keeper  of  the  towers  had  only  admitted  &  very 
small  niunber  of  persona  who  had  entered  two  and  two.  He  rushcu 
up  the  staircase  to  see  what  was  the  matter,  but  had  scarcely 
ascended  twenty  steps  above  the  first  gallery,  when  he  heard  loud 
yoices,  immediately  followed  by  the  report  ol  a  pistol.  The  keestfl 
ran  down  again  wtth  the  speed  of  terror  to  inform  tLe  authorittctL 
Soldiers  soon  arrived,  and  sergtmis  de  uiHe  look  the  way  to  the 
cathedral  in  n!l  haste  by  order  of  tha  prefect  of  police,  who  had  been 
Xorewarncd  of  the  affair.  The  towers  were  entered  and  examined, 
and  after  Uiree  other  discharges,  which  wounded  Jio  one,  ax  indi- 
viduala  were  Mrested,  almost  all  of  them  mere  youths,  and  of  the 
humblest  condition.  One  of  them  named  Migue,  was  but  ft  child. 
He  cried,  protested  his  innocence,  and  promised  to  confies  erery 
thing.  Whilst  his  captors  were  questioning  him,  a  fire  faiokc  out 
in  the  northern  tower.  It  was  extinguished,  although  the  flaisKS 
had  already  risen  to  a  great  height.  Migue  declared  that  sevOB 
persona  had  entered  the  towers:  the  search  was  therefore  continued, 
and  for  a  long  time  fruitlessly.  At  nine  o'clock  several  municipil 
.Cuardt  haying  gathered  at  a  window  looking  upon  the  gcdlerk  lU 
la  Vierge^  they  thought  they  saw  a  man'^s  head  at  an  upper  window 
lighted  by  a  flambeau.  They  ruahed  îwto  the  beHfrey,  and  found 
the  beams  ou  fire.  The  night  was  cold,  and  the  wind  was  hi^ 
and  had  the  flre  remained  long  undiscovered,  it  would  prol»bly  not 
have  been  got  under  without  difficulty.  Tlie  men  pursued  their 
search  with  increased  activity.    They  were  very  much  incnrawd, 


THE  CONDUCT  OP  THE  rOUCE  K^FOSED,  587 

and  Bome  cried  out  he  must  he  killed.  Suddenly  a  man  stood  before 
them  on  the  platfonn,  presented,  his  breast,  and  called  out  that  he 
surroudored-  On  being  asked  what  he  was,  he  answered  émeutier^ 
His  mime  was  Considère. 

The  object  of  these  angular  eonapiratorâ  waa  by  sounding  the 
tocsin  to  give  the  signal  of  revolt  to  divers  groups  of  malecontents 
ecaltered  over  the  capital  aûd  in  readiness  to  march. 

The  persons  arrested  were  iinprisoncd  and  brought  to  trial  two 
months  afterwards.  Their  enterprise  had  had  no  serious  consequences; 
but  their  trial  -was  of  great  importance  from  the  light  it  cast  on 
the  luanoeiivrcs  of  the  police.  It  resulted  in  fact  from  the  exami- 
nation uf  the  prisoners,  and  from  the  depositions  of  witnesaes,  that 
tiiC  police  had  been  infurmed  of  the  plot  several  days  before- 
hand, both  by  a  letter  from  General  Darriuîcj  who  had  received  the 
denunciations  made  by  an  obscure  agent  named  Matliis,  and  by  the 
disclosures  made  by  a  galérien  named  Pcrnot-  Now  no  precaution 
liad  been  taken  to  pre\-cnt  the  execution  of  the  plot,  though  all 
that  was  requisite  to  tliia  cud  was  to  lock  the  doors  of  the  towers. 
It  even  appeared  iucon  te  stable  that  M.  Carlier,  cliicf  of  the  mu- 
nicipal police,  hod  told  Gilbert  the  keeper  of  the  towers,  he  need 
not  entertain  any  uncusiiiess.  Other  strange  circumstances  were 
prominently  diî^pbyed  by  this  triuL  Thus  the  news  of  the  con- 
Bpiracy  liad  been  announced  in  the  English  newspaper  the  Times, 
by  a  letter  from  Paris  dated  January  3.  Eycu  belore  the  agents 
of  the  public  force  had  entered  the  towers,  they  talked  amons  tnem- 
fielvcs  of  a  barricade  really  erected  by  the  accused.  At  uie  mo- 
ment of  Considérées  arrest,  a  sergeant  smelled  hia  hands  to  ascer- 
tain whether  they  had  not  an  odour  of  essence,  whence  the  condu- 
pion  might  be  drawn^  that  tïiîs  special  fact  of  a  bottle  of  essence 
iiaving  been  carried  into  the  towers»  was  not  unknown  to  the 
police.  Lastly,  on  the  4th  of  January,  as  if  to  facilitate  the  execu- 
tion of  the  plot,  the  ringer  had  quitted  the  towers  without  per- 
mission at  ten  o'clock  in  the  morning,  and  his  wife  on  that  day  did 
liot  take  Ilia  pbce,  coiîtrary  to  her  previous  invariable  custom. 

The  advocates  for  the  accused  fastened  on  these  hist  circumatances 
to  shift  upon  the  authoriries  the  accusation  that  hung  over  their 
clients,  'iliey  reproached  the  police  for  its  shameful  practice  of  pre^ 
fcrring  the  system  of  cure  to  t]iat  of  preveution.  They  inveigned 
Against  that  tricky  policy,  the  object  of  which  is,  by  itself  stirring 
up  disturbances  by  secret  arts  and  skulking  agents,  to  render  all  op- 
position odious,  and  to  ndly  round  the  goveminent^  through  the  in- 
fluence of  fear,  all  the  interests  friendly  to  peace  and  quiet. 

These  attacks  were  jïiï^tHied  in  the  special  instance  to  which  they  ap- 
plied ;  for  it  is  certain  that  in  this  case  the  police  couldj  without  incon- 
venience,withoutdiflicully  or  noise,huve  frustrated  projects,the  scope 
of  which,  moreover,  was  null.  But  it  ia  just  to  own,  that  in  a  corrupt 


.-*-»*- 


*  A  newly  coineA  word,  equivalent  to  rita  maker. 


588 


COSePlRACT  OF  TH£ 


eocietyiandunderthe  swayofYJciomînstitationB,a  system  of  pure  pre- 
vention would  often  ]eavcthcgovemineiituakeâbelbreitfiçnGmîe&  To 
E'veconspiratois  notice  that  they  are  watched,  and  thai  their  plans  are 
ïown,  is  what  the  poUcc  could  not  do  without  tiiereby  inviting  then 
to  lake  hctter  measures,  and  putting  itself  at  their  mercy.  It  oould 
Bût  arrest  them  hcfore  any  overt  act  had  been  committËd  withonlox* 
posing  itself  to  pcniicioua  mistakes,  and  subjecttng^  itself  to  the  re- 
proach oi"  dealing  with  impatient  and  brutal  arbitrary  force  towarda 
cidzcna  suspected  on  light  grounda.  But  in  the  a^air  of  the  towen 
of  Notre  Danie,  the  potiec  was  not  only  accused  of  holding  out  negv^- 
live  temptations  to  the  conspirator?,  but  of  having  directly  instagAlwd 
them  tlirough  one  ol'  its  agents.  M.  Dupont  stated,  in  hia  eloquent 
and  animated  speech,  how  Pemot  had  abused  the  ignorance  andde»- 
titutiou  of  two  young  men  to  excite  them  to  revolt.  He  repre- 
sented him  making  &  parade  of  his  hatred  to  the  govcmmeixt,  taUoDg 
of  the  capital  aa  ready  to  rise  at  the  sound  of  the  tocflin,  givûng  m 
workman  eeditioua  articles  to  read,  adding  to  thcta  perfidiotu  com- 
jnentariea  of  his  own,  and  labouring,  with  all  bis  might,  ta  sedoce 
the  wretches  he  intended  to  betray. 

Such  were  the  facts  offered  by  the  advocate  to  the  judgmraii  of 
the  public^  Already,  moreorer,  in  the  course  of  the  examiûfttàoas, 
tho  eyBtem  denounced  by  M.  Dupont  had  been  in  part  avowed.  Tbe 
head  of  Uic  municipal  police,  having  been  nimmoned  b^ore  ih» 
judcta,  had  not  heçitatcd  to  say,  "I  have  found  meani  to  dieôT^ 
gamze  the  secret  societies;  namely,  by  pointing  out  tlie  uio^t  viés^ 
moat  of  their  mcmbeia  as  epies,  in  consequence  of  which  they  h/Êcm 
been  beaten  on  the  qnoys  by  men  of  their  own  party." 
•.  It  was  impossible  but  that  statements'  of  this  nature  shotild  nutkt 
ft  deep  impression  on  the  jury.  Five  of  the  accused  were  acquitted; 
three  othesra  were  declared  guilty*  but  only  of  a  misdemeanour,  in 
not  having  made  disclosures  ;  and  though  they  were  scntenocd  to  ink' 
pzifioumcnt,  it  was  le^s  on  account  of  tbe  plot  than  of  their  anogaft 
conduct  before  the  judges.  Melancholy  Icj^sons  were  taught  by  (Uni 
afi'air:  the  measure  of  a  government's  strength  îa  the  morality  of  diflr 
means  it  employa  to  defeJ\d  itself, 

A  conspiracy  of  a  far  différent  and  more  ivriouR  nature  at  the  flunft 
period  threatened  all  the  eonsttttit^^d  authorities.  We  Imvc  menliao«d 
the  ambitioua  hopes  cherished  by  the  exiled  Duchca  de  Bern.  A 
levy  of  arms  in  La  Vendee,  and  a  rising  in  tlic  provinces  of  the  souUk, 
would,  doubtless,  liave  not  been  enough  to  open  a  path  to  the  thitnc 
for  the  9on  of  tliat  prince»;  it  was  essential  that  Pfuris  too  should  aim 
in  the  cause  of  the  elder  Bourbons.  Some  pecuniary  assistance  S^ 
hihuted  in  tlie  name  of  tho  Duchess  de  Bern  among  defibtute  woric- 
men  and  old  servants  of  the  proscribed  royal  âimîly,  soggoetod  lliA 
idea  of  ft  conspiracy,  by  showing  iiow  mtich  might  bo  expected  ftoa 
the  gr&titudc  of  a  people  and  from  its  miecTy.  A  phytiçi^ti,  a  una 
of  intellect  tmdit^solutioo,  took  the  âr5t£t£p.  Itiâ  pmieaaoa  T  *^ 
him  in  contact  with  a  great  number  of  men  whom  tbe  revc* 


RimDW  PBOCTAIBB9. 

-July  itad  mined  or  deceived  ;  he  made  trial  on  tliem  of  the  miluencc 
acq  uiied  bj  acta  cJ  kindnfa*.  and  when  he  had  explored  ail  the  poasjblc 
-disorders,  all  the  germa  of  FCTch  latent  in  a  suâeEÎiig  «ociety  uxtBOp- 
ported  by  faith»  he  opened  his  mind  to  some  tôeaÛB.  A  plan  wie 
Lfcid  down.  Twelve  loaderg  were  appointed  for  the  twelve  flrmndi89&' 
-mcnts  of  Paria.  Each  of  th«âe  was  to  «oavey  th«  orders  iâ&ued  by 
ihe  central  body  to  four  lieutenanta,  each  ol  whom  cojniiiandeda 
Itrigade  of  ten  men,  and  every  ucmlter  of  a  brigade  was  to  be  em- 
ployed in  enrolling  stcondary  conspiratore,  who  were  to  be  made 
vubfer^'irnt  to  the  succeae  of  schemes  unknown  to  mosi  among  them. 
\As  the  strength  of  the  legilimatist  pBi^y  consisted  in  its  wealth, 
•money  btscame  the  moving  power  of  this  con^iracy.  A  fund  w» 
ibrmod  from  the  proceeds  of  sundry  Bubscription?,  idded  by  rather  can- 
ffdcrablc  sums  brought  from  Italy  by  an  ag-ent  of  the  DochcEe  de 
Bftrri,  who  was  attadied  to  ihu  household  of  Marshal  Bourmont-  A 
Bystcm  of  tampering  with  men's  allegiance  was,  thereupon,  licg;im  ona 
vast  scale.  Money,  nowcvcr,  was  not  so  much  employed  in  the  regular 
XKymcnt  of  rccmita  as  in  giving  the  nocruitcra  the  means  of  coming 
sn  contact  with,  people  of  the  lower  class  in  parties  of  pleaeuxtr,  vhezo 
iialf  hintfl  could  be  thnown  out»  and  the  commonplace  arts  of  sedno' 
lion  could  be  practised.  It  is  to  be  remarked,  that  many  poor  work- 
men entered  into  the  conspiracy  without  having  rcueîved  any  xaaro 
pecuniary  advances  than  thcix  extniL-mc  destitution  rendered  etrictly 
^ditpeaiaUC)  or  than  merely  compensated  them  for  their  Ioeb  of 
^mc  fitiUit  is  a  &ct,  that  distributions  of  money  were  made  amon^ 
tiu  distrcnod,  and  in  a  maimer  that  placed,  in  ft  glftring  light,  the 
«hameful  nerrloct  in  which  the  poor  wcraaUowodto  pine.  But  whilst 
ftllr:;viuting  hopelc^-a  distreat!,  the  chief  oompmaiOK  chd  not  fm-gct  to 
hold  out  t3ie  bait  of  aJiuring  promises  to  greedy  ambition;  and  in  a 
mhiirt  while  they  had  q  little  army  ready  to  brinff  into  the  field.  The 
fall  of  Charles  X.  liiad  caused  the  discharge  of  the  garde  royale,  and 
the  change  of  a  numerous  body  of  domeslics:  the  conspiracy  enrolled 
ma  recruits  many  officers  aad  nooHaommisDoned  ofEcors  of  the  fforde 
rojfafe,  and  almost  all  ihoac  who  had  formerly  htid  «abaHârn.  poite 
in  the  royal  household,  from  which  thoy  had  been  fnidden^  dï^ 
niaed;  bm  to  these  were  added  servants  still  in  cmpLovm^ntr  who 
irepe  prompted  jmrely  by  attachment  to  the  fiiUcn  dynarty.  M*^ 
of  the  fjcndnmuM  des  chasses  and  parties  Jioratien  were  also  gained 
orer.  The  conspitfttor^  contrired  even  to  gain  conlederatcs  >n  the 
iborth  company  of  vctcrao  non-conrnnnaBieid  officers,  in  a  n^mciit 
of  tha  line  in  gazrison  at  Courbevuie,  and  in  a  dragoon  reguo^vt 
qontered  in  Pnw,  in  the  Rue]du  Petit  Muse.  A  tnardial  of  Franco, 
well  known  far  lus  attaAment  to  the  principe  of  legitimacy,  and 
four  ^uaitennastew»  conipoced  the  cential  stufl',  as  it  wens,  of  th^ 
conspiracy,  which  was  even  entered  into  by  a  Bonapartist  gcnatal. 
*'  l>et  m'oTcrtum  the  govetttueat,"  nid  lAe  hlttor;  **  wo  wtU  thott 
Jcavtr  it  to  thf*  nation  to  dcddc  btftwoeik  die  ■■u.uwii:  of  Charles  X. 
*nd  that  of  the Emperoc"  Ti^i  méÀk^m 


^90  ■  CONSriRACY  OF  THE 

Thus  supported,  tibe  conspiracy  aprcsad  witli  cxtremp  rapidity. 
An  active  propaganda  was  at  work,  not  only  in  Paris,  but  in  tne 
surrounding  communes,  in  St.  Gerroain^  Meudon,  Clamait,  Ver- 
sailles, and  Vincenncs.  it  was  scarcely  to  be  expected  tHat  indis- 
cretions ehould  not  be  committed,  and  that  the  police  should  not 
<iOinc  at  last  to  discover  through  its  agcnta,  a  plot  that  had  such  nu- 
Bieroua  rami ti cations.  In  consequence  however  of  the  mulùplied 
-diviâons  and  subdiviaiona,  which  the  plan  of  organisation  adopted 
allowed  ofy  the  authorities  could  only  obtain  very  Vùguc  and  iocom- 
plete  informations,  which  left  them  without  the  means  of  fastening 
on  those  persons  whom  it  was»  above  all,  important  for  them  to 
know  and  lay  their  hands  on.  Several  agents  of  the  police,  mom- 
-over,  were  sincerely  devoted  to  the  auccess  of  llie  plot,  so  ibftt  the 
•conspirators  had  thereby  the  mesns  of  counteracting  the  manœavrcs 
employed  a^inst  them.  Add  to  this,  tliat  in  order  to  prevcul  dii- 
closurca,  it  had  been  industriously  spread  abroad  that  any  informer, 
laiown  aa  such,  might  expect  tlie  dajrger. 

Be  thia  as  it  may,  among  a  moiloy  licrd  of  conspiratots,  some  of 
■whom  were  of  very  high  standing  in  society,  the  men  of  most  ob- 
HBCure  station  were  distinguished  for  their  fidelity,  resolution,  disin- 
ierestednesSf  and  zeal.  Among  the  latter  was  a  bootmaker  named 
Jvouis  Poncelet-  Incensed  at  the  results  of  a  revolution  by  which. 
the  people  had  profited  so  little,  he  was  ready  to  fight  for  legitimacy, 
tStet  liaving  gallantly  fought  again?t  it  in  1830.  In  every  trying 
«mergoncy  the  inequality  of  i^nk  disappears,  and  gives  place  to  the 
inc<iUûUty  of  courage:  Poncelet  was  not  long  in  acquiring  that  im- 
portance among  the  conspirators  which  peril  assigns  to  audacity. 
He  Wu3  admitted  to  the  presence  of  the  Marshal  of  France*  whose 
cooperation  waa  reckoned  on  ibr  the  day  after  a  successful  blow, 
And  the  marshal  said  to  him:  "  When  you  go  up  into  the  Hâtel  de 
Ville,  I  shall  be  in  the  saddle,  you  may  rely  on  it,  and  I  shidl  not 
Lcâtate  to  place  my&elf  at  the  head  of  the  provisional  government." 

Meanwhile  the  report  had  gone  abroad,  that  a  grand  ball  was  to 
take  place  at  the  court  on  the  night  of  the  Ist  of  February.  The 
■opportunity  was  a  good  one  for  the  conspirators,  for  they  had 
accomplices  even  among  the  domestics  of  the  palace,  they  were  in 
possession  of  five  keys  to  the  gates  of  the  garden  of  the  TuilenCB» 
and  they  had  been  promised  admission  into  the  Louvre.  Iti 
settled,  then»  that  on  the  night  in  question,  some  fhould 
by  detachments  in  various  parts  of  the  capital,  and  march  to  the 
palace  upon  the  conceited  signal;  whilst  others^  stealing  along  tlirough 
the  dark  alleys  leading  to  the  Louvre,  should  make  their  way  into 
the  picture-galtery,  burst  into  the  ball-room,  and  seize  the  royal 
famiTy  in  the  midst  of  the  confusion  caused  by  this  unexpected 
attack.  Hand-grenades  were  to  be  tlirown  among  the  carriages 
«tandmg  ut  the  palace  gates,  and  caltrops  were  to  be  scattered  over 
.the  ground  under  the  horses'  feet.  It  waa  thought  probable  that 
preparations  for  fireworks  would  be  made  in  the  Saiic  de  Spectoekt 


KUE  DES  prouvaïubs.  ~~  5flr 

60  tliat  by  setting  the  whole  apparatus  oa  fire  at  once,  the  coniusion 
could  be  greatly  nugracnted.  I'his  plan  wns  definitively  ftgreetl  on 
by  the  principtl  leaders  in  the  Rue  Taranne,  and  Poncelet  was 
Specially  appomted  to  head  the  attack  on  tlie  Ijouvre. 

But  an  intri^e  was  on  foot  in  the  heart  of  tlic  conspiracy,  and 
the  frmta  of  the  expected  victoiy  wcïtc  already  the  objects  of  jcaloua 
anticipations,  llic  agent  who  had  represented  hînuclf  a9  the 
loeum  teittnt  of  the  Ûuclie^  de  iicrri,  wanted  to  put  aside  the 
Marshal  of  f  ranee,  of  whom  we  have  spoken,  and  have  the  con- 
qôratorsi  proclaim  the  name  of  another  ïnarsïïal  to  whom  he  waa 
particularly  attaehed.  Overtures  to  this  effect  were  made  to  Pon- 
celet, bîicked  by  the  most  brilliant  oScrs,  for  himself  if  he  survived, 
and  for  his  children  if  he  {c\\.  But  he  steadily  rejected  them 
allf  not  choosin*;  to  withdraw  his  conlidencc  from  u  person  ho 
had  jud^^ed  worthy  of  it.  From  that  moment  all  unity  of  purpose- 
vanitfhud,  and  where  the  conspiracy  should  have  found  support,  it 
met  only  witli  hindrancea.  liefore  the  day  fixed  on  for  the  ex- 
plosion of  the  plot,  Poncelet  applied  ior  eomc  muskcta  to  a  certain 
J^rmenon.  1  reliminarics  wero  settled,  and  an  appointment  waa 
made  for  the  next  day.  But  on  the  Ist  of  February,  tho*>e  of  the 
conspirators  who  l»ad  resolved  to  frustrate  or  pt^tpone  the  plot, 
drew  Poncelet  into  a  secret  council,  where  they  contrived  to  de- 
tun  him  under  various  pretence».  Dermcnon»  who  had  had  some 
intimation  of  a  carlist  conspiracy,  became  very  uneasy  at  not  seeing- 
Poncelet  make  his  appearance,  lie  feared  he  had  been  made  tho 
dupe  of  a  spy;  he  spoke  of  the  suspicious  negotiation  he  had 
been  led  into  to  the  gun-maker  who  waa  to  lurniah  him  with 
the  mu&kets  required;  and  the  latter  immcdiatcly  hurried  him 
kawuy  to  llic  prefect  of  police.  M.  Gisquct,  who  had  been  several 
liâmes  duped  with  ialse  informations,  which  the  ccnspirators  had 
caused  him  to  receive  through  agents  who  played  liim  làlae,  at 
iirËi  manifested  great  tncreduuty,  and  choao  to  wait  for  more  amplo 
information, 

Such  was  the  Btate  of  thingB  when  the  critical  hour  arrived  for 
the  conspirators.  The  various  brigades  Basemblcd  as  agreed  on  in 
their  reepective  quarters.  They  comprised  from  two  thousand  five 
hundred  to  throe  thontand  men.  There  were  groups  at  the  Obaer* 
vatoTv,  at  tiic  Barrières  de  l'Etoile  and  du  Koulo,  in  the  Champ» 
ElysueSr  at  the  Baâtilc,  in  the  Faubourg  St.  Antoine,  along  the 
Canal  St.  Martin^  and  in  the  neighbourhood  of  eeveral  storca  of 
arms,  plans  of  which  had  been  taken,  and  means  of  entering  them 
without  difliculty  procured.  A  conâdciablo  number  of  woodran^ers 
(*/ardf  forettvrs)  were  at  the  harriers»  armed  each  with  a  double- 
barrelltxl  gun.  Poncelet  on  his  part,ltad  gone  to  a  raiatnratettrA  in  the 
Rue  dca  Prouvaircs,  and  liad  ordered  supper  for  a  large  party,  depcHat* 
ing  at  the  same  time  a  bank<note  for  a  thousand  tranct.  Tlie  principal 
conspirator»  alone  were  to  UBomblo  at  tliis  rtxtauroEew'*:  Ponce- 
let's  fiurpriao  waa  thciefore  extreme,  when  uumbcis  of  tho  conpira* 


5B2 


CONSPIRACY  OF  THE  BUE  DES  PEOUVAIHES. 


tors  wboBB  place  was  elsewlicre,  came  thither  to  him  ûae  after  uidiber. 
"All  is  lost,"  sud  oue.  "The  orders  given  va  have  been  oounter- 
manded."  "  The  money  I  expected,"  said  another,  "  has  not  reached 
me  ;  my  men  cannot  with  gaiety  stand  in  the  str«;t  waiting  for  thd  l^- 
nal."  "  The  leader  I  had  told  ray  men  to  expect,"  said  a  third,  **  has 
iiot  yet  made  his  appearance,  Tney  are  losing  patience,  and  take  me 
for  a  traitor.  What  la  to  be  done?"  Poncelet  g-iiessed  who  il  was  tliat 
had  marred  the  plot»  but  how  could  he  retreat?  At  eleven  at  night 
a  himdrod  of  the  conspixatara  wciie  assembled  in  the  Rue  des  Prou- 
There  were  men  of  dctcrminution  among  thorn,  and  eea- 


vaijcs. 


tinela  were  posted  at  the  duor  of  the  house.  But  the  police  had 
received  the  moat  accurate  details  &£  to  the  bargaib  concluded  witk 
Dermcnaa;  it  knew  that  6<X)0  francs  had  bcim  paid  him,  and  M. 
Giwjuet  directed  him  to  deliver  a  certain  nnmber  of  amu^  Accoxd- 
in^lj  about  midnight  a  hackney  coach  containing  screntoeii  inuikclB 
stopped  before  the  restaurant's  in  the  Rue  des  Frouvoirea.  Hw 
Arms  were  distributed.  Poncelet  went  out,  and  returned  a  moDuat 
aiîberwardià  with  two  piâtob  in  his  girdle.  The  minds  of  the  eon* 
epiratora  were  wrought  up  to  a  high  pitch,  and  the  deci:?ls'C  moment 
was  approaching,  when  all  at  once  the  street  was  ûlled  ^vith  moiii-' 
cipal  guards  and  sergmits  de  mile.  The  house  was  surrotmdêd  and 
entered.  The  leader  of  the  consplratora  adTancetl,  and  seeing  a  «r- 
ffeAt  de  vUîe  laying  his  liand  on  his  sword,  he  blew  tli6  nun's  brains 
out  with  a  pistol.  His  accomplices  could  moke  no  use  of  their  mu»- 
keta  which  were  not  in  a  serviceable  condition.  One  of  tbc  con- 
spinitors  -naa  stabbed  with  a  bayonet,  the  others  were  arT03t>::;d^  Ue- 
ËLdes  the  muskets,  there  were  immd  in  the  house,  balls,  earaidgOr 
ïuul  three  of  the  keys  intended  for  opening  the  gates  of  the  TuilviM. 
Poncelet  W86  searched  ;  he  had  140  francs  in  slver  in  his  pocket,  and 
70<)0  trancs  in  bank-notes  in  the  lining  of  his  boots.  Ha  had  à»- 
bursed  1800  francs  on  the  Ist  of  February,  and  had  had  the  hand' 
ling  of  enormous  sumn  during  the  five  preceding  days- 

As  for  the  dctncliineuts  scattered  over  the  capital,  must  of  tiuBi 
lud  long  disperaed,  whctlicr  in  obedience  to  counter  orders,  or  &om 
imptttionee,  distrust,  and  weariness.  As  the  conspirators  had  ob^ 
mined  the  pa^word,  and  had  made  known  to  the  police  that  tkej 
intended  to  turn  out  ialse  patrols  into  the  streets,  the  authcnittM 
were  afjuid  of  employing  the  national  guard,  and  contented  thean- 
selvcs  with  ordering  municipal  guards  and  fervents  de  viUc  to  tbUF 
spots.  But  tlie  gatliorings  melted  away  at  their  approodi  without 
any  attempt  at  a  conllict,  whicli  indeed  had  been  Fendêred  iraposaibb 
hy  counter-orders,  mistakes,  and  defiictions* 

The  carriages  which  traversed  Pans  Uiat  night  in  great  ntualMO 
were  all  opened  and  searched  by  order  of  the  police,  whâsa  Mjoii 
aat  only  arrested  men  whom  they  foiuid  armed  widi  fwozw  oc 
limtols,  but  even  citi»?nâ  returning  îiome  from  some  înmoc«vt  PVtJ 
<^  plMsure,  and  young  men  coming  ^m  a  ball  in  dancinff-aioa. 
The  mnocent  were  indiscriminately  humed  avft^  along  wUh  tW 


AFFAIIiS  OF  ITALT. 


Î93 


0uiltyi  and  drngged  to  tKc  depot  of  the  prefecture^  witK  abusiro 
bsguafc  and  blowa,  hnTing  to  run  the  gauntlet  throtif^lt  a  hoBt  of 
t^jBBf  mled  with  the  bai^e  tury  of  miiula  undisciplined ,  and  paaàons 
imcoatrollfd  by  iuteUect- 

Faiis  was  very  much  astoniahetl,  on  awakiufj  next  morning,  to 
Itear  of  the  event*  that  had  occurred  during  the  night.  They  \mà 
not  been  foretold  by  those  low  rumours  that  usually  prepare  mcu'fl 
BÛnda  for  the  comuig  of  mcmoiablc  things.  All  parties  therefore 
■greed  in  consîdeiing  die  oonspiracr  of  the  Hue  dea  Prouvaltee  as  ii 
mad  schfinc.  The  rcpublicimâ  took  advantage  of  it  to  jeçr  at  the 
ilhuà<m8  of  an  ariatocracy,  whose  pride  £o  obstinately  survived  its  re- 
sources. The  partisans  of  the  existing  order  of  tliinj^  knew  no  end 
of  insulting  the  weakneae  of  their  adTt^rsariea.  The  ïegitimatists 
tbftmaelvei  hastened  to  heap  their  scorn  upon  the  rashness  oE'die  can- 
^lÙMtors,  who,  not  liaving  succeeded,  met  with  contempt  at  the  hands 
of  those  who,  under  the  contrary  circumstances,  would  hnve  liocn 
iheii  accompUces.  As  for  the  pohcc,  it  did  not  fall  to  plume  itself  on 
its  foresight.  Yet  it  liad  scarcely  known  any  thing  of  the  plot;  it 
had  neither  detected  its  origin  nor  its  secret  organization;  it  did  not 
know  ita  leaders,  nor  justly  appreciate  its  importance.  Subsequent 
disclosuiea,  it  is  true,  made  ^lown  to  it  things  of  which  it  was  ut- 
terly i^sorani  at  the  time  of  the  arrest  of  Poncclot  and  hi?  comrades  ; 
huit  ûie  most  important  secrets  had  been  so  well  kept,  that  most  of 
the  leaders  escaped  the  pursuits  of  justice;  and  thoso  who  were  pub- 
ecqucndy  convicted  were  so  on  totally  incomplete  proofs,  or  even, 
hke  M.  Cimrbonnicr  de  la  Gu^^none,  on  depositions  deserving  of 
little  credit,  and  contradicted  hy  evidence  ol  the  greatt«t  weight. 
Kama  of  importance  figured  in  this  trial,  such  as  those  of  the  Due 
de  Bellunc,  General  Montholon,  the  Due  de  Jiivtere,  the  Baron  d« 
Meetre,  the  Comtes  de  Fouxmont,  de  Brulard,  and  dc  Floirac,  and 
the  Comtesse  de  Séiionnc.  The  demeanour  of  the  accused  was  in 
general  ^iiited.  Foncelct  was  patticukrly  noticed  for  the  honour- 
able manner  in  whicli  he  shaped  his  replies,  so  as  not  to  compromise 
hifi  accomplices,  though  he  paid  httlc  heed  to  his  own  danger. 

A  ibreiffn  event,  as  serious  as  unexpected,  in  some  degree  drew 
off  attention  from  tlxese  intestine  quarrck.  We  have  seen,  in  the 
preceding  book,  how  Austria  liad  invaded  Italy,  in  contempt  of  the 
dcclaiationâ  of  France,  and  how  Roma?uahad  again  tWllen  under  the 
yoke  of  the  court  of  Jtomc.  The  grid' of  the  Italians  had  at  first  been 
disestcd  in  sullen  silence.  But  revolt  was  in  their  hearts,  and  the 
£xat  war  cay  uttered  in,  Bi>lopia  might  once  more  plunge  diplomacy 
into  the  embarraasmenls  from  which  it  bad  escaped  with  bo  much  dif- 
ficulty, llie  great  powers  Iclt  that,  in  order  to  secure  trant^uillity 
in  the  pope's  domiiilona,  it  was  indispensable  to  yield,  to  a  certain. 
extent,  to  the  just  de^rcs  of  the  inliabitonts. 

^iotbing,  in  fact,  could  be  sadder  than  the  condition  of  «aitral 
Italy  at  tlna  period  ;  a  theocracy  unsustained  by  £iith,  and  reduced  to 
teb^  oa.  xnexe  fcfce;  sathcuàty  in  tli@  handa  o£  ignorant,  corrupt  pre« 


594  THE  rOPE  AXD  THE  FIVE  POWEUS. 

Ifltca  whodidnoteventliinktheiQselvea  Ibound to  practise  lliatliypocn«y 
vliicli  is  tlie  modesty  of  vice;  no  stability  in  the  Uwi;  the  pubbc 
treasury  ia  Bome  sort  given  up  to  pillage;  taxes  clianeed  or  aug- 
incnteJ  at  the  caprice  ol'  the  sovereign;  honours  mfused  to  science; 
the  genius  of  industry  dcpriv«l  of  encouragement  and  euâtenaiice  ; 
no  respect  for  intellectual  freedom,  for  the  digiiity  of  man;  in  a  word, 
no jiublic  Ufa. 

In  tliis  state  of  things  the  five  great  powers,  at  the  request  of  France 
and  Austi-ift,  had  thought  fit  to  interfere  pacifically  between  the  pope 
and  Ilia  subjects.  They  made  known  to  the  holy  see,  by  a  note  trnted 
jVfay  21,  1S31»  that  the  best  means  of  rc-estabUshing  tranquiiUiy  in 
Italy,  and  gparing  Europe  the  danger  of  fresh  commotions»  vraa  ca 
introduce  into  the  Roman  Etatcs  some  of  the  reforms  so  impatieaily 
longed  for.  That  the  principle  of  popular  election  ehould  be  admitted 
as  the  foundation  of  the  communal  and  provinciai  aesemblies,  tlut  a 
central  junta  should  be  entrusted  with  the  revisiou  of  all  branches  of 
the  sdniiuistPation,  that  laymen  should  be  admitted  to  all  offices  of] 
state,  that  a  council  of  sUitc  should  be  instituted,  and  that  care  should 
be  taken  to  compose  it  of  the  most  notable  citizens;  such  were  the 
raeasures  recommended  to  the  pope  in  the  note  presented  by  the 
îUubaËâadors  of  France,  England,  Austna»  Prussia,  and  Kuâeû. 

Gregory  XVJ.  replied  to  this  advice  by  an  edict,  in  which  he 
merely  declared  that  thenceforth  the  nominabon  of  the  coundJd 
should  belong  to  the  chief  of  each  province;  that  no  propodtiaa 
slioidd  be  discussed  in  the  couacil  without  having  been  previously 
laid  before  the  supcrioi'  authorities;  and  that  it  aliould  always  be 
optional  with  the  legate  of  the  province  to  confirm  or  not  tho 
minutca  of  the  council's  proceedings.  The  same  edict  stated  thil 
laymen  should  be  exchided  from  tne  government  of  the  Icsatioas, 
and  tliat  each  province  might  be  declared  a  h-gation.  Thvis  Gregory 
XVL  rejected  the  principle  of  popular  election,  the  infititution  of  a  i 
council  of  state,  and  ibc  participatioa  of  laymen  in  the  oumagcment  ' 
of  public  aOaii-s.  This  was  acting  at  variance  on  every  point  with 
the  suggestions  in  the  memorandum  of  the  powers. 

Tho  dissatisiaction  of  the  pope's  subjects  was  the  keener  from  die 
hopes  they  had.  indulged.  So  alarming  was  the  indigmitiou  in  Ro-  ' 
magna,  that  the  prolcgatcs  durst  not  pubhsh  the  edict  in  their  nro>  ' 
viuces.  But  wliat  carried  pubhc  exasperation  to  the  highest  pitch 
Was,  on  the  one  hand,  the  increase  of  taxation»  on  the  other  the  pub» 
llcation  of  five  régulations,  which,  under  pretext  of  ameliorating  tlie 
civil  and  criminal  procedure,  ratified  among  other  abusca  the  cu- 
croachraenta  of  the  ecclesiastical  on  the  civil  tribunals»  sanctified  kU 
the  privileges  of  the  ecclesiastical  tribunals,  laid  it  down  by»  spccà^ 
provision  that  for  the  same  ottence  priests  should  be  subjected  te^ 
less  severe  penalty  than  laymen,  and^  lastly,  retained  aad  coatifli 
that  antiquated  and  savflnjc  tyranny,  the  tnbunaL  of  the  inquîntN 

Order,  however,  had  hitherto  liceti  rigidly  preserved  by  the  aric 
^ard  and  ko  attempt  had  bcca  made  to  disturb  it»  -whea  i(  becama 


THE  POPE*S  PKOCEEDINGS  CONDEMNED  BT  ENGLAND.      595 

known  that  p«d  troops  were  putting-  themeelvea  in  motion  to  occupy 
tlie  proTLQces.  They  cotLsiatcd  in  great  part  of  brigands  assembled 
in  the  cnvirona  ol'  Konie.  The  news  oi'  iheir  entry  into  Rimini  and 
of  the  exccsifes  they  committed  there  was  soon  spread.  At  the  sainc 
idmc  a  consjiiracy  was  talked  of  aa  haTing  been  entered  into  by 
prieats,  having  for  its  purpose  the  assassination  of  the  leaders  of  the 
libérai  party,  SeiKd  at  once  with  ra^o  and  terror,  the  people  flew 
to  annSf  whilst  delegates  set  out,  in  all  haste  I'rom  I3ologua  to  request 
thepope  to  recall  the  soldiers» 

The  dclcpites  were  at  6rst  favourably  received^  and  their  return 
revived  the  hopes  of  the  unfortutiftte  Italians,  PctitioDs  were  got 
up  and  signed  by  the  most  nspcctablc  men,  pointing  out  the  abuses 
ol  the  new  Tegulationia»  the  execution  of  wliich  was  suspended  in 
consequence  by  the  authorities  of  each  legation.  Again,  Cardinal 
Bemetti  had  written  that  deputies  woidd  be  uUowed  to  set  forth  the 
wifihea  of  the  several  populations^  and  the  proU^ates  of  Bologna, 
Ravenna^  and  Forli,  had  themselves  pointed  out  in  what  manner  the 
election  was  to  take  place.  But  all  at  once  the  scene  changes.  The 
court  of  Rome  gives  notice  that  it  highly  disapproves  ot  all  these 
|iroceedings;  that  no  deputation  will  be  received;  that  the  insula- 
tions granted  by  the  pope  are  excellent;  and  that  people  must  sah- 
mit  to  thera.  A  loan,  realised  with  the  aid  oï  Austna,  explained 
this  imperious  language,  which  was  about  to  be  hacked  by  a  force  of 
Bvc  thousand  banditâ. 

On  the  10th  of  January,  1832,  Cardinal  Bemetti  notified  to  the 
TeprcaentatiTCS  of  Austria,  France,  Prussia,  and  Itussia,  his  holi- 
ncfs^a  determination  to  send  his  troops  into  the  legations,  and  to  dis- 
polve  the  civic  guards.  Engknd  strongly  reprobated  this  conduct 
on  the  pope's  pari.  The  other  powers,  on  the  contrary,  aprced  in 
their  rephc9  in  ejttoUing  the  wisdom  of  the  sovereign  ponlili,  and  in 
blaming  the  inhabitants  of  Romagua,  whom  they  abandoned  to  bi» 
vengeance  aa  ingrates  and  rebels.  **  Should  it  happen,"  said  the  am* 
bassadorof  France,  M.  de  Sl  Aulaire,  "that  a  criminal  resistance 
should  be  offered  to  the  troops  in  the  fulfilment  of  ih^cir  wholly  pa- 
cific task,  and  in  the  execution  of  their  sovereign's  orders;  and 
phoiJd  some  factious  men  daie  to  commence  a  civil  war,  as  incon- 
siderate in  its  aim  as  pernicious  in  ile  results,  the  undersigned  does  not 
hesitate  to  declare  that  thrac  men  would  be  eonsidcrefl  by  the  French 
government  as  the  moat  dangerous  enemies  of  the  general  peace." 
The  language  of  the  amba^ndore  of  Austria,  Prussia,  and  Rusnaj 
yrna  not  less  gîgnific&nt:  they  all  promised  tlio  pope  the  aid  of  their 
Te*pective  courts,  in  case  his  orders  should  not  meet  with  "  imme- 
diate and  unconditional  subininon" 

On  reading  these  replies,  published  in  the  cflicial  journal  of  Homo» 
the  people  of  Komagna  were  amaïed  and  desperate,  and  they  en* 
ooanged  each  other  to  resistance-  Someslill  talkedof  yielding  to  torce; 
but  the  majority  would  listen  to  nothing  but  the  promptiugs  of  their 
indignation.     They  pointed  out  how,  not  content  with  Becking  to 

2b 


596 


ATHOCITIES  PEltrETEATEC  BY  TITE  PAPAL  TEOOPS. 


Qrppreâ9  tkem,  their  i^ncmies  calumniated  them  liicËwise.  Hiul  tbey^ 
not  been  called  frantic,  factions  men,  eren  in  the  note  of  the  repre- 
sentative of  France,  of  the  France  of  July?  And  why?  SureljT 
it  was  not  because  they  had  refused  to  wear  the  pontiâcal  cockade: 
no  order  to  tliat  effect  had  reached  ihera  from  Rome  ;  and  then  why 
shoidd  ft  guard,  neither  eoroUed  nor  pïùd  by  Uie  pope»  be  under  the 
obiJL'alïon  of  wearing  Ids  Uveiy?  n&à  they  not  even  dared  to  my 
of  the  civic  guard ,  that  so  zealous  a  guardian  of  public  order  ana. 
of  property,  tliat  it  had  êct  itself  up  as  a  deliberating  body,  that  it 
had  preached  disobedience  sword  in  hand,  and  that  it  had  plnndered 
the  pubHc  money?  What  was  to  be  expected  of  a  govcamenC 
which  dealt  thus  m  falsehood,  as  though  it  were  not  enough  ftn* it  to 
jvcruit  itâ  aitnica  out  of  the  prisons  of  Ci\'ita  Castellana,  St.  Angelo, 
and  St.  Leo?  If  Italian  liberty  was  destined  to  perôsh^  at  leart  it  oi^lit  i 
not  to  die  without  ha^'ing  found  defenders.  Was  it  posible,  more- 
oarer,  that  France  should  subscribe  to  the  compact  entered  into  in  bur 
name,  an  odious  compact  to  wliich  the  ix,' preventative  of  Ëngland 
had  refused  to  be  a  party?  Such  words  as  these  wore  followed  by 
deeds:  the  civic  guani  seized  their  weapons. 

Cardinal  Albaid  had  been  named  cominissioner  extraordiitiixy,  and 
had  committed  the  direction  of  military  operations  to  Baron.  MaztliBl, 
an  Austrian  officer.  The  ii»pal  troopa,  whidi  bad  moved  to  Rimiaô, 
put  diemselves  in  motion;  the  civic  guards  wore  btewise  oo.  the 
march.  ITic  encounter  took  place  in  the  plain  of  Cêsen*.  TlieBo- 
magnob,  inferior  in  niunbera  by  one  IulU',  deprived  of  cavabr,  tmd 
having  but  three  Ëcld-pieces»  vigorously  sustained  the  fight;  but  tfas 
oddswete  too  great;  attor  an  obstinate  i-edstaucc^  ihey  were  obtîgvd 
to  abandon  the  fîeJd;  and  in  the  hopes  of  inducing  the  enemy  lo 
disperse  his  forces,  they  suceessivcly  evacuated  Cesena  and  fod£. 
And  now  there  ensued  in  die  cradle  of  Chnsteudomt  and  in  As 
nainc  of  the  compastaonate  head  of  the  faithful,  scenes  wortliy  of  <fc» 
barbarity  of  ancient  tiniGs.  Tht;  papal  Ibrcea  threw  themaelvoi  iihe 
bngnnds  into  Ccscna,  Backed  the  suburb,  and  broke  into  a  CdOVlBlt 
where  tliey  committed  horrible  atrocities.  Having  matde  thdr  i 
into  the  church  of  St.  Stephen  of  the  Mountnln,  th^  pro&aeda^^ 
Bacred  vases,  trampled  the  eonseoratcd  wafci?  under  foot,  and  ptB^ 
Fucd  an  un^srtimatc  wan  into  the  rciy  cellars  of  the  church, 
butchered  him  whilst  lie  still  clasped  the  cmciilx  in  his  Imnds. 
ecattering  oYcr  the  town,  they  made  a  sport  of  pillage  and  i 
lion,  and  but  too  well  justîâed  the  Jonguagc  of  those  who  had  cried 
out  on  the  approach  of  euch  an  invu^on,  ^'  The  Court  of  Honut  ia 
dehvcring  ua  up  to  brigands  !" 

Thu  next  day  the  magistrates  uf  Forli  Waited  on  Cardinal  Albni* 
to  oHèr  him  admiasion  into  the  town.  The  ^ttpoX  forces,  in  IJact,  oo- 
cu]ûcd  Forli  without  encountering  the  aaaUeet  fCBÛtancc.  ïlw  in- 
habitants even  strove  to  nmfec  them  wdcome.  in  13»  hopes  of  nAn* 
ing  their  ferocity.  But  a  chance  (|^iiarrel  having  occnrrcd  bctvoaift 
eoJdiûr  and  one  of  the  people,  the  latt^  was  killed.     A  temfio  ÛMt 


KETURN  OP  THB  AUBTEIAXS  INTO  THE  PAPAL  STATES.      597 

was  immediately  raised  in  tKe  square  where  ihe  papal  fotoea  wera 
drawn  up  in  order  ot'  battle,  *'KillI  kill!  pillage  1  pillage  1"  A 
hideous  butchciy  ensued.  Cardinal  Albani,  wLo  was  expected  i& 
the  evening,  arnved  whibt  tlie  town  wag  etill  reeking  from  the  car- 
nage- He  made  hia  way  into  Forli  throuo^h  stilts  strewed  with 
coï|ises,  and  tilled  with  the  groaos  of  tlie  dymg.  The  next  duj  ho 
pat  forttk  a  proclamation,  in  which  tbis  execrable  massacre  was  de- 
ngnabed  a  ^>d  accident  ;  and  the  cardinal  waâ  not  ashamed  to  ofTer 
ft  sum  of  1500  irancs,  to  bo  taken  from  the  to^vn  tronsury,  as  an  in* 
demnilîcûtîon  to  po  many  poor  families  plunfi;ed  in  moitming.' 

Who  could  depict  the  fury  that  possessed  the  lahabitante  of  Ro- 
magna  on  heoruig  this  dismal  iiewd  Î  The  groans  of  the  riotîmâ  of 
Cescna  and  Forli  awoke  formidable  edioea  tliroughoul  Italy,  and  un- 
fortunately the  name  of  die  French  govenuncnt  waa  imnglcd  witU 
every  cry  of  execmtion  or  of  angnîfih. 

Cardinal  Albani  durst  not  march  on  Bolopia  with  no  other  army 
than  that  which  had  just  distinguished  itsolt  by  such  exploita.  The 
aid  of  the  Ai^trians  was  sought  a  second  time.  Their  mtcrTontloa 
had  lon;g^  been  a  thing  agreed  on  between  the  court  of  Vienna  and 
that  of  Rome.  Th^  threw  themselves  therefore  into  Bologna»  to 
the  number  of  six  thousand,  carrying  with  them  the  papal  troops 
wHch  had  become  the  objects  of  such  unÎTersal  and  deserved  hatred. 
Hw  most  riffoiGus  discipUnc  had  been  incuksted  npon  the  Austrian 
troops,  and  it  was  strictly  observed:  so  that  the  AuBtrians  appeared 
•hnost  as  friends  to  those  tbcy  had  come  to  force  bock  into  servitude. 
MÉttemich's  dexterity  received  all  the  honour  of  this  result  ;  the  in- 
tention was  attributed  to  him  of  accuftomlug  the  It&lians  to  tho 
Austrian  sway;  but  hi^i  policy  vas  suddenly  batilcd  by  a  mea&ura 
which  the  world  was  for  from  expecting  from  tne  French  government. 

Cafiirair  Perier  had  for  some  iàme  had  his  C}'c  on  the  air^ra  ot 
Italy.  Kot  that  ho  was  touched  by  the  oppression  under  which  tha 
pope's  subjects  gnituied,  but  tlie  ambition  of  the  court  of  Vienna 
caused  him  uneasiness.  Ho  was  disposed  to  let  l^rince  Mettemick 
ne  ^êH  the  French  had  no  need  to  traverse  Piedmont  in  order  to 
Mt  ib<l  in  Italy»  particularly  when  llie  Enghsh  alliance  allowed  tJkem 
to  keep  the  sea.  M.  Ditmer  had  already  been  secretly  seai  in  ih» 
be^nning  of  February,  into  the  tfatea  of  the  Church,  to  aaflcrtain 
the  feeling  of  the  inhabitants,  and  to  study  the  true  chataclol  of 
erents.  He  had  not  yet  idunwd  to  Paris»  when  the  new»  arrived 
there  that  the  Austrians  had  entered  Bologna. 

Casdmir  Péricr  immediately  took  his  course  at  the  wsk  of  dû^eu- 
ù^  the  king  and  tlaowing  all  diplomacy  into  aUrm.  Theman-of- 
WV  Suffren^  and  the  two  ingates  fArtèmùe  and  la  Vkteire,  were 
ovAeTeeTto  sûl  for  Ancona,  with  eleven  hundred  men,  under  thd 

*  Abominakiona  like  t}»9  vuvkl  not  te  œdïble  to  Uie  ISth  oeotnrj,  îS  the  faCM 
did  Dot  rot  on  lujijULf  tTou&ble  eridmob  See  on  ib»  vnbject  an  escvDent  nuuphkt 
hy  C<nini  Mamiani,  oLtiUel  frieia  paiUi^  titr  la  dawn  iaimmiÊt*  ««  £Mf 

3k3 


598 


FRENCH  OCCUPATION  OF  ANCOXA 


command  of  tte  capitaine  de  vaisseau  Gallois  and  Colonel  Comt 
General  Cubiùrcs,  commander-in-chief  of  the  expedition,  was  to  e 
out  at  the  same  tinae  for  Rome,  by  way  of  Leghorn,  in  order  to  comet 
to  an  Tinderstantting  -with   the  pope  regarding  the  occupation  of  I 
Ancona  by  the  French,     As  (be  squadron  would  haTe  to  cireum-f 
navigate  all  Italy,  it  was  calculoted  that  General  Cubières  would  hav 
time  to  sec  the  holy  father,  lay  his  instructions  before  him,  receivaj 
his  consent,  and  arrive  in  Ancoua  before  Captain  Gallois  and  Colonfjl 
Combe  should  have  appeared  there.     It  happened,  however,  thai 
General  Cubi^res  was  cfelayed  by  contrary  winds,  whilst  the  squadroi 
completed  its  course  with  q^uitc  unforegeeu  rapidity*    The  general! 
therefore  on  arriving  in  Home  found  M.  de  St.  Aulaire  in  the  utmosti 
peiplexity.     The  pope  had  ju8t  burst  into  a  violent  fit  of  ^ 
and  Cardinal  lîemettl  had  exclaimed^  ''  No,  never  since  the  days  <.. 
the  Saracens  was  any  thing  lilce  this  attempted  against  ^' faolj 
father,"     The  news  of  the  occupation  of  Ancona  had  been  kiiowi] 
for  some  hours. 

That  occupatjon  had  talcen  place  on  the  night  of  the  22d 
February,  thanks  to  the  resolution  of  Captain  (rallois  and  Colonel 
Combe,  who,  not  meeting  at  Ancona  the  general  who  was  ftiitûshedl 
with  instructions  from  their  government,  had  not  hesitated  to  act  ou  J 
their  own  responsibility,  and  take  the  course  mo?t  conformable  to  thai 
honour  of  the  flag.     Ilic  squadron  having  arrived  within  tliree  mîlvsJ 
of  Ancona,  a  part  of  the  troops  landed  and  advanced  to  the  ci^  afej 
double  quick  step.     Tne  gates  were  closed;  on  the  refusal  of  ihaj 
papal  troops  to  open  them,  the  sapeurs  of  the  â6th  broke  one  of  them  ( 
down  witli  their  axes,  and  soon  the  Frendi,  spreading  in  every  direc- 
tion through  the  town^  disarmed  the  posts,  arrested  Colonel  Lazz^  \ 
rini,  who  was  fast  asleep  in  his  bed,  and  made  them^'lvesmastenj 
of  the  place.     All  the  troops  were  disembarked  at  noon  next  day,  | 
and  Colonel  Combe  advanced  to  the  citadel  at  the  head  of  a  battalion. , 
The  French  anticipated  the  pleasure  of  a  fight  with  their  usual  ar- 
dour, and  longed  to  mount  to  the  assault.     But  t!ie  papal  troopa  g»Tc 
way»  and  after  some  parleying  the  French  were  admittt^  into  tha 
fortress,  above  which  inunediately  waved  the  tricolour  flag  30  dear  ' 
to  the  Italians. 

It  was  a  day  of  delight  and  triumph  for  the  inhabitants  of  An- 
coua. In  a  few  minutes  the  three  colours  glittered  in  all  the  fltneti 
and  squares,  Vive  la  liberté!  shouted  ther'reneh,  and  the  cry  wm 
repcited  fondly  and  proudly  by  the  Italians.  The  governor  of  the 
province  and  the  commandant  of  the  place,  who  had  been  maile 
prisoners  at  lirat,  were  afterwards  released  and  quitted  Ancona.  The 
Jtate  prisons  were  thrown  open,  and  Marco  Zaoli  of  Faenja,  and  Aa* 
gelo  Angelotti  of  Acquaviva  were  set  at  liberty.  At  nighlJ 
theatre  resounded  with  patriotic  songs,  and  the  town  was  iUumimf 
The  inhabitants  mingled  like  brothers  with  the  soldiers  in  all 
Iplaces  of  public  resort.  In  one  of  the  prindpal  cafes  of  Anoona  a 
st&S  ofticer  stood  upon  a  bench  with  Iiu  nak^d  aword  in  lus  hand, 


COÏTPEES  NO  POPULÂKiTT  OH  CASIMIR 


RIEIl. 


599 


and  Sftîil  tkat  the  66tH  waa  but  an  advanced  çuard  wul  by  France  to 
aimounct  the  emancipation  of  ihc  country.  Unanimous  cheers  burat 
forth  at  the»?  words,  and  citizens  were  seen  shedding  te^rs  of  enthu< 
Biûsm,  ok  at  the  period  of  the  revolutioa  of  Juiy. 

All  Europe  wus  aroused  by  tliis  event.  The  pope  vented  his  dis- 
pîeasuTc  in  an  angry  procktnatioû.  M.  d'Appony,  Austrian  ambus- 
ndor  in  France,  demanded  explanations;  General  Grabowati,  who 
commanded  the  Austrian  troops  in  Bologna,  published  a  proclama- 
tion, in  A^hich  he  stated  that  the  Frcncli  liad  certainiy  come  to  An- 
cona,  actuated  by  the  same  intentions  as  the  Austrian^.  In  England 
ministers  were  severely  taken  to  task  for  the  tolerance  of  their  pohcy 
by  the  leaders  of  the  tories,  the  unwearied  interpreters  of  all  the  aore 
feelings  of  a  jealous  and  malevolent  party- 
It  seems  that  this  universal  anxiety  ought  to  have  become  a 
cause  of  popularity  for  Casimir  l'erier  in  France.  But  it  was  not 
so.  liis  enemies  imputed  aU  the  honour  of  the  ffy«p  de  main  to 
Captain  Gallois  and  Colonel  Combe,  who  only  by  outstepping  their 
inatnictions  had  seized  an  opportunity  of  displaying  French  daring 
and  gallantry  in  all  ita  lustre;  and  they  reproached  the  miaistij 
with  having  sent  their  countrymen  into  Italy,  only  to  make  them  servie 
tJiere  us  the  myrmidons  of  papal  despotism,  as  was  proved  by  the 
well-known  lane\»age  of  M.  de  St.  Aulaire,  and  his  re[)ly  to  Cardinal 
Bemetti  s  circular,  and  by  the  journey  of  General  Cubierea  to  Home, 
when  his  proper  phice  was  at  the  htsid  of  the  squadron,  and,  more 
recently,  by  the  proclamation  of  the  commandant  of  the  Auatrians 
4mcamped  at  Bologna.  The  moat 'moderate  among  the  opponentâ 
of  the  ministry  conandcrcd  its  conduct  as  thoughtless  to  the  degree 
of  extravagance,  or  rather  as  inexpbciibîe.  They  saw  in  it  matter  of 
■Kumiliation  and  strong  displeasure  fuir  the  pope,  of  dissatisfaction 
for  Austria,  of  alarm  for  England,  and  they  asked  what  possible 
advantages  could  be  expected  from  an  expedition  of  the  kind.  Th& 
forcing  of  the  Austrian^  to  quit  Italy  ?  But  this  would  have  required 
more  tlian  twelve  or  fifteen  hundred  men.  Pmtcclïon  of  popular 
iiberty  against  the  cnter|mses  of  the  holy  scc^r*  But  tlie  rrench 
government  had  maniiostly  taken  part  with  the  pope,  in  concert 
with  Austria,  Pruasiaf  and  Russia.  In  all  these  points  of  view  the 
expedition  appeared  aimless,  and  bo  there  remained  of  it  notbiug 
but  the  irregtuanty  and  the  danger. 

The  hostile  attitude  ft?àumcd  by  the  court  gave  weight  to  these 
reproaches  of  the  opposition.  It  was  to  no  purpose  General  Cu* 
bit-rcâ  announced  to  tlic  inliabitants  of  that  city,  on  bîa  arrival,  that 
bis  mission  was  of  a  nature  to  corroborate  the  tics  subsdsting  between 
Fniicc  iLnd  the  statea  of  the  Church  ;  the  pope  ordered  his  troopa  to 
evacuate  the  town,  and  dirocled  that  the  government  of  the  provmoe 
should  be  removed  to  Osimo.  We  wiU  mention  further  on  upon 
what  dcplorabli;  conditions  the  cabinet  of  the  Tuileries  obtained  au- 
thority from  the  pope  Ibr  the  longer  stay  of  the  Frencli  in  Ancoaa, 


$00 


CASIMIR  TERIZR'S  FRAIÎTIC  EXASPERATION. 


and  "whalTTAS  the  part  imposcd  there  on  our  soldiers.  The  troth  â, 
that  the  occupation  had  in  the  Erst  instance  had  a  useful  insult,  tfasi 
of  frustrating  the  ambitioue  pchemea  of  the  court  of  Vienna,  by 
honing  that  it  was  not  lo  be  niSered  to  chan^  its  EoUdtude  for  the 

ereipi  pontiff  into  a  H^ht  of  conqu««t. 

ÎC  this  AS  it  may,  the  redoubled  attacks  he  had  bfought  oq  hiai- 
kK  ctcq  by  the  measurcs  from  which  he  had  expected  the  beat 
results,  threw  Cammir  Pcricr  into  a  state  of  exaspcratioti  that  ; 

him  an  object  of  conipaaaion  or  terror  to  all  about  huu.     S     

tiui^s  languid,  and  scarce:  abW  to  dmg^  liis  limbs  aLon^,  sometinin 
cxdted  to  frenzy,  he  seemed  to  ha^-e  no  life  but  for  hatred.  N»^ 
thing  had  been  able  to  appease  the  thirst  for  dcspotiam  that  dcronred 
him  ;  neither  the  humility  of  his  colleagues  who  waited  on  hi 
nor  his  dominion  over  the  Chamber^  -whoee  passons  his  Toice  i 
and  stilled  by  turns;  nor  the  insolence  of  the  courtiers  subducdl 
hitn,  and  by  him  alone;  nor  the  cotirtcous  demeanour  of  the  kiog^ 
who  was  forced  to  endure  in  silence  the  contumely  of  liia  zealous  9t- 
vicee.  Thus  a  martyr  to  his  pride,  often  did  he  présent  stzangc  and 
terrible  spectacles  to  those  who  approached  him.  One  night,  in 
compliance  yriùi  a  secret  summons,  Dr.  De  Laberge  liastoied  1» 
the  ministry  of  the  interior,  Casimir  Périer  was  in  bi3d«  Ctaadlw 
were  burmn";  in,  tlie  room,  and  allowed  the  minister's  countei 

g>pûlliTigly  chanpjed,     "  Read/'  he  said,  holding  out  a  paper  1_ 

l5e  Laberffû.  *•  Here  is  my  reply  to  the  attacks  made  on  me  jeMn- 
day  by  M.  Lnffîtto.  Head  it,  and  givfï  me  your  opinion.^  M.  Do 
Laberge  found  the  speech  marked  inrith  an  acrimony  he  oonld  noi 
approve;  he  cxprcased  his  opinion  frankly,  and  the  minister j 
quested  lûm  to  mitigate  any  over  harsh  expressions  tlmt  miffat  f 
escaped  him  under  the  influence  of  angry  feelings-  Sudacnll  ^^ 
door  opened,  and  an  officer  of  dra^oon^  entf^red,  brinn;in^  a  uflH 
from  the  king.  Casimir  Périer  seized  the  letter,  read  it  rapidly, 
crushed  it  between  his  hands,  and  throwing  it  from  him  violently» 
called  out,  "There  is  no  answer,"  to  the  astoniahed  officer,  whoicntne- 
diately  withdrew.     "  They  believe  the  presidenl  of  she 

mad,''  Slid  M.  De  Laberge;  "  there  goes  the  man  who  can  >  ^  

Casimir  Périer  was  not  oflcmled  at  this  bluntneas,  and  turning  t» 
the  doctor,  whose  patriotian  and  fnmkness  he  respected,  **  Il  TM 
knew  what  that  letter  contains!     Take  it  up  and  read  it^'*     "GoA 
forbid!"  replied   the   doctor,  who  knew  tJic  minister*  • 
temper.   **  In  your  present  excited  conditioR  you  mi^ht  cou 
thiâ_  secret  to  others,  and  then  charge  mo  with  having  violated' 
Casimir  Périer  then  tjxlked  of  the  bitter  and  mystorinu»  vcsstiatks  thrti 
filled  his   political  lilc.      "The  Chamber   filtle  knows»'*  he 
**with  whom  I  ha\*e  to  do.*'     Then,  aÉter  some  minutca*   âl 
"  Oh,  that  I  had  epaulettes  I"  he  said.     "  Why,  what  do  ytra 
with  epaulettes?"  exclaimed  De  Laberge-    At  these  words,  Ck_ 
l'éricr  sut  upr  his  lipfi  pule^  his  eyes  liaahing,  dashed  amde  thel 


DISIX'RBAXCES  m  GRENOBLE. 


801 


dotLes,  and  sKcnring  his  emaciated  Hinba^  ût>m  which  the  skia 
parted  imdci  kia  fingers»  he  cried,  ,"  Do  you  not  see  that  I  aiu  but 
a  corpse?" 

It  wfu  wipoesible  that  Caûmlï  Ferior's  policy  should  not  show 
CTidence  ol'  this  atxaiige  state  of  excitement.  And  as  siibaUemt 
always  delight  in  outdoing  the  defects  of  tlicir  superiors,  tlie  esccu* 
tive  hfld  assumed  in  all  its  dcffiocs  a  deplorable  character  of  rancour 
and  brutalitj.  Troubles  broke  out  eucccaeively  in  Alais,  Nitnes, 
Clermont,  imà  Carcasonne.  But  the  greater  tht;  discontent  of  tbo 
people,  the  more  pitileaa  did  the  authorities  show  themselves. 

On  tlïe  nth  of  March,  1832,  a  masquerade  represoatinff  the 
budget  and  the  two  supplcmcntarif  credits^  issued  from  Grcnohlo  by 
the  jPorto  do  Franco,  and  proceeded  to  thu  Esplanade,  where  Ge- 
Itérai  St  Clair  was  at  that  moment  reviewing  the  garrison,  llio 
roafqueradc  was  prohibited  by  the  regulations  of  the  nuthoricicv^ 
hut  was  foimded  on  ancient  usage;  it  consisted  of  but  ten  or  twelvo 
young  people,  moat  of  whom  were  merely  disguiseth  After  roam- 
tn^  gKily  along  the  St-  Martin-road,  they  were  returning  to  the  town, 
followed  by  a  numerous  crowd»  when  they  perceived  greniers 
drawn  up  wfore  the  gate,  and  barring  their  way. 

The  prefect  of  Grtmoble  waa  M.  Mauriee  Duval,  a  functionary 
of  a  very  arbitrary  turn  of  mind,  a  man  brought  up  in  the  school  of 
the  empire,  and  who  made  a  boost  of  his  unpopularity.  The  eir- 
cnmstAUce  of  a  few  hare-brained  Lida  paratling  the  town  with  poh- 
tical  emblems,  had  no  doubt  struck  lum  as  ortérîng  a  bnliiant  op- 
portunity for  making  a  disphiv  of  Ibrce;  for»  witliout  convoking-  tlie 
national  guards,  without  givmg  any  intimation  to  the  mayor,  he 
Applied  to  the  commicisarica  of  poUce,  and  required  Lieutenant- 
g^eneml  St*  Ckir  to  hold  himself  in  readineas  to  have  the  mili- 
tary under  anna  at  a  moment's  notice.  Accordingly,  upon  re- 
ceiving his  ordetfif  aa  tnmâmittod  to  tho  oommiasary  of  police  Vidal, 
the  gi-enadiera  put  theauelves  in  motion  to  prevent  the  re-entranco 
of  the  maskere.  The  latter  îmiatcd,  the  aolaicra  charged  bayoaeti?. 
Closely  preasod  between  the  miUtory,  the  horsea,  and  the  car- 
riages, the  crowd  began  to  get  angry;  threatening  criea  were 
utteiixl;  Some  stonra  were  thrown,  and  to  avoid  a  collision,  thfl 
adjuLint  ordered  the  gale  to  be  closed.  But  outjiide  the  eoncouna 
thickened,  and  became  more  and  more  chintorouB.  Colcxbel  Bo* 
ionier  de  Lespioaaso  ruslied  to  the  ejiut,  and  ordered  the  gate  to 
be  opened  ;  the  multitude  rushed  into  the  town,  and  the  maakcm 


T^he  prefect  was  excesivety  netlliîdl  at  this  denouement  Howeve», 
*fcftfJv*y  opportunity  ollured  itself  to  his  zcaL  A  masked  bait  w«a 
«mnBDood  ibr  the  evening  i  it  was  prohibited.  The  mayor  in  rain 
pfOlOilid  i^tmst  a  mca«urc  whicli,  by  dejiriving  the  public  of 
•D  eiilRtiiament  they  had  been  loyoueLy  looking  forward  to,  mighl 
cieotc  a  dangerous  luinult  M.  Duval  persisted;  and  a  rumouc  raq . 
through  the  town  that  he  had  bocn  beard  to  say  to  the  mayor:  *'  It* 


602 


DtâTURDAyCES  IN  GRENOBLE. 


the  people  throw  stones  at  the  soldjerâ,  the  SaldJers  will  throw  bftlU 
at  them."  Wlicther  the  -wortla  were  genuine  or  imaginary,  the  or- 
dinary demeanour  of  Maurice  Duval  rendered  them  very  likely 
to  have  proceeded  from  him,  and,  at  all  eviînts,  they  were  evciy- 
where  heueved  in.  However,  nothing  aa  jet  foretold  the  approach- 
iog  calamill&s.  In  tlie  evening,  indeed,  at  tho  theatre,  a  few  voices 
were  heard,  exclaiming  against  the  prohihition  of  the  mashed  boil; 
but  beyond  this,  thoru  was  no  întcrniptiûn  of  public  tranquillity. 

Next  day,  the  same  tranquillity  still  prevailed.  It  waa  announced, 
however,  that  in  the  evening,  ft  charivari*  would  take  place,  of  which 
M.  Duval  was  to  be  the  object.  He  received  this  informaûon  in 
the  morning,  and  wrote  to  the  mayor,,  desinng  him.  to  call  out  a 
battalion  of  the  national  guard.  The  battalion  was  lo  aasemble  under 
arms  at  six  o'clock.  Now,  by  gome  singular  circumstance  or  other, 
which  has  never  been  explained,  the  prefect's  letter  did  not  reach 
the  mairie  till  between  lialf-paat  four  and  five  o'clock;  and  conse- 
quently too  late  to  convoke  the  national  guard. 

The  commandant  of  the  town,  M.  Bosouier  de  LespioEisse,  hftd, 
in  the  earlier  part  of  the  day,  waited  upon  General  St.  Clair,  to  aek 
for  instructions.  "  I  have  none  to  give  you,"  said  the  genenl. 
Suhsequontlyj  at  about  four  o'clock,  the  commandant  received  a 
wnttcu  order  to  keep  the  military  within  barracks.  Anxious,  un- 
certain what  to  do,  he  again  called  upon  General  St,  Clair,  aad 
requested  to  know  what  orders  were  to  be  given  to  the  soldicra. 
The  general  gavu  no  answer. 

At  about  eight  o'clock  in  the  evening,  an  assemblage,  among  whom 
were  women  and  children,  collected  in  front  of  the  prefecture,  and 
began  crying  out,  '*  Down  with  thx  prefect,  and  directing  against  lliat 
personage  insulting  laughter  and  hooting.  Tliia  was,  no  doubt,  a  di*> 
turbance,  which  the  autliorities  had  perfect  right,  nay,  which  it  W» 
their  duty  to  put  an  end  to;  but  fur  tliis  purpose  a  ample  summona  to 
disperse,  that  which  the  law  prescribes  iu  such  ca^^s,  would  have 
been  quite  Buflicient.  For  not  one  single  weapon  of  any  sort  oppcurcd 
amongst  the  crowd)  and  the  dispositions  ol  the  people  were  ao  iu 
removed  from  hostility  or  violence,  that  no  more  than  five  S(^an 
were  required  to  make  them  evacuate  t\i<i  court-yard,  into  whicli 
they  had  made  their  way.  Turned  back  into  the  street,  where  their 
numbers  were  every  moment  augmented  by  the  acccsaon  of  casual 
passengers,  and  persons  who  came  to  look  on,  the  various  group 
continued  to  ciy,  "  Down  imth  the  prefect,'"  but  made  no  attempt 
to  force  their  way  in,  nor  exhibited  any  tendency  to  convert  thcu 
merriment  into  menace,  or  actual  violence.  They  were,  in  &ct,  be- 
ginning to  digperse,  when  the  brutal  seinure  of  a  youD"  noaa  by  an 
agent  of  police,  aupphcd  the  subsiding  tumult  with  fresh  aliment. 

In  the  meantime,  the  commissaries  of  police,  Vidal  and  JourdaOi 
had  announced  to  the  prefect  that  the  battahon  of  the  nationu 


*  Lewbellins,  or  rqag^h  music,  »  it  u  caUëd  in  Eùg^ood. 


!)T6TUBBAKCES  IW  GRENOBLE. 

rrd  whicli  he  had  ordered  to  bo  called  out^  h&d  not  aflsembled. 
Duval  hereupon  directed  them  immctlÎBtcly  to  proceed  to  the 
barruckst  call  out,  each  of  tiiem,  a  company,  and  ?iem  in  the  per- 
turbatora.  Fatal  orders,  which  were  but  too  readily  undorstood  and  , 
acted  upon,  in  the  meaning  which  they  were  meant  to  couTcy.  At 
the  very  ttiomcnt  when,  cloaely  packed  together  in  the  street  which 
confined  them  on  two  âdcs,  the  CTowd  were  with  loud  cries  demand- 
ing the  prisoner,  who  being  intoxicated,  had  fallen  asleep  in  the  guard- 
houpc,  but  whom  the  majoras  deputy  was  about  to  release,  two  com- 
panies were  marching  towards  the  prefecture  by  opposite  routes,  in 
such  a  manner  as  to  leave  the  multitude,  thua  suddenly  attacked,  no 
means  of  dispersing,  no  outlet  by  which  to  fly*  Tlie  soldiers  ad- 
vanced in  files,  and  in  dJeJic^,  the  drummcra  carrying  their  drums 
on  tiicir  backs.  On  the  one  aide,  across  the  Place  St.  André,  came 
the  grenadiers,  led  by  the  commi&sarj'  of  police,  Vidal  ;  on  the 
other,  along  the  Uue  du  Quai,  the  voltifjeurs,  under  the  conduct  of 
the  commissary  of  police,  Jourdan.  All  at  once,  sounding  froTO. 
thcî  Place  St.  André,  were  heard  these  terrible  worda:  "  Soldiers, 
forward  l'  ITic  commiseaiy  of  police  disappeared  ;  and,  without  any 
HUinmons  to  disperse,  without  any  iniimotion  whatever  to  the  un- 
happy populace,  tiic  grenadiers  charged  into  the  street  with  fixed 
bayonets.  Seized  with  astonishment  and  dismay,  the  crowd  threw 
itself  in  the  opposite  direction;  but  at  that  very  instant  there  ap- 
peared before  them,  at  no  more  than  ten  paces  off,  the  voltigeurs, 
who  were  advancing  at  double  quick  time,  paying  no  attention 
whatever  to  tho  commissary  of  police,  Jourdan,  who  called  upon 
them  to  halt.  "  Close  them  up,  and  stick  them,"  was  the  ferocioiu  , 
order  whieb  fell  from  the  lipa  of  on  officer.  The  soldiery  dashed  on, 
deployed,  ao  aa  to  occupy  the  whole  widtli  of  the  street,  and  pierced 
with  their  bayonets  such  unhappy  wretches  as  tliey  could  reach. 
Tho  spectacle,  ere  long,  was  most  abominable  and  heart-rending. 
Womeii  were  thrown  down  and  trampled  under  foot,  childrea  who  . 
■ought  to  fly  were  cruelly  wounded.  I'hc  cries,  '*  Mtrcyf  help/ 
murder  f'  resounded  from  all  sddes.  Seme  sought  to  edge  them- 
aelves  along  the  houses,  but  they  eame  upon  the  muskets  of  the 
third  rank^  which  were  planted  a^ïuust  the  walls  on  each  side,  to  , 
prevent  the  escape  of  the  people;  otiiers  pressed  towards  a  reading-  . 
room,  where  an  asylum  was  oflered  them,  but  aU  could  not  Escape 
the  danger.  A  counsellor  of  the  Cour  lïoy^e  of  Grenoble,  M, 
Marion,  nad  but  just  time  to  make  his  way  into  the  entrance  to  M. 
BalUy's  warehouse,  where  he  found  a  young  man,  whose  shirt  waa, 
covered  with  the  blood  flowing  from  a  wound  he  liad  receired. 
One  young  maxii  in  an  endeavour  to  shield  a  woman,  bad  his  arm 
piercfd  through  and  through.  A  cabinet'makcr,  of  the  name  of 
Guibert,  seeing  himself  environed,  said  to  the  ^reoadicr  who  waa 
advancing  upon  him  ;  "  I  havo  beea  making  no  disturbance  ;  do  not 
hurt  mc;"  but  as  he  waa  spcmkiiig  he  received  u  stab  in  the  groixit 


604 


DISXUKBANCES  IN  GRENOBLE. 


and  thcn^  pursued  hj  tvro  other  gTaundlds^  fell  seaedefle  at  the  fixjt 
of  the  statue  of  Bayard  ! 

A  meki  of  deep  and  mournful  alencc  followed  tliia  esmgmmay 
aggrcffiion.  All  the  streets»  all  tlie  open  places,  were  occupied  ï^ 
the  military  V  and  the  public  indignation,  for  a  few  houre,  was  confined 
within  the  bosoms  of  tlic  people. 

But,  on  the  following  morning,  Grenoble  present©!  a  most  olaniH 
mg  aspect-  At  the  far^lc  of  day  the  population  quitted  th<ûr  houses» 
and  soon  an  immense  crowd  oveispread  the  town.  Upon  every  ùtcQ 
was  strongly  portrayed  anxiety  and  anger.  The  name  of  each 
person  that  had  been  wounded  was  repeated  from  mouth  to  roouth, 
the  number  and  nature  of  their  wounds,  the  events  of  the  evenin^t 
were  recounted  with  all  their  frightful  details,  and  one  loud  c^  of 
malediction  against  the  authors  and  actors  of  the  atrocious  outrage 
aiosc  throughout  Grenoble. 

It  was  quite  evident  that  there  was  no  longw  any  BBcniity  for  tbo 
citixenfl,  if  a,  prefect,  the  natural  protector  of  me  âty»  were  permitted 
to  punifih  the  licence  of  a  party  of  pleasure  by  the  horrors  of  civil  wir. 
Not  indeed  that  there  had  been  war  here;  for  men,  most  of  them 
perfectly  inolFensive,  casual  pa^eengers,  lookers  on,  women  and 
children,  had  found  themselves  surrounded  and  attacked  without 
having  received  the  elightest  notice  or  warning,  and  without  beii^ 
allowed  even  on  opportunity  of  dispersing.  By  what  fatality  had  it 
happened  that  the  order  to  convoke  the  national  guard  was  girçn  80 
late  aa  to  be  useless?  Was  it  that  it  had  been  desired  to  make  aa 
excuse  for  the  intervention  of  the  tn^opa?  But  at  least  the  commandbat 
«if  the  town  ought  to  have  been  called  upon:  why  had  he  been  left 
in  utter  ignorance  of  movements,  which  it  was  hispart,  in  quality 
of  his  office,  to  be  acquainted  with  and  to  direct?  Why,  lastly,  had 
the  previous  summons  to  disperse,  ligoroualy  prefcribcd  by  the  law, 
been  altogether  omitted?  lliougb,  even  îiadthis  form  b?«i  complied 
withf  it  would  unhappily  have  served  to  but  little  purpose^  since  an 
order  had  been  given  not  to  disperse  the  assemblage,  but  to  snnoud 
and  close  in  upon  it. 

With  the  imprécations  which  cast  upon  M.  Maurice  Dutal  ths 
whole  responsibility  of  the  blood  that  had  been  shed,  most  pcrsoBS 
mingled  the  name  of  the  35th  regiment  of  the  line,  the  too  bothfol 
executors  of  bajbarous  orders;  but  those  who  judged  of  things  nran 
calmly,  regarded  the  soldiers  as  unfortunate  men,  more  to  be  pitied 
than  blamed.  They  pointed  out  tliat  the  demands  of  militaiy  di»- 
ciplioc  are  absolute,  pitiless;  that  it  is  easy  to  mislead  mea  tninod  to 
pft^àve  obedience;  that  all  th^e  calamities  were  owing  not  to  ÛtOK 
individuals,  but  to  a  system  which,  ibr  ita  defence,  prcfomsl  totho 
national  guard  specially  charged  by  the  law  with  the  niâintcnaiieo 
of  order,  battaiions  whose  Imyonets  ought  never  to  be  directed  fast 
against  the  enemy;  and,  besides»  thtit  it  waâ  unjust  to  make  A  whole 
coi-ps  responsible  for  excesKs  which  were,  whicli  could  have  bev* 
only  the  crime  of  a  few. 


*rhe  public  anger  constanûy  încrcased,  and  it  was  fully  psffticipated 
m  by  the  autbonties  themselves-  The  altomey-geiK-rjl  did  not  at- 
tempt to  conceal  liis  indignation.  An  inquiry  waa  univei^ftUvcaUtil 
fur;  the  Cour  Koyalc  took  notice  ofUieat^r.  At  the  some  time,  on. 
the  requisition  ol"  the  prefect,  which  their  own  vishcfl  met  much 
mnrc  than  half  way»  the  town  council  couToked  the  national  guanl^ 
and  the  roll-call  beat  in  every  quarter  of  the  town.  Young  men  not 
incorporated  in  the  guard,  came  forward  and  applied  for  arma.  A 
ntimber  of  these  holding  TEpublJcan  principles,  as!iembtcd  on  the 
Place  St  André,  appointed  as  their  chief  M.  Vafeeur,  a  person  of 
knowti  cûurage  and  resolution,  and  organized  themsolvca  into  a  free 
companr.  The  municipal  authorities  had  published  a  coaciliatory 
and  noble  proclamatioa  ;  it  was  recdved  with  transport  and  applause. 
Another  proclantatïon  by  the  prefect,  conceived  in  violent  terms,  was 
insultingly  torn  down,  and  eome  copied  of  it,  passed  irom  hand  to  handt 
only  served  still  more  to  cxiispemtf  men's  minds.  Every  thing  seemed 
to  announce  a  terrible  struggle.  Some  voltigeurs  made  their  appear^ 
ance  on  the  Toof  of  the  town-hall,  and  wore  recognised  as  some  of 
those  who  took  part  in  the  atrocity  of  the  previous  ervening.  Ilia 
measuTG  of  imprudence  was  filled:  throughout  the  town  arose  the 
meiuicùicr  cry.  **  Away  with  the  prefect  !  Away  wiUi  the  35th.  q£ 
the  line!" 

TIic  principal  members  of  the  town  council,  MM.  Ducniy,  Buis- 
son, and  Aribert,  repaired  to  the  house  of  the  prefect,  with  whonilj 
they  found  Lieutenant-general  St.  Ckir  and  the  officers  of  his  sta£ 
The  object  of  this  vidt  was  to  obtain  the  transfer  to  the  nadonal 
guard  of  the  post-s  which  the  35tli  (s>uld  no  longer  occupy,  hut  at 
the  risk  of  a  frightful  collision.     **  No  concesàon  !"  excLumed  tha 
prefect,  blinded  by  the  fanalioiFm  of  power.     But  General  St.  GSur 
perfectly  foresaw  that   a   relusal  on  his  part  would  bo  the  ôgnal 
ibr  civil  war,   and  he,  therefore,  consented  to  deliver  up  to  thoj 
national  guard  all  poeta  con^ting  of  \<sb  than  twelve  men  eachf: 
including  that  wliich  guarded  the  door  of  his  own  house.     A  teyif 
moments  after  this,  a  loud  noise  was  heard  in  the  courtryard  of  the  I 
prefecture.     The  crowd  had  rushed  in,  and  were  knocking  furioosly  | 
at  the  door.     '*  What  does  this  mean?'  aelced  the  geneiah     "Itj 
means,"  repUed  the  prefect,  "  that  in  a  very  short  time  you  and  li 
«hall  bo  tJirown  out  of  the  window.'*   The  two  ^ntlemen  then  psveA  I 
into  the  mayor  s  hall,  where  tlicy  foond  assembled  a  Larvc  number  of] 
national  guards.     Here  the  general  was  informed  that  the  conccsioii  j 
which  he  proposed  was  not  sufllcienti  that,  in  order  to  avoid  a  CûU  j 
limon,  it  was  urgently  csentîal  to  place  all  the  pjsta  in  the  orampatiott  I 
of  the  national  guards  with  the  exception  of  three  gates  of  the  town,  | 
which  might  be  occupied  conjointly  by  the  national  guard,  the  ai^  j 
tiUery  of  the  Une,  and  the  sappers  and  engineers.     The  general  could, 
not  but  yield  to  the  solicitatioâs  of  tu  many  cilizenf,  speaking  in  the  j 
name  ol  humanity  ;  and  the  courtryard  being  tilled  with  an  im{)abeii4  i 
multitode,  he  was  invited  to  d^cend  among  them,  for  the  purpose 


606 


MSTUEEA^'CES  IN  GRENOBLE. 


of  tranqujllizinff  tlieir  minds.  The  tumult  was  immense-  On  the 
appearance  of  ite  general,  a  young  man,  nimed  Huchet,  who  had 
"oken  wounded,  and  wore  his  arm  in  a  scarf,  advanced,  and  begsn  an 
animated  address.  He  related  in  energetic  language,  t^e  outrage  of 
wliich  he  had  been  one  of  the  victims;  and  he  represented  the  atUl 
more  fearful  calamitiea  which  would  infailiblj  arise  fropa  permitting 
the  minds  of  the  people  to  remain  in  their  present  excited  state,  and 
which  could  alone  be  obviated  hy  the  immediate  removal  of  the  35th 
«f  the  line.  The  assembled  multitude  adopted  the  speaker's  statetoent 
with  deafening  acclamations.  The  free  company»  a^  we  hare  aud^inu 
Btationed  witlun  a  short  distaneCv  It  heard  the  shouts,  and  its  chtef 
came  to  the  spot  whence  they  proceeded  to  ascertain  the  cause.  He 
entered  the  court-jard,  and  perceiving  ihc  wounded  Huchet,  mtdo 
hia  way  to  him  and  embraced  him,  amid  the  enthusiastic  plaudits  of 
the  crowd.  Other  speakers,  echoed  by  the  universaii  voice,  inâsJed 
upon  tlie  removal  of  the  35th;  at  length  a  young  man  advanced  to 
M.  St,  Clair,  and  declared  him  a  prlfioner.  The  general  was  imme- 
diately conducted  to  his  house,  under  the  tscort  of  the  free  company, 
and  seotinels  were  placed  on  guard  at  every  door. 

The  situation  had  become  a  very  critical  one.  Provoked  into  ex- 
istence by  a  sanguinary  violation  of  the  law,  and  seeming  to  itaetf 
nothing  more  than,  perhaps,  a  tumultuous  triumph  of  the  l»w  to 
outraged,  ijiHurroctioii  was  about  to  become  mistress  of  the  town. 
M.  Jutes  Bastide  havinj:^  proceeded  straight  lo  the  citadel  accom- 
panied only  by  one  artilleryman.  "Who  goes  there?"  demanded 
the  sentinel.  "The  commandant  of  the  place^'*  replied  the  artillery- 
m&n.  The  sentinel  preaeuted  arms  to  M.  Bastide,  he  entered,  took 
possession  of  the  citadel,  and  ordered  out  some  guns.  The  populft- 
tion  of  the  surrounding  cuuntry  were  beginning  to  flock  into  Gre- 
noble, whose  cause  they  wannly  espoused.  Armed  citizens  were 
«greiywhere  seeking  the  prefect,  who,  overcome  with  tearor^  con- 
C90^êd  himself  in  hia  apartments,  in  a  cupboard,  as  it  was  reported. 
^Ebe  locffln  all  but  sounded,  and  already  the  more  daring  spirits  be- 
gsn  lx>  talk  of  constituting  a  provisional  government;  a  project  of 
sure  and  easy  execution  under  circumstancea  like  these,  when  he  who 
has  audacity  and  self-confidence  enough  to  assume  command,  be- 
comes, by  the  very  fact,  invested  with  ita  presdgc,  and  is  cnftblcd  to 
exercise  its  rights. 

The  less  ardent  minds,  however,  grew  alarmed.  The  membes 
of  the  free  company,  notwithstanding  the  moderation  they  had  d»- 
played,  appeared  somewhat  dangerous  auxiliaries  in  the  eyes  of  Um 
more  timid  citizens.  Two  companies  of  the  national  guard  accord- 
ingly mcrched  to  the  government-house,  and  took  the  plioe  of  Ûvoat 
young  men,  after  a  short  conference  between  the  respective  com- 
manding officers. 

On  hia  part,  Lieutenant-general  St,  Clair  had  decided  upon  send- 
ing to  Lyons  to  Lieutenant-general  Hulot,  the  officer  in  comnuoid 
of  the  military  division  of  that  district,  a  deputation  to  rcquiro  lilO 


— ^  DIKTIJEBANCES  IS  GRENOBLE,  fiO? 

removal  of  tlie  35th.  Tliis  mission  was  confided  to  M.  Julien 
Bertrand  and  to  M.  Jules  Basbde,  the  latter  of  whom,  having  renched 
Grenoble  only  on  the  moming  of  the  13th,  had  played  bo  important 
and  hoûourable  a  part  in  the  events  wlûch  had  taken  place  since  hia 
arrival. 

Meantime  the  prefect  made  his  escape  from  his  own  apartments, 
and  took  refuge  in  the  barracks.  The  national  guard  obtained  a  sup- 
ply of  ammunition  from  the  Trniaicipality.  The  evening  and  night 
oJ  the  ISth  were  calra,  but  Boleinn.  One  power  alone  was  on  foot,  the 
municipal.  The  bourgeoisie  were  in  possession  of  the  arsenal  and  of 
the  powder  magazine.  Confined  to  their  barracks,  the  35th  were 
amazed  at  the  dismal  silence  by  which  they  were  surrounded.  The 
whole  population  waa  under  arms,  waiting. 

On  the  14th,  while  th*î  persons  gent  from  the  niountftins  to  iuquizo 
into  mattere,  were  descending  towards  Grenoble,  and  horsemen,  des- 
patched in  all  haste  from  that  town,  were  conveying  to  the  country 
people,,  on  the  part  of  the  municipality,  exhortations  to  peace  and 
order,  the  6th  regiment  of  the  line,  a  regiment  of  draf^ons,  and  a 
demi'battery  of  guna,  had  left  Lyons  and  were  on  tneii  way  to 
Grenoble. 

Their  fellow-citizens  beginning  to  conceive  some  anxiety  as  to  the 
SàiÉ  of  MM.  Jules  Bastide  and  Julien  Bertrand,  representativeâ  of 
an  insurgent  town,  MM.  Ducry  and  RepelHn,  the  former  mayor's 
deputyt  tlie  other  a  member  of  the  municipal  council,  were  de- 
spatched to  Lyons,  for  the  purpose  of  explaining  to  General  Hiilot, 
tiic  tme  character  of  the  events  that  had  taken  place.  On  dieir 
arrival,  they  found  that  MM.  Baetide  and  Bertrand  had  been 
courteously  received  by  the  general;  that  the  demanda  of  the  town. 
of  Grenoble  had  bceai  warmly  supported  by  the  prefect  of  Lyons, 
M.  Gusparin;  and  that  General  d'Uzer  had  orders  to  enter  Gre^ 
noble  as  a  pacificatory  and  to  withdraw  tJie  35th,  but  not  ^mtil  it 
had  been  formally  reinstated  in  all  the  posts.  The  municipal  envoya 
forcibly  pointed  out  all  the  dangers  that  might  result  from  insisting 
upon  the  required  reinstallation.  Was  it  necessary  that  a  slight 
aliould  be  put  upon  the  national  guard?  Would  it  be  prudent 
once  more  to  set  the  military  and  the  guard,  between  whom  there 
existed  much  violent  hostility,  face  to  face  with  each  other?  General 
Hulot  gave  due  weight  to  these  conàderations,  and  modifying  hia 
original  instructions,  arranged  that  one  only  of  the  battolions  oi  the 
35tn  should  be  marched  out,  and  placed  at  the  Porte  de  France;  thati 
the  gate  being  thus  occupied  by  tlieni,  the  6th  of  the  line,  the  tor- 
ment destined  to  replace  the  35th  at  Grenoble,  should  enter,  draw 
up  in  array  on  the  Place  d'Armea,  and  proceed  to  take  pogscseioQ 
of  all  the  posta;  iîïunedialely  after  this,  the  35th  were  to  quit 
Grenoble. 

These  instructions  were  punctually  carried  out.  On  tlic  16th  of 
MM-eh,  1832,  the  soldiers  ot  the  35th  took  their  departure  from  the 
town^  in  which  they  leii  so  painful  a  memory  of  thoir  presence;  tboy 


608 


PAELI.VBtKNTART  PESATES  ON  THE  ATFAIM.  OP 


marcLed  cut,  Uiiough  Ûwt  midst  of  a  pcpuktioo,  gtoomy,  ■Sooft» 
jukd  scarce  able  to  repress  ita  bitter  auger. 

On  Tcceivdng  intcLLigeacc  of  the  events  which  had  takenpbeaûi 
his  twUve  tarwTL,  Casimir  Périer  waa  pcr&ctly  fionoin.  A  aisfisst  of 
autbority  vras  a  humiliation  to  his  pndc^  which  it  vas  im pcasible  to 
floVtnit  to,  Oa  the  19th.  of  March,  without  waiting  luttij,  the  &ci> 
were  clearly  ascertained,  the  Aùmiteur  publïâhed  ad  Article  *  "^^^ 
dedared:  Uiat  the  35th»  whoM  aasistaiicc  had  boeo  t«giilT  calJec 
had  done  its  duty  well  and  wisely;  that  coloiijek^  offioen, 
fioldier?,  all  mcarited  the  highest  pii^se;  that  «U  aorts  of  iABtihs  had 
bocn  oâcred  to  the  soldiera  to  such  a  degree,  thai  it  becacme  neoenur 
for  ihcm  to  take  measures  for  their  own  dcdènce;  thftt  s^tem  •mvaam 
had  been  received  bj  the  militari'',  and  that  the  number  and  extant 
of  those  5uâèieâ  by  the  a^^ïators  had  been  grosly  exoegezaied. 

The  immediate  effect  of  these  strange  pcrrersions  oftmth  wLh^ 
as  a  matter  of  courac,  were  destined  almost  immediately  to  Batb  Ùkh 
He  gtiren  them  in  the  moet  complete  and  triumphant  mmaer,  "^ 
calumniate  victims  ivhu  were  alrâady  so  scTereljr  Mffiseni^.     ll 
FeHx  Kcal  and  Duboyp-AIme,   memben  for  Grenoble,   at 

Erote^led  against  allegations,  alike  impoUtic  and  fabe,  fînt 
rtler,  which  the  Jlmiitcur  most  uawûrthily  delayed  Uie  'rngrfl*4^ 
of;  and  then  in  the  Chamber  where,  on  the  20Ui  of  Ifareli,  M. 
Duboys-Âimé  roec  to  question  the  mimster  upon,  the  sabjeçL  Tin 
feelings  of  a  larg€  portion  of  the  liouac  had  been  greailj  l*writi>d  bj 
what  bad  taken  place,  and  the  debate  which  ensued,  inu 
^ol&ut  one,  la  a  speech  rc?plcte  with  nmaly  feeUng  and  '. 
solve,  GnmiGT  Pages  visited  with  indignant  acom  the  at 
made  to  throw  the  blame  on  a  town  whose  streets  had  beea  si 
witb  Innocent  blood;  he  demanded  to  know  if  the  sununcmt  to  di»* 
peisc  hod  first  been  proclaimed;  if  not,  ho  emphatically  8aid«  iIm 

lallen  citizens  liaiing  been  murdered At  àîa  word  a  load 

damour  arose;  Caaimir  Périer  was  so  excited  that  he  could  kaxdlf 
keep  his  seat;  the  whole  assembly  was  agttabad  with:  difl&ani 
emotions.  "  Ves,"  continued  Gamier  J^a^ies,  mare  einphalid^t|' 
even  idnn  before.  *•*•  Tes^  if  there  was  no  prevvMis  nunoafiss,  Ckcn 
can  be  no  doubt  that  die  men  who  used  tncir  weapons 
citizens,  wore  miodereEs."'  A  long  pause  foUowed  this  isaaqpiwoak 
declaration.  ^ 

AI.  I>upin  une  then  addrgeeed  the  booae.  He  C3^ 
surprise  that  aedilious  riots  shonld  and  apdogisis  Kod  dofendas  m  the 
Tçry  boeom  of  parlianicnt.  Insulted,  attackod,  on  tie  pqiitt  flf  boiu 
disanned, coulait  be  cxpectod,he  asked,  that  soldiei»  wtnud  noidefiw 
thcmselvffi?  And  who  wœ  the  men  iK*ho9e  caoac  w&s  bo  wiondy 
pleaded,  «o  beoeât  whom  gentlemen  veatured  without  pcooâ^  tti 
r«a£t  upon  the  government  an  atrocious  accusation.  TTicy  wan  per* 
•oma  who,  in  a  ikgitious  maaqurandc  had  ûgured  forth  the  aa 
tion  of  ilie  king;  they  were  ftctious  men,  who  asembled  ti 
m  such  a  Tnnntrec  U  to  «bow  tkey  acted  upon  a  ptan;  natil  \ 


ten     ■ 

•I.  I 

U 


GRENOBLE. — TTTlAKîaCAL  COKDUCT  OP  MIKISTETÏ8.        609 

it  vas  suggested  that  lîictG  was  some  mifode  in  the  case.  There 
was  large  talki  M.  Diipln  observed^  about  the  population  of  Gre» 
Boblc»  33  tliougti  the  whole  population  of  tHat  tovm  liad  been 
^Bailed  by  the  troops,  wKcrçaâ  in  point  of  lact,  U  was  merely  a  knot 
of  persons  who  had  diofen  to  throw  tlicmselves  between  the  national 
guard  and  the  miUtaiy,  M.  Dnpin  concluded  by  eiqjn^âng  hia 
Eope  that  the  jory,  bufore  wkom  the  mottei  men  wa»,  would 
ttDt  allow  itself  to  be  intimidatcd,  tiiat  the  Gout  Rojale  of  Greno- 
Ue  would  arcnge  insulted  society,  mod  that  juâtîoc  wotdd  have  ita 
due. 

Rii^ing  in  audacity  of  AssertïOD,  aboYO  eve»  the  pitcK  attained 
by  M.  Dupin,  who  was  replied  to  by  M.  OdOon  Barrot  in  m 
speech  replete  with  sound  sense,  judgment,  and  dignity,  C4«iinir 
Périer  a&rmod  tJiat  the  populace  had  raised  loud  cries  under  M. 
Duval's  windows  of,  Dottm  tttth  the  çovrrnmentf  Hurrah 
fvr  the  RrpuitUe  !  ïmd  be  scTCrely  rcprfjacncd  ll»e  national  ^lurd 
ol  Grenoble  for  not  having  responded  to  the  call  which  souglit  to 
place  the  preficrv'atioii  of  order  under  ita  protoction. 

On  reading  in  the  Monitet^  iJie  report  of  the  sitting  of  the  20th 
of  Match,  tlie  population  of  Grcnoblo  felt  that  it  had  Deen  groîsly 
calumniated,  and  bitter  complaints  were  made  in  every  dilution, 
thiijughout  the  town.  An  inquiry  was  eet  on  foot;  a  decbtradon. 
utterly  falsifying  the  statement  made  by  the  prc^ideot  of  the  council, 
was  signed,  in  a  very  short  qiace  of  time  by  2666  persotts;  the 
mumcipal  couocal  drew  up  a  rcpc-rt  explaining  (be  whole  facts  of 
tlic  case  to  France;  to  complete  ttie  disconifiture  of  government,  M. 
Maurice  Duval  himself  was  obliged  publicly  to  acknowledge  that  ho 
bad  been  mifitaken,  and  that  there  had  not  been  sent  forth,  in  front 
of  the  prefecture  tbose  seditious  cries,  upon  wldch  Casimir  Pcrîei: 
b^d  thought  proper  to  enlargCf  in  the  Chamber  of  Deputies. 

Tlie  fury  of  ministers  was  rendered  doubly  forious^  on  finding 
tbcin  selves  tbua  confounded.  An  ordonnance  pronounoed  the  dia- 
eolution  of  the  national  guar»!  of  Grenoble»  and  ordered  ît  to  be  dis- 
jttnaed.  lâou tenant* general  St.  Clulr,  wliu,  to  avoid  the  e£fuskui  of 
blood,  bad  authorized  the  transference  of  the  pio^ts  to  the  wrtif^nai 
gUffdewas  insolently  dismiffed  frc»mliiseoinmand.  They  put  the  com- 
msttdanl  of  the  place,  M.Lesptnassc^on  half  pay.  The  colonel  of  ftrtil- 
IcrVy  CbantroUi  was  Kprimsuded  And  sujpended.  LieutcIlan^gezlcnl 
Hulot^who  ordered  tiieââtb  toquitGienoUef was  transferred  to Metx, 
where  the  honour  of  the  wmmand  he  enjoyed,  but  lit  eorered  the 
military  di^racc  he  had  sustained.  On  the  other  hand  M.  Maurice 
Duval  rose  considerably  in  bis  master's  favour.  And  the  more 
clearly  to  ïct  it  be  seen  tut  tho  power  of  tho  b«ronet  was  in  the  se- 
condant, Marshal  Soult,  nmdstcr  at  war^  pubtiwed  an  order  of  the 
duy,  addressed  to  the  army,  a  baugbty  manifesto,  which  cxpres?inff 
the  king's  entire  satisfaction  widi  the  conduct  of  tho  35ih,  concUided 
vitb  thrtse  wosd^  «omcwbat  âfbounding  &ud  eterUiiig  to  &  free  peo- 


1 


610 


THE  ASSERTIOSS  OF  WINISTESS  REFUTED. 


} 


pie,  nndct  tlKïcircmnstanccs:  *^  Soldiei^  tKe  Idngand  Fitmce  thant 

It  vas  lùgh  time  that  the  vooce  of  trutli  should  be  eficcttv^^  w- 
posed  to  the  suffgestiona  of  violeace.  la  a  report,  remarkable  for  toe 
precision  and  di^tmctnc^  of  its  statements,  and  for  the  niodentûn 
of  Its  language,  the  municipal  administration  of  Grenoble,  provod, 
beyond  a  question  ^  that  the  mA^uerade  of  the  11  th  of  M*rch  ia  no 
way  figured  forth  the  assasâinâtion  of  the  king;  that  th<;  n^uott^^ 
guard  had  been  summoned  at  too  late  un  hour  to  pcttuit  of  it^^| 
scmbUng;'  that  no  cry  whatever,  hostile  to  the  government  ofw^^ 
king»  waa  uttered  beneath  the  prefect's  wlndo\rg — the  prelect  him» 
sdf  had  admitted  it; — that  the  commandant  of  the  place  had  »■ 
celred  no  intimation  at  aU;t  that  M.  Duval  rcaïly  and  truly  did  an 
the  commioiaires  of  police  the  order  to  cem^r  the  assemblage  ;|  uat 
no  legal  summons  to  the  people  waa  made  ;§  that  only  one  soldia 
of  the  35th  had  entered  the  hoepital  four  days  after  the  crcBtt 
of  the  12lh,  and  then  in  consequence  of  iimammatioQ  ariaitf 
from  a  Jrick;||  that  the  place  ia  which  tlicy  were  assenabled,  aSonSed 
the  crowd  no  stones  to  throw  at  the  soldiers;  that  among  tlie  wounds 
received  by  tlie  citizens,  fourteen  were  behind  ;5  that  the  events  ofthfi 
I3th  were  the  inevitable  result  of  popular  exasperation,  caused  b]r> 
iïogrant  violation  of  the  laws;  and  that  the  conduct  of  tiio  mimiaptl 


*  '*X,  the  undenigDcd,  cterk  in  tlie  Mairie  of  Grcaoble.  certify  that  thv  leOct  ■!- 
dFE«ed  by  M.  t,hc  î^fect  of  the  Seine  to  M.  the  Mayor  of  Grengble,  on  the  Wk  d 
March  instant,  contaiain^  an  nnk-w  to  conToku  a  baîtalioa  of  tbe  NaCioiMl  Gosd. 
A\d  not  TVftch  the  Mairie  till  betw{>«n  lialf-imst  four  and  Atc  o'clock  in  the  «notaC. 
Id  tcitiniuny  uf  which  I  have  lii-rc  si^ed  my  luunc, 
— (Eitract  from  the  Repart  of  the  Mimicipalily.)  **  LABOEKR" 

t  "  It  il  wEtb  the  mmi  af  ute  palii  I  fluil  tb^t  a  number  of  my  cauntrymco  bdim 
tliat  I  waj  chATf^ied  with  the  mavoineiit  of  the  trûopâ,  on  the  night  ot'  Llic  12th  atét 
prtfseut  monthi  I  can  ttlatc,  upun  my  honour,  thiit  no  i^qoesE,  lau  order,  no  intlai- 
tion  wjifl  Kivtai  nif  to  pyt  thy  troops  in  motion,  and  thjLt,  «conscquiLTillj-,  I  eoolit  fott- 
BtO  uottiin^;  prevent  nuthinj;,  Was  it  tUmt  authority  had  not  eonfideuce  iii  tec) 
I  cannot  say.  My  countrymen  witl  noir  jadgc  bow  far  I  was  in  fault.  Tlie  C^- 
mandflat  of  tlic  Haca,  "  LESPIKASSB." 

X  "  M.  the  Prefect  ordered  m  to  go  to  (he  harrac^  ;  to  tAke.  that  is  my  tunvi^ 
and  myself,  csch  of  ua  a  eompuiy»  to  Mnur  and  arreat  the  «iû^turhert."— (Extiart 
from  the  Import  of  the  Commiuary  of  Folice,  Jourdaa,  12th  to  13tli  M«">h^  list.) 

''  M.  the  Prefect  told  us  to  go  and  ^t  a  troop  of  the  ljn«.  My  coUcagiM  anJ  I 
vent  to  the  Bourse  barracks^  where  we  applied  for  and  obtiuncd  a  c«npMiy  «ttk 
We  then  separated;  my  colleague  passed  doiru  the  Quai  d'OriéNU,  and  I  down  Uv 
Grande  Rue  to  ^ternrr  the  crowd." — (Hcport  of  the  CommiiHuy  uf  FoUo^  VIM 
13th  to  l^th  March,  1S32.) 

§  "  Tbc  Tolti^urs,  led  on  by  T  know  not  what  ùnpiïtAê,  duhed  OIJ«  qi^ck  «  K^l- 
nm^,  char^-J  bayoiiets,  and  thriut  back  the  crowd  (who  wc»  pnihhlg  w,  uo  douM. 
for  the  purpose  of  niaking  their  way  out),  snd  all  tlii«  wilhmit  anj  ardan»  rotlnlj 
of  Iheïr  ovii  motion,  without  waiting  for  any  suiiimoni  being  addceued  to  tbc  MO- 
pIc,  an'I  ïlospit^:!  my  strong  represfOtationB,  and  onlera  to  tbâOi  totecATCT  Vaàt 
arma."— {Ktport  of  tlie  Cotmniuary  of  Police,  Jourdim-J 

II  GeoerilHo*pitalcpfGpeDoble.J  (MiUtJiry  dopartment,)  lïeportof  Hlit  Fountia 
and  C.  Siloy. 

1  Ileport  of  ilM.  lïomain  Bally  and  Jotcph  Breton,  dtKinrt  en  miihcùie. 


i 


DUSLS  BETWEEN  THE  UILITABT  AKI>  THE  CIYILXAKS.     611 

authorities  and  of  the  national  guards  of  Grenoble  had  been  not  only 
irreproachable,  but  worthy  of  the  gratitude  of  the  citizens. 

With  that  false  stickling  for  the  point  of  honour,  common  to  all 
goremments  that  desdre  to  make  the  law  of  force  predominant  in  a 
country,  the  ministry^  vowed  to  put  down  its  adversaries  with  the 
strong  hand,  not  being  able  to  confute  l^em,  and  it  had  recourse 
to  the  harshest  measures.  Then  was  glaringly  displayed  all  the 
natural  servility  that  goes  hand  in  hand  with  most  human  ambitions. 
To  be  strong  it  was  enough  to  appear  so;  the  timid  hastened  to  side 
with  those  who  had  bayonets  at  their  command,  and  who  spoke  the 
language  of  dictators  ;  thej  udicial  inquiry  b^un  against  the  aggressors 
was  followed  up  against  the  assailed  population.  As  it  was  impossible 
to  bring  the  whole  national  guard  of  Grenoble  into  court,  and  the 
authorities  were  bent  on  enjoying  the  satisihction  of  a  judicial  triumph, 
they  selected  for  trial  the  two  brothers  Vasscur,  MM.  Bastide, 
Gauthier,  Dubost,  and  Huchet.  One  of  these,  M.  BasUde,  was  a 
stranger  to  the  town;  another,  M.  Huchet,  was  one  of  the  victims  of 
the  disastrous  day  of  the  12th.  Dreading  to  displease  the  pos- 
aesBors  of  might,  the  dispensers  of  fortune,  some  public  functionaries 
who  had  at  first  taken  |»rt  with  tlie  city  of  Grenoble,  declared  against 
it  when  they  saw  the  colours  waving,  and  heard  the  tramp  of  the 
iMttalions. 

Marshal  Soult  said  in  his  order  of  the  day  to  the  array,  "  Hia 
majesty  has  not  seen  with  approval  the  withdrawal  of  the  35th  from 
Grenoble."  Lieutenant-general  Delort,  commander-in-chief  of  the 
seventh  division,  issued  a  threatening  proclamation  preparatory  to 
his  entry  into  Grenoble  ;  and  into  tiiat  city  of  24,000  souls,  ganiaoned 
by  8000  men  of  all  arms,  the  35th  again  entered  with  drums  beating, 
the  band  playing,  cannons  in  the  centre,  and  matches  lighted.  The 
inhabitants  look^  on  at  this  ill-boding  trium{)hal  entry,  full  of  stifled 
indignation,  but  fearless.     Some  of  tnem  smiled  with  contemptuous 

{nty  at  the  militaiy  parade.    A  citizen  went  up  to  one  of  the  artil- 
ery-raen  who  earned  a  lighted  match,  and  holding  out  a  cigar,  said 
to  him,  "  Some  fire,  comrade,  if  you  please." 

Some  days  afterwards  an  event  that  derived  an  imposing  and 
solemn  character  from  circumstances,  occupied  the  attention  of  all 
Grenoble.  It  had  been  arranged  that  a  single  combat  should  take 
place  between  a  young  man  of  the  town,  named  Gauthier,  and  an 
officer  of  the  35th.  The  whole  population  flocked  to  the  rendezvous 
at  the  hour  appointed.  A  detachment  of  cavalry  had  received  orders 
to  keep  off  the  multitude.  Other  horsemen  and  trumpeters  were 
posted  so  as  to  protect  the  lists',  within  which  the  judgment  of  God 
was  to  be  pronounced  as  in  the  middle  ages.  The  two  adversaries 
appeared  on  the  ground.  It  would  be  impossible  to  depict  the 
emotion,  the  anxiety  of  the  spectators.  For  it  was  not  a  privatequar- 
rcl  that  was  about  to  be  decided,  and  the  faces  of  the  beholders  told 
plainly  enough  that  in  that  duel  was  involved  the  cause  of  the  whole 
city.    The  weapon  employed  was  the  sabre.    Though  unakiUcd  in. 

S  s 


612   eTSTEMÂl 


"tttm  BETWTEÏT  TffE  TWO  CHAMBERS. 


its  use  the  civîlifln  resolutely  attacked  his  adversary;  the  sabre  îw 
over  Kis  beaiî,  but  avoiding  t!ie  stroke,  he  Uuti  tlie  officer  at  hia  un 
with  a  thrtist. 

For  two  months  there  -were  almost  daily  duds  between  the  offic 
fttid  men  of  the  35th  and  the  citizens;  and  the  latter  always  had  i 
beet  oi  the  fight,  a  circumstancG  to  which  the  popular  creea  d^Ught^, 
to  attach  a  strikingly  providential  import.  On  the  9th  of  May  after  i 
new  duel,  and  in  conséquence  of  a  white  flag  having  been  di^U3i 
by  an  officer  of  the  35th,  and  snatched  from  him  by  a  civilian, 
guarrel  became  general  on  the  e^lanade  of  tlie  Porte  de  Fr 
ooldiereand  citizens  were  wounded  in  spile  of  the  conciliatory  ■ 
of  the  dragoons  and  of  some  officers,  bo  strong  was  the  angry  fe 
ing  on  both,  sddes,  that  on  the  lltli  and  12th  of  March  Gmrratl 
Delort  was  obliged  to  conûne  the  35th  to  their  barracks,  as  Generalf 
St  Clair  Iiad  done  beiorc,  and  soldiers  of  other  régiments  had  to  do] 
duty  at  the  barrack  gates.  The  municipaUty instantly  despAKrhed  ft] 
letter  to  the  ministn-,  declaring  in  etrong  terms,  that  ifthc  35th 
not  iinmoditttely  -withdrawn  tlioy  were  determined  to  reagn.  It 
îjeceseary  to  put  an  end  at  last  to  this  cruel  state  of  thinga  On  the  1 
20th  of  May  the  3ôth  quitted  Grenoble  for  the  second  and  last  tuiMwJ 

Here  then  werc  the  rcstdu  to  which  Casimir  Périer'a  policy  ce 
appeal  for  the  admiration  of  men:  the  blood  of  the  citizen  sbcd  by  1 
the  hand  of  the  soldier;  a  generoua  city  plunged  into  moumin(%] 
then  driven  to  thevei^e  of  revolt;  consticuted  authority  overcome,  and 
forced  to  make  up  for  the  loss  of  its  moral  power  by  the  brntal  di*-^ 
plâv  of  its  physical  force;  a  gftllant  and  brave  army  viok*ntIv  tumf:f{| 
Kstuc  from  its  ri<?htful  course  of  servioe;  and  hatred  sown  betweeftJ 
civilians  and  soldiers,  who  should  have  lo\-ed  each  other,  and  wko] 
were  alike  children  of  the  same  coimtry. 

And  to  this  humiliating  anarchy  were  added  ihc  fluctuating  fes^j 
tunes  of  an  oïstinate  struggle  between  Uie  two  supreme  bodm in! 
the  state.  Seeing  that  the  indiffiolubility  of  m&rriAg«  combined  i  "^ 
personal  eepanUion  was  but  le^^ahsed  adullory^  the  Chnnber  of' 
putica  voted,  on  the  motion  oi  M.  de  Schonen,  for  the 
ment  of  divorce:  the  Chamber  of  Peers  rejecled  it.  The  i 
of  Deputies  wished  to  abolish  the  expiatory  ceremomes  of  the  ïiscl 
of  January  as  insulting  to  the  nation:  the  Chamber  of  Pie 
jtordcd  that  aboBtion  as  nostilo  to  royalty  ;  and,  aAer  long  andi  i 
debates,  the  question  was  adjoumed,  leaving  it  in  doubt  wi  ' 
iDonarehical  principle  waa  ol  bo  uiucii  worth  that  â  poonle  i 
subjected  to  the  outrage  of  a  never  ending  expù(io&  becuaa»  a  ! 
has  been  put  to  death. 

'lliis  rivalry  between  the  legislative  bodies,  so  distinctly  indie 
of  tlie  vices  of  the  ©onstilutional  rtgime,  tendril  ii>  reiuier  all 
things  impossible.     Thus,  for  some  months,  tha  QMiaber  of 
tics  confined  its^'lf  exclusively  to  the  dtjcuaaon  of  the 
^■*^i  puLlic  attention  was  furthermore  drawn  by  a  Suimmu  lofc 
Ressner,  th<ï  c«i&\x\ct-^'Uk^i9l  of  the  treasBxVr  bul 


THE  BCI>CET  OP  1831.  ~^'  Rfl 

l«flviiig  a  deGcit  in  Ids  departmeut  of  several  tnillioiu.  lodcpcîid- 
CDtly  of  the  disorder  in  toe  ffypt-em  of  keeping  the  public  accounU 
whicK  •waa  indicated  by  tKie  djeBcit,  iho  true  amount  of  wliich  waa 
iting  uokno^TL  to  tlie  public,  it  disclosed  besides,  one  of  the  most 
liidcous  mBiadicâ  of  modem  civilization;  for  M.  Kcsencr,  a.  mxui  en- 
dowed with  amiable  and  estimable  qualities,  iind  knoTrn  for  bis  be- 
neficence, had.  been  plunged  into  infnmj  solely  by  the  m&nia  for 
stock-jobbing.  Tlie  Bourse,  it  is  well  known,  is  not  merely  »  cha- 
ritablo  institution  opened  for  tbe  reoeption  of  unemployed  copilak, 
it  is  also  the  liauni  of  stock -jobbing.  Hie  opportunity  was  a  ut  ono 
ibr  inquiring  into  the  xiaturc  ot  tbe  influence  exercised  W  the  Bour» 
upun  the  movement  of  capital,  and  upon  the  Epint  ofspeculatiOTi, 
and  for  inTCStigatin{|r  the  (question  wlietbcr  it  ia  advisable  to  tolerate 
tlic  Institution,  and  whether  it  is  not  at  least  ihç  part  of  a  govern- 
juetit  worthy  of  the  name  to  interfere  actively,  and  on  its  own  re- 
Hponiibillty,  where  the  frenzy  of  gambling  ia  so  pr<:Hluctive  of  inis- 
iortunes,  irauds,  odious  suooefles  tud  scanoAlr  In  the  course  of  this 
work  we  ^vili  set  forth  the  «tote  of  the  finança  of  tlic  kingdom,  not 
failing  to  investigale  the  important  problems  euggestcii  by  Fuch 
topes.  TheHi  problems  the  Cnunbcr  ought  to  have  solved;  but  the 
destruction  of  abuses  was  a  task  beyond  the  courage  of  an  asaembly 
in  which  eat  so  many  iiicn  who  had  derived  ihcir  lortxmes  and  their 
poww  ijx>Tn  tho60  very  abuse»,  llie  Chamber,  tlieieftwe,  pataed  the 
budget,  after  a  discusaon  ai  unproductl\'e  as  it  was  laborious.  The 
estimates  for  ordinary  and  extraordinary  expenses  for  the  year  1832 
amounted  to  1,106,618,270  franca.  The  la^t  budget  of  tbe  Restora- 
tion bad  only  amounted  to  983,185^97  irancs!  The  paâsn^  of  the 
estimates  was  looked  to  aa  the  conclusion  of  the  Chamb^'a  labotm. 
On  the  21fit  of  April  appeared  tbe  royal  proclamation  declaring  the 
Bcsfion  of  1831  closed.  That  acatâosi  had  but  added  the  irritating 
debutes  of  the  tribune  to  the  trotihlcs  out  of  door?,  and  the  Chtunber 
scparated^  after  wcatlicring  out  a  season  of  plots* 


CHAPTER  V. 


GbxatKR  calamili»  wero  impending  over  France:  the  dtolcra 
morbus  was  approaching. 

From  the  end  of  AuguH,  1B17,  to  Ole  beginning  of  April,  1832, 
tlie  cholera,  conimencuag  in  the  delta  of  the  Uungcs>  bad.  been 
pjiifiiding  ils  frightful  ravuges  alar  in  every  direction.  It  had  spread! 
Buutliwarda  to  the  isle  of  luuor,  eastwards  to  Pukba,  to  the  frontivra 
of  Siberia  northwards.  On  the  north-west  it  had  laid  hold  on  Mos- 
cow and  St.  Pctcr^buigr  and  followed  the  line  extending  from  Daat- 
Eig  to  OLmutz.    Ciingiag  to  the  w^— **™.  it  had  appeared  with  them 

2s2 


614 


THE  CnOLEUA  IX  TARIS. 


in  the  battle  fields  of  Pûlaiid,  more  destructive  than  wur  itseir. 
had  spread  among  the  Poles  immediately  atW  the  battlu  of  Iganic: 
It  had  then  overnm  Bohemia,  Gallicia,   Hungary,    and  Austrù^l 
ino^Dg  do^vn  the:  Liihuhi touts,  sweeping  aver  eiiormoiis  distAooea  i 
n  few  days,  leaping  irregularly  from  one  kingdom  to  another.  biL 
ftftervvards  retracing  its  gtcpa  as  if  to  dispatcli  the  victims  it  bad  for 
gotten  for  a  time.     In  the  month  of  February,  1832^  it  had 
over  western  Europe  and  was  seated  in  London. 

From  that  moment  Paris  lived  in  a  state  of  mute  and  fearful  ex+J 
pcctation,     Wc  measured  beforeliand  with  bitter  dismay  the  htsl  in- 
evitable step  the  epidemic  had  to  make  towards  ua.     Nevertheli 
there  wag  something  apparently  reassuring  in  the  atmogplieric 
noracna.     ïlie  sky  waa  clear;    a  dry  wind  blew  steadily  from  tha 
north-east;  the  barometer  had  not  fallen  below  28  deg-,  and  buthin^ 
Indicated  a  surcharge  of  electricity-     But  our  suspense  was  not  lungj 
On  the  26th  of  March,  1832,  the  epidemic  had  smitten  ita  first  ■  ' 
tim  in  the  Rue  Mazarine.     Almost  immediately  it  showed  itdelf  ii 
ficvcral  quarters  of  Paris,  in  the  Faubourg  St.  Antoine,  the  Faubourg] 
St.  Honoré,  and  the  Faubourg  St.  Jacques.     On  the  2îttli^  l^V 
invariably  accosted  each  other  in  the  streets  with  the  words,  "' 
cholera  morbus  ia  in  Paris." 

Terror  at  fLrat  did  not  seem  to  keep  pace  with  the  danger,  ' 
plague  had  surprised  the  Parisians  in  the  midst  of  the  festivttie*  i. 
mid  lent;  and  the  intrepid  gaiety  of  tho  Frenjch  character  secmeda] 
at  fu-st,  to  brave  the  destructive  malady.  The  streets  and  bouler 
were  tlirongcd  with  masks  as  usual:  the  promenaders  mustcn^d 
great  numbers.  People  amused  themselves  with  looking  at  cuic 
tures  in  the  shopwindows,  the  subject  of  which  was  the  «iQûlera 
bus.  The  theatres  were  filied  in  the  evening.  There  wereyoungj 
who,  in  the  extravagance  of  their  fool-hardiness,  plungçd  intol| 
usual  cxccsseSr  **  Since  we  are  to  dio  to-morrow/  they  said,  *'l 
us  exhaust  all  the  joys  of  life  to-d:iy."  Most  of  these  rftâih.  youthij 
passed  from  the  masked  ball  to  the  Hôtel  Dieu,  and  died  bclbre  8aa«l 
set  the  next  day. 

But  soon  the  courage  of  the  most  reckless  gave  way  before  the] 
horrors  of  the  disease,  and  all  the  frightful  tales  that  were  told  of  iu 
For  the  sick  man  was  ahcady  a  corpse,^  even  befoie  life  bad  dc-J 
parted.  The  rapid  emaciation  of  liia  face  was  extr&ordiiuuy.  Hûu 
skin  suddenly  became  dark  blue,  and  you  might  count  the  muadetl 
beneath  it.  His  eyes  were  hollow,  dry,  shruiik  to  half  their  iiaturilj 
dlmcasianj,  and  sunk  in  their  sockets  as  if  drawn  with  a  H 
towards  the  back  of  the  skidL  His  breath  was  cold,  hia  mouth  ' 
and  humid,  his  pulse  feeble  to  the  last  degree.  liis  voice  vnâ 
whisper. 

GiddineM,  buzzing  in  the  oars,  repeated  vomitings,  ftstraikge' 

ing  of  prostration  and  of  general  emptiness  aa  ît  were,  cold  apread 
1^  from  the  extremities  over  tho  wnole  body,  ^cceaeivc 

pX  of  the  \>owi:\a,  -vloUnt  cramps  in  the  limbs,  Laboured 


TITE  CnOLEKA  IN  PAKIB.  (ÏI5 

an  indescribable  anxiety  in  the  precordial  region^  tbe  skin  covered 
with  an  icy  dampness,  such  were  the  principal  eymptotna  of  the 
disease.  If  left  to  run  its  course  it  rarely  required  three  days  to 
despatch  tîie  unhappy  victim  it  had  seized;  two  or  three  hours  were 
oden  enough. 

Five  forms  or  periods  were  generally  recognised  in  the  cholera,  that 
of  mild  cholor»  or  cAtf/frt>«,  tlmt  of  the  first  attack,  that  of  the  cholera 
alffida  or  blue  cholera^  the  period  of  reaction,  and  the  typhoid 
period.  In  the  third  of  these  periods,  tJic  most  terrible  of  all,  the 
patients  writhed  with  horrid  contortions  on  their  beds,  and  somo- 
idtnes  ihcy  lay  on  their  faces  groaning  piteoii&ly,  or  flung  out  their 
limba  nght  and  left,  complainmg  of  the  mt^t  acute  pains  along  the 
spinal  column.  The  gcnsation  of  cold  experienced  on  touching  apa- 
ticnt  in  the  blue  Btag^c  was  like  that  felt  on  touching  a  frop.  Tlic  cada- 
vcrouB  as|>ectof  the  face;  cramps  in  the  back»  the  forearm,  mul  calves 
of  the  iejjs;  deep  wrinkles;  the  shrinking  of  the  skin  from  the  roota 
of  the  nails;  tlie  absence  of  a  pulse  at  the  wrist,  and  the  coldness  of 
the  breath,  were  &o  many  signa  indicative  of  the  blue  pmod.  In  the 
next  period,,  when  it  was  strongly  intirked»  the  pube  retujned,  fever  set 
in»  the  patient's  eyes  became  injected»  hia  face  animated  and  flushed, 
and  he  was  in  danger  of  being  earned  off  by  cerebral  afl'ccliona.  In  the 
typhoid  period  Uie  nostiilâ  and  the  Kmgue  were  dry,  the  cyee 
watery;  there  was  prostration,  wandering  of  mind,  delirium. 

The  administration  took  the  measures  urgently  requisite  under 
the  viaitatiou  of  thiâ  dreadful  calamity.  It  appued  itself  to  im- 
proving the  wholewmeness  of  the  city;  it  thought  at  last  of  letting 
m  a  little  air  and  light  upon  those  iiuhy  quarter,  in  which  it  had» 
without  rcmoree,  lelt  the  poor  man  to  Lve  and  die,  whilst  as  yet  all 
were  not  tliteatcnod.  llic  number  of  public  fountuins  was  increased; 
the  narrowest  and  foulest  lanes  were  paved  and  stopped  up;  the 
late  Lvupiera  underwent  a  rapid  oleonsmg;  in  compliance  with  the 
dcciaoa  of  the  central  committee  of  hcaltli,  there  wae  established  in 
every  quarter  an  oflice  of  aid,  to  which  were  attached  physicians» 
apothecaries,  hospital  mcn^  and  nurses»  and  where  care  was  taken  to 
have  sundry  utensiU  lu  readiness»  besides  drugs  and  liltcra.  The 
piisons  were  not  forgotten,  and.  M.  GΣquet  had  more  abundant  food 
and  warmer  clothing  distributed  to  the  prisoners. 

At  the  same  time  directions  wercpublished  as  to  the  means  to 
be  taken  for  escaping  the  cholera-  TTie  citizens  were  recommended 
in  that  document  to  preserve  great  tranq^uiUily  of  mind,  to  avoid 
fatigue  and  strong  emotions»  to  abstain  from  all  exeeawâ.  to  favour 
and  increase  in  their  bouses  tl>e  beneficial  actiua  of  light,  to  make 
US1Î  of  tepid  baths  and  flannel  bclte,  to  cat  none  but  easily  di- 
gestible fi>odf  to  guard  against  all  sudden  chills»  and  not  to  sleep 
too  many  in  one  room.  All  these  were  doubtless  very  sage  prc- 
scriptiona»  but  they  were  a  farce  when  addressed  to  that  portion 
of  Uie  people  to  whom  an  unjust  civilization  so  grudgingly  dolefl 
out  bread»  lodging,  clothes,  and  reft. 


THE  CHOLMtA  rarTAiet». 

Ad(]  to  fkis  dmt  tli£  measures  admAed  irefe  not  of  &  nal 
ftCCiuit  the  aiillioritÎGâ  of  all  cliarge  of  improviâeikci*.  MM. 
Allibert^  Dalouz,  Sandras,  Dublcd,  Boudard,  laecibera  of 
medical  ownnjisson  sent  to  Polwad  to  study  the  cholera,  were 
consulted  by  the  adinmistTation  undl  rcmonatmnces  ^ere  put  ' 
Ob  tbe  subject  by  some  of  the  public  joamals.  The  offices  < 
wliich  ou^ht  to  hive  been  cstabmhcd  beforehand,  irere  only  lomod 
one  by  one,  and  in  the  height  of  the  confu^oa  ôûcaJioa^  hj  tlwi 
invasion  of  the  epidemic.  It  was  remarketl  that  the  dercntH  tCU^X 
tMreifth  arrondiascmenta  had  not  received  the  benefit  of  aamtaxy  j 
labours.  The  chameI-houE«  of  the  Innocents,  a  pcrmancaC  focnt  «  j 
infection^  had  never  ceased  to  remain  open  ail  ilay  and  part  of  tbA  j 

night.      The  comers  of  the  Rues  St.  Denis  and  U  Ferrooorie  ^ 

obstructed  ivith  fialunongors'  stalls.     In  many  mayoralties  ^ere  i 

neither  clerka  nor  registers  enough  to  enrol  the  number  of 

Lastly,  the  temporary  ambulance  of  the  Grenier  d'abond 

not  prepared  to  receive  patients  till  long  after  the  appeaianoc  of  thoi 

mat^y. 

It  made  its  first  attacks  on  the  poorer  classes,  and  ihe  court  jour* 
juds  made  haste  to  publish  the  predilcrtion^  of  the  epïdeœàe,  fa^j 
eiving  liatâ  of  the  nanics  and  callings  of  the  Tictims^  wfaetlwrtcH 
dissipate  tlic  fears  of  the  wealtliy,  or  lo  fUtter  thdr  pride.  The  fiKtj 
at  any  rate  is  that  it  wvs  men  in  jackcta  and  in  lags  who  led  off  tfaîi] 
horrible  march  of  Paris  to  the  grave. 

Two  wardd  had  been  set  apart  in  every  hospital  exdt3âv^|f  îat\ 
cholera  caaea,  one  for  mates,  the  other  for  females;  and  it  hjul 
settled  that  instead  of  entrusting  the  management  of  the  mid  t»] 
<»ie  pfayscian,  the  ca^es  in  it  should  be  equally  divided  betwcra  aOi  ' 
the  physiciaTLs  and  surgeons  of  the  ostablishment.  Thia  wm  pro*  ! 
ductive  of  ijumense  confusâon  and  spectacles  of  the  most  tenifitfj 
kind.  There  was  no  end  to  the  «ntradi étions  in  tho  modes  rf] 
treatment  praclâsed  in  the  mma  ward.  The  physidants  not  beiaf  | 
agreed  cither  on  the  nature  or  the  causes  ot  the  mahidy,  tlio  «I*] 
tendants  bad  to  execute  directly  opposite  orders  for  cases  pad«ed;f1 
identical:  the  patient  who  was  treated  with  punch,  saw  ice  ghttu  to  J 
the  man  in  the  next  bed;  and  thinking  himaelf  used  only  aa  m  nl^j 
ject  for  experiments,  he  died  with  rago  in  his  heart*  He  died  tooi^j 
deprived  ot  the  services  and  c-onKilations  of  friendship;  ferwith  the] 
view  to  prevent  the  hospitals  being  overtTowded,  the  pvibEo  Î 
been  forbidden  access  to  the  wards;  and  soldiers  poatod  at  the(* 
kept  oir  the  wailing  crowd  of  friends  and  mothers. 

ilany  days  had  not  elapsed  ere  the  disease  had  mad^  ita  wwf  ' 
tlie  rich.  Terror  tJicn  bccumo  universal,  and  even  csceedod  thcl 
danger.  Every  one  was  ill  or  believed  liimscU"  so.  iTlie  eU^ht 
du^KMition  was  magnitied  by  an  affrighted  imagination  into  ^ 
111  e  physicians  of  large  practice  had  no  longer  a  moment's  reat: 
bouses  were  beset  at  every  hour,  and  there  wore  many  of  them  ' 
dooi^  were  bro\L'(m  o^«3k  wv  ija&ii  being  alow  to  admit  their  . 


9P 


THE  CHOLESA  IN  TAJtlS, 


«IT 


vîàters.  Th^  the  sod  condition  of  the  poor  choleric  pnticnts  waa 
ftggnivated  by  oil  the  time  and  all  the  aid  snatched  from  their  real 
stmerinf;;?,  by  the  imagmarj  fymptoma  and  the  halluctnatioos  of 
punic-slrickt-n,  opulence. 

Anil  what  rendered  the  epidemic  still  more  terrific  was  the  ca- 
priciuus  character  of  it£  operation  and  ita  mysterious  nature.  Was  it 
coptftgjous '/  It  was  thought  so  at  first;  but  the  contrary  opinion 
soon  prc^'uiled  when  it  was  found  ihnt  but  a  small  proportion  of 
physiciaos,  '  bof^piul  attendants,  and  nurses  succumbcu  under  the 
midiidy.  Some  distinguidied  pTactitioncxs  persisted  nevertheless  ifl 
declaring  tliat  tlicy  hiid  seen  ewes  of  contagion;  and  these  contra- 
dictory asacrtloni  perhaps  admitted  of  reconciliation  on  these  grounds: 
maladies  that  are  contagious  are  not  so  in  one  invariable  mannei',  nor 
all  in  the  «une  degree,  and  the  cholera  probably  possessed  a  very 
^cah  contagioua  action^  and  one  to  wliicTi  only  a  very  pmsU  num- 
ber of  poisons,  peculiarly  predisposed,  became  subject.  But  where 
was  tlie  actual  seat  of  the  cholem?  What  was  ita  mode  of  propa- 
(çation?  What  laws  had  regulated  its  passage  over  the  globe?  What 
probable  limita  might  be  assigned  to  its  duration?  By  what  means 
was  it  to  bo  combated?  On  all  these  pointe  there  woa  nothing  but 
darkness  and  uncerLiinty  among  the  ablest  men.  There  was  a  mo- 
ment when  the  idea  was  entertained  of  firing  cannon  in  the  streets 
to  agitate  the  atmosphère,  doubt  and  perplexity  suggesting  the  em- 
ployment of  the  oddest  means,  jîut  was  cholera  a  result  of  tha 
vitiation  of  the  atmosphere?  M.  Juba  de  Fontenelle,  a  member  of 
the  cezitml  commissioa  of  hcallli,  collected  and  analyied  the  air  of 
ditferonl  parts  of  the  capital,  and  proved  ita  purity.  General  ob^ 
eervalions  tended  to  prove,  and  every  body  wm  convinced»  that  cx^ 
tremc  poverty,  unwholesome  abodes,  dirt,  inegUlarity  of  life,  drunk* 
enacts,  weakueas  of  tempenuncDt,  and  terror,  were  bo  many  prediApofr* 
in^  causes  of  cholera.  Vet  one  would  have  supposed  that  tuîâ  plague 
took  pletusurc  in  disappointing  human  science^  and  batllin^  experience. 
Hate  strong  men,  women  in  the  bloom  of  youth  and  health,  pcnahcd 
wretchedly,  whilst  feeble  old  men,  dcbiîitated  and  worn  out  crea- 
tures, and  hypocKindriacs  escaped.  The  hocdlcsa  or  the  resolute  of^ 
incurred  a  fiite  that  spared  persons  tormented  with  all  the  agonies  of 
icar.  Tlie  deatliy  at  Vusay,  where  the  air  is  pure,  were  at  the  rate  of 
iwcnty'six  for  every  thousand  inhabitants,  whilst  there  w^e  scarcely 
ebttecu  dcatliâ  per  thouFand  in  the  pcatîlcnt  aimosphcrc  of  Mont- 
laucoo.  In  the  rural  communes,  pome  village?,  wmarkftble  for 
their  salubrity,  such  as  Châtcuay,  Vitry,  Le  Vlessis  Piquet,  Rosnv, 
Sceaux,  and  Chàtillon  had  few  or  no  cases  of  cholcn,  otnci-?  similarly 
eirciimstainced  in  outward  appearance,  such  as  St,  Ouen,  Foutenay 
sous  lioifl,  Asnitjx»,  Putenux,  and  Surcsn»  counted  from  thirty-fivo 
to  fifty  deaths,  by  cholera^  iu  every  thousand  inhabitants.  In  hko 
manner  not  one  of  the  wtnrkmcn  omploycd  m  cutting  up  putrescent 
animal  carcases  was  dangv^rously  attacked.  Sometiixtea  tne  diseaa» 
ravaged  the  upper  and  kiwcr  floors  of  a  hjoaac»  and  lelb  the  inteznie* 


618  THE  CHOLEBA  IX  PABIS. 

diate  floor  untouchecî:  sometimes  it  swept  the  whole  length  of  a 
street  on  one  side,  Gllijig  It  with  the  dead  or  the  dying,  wnilpt  the 
other  âde  remained  unaffected.  Capricioua,  intractable^  inscrutable 
«courge  of  humanity  !  It  had  overleaped  all  saBitary  cordons  atid 
qitarantinea,  qucUcu  the  most  opposite  tcmpcramente,  resisted  the 
most  various  ntmospheric  influences,  Juid  it  threw  a  deeper  shade 
over  the  horror  of  its  ravages  by  the  mystery  in  wliich  it  stalked  en- 
veloped. 

One  great  general  fact  nevertheless  emerged  out  of  all  these  painful 
pingularities.  When  the  statietlcs  of  the  epidemic  were  drawn  up.  it 
was  found  tliat  in  the  quarters  of  the  Place  Vendôme,  the  Tuileries, 
and  the  Chaussée  d'Antîn,  the  mortality  had  been  from  eight  to  nine 
in  a  thousand,^  whilst  it  Lad  amounted  to  from  fill  v-two  to  fitïy-thïM 
in  the  thousand,  in  the  quarters  of  the  Hotel  de  VUlCj  and  the  Cité, 
the  abodes  of  penury. 

Be  this  as  it  may^  the  image  of  desolation  "was  soon  viable  in  every 
direction.  Here,  you  saw  choleric  patients  carried  to  the  hospital 
on  mattresses  or  Utlera;  there  you  behold  persons  engrossed  with  the 
thoughts  of  yestcrday*s  or  to-morrow's  calamities,  passing  along  in 
silence,  pule  as  ghosts,  and  almost  all  clad  in  black.  As  there  wore 
not  hearses  enough  new  ones  were  ordered,  find  seven  hundred 
Tvorkmen  were  employed  on  themt  but  the  work  did  not  Epeed  Cut 
enough;  the  dead  were  waiting.  The  men  were  then  asked  to  work 
during  the  night,  but  they  answered»  '*  Our  lives  are  more  to  us 
than  your  high  pay."  Recourse  was  then  had  to  artillery  waggons 
for  caJivcjinœ  the  dead  to  burial;  but  the  ratlUng  of  the  chaiuâ  liy 
night  painfully  disturbed  the  sleep  of  the  city.  These  ■waggons, 
too,  having  no  springSj  tlie  violent  jolting  burat  the  co(Bns,  the 
bodies  were  thrown  out,  and  the  pavement  was  stained  witJi  putrid 
entrails.  It  was  necessaiy  to  employ  huge  spring  cartfi,  which  wwo  , 
painted  black,  for  collecting  the  dead.  They  rolled  from  door  to 
door,  calling  at  each  house  for  corpses,  ajad  ilw^n  set  out  again,  ghow- 
ing,  when  ihe  wind  lifted  their  funeral  drapery,  bier  upon  bier,  » 
heavy  and  ill-secured  that  the  passer-by  droïided  to  «e  them  break 
and  discharge  their  dismal  freight  upon  tlic  public  road'  Hut  night 
was,  above  all,  the  most  disastrous  season;  for  Uic  most  ntimerous 
ravages  of  the  disease  took  place  commonly  between  midnight  «id 
two  o'clock.  The  rf^mains  of  lires,,  hghted  in  the  fitint  hope  of  puri- 
fying the  atmosphere,  the  lanterns  burning  at  the  doors  of  the  otScea 
of  aid,  the  anxious  haste  of  men  hurrying  in  the  darkneâB  on  ermniia 
too  well  known,  the  stifled  cries  in  the  interior  of  tho  houses  which 
the  silence  of  night  made  audible  in  the  lonely  streets,  alt  this  pro- 
duced an  awful  and  an  appalling  effect. 

The  prefecture  of  police  had  to  expend  19,915  franca  in  <asj 
month  in  providing  vehicles  for  the  physicians  and  medical  Btud«iitt  j 
who  were  called  to  attend  the  sick.     Political  prosecutions  went  on 
as  usual  all  this  time,  and  it  more  than  once  happened  tliat  tUûwfaolo  ] 
audience  in  court  were  tarried  oft'  before  the  next  day  :  h  Wtf  aa<  j 


THB  CHOLERA  IS  PARIS. 


91» 


nounciîd  that  such  a  juryman,  such  aii  advocate  for  the  defence,  such 
a  traverser,  had  died  dunn;;;  the  night.  Confusion  having"  fallen 
upon  the  municipalities,  M.  Tabouret,  maître  dxs  re/piftrs^  ivaa 
directed  to  renew  the  nf'glectcd  tables;  and  in  some  hospitals  such, 
was  the  influx  of  patienis,  that  the  practice  of  registering  theirl 
names  waa  laid  aside;  the  number  of  arrivals  was  merely  scored  oal 
the  wall. 

But  whilst  the  miseries  of  tho  time  were  thus  great,  they  failed] 
not  to  lind  some  alleviation  from   public  charity.     Substantial  food* 
ïiaving  been  pointefl  out  as  a  prcfetvative  against  the  disease,  the 
X)uko  of  Orleans  for  three  months  caused  lour  or  five  rations  of 
rice  to  be  daily  distributed  to  the  poor,  so  that  for  many  necdj 
pcfsons»  the  arrival  of  the  choleru  was  ahnoet  a  piece  of  pood  for- 
tune.    The  cholera  having  fairly  eetabhshcd  lt*clf  in  Paris,  acta 
gonfroflity  became  multiplied,  a  phenomenon  rather  new   in  th«| 
annals  of  epidemics.     Thus  in  that  city,  where  so  much  luxury  it  i 
accustomed  to  insult  so  much  mii^cry,  where  there  ore  so  many  ready  j 
to  calumnîfite  suffering  in  order  to  be  excused  from  relieving  it,  ia,] 
heartless  Paris  itself  there  was  all  at  once  an  innoetuous  burst  of  phi*  I 
lanthropy,  such  aa  was  never  known  before.     The  àurmux  de  biett^l 
_^ii.sancf  redoubled  their  exertions.     Subscription  lists  were  opened] 
everywhere,  and  were  filled  up  with  nlacrity.     The  plate-glass  ma*  I 
nutàctory  oi"  St.  Gobaiu  presented  12,000  kilogrammes  vi  chloridaii 
to  the  city  of  Paris.     Affecting  instances  of  sell -denial  and  zeal  werftj 
related.    Tlic  curé  uf  St.  (rermain  l*Auxerrûis  for  instance,  had  been  [ 
living  in  retirement  in  die  country  since  the  devastation  of  hift 
church  ;  on  hearing  of  the  cholera  he  returned  in  all  haste  to  Paris, 
notwithstanding  hia  great  age,  to  remain  there  and  minister  the  con-  i 
Eolations  of  religion  to  the  dyinc.     The  pupils  of  the  school  of  me*  1 
dioinc  offered  their  services  on  all  sides.     Alany  women  of  the  lower*! 
orders  volunteered  to  act  gratuitously  as  nurses  of  the  àck.     Linon|<i 
hosiery,  blankets,  and  flannel  belts,  were  carried  to  the  mayoralties.] 
Perhaps  this  Uborulity  was  prompted  in  many  instances  by  supewti»») 
tîoLis  dread,  by  a  secret  hope  of  propitiating  destiny.     Perhaps,  toO( 
fluch  timcn  of  trial,  when  ihey  do  not  liarden  the  heart,  teach  men  Uy\ 
feel  their  brotherhood  by  reminding  them  of  their  equality  before  th& 
hand  of  death. 

The  epidemic  likewise  gBTC  rise  to  vile  and  odious  actions,  as  weft  I 
u  to  oiliera  of  a  laudable  chamcter.    The  love  of  Iuctc  unbluïihin^lv  | 
■ought  its  gratification  in  tliis  vast  field  of  desolation.     Clilonjratod.1 
préparations  rose  to  an  exorbitant  price.    Some  heartless  speculators^ 
counting  on  the  usual  credulity  of  few»  bcgSB  to  ciy  up  and  dispoM  j 
of  pretended  remedies,  that  were  either  insignificant  or  injuricoia;^ 
■nd  to  such  a  pitch  was  this  sort  of  robbery  carried,  that  the  ^overa- 
tnent  was  obligod^  for  a  time,  to  take  upon  itself  the  inspection  and 
licenaing  cf  all  adTcrtidCOients,     As  honourable  actions  gladly  9c«ek 
tiio  light,  these  alone  were  made  public;  but  the  interior  of  familic*  ' 
ihowcu  plainly  enough  what  filth  and  slime  the  puaago  of  aa  «{U- 


620  THE  CHOLEBA  IN  PAIIIS. — KIOT  OP  THE 

demie  can  stir  up  in  a  society  like  ours.  Sonic  congratulated  tkeiii* 
fidTCS  in  secret»  on  seaing  the  crowd  of  their  ixnnpçtitors  for  plice 
diwmishing.  Oth^JSj  with  that  groedj  deâre  witn  which  the  l*w 
<it  inheritance  poisons  the  p«ice  of  Cwnilics,  alrâgdy  stretched  out 
their  ea^er  hands  la  clutch  u  lon^-coveted  fortune.  The  fj'mptoias 
of  poisoning  bearing  a  moat  unfortunate  resemblance  to  tlïose  of 
cholera,  we  are  assured  that  many  a  cfime  vfità  comroiUed,  the 
Btrocity  of  widch  Asras  lost  to  vic^r  in  the  immei^ty  of  such 
wide-spread  calainitv- 

To  the  honout  ol  the  king  and  his  family  he  it  said,  that  they  did 

"mot  fly  the  danger.  But  most  of  the  weahhy  classes  iled,  the 
deputies  fled  J  the  pecra  of  Frauee  fled.  The  mettageriei  rot/uUs 
alone  carried  away  seven  hundred  persons  daily  from  Paris.  Whea 
the  diligences  "were  crammed  full  of  pale  travellers,  othera  departed 
in  job  carriages,  and  at  last^  when  these  cotdd  not  be  had,  in  coaat- 
jnon  carls.  It  was  in  vain  to  repeat  to  50  many  high  functionari^ 
that  their  place  was  on  the  spot  where  there  were  so  many  wretches 
looking  «p  to  them  for  comlort  and  succour. 

The  people  feeing  itself  thus  abandoned  ^  fell  into  tlio  most  violemt 

;  dfiSpalr.      Furious  pi-ockmatiot^  were  circulated.     The   ionised 
og3,  with  difBculty  suppressed  before,  now  broke  otit  into  the 

'loud  Language  of  revoU.  So,  then,  the  rich  were  absCQuding,  tskii^ 
fiway  with,  them  the  employment,  the  bread,  the  hfe  of  the  woddag 
man  I  Between  cholera  and  hunger,  what  waâ  to  become  of  tbt 
peop!e?  What  !  -whikt  the  hospitals  were  crammed  with  the  dying; 
.■vrhdat  the  conHned  and  imwholesome  dwelhng  of  the  poor  man  ma 
£lled  with  sick;  whilst  a  part  of  the  people  was  brought  down  8o  Low 
as  to  have  no  other  a!?ylum  than  the  foul  streets,  gpadlous  and  aolu- 
isrious  mamsions  weru  left  unoccupied  !  There  were  thouauLda  of 
paupers  in  Paris  without  a  place  wherein  to  shelter  their  heads,  and 
ihousandâ  of  hotels  without  inhabitants  1 

A  measure,  most  ill-judged  imder  the  ârcumstancea,  coaTCricd 
these  indignant  fccUngs  into  acts  of  open  inaurrection,  A  new  restera 
of  eleamng  the  streets  had  been  adopted,  and  the  contractor  had 
been  authorised  to  collect  tlie  dirt  ia  the  c^eniDg*  that  is,  before  Ùm 
chijftmxers  had  time  to  rake  it  in  search  of  those  objects  from  which 
indigence  contrivca  to  extract  some  wretchedly  small  profit.  Tlii» 
was  stiifcing  at  the  means  of  existence  of  more  than  eighteen  hun- 
dred persons,  not  including  the  scavengei^  whose  proiit  waa  dfr- 
etroyed  by  superseding  tlie  employment  oi  the  old  tumbrib-  Crowds 
gathered  in  the  streets  and  squares.  The  new  tumbrils  were  seised, 
ihrown  into  the  river,  or  burnt.  Tlie  police  foreea  came  up,  and 
fights  took  place.  All  at  once  a  horrid  rumour  ran  through  tbe  ex- 
oited  people.  An  infernal  plot,  it  was  said,  had  been  fonnied;  that 
was  no  cholçra  in  Paris;  but  miscreants  went  about,  poiaonlng  flood, 
wine,  and  tbe  water  of  tlie  fountains.  The  people  lent  a  K^«My  ear 
to  these  tales,  delighted,  in  the  excess  of  its  aufierings,  to  hnd  before 
ii  enemies  it  could  see  and  by  hands  on,  instead  of  an  impdpiyi 


CHTPFONIEES. — iSTTPPOSITIOir  O^  ÏM[>Î9©^. 


SSI 


foe  that  defied  its  vengeance,  llien  stole  from  gnrnp  to  group,  Ûma 
bllnded  wltli  passion,  those  whose  practice  it  is  to  instigate  to  dia* 
orclf T  because  they  take  plcnsure  in  it,  and  those  who  excite  it  ior 
thtir  ovm  advantage.  The  horrid  story  pftsscd  from  man  to  man^ 
sud  ere  long  nothing  was  talked  of  in  alJ  Paria  but  poisooiiig  anil  ] 
poisonere. 

This  fable  would  perhaps  have  died  aw&y  spontaneously,  or  at 
least  it  would  not  hare  become  the  cause  of  bo  many  murders,  hud 
not  M,  Gigquet,  the  prefect  of  police,  in  his  desire  to  gntiiy  hti 
political  nnimositâes,  or  to  give  proof  of  vigilance,  pubhahed  a  cir- 
cular containing  these  monstrouely  imprudent  words:  **  1  am  in- 
formed, that,  in  order  to  giTc  credit  to  atrocious  fictions,  some 
wretches  have  conceived  the  design  of  visiting  the  eabareta  (pubUo 
houses,)  and  the  butchers'  stalls,  with  phials  and  packets  of  poison, 
whether  to  empty  them  into  the  fountains  tnd  tûe  wine  cans,  and 
on  the  meat,  or  even  to  pretend  to  do  so,  and  cause  themselves  to  be 
arrested  in  the  tcit  act  by  aocomphces,  who,  after  affecting  to  iden- 
tify them  as  oltiLched  to  the  police,  should  favour  their  escape,  &nd 
employ  every  art  to  demonstrate  the  reality  of  the  odiouis  cha»^ 
brought  against  the  aulhoritiea." 

No  mora  was  wanted  to  confirm  the  people  in  itâ  BOSpîeïanB. 
Then  wa3  withdrawn  for  an  jnsfemt,  the  veil  that  conceals  Ênom  the 
rich  the  hideous  depths  of  that  social  state  of  which  it  chooses  to 
reap  the  advantage;  then  might  you  behold  ftll  the  liorrid  «creta 
of  modem  civilization  displayed  in  the  seething  billows  of  a  wholo 
population.  From  those  darksome  quarters  where  misery  hides  its 
îbràotten  hefid,  tho  capital  was  pu^ldenly  inundated  by  multimdes 
of  Dare-armed  men,  whose  gloomy  faces  pLircd  with  hale.  Wiurt 
sought  they?  What  did  they  demand?  They  never  told  this;  only 
they  explored  the  city  with  prying  eyes  and  ran  about  with  ferocious 
multerin^.  Murden  soon  occuTTcd.  Did  a  man  happen  to  paaa 
along  with  a  phial  or  a  packet  in  his  hand  ?  He  was  suspected,  A 
young  man  wm  nUHCiaercd  in  tho  Rue  Ponceau,  because  he  had  bent 
forward  at  a  wine^sellcr*»  door,  for  the  purpose  of  seeing  what  o'clock 
it  was;  another  met  with  the  sutne  fate  near  the  f^na^  du  Caim 
for  almost  a  «milar  reason;  a  third  was  lorn  to  piec«  m  tlio  Fau« 
bourg  St.  Germain  for  having  tooked  into  a  well;  a  Jew  polished 
bccdiiSG  in  cheapening  fish  in  the  market  he  had  laughed  in  a 
atrange  manner,  and  on  his  being  searched  thoïc  Had  been  found  on 
hiin  a  small  bog  of  white  powder  which  was  nothing  but  camphor; 
in  tho  Place  oe  Grtrve,  an  nnfortujinle  wretch  was  dnggcd  from 
the  guardhouse  of  the  H5tel  de  Ville,  where  he  had  taken  refuge, 
he  was  butchered,  and  a  eoabporter  mflde  his  dog  tear  the  gotj 
pemaina.  Horrible  arc  «uch  «cenes;  but  let  it  not  be  forgotten  thirt 
tbcÏT  guilt  reverts  upon  eociety  itself,  whet*ver  iliere  prevails  an  un- 
just allotment  ofphysictil  iind  ïrtond  adiiuitagc». 

A  thousand  deplomblc  cineumstonoaa  comlmied  to  atnngthen 
the  people  in  ita  delusion.    Long  tracks  of  wine  and  vinegar  vr ero 


6f2  THE  CHOLERA.— MORBIP  EXCITEMENT. 

Been  in  several  streets;  coloured  sugar-pluma  were  etrcwocl  in  various 

\  directions  Î  unknown  ]iand3  slipped  pieces  of  meat  by  night  iindcr 

I  the  portes  cochères:  there  was  a  talk  of  poÎBOûed   cakes   having 

teen  ffiveia  in  different  pinces  to  little  girls.     How  could  all  this 

have  (ailed  to  eficet  the  imaginatioû  of  the  people,  especlidly  after 

a  proclamation  in  which  ii  c-oiispinicy  of  poisoners  had  tjeen  officially 

,  denounced  by  the  police? 

A   sort  oi'  delirium   seemed  in  fact  to   have   seized  all    minds. 
Twelve  thousand  fmncs  offered  to  the  auflcrers  from  cholera  by  M. 
do  Chateaubriand  in  the  name  of  the  Duchess  dc  Berri,  were  rudelif 
rcfusc<l  by  the  prefect  of  the  Seine.     In  tliJs  there  was  as  much 
injustice  as  meanness;  it  was   a  sort  of  cottp  eCetat  afi-tinst  charity. 
,  Never  had  more  call  been  infused  into  tlie  l'eciprocal  recriminationa 
of  parties;  never  nad  pobticid  pssgiong  appeared  more  eager  for  the 
I  tay.     ïlere  wore  young  men  mercilessly  set  upon  in  the  Place 
Vendôme  for  hBving  crowned  tlie  imperial  eagles  \vith  wreaihs  of 
immortelles  ;  there  a  mob  ran  to  attack  St.  Pélngie,  and   the  pri- 
soners revolted,  whilst  the  police  force  entered  t!ie  prison,  fired,  and 
I  killed  an  unfortunate  prisoner  named  Jacohéup-     Both  parties,  with 
equal  ajiimosity,  and  often  with  equal  injustice,  threw  on  each  other 
I  the   Tcsponsibiuty  of  every  miechief.    After  haviog  accused  the 
"  everlasting  enemies  of  ordcr*^  (a  standing  official  form  of  insult),  <£ 
I  poisoning  the  peoplcj  in  order  to  have  a  pretext  for  calumtiiating  the 
government,  the  pohcc  was  itself  accused  of  having  excited  the  St. 
Pélagie  riot,  that  it  might  have  an  opportunit-y  of  extinguishing  it 
I  in  blood;  and  of  these  accusations,  put  forth  by  the  two  campf, 
I  it  was  impossible  to  say  which  was  the  more  absurd  or  the  mote 
I  iniquitous. 

But  the  disordera  did  not  stop  there.     The  people,  believing  in 

)  the  poisonings,  besran  to  fall  foul  of  tlie  phyâcians,  and  gathered 

,  tumultuously  round  the  gateg  of  the  hospitals,  poutiiiff  forth  tlircats 

and  lamentations.     One  day  they  were  carrying  a  cholera  patient 

to  the  Hûtci  Dieu,  when  â  turbulent  mob  gathered  round  the  sick 

'  man.    Upon  this  the  physician,  who  was  accompanying  hitn,  lifted  up 

I  the  blanket  tltat  concealed  him,  and  pointing  to  the  livid  face,  the 

sunken  eves,  and  the  gaping  mouth,  ne  cried  out  to  tlie  shrinkrog 

andteniÉed  jxïople,  '*  lou  don't  beheve  in  the  cholera,  don't  your 

Well,  look  now,  tlierc's  a  cholera  patient  Tor  you."     It  needed  no 

Ordinary  force  of  mind  to  paes  through  such  triab,  but  courage  wùâ 

Dot  wanted  to  the  medical  men,  who&e  conduct  was  in  gcnerd 

worthy  of  praise  and  sometiraea  of  admiration.     Exposed  to  the 

iriolence  of  blind  rage,  they  braved  it  with  the  same  coolnesa  «a  they 

I  did  the  disease  itself;  and  there  were  some  of  them,  who  to  avoid 

[  the  chance  of  being  interrupted  and  delayed  on  their  way  to  their 

l^Atoents,  went  tlurough  the  streets  dressed  in  jackets  and  caps  like 

Icommon  working-men. 

^      Unfortunately  opinions  were  atrangcly  divided  as  to  the  nature 
*  of  the  trcatmeat  that  should  be  employtâ.   M,  Mogeadie  prescribed 


DtSOORDANT  METHOÔe  OP  TBËAl 


623 


Itûiich  îû  an  infusion  of  cliiimoTiiilc.  The  basîa  of  M.  Récamier'a 
treatment  consisted  iin  aftusiona  of  cold  wfttei.  M.  KostAn^  head 
phyaieiiin  of  the  temporary  hospital  of  tlic  Grenier  d'Abondance  put 
the  pfttlent  into  a  bath  ât  the  temperature  of  Sa'*  Reaumur;  after  the 
bath  he  bled  him  in  the  arm,  and  applied  leeches  on  the  epigastric 
region;  M.  Rostan  at  the  same  time  prescribed  an  aromatïe  inTufiion 
of  balm,  mint^  or  chamomile.  M.  Londe,  president  of  the  com- 
tnisaiou  sent  to  Poland,  was  governed  by  the  cireum stances  of  each. 
individual  case,  and  practised  the  symtomatic  method  of  treatment. 
M.  Gerdv  employed,  in  the  cold  stage»  three  blisters  along  the  ver- 
tebral column,  upon  the  neck,  the  back,  and  the  loins,  mnapisms  to 
the  epigastrium  and  the  Umbs,  and  eeltsser-water.  In  the  period  ùf  \ 
Teactioii  he  had  recourse,  but  not  oficn^  to  blood-letting.  MM, 
Toiizet  and  Coster  proposed  oxygenizing  the  blood.  M.  Andral 
prf^cribed  ft  potion  consisting  of  acetate  of  ammonia,  sulphate  of 
quinine,  sulphuric  ether,  and  camphor,  and  embrocations  ofthelimba 
with  tincture  of  cantbandes.  The  antiphlogiatic  treatment  waa 
adopted  by  M.  Bouillaud,  who  employed  excitants  of  the  skin, 
and  opiates,  a^  ati^liary  means.  M.  Gendna  gave  Urge  dosea  of 
opium.  M.  Dupuytren's  practice  consisted  in  cupping  over  the 
epigastrium,  drawing  two  or  three  ounces  of  blo<ja,  more  or  Icss^ 
aocordinj;  to  the  age  and  etrength  of  the  patient  and  the  state  of  tho 
pulse;  Ërictiona  with  flannel,  and  decoction  of  poppyheads,  and 
iumigations.  In  a  memoir  pubhâhcd  on  the  cholera  morbus  by 
Boron  lArrcy»  he  recomjnenaed  aa  the  beet  topical  applications  cup- 
ping, rubefacicntii  composed  ofcartharidcs  and  camphor,  dry  frictions 
with  wool,  and  unction  with  aromatic  oils.  M,  Wolowski  had  ma* 
turely  studied  the  disease  in  Ma  capacity  of  head  of  tho  medical 
Btafl'uf  the  Polish  army;  he  disùn^ished  it  into  two  species,  as  thenio 
and  inflammatory;  the  first  of  these  he  treated  with  very  hot 
peppermint  water,  krce  dcses  of  opium,  flannel  Hictions,  sinapisma 
and  dry  cupping  applied  to  the  e^Etremities,  the  abdomen,  and  tho 
region  of  the  stomacTi  :  against  the  second  he  had  recourse  to  blood- 
letting, to  a  potion  composed  of  salcp,  common  water,  and  laurel- 
water  in  certain  proportions,  and  to  cupping  over  the  belly,  the 
breast,  and  the  spme.  This  enumeration  which  it  would  be  ueelew  < 
and  wearisome  to  extend  further,  is  enough  to  show  how  far  mecUcal  ( 
men  were  from  agreeing  on  the  best  cuxative  means  to  employ. 

TIicTc  was  at  that  time  among  them  a  man  of  great  ability  uid 
boldness,  who,  following  in  the  steps  of  Bichat,  liad  aimed  at  no- 
thing les3   than  introducing  a  complete   revolution    into   medical 
science;     Convinced  that  it  could  have  no  real  foundation  elsewhera 
than  in  a  knowle^lge  of  the  human  frame  and  of  the  play  of  its 
oigana,  tliat  is  to  say  in  phyâology,  he  w-iahed  that  instead  of  judgi  ■ 
ing  of  maladies  only  by  their  eJlet^,  they  should  be  studied  in  their  I 
c»usc;  and  that  cause  he  thought  he  had  discovered  in  the  intestine  < 
Cuuil  and  the  stomach.     Hia  principle  w«8  tlùa:    whenever  thero 
ia  tlisorder  in  the  functions  of  lite,  there  is  some  inatcnal  lesion  in  an  i 
organ.     Setting  out  Irom  that  poetulatd,  he  idbrred  «very  thin^tA^ 


624 


THE  CnOLEBA.— RATIO  A^'D  AMOUST  OP 


mtestiiial  m^n^ntation  ;  he  rejected  tlic  Lnicmal  osc  of  ^muIuHi^  i 
in  the  last  degree  daD^erous  and  pernicious,  ullûwêd  of  tbcir  cm-  [ 
pkyment  externally  only  in  certidn  cases,  and  made  the  art  of  lical*-! 
ing  consist  chiefly  m  the  anCiphogistic  taothod,  that  is  to  saj,  Ln  ilia  j 
judicious  employment  of  débilitants  and  bL^oddctting. 

This  Eystem  had  alriindj  made  a  great  tioise  in  the  medical  irorld, 
where  it  liad  become  the  subject  of  pflssiotiate  contests  between.  M.  . 
Broussais  and  M.  Chomel,  when  the  cholera  entered  France.  Broij 
Btadied  that  terrible  epidemic,  undertheoreposaesaon  of  ideaawhid 
wesimpaticnt  to  make  triumphant;  land  obscrvmg  that  in  most  4 
the  etomach,  the  eroidl  intoatines,  and  the  grest,  showed  manifest  ti 
of  inilamiïiation,  from  the  simplest  to  the  most  complex  degroCt 
did  not  hesitate  to  condûttin  the  uââ  of  warm  dhakâ  and  imtatiBg 
jsubsUnces,  tliinting  them  calculaûng  only  to  add  fuel  to  the  in- 
ternal £rc  that  consumed  the  patiente.     Leeches  Mid  ice  «ppearod  to  i 
him  the  only  weapons  with  wiaîch  science  could  contend  clFectiveiy  ; 
tfgjBsai  the  disease;  and  tliia  doctrine  he  cndcayoured  to  prcv 
IwlUiUS^  which,  being  dcHvered  in  the  very  preaenco  of  the  f 
lencc,  produced  a  groat  sensation  in  Paxia. 

During  tlie  first  Ëfteen  days  after  its  appearance^  the  epidaaitt  ' 
went  on.  rapidly  incxeaaing;  on  reiLching^  îtâ  highest  pitch,  it  seemed 
to  remain  ttationuy  for  ^ve  or  si^  days,  after  which   it  boon 
to  dccUnc.    But  on  the  1 7th  of  .Time  it  suddenly  revived  in  ! 
and  this  cxaspcmtion  was  marked  by  226  deaths  daily,  ;: 
much  inferior,  however,  to  that  of  the  first  period,  v,  i ,  Uk 

mo^t  moderate  calculations  had  been  800  per  diem,  or^  accorài&g  to 
the  majority  of  Etatcmcnts,  from  1300  to  14Û0.  Move  uoÊt 
12^700  pciEons  were  carried  oS  in  the  month  of  April  idoiik^  It 
appeara  from  an  able  report  by  MM,  Bcnoigton  de  Chal£Aiuieuf,  Oi^ 
Tallicr,  Deveanx,  MlUot,  Parent'Duchatclet,  Petit,  Pontoauicr,  Trc- 
huchet^  Viliermé,  and  ViUot,  that  during  the  hundred  and  ei^i^ 
nine  days  the  epidemic  lasted^  tlie  deaths  by  cholera  Itad  oeai 
18,402  ;  but  this  includes  only  thoae  deaths  that  could  be  oSiciaUr  at- 
ccrtained;  now,  it  may  well  be  supposed  that  all  the  usual  fomuBtiBi 
tivèrc  not  complied  with  in  a  penod  of  sucli  confuaun,  and  that  in 
many  casoâ  the  proper  dccUrationg  were  unintentioaaily  omâttod. 
Accordingly  the  oBicial  return  of  deaths  vms  gcneialty  outtâtkacd 
to  be  much  below  the  real  amount. 

The  cholera  had  not  confined  ilB  Tarages  to  Pom:  it  had  teadwd 
MTcral  departments,  t'Aiane,  la  Côte  d'Or,  l'Eure,  Tlndrc,  l'Indie 
et  Loire,  U  Loiret,  la  Marne,  le  Nord,  lOisc,  le  Pas  de 
IthùnCf  la  Seine  et  Marne,  la  Senne  Inférieure,  and  la  Soniioe; 
the  returns  from  all  these  departmcnta  topjcthcr  showed  only 
caeeaup  to  the  20th  of  April,  403  of  which  wctv  fauL  This  w 
Yery  incongidenihle  mortality  compared  with  that  wki^  had  kid 
'waete  the  capital.  Some  commanes,  however,  râtuatcd  do  the  bai^ 
•  Seine  were  cruelly  ravaged.  The  bttle  village  of  Coulavi, 
dcpaitmcnX  dc;  \!  AuV^^  lost  ninety-aÎK  inbabita&ta  oat  of  i 
n  of  500  BOA]^\  vAwTi^tA  ^-saas^Mkc^  thû  kind) 


.-^n^ATît  or  CABtWîIi  PEBÎSB.  635 


coTïfirm  the  obsemrtion  previoTïsIy  made,  that  numing  waters  were 
potent  conductors  of  cholera. 

At  k«t  the  cliolcm  ïoiWîdcd,  btit  not  till  it  had  made  its  inviii- 
cible  inliuencc  felt  in  tlie  political  world. 

It  had  been  decided  at  ooiut  thftt  ihc  Duo  d'Qtleai»  should  vimC 
the  hoflpit&b.  CaNÏmir  P<iner  accompanied  the  prince;  and  Ûà» 
was  an  incontestable  proof  of  courage  on  the  part  ot  a  man  who  haul 
long  carried  the  seeds  of  death  within  him,  whoso  nerves  were  irrit- 
able to  excess;  and  who  shuddered  at  the  mere  idea  of  a  corpse* 
The  (act  is  Uiat  Casimir  P^ricr'a  i-isit  to  the  cholera  wardla  lefV  an  in- 
effaceable iraprcsi'ion  on  his  mind,  and  from  that  day  he  never 
ceased  to  bcpd  wore  and  more  towuda  the  tomb.  This  bocamo 
known,  and  in  consequence  of  the  exaggerated  importance  attributed 
in  eytij  momu^hy  to  individual  agents,  Casimir  Péner's  iUnees 
become  an  engrossing  subject  of  all  mt^n's  thoughts.  Tlie  several 
parties  fi^avc  each  other  tlie  meeting  as  it  were  round  his  deathbed; 
Lis  dying  strug^lca  became  the  subject  of  discuaâon;  his  enemies 
computeu  openly  and  aloud  how  many  hours  he  had  to  hve;  soma 
even  seemeil  to  reffict  that  such  a  man  shouhl  die  quietly  in  Hs 
bed,  and  leave  to  history  the  task  of  raeting  out  his  cliastisement» 

And  he,  all  this  wliile,  was  adiling  the  torments  of  the  mind  to 
his  physical  i^uÛbrings,  aware  as  he  was  of  the  decUne  of  hia  ascend- 
ancy.    For  the  lcing*8  patient  stcfidfaatncw  of  purpoee  hud  at  last 
wearied  out  the  minister's  impetuosity,     Capimtr  Péricr  hud  often 
been  Ibroed  in  his  latter  days  to  bend  bcucath  a  power  leupcHor  to 
his  own;  and  to  him  the  wounds  indicted  on  hia  pride  were  the 
most  poignant  of  atl.     Thereupon  he  laboured  more  than,  cr^  to 
cloak  his  secret  humiliation,  by  his  arrogant  and  of^tcntatiuua  parade 
of  derofeednGBB  ;  then  more  tJian  ever  he  took  delight  in  throwing  ' 
odium  OD  hiff  master.     Hut  this  was  not  a  vt^^eance  ample  enougt» 
ibr  a  nature  so  haughty  as  his.     Besides,  Casimir  Périer  well  kuet*  i 
that  if  anarchy  continued  it  would  not  fail  to  swallow  him  ixap  | 
whilst  on  the  other  hand  if  authority  succeeded  in  firmly  cstablisn^  I 
ioK  itscU",  the  court  would  break  him  »s  »  tool  no  longer  needed. 

It  eould  not  be  Suid  tlmt  tlie  discord  between  the  moimreh  ontA 
him  Und  lefaraoee  to  quaationa  of  priac^f»le  or  tjMeia.     Substufr^l 
tiaily  their  policy  vras  the  same:  hut  eadt  oT  diem  aonght  to  appro**  f 
priate  to  himself  all  the  honour  of  that  policy  in  the  eyes  of  tho 
bourxcoîaic.    The  king  would  go^xra  :  Casimir  Péricr  woidd  hava 
the  king  content  hiraseli'  with  reigning.    Again,   the  king  yn»  ' 
prone  to  judge  of  human  things  &om  the  result,  whilst  his  minister 
was  not  indinèrcïit  to  the  pomp  of  the  meanSy  ïmd  attributed  mud!> 
importance  to  forms.    Ca*J  tnir  Péricr  would  not  have  saficrod  for 
instance,  tliat  the  honour  of  Fmnoc  should  be  wounded  in  wor' 
that  honoiu*  which  nererdieiofls  ho  hod  not  deemed  oompron 
«ithcr  by  Ûto  diplomatie  defeats  Eustiincd  in  Londcm,  or  by  tbo  bio 
Ëtmck  in  Warsaw  at  the  d»re&t  sympathies  of  Frenchmen. 

A  scene  which  took  place  a  few  days  before  the  death  of  4 
pL'rier  will  give  an  ùlea  of  liiâ  suac^jvtibility,  ia  which  « 


636 


DEATH  Ot"  CUVIER. 


grandeur  was  mingled  -witli  inconsistency  and  irascibility.  If  waa 
in  one  of  the  crises  of  his  malady.  M.  MiUerct,  a  friend  of  Ids,  Cat' 
merty  a  deputy  under  the  Restoration,  paid  him  a  ri&it.  He  fourni 
'  the  president  of  the  council  engaged  in  conference  with  the  ambas- 
pador  of  Russia^  and  snt  dmvn  to  wait  in  the  ant i «chamber.  Preeenllj 
he  heai-d  loud  voices;  the  door  opened j  and  PoiïO  di  Borgo  «une 
out  of  the  president's  chamber^  betraying  every  ap|5eanmce  of  strung 
excitement.  The  minister  was  atdl  more  agitated;  he  foantied  at 
the  mouth,  and  M.  MlUcret  ^vas  inlbrmcd  by  him  on  the  spot,  that, 
the  Russian  ininiâtcr  having  presumed  to  use  this  liaughty  exprès^ 

^on,  "  The  emperor,  my  master,  doca  not  choose (ïjc  veut  pas);" 

he  replied  to  him,  *'  Tell  your  master  that  France  docs  not  submit  to 
receive  orders,  and  that  whilç  Casimir  Périer  hves,  she  will  ask  md- 
vice  as  to  how  she  shall  act,  of  none  but  herself  and  her  honour." 
Casimir  Pûrior  apoko  these  words  with  a  fscq  of  intense  excitement 
He  then  fell  back  exhausted  in  Ills  arm-chair,  and  when  M-  MiUcret 
tried  to  calm  him,  he  waa  seized  with  a  sudden  passion  of  feeling, 
and  exclaimed,  the  impress  of  death  visibly  manifesting  itseli  on  Ida 
person  :  "  Ah  !    I  am  lost  !    They  have  killed  me  !" 

The  illness  of  the  president  of  the  council  growing  worse  and 
worse  every  day,  it  became  necessary  to  appoint  a  temporary  suc- 
cessor: M.  de  Montalivet  was  nominated  Miuistcr  of  the  IntËiior 
ad  interim.  The  ordonnance,  declaring  this  appoiutment  was  dated 
tiie  17th  of  April;  on  the  16th  of  May  Caâmir  Périer  had  ceââed 
to  exist.  The  King  wrote  to  tlie  family  in  suitable  terms;  to  OBB 
of  his  intimates  lie  said  :  '^*  Casimir  Pérîer  is  dead:  is  this  an  advan- 
tage or  a  naiaibrtune?     Time  will  show." 

On  the  same  day  on  which  Casimir  Périer  died,  was  buried 
George  Cuvicr,  the  victim  of  a  malady  whicli  was  not  the  cholct» 
morbus.  George  Cuvicr  was  an  honour  to  his  country,  an  honour 
to  liis  age.  At  the  end  of  this  work  phuce  will  be  found  for  a 
review  oî  his  immortal  labours.  Yet  Ms  funeral  waa  unattended  by 
that  pomp  and  ceiemouy,  which  political  favour  threw  around  tiîe 
obsequies  of  the  president  of  the  council.  Several  eminent  pt»- 
wmigos,  among  others  MM.  Roycr  Collard,  dehvered.  oradont, 
replete  with  expressions  of  the  most  heartfelt  respect,  over  tKe  tomb 
of  Casimir  Pijner.  A  subscription  waa  opened  for  the  purpose  of 
raising  a  monument  to  his  mcmor)'.  The  grief  in  many  quarters,  it 
bia  loss,  was  protound;  eapceiaUy  among  the  mercantile  and  trading 
classes,  many  of  whom  closed  thcîr  warehouseâ  and  aliops  on  Ùtû 
day  of  the  burial,  in  sign  of  mourning.  The  exchange,  even  the 
impassible  exchange,  was  for  this  once  moved^ 

Such  was  the  end  ol"  Casimir  Périer.  He  had  viewed  in  gocdcty, 
not  men  to  direct,  but  enemies  to  destroy;  for  he  was  a  minislex  of 
etrong  hatreds  and  narrow  views;  of  a  vigorous  and  yet  iscvbtd  8Q<^ 
A  man  in  business,  a  banker,  he  desired  peace;  but  the  powcw 
desired  it  also,  and  the  more  eagerly,  that  they  saw  iho  ecnius  of 
Jievûïutions  all  ready  to  follow  the  march  of  armies.  This,  how- 
evef|  Casimir  Pcricï  à.\à  no\  uuàssïsNjimi-.  \a&  o^-n  fears  prevented 


BADICAL  MISTAKE  OF  CASIMIR  FERIEE.  627 

him  from  profiting  by  the  fears  of  others;  and  he  compelled  France  ^ 
to  submit  to  the  con(utions  impo3ed  by  European  repose,  at  a  time 
when  he  might  have  dictated  instead  of  receiving  conditions,  as 
was  thorougfly  proved  by  the  affair  of  Ancona,  which  went  off 
wi^  such  impunity,  an  anair  in  which  he  engaged  with  an  enerej 
of  will,  that  was  not  to  be  subdued  by  the  decided  opinion  of  MM. 
Sébastioni  and  do  Rigny,  nor  even  by  that  of  the  king  himself. 
Unfortunately,  the  expedition  of  Ancona  infringed  upon  the  prin- 
ciples of  pohcy,  which  had  been  hitherto  acted  upon,  in  an  abrupt 
way,  and  upon  an  inadequate  occasion.  The  results  of  this  policy 
had  been  the  occupation  of  Warsaw  by  the  Russians,  the  first  entry 
of  the  Austrians  into  BoloOTa,  the  annihilation  of  our  influence  in 
Belgium,  the  abasement  of  France,  weakness  throughout  the  ci- 
vilized world.  The  living  strength  that  had  been  awakened  by 
the  revolution  of  1830,  began  audibly  to  murmur  at  all  this,  to 
manifest  impatience  for  a  change.  It  would  have  been  easy  to  ap- 
pease and  satisfy  them  by  at  once  setting  about  the  vast  social  reforms 
rec^uired  by  a  state,  the  prey  to  all  the  disorders  of  irregular  compe- 
tition; but  Casimir  Férier  was  powerful,  was  rich,  and  the  neccssitj 
for  change  did  not  present  itself  to  him.  Besides,  even  had  ho 
possessed  the  disinterestedness  of  a  true  reformer,  he  had  not  the 
peculiar  knowledge  and  boldness  which  the  task  demands;  his  was 
not  the  genius  of  reform;  it  was  his  destiny  to  crush  under  foot  the 
power  which  he  was  incapable  of  disciplininff ,  and  directing  onwards 
to  a  great  aim.  This,  at  least,  was  wliatho  essayed  to  do,  amidst 
the  applausive  shouts  of  the  bourgeoisie  ;  and  certunlV)  no  man  was 
better  fitted  than  he  for  this  work  of  hate.  Strife  suited  hia  tempe- 
rament, and  superseded  the  necessity  of  his  having  ideas.  For  the 
rest,  his  pohcy,  which  in  the  first  instance  was  entirely  a  matter  of 
egoism,  became  in  the  end  sincere,  in  becoming  fanatical,  and  he 
apphed  to  its  defence  an  ardour  which  sometimes  really  assumed  the 
appearance  of  heroism.  But  the  civilization  of  manners  refused  his 
violent  spirit  its  weapons;  the  scaffold  was  wanting.  Casimir  Périer 
renderea  himself  the  object  of  much  hatred  and  very  little  fear;  in- 
stead of  governing  the  country  he  merely  agitated  and  disturbed  it; 
he  created  far  more  obstacles  than  he  was  able  to  surmount;  and  his 
fierce  energy,  when  its  very  excess  had  disarmed  and  rendered  it 
powerless,  only  served  to  irritate  his  enemies  to  a  pitch  of  fury. 
After  havin"  in  this  way  brought  evil  into  the  world  about  him, 
Casimir  Péncr  had  no  notion  ofoppo^ig  to  it  other  than  the  most 
empirical  remedies,  which  threw  society  into  a  state  of  superexcitation, 
ana  when  this  rapidly  subsided  into  a  frightful  condition  of  exhaus- 
tion and  lethargy.  Thus  Casimir  Périer  died  filled  with  despair  at 
the  worse  than  nothingness  of  all  his  miserable  triumphs,  his  soul 
tormented  with  fearful  disquiet,  his  mind  occupied  with  the  recollec- 
tion of  two  towns  filled  by  him  with  blood,  and  his  reason  convinced 
that  his  administration  was  about  to  be  succeeded  by  chaos,  and  that 
he  was  leaving  as  a  l<^acy  to  his  country  two  civU  wars. 

St 


PROTEST   OF    THE    JOURNALISTS. 
(July  27«  1B30.) 

It  liu  been  frcftQcntly  aimounoeii,  durmg  the  last  six  moDth?,  tlmt  tlie  laws 
ti>  he  viulaUiJ,  that  a  coup  iPélat  was  to  bc  airuck;  the  good  stnse  of  tîit'  puliîic  Pe- 
fam'il  to  beliere  the  fact.  The  niiiiistry  npu^atcd  this  luppoaition  lu  a  caJqmnj". 
Tlu!  Monittur^  however,  ha»  nt  lAst  [lUblislixHl  thusc  famoiu  onlinuicps,  «hicJi  *xt  tlie 
TnoFt  glaring  violiitinn  of  the  taw».  Thi.'  in^'aX  nk/irrivii,  thttn^oTCt  in(tmil»tcdi  that 
«rf  force  ifl  bfgTiii.  Ill  llie  Hilualion  in  which  we  art;  placed,  oTwlii-nice  ct-flUC»  to  ht*  a 
iliit;-.  The  ciliït'iis,  who  iire  before  all  otliera  raJlod  on  to  oTwv,  and  the  ■wnttrr» 
in  the  publk-  journiJa,  th(>y  ought  to  be  the  first  to  set  the  example  of  Wiifnce  to 
thflt  nuthority  which  hjw  divested  Jtaelf  of  the  eharaetcr  of  law.  The  leaMni  on 
which  tht'y  rely  are  such,  tliat  it  i»  enough  merely  to  enunfiate  theiiu 

The  matters  whieh  re^iibte  the  ordinance  publiBl>e«i  this  dnj,  are  of  lho»e  oa 
which  tlie  foyul  atithcirity  eauu&t,  ticcordidg  to  llic  charter,  pronounce  of  itedf  aSaae. 
The  chiirter.  article  eight,  aayfl  thit,  in  ciiutterj  of  the  press,  Fncrtcbmen  arc  bound 
to  raatbnn  tii  lAe  laiDs;  it  does  not  ray  to  the  ordînanceB.  The  charter,  Article  thirty- 
five,  bays  that  the  ofgiuiii^tioTï  of  the  dectDrtil  colleges  ilittU  be  rtguJated  bjr  tkt  lami; 
it  does  not  Jtay  by  the  ordnlanccfl. 

The  crown  tteelf  hfwi  hitherto  recognised  theae  ûHicleS;  it  Iiad  not  ihooght  of 
aiTailing  itself  a^iiist  them,,  either  (if  a  pretended  coufrliluent  power,  or  uf  a  \t()WtX 
falfleiy  attributed  to  tlie  fourteenth  article. 

On  bU  occa^oni,  in  foet,  when  cireumslaiiices  of  alleged  (rruvity  ae^m^  t»  it  to 
demand  a  mûdiâcatioti,  whether  in  the'  rùjîme  of  the  pn.'a»,  or  in  the  eScctonI  r^^mt, 
M  has  h&d  recoorac  to  tliC  twu  Chnmbera.  When  it  wua  tijund  Qûciïssary  to  modify 
the  cliartcr,  in  order  tocatiibllsh  septennality  and  ink-^ulreDomtion,  it  hMneoani^ 
mit  to  itself  as  aallior  of  the  Chamber,  but  to  the  Chanibers.  Koyftltv  hu,  theieftwe, 
tecognised,  and  itaeU*  acted  upon  those  eighth  and  thirty-fifth  artides,  uul  bu  not 
uTogated  to  itseiiC  ^u  regards  them,  either  a  constituent  auibority  ûr  a  dictatorial 
aathcjriîy,  which  nowhere  exists, 

The  tribimals^  to  which  belongs  tlic  right  of  micrprctation,  have  soleitmly  raeo^ 
nised  these  lonie  prlaciplcfl.  The  royul  (uurt  of  Paris,  and  Atreral  others,  hare  coa- 
denmed  tlie  publiahcTS  of  the  Atsociatiot^  Bréhame.  as  authors  of  outrages  sgaiovl  the 
goTemment.  It  \\ba  regarded  as  uii  outru^re  the  supponitiou  tbut  the  gorraiuneQt 
could  empluy  tlic  authority  of  ordinojice»  where  tlie  authoirity  of  the  iaw  am  aluna 
bc  Admitted.  Tlius  the  tomiaL  text  of  the  diurter,  the  prcLctice  hitherto  futUrwetl  by 
the  rfotvn,  and  the  decision  of  the  tribiinidâ,  gstahlJah  the  [irmt^ijile  that,  ill  mtUoTi 
of  the  presa  and  of  electoral  orgiuiixation.  the  laws — tliat  ia  to  la^',  the  king  mul  khc 
Chuaberv^^-an aloue  pronounce  decisively. 

To-day»  therefore,  the  gi^vernment  hoft  violateil  le^ty.  "We  AM  dixpenied  fnBx 
■nheyingî  we  will  endeavour  to  puhlish  our  prints,  without  iwldlig  for  llic  auihiirlm* 
tien  iiiiptHed  on  vk\  we  will  do  our  utmost  to  tlie  end,  that  tblz  djiy,  «t  lenat,  tixy 
niny  reach  all  Prance, 

This  19  what  our  'duty  aa  citizens  prescribes  to  us,  and  we  will  fulfill  it. 

It  is  not  for  ua  to  point  out  its  ^luties  to  Uic  illegidlyd^soÎTed  ChAm'ba'i  bat  m 
may  beacech  it  to  rely  oo  itâ  cvît!eat  right,  iind  to  resist  to  it«  tiUuatrt  titte  TmUtlmt 
of  the  laws,  Tltat  ripht  ia  as  etrtajn  as  that  on  which  we  rely.  The  chuter  Mj», 
article  fifty,  that  the  kin(;  may  dissolve  the  Chafliijerof  Dspoties;  but  it  is  oeoeaury 
thereto  tliat  it  shall  have  met  and  been  constituted  a  chamber:  that  it  shAll  bare  op- 
held  a  aygteni  capable  of  provokinff  its  dissolution.  But  before  the  meeting  and  the 
(.'onstihitioii  of  tlie  Cliamber^  there  is  iiotlmij;  hut  elections  ttiiule.  Now  llie  charter 
ni>where  says  that  tlie  king  may  ttunsh  clcciions.  The  ordiiijmces  publÎBhcd  thisiJby 
only  ijyaah  elections:  th^r  arc,  therefore,  illohiil.  for  they  do  u  thin^j  wliicb  the  char- 
ter does  not  aathi.irizc.  The  deputies  elected  atid  convoked  for  the  3d  of  Aojni»! 
SK,  therefore,  well  iknd  didy  elected  and  convoked.  Thfir  HB;ht  is  the  same  to-d^y 
as  yertenLiy.  Franee  beseeches  them  tint  to  forget  it.  Wlmtever  tliey  may  and  can 
do  to  enforce  that  right,  they  are  Imund  to  do.  The  government  has  this  day  lu* 
the  chtinLCtL-r  of  legality  wliidi  conunuids  obedieuee.  We  r^ist  it  aa  regSxidi  osr- 
lelrcs  :  it  is  fur  France  to  jnd^  how  far  Hs  own  reststonoe  shnuld  extend. 

Signed  by  the  gérants  iLud  réducteurs  (otHtorR  and  coDtrihutors)  of  joniiuils  BCtOsOy 
pTËBcut  m  Fwie.  (.Here  folluw  forty-tliree  mimei.J 


ÏKD  OF  VOL.  I. 


I 


I 


■f- 


.  «^ 


'^- 


••  «