^Darlington Memorial Library
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[ 30 Cts,
Entered .•ir< ordiiiff to Act ..C Cou^AB^in the year 1871, by LUTHER TUCKER & SON, in the Office of
lie Llbrarianof Congress at Washington.
TO RECORD, IMPART AND ILLUSTRATE THE BEST PRACTICE;
TO ADVANCE THE PROSPERITY
AND INTELLIGENCE OF THE RURAL COMMUNITY.
THE CULTIVATOR
AND
Country Gentleman.
A Neu: Volume Begins with January \st.
nj'^HIS JOURNAL contains sixteen large quarto pages in each Weekly
A Number, having been much enlarged and improved ir 1870, and fully main-
tjriny its formfer rank as the Standard Journal of American Agriculture.
Inclu'ding all the departments connected with the Cultivation of the Soil for
profit or pleasure, it is its aim to promote the best interests of its readers, — Co
protect thqm from fraud and falsehood, — to provide them with the information
raas:c essential in their calling, — and, leaving to others the task of furnishing the
transitory entertainment of the hour, to present a periodical of frequent issue,
a,lways fresh and seasonable, and especially adapted in every department to the
practical wants of the Farmer and his Family.
IN EXTENT OF CORRESPONDENCE— . ^
" ' IN PRACTICAL SUGGESTIONS—
' , IN AGRICULTURAL NEWS—
It is believed to be WITHOUT AN EQUAL, and it should be placed in the
hairtds of every Farmer, Fruit-Grower and Breeder in the country. For
thorn, as well as for their wives and children, the interest and value of its con-
tents' have never before been so great as now.
'.Illustrations are freely employed wherever they can be made to elucidate
thfc'Hubjects treated ; and the comprehensive nature of its design is such as to
suit it equally well to ALL latitudes and localities in which IMPROVED
FARMING is sought for.
S-pecimen Copies Free on Application,
TERMS. — The terms are lower than those q{ any othrr paper oi %vav\^x stand-
ing : One copy, $2.50 per year ; Four copies, §9 ; Eight copies, 1^16.
1.UTHER TUCKER & SON, Editors and Proprietors,
Albany, N. Y.
(]
THE ^
ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL
REGISTER OF RURAL AFFAIRS
AND
CULTIVATOR ALMANAC
For the Year 1872,
CONTAINING
PRACTICAL SUGGESTIONS FOR THE FARMER
AND HORTICULTURIST.
Witli about 100 H^n^ira^iiij^s.
-•^♦-
BY J. J. THOMAS,
AUTHOR OF THE 'AMERICAN FRUIT CULTURIST,' AND 'FARM IMPLEMENTS,'
Associate Editok of the 'Cultivator & Country Gentlemak.'
-•^«-
ALBANY, N. Y. :
LUTHER TUCKER Sc SON, 395 Broadway.
1872.
-^.®
• Entered aceordiux to Act of ConTre?*, In the ve'.r 1S71, br LUTHER TUCKER A SQX^.la tha OOlce ot '
thtf Librarian of Congress »l ^'usliington.
©<:^—
f
•^f^o
,v
N
^-^^^
^
RURAL AFFAIRS.
By John J. Thomas.
PUBLISHED BY LUTHER TUCKER & SON, ALBANY, N. Y.
Farm Buildings — Barns.Carriage Houses,
Stables, the Piggery, Smoke- House, Poul-
try House — Mode of Cistern BuildJKg, of
Erecting Lightning R».ds, &c.
Farm Implements. — Tiveuty-tkree Arti-
cles, amply ilhistrated, embracing nearly
all the jirincipal Implements in which the
Farmer is concerned — also the Wino Mill,
Steam Engine, &c.
Butter and Cheese Making. — The best
modes and means treated at considerable
length, accompanied by Designs lor Dairy
Houses.
Rural Economy. — Many Articles and
Notes, the fruits of the Author's long ex-
perience and observation on Farm ^lan-
agement. Rotation, Packing Trees and
Plants, Satisfactory Farming, &c., &c.
Rustic Skats and S pkuctukbs — Illustra-
ted Designs for Sununer Houses, Flower
Stands, Rock Work, and other similar
Rural Ornaments.
ScMOWL Houses. — A Chapter embracing
several neat and tasteful Designs.
Weights and Measures. — Tables for
Reference, including Length, Distances,
Specific Gravities, &c.
D0.MESTIC Economy. — Numerous valu.>ble
and well tested Recipes for Housekold
use.
-^
FIVE VOLUMES NOW READY.
Prirf, $1.50 Each, Sold Separately or Together.
Being a reprint on larger, finer and heavier paper, of the very valuable articles in every
department of Kural Economy, which have heretofore appeared in annual numbers, from
1855 to 1869, inclusive, under the title of the A utiual Register 0/ Rural Affairs. These
volumes contain about 340 pages each, or nearly Seventeen Hunelred Pages in all, of read-
ing matter, and are illustrated with upwards of
TWO THOUSAiVD E^VGRAVINGS,
a large part of them from drawings and designs made expressly for the purpose. A brief
Abstract of the Contents of the several Volumes is subjoined, although necessarily so
compressed as to convey but a very incomplete idea of the number an.l variety of the
topics embraced, and the concise and practical manner in which they are treated:
Four Huncired and Forty Illiastrations.
Country Dwellings. — Fifteen Designs,
accompanied with Plans, in many instances
of several floors — also estimates of Cost —
together with General Rules tor Building,
and Remarks on the Art of Planning a
House.
Laving Out Grounds. — Fnir Articles
on Laying out Farms — two on (Grounds
around Houses and Flower Gardens —
eight on Modes 0/ t^lanting nnd the
Trees and Shrubs to be employed.
What Fruits to (Z\\QOi^VJr-S i.xty-one Va-
rieties of Apples ; Fifty-four of Pears ;
Tiventy-eight of Peaches ; Ten of Necta-
rines and Apricots ; Thirty four o{V\\xvi\%;
'J'wenty-eight of Cherries ; Thirteen of
Strawberries, and a dozen of Native and
Foreign Grapes are described — with Ap-
proved Lists at greater length, and Select
Assortments recommended.
Domestic Animals. — Improved Breeds,
illustrated by Portraits. A valuable arti-
cle on Doctoring Sick Animals, with Sim-
ple Rules and Remedies, embracing the
nu)sl common Diseases of Horses, Cattle,
Sheep and Swine.
Fruit Culture. — Tiventy-two A rticles —
Treatment of Orchards, Large and Small
Fruits, with a large number ofbrief Notes,
presipnting many valuable Hints andSug-
gestiuiis.
^^
^- ,,V
"o
g8c^=^-
■=^=^^
yonr Hundred iind
A Complete Country Residence — The
Dwelling, Ornamental Grounds, Orchard,
Gardens, Out- Houses, described and illus-
trated— concluding with an article on the
^L__ Ai'iARY, embracing the management of
I " Bees, by M. Quinby.
CouNTr<Y Houses. — Twenty-Sevan De-
signs, including some of great merit for
' Workingmen's Cottages, and an illustra-
S ted C^hapter on Ventilation.
Fruits and Fkuit Culture. — Farther
Notes and Lists — a full Article on Pear
Culture— Hardy Fruits at the West —
«r4 Apples and Apple Orchards — Grafting and
^^ Grafting Knives, with upwards of Fifty
Illustrations.
Flower and Kitchen Garden. — Annual
-^ Flowers — Vegetable Management — the
* J Vinery and Green-House — the Verbena —
S^ also a full Article on Hedging and Hedges,
■^ will) Directions for their Cultivation.
^TvFarm IjIII. dings — Eight Desig7iso\Vi-Arri%
and Stables : Stalls for Horses and Cattle
TWO.
"^
«*)
— Cattle and Sheep Racks — also a full
Chapter on Iron for Furniture and Rural
Structures.
Farm Ma.nagement. — Mr. Thomas' Prize
Essay,with new illustrations — also a Chap-
ter on Underdrainiiig, pronounced by
all, the most concise and complete of its
kind that has yet appeared.
It^ifty Illustrations.
Far.m Fences and Gates — Cheap Fences
— a full Article on Wire Fences — Modes
of Construction — Hurdles — useful Hints
about Gates, with Fifteen Engravings on
the latter subject alone.
Domestic Animals. — Feeding — .Steaming
Food — Veterinary Receipts — Wintering
and Stabling— Wool Table, &c., &c.
Nursery Lists. — A Descriptivt and Illus-
trated List of the Principal Nurseries in
the United States — Supplement to the
above — Principal Nurseries in Europe.
Ornamental Planting. — Beautifying
Country Houses — Modes of Grouping —
Lawns, Walks and Rustic Objects — with
Nine Finns of Grounds and nearly Forty
Engravings.
Imi'Lements of Tillage. — Tillage — the
Gang Plow — Improvements in Plows
and Harrows — Plowing and Subsoiling —
Ditching Plows — Impiements for Surface
Tillage.
Other New Implements, &c. — Farm
Workshops — A Horse-Power — Hay Fork
— Mill — Stalk Cutter — Potato Digger —
Painting Tools — with numerous hints.
Rural and Domestic Econo.my. — Root
Crops — Good and Bad Management —
Dairy Economy — Rules for Business-
Early Melons — Cleaning Seed Whec^t—
Packing Trees for Transportation, &c.
IT'o'ux' Hundred and
Workingmen's Cottages. — Six Designs
and Seventeen Engravings — the Cottages
costing from $250 up to ;58oo.
^.^ Grounds and Green Houses. — The Ar-
j^ rangement of small and large Gardens —
'^ Structures for Green- House Plants, in-
cluding the Cold Pit, Ward Cases, &c.
Farm Buildings. — General Considerations
involved in their construction — Four De-
signs for Barns — Thirty Engravings.
Architecture. — Complete Directions for
One, Two or Three Story Buildings on
the Balloon Frmne System — 24 Engrav-
ings— Directions as to Carpenter and
Mason's Specifications, and a Glossary of
Architectural Terms — 4S Engravings.
Farm Husbandry. — How to render Farm-
ing Profitable, is treated in one or more
^^ Chapters, and a very great variety of Hints
and Suggestions are given in Practical
Matters and General Rural Economv.
Weeds and Grasses. — The chief varieties
of Annual and Perennial Weeds, and of
Useful Grasses, are described very fully,
the former accompanied with 21 Engrav-
ings, and the latter with 13.
Practical Entomology. — Dr. Fitch's
Chapter on Insects Injurious to Fruit
Trees, Grain Crops and Gardens, with 34
Engravings, and full Definitions and De-
scriptions.
THUEE.
Forty Illustrations.
Fruits and Fruit Culture — The Newer
Plums — Strawberries — Dwarf Pears —
Management of the Grape — Summer
Pears — Iraining Pyramids — Dwarf and
other Apples — Cherries and Gooseberries
— A Cheap Grapery, &c.,&c. — more than
50 Engravings.
Flowers. — Pruning and Training Roses —
Notes on New and Desirable' Flowering
Plants — 20 Engravings
Vegetable Physiology— Tracing Growth
of the Plant from the Embryo throughout
— the Principles of Grafting and Budding,
&c. — 61 Engravings
Dome.stic Animals. — A large variety of
Hints as to Breeds and Management —
The Apiary ; ditTerent Hives and the
Mode of Caring Properly for Bees.
The Dairy. — A full Chapter on Butter
and Cheese Making and Management of
Cows, with nunierous Hints.
The Poultry Yard. — A Complete Chap-
ter, by C. N. Bement, with 33 Engrav-
ings of Fowls, Poultry Houses, &c.
Also — Filters and Filtering Cisterns, 5
Engravings — Lightning Rods, 13 — Use-
ful Tables of Weights and Measures, &c. ,\
Maple Sugar Making. To these and ^
many other subjects more or less space is A>
devoted.
^
-^-
Xlix-ee Hiaiidi-ed. and. Eiglity Illtistx-ations.
Farm Wokk. — A Calendar of Suggestions
for each month in the Year, with Fifty-
Six Engravings — inclviding Ice-Houses
and storing ice — /.lalcing Stone Wall and
many other incidental points often omitted
— a very valuable article.
Orchard and Nursery. — Calendar for the
Year, with many useful hints and Twenty-
Twy Engravings.
Kitchen & Flower Garden and Green-
House. — Tiie labors of each successive
month reviewed, with notes on varieties of
different Vegetables, &c., &c., and Fifty
Engravings.
Road Making. — With numerous Illustra-
tions and complete directions.
Chee.se D.virving. — A description of the
Cheese Factories and System of Manu-
facture— also Design for private Dairy-
House, and Miscellaneous Hints for Dairy
Farmers.
Entomology. — A full Chapter on Collecting
and Preserving Insects, particularly interes-
ting to beginners in tiiis important science.
Country Homes. — An article witli Eight
Designs^ accompanied by Ground Plans,
&c., &a
Pruning. — The principles ai.d practirc
fully described, with over TUr,y illus
trations.
Poultry. — Treatise on the Turkey — Poul-
try Houses and their arrangemer.t, with
Designs.
Fruits and Flowers. — Training Grapes
The leading new Pears — New and De-
sirable Flowers — with a very large num-
ber of condensed hints, and select lists ac-
cording to the latest authoritiej — fully
illustrated.
Domestic Economy. — Full Directions for
Canning Fruits and Vegetables — a
number of Useful Recipes, &c., &c.
Domestic Animals. — A full article on
Mutton Sheep — The Management of
Swine — also Hints for the Bee- Keeper,
&c., &c.
Implements and Inventions. — Mechani-
cal Contrivances tor various purposes—
the Implements of Horticulture — New
Machines — largely illustrated.
Woodlands. — Planting Timber for Screens
— the Care and Culture of the Timber
Crop.
large
-^-^♦-
volxjm:e five.
IT'otai' Hundred Illustrations.
Grape Culture. — Varieties, Propagation,
Grafting, Training, Transplanting, Trel-
lises ; Soil for Vineyards ; Marketing, &c.
— Very Complete and Practical — Tkirty-
Nitie Engravings.
Milk Farming, by the Author of " My
F""arm of Edge wood." Winter and Sum-
mer Feeding, Soiling, &c. With plans
of Milk Barn — Six Engravings.
The Duck — its Management and Varie-
ties, by C. N. Bement — Fifteen Engrav-
ings.
Turnips and their Culture. — An ad-
mirable article on the Ruta Baga, with
Practical Directions — Fifteen Engrav-
ings.
Garden Insects, by Dr. Asa Fitch — two
papers, with about Forty Engravings.
Reapers and Mowers — the leading Ma-
chines at the Auburn Trial — Nine En-
gravings.
Rotation of Crops — principles involved
and rotations suggested — illustrated.
S.M\LL Fruits — their Culture on the Hud-
son, by Prof Buigess — Thirty Engrav-
ings.
Shrub.s— a Practical and Descriptive Article
on Shrubberies and the Selection of the
Leading Varieties — about Thirty Engrav-
ings.
Labor S.^ving Contrivances. — Simple
and Handy Tilings about the Farm and
House — about Thirty Engravings.
I
Vermin about the House, and How to
Drive them Away — illustrated.
Wheat — an Essay on the Crop and its Cul-
ture, quite complete and practical — Four-
teen Engravings.
Hedges and their Management, Causes of
Failure, &c. — Ten Engravings.
Potatoes — Culture, Varieties, &c., with
Twelve Engravings.
Rural Improvements, by Robert Morris
Copeland — with Plans and Modes of
Planting — illustrated.
Fruits. — Practical Hints in Fruit Culture,
with numerous Short Articles, and over
Thirty Engravings.
Strawberries. — Marketing the Crop in
New Jersey, by the Author of "Ten
Acres Enough " — illustrated.
Flowering Plants. — Select Varieties, with
Descriptions and Twenty-Two Engrav-
ings.
And among Numerous Shorter Articles :
Hints in Rural Economy, by S. E. Todd —
Nine Engravings.
South- Down Sheep — illustrated.
Items in Domestic Economy.
Hay Barracks and Corn-House — illustrated.
Rain-G-'-uge — Protecting Melons, do.
Hot Air h urnaces, do.
Implements for Farm and Garden, do.
Improved Bee Culture, by M. Quinby.
Three-Story Barn, Grape Houses.illustrated.
&c., &c., &c., &C,
-^=>^
INDEX OF No. i8, FOR 1872.
Page.
Agricultural Memoranda, ix — xx
Apparent and Mean Time, viii
Apples lor Minnesota, 280
Hard)', 280
List of One Hundred, 279
Apple Worm, 225
Bark Louse, 236
Berry Basket. Rochester, 285
Blackberries, Straightening, 283
Calendar Pages, ix — xx
Canker Worm, 330
Cheese- Making, 303
Coloring, 309
Cows and their Management, . . . . 303
Reimet, 308
Receiving and Crediting Milk, 306
Setting, Cutting and Heatinj^ 309
Treatment of Milk, 304
Clevis for One- Horse Plow, 295
Clover, Threshing 264
Colorado Grasshopper 223
Colorado Potato Bug 221
Corn-Fodder, Securing, . .. 274
Corn Planter, Emery's, 294
Cultivator, Carhart's Two- Horse, .. .. 2<^8
Cultivators, &c., 297
Curculios, .... 232
Destroying, 281
Currants, Heavy Manuring, 285
Propagating, 2S5
Currant Worm. 237
I mported, 238
Remedy for, 285
Cycles of lime and Church Days, viii
Day and N'ight, A^cen.TiMing Length of viii
Drill, Bickford <i Huffman's, 293
Drills. Hand Seed, 299
Eclipses for 1872, vii
E verjjreen Belts 257
Evergreens, Half Tender, 258
Manuring, 257
Pruning, 258
Farm Machinery, New or Additional, .. 290
Farmer's Register, 315
Flowering Plants, Improving 258
Forest Tent Caterpillar, 229
Four Seasons, vii
Fruit Culture, Errors Corrected, 279
Fruits and Frut Culture, 275
Insects Affecting, 225
Small, Distances of, 282
Fruit Trees Affected by Insects, 224
Care of Young 278
Protecting from Mice, 281
Pruning Young, 279
Restoring Mice Gnawed, 275
Watering 280
Gooseberries, Best Sorts, 283
Page,
Grape Leaf Gall, 242
Grape Leaf Procris, 241
Grape Seedlings, 284
Grapes, Insects Affecting, 241
Pruning Isabella, 284
Greenhouses, Fumigating, 259
Harrow, Shares', 293
Thomas' Smoothing, 295
Hay, ("ost of Making, 286
Cutting and Tedding, 2S6
Drawing, 287
Implements for Making, 286
Raking and Gathering, 287
Wagon Rac'K for, 300
Hedi;es, Hemlock 258
Horse- Hoe, Bradley's, 299
Holbrook's, .... 291
Horticulture in Common Schools, 262
Hot- Bed, the Boston, 259
Insects, Destructive, 221
Affecting Farm Crops, 222
Fruit Trees, 224
Grapes 241
Large Fruit, 225
Small Fruit. 237
Joint Worm, 223
Kitchen, Plan of, 265
Table and Appendages for, 265
Ladders and Ladder Stands, 251
Standing, 252
Lawn Mowers, 301
Lawnis, Requisites for, 257
Leaves from Lawn Trees, 258
Mount Cenis Tunnel, viii
Morning and Evening Stars, vii
Native Currant Worm, 239
Orchards, Cultivation of, 278
Profitable, 280
Sheep i", . — 280
Successful Pear, 276
Ornamental Planting, 255
Pansies in Masses, 259
Peach Borer, 281
Peaches, Success from Good Culture, . . 281
Succession of 280
Pear Orchard, Successful, 276
Pears, Dwarf changed to Standard 277
for Market, : 277
for Western Michigan, 278
Marketing 276
Vicar of Winkfield 278
Pear Trees, Blight on, 277
Planetary Notes, vii
Plow Clevis for One Horse, 293
Cutter Stock 294
One Horse Swivel, 295
Potato, 298
Stubble, 296
-=«=^^
A
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VI
INDEX.
Pack.
Plow. Swivel, 2g6
Turf Paring, 293
Plowing with Three Horses, .... 267
without Dead Furrows, 244
Plows, Hoibrook's, 296
Potato Plow, 298
Poultry- House, 302
Pruning Evergreens, 258
Isabella Grapes, 284
Raspberries, Drying, 261
Propagating, 2S5
Succession of, 284
Rustic Work, .... 2^9
Scarifier, Perry's, 292
Seed Sower. Cahoon's, 294
Sheep in Orchards, 280
Signaling the Weather, viii
Spotted Grape Beetle 242
Page.
Stanchions for Cattle, 272
Steam Engine, Gaar's, 291
Hoadley's, 290
Wood's', 291
Strawberries. Comparative Productive-
ness of, 282
Cultivation of, 282
Strawberry Worm 24o
Tent Caterpillar, 226
Tether for Horse or Cow, 300
Thresher and Cleaner, Buckeye 299
Transplanting with Frozen Bulbs, — . 256
Wagon, Three Horses for, 271
Washing Machine, Continental, 301
Weed Hooks and Chains in Plowing, . 249
Wheel-Jack, Payne's, 300
Window Plants,' 258
Wonderful Waterfall viii
ILLUSTRATIONS.
Berry Baskets, .
Blackberries, Straightening up.
Buckeye Thresher,
Cheese- Making,
Clevis for One- Horse Plow,..
Corn-Fodder, Securing, ....
Cultivators,
Two- Horse,
Double Wiiiffletree,
Drills and Corn Planters,
Farm Engines,
Girdled I'rees,
Green-Houses, Fumigating,..
Harrow, Siinres',
Thomas' Smoothing,
Hay, Implements for Making,
Hay Wagon, Rack for,
Horse- Hoes and Scarifiers,..
Insects — Apple Curculio, ...
Apple Worm,
Bark Lice,
Canker Worm,
Colorado Grasshopper, . .
Colorado Potato Bug. . . .
Curculio and Catchers, . .
Currant Worms,
Forest Caterpillar,
No. Figures. Page.
I
3
I
10
I
2
3
I
I
3
3
3
293
285
283
299
304
295
274
297
298
297
299
.... 290
275
259
.... 292
295
286
298
229, 299
. .. 236
225
. ..236
230
. . . . . 224
. .. .. 221
232
.... 238
229
No. Figure;;. Page.
Insects — Srape-LeafGall, ... i 243
Grape-i>eaf Procris, 2 241
Joint Worm, i 223
Lady- Bug, . i 225
Spotted Grape Beetle,... i 242
Strawberry Worms, i 240
Tent Caterpillars, 3 227
Kitchen, Plan of, 1 265
Table and Appendages, . . 3 265
Ladders and Ladder Stands, .12 251
Lawn Mower, i 301
Ornamental Planting 3 255
Plow Cutter Stock, i ..
Plows, 2 .
Plow, Turf Paring i . .
Plowing without Dead Fur-
rows, 10 ...
with Three Horses, 14 . .
Potato Plow 1 ..
294
296
293
244
267
298
Raspberries, Drying, 3 261
Stanchions for Cattle, 2 ..,
Tether for Horse or Cow, ... i . . ,
Washing Machine i . .
Weeds Hooks and Chains in
Plowing, 6 . .
Wheel- Jack, i ..
272
301
302
249
300
!
revious Numbers of the Annital Register, down to 1869, inclusive, are reprint-
ed in Five Volumes (see notice on preceding pages,) and a Sixth Volume will contain Nos,
t6, 17 and 18, for 1870, '71 and '72. Copies may also be had from the Publishers, of any
previous years, (except those for 1855, '57, and 63,) in paper covers, at Tliirty Cents
each, or any four for One Dollar. They contain an average of about 130 Engravings each,
and many of the single chapters present in concise form the practical substance of a volume.
^
■=^:^©
k
THE
CULTIVATOR ALMANAC
FOR 1872.
ASTRONOMICAL CALCULATIONS IN EQUAL OR CLOCK TIME.
ECLIPSES FOR THE YEAR 1872.
THERE WILL BE FOUR ECLIPSES THIS YEAR, as follow:
I. A Partial Eclipse of tlie Moon May 22 ; invisible in the United
States.
II. An Annular Eclipse of the sun June 5 ; invisible in North America,
except in Washington Territory and the Arctic regions.
III. Avery small eclipse of the Moon in the evening of Norember I4lh
and morning of the I5ih ; visible, being only one thirty-third of the
Moon's diameter on the northern limb.
IV. An Annular Eclipse of the Sun Nov. 30 ; invisible in North
America.*
MORNING AND EVENING STARS.
Morning Stars. — Venus until July 15. Mars after May 17. Jupiter
after August 2. Saturn to April 10.
Evening Stars. — Venus after July 15. Mars until May 17. Jupiter
until August 2. Saturn after April 10.
-♦•-•-
THE FOUR SEASONS.
D. H. M. D. H. M.
Winter begins, 1871, December 22, o 51 mo., and lasts 89 o 58
Spring do. 1872, March 20, I 49 mo., do. 92 20 34
Summer do. 1872, June 20, 10 23 eve., do. 93 11 23
Autumn do. 1872, September 22, o 46 eve.. do. 89 17 59
Winter do. 1872, December 21, 6 45 nio.,Trop.year,365 5 54
. »-»_«
PLANETARY NOTES.
Mercury will be brightest January 27, May 25 and September 18,
rising before the Sun ; also April 2, July 31, and November 24, setting
soon after the Sun. Venus and Mars not this year. Jupiter January
15. Saturn July 9.
Viii ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER
CYCLES OF TIME AND CHURCH DAYS.
Dominical Letters, G F]Septuagesima Sund., Jan. 28]Easter Sunday, Mar. 31
Epact, aoiSexagesinia do. 1' eb. 4I Low Sunday, ..... April 7
Solar Cvcle sQiiinquagesima do. Feb. ii| Rogation Sunday,.. May 5
Golden Number, 11 Ash Wednesday, ... Feb. 14 Ascension Day, May 9
Roman Indiction, 15 Quadragesima Sund., Feb. 18 Pentecost Sunday,.. May 19
Jewish Lunar Cycle,. .. 8 Mid-Lent Sunday,.. Mar. lo.Trinity Sunday, May 26
Dionysian Period, 201 Palm Sunday Mar. 24J Corpus Christi, May 30
Julian Period, 6585 Good Friday, . .. .. Mar. 29' Advent Sunday Dec. i
-* • •-
APPARENT AND MEAN TIME.
Time is both apparent ^x\^ mean. The .sun is on the meridian at 12
o'clocU on four days only in the year. It i.s sometimes as much as 16^
minutes before or after twelve when its shadow strikes the noon mark on
the sun-dial. This is occasioned l)y the irregular motion of the earth on
its axis and the inclination of its poles. This is called apparent time.
Mean time is determined by the equation of these irregularities for every
day in the year, and is noted in all good almanacs. The latter is the
true or correct time.
■ • • •
To Ascertain the Length of D.\y and Night. — At any time in
the year, add 12 hours to the time of the sun's setting, and from the sum
subtract the time of rising for the length of the day. Subtract the lime of
setting from 12 hours, and to the remainder add the time of rising the
next morning, for the length of the night. This rule is true of either ap-
parent or mean time.
A Wonderful Waterfall. — The government geologists in Demarara,
British Guiana, have discovered on the Potaro river, within a hundred
miles of the Capital, a fall with two leaps, one of 770 feet, and nearly 600
feet wide, the other over 80 feet.
Signalling the Weather. — Since Nov. i, 1870, the daily papers
have published bulletins sent to them by the War Department at Wash-
ington, of meteorological observations in regard to the height of the
barometer and thermometer, and the direction and force of the wind,
■j'hey are taken by scientific men at fifty different stations in all parts of
the country, from Key West, Florida, to San Francisco. It is believed
that this will be of great practical benefit to farmers and sailors, by giving
timely warning of the approach of storms.
Piercing the Mountains. — The tunnel through the Alps, connecting
the railways of France and Italy, was successfully finished the day after
Christmas, 1870. This great work was commenced in 1857, and has gone
forward night and day from either side, till the two gangs of workmen
met far beneath the summit of the central mountain of the three that the
tunnel has pierced. The length of the tunnel is 12,220 metres, or about
7 3-5111 miles ; its height and breadth are about 25 feet, and the cost of
construction about Jj5 1 0.000,000.
g^
-=^=>©
1st MONTH.
JANUARY, 1872.
31 DAYS.
MOON'S PH.\SF,S.
Boston.
Nkw-Yokk.
VVa.shingt'n
Sun
ON Merid
Third Quarter
New Moon, . . .
First Quarter,
Full Moon, . . .
D.
3
ID
17
25
H. M.
5 15 ev.
10 14 mo.
7 18 mo.
0 30 ev.
H. M.
5 3ev.
10 2 mo.
7 6 mo.
0 18 ev.
H. M.
4 51 ev.
9 50 mo.
6 54 mo.
0 6 ev.
D.
I
9
17
25
H. M. S.
12 3 43
12 7 18
12 10 19
12 12 34
X
u
H
u
i:
H
0
>
S
0
0
>
>
<
<
a
Q
1 M
2 T
31 W
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
3«
T
F
S
6
M
T
10 W
11 T
F
S
6
M
T
W
T
F
S
O
M
T
W
T
F
S
a
M
r
w
CALENDAR
For Bo.ston, New- England,
New- York State, Miclii-
gan, Wisconsin, iowa,
and Oregon.
SUN ! SUN : MOON I H. W.
RISES SETS. ■ RISKS. : BOST'n
m:h
304
304
304
304
304
304
304
304
304
294
294
294
28 4
28
27
27
26
26
25
24
23
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
225
21 5
205
205
185
175
165
155
Ml H Ml
38 10 15
39 II 19:
40 morn.
41! o 24!
42 I 34
43: 2 46
44 4 2
45 5 19
46 6 34
47 sets.
48 6 10
49 7 29
50 8 44
51 9 54
53 II 2,
54 morn i
55 o 8
56; I 9\
58 2 I2(
59, 3 13!
o; 4 13
I 5 II
3 6 5
4 rises.!
5 5 2
663
7 7 5
9 8 9!
10 9 II!
11 10 15;
13 II 22
H
3
4
4
5
6
7
M
22
5
55
48
45
47
8 51
9 54
10 56
11 52
morn.
0 45
1 37
2 26
3
3
4
5
6
7
8
12
58
47
39
31
24
19
9 II
10 I
10 49
11 31
ev.
o
I
II
52
32
II
2 50
3 32
CALENDAR
For New- York City, Phila-
deliiliia, Connecticut, N.
Jersey, Penn., Ohio, in-
diana and Illinois.
SUN ! SUN
KISES SETS.
MOON
RI-ES
H. W.
N. Y.
H M H Mi H M I H
44 10 16 ev,
45 II 20 o
46 morn
244
244
244
244
244
244
244
244
244
244
234
23
23
22 4
22 4
2?
21
24'
32'
43:
58:
13
28
I
2
3
4
5
6
4
4
sets.
6 15
7
8
7
8
4
5
21 5
20
9
8
8
7
6
5
5
5
5
5
55
55
45
35
25
25
15
471
48'
49:
50i
51
52
53
54
55'
56
57 9
58 II 2 morn.
59 morn. ^ o 44
007
8
9
9
9
5
59
M
7
52
42
34
31
32
36
40
38
35
9 31
32 10 22
46 II
55 II
CALENDAR
For Washington,
Maryl'd, Virginia,
Kent'ky, Miss'ri,
and California.
SUN [ SUN
KISKS SETS.
M30N
KISKS.
9
57
I
I
3
4
5i
6
8
I
2
3
4
5
5
9 rises. I
10 5 7:
6
7
8
33
26
II
12
13
15 9
16 10
17 II
3
4
5
5
6
7
8
8
9
11 10
12 ID
15,11
20 ev.
7;
9!
17
10
4
57
47
33
14
57
38
17
53
34
18
H
7
7
7
7
7
i7
17
i7
7
17
^7
|7
17
i7
17
17
|7
I?
i7
:7
7
17
'7
|7
7
7
;7
;7
^7
M H
4
4
4
194
194
19
19
19
194
194
194
194
194
184
18
18
17
53
54
55^
56
57
17
17
16
16
15
145
145
135
125
125
II 5
10,5
105
95
85
85
75
M H M
49 10 18
50 II 21
51 morn.
52 o 23
1 30
2 40
3 53
5 8
6 22
58 sets.
59 6 20
0 7 36
1 8 49
2 9 56
3 II 2
4 morn.
506
6 I 6
7
8
9:
10
12 5 53
13' rises.
14 5 12
15 6 II
7
8
9
6
5
3
59
16
17
'9
12
13
13
20 10 15
21 II 19
Agricultural Memoranda — Oct. i, 1870, /<? Oct. i, 187 1, wi'ti references to date of
The Country Gentleman contaitting particulnrsl
Agricultural College Convention at Chicago Aug. 10, Sept. 7, 1871.
Agricultural Department — Appointment of Fred. Wntts, Commissioner. July 6, 1871.
Agricultural Kxhibilions, State, County, &c., for 1S71. Sept. 7, 1871.
Alexander, A. J., Spring .Station, Ky. .Sale of Horses. July 13, 1871.
American Sl>ort-Horn Herd Book, Vol. 10. Nov. 24, 1870; March 9, 1871.
:^=-
2d MONTH.
FEBRUARY, i
872.
29 DAYS,
MOON'S PHASES.
Boston.
New- York.
Washingt'n
Sun
ON Mekid.
Third Quarter
New Moon, , . .
First Quarter,
Full Moon, ...
D.
2
8
i6
_24
H. M.
5 26 mo.
9 8 ev.
I 40 nio.
6 12 mo.
H. M.
5 14 mo.
8 56 ev.
I 28 mo.
6 0 mo.
H. M.
5 2 mo.
8 44 ev.
I 16 mo.
5 48 mo.
D.
I
9
25
H. M. S.
12 13 50
12 14 29
12 14 17
12 13 20
X
ii
CALENDAR
H
For Boston, New-Ens;land, |
0
?
New- York State, Michi-
k
b.
gan, Wisconsin, Iowa,
0
0
>•
<
and Oregon.
>•
<
SUN
SUN
MOON
H. U.
u
RISES
SETS.
KISES.
bost'n
H
M
H M
H M
H M
I
T
7
14
5 14
morn.
4 20
2
F
7
13
5 15
0 31
5 13
3
S
7
II
5 i^
I 42
6 16
4
G
7
10
5 18
2 56
7 23
S
M
7
9
5 19
4 9
8 34
6
T
7
8
5 20
5 20
9 42
7
W
7
7
5 22
6 20
10 44
8
T
7
6
5 23
7 10
II 37
9
F
7
.S
5 25
sets.
morn
10
S
7
4
5 26
7 30
0 26
II
0
7
2
5 27
8 42
I 12
12
M
7
I
5 29
9 49
I 5<^
n
T
7
0
5 3''
10 5^
2 38
u
W
6
5«
5 31
morn.
3 21
IS
T
6
57
5 33
0 I
4 5
16
F
6
55
5 34
I 3
4 55
17
S
6
54
5 35
2 5
5 50
18
6
6
52
5 3.^
3 3
6 46
19
M
6
51
538
3 58
7 46
20
T
6
505 39
4 49
8 44
21
W
0
48 5 41
5.35
9 36
22
T
6
47
5 42
6 14
10 24
23
F
6
45
5 43
rises.
II 7
24
s
6
44
5 45
6 0
II 46
2S
g!
6
42
5 4(J
1 7 4
ev. 24
26
M 1
6
40 5 47
i 8 9
I 2
27
T
6
385 48
i 9 14
I 41
28
W
6
37 5 49 10 22
2 21
29
T
6
36 5 50 II 34
! 1
CALENDAR
For New- York City, Phila-
delphia, Connecticut, N.
Jersey, Penn., Ohio, In-
diana and IlHnois.
SUN I .SUN
SISEs'sETS.
MOON
KISES.
H. W.
N. Y.
H M H
IOI5
95
715
65
5 5
45
3 5
2:5
I
o
59
58
57
56
545
535
51 5
505
M H M
18 morn
I9' o 28
I
2
4
5
6
7
38I
4
14
15
5
59
H M
I 7
I
3
4
5
6
7
8
19
28
28
8 19
9 13
9
10
5?
38:
20
49
48
46
45
43
42
40 5
385
37 5
35 5
34 5
20
22
23 '■
24;
25!
28! sets.
29! 7 32
30! 8 43
31 1 9 49 II
32 10 55 morn
33;" 58; o 6
34 morn.
36I o 59
o
57
52
43
29
9
CALENDAR
For Washington,
Maryl'd, Virginia,
Kent'ky, Miss'ri,
and Cahfornia.
SUN
KISES
SUN
SETS.
37
38;
40 1
4i|
43
44!
45;
4^i
48 1
49,
50
51
52
2
2
3
4
5
6
0 52
1 42
rises
6
7
8
36
32
31
5 29
6 22
10
49
3 8 29
51 9 II
9 9 48
9 13 10 25
10 20 II 4
11 3111 49
M
6
5
4
3
2
I
o
59
58
57
56
MOON
KISES.
H M
morn.
0 26
1 34
2 46
3 58
8
9
7 o
sets.
7 34
8 44
55 5 34' 9 48
54!5 35 10 53
53|5 36|ii 55
52 5 38 morn.
5015 39! o 55
H M
5 22
5 23i
5 24!
5 251
5 26i
5 27|
5 281
S 29'
5 311
5 32
5 33
6
49
48
5 40
5 41!
47 5 42,
46
55
52
46
37
23
3
5 43
44 5 45
43i5 46
41 '5 47! rises.
40J5 48; 6 5
38|5 49; 7 7
37j5 50| 8 9
35 5 51I 9 12
3415 52 10 17
33!5 5311 27
I
^'--
American 'I'urf Register for 1870. F"eb. 16, 1S71.
Ayrshire Herd Hook, vol. 3— Feb. 16, Aug. 31. Avrshires imporfd by J. L. Gibb, Nov.
3, 1870 ; by Brodie, Sons & Converse, May 25 : by J. H. Morgan, June 8 ; by N.
S. Whitney, Oct. 5, 1S71.
Barbec, O L., Georfjetown, Ky. Sale of Imported Berkshires, July 21, 1871.
Barnes, Thos., Westland, Ireland, (jbitnarv, March 30— .Sale, Sept. 14, 1S71.
Bedford, E. G., Paris, Ky. Snle of Short- Horns, July 6, 1871.
Berkshires imported by S. H. Brown, .\pril 27. June 22; by M. H. Cochrane, May 18—
exported to England, by John Miller, Aug 24, 1S71.
©c^= —
n 3d MONTH.
MARCH, 1872.
31 DAYS.
MOON'S PHASES.
Boston.
New- York.
Washingt'n
Sun
ON Mekid
•
D.
H. M.
H, M.
H. M.
D.
H. M. S.
Third Quarter
2
2 45 ev.
2 33 ev.
2 21 ev.
I
12 12 24
New Moon, . . .
9
8 9 mo.
7 57 mo.
7 45 mo.
9
12 1032
First Quarter,
16
941 ev.
9 29 ev.
9 17 ev.
17
12 8 18
Full Moon, , . .
24
8 59 ev.
8 47^v.
8 35 ev.
25
12 552
Third Quarter
31
9 48 ev.
9 36 ev
9 24 ev.
I
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
II
12
13
H
»5
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
3'
H a
z w
i *
F
S
P
M
T
W
T
F
S
P
M
T
W
T
F
S
P
M
T
W
T
F
.S
P
M
T
W
T
F
S
P
CALENDAR
For Boston, New-England,
New- York State, Michi-
gan, Wisconsin, Iowa,
and Oregon.
SUN SUN I MOON | H. W.
RISES : SETS. ' KISES. BOST'.V
H
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6 23
6.^21
6 19
M H
36I5
34 5
33 5
31 5
295
28 5
265
255
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
M! H M
50 morn.
5I; o 45;
4 8|
5 »i
17
16
14
12
10
9
7
5
3
2
52
54
55
56
58
59
o
I
2
3
H M
3 54
4 53
6 I
7 15
8 27
9 32
5 45!io 29
6 20 11 20
sets. mori..
7 29' o I
CALENDAR
For New- York City, Phila-
delphia, Connecticut, N.
Jersey, Penn., Ohio, In-
diana and Illinois.
SUN I SUN
KISES SETS.
H M H
6 34 5
6 32 5
MOON H. W.
RI^ES. N. Y.
M H M
52 morn
0 43
1 24
2 5
2 46
29
59
57
55
53
52
50 6
48 6
466
446
837
. 9 44
4 10 48
611 52
7; morn
8; o 53
I 51
2
3
4
4
5
5 44:10 37
45;
3'
12
47
18I
9
10
1 1
12
14
'5
16
17
19
20
2ii 9 23
22 ID 36
23' J I 50
24 morn.
25 I o
19
U
II
II
12
5
53
rises, j 1 1
7 3,"
8 12 ev,
I
I
2
3
4
18
53
34
>5
59
47
40
4^>
6
6
6
6
6
!6
1^
|6
\6
;6
{6
16
16
!6
:6
6
'6
1^
15
'5
5
5
5
5
i5
'5
6
6
6
i
31 5
295
285
27 5
255
24 6
22
20
18
16
15
126
10 6
96
76
56
36
26
1,6
06
586
566
54
53
5^
50
486
466
6
6
6
6
53
54
55
56
57
59
o
I
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
It
12
13
14
'5
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
o 41
52
o
2
56
40
16
H M
ev. 40
40
sets,
7 29
I
2
4
5
6
7
8
47
o
12
18
14
2
8 46
9 29
8 36 10 10
9 42 10 47
10 451 1 1 28
1 1 48 morn,
inorn.
o 48
I
2
3
4
4
45
39
25
6
42
5 14
5 42
rises.
7 2
8 10
9 20
15
6
o
I
I 59
2
3
4
CALENDAR
For Washington,
Maryl'd.Virginia,
Kent'ky, Miss'ri,
and California.
SUN I SUN I MOON
KISES ISET.S. KISES.
H M H
o 32
II 45
57
56
56
5 50
6
7
8
8
9
10
39!
22
o
38
21
2
10 41
.. »» 29
morn. lev. 26
G 54I I 30
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
i6
:s
6
15
;5
11
15
11
5
33 5
31 5
305
2815
20 5
24i5
23 6
2i;6
19:6
186
166
I5!6
I3|6
126
iO|6
96
76
56
36
26
I
o
58
56
55
546
536
5'6
496
476
Mj H M
53 'morn.
54^ o 36
55 I 46
56; 2 54
57! 3 56
58: 4 50
59 5 36
0 6 13
1 sets.
29
34
39
41
43
6
6
6
6
6
2: 7
3 8
4; 9
5iio
611
7 1 morn.
8; o 43
I
2
3
4
4
5
5
9
10;
"I
12I
•3:
14
»5
16
•7
18
'9:
39
33
19
I
37
II
. 39
rises.
7 2
8
9
8
17
28
2010
20 II 40
21 morn.
22 o 48
Bell's History of Short-Horns. March 30; Oct. 19. 1871.
Birnie, William, Springtield. Mass. Sale of Ayrshire Cattle. April 27, 1871.
Bishop, Henry W., Lenox, Mass. Obituary. April 27, 1871.
Bowdi ch. E. F., Hostoii, Mas.-*. Sale of fersey Cattle. June 8, 1871.
Brow.i, CJto , Toronto. Canada. Sale of Slvirt- Horns. Nov. 3 and 24, 1870.
Brown, J. N.'s 60ns, Berlin, 111. Sale of Short-Horns. Aug. 17, 1S71.
©C^="-
®e»= —
Q 4th MONTH
APRIL, 1872.
MOON'S PHASES.
Boston.
New-Yokk.
Washingt'ii
Sun
ON Merid.
D.
H. M.
H. M.
H. M.
D.
H. M. S.
New Moon, . . .
7
7 48 ev.
7 36 ev.
7 24 ev.
I
12 3 43
First Quarter,
15
5 27 ev.
5 15 ev.
5 3ev.
9
12 I 25
Full Moon, . . .
23
8 53 mo.
8 41 mo.
8 29 mo.
17
II 5923
Third Quarter
30
3 37 fno.
3 25 mo.
3 13 '"o-
25
"57 45
I
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
o
I
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
u
Id
O
>
<
M
T
W
T
F
S
r
M
T
W
T
F
S
P
M
T
W
T
F
S
P
M
T
W
T
F
S
P
M
T
CALENDAR
For Boston, New- England,
New- York State, Michi-
gan, Wisconsin, Iowa,
and Oregon.
SUN SUN
RISES SETS.
'6
!6
'6
6
6
M H
43:6
426
40^6
386
36:6
346
32
31
29
27
26
246
236
21,6
i9'6
18
16
14
13
II
10 6
86
66
5i
3i
2
MOON H. W.
RISES. BOST'n
6
6
6
i|6
59^6
586
566
M
26
28
29
3"
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
40
41
42
43
44
45
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
H
2
2
3
4
4
5
M
4
58
41
19
50
15
sets.
7 25
8 32
9 37
10 40
11 40
morn.
o 36
I
2
2
3
3
4
4
[ rises,
7 6
8 21
9 37
10 51
59
H M
5
7
8
9
10
54
9
16
16
7
25
9
46
19
45
12
36
10 53
11 33
morn.
o II
o
I
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
51
32
15
59
47
40
39
37
34
28
26
I
CALENDAR
For New- York City, Phila-
delphia, Connecticut, N.
Jersey, Penn., Ohio, In-
diana and Illinois.
SUN
RISES
10 45
11 25
55|ii
56 morn
58; o 56
59I I 44
ev.
o
I
2
3
4
7
53
42
37
35
39
5 48
SUN
SETS.
M
45.
446
42 1 6
40 6
38!6
36:6
346
336
316
29'6
286
26|6
256
24 6
22 6
2l|6
19'
17
16
M
24
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
MOON
RISES.
H M
I
2
3
4
4
5
H. W.
N. Y.
H M
57
53
37
15I
47!
2
3
5
6
6
40
53
o
2
53
37
16
141 7
sets, j 8
7 24! 8 56
33! 8 29 9 37
34 9 32 10 17
35 10 35 10 57
36 II 35; 1 1 43
37 morn.
3^
OtLENDAR
For Washington,
Maryl'd, Virginia,
Kent'kj[, Miss'ri,
and California.
SUN
RISES
SUN
SETS.
H M
H M
14
13
II
10
96
76
66
5:6
36
26
39
40
41
42
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
o
I
2
2
1
3
4
4
rises.
7 4
8 18
19
3
42
15
42
10
35
morn
o
I
33
27
25
23
20
5 13
6 2
6
7
8
47
29
8
8 53
9 39
10 26
5 06
9 32
51110 45
52|ii 53[ii 19
53 morn lev. 21
54! o 50 I 26
55' I 39' 2 34
46
45
43
41
5 40
5 38;6
5 366
5 35
5 33
5 316
3o!6
2816
27:6
5 26j6
5 24|6
5 23:6
5 22 6
5 2o'6
5 ^9'6
5 17I6
5 16 6
5 Hi6
5 136
5 12,6
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
MOON
RISES.
H M
51
47
32
12
4 45
5 13
32
ioj6
9:6
8j6
''^
3!6
sets.
7 22
8 26
9 28
33110 30
34' 1 1 29
35;morn.
361 o 23
I
I
2
3
3
4
4
44' rises.
45: 7 I
8 14
9 27
47iio 39
48,11 47
49 morn.
5o| o 44
51' I 33
37\
3^!
391
40;
4ii
421
43!
46 i
461
13
57
36
II
40
8
35
Burnham's New Poultry Book. July 6, 1871.
Carpenter, E. P., Foxboro, Mass. Sale of Jerseys. Dec. 8, 1870.
Cheney, E. H., Gaddesby Hall, England. Sale of Short-Horns. May 4, 1871.
Cheese Factories Established Abroad. Nov. 17, 1870; Feb. 23, May 25, 1871.
Clater's Cattle Doctor, revised by Dr. Armatage. Jan. 19, 1871.
Clayden, John. Littlebury. England. Obituary. Aug. 3, 1871.
Colbunie, J. W., Springfield, Vt. Obituary. Feb. 23, 1871.
Conger, A. B., Haverstraw. Sale of Horses. June 22, 1871.
Connecticut Stock Breeders' Association Organized. Aug. 10, 1871.
^c^—
5th MONTH.
MAY, 1872.
31 DAYS.
MOON'S PHASES.
Boston.
Nkw-York.
Washingt'n
Sun
ON Merid
D.
H. M.
H. M.
H. M.
D.
H. M. S.
New Moon, . . .
7
835 mo.
8 23 mo.
8 1 1 mo.
I
II 5652
First Quarj'er,
IS
II 21 mo.
1 1 9 mo.
10 57 mo.
9
II 56 14
Full Moon, . . .
22
6 24 ev.
6 12 ev.
6 0 ev.
1.7
II 56 II
Third Quarter
29
9 29 mo.
9 17 mo
9 5 n^<^
25
^ 1 1 56 43
X
a
CALENDAR
CALENDAR
CALENDAR
H
Z
For Bos
on, New-Enclancl,
For New- York Citv, Pliila- 1
For Washington,
0
?
New-York State, Michi- 1
delphia, Connecticut,
N.
Maryl
d, Virginia,
«
b.
ga".
Wisconsin, losva, 1
Jersev
, Penn., Ohio,
Jn-
Kent'ky. Miss'ri,
0
0
>
Q
and 0
regon.
diana :
md Illinois.
and C;
ilifornia.
<
SUN
SUN
MOON ; H.
w.
SUN
SUN
MOON
H.
\v.
SUN
SUN MOON
KISES
SETS.
RISES. BOST'n
RISES
SETS.
RIES.
N.
y.
RISES
SETS. kISKS.
1
H M
H
M
H M
H
M
H M
H
M
H M
H
M
H M
H
M
H M
I
w
4 55
7
0
2 22
6
56
4 59
6
56
2 18
3
41
5 2
6
52
2 13
2
r
4 53
7
I
2 53
7
55
4 57
b
57
2 50
4
40
5 I
b
53
2 47
3
F
4 52
7
2
3 19 8
50
4 56
6
5«
3 i«
5
35
5 0
^
54
3 i^
4
s
4 50
7
3 45 9
39
4 54
b
59
3 44
b
25
4 5«
b
55
3 44
,S
r
4 49
7
4
4 910
23
4 53
7
0
4 ID
7
9
4 57
b
5i>
4 10
6
M
4 48
7
5
4 33
II
4
4 52
7
I
4 35
7
47
4 56
b
57
4 37
7
T
4 47
7
6
sels.
II
43
4 51
7
2
sets.
8
25
4 55
b
5«
sets.
8
W
4 46
7
7
8 26 morn.
4 50
7
3
8 22
9
9
4 54
6
59
8 17
9
'1'
4 45
7
8 9 29: 0
24
4 49
7
4
9 23
9
51
4 53
7
0
9 18
10
P'
4 44
7
9 10 26 I
5
4 4«
7
5
10 20
10
33
4 52
7
I
10 14
II
S
4 43
7
loii 19 I
49
4 47
7
b
II 13
II
15
4 51
7
2
U 7
12
P
4 42
7
II
morn.
2
4 4(^
7
7
II 58
morn.
4 50
7
3 II 52
l^
M
4 41
7
12
0 4
3
21
4 45
7
8
morn.
0
5
4 49
7
4 morn.
14
1'
4 40
7
13
0 44; 4
9
4 44
7
9
0 39
0
55
448
7
5
0 34
IS
W
4 39
7
14
I 19
5
T
4 43
7
10
I 14
I
48
4 47
7
b
I 10
16
T
4 3«
7
15
I 48
5
56
4 4::
7
II
I 45
2
41
4 4^
7
7
I 41
17
F
4 37
7
16
2 14
6
49
4 42
7
II
2 II
3
36
4 46
7
7
2 9
18
S
4 36
7
17
2 37
7
42
4 41
7
12
2 36
4
27
4 45
7
8
2 34
19
r
4 36
7
18
3 2
8
34
4 40
7
13
3 2
5
19
4 44
7
9
3 2
20
M
4 35
7
19
3 25
9
22
4 40
7
14
3 27
b
8
4 44
7
10
3 28
21
r
4 34
7
20
3 52
10
II
4 39
7
15
3 54
b
57
4 43
7
10
3 57
22
w
4 33
7
21
rises.
II
0
4 3«
7
lb
rises.
7
43
4 43
7
II
rises.
23
T
4 32
7
22
«33
II
48
4 37
7
17
8 27
8
31
4 42
7
12
8 22
24
F
4 32
7
23
9 46
ev.
39
4 37
7
18
9 40
9
25
442
7
13
9 33
^§
s
4 31
7
24 10 50
I
35
4 3^
7
19
10 44
10
20
4 41
7
1410 37
26
p
4 30
7
25 II 42
•1
32
4 35
7
19
II 37
II
13
4 40
7
15 II 31
27
M
4 29
7
26 morn.
3
28
4 35
7
20
morn.
ev.
14
4 40
7
16 morn.
28
r
4 29
7
27
0 24
4
29
4 34
7
21
0 20
I
15
4 39
7
16
0 15
29
w
4 28
7
28
0 58
5
29
4 34
7
22
0 54
2
15
4 39
7^
17
0 51
30
T
4 27
7
28
I 25
6
27
4 33
7
23
I 23
3
13
4 3«
7
18
I 21
31
h'
4 26
7
29
I 50
7
23
4 32 7
23
I 49
4
8
4 37
7
18
I 48
Cotswold Sheep Imported by J. D. Wing, Sept. 28 ; — and Leicesters, by Snell & Sons.
Aug. ID, 1871.
Cuinming, A P., New- York. Obituary. June 15, 1871.
Davis, Jas. H., Danville, Ky. Sale of Short-Horns. Nov. lo, 1870.
Delaware State Poultry Society Organizedl^. Nov. 24, 1S70.
Oct. 20, 1S70.
Sept. 28, 1S71.
</^
6th MONTH.
JUNE, 1872.
--^=^®
30 DAYS.
MOON'S PHASES.
Boston.
New- York.
Washingt'n
Sun
ON Mekid.
D.
H. M.
H. M.
H. M.
D.
H. M. S.
New Moon, . . .
5
10 39 ev.
10 27 ev.
10 15 ev.
I
II 57 37
First Quarter,
H
2 35 mo.
2 23 mo.
2 11 mo.
9
II 59 2
Full Moon, . . .
21
2 14 mo.
2 2 mo.
I 50 mo.
17
12 0 42
Third Quarter
27
4 43 ev.
431 ev.
4 19 ev.
25
12 2 25
"T-
«'
CALENDAR
CALENDAR
CALENDAR
H
For Boston, New- England,
For New- York City, Phila-
For Washington,
0
>
New- York State, Michi-
delphia, Connecticut, N.
Maryl'd, Virginia,
U
b.
gan, Wisconsin, Iowa,
Jersey, Penn., Ohio, In-
Kent'ky, Miss'ri,
0
0
>•
<
and Oregon.
diana and Illinois.
and Caiifornia.
<
SUN
SUN
MOON
11. \N.
SUN
SUN
MOON
H. W.
SUN
SUN
MOON
u
B
RISES
SETS.
RISKS.
bost'n
RISES
SETS.
RISES.
N. Y.
KISES
SETS.
RISES.
H M
H M
H M
H M
H M
H M
H M
H M
H M
H M
H M
I
s
4 26
7 30
2 13
8 16
4 32
7 24
2 14
5 0
4 37
7 19
2 14
2
p
4 25
7 31
2 37
9 6
4 ?i
7 25
2 39
5 51
4 37
7 19
2 40
3
M
4 25
7 32
3 2
9 52
4 31
7 26
3 5
6 38
4 3^^
7 20
3 8
4
T
4 24
7 32
3 30
10 36
4 30
7 26
3 34
7 21
4 3^-
7 20
3 38
5
W
4 24
7 33
sets.
ii 20
4 30
7 27
sets.
8 2
4 3t'
7 21
sets.
6
T
4 23
7 33
8 18
12 0
4 29
7 27
8 12
845
4 35
7 21
8 6
7
F
4 23
7 34
9 13
morn.
4 29
7 28
9 7
9 29
4 35
7 22
9 I
8
S
4 23
7 35
10 2
0 43
4 29
7 29
9 56
10 12
4 35
7 23
9 49
9
r
4 22
7 35
10 43
I 27
4 28
7 29
10 38
10 52
4 34
7 23
10 32
10
M
4 22
7 3^
II 19
2 10
4 28
7 30
II 14
II 37
4 34
7 24
II 9
II
T
4 22
7 36
II 50
2 53
4 28
7 30
II 46
morn
4 34
7 24
II 42
12
W
4 22
7 37
morn.
3 37
4 28
7 31
morn.
0 23
4 34
7 25
morn.
13
T
4 22
7 37
0 16
4 23
4 28
7 31
0 13
I 10
4 34
7 25
0 10
14
F
4 22
7 3^
0 40
5 II
4 28
7 32
0 38
I 57
4 34
7 26
0 37
IS
S
4 22
7 38
I 2
6 3
4 28
7 32
I 2
2 49
4 34
7 2b
I I
16
P
4 22
7 38
I 26
6 57
4 28
7 32
I 27
3 42
4 34
7 26
I 28
17
M
4 22
7 39
I 51
7 51
4 28
7 33
I 53
4 36
4 34
7 27
I 55
18
T
4 22
7 39
2 17
8 47
428
7 33
2 21
5 32
4 34
7 27
2 24
19
W
4 22
7 39
2 51
9 43
4 28
7 33
2 56
6 29
4 34
7 27
3 0
20
T
4 22
7 39
rises.
10 40
4 28
7 33
rises.
7 25
4 34
7 27
rises.
21
F
4 23
7 39
8.32
II 35
4 29
7 34
8 26
8 18
4 35
7 28
8 20
22
S
423
7 39
9 33
ev. 30
4 29
7 34
9 27
9 17
4 35
7^
9 21
23
P
4 23
7 40
10 20
I 27
4 29
7 34
10 16
10 12
4 35
7 28 10 10
24
M
4 23
7 40
10 57
2 21
4 29 7 34
10 54
II 4
4 35
7 28 10 50
25
T
4 23 7 40
II 29
3 13
4 29 7 34
II 26
II 58
4 35
7 29 n 24
26
W
4 23 7 40
II 54
4 4
4 29 7 35
II 53
ev. 51
4 35
7 29 II 52
27
T
4 24 7 40
mtjrn
4 57
4 30 7 35
morn
I 44
4 36 7 29 morn.
28
F
4 24 7 40
0 19
5 51
4 307 35
0 19
2 37
4 36 7 29
0 19
29
S
4 24 7 40
0 45
6 45
4 30 7 35
0 46
3 31
4 367 29
0 47
30
P
4 25 7 40
I 7
7 40
4 31 7 35
I 9
4 25
4 377 29' I 12
Essex Pigs Imported by G. W. Farlee. June 15 ; by S. H. Brown, June 22, 1871.
Exports < if Agricultural Products, 1868,-69.-70. Jan. 5, 1871.
Kanners' Institute of Eastern Pennsylvania Organized. Dec. 1, 1870.
FawUes, F. H., Karmley Hall, England. Obituary. April 6, 1871.
Fish Breeders' Association Organized at New-York. Jan. 19, 1871.
Fitch, I'honias, New-London, Ct. Sale of Ayr-hires and Alderneys. June 8, 1871.
Frank Forester's Horse and Horsemanship of the United States. March 30, 1871.
Foot and Mouth Disease, Outbreak in this State. Dec. 22 and 29, 1870.
Fowls, Public Sale at New- York by Poultry Society. April 6, 187 1.
; yth MONTH.
JULY, 1872.
-^^^^
31 DAYS.
I
MOON'S PHASES.
Boston.
New-Yokk.
Washingt'n
Sun
ON Merid
D.
H. M.
H. M.
II. M.
D.
H. M. S.
New Moon, . . .
5
I 41 ev.
I 29 ev.
I 17 ev.
I
12 3 37
First Quarter,
13
3 4ev.
2 52 ev.
2 40 ev.
9
12 459
Full Moon, . . .
20
9 9 mo.
8 57 mo.
8 45 mo.
17
12 5 53
Third Quarter
27
2 35 mo.
2 23 mo.
2 II mo.
25
12 6 13
X
\i
h
U
7.
U
0
>
a
lb
0
0
>
>
<
<
Q
a
I
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
II
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
^1
28
29
30
31
M
T
W
T
F
S
P
M
T
W
T
F
S
P
M
T
W
T
F
S
P
M
r
w
T
F
s
p
M
T
W
CALENDAR
For Boston, New- England,
New- York State, Michi-
gan, Wisconsin, Iowa,
and Oregon.
SUN I SUN
KISES SETS.
MOON
KISES.
H M H M H M
25
26
27
27
28
29
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
11
3S
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
40
40 1
40j
39
39
39
39|
38i
1 33
2 4
2 39
3 20
sets.
8 42
9 19
9 52
38 10 20
3810 44
3711 7
37 II 30
36 II 53
36 moin.
35: o 17
0 47
1 24
2 10
rises.
8 ID
8 53
9
9
10 21
2710 46
26 II 10
25|ii 27
24 morn.
H. \v.
bost'n
H M
8 32
9 22
10 II
10 58
11 41
morn.
o 21
34
34
33
32
32
31
30
29
28
I
I
2
3
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
II
3
44
21
3
44
28
17
12
15
18
^l
27
26
26
56
22
21
ev. 19
13
2
I
2
2
3
4
5
6
o 6
0 39
1 i8i 8 57
47
21
12
7
4
o
CALENDAR
For New- York City, Phila-
delphia, Connecticut, N,
Jersey, Penn., Ohio, In-
diana and Illinois.
SUN 1 SUN
RISES SETS.
H M H M
31 7
327
33 7
ZZ 7
34 7
35 7
35 7
1^1
MOON
RISES.
H M
Zl
Zl
3^7
39 7
40 7
40 7
4' 7
427
43 7
44 7
45 7
45 7
46 7
47 7
487
49 7
507
51
52
52
53
34 I 37
34 2 8
34 2 44
33; 3 26
33 1 sets.
ZZ\ 8 37
33 9 14
32i 9 48
32 10 17
32.10 42
31J11 6
31 II 30
30.11 54
30 morn.
29 o 20
29: o 51
28 I 29
28| 2 16
27 rises.
26i 8 4
8 48
9 23
9 54
10 20
10 46!
11 12!
H. \V.
N. Y.
H M
5 17
6 8
57
41
23
8
49
10 28
11 7
II 48
morn.
o 30
547
55 7
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
18
17
16
3
58
o
2
9
13
9
6
58
10 44
11 31
19
8
II 30
morn
o II
0 44
1 24
ev.
I
I
2
3
57
53
49
4 45
5 4'
CALENDAR
For Washington,
Maryl'd, Virginia,
Kent'ky, Miss'ri,
and California.
SUN i SUN
RISES SETS.
MOON
RISES.
H M|H M
37 7
37 7
387
387
39
40
40
41
42
42
43
44
45
45
46
47
48
49
50
50
51
52
53
53
54
55
56
56
57
58
59
29
29
29
28
28
28
28
27
H M
1 41
2 13
2 50
3 32
sets.
831
9 9
9 43
27jio 13
27,10 40
26
26
2
25
24
24
23
2;
II 5
II 30
5;" 55
morn.
o 23
0 55
1 34
2 22
22 rises.
2i| 7 58
8 44
9 20
9 52
21
20
19;
18 10 20
17110 47
I7|ii 14
i6|ii 33
15 morn.
14 o 15
14
13
0 50
1 30
French Peasantry, Contributions for Relief. Feb. 2 and 23, 1S71. ,
Grapes, New Seedlings of P. Stewart, Mt. Lebanon. Nov. 3, 1S70.
Great Britain — Wheat Crop of 1870. Oct. 13, 1870 — of 1871, Aug. 31, Sept. 14 and 28, 1871.
Agricultural Returns, 1870. Oct. 27 ; 1871, Oct. 5, 1S71.
Goldsmith, ."Vlden, Washingtonville. Sale of Horses. June 15, 1871.
Gree'cy's What I Know of Farming. April 6. 187 1.
Hammond. Edwin, Middlebury, Vt. Obituary. Jan. 5, 1871.
Hampton & Van Meter, Clark Co , Kv. Sale of Short-Horns. Sept. 7, 1871.
■ — =^=>^
^-•::^
®^=^^-
8th MONIII.
AUGUST, 1872.
31 DAYS.
MOON'S PHASES.
Boston.
New- York.
VVashingt'nj
1
Sun
ON Merid
D.
H. M.
H. M.
H. M.
D.
H. M. S.
New Moon, . . .
4
5 I mo.
4 49 mo.
4 37 mo.
I
12 6 0
First Quarter,
12
I 8 mo.
0 56 mo.
0 44 mo.
9
12 5 10
Full Mooiv, . . .
18
4 9 ev.
3 57 ev.
3 45 ev.
17
12 3 43
Third Quarter
25
3 51 ev.
3 39 ev.
3 27 ev.
25
12 I 44
s
id
CALENDAR
CALENDAR 1
<
CALENDAR
7;
tz!
For Boston, New-England,
For Ne\>
'-YorkCitv, Pliila-
Foi Wasliina;ton,
0
S
?
New- York State, Miclii-
delphia, Connecticut, N. |
Maryl'd, Virginia,
b.
gan, Wisconsin, Iowa,
Jersey
, Penn., Ohio, Jn-
Kent'ky, Miss'ri,
0
C
>
<
and Oregon.
diana ;
ind Illinois.
and California.
<
SUN
SUN
MOON
H. W.
SUN i SUN
MOON
H. VV.
SUN
SUN j MOON
RISKS
SETS.
RISKS
BOSTN
R1SES|SETS.
RISES.
N. Y.
RISES
SETS.: RISES.
H iM
H M
II M
H M
H
M H
M
H u n M
H
M
H M H M
I
T
4 52
7 20
2 4
9 49
4
567
16
2 loj 6 35
5
0
7 12! 2 16
2
1^'
4 53
7 19
2 55
10 37
4
57i7
15
3 2
7 22
5
I
7 II
3 «
3
S
4 54
7 i^
3 49
II 19
4 5^i 7
14
3 55
8 2
5
I
7 10 4 I
4
r
4 55
7 16
seis.
II 59
4
597
12
sets.
8 44
5
2
7 9 sets.
5
M
4 5^
7 15
823
morri.
5
0
7
II
8 20
9 23
5
3
7 8 8 16
6
1'
4 57
7 14
8 49
0 37
5
I
7
10
8 46
10 I
5
4
7 7; 8 44
7
W
4 5«
7 13
9 II
I 15
5
2
7
9
9 10
10 37
5
5
7699
8
1'
4 59
7 II
9 34
I 53
5
3
7
7
9 33
II 13
5
6
7 4: 9 33
9
1^
5 0
7 10
9 5^
2 30
5
4
7
6
9 57
II 54
5
7
7 3: 9 58
10
S
5 I
7 9
10 20
3 9
5
5
7
5
10 22
morn.
5
8
7 2 10 24
II
P
5 2
7 8
10 47
3 52
f
3
b
7
4
10 50
0 38
5
9
7 0 10 54
12
M
5 3
7 7
II 19
4 42
5
7
7
3
II 24
I 29
5
10
6 59 II 28
13
1"
5 4
7 5
12 0
5 43
5
8
7
I
morn.
2 29
5
II
6 58 morn.
14
VV
5 5
7 4
morn.
6 48
5
9
7
0
0 5
3 35
5
12
657
0 II
15
r
5 ^
7 2
0 52
8 I
5
106
5«
0 58
4 47
5
13
6 55
I 5
16
b'
5 7
7 0
I 561 9 13 i
5
116
56
2 2
5 59
5
14
653
2 9
17
8
5 «
6 59
3 10
10 17
5
126
55
3 16
7 3
5
15
6 52
3 21
18
P
5 9 6 57
rises.
II 15
5
136
53
rises.
7 57
5
16
6 50
rises.
19
M
5 10 6 55
7 53
ev. 4
5
14 6
52
7 51
8 49
5
17
6 49
7 48
20
'!•
5 "6 54
8 21
0 49
5
156
51
8 2C
9 3S
5
i8'6 48
8 19
21
VV
5 126 52
847
I 34
5
166
49
8 47
10 19
5
196 46
8 48
22
r
5 14^6 51
9 II
2 18
5
176
48
9 13
II 0
5
2o;6 45
9 15
23
!<•
5 15
6 50
9 37
2 59
5
186
47
9 4o|ii 44
5
21
644
9 43
24
.s
5 16 6 48
10 6
3 45
5
19 6
45
10 10. ev. 31
5
21
6 42
10 15
25
p
5 176 47
10.38
4 36
5
20.6
44
10 43 I 23
5
22 6 41
10 48
26
M
5 18 6 45
II 17
5 31
5
21
6
42
II 23 2 17
5
236 40 n 28
27
r
5 19 6 44
II 59
6 30
5
22
6
41
morn 3 17
5 24 6 38 morn.
28
w
5 20 6 42
morn.
7 33
5
23
6
39
0 5 4 17
15
25 6 37
0 II
29
r
5 21 6 40
! 0 49
8 30
5
24
6
3«
0 55 5 15 :5
26 6 36
I I
30
!<■
5 22 6 39
I 44
9 23
5
25 6
36
I 50 6 95
27 6 34
I 56
31
s
5 23 6 37
2 42
10 II
5
266
35
2 47 6 57 5
28,6 33
2 53
Herd Kfgister of American Jersey Cattle Club. July 6, 1871.
Horses, Sale of Thorough-breds at Jerome Park. Oct. 27, 1870.
Howard, Sanford, Lansing, Midi. Obituary. March 16 and 23, 1871.
Hyde's Twelve Lectures on Agricultural Topics. Aug. 24, 1871.
Irish Short-Horn Sales at High Prices. Sept. 14, 21, 1871.
Jersey Cattle imported by E. P. P. Fowler— Sales, Dec. 8. 1870 ; May
29, Sept. 21, 1871 ; by Capt. Pratt, May 4, Aug. 3, 1871. Exhi'bi
phia, June 22, 1871.
n. May 18, June
tion at Philadel-
9tll MONTH.
SEPTEMBER, 1872.
30 DAYS
MOON'S PHASES.
D.
New Moon, . . .
2
First Quarter,
10
Full Moon, . . .
16
Third Quarter
24
Boston.
New- York. Washingt'n
H. AL
8 9 ev.
9 19 mo.
O 20 i7tli
8 37 mo.
H. ^^
9 57 ev.
9 7 mo.
O 8 i7tli
8 25 mo.
H. M.
7 45 ev.
8 55 mo.
II 56 ev.
8 13 mo.
Sun on Me
D.
I
9
17
25
H. M. S.
1 1 50 39
II 57 c
II 54 II
II 51 24
KID. W
X
H
Z
o
k.
O
>
<
Q
K
[s.
O
>
<
I
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
II
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
P
M
T
W
T
F
S
P
M
T
\V
T
F
S
P
i\r
T
w
F
s
p
r
w
T
F
s
p
CALENDAR
For Boston, New- England,
New- York Stale, Michi-
gan, Wisconsin, Iowa,
and Oregon.
SUN SUN
RISES SETS.
30 1 M
H
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
I"
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
MlH
2416
26;6
27 6
286
29 6
30 6
31 o
32 0
-1 -» ' A
35^
366
376
386
396
406
41 6
42:6
436
u
35
33
32
30
25
23
21
MOON
KISKS.
H. W.
bost'n
H M
3 43
sets.
7 16
o 73S
28 8 I
26 8 24
8 49
9 20
9 56
19110 43
17 n 39
15 morn.
I4j o 48
12 2 4
»0i 3 23
CALENDAR || CALENDAR
For New- York City, Phila- 1 j For Washington,
delpliia, Connecticut, N. 1 1 Maryl'd, Virginia,
Jersey, Penn., Ohio, In- | Kent'ky, Mi'ss'ri,
diana and Illinois.
SUN
KISES
SUN
SETS.
H M
10 54
11 31
morn, i
O 9,
0 44;
1 21 ;
2 0|
2 40;
3 27;
421
5 26;
6 39
7 531
9 31
10 2j
44
45
8 ri.ses.jio 55
6 6 44 II 40
5 7 lOjev. 20
6 3 7 37 I 3
6 i| 8 3 I 45
46 6 oj 8 36 2 29
47 5 581 9 II 3 H
48 5 56; 9 53 4 3
505 55 10 41 4 59
51 5 53 II 34 6 I
525 51 morn 7 I
53:5 49 o 32| 7 58
545 47 I 30 8 51
55 5 46 2 33i 9 38
56 5 44 3 3610 21
H
5
5
5
5
r
5
5
5
5
5
|5
|5
5
5
5
5
5
5
t»
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
MOON
KISES.
H. W.
N. Y.
M H M| H M
27I6 33| 3 48
286 31
29 6 30
30 6 28
31 6 26
32I6 24
o;6 23
34|6 21
35|6 19 10
36|6 17 10 49
37 6 16 II 45
38 6 14 morn.
H M
7 40
sets. 8 13
7 15 8 54
7 37 9 30
8 2 10 7
8 26jio 42
8 52111 22
9 24 morn
and California.
SUN
HISES
SUN
SETS.
H
5
5
39(6 13
406 II
41,6 9
426
436
446
446
456
46 5 59
47 5 57
485 56
o 54
2 9
3 26
rises.
6 44
7 II
7 39
12
8
12
25
. 38
5 48
6 48
7 39
8 22
9 7
9 49
49 5 54iio 47
505 53111 40
51 5 Sijmorn.
52 5 49 o 38
53 5 48' I 35
54 5 46, 2 37
55 5 45 3 29
8 7 10 29
8 4i;ii II
9 171II 59
9 59 ev. 50
1 46
2 47
3 46
4 43
5 36
6 24
7 7
15
5
5
5
»•
:>
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
M H
29 6
3016
3i|6
326
33 1 6
34i6
3516
35i6
36
37
38
39
M
31
29
28
26
24
21
20
MOON
RISES.
40 16
41
41
4216
436
44'6
446
456
465
47 5
485
495
50
51
H M
3 52
sets.
7 13
7 11
8 3
8 28
8 55
9 29
1810 7
16! 10 55
15 II 52
13 morn.
12J I o
10 2 14
9 3 30
7! rises.
5i 6 43
7
7
8
8
9
4
2!
o
59!
57!
;6
52
53
545
55'5
12
41
II
45
22
^u 10 6
54! 10 54
53:11 47
5rmorn.
49, o 43
481 I 40
46 2 41
45' 3 41
Jones. D. R. Floyd, South Oyster Bay, N. Y. Obituary. Jan. 19, 187 1.
Lewis' American Sportsman, March 30, 1871.
Lewis' People's Practical Poultry Book. May 4. 1871.
Loring, Dr. Geo. B., Salem, Mass. Sale of Ayrshires. April 27, 1871.
Maitlawd, Robert L., New-York, Obituary. Dec. 22, 1870.
Manhattan Fertilizing Company, New- York. Organized, March 30, 1871.
Miller, George, Markham, Canada. Sae of Short-Horns. Feb. 2, 1871.
New-York State Fair of 1870, Oct. 6, 1870: of 1871. Oct. 12, 1871.
Northern New- York Poultry Society Organized. Nov. 24, 1870.
§gc:^=-
lOlh MONTH.
OCTOBER, 1872.
MOON'S PHASES.
Boston.
New-Vokk.
Washingt'n
D.
H. M.
H. U.
H. M.
New Moon, . . .
2
10 46 mo.
10 34 mo.
10 22 mo.
First Qltarjer,
9
4 20 ev.
4 8 ev.
3 56 ev.
Full Moon, . . .
16
10 50 mo.
10 38 mo.
10 26 mo
Third Quarter
24
4 9 mo.
3 57 mo
3 45 mo
Sun
ON Mkkid
D.
H. M. S.
I
1 1 49 26
9
II 47 7
17
"45 17
25
II 44 5
I
«•
CALENDAR
i
CALENDAR
CALENDAR
7,
F(
jr Boston, New-England, 1
For New- York City, PIi
iia-
For Washington,
0
>
New-York State, Michi-
delphia, Connecticut,
N.
Maryl'd, Virginia,
s
b
gan, Wisconsin, Iowa, |
Jersey, Penn., Ohio,
Jn-
Kent'ky, Miss'ri,
0
0
<
a
SI
and Oregon.
diana and Illinois.
and CaUfornia.
<
JN
SUN
moon
H.
\v.
SUN
SUN
moon
H.
w.
SUN 1 SUN
moon
RISES
SETS.
KISES.
bost'n
KISES
SiiTS.
RISES.
H M
N.
Y.
RISES 'sets.
1
RISES.
H
M
H M
H M
H
M
H
M
H M
H
M
H
M
H M
H M
I
T
5
57
5 42
4 39
II
I
5
56
5 43
4 40
7 44
5
56 5 43
4 42
2
W
5
5«
5 40
.sets.
II
37
5
57
5 41
sets.
8
19
5
57:5 41
sets.
3
T
5
59
5 39
6 27
morn.
5 5«
5 40
b 29
8
5«
5
5^5 40
b 31
4
F
6
I
5 37
652
0
12
b
0
5 3«
655
9
3«
5
59
5 3«
6 58
S
S
6
2
S 3^
7 21
0
52
b
I
5 37
7 25
10
20
b
0
5 37
7 29
6
F
6
3
5 34
7 5S
I
35
b
2
5 35
8 I
II
3
b
I
5 35
8 b
7
M
6
4
5 32
8 38
2
20
b
3
5 33
8 44
XI
57
b
2
5 34
8 50
8
l'
6
5
5 31
9 32
3
12
b
4
5 32
9 3«
morn.
b
3
5 32
9 45
9
W
6
b
5 29
10 35
4
10
b
5
5 30
10 41
0
57
b
4
5 31
10 48
10
T
6
8
5 27
II 48
5
18
b
b
5 28
II .53
2
4
b
5
5 29 1 1 59
II
F
6
9
5 26
morn
b
31
b
7
5 27
morn
3
18
b
^
5 28 morn.
12
S
6
10
5 24
I 4
7
42
b
8
S 25
I 8
4
27
b
7
526
I 13
13
r
6
II
5 22
2 20
8
46
b
9
5 24
2 23
5
31
b
8
5 25
2 26
14
M
6
12
5 21
3 35
9
40
b
10
5 22
3 36
6
26
b
9
5 23
3 3«
15
r
b
13
5 19
4 49
10
27
b
II
5 21
4 49
7
13
b
10
5 22
4 50
16
w
b
14
s 17
ii.ses.
II
12
b
12
s 19
rKses.
7
S5
b
II
5 20
rises.
17
T
6
15
5 15
6 2
II
53
6
13
5 17
6 5
8
36
6
12
5 19
6 8
18
F
6
17
5 14
6 32
ev.
34
b
15
5 16
6 36
9
21
b
13
5 i«
6 41
19
s
b
18
5 12
7 II
I
lb
b
16
5 H
7 16
10
2
b
14
5 16
7 22
20
p
b
19
5 II
7 45
2
I
b
17
5 13
7 51
10
43
b
15
5 15
7 57
21
M
b
20
5 9
«32
2
46
b
18
5 12
8 38
II
30
b
lb
5 H
8 44
22
T
b
21
5 «
9 23
3
36
b
19
5 II
9 29
ev.
22
6
17
5 »3
9 35
23
W
b
22
5 ^
10 20
4
30
b
20
S 9
10 2b
I
lb
[b
18
5 II
10 32
24
T
b
23
5 5
II 19
5
2b
b
21
5 «
II 24
2
12
6
19
5 10! 1 1 29
25
1^'
b
255 3
morn.
b
23
b
22
s (^
morn.
3
9
b
20
5 9 morn.
26
S
b
2b 5 2
0 20
7
19
6
23
5 5
0 25
4
4
6
21
5 8
0 29
27
P
b
275 0
I 22
8
10
b
24
5 3
I 2S
4 54
b
22
5 6
I 28
28
M
b
284 59
2 24
8
5«
b
25
5 2
2 26
5
43
6
23
5 5
2 28
29
r
b
294 57
3 20
9
42
b
26
5 0
3 21
6
28
!6
24
5 3
3 22
30
\v
b
304 55
431
10
24
b
27
4 59
431
7
9
i6
25
5 2
4 30
31
r
b
324 54
5 39
II
5
b
29
4 5!^: 5 37
7
48
!b
2b
5 I
5 35
Pierce, Carlos— Sale of .Stock belonging to Estate. Nov. 10, 1870.
Poultry Exported to England, May 11 ; Importations, May 18, Aug. 3, 1871.
Quinn's Money in the Garden. May 4, 1871.
Rand's Rliodendron and American Plants. June 15, 1871.
Russell, R-bert, Pilmuir, Scotland. Obituary. Sept. 28. 1871.
Sales of Short- Horns in Great Britain for 1870. Jan. 26, March 16, 1871.
Saunders, C. R., England. Sale of Short-Horns. Oct. 20, 1870.
Shedden, John, Montreal, Can. Sale of Thoroughbred Horses. June 8, 1871.
-^^^
IltU MONTH.
NOVEMBER, 1872.
--«3,^
30 DAYS.
MOON'S PHASES.
Boston.
New-York.
Washingt'nJ
Sun
ON Mekid.
'
D.
H. M.
H. M.
H. M.
D.
H, M. S.
New Moon, . . .
I
0 44 mo.
0 32 mo.
0 20 mo.
I
II 4341
First Quarter,
7
II 7 ev.
10 55 ev.
10 43 ev.
9
II 44 2
Full Moon, . . .
14
0 24 15th
0 12 15th
12 0 ev.
17
II 45 16
Third Quartek
2^
I I mo.
0 49 mo.
0 37 mo.
25
II 47 22
New Moon, . . .
30
I 50 ev.
I 38 ev.
I 26 ev.
Id
id
CALENDAR
For Boston, New-England,
New- York State, Michi-
gan, Wisconsin, Iowa,
I CALENDAR
For New- York City, Pliila-
delpliia, Connecticut, N.
Jersey, Penn., Ohio, In-
diana and Illinois.
CALENDAR
For Washington,
Maryl'd, Virginia,
Ken't'ky, Miss'ri,
and California.
SUN SUN
.■<ISES SETS.
H M
H
6 27
4
6 28
4
6 29
4
6 30
4
631
4
6 32
4
6 33
4
635
4
6 36
4
6 37
4
6 39
4
6 40
4
6 41
4
6 42
4
6 43
4
6 44
4
6 45
4
6 46
4
6 47
4
6 48
4
6 49
4
6 50
4
6 5'
4
6 52
4
653
4
6 54
4
6 55
4
6 56
5
6 58
4
6 59'4
M
O
59
58
57
56
55
54
53
52
51
50
49
48
47
46
45
44
44
43
42
42
41
41
41
4C
40
40
40
40
39
MOON
SET."-.
H M
sets.
6 4
6 46
7 39
8 41
9 49
II I
morn,
0 14
1 26
2 35
3 41
4 49
rises.
5 12
5 51
6 36
26
2(
7
8
9 17
10 16
11 15
morn.
0 14
1 14
2 14
3 15
4 22
5 30
6 44
Sherwood, J. M., late of Auburn, N. Y. Obituary. May 25, 187 1.
Short-Horns Imported by M. H. Cochrane. Oct. 13, Nov. 24, 1870; Aug. 3 and 10, 1871.
By Hampton and others. June i and 15, 1871. By R. Gibson, Aug. 24, 1871. Ex-
ported to England, .\pril*7 : May 18 and 25 ; June i and 29 ; Aug. 3, 1S71. I
Spears, J H., Tallul.i. 111. S.ile of Short- Horns. Dec. 8. 1870. A
South-Down Sheep [mported by Oeo. H. Brown, Millbrook, Feb. 9 ; Sale of Lord Wal- jh^
singham's Flock, July 27, 187 1. /\
Taber, S. T., Roslvn, N. Y. Obituary. Feb. 16, 187 1. U
— : — ==^3<3
^c^-
I2th MONIH.
DECEMBER, 1872.
^I DAYS, i )
f
MOON'S PHASES.
BOSTUX.
Nttw-YoKK.
Washingt't;
Sun
ON Mekid.
D.
IT. M.
H. M.
H. M.
D.
H. M, S.
First Quarter,
7
6 52 mo.
6 40 mo.
6 28 mo.
I
II 4930
Full Muo.n, . . .
14
5 0 ev.
4 48 ev.
4 36 ev.
9
II 5253
TFItRI) (^>U.\RIEK
22
9 28 ev.
9 16 ev.
9 4ev.
17
II 56 41
New Moon, . . .
30
1 52 mo.
I 40 mo.
I 28 mo.
25
12 0 41
I
2
3
4
5
6
7I
8
9
10
II
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
3'
Hi
ii.
o
<
c
p
M
r
w
T
F
s
p
M
T
W
T
F
S
P
M
T
W
T
F
S
P
M
T
W
T
F
S
P
M
r
CALENDAR
For Boston, Nesv-England,
New- York Slate, Michi-
gan, Wisconsin, Iowa,
and Oresoii.
SUN j SUN j MOON I H. W.
RISES, SETS. '. SETS. POST'n
M
10
II
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
2a 4
21:4
22
23
24
24
25
25
26 4
2614
27 4
27
28
28
28
29
29
29
29
304
30'4
4
4
4
'4
4
4
4
4
4
4
M
28
28
28
H M I H M
5 1 5 'morn,
o 15
6 15!
, 7 25'
28I 8 40
28! 9 56
28!ii 13
28 morn.
28!
28I
28I
28!
28i
281
28
29
29
29
29
30
30
25
34
42
49
57
3
I
2
rises
5 4
5
6
10
5
o
56
55
52
48
44
39
9 29
10 16
11 4
II 47
58ev. 31
3
4
5
6
7
8
CALENDAR
For New- York City, Pliila-
delpliia, Connecticut, N.
Jersey, Penn., Ohio, In-
diana and Ilhnois.
SUN j SUN MOON
KISEslsETS. SETS.
55
55
55
57
3110 57;
4 31 II 58j
4 32 morn |
4
4
4
4
4
4
32|
33 i
331
34
34
35
36
37
I
2
3
4
5
6
15
o
41
23
5
51
5 37
6 28
o
5
14
26 9 15I
43 10 13'
58 II II
seis. morn.
6 18! o 6
7 22
8 18
iM H M
5f4
64
74
8I4
34
34
34
?3
H. VV.
N. Y.
H M H M
9
4
10
4
II
4
12
4
13
4
14
4
15
4
16
4
16
4
17
4
18
4
18
4
5 21
6 21
7 31
8 45
33jio o
33I11 15
33 morn.
35\ o 26
I
2
3
4
194
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
19
20
20
21
21
22
22
22
23
23
33
33
33
33
33
34
34
34
34
34
40
47
54
9 I
9 56
10 48
11 45
morn
o 42
5 58
rises.
10
5
6
I
2
3
4
7
7
24
24
7
8
35i 8 59
35|io o
36 10 58
36 II 59
37 morn
37i o 59
2 3
3 II
4 22
39' 5 38
40 6 52
sets.
6 23
38i
38,
39
41
42
42
38
36
29
5 24
6 15
2
47
8 31
9 18
10 I
10 41
11 23
8
52
38
25
14
7
2
. I
59
53
CALENDAR
For Washington,
Maryl'd, Virginia,
Kent'ky, Miss'ri,
and California.
SUN SUN
SISEslsETS.
MOON
SETS.
H MIH M H M
ev.
o
I
2
3
4
5
6
6
7
8 51
9 47
04 39
1I4 39
2|4 39
3i4 39
5 27
6 28
7 37
8 50
4:4 38; 10 4
5 4 38J11 18
64 38 morn.
7:4 38 o 27
8;4 38| I
9'4 38i 2
04 38'
38
nses.
17
II
5
6
7
8
38
38
3:4 39
3'4 39
4 4 40
44 40
5'4 41
5 4 41J10
5 4 42|ii
64 42 II
6 4 431 morn
6 4 43 o 59
4
34
39
44
50
53
6
5
4
3
o
59
3
4
I
8
18
7 4 44
7 4 44
7 4 45
85 45
84 46
84 47 1 seLs.
9 4 48 6 29
5 32
6 46
Thompson, Jas., Worcester, Mass. Obituary. Nov. 3 ; Sale of Jerseys, Nov. 24, 1870.
'rhorne, Edwin, Thorndale, N. Y. Sale of Horses. June 22, 1871.
Uiiderliill, Dr. R. T., Crolon Point, N. Y. Obituary, ^eb. 9. 1871.
Van Meter, B. F. & A., Clark County, Ky. Sale of Short- Horns. July 13, 1871.
Van .Meter. J. M.. Woodford County, Ky. Sile of Short-Horns. July 6, 1871.
Vermont Horse .Stock Associarion located. April 20, 1871.
Wallace's American 'I'rotting Register. March 30, 1S71.
Western New- York Dairymen's Association Organized. April 13, 1871.
^ =^0©
t^
THE
ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER
OF
RURAL AFFAIRS
COLOKADO POTATO BEETLE.
DESTRUCTIVE INSECTS.
Insects Affecting Farm Crops.
COLORADO POTATO BUG, (Doryphora io-lineata.)—T>r. Fitch
figured and described this beetle in vol. 5, p. 207, of this work, in the
year 186S. Since that time it has been steadily moving eastward, and has
already reached Ohio and Michigan. As it is important that every one
should know it well, so as to be ready to destroy the first comers, and to
keep them in check, the accompanying figures of this insect are given,
showing it in various stages, and enabling the cultivator to recognize it
^ readily, both in the larva and beetle state. The dnep orange eggs, freshly !/.
deposited on the under side of the leaf, are seen in the above engraving at [
^^s..— ^. . ^ — =^^^
No. 18-1872. ^ ^^
-^
//
222 • ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER
an; b b b, larvse in different stages, of a reddish yellow color ; d ci, perfect
insect, yellow with black lines ; e, magnified wing-case. All of these
changes are passed through in less than a month ; and there are about
three broods a year. The first two, when about to change to the pupa,
go into the ground, and come out in the beetle state in ten or twelve days.
The last one remains under ground all winter, and makes its appearance
in time to lay its eggs on the leaves of the young potato plant.
The American Entomologist describes another nearly allied species of
Doryphora, [D.Juncta,) that a casual observer would pronounce identical,
but which has some small but well marked points of distinction, and which
feeds on some other species of Solanum, but which pertinaciously refuses
to touch the potato, and specimens have actually died from starvation in
cages where there were plenty of fresh potato leaves.
There is only one way to deal with the potato bugs when they take
possession of a potato field — and that is to kill them. One mode is by
poison, and the other is by catching. Paris green is used as the poison,
and is applied by mixing one pound with many pounds of flour or plaster,
and sifting it through a coarse muslin cloth on the potato plants, while
the dew is on. The bugs eat, drop and die. Paris green, being a deadly
poison, must be used with caution.
S. B. Johnson of Illinois, gives the following particulars for the use of
Paris green, in his lecture on the potato, delivered before the Madison Co.
Farmers' Convention :
" How are we to save ourselves from this scourge ? The little corner
patch of an acre or so can be managed on the tin-pan and fire plan. But
here are 20, 50 or 100 acres in a plantation. We know of only one way
in which it has been done effectually on a large scale ; ar.d that is by the
use of Pa7'is green. This is a most virulent poison, and must be used with
the utmost care. Secure the best. It can be purchased by the canister
(14 lbs.) for 45 cents per pound. Puncture the bottom of a quart tin
bucket with holes about the size of bird shot ; solder midway on the side
a handle with a socket three or four inches deep, into which thrust a stick
four feet long. Having muffled nose and mouth, mix thoroughly one part
of Paris green with eight parts of gypsum.* With this long handled
bucket, and by keeping on the windward side, the muffler can be removed,
and you may march with safety into the battle-field. Commence as soon
as the plants appear and dust every hill thoroughly. Go over the field
twice a week if anything in the shape of a bug is to be seen. It may be
disguised by countless myriads in the yellow eggs lain on the under side
of the leaf, and some day, when least expected, the naked, defoliated stalks
are reeking with the filthy larvae. By the use of plaster instead of flour,
a stimulant is employed of great value to the crop. After the bug is
vanquished it would be of advantage to continue the application of the
plaster until the crop is ripened."
\
* Some mix it with twenty or thirty parts.
OF RURAL AFFAIRS.
223
Various appliances are resorted to for capturing them or killing them
by mechanical means in large quantities. Should they continue destructive,
there is no doubt that some trap or machine, or mode of crushing them,
will be contrived, that may be driven rapidly along the rows by horse-power,
for killing or cleaning them out, but as yet no rapid and efficient mode
has been devised.
Fig. 2.— yoint-Woyiit.
The Joint Worm — {Isosoma hordei.) — The wheat crop in Virginia,
and the barley crop in New-York, have been extensively damaged by this
insect. The nature of the injury is shown in the above cut at a, (fig. 2,)
where the straw is swollen from its pressure. Like the Hessian fly, it
occupies the straw just above the joint, but it differs from that insect in
penetrating the substance of the straw, while the Hessian fly reposes at
the bottom of the pocket formed by the sheath and straw. The sheath is
represented as removed from the straw in the above figure, to show the
character of the injury, and the small round holes through which the insect
escapes in the fly state. At b the fly is represented largely magnified, the
cross lines showing the natural size. This fly makes its appearance early
in summer, and lays its eggs in the stems of the growing grain. It soon
hatches and does its work of mischief When full grown the larvje are
about an eighth of an inch long. They mostly remain here till the following
spring, although some escape the same autumn. The proposed remedy
is to burn the stubble containing them, but we are not aware that it has
been practiced to any satisfactory extent.
The Colorado Grasshopper. — This destructive insect, which may
be compared to the Eastern Locust (another grasshopper) for its devasta-
tions and vast multitudes, so neaily resembles our common grasshopper
of the east that many have not observed the difference. In color and
^^j general appearance they are very nearly the same, but the western insect-
c:^:=— —
-=^3©
ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER
has wings much longer than the body, while in our common grass-
hopper the wings scarcely extend
beyond the body, as the annexed
figures of the two indicate, (fig. 3,)
where <? is the western grasshopper
and b the common sort. It is by
means of these long wings that
the Colorado insect is enabled to
sweep through the air for miles at
a time, while the eastern insect can
fly only a few yards. It is fortunate
7. ^ for the States east of the Missis-
Fig, -i.— Colorado and Common Grasshopper, sippi, that this great destroyer Can-
not pass many hundred miles from its native canons among the Rocky
Mountains, without losing its vigor and vitality. ,
Insects which Affect Fruit Trees.
In former volumes of this work, Dr. Fitch has given descriptions of a
large number of destructive insects, their hai)its, and the modes recom-
mended or adopted for destroying them. In the present article we figure
and describe several additional species, with further information relative
to a number formerly described.
It has been estimated that the aggregate amount of the damages to the
fruit crop annually committed by two insects alone — the codling moth and
the curculio — throughout the Union, is not less than twelve million dollars.
The New- York State Agricultural Society ascertained that the midge had
caused the yearly loss of fifteen million dollars to the wheat crop ; and
competent persons have estimated that the entire amount of depredations
in the United States from the different species of insects cannot be less than
three hundred million dollars annually. While such enormous depredations
are committed, and while so little is known of their habits by cultivators
at large, every additional contribution to the knowledge which shall enable
us to attack them understandingly and effectually, cannot fail to be
valuable.
There is one department of insect study, which we can only briefly
allude to, that possesses great importance, and which is very little under-
stood except by scientific men. This is the knowledge oi useful insects —
those which confer a great favor on the cultivator by thinning the ranks
of his foes. The work of birds has been indiscriminately recommended
as "destroying the insects," without knowing whether those insects are
useful or noxious. In one instance birds were seen devouring, as was
supposed, a destructive caterpillar ; but it was found, on a scientific
examination, that they were only picking a parasitic insect from the cater- I
pillars. The parasitic insect, by destroyir.g these caterpillars, was assisting m
the cultivator, and the birds were feeding upon his best friends. One of
^
OF RURAL AFFAIRS.
a b c
Fig. 4. — LaJy-Bug-.
infested by plant lice.
the most useful class of insects of this kind is the lady-bug — of which we
represent a single species — the Convergent Lady-Bug in the accom-
panying cut, (fig. 4,) and which with many others,
is very useful in destroying plant lice — a repre-
senting the larva ; b the pupa, and c the perfect
insect. We present this figure in order the better to
explain an amusing occurrence, showing the blun-
ders of ignorance, related by Dr. Fitch. The rose
bushes of one of his neighbors was grievously
He complained to Dr. Fitch, that although he took
the greatest pains to go over his bushes every morning and destroy all
the "old ones," yet his bushes were ten times as badly injured as those of
his neighbors, who took no pains with them. On examination it turned
out that he had been killing off the lady-bugs, supposing them to be the
*' old ones," which were doing all they could to rid his bushes of the pest.
Insects which Affect Large Fruits.
The Apple Worm — {Carpocapsa pomonella.) — This is the most formi-
dable enemy of the apple in the United States. By eating the core and
filling the interior of the fruit with cast-off matter, it renders it unfit for
market or for the table. It also does much damage to the pear, but does
not attack stone fruit. It
was introduced from Europe
near the beginning of the
present century, and has
been steadily spreading and
increasing up to the present
time. In many orchards in
the eastern States it ruins
nearly the whole crop, and
it is now penetrating into
the States beyond the Mis-
sissippi.
The accompanying figure
(fig. 5) represents this in-
sect, (which in the perfect
state is known as the Cod-
ling moth,) in the different
stages of its existence, and
Fig. S-— Apple Worm or Codling: Moth. shows the manner of its
devouring the interior of the apple. The burrowings are shown at a ; the
place of entrance is, at b ; e is the worm or larva; //, its head magnified ;
d, the pupa ; ;, the cocoon ; / and g, the moth, which is distinguisl^ed
from all other moths, (says the American Entomologist,) by a patch of
burnished coppery scales at the tip of its front wings. The moth appears
2 26 ILLUSTRATlED ANNUAL REGISTER
first early in sunimer, and lays its eggs hi the blossom end of the young
apples, a single egg in each. The young larva soon hatches and burrows
towards the core, eating as it goes. In three or four weeks, or more, it is
full grown, and the young apples fall to the ground nearly at the same
time. The larva passes out through a round hole which it makes, and
crawls for some place to spin its cocoon, usually to the rough trunk of the
tree. The moth or miller comes out in a few weeks for a second brood,
but the apples have noW grown so large that fewer fall to the ground from
the injury, but they are more or less spoiled for use and market. The
insects are often found in them after the crop is gathered for winter, and
hiding in various places, spin their cocOons, and come out in spring to
perpetuate their mischief. C V. Riley says that in a barrel of wormy
apples, which he broke up early in the spring, he found about two hun-
dred such cocoons ; and estimating that one barrel would furnish a hun-
dred winged females, each of which would lay two hundred eggs and spoil
as many apples, and allowing a hundred apples to the bushel, he arrived
at the result that tWo hundred bushels of apples may be ruined by the
insects from one apple barrel, if allowed to escape.
'The remedies for the prevention of the work of this formidable insect
are of two kinds, and are founded on the destruction of the larva while in
the fruit, and of the cocoons before the miller comes out. Animals which
would pick up and devour the young and infested fruit as soon as it falls,
would perform the first named service. Swine, if sufficiently numerous,
answer the purpose well ; but as few owners of large orchards have herds
large enough, it is proposed to employ sheep, which are known to eat the
young apples readily, and which may commonly be had in large flocks.
The bark of the trees may possibly need protection from them. In the
few instances where they have been thoroughly tried, year after year,
they have given smooth and fair crops. Oliver Chapin of East Bloomfield,
N. Y., recommends the practice of eriiploying boys to pick the infested
apples from the trees, stating that one boy would pick several bushels in
a day. The second remedy — destroying the cocoons — may be effected in
part by passing hay ropes, or strips of old carpet, around the trunks of the
trees early in summer, and afterwards crushing the cocoons which form
under these ropes ; and also by placing pieces of old carpets, &c, in the
forks, and then crushing those which adhere to them. This may be done
rapidly by means or a common clothes wringer, and the operator will then
have the satisfaction of knowing that he is " killing them by machinery."
But the best and easiest mode of destruction is doubtless the employment
of sheep.
The Tent Caterpillar — {Clisiocampa Americana.) — This insect, call-
ed also the American Lackey-moth, is generally known throughout the
country by the owners of apple orchards. It sometimes becomes nume-
rous and destructive, devouring the foliage on large portions of the trees,
and then, for several seasons, it will nearly disappear, till favorable
©c^-
OK RURAL AFFAIRS.
227
inlluences cause another return in large numl">ers. The eggs which furnish
the caterpillars are deposited by a brown moth or miller, {fig. 6,) about
midsummer, in masses or cylinders,
which encircle the young shoots,
each mass containing about three
hundred eggs. The position and
appearance of these eggs is shown
at c, (fig, 4.) The eggs, when laid,
are then covered with a vesicular
¥\g. 6.— Moth 0/ Tent Caterpillar. water-proof varnish, which pro-
tects them both from cold and from rain (fig. 8.) They remain in this
condition till the following spring ; and as soon as the apple buds begin
to o]>en, almost to a day, the young caterpillars hatch and make their
_ v., ... appearance, ready for
'^'^^o^;^^^^^ thrs new, fresh, tender
food. The hot weather
of llie previous August
and early September
made no impression
on them ; but the mild
spring weather, just at
Fig. J. —Tent or Orchard Caterpillar. Fig. 8.
the right time for their food, brings them out. When they first appear,
they are not so large as a cambric needle, nor more than the tenth of an inch
long. If cold or stormy weather occurs, arresting the growth of the young
leaves after the worms are hatched, they can live without food for ten or
ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER D
twelve days. They immediately commence stretching their web across a
fork in the branches, and thus manufacture a tent for shelter. This
increases in size with the growth of the caterpillars until it sometimes
becomes nearly a foot in breadth. Like other larvae, they moult or shed
their skins four times. They are represented as full grown and of natural
ei/e in fig. 7, a and b. The uniform white line along the back distin-
guishes them conspicuously from the Forest Tent Caterpillar, sometimes
miscalled the " army worm."
Although mostly infesting apple orchards, the Tent caterpillars are
occasionally seen on the pear, plum, peach and cherry, and the wild cherry
often throngs with them.
In five or six weeks they scatter in various directions to undergo their
change to the pupa state, when each spins a cocoon, and then remains in
this state some three weeks — d, fig. 7.
The perfect insect or miller, represented in fig. 6, measures about an inch
and a half from tip to tip of the wings ; it has no sucker to take food, eats
nothing, and lives only to lay its eggs. It has but one brood in a season.
C. V. Riley says that the only bird known to devour these caterpillars
greedily is the American Cuckoo. But this bird is too few in numbers to
make much impression on them. An active man, with a quick eye, will
collect hundreds of the rings of eggs in a day, in autumn and winter, and
every such cylinder of eggs destroyed at this time prevents the formation
of a nest of larvse. Some years ago when they promised to be very abun-
dant, we employed a man three days, and in that time he destroyed, on old
and young orchard trees, and in a nursery, three thousand nests of eggs and
of the newly hatched insects, nearly a million in all. A sharp blade, siet
at an acute angle on the end of a light pole, will enable the operator to cut
off the eggs by means of a quick jerk, when they are otherwise beyond reach.
If recently hatched, the same tool may be employed ; but when they become
larger, and spread over the tree, they maybe destroyed early in the morn-
ing, when mostly in the nests, by a swab on a pole dipped in lime wash ;
or even by winding them on the end of the pole only, and crushing them
under the foot. All that is necessary in order to keep an orchard cleared
of them is a moderate amount of timely labor and attention. It is import-
ant, for economy of labor as well as for thorough work, to secure them
before they hatch.
The Tent caterpillar is sometimes confounded by superficial observers
with another insect, known as the Fall Web-worm, which hatches out, not
early in the spring, but after mid-summer, and which was briefly noticed
and described by Dr. Fitch in vol. 3, p. 303 of this work. Both make a
web or tent ; but the Fall Web-worm has a wider range of trees for its
food. It spins a cocoon late in summer, and does not come out till the
ftillowing summer. The moth or miller is white, and it deposits its eggs
in an irregular mass on a leaf, where they soon hatch and the larvae begin
their work. 7)
OF RURAL AFFAIRS.
229
Forest Tent Caterpillar. — This insect {Clisiocampa sylvatica) re-
sembles, in some particulars, the Tent caterpillar of the orchard, {Came-
rtcana,) but differs in being less confined to nests, and in the markings of
the larva and moth. It appears only occasionally in large numbers. In
the year 1867 it was quite destructive in Western New-York, and was
given the erroneous name of " army worm," the true army worm being a
southern insect, which destroys sometimes hundreds of acres of grass in
a few days.
About forty-five years ago the Forest caterpillar was so abundant in
Western New-York that it nearly stripped the foliage from large forests
in the early part of summer; and although the leaves were replaced in a
few weeks, the check given to the growth was a serious injury, and many
branches died, partly from the effects of the severe winter following.
Like the common Orchard caterpillar, the miller deposits its eggs in the
form of a ring or cylinder, on the young twigs ; but instead of the rounded
form given to the mass of eggs of the orchard caterpillar, the eggs of the
forest caterpillar form a distinct even-sized cylinder, with square ends, as
at a, fig. 9. Each mass contains about 300 or 400 eggs.
The eggs are small, about the twenty-fifth of an inch long,
and the fiftieth part of an inch in diameter, and are repre-
sented magnified at </,rshowing the appearance of the end,
with its sunken centre. These eggs are deposited about
midsummer, and the larvae hatched early the following
j^jaat^MB^ rig. 10 — Larva of Forest
Fig. 9 — Tent Caterpillar 0/ the Forest. Caterpillar.
Spring. They are very hardy, and endure any cold snap that follows.
They commence spinning a web wherever they go. They moult four times,
somewhat changing color each time, and when full grown are accurately
represented by fig. 10. It will be seen that the middle of the back is mark-
ed by a row of spatula shaped white spots, which most readily distinguish
this from the common Orchard caterpillar, with its continuous white line.
The perfect insects of each, shown in fig. 9 at b, and in fig. 6, may be readily
known from each other by the markings of the wings, the Orchard caterpil-
lar being lighter and the Forest caterpillar being darker between the bars.
23©
ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER
The Forest caterpillar spins a web close to the tree, but as it grows larger
it wanders far away, and hence is generally supposed to have no web. In
its travels it generally selects smooth surfaces, and seems to have a special
liking to the cap-boards of board fences. It often swings down on a web
from trees, and when numerous in forests proves quite annoying to persons
traversing the woods. It devours the leaves of different kinds of trees, but
seems to prefer the basswood, of which large trees have been stripped
entirely bare. In the orchard it is particularly destructive to the foliage
of the apple. On account of its wandering character it is more difficult to
attack and destroy in masses, and for this reason more care should be taken
to cut off and destroy the rings of eggs before they hatch, from the orchard
trees when they are found.
The American Entomologist describes several insects which destroy
this caterpillar, and commonly keep it in subjection, except during those
occasional years when it appears in the greatest numbers. But generally
** these cannibals and parasites do their work so effectually that it is
seldom exceedingly numerous for more than, two successive years in one
locality."
The Canker Worm — {Anisopteryx verfiaia.)— The young larvae hatch
early in summer, and pierce small holes in the leaves, and as they grow
larger they consume all the leaves except the larger veins. The male (fig.
ii) has wings ; the female (below) is nearly
destitute of them. The larva is a measuring
worm, nearly an inch long, ten-footed, black,
dull yellow or greenish, very variable in
color, commonly with an ash grey back, and
a pale yellowish stripe along each side.
The canker worm spreads slowly from
one orchard to another, but is far more
formidable than the tent caterpillar. It has
until late years been mostly confined to por-
tions of New-England, but more recently it
F\g. 11.— TAe Canker fVarpn. has spread largely through portions of
Western New- York, and will doubtless find its way elsewhere. It should
be well known to cultivators that they may destroy it when it first appears.
It attacks both leaves and fruit ; and when numerous the webs and the
denuded branches together give the trees at a distance the appearance of
having been scorched. As the female cannot fly, various expedients for
preventing it from ascending the tree in winter or early spring have been
devised. Belts of canvas or coarse paper extending around the trunk of
the tree, have been covered with tar and train oil mixed together — the ap-
plication requiring frequent renewing. Dennis' lead troughs, filled with
fish oil. were used to some extent, and proved effectual, although some-
what expensive, the troughs being held by wooden wedges, and grass
rammed in between, the troughs and the bark, preventing the insects from
OF RURAL AFFAIRS.
231
passing. A more recent and cheaper expedient, represented by fig. 12,
consists of belts of sheet zinc, abput four inches wide, passing round the
tree the bottom standing outwards like an inverted funnel. The lower
edge should be as smooth as possible. Sheet iron will not
answer, the insects clinging to the rusty edge. The shape
into which the sheet zinc should be cut is shown in fig. 13,
the lines being marked with a pair of compasses for the
shears to follow. When applied, the ends are lapped past
each other, so as to fit the tree, the
pressure holding it to its place, after
being secured by means of small
copper wire thrust through punched
holes. The longer the arc, the more
nearly horizontal will be the rim ; a
Fig. u. shorter arc will give it more inclina- Fig. 13.
tion. It is well, before cutting the zinc, to try the form on the tree, by
means of a piece of pasteboard or stiff wrapping paper cut with shears,
from which a convenient pattern may be made.
Another mode, described about thirty years ago by Dr. Harris, consists
of an open box placed around the base of the tree, the outer sides holding
a trough of oil, with a projecting edge nailed on the upper margin to shed
the rain. This keeps the oil away from the tree, and prevents injury from
it. We lately observed in Tilton's Journal of Horticulture, a communica-
tion from J. G. Barker of Cambridge, in which he gives an account of his
success with this contrivance. He applied the boxes around fourteen
trees in the autumn of 1867. The remainder of the orchard, fifty-six in
number, he protected by the old tarring process. The following season,
of those which had the boxes, " scarcely a leaf was touched, and hardly a
worm was to be seen, except
what blew from other trees,"
and they bore finely, the crop
being sufficient to pay for the
boxes, which cost about $2.50
per tree. The remaining fifty-
six were stripped of their
foliage as bad as ever. The
next year, 1S68, the rest of
the trees were boxed, at a
cost of ^2 for each tree, and
they proved a perfect protec-
tion— the apples more than
paying for the boxes, which may be used for many years to come.
At our request, Mr. Barker has kindly furnished a detailed description of
these boxes, with sketches, from which we are enabled to make the accom-
panying drawings. Fig. 14 is a section of the whole contrivance — a a being
'*
232
ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER
Fig. IS-
the zinc roof over the oil troughs, b b ; d d, the surface of the earth ; c c,
the tar or lime which is used to fill the box around the tree.
Fig. 15 is a smaller view of the same. The box is square — large enough
to leave about four inches of space around
the tree; is sunk some four inches in the
ground, and rises about ten inches above
the surface. The trough is in shape like
the letter V, two inches deep, and is made
by a tinman before nailing on the box ; it
is tacked on two inches below the upper
edge of the box, and then the roof is placed
in position and secured by a single screw
into the upper edge ot each side or board.
It 'must, of course, be placed in a level
position, to hold the oil. This is done by
means of a spade used in setting the box
in the earth. The box and roof are nearly
completed in the tin-shop, but the corner
of both must be left open till placed around the tree, when the parts are
soldered together. The roof is about four and a half inches wide, with the
under side turned under about the fourth of an inch, to keep it stiff and in
shape. In order to examine the oil, and to see that all is right, it is neces-
sary to loosen one of the screws. The box will vary somewhat in size
with the magnitude of the tree; with a trunk six inches in diameter, the
box should be about fourteen inches square and fourteen inches high ; for
a trunk a foot in diameter, it should be about twenty inches square ; but
a variation of two or three inches would not be of great importance. A
few inches of tanbark or lime placed within, is for the purpose of preventing
the moths from ascending inside. One pint of crude petroleum (costing 3
cents per tree, at 24 cents per gallon,) is enough for each tree. The boxes
are commonly placed around the trees the latter part of September, so as to
prevent the autumn ascent of the
wingless female moths, and are kept
there as long as there is danger. Mr.
B. remarks to us, at the conclusion of
his description, *' I assure you it has
been a great pleasure to us, after years
of labor and no fruit, to be enabled,
with so simple an arrangement, to
protect our trees perfectly, and to
have an abundance of fruit."
TheCurculio. — An extended ac-
count of the habits of this formidable
depredator was given by Dr. Fitch in
C
I'ig. 16
6
-Plum Curculio.
(J<^
) the third volume of Rural Affairs, p. 298, with cuts showing the beetle
C
OF RURAL AFFAIRS.
^33
the natural size. We give the accompanying engravings, (fig. i6,) repre-
senting enlarged views of the larva at a, the pupa at If, and the perfect
insect at r. At ^the natural size is shown, with one of the insects in the
act of making an incision, and with the crescent mark on the upper side.
The American Entomologist, to which we are. indebted for this engraving,
states that it attacks the following different fruits by way of preference in
the order named ; Nectarine, plum, apricot, peach, cherry, apple, pear,
quince. With us it always attacks the apricot in preference to the plum.
The following appliances for destroying this insect, including the stiffen-
ing of the sheets, striking on iron spikes set in the tree, and the other
details, we have thoroughly tested by several years trial, with entire success,
and since the first notice of the efficiency of striking on iron spikes was
published in the Country Gentleman, four years since, this mode of
jarring is becoming widely adopted throughout the country.
We must say, in the first place, that there is no royal road to freedom
from the attacks of this insect. Like everything else valuable, it is only
reached by labor. Some years ago one of our best horticultural journals
suggested the offer of $50,000 as a premium for a satisfactory and easy
mode of destroying the curculio. Now we might as well offer a $50,000
premium for getting rid of weeds without labor. The thing cannot be
done. The mode we adopt for destroying this insect, has been, with more
imperfect appliances, practiced under our eyes for more than forty years ;
and when applied with a tenth part of the care and perseverance which
every good gardener and farmer is willing to adopt for extirpating weeds,
it has afforded us profuse and delicious crops, while without its application
the trees bore few or none. In a plum orchard of seventy trees or more,
the annual cost of securing abundant fruit for the past few years, Aas not
exceeded five cents per tree. But half-way work will be of little or no use —
the remedy must be perseveringly and thoroughly applied.
Many remedies, as every one knows, have been used to accomplish the
desired purpose by avoiding the simple, straight-forward, efficient mode by
direct attack and killing. Repellants amount to nothing except to consume
time. It is now generally admitted that jarring down on sheets is better
than anything else. After trying different modifications of this remedy*
we find the following most cheaply made and easily used :
Procure the widest sheeting that
can be found in market, except it be
for quite small trees. Cut off two
pieces about three yards long ; for
small trees they may be shorter.
Stiffen them by means of light rods,
in the manner shown in the cut, (fig.
17.) The ends of the rods are first
'^'S- '7- sharpened, and a small notch made
about two inches from the point, to prever.t the sheeting from slipping
234
-=^=5©
ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER
on too far. Thrust the sharp ends into the four corners, so as to produce
tight stretching. The middle cross-rod keeps the whole extended, and
serves as a handle — the operator, alone, taking one in each hand, or both
in one hand. Two of these stretched or stiffened sheets are all that are
needed, one being placed under each side of the tree. The trunk or
branches are then struck, and the insects, oix>ssum-like, fold themselves
up and drop. A quick eye detects them in a moment, and one pinch of
the thumb and finger despatches them.
If the trees are quite large, the sheets should be of corresponding size,
and they may be stiffened more
T
thoroughly, as shown in fig. 18.
Suitable sticks may be made by
cutting green rods or poles,
where they can be had, peeling
off the bark, and allowing them
to dry a few days. One-half or
three-fourths of an inch in di-
ameter will render them stiff
enough.
Fig. 18. For jarring down, a s^arp blow
is important. Merely shaking y^^Xih^ of little use. The following state-
ment was made nearly forty years ago by David Thomas, in one of the
early volumes of the Genesee Farmer: "Under a tree in a remote part
of the fruit garden, having spread the sheets, I made the following experi-
ment : On shaking the tree well I caughtyfz'^curculios ; on jarring it with
the hand, I caught twelve more ; on striking the tree with a stone, eight
more drop on the sheets. I was now convinced that I
had been in error ; and calling in assistance, and using
a hammer to jar the tree violently, we caught in less
than an hour more than two hundred and sixty of these
insects."
Downing recommended, and many have followed,
the practice of binding several layers of cloth over the
mallet, to soften the blow and prevent the bruising ot
the bark. Dr. Hull has adopted this mode in his
famous curculio catcher. But it defeats, partially, the
very object the operator has in view ; it fails to bring
down all the insects, and a part escape. This is
one reason why so many fail in the use of the jarring
mode. Formerly, in order to make a sharp sudden
jar, without bruising the tree, we adopted the prac-
tice of sawing off a small limb, leaving a stump an
Fig. 19. inch or two long, (shown at a, fig. 19,) on the end
of which a large hammer or axe could be struck with safely. This was
©c:^=-
OF RURAL AFFAIRS.
235
Fig. 20.
Fig. 21.
more efficient than a cushioned naallet. But more recently we have
employed a still better mode. Procure a sufficient number of large sized
cut-spikes, bore holes into the trunk or large limbs to receive them, and
drive a spike firmly part way into each hole, fig. 20. If the spikes are too
long, break off the points in a vise. On the
heads of these, a blow of a large hammer will
bring down every curculio. Its efficiency con-
trasts strongly with the old modes. When the
trees are small, one spike in each tree is suf-
ficient ; when they become quite large, it will
be best to insert one in each of the larger
limbs, as shown at b b, fig. 21. Instead of
spikes, short pieces of rod-iron will answer a
good purpose.
When the insects are very abundant, it
may be more expeditious to kill
them in hot water. In this case
make the frames double, or with
joints at the middle, (using two
sticks in place of one,) so that the
sheets may be folded together like
the covers of a book, forming 9
trough dowi:i which the insects may be shot into the vessel of hot water.
The work of catching the insects should be commenced as soon as the
young plums are as large as small peas, and continued several weeks, till
no more c^n be found. At first they may increase for a few days, as they
continue to make their appearance ; but they will soon be found to diminish
as their ranks are thinned by the thumb-and-finger warfare. In one of the
most abundant seasons, about two hundred were killed every morning in
a quarter-acre orchard for the first week. By the end of the second week
the number had diminished to about sixty daily. They continued to grow
fewer, until at the end of the fourth week only five were found at the last
examination, when the work was discontinued. A magnificent crop of
delicious fruit was the result. It is well to persevere long, as new crops
of the insects often continue to come, after the earlier ones are all destroyed.
The best time is early in the morning, when they are more torpid than at
mid-day. Once a day will commonly answer, unless in seasons of extra-
ordinary abundance, when a second examination should be made at sun-
down. The work should not be intermitted a single day. It is such inter-
missions that often cause failure.
Dr. Hull's curculio catcher consists of a large hopper-shaped frame
covered with muslin, and attached to a heavy wheelbarrow, the front frame
of which is driven against the tree, jarring it, and bringing down the insects
into the hopper. It requires that the stem of the tree be trimmed up three
or four feet high, like fig. 19. The mode we have described allows the
{
ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER
limbs to branch within a foot of the ground, as shown in fig. 21. By this
mode of training we can pick half the plums while standing on the ground,
and the remainder with a small step-ladder.
In using the jarring process for destroying the curculio, it must not be
forgotten that the practice of turning in pigs and poultry for a month or so
early in summer, is a useful auxiliary. If they pick up and eat every larva
in the fallen plums, they destroy a vast number which might otherwise
make havoc another year. Sweeping up the fallen fruit daily accomplishes
the same purpose. In some cases swine have thinned the insects so much
that uniformly heavy crops have been obtained year after year — the animals
being sufficiently numerous to make thorough work, and it must be yearly
without intermission. In connection with jarring down, these depredators
may be so effectually thinned out, that the crop will be saved in such
places, and in such seasons, as are most abundantly infested with them.
The application of these two remedies is both easier and more effectual
than many others which have been strongly recommended, such as cover-
ing the trees with lime wash or tobacco water, smoking trees daily,
placing putrid substances under them, spading in the rising curculios,
cutting canals under the trees to fill with water, laying brick pavements,
making mortar floors,
and other modes hard
to apply, and of little
or no efficiency.
The Apple Cur-
culio of the west,
properly so called, is
a distinct insect, and
is shown magnified in
fig. 22. The most
striking point of dis-
■^ o tinction is its very
Fig. 22.'—A/>ple Curculio of the West. long beak. Although
the common plum curculio attacks the apple, as well as
several other fruits, the insect here figured is an especial
enemy to it. It has not been found in the eastern States,
and may not prove generally formidable at the west.
The Bark Louse. — There are two distinct species of in-
sects that produce scales on the bark of apple trees, known ^^'shdlBark-
as bark lice. The imported Oyster-shell Bark-louse is Louse.
shown in fig. 23. The scales, which have much resemblance in shape to
minute oyster shells, are of a greenish brown color, and the many eggs
beneath them are minute, oval, milk white. They hatch out in sum-
mer into minute lice, which are so small as scarcely to be seen, or
would be likely to be mistaken for specks on the bark as they are nearly
motionless.
,>'««1'
mm.
OF RURAL AFFAIRS.
The American Bark-louse is represented in fig. 24. Unlike the last
described, the scales are milk white, and much more
flattened j and the eggs, instead of being white, are
pink or blood red.
It is the Oyster-shell louse that is so injurious to
young apple trees. When the stems and branches
are densely covered with them they retard growth,
render the trees feeble, and in many cases entirely
destroy them.
The eggs hatch by the first of summer, and the
young lice may then be destroyed by a wash of potash,
not strong enough to injure the bark. But as the in-
sects are too small to attract attention at this time, the
remedy is always omitted. By midsummer the scales
begin to form, and from this time until the following
spring, other remedies must be resorted to. One
which has proved effectual is to boil leaf tobacco in
strong lye until reduced to an impalpable pulp, and
then mix it with soft soap. This is diluted with water
American Bark- Louse, till like paint, and is applied with a brush when the
trees are dormant, to the stem and branches.
Another method is to apply a mixture of tar and linseed oil, warm,
not hot, in March ; it soon dries, becomes a varnish, and peels off,
carrying the lice with it.
Insects which Affect Small Fruits.
Currant Worm. — There are three distinct insects which commit depre-
djftions on currant and gooseberry leaves, namely, the Currant Span worm,
which comes out in the form of a miller or moth, the Imported Currant
worm, and the Native Currant worm, both of the latter forming four-winged
flies in the perfect state. The Span worm was first observed, in several
places, as a depredator, about twelve years ago, and was seen at Union
Springs, N. Y., the same year that the imported vvorm'began to attract
attention at Rochester, N. Y., where it was believed to have been
imported in nursery packages of gooseberry and currant bushes from
Europe.
The Currant Span worm, {Ellopia ribearia,) is represented in the follow-
ing figure, (fig.25,) the natural size and appearance. It is about an inch long,
bright yellow, with numerous black spots. The head is white, with eye-
like spots. It devours the early leaves of the gooseberry and currant, and
when about to change, hides under rubbish, clods, or descends into the
ground, and changes to the chrysalis. No. 3. In two weeks it comes out
in the form of a moth or miller, of a dull yellowish white, with dark
colored spots towards the ends of the wings. The spread wings measure
^ =^0^
238
ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER
about an inch and a quaiter. The figure, (fig. 26,) represents its appear-
ance, but is too dark.
Where the larvae has
been numerous, and have
stripped the currant row,
this miller may be often
seen in considerable
numbers, flying over the
r^ bushes and laying its eggs
^^^^^ on the twigs. Here the
eggs remain till the fol-
lowing season, and hatch
out about the time the
gooseberry and currant
leaves expand, ready for
devouring them.
As the eggs remain on
the bushes during the
time that nurserymen dig
and pack them for dis-
tant conveyance, care
should be taken that the
insects are not thus con-
Fig. 25. — Currant Span Worm.
veyed to places where they are previously
unknown.
The Imported Currant Worm, {Ne-
mahis vefttricosus,) is represented in figs. 27
and 28 ; a a, the larvae in the act of devouring
gooseberry leaves ; b, an enlarged view of one
of the abdominal joints, to show the position pjg 26.— Moth 0/ Currant Span
of the black spots. Worm.
In fig. 28 are magnified representations of the male, ^, and female, b,
the cross lines showing the natural size. The perfect insect makes its
appearance as soon as the leaves of the gooseberry and currant are
fairly expanded, and lays its eggs on the under side of the leaves,
along the principal veins, and not, like the Span worm, on the young
twigs. If the latter deposited eggs on the leaves, they would fall to the
ground, as they remain unhatched till the following season, as already
stated.
The eggs of the Imported worm soon hatch into 20-legged worms,
of a green color, having at first black heads and numerous black dots over
the body, but after the last moulting they are entirely green, except the
OF RURAL AFFAIRS.
239
Fig. 27. — Iwported Currant Worm— Larva.
large eye-dots and the three yellowish joints, one next the head, and the
others at the rear. They
are about three-fourths
of an inch long when
full grown. When, as
usually happens, they
are in large numbers,
they rapidly consume
the leaves, and whole
rows of bushes have
been entirely stripi>ed
in forty-eight hours.
Hence the importance
of close watching and
prompt attention in ap-
plying the remedies to
destroy them. A single
defoliation, while it does
not kill the bushes, re-
tards growth, and com-
monly greatly injures
or prevents the ripen-
ing of a crop ; and if
often repeated, so that
the bushes remain bare
for a long time, or
for successive seasons,
the bushes necessarily
perish.
When the larvae at-
tain full size, they bur-
row under ground, or
hide under scattered
leaves, and spin an oval
brown cocoon. After
some weeks the per-
fect insect comes out,
lays eggs as before,
produces larvae, which
pass to the pupa state,
and remain so till the
following season.
The Native Currant Worm, {Pn'stif>hora grossularice,) is smaller than
the preceding, or about two-thirds in size, and otherwise resembles it
Fig. 2%.— Perfect State 0/ Imf>orted Currant Worm-
Upper, Male — Lnver, Female.
-=^0<^
0 -^4°
ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER
somewhat in general appearance.* Unlike that, the male and female
differ but slightly. The larvae are of a uniform pale green color, a, (fig.
29,) without any black
dots, which readily dis-
tinguishes it from the
two others already des-
cribed, the head becom-
ing black. It spins its
cocoons among the twigs
and leaves. It appears
later than the Imported
Currant worm, or near
mid-summer, and the
Fig. 29. — Native Currant Worm. second brood early in
autumn. Unlike the last named, the second brood also passes to the state
of winged insects tha»same autumn, and lays its eggs on the twigs of the
bushes, where they remain till the next season.
The remedy for the three species of Currant worms is the same for each
— namely, killing by poison. Unlike many other insects, this remedy is
comparatively cheap, easily applied, and entirely successful if used prompt-
ly. It consists in dusting powdered White Hellebore from a finely per-
forated dredging box, or from a box covered with fine muslin, so as to give
the leaves a thin dusting of this poison. It may be had at drug stores.
Do it in the morning when the dew is on, but do not wait for dew if the
fruit worms have made their appearance. To prevent inhaling the dust,
fasten the box to a short stick, apply it when there is only a faint breeze,
and stand on the windward side. As soon as the insects devour it with
the leaves, they curl up and die. It is desirable to give the leaves a very
thin coating, and not to apply it in masses.
Strawberry Worm. — For the account of this insect we are wholly
indebted to the Ame-
rican Entomologist. It
appears that for some
years it has infested
strawberry fields in
certain parts of North-
- , . em Illinois and In-
Fig. so— Strawberry Worvt. diana, and has also
occurred in Canada. The above figure, (fig. 30,) represents, at <?, the
larva, which is about a third of an inch long ; b, magnified forward end of
larva, and d, hinder end ; r, moth, magnified about twice the natural
diameter. There are two broods a year, the first in June and the second
* A marked distinclicm will be fniind in the wings. There is a front section between
the veins of the wings, near the tips of the forward wings in both ; but while tliis forward
section sits Qw/our other sections behind it, in the imported fly, it sits on only three in
the native.
OF RURAL AFFAIRS.
241
F'g- '^i.— Grape-Leaf Procris.
in September. The pupa of the second brood remain in this state through
the winter. The worms devour the leaves, and roll them up when they
change to the pupa. In several instances they have ruined whole acres of
strawberry plants. It is supposed that in some cases where the death of
plantations has been charged to the hot sun, this minute insect has been
the real cause. It is proposed to plow up plantations badly infested with
it, and to avoid procuring plants from regions where it prevails, so as not
to introduce it into new places. The American Entomologist describes
it as a new species under the name Anchyhpera fragaria.
Grape Insects.
Grape-Leaf Procris. — The larva of this insect is found on grape
leaves in June and
July, and a second
brood often appears in
autumn. The larvae
arrange themselves in
rows, from ten to thir-
ty, side by side, and
moving slowly back-
waids,devour the pulp
of the leaf as they go,
(fTg. 31.) When young
they leave untouched
the fine net-work, as
shown on the right
side oftheleaf;as they
become older they de-
vour all but the larger
ribs, as seen on the
left. When full grown
they measure five-
eighths of an inch
long, and sometimes
three-fourths of an
inch. They are yellow,
and are marked by
transverse rows of vel-
vety black spots on
each segment,and with
short, stiff hairs, most-
ly at each end, {a, fig.
32.) When disturbed,
they curl to one side,
and either fall or sus-
( 1 Fig. %2.— Grape-Leaf Procris— Different Stages.
©^^=
242
ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER
pend themselves by a fine thread. When about to change to the
pupa state they disperse, seeking a retired place, and spin a small
whitish cocoon, {c, fig. 32,) and change to the chrysalis, {i>.) In ten
days or more they issue a small black moth, with narrow wings, expand-
ing nearly an inch, {d unde, fig. 32.) These moths have a fan-like, forked
tuft at the end of the body, and an orange ring around the neck or forward
margin of the thorax. They deposit their eggs in small clusters on the
under side of the leaf, from which the larvae hatch and form the second
brood. Most of the pupae of this second brood remain till the following
spring. This insect may be destroyed by drenching the leaves with whale
oil soap, or with carbolic or chrysilic acid, properly diluted with soap suds.
Spotted Grape Beetle. — The spotted Pelidnota, {Pelidnota punctata,)
is a large brown beetle, an inch long, marked by eight dark spots, c, (fig.
33.) The larva {a) is a large white grub, about two inches long, with
brownish head and
feet, and a peculiar
heart-shaped swelling
at the hinder end, (</;)
and it is generally
found bent up in a
crescent form. A mag-
nified antenna is shown
at e, and a magnified
leg at/! The pupa is
shown at b.
The larva mostly in-
habits rotten stumps,
and other rotten wood,
and it requires about
three years to pass
through the larval
periods. It remains
Fig. jiT,.— Spotted Grape Beetle. only eight or ten days
in the pupa state. The perfect insect or beetle attacks. the foliage of
the grape in the day time from the middle to the end of summer,
and when numerous has been known to strip the leaves from the main
vine to the ends of the branches. It is more particularly destructive to
the varieties of the Fox grape, but it also devours the leaves of the Vir-
ginia Creeper, (Ampelofsis qidnquefolia,) which is closely allied to the grape.
It is not usually a formidable insect, and being large and conspicuous to
the eye, is easily caught during the day and destroyed. The grubs are
preyed upon by a parasite in the larva state of a two winged fly belonging to
the genus Midas. The Pelidnota is f(^und throughout the United States.
The Grape-Leaf Gall. — These excrescences or galls are caused
by a small aphis or species of plant lice, about the twentieth of an inch [j
— ^^®
OF RURAL AFFAIRS.
^43
long, and about half that length when first hatched. It has not been much
known until within a comparatively few years ; but has now become some-
what formidable both
at the east and west.
It was briefly des-
cribed by Dr. Fitch, in
his third Report on
New- York insects, un-
der the name of Phyl-
loxera vitifolice. It ap-
pears that it has found
its way into France.
C. V. Riley gives an
account of its habits in
the American Ento-
mologist, which we
condense as follows :
The few individuals
which start the race
early in the year, com-
mence on the upper
Fig. zif— Grape- Leaf Gall. side of the leaves, and
by suction and irritation, cause swellings on the opposite side, and a gall
about the insect. Here the female deposits her eggs, yellow in color, and
numljering in each gall from fifty to four or five hundred. When they
hatch, the young insects leave the gall, spread over the leaf and make new
excrescences. There are several generations in a season, and the process
continues as long as the vine gives fresh leaves. The leaves badly infested,
turn brown and die, and the vine of course suffers from the loss of foliage.
The lice then attack tendrils, leaf-stalks and tender branches, andTinally
work down to the roots, where they cause little knots, which eventually
become rotten. It is supposed they remain during winter on the roots,
and commence multiplying again the following spring. It is believed that
they are often conveyed from one part of the country to another on the
roots, in nursery packages, and are thus distributed.
The Clinton, Taylor's Bullit, and other varieties of the Frost grape,
{Vitis cordifolia,) are especially liable to the attacks of this insect, but not
the Isabella, and other clear ^varieties of the Vitis labrtisca. It has been
found sparingly on the Concord and Delaware. S. S. Rathvon of Lan-
caster, Penn., stated before the Pennsylvania Fruit-Growers' Society last
year, that he thinks he saw it twenty years ago on the native Frost grape.
It has been recommended to destroy all vines of the Clinton and other
varieties of that species, to prevent its spread. Picking off the infested
leaves and burning or scalding them, is the only known remedy after the
insects have obtained a foothold. The cannibal insects which prey upon
244 ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER
them appear, however, to perform a most important service in limiting
their ravages.
Note. — For a large number of cuts illustrating this article we are in-
debted to R. P. Studley & Co. of St. Louis, publishers of the American
Entomologist ; and also to the same valuable journal for important facts
in relation to several of the insects figured and described.
PLOWING WITHOUT DEAD FURROWS.
A GREAT INCONVENIENCE to those who desire smooth fields,
is caused by the frequent dead furrows resulting from the plowing of
narrow lands. These furrows interfere with the working of the mower
and reaper, the horse-rake and the tedder, and are troublesome in drawing
in hay and grain. They are admissible only in wet fields, where ridges and
furrows must be frequent for the purpose of carrying off surface water, or
as a guide for sowing seed or plaster. The former is obviated by drainage,
and the latter, if necessary, by a few stakes as a guide in sowing.
For" these reasons the practice has been adopted by some of the best
farmers, and is becoming more common, to plow around the whole field.
A difficulty arises with those to whom the practice is new. If they begin
at the outside, and work towards the middle, the soil is after a while banked
up against the fence, by successive plowings, and dead furrows are still left
at the middle and running to each corner. It is therefore much the best
best, wherever practical, to
begin, at least part of the
time, at the middle. The
question then comes up, how
shall we know where and
how to begin, so as to come
out exactly even all around .''
It is our present purpose to
answer this question, so that
every intelligent plowman
Fig. zs— Laying Out a Field for Plounng '"^X '■e<'^cl''y understand how
nrouftd it. to go to work. A few
minutes employed in comprehending the subject may save years of incon-
venience with dead furrows.
Fig. 35 shows the manner of laying out the plowing for a square angled
oblong field, being a quite simple operation. There are two ways of doing
it. One is to measure and stick in a stake or peg an equal distance each
way from the corners, say ten feet, and then stretch a cord across, as shown
by the dotted lines, to each stake. Stick another stake at the middle of
the line. The middle is quickly found by doubling it, sticking in a pin at
©c:^--
OF RURAL AFFAIRS.
the middle, and then laying it down again in place. Then stick two or
three other stakes, ranging with the corner and the middle stake, and run-
ning towards the middle. Proceed in the same way with the other corner.
Drive in a good stake at the point a, (fig. 35,) where these two lines cross
each other. Performing the same operation at the other two corners, find
the point to drive the stake L Then beginning at a and d, lay the first
furrow between them. Run back again, and the field is laid out for plow-
ing. Go on with the work,
plowing across the ends, and
if the measuring has been
accurate, and the plowing
straight and even, the last
furrow, all around, will be
along the boundary fence,
and the field will present the
appearance shown by fig.
36, in which there is no
Fig. -1,^.— Field -with Plowing Completed. dead furroW, nO plowed
ground trodden hard by the horses' feet, and the only furrow visible the
one at the boundary.
Fig. 37 shows the appearance of the same field when the plowing is begun
at the outside. Dead furrows are left along the middle, and running out to
_ - each corner. The shaded
strips show the places where
the horses tread hard the
plowed portions in turning
about. This mode of plow-
ing the field is admissible
only when it has been too
much ridged towards the
middle and away from the
boundary fences.
Fig. -ii— The same Plowed outward from the 7nid- Another mode of laying
die, leavine: Dead Furrows. OUt the field, fig. 35, and in
ordinary practice a simpler one, is to measure square across, lake half this
width and drive in a stake. Measure at one or two places, and drive in
stakes. These will show the middle line of the field, and by ranging with
them they will cut the ends into equal parts. Then from these middle
points in the ends, measure exactly as far on the centre line, as half the
width of the field, and drive in stakes at a and b, and proceed to plow as
already described.
In order to be able to lay down a line e.xactly square with the sides, a
common carpenter's square maybe used, placing it on a box or stool, with
one arm carefully in range with the side of the field. The other arm will
show where to strike the line towards the middle. A larger square, or
246
ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER
with longer sides, made on purpose, will be more accurate, is easily made,
and may be used for many other purposes, (fig. 38.) Procure three strips
of light pine, perfectly straight on the edges, and placing two of them
lengthwise nearly at right angles, secure them by a screw or nails. Then
measure off carefully from the corner,
tliree feet on the edge of one piece,
and four feet on the other. Then
taking the third strip, which should
■\ be alittle over live feet long, measure
five feet, and mark the points with a
scratch or pencil. Place these points
exactly at the three and four feet
marks on the two other pieces, move
them till all exactly coincide, and a
perfect square will be formed. Se-
cure the points by nails or screws,
and it will be in a convenient shape
Fig. ■^%.— Light Woodeti Square. for use, and may be hung up against
the side of a shop or shed. It need not be heavier than a ten-foot pole.
It may be made quite portable, by having a screw-joint at a, like that of a
pair of compasses, and button screws to attach the cross-piece when ready
for use. The three pieces may be carried parallel in the hand together,
when not in use or laid aside. A larger square may be made by substi-
tuting for the 3, 4 and 5 feet measurements, 6, 8 and 10 feet.
Fig. 39 represents a square field of sward plowed in the common way,
by dividing it into several "lands."
Each successive sod is thrown in-
ward, the horses turning about to
the right, and rendering it neces-
sary to leave a head-land at each
end, to be plowed afterwards. For
planting corn on the sod, the ridges
and dead furrows are not a great
inconvenience, although one row
of good corn is lost if planted in
the furrow.
This mode also possesses a
positive advantage, if (as is an
excellent mode,) the corn is plant-
ed by means of a horse-drill, as
each day's work of plowing ■^xo-
T\g. ^c).-Plowing Sward into Lands. gresses, while the earth is moist
and mellow — thus planting early, and giving the young crop the start
This advantage, however, may be obtained by means of
• '' ' \
nil
i ! i
t I 1
ill ; i
■ : : !
! 1
J 1
: ! 1
II
i 1 ' i i
i 1 II
I I i
1
i 1 ii '■
; 1 1' i ; ! ;
! 1 !
1 ! III!
!
of the weeds.
@c:^=>
OF RURAL AFFAIRS.
247
a good swivel plow, turnfng the furrows all one way, and leaving no
dead furrows.
Fig. 40 shows the manner in which stubble ground is commonly plowed,
the team passing around each successive "land," and throwing the furrow
outwards. Each land has a dead furrow at the centre, and a brancliing
furrow at each end, running out to
^■~- *- — "-.fr-} tjie corners. In addition to this
inconvenience, a portion of the
plowed ground is trodden hard
again by the horses' feet at four
places on each land, as indicated
by the shaded diagonal strips.
Stubble land may be plowed as
shown in fig. 39, with the excep-
tion of omitting the head-lands,
and plowing across the end of
Fig. 40. — Plowing Stubble into Latids. Fig. j^\.— Oblique Field.
each land, which will prevent the treading of the plowed ground by the
horses, and leaving but single straight dead furrows, but it is somewhat
inconvenient to turn the team about to the right.*
We give further examples of the mode of laying out fields that are
irregular in form. When the sides are parallel, but the angles oblique, as
in fig. 41, the two centers a and b may be found by dividing the angles, as
explained under fig. 35.
The line a <5,if continued
straight on to the two
end boundaries, will be
a little longer than the
distance to the two
longer sides, because it
crosses the furrows
obliquely.
The centre of a tri-
angular field, fig. 42, is
Fig. 42. — Laying Out Triangular Field. determined in a similar
manner. Two angles are bisected, as shown by the dotted lines, and the
* In order to plow head-lands in a satisfactory manner, leave a strip of unplowed land
on each side, as wide as the head-lands at the ends ; then plow inwards around the whole
«\ field, bejiinning on the inner side, and so going out towards the fence. By leaving an ample /(\
/m widtli for the horses to turn about uiion at the ends, there can be no loss or disadvantage, /r\
n as this border is as easily plowed by passing around the whole field as in any other way. ^j
248
ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL RECUSTER
place where they cross is the centre. Measure a few feet outward, equally
distant from this centre, on the lines, and draw lines or set slakes parallel
with the boundaries. This will form the triangle a d c, which is exactly
similar in shape to the field, but much smaller. Begin at the middle and
plow this triangle, so that the furrows shall come out parallel to its three
sides, and then you will have a fair start ; and all you have then to do is
to plow around it till the field is finished.
It is well to measure the three unplowed sides occasionally, to see
that all preserve the same width, and if they are found to vary by
inaccurate plowing, the error can be easily rectified by varying the
furrows.
In order to draw the centre triangle easily and accurately, the following
course maybe pursued. After bisecting the two angles, as already shown,
put up a line of stakes on the two intersecting lines, measure from the
centre stake an equal distance along these lines, and set up two stakes
at l> and a, and stretch a cord between them. Then, by means of the
square, laid carefully against this line, sight towards the nearest boundary,
set a stake there, and then measuring the distance from the square to the
last mentioned stake, it will give the exact distance from the triangle to the
outside of the field. Then setting the square on each of the other
two sides successively, measure this distance in, and set stakes at the
end. These stakes will be in the lines which form the central triangle,
and measuring twice from each side, will give the exact position of the
triangle.
Fig. 43 shows an irregular four-sided field. First find the two centres a and
l> by bi.'iecting the angles,
as shown by the dotted
lines at the corners, and,
as already described for
the square angled field^
fig. 35. Then measuring
perpendicularlv from /; to
the nearest side by the
assistance of the square
placed on that side,
(which is moved along
backward or forward till
Y\z. ^-i—Layine Old Trapezoidal Field. in the right place,) mea-
sure the same distance from the other sides at r, ^ and ^, making these
measurements perpendicular to the sides by means of the square. Stakes
driven inat the ends will form a triangle, around which the plow is run
till the field is finished. Or, if this triangle is too large, as will be apt to
be the case, begin at a and run the furrows parallel to the three sides of
this triangle, and the work will come out right.
Fig. 44 represents an irregular five-sided field. The same course is to
/SV
OF RURAL AFFAIRS.
be adopted as before, the places for the two central stakes, a and b, being
first found, and the sides of the central figure, parallel respectively to the
other sides, found as described under fig. 43.*
^ — -:^^,^ It will make the plowing easier,
fT"/^ "j — --^:>^,.^_^ plainer, and more accurate, to plow
/ ,X ;■ ^^*^»>.^^ light furrows from the corners in to-
/■■' '"'•. -'.., \^ wards the centres ; and also to plow
/ f>a '""*--.. .-•''' ■••] light furrows to form the centre tri-
/ ..-••*''■ '^\h 1 angle. The corner furrows will
/\ y-'' \ /\ show exactly where the team turns,
/■-•' "v ■-'•"••] and the work will be kept in more
Fig. 44. — Five Sided Field Laid Out. accurate shape.
To some all this work at measuring may seem troublesome and need-
less ; but it will be found a great saving of labor in the end. Any
one can understand the rules given by a few minutes attention ; and
after some practice a large field may be laid out for plowing, in an hour's
time. Without such measuring the plowman may finish on one side of a
fifty acre field, when he has left an unplowed strip on the other two or three
rods wide, which will cost him. an additional day's labor to plow, unless he
finishes up in the irregular manner, with a dead furrow.
WEED-HOOKS AND CHAINS IN PLOWING.
THE USEFUL AND INCREASING PRACTICE of turning under
heavy crops of clover and other green growth as manure, renders
it essential to perform the work, in a perfect manner, so as to leave
no stems and leaves uncovered. In plowing under tall stubble or
weeds, all should be completely laid beneath the inverted furrow slice.
Different modes are adopted to effect this purpose. The practice of run-
ning the harrow over the crop to be plowed under, in the direction in which
the plow is to pass, to assist in prostrating the crop, has given way to other
and better modes. The most common means now used is to attach a chain
to the plow in such a manner that its weight, as it is dragged by the plow,
shall bend over the plants and sweep them into each successive furrow.
One mode of attaching it to the plow, is to fasten one end to the right hand
portion of the main whiffletree, and the other to the right handle. Or it
may be done as represented in fig. 45, the chain forming a loop. A little
trial will show how long to make this loop ; if too long, the sod will cover
it; if too short, it will not hold the weeds down. A short chain extending
from the rear end of the beam to the left side of the loop will keep it
better in place. When plowing with oxen the chain at its forward
* For the simple and easy mode here given, of determining the centres, and for placing
the sides of the central figures, we are indebted to Prof. Evans and Dr. Potter of Cornell
University.
Fig. 45. — Weed-Loop, made with a Chain.
end is attached to a piece of wood about two feet long, screwed on the
beam, as in fig. 46. This is the best mode in any case. It should be
wide next the plow, so as to brace
firmly.
Where there is much of this
work to be done, it is better to
provide a weed-hook. This, like
the different modes of attaching
Fig. 46. the chain, varies in form. Fig. 47
shows one which slants backwards, and wipes the growth from the sod
into the furrow. Fig. 48 represents one in the form of a bow or hook,
Fig. 47. — Weed Burier, or straight Rod. Fig. 48. Weed Hook.
which sweeps the |[rowth compactly together, ready for turning under. The
first named method works more easily, and is not liable to be caught by
obstructions. The latter is more effectual, and does best on smooth, even
ground.
The weed hook may be madeof rod-iron, stiff enough to retain its place,
and possessing some spring when it meets with obstructions. It may be
bent as circumstances may require for its best performance, after trying it
a short time. It is attached to the plow beam by wedging under a band
— a small groove being cut into the beam to hold it securely to its
place. The steel rods which are employed in the manufacture of rake
teeth will make better weed hooks than iron, and possessing considerable
elasticity, will bend easily in passing obstructions, and spring again into
position. Sometimes the weed hook is made to project at right angles
OF RURAL AFFAIRS.
251
/l^'-V^v.
Fig. 49. — Plowed without Weed Hook or Chain.
Fig. 50. — Weeds, 6r'c., Buried by Chain or Weed Hook.
50, the same when they are well buried by means
from the beam near
the mould-board, and
bending downward
in a slanting direc-
tion. In this shape
it should be made
of bar iron, so as
to possess greater
strength ; but we pre-
fer the first described
forms.
In the accompany-
ing figures, fig.49 rep-
resents a field of tall
grass or weeds partly
plowed under with-
out any assistance of
hook or chain ; fig,
of these appliances.
LADDERS AND LADDER STANDS.
F
OR PICKING FRUIT, and for various other purposes, light and
portable ladders are a great convenience. Much depends on their
their being neatly made, and
of the best materials, but a
well devised form is also
important. For moderate
heights, one of the most
convenient, easily made and
easily carried, is shown by fig.
51, It is merely a three-legged
stool, about two and a half
feet high, with stout, spread-
ing legs, a piece of tough
plank for the top, and the
rounds on one side placed so
that one can step up easily.
The legs should be about the
size of a common chair post,
or a little larger. This stand
is always ready for use, can
. Fig. 53.
Pointed Hooked
Ladder.
Fig. 52-
Long Hooked
Ladder.
Fig. 51
Short Standing
Ladder. be Carried in one hand, sits
0 ^5^
f
ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER
firmly, and for reaching up to 'branches of fruit a short distance overhead
is just the thing. When fruit is higher on the tree, a common ladder may
be employed, the length varying from eight to fifteen feet — say three
ladders, eight, eleven and fifteen. Placed in the common way against
a limb, there is danger of its sliding one way or the other, at the
peril of the workman and bruising and scraping the tree. This difficulty
is obviated by placing a hook on the upper end of one of the bars of the
ladder, to be placed over a limb, the best point being at a fork, (fig. 52.)
The lower end resting on the ground, it is held firmly to its place. The bar
which holds the hook should be rather longer than the other, as the cut ex-
hibits. To prevent bruising the bark, the hook should be of wood, made
broad, and padded on the lower side. The best, firmest and easiest way to
make it, is to cut a thick piece of wood, as represented in the cut, and secure it
to the ladder by screw bolts. It is easily padded by placing a few thicknesses
of woolen cloth on the lower side, and then securing these by passing a strong
cord a few times around, or better, by driving a few carpet tacks at the edges.
Another form of this ladder is shown at fig. 53, the two bars coming
together at the top, where the hook, wide enough to reach across both, is
screwed to them. This form has two advantages — it stands firmer, and the
wedge form above allows the operator to thrust it up anywhere into the tree.
Standing Ladders.
For a height of from six to ten feet, a good, simple, self-supporting
ladder is shown in fig. 54. It is made spreading rather wide at bottom, so
as to stand securely. To prevent the rounds from being weakened by their
length, a few of the lower ones pass through a stiffening bar, (represented
in the figure,) so that all thus connected support each other. The legs of
this ladder may be connected to the
upper end by means of holes bored
through them to leceive the upper
Fig. 54. — Standing Ladder, Fig. i$.—Comtnon Standins: Ladder.
round, or by iron straps passing around, and screwed or riveted to the
upper end of the legs. This ladder is quite portable, the legs folding
against the ladder when not in use.
Fig. 55 represents a common step-ladder, each leg being attached at the
©-"^^^^ ^^^^^^O
OF RURAL AFFAIRS.
253 0.
top by means of a universal joint, so that they may be spread out for stand-
ing firmly, or folded against the steps when not in use.
A common ladder, when not over twelve feet long, may be easily made
into a standing one, by means of the contrivance exhibited by fig. 56. Two
supporting legs are attached
to the outside bars at the
top by means of screws,
the form of which is shown
at a. The legs have an
opening or slot (b) to re-
ceive these screws. The
ladder is raised, and the legs
are at once placed under,
against the screvys, where
they remain securely till the
ladder is moved.
Fig. 57 shows the upper
end of the ladder more dis-
tinctly at the place where
the legs are attached. The
screws should be set a little
Fig. 56. — Long^ Standing Ladder, obliquely, SO that the legs
may spread. A blacksmith will make them at a small cost.
All ladders like this should be shod with iron or steel at the bottom, to pre-
ventslipping, as figured and described on p. 177, vol. 5, of Rural Affairs.
A support for the fruit basket, at the side of the ladder, is represented
on p. 180 of Illustrated Annual Register for 1871, but usually it is
more convenient to attach a hook
to the basket handle, so that it
may be hung on a branch, or on
the round of the ladder, (fig. 58.)
Fig. sj. -^Common Ladder Changed to a
Standing one. Fig. 58. — Hook /or Basket.
The hook may be made by bending iron rod, or from the forked branch
||> of a tree. (In the cut it is represented much too long.)
Long ladders often become dangerous by spreading — allowing the rounds
254
ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER
to become loose, to slip out, and to bread under the weight of the person
upon it. To prevent any possibility of such danger, two or three tie-rods,
shown in fig. 59, should be placed just below the round, at two or three
different places. Take a piece of half-inch or five-eighths iron rod ;
weld on a small shoulder, just as far apart as the inside of the lad-
der ; cut a screw and place a nut on each end,
jl and when the ladder is put together, insert the ties.
Fig. 60.
Library Ladder.
Fie. 6r.
Library Ladder folded up.
Fig. 59. — Tie Rods.
A library ladder is shown in fig. 60. The side steps turn on an iron rod,
seen just above the lower step, so that when not in use these side steps
may be turned up out of the way, as shown in fig. 61, when it will take up less
room than a common chair. A common carpenter will make a plain one,
such as the figure represents, in a day at a cost of not more than $3 or $4, and
cabinet-makers sell more finished ones, with carpeted steps, for $8 or $ro.
The dimensions which we have employed in having them made, are as
follows : Whole height, 34 inches ; size of the board, 12 by 18 inches ;
size of steps, 7 by
14 inches ; height
of steps, nearly one
foot.
When at the seed
store of Jas. Vick of
Rochester, N. Y.,
we saw a new li-
brary chair, which
bv a single turn of^
^ the hand, wa.«i con-
verted into a step-
ladder as high as the top of the back. A number had recently been imported
for sale, and were better in appearance than the accompanying cut repre-
sents— being of oak color and neatly constructed. Fig. 62 shows the appear-
ance in the ordinary position as a chair, and fig. 63 the same, with the back
Fig. 63,
OF RURAL AFFAIRS.
255
turned over and down, so as to form a support to the step-ladder, to which
the chair is thus converted. It would prove a convenient piece of furniture
in a library, or in a goods shop, where one wishes to reach a higher shelf.
ORNAMENTAL PLANTING.
DWELLINGS ON OBLIQUE ROADS.— A correspondent has a
trapezoidal piece of land, which he wishes to lay out as a building lot,
of three or four acres, the road passing it obliquely, as in fig. 64. He is in
a quandary whether to have the house face the road
at right angles, and stand crooked with his neighbors
where the road is straight,or else set his house "skew-
ing" with the road, and he asks for information.
This is a common dilemma wherever diagonal
roads exist, and we have many such inquiries from
^ . . owners of small places. The course to be pursued
Fis- 64. must accord with circumstances. If the general
course of the road is in the direction indicated, for a long distance, and
the house is to be quite near it, then place the house directly facing the
road, and flank it well with trees planted rather closely, so that its skew-
ing position will be obscured by the foliage from those points where it
would not appear well, as we have indicated in fig. 65. If the house is to
be placed at a greater distance from the road, then let it face the finest
Fig. 65. Fig. 66.
views, nearly irrespective of the course of the road. Plant the grounds in
the modern style, and with properly curved walks or roads, and the irregu-
larity will not be at all out of place. Fig. 66 represeuts something of the
character proposed.
In all designs of the kind it must be borne in mind that the dwelling is
■ — ^^3^
ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGESTER
to face the most desirable or beautiful views, or objects of importance. /
Too much respect is commonly paid to the public highway, which is often
a place for rubbish, instead of being made a handsome avenue. In many
places cattle and swine are allowed to run in the roads, which they dis-
figure by their rooting or droppings. Brush and stone are often thrown
into them in clearing adjoining fields. Some farmers place their farm
buildings on the line of the road, and make it a receptacle of all kinds ot
implements and scattered lumber. Roads kept in such condition are
not entitled to the respect which is shown them, by foregoing fine distant
views or lake prospects in order that the dwellings may stand square and
respectfully toward them. When country residents shall all unite in
keeping the roads smooth and even, clear of all rubbish, neatly mowed,
and handsomely planted with trees, so that they may be as agreeable a
place for promenade or riding as a landscape garden, then we would advise
that they be regarded as one of the best objects for a dwelling to face.
The labor of keeping them in this condition would not be greater than
that required to deface them, as it obviously requires as much work to
carry brush, stones, lumber, tools, &c., into the road, as to cany them
out of it.
We may suppose that a house is about to be built on an elevated spot,
where there are four desirable points visible. One is a beautiful lake,
another a distant village, a third a broad rich valley, and the fourth a
street with rubbish and straggling animals. Shall we turn away from the
first three in order to enjoy the last ?
A little attention to these considerations, with a share (5f common sense,
will enable any one to decide the conllicting questions of locality and
position in fixing on a spot to build, and in determining the position of the
dwelling.
Transplanting with Balls. — The frozen-ball method of removing
ornamental trees is preferred by many to all others for some purposes. It
is well adapted to evergreens growing wild, if they are of much size.
In order that it may be easily and expeditiously performed, preparation
should be made in autumn, or before the ground freezes hard, by digging
a trench in the shape of a circle about every tree a foot deep, or as far
down as the frost penetrates; and then filling these trenches with dead
leaves, which are always abundant at this time of year in the borders of
woods or wherever these trees are sought. The leaves will prevent the
trenches from freezing in winter, and the earth within them being frozen
hard, the trees are easily loosened and tipped over, and may then be
readily transferred to sleds and conveyed to their place of destination,
where holes, dug at the same time that the trenches were made, and simi-
larly filled with leaves if convenient, or left open and frozen, may receive
them. If holes and balls are both frozen hard, and are nearly equal in
size, the first thaw will soften the ball and give it a close fit. But it is
rather better to keep the hole unfrozen, so that the ball may be snugly
imbedded in the mellow earth when placed there. For well rooted nur-
OF RURAL AFFAIRS. 257
!
sery trees this mode is not applicable ; but we have found it well adapted
to the removal of evergreens from the borders of woods in winter, when
the work could be more deliberately attended to than during the busy
period of spring.
Lawns. — P. Barry gives the following as the requisites for a good lawn :
I. A dry ground, or one free from stagnant water, 2. A deepened or
trenched soil, from 18 to 24 inches — trenched by hand or trench-plowed —
which will keep the grass green during the drouths of summer, and greatly
promote the growth of the trees and shrubs planted in it. 3. Evenness
of surface — not level merely, for an undulating surface is quite as good as
a level one — but smooth, and free from even the smallest stones. The
best grass is Red Top — pure, unmixed Red Top — which Mr. B. prefers to
a mixture of a fourth p^art or so of White clover, commonly recommended.
The Red Top should be sown at the rate of four or five bushels, or fifty or
sixty pounds, per acre. It should be sown very early in spring, at the first
moment the ground will bear working. All preparatory work should be
performed in the fall, so that the ground may settle, and defects be corrected
before sowing. In the spring, at a fitting moment, plow lightly, har-
row well, pick off stones, sow, and give a good rolling, which finishes the
work. If the work is well done, there will be a respectable lawn by mid-
summer. Mow once a week, and a little oftener early in the season. One
of Swift's mowers, drawn by a horse, will keep the lawn in perfect order.
A hand-mower, for smaller places, will occasionally require a roller be-
sides. If well prepared, the lawn will not need manure for a long time.
A rank growth is not wanted. When it becomes feeble, top-dress with a
compost of rotten turf and stable manure, decomposed to a fine mould and
screened. The best way to guard against the effects of drouth is to deepen
the soil.
Evergreen Belts. — The Western Rural publishes an account of the
timber belts on Horace Greeley's farm, at Chappaqua, N. Y., which con-
sist of four parallel rows of Norway Spruce, White Pine, Cedar and Hem-
lock, respectively. The kind of Cedar is not mentioned. The trees are
ten feet apart in the row, and the rows are twelve feet apart. The outer
rows are covered with branches and verdure to the ground ; the inner ones
have the branches pruned off, so that one can look through from end to
end, as through a long arcade. The whole forms a magnificent screen or
barrier, through which a bird cannot fly, and it protects the garden and
small fruit trees from the storms of winter.
Manuring Evergreens. — The Horticulturist says that "a good coat
of manure, applied every fall, as far out as the branches extend, will ensure
next season a deep glossy green to the foliage ; the effect is sometimes so
peculiarly ornamental it seems as if the shrubs and trees were of a new
variety. The Norway Spruce we have often observed in some grounds,
of a light, sickly green, while in other yards it is of a fine deep color ; the
difference comes only from treatment — one is in poor soil, the other is in
. rich. Those who wish their evergreens and shrubs to thrive and grow
©c:^- -<^o^
258 ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER
handsome every year, will not fail to remember this hint. Do not apply
fresh manure ; it should always be well rotted."
Pruning Evergreens. — The spring of the year is the best time, just
before the buds begin to swell, if considerable portions of the trees are to
be removed. If done while the trees are growing rapidly, it would tend
to check their growth. It is, however, an excellent time to pinch in long
shoots, by simply nipping off the point. This causes the side buds to be-
come developed, and induces a thicker growth. With the Scotch and
other pines, these developed buds will push next spring ; with the spruces,
they will often start at once. Towards the close of summer, hardy ever-
greens may be moderately pruned, or when growth is approaching its ter-
mination.
Hemlock Hedges. — The Gardeners' Monthly says: "Some think
that as the Hemlock is a large forest timber tree, it cannot be kept down as
a hedge plant ; but summer pruning will keep the strongest tree in a
dwarf condition for a great number of years. The pruning has to be done
just after the young growth pushes out, which generally is about the end
of May. It is very important the hedge should be cut with sloping sides,
so that every part of the surface should have the full benefit of the light.
No hedge with upright sides or a square top will keep thick at the bot-
tom long."
Half-Tender Evergreens, such as Cedar of Lebanon, Deodar and
English Holly, may, according to the Gardeners' Monthly, be grown in
open air, if under the protection of evergreen belts, planted either with
Norway Spruce, White pine or Scotch pine.
Improving the Form of Flowering Plants. — Some annuals grow
in a handsome, symmetrical form ; others are stragglers in a greater or
less degree. These may be improved in appearance by pinching in the
longer shoots in time — not cutting them back, which would be too late to
obviate the mischief, and would tend to check their growth. Such plants
as the Aster do not often need this shaping, but Balsams, and many others,
may be much improved by a little timely attention.
Leaves from Lawn Trees should be raked up in autumn on the
score of neatness ; and they may be applied to various useful purposes.
Gardeners who employ cold frames to protect tender plants will find leaves
not only a good additional covering inside, but placed around the frames
contribute to the same result. They are useful for covering all beds of
half-hardy plants, recently planted bulbs, &c., and may be kept from blow-
ing away by a little brush or a few evergreen boughs. They also form a
warm and comfortable litter for horse stables, more so than straw, as the
leaves lie in smooth and even layers, and the thin strata of air which they
enclose, render them efficient non-conductors. The manure, mixed with
this mass of leaves, is not fibrous, like fresh straw manure, and is excellent
for garden uses.
Window Plants. — The Gardeners' Monthly says that a temperature
of 55^^ will give more flowers to the common window plant than a higher
^c:^-
OF RURAL AFFAIRS.
259
temperature, and names such old-fashioned sorts as Mignonette, Sweet
Alyssum, Zonale Geraniums, Cupheas, Fuchsias, Violets, Roses, Chinese
Primrose, &c., as among the best for this purpose.
Pansies in Masses. — A correspondent of the Gardeners' Chronicle
says that no one who has not seen the eflfect of pansies in large masses,
can have an idea of their beauty. He planted a border, 400 yards
long and 24 feet wide, with Pansies and
Cerastiums, with a single row of Pyrami-
dal Zonale Geraniums, in pots, at intervals
of ten feet, and it was the admiration of all
who saw it.
How TO Fumigate a Green-House. —
A correspondent of the Country Gentle-
man gives the mode represented in the
annexed figure, (fig. 67.) Get two small and
two large flower pots. Set the small pots
bottom upward, a small distance apart. Set
a larger one, by on these, and put in some
dry tobacco ; turn the other large pot bot-
tom upwards on this, and place a candle under, so that the tobacco
will not blaze.
Rustic Work. — Finish the structures and let them become well season-
ed, and then brush them over thoroughly with crude petroleum, which
will penetrate the pores of the wood, and render it durable, like red
cedar. A common whitewash brush will answer, and any laborer can
apply it. Let him be careful to anoint every part thoroughly, more
particularly the joints. The light petroleum will penetrate the pores
more freely, and the heavy will give the whole a more rich brown color.
It is a good way to put the light on first, and after some time to wash
over with the heavy. We have used a mixture of the two, which has
proved quite successful.
Fig. 67.
THE BOSTON HOT-BED.
THE FOLLOWING ACCOUNT of this comparatively cheap con-
trivance for winter market gardens, is given in the Country Gen-
tleman, by W. D. Philbrick ; The construction of our hot-beds is very
simple. A situation is chosen with good drainage, and sheltered from the
north and west by woods, or by a high board fence ; a pit is dug parallel
with the fence, and three feet from it, seven feet wide and two feet deep ;
this pit faces south or southeast, and has a cart path in front for hauling
in manure and loam. A row of chestnut posts is set on each side of the
260
ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER
a
-"-tayU — '-3:
9XG rerr sasbbb,
ROAD
.WAY
pit, and 2 by 12 spruce plank spiked to them, so that the plank will be
level, or nearly so, endwise the bed ; but the front plank should be two or
three inches lower than the back one, to admit of good drainage of the
sashes, which are placed directly on the plank. When complete the pit
will have a six inch space dug outside the plank ; this space should be
eight or ten inches wide, if it is "intended to run the bed in severe weather ;
being filled with horse dung, it prevents the bed from freezing through
the plank.
The chief difference between this bed and the ones described in the
books, consists in the small amount of manure used — eight or ten inches
in depth being a great plenty ; and we generally put this in as hot and
fresh as possible, cover-
ing it immediately with
eight or ten inches of
loam, and planting upon
it as soon as the heat
begins to rise. Very sel-
dom does the heat rise
high enough to injure the
plants, if a little care is
used to air them well for
the first week, though if
a greater depth of ma-
nure were used, there
would be trouble from
Y'xz.ti^.— Section 0/ Hot- Bed. this source ; 12 inches
of manure we consider as much as can be safely used, and after the middle
of March we never put in more than six or eight inches.
Beds thus constructed are run the entire winter, yielding two crops of
lettuce and a crop of cucumbers or tomato plants ; and although the labor
of tending them is very considerable, having to be covered and uncovered
every day with heavy mats and shutters, there is reason to believe that
their use is profitable in skillful hands, inasmuch as the demand for horse
manure for this use is in excess of the supply, and the price paid is $5 to
$6 per cord in the stables in Boston — costing the farmer, delivered at his
farm, fully $10 per cord for rough, strawy, long manure. A cord of ma-
nure is enough for about eight or ten sashes, and after serving this use it is
taken out and used for planting. The lettuce crop sells at 50c. to $1.25
per dozen through the winter, varying greatly with the supply and quality ;
forty to fifty heads are planted under each sash, yielding $2 to $5 per
sash ; and as many farmers hereabouts run 1,000 sashes, and obtain two or
three crops in the season, it will be seen that the business has reached
considerable magnitude.
.-; -irr=;i.^ijfL
/ J/ifMifii;!;
AHORSE DWGr^^^-^"^'^
®C^-
OF RURAL AFFAIRS.
261
DRYING RASPBERRIES.
THE FOLLOWING MODE is adopted by A.M. Purdy of Palmyra,
N. Y.: When tliere is a surplus of Raspberries, they are dried at the
rate of twenty bushels a day, in a small drying house, seven feet by ten,
heated by two small fires, and the whole costing about fifty dollars. The
accompanying figures represent its construction. Fig, 69 shows the plan
of the heating furnaces — the outer lines being the exterior of the furnace
doors, through which access is had to the furnaces, F F, which are made
of sheet-iron, half round, and are each about 10 feet long and 15 inches in
diameter. The smoke and hot air passes through them, and through
the horizontal pipes, P P, which are about five inches in diameter, into
the brick chimney, C, standing against the end of the building. There
should be a register in the pipe next the chimney, to control the heat.
Fig. 69. — Plan of Drying^ House.
Y\%. 70. — Section 0/ Dyyin^ House.
Fig. 70 is a cross section of the house. It has no door, but the shelves
pass into it from the outside. A A are the furnace doors ; B B, pieces of
sheet iron to prevent burning the bottoms of the lower drawers ; C C C C,
the drawers, sixteen in number ; D D D, shelves between the drawers
to distribute the heat ; E, an extra drawer, for occasionally finishing the
drying process ; V, ventilator to carry off the vapor from the drying fruit.
The drawers are three feet wide and eight feet long — eight drawers
on a side. Their position outside is shown in the perspective view,
fig. 71. They are made of inch and a half pine for the sides and ends, and
the bottoms of coarse cotton sheeting, tacked on with small nails, awd
supported by cross-bars two feet apart. The front of the drawers are of
inch board, four inches high. The shelves or distributors, D D, are tight,
seven inches apart, and they come within ten inches of the sides of the
262
ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER
house. The drawers being all of equal size, will fit anywhere, so as to be
changed from top to bottom, or otherwise. Between the two fire doors
is placed a wooden box or
square tube, (not shown in
the cut,) running lengthwise
horizontally through the
house, with sliding boards
at the ends to regulate the
current of air, and with holes
along the top. This supplies
fresh air as it is heated and
passes upwards. It regu-
lates the temperature, and
prevents the fruit from cook-
ing. If at any time the house
becomes too hot, pull out
the lower drawers a few
Fis. TL.—Purdy's Drying House. inches, to let in air. When
nearly dry, finish up by placing the fruit from three or four drawers together,
near the bottom, where they will have more warmth and fresh dry air. It
is well to have the eaves extend some distance over, so as to protect the
drawers when they are pulled out in rainy weather. Some would prefer
to have the cleats on which the drawers slide, to extend outside to a
short distance, as an additional support, but this is not essential. The
house may be larger or smaller than the dimensions given, according to
the amount of fruit likely to require drying.
This mode of drying fruit of all kinds has important advantages. The
drying being done rapidly, or in twenty-four hours, its freshness, flavor
and color are preserved. All flies, wasps, millers, and other insects are
kept away, and the fruit is clean and free from the eggs of flies. The
drying is not retarded or interfered with by rain. Fine flavored apples,
dried in such a house as this, ought to command a higher price in market
than the brown and poor article, dried in open air, too often seen
offered for sale.
HORTICULTURE IN COMMON SCHOOLS.
MANY YEARS AGO a successful teacher in a district school in the
western part of the State, interested himself and his scholars in the
culture of ornamental plants. The school yard, instead of the bald and
repulsive appearance too often seen, was brilliant with tasteful flower-beds.
The pupils understood that the flowers were objects for special protection,
and they would as soon think of breaking the glass of the windows as to
OF RURAL AFFAIRS.
injure the plants. This early lesson in neatness and taste made a distinct
and permanent imprint on the character of some of the young people,
perhaps as useful and valuable as a knowledge of algebra and declamation.
In those days there were many district schools where no refining influences
of the kind where brought to bear, but where the school house in which
the children are to receive so many moulding impressions, had nothing to
render it attractive, or to soften the semi-barbarous habits created by the
rough surroundings of the house of learning.
A few years since a fine Union School house was built in one of our
villages, at a cost of some twelve thousand dollars. A thousand dollars
more was paid for an acre yard. There were no trees, and there was
nothing to break the severity of wind andsnow storms in winter, or to afford
refreshing shade from the hot sun in summer. A handsome building had
been erected, but its beauty was defaced by the bleakness around it ;
a costly piay ground had been purchased, but it possessed no more attrac-
tion than an unplanted common. One hundredth part of the cost of this
building and yard, used for planting trees, would have rendered both beau-
tiful. The writer proposed to the trustees to furnish gratis the necessary
shade trees, foreign and native, to plant the grounds. The offer was
declined — *' the boys will tear up or break down all the trees in a few
weeks." " But do you not think taste and civilization are as important as
many things which they spend years in learning ?" " Oh, yes, this is well
enough, but we cannot control those wild boys." *' The principal controls
them within doors, and maintains perfect order ; is it to be civilization with-
in, and vandalism without ?" '* Nobody will take the trouble to protect the
trees, and there is no use in planting them." " Gentlemen, I think you
are quite mistaken in your v^iews ; allow me to state briefly why I urge this
matter. You all admit the difference between a country where there is no
neatness or planting about the dwellings, and one where comfort and taste
prevail. Any one would select the latter as a place for living, even at a
considerable higher price. We wish to impress this taste on our young
people, and the earlier we begin, the deeper and more permanent will be the
impression. Look across the street yonder at Frank Gardener's neat house,
half hid in trees and shrubbery, and with plenty of bearing fruit trees in the
rear, and tell me if you do not think this a more desirable place to live than
Sam Slipslop's below, where not a tree is to be seen, but old boards and
barrels supply their place ? Frank's boys spend their spare time at home,
in study, or in brushing up their pleasant home. Sam's boys are idling
in the streets, or hanging around grog-shops. Which do you prefer?"
" Oh, that is all well enough," said the trustees, " but it is just as they hap-
pen to take a notion — schooling has nothing to do with it." " I think you are
quite mistaken — there is nothing like early impressions. See it in Frank's
and Sam's boys ; the character of both distinctly marked by the impressions
to which they were respectfully subjected. It would be so at the school.
"If you show that you are interested in ornamental planting, the boys
264 ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER
will soon catch the spirit. It is because you evince no interest in it. that
they care little about it. I can tell you how to keep the grounds in hand-
some condition, and the trees uninjured in the least degree. Form a Tree
Planting Association among the scholars, or if you prefer, call it a Hor-
ticultural Society. Let it be understood that certain gentlemen of admit-
ted taste are going to visit the grounds occasionally, and that if successful,
these efforts will be noticed in the village paper. They would be stimu-
lated to excel ; the officers would prize their honors ; and all would be in-
terested when they knew that the PUPILS were to have the credit of the
beautiful grounds at Union School. We should not only gain the
advantage of a place of learning creditable to our village, but we should
confer a lasting benefit on our young people, by inspiring them with a taste
for rural improvement. Would not this be as useful to them as to spend
years in learning Latin and Logic?"
The culture of flowers, the planting of ornamental trees, brief lessons on
the requisites for successful growth, might with propriety be introduced as
a recreative study into every school where the teachers have the taste,
knowledge and ability to conduct it. It would civilize, humanize and
smoothen — lead to useful and exalted 'pursuits, when without it, the ten-
dency would be towards idleness and barbarism.
The stream cannot rise higher than the fountain. This axiom will apply
in all ordinary cases to the influence of the older on the younger. Every
man therefore who has children, every school teacher, and every one who
feels any interest in the great nation that is now growing up from childhood,
should impress these matters upon his own mind, in order that his influence
may be imparted to the young.
THRESHING CLOVER.— In the absence of a clover huller, says
a Maryland correspondent of the Country Gentleman, my practice
has been, first to mow or gather the clover heads when dead ripe, or
when the heads wear a dark brown color ; thresh with a threshing ma-
chine, the concave elevated or the cylinder depressed, leaving barelv room
for the ends of tlie cylinder spikes to pass clear of the concave; then
attach a board in front, on the left side of the cylinder, and half the width
of the cylinder. Back of the cylinder, and opposite where the clover
enters, a similar board. The clover is passed through the opening in
front, strikes the back board and rebounds back over the cylinder, strik-
ing the front board and passes out ; thus each feed is struck or threshed
twice and (if it has undergone wet and dry curing, threshed when dry and
during frosty weather) thoroughly. When winnowing, if the screen is too
coarse, cover it with wrapping paper, secured to the sides of the screen
with tacks. In the fan shoe attach an oats and a four or six mesh riddle.
The seed will pass down, the heads among the tailings, and loose chaff fly
off. If not satisfactorily threshed, pass the heads through the thresher a
second time.
OF RURAL AFFAIRS.
265
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DINING ROOM, MAIN HOUSE.
STAIRS
PLAN OF A KITCHEN.
JL. DOUGLASS of Belleville, N. J., has furnished us the above
• plan of hi.s kitchen, at his country residence at that place. The
plan gives its own explanation.
KITCHEN TABLE AND APPENDAGES.
W
it will
E GIVE ENGRAVINGS of a useful kitchen table, with a set of
shelves over it — an improvement on that described in Miss
Beecher's book. Fig.
73 is a perspective view
of the table, which may
be about six feet long,
the length being vari-
ed to suit the wants
of the owner. For a
small kitchen or small
family it may be 4 or
4^ feet long, with two
^'^?- 73- drawers ; but usually
be found none too large if it rather exceeds six feet. It may be
266
ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER
f)
about 2-} feet wide, and 2^ feet high. It stands against the wall. If two
of the drawers are partitioned off, as shown in fig. 74, so as to have three
or more compartments, the contents may be kept in neater order, and be
more easily accessible. Two of the drawers may be thus divided, and the
third remain undivided, for larger articles. In order that these drawers
may be sufficiently spacious, and the
table not extend too far into the
room, the top should not project
more than two inches over the frame
or drawers.
Fig. 74- Fig. 75.
Over the table, and fastened to the wall, are the shelves, shown in fig. 75.
These shelves, taken together, may be about three feet high and four feet
long, varying with the wants of the owner. They maybe 10 or 12 inches deep.
The two drawers beneath will be found convenient for smaller articles, nap-
kins, &c. The shelves may hold jars, dishes, bottles, &c. On one end is a
coffee mill, and on the other a soap-dish, with a salt box at the middle.
Miss Beecher mentions the following articles, which may be placed in
the table drawers. In the undivided one — rolling-pin, griddle, spad,
coffee stick, meat fork, gridiron scraper, saw knife, skewers, apple corer,
meat hammer, whetstone, &c. In the middle or divided drawer place
kitchen knives and forks, and iron and other spoons, for the front division.
Middle division — kitchen tablecloths. Back division — bags of all kinds,
strainers, pudding bags, &c. In the third drawer, clean dish-cloths and
towels in one division, and clean lamp towls, holders and dust cloths in the
others. Remember to have all these kept in their places, and insist that
the cook shall not change them. In this way all may be quickly found,
and there will be no confusion.
On the shelves above the table, one division is occupied with tin boxes
with close fitting caps or covers, varying from' 8 inches high and 3 inches
in diameter, to 4 inches high and 2 inches in diameter. The larger boxes
hold sugar, starch, &c,; the medium, tea, coffee, salt, ginger, &c., and the
smaller,, spices, mustard, &c. Junk bottles keep vinegar and molasses.
Wide mouthed jars, soda and saleratus. All these to be largely and dis-
tinctly labelled, and each kept invariably in its place. On another shelf
may be graters, dredging box, pepper box, sieves, bottle brush, quart, pint
and gill measures, scales and weights, corkscrew, &c. On another, teacups
and saucers, bowls, pitchers, and funnels. A full assortment of all these
vessels and tools, always within reach of the hand, and everything always
in its place, will save a vast amount of labor, and innumerable steps, which
must result from an indiscriminate scattering of things around the kitchen.
OF RURAL AFFAIRS. 267
PLOWING WITH THREE HORSES.
THE PRACTICE of using three horses for plowing, possesses such
advantages that it is rapidly extending among farmers, and we
have many inquiries relative to the best mode of attaching them. Two
horses alone are hardly strong enough for such deep and thorough work as
the best farming commonly requires ; and a single plowman can cut a wider
and deeper furrow with three horses, and consequently do more work in
a day. When four are employed, an additional hand for driving is com-
monly necessary ; and another disadvantage is, that the two forward
horses, being at a distance from the plow, draw on a nearly horizontal
line, and with much of the waste of power resulting from a line of draught in
so unfavorable a direction. A brief explanation of the principle on which
a horizontal or disadvantageous line of draft operates, on the one hand,
and an inclined or rising line, on the other, may not be out of place here :
If there were no friction, the draught traces might be on a level ; but as there
is always some friction, the draught line should rise at an inclination, thus
tending to lessen the pressure of friction between the plow and the soil.
This upward inclination should always be increased, so far as may be
practicable, as the friction or resistance increases. Hence the great reason
that short traces result in a great saving of strength. An experiment was
tried for the purpose of testing the correctness of this theory ; first with
traces of such length that the horses' shoulders were about ten feet from
the point of the plow ; and again with the distance increased to fifteen
feet. The short traces required a force measured by the dynamometer
equal to 225 pounds ; but with the long traces it amounted to 350 pounds,
or 125 pounds more. The draught traces may, however, be made too short
for the size of the animals. In this case the plow will be thrown too much
upon its point in the effort to keep it in the ground. To prevent its flying
out, the plowman is compelled to press down constantly upon the handles,
thus increasing the friction which it is desired to avoid. Let the line of
draught be so adjusted that the plow may pass equally all along upon its
sole or bottom causing it to run with an even, steady motion. The traces
,,♦1 should therefore be of just such
^,,.--....^:fU^ a length that the share of the
t^'y^ fi\ r''^^/ plow, (or more properly, the cen-
^ ~-—^-'-"^: /><.' " Ij.'S^^i ter of resistance,) the clevis, and
^^^^.. IL-.^L.-aL^^.. '^6 point of draught at the horses'
Fig. 76. shoulders, (or the ring of the
ox-yoke,) shall all form a straight line. In the accompanying figure (fig.
76) A represents the place or point of the forward end of the traces at the
horses' shoulders, (or the ox-yoke ring,) and is in right position.
Now, in using four horses, it is impossible to give the whole line of
draught this continuous ascent in a right line, but it will be broken at
268
ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER
A, (fig. 77,) and of course the force of the forward horses tends to draw the
rear ones down towards the ground, on their fore-legs, thus causing not only
unnecessary fatigue, but occasioning a disadvantageous line of draught.
.-7^1^^. iis / i.A
>.■: ■:.! -iA
I! '■■ \y- '■■/'/
.— .U......L(^. A^K ...^..-.
Fig. 77. — Plowing -with Four Horses.
All these objections are obviated by using the three-horse team,
which works so well that three horses attached to the plow are preferred
to a four-horse team, without taking into the account the additional cost of
the horse and of the driver.
The mode of attaching the three horses to the plow is not universally
understood, and we have many inquiries in relation to the subject. The
simplest and most common form of the whiffletrees is shown in fig. 78,
where the two horses are
hitched to the shorter
end of the long evener or
main bar, and the one
horse to the longer end,
so that all three have an
3 ^ ^ S " "' ^
Y\%. ^%.— Whiffletrees a7id Eveners for Three Horses, equal share of draught,
I representing the tree for the single horse, and 2 and 3 those for the two.
(The single horse should be to the left.) They are all to be made as short
as practicable, and of such a length that the centre of the middle one may
be exactly in front of the clevis on the plow-beam, in order that there may
be an even draught. For the purpose, also, of having all work evenly
side by side, the chain attaching the tree i to the main evener, should be
long enough to reach forward to a straight line with the others.
There are several other con-
trivances for equalizing the
draught of three horses, pos-
sessing greater or less merit,
but being more or less com-
plex, require a full trial to
test their comparative value.
Among these is Potter's
Three-Horse Clevis, repre-
sented by fig. 79. It consists
of two wheels in one, the
Fig. 79- — Potter''s Three-Horse Clevis. larger circumference being
twice the diameter of the smaller, and each having a groove in which a
chain, fastened to the wheel, runs. The single horse draws on the larger
OF RURAL AFFAIRS.
269
wheel, against the two horses with the shorter purchase on the smaller. A
special advantage of this contrivance is that the draught of the horses is not
varied if they do not draw evenly. A simpler, but less perfect, contrivance
substitutes a short lever.placed in a vertical position, for the wheel, the single
horse being attached to the longer end of the lever,and the two to the shorter.
Another mode of constructing eveners for three horses, which has been
used to some extent in Western New-York, apparently with good success,
is shown in fig. 80. The double-tree is similar to those commonly em-
ployed for three horses, but rather longer ; the single-trees are about two
feet on the outer arm and one foot
on the inner. Small, semi-circu-
lar single-trees, made of iron, are
attached to the inner ends of the
common single-trees, and the
traces,as shown in the cut. It will
be seen that each horse draws half
of each curved single tree ; but the
common single-tree being half as
long at the inner ends, the horses
all have the same draught, and an
equal amount on each trace. The
curved single-trees may be about
Fig. 80.
a foot and a half long before bending, half an inch thick, an inch wide at the
middle and five-eighths wide towards the ends ; they are attached to the ends
of the wood single-trees by a bolt, so as to play freely. Care must be taken
to adiust the traces of proper length for all the horses to work evenly.
Different modes are adopted for attaching the lines to the three horses,
so that all may be guided and controlled equally. One is shown
in (ig. 81, exhibiting only the right-hand jk.i
line. The main or long rein is fastened
to the bit of the right horse. A branch
from this connects with the right-hand bit of
the middle horse. About 2 feet farther back
Fig. 81. Fig. 82. — Reins for three Horses.
another branch rein is attached, connecting with the right-hand bit of the
270
ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER
Fig. 83.
left horse. The left-hand main line is precisely similar to this, only reversed
in position. The view of the whole of these reins is shown in fig. 82.
Another mode is represented by fig. 83, the long lines running straight
to the middle horse 2, the side reins being
branches of these on each side, connected
at c d, and terminating at the outer horses'
bits, at I and 3, a ^ being the bit of each
horse. This is more compact than the one
last described, but in operation they are not
materially different from each other.
There are several other modifications,
which may be adopted, according to the cir-
cumstances of owners and their several con-
veniences. A simple mode, for temporary
arrangement, is to attach common double
or branched lines, one to the left of the left
horse and to the left of the middle horse ; and
the other to the right of the right horse and to the right of the middle horse ;
connect the heads of the three by short connecting straps, about a foot
and a half long, and it is done. This, however, is not to be commended,
as it is bad to tie to the bridles, which jerk and see-saw the
horses' heads. An improvement consists in attaching j j j
the short straps to the hame rings of the middle horse, fig. • : ; j
84 ; and then, placing the slowest horse in the middle, Jl ! j
these straps will keep the others from out-drawing him.
Still another mode, which
may answer well in certain
circumstances, is to put the
common double lines in the
usual way on the two right-
hand horses, and secure the
third or left-hand one by tying
his bridle halter to a point a
little behind the left hame
ring of the middle horse, or
to his large trace buckle, the
length of the halter being so
adjusted as to keep them all
even in walking.
The proper adjtistment of the plow is a matter of vital im-
portance. The right-hand horse walking in the furrow,
and the two others on the left, on the unplowed land, a
ditterent position for the line of draught is required. In
plowing with two horses, the plow follows between them, fig. 85 ; but
with three it must not follow the middle horse or centre of the team, but
f
Fig. 84.
Fig. 85.
Plowing wiih two
horses, thePloiv
and Fiirroiv be-
iiueen thetn.
OF RURAL AFFAIRS.
271 [j
the space between the middle and right horse, fig. 86. This position of
the plow is eftected by different contrivances. One is have a movable
, i beam, the rear end of which works to the right or
left on an iron arc, so as to throw the forward end
to the right or left, as may be desired. When two
horses are used with such a plow, the beam stands in
the usual position ; but when ^ree horses are attached,
the rear is moved to the right,throwing the forward end
to the left, or several inches to the eft of the furrow,
thus giving a side direction to the plow point towards
the right. Another mode is to bolt a wooden block on
the left side of the forward end of the plow beam, on
which to place the draught
clevis, as shown in fig. 86.
An excellent and much bet-
ter contrivance than either
is Holbrook's patent plow
clevis for three horses,*
shown in fig. 87, which is
arranged with a head-piece.
Fig. Ziy— Plowing with A, and side rod, B, for pig. 2,7.— Holbrook's Three-
three horses, the right- draught. The double series Horse Clevis.
Juindhor.^e ifithe F7ir- -- 1 i i . i i i • ^^ i j- ^
row, the Plow between of holes through the head-piece allows a ready adjust-
the two right horses, ment with great accuracy. The wheel D may be used at
the side for deep plowing. or under the beam for shallow plowing. A shorter
head-piece is used for plowing with two horses abreast, without the side rod
Three Horses on a Wagon or Carriage. — The same advantages,
in a greater or less degree, which result from the use of three horses to a
plow, are obtained from their employment in drawing vehicles, the com-
parative advantages being greater as the roads
are worse or more muddy, requiring a more up-
ward draught. When thus attached, two large
thills may be employed, between which the
middle horse walks. Two neck-yokes are
used, the middle horse being hitched to the
inner ends of both, and having twice the
length from the bearing that the outside horses
have. The whiflletrees are arranged in the same
manner, two eveners or double-trees, (fig. 88.)
Fig. 88. Fig. 89.
being used, and the single-tree of the middle horse attached to both the
* Made by F. F. Holbrook & Co., Boston, Mass.
"^^P"
_^~^^^
ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER
inner ends, which of course are twice the length of the outer ends, to which
the other horses are hitched. The mode of coupling the neck-yokes is
shown in fig. 89, which is much better than a single long yoke. The flexible
joint between the two. effected by rings and coupling,is agreat improvement.
f
* ♦ •
STANCHIONS FOR CATTLE.
:fc
^
w
m
3|W
A CORRESPONDENT sends us a sketch and description of a mode
of constructing stanchions, whick resembles the one figured and
described in Rural Affairs, vol. IV, page 76. The movable pieces are
secured by an iron loop, a, (fig. 90,) resembling a clevis, thoroughly secur-
ing the animal, and making the stanchions safe and strong. The upper
,1 -^ and lower horizontal tim-
' ^ " bers are 6 by 4 inches —
^^ both morriced for the recep-
tion of the upright pieces.
The tops of the movable
pieces are cut slanting, so
that when pushed into po-
sition, the iron loops slip
on of their own accord.
They are lifted with the
hand when the cattle are
to be liberated. The loops
are made of quarter inch
round iron. The other
elf
Fig. 90.
dimensions are given in vol. IV, as already referred to.
C. G. Taylor of Illinois gives the following minute details for making
and managing stanchions, which may be specially useful to those having
no experience with them ; My bill of lumber is as follows : For the bot-
tom part, two pieces, 2 by 8 inches, the length to be governed by the
number of cows, allowing 3 feet 4 to 6 inches for each space. This is
room enough for common sized cows, and affords ample room for the
milker by having the cow stand a little one side while being milked. The
boards for main upright, i^ by 12 inches, and 6 feet long. The movable
upright, \\ l)y 6 inches, 5 feet 9 inches long. The board to fill up space
and to keep the fodder from falling out of manger, i by 6 inches, 5 feet 6
inches long. The two top strips are 2 by 6 inches, being the same length
as the two bottom pieces.
To put them together I lay flat one of the bottom pieces and one of the
top, so as to be 6 feet high when raised to place, and divide in space so as
to have 6 inches space at the end near the wall. Then the 12-inch wide
board, leaving a space of 6 or 7 inches, according to size of cow's neck.
Then the movable upright board, i^ inches back, (or short.) The inch
OF RURAL AFFAIRS.
board, 5 feet 6 inches long, I do not use until the stanchions are raised to
place. Upon the ends of these boards, and even with the ends of the
6 feet boards, I place the other bottom and top pieces. Pin, or use 6 inch
bolts, which are the best. The inch and a half short at the lower end of
the movable upright piece is to allow it to play on the pins or pivot.
The one-half inch at top is left for the fastener or clapper to drop into
when closed. A pin or bolt is placed in front of a movable upright, to
prevent it from falling forward over the cow's head. The fastener is about
15 inches long, and a little thinner than the place it is to occupy, so as to
play easily. It never breaks, is easily handled, and always ready for use.
After raising and fasten-
ing the stanchions, the
edges of the boards each
side of cows' necks are
rounded off a little, and
the inch board put in
place, as represented in
the accompanying cut,
(fig- 91.)
When any one wants
to shut up young cattle
— and they should always
r- • L -J L L ^ ■ , . J be shut up at night — pre-
rig. 91. — it a a, 12 inches ■wide ; b b c c,f> inches wide ;
space between a and b, and b and c, 5 inches wide ; pare StauchiOns as above
space between c and a, for cows' necks,-] in. wide. ^\\^ nail OU a thin nar-
row Strip on one or both sides of the neck space. As their necks grow,
widen the space. I use pine lumber.
The distance from stanchions to partition should be 2\ feel for feed
manger. If farther than that, the cows cannot reach the meal or bran
when fed. Between the cows' heads on the floor is a board 6 or 8 inches
high, reaching across the feed manger, making a box, so that each cow
can quietly get her own mess, and not be disturbed by her neighbor. The
floor slopes one^fourth of an inch per foot to the gutter, which is 2 inches
deep and one foot wide, and jilaced 4 feet 6 inches clear from the
stanchions. This gutter admits the shovel, and with the help of the wheel-
barrow the manure is easily taken to the compost heap. The gutter re-
ceives all the droppings and slops of the floor, and leaves a dry place for the
cows to lie down. With a little litter the bags and teats are kept clean.
With the lumber and floor ready, I can put up stanchions enough for a
dozen or more cows in a day, and not work as hard as I have in making
the diagram here presented. When stanchions are made in this way, no
fodder can possibly be wasted, and each cow gets her own share of feed.
There are no wrong places in space to thrust her head through. When
the fastener or latch is up, there is but one place to admit the head, and
that is about 18 inches wide at top.
^c:^=-
s^^^--
274
— ^=:^^
ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER
SECURING CORN FODDER.
IN THE Last number of the Register we have described the dif-
ferent modes commonly adopted for cutting and securing corn-fodder
sown thickly in drills. Having recently given a thorough trial to another
mode, which for hand-cutting appears to be superior
to any other, we give the following description : The
corn is cut by an instrument represented in the ac-
riB.92- 7 comi)anying figure, fig. 92, and the mode of using it is
shown in the cut, (fig. 93.) The operator, taking the knife in his right
hand, bends a mass of the standing corn with his left hand against his
right leg, at the same time, with a sweep of the knife, cutting all off, ac-
companied with a quick step to the left. Two or three such strokes fill
his left arm, the contents of which are placed in a small shock. When
Fig. 93. — Cutting^ Corn-Fodder by Hand.
completed, the shock is firmly bound as shown in the left hand of
the cut, where it will remain safely for many weeks, and become
well dried. It may then be pitched on the load and drawn in, and
either deposited in small stacks, as already described, or allowed to
remain until needed for winter feeding, if deep snows are not likely to
cover it.
The great advantage of this mode consists in the fact that the stalks
have to be touched or handled btit once. When cut with a scythe or reaper,
it is necessary to gather up the stalks after they are laid on the ground.
By the mode here described, they are never laid on the ground. They
dry in a more perfect manner than if exposed some days on the earth.
The rapidity with which an active man will thus cut and set up from half
an acre to an acre in a day, seems at first almost incredible ; and is only
exceeded by the reaping machine and horse-rake, which do the work in a
more imperfect manner,
OF RURAL AFFAIRS.
FRUITS AND FRUIT CULTURE.
Notes on the Pear.
RESTORING MICE-GNAWED TREES.— One "of the best pear
orcliards in the couiilry, consisting of many thousand trees, stands
on the grounds of W. R. Grinneli, on the east bank of Cayuga Lake. Five
years ago last spring, seventeen hundred of the standards were set out.
They liad grown thriftily two years, without a vacancy or failure in the plan-
tation, when we happened to visit Mr. G., early in the spring of 1868. He
remarked : " I have met with a heavy loss ; over one thousand of my
standards have been killed — hopelessly killed — by the mice." "What is
the amount of the loss ?" we inquired. "Not less than three thousand-
dollars; each of those handsome yoinig standards were worth more than
three dollars." A deep snow had fallen late in March, and the whole
mischief was done during the two or three days that it remained — in an
almost incredible manner, no trouble of the kind having before occurred.
We expressed the opinion that these trees might be all saved, and recom-
mended the remedy figured (fig. 94) and described on page 38 of the
the American Fruit Culturist.
With a mixture of hope and
doubt, the work was under-
taken. Many of the trees had
been stripped of the bark by
the mice for a distance of six
inches up the stem, and others
nearly a foot. Each operator
could finish sixty to eighty
trees in a day. All were thus
treated,and nearly all survived
..^f^«T
Fig. 94.
:. 95 — Girdled Tree ivhtck Fig. 96. — One, which
has had two conneciin^ has had /our in-
shoots inserted two years serted ; a a, de-
be/ore. tiuded stems.
and are now growing well. All, where the work was perfectly performed,
lived ; but through the poor work of a bungler, some sixty in all, out of about
twelve hundred, have perished. The annexed figures, (figs. 95 and 96,)
276 ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER f]
show nearly the present appearance of these trees. The stems are now
about an inch and a half in diameter ; the inserted twigs had grown to the
diameter of about an inch. They were small shoots when inserted — about
the fourth of an inch in diameter. The few which were half an inch, suc-
ceeded best. These shoots were in all cases cut from the tree above, and
where they failed to form a connection with the upper bark, they njostly
grew like a graft below, and thus new trees were formed of the same kind.
In most instances but two connecting shoots were inserted into each
tree, instead of more, in order to save labor. Mr. G. remarked to us,
"There is one thing in wtiich your advice was defective. You recom-
mended but two or three connections ; there should have been four to
every tree, in order to brace it firmly. But I have allowed the suckers to
spring up, and have thinned all out but two on opposite sides. Next
spring I shall insert them, and then I shall have four strong connections,
which will make each tree firm and perfect."
In inserting these connecting shoots, the earth is drawn away l)e1o\v,
where necessary, so as to allow the chisel to point upwards ; the shoot is
sharpened at both ends, bent like a bow, and the ends crowded in by
bending the shoot back again. A little wax is needed at each insertion,
but not on the middle portion of the connecting shoots, which should be
firmly bound with bass to keep them in their places.
Successful Pear Orchard. — M. B. Bateham gives an account of the
pear orchard planted some years ago by A. Fahnestock, §ix miles below
Toledo, on the Maumee river. The soil is a strong clay loam, well un-
derdrained and subsoiled. Ten acres are occupied by a thousand trees,
all of which, with scarcely a fiiilure or defective tree, are of fine size and
shape. Mr. Fahnestock says : ** A large portion of my trees are perfect
beauties of form, as well as in health and vigor. They are branched from
within 2 feet of the ground, and are 10 to 12 feet in width at the base, regular
cones or pyramids in shape, from 18 to 20 feet high." Of the varieties
there are 100 Seckel, 100 Anjou, 200 Flemish Beauty, 200 Sheldon, 200
Bartlett, 100 Buffum, and the rest sorts in smaller quantities on trial. The
Buffum is found to grow too fast, the shoots averaging 3 or 4 feet annually,
the wood soft and si)ongy, the trees liable to blight. It is obvious they
are in too rich a soil. Trees of the age mentioned should never be allowed
to grow more than 2 feet yearly — less would be better. The trees of other
sorts mentioned as of 12 feet spread and 20 feet high, grown in seven years,
have had rather a more rapid growth than we should regard as safe, al-
though as yet there has been but little blight among most of the varieties.
Trees in this orchard wJiich send their roots down four feet or more into
the clay subsoil, are found to be more healthy than those having roots
near the surface. The Bartletts outbear, four to one, any other sort.
Makketlng Pears. — Dr. Houghton remarks in the Gardeners' Month-
ly, that to be successful, pears for market must be of large size, fine appear-
ance and excellent quality — that small ones, on account of the uncertainty of
¥
OF RURAL AFFAIRS.
ripening in all pears, and their liability to rot, will not be bought like apples,
by the barrel. He says an Italian fruit dealer said, " I wants de hne pears,
I wants do best. I pays your price. I gives de cash moneys. I got
plenty small pears." Dr. Houghton thinks there are but few cultivators
that give sufficient attention to their orchards to bring fruit that will sell
readily for seven or eight dollars per bushel, a price which he says is re-
quired to make the business pay. He remarks, " Barrel pears won't do.
Each specimen must be in tissue paper to command the first price. He
is partly right and partly wrong — right in urging the importance of the
finest fruit put up with the best care ; but we have known pears sold at
ten dollars per bushel and upwards, put up in half barrels, which were
neatly lined with soft, white paper, but not with each specimen wrapped
separately.
Contagious Character of Blight. — In a recent conversation with
an experienced and successful gr(nver of the pear, he stated that he had
never failea to arrest the progress of the fire blight by prompt and
thorough excision — taking care to cut low enough to be fully below all
diseased streaks. On one occasion, finding that he was losing a new and
valuable sort, he concluded to bud other trees from it before destroying
it, selecting shoots for the buds that appeared to be unaffected. But he
found they had already received the poison and conveyed it to the stocks.
Every tree, without exception, which had buds inserted from this diseased
tree, took the contagion, and either died down to the roots or was badly
affected. He always made it a practice to wash his knife thoroughly after
cutting a diseased tree, before using it on other trees. The failure in ex-
cision may sometimes arise from the use of a poisoned knife on the lower
and healthy portions. Caution should always be used to avoid thus in-
oculating healthy trees or healthy portions with the poison.
Pears for Market. — The editor of the Horticulturist, who gives
much attention to the market profits of fruit, advises to plant no more
Bartlett pear trees south of Ni w-York, but to set out freely Beurre
d'Anjou, Beurre Bosc, Beurre Clairgeau and Lawrence — the first and last
especially. They ripen when there is a healthy demand for pears. The
Bartlett, quite at the north, ripens late enough to escape the great throng
of early auiumn fruits. In another place the same journal states that at Mr.
Quinn's, at Newark, N. J., who has one of the finest pear orchards in the
country, bearing profuse crops of excellent fruit on dwarf and standard trees,
his great success is attributable to three principal points : i. Constant cul-
tivation— no grass, no weeds, no crops between the rows. 2. Yearly pruning,
giving handsome, symmetrical trees, and healthy shoots. 3. Especial pains
in selecting and packing — which gives him $3 to $5 per barrel more than
other pears as good, but carelessly put up.
Dwarfs Changed to Standards. — The objection which formerly
existed to changing dwarf pear trees to standards, by banking up the
earth was the fact that but few roots were emitted from the base of the
^c:^= ^^- -' '^ > . ■ . — .. . . , . . ■ =^^i
I'' ,' 'I' 'I* ."> '?> »*'>,»•> • > .. .
ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER
pear stem, just above the place of union, and these, not forming an even
support to the tree, were apt to render it inch"ned or lop-sided. Dr. Hull
of Alton strongly recommends, in the Prairie Farmer, the practice of lipping
a small portion of the bark and wood where the roots are wanted, causing
their free emission around the stem, and obviating the difficulty which we
have referred to. He thus obtains the early bearing quality of dwarfs,
and renders them permanent and long lived by conversion to standards.
Vicar of Winkfield Pear. — The Fruit Committee of the Horticul-
tural Society held at Dayton, Ohio, highly commended the specimens of
this pear exhibited. They were stated to be "in excellent condition, and
the flesh firm and luscious." The care and skill in keeping them is men-
tioned, and they were doubtless allowed room on the tree for the full growth
and perfection of each specimen. When crowded, neither size nor perfec-
tion can be developed.
Grafting Pear on Apple. — It occasionally succeeds with some vari-
eties. We have seen the Seckel doubled in size by working on the apple,
at the same time that its quality was lessened. But the union is imper-
fect, and the graft generally breaks ofif in a few years. Some varieties do
tolerably well for a time, but we cannot recommend the practice, except to
such as merely wish to amuse themselves with unsuccessful experiments.
Pears for Western Michigan. — At the late Convention of Fruit
Growers for Western Michigan, the following pears were recommended as
best adapted to that region : Bartlett, Bloodgood, Seckel, Flemish Beau-
ty, Vicar of Winkfield, Sheldon, Howell, Lawrence, Clapp's Favorite.
Apples, Peaches and Plums.
Cultivation of Orchards. — An inquirer asks : "What would you
advise me to do with my young orchard for the first summer, in the way of
cultivation ?" Answer — keep the surface frequenUy and constantly stirred,
clean and mellow. If a crop on the ground is of secondary importance,
keep the whole surface bare — or leave wide bare strips where the rows of
trees stand. In a small archaid, or in a new fruit garden, this mellowing
of the earth may be kept up by means of a one horse cultivator ; in a larger
one, a two horse cultivator. Shares' harrow, common harrow or Smoothing
harrow may be employed. Where crops are planted, let them be such as
require frequent hoeing or cultivating ; but never sowed grain. Such low
crops as beets, carrots, beans or potatoes are generally preferred ; but it is
most important that the ground should be frequently stirred. For this
reason corn, although growing tall and shading the trees, is much better, if
hoed several times, than beans with only a single dressing. But all crops
are more or less like weeds, and a clean, bare surface is best.
Care of Young Trees. — Newly set fruit trees, even when they have
been carefully dug up and as carefully set out again, often suffer much from
subsequent neglect. A little additional labor, not costing a tenth of the
expense and work of procuring and transplanting them, will do much to-
c:^- .. ......... <-,v ■ ■ =^=^@
"» c, o H
g'c^=-
OF RURAL AFFAIRS.
279
ward their subsequent success. Trees set out in the autumn need particu-
lar attention the next spring. The soil has become settled and hard about
them, and as soon as dry weather comes, a hard crust will form unless the
surface is kept loosened and mellowed. Keep the crust constantly broken ;
let the soil be entirely free from all weeds and grass, and perfectly mel-
low throughout the season, and the trees will not only be more likely to
live, but they will grow with far greater vigor; and the nurservmen will
not be so likely to be blamed for sending "bad trees," when the only fault
was the neglect of the planter.
Pruning. — Young trees should never be pruned in spring after the buds
begin to open. Nothing checks their growth more than pruning too late.
If the proper heading-back has not been done before growth commenced,
do not do it afterward. Much of the objection to shortening back the
shoots of young, newly transplanted trees, is owing to too late a perform-
ance of the work. But if done in good time, it is eminently useful.
List of One Hundred Apple Trees. — The following list was made
out for a planter in Western New- York, for family supply, as well as for
market. Different cultivators will vary this list, but all will approach it
more or less :
FOR SUMMER.
3 Early Harvest,
2 Early Astrachan,
I Summer Rose,
I Early Joe,
I Early Strawlierry,
1 American Summer Pearmain,
AUTUMN.
3 Autumn Strawberry,
2 Duchess of Oldenburgh,
1 Porter,
I Gravenstein,
I Dyer,
1 Maiden's Blush, v
2 F.ill Orange,
3 Twenty Ounce,
2 Fameuse,
2 Munson Sweet,
I Haskell Sweet, •
I Bailey Sweet.
20 Autumn.
1 Benoni,
2 Primate,
2 Sweet Bough,
1 Golden Sweet.
15 Summer.
WINTER.
10 Baldwin,
10 Rhode Island Greening.
5 Roxbury ]\usset,
3 Golden Russet,
3 Tompkins County King,
3 Fall Pippin,
2 Swaar,
2 Peck's Pleasant,
2 Westfield Sceknofurther,
2 Yellow Bellflower,
2 Wagener,
6 Northern Spy,
5 Hubbardston Nonsuch,
10 Tallman Sweet.
65 Winter.
Fruit Culture — Old Errors Corrected. — i. Instead of "trimming
up" trees, according to the old fashion, to make them long-legged and
long-armed, trim them down, so as to make them even, snug and sym-
metrical. 2. Instead of manuring heavily in a small circle at the foot of
the tree, spread manure, if needed at all, broadcast over the whole
-^^
ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER
surface. 3. Instead of spading a small circle about the stem, cultivate tlie
whole surface broadcast. 4. Prefer a well pulverized, clean surface in an
orchard, with a moderately rich soil, to heavy manuring, and a surface
covered with a hard crust and weeds or grass. 5. Remember that it is
better to set out ten trees with all the necessary care to make them live
and flourish, than to set out a hundred trees and have them all die from
carelessness. 6. Remember that tobacco is a poison, and will kill insects
rapidly if properly applied to them, and is one of the best drugs for freeing
fruit trees rapidly of small vermin — and is better used in tiiis way than to
make men repulsive and diseased.
Kardy Apples. — A Wisconsin correspondent of the Gardeners' Month-
ly says the Fall Orange, Sops of Wine, Red Astrachan, Oldenburg,
Fameuse and Autumn Strawberry, do well in Wisconsin, both as to tree
and fruit ; and that the Fall Pippin, tender when young, succeeds well
after the tree attains age. The Yellow Bellflower is the most popular
cooking apple in Central Wisconsin. Northern Spy does well in some
places.
Apples for Minnesota. — The Western Farmer, through a corres-
pondent, gives the following list of sorts for an apple orchard of 500 trees,
for that cold region for fruits : 125 Tetofski, 75 Duciiess of Oldenburgh,
50 Haas, 50 Saxton. 25 of the new Minnesota crabs, 10 Red Astrachan,
10 Fameuse, 3 Tallman Sweet, 2 Fall Orange, 50 Perry Russett, 100 Ben
Davis.
Propttable Orchard. — The Boston Cultivator gives an account of
the orchard of Capt. Pierce of Arlington, Mass., consisting of 86 trees, 38
being of the Williams Red. These trees have averaged over ^600 per
annum. The orchard is cultivated in the best manner, tiie spaces between
the trees being occupied with potatoes and squashes. He has no faith in
growing trees in grass.
Watering Trees. — The best watering you can give young trees is to
promote the nioisture of the soil by keeping the surface clean and mellow.
Never water the roots after setting out, before the leaves expand. Trees
are sometimes killed by overdrenching them before there is a chance for
the water to be carried off by the leaves. If the bark is shrivelled, wet the
stems frequently, or encase them slightly in straw, and wet the straw once
a day. This will often restore shrivelled trees.
Sheep in Orchards. — The Western Rural mentions two experiments
of pasturing sheep in orchards with excellent success. The short grazing
and the top-dressing of sheep manure increased the growth of one orchard
from so feeble a state that no grafts could be cut from it, to a thrifty growth
of a foot to eighteen inches in the yearly shoots. A great improvement
in the fruit was reported.
Succession of Peaches. — Edmund Morris gives, in Tilton's Journal,
the following list of peaches for market, to yield a succession for more
than two months : Hale's Early, Troth's Early, Early York, Crawford's
s^
OF RURAL AFFAIRS. 281
Early, Reeve's Favorite, Oldmixon, Ward's Late, Fox's Seedling, Late
Crawford, Delaware White, Freeman's White and Smock's Yellow.
Peach Borer. — M. B. Bateham, (Secretary of the Ohio Horticultural
Society,) says that he finds carbolic soap an efficient remedy for the peach
borer, having used it on 3,000 trees with entire success. P'ive pounds of
soap is dissolved in eight gallons of hot water, and then a barrel of water
added — enough for a thousand trees, at a cost of half a cent a tree — ap-
plied to the stems early in July.
Felt as Mice Protector. — There are four principal modes for pro-
tecting fruit trees from the depredations of mice under snow — namely:
Clean ground ; mounds of smooth earth ; treading the snow hard al)Out
the tree, and hollow cylinders of tin, sheet-iron or felt. The tin cylinders
are durable; the felt cheap. The dimensions of the pieces of felt must
depend on the size of the tree. If the tree is two inches in diameter, a
breadth of seven inches will go round it ; if three inches through, the felt
must be ten inches. One foot high will answer, but a foot and a half is
safer. A sheet of felt will make enough for quite an orchard, and may be
had at a low price of any slate roofer.
Success from Good Culture. — A correspoiTdent of Colman's Rural
World mentions the case of some neighbors who plant peach orchards
and get about one crop, after which weeds, insects, &c., prevent their ever
getting another. Another neighbor planted 125 Hale's Early peach, and in
twenty-eight months shipped from them 640 boxes, of a third bushel each.
The next year the amount was nearly doubled ; the third year his net pro-
ceeds were nearly $1,200. Last year the frost killed his crop. Weeds
and grass are never seen in his orchard.
Destroying the Curculio.— At the winter meeting of the Western
New-York Horticultural Society, J. J. Thomas, being called upon for a
statement of his experiments with the curculio, said that he began to make
thorough work with this insect in 1866. His plum orchard of 80 trees had
previously borne but a few quarts yearly. By a thorough destruction of
this insect he had a profuse crop — the number killed was over 1,600 that
year. The following winter killed all the fruit buds, a circumstance never
before known to the plum crop. There were consequently no plums, and
no curculios visible. They appeared to have been thus much reduced in
number, for the following season, 1868, onlv 400 were destroyed, and a
heavy crop of plums, as usual, saved. In 1869 about 1,200 were killed,
and in 1870 nearly 5,000, and fine crops the resulfevery time. Perhaps the
work was rather too thorough, as some of the trees overbore. The actual
cost was six or seven cents per tree, counting all the labor, each year.'
The mode of killing was jarring down on sheets, which were stiffened with
light rods, so that one operator carried them in one hand, and a lieavy
hammer in the other. Expedition and thorough work was greatly assisted
by placing an iron spike in each tree or large limb, on which a sharp blow
might be struck.
282
ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER
Small Fruits.
Distances of Small Fruits. — The large growing grapes, as the
Isabella and Concord, should have a space of at least 12 feet in the row,
and the rows should never be less than 8 feet apart. When they become
old, they should have more distance ; the first few years they may be
nearer. Smaller sorts, as the Delaware, do not require quite so much
room. Raspberries may be about 4 feet apart, or rather better, 3 by 5 feet.
Blackberries, being larger, should have nearly double this space, but it
they are kept well pinched in while growing, they may be brought down
nearly to the space for raspberries, and l^earmore besides. Currants and
Gooseberries will do at about the same distance as Raspberries, or a little
less. Strawberries in rows 2 or 3 feet apart, and a foot or so in the row.
For horse culture in large grounds the rows must be nearly 3 feet asunder ;
but in garden beds plant about i^ by 2 feet. Quinces may be about 8 or
10 feet apart.
Cultivation of Strawberries. — The treatment may be varied with
circumstances, provided the great leading requisite is constantly kept in
view, namely, to alloxu no weeds to get above the surface. This is the great
cardinal essential, whioli must not be departed from. After the plantation
is set out in clean, well prepared soil, stir the ground often enough to des-
troy the sprouting weeds before they get to the light. The work may be
then done with less than a tenth of the labor required after the weeds are
several inches high ; and all the labor of this frequent stirring is more
than repaid by the increased growth and vigor given to the plants, to say
nothing about the weeds. If the plantation is small, the work may be
done with a garden rake; if large, with a one-horse cultivator, or per-
haps better, with a fine toothed one-horse harrow. If this is attended
to thoroughly through autumn, the plantation may be mulched at the begin-
ing of winter with straw. It will be better, especially for heavy soils, to
remove the mulching in spring and mellow the surface one or more times
before the plants blossom. This may be done by raking the mulch into
every alternate row, and then, after the denuded spaces are stirred, to rake
it back again and do the other rows. The mulch being replaced by
flowering time, the berries will be kept clean. Some cultivators, who have
small plantations, do not disturb the mulch in spring, but loosen the soil
through it with a pronged hoe — but whatever course is adopted, see that
the weeds do not grow.
Strawberries — Comparative Productiveness. — During a recent
visit to the grounds of H. E. Hooker of Rochester, who is well known as
one of the most intelligent and successful cultivators of fruit at that place,
he gave us the following list of Strawberries, which he preferred for family
supply : Large Early Scarlet, Wilson, Triomphe de Gand and Russell's
Prolific. The Early Scarlet is valuable for its earliness, good quality and
reliability. Taking the Wilson as the standard of productiveness, the
Scarlet bears about one-fourth as much. Triomphe de Gand varies from
^c^-
•-^^s
OF RURAL AFFAIRS.
283
one-fourth to one-half the crop of the Wilson, and the Russell, if well fer-
tilized, about one-half, but sometimes three-fourths as much. Green Pro-
lific, although not of very high quality, and too soft for market, is valuable
for its great productiveness, being nearly or quite equal in this respect to
the Wilson, and many would therefore find it valuable as a berry for family
supply. Jucunda is somewhat uncertain in its crop, but comes nearly up
to Triomphe de Gand in productiveness.
Gooseberries. — Tilton's Journal of Horticulture recommends Down-
ing's, Houghton's Seedling and Mountain Seedling, among the American
sorts which succeed best in this country. The Mountain Seedling makes
a better bush than Houghton, but the fruit is not equal in quality. Those
who would try the more uncertain English gooseberries, may select the
Red Champagne, (small but high flavored,) Crown Bob, Warrington,
Laurel, Green Walnut, Ironmonger, Early Sulphur and Green Gage, and
plant in a deep soil, north side of a fence, and mulch several inches in
summer with salt hay.
Straightening up Blackberries. — The Kittatinny blackberry, which
has the valuable advantage over some other sorts of extreme hardiness,
(obviating laying down in
winter,) requires care to keep
it within bounds and in pro-
per shape. Neglected, it
grows in the form shown by
fig. 97, and usually more
spreading than the figure.
It requires, as every good
cultivator knows, pinching-
in during its growth in sum-
nierj to keep it snug and
Fie. 97. compact and to induce abun-
dant bearing. But even after full pinching, the stems often lean over as
shown in the figure, and should be well straightened up in spring. Those
which have not been pinched, should be cut back so as to appear like
fig. 98, which shows the size and form of the bush after summer pinching.
It may then be readily and
firmly straightened up by
taking out one spit of earth
from the upper side, as
represented, when a pres-
sure of the foot on the op-
posite side will place it
erect, as in fig. 99. The
earlier in spring the better
for this work, but it may be performed at any time before there is much
new growth. Rows of Blackberries, instead of spreading 6 or 8 feet on
'- ^3®
Fig. 9S.
Fig. 99-
284 ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER
either side, catching the clothes of every one who passes, and becoming
a nuisance in the opinion of all who never saw them properly kept, ought
to be brought into as compact and unobtrusive a form as a currant bush.
Succession for Raspberries. — An Illinois correspondent of the
Horticulturist gives the following list of some of the newer varieties
of the Raspberry, named in the order of ripening : Doolittle, Ellis-
dale, Mammoth Cluster, Philadelphia and Clarke. The Doolittle is rep-
resented as a moderate bearer; the Ellisdale as better and hardier than
the Purple Cane ; the Philadelphia productive, but of second quality ;
and the Clarke of good quality, but it does not set full large berries. The
Ohio Ever-bearing follows the Doolittle, with a good crop, and yields a
fair crop in the fall.
Dr. Hexamer stated, at the New-York Farmers' Club, that the ex-
cellence of the Mammoth Cluster consists in its holding the good
size of its berries to the end ; the Ellisdale he regarded as earliest, the
Davison's Thornless three days later ; Doolittle and Seneca ten days later
still. These are among the best out of many sorts.
Grape Seedlings. — Novices sometimes complain that the seeds of
grapes do not grow when planted. It is important that they are not al-
lowed to become much dried, and that when planted, the surface be kept
moist. A correspondent of the Rural New-Yorker says that formerly not
a fourth part of the seeds which he planted, germinated and grew. Ac-
cidentally covering part of the bed with leaf mould and rotten leaves, he
found they grew freely and abundantly under this mulching. He then
made an entire bed of rotten leaves and mould, watering the bed after the
seed was planted, every other day. Nearly all grew and made vigorous
plants. The varieties planted were Catawba, Isabella, Concord, Clinton,
Delaware, Ives, &c.
Pruning Isabella Grapes. — The Isabella is a strong grower, and
the soil should not be manured or very rich, as a rich soil promotes a more
rampant and succulent growth, which is less likely to bear well, and is
more liable to be winter killed. But if the soil is already rich, let the vines
have a longer run, as a compensation. Old vines, which have grown thick
with brush, may be treated in two ways, according to circumstances. One
way is to select two of the youngest, longest and thriftiest vines, cut off all
the rest as short as practicable, and stretch these two out for bearing
arms ; or if they are not long or strong enough for this, take four to six,
and stretch them out in the form of a fan on the trellis. But if there are
no good ones, cut all down so as to leave a few buds to grow, as near the
ground as possible, and train the shoots or canes growing from these,
either as two horizontal arms or into a fan shape. The pruning may be
done in autumn or winter, or very early in spring. If much cut in autumn or
winter, they are rendered tenderer, and should be therefore slightly cover-
ed for protection. To have good, early and well ripened and sweet grapes,
the vines should have plenty of room, so as to form large, healthy shoots
©03^= ^— — — =^=:^b
OF RURAL AFFAIRS. 285
and large. leaves — these will give large, fine grapes. As a general rule the
shoots which bear the bunches should be a foot apart on the trellis, and if
likely to be thicker, the supernumeraries should be rubbed off before the
first of June, so as to let the others have a good chance to grow freely.
Propagating Currants. — As soon as the leaves ripen, cut off the new
growth and make cuttings about 6 inches long. Set them in rows 15
inches apart and 2 inches in the rows. Just as winter sets in, cOver them
over with coarse litter — taking it ofT in spring, and keeping them well hoed,
and by fall they will have large fine roots.
Currants — Heavy Manuring. — A resident in Canada says that the
best currants he ever had, produced in great abundance, were obtained in
a dry season, by covering the whole surface of the ground with cow ma-
nure as a mulch, 3 inches thick. On looking under, the soil was always
moist. Heavy pruning has to follow the luxuriant growth thus produced.
Currant Worms. — A correspondent says that he treats his currant
worms occasionally in summer by sprinkling the bushes with cresylic soap
suds, made quite strong and follovved with a coating of freshly slacked lime.
The lime alone, if applied when the foliage is wet with dew or rain, is
generally effectual if thoroughly applied. He believes that gypsum or gas
lime made fine, will kill the worms.- The currant worm is moist and ten-
der and soft, like the snail and pear slug, and the remedy for the latter
used by nurserymen is lime well scattered over the trees.
Propagating Raspberries. — In answer to an inquiry relative to the
increase of raspberries, the Small Fruit Recorder says that black caps
should have the tips nipped by midsummer, and when these branch out
and form tips that are bare of leaves from 4 to 6 inches, bury these tips in
the ground at an angle of 45 degrees, and before winter they will form
fine roots. This layering or burying is generally done in August and
September. The sucker raspberries will furnish new plants the second
year, springing up in the form of suckers, which may be taken up in
autumn for setting out. For bearing fruit well, the suckers should be
kept hoed off closely on their first appearance, treating them precisely
as weeds. If the suckers grow for increase, they tend to exhaust the old
plant, and it will not bear so well.
The Rochester Berry Basket. — A neatly constructed and handsome
berry basket, manufac-
tured by Collins & Co. of
Moorestown,N.J.,is rep-
resented in the accom-
panying cut, (fig. 100,) of
Fig. 100. three sizes — quart, pint,
and half pint. It is well ventilated by openings in the sides. The raisers
of fine berries are enabled to sell their fruit at a liigher price, in conse-
quence of the neater appearance presented by this basket over those of
less attractive form.
286
ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER
COST OF MAKING HAY.
A CORRESPONDENT in Rensselaer county, who regards himself
"a novice in farming" and in hay-making, wishes to know the esti-
mated expense of curing hay and getting it into the barn, by the use of the
present machinery employed for this purpose. Also an estimate of the
comparative cost of making hay by machinery and wholly by hand.
Estimates of this kind can be only approximate. Much will depend
on the following controlling influences : I. The character of the meadow,
its smoothness, and the weight of the crop per acre. 2. The weather —
whether dry, or with frequent showers. 3. Strength of the horses employ-
ed. 4. Perfection or good order of the machinery used. 5. More than
all the rest, the man who directs the movements, and his ability to keep
everything in perfect order and running like clock-work. The last item
alone will make a ditterence of at least 50 per cent.
Cutting. — A good machine is of the first importance. This is not en-
tirely dependent on the manufacturer, but on the owner, in keeping it m
perfect order. Those who use their machines roughly, and leave them to
rust in the field, will find that they cannot make a good day's work. Keep
every part in good running order, and a good team may cut 12 acres a day.
Many men, however, will manage to get something or other out of order, so
as to go over only 6 or 7
acres. Tenoughttobe
a full average — requir-
ing the horses to travel
about 20 miles, with a
cutting bar 4 ft. 2 in.
Any of the well known
mowing machines will
doubtless do excellent
service,as the Clipper or the
Kirby machines, or the sev-
eral other excellent mowers
made by different manufac-
turers. The cost of cutting,
machine, team and man,
will average about 75 cents
per acre — many will charge
only 50 cts. — or at 2 tons per
acre, 25 to 37 cts, per ton.
Tedding, — In large mea- Fig. 102.
dows, it will be a matter of economv to use either the American (fig. lOi,)
or Bullard's (fig. 102) tedder. They work with great rapidity, three or
©c:^--
OF RURAL AFFAIRS.
287
four times as fast as the cutting ; they generally prepare the hay perfectly for
drawing in the day of cutting, when it is done early in the
day; they make better hay,and often avoid a loss of labor
and hay by eluding storms. In other words, they place the
manufacture of hay more completely under the owner's
control. In this way they lessen the expense by simpli-
fying the work, and obviating cocking and opening.
Raking. — A half grown boy will handle without
difficulty any good wheel horse-rake. Taking an ave-
rage of 8 feet at a passing, he will rake as many acres
as the horse travels miles — say 20 or 25 in a dav. A poor
horse and a stupid boy will not do half this amount.
Gathering and Drawing. — At the west, an im-
plement is much used called the Hay-Gatherer. It
\ is not unlike the old revolving horse-rake, but with
much larger teeth and timber. It takes the liay from
the windrow and draws it at once with great rapidity to
Fig. 103. the stack. The Hay Sweep, figured ana described on p- Fifi:- 'o*-
180 ot the 3d vol. of Rural Affairs, performs a similar purpose. The
former requires one man to manage it ; the latter two boys. If the ground
is smooth, either of these machines may be
employed to draw the hay directly to the
barn, where the horse fork will deposit it in
the bay. For stacking in the field, either of
these gatherers will work vyith great rapidi-
ty, the horse-fork being suspended by either
of the several modes figured and described
in Thomas' Farm Machinery.
Where but one mowing machine is owned,
and the amount of meadow is considerable, it
may be kept running all the time in good
weather. By using the tedder freely, nearly
all cut in the forenoon may be got in the
same day. That cut the first part of the after-
noon may be put into the windrow.and the re-
mainder cut late, left without detriment, with-
out stirring, till next day, a small amount
of dew effecting little or no injury.
The stacking or drawing in may be com-
menced in the morning with the hay raked
the previous day into windrows — followed
Fig. 105. by the last cutting the previous afternoon ; Fig. 106.
and completed by drawing the early cut hay the same day. Six horses
would be required to work to advantage, viz., two on the mowing machine.
@=^-
-=«oS3
288
ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER
one alternately on the rake or tedder, one to work the horse-fork, and two
for the gatherer or sweep. The Harpoon forks work with great rapidity for
pitching common timothy or other hay of a similar character. Among
these, Rogers' & Nellis' fork, shown in the annexed cnts, (figs. 103 and
104,) one open for lifting hay, and the other shut for plunging in fur im-
oiher load, is an efficient one. Another form is Sprout's, (figs. 105 and
106,) which is both an excellent hay knife and a hay lifter, one figure rep-
resenting it closed for thrusting it into the hay, and the other opened, to
secure the load.
A correspondent of the Country Gentleman at Muncy, Pa., sends us
the accompanying
representation (fig.
107) of the mode
which he success-
fully employs in the
use of the horse hay-
fork,by what he calls
the dojtbk-hitch. It
avoids the heavy
friction of the fork-
load of hay against
the beam and mow,
which has induced
many to throw aside
horse-forks. It rep-
resents pitching into
a window, by which
the hay may be de-
posited at any point
from the window to
the farthest part of
the barn, filling it to
the very jieak, and
requiring but little
if any mowing away.
The dotted lines
that appear upon
the roof indicate the
direction of the rope
to the pulley inside.
^^5^-^^^;^^
Fig. 107,
At I is shown a post in the ground, with braces extending to the barn (2
and 3) to support the same. The rope ])asses through pulley A at the foot
of the post, thence through pulley B at the top of the post, thence through
pulley D that runs loose upon the rope, thence through a pulley fastened
at the inside peak at a proper point near the other end of the barn, and
=?^
OF RURAL AFFAIRS.
289
thence hack and tied to the loose pulley D, to which the fork is also fasten-
ed. The loose pulley D and fork are drawn to the load by means of the
check rope. After the forTc is set for its load, the horse elevates the hay
and draws it back, the loose pulley D running upon the rope to the inside
pulley and being checked off at any point desired. When ties run across
the barn or shed, always fill up in front of the same first — so that the fork
and hay cannot swing under or catch to the tie.
Tiie same correspondent gives a description of his mode of securing the
pulley by means of a grapple : "There should be no swivel, but a bail
sufficiently large to attach both the rope and fork, a place to oil the pin,
and withal light, so as not to sag the rope when returning the fork to the
load. I use a pulley as seen in the cut, (fig. 108,) which has all the
above qualities, besides being durable. I also use a steel grapple, (as
shown in fig. 109,) which, when attached to the
rafter, places the pulley in the right position so as
not to chafe the rope. I have no trouble in
returning the fork to the load, as the two forks and
pulley, as 1 use them, together only weigh 20
pounds. The cuts show the the form of the
Fig. 108. Fig. 109. Fig. no.
pulley and grapple which are used here — fig. no representing the mode of
attaching the grapple to the rafter of the barn. There is no patent on
either, and they can be made by any skillful mechanic,"
Another form of grapple is represented in figure lio-a, and is made
oy A, J. Nellis & Co. of Pittsburgh, Pa. By means of this contrivance,
pulleys may be affi.xed to beams or rafters in one minute, or changed again,
without the use of a ladder.
The Douglas Hay Loader promises to be a valuable labor saver,
and is shown in the following figure, (fig. in.) It is attached to a com-
mon hay rigging-, and the wagon is driven outside the windrow. Motion
is communicated to a drum below, from pulleys attached to the hind
wheels. The spurs catch tlie hay and carry it up in a stream between
the belts and the apron on the rigging to the top, where inclined slats
@c^= ^
-=^
290
ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL RE(;iSTER
turn the current into the wagon, the spurs disappearing behind them
Should this macliine con-
tinue to succeed after a
thorough trial, it will
prove especially useful on
large hay farms.
By keeping everything
in order, and with no in-
terruption by rain or ac-
cidents, skillful managers
have cut, made and drawn
in hay at a cost of only 50
cents per ton, in extreme
cases ; but more common-
ly the cost is about 75
cents per ton. On small
■
f£peusoti
-Fig. III.
farms, where the same team cuts, rakes, draws in, &c., attended with fre-
quent transfers from one kind of work to another ; where a tedding ma-
chine is not employed, and where the drawing is done on a wagon, the
ordinary expense will go as high as $i or $1.25 per ton — the weather
being favorable. The old mode of cutting by scythe, hand-raking, cocking
and drawing in and pitching with hand-forks, would, at present prices of
labor, cost about $3 a ton. This result will be varied greatly with light
or heavy meadow, and by various conveniences or the reverse.
NEW OR ADDITIONAL MACHINERY.
H
OADLEY'S STEAM ENGINE.— On large farms, or for itinerant
threshing, the portable steam engines are rapidly finding their
way into use. They have
important advantages over
horse-power, in the steadi-
ness and perfect control
with which they may
be run ; atid when used
for itinerant threshing ma-
chines, they obviate the
necessity of the farmer to
employ his horses to run
the machine, and he may
use them exclusively for
drawing away the grain as
fast as threshed. There is
*
^c^=-
OF RURAL AFFAIRS.
no cessation of work to rest the horses, and the threshing may go on con-
tinuously without stopping as long as men can attend to it. The result is
that with the same horse power a much larger quantity of grain may be
separated from the straw in a day. By carelessness fires have been some-
times occasioned by
these steam engines,
but by the use of spark
preventors, and a fair
amount of care, the
danger may be obvi-
ated.
Among the best en-
gines manufactured at
the present lime is
that made by J. C.
Hoadley& Co. of Law-
rence, Mass., repre-
sented by fig. 112.
Gaar's Steam En-
gine, made by Gaar,
Scott & Co, of Rich-
mond, Ind., is repre-
sented by fig. 113,
showing the compact
manner in which the
smoke pipe is lowered
and laid aside for
travelling.
Wood's Steam En-
gine, shown by fig.
1 14, is among the very
best made in the coun-
try, the manufacturers
having had long ex-
perience in the busi-
ness, and being among
the pioneers in the
introduction of steam
for farm work. The
engraving shows the
manner in which the
smoke-pipe is folded
Fig. 114. for conveyance. It is
manufactured by Wood, Taber & Morse, Eaton, N. Y,
Holbrook's Horse Hoe. — This is among the best of the more recent-
-=^
292
ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER
ly made implements for working in corn, potatoes, and the various drilled
root crops, (fig. 115.) The length of the teeth frees it from danger of clog-
ging. It works admirably
in tearing out quack or
witch grass. It may be
expanded to 3 feet, or con-
tracted to 15 inches. The
teeth may be set to throw
the soil out, or to turn it
in from the row, and the
depth may be varied from
3 to 7 inches. Extra large
rear plows may be inserted
" The large centre
•*'j»45i^
Fig. 115.
behind for hilling. Messrs. Holbrook & Co. write us
or double mould-board plow of the horse-hoe, when used alone, works
very well for digging potatoes. One of the best farmers in the State used
it very successfully as follows : First, raked off the vines, and then ran
the hoe with large double mould-board, through every other row ; then
gathered up the potatoes, and went through the remaining rows in the
same manner, which dug nine-tenths of the potatoes, as fast as the horse
could walk. He then put on the three common or small plow teeth, and
crossed the field, which threw out the remainder of the potatoes, and left
the field in good condition for seeding again."
Pkrry's Scarifier, (fig. 116,) made by F. L. Perry, Canandaigua, N. Y.
This vve have found a very ef-
ficient implement for loosen-
ing the soil to a considerable
depth between rows. Its
sharp, chisel-pointed teeth
are sc curved that they pene-
trate the soil in a nearly
horizontal direction at first, Fig. it6.
giving the cultivator an easy draught for the depth of its work. It possesses
great efficiency in adhesive loams. One horse drew it with ease in pene-
trating to a depth of eight or nine inches. Its depth of running may be
regulated from one to ten inches.
Shares' Harrow, (fig. 117.) —
This valuable implement has been
in use several years, but is still un-
known to many good farmers. The
forward part of the tooth cuts and
Fig. 117. slices the earth, and the rear portion
turns it over. It works admirably on inverted sod, which it jMilveiizes
to a depth twice as great as the common harrow ; while the inclination of ^
the teeth like the form of a sled runner, renders impossible the tearing ( )
OF RURAL AFFAIRS.
up of the grassy portion of the sod. When the teeth are cast-iron they
soon wear and become dull ; but steel teeth are permanently efficient. Its
great value is in preparing inverted sod for planting corn and other crops.
Turf Paring Plow, (fig. ii8.) — A. B. Allen gives the foUowuig ac-
count of this implenient : The share is thin and ilat, made of wrought iron,
steel edged. It has
a lock coulter in
the centre, and a
short coulter on
the outside edge of
each wing of the
share ; cutting the
turf as it moves
_ along into two
■-— ;;;;3^^^:^v\v>*s v\^)^^^^ Strips about a foot
zz^^iTiT^ii^y^^^^*'*""^' wide, and as deep
Fig. ii8. as may be requir-
ed. This depth is regulated by the wooden slide or shoe under the beam,
which is better for this purpose than a wheel. After the turf is pared off
in strips, it is cut into any required length for sodding. I have found
those from 15 to 18 inches long the most convenient to handle. This
plow is much used in Great Britain for what is called paring and burning.
There the sod, after being pared, is cut into pieces and thrown into heaps,
which, after drying, are burned, and the ashes spread broadcast on the
land. These ashes prove an excellent fertilizer, and thousands of acres
of a stiff clay soil have been rendered much richer, moVe friable, and more
easily cultivated by this simple process of paring and burning. The price
of the paring plow here is $25. It is strong, effective, and does its work
rapidly. It is as easily handled as the common turning plow. It is made
by R. H. Allen & Co , New- York.
BlCKFORD & Hitffman's Drill, (fig. 119.) — This machine has been
greatly improved of late
years, and the dropping
is done by means of
a cast-iron contrivance,
which will not wear out
in a lifetime ; the seeds
are never crushed ; and
the smaller seeds, as
wheat and barley, may be
^.^.a^^r^.— 3s^s?=-- SOW"' O"" '^""Ser, as peas
Fig. 119. " and corn. The rapidity
of discharge is controlled by wheel-work. The ends of the tubes are shod
with steel, and they may be made to plant at any desired depth. It has
an attachment for sowing guano or plaster, and another for grass seed.
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ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER
Emery's Corn Planter. — One of the best corn-planters drawn by a
horse is the one represented by fig. 120, j
and known as Emery's. Seeds which
fall by their own weight are dropped
by a wood cylinder, having adjusta-
ble cups to measure or count the
seeds, while light seeds, as beets,
carrots, broom -corn, parsneps, &c.,
are forced out with regularity by a
revolving brush. Although in use
many years, it is still unknown to
many good farmers.
Cahoon's Seed Sower. — We liave
given the hand sower represented in the accompanying cut, (fig. 121,) a
thorough trial, having used it for some years. Its great value is in sowing
grass seed, which it does
Fig.
120.
more than twice as rapid-
ly as by the old way, and
with great evenness. It
also requires less skill.
For sowing heavy grain,
like wheat and barley, it
becomes rather heavy, and
requires harder labor, but
this is less necessary, as
the work is commonly
done by the seed drill
drawnby two horses. In
using it for grass seed, or
for any other purpose, it
Fie. 121.
is of great importance to keep the rapidly running parts
well oiled — as when a little dry, it runs so much harder
as to be insufferably fatiguing. The quantity of seed
sown to the acre is regulated with accuracy.
Steel Plow Cutter Stock. — The cut (fig. 122)
represents the steel plow cutter and stock, one of the
newer contrivances manufactured by Holbrook & Co
of Boston. Its substantial character is obvious ; it is
self-clearing, of easy draft, stiff, light and strong.
The stock is made of malleable iron, of such form as
to combine strength and freedom from bending. It
takes the chief part of the strain of the cutter, and comes
OF RURAL AFFAIRS.
*
The steel blade is 5-i6ths of an inch thick, by 2^ wide, about half the
thickness of the common cutter, and being so thin, passes through the
ground more easily, and controls the
plow less than the common cutter.
Holbrook's Clevis for a Oxe-
HoRSE Plow, to enable the horse to
walk in the furrow, is shown by (ig. 123.
It needs but little explanation, and is
similar in general principal to the three-
horse clevis, described in another part
of this volume.
Another new contrivance made by
Holbrook & Co., is the attachment of
Fig. 123. this clevis to their one-horse sioivel phnv^
a movement "at turning changing the clevis or the point of draught to
the right or left, as wanted.
IIapgood's One-Horse Swivel Plow is so contrived as to throw
the beam enough to one side or the other as the mould-board is changed
from side to side, by what is termed an eccentric movement. This con-
trivance is of a very simple and ingenious character, and on usiiig the
plow on our grounds, it appears to answer the intended purpose perfectly,
that is, plowing without a dead furrow. It is made by the Ames Plow
Co., Boston, Mass.
The Smoothing Harrow. — The most improved form of this imple-
ment is shown by fig. 124,
exhibiting the mode of at-
taching the draught, and
the form of the three sec-
tions hinged together. It
takes a sweep of nine feet.
and is easily drawn by
two horses, harrowing 20
acres a day. The back-
ward ir.clination of the
small steel teeth juevents
them from ever clogging,
and renders the draught
easier ; and it also allows
the harrow to pass over
i:::jj| young wheat, until it is
"" ' over a foot high, without
injury. The same pecu-
Fig. 124.
liarily permits it to run
broadcast over corn in hills, in drills, or sown broadcast, clearing out the i
296
ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL RE(;iSTER
f
fine weeds, mellowing the surface, but causing no harm to the larger
plants. It is also used for fitting
the surface for seeds of any kind
harrowing in grass seeds, and for
finely pulverizing spread manure.
The difference between the ope-
ration of the sloping teeth of this
harrow, and the common vertical
teeth, is shown by fig. 125, repre-
senting the coarse, square teeth
usually employed, clogged with
f ig. 123- weeds, roots and earth.
Holbrook's Swivel Plow, (fig. 126.) — This implement has been much
improved from the old side-hill plows. We have given the two -horse
plow made by F. F. Holbrook & Co., a thorough trial, and among other
experiments several acres which had been in sod eight years, in many
places so steep that no wagon could be
driven over them, were successfully in-
verted to a measured average depth of 7
inches, drawn by a pair of horses. The
facility with which the sod was laid down,
arid the complete pulverization of the
'S' ^ surface, were entirely satisfactory, and
excited the admiration of neighbors who came to witness its operation.
The time required to change the mould-board from right to left and left to
to right, at the ends of the furrows, was usually less than the time for the
horses to turn about, and much less than with the common plow, as the
whole is done at one operation, no passing across the end of the lands
being required. On level ground its operation is equally successful, and
it entirely obviates dead furrows. This plow combines more excellent
qualities as a swivel plow than any other we have had an opportunity of
testing — among which its thorough pulverization of the sod stands con-
spicuous.
Holbrook's Stubble Plow is shown in fig. 127, with their new cutter
stock attached. Some of
our readers will remember
the admirable work which
it performed at the Utica
trial a few years since. The
manufacturers have since
made some additional im-
provements. The remark-
fig- J27. able i)ower which it posses-
ses of pulverizing the soil at the same time that it completely inverts all
weeds, grass and rubbish, is among its excellent points. [
OF RURAL AFFAIRS.
297
A One-Horse Subsoil Plow, light, strong, and of easy draught, is
manufactured by R. H. Allen & Co. of New-York, which is a capital im-
plement for deep loosening the soil in gardens and limited grounds, and
for working between rows.
HoLBRoox's Hand Cultivator, (fig. 12S,) — In good soil, and for gar-
den and drill crops, this imple-
ment is used instead of a hand
hoe, and performs work with
rapidity. It has the advantage
over the horse cultivator of
working in small patches,where
a horse could not readily turn
about, and it is more perfectly
under the control of the opera-
tor, and may be pushed very
i''g- ^28. near the row, without danger
of cutting the plants. It expands from 8 to 14 inches, and is particularly
adapted to beets, carrots, onions, turnij^s and other drill crops. It is
manufactured by F. F. Hoi brook & Co., Boston, Mass.
Harrington's Seed Sower and Hand Cultivator, (fig. 129.) —
This implement, made by
the Ames Plow Company,
Boston, Mass., combines
the sower and the culti-
vator in one machine. As
a cultivator it destroys
weeds in rows, and is
easily expanded and con-
tracted. It is changed to
a sower by adding the
hopper and its attach-
ments, and removing the
cultivator attachment. Fig. 129.
HoLB rook's Double-Tree, (fig. 130.) — This dispenses with single-
trees in plowing with two horses, and renders the whole arrangement less
cumbersome and more manageable. The horses cannot step over the
traces in turning. The small iron contrivance at the middle moves freely
and keeps the traces of both
horses even. It may be so
adjusted as to give either horse
Fig. 130. the advantage. Our plowmen
who have tried it are greatly pleased with it. With a well broken team
that works moderately even, there seems to be no objection to' it what- t
ever, but with unsteady horses, who draw quite unlike, we are told that A^
it does not succeed so well. U
298
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ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER
Messrs. Holbrook & Co. write us under a late date — "Last week we
made a series of experiments with three horses abreast on our plow, and
came to the conclusion that the present rig, slightly modified, is well
adapted to our swivel plows, and will save our making the three-horse
clevis. Our long three-horse evener, as now made, measures 4 feet be-
tween clevises; we shall hereafter bore two holes, an inch apart, in each
end. inside the present clevis bolts, and shall also bore corresponding
holes for the middle clevis, to keep the proportion right. By using short
whifiletrees, say 27 or 28 inches, we are thus able to adjust the team so as
to give the plow more or less land, and still keep the clevis in the centre
of the beam, where it must necessarily be in using a swivel plow to good
advantage. We think, from our observation last week, that in using this
rig for harrowing, it would be desirable to use a long evener, about 4^ feet
in length. Of course the same could be used in plowing by boring the
requisite holes in it. By making the evener 6 inches more than 4 feet
long, it would give a plow 3 inches more land, which would be too much ;
but in harrowing in hot weather horses work easier spread well apart."
Potato Plow. — The annexed cut (fig. 131) is a representation of the
potato digger made by R. II. Allen & Co. of New-York, which digs pota-
toes easily and cheaply, by simply throwing them out of the ground, and
shaking them from the
earth by the rods which
pass backwards. It works
well in clean and mellow
ground, particularly light
soils. It does not succeed
so perfectly in heavy, ad-
hesive earth. The prongs
are made of iron or pol-
ished steel, as may be de-
Fig. 131. sired. If thev ever break,
they are easily replaced by others by a simple contrivance. The high
curved standard readily clears itself from weeds. Its cheapness and sim-
plicity specially recommend it.
Carhart's Two-Horse Cultivator. — This cultivator (fig. 132) has no
wheels, the depth being regulated
with accuracy by meansof a pair of
light runners, placed in the rear of
the two outward forward teeth, and
which are elevated or lowered by
a touch of the hand. The omis-
sion of wheels allows it to run
close to trees and boundaries. It
is strongly made and managed ^^S- »32.
with ease. We have found its operation to be very satisfactory, while
-t.i. . ~i .1.
OF RURAL AFFAIRS.
its simplicity and cheapness are in its favor. It pulverizes the soil
quite equal to the best wheel machines. It has been also used as a
potato digger, and operates well. The two outside rear teeth are taken
out, and all the front ones, and the tw > runners or regulator teeth are set in
the centre forward, by which five teeth are used, and the exact depth for the
potatoes is secured. It is
made by C. C. Bradley & Son
of Syracuse, N. Y.
Bradley's Horse-Hoe,
manufactured byC.C. Bard-
ley & Son, Syracuse, N. Y.,
is shown in fig. 133, and is
especially useful in cultiva-
ting and hilling crops sown
Fii;. 1:13. in hills or drills. It has
been also used for digging potatoes. The wings to the large front teeth,
combined with the narrow teeth, make it a good pulverizer and cultivator.
Hand Seed-Drills. — Among the best seed sowers to be used by hand»
are Allen's Planet Drill and Holbrook's Seed Drill. The former is made
by S. L. Allen & Co., Philadelphia, Pa., and is represented by fig. 134.
It is neatly constructed, plants uniformly at the adjusted depth, on uneven
as well as on level ground, the planter standing
directly under the seed-box
and running wheels. It is
regulated by a graduated
scale. It is probably the best
hand implement for sowing
corn thickly for fodder, and
other seed in large quantity,
134.
Fig. 135-
and answers equally well for the concentrated fertilizers. Holbrook's
Seed Drill has an iron frame, and combines neatness with lightness and
strength. It is changed to seeds of different sizes by a slight turn in the
dial. The seed conductor being enameled white, the operator can see the
seed as it drops, and before covered.
Buckeye Thresher and
Cleaner, (fig. 136.) — Since
the first complete com-
bined machines for thresh-
ing and cleaning, invented
and made by Pitts, they are
now widely manufactured
throughout the country, and
•^^jS^^^^. ''!L"ilb.,J^!r;^f»^'«r>i&»tfl*r^^ of high excellence — various-
'''K- 136. ly modified from the original.
Among some of the best is that known as the Buckeye, madeby Blvmver,
300
ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER
Day & Co. of Mansfield, Ohio. It is distinguished for its compact form
as the cut indicates, and it works with efficiency.
Wagon Rack for Hay. — In the third volume of Rural
Affairs, we figured and described two modes for construct-
ing hay and grain racks, and here give another form, (fig.
137,) which has
some peculiar
advantages, the
chief "of which
is the facility
with which it
may be placed
on or taken off ^'S- i37«
tlie wagon, in separate pieces, so that one man may do the work alone.
The bed-pieces may be 2 by 8 inches — sometimes they are made 4 by 5
inches. They are usually about 14 feet long, but sometimes as long as 18
feet. If made of white oak, they need not be quite so large as the dimen-
sions given ; but they are best of pine, as they are so much lighter. Small
cleats are nailed to the outer sides of the bed-pieces, at the wagon stakes,
to prevent sliding. The cross-pieces, which connect the bed-pieces,
should be of the best white oak, or other equally hard and tough wood,
as they receive the lower ends of the racks into oblique mortices. The
racks or side frames consist of three boards each, bolted to cross-pieces,
which are about 6 eet long, made of oak. When placed on the bed-
pieces, they rest upon them, the ends being thrust into the mortices. A
stronger modification is to make the
side-pieces 7 feet long, and to brace
them firmly by thrusting the ends
under the bed-pieces on the oppo-
site sides, where they are pinned or
bolted.
Paine's W^heel Jack, (fig. 138.) —
This is simple, light and always ready.
Being made of strong wood, with iron
lever, it does not set out of order.
The notches adapt it to various heights
of axles without changing. It locks
itself, without the trouble of fastening.
It is made by Uie Ames Plow Com-
pany.
Tether for Horse or Cow. —
Persons who keep single horses, and
Fig. 138. have small grounds, often desire to
give them a bite of grass where it can be spared, but wish to confine them to
proper limits. To tie them with a cord or halter to a stake, endangers
OF RURAL AFFAIRS.
301
the tangling of their feet, and the cord or strap is injured by the wet grass.
A contrivance to obviate this difficulty is shown by fig. 139. It is perfectly
safe, and can never catch the animal's feet, or throw him down. A. B. Allen,
Tom's River,
N.J., who has
given it a full
trial, says : —
•' A friend of
mine recently
lost a fine cow
from entang-
ling in the
rope attached
to her neck
and to a stake
any amount of trouble with this mode
''^^^-i>%S^iS
in the ground, and I have had
heretofore. A year ago I got this. My cow was rather wild, and
I was doubtful whether it would answer. You would have laughed
heartily, as I did, to see her movements when first attached. She start-
ed on a furious run, but the cord on her horns gently guided her in
a circle, and she soon tired of that. Then she attempted backing
and pulling, but making little progress, soon gave it up, and then ac-
commodating herself to the range went to feeding as quietly as a puppy,
and so continues. One great merit in it is, it acts or rather restrains
gently, and the pole moving with perfect ease at the least touch, and the
cord being elastic and supple, the animal is constantly guided within its
range." Sold by R. H. Allen & Co., New- York.
Lawn Mowers. — A great improvement has been made in the appear-
ance of lawns in some parts of the country, by the recent introduction of
lawn mowing machines. On large grounds the mowing is done by horses,
Fiff. 140.
the mowers costing from $100 to $200 ; on grounds of an acre or two the
best hand mowers answer well, and cost about $25. Some of those have
been greatly improved of late years, so as to obviate the necessity of using
■ -^ =^3©
<^o^
302
ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER
the lawn scythe ; and they have another great advantage namely, little or
no skill or practice is required to use them while making a perfect and
even green carpet. We have tried a number of different kinds, but have
been especially pleased with the one known as the Philadelphia, (fig. 140,)
as manufactured by R. H. Allen & Co., New- York. It cuts a strip a foot
or more wide, as fast as a man will walk, with far less effort than scythe-
mowing ; and one hand will readily go over two acres in a day — cutting
from three to four times as fast, and a great deal better, than mowing. It
needs sharpening for about every ten acres, but varying much with the
condition of the grass, as to dust, or a well washed surface. One impor-
tant convenience in the use of the Philadelphia mower, is the facilitv with
which it may be run over the ground when not in use for cutting, by sim-
ply turning it over, which makes it more portable than a hand truck.
Continental Washing Machine. — Of the different washing ma-
chines of which we have made trial, we have been particularly pleased
with that made by the Brinkerhoff Manufac-
turing Company, at Auburn, N. Y., known as
the Continental, (fig. 141.) We find that it rubs
or wears the clothes in a very slight degree, or
almost imperceptibly ; it will wash a small or
large garment equally well; it works with great
ease, and its operation is rapid. About one-
half of the labor commonly used for a wash-
board will do the washing well with this ma-
chine. On examining the principle on which
it operates, we find that its leading advantage
consists in a constant succession of pressures,
combined with a gradual turning over of the clothes, bringing all parts
under action.
Fig. 141.
POULTRY HOUSE. — Every farmer should have a good, convenient
poultry house, properly constructed, sufficiently large to contain the num-
ber of birds he desires. It should be warm and dry in the winter, well
ventilated and kept scrupulously clean. The house should not be over
crowded, but just large enough. Nothing is made by over-crowding the
hennery ; on the contrary it will prove detrimental. The fowls must be
fed regularly and at stated periods. They must have plenty of pure water
at hand at all times — this is of as much importance to the health of the
brood as proper food. If possible, they should also be given, in addition,
a plat of grass for a run. Place within the hennery adust heap ; this may
consist of wood or coal ashes, sand, or dust from the streets. It should
be kept under a cover, so that it will not become drenched with rain or
snow, and to it the fowls should have access at all times, to dust and
thereby rid themselves, in a great degree, of the numerous parasites which i
infest them. — Poultry Standai'd.
f
OF RURAL AFFAIRS.
303 r
CHEESE MAKING.
AS A CLEAR AND CONCISE historical review of the factory
system of cheese making has appeared in a previous number of
the Register, (1864 — Rural Affairs, vol. iv,) we are called upon now
to give only a short exposition of the present condition of cheese-making,
together with the newer ideas, and a description of improved apparatus
and utensils. We will begin with a few remarks on
Cows AND THEIR MANAGEMENT.
The selection or rearing of a herd of cows is the first important con-
sideration in dairying — always supposing that the dairyman has a farm at
least tolerably well adapted to dairying purposes. As a general thing it
will be found impossible to get a satisfactory herd without raising it.
There are two stubborn reasons for this : 1st. Good dairy cows are scarce,
and must be raised before they can be found in the country in sufficient
numbers to stock our dairy farms. 2d. Those who own good dairy cows
will not, as a general thing, part with them at such prices as other farmers
can afford to pay. The wisest and most economical course is, therefore,
for the dairyman to raise his own herd. To do this, he must purchase or
get the use of a pure blood bull. We will not say what breed or family he
must select from. We leave that to his own judgment. But he should
keep distinctly in view the object for which he is breeding — whether butter
or cheese-making. To this end he must cross the desired breed with his
best native cows ; then breed again from the best crosses, and follow this
up until his herd of cows is all that he can desire.
In this way the dairyman can provide himself with the requisite number
of milk-producing machines, of the best quality and largest capacity. The
next thing is to run tliese maciiines economically and profitably. They
will turn out milk corresponding very much to the food and drink which
is given them. They must have enough, or the machine will run feebly,
and the product be light. If given too much, the yield will be large, but
the machine will clog. High feeding, forcing the machine, wears it out
rapidly and engenders disease and premature death. If the quality of the
milk-producing material is not right, the milk will not be right. It has
been asserted, and some experiments have seemed to demonstrate, that
the quality of the feed has no perceptible effect on the quality of the pro-
duct. But the experience of almost every one who has owned a cow
teaches to the contrary. Feed a cow on leeks, skunk-cabbage and tur-
nips, giving her stagnant water to drink, and she will yield you a villain-
ous compound that will almost sicken the hogs. On the contrary, give
her a supply of sweet grasses, with plenty of clear running water, or give
her early cut, well cured hay, with roots and a little corn meal, and she
will reward you with a flow of deliciously flavored milk.
'=^=^?^
304
ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER
Milk — that is, the oil, the butter in the milk — is a great absorbent of
odors. Hence your cows must be kept in a clean, sweet, well ventilated
place. When you drive them from the clean pasture, do not not dog,
worry or hurry them, and then shut them up in a foul, stinking barn-yard
or horse stable. Do your milking in a clean place and a sweet atmos-
phere, if you would not have your milk "taste of the barn-yard." The
milk will not only absorb the foul odors, but they will get into it through
the circulating system o the :ow, by her breathing these odors. Think,
too, what you are taking into your o.vu lungs, and hou your own system
is getting defiled, through and through, by your breathing this filthy at-
mosphere !
Be cleanly in the operation of milking. Have not only all your utensils
thoroughly cleaned, scalded and aired, but properly clean the cow's udder
and teats, and see that no foul stuff clinging to them gets into the milk.
If necessary, wash them before the milking is begun, and give them time
to get dry. If the teats crack and bleed, keep milk off from them, and
limber them up well with some softening oil, as soon as the cow is driven
up to milk. Use only tin pails, and those without sharp angles in which
ferments can collect.
Treatment of Milk.
As fast as the milk is drawn from the cow, strain it into the can, but
do not let the can stand in a foul atmosphere, nor with the sun blazing on it.
Do not cover the top of the can with a cloth
strainer, keeping the air out and the heat
and animal odor /«. Either use a common
strainer pail, or a strainer that can be fas-
tened to one side of the can. (See fig. 142.)
It seems to be essential that milk, as soon
as drawn from the cow, should be either
thoroughly aired or cooled, or hoth. The
opinion that has for some time been gaining
favor, is that airing is the great desideratum.
Various contrivances have been gotten up
T\%.i^2— Jones, FaulktierdT* Co.^s for this purpose, but all have been too
2ok!u/:: r' if ./S awkward and difficult to keep clean, as well
Can, inside. as too expensive.
Too rapid cooling — especially with the use of ice — and too low a tem-
perature, (much if any below 60*^,) it is thought, injures the flavor of milk,
and of the butter or cheese made from it. It chills the particles of milk
coming in immediate contact with the cold surface, and condenses in the
milk all the gases, retaining the animal odors, which become all the
more active, and hasten taint or putrefaction, as soon as the temperature
is raised. Tlie writer of this has traveled considerably among the cheese
factories of Central New-York during the past season, (1871,) and his ob.
OF RURAL AFFAIRS.
-^=^^
305
servation seems to confirm this position. He finds that the factories
which make the finest flavored cheese do not cool the night's milk much
below 70*^ before leaving it, and do not allow it to get, during the night,
below 6o'*,preferring
that it should not be
found in the morn-
ing below 65°, Re-
volving the subject
in his mind his pres-
ent conclusion is
that airing is of more
consequence than
cooling, and that the
only practical mode
of airing is by forcing
air through the milk
— thus oxygenizing
the milk, expelling^
the gases or animal
odors, and gradual-
ly reducing the tem-
perature at the same
time. For this pur-
pose he and others
have invented a
^^^i- ■/• ry'.<
i&
Fig. 143— Curtis, Miller &* IVig^ht's Force Pump Milk
Aerator avd Cooler — A, air cylinder ; B, ice-paii ; C,
piston rod and air tube ; D, continuation 0/ air tube,
with flexible pipe ; E, air tube to be inserted in the milk ;
F, per/ofated disc for distributing the air in the bottom
0/ the can ; G, board supporting the pump, and on rvhich
' the foot is placed in -working;^, pipe for C07iducting off pU^a,, anri if i« hp
water/rom the melted ice. cneap ana, ii is oe
lieved, effective appa-
ratus. (See figs. 143
and 144.) By the use
of this the surround-
ing atmosphere, as
it is; can be forced
through the milk, or
the air can be drawn
through pounded ice
and then fore d
Fig. x^— Curtis, Miller &> Wight^s Force Pump Milk through the milk. Its
Aerator and Cooler in pieces— A, air cylinder ; R, ice- ^^^ ^j^jg sunimer aS a
pan ; C, holloiu piston and rod ; D, piece of flexible
tubing ; E, tube to be inserted in the milk; F, air dis- simple aerator, with-
tributing disc ;^Cj board on -which the foot is placed in ^ ice, by Some of
•working the pufnps, ^
the patrons of Dr. L.
L. Wight of Whitestown goes to confirm the correctness of the theory
of aeration — as, in almost every instance milk treated in this way for five
or ten minutes immediately after milking, without cooling, has kept
sweet longer than milk cooled by the use of water or ice.
^=^
306
ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER
-^=5^
Disserving all the other essentials in the production and management
of milk, we think that if every dairyman would thus thoroughly air his
milk as soon as drawn from the cow, and use Arnold's patent ventilator
in his can-cover — taking care to protect the can from the rays of the sun
on the way to the factory — we should seldom hear of tainted milk or float-
ing curds, and the quality of American cheese would be greatly improved.
One thing is certain — strictly fine, good-keeping cheese cannot be made
of tainted milk. Cheese-makers have learned to manage this too com-
mon article much better than they used to, but they cannot wholly counter-
act the evil effects of decay when it has progressed so far as to cause taint
in the milk. The first and greatest responsibility for the quality of the
cheese rests with the patrons of the factory. When they all send their
milk to the factory in perfect condition, they will have the right to demand
that the cheese-maker shall turn out a strictly fine article, but not before.
Receiving and Crediting Milk.
At present there is no way of receiving and crediting milk but by weight.
Of course the receiver needs to be a good judge of milk, and must use all
his faculties and skill to keep out skimmecl, watered, soured and tainted
milk — ^some of which will pass him in spite of all his care and vigilance.
He may exclude these, if he can detect them in
time, but against poor milk — the product of
poor pastures and poor cows — he has no
remedy. This must go in with the rest, and
count the same as so many pounds of the
richest milk, and the loss is shared by those
who bring better milk, the gain going to the
owner of the poor stuff. So the man who
brings milk rich enough in cream to make
cream cheese, and the man whose milk is so
poor in cream that it will make little better
than skim-milk cheese, are both credited ac-
cording to the number of pounds delivered.
There is therefore no stimu-
lus to the patron to pro-
duce good milk, but a con-
stant incentive to deliver
the greatest number of
pounds of liquid, regardless
of its quality. The con-
dition and keeping quality
are all that the receiver of
milk at the factory can take
into consideration. In' determining these he can call to his aid the glass
tubes, (see fig. 146,) having one for each patron, and filling it as often as
\
Fig. 145. — Ralph's Patent Can
Handle and Ear combined.
Fig. 146.
Jones, Faulkner &> Co.'s Case /or Test
Glasses.
OF RURAL AFFAIRS.
thought advisable, and watching the milk till it sours or taints. These
tubes also show, to the eye, the relative amount of cream in each man's j
milk ; but this is of no use, except to arouse suspicion of watering or
skimming, when there is little cream, and' to cause watching for the legal
proof. The cream-gauge (see fig. 147 — the two glasse> standing together,
with figures towards the top only,) will show the exact percentage of
Fig. 147. — CreattfGauge. Fig 148. — Lactometer.
cream ; and the lactometer (fig. 148) will show the density or specific
gravity — nothing more. As seen in fig. 147, the per cent, glass filled with
pure water, lets the lactometer sink to the water line. The middle one,
containing water rendered dense by the addition of ingredients, stands at
the skim-milk point ; and the other cream-gauge, with a little salt added
to the water, floats the lactometer at the pure milk figure. Hence the
lactometer, of itself, is of little value in detecting rascality. Skimming,
watering and adulterations, are best shown by the test-glasses, which are
only indicators, and need to be backed up by legal proofs, which are
usually ocular demonstrations. Still if the lactometer and cream gauge
both show a patron's milk to be deficient when delivered at the factory,
and specimens taken at his home from fhe can — which is watched and
known to contain no skimmed milk or water — tries all right, it would be
difficult for an intelligent jury tp refuse to bring in a verdict against him
for either skimming or watering^.
We need sopie simple aiid satisfactory test of the intrinsic value of milk
for cheese-making. The cream-gauge is a satisfactory test of its value for
, butter-making. It has been suggested that a given amount of each
jIL patron's milk, at certain intervals, be made into cheese, and either care-
Q fully weighed or measured, and his milk be rated by this test until the
©c^= ]
Q 308 ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER
next test is made. But this would only decide the percentage of cheese^
without taking into consideration the quality, and is, therefore, open to
the same objection, though in a less degree, that crediting by weight is.
It is desirable to give credit for»both caseine and cream, and no test will
be satisfactory which does not do this. Perhaps the milk might be set in
the cream-gauge for cream, and the skimmed milk afterwards made into
cheese, to determine the amount of caseine. But to make this test satis-
factory the relative value of cream and caseine must first be determined,
the cream evidently being the more valuable.
A committee of the American Dairymen's Association has under con-
sideration this subject of crediting according to the intrinsic value of milk,
and we shall be gratified if it shall be able to report some simple, equi-
table and satisfactory system of credits.
Rennet
Is unquestionably one of the most important things in cheese-making.
We can separate the caseine from the whey by the use of acids, and even
by the natural process of souring, but the product is not that mellow, rich
and palatable substance known as cheese. vSo it is said by the chemists,
that the spores, or seeds, of the blue mold are identical with the active
properties of good rennet ; but no one has yet succeeded in making a
marketable article by the use of blue mold instead of rennet. Practically,
whatever theory may show, we have no substitute for the active properties
of the stomach of the calf, in cheese-making. The soakings of the stomachs
of the young of other animals — as the pig, the lamb, the kid, etc.— will
cause coagulation, and the extract from the stomach of the pig is said to
be stronger than that from the stomach of the calf; but these have never
been used to any considerable extent, and we have no knowledge of ex-
periments to satisfactorily determine the relative value of the stomachs of
the young of various species ofanimals for the purposes of the cheese-maker.
At present, therefore, \ye must confine ourselves to the saving and pre-
paration of the stomach of the calf. Of course the true or digestive
stomach — sometimes called the "second stomach" — is the one to be saved.
This should be healthy and active, and ought to be saved at the stage when
it is just fairly emptied, and the secretions are copious, causing a keen ap-
petite on the part of the animal. The calf should not be less than three
days old, and probably ought to be five or six days old, so that all the
organs may be in active and vigorous operation. It should go without
eating, immediately before being killed, for twelve to eighteen hours. A
good way is to feed at night, muzzle the calf or put it where it cannot lick
dirt or get hold of straw, hay or other solid substance, and kill it some time
during the next forenoon. The stomach should be removed from the calf
as soon after killing as possible, as decomposition begins very soon, and
goes on very rapidly among the warm vital organs when life has departed.
The stomach should be turned inside out and carefully cleared of all
©C^^—
OF RURAL AFFAIRS. 309
foreign substances, but not washed, and then well salted and stretched on
a bow or crotched stick, and hung in a cool, dry place ; or salt the ends
well, tie up one end, blow up the rennet like a bladder, close the
other end, and then hang up to dry. When dry, tie your rennets up in
paper bags — flour sacks are as good as anything — and keep in a cool, dry
place until wanted for use. Freezing does not injure them, ai.d they are
best when not less than one year old.
We are confident that the quality of American cheese would be greatly
improved by the exercise of more care in saving and using rennets —
never using any that are under one year old, and not perfectly healthy
and sweet.
The best mode of preparing rennet is that practiced by Dr. L. L.
Wight of Whitestown, Oneida Co., N. Y., who has takan the first pre-
mium at the State Fair for two years in succession, for the best five factory-
made cheeses. He says : *' I take pure sweet whey and steam it to boil-
ing, and remove the scum which rises ; then let it stand until it settles,
and decant the clear whey, leaving the sediment at the bottom of the cask.
When this whey is cold and acid, I soak the rennets in it, adding a little
salt, but only just sufficient to preserve them from tainting. Of this liquid
I use enougli to commence coagulating the curd in fifteen minutes.' It
requires about one good, strong rennet to each gallon of whey thus pre-
pared. The mode of scalding the whey, so it is not scorched, is of no
consequence.
Coloring
Is specially demanded by the London market, which takes about three-
fifths of all the cheese exported from this country. The tendency, how-
ever, is toward less color, and the hope is general that the day is not far
distant when no coloring will be required. It is confessed on all sides to
be rather detrimental than useful, and to cause unnecessary expense and
trouble, except so far as it pleases our principal foreign customers, who
have educated themselves to admire an unnatural color in their cheese.
But when color is used it is in a liquid state, and should be prepared from
the purest and best material. Annatto is universally conceded to be the
best coloring matter, and that form of it known as annattoine is at present
the purest to be had in market. It is easy to reduce to a liquid state, and
is put up in packages, accompanied by a recipe for its preparation.
Setting, Cutting and Heating.
The milk — having been reduced to a temperature of about 70*^ the
night previous, and the cream prevented from rising by the use of an
agitator — should be about 65" in the morning, and not below 60*^. Into
this is run the morning's milk, which is usually about the same in quan-
tity as the night's, and the temperature of the whole is raised to about
82*^ in hot weather, and 86'* in cool weather, making a mean temperature
of 84" for setting in mild weather. The coloring liquid is first thoroughly
3IO
ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER
F8^
I
incorporated with the milk, and then sufficient prepared rennet is added
to cause to begin coaeulalion in about fifteen minutes. A slight agitation j
is kept up, until the milk begins to roll thick and heavy, for the purpose of
preventing the cream
from rising; but care
must be taken not to stir
too long, or a smooth,
compact mass of curd
will be impossible, and
a broken, spongy mass
will appear in its place,
from which many of the
fine particles will be
washed off in the whey,
causing great waste.
As soon as the curd
will break smoothly
across the finger, leav-
ing the finger clean,
and clear whey settles Fig. ,50. — Jones,
, ^ , in the broken place, the F.utlhuer&'Co.'s
Fig. 149. — Jones, Faulkner &* Co. s \ ■ r ■-,■,, Ivtproved Per-
Thermometer atici Float. This CUrd IS fit to CUt. 1 hen, pendicular Curd
shows the Thermometer fixed in in our opinion, all the J<nl/e, tvith iron
a Float, ivhich kee/>s it always . ' head, made ivith
rieht side up in the Vat, ready to CUttMlg should be done ,tny number 0/
indicate the te7nf>eratnre. 35 quickly and as gen- i'l'^des.
tly as possible — first with the horizontal knife, lengthwise of the vat, then
with the perpendicular knife, (fig. 150,) until the pieces of curd are about
the size of beachnuts. If the milk is very sweet, it may be left coarser ;
if it shows age, and is woiking rapid-
ly, cut finer still, so as to secure even
action of the heat in a shorter space
of time, and be ore the acid gets too
much developed. Stir the curd gently,
and only enough to prevent packing,
while raising the temperature, gradual-
ly and steadily, but more or less
rapidly, according to the state of the
milk, to 96*^, 98° or 100*^, as experience
shall have determined to be the ^^xO'
Yxz-^Si.— Jones, Faulkner 6^ Co.' s Curd per point for the milkof your factory.
Pail, with slanting topand ears on j^^,j ^,^^.^5 steadily at the de-
the tjiside, so that tt can be atppea -' _ -' _
against the end and into the cor- sired point of temperature until the
ners 0/ the Vat, while the bail ex- action of the heat is nearly or quite
tends beyond the edge 0/ the pail,and ' ^
saves the knuckles/rom bruising. complete, and the acid begins to show
itself slightly. Then, if you do not grind your curds, draw the whey
OF RURAL AFFAIRS. 3II
down to the surface of the curd, and allow it to stand until ready to dip.
If you grind your curds, draw off all the whey early, at least as soon as
there are any tangible signs of acid ; raise one end of the vat, draw the
curd away from the other, pile it up along each side of the vat, and leave it
to drain and take on acid, with occasionally cutting it lengthwise and
across into convenient pieces to handle, and turning it so as to air the
bottom and inner portions, and to give the outer portions that have cool-
ed somewhat the advantage of more heat. When the whey that drains
from it has an unmistakable sour-milk taste, or when an iron heated to a
black heat and applied to the curd, will draw it out into innumerable fine
threads a quarter or half an inch long, grind as soon as possible, (see fig.
152,) and apply about 2^ pounds of factory-filled salt to the curd of each
1,000 pounds of milk. It may
then be put to press, or allowed
to stand and air at pleasure ; but
if the temperature gets too low,
— say below 75*^ — it will be found
difficult to make the cheese face,
especially in cool weather, when
the temperature continues to run
down.
If you do not grind your curds
Fig. 1^7.— Ralph's American Curd Mill. — gg some of the very best fac-
tories do not — dip into the curd-sink as soon as the acid is right ; allow
the whey to drain off pretty well while thoroughly stirring and separating
the curd with the hands, and then apply, as evenly as possible, from 2| to
3 pounds of salt, according to the state of the weather and the amount of
whey left to wash away the salt. Air the curd well, and put it to press,
having some regard to both the temperature of the curd and the tempera-
ture of the atmosphere. If put to press too warm in hot weather, the
curd will ferment in the centre of the cheese and cause it to go off
flavor. There is no danger then of getting a curd too cool or too well
aired. In cool weather the temperature must be left high enough to
enable you to make a smooth face to your cheese. In truth, however, the
factory should be so constructed that the temperature can be controlled
at all times. Then you can do as experience shows you is best.
Temperatures, Acid, etc.
One of the most difficult things in cheese-making is to determine the
exact point where the heat and acid should be arrested and the salt ap-
plied to the curd. All depends on experience and judgment ; yet some
acquire the skill in a few months which others can never reach. No
fixed rule can be laid down, as the milk of different cows, and of different
localities, as well as of different years and different seasons of the year,
works differently. Each cheese-maker must determine for himself or her-
312
ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER
self the degree of heat and acid required for the time and place. Yet there
is such a thing possible as a standard of excellence in the product of the
dairy, which every one should have thoroughly fixed in the mind, but
which every one is liable to lose if the greatest watchfulness and care are
not exercised. For this reason we advise freer intercourse among cheese-
makers — more frequent visits to each other's factories, and observation of
the products of those that are selling best in market, that the standard in
the mind may not deteriorate, but rather improve. It would be to the ad-
vantage of patrons to pay the expenses of frequent visits of their cheese-
maker to other factories known to excel.
Our observation among the cheese factories of Oneida and Herkimer,
during the past season, has confirmed us in the opinion that much of our
cheese is made too soft, and consequently lacks in keeping qualities.
There have been two reasons for this, aside from the old prejudice exist-
ing among private dairymen, that an undercooked, pasty, rank cheese is
better than one suited to the London market. These reasons were — the
desire to obtain a big yield, and the anxiety to have the cheese cure rapid-
ly, that it might be sold before there was any further decline in the market.
There are several means of securing a soft and rapidly curing cheese,
all of which combined not only make a cheese soon ripe, but soon rotten.
These are — less heat, less acid, less salt, and more rennet. The mystery
of cheese-making lies in the proper use and degree of these several agents,
so as to produce a firm, flaky but not crumbly, sweet-flavored article,
that will improve for at least a year, and melt in the mouth like butter,
leaving a clean, sweet taste on the palate. Such a cheese will not be fit
for market in thirty days, or less. The cheese maker should know how to
produce a long keeping, or rapidly curing cheese, as may be desired, at will.
Pressing and Curing.
We do not lay as much stress on the pressing of cheese as some do. We
look upon it more as a matter of
convenience, in putting the pro-
duct in a good shape to handle,
than anything else. If the curd is
all right, and the conditions for
curing are all right, the cheese will
be satisfactory. Still as pressing,
in some form, will probably always
be resorted to. it is a matter of a
good deal of importance to get the
best and most convenient method.
Nothing, so far, has been found to
Pie. 15-1. — A Fancy Cheese Hoofi for ^ressivs^ ,, ,.
''Young America" Cheese; weighing 8 to answer SO well as some application
10 pounds. of screw-power. The best form of
this application that we know of is the gang-press, with its improved hoop.
S^c:^-
OF RURAL AFFAIRS.
3^3
(See figs. 154 and 155.) It is compact, economical, and does its work
satisfactorily. It has
been pretty thorough-
ly tried during the past
season, by the Rome
Cheese Manufactur-
ing Association, attd
by Dr. L. L. Wight
of Whitestown, Onei-
Fig. 15^— Frazer's Gan^ Press in operation. da Co., N. Y.
The importance of having curing
rooms so constructed that the tem-
perature can be controlled and
kept between jo*' and 80°, is begin-
ning to be more and more recog-
nized, and more pains to secure
this end are taken in building fac.
lories. With cheese not exceeding
70 lbs. weight, tables are consider-
ed preferable to rails and turners,
both for convenience and to get rid
of the annoyance consequent ui)on
the pretended patent on the rails
and turner. The idea of pressing
a cap of bandage cloth on the ends
Fig. irSs—Frazer's Itnproved Gang Press
Hoop — A, hoop ; B, closed end of hoop,
the edge of -which is seen below, E ; C,
follo-ver, shozving grooves, in ivhich
are holes for the passage ojf the ivhey ;
D, battdager on ivhich the upper edge
of the cheese bandage is slipped, and
the bandage inserted in the hoop, the
lower edge resting on the Icdjsre seen on
the inside of the hoop, just the width
(^ the bandager front the top.
of cheeses, and thus avoiding the use of grease, is receiving some atten-
tion. Cheeses with these caps do not look so nice, but they are cleaner
to handle, and entail less trouble and expense.
Apparatus, Utensils, etc.
There are practically but two methods of heating. One is by surround-
ing the vat of milk with
water which is raised in tem-
perature until it brings the
milk to the desired point ;
and the other is by the ap-
plication of dry steam direct-
ly to the external of the vat
of milk, which is surround-
ed by an enclosed space for
Y\g. isf>-— Sample Case for carrying samples of this purpose. Both of these
Cheese. 1 his ts a leather pocket case tvitlt short
glass tubes, furnished with corks, in tvhich to methods have tlieir Strong
carry sample phigs of cheese. Three of these advOCateS, and OUr beSt faC-
corked tubes are shoivn draxvn partly out of the ,,
case. tones use the one or the /)
other, as they accidentally began, and seemingly with equal success, while
^0^= -^ =«=^^
3 '4
ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER
some. like Dr. Wight's of Whitestown, use both. Theory has seemed to
us rather to favor the use of water as likely to secure an evener heat and a
larger yield, but we are
not aware that any satis-
factory test has been
made to settle these
points. Wegive anillus-
rs , , rr ,r, . -ui. ^ I tration of a self-heater,
F'S- >S7- — Ralfh Vat — a self-heater ivtth fire-box run- , . , , , i
nifig the entire leugth on the under side, and sur- whlch has been thorough-
roiiftded with water. \y tried and proved efli-
cient, (see fig. 157,) and of a dry-steam heater, which seems to us superior
to anything else of the kind,
because of its facilities for
turning the steam under the
bottom, or on the sides, at
will, which no other dry-steam
apparatus has, (see fig. 158.)
The following table shows
the receipts of cheese at and Fig. 158 -7^«^j, Faulkner <V Co.'s Improved
shipments from the port Ot Stuart Vat— a dry-steam heater.
New- York for the year of 1870, and from January i to October i, 187 1 :
1870.
1871.
Exports.
J 6, 343
16,572
31,216
48,399
42,990
115,537
264,086
199,917
166.362
iiS.«57
78.559
101,017
Receipts.
January, 16,392
February 16, 572
March, 14-976
April, 35.681
^*ay- 45.414
June, T17.684
July 276,496
August, 188,25?
September 241,937
October 232.303
November, 185,714
December, 180,976
Total, . 1.552.303 1,186,855
Tlie average weight of the box is about 60 pounds.
The number of milch cows in the United .States in in 1850, according to
the census, was 6,385.094; in i860 it was 8,728,862; in 1S70 it was il,-
008,925. The quantity of cheese made in 1850 was 105,535,893 pounds ;
in i860 it was 105,875,135 pounds; in 1870 the aggregate is not as yet
ascertained, but the following statistics of production in Farm Dairies
only will be read with interest :
Oregon,... 79,333'Dakota, 1,850
Penna., 1,145,209 Idaho, 4,464
R. Island, . 81,976; Mcntana,. . 25,603
Vermont, .. 4,830,700 New-Mexico,.. 27,239
Utah, 69,603
Washington, . . 17,465
Receipts.
Exports.
23.297
30,242
16,906
47.416
25.207
35 744
20,936
40,841
23.970
46.147
14'. 267
118,050
278,005
267.483
284.695
267,451
294.536
2S«,o47
,ioS,6i6
1,104,520 boxes
California... 3,395,074
Connectic't, 2,031.194
Delaware,.. 315
Florida, 25
Illinois, 1,661,703
Kansas, . . 226,607
Massach'ts, 2,245,873
23.3.977
46,142
None
Mmnesota,
Nebraska, .
Nevada,. . .
N. Hamp. . 849, 1 i8JW. Virginia, 32,429
N. Jer.sey, . 38,239 VVisconsin,. 1,591,798
Maine, .... 1, 152. 5901 New- York, 22,769,964 Arizona, .. . 14,500
Maryland,.. 6,732!01iio, 8, 169,486 Colorado,... 33,626
Total,. 50,782,824 lbs.
[T. D. C]
OF RURAL AFFAIRS.
315
THE FARMER'S REGISTER.
THE LISTS presented below, though not complete, are chiefly made
up from the advertising columns of The Country Gentleman,
during the year ending Nov. i, 1871, and thus include the leading names
in each department — those also most likely to be able to supply orders ;
Breeders of Improved Stock.
Stewart, H L Middle Haddam, Ct
Stiles, \V H Mamaroneck, N Y
Stimson, S J Linden, N J
Sturtevant Brothers, S. Framingham, Mass
Thompson, S N Southboro, Mass
Thompson, Thos., & Son Dunbar, Can
'iilton, H W Walpole, Mass
Tuck, Andrew Flackville, N Y
Turner, T T Normandy, Mo
Walcott & Campbell, New-York Mills, N Y
VV'alling, Nelson, Millbury, Mass
\VarringtPn, Tlios., West Cliester, Pa
Watson, William, West Farms, N Y
Wells. S M & D Wethersfield, Ct
Whitney, N S Montreal, Can
Breton Cattle.
Maitland, Robert L New- York
Devon Cattle.
Arnold, WE Otego, N Y
Bowie, Oden, Collington, Md
Brown, S T C Sykesville, Md
Buckingham, J Zanesville, O
Cole, Walter, Batavia, N Y
Early, J A Youngstown, O
Hilton, Joseph New-Scotland, N Y
Howard, A C Zanesville, O
Morris, Dr. J C Westchester, Pa
Olmsiead. H M Morristown, N J
Rockwell, J M Butternuts, N Y
Sessions, H M So. Wilbfaham, Mass
Terrill, M W Middlefield, Ct
Wainwright, C S Rhinebeck, N Y
Hereford Cattle.
Corning. E., Jr Albany, N Y
Gibb, John L Compton, Can
Stone, Fred. Wra Guelph, Can
Holstein or Dutch Cattle.
Baker, Thomas, Barton, Vt
Baldwin. T E Litchfield, Ct
Ball, A P Derby Line. Vt
Chenery, W W Belmont, Mass
Houghton Farm Putney, Vt
Wales, T B., Jr.... So. Framingham, Mass
Whiting, T E Concord, Mass
Jersey or Aldernev Cattle.
Alexander, AJ Spring Station, Ky
Anderson, W P Cincinnati, O
Aspinwall, J L Barrytown, N Y
Austin, EH Gaylo'rdsville, Ct ^
Bagby Farm Tiffin, O
Barnes, Wallace Bristol, Ct
Ayrshire Cattle.
Abbott, JJ C Montreal, Can
Appleby, L Spottswood, N J
Appleton, Francis H. .West Peabody, Mass
Ball, A P ...Derby Line, Vt
Bassett, H W Derby, Ct
Birnie, William, Springfield, Alass
Bliss. OS Georgia. Vt
Boise, E W Blandford, Mass
Bradley, G C Watertown, N Y
Brodie. R Smithville, N Y
Brodie, James, Rural Hill, N Y
Brown, Henry T Providence, R I
Burleigh, B W Ticonderoga, N Y
Byrne, Patrick, St. Joseph, Pa
Chapman, C S Malcne, N Y
Chapman, Albert, Middlebury. Vt
CJark, J K Normandy, Mo
Codman, Ogden, Lincoln, Mass
Collins, H S Collinsville, Ct
Converse, J F Woodville, N Y
Coy, EL West Hebron, N Y
Cragin, G D Rye, N Y
Crozier, William, Northport, N Y
Curtis, F D Charlton, N Y
Dane, N., Jr Kennebunk, Me
Dixon, I Schraalenburgh, N J
Douglass, J L Belleville, N J
Drew, L S . . So. Bur'ington, Vt
Fitch Thomas, New- London, Ct
Freeman, J W . . . . , Troy, N Y
French, J D W.... North Andover, ^L^ss
Gibb. John L Compton, Can
Hammond, G E New-London, Ct
Haydock, J W Troy, N Y
Hungerford, S D Adams, N Y
King, W S Minneapolis, Minn
Landon, S Eden, N Y
LeClair, Peter, Winooski, Vt
Lester, C S Saratoga Springs, N Y
Loring, Harrison, Boston, Mass
Loring, Dr. G B Salem, Mass
Mills, LA Middlefield, Ct
Morgan, J H Ogdensburgh, N Y
Myers, M E Charlton, N Y
Odell, D H Brant, N y
Pond, CM Hartford, Ct
Reed, S G Portland, Oregon
Rumsey, H il Salem, N J
Senev, Robert, Mamaroneck, N Y
Sheffield. Dr. W W New-London, Ct
Slifer, W H Lewisburg, Pa
Smith, E W . New-London, Ct
Stark, W Manchester, N H
316
-=^=>^
ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER
Bnrnuni, T G Bethel, Ct
Barstow, J S Newport, R I
Bartholomew, A Bristol, Ct
liassett. II W Derbv, Ct
Beach, CM Hartford, Ct
Benedxt, Chas., Waterbury, Ct
Biddle, CiemeiU, Philadelphia, Pa
Bowditch, E F Framingham. Mass
Bradlev, R Brattleboro, Vt
Brad ey, G W Hamden, Ct
Bradway, J H Woodbury, N J
Brooks, John, Princeton, Mass
Brown, E B Mvstic, Ct
Brown, Melville Millbrook, N Y
Buck, Mrs. M E Poquonnock, Ct
Bui . W W Plymouth, Ct
Bush, W C Auburndale, ^Iass
Bush, James P Boston, Mass
Chapman, A Middlebury, Vt
Clui chman, F M Indianapolis, Ind
Chit, W Mystic Bridge, Ct
Codman, Ogden, Lincoln, Mass
Coleman, G D Lebanon, Pa
Collamore, Davis, Orange, N J
Colt, Samuel C H artford, Ct
Converse & Flagler, Arlington, Mass
Ciagin, George D Rye, N Y
Crozier, William, Northport, N Y
Curtis, F D Charlton, N Y
Ciirwen, GF W Haverford, Pa
Dane, N., Jr Kennebunk, Me
Darlington, R S West Chester, Pa
Davis, D E Salem, N J
Day, R L Boston, Mass
Delano, Charles, Northampton, Mass
Devries, Wm. Baltimore, Md
Dike, Lj'man, Stoneham, A'ass
Dillon, J C Weston, Mass
Dinsmore, W B Staatsburgh, N Y
Dunlop, J S Indianapolis, Ind
Edgerton, James, Barnesvilie, O
Edmands, J F Newton, Mass
Estes, J J East Abington, Mass
Faile, T H.. Jr West Farms, N Y
Farlee, G W Cresskill, N J
Fearing, D B Newport, R I
Feiuier. H S. Orange, N J
Fitch, Thomas, New-London, Ct
Frost, George, West Newton, Mass
Giles, John Putnam, Ct
George, Thomas, Newburgh, N Y
Glasgow, W H St. Louis, Mo
Goodman, R . . . Lenox, RIass
Gould, Thomas, Aurora, N Y
Gridley, S R Bristol, Ct
Hadwen, O B .... Worcester, Mass
Halsted, J M Rye, N Y
Hand. Thomas J Sing Sing, N Y
Hardin, S L Louisville, Ky
Harwood, J A Littleton, Mass
Haven, John, Fort Washington, N Y
Haydock, J \V Troy, N Y
Hayes, P'rancis B Boston, Mass
Hilton, S C Providence, R I
1 Henderson, S J O'Bannon's, Ky
^ Hoffnjan, J A Leicester, Mass
Howe, Edward, Princeton, N J
Howell. Dr. B P Woodbury, N J
Hubbell, O S Philadelphia, Pa
Ide, L N Claremont, N H
Jenkins, J Strieker, Baltimore, Md
Jewett, PA New-Haven, Ct
Johnson, C S Uncasville, Ct
J uliand, Joseph, . Bainbridge, N Y
Kelsey, H C Newton, N J
Kinney, J D Cincinnati. O
Kittredge, B Peekskill, NY
Large, S P West Elizabeth, Pa
Mackie, J M .. . .Great Barrington, Mass
Mallory, Joel, Troy, N Y
McCul'loh, J W New- York
McHenry, J Howard, Pikesville, Md
Mills, Lj'man A , Middlefield, Ct
Morrell, Robeit, .Manhasset, N Y
Newell, Dr. A D... New- Brunswick, N J
Osgood, H B Whitinsville, Mass
Page, Joseph F Philadelphia, Pa
Park, H S . . Bayside, N Y
Parks, C C & R H Waukegan, 111
Parsons, S B Flushing, N Y
Potter Bros Webster, Mass
Powell, James B ...Hartfojd, Ct
Powers, A E Lansingburgh, N Y
Powers, Joseph, No. Haverhii), N H
Redmond, William, New- York
Robeson, A Tiverton, R I
Reeder, E New-Hope, Pa
Reynolds, I W H Frankfort, Ky
Ridgeiey, Ch^s., Hampton, Md
Rilev, F Sterling, Mass
Rob'bins, S W Wethersfield, Ct
Rockwell, JT W. Winsted, Ct
Root, L B New-Hartford, N Y
Rumsey, H M Salem, N J
Scudder, M S Boston, Mass
Seney, G I New- York
Sharpless, Charles L Philadelpiiia, Pa
Sharpiess, Samuel J Philadelphia, Pa
Sherlock, Mrs. M J Elizabeth, N J
Sherwood. SS Paterson, N J
Stark, W. Manchester, N H
Stephens, Romeo H Montreal, Can
Swain, J B Bronx ville, N Y
Swigert, D Spring Station, Ky
latum, George M Woodbury, N J
Tilden, MY New- Lebanon, N Y
Torrey, J W Philadelphia, Pa
Turner, T T Normandy, Mo
Twaddell, Dr. L H Philadelpiiia, Pa
Underbill, A A Poughkeepsie, N Y
Walcott &jCampbell, New- York Mills, NY
Walker, Alex., W. Elizabeth, Pa
Ware, J B Townshend, Vt
Waring, G E., Jr Newport, R I
Welch, E B Cambridge, Mass
Wellington, C East Lexington, Mass
Wellington, H M.... Jamaica Plain, Mass
Wells, EL Pittsfield, Mass
Wells Phil Amenia, N Y
Wheeler, AD Providence, R I
Whitehead, Joseph, Trenton, N J
Wilmerding, G G Bay Sliore, N Y
Wing, John D Washington, N Y
Young, Richard Mortons, Pa
©c:^-
OF RURAL AFFAIRS.
Z^7
Kerry Cattle.
Appleton, D F Ipswich, Mass
Green, Andrew H New- York
Perry, E B Providence, R I
Sinclair, Samuel, New- York
Shokt-Horn Cattle.
Alexander, A J Spring Station, Ky
Alvord, C T Wilmington, Vt
Ashworth, John, Ottawa, Can
Babbage, AR Dubuque, Iowa
Baldwin, T E Litchfield, Ct
Barbee, F J Paris, Ky
Beach, C M Hartford, Ct
Beattie, Simon, Bangor, Can
Bedford, G M Paris, Ky
Bedford, Edwin G Paris, Ky
Bellwood, John, Newcastle, Can
Bidwell, B J Tecumseh, Mich
B;anchard, W F Manlius, N Y
Bianshard. William, Penn Yan, N Y
Brace, AW West Winfield, N Y
Bradley, A Lee, Mass
Brockway, E P Ripon, Wis
Brown, Warren, Hampton Kails, N H
Brov/n, James N.'s Sons, Berlin, 111
Bussing, D S Minaville, N Y
Butts, George, Manlius, N Y
Cameron, R W New- York
Campbell, J G J. . .. Lawrenceville, NJ
Carmalt, Jas. E. .-. Montrose, Pa
Cass, A J Holliston. Mass
Charles, R S Angelica, N Y
Christie, David Paris, C W
Cleveland, H C Coventry, Vt
Cochrane, M H Compton, Can
Coffin, Charles E Muirkirk, Md
Coffin, R G Coffin's Summit, N Y
Collier, W B Bndgeton, Mo
Conger, A B Haverstraw, N Y
Cook, J H & Son, Piitsfield, Mass
Cornell, Ezra, Ithaca, N Y
Conrad, W C Sandy Bottom, Va
Craig, J R Edmonton, Can
Cutts, Hampden, Brattleboro, Vt
Davis, D E . Salem, N J
Delafield, T Aurora, N Y
Dodge, Wm B Waukegan, III
Dun, R G London, O
Duncan, W R Towanda, 1 11
Dunning, E J Lenox, Mass
Fitch, G N . . Logansport, Ind
Goodell, D H Antrim, N H
Goodman, R Lenox, Mass
Goe, J S Brownsville, Pa
Gray, C K E. Montpelier, Vt
Greig, iMajor Geo BeachviUe, C W
Greene, J W SayviUe, N Y
Griswoid, AW.. Morrisviile, Vt
Groom, B B Wincliester, Ky
Haight, D B Dover Plains. N Y
Hampton, Lewis, Winchester, Ky
Harison, T L Morley, N Y
Harv/ood, James A Littleton. Mass
Hayward, S Cummiiigton, Mass
Hazard, Thos Mendon Centre. N Y
) Hills, C Delaware. O
Hosteller, A Ml. Carroll, 111
Hoyle, George V Champlain, N Y
H ubbard, A C Danbury, Ct
Hubbard, C H Springfield, Vt
lies, Edward Springfield, III
Jessup, C & Co ... Bristol, Ind
Jones, T C Delaware, O
Judd, AT South Hadley Falls, Mass
Juliand, J Bainbridge, N Y
Kennedy, R Hamilton, O
King, William S Minneapolis, Minn
Kinkead, F P Midway, Ky
Kinnaird, J G .' Lexington, Ky
Markham, W G Avon, N Y
Mason, V W Canastota. N Y
Meadows, A. ...Port Hope, Can
Miller, John, Brougham, Can
Miller, Robert, Pickering, Can
M ilne, R Lockport, 111
Murray, George, Racine, Wis
Neeley & Bro Ottawa, 111
Page, John R Sennett, N Y
Parks, C C& R H Waukegan, 111
Parsons, C, Jr Conway, Mass
Perry, W N Rushviile. N Y
Phelps, E A Avon, Ct
Pickrell, J H Harristown. HI
Pond, NG Milford, Ct
Potter Bros Webster, Mass
Reed, S G Portland, Oregon
Robbins George L Worcester, Mass
Rosenberger, G W... . New- Market, Va
Sampson, Jas Bowdoinham, Me
Schieffclin, W H New-York
Scott, M T Lexington, Ky
Shedd &. Van Sicklen, Burlington, Vt
Sherman, H B Toledo, O
Simpson, W Jr. West Farms, N Y
Skidmore, PA Beekman, N Y
Skinner, H H Silver Lake, Pa
Skinner, WE Hamburgh, N J
Slingerland, W H Normanskill, N Y
SnelL John, Edmonton, Can
Sniveley, L R Fairview, Md
Sparhawk, Dr Gaysville, Vt
Spears, J H Tallula, 111
Sprague, G Oakwood, Iowa
Stone, F W Guelph, Can
Streator, SR E Cleveland, O
Talbutt. J H Lexington, Ky
Talcott Jonathan, Rome, N Y
Terrell, M W Middlcfield, Ct
Thomson, J S Wiiitby, Can
Trabue, A E Hannibal, Mo
Underbill, A A Clinton Corners, N Y
Van Meter, J M Midwav. Ky
Wadsworth, J W Geneseo,' N Y
Walcott & Campbell, New- York Mills, N Y
Ward, C K... Leroy, N Y
Warfield, William, Lexington, Ky
Wells, C L New-Hartford, N Y
Wentworth, John, Summit, 111
Whitman, A Fitchburg, Mass
Wilber, M J Quaker Street, NY ■
Winslow. A M & Sons Putney, Vt A
Wistar, R & W L Philadelphia. Pa '
Young, W W Louisville, Ky
-=^3^
f
318
ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER
Horses.
Alexander, A J Spring Station, Ky
Backman, Charles, Stony I'ord, N Y
Bagby Farm, liffin, O
Baker, I V., Jr. .Comstock's Landing, N Y
Barnes, VV H Havre de Grace, Md
Battell, R. Norfolk, Ct
Beattie, Simon, Bangor, Can
Cameron, R W Ne w- Yoi k
Case, W H Delaware, O
Chapman, T B Rocliester, Pa
Chenery, W W Belmont, Mass
Cochrane, M H Cotnjiton, Can
Conger, A B Haversiraw, N Y
Crozier, William, Northport, N Y
I' itch, ihonias, New- London, Ct
Gibb, John L Compton, Can
Goe, J S . Brownsville, Pa
Goldsmith. Alden,. . .Blooming Grove, N Y
Gordon, Clarence, Newbiirgh, N Y
Haight, D B Dover Plains, N Y
Harison, T L Morley, N Y
Hilton, S C Provider.ce, R I
Hitchcock, G C New Preston. Ct
Hungerford & White, Adams, N Y
Irwin, D B Middlelown, NY
Johnson, W Fell Brooklandville, Md
Kinkead, F P M id way, K v
Leffingwell, W A Coldenham, N Y
Merritt, D H New burgh, N Y
Morris, Lewis G Fordham, N Y
Ogden Farm, Newport, R I
Parker, J J West Chester, Pa
Parks, C C & R H Waukegan, 111
Phillips, ET Plainfield, N J
Pickrell, J H Harristown, 111
Reynolds, I W H Frankfort, Ky
Russell, H S Boston, Mass
.Sherman, H B Toledo, O
Shields, H L Troy, NY
Stevens, G C Milwaukee, Wis
Taber, George East Aurora, N Y
Thome, Edwin Miilbrook, NY
Van Urden, W H Catskill, N Y
Wadsworth, E S Chicago, 1 11
Wood, J G W Millburj', Mass
Shetland Ponies.
Alexander, A J Spring Station, Ky
Anderson. W P Cincinnati, O
Watson, William, West Farms, N Y
CoTswoLD Sheep.
Albright, J Etna, NY
Appleton, D F Ipswich, Mass
Banks, Thad Hollidaysburg, Pa
Barbee, G L Georgetown, Ky
Bedford. EG Paris, Ky
Burroughs, H K Roxbury, NY
Chase, LA New- York
Cochrane, M H Compton, Can
Coffin. H T. Poughkeepsie, N Y
Crozier, William, Northport, N Y
Deuel, ST Little Rest, N Y
Hall, John, Catharine, NY
H arris, Jos Rochester, N Y
Hartwell, S Washington, Ct
Hiester, C E West Chester, Pa
©c^^ ■
Hoyle, George V Champlain, N Y
Humphreys, John, Robystown, Md
In^ersoll, George, Charleston, NY
Jackson, George, Wilmington. Dei
Johnson, W R Warwick, R I
King, W S Minneapolis, .Minn
Loomis, Burdett, Hartford, Ct
Looinis, Byron, Suffield. Ct
McFerran, J C -Louisville, Ky
Osborn, B L Oswego Village, N Y
Parks, CC&RH Waukegan, 111
Paxton, C R Bloomsburgh, Pa
Perrv, W N Rushville, N Y
Phelps, C C Vernon, N Y
Phillips, E T Plainfield, N J
Pratt, J M Goshenville, Pa
Roberts, W B King of Prussia, Pa
Rockwell, J M Butemuts, N Y
Sayre, Cooper Oaks Corners, N Y
Sherman, H B Toledo, O
Skinner, H H Silver Lake, Pa
Siiell, John, Edmonton, Can
.Ste Marie, A La Prairie, Can
Stone, hred. Wm Guelph, (^an
Tabor, A Aurora, N Y
'latum, G M Woodbury, N J
Thome, Edwin, Miilbrook, N Y
Underhill, A A Clinton Corners, N Y
Wilson, W T West Liberty, O
LEicesTER Sheep.
Buckingham, J Zanesville, O
Curtis, F D Charlton, N Y
Edgerton, Jas Barnesville, O
Hills, C Delaware, O
Hoyle. George V Champlain, NY
Kirby, Joseph, Milton, Can
Redmond, William, New-York
Snell, John, Edmonton, Can
Vergon, 1'' P Delaware. O
Wafcott & Campbell, New-York Mills, N Y
Winne, Jurian, Bethlehem, N Y
LiN(;oLN Sheep.
Chapman, J R Oneida Lake, N Y
Chenery, VV W Belmont, Mass
Cochrane, M H Comnton, Can
Walcott & Campbell, New- York Mills, N Y
Merino Sheep.
Baker, I. V., Jr., Comstock's Landing, N Y
Baldwin, Theo. E Litchfield, Ct
Bottum, N Shaftsburv, Vt
Chamberlain, Wm Red Hook, 'N Y
Cole, Walter, Batavia, N Y
Drew, L S So. Burlington. Vt
GodefTroy, Brancker & Co., New- York
Goe, J S Brownsville, Pa
Hubbard, C H Springfield, Vt
Peltibone, J S Manchester, Vt
Steele, T S Shushan, N Y
H.\mpshire-Down Sheep.
Ashworth, J . . Ottawa, Can
Hubbell, OS Philadelphia, Pa
Morrell, Robert, Manhasset, N Y
Newell, Dr. A D New- Brunswick, N J
Shropshire Sheep.
Conger, A B Haverstraw, N Y
g^c^^
o
OF RURAL AFFAIRS.
3*9
South-Down Shekp.
Alexander, A f Spring Station, Ky
Brown, Geo. H., Washington Holiow, N Y
Biiffuin, Thomas B Newport, R 1
Carson, A H Newport, R I
Covell, W R Orange C. H., Va
Giles, John, Putnam, Ct
Harison, T L Morley, N Y
Hills, C Delaware, O
Hurnbrook, R S &Co., New-Harmony. Ind
Houghton Farm, Putney, Vt
Hulse, Benj Allentown, N J
Jenkins, J Strieker, ..Baltimore, Md
Jones, T C Deiawnre, O
Juliand, Joseph, Bainbr.dge, N Y
Sloore, Edwin Port Kennedy, Pa
Morris, Dr. J C West Chester, Pa
Parks, C C & R H Waukegan, 1 11
Pickrell, J H Harristown, III
Reeder, E New- Hope, Pa
Revbold, J F St. Geor-es, Del
Reynolds, I W H Frankfort, Ky
Sharpless, Samuel J Philadelphia, Pa
Sinclair, S New-York
Stewart, H L Middle Haddam, Ct
Stone, Fred. Wm Guelph. Can
Taylor, W J C Holmdel, N J
Underbill, A A Clinton Corners, N Y
Van Meter, J M Midwav, Ky
Wain wright, C S Rhinebeck, N Y
Worth. Francis Marshallton, Pa
Bekkshikk Swine.
Abbott, JJC Montreal, Can
Babbage, R A Dubuque, Iowa
Ball, A P Derbv Line, Vt
Barbee, W H Frankfort, Ky
Barbee, G L Georgetown, Ky
Bedford, EG Paris, Ky
Bennett. VV A Dover, Ky
Brown, Dr. L E Eminence, Ky
Brown. S H Millbrook, N Y
Cass, j F L'Orijjinai, Can
Christie. David, Paris, Can
Cochrane, M H Compton, Can
Coffin, C E Muirkirk. Md
Colt, S C Hartford, Ct
Craig, J R Edmonton, Can
Crozxr, William Northport, N Y
Crutcher, T G Shelby ville, Ky
DeForest, J J Duanesbnrg, N Y
Deuel, ST Little Rest, N Y
Forsyth, John, , 'I'oronto, Can
Haines, J C Clarksboro, N J
Homer, G W Framinglmm, Mass
Hubbell, OS . Philadelphia. Pa
Tones. G W Jones' .Station, O
King, W S Minneapolis, Minn
Loomis, Burdett, Hartford, Ct
McCarty, T J., & Co Salem, O
Miller, John, Brougham, Can
Morris, Dr. J C West Chester, Pa
Oaklev, Chas ... Roslvn. N Y
Parks,CC&RH Waukegan. Ill
Pettee, W J Lakevil'e, Ct
Pickrell. J H Harristown, 111
Pond, N G Miiford. Ct
Riehl, EA Alton, 111
©c^-
Scudder. MS Grantville, Mass
Sheffield, W R Saugerties, N Y
Sherman, H B loledo, O
Snyder, P Marysville, O
Snell, John, Edmonton, Can
Sprague, G Oakwood, 1 ow a
Ststt, WE Columbus, Wis
Stone. F W Gueiph, Can
Ticknor, E St. Louis, Mo
Essex Swine.
Anderson, W P Cincinnati, O
Bowditch, E F Framingham, Mass
Brown, S H MilWook, N Y
Ogden Farm, Newport, R I
Cheshire Swine.
Clark & Green, Belleville, N Y
Deforest J J ... Duanesburg, N Y
Gruver, W H Pleasant Valley, Pa
H icks, CM Rushville, N Y
Hoxie, A K Stockport Station, N Y
Perry, W N Rushville, N Y
Rockwell, J .M Butternuts, N Y
Stiles, W H Mamaroneck, N Y
Suffolk Swine.
Battles, A Girard, Pa
Cobb, Henry, Amherst, Mass
Giles, John, Putnam, Ct
Haswell H C Deerfield, Mass
Howard, A B Belchertovvn, Mass
Hyde, Alex Lee, Mass
Nason, H Montclair, N J
Ticknor, E St. Louis, Mo
Yorkshire Swine.
Bush, FT Auburndale, Mass
Bordwell, RRC Penn Yan, N Y
t'henery, W W Belmont, Mass
Codmnn, Ogden Lincoln, Mass
Cooper, T 3 Coopersburg, Pa
Howe, MS Penn Yan, N Y
Landon, Stephen, Eden, N Y
Lightfoot, T Maiden Creek, Pa
Chester County Swine.
Ashlev, AB Burlington, Vt
Bagge'riey, W F South Butler, N Y
Bradley, John, & Co Chester, Pa
Battles', A Girard. Pa
Beal, N T Rogersville, Tenn
Bidwell, B J Tccumseh, Micii
Cox, 1' F Osborn, O
Darlington, R S West Chester, Pa
Early, J A Youngslown, O
Ed.gerton, James, Bainesviile, O
Elliott. W V Wapakoneta, O
Gordon, Clarence, Newburgh, NY
Hickman, G B West Chester, Pa
Hodgson, R H New- London. Pa
Hooff, Lewis Alexandria. Va
Horton, E W Muscatine, Iowa
Irwin, J W & M Penningtonville, Pa
Lehman, H F Hagerstown, Md
Lewis, P G Monroe, N Y
M.ickie, J M Great Barrington, Mass f
McClintock, D Solon, O
McCullv, Cyrus Hubbard. O
Nichols, H C Cowiesville, N Y
3*9
-=«=5©
ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER
Parks, C C& R H VVaukegan, 111
Pond, N G Miltbrd. Ct
Rilev, Fred Sterling. Mass
Robert:^, J C West Chester, Pa
Silver, LB Salem. O ':
Spai hawk, Dr Gaysvilie. Vt
Thompson, G W.... New- Brunswick, N J
'lillinghast, J T New-Bedford, Mass
Tihnn. H W Walpole, Mass
Todd, S H Wakeman, O
Van Winkle, I, Jr, Rockaway. N J
Whitehead, M Middlebush, N J
Wood, Thomas, Doe Run, Pa
Wtod, Ira B Iron Furnace, O
Worth, Francis, Marshallton, Pa
Young, James, Jr., & Co., Marshallton, Pa
Poultry Fanciers.
Allen, A B Tom's River, N J
Allen, J Conneaut, U
Anderson, H S Geneva, N Y
Atkinson, W B Boston, Mass
Ball, H S Shrewsbury, Mass
Barry, T F Rochester, N Y
Bassett, G W Barre, Vt
Bateman, H B Ripon, Wis
Bates, C P Schuyler's Lake. N Y
Battles, C P Girard, Pa
Beattie, Simon Bangor, Can
Berry, J J Hackensack, N J
Betts, C H Baltimore, Md
Bickuell, J Y Westmoreland, N Y
Blair. K Allegheny City, Pa
Blanchard, Webster, Newton, N J
Bordwell, E O Penn Yan, N Y
Bradley, G W Hamden, Ct
Burgess, Edward Poughkeepsie, N Y
Bush, W C & W M Auburndale, Mass
Butts, George, Manlius, N Y
Bnzzeli, J P Clinton, Mass
Cameron, R W New-Yotk
Campbell, AG St. Hilaire, Can
Carpenter, F & VV Rye, N Y
Carv, Willard, Milford, N H
Carson, A H Newport, RI
Champnev, G F Taunton, Mass
Chapman^ A Middlebury, Vt
Churchman, W H Wilmington, Del
Clark, John L Waterloo, N Y
Clark, ECJr Ballston Spa, N Y
Clift, W Mystic Bridge, Ct
Coffin, C E Muirkirk, Md
Cochrane T A Baltimore, Md
Cole, Walter, Batavia, N Y
Colt, S C Hartford, Ct
Comey, EC Quincy, Mass
Cooper, J C Limerick, Ireland
Coon, DDF Marcellus, N Y
Corbett, C C Norwich, Ct
C<nvles. Theron Syracuse, N Y
Cox. J B . . Zancsville, O
Crozier, William, Northport, N Y
Curwen, G F West Have-.ford, Pa
Darlington, R S West Chester. Pa
Deuel, ST Little Rest, NY
Dewey, T H Pomfret Landing, Conn
Dewey, G B Hartford, Conn
) Dibble, E B New-Haven, Ct
Dillon, J C Amherst, Mass
Dudley Bros Augusta, NY
Dunbar, E B Bristol, Ct
Dunbar, G C East Abington, Mass
Early, J A Youiigstown, O
Eilis, Robert, Schenectady, N Y
Engle, H iram, Marietta, Pa
Esiabrook, G W Grafton, Mass
Estes, J J East Abington, Mass
Felter, G W Batavia, O
Felter, Jas Rensselaerville, N Y
Fitz, Geo. C Ipswich, Mass
Forsyth, John. Toronto, Can
Frazier, E R Plattsburgh, N Y
Gardner, L C Fayetteville, N Y
Giles. John, Putnam. Ct
Goodell, D H ......Antrim, N H
Gould, Thomas, Aurora, NY
Hadwen, OB Worcester, Mass
Haines, J C Ciarksboro, N J
Hall, John H Catharine, NY
Hammer, EC Branford, Ct
Hand. T J Sing Sing, N Y
Hanks, W . Middle Granville, N Y
Hatch, O L Worcester, Mass
Herstine, D W Philadelphia, Pa
Hicks, Benj Roslyn, N Y
Hills, W R Albany. N Y
Hills. Henry N Delaware, O
Hiichmaii, D A Schoharie, N Y
Hodgson Bros New- York
Homer, G W Framingham, Mass
Horton, E W ..» .Muscatine, Iowa
Howard, A McL Torontos Can
Hovvlett, E P Syr.TCuse, N Y
Hudson, P VV North Manchester, Ct
Hughes. J Marshallton. Pa
Hull, E D Newton, M ass
Hunt, W M Waterloo, N Y
Ives, John S Salem, Mass
Judd, J W Box 3040, New- York
Juliand, Jos Bauibridgc, N Y
Kelley, Seth So. Yarmouth, Mass
King, Henry, Galesburg, Mich
Leavitt, G H Flushing, N Y
Leland. Warren, ...Rye, NY
Lent, D B Poughkeepsie, N Y
Lippincott, J S Mt. Holly, N J
Lofiie, Henry, Syracuse, N Y
Lonu, J C Jr Ravenna, O
Lord, John A Kennebunk, Me
Loring, C Carroll, Boston, Mass
Ludlow, C N Mt. Carmel, O
Lummis, F C Chaplin, Ct
Maitland, Robt. L Jr Red Bank, N J
McCarty, T J Salem, O
McClean, Thos Toronto, Can
Miles, F W Plainfield, N J
Meacham, G A No. Cambridge, Mass
Merry, S E Milan, O
Murrill, F H New Bedford, Mass
Morrell, Robt Manhassett, N Y
Nettleton, C P Birmingham. Ct
Nichols, Burr H Lock port, N Y
Noxon, DC Beekman, N Y
Oaklev, Charles Roslyn, N Y
Oat, D B West Chester, Pa
OF RURAL AFFAIRS.
321
Ordway, W H Box 3138, Boston, Mass
Parker, S J West Chcbter, Pa
Parks, CC&RH Waukegan. Ill
Paulding, DC Mt. Kisco, N Y
Perkins, N B Jr Salem, Mass
Perrv, VV N Rnshville. N Y
Phill'ips, ET Plainfield, N J
Pitman, Mark Salem, Mass
Pogue, Joseph, Grafton, Mass
Polk, W H Paris, Ky
Pope & Lyman, Concord, Mass
Potter, F S No. Dartmouth. Mas=;
Rager, John, Waterloo, N Y
Ralph, D C Buffalo, N Y
Rice. J L .Rensselaerville, N Y
Richards, J A & R R. .Lansingburgh, N Y
Richardson, J D Buckeyestown, Md
Roberts, J C West Chester, Pa
Roberts, J A Paoii, Pa
Rockwell, J M Butternuts, N Y
Scudder, M S Grantville, Mass
Schuyler, P West Troy, N Y
Sharpless, C L Philadelphia, Pa
Sharpless, Saml J Philadelphia, Pa
Shaw, R B Canandaigua, N Y
Shelton, J D Jamaica, N Y
Sherman, H B Toledo, O
Sherlock, Mrs. M J Elizabeth. N J
Sidel, J Clarence, Englewood, N J
Simpson, W Jr West Farms, N Y
Smedley. J G Willistown Junction, Pa
Smith, G Morgan, South Hadlev, Mass
Snow, H H New-Haven, Ct
Sparbeck, G M Cranesville, N Y
Spalding, LA Lockport, N Y
Stage, D L Schenectady, N Y
Stephens, Sheldon Montreal. Can
Stickney, E Burton, O
Stone, John, Coatesville, Pa
Stowell, H F Williamsport, Pa
Studley. EG Ciaverack, N Y
Stuvvesant, J R Poughkeepsie, N Y
Talcott, J Rome. NY
Tannar. A.... Norwich, Ct
Tatnall, A R Wilmington, Del
I'atum, G M Woodburv, N I
Tavlor, E J Waterloo, N Y
Ta'vlor, F Oakdale, Pa
Thomas, J P West White'and, Pa
'i'hompson, G W New- Brunswick, N J
Thorne, Edwin, Millbrook. N Y
Todd, W H Vermillion, O
Tewnsend, C H Utica, N Y
Treadwell, C W Exeter, N H
Tuttle, C E Box 1156, Boston. Mass
Upham, DA Wilsonville, Ct
Valentine, CD F'ordham, N Y
Van Keuren, C Rondout, N Y
Van Winkle, I Greenville, N J
Walcott, B D New-York Mills, N Y
Warner, G H New- York Mills, N Y
Warner, John C Blooming Grove, N Y
Warr, Edw Utica, N Y
Warren, W R Albion, N Y
Warren, fohn, Flush'ng, NY
Wells, C"L New-Hartford, N Y
Welles, J C Athens, Pa
Wentworth, John, Summit, HI
Wheaton, C C Orange, Mass
White, L E Taunton, Mass
Whitney, E H.. ... Cambridgeport, Mass
Wilbur, D L Boonsboro, Iowa
Willard. F H Little Falls, N Y
Willetts, W Old Westbury, N Y
Williams, P Taunton, Mass
Williams, J P New-York Mills. N Y
Wolcott, R P Hoi and Patent, N Y
Wood, Thomas, Doe Run. Pa
Woodward, H .. .... Worcester, Mass
Worth Francs, Marshallton, Pa
Zollikoffer, E Uniontown, Md
AiMERic.\N Deer.
Maitland, Robt. L . . . New- York
Bees.
Bradley, A Lee, Mass
Hazen, Jasper, Albany, N Y
Langstroth, L L Oxford, O
Quinby, M St. Johnsville, N Y
Woody, T H B Manchester, Mo
Angora Goats.
Chenery, WW Belmont, Mass
Dinsmore, W B Staatsburgh, N Y
Covell, W Ross Orange C. H., Va
Eutychides, A Spout Springs, Va
Goe, J S Brownsville, Pa
Harrison, C K Pikesville, Md
Peters, Richard, Atlanta, Ga
Fish and Spawn.
Clift, W, .' Mystic Bridge, Ct
Ferrets.
Osgoodby. J H Pittsford, N Y
Dogs.
Betts, C H Baltimore, Md
Bradley, G W Hamden, Ct
Buckingham, J Zanesville, O
Cooper, T S Coopersburg, Pa
Estes, J J East Abington, Mass
Hall, John, Catharine, N Y
Hallock. S P Oriskany, N Y
Hulse. Benj Allentown, N J
Ives, J S Salem, Mass
McGugin, S M Ironton, O
Stephens, S Sheldon, Montreal, Can
Wonson, H F E. Gloucester, Mass
Horticultural and Seed Register.
NURSERIE.S.
Adair, William, Detroit, Mich
1^ ■ Adams, J W Springfield, Mass
Allen, John M Hightstown, N J
Andrews, C Marengo, 111
Bailey, W H. Plattsburg, N Y
Baker, George, Toledo, O
Battles, A Girard, Pa
Berst & Bro Erie, Pa
Buist, R . . Darby Road, Philadelphia, Pa
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322
ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER
S
Boardman. S & Co Rochester, N Y
Bouck, D Lockport, N Y
Bowen, P East Aurora, N Y
Cliapman, J F & Co Fayetteville, N Y
Claggett, J B Brightwood, D C
Cooiiey, P H Erie, Pa
Cumming, R & Co Pittsburgh, Pa
Draper, Jas Worcester, Mass
Duffell, S YardviDe, N J
Ellwanger & Barry Rochester, N Y
Engle & Bro Marietta, Pa
Evans, E J & Co York, Pa
Fanclier, F B Lansinsburgh, N Y
Ferris, W L Throg's Neck, N Y
Frost & Co., Rochester. N Y
Frost, E C. Watkins, N Y
Foster, Siiel Muscatine, Iowa
Goodale, S L Saco, Me
Gould Bros Rochester, N Y
Graves, Selover,Willard& Co. .Geneva, N Y
Grififith, W North East, Pa
Hadwen, O B Worcester, Mass
Hance & Son, A Red Bank, N J
Hanford, R G CoUimbus, O
Harrington, E W & Co Geneva, N Y
Heikes, W F Dayton, O
Htrendeen & Co Geneva, N Y
Hooker, H E & Bro Rochester, N Y
Hoopes, Bro & Thomas, West Chester. Pa
Hovey & Co Boston, Mass
How. H K New- Brunswick, N J
Howard, J R North Easton, Mass
Hovt, S& Sons, New-Canaan. Ct
Hubbard, T 3 & Co Fredonia. N Y
Kendig, R P Waterloo, N Y
King & Murray, Flushing, N Y
Kreider, John G Lancaster, Pa
Lacon Nursery Co Lacon, III
Lenk & Co Toledo, O
Lewis. M H Sanduskv, O
Little. W S Rochester, N Y
Love, J W Geneva, N Y
Manning, J W Reading, Mass
Marshall, S B Cleveland, O
Maxwell, T C & Bros Geneva, N Y
McCullough, Drake & Co.. Sharpsbiirg, O
Meehan, 'Ihomas, Germantown. Pa
Merrell & Coleman, Geneva, N Y
M ickey, ST Salem, N C
Moody, E & Sons, Lockport, N Y
Moon, Mahlon, Morrisville, Pa
Murdoch, JR&A Pittsburg, Pa
Otto & Achelis West Chester, Pa
Parry, William, Cinnaminson, N J
Parsons & Co Flushing, N Y
Pearson, W L ....Schenectady, N Y
Perry, F" L Canandaigua, N Y
Peters, ' J P Cone ird ville. Pa
Peters, Randolph, Wilmington. Del
Phceni:., FK Bloomington, III
Pratt, DeWitt& Co Geneva, N Y
Puller, T J Hightstown. N J
Rake ,traw & Pyle Willowdale, Pa
Reapics & Bradle/, . ..Schenectady, N Y
Richardson & N'cholas, Geneva, N Y
RieM, EA.. Alton, III
I Ro'^erts, Josia'i A Paoli, Pa
Rollins, A S & Co Waterloo, N Y
Root, James A Skaneateles, N Y
Saul. John, Washington, D C
Smith, Clark & Powell,. ... Syracuse, N Y
SouthvWck, T T & Co Dansville, N Y
Storrs, Harrison & Co, Painesville, O
Strong, W C & Co Brighton, Mass
Studiey, EG Claverack, NY
Swasey, H A & Co Canton, Miss
Sylvester, E Ware Lyons, N Y
Teas, E Y . , Richmond, Ind
Van Diisen, C L Macedon, N Y
Wampler, John, Trotwood, O
Watson, B M Plymouth, Mass
Wickersham, Josiah Bendersville, Pa
Will & Clark, Fayetteville, N Y
Wilson, M D Rochester, N Y
Wilson, G W & Co Bendersville, Pa
Wood & Hall Geneva, N Y
Foreign Nursery Agents.
Eruguiere & Ihebaud, New- York
{for A itdre Leroy, A fi£;ers, Frit nee.)
Knauth, Nachod & Kuhne New-York
{/or P.&r' E. TransoH,Orleans, France.)
Lauer, R., Dutch Bulbs, New- York
Small Fruits and Grapes.
Allen, C M ...Beverley, N J
Allen, S L Cinnamins'-n, N J
Ailis, S J . . - North East, Pa
Andrews, T C Moorestown, N J
Babcock. I H & Co Lockport, N Y
Barnett. W N West Haven, Ct
Bateham, M B Painesville, O
Bohemia Vineyards, Town Point, Md
Boyce, W C Lockport. N Y
Brehm, F C Waterloo, N Y
Briggs, I W West Macedon, N Y
Brown, D H New-Brunswick, N J
Burgess, Edvv Poughkeepsie, N Y
Bush & Son, Isidore, Bushburg. Mo
Cadwallader, M Failsington, Pa
Campbell, G W Delaware, O
Carpenter, W S Rye, N Y
Chiiinick, W J Trenton, NJ
Collins, Charles, Moorestown. N J
Collins. John S. Moorestown, N J
Cone. J W Vmeland, N J
Conover & Son, Freehold. N J
Cooney. P H Erie, Pa
Craine, J East Lockport, N Y
Cumming, R & Co Pittsburgh, Pa
Curwen, G F West Haverford, Pa
Davis, S C Medina, N Y
Dingwall, John, Albany, N Y
Dodge, U E Fredonia, NY
Donaldson, J A St. Joseph, Mich
Draper, James, Worcester, M ass
Duffell, ST Yardville, N J
Ellwanger & Barry, Rochester N Y
Ferri.s, L M & Son, . . . Poughkeepsie, N Y
Goldsmith. W H Newark, N J
Griffith & Griffith North East, Pa
Hall, Isaac, Frazer, Pa
Harris, T L Brocton, N Y
Hasbrouck & Bushnell. ... Peekskill, N Y
Hathaway, B. ..Little Prairie Ronde, Mich
-^:^?^
^c:^=-
-=^3
OF RURAL AFFAIRS.
323
*
Haynes, J H Delphi, Ind
Hendricks, H Kins;ston, N Y
Herstine, D W Philadelphia, Pa
Hoac, C L & Co Lockport, N Y
Hubbard, T S & Co Fredonia, N Y
Hunt, W iM Waterloo. N Y
Johnson, H C Berlin Heights, O
Kinsev & Gaines Dayton, O
Kline," \V J Port Ewen, N Y
Lambert, George H., New- Brunswick, N J
Leeds, N .^. . Cinnamiiison, N J
Lindiey, N H *. Bridgeport, Cc
Loid, E E . . . Newark, N Y
Mallory & Downs, South Nirwalk, Ct
Martin, James F.. ... Mt. Washington, O
Massey & Hudson, Chestertown, Md
McCulioiijih, J M & Sons,.. Cincinnati, ()
McLanry, D New-Brunswick, N J
Merceron, F F Cattawissa, Pa
Merriman, A GKinville, O
Moon, Mahlon, Morrisville, Pa
Moore, A J Berlin Heights, O
Oneida Conimunitv, Oneida, N Y
Palmer & Risley, Hops,.. Waterville, N Y
Parry, Wiliiani, Cinnaminson, N J
Parsons & Co Flushing. N Y
Patterson, J S Berlin Heights, O
Peck, T R Waterloo, N V
Perrv, F L Canandaigna, N Y
Potter, E J & Co Knoulesville, N Y
PuUen, J Jiladison, Hightstown, N J
Purdy, AM Palmyra, N Y
Purdy & Hance, South Bend, Ind
Reisig & Hexamer, New-Cat^tle, N Y
Reynolds, PC Rochester, N Y
Ringueberg, N S & Son, . . . Lockport, N Y
Ritz. Louis, Plainville. O
Robinson, ED Howlett Hill, N Y
Salter, H H Lima, N Y
Shaw, C W Carver, Mass
Shuler, Mrs. J D Lockport, N Y
Smiih, J T B Kingston, N Y
Strong, VV C Brighton, Mass
Sutvan, Stokes, Haddootield, N J
Sylvester, E W Lyons, N Y
latum, J C Woodbury, N J
1'hompson, G W.... New-Brunswick, N J
Tillson, O J Highland, N Y
Todd, L U Vermiliion, O
Travis & Fields, Dobb's Ferrv, N Y
Tucker. F D Ithaca, N Y
Underbill, S W Croton Landing, N Y
Van Dusen, C L. Macedon, N Y
Wakeman, T B & H Westport, Ct
Walton, Silas, Moorestown, N J
Williams, J G Moorestown, N J
Wilson, iM N Macedon, N Y
Wood, L L Vineland, NJ
Seedsmen, Florists, &c.
Acker, HE Woodbridge, N J
Allen, R H & Co New- York
Allen, C L & Co Brooklyn, N Y
Ashley, AD Milton Depot, Vt
Babcock, Mrs. LD Clarkson, NY
Barler, O L & Co Upper Alton, 111
Bamum & Bro St. Louis, Mo
Barry, W C Rochester, NY
Bliss, B K & Sons New-York
Breck, Jos., & Sons, Boston, Mass
Briggs k Bro Rochester. N Y
Brill, Francis Mattituck, N Y
Bnist, R ...Darby Road, Philadelphia, Pa
Buist, R Jr Philadelphia, Pa
Burras, O North Kairtield, O
Campbell, Festus, Pittstield, Mass
Carpent'-r. C G Richmond, Ind
Catlin. HA Corry, Pa
Collins. Aiderson & Co. .. Philadelphia, Pa
Curtis & C-bb Bostc^n, Mass
DeGroff Nelson & Co. .. Fort Wayne, Ind
Deitz, G W Chambersburg, Pa
Dingce & Conard, West Grove, Pa
Douw, V P & Co Albany. N Y
Dreer, Henr>' A Philadelphia, Pa
Fancher, F B Lansingbiirgh, N Y
Fanning, .SB Jamesport, N Y
f'erre, Batchelder & Co. . Springfield, Mass
Fleming, James, New- York
!• oote, J A Terre Haute, Ind
Gregory J J H Marblehead, Mass
Hacker, Wetherill & Co. . Philadelphia, Pa
Hawley, R D Hartl'ord, Ct
Hazard, J F.. . .. Mendon Centre, N Y
Henderson & Co., Peter New-York
Herendeen & Co Geneva, N Y
Huvey S: Co Boston, Mass
Ives, John S Salem, Mass
Jones, W H Philadelphia, Pa
Kellogg, F S Chicago, 111
Kiiox, \N '•N Pittsburgh, Pa
Landreth, David, & Son, Philadelphia, Pa
Massey & Hudson Chestertown, Md
McCullough.J M & Sons,... Cincinnati, O
Mead, Alex Greenwich. Ct
Murdoch, J R & A Pittsburg. Pa
Oim Brothers, Springfield, Mass
Payne & DeLong, Lexir>gton, Ky
Peil, O P., Secretary, New- York
Peck, H S & Co Melrose. Mass
Philipps, Henry, Toledo, O
Reeser, C A Pleasantville, Pa
Reeves, E A New- York
Reynolds, M G Rochester, N Y
R chardson & Gould, New- York
Rogers, C B Philadelphia, Pa
Rumsey, H M Salem, N J
Sanders, Edgar Chicago, 111
Saul, John, . Washington, D C
Scott, L D & Co Huron, O
Schw ill A & Co Cincinnati, O
.Sheppard's Seed Store, New- York
Snow, Dexter, •.. .Chicopee, Mass
Stevens, G M Danbury, Ct
Stoms, T M & Co Cincinnati, O
Strong. W C Brighton, Mass
Such, Geo South Amboy, N J
Thorburn, J M & Co New- York
Teas, E Y . Richmond, Ind
Vanderbiit, John, & Bros New- York
Van Dusen, Q L. Macedon, N Y
Vick, James, Rochester, N Y T
Waring, Jr., G E Newport, R I '
Washburn & Co Boston, Mass
Watson, B M Plymouth, Mass
324
ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGLSTER
wy
Wells. S M & D Wethersfield, Ct
Wood & Hall Geneva, N Y
Cranberries.
Makepiece, A D Hyannis, Miss
Trowbridge, F Milford, Ct
Woiisbn, G M E. Gloucester, Mass
Seed Grains.
Ackert, Jacob, Hart's Falls, N Y
Arnold, Charles, Paris, Can
Barber, Alfred, Hancock, N H
Battles, A Girard, Pa
Boardaian, H M . . Rushville, N Y
Bryan, E T Marshall, Mich
Buttles, A B Columbus, O
Burras, O North Fairfield, O
Bussing. J W Amsterdam, N Y
Dickerman, J H Mt. Carmel, Ct
Fanning, SB Jamesp^rt, N Y
Hazard, J F Mendon Centre, N Y
Hendricks, H Kingston, N Y
Jenison, D Lock Berlin, N Y
Kelsey, H C Newton, N T
Kennedy, S Evansville, Ind
Large, S P West Elizabeth, Pa
Masker, Aaron, Perth Aniboy, N J
Nelson; D & Co Fort Wayne, Ind
Newton, W Henrietta, N Y
Noyes, N H Geneva, N Y
Pearsalj, Wm Moorestown, N J
Perry, VV N Rushville, N Y
Phelps, C C Vernon, N Y
Potter, E J Knowlesville, N Y
Small & Fisher, Woodstock, N B
Talcott, Jona, Rome, N Y
Van Dusen, C L Macedon, N Y
Wayne, W G Seneca Falls, N Y
Wood, Caleb Philadelphia, Pa
Wright, Robt Sabrevois, Can
Seed Potatoes.
Baker, W L Portlandville, N Y
Bliss, B K & Sons, New- York
Brigt;s, I W West Macedon, N Y
Burgess, Edw Poughkeepsie, N Y
Bunas, O North Fairfield, O
Edgerton, James. Barnesville, O
Elhvanger & Barry, Rochester, N Y
Fanning, S B Jamespoit, N Y
Gregory, J J H Marblehead, Mass
Griscom, WW Woodbury, N J
Hicks, Isaac, & Son, ..Old Westbury, N Y
Ives, J S Salem, Mass
Peters, C P Concordville, Pa
Potter, E J & Co Knowlesville, N Y
Pringle Bros Charlotte, Vt
Qua, Krank, North Granville, N Y
Reisig & Hexamer, New-Castle, N Y
Scott, L D & Co Huron. O
Talcott, J., Rome, N Y
Thompson, G W New- Brunswick, N J
Uhi, Stephen. Poughkeepsie, N Y
Waiinvright, Geo. Lake Como, Pa
Weld, VV H Lockport, N Y
Sweet Potatoes.
Allen, J Conneaut, O
Barrows, C H Willimantic, Ct
Chadwick, WW Mt. Heahhy, O
Cummins, D Conneaut, O
Gray, S Norwalk, O
Murray, M M Foster's Crossings, O
Riehl, EA Alton. Ill
Stoms, T M & Co Cincinnati. O
Whitall, Clement, Woodbury, N J
Wood, Ira R Iron Furnace, O
Implements, Machines, Fertilizers, &c.
Agricultural Warehouses.
Allen, R H & Co. ... Box 376, New-York
Ames Plow Company, Boston, Mass
Barrett. W E & Co Providence, R I
Bartholomew, C Etna, N Y
Beardslee, H W Syracuse, N Y
Blymyer, Norton & Co Cincinnati, O
Blvmyer, Day & Co Mansfield. O
Boyer, W L & Co Philadelphia, Pa
Bradley, C C & Son, Syracuse, N Y
Brearlev, A L & Co Trenton, N [
Decatui^, J R & Co New-York
DeGroff Nelson & Co. . Fort Wayne," N Y
Douglass, John \V« New- York
Donw, V P & Co Albany, N Y
Gifford Bros Hudson, N Y
Gill, J L & Son, Columbus, O
Graham, Emlen & Co ... Philadelphia, Pa
Griffing & Co New- York
Hawley, R D Hartford, Ct
Holbrook, F K & Co Boston, Mass
Kellogg, F S Chicago, 111
Ladley, Geo West Chester. Pa
Nash & Brother New- York
New- York Plow Co New- York
Plant Bros., Pratt & Co St. Louis, Mo
Peekskill Plow Works, .... Peekskill, N Y
R eeves, E H & Co New-York
Remington Ag. Works, Ilion, N Y
Rennie, Wm Toronto, Can
Shaw & Wells, Buffalo. NY
Titus & Bostwick, Ithaca, N Y
Vanderbilt, John, & Bros, New- York
Welch, F G & Co Chicago, III
Younglove, Massey & Co.... Cleveland, O
Horse-Powers, Threshers and Other
Machines.
Albany Agricultural Works, .. Albany, N Y
Brearley, A L & Co Trenton, N J
Dow & Fowler, Fowlerville, N Y
Geiser Thieshing Machine Co., Racine, Wis
Gray, A W Middletown, Vt
Harder, M Cobleskill, N Y
Shaw & Wells, Buffalo. N Y
Westinghouse, G & Co., Schenectadv, N Y
Wheeler, Melick & Co. Albany, N Y
Mowers and Reapers.
Adriance, Piatt & Co., New- York
Allen, R H & Co New-York
Ball, E & Co Canton, O
Bradley, C C & Son, Syracuse, N Y
OF RURAL AFFAIRS.
325
Clipper Mower and Reaper Co., New- York
Dodge & Stevenson M'lig Co.. Auburn, N Y
Nash & Brother, New-Yoik
OsLorp.e. D M & Co Auburn. N Y
Warder. Mitchell & Co Springfield, O
Warrior Mower Co Little Fail-s N Y
Wiiber Eureka Mower Co., Po'keepsie.N Y
Wood, Walter A Hooisick Falls, N Y
Steam Engines for Farms.
Clute Brothers, Schenectady, N Y
Gaar, Scott & Co Richmond, I nd
Hoadlev, J C & Co Lawrence, Mass
Skinner &: Walrath, Chittenango, N Y
Wood, Taber & Morse, Eaton, N Y
Wood & Mann Engine Co Utica, N Y
Dairy Apparatus.
Cooper, H & E F Watertown. N Y
Holmes, A., M/ik Cooler,.. Cortland, N Y
Jones, Fauikner & Co Utira, N Y
Millar, C& Son, Utica, N Y
O'Neil, 0& Co Utica, N Y
Ralph, W & Co Utica, N Y
Weeks, G B Syracuse, N Y
Tile and Tile Machines.
Bender, W M Albany, N Y
Boynton, C W & Co Woodbridge, N J
Jackson, George, Albany, N J
Other Specialties.
Allen, S L & Co , Seed Planter,
Philadelphia, Pa
Barnes, W., Slicer and Corer, Bristol, Ct
Bartholomew, Q..,Ditchhi^ /V,37t;, Etna,N Y
Bickford & Huffman. Drill, Macedon, N Y
Blanchard's Soiis, Ckurn, . . Concord, N H
Bowne & Schanck,/'*>^«/<7 Digger,
Freehold, N J
Buell, J. S., Cider Mill, Buffalo, N Y
Buttersvorth, R., Cider Mill, Trenton, N J
Church, C. A., Stump Puller,
New- Berlin, N Y
Collins & Co., Steel Plows, . . . New- York
Conover & Son, Potato Digger,
Freehold, N J
Continental Wind Mill Co., IVind Mills,
New- York
Cowing& Co., /'«w/i,&c., Seneca Falls,N Y
Dedertck & Co., Hay Press, Albany, N Y
Dismukes, Paul, Clover Seed Gatherer,
Gallatin, Tenn
Empire Wind Mill Manufacturing Co.,
Syracuse, N Y
Fairbanks & Co., Scales, New-York
Fitch & Co., Hay Elevator, Lithgow, N Y
Fords & Howe, Cultivator, Oneonta, N Y
Gawthrop & Sons, Water Ram,
Wilmington, Del
Goodell, D. H., Soiver, Antrim, N H
Hickok, W. 0., Cider Mill, Harrisburg, Pa
Henry, J. T., Sheep Shears, Haniden, Ct
Herring, S. C., Hay Tedder,.. New- York
Ingersoll & Dougherty, Hay Press.
Green Point, N Y
Jones, E. Y.,Hay Scales, Binghamton,N Y
Landers, Frary & Clark, Lawn Mower,
New- York
Lill}') !•> & Co., Water Elevator,
Binghamton, N Y
Mayne, J., Door Rollers, Butternuts, N Y
Osborne, Foster & Co , Seed Sow^r,
Palmyra, N Y
Paddock. Dean & Co., Bone Mill,'
St. Johnsbury, Vt
Paucoast & Maule, Steam Heating,
Philadelphia, Pa
Paris Furnace Co., Hay Elevator,
Ciayville, N Y
Perry, F. L., Scarifier, Canandaigua, N Y
Prindle, D. R., Steamer, E. Bethanj', N Y
Reynolds, E. D. & O. B., Wheel Hoe, ^^c.
North Bridgewater, Mass
Rumsey & Co., Press Screws,
Seneca Falls, N Y
Schoonmaker, E. P., Hay Rake, Troy, N Y
Sedgwick, H., Feed Steamer,
Cornwall Hollow, Ct
Seymour & Co., Drill, East Bloomfield.N Y
Shares, D. W., Shares' Harrow,
Fa:rhaven, Ct
Shields, H. L., Hay Loader... Troy, N Y
Silsby, C, Butter Pails, Seneca Falls, N Y
Snow, B. B., & Co.. Com Shelter,
Auburn, N Y
Sprout, S. E. & \^.'Q.,Hay Fork, Muncy,Pa
Swift, H.N. ,Z<fw« .il'/(;a/<.'.r, Matteawan, N Y
Thomas, J. J., & Co., Smoothing Harrow,
Geneva, N Y
Wliittemore, D. H., Apple Rarer,
Worcester, Mass
Fertilizers.
Allen, R H & Co New- York
Baugh & Sons Philadelphia, Pa
Bradley, WL Boston, Mass
Coe, Enoch, Williamsburg, N Y
Cumberland Bone Co Portland, Me
Currie, Geo. E Cmcinnati, O
Davis. G VY & Co Lisbon, N H
Decatur, J R & Co New- York
Douw, V P Albany, N Y
Dunlop & Avery, Plaster, Jamesville, N Y
Foster, J T., Poudrette, New- York
Griffing & Co. New- York
Hand, T J New- York
Higgins, ReyboldS: Co., Delaware City, Del
Hobson, Hurtado&Co., Guano, New- York
Lister Bros Newark, N J
Ralston, John, & Co New- York
Reed & Powell Coxsackie, N Y
Tucker, J A Boston, xMass
Wattson & Clark, Philadelphia, Pa
Wilson & Asmus, New- York
White, George E New- York
Wonson, G M East Gloucester, Mass
Miscellaneous.
Babcock, H. H., & Son, Wooden Pipe,
Watertown, N Y
Baird, Roper & Co., Berry Basket,
Norfolk, Va
Baldwin,T.E ,Si.Co.,Carria^es, New- York
Beadle, H. W., Patent Agent,
Washington, D C
Beecher Basket Co Westville, Ct
-=«^^
326
ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER
Bickford Knitting Machine Co.,
Boston, Mass
Blunt & Co., Drainage Level, New-York
Bowman & Blewett, Carbolic Sheep Di^,
Foot Rot 0'Hi7nenf, Soaps, &'c.,'iie.\\-\ork
BrinkerhofF M'f'g Co., Washing Machine,
Auburn, N Y
Browning, R. C Pruner, New-York
Collins, Geddes & Co., Berry Box,
Moorestown, N J
Copeland, R. M., Landscape Gardener,
Boston, Mass
Crampton Bros , Soaps, New- York
Douglas & Stilson, Milk l^ai Faucet,
Franklin, N Y
Earth Closet Co., Earth Closets,
Hartford. Ct
Hapgood, C. E , &Co., If^i7i>/, Boston, Mass
Hollingworth & Bro.,.5f//^ iW^a/,Utica,N Y
Kendall, E., Barometers,
Lebanon Springs, N Y
Lesley, A. M., Fiirtiace, &^<:., .. New- York
Mason & Hamlin, Organs New- York
McCammon,W.,& Co.. /'m«(?.f, Albany, N Y
Miller Iron Co., Bird Houses, 6^c.,
Providence. R I
Page, N., Jr., Syringe, Dan vers, Mass
Perry & Co:. Stoves, Albany, N Y
Phelps, N. B., & Co., Clothes H'ringer,
New- York
Phoenix, F. K., Fruit Plates,
Bloomington, 111
Piper, J, R., Screw Post, Harrisbuig, Pa
Qiiinby, '^1.. Honey Box,^\. Johnsville,N Y
Ridgway & Ruts, F lumbers, Alban\', N Y
Robbins & Appleton, Watches, New- York
Seeley & Stevens,^ j'^r////'rt/;/i', New-York
Sheet Metal Screw Co., Fruit jars.
New- York
Smith, S. D. & H. W.,<?y-^««j, Boston, Mass
Strcng. W C, Pruners, . Brighton, Mass
■ Sullivan & Brown, Stock Register,
Zanesville, O
Tatham Bros., Block Tin Pipe, New- York
Waiiiig, G. E., Jr., j^w^/z/^^r, Newport, R I
Woodward, G. E., Architect,.. New- York
Books on Rural Pursuits.
[The following are especially recommended,
by enclosing the price
Allen's American Cattle, $2. 50
Allen's New American Farm Book,.. 2 50
Allen's Diseases of Domestic Animals, r.oo
American Weeds and Useful Plants,. 1.75
Breck's Book of Flowers, 1.75
Burr's Vegetables of America, 5.00
Copeland's Country Life, (926 pp.,
250 engravings,) 5-oo
Cranberry Culture, (White,) 1.25
Dadd's American Cattle Doctor, 1.50
Dadd's Modern Horse Doctor, 1.50
Daui's Muck Mannal, 1.25
Darwin's Animals and Plants.(2 vols,,) 6.00
Downing's Cottage Residences, ... . 3.00
Downing's Fruits and Fruit Trees of
America, (t, 100 pp.,) 5.00
Downing's do. do. Old Edition, 3.00
Downing's Landscape Gardening,... 6.50
Downing's Rural Essays, 5.00
Drainage for Profit and Health, 1.50
Farm Drainage, (French,) 1.50
Farm Implements, (J. J. Thomas,).. 1.50
Farming for Boys, 1 . 50
Flint on Grasses, 2.50
Flint on Milch Cows & Dairy Farm'g, 2.50
Fuller's Forest Tree Culturist, 1.50
Fuller's Small Fruits, (Illustrated,).. 1.50
Gardening for Profit, (Henderson,).. 1.50
Geyelin's Poultry Breeding — Com-
mercial View 1.25
Grape Culturist, (Fuller,) 1.50
Gray's How Plants Grow, 125
Gray's Manual of Botany & Lessons, 4.00
Gray's School & F'ield Book of Botany 2.50
Harris on the Pig 1.50
Hints to Horse- Keepers, (Herbert,). 1.75
How Crops Feed, (S. W. Johnson,). . 2.00
How Crops Grow, do. . . 2 00
and any of them may be had, postage
named to this Office :]
1 Hoopes' Book of Evergreens,
Hnsmann's Grapes and Wine,
[ Johnston's Agricultural Chemistry,..
Kemp's Landscape Gardening,
Langstroth on the Honey Bee,
My Farm of Edgewood,
Parkman's Book of Roses
Parsons on the Rose
Pear Culture for Profit. (Quinn,) ....
Practical Floriculture, (Henderson,) .
Practical Poultry Keeper, (Wright,).
Practical Shepherd, (Randall,)
Quinby's Mysteries of Bee-Keeping, .
Quincy on Soiling Cattle,
Rand's Bulbs, '
Rand's Garden Flowers,
Rural Affairs, {Six Volumes^
Rural Studies,
Strong's Cultivation of the Grape,
Tegetmeier's Poultry Book,
Ten Acres Enough,
The Horse in the Stable and the Field,
(Stonehenge,)
The Farmer's Journal and Account
Book, (Perkins,) 5i, $2,
The Percheron Horse,
Thomas' American Fruit Culturist.
(480 Illustrations,)
Warder's Hedges and Evergreens, . .
Woodward's Graperies and Horticul-
tural Buildings,
Woodward's Country Homes
Woodward's Cottages and Farm
Houses,
Woodward's National Architect, ...
Woodward's Rural Architecture,
Woodward's Suburban and Country
Houses,...
paid,
$3.00
1.50
I 75
2.00
2.00
I-7S
3.00
1. 00
1. 00
1-50
2.00
2.t>0
1-50
1.25
3.00
9.00
1 75
3.00
9.00
2.50
3.50
1. 00
3.00
1.50
1.50
150
O^
©c:^^
Miner's Patent Subsoil Plow,
THE CHEAPEST SUBSOIL PLOW IN THE WORLD.
Combining with lightness in weight and draft, wonderful strength and thorough fitness to
every form of subsoiling.
SEND FOR CIRCULARS,
Lawn Mowing Machines,
FOR HAND OR HORSE POWER.
SEND FOR ILLUSTRATED CIRCULARS.
EVERY VARIETY OF
[IMilWiir
1MPI>EMEMD
MACHINERY and HARDWARE,
SEEDS AND FERTILIZERS.
A HANDSOMELY ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE of nearly 300 pages and 600
illustrations, most complete of its kind ever published, will be sent upon receipt of $i.
This amount, however, will be deducted from the first order that may be sent to us, as
our object in charging for our book is only to secure its being called for by those desiring
to purchase our goods. A circular and index of the Catalogue, with proof pages, will be
sent on application gratis.
Prices Below Compeliliou^.
• • ♦
MACHINERY GUARAMED AS EEPMSENTED.
Two-Horse Railway Power, (complete,) $130.00
Lever Powers, (according to size,) $90 to 145.00
Thresher and Shaker, (2 to 4 horse,) 60.00
Thresher and Self-Regulating Blast Cleaner, (complete,) 185.00
(Combined machines at corresponding rates.) •
The Celebrated Phifer Wheel Gang Plow and Cultivator, 60.00
• • •
Address
A. L BREARLEY & CO.,
TRENTON, IT. J.
COLLINS & CO.'S
CAST CAST-STEEL PLOWS.
-•^♦-•-
These plows are made by pouring melted cast-steel into moulds of the proper form of
Mould-boards, Shares, &c. They are then ground, highly tempered and polished. The
result is a plow of unequalled durability, light draught and "scouring" or cleaning qualities.
Over 1 00)000 are in use, ;';/ every case giving entire satisfaction to the purchaser.
For further information address
COIL<X^T]V8 «& CO.,
212 Water-St., New- York City.
Circulars Sent Free.
g^c:^—
if IlL 111 HON PLiW!
Knox^s Patent and Iinproved Eagle^ Boston Steel Clip-
per, Sessions and Knox? 8 Patent Hard
Steel, and Mapes' Improved
Subsoil Plows,
ALSO
SW^IVEJL PLOWS,
FOIi SIDE HILL and LEVEL LAISTD,
That Leave no Ridges or Dead Furrows.
• • •
THE AMERICAN HAY TEDDER.
Burt's Self- Adjusting Horse Hay-Baize,
HARRINGTON'S PATENT SINGLE OR COMBINED SEED
SOWER AND HAND CULTIVATOR, BOSTON HORSE
HOE, FRENCH'S PATENT CULTIVATOR, THE
PERRY GOLD MEDAL MOWER.
MADE ONLY BY
AMBS PLOPSf COMPAIVY^
Manufacturers of Agricultural Implements and Machines ; Dealers in Seeds, Fertilizers,
and otlier requirements of Agriculturists and Agricultural Districts.
WnrehoiiseM, 5:{ Bpeknian-St.. Mew-York, and Qtiinry Hail. Boston.
Factories at Worcester and Ayer. lUass.
t^^^ Orders filled promptly. Price List and Descriptive Circulars on application.
*
CAAR MACHINE WORKS.
EstaT>lislied. 1836.
Incorporated 1870.
GAAR, SCOTT & CO., Richmond, Ind.,
MANUFACTURERS OF
Gaar's Improved Patent Gold Medal Threshing Machines.
Gaar's Premium PORTARLE STEA^ ENGINES, for Threshing and
farm purposes, STATIONARY and PORTABLE ENGINES, all sizes. CIRCU-
LAR and MULEY SAW MILLS, HEAD BLOCKS, UNION HORSE-POWERS,
BOILERS of all descriptions, and MILL MACHINERY.
Illnfttraced Pamphlets, Circulars and Price Lilstw Free.
BIGEFORD & HUFFMAN'S
FARMERS' FAVORITE.
No. 3,
)4 bush.
$16.
'' It Sows Bcantilully."
" The Most Perfect."
"It works admirably."
" luvalnable."
Cheap, Reliable, Efficient. J
SEND FOR CIRCULAR.
ALLEN'S PATENT PLANET DRILL.
FOR SEEDS AND FERTIL.IZERS,
Three Sizes with latest improvements. Manufactured only by
©. L. A^LLiETV «fe CO.,
Sample and Salesroom— 1 19 S. Fourtli-St., Pliiladelplila, Pa.
DRILLS ON WORKING EXHIBITION.
Awarded highest prize, Bronze Medal, at New- York State Trial, September, 1870, Pal-
myra Field Trial, 1871 ; Chemung County Farmers' Club Trial, 1871 ; Pennsylvania
State Fair Medal. 1871 ; Duchess County Gold Medal ; and never pronounced inferior to
any other grain drill at a field trial ; but for the superiority of its practical working been
invariably christened " Monarch of the Seeding." It has the best Fertilizer Attach-
ment in the world, and a Grass Seed Attachment unsurpassed by anything of the kind.
All these attachments recently improved. For CIRCULAR or particulars address
S» N, GALLUP, General Arjent^ Mucedon^ N, Y,
Or W. JL. BUCKINGHAM, General Southern A ^ent,
59 1-2 Soutit Cliaries-St., Raltiinore, ]^d.
THK I.M1'RUV
PL.
,0
C. C. BRADLEY & SON,
SYRACUSE, N. Y.,
MANUFACTURERS OF THE
JOHNSTON SELF-RAEING REAPER,
Carhart's Two-Horse Cultivator,
Bradley^s Hay Rake,
Bradley^s Horse Hoe^
Bradley's Single Shovel Plow,
CADY'S IRON SLEIGH KNEE,
STEEL ROAD SCRAPERS,
SCOTCH HARROWS IPVITH S01L.II>
STEEL TEETH, &^c.
* • • -^
We also manufacture other
FARM AND INDUSTRIAL IMPLEMENTS,
and are prepared to WHOLESALE OR RETAIL on the most favorable
terms.
ij^^ For particulars, send for our
ILLUSTIt^TEn C^T^LOGUE.
Address
C. C. BRADLEY & SON, Syracuse, N, Y.
-=^=^^
-^3^
PEUIT AID OEMENTAL TREES.
Embracing nearly all the most Popular Varieties of
AppleSf JPlumSf Pears, Cherries^ JPeaches, GrapevineSf
Blackberries, Raspberries, Gooseberries,
Strawberries, Currants^ &c.
Of all the most Popular and Hardy Varieties, both Deciduous and Evergreen. Also a
very large stock of
ROSES, FLOWERING SHRUBS,
HERBACEOUS HARDY FLOWERING PLANTS,
BULBS, &c., OF ALL SORTS.
GREENHOUSE AND BEDDING PLANTS,
In great variety and large supply. Address
\^M:. Ar>AII«, Detroit, Micli.
4-«-*
G^KUEJr, FIEI.D ^JTJD FLOJV^ER SEEDS,
Of the very best quality, constantly on hand, all fresh, and in great variety. Orders for
Seeds should be sent to
wm. ADAIR Sc CO., 16 Midilgan Avenue,
Opposite New City Hall, and should be on a separate list.
WHffl ©HAMPiaW®
• • ♦
(D
HIOKOK'S
Patent Portable Keystone
CIDER & III
THE BEST MACHINE EVER
INVENTED.
ImakealsoTWO SIZES of superior
PRESSES FOR BERRIES, &c.
If your merchant does not keep them, tell
him to send for one for you, or write for one
yourself.
Don't But nny other until you see
litis.
SEND FOR A CIRCULAR.
\V. O. HICKOK,
Harriabur":, Pa.
:^-
—=^=^^
Have Speken their own Praise for Ipwards of Thrce-Qnarters of a Centnrv,
RURAL Rmsm MB ALIMIO,
For the present year will be mailed to all applicants who send their address \^'ith stamp to
prepay postage. OAVID L.AIVDRETM & SON,
21 & 23 South Sixih Street, Philadelphia, Pa.
Empire Agricultural IRTorks.
MIXARD HARDER, PROFRIETOR^
MANUFACTURER OF
RAILWAY HORSE POWER AND THRESHER & CLEANER,
AWARDED
THE TWO
GRAND
iGOLD
AT THE
Great National
Trial
AT
AUBURN,
N. Y.
For " S/o7v and eiisy move-ment of horses, 15 reds less than :}^ miles per- hcnir ; Me-
chanical Construction rf the ve>y best kind; thorough and conscientious ivorkman-
ship and material in rz>ery place ; nothing slie^kted; excellent work, dfc.,^' as shown
by official Report of Jiidc:es. Threshers, Separators, h'annin? Mil's, Wood Saws, Seed
Sowers and Planters, all of the best in Market. Catalogue with price, full information,
and Judges' Report of Auburn I'rial sent free. Address
MINARD HARDER, Cobleskill, Schoharie Co., N. Y.
@c:^=-
-^3^
SMOOTHING HARROW
MANUFACTURED BY
J. J. THOMAS & CO., Geneva, N. Y.
ILLTTSTRA.TED CIRCULARS SENT 0:\ APPLICATION.
WITH WATER COOLER,
IS THE BEST MEAT, FRUIT, AND ICE PRESERVER
IN THE WOJE^LD.
Highest award of Louisiana, i865 ; American Institute, 1867 and 1869 ; New- York,
1869; Texas, 1870; New- England Agricultural Society, 1S70 ; Central New- York, 1871.
ii^^" SEND FOR BOOK.
ALEX. M. LESLEY, Manufacturer,
No, 605 Sixth Avenue, New-York City,
OEX THE ]3ESB>T.
ffelster's laliriipil Diciionary.
10,000 WORDS ANU MEANINGS NOT IN OTHER DICTIONARIES.
3000 ENGRAVINGS— 1840 PAGES QUARTO— PRICE, $12.
"GET THE BEST."
"All young persons snould have a standard DICTIONARY at their elbows. And
while you are about it, get the best ; that Dictionary is
T\\t ^reat tvnrk itnabridged. If you are too poor, save the amount from off your "back,
to put it into your head." — Phrenolo^icdl Jourtiah
Webster's Quarto Dictionary. — Everybody knows about Webster's Dictionary,
and every man, woman and child ought to have access to it. Every_/^tr;//«-r should give
his sons two or three square rods of ground, well prepared, with the avails of which they
may buy it. Every mechanic should put a receiving box in some conspicuous place in the
house, to cntch the stray pennies, for the like purpose. Lay it upon your table by the side
of the Bible — it is a better expounder than many which claim to be expounders.
It is a great labor-saver — it has saved us time enough in one year's use to pay for itself;
and that must be deemed good property which will clear itself once a year. If you iiave
any doubt about the precise meaning of the v;orA clear, in the last sentence, look at Web-
ster's nine definitions of the v. t. — Massachusetts Life Boat.
A necessity to every intelligent Family, Student, Teacher and Professional Man. What
library is complete without the best English Dictionary? Published by /A
C. & C. M ERR I AM, Springfield, Mass. >^
Sold by all Booksellers. 'J
CONTINENTAL WASHING MACHINE.
• ♦ »
At the great Trial of Washing Machines at Utica, N. Y., under the auspices of tlie
New-York State Agricultural Society, on the 22d of September, 1870, the CONTI-
. NENTAL won the First Premium, and was awarded
the Bronze Medal.
It will wash a single collar, or any amount of small arti-
cles at once, up to the bulk of two or three sheets, it will
wash the collar or wristband of a shirt, the hem of a gar-
ment, the feet of stockings, or any part of any clothing that
may require more washing than the rest, and it will wash
them clean. For washing bedding it cannot be excelled.
A half grown boy or girl can operate the machine with
case. It does not rub the clothes a particle, and conse-
quently does not wear them, or tear off buttons, wliich
alone makes it worth many times its cost. Its action upon
clothes is to turn and squeeze, thereby forcing the water
through them ; the mass revolving in the suds.
So rapid, easy and thorough is it in its operation, that in every case those who have
purchased and used it, say they no longer dread washing.
• • •
New- York Tribune Office, New- York, Sept. 6th, 1870.
Gentlemen — I have examined your Washing Machine, and heard the testimony of
others better qualified than I am to pronounce upon its merits, and I concur with them
in regarding it a very good one I know it will save clothes. I have no doubt it will save
labor — while doing its work very thoroughly.
I commend it to the careful attention of all who believe that progress ought to visit the
kitchen and laundry, and not be confined to the shop and the field.
You'ts, HORACE GREELEY.
Messrs. Brinkerhoff & Co., Aubuni, N. Y.
[From Governor Seymour.]
Utica, N. Y., August 2gth, 1870.
Those who do the washing in my house are very much pleased with the Continental
Washing Machine. They d:d not care to try it at first, but now they think highly of it.
It is simple, strong, and easily kept in order. In my opinion, it will prove to be a valu-
able invention. HORATIO SEYMOUR.
[From S. Willard, M. D., President Oswego Starch Factory, Auburn Savings Bank, &c.]
Auburn, N. Y., October 18th, 1870.
Messrs. Brinkerhoff & Co.: — After an ample trial of your Washing Machine in my
family, it is found to combine all the valuable properties which can reasonably be hoped
for from any machine used for that purpose. It is simple in structure, easy to operate,
cleanses the fabric with very littte labor in a very short time, by a process which neither
wears or tears the most tefider clothes. It is truly a boon to the washing family.
Respectfully yours, S. WILLARD.
All who feel the want of a machine that will fully sustain all the recommendations given,
are invited to try the CONTINENTAL, which will be shipped as directed, on receipt of
the price, $15.
If entire satisfaction is not given one, after four weeks of fair trial, the money will be re-
funded to all who will thus notify us.
£gF^ Agents wanted everywhere, to whom liberal inducements will be offered, and ex-
clusive sale given. Address
BRINKERHOFF MANUFACTUB I P^G CO.,
SOUTHARD & CORLIES, Agents for New- York City and Vicinity, 41 Dev-St.
^c^-
--^^o®
Esta"blislied in 1854.
THE CHEAPEST OFFER YET !
GOOD ENVELOPES,
Neatly printed with your name, business,
profession or" occupation, with or without
a request to return to you if not called tor in
ten days, sent postpaid /or $lj or 100
for 75 c*enl8.
Also latest style Visiting Cards
furnished for 75 Cts. per 100. Address
li. F. A1.LFN & CO.,
Caij»j«>l»arie, N. Y,
iMstUim^a
Our Annual Descriptive
Seed Catalogue for 1872,
Enlarged and improved, containing a com-
plete list of all the best varieties of VEGE-
TABLE, FIELDaud FLOWER SEEDS,
is now ready, and will be sent to any address
on receipt of postage stamp.
58 Courtlandt'SUf
NEIV-YORK CITY.
150 EIYELOPES,
NEATLY PRINTED
with your name, business, profession or oc-.
cupation, with or without, (as you may di-
rect,) a request to return to you if not called
for in ten days, sent postpaid for $ 1 , or
100 for 80 cents. Enclose 3 cent
stamp for sample. Address
E. E. I'AX.EIN',
Canadensis^ Pa,
FOR THE
GRASS SEEDS, FIELD SEEDS, EVERGREENS, PLANTS,
ROSES, DAHLIAS, VERBENAS, GLADIOLUS, GRAPE-
VINES, SMALL FRUITS, ASPARAGUS ROOTS,
EARLY POTATOES, ONION SETS,
BOOKS, IMPLEMENTS, &c.
ALIi THE liATEST NOVELTIES IN SEEDS AND PLANTS.
Is published annually, and contains full Descriptive Lists of the above, beaittifuUy ilhis-
tratedivith Eii^ravi7i^s and Colored Plate. Will be mailed on receipt of a postage stamp.
DEALERS SUPPLIED on liberal terms. A Wholesale Catalogue (for Dealers only)
will be mailed on applicaton. Address
HENRI A. DREER, 714 Cliestnut-St., Plilladelplila, Pa,
f Rare U ImM Flowers aiifl Choice MlMti
I
CAN ALWAYS BE OBTAINED BY SOWING
f
23 PARK PLACE AND 20 MURRAY-STREET, NEW- YORK.
{Established in 1845,)
IMPORTERS AND DEALERS IN
GARDEN, FIELD AND FLOWER SEEDS,
DUTCH BULBOUS ROOTS,
SUMMER FLOWERING BULBS,
Agricultural & Horticultural Implements,
LAWN MOWERS OF EVERY IMPROVE I) PATTERN,
FERTILIZERS AND OTHER REQUISITES FOR THE
FARM AND GARDEN.
The Eighteenth Annual Edition of their celebrated Seed CatnlogfUe and
Ainat€ur'^ fiuide to tSie Flo^wer and EC^tdien Garden, w'AX be
ready for distribution early in January, and mailed to our customers of 1S71 as rapidly as
possible, and to all applicants upon receipt of 25 cents ; an edition beautifully bound in
cloth, 75 cents. This is without exception the largest and best Catalogue ever published
in this or any other country. It contains 192 p.ages — 55 of which are finely executed en-
gravings, includins beautifully colored lithograplis of favorite Flowers and Vegetable.-;, and
136 pages of closely printed matter, giving a descriptive list of upwards of 2,500 species
and varieties of
Including all the novelties of the past season, with directions for their culture ; also a list
of upwards o^ One Hundred vnrieties of choice Cwladiolu.S, with many other SilHl*
mer-Flcw ering Bnlb^^ and much useful information upon the subject of gar-
dening generally. Also a Descriptive Price List of Niuall F'rliit»i, embracing all
the leading varieties of l!Stra\v berries, Raspberries, Blackberries,
Currant^i, Grapes, A:c.
Abridged Cat.ai.ogue& G.-\fdener's Alman.ac, for dealers and others for gratuitous
distribution, published annually January ist, mailed to applicants sending a 3 cent stamp.
BuLE Catalogue, (illustrated,) published September ist, containing a choice collection
o^ Double and Single Hyacinths, arranged in their several colors ; 'I'nlips in many varieties,
both double and single ; Polyanthus Narcissus, Croivn Imperials, Jonquils, Snow
DroJ>s, Lilies, &.C., 10 cents. Address
B. K. IILISS&SONJ!, P. O. Box 571 2, New- »ork City.
Grapevines a Specialty!
Large stock of CONCORD, DELAWARE, IVES, MERRIMACK, GOETHE, \i
NORTON'S VIRGINIA, WILDER, &c., &c., of excellent quality and at low rates.
Send for Price List.
SEED SWEET POTATOES.
Large stock of Red and Yellow NANSEMOND, BERMUDA and BRAZILIAN,
at lowest market rates.
W^arranted pure, from native and imported stock, at from $20 to $30 per pair.
LIGHT BRAHMA FOWLS, #5 per pair, ^7 per trio.
E. A, lilEHTj, Alton, Til,
R. BUIST, Nurseryman, Philadelphia, Pa.,
OFFERS FOR SALE AT THE LOWEST RATES
rnriT trees ^jrn berrit pe^jtts,
EVERGREENS of every variety.
ARBOR VITA, for Hedges, Szc.
OSAGE ORANGE, stronc: and fine for Hedges
AZALEAS CAMELLIAS, and other Greenhouse Plants.
FERNS, tender and hardy.
VARIEGATED and ORNAMENTAL PLANTS, of the newestand most select kinds.
GLADIOLUS, DAHLIAS and other Summer- Flowering Bulbs.
BEDDING PLANTS in their season.
SEND FOR CATALOGUES.
FRESH GARDEN, FLOWER,
Tree & Shrub, Evergreen, Fruit & Herb Seeds
A complete and judicious assortment. 25 sorts of either class, $1* The Six classes
(150 packets) for $5. . .
Also an immense stock of one year grafted Fruit Trees, Small Fruits, Fruit Stocks,
Young Fruit, Ornamental and Evergreen Seedlings, Bulbs, Roses, Vines, House and
Border Plants, &c., &c , the most complete asssortment in America Prepaid by mail.
Also 2.000.000 FRUIT STOCKS; 60,000 pounds FRUIT. TREE and GARDEN
SEEDS. Priced Catalogues to any address, also Trade List gratis. Seeds on Commis-
sion. Agents wanted.
B. 3J. ^VATSOIV,
Established 1842. Old Colony Nurseries d- Seed Warehmm, Plymouth, ITIagii.
Rochester 1830
Commercial
1872 Nurseries.
■ ♦-♦-V
A New Circular of Prices per dozen, per 100, per 1,000,
Issued each Spring and Fall.
CHOICE THINGS, NEW AND OLD,
Of fine, thrifty growth.
A COIiORKD PI. ATE of the OTLt. Vernon, (best new Winter Pear.
Free to all. Address ,.-^ _-. , . -».t -«r 7 ^
y^ "WJM. S. 1L.TTT1L.]B, Hochester, IV. Y. U
^c:^= — =«=^©
Ous> TS^vfr Catalogue of
OMAMElfTlL TREES AID PLAITS
IS NOW KEAD¥ FOR DISTRIBU TION.
It is neatly illustrated, and contains brief notices of all the most popjular species and va-
rieties, as well as the newer introductions of latter years. Sent free to all applicants,
together with our Fruit Catalogue, and Wholesale List to Dealers and Nurserymen.
A FULL LINE OF STOCK IN EVERY DEPARTMENT.
HOOPES BRO. & THOMAS, Cherry Hill Narseries. WEST CHESTER PENN.
LL?Ji^IEiJbLj^D-
FRUIT & ORNAWIENTAImu
-»-9-^-
We invite the attention of PLANTERS and DEALERS to our large and complete
Stock of
Standara and Dwarf Fruit Trees^ Grapevines and
Small Fruit f Ornamental Trees, Shrubs and
FlantSf Neiv and Rare Fruit and
Ornamental Trees f Bulbous
Flower Roots.
DESCRIPTIVE & ILLUSTRATED. PRICED CATALOGUES
Sent prepaid on receipt of Stamps as follows :
No.i— FRUITS, locts. No. 2— ORNAMENTAL TREES, 10 cts. N0.3— GREEN-
HOUSE, locts. No. 4— WHOLESALE, FREE. Address
Established 1840. ROCHESTER, N. Y.
T^. C- STr^O:^Gr A. CO.,
NoNANTUM Hill Nursery & Greenhouses,
Brighton, Alass.
No. 4 BE\CO]V-STREFT,(nearTreinont,) BOSTON, MASS.
} CATALOGUES TO APPLICANTS. T
GROWER AND DEALER IN
SEED POTATOES,
PLANTS, &c.
&c.
North Fairfield, Ohio.
Seud Stamp for Catalogne.
CURTIS ACOBbT
Colonnade Row, 161 Tremont |
Street^ Boi^tou,
IMPORTERS & DEALERS IN
Seeds, Trees, Plants,
BULBS, &:c..
Grapevines, Shrubs, Herbaceous Plants,
Gardening Implements and Cutlery, Lawn
Mowers, Fertilizers of all kinds, and other
articles connected with Agriculture, Horti-
culture and Floriculture.
Catalogues sent on application.
Illustrated k Descriptive Price Catalogue
of Small Fruit Plants, Grapevines, Rhubarb
and Asparagus Roots and Ch.oice Seed Po-
tatoes, grown and for sale by
JOHN G. KREIDER,
Nurseryman and Fruit Groover,
LANCASTER, P4.,
Mailed free to all who send me their ad-
dress. Bresee's King of the Earlies, (or No.
4,) Bresee's Prolific No. 2, Clima.\ and Early
Mohawk Seed Potatoes, $1 per peck, $3 per
bush., $6.50 per barrel ; or 4 lbs. of any one
variety, by mail, postpaid, $1. Early Rose,
5octs. per peck, $1.50 per bush., ^4 per bbl.
GEORGE E. WHITE,
160 Front-St., New-York,
Makes and sells the highest grade
AMMONMTED SUPERPHOSPHATE,
AND SELLS
POTASH, SODA.
No. IPERUVFAN GUANO,
BONES, FISH GUANO,
ACID, &c., &c., &c.
&EI1ES' &OIDEI.
The most remarkable Apple ever introduced
to the American people.
The original tree is over eighty years old.
having fruited annually for three-quarters of
a century.
Combines every desirable quality.
F'ifty Thousand choice 3 and 4-year Trees
for sale.
Circulars Free — Ageats AVantrd.
Address $. B. ITIARSHALL.,
Lock eiox 30, Cleveland, Ohio.
s
its I
I
BLACK BEMBIES,
STIIA n BERRIES,
BASPBERBIES,
And all other leading kinds of
Small Fruit Plants,
Raised and for Sale by
Catalogues Free. Rochester, N.Y.
Matilda Strawberry.
SEND FOR CIRCULAR
For opinions of THOMAS, DOWNING,
KEW STRAWBEHRV.
O. J. TILLSON,
Highland, N. Y.
WATTSON & CLARK'S
SOP[RPI!0SPHiTE.
Trade
W & C ^^(^rk.
^'A
©c:^-
NEW- YORK AGENTS :
51 Front-St., N. Y.
^t^^
The Berkshire Boar " King William," Winner of Several Prizes.
Beacon Stock Farm, Northport, Long Island.
BREEDER OF
ALDEMET & AYRSHIRE CATTLE,
Colswold and South Down Sheep,
IM:3PR,OVKr> BElIS^KSIiXI^ia HOGS,
l¥iiiner8 of First Prizes Wlierever £xlilbited.
BLACK SPANISH, WHITE DORKING,
BUFF AND PAR TR IDCiE COCHIN FOWLS,
AND AYLESBURY DUCKS,
ALSO TROTTING AND CLYDESDALE HOUSES.
•-•-•
The Stock bred at BEACON STOCK FARM is imported, and from the best imported
sources : and, in every department, has won the unqualified admiration of the best judges.
The Berkshike Swine are believed to be UNSURPASSED by any in this country
or Canada. They have taken the FIRST PRIZES at Provincial Shows and at leading
Siaie and County Fairs in Canada and the United States.
'Jhe AvRSHiKEs are the get of tlie bull Jock, winner of several prizes in Scotland,
and he took the second prize at the Sterling Show, 1S69.
'1 he Aldekneys are the get of Beacon Comet, who has no competitor ; his stock prove
to be unsurpassed bv any for producing milk and butter, and wherever shown always
carry off the cold and silver prizes.
The CoT.swoLDS are from IMPORTED EWES, and got by the Ram Lord N.apier,
which took several fir.^t prizes in England, and first prize at the Provincial Show, Canada,
and first prize at the New- York State Show, and first prize, for two j'ears, at the Queen's
County Show. Address
WiTI. CROZEER, Beacon Stock Farm, Nortliport, N. Y.
-=^^S
Fairview Stock Farm, near Fitchburg, Mass.
AUGUSTUS WHITMAN,
BREEDER OF AND DEALER IN
Thorough-BrGd Short-Horn Cattle.
or Choice Pedigrees and of Milking Strains.
Fairview Farm is in North Leominster, on the Boston and Fitchburg Railroad, 45 miles
from Boston ; is 2 miles from Leominster Centre, 011 the Fitchburg and Worcester Rail-
road, and is 3)^ miles from Fitchburg. Post Office address, Pitcbburg, ITIast*.
MUIRKIRK, PEINOE QEORGE'S 00., MARYLAND,
BREEDER AND DEALER IN
Of excellent quality and guaranteed pedigree.
AL.SO bkkksmsi&ie: p£6s a:^e> partrioge
Muiikirk is on the Washington Branch of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, 15 mi'es from
Washington, and 25 from Baltimore. Way trains stop within live minutes' w'alk of the office.
ZA.NESVILLE, OHIO,
BREEDER OF
THOEOTJ&H-BEED DEVOI CATTLE,
rrom THE BEST IMPOUTATIONS and
Guaranteed I*edigrees,
BREEDER AND DEALER IN
Jersey Cattle Clester Wile Hois,
SHErHEBD DOQS S CASHMERE GOATS.
J^EIA^JDO^W BROOK FA^RIVr,
near Koseritville, Ha^vlcins Co., East Tenn.
--^^'^
O^TTIjE.
}. HOWARD McHENBY,
PIKBSriLLE,
Baltimore Co.,
Maryland.
JERSEY CATTLE,
AND
STURTEVANT BROS.,
Waushakum Farm,
South FRAMINGHAM, MASS.,
IMPORTERS AND BREEDERS OF
THOROUGH llltED
AYRSHIRE CATTLF,
Light Brahma, Dark Brahma,
Partridge Cochia
Fowls.
H. X.. STEWART & SON.
BREEDERS OF
Tlioro\ig:li-I3red.
BRED AND FOR SALE BY
Samuel J. Sharpless,
street JRond Station,
Cliester Co., Pa.
Office, 705 Walnut-St., Philadelphia, Pa. J Hi^ldle IIadda.ni, COBfl.
JERSEY CATTLE.
AND BREEDERS AND IMPORTERS OF
WEBB SOUTH- DOWN
BRED FROM THE
FINEST IMPORTATIONS AND GREATEST
BUTTER PRODUCERS.
Bulls, Cowa and Calves for Sale at all times.
EDWARD HOWE, Princeton, N. J.
IIVIPOIITJBD
AYRSHIBES,COTSWOLO SHEEP
J
AND BERKSHIRE PIGS,
From the most noted Scotch and English Breeders. For sale by
jrOHLTV L. <3M^13,
Comp^on, Province Quebec, Dominion Canada, 'i
fmiEy.LDM!
OR.
JERSEY CATTLE,
LEICESTER SHEEP,
COWS & CALYES 1
For* @ale toy
BERKSHIRE and VICTORIA PlGS.g T f^ TJ TV^ T^ "R OOT^^
a superior white breed. HORSES for
Roadsters. All animals of the purest and
best stock.
Kirby Hofnestead, CbarltO»,N. Y.
Short-Hom Cattle
)\
SOUTH-DOWN SHEEP,
Chester White Swine,
and Brahma Fowls,
FOR SALE BY
CHAS, PARSONSf Jr„
" Grass Hill Farm,"
Conwar, Mass.
PniJrCE TOJTf
JOSEPH JULIAND,
BREEDER OF
iJERSEV AND STTOBT-
I HORN ED CATTLE,
RABBITS, FANCY PIGEONS,
BLACK CAYUGA DUCKS,
BRAHMA FOWLS,
GUINEA PIGS,
SOUTH-DOT^N SHEEP ANJD
SEi&fiCSElIRii: Pl»8,
SBainbricige, Ctienango Co.,N.Y.
Chas. W. Tbeadwell, c. W. EOYNTON & CO.,
BREEDER OF
12 Varieties Choice
PURE-BRED FOWLS
AND
" CHESTER AVillTE SWINE/'
SEND STAMP for FULL PARTICULARS.
ALDERINE¥ CATTLE,
SOUTH-DOWN SHEEP,
Chester White Swine,
Bronze Txii'lceys, «fcc..
Bred and shipped to order by
E. BIIJBBER,
New Hope, Pa.
Lambertville Station, Eelvidere Delaware
Railroad. N. J.
Woodbridge^ N, J*,
Drain Tile,
(Round Tile and Collars.)
The strongest, lightest, best formed, most
evenly burned and desirable tile in use, saves
in breakLig^e,SA\ts in cost of transportation,
saves in labor o/ laying, and gives
Thorougbly Reliable First-
Class Work.
POUND MAMFACTLROG CO.,
I At Spaldiii»'f« Foundry and
itiactiiue Sliop,
aL.OCIvPOK,T,]V.Y.,
MANUFACTURERS OF
Steam Dredges, S'eam Derricks, Upland
Excavators, StaiionaiT and Marine Engines,
Circular and Muley Saw Mills, Stave Cut-
ting Macliines and Jointers, Store Fronts,
imjmived Turbine Water Whee]s,Mill Gear-
ing and all kinds of Iron. Composition and
1 Brass Castings made to order.
1 ALEX. POUND, Supt.
|L. Austin Spalding, Pres. df Trens.
HAT, COAI AKB STOCK SCALES
ifa?®-«~^
SOLD ON TRIALi.
• • •
4 ion Hay Scales, $75 oo
6 ton do. loo.oo
240 pounds Union Scale, g.oo
600 pounds Portable, on wheels, 20.00
1,250 pounds do. do. 25.00
2,500 pounds do. do. 40.00
WHY*?
Because we do not employ Agents, pay commissions, or make discounts. In order that
all may have confidence in our representations, we ask no pay until the Scale is tested,
and then it" not satisfactory, we ask no one to take or pay for our scales, and the purchaser
alone is to be the judge whether or not he is satisfied.
That our Scale, although sold at so low a price, still is of superior make. There is no
Scale which costs more to manufacture than ours.
ItEiytElMCBER.
That we unhesitatingly affirm that our Scales are of the best quality — made of the best
material, \)y the most skilled workmen — and
ARE SOLD ON THEIR MERITS.
Test our Scales and if not satisfactory, you run no risk, as the order is always con-
ditional that you shall be satisfied or no sale.
F 001.8 .iMiE jroT ^L.1. nE^n,
For notwithstanding these fair promises, we tVequenlly hear of men who are weak enough
to be persuaded into paying from 50 to 100 per cent, more than they need to for .Scales by
the impudent liars enii^ioyed by our competitors, who, travelling around the country, too
lazy to work and afraid to steal, hesitate not to tell any lie that will serve their purpose.
Believe nothing that they say, but
SEND FOR OUR PRICE LIST— FREE TO ALL.
The Jones Scale Works,
BINGHAMTON, N. Y
-=^o^
STEAM ENGINES.
EQUALED BY NONE IN COMBINED MERITS OF
CAPACITY, ECONOMY, DURABILITY, SIM-
PLICITY AND PERFECTION.
« • •
OUR PORTABLE ENGINE,
inOUNXKD ON liOCOinOTIVfi BOII.ER,
Having fire-box and ash-pit entirely surrounded by water space ; is set upon le9;s and
timbers ; occupies little room ■ needs no brickwork ; is suitable for use in any place where
a power is lequired— in MILLS, SHOPS, FOUNDRIES or PRINTING ROOMS,
or in STOCK BARNS, for Grinding, Cutting and Steaming food for Stock. The
STATIONARY ElffGINE
Is complete with GOVERNOR, PUMP and HEATER, with connections fitted.
THE A&EICTJLTUEAL EI&OE,
SUPPJLIED IVITH LOCOMOTIVE BOII.ER,
Having fire-box and ash-pit entirely surrounded by water space ; is mounted on wheels,
with pole for attaching horse.s for moving from place to place ; is suitable for
Grain ThreNhing, Corn Sliellinc;, Wood Ar Shin$;lc Sawing, &c,
" CIRCULARS, with description and prices, furnished on application to
WOOD, TABER 8l MORSE,
Eaton, Madison Co,, N, Y.
S o ^ 39
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MflffER & SELFMIIIG REAPER.
The Superiority of the Principles and 3Iechanisni of this Machine
have earned for it its Reputation as the
The Most Perfect and Most Durable Harvester
IN THE TrOItLD!
The BUCKEYE has received the
HIGHEST rBEMIUMS
at the most important Field Trials
ever held in any country.
Styles, sizes and prices to suit all
classes of Farmers.
The high standard of excel-
lence in
MATERIAL AND WORKMANSHIP
maintained; and VALUABLE im-
provements ADDED.
MANUFACTIJRKD BY
ADRIANCE, PLATT&CO., 165 Green wich-St.,
NEAH COURTLANDT-STREET, NEW-YORK.
IMCA.lVXJr'A.eTOIlY, JPOTJOHKLEEPISIE, N. Y.
C^
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