SCIENCE
LIBRARY OF
WELLESLEY COLLEGE
GIFT OF
Estate of Susan Minns
Digitized by the Internet Archive
in 2015
https://archive.org/details/illustratedflora02brit_0
AN
Illustrated Flora
Northern United States, Canada
AND THE
BRITISH POSSESSIONS
From Newfoundland to the Parallel of the southern Boundary of Virginia,
AND FROM the ATLANTIC OCEAN WESTWARD TO THE I02D MERIDIAN
BY
NATHANIEL LORD BRITTON, Ph.D.
Emeritus Professor of Botany in Columbia University, and Uirector-in-Ciiief
OF THE New York Botanical Garden
and
HON. ADDISON BROWN
President of the Torrey Botanical Club
THE DESCRIPTIVE TEXT
Chiefly prepared by Professor Britton, with the assistance of Specialists in
SEVERAL Groups; the Figures also drawn under his Supervision
IN THREE VOLUMES >
Vol. II
PORTULACACEAE TO MENYANTHACEAE
PORTULACA TO BUCKBEAN
NEW YORK
CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS
1897
Presefiteo . ■
Estate of Suaan
Copyright 1S97
BY
Charles Scribner's Sons
SCIENCE
qQK
j 111
Z
The New Era Printing Company
Lancaster, Pa.
Contents of Volume IL
Clioripetalae (continued) i 546
20. portulacaceae i
21. Caryophyllaceae 6
22. NYMPHAEACEAE 41
23. Ceratophyllaceae 46
24. Magnowaceae 47
25. Anonaceae 49
26. Ranunculaceae 50
27. Berberidaceae 89
28. Menispermaceae 93
29. Calycanthaceae 94
30. IvAURAceae 95
31;. Papaveraceae 98
32. Cruciferae 108
33. Capparidaceae 154
34. Resedaceae 158
35. Sarraceniaceae 159
36. Droseraceae 160
37. podostemaceae 163
38. Crassulaceae 163
39. Saxifragaceae 169
40. Grossui^ariaceae 187
41. Hamamelidaceae 192
42. Pl<ATANACEAE I94
43. ROSACEAE 194
44. POMACEAE 232
1. Clethraceae 548
2. PyroIvACEae 549
3. Monotropaceae 554
4. Ericaceae 556
5. Vacciniaceae 573
6. DiAPENSiACEAE 582
20. Purslane Family i
21. Pink Family 6
22. Water-I<ily Family 41
23. HoRNWORT Family 46
24. Magnolia Family 47
25. Custard-Apple Family 49
26. Crowfoot Family 50
27. Barberry Family. 89
45. Drupaceae 246
46. MiMOSACEAE 254
47. Caesalpinaceae 256
48. Krameriaceae 261
49. Papilionaceae 262
50. Geraniaceae 340
51. oxawdaceae 344
52. LiNACEAE 348
53. Zygqphyli,aceae 351
54. rutaceae 352
55. SiMARUBACEAE 354
56. Poi,ygai,aceae 355
57. euphorbiaceae 361
58. Cai,i,itrichaceae 381
59. Empetraceae 383
60. buxaceae 384
61. LiMNANTHACEAE 385
62. Anacardiaceae 385
63. Cyrii.i,aceae 389
64. iwcaceae 390
65. Celastraceae 393
66. Staphyi,eaceae 396
67. aceraceae 396
68. hippocastanaceae 40o
Gamopetalae 548-623
7. Primulaceae 584
8. Plumbaginaceae 594
9. Sapotaceae 595
10. Ebenaceae 596
11. Sympi<ocaceae 597
28. MooNSEED Family 93
29. Strawberry-shrub
Family 94
30. 1,AUREL Family 95
31. Poppy Family 98
32. Mustard Family 108
33. Caper Family 154
34. Mignonette Family 158
69. Sapindaceae 402
70. b.\lsaminaceae 403
71. Rhamnaceae 405
72. Vitaceae 407
73. Tiuaceae 413
74. Malvaceae 415
75. Theaceae 426
76. Hypericaceae 427
77. El,ATlN.\CEAE 437
78. CiSTACEAE 439
79. ViOLACEAE 445
80. Passifloraceae 457
81. IvOASACEAE 458
82. Cactaceae 460
83. Thymeleaceae 465
84. Elaeagnaceae 466
85. Lythraceae 468
86. Melastomaceae 473
87. Onagraceae 475
88. Trapaceae 500
89. Haloragidaceae 500
90. Araliaceae 505
61. Umbelliferae 50S
92. CORNACEAE 542
12. Styraceae 59S
13. OlEACEAE 600
14. loganiaceae 604
15. Gentianaceae 606
16. Menyanthaceae 621
-547
35. Pitcher-plant F.'^MiLY 159
36. vSundew Family 160
37. River- WEED Family 163
38. Orpine Family 163
39. Saxifrage Family 169
40. Gooseberry Family 187
41. Witch-Hazel Family 192
42. Plane-tree Family 194
ENGLISH FAMII^Y NAMES.
Petals distinct, or none (continued )
iv
CONTENTS.
[Vol.. II.
43. Rose Family
194
61.
False Mermaid
78.
Rock-Rose Family
439
44. Apple Family
232
Family
385
79-
Violet Family
445
45. Plum Family
246
62.
Sumac Family
385
80.
Passion-Flower
46. Mimosa Family
254
63.
Cyrilla Family
389
Family
457
47. Senna Family
256
64.
Holly Family
390
81.
LOASA Family
458
48. Krameria Family
261
65.
Staff-tree Family
393
82.
Cactus Family
460
49. Pea Family
262
66.
Bladder-nut Family
396
83.
Mezereon Family
465
50. Geranium Family
340
67.
M.\PLE Family
396
84.
Oleaster Family.
466
51. Wood-Sorrel Family
344
68.
Buckeye Famhy
400
85-
Loosestrife Family
468
52. Flax Family
348
69.
Soapberry Family
402
86.
Meadow-beauty
53. Caltrop Family
351
70.
Jewel-weed Family
403
Family
473
54. Rue Family
352
71-
Buckthorn Family
404
87.
Fvening-Primrose
55. AiLANTHus Family
354
72.
Grape Family
407
Family
475
56. Milkwort Family
"2
ni
Linden Family
/in
88.
'Watfr-nttt Faatttv
500
57. Spurge Family
361
74-
Mallow Family
415
89.
Water-Milfoil
58. Water-Starwort
75-
Tea Family
426
Family
500
Family
381
76.
St. John's-wort
90.
Ginseng Family
505
59. Crowberry Family
383
Family
427
91.
Carrot Family
508
60. Box Family
384
77-
Water-wort Family
437
92.
Dogwood Family
542
Petals wholly or partly united, rarely separate or wanting 548-623
I. White Alder Family
548
7-
Primrose Family
584
12.
Storax Family
598
2. Wintergreen Family
549
8.
Plumbago Family
594
13-
Olive Family
600
3. Indian-pipe Family
554
9-
Sapodilla Family
595
14. Logania Family
604
4. Heath Family
556
10. Ebony Family
596
15-
Gentian Family
606
5. Huckleberry Family
573
II. Sweet- LEAF Family
597
16.
Buckbean Family
621
6. DiAPENSiA Family 582
Index of Latin Names 624
Index of English Names 635
SYMBOI.S USED.
° is used after figures to indicate feet.
' is used after figures to indicate inches.
" is used after figures to indicate lines, or twelfths of an inch.
r over syllables indicates the accent, and the short English sound of the vowel.
\ over syllables indicates the accent, and the long, broad, open or close English sound
of the vowel.
In the Metric System
The metre = 39.37 inches, or 3 feet 3.37 inches.
The decimetre = 3.94 inches.
The centimetre = | of an inch, or 4J lines.
The millimetre = 2V of an inch, or i a line.
2]j millimetres = i line.
very nearly.
New York, May 31, 1897.
ILLUSTRATED FLORA.
Vol. II.
Family 20. PORTULACACEAE Reichenb. Consp. 161. 1828.
PuRsivANE Family.
Herbs, generally flesh}^ or succulent, rarely somewhat woody, with alternate
■or opposite leaves, and regular perfect but unsymnietrical flowers. Sepals com-
monly 2 (rarely 5). Petals 4 or 5, rarely more, hypogynous, entire or emar-
ginate, imbricated. Stamens hypogynous, equal in number to the petals or
fewer, rarely more; filaments filiform; anthers 2-celled, longitudinallj^ dehis-
cent. Ovary i -celled; style 2-3-cleft or 2-3-divided, the divisions stigmatic
on the inner side; ovules 2-00 , amphitropous. Capsule membranous or crusta-
ceous, circumscissile, or dehiscent by 3 valves. Seeds 2-00 , reniform-globose
or compressed; embryo curved.
About 150 species, mostly natives of America.
Calyx free from the ovary; capsule 3-valved.
Seeds numerous; stamens 5~cc . i. Talinuni.
Seeds not more than 6; stamens 2-5.
Petals distinct or verj' nearly so, and stamens 5 in our species. 2.
Petals united into a short tube at the base; stamens 2 or 3. 3.
Calyx partly adnate to the ovary; capsule circumscissile. 4
Claytonia.
Montia.
Portitlaca.
I. TALINUM Adans. Fam. PI. 2: 245. 1763.
Fleshy glabrous erect or ascending, perennial or annual herbs, with scapose or leafy
stems, alternate terete or flat exstipulate leaves (terete and clustered at the base in the fol-
lowing species ), and mainly cymose racemose or pauicled flowers. Sepals 2, ovate. Petals
5, hypogynous, fugacious. Stamens as many as or more numerous than the petals and ad-
herent to their bases. Ovary many-ovuled; style 3-lobed or 3-cleft. Capsule ovoid, oval or
globose, 3-valved. Seeds numerous, borne on a central globose placenta. [Aboriginal
name of a Senegal species.]
A genus of about 12 species, all but i or 2 natives of America. In addition to the following,
about 4 others occur in the western and southwestern United States.
Flowers 5"-8" broad; sepals deciduous.
Stamens 10-30; capsule globose.
Stamens only 5; capsule oval.
Flowers io"-i5" broad; sepals persistent.
1. T. terelifoHum.
2. T. pari'iflorniH.
3. T. calycinuvi.
I. Talinum teretifolium Pursh. Fame-
flower. (Fig. 1426.)
Talinum teretifolium Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 365. 1814.
Perennial, erect, 4^-12' high, leafy at the base.
Leaves linear, terete, Yz'-i' long, about \" wide, the
base broadened and prolonged posteriori}'; scape-like
peduncles 1-5, terminal, branched, leafless, slender,
bracted at the nodes, 3'-6' long; cymes terminal, loose,
the branches ascending or divaricate; flowers pink, b"-
W broad, opening for a day; sepals membranous,
•deciduous, ovate, obtuse, 7." long, about half the length
of the petals; stamens 10-30; style as long as the sta-
mens ; capsule globose, 2" in diameter; bracts of the
cyme ovate or ovate-lanceolate, \" long, prolonged
posteriorly.
On dry rocks, Chester county, Pa., to Minnesota, south
to Georgia and Texas. Ascends to 3800 ft. in North Caro-
lina. May-Aug.
2
PORTULACACEAE.
[Vot. II.
3. Talinum calycinum Engelm.
Large-flowered Talinum.
(Fig. 1428.)
Talinum calycinum Engelm. in Wisliz. Rep. 88.
1848.
Perennial, erect from a very thick root,
slender, 6'-io' high. Leaves nearly terete,
clustered at the base, i)^''-2'' long, the base
triangular-broadened, slightly prolonged pos-
teriorly; cyme terminal, somewhat compound,
scarious-bracted, its branches ascending; flow-
ers pink, io^'-i5'' broad; sepals broadly ovate,
persistent, cuspidate; petals twice as long as
the cal3'x; stamens 12-30; style twice as long
as the stamens; capsule globose-ovoid, about
3'' in diameter.
In dry soil, Kansas to Texas. June.
2. Talinum parviflorum Nutt. Small-
flowered Talinttm. (Fig. 1427.)
Talinum parx'iflorum Nutt.; T. & G. Fl. N. A.
i: 197. 1838.
Perennial, similar to the preceding species,
leafy below. Leaves terete or nearh' so, linear,
rather more slender, broadened at the base;
scape-like peduncles very slender, 3^-8'' tall;
cymes loose, their branches and pedicels as-
cending; flowers pink, J^/'-^" broad; sepals
ovate, deciduous, acute or subacute; stamens
5 ( or sometimes fewer ?) ; style somewhat
longer than the stamens; capsule oval, 2'^
high, about \" in diameter; bracts of the
cyme narrowly lanceolate, slightly prolonged
posteriorly.
In dry soil, Minnesota to Arkansas, New Mex-
ico and Texas. May-Sept.
2. CLAYTONIA L. Sp. PI. 204. 1753.
Annual or perennial succulent glabrous herbs, with petioled basal leaves, and opposite or
alternate cauline ones. Flowers terminal, racemose or cymose. Sepals 2, ovate, persistent.
Petals 5, h3'pogynous, distinct, or slightly united by their bases. Stamens 5, inserted on the
bases of the petals. Ovary few-ovuled; style 3-lobed or 3-cleft. Capsule ovoid or globose,
3-valved, 3-6-seeded. Seeds compressed, orbicular or reniform. [In honor of John Cla3-ton,
1686 ?-i 773, American botanist.]
About 25 species, mainly natives of northern North America. The genus is not well distin-
guished from Alonlia.
Upper leaves not connate.
Perennials; leaves linear, lanceolate, oval or ovate.
Leaves linear-lanceolate, t^--' long. I. C. Virginica.
Leaves ovate-lanceolate or ovate, 2'-3' long. 2. C. Caroliniana.
Annual, diffuse; leaves spatulate or oblanceolate. 3. C. Cliamissoi.
Upper leaves connate, forming an orbicular disk. 4. C. perfoliata.
Vol. II.]
PURSLANE FAMILY.
I. Claytonia Virginica L,. Spring
Beauty. (Fig. 1429.)
Claytonia I'irginica L. Sp. PI. 204. 1753.
Ascending or decumbeut, perennial from a
deep tuberous root, stem 6'-i2' long, simple or
rarely with a few branches. Leaves elongated,
linear, or linear-lanceolate, obtuse or acute, nar-
rowed into a petiole, the basal j/-"]' long, \"-
b" wide, the cauline shorter and opposite; ra-
ceme terminal, loose, at length 3^-5^ loug> some-
what secund; flowers white or pink, with darker
pink veins, k"-iQ" broad; pedicels slender, at
length I'-xYz' long and recurved; petals emar-
ginate; capsule shorter than the sepals.
In moist woods, Nova Scotia to the Northwest Ter-
ritory, south to Georgia and Texas. Very variable
in the breadth of leaves. Ascends to 2400 ft. in
Virginia. March-May.
2. Claytonia Caroliniana Michx.
Carolina Spring Beaut}-.
(Fig. 1430.)
Claytonia Caroliniana Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i:
160. 1803.
Similar to the preceding species but some-
times more nearly erect. Basal leaves ovate-
lanceolate or oblong, i)4^~y long, 6''-9"
wide, obtuse; stem-leaves on petioles 3''-6"
long; flowers fewer.
In damp woods, Nova Scotia to the Northwest
Territory, south to North Carolina along the
Alleghanies, and to Ohio and Missouri. Ascends
to 5000 ft. in Virginia. March-May.
Claytonia lanceolata Pursh, a related species,
with sessile shorter stem-leaves, occurs from the
Rocky Mountain region to the Pacific Coast, and
probably in the extreme western portion of our
territory.
3. Claytonia Chamissoi L,ecleb.
Chamisso's Claytonia.
(Fig. 1431.)
Claytonia C/iamissoi hedeh. ; Spreng. Syst. Veg.
1:790. 1825.
Montia Cliamissonis Greene, Fl. Fran. 180.
1891.
Annual, glabrous, stoloniferous at the base,
stems weak, ascending or procumbent, 3^-9'
long. Leaves spatulate or oblanceolate, ob-
tuse, narrowed into a petiole or sessile, I'-i'
long, 2i"-5" wide; flowers few, pink, race-
mose, 3"-4" broad; pedicels slender, 4'^-i5"
long, recurved in fruit; capsule very small.
In wet places, Minnesota to British Columbia
and Alaska, south in the Rocky Mountains to
New Mexico, and to California. May-June.
4
PORTULACACEAE.
[Vol. 11.
4. Claytonia perfoliata Donn. Span-
ish Lettuce. (Fig. 1432.)
Claytonia perfoliata Donn; Willd. Sp. PI. i:
1 186. 1798.
Annual, roots fibrous, stems several, erect
or ascending, simple, 3'-i2' high, bearing a
pair of connate-perfoliate leaves near the
summit, completely or partially united into
an orbicular concave disk, 2' broad or less.
Basal leaves rhomboid-ovate, long-petioled,
the blade \' long or more, obtuse or acute
at apex, narrowed into the petiole; petioles
shorter than the stems; raceme usually pe-
duncled, loosely or compactly several-flow-
ered, sometimes compound; bracts broad,
deciduous; flowers white or pink,
broad; petals and stamens 5; capsule glo-
bose, \"-2" in diameter, 2-5-seeded.
Established near Painesville, Ohio. Native
from British Columbia to Mexico. April-May.
3. MONTIA L. Sp. PI. 87. 1753.
Small annual glabrous herbs, with opposite fleshy leaves and minute nodding solitary or
loosely racemed white flowers. vSepals 2 (rarely 3), broadl}' ovate, persistent. Petals 5, liy-
pogynous, more or less united. Stamens 3 (very rarely 5), inserted on the corolla. Ovary
3-ovuled; st3'le short, 3-parted. Capsule 3-valved, 3-seeded. Seeds nearly orbicular, com-
pressed, minutely tuberculate; embryo peripheral. [In honor of Guiseppe Monti, Italian
botanist and author of the eighteenth centur}-.]
A genus of about 4 species, widely distributed in the colder parts of both hemispheres. In ad-
dition to the following, another occurs in Oregon.
I. Montia fontana L. Water or Blinking Chick-
weed. BHnks. Water-blinks. (Fig. 1433.)
Montia fontana I,. Sp. PI. 87. 1753.
Densely tufted, very green, weak, difi"use or ascending, i'-
6' long, freely branching. Leaves opposite, spatulate or ob-
ovate, mainly obtuse, 2>"-^" ioi^g. ^" broad or less; flowers
nodding, solitary and terminal or in a small loose leafy-bracted
raceme; sepals obtuse, slightly shorter than the ovate-oblong
petals; capsule globose, nearly \" in diameter.
In springs and wet places, St. Anne des Monts, Quebec; Maine,
Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Labrador. Newfoundland, and
across arctic America, extending south in the mountains to Cali-
fornia. Also in the Andes of South America, in Australasia and
in northern Europe and Asia. Summer.
4. PORTULACA L. Sp. PI. 445. 1753.
Diffuse or ascending, glabrous or pubescent fleshy herbs, with terminal flowers. Sepals
2, united at the base and partly adnate to the ovary. Petals 4-6 (mainly 5), inserted on the
calyx, fugacious. Stamens 7-co , also on the calyx. Ovary many-ovuled; style deeply 3-9-
cleft or parted. Capsule membranous, dehiscent by a lid, many-seeded. [Latin, in allusion
to the purging qualities of some species.]
A genus of about 20 species, all but 2 or 3 natives of America. In addition to the following,
some 7 others occur in the southern United States.
Glabrous throughout; flowers small, yellow.
Leaves mainly rounded at the apex; seeds minutelj' rugose. i. P. oleracea.
I^eaves mainly retuse; seeds prominently tuberculate. 2. P. retusa.
Pilose-pubescent, especially in the axils.
Flowers red, 4"-6" broad. 3. P. pilosa.
Flowers variously colored, i'-2' broad. 4. P. grandifiora.
Vor.. II.]
PURSLANE FAMILY.
5
I. Portulaca oleracea L. Purslane. Pus.sley. (Fig. 1434.)
Pot-tulaca oleracea L. Sp. PI. 445- 1753-
Annual, prostrate, freely branching from a
deep central root, branches /\'-io' long.
Leaves alternate and clustered at the ends of
the branches, obovate or cuneate, 3"-io''
long, rounded at the apex, very fleshy; flower-
buds flat; flowers solitary and sessile, 2"-2,"
broad, yellow, opening in bright sunshine for
a few hours in the morning; sepals broad,
keeled, acutish; style 4-6-parted; capsule 3''-
5" long; seeds finely rugose, about long.
In fields and waste places, common through-
out our area, and in warm and tropical America.
Native in the southwest, but naturalized north-
ward. Widely naturalized as a weed in the
warmer parts of the Old World. Summer.
2. Portulaca retusa Engelm. Notched
Purslane. (Fig. 1435.)
Portulaca rchisa Eng-elm. Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. 6:
154. 1850.
Closely resembles the preceding species. Leaves
cuneate, generally broader, mostly retuse or emar-
ginate, but some of them rounded; sepals broad, ob-
tusish, carinate-wiuged; style larger, 3-4-cleft; cap-
sule '2"-}," long; seeds distinctly tuberculate, nearly
Yz" long; petals smaller than those of P. oleracea
and the flowers opening earlier in the morning than
those of that species, where the two grow together.
Minnesota (?), Missouri and Arkansas, to Texas,
west to Nevada. Growing in large patches, sometimes
.several feet in diameter. Summer.
3. Portulaca pilosa L. Hairy Portulaca.
(Fig. 1436.)
Portulaca pilosa L- Sp. PI. 445. 1753.
Annual, spreading or ascending from a deep root,
more or less densely pilose-pubescent, with small
tufts of light-colored hairs in the axils of the leaves.
Branches 2'-6' long; leaves linear, terete, obtuse, 4"-
8" long, about 1" wide, alternate, and clustered at the
ends of the branches; sepals oblong, acute, membran-
ous, not carinate, deciduous with the operculum of the
capsule; flowers red, 4^-6" broad; stamens numerous;
style 5-6-parted; seeds minutely tuberculate.
In dry soil. North Carolina to Florida, Kansas, Texas
and Mexico, west to California. Also throughout tropical
America. Summer.
CARYOPHVLLACEAE.
[Vol.. II.
4. Portulaca grandiflora Hook. Garden
Portulaca. Sun-plant. (Fig. 1437.)
Porlnlaca g ra n d iji o ra Hook. Bot. Mag. pi. 288$. 1829.
Ascending or spreading, sometimes densely pilose,
but often with but a few scattered hairs and tufts of
others in the axils. Branches 6'-i2' long; leaves al-
ternate, and clustered at the ends of the branches,
terete, long, about wide; flowers i'-2' broad,
pink, yellow, red, or white, very showy, open in sun-
shine only; sepals broad, obtuse, scarious-margined;
petals obovate; capsule ovoid; seeds gray, shining.
In waste places, occasionally escaped from gardens.
Introduced from South America. Summer. Cultivated
in a large number of forms.
Family 21. CARYOPHYLLACEAE Reichenb. Consp. 206. 1828.
PixK Family.
Annual or perennial herbs, often swollen at the nodes, with opposite entire
exstipulate or stiptilate leaves, and perfect or rarelj' dioecious regttlar flowers.
Sepals 4 or 5, persistent, separate or united into a calyx-tube. Petals equal in
number to the sepals or none. Stamens twice as many as the sepals or fewer,
h3'pogynous or perigynous; anthers longitudinall}^ dehiscent. Ovary i, mainlj^
I -celled (rarely 3-5 -celled); styles 2-5; ovules and seeds several or many (in
all our species), attached to a central colttmn. Fruit general!}' membranous, a
capsule, dehiscent b}' valves or teeth, or an indehiscent achene or utricle. Seeds
mainly amphitropous; embryo more or less ctirved and peripheral to the endo-
sperm, rareh' straight; cotyledons mainly incumbent.
About seventy genera and about 1500 species, widely distributed, most abundant in the northern
hemisphere.
-X- Calyx of united sepals, tubular or ovoid.
Calyx-ribs at least twice as many as the teeth, running both into the teeth and into the sinuses.
Stj-les 5, alternate with the "foliaceous calyx-teeth.
Styles 3-5, when 5, opposite the short calyx-teeth.
Styles 5, capsule several-celled at the base.
Styles 3, rarely 4.
Styles 5, capsule i-celled to the base.
Calyx 5-ribbed, 5-nerved, or nerveless, or striate-nerved.
Calj'x conspicuously scarious between its green nerves.
Calyx not bracteolate at the base.
Caly.x bracteolate at the base.
Calyx not at all scarious.
Petals appendaged at the base of the blade.
Petals not appendaged at the base of the blade.
Calyx strongl}' 5-angled, not bracteolate.
Calyx terete or nearly so, subtended by bractlets.
Calyx of distinct sepals, or the sepals united only at the base.
Fruit a capsule, dehiscent by apical teeth or by valves.
.Styles separate to the base; stipules wanting.
Plants not fleshy; disk of the flower inconspicuous or none.
Petals deeply 2-cleft or 2-parted (rarely none).
Capsule ovoid or oblong, dehiscent by valves. 10. Alsi?ie.
Capsule cj-lindric, commonly curved, dehiscent by teeth. 11. Ceras/nim.
Petals entire or emarginate (rarely none).
Capsule cylindric. 12. Holosleittn.
Capsule ovoid or oblong.
Styles as many as the sepals.
Styles opposite the sepals. 13. Moenchia.
Styles alternate with the sepals. 14. Sagina.
Styles fewer than the sepals.
vSeeds not appendaged by a strophiole. 15. Arenaria.
.Seeds strophiolate. ' 16. Moehringia.
Plants fleshy, maritime; disk conspicuous, 8-io-lobed. 17. Aniinodenia.
Styles separate to the base : stipules present, scarious.
Stj-les and capsule-valves 5. 18. Spergula.
Styles and capsule-valves 3. 19. Tissa.
Styles united below; southwestern herbs with subulate leaves. 20. Loeflingia.
I.
Agrosteimna
2.
Viscaria.
3-
Silene.
4-
Lychnis.
5-
Gypsophila.
6.
Tunica.
7-
Saponaria.
8.
Vaccaria.
9-
Diantlms.
Vot. II.]
PINK FAMILY.
7
Fruit an indehiscent or irregularly bursting utricle or achene.
Leaves stipulate.
vSepals awn-tipped.
Sepals awnless.
Leaves not stipulate.
21. Paronychia.
22. Anychia.
23. Scleranthits.
I. AGROSTEMMA L. Sp. PI. 435. 1753.
Annual pubescent often branching herbs, with linear or linear-lanceolate acute or acumi-
nate sessile leaves, aud large red or white erect flowers, solitary at the ends of long axillary
peduncles. Calyx oblong, not inflated, narrowed at the throat, lo-ribbed, 5-lobed, the lobes
linear, elongated and foliaceous. Petals 5, shorter than the calyx-lobes, their blades obovate
or cuneate, emarginate, not appendaged; stamens 10. Styles 5, alternate with the calyx-lobes,
opposite the petals. Capsule i-celled. Seeds numerous, black. [Greek, a field-garland.]
TNvo known species, natives of Euroi^e and Asia.
I. Agrostemma Githago L. Corn Cockle.
ConiRo.se. Corn Campion. (Fig. 1438.)
Agrostemma Citliago L. Sp. PI. 435. 1753.
Lychnis Gilhago Scop. Fl. Cam. Ed. 2, i: 310. 1772.
Erect, i°-3° high, simple or with few erect branches,
densely pubescent throughout with whitish appressed
hairs. Leaves linear-lanceolate, acute or long-acumi-
nate, erect, 2'-4' long, i"-^/' wide, the lowest narrowed
at the base; flowers red, 1^-3' broad; peduncles stout, 3'-
8' long, erect; calyx ovoid, its lobes linear, foliaceous,
3 or 4 times the length of the tube and much exceed-
ing the petals, deciduous in fruit; petals usually slightly
emarginate, the blade obovate-cuneate.
In grain fields and vi-aste places, frequent or occasional
throughout our area. Adventive from Europe, occurring
also in northern Asia. Called also Crown-of-the-Field.
July-Sept.
2. VISCARIA RoeW. Deiitsch. Fl. 2: 37. 1796.
Perennial or biennial glabrous herbs, with erect, nearly or quite simple stems, and nar-
row leaves, the basal densely tufted, those of the stem sessile, and small red or rarely white
flowers in clustered terminal cymes, the inflorescence in our species almost capitate. Calyx
oblong-campanulate, not inflated, 4-5-toothed, S-io-ribbed. Petals 4 or 5, much exceeding
the calyx, each with a 2-cleft appendage at the base of the obovate emarginate blade.
Stamens 10, exserted. Styles opposite the calyx-teeth, alternate with the petals. Capsule
several-celled at the base, its teeth as many as the styles. [Latin, glutinous.]
About 5 species, the following of arctic and subarctic regions; the others European and Asiatic.
I. Viscaria alpina (L,.) Roehl. Red Alpine
Campion. (Fig. 1439.)
Lyclinis alpina L. Sp. PI. 436. 1753.
Viscaria alpina Roehl. Deutsch. Fl. 2: 37.
1796.
Tufted, 3'-i2' bigh, rather stout, glabrous, somewhat
glaucous, not viscid. Basal leaves narrowly oblanceo-
late or linear, densely rosulate, Yz'-iYz' long,
wide; stem-leaves distant, linear-lanceolate, erect, acute
or obtuse, about i' long; inflorescence dense, terminal,
Yz'-^' broad; bracts small, membranous; flowers pink, 3"-
i," wide; calyx campanulate, 2" long, its teeth short,
rounded; petals about twice the length of the calyx, obo-
vate, 2 lobed; appendages minute.
Mt. Albert, Gaspe, Quebec; Labrador, Newfoundland, Hud-
son Bay, Greenland, and in arctic and alpine Europe and
Asia. Summer.
8
CARYOPHYLLACEAE.
[Vol. II,
3. SILENE L. Sp. PL 416. 1753.
Annual or perennial herbs, with clustered or solitary, mainly pink red or white flowers.
Calyx more or less inflated, tubular, ovoid or campanulate, 5-toothed or 5-cleft, lo-many-
nerved, not bracted at the base. Petals 5, narrow, clawed. vStamens 10. Styles 3 (rarely 4
or 5); ovary i-celled, or incompletely 2-4-celled. Pod dehiscent by 6 or rarely 3 apical teeth.
Seeds mainly spiny or tubercled. [Greek, saliva, in allusion to the viscid secretions of
many species ]
About 250 species of wide geographic distribution. In addition to the following, some 35
others occur in the southern and western parts of the continent.
Dwarf, arctic-alpine; flowers solitary. i. S. acaulis.
Erect or ascending herbs; flowers clustered (sometimes solitary in nos. 3-7).
Leaves or some of them verticillate in 4's. 2. S. stellala.
Leaves all opposite.
Calyx much inflated and bladdery.
Flowers few, leafy-bracted. 3. .S. alba.
Flowers numerous, in leafless cymes. 4. S'. vulgaris.
Calyx merely expanded by the ripening pod.
Flowers cymose or paniculate.
Day-Dlooming; flowers rarely white, mostly pink or red.
Perennials, more or less viscid-pubescent.
Petals 2-cleft, 2-lobed, or irregularly incised, scarlet or crimson.
Leaves lanceolate or spatulate; flowers numerous.
Flowers in slender panicles, nodding. 5. .S". mitans.
Flowers in terminal cymes, erect. 6. Virginica.
Leaves broadly oval; flowers few or solitary. 7. S'. rotundifolia.
Petals erose, entire, or emarginate.
Petals scarlet; plant 3°-4° tall. 8. S. regia.
Petals pink; plant 4' -10' high. 9. S'. Carolinia7ia.
Annuals, glutinous at or below the nodes.
Calyx ovoid; flowers small, paniculate. 10.
Calyx club-shaped; flowers large, cymose. 11.
Night-blooming; flowers large, white. 12.
Flowers spicate or racemose, short-pedicelled.
Spicate raceme simple; flowers small. 13.
Raceme forked; flowers 6"-8" broad. 14.
Flowers axillary and terminal, slender-pedicelled; western. 15.
S. antirrhina.
S. Armeria.
S. noctiflora.
S. Anglica.
S. dichotoma.
S. Menziesii.
I, Silene acaulis L. Moss Campion. (Fig. 1440.)
Silene acaulis L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 603. 1762.
Perennial, puberulent or glabrous, branched, densely
tufted, I '-3' high. Leaves sessile, crowded, linear, 4^^-6^^
long, about }4'^ wide, obtuse or acutish at the apex, the
margins ciliate-serrulate; flowers solitary at the ends of the
branches, sessile or slender-peduncled, 4''-6" broad, purple
or purplish; calyx campanulate, glabrous, 4" high; petals
entire or emarginate, with a scale at the base of the blade;
pod oblong, equalling or exceeding the calyx.
Summits of the White Mountains, N. H. ; Gaspe, Quebec; Cape
Breton Island, Labrador and throughout arctic America, south in
the higher Rocky Mountains to Arizona. Also in arctic and
alpine Europe and Asia. Called also Cushion Pink. Summer.
2. Silene stellata (L.) Ait. Starr}' Cam-
pion. (Fig. 1441.)
Cucubalus stellatus L. Sp. PI. 414. 1753.
Silene stellata Ait. f. Hort. Kew. 3; 84. " 1811.
Perennial, erect, 2°-;i,}4° high, densely and min-
utely rough-pubescent throughout. Leaves ovate-
lanceolate, acuminate, 2^-4' long, wide, ver-
ticillate in 4's or the lowest opposite, their margins
finely ciliate; flowers white, 7''-io" broad, in pani-
cled cymes, forming a large showy inflorescence;
calyx campanulate, inflated, 7'^-8" high, its teeth
triangular, acute; petals crownless, fimbriate,' about
equalling the stamens; pod globose-ovoid, about
the length of the calyx.
In woods, Rhode Island to Niagara and Minnesota,
south to South Carolina and Arkansas. June-Aug.
Silene ovata Pursh, which has the habit of this spe-
cies but the leaves opposite, is recorded by Pursli from
" the western parts of Virginia and Carolina," but is not definitely known from Virginia.
Vol. II.]
PINK FAMILY.
3. Silene alba Muhl. Western White
Campion. (Fig. 1442.)
Silene alba Muhl. Cat. 45. 1813.
Cucubalits riiz'eus 'Sutt. Gen. i: 287. 1818.
Silene nivea Otth in DC. Prodr. i: 377. 1824.
Perennial, ascending or erect, rather weak,
simple, or divergently branched above, minutely
puberulent or glabrate. Leaves lanceolate or
oblong-lanceolate, 3^-5' long, ^"-W wide, acu-
minate, the upper gradually smaller, and sub-
tending the flowers; pedicels about i' long, di-
varicate; flowers few, often solitary, white, about
\o" broad; calyx inflated, elongated-campanu-
late, pubescent, its teeth ovate, obtuse, more or
less scarious-margined; petals cuneate, 2-cleft,
or 2-lobed, minutely crowned.
In shaded or moist places, Pennsylvania to Min-
nesota and Iowa. Not common. June-July.
4. Silene vulgaris (Moench) Garcke.
Bladder Campion. (Fig. 1443.)
Cuciibalus Behen L. Sp. PI. 414. 1753. Not
Silene Behen L.
Behen vulgaris Moench, Meth. 709. 1794.
Silene Cucubaliis'V^'\\)^\, Prim. Werth. 241. 1799.
Silene znilgaris Garcke, Fl. Deutsch. Fd. 9, 64.
1869.
Silene inflata J. F. Smith, Fl. Brit. 2: 292. 1800.
Perennial, branched from the base, glaucous
and glabrous, or rarely pubescent, 6'-i8' high.
Leaves opposite, ovate-lanceolate or oblong,
acute, variable in size, the lower often spatulate;
flowers white, (>"-\o" broad, in loose cymose
panicles, often drooping; calyx at first tubular-
campanulate, at length inflated and globose,
a/'-W long, strongly veined; petals 2-cleft, with
or without a small crown.
In meadows and waste places, New Brunswick
to Ontario, south to New Jerse}- and Illinois.
Locally abundant. Naturalized from Europe and
native also of Asia. Summer. Called also Behen,
Cow-bell, and Spattling or Frothy Poppy.
5. Silene nutans L,. Nodding Catchfl5^
(Fig. 1444- )
Silene nutans L. Sp. PI. 417. 1753.
Perennial, glandular-pubescent above or nearly
glabrous, stem slender, erect, i°-2° tall. Lower
and basal leaves spatulate, subacute at the apex,
2'-^' long, 3"-8'' wide, tapering into slender pe-
tioles; stem-leaves few and distant, narrowly ob-
long or lanceolate, acute or acuminate at the apex,
sessile, the uppermost ( bracts) very small; flowers
6//_,g// broad, white or pink, nodding or spreading
in a loose panicle; pedicels slender, 4''-i2" long;
calyx oblong-cylindric in flower, i/'-^" long, glan-
dular, its teeth triangular, acute; petals 2-cleft or
sometimes 4-cleft, the lobes narrowly oblong; cap-
sule ovoid, ^"-i>" high, distending the calyx.
Mt. Desert Island, Maine, and Staten Island, N. Y.
Fugitive from Europe. English names, Dover Catch-
fly, Nottingham Catchfly. June-Sept.
It)
CARYOPHYLLACEAE.
[Vol. II.
6. Silene Virginica L.
(Fig. 1445.)
Fire Pink.
Silene Virginica 1,. Sp. PI. 419. 1753.
Perennial, slender, ascending or erect, viscid-
pubescent, branching above, i°-2° high. Leaves
thin, those of the base and lower part of the stem
spatulate or oblanceolate, 3^-5' long, obtuse or
acute, tapering into a winged petiole; upper leaves
oblong-lanceolate, acute, sessile; inflorescence
loosely cymose-paniculate; flowers crimson, I'-i
broad; pedicels slender, yz'~2' long; calyx tubular-
campauulate, <^"-\2" long, enlarged by the ripen-
ing pod, its teeth ovate, acute, scarious-margined;
petals 2-cleft, 2-lobed, or irregularly incised,
crowned, the limb oblong or linear-oblong.
In dry woods, southern New Jersey, western New
York and southwestern Ontario to Minnesota, south to
Georgia and Missouri. Ascends to 4200 ft. in Virginia.
May-Sept.
7, Silene rotundifolia Nutt. Round-leaved Catchfly. (Fig. 1446.)
Silene rotundifolia Nutt. Gen. i: 288. 1818.
Perennial, stem slender, ascending or re-
clining, viscid-pubescent, branched, i)4°-2°
long. Leaves thin, membranous, the lower
and basal ones obovate or broadly spatulate,
2^-4' long, narrowed into a winged petiole, ob-
tuse but pointed, the cauline obovate, broadly
oblong or orbicular-ovate, acute, the uppermost
sessile; flowers few and loosely cymose, or soli-
tary, scarlet, 1^-2' broad; pedicels slender, i'-
2' long; calyx tubular-campanulate, 10^^-15'''
long, somewhat enlarged by the ripening pod,
its teeth ovate, acute; petals 2-cleft, lobed, or
laciniate, crowned.
In shaded places, southern Ohio and Kentucky
to Georgia. Summer.
8. Silene regia Sims. Royal Catchfly.
(Fig. 1447.)
Silene regia vSims, Bot. Mag. pi. 1724. 1814.
Perennial, erect, stout, 3°-4° high, simple or spar-
ingly branched, minutely rough-pubescent, slightly
viscid. Leaves all but the lowest sessile, thick,
ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, 2^-3' long; in-
florescence a narrow strict panicle of few-flowered
cymose clusters; pedicels generally less than Yz'
long; flowers numerous, deep scarlet, about \' broad;
calyx oblong-tubular, 10" long, slightly enlarged
by the ripening pod, its teeth ovate-acute; petals
emarginate or laciniate, crowned.
Prairies, Ohio to Alabama, west to Missouri. July.
Vol. II.]
PINK FAMILY.
II
Silene Caroliniana Walt.
Pink. (Fig. 1448.)
Wild
Silene Caroliniana Walt. Fl. Car. 142. 1788.
Silene Pennsylz'anica Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 272.
1803.
Perennial, tufted, 4^-10' high, viscid-pubes-
cent, especially above, generally nearly gla-
brous below. Basal leaves spatulate, or oblan-
ceolate, acute or obtuse, 2^-4' long, narrowed
into a broad petiole, the margins often ciliate;
stem-leaves shorter, sessile, oblong or lanceo-
late; flowers pink, about \' broad, iu terminal
cymes; pedicels long; calyx narrow,
tubular, much enlarged by the ripening pod, its
teeth ovate, acute; petals cuneate, emarginate,
eroded, crowned at the base of the claw.
In drj', sandy or rocky soil, Maine to Georgia,
west to central New York, Pennsylvania and Ken-
tucky. Ascends to 3300 ft. in West Virginia.
April-June.
10. Silene antirrhina L. Sleepy Catchfly. (Fig. 1449.)
Silene a)itirrhina L,. Sp. PI. 419. 1753-
Annual, slender, erect or ascending, puberulent
or glabrous, glutinous about the nodes, simple, or
branched above, 8^-2^-2° high, the branches as-
cending. Basal and lower leaves spatulate or ob-
lanceolate, long, narrowed into a petiole, ob-
tuse or acute, sometimes slightly ciliate; upper
leaves linear and gradually reduced to subulate
bracts; inflorescence a loose cymose panicle; pedi-
cels slender, erect; flowers pink, about \"-2"
broad; calyx narrowly ovoid, 2"-3" long, much
expanded by the ripening pod, its teeth ovate,
acute; petals obcordate, minutely crowned.
In waste places and woods, New England to south-
ern Ontario and British Columbia, south to Florida and
Mexico. Flowers opening for a short time in sunshine.
Ascends to 3200 ft. in Virginia. Summer.
Silene antirrhina divaricata Robinson, Proc. Am. Acad.
28: 132. 1893.
More slender than the species and with narrower
leaves; branches spreading, filiform; calyx il'-iVz"
long; petals none. Illinois and central New York.
II. Silene Armeria L. Sweet William
or Lobel's Catchfl3\ (Fig. 1450.)
Silene Armeria I,. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 601. 1762.
Annual, erect, branching, glabrous and glau-
cous, or minutely puberulent, about 1° high,,
glutinous below each node. Basal leaves ob-
lanceolate, 2^-3' long, obtuse; stem-leaves ovate
or ovate-lanceolate, 'i-'-},' long, acute or obtuse;
inflorescence a terminal compact compound
cyme; flowers purple or pink, broad;
calyx club-shaped, 5^-8^' long, slightly en-
larged by the ripening pod; pedicels about \"
long; petals emarginate, crowned with narrow
scales.
In waste places and spontaneous in gardens,
New Brunswick and Ontario to Michigan, south to
JNew Jersey and Penns5'lvania. Introduced from
Europe. June-July.
CARYOPHYLLACEAE. [Vol. II.
12. Silene noctiflora L. Night-flowering
Catchfly. (Fig. 1451.)
Sile)ie noctifloi a L,. Sp. PI. 419. 1753.
Annual, stout, viscid-pubescent, simple, or branching,
i°-3° high. Lower and basal leaves obovate or oblanceo-
late, 2'-^' long, obtuse, narrowed iuto a broad petiole;
upper leaves sessile, ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate,
i'-3' long; flowers few, pedicelled, white or pinkish, 8"-
\2" broad, in a loose dichotomous panicle; calyx 10"-
15'' long, tubular, lo-nerved and beautifullj- veined,
much enlarged by the ripening pod, its teeth linear,
acute; petals 2-cleft.
In waste places, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick to Mani-
toba, south to Florida and Missouri. Adventive from Europe.
Flowers opening at dusk and remaining so until the morning
of the next day, fragrant. July-Sept.
13. Silene Anglica L. English or Small-flowered Catchfly.
Silene Anglica I,. Sp. PI. 416.
Silene Gallica L. Sp. PI. 417.
1753-
1753-
Annual, hirsute-pubescent, stem slender, usually
erect, simple or branched, \ high. Leaves spatu-
late or oblanceolate, 6''-2' long, obtuse, sometimes
mucronate, narrowed into a margined petiole, or the
upper ones narrower and acute; flowers in a terminal
simple i-sided spicate raceme, nearly sessile or the
lower ones distant and longer-pedicelled, sometimes
all distinctly pedicelled; calyx cylindric or oblong-
tubular in flower, lo-nerved, villous, long,
much enlarged by the ripening pod and becoming
ovoid with a contracted throat, its teeth lanceolate,
spreading; petals toothed, entire or somewhat 2-cleft,
white, somewhat longer than the calyx.
In waste places, Maine to Ontario, south to southern
New York and Pennsylvania. Adventive from Europe.
Extensively naturalized as a weed on the Pacific Coast,
and widely distributed in nearly all warm-temperate re-
gions. Has been mistaken for 5'. «oc/?^r«a L. April-July.
14. Silene dichotoma Ehrh. Forked
Catchfly. (Fig. 1453.)
Silene dichotoma Ehrh. Beitr. 7: 143. 1792.
Silene raceniosa Otth in DC. Prodr, i: 384. 1824.
Annual, erect, branching, pubescent, i°-2° high.
Lower and basal leaves lanceolate or oblanceolate, 2'-
3' long,* acuminate or acute, tapering into a villous
petiole; upper leaves sessile, lanceolate or linear;
flowers white, sessile or very short-pedicelled, distant
in forking i -sided spikes; calyx cylindric, 6''-S" long,
hirsute, much enlarged by the ripening pod, its teeth
ovate-lanceolate, acute; petals white, bifid, with a
short obtuse crown.
In fields and waste places, Maine to New Jersey and
Pennsylvania. Also in California. Adventive from
southern Europe. Summer.
Vol,. II.]
PINK FAMILY.
13
15. Silene Menziesii Hook. Menzies'
Pink. (Fig. 1454.)
Silene Menziesii Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 90. pi. ^o.
1830.
Perennial, slender, ascending or decumbent,
leafy, widely branching, minutely and densely
glandular-pubescent, 6'-i8' high. Leaves sessile,
or the lowest narrowed into a petiole, oval, ovate-
lanceolate or slightly oblanceolate, acute or acu-
minate at each end, minutely ciliate on the mar-
gins, i'-2^' long; flowers axillary and terminal,
numerous, slender-peduncled, white (or pink?),
4"-5" long; petals 2-cleft, crownless, longer than
the 5-toothed calj-x; capsule about the length of the
calyx; seeds black, minutely tuberculate.
In damp soil, western Nebraska to the Northwest
Territory, British Columbia, California and New Mex-
ico. June-Aug.
4. LYCHNIS L. Sp.
Herbs, mainly erect, with the aspect of Silene.
toothed, lo-nerved. Petals 5, narrowly clawed, the blade entire, 2-cleft, or laciniate, gener-
ally crowned. Stamens 10. Ovary i-celled or incompletely several-celled at the base,
many-ovuled; styles 5, opposite the calyx-teeth (occasionally 4 or rarely even 3). Capsule
dehiscent by 10 or fewer apical teeth or valves. [From the Greek for lamp, in allusion to
the flame-colored flowers of some species.]
A genus of about 35 species, natives of the north temperate and arctic zones. In addition to
the following about 8 others occur in the northern and western parts of North America.
Calyx-teeth not twisted; plants pubescent, glandular or glabrate.
Flowers cymose or panicled; calyx enlarged by the ripening pod.
Fruiting calyx much enlarged, ovoid, obovoid or globose.
Plants viscid-pubescent; flowers usually dioecious.
Flowers white or pink, opening in the evening.
Flowers red, opening in the morning.
Plant roughish-pubescent; flowers perfect, scarlet.
Fruiting calyx campanulate or tubular.
Petals deeply laciniate; introduced species.
Petals entire or emarginate; native western species.
Flowers solitary; calyx inflated; plants arctic-alpine.
Flower nodding; pod erect.
Flower and pod erect or nearly so.
Calyx-teeth twisted; plant densely white-woolly all over.
436. 1753-
Calyx ovoid, tubular, or inflated, 5-
L. alba.
L. dioica.
L. Chalcedonica.
L. Flos-cuculi.
L. Drunimondi.
6. L. apetala.
7. L. affinis.
8. L. Coronaria.
I. Lychnis alba Mill. White Campion. Evening Lychnis. (Fig. 1455.)
Lychnis alba Mill. Gard. Diet. Fd. 8, no. 4. 1768.
Lychnis vespertina Sibth. Fl. Oxon. 146. 1794.
Biennial, viscid-pubescent, loosely and freely
branching, i°-2° high. Leaves ovate-oblong
or ovate-lanceolate, acute, 1^-3' long, the lower
tapering into a margined petiole, the upper
sessile; flowers few, loosely paniculate, 9''-i2''
broad, white or pinkish, opening at dusk and
remaining open into the morning of the next
day, slightly fragrant, often dioecious; calyx at
first tubular, long, about 2" wide, swell-
ing with the ripening pod so as to become ovoid
and k"--}" in diameter, its teeth short, lanceo-
late; petals obovate, 2-cleft, crowned; teeth of
the capsule 2-cleft, nearly erect.
In waste places and on ballast, occasional in the
maritime provinces of Canada, Ontario and in
the Eastern and Middle States. Adventive or
naturalized from Furope. Summer.
14
CARYOPHYLLACEAE.
Vol. II.]
2. Lychnis dioica I,. Red Campion.
(Fig. 1456.)
Lychnis dioica L. vSp. PI. 437. 1753.
Lyclinis dinrna Sibth. Fl. Oxon. 145. 1794.
Biennial, very viscid- pubescent, branching above,
i°-2° high. Basal leaves long-petioled, oblong,
obtuse but pointed, the blade, 2^-3' long; stem-
leaves sessile or the lower short-petioled, ovate,
acute, I'-i' long, Yz'-'i-Yz' wide; flowers numerous
in panicled cymes, red or nearly' white, scentless,
c^"-\2" broad, dioecious, opening in the morning;
calyx at first tubular, about \" long and 2^-^" wide,
swollen in fruit to nearh- globular b}' the ripening
pod, its teeth ovate-lanceolate, acute; petals obo-
vate, 2-cleft, crowned; teeth of the capsule 2-cleft,
recurved.
In waste places and ballast, Nova >Scotia, Ontario,
New England and the IMiddle States. Not common.
Adventive from Europe. Summer. Called also Adder's-
flower.
3. Lfychnis Chalcedonica L. Scarlet
Lychnis. (Fig. 1457.)
Lyclinis Clialcedonica L,. Sp. PI. 436. 1753.
Perennial, stem stout, erect, simple or little
branched, finely pubescent or hirsute, i°-2^2°
tall. Leaves ovate, ovate-lanceolate or the upper
lanceolate, acute or acuminate at the apex,
rounded or subcordate at the base, sessile or
somewhat clasping, dark green, 2^-5' long, 6"-
iS'' wide; flowers perfect, numerous, about \'
broad, scarlet, in one or more usually dense termi-
nal cymes; calyx oblong in flower, becoming ob-
ovoid, its teeth triangular, acute; petals 2-cleft or
laciniate; capsule borne on a stipe of nearly its
own length, its teeth entire.
Escaped from gardens to roadsides, ^Massachu-
setts to southern New York. Native of eastern Eu-
rope and western Asia. Flowers, in cultivation,
often double. Old English names. Scarlet Light-
ning, and Cross-of-Jerusalem. June-Sept.
4. Lychnis Flos-cuculi L. Cuckoo
Flower. Ragged Robin. (Fig. 1458.)
Lychnis Flos-cuculi L- Sp. PI. 436. 1753-
Perennial, slender, erect, i°-2° high, freely
branching, downy-pubescent below, slightly vis-
cid above. Lower and basal leaves oblanceo-
late or spatulate, 2'-3' long, tapering into a broad
petiole; upper leaves sessile, lanceolate or linear-
lanceolate, distant, the uppermost reduced to
lanceolate bracts; inflorescence paniculate; flow-
ers pink, blue or white, S"-! 2'' broad; calyx at
first cylindric, 3" long, lo-nerved, becoming
campauulate in fruit, its teeth triangular, acute;
petals cleft into 4 linear lobes, the middle pair
of lobes longer; capsule globose.
In moist waste places. New Brunswick to New
Jersey and Pennsylvania. Commonly cultivated.
Fugitive from Europe. Called also Crow-flower,
Meadow Pink, and Meadow Campion. June-Sept.
Voi,. II.]
PINK FAMILY.
15-
5. Lychnis Drummondi (Hook.)
S. Wats. Drummond's Pink.
(Fig. 1459- )
Sileiie Drummondi Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 89.
1830.
Lychnis DnimniondiS. Wats. Bot. King's Exp. 37.
1871.
Erect from a perennial root, simple or spar-
ingly branched, finely glandular-pubescent
and viscid, i°-3° high. Leaves oblanceolate
or linear, acute, narrowed into a margined peti-
ole or the upper sessile, i'-3/4' long; flowers
few, slender-pedicelled, white or purplish, 6"-
10" long; petals scarcely longer than the tu-
bular calyx, entire or emarginate at the apex,
narrower than the auricled claw; capsule ob-
long-cylindric, 6"-S>" long; seeds tuberculate.
In dry soil, Nebraska to Manitoba, west to Cali-
fornia and Oregon. June-July.
6. Lychnis apetala L. Nodding Lj'chnis.
(Fig. 1460.)
Lychnis apetala L. Sp. PI. 437. 1753.
Tufted, arctic or alpine, perennial, 3'-S' high,
glandular-pubescent at least above. Stems i-flow-
ered; leaves linear or oblanceolate, Yz'-^Yz' long,
wide, sessile, or the lower narrowed into a
petiole; flower nodding, 6"S" long; petals narrow,
2-cleft, included in the calyx; calyx inflated, strongly
purple-veined, its teeth triangular-ovate, acute; petals
narrow, about 1" wide, minutely appendaged, equal-
ling or shorter than the calyx, deeply 2-cleft; cap-
sule erect, ovoid, 4" in diameter.
Labrador and throughout arctic America,
tic and alpine Europe and Asia. Summer.
Also in arc-
7. Lychnis affinis Vahl. Arctic Lychnis.
(Fig. 1 46 1.)
Lychnis affinis Vahl, in Fries, Mant. 3: 36. 1843.
Tufted, arctic, perennial, erect, 2^-4' high, glandular-pubes-
cent throughout. Basal leaves spatulate, obtuse, about yi' long,
ciliate; stem-leaves linear, Yz'-i' long, obtuse, sessile, or nar-
rowed into a short broad petiole; flower erect, 4"-6" long; calyx
oblong or ovate-campanulate, slightly inflated, its teeth short,
acute; petals somewhat exserted, the blade narrowed below,
emarginate and eroded, the appendages minute.
Labrador and arctic America and Europe. Summer.
l6 CARYOPHYLLACEAE [Vol.. II.
8. Lychnis Coronaria (L.) Desr. Mullein Pink. (Fig. 1462.)
Agiostemtna Coronaria L,- Sp. PI. 436. 1753.
Lychnis Coronaria Desr. in I^am. Enc3-el. 3:
643. 1789.
Perennial, densely white-woolly all over;
stem stout, erect or ascending, simple or
branched, i°-3° tall. Lower leaves spatu-
late, 2'-4' long, 6^'-i^" wide, narrowed into
margined petioles; upper leaves oblong or
lanceolate, sessile, acute or acuminate at the
the apex, narrowed or rounded at the base,
the uppermost (bracts) usually small; flow-
ers few, i' broad or more, long-pedicelled in
open terminal panicles; calyx oblong-cam-
panulate, its teeth filiform-subulate, twisted,
shorter than the tube; petals crimson.
Escaped from gardens to roadsides and waste
places, Massachusetts to southern New York.
Native of Europe. Also called Rose Campion.
June-Aug.
5. GYPSOPHILA L. Sp. PI. 406. 1753.
Annual or perennial, branching or diffuse, mostly glabrous and glaucous herbs, with nar-
row leaves, and small numerous axillary or paniculate flowers. Calyx turbinate or campanu-
late, 5-toothed, 5-nerved, bractless. Petals 5, entire or emarginate, their claws narrow. Sta-
mens 10; styles 2. Capsule dehiscent by 4 valves extending to or below the middle. Seeds
reniform, laterally attached; embryo coiled. [Greek, in allusion to the supposed preference
of some species for gypsum soils].
About 60 species, natives of Europe, Asia and northern Africa.
Annual, diffuse, leaves narrowly linear; flowers axillary on filiform peduncles, i. G. muralis.
Erect perennial; leaves lanceolate; flowers paniculate. 2. G. paniculaia.
I. Gypsophila muralis L. Low Gypso-
phyll. (Fig. 1463.)
Gypsophila muralis L. Sp. PI. 408. 1753.
Annual, diffuse, slender, much branched, glabrous or
slightly rough at the base, 4'-7' high. Leaves narrowly
linear or subulate, attenuate at each end, t,"-io" long,
wide; peduncles slender, spreading or ascend-
ing, long, flowers purplish, iyi"-2" broad;
calyx turbinate, ij4."-2" long, 5-toothed, the teeth
rounded; petals crenate or emarginate, ^''-'i/' long,
much exceeding the calyx; pod about 1" long, slightly
longer than the calyx.
In waste places, Ontario to Massachusetts, southern New
York and New Jersey. Adventive or naturalized from
Europe. June-Sept.
Vol. II.]
PINK FAMILY.
17
2. Gypsophila paniculata L. Tall Gypsophyll. (Fig. 1464.)
Cypsopliila paniculala 1,, Sp. PI. 407. 1753.
Perennial, glabrous or sometimes pubes-
cent below, stem slender, erect, much
branched, i°-2° tall. Leaves lanceolate, those
of the stem \' long or more, 7."-\" wide,
acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the base,
those of the branches much smaller, the
bracts and bractlets minute; flowers \ y2"-i"
broad, very numerous in panicled cymes;
pedicels 2''-5" long; calj-x campanulate, \"
high, deeply 5-lobed, the segments with
broad scarious margins; petals white or pink,
slightly emargiuate, one-fourth to one-half
longer than the calyx.
Near Emerson, Manitoba (according to Ma-
coun ). Fugitive from northern Europe or Asia.
Summer.
6. TUNICA Adans. Fam. PI. 2: 255. 1763.
Rigid and slender mainly perennial herbs, with small glomerate panicled or solitary
flowers, bracted at the base. Calyx top-shaped or campanulate, 5-toothed, 5-15-nerved.
Petals 5, long-clawed, the limb emarginate or bifid. Stamens lo. Styles 2. Capsule ovoid
or oblong, dehiscent by 4 apical teeth or valves. Seeds compressed, laterally attached;
embryo straight, eccentric. [Latin, a cloak, in allusion to the
bracts at the base of the calyx.]
A genus of about 20 species, natives of southern Europe and
western Asia.
I. Tunica Saxifraga (L.) Scop. Tunica. Saxi-
frage Pink. (Fig. 1465.)
Dianlhus Saxifraga L,. Sp. PI. 413. 1753.
Tunica Saxifraga Scop. Fl, Cam. Ed. 2, 300. 1772.
Perennial, tufted, sparsely pubescent or glabrous; stems dif-
fuse or ascending, 4'-8' long, terete, branching. Leaves linear-
subulate, erect, very acute, z"-^" long, less than Yz" wide,
connate at the base, the lower imbricated, the upper distant,
their margins scabrous or ciliate; flowers panicled, about 3"
broad, pink or purple; calyx campanulate, 5-ribbed, 2>" long,
twice the length of the scarious-margined acute bracts.
Roadsides, Flushing, Long Island, N. Y.
Adventive from Europe. Summer.
and London, Ontario.
7. SAPONARIA L. Sp. PI. 408. 1753.
Annual or perennial, erect or diffuse herbs, mostly with broad leaves and large flowers.
Calyx ovoid, oblong or tubular, 5-toothed, obscurely nerved. Petals 5, entire or emarginate,
long-clawed. Stamens 10. Ovary i-celled or incompletely 2-4-celled; styles 2. Capsule
ovoid or oblong, dehiscent by 4 short apical teeth or valves. [Latin, soap; its juices abound
in saponin, and have cleansing qualities.]
About 35 species, natives of Europe, Asia and northern Africa.
2
CARYOPHYLLACEAE.
[Vol. II.
I. Saponaria officinalis L. Soapwort. Bouncing
Bet. Hedge Pink. Bruise-wort. (Fig. 1466.)
Saponaria officinalis I,. vSp. PL 408. 1753.
Perennial, glabrous, erect, stout, sparingly branched, leafy,
i°-2° high. Leaves ovate or oval, 2'-3' long, about \' wide,
strongly 3-5-ribbed, acute, narrowed at the base into a
broad short petiole; flowers pink or whitish, about \' broad,
in dense terminal corymbs, with numerous small lanceolate
bracts or floral leaves; calyx tubular, %"-\o" long, faintly
nerved, 5-toothed; petals obcordate with a scale at the base
of the blade; pod narrowly oblong, shorter than the calyx.
Roadsides and waste places, common in most districts and es-
caped from gardens, spreading by underground stolons. Natu-
ralized from Europe. Flowers sometimes double. Summer.
Called also Fuller's-herb, Old Maid's Pink and Sheepweed.
8. VACCARIA Medic. Phil. Bot. i: 96. 1789.
Annual glabrous and glaucous erect dichotomously branching herbs, with clasping ovate
or ovate-lanceolate acute leaves, and rather small red or pink slender-pedicelled flowers in
terminal cymes. Calyx cylindric in flower, becoming sharply 5-angled and inflated in fruit,
5-toothed, not bracted at the base. Petals much longer than the calyx, not appendaged.
Stamens 10. Styles 2. Capsule 4-toothed. Seeds laterally attached; embryo curved.
[Latin, cow, in allusion to its value for fodder.]
About 3 species, natives of Europe and Asia.
I. Vaccaria Vaccaria (L,.) Britton.
Cow-herb. (Fig. 1467.)
Saponaria Vaccaria Y^. Sp. PI. 409. 1753.
Vaccaria vui^aris Host, FL.Aust. 1:518. 1827.
Branching above, i°-3° high. Leaves lanceo-
late or ovate-lanceolate, 1^-3' long, wide,
acute, connate at the base; flowers pale red, 3''-
4'' broad, borne in loose corymbose cymes;
calyx oblong or ovate, long, 5-ribbed,
much inflated and wing-angled in fruit; petals
crenulate, with no scale at the base of the blade.
In waste places, Ontario to British Columbia,
south to Florida and Louisiana. Locally abundant.
Also in the Rocky Mountain region. Naturalized
or adventive from Europe. June-Aug.
9. DIANTHUS L. Sp. PI. 409. 1753.
Stiff" perennial (rarely annual) herbs, mainly with narrow leaves. Flowers terminal,
solitary or cymose-paniculate, generally purple. Calyx 5-toothed, finely and equally many-
striate, tubular, several-bracted at the base. Petals 5, long-clawed, dentate or crenate.
Stamens 10. Styles 2. Ovary i-celled, stipitate. Capsule cylindric or oblong, stalked, de-
hiscent by 4 or 5 short teeth at the summit. Seeds compressed, laterally attached. Embryo
straight, excentric. [Greek, the flower of Jove.]
Species about 200, natives of the Old World; one of Siberia extending into arctic America.
Annuals; flowers clustered.
Bracts broad, scarious. i. D. prolifer.
Bracts narrow, herbaceous, long-pointed. 2. D. A rnicria.
Perennials.
Flowers solitary; leaves linear, short. 3. D. deltotdes.
Flowers clustered; leaves lanceolate. 4. D. barbatiis.
Vol,. II.]
PINK FAMILY.
19
I. Dianthus prolifer L,. Proliferou.s
Pink. (Fig. 1468.)
DianUms prolifer L. Sp. PI. 410. 1753.
Annual, erect, slender, glabrous, 6^-15' high,
simple, or with few erect branches. Leaves dis-
tant, linear, erect, acute, wide,
long; flowers small, pink, clustered in terminal
oblong or obovoid heads, and appearing suc-
cessively from behind the bracts, which are
broad, ovate, scarious, imbricated, shining, ob-
tuse or mucronate, equalling and concealing
the calyx.
In waste places and ballast, Staten Island, N. Y.,
New Jersey and eastern Pennsylvania. Fugitive
from Europe. Summer.
2. Dianthus Armeria I,. Deptford Pink.
(Fig. 1469.)
Dianthus Armeria L. Sp. PI. 410. 1753.
Annual, erect, stiff, finely pubescent, 6'-i8'high;
branches few, nearly erect. Leaves linear, erect,
acute or the lower obtusish, i'-3' long, V-iyi"
wide; flowers small, pink with whitish dots, borne
in terminal often dense clusters; bracts lanceolate-
subulate, long-pointed, erect, mostly longer than
the sharply-toothed calyx; capsule sometimes 5-
toothed.
In fields and along roadsides, southern Ontario and
Maine to Maryland, west to Michigan; rather common
in the Eastern and Middle States. Naturalized from
Europe. Summer.
Dianthus deltoides I,.
(Fig. 1470.)
Maiden Pink.
Dianthus deltoides L- Sp. PI. 411. 1753.
Perennial, tufted, glabrous or somewhat hoary ; stems
ascending, 6^-15'^ long; branches usually several,
nearly erect. Leaves linear-lanceolate, 6"-^'^ long,
i'^ wide, those of the flowering stems erect, acutish,
the lower obtuse and spreading; flowers pink or whit-
ish, solitary at the ends of the stem and branches;
petals dentate at the end; bracts ovate, pointed, about
half as long as the calyx or less.
In waste places, eastern Massachusetts to northern New
York and Michigan. Adventive from Europe. Native
also of western Asia. Summer.
[Vol. II.
20 CARYOPHVLLACEAE.
4. Dianthus barbatus I,. Sweet William.
Bunch Pink. (Fig. 1471.)
Dianlhus barbaiits I,. Sp. PI. 409. 1753.
Perennial, tufted, glabrous, stems erect, i°-2° high,
branching above. Leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate,
xYt.'-})' long, A,"-!^" wide, acute; bracts linear-filiform,
about equalling the long-toothed calyx; flowers pink
or whitish, in large terminal clusters.
In waste places, escaping from gardens, occasional in the East-
ern and Middle States. Introduced from Europe. Summer.
10. ALSINE L. Sp. Pi. 274. 1753.
[Stellaria L. Sp. PI. 421. 1753.]
Tufted annual generally diffuse herbs, with cymose white flowers. Sepals 5, rarely 4.
Petals of the same number, 2-cleft, 2-parted, or emarginate, white in our species, rarel}' none.
Stamens 10 or fewer, hypogynous. Ovary i-celled, several or many-ovuled; styles com-
monly 3, rarely 4-5, usuallj' opposite the sepals. Capsule globose, ovoid or oblong, dehis-
cent by twice as many valves as there are styles. Seeds smooth or roughened, globose or
compressed. [Greek, grove, the habitat of some species.]
Species about 75, widely distributed, most abundant in temperate or cold climates.
long.
I. A. aqiialica.
2.
A
Inimifusa.
3-
A.
uliginosa.
4-
A
media.
5-
A.
pubera.
6.
A
Holoslea.
7-
A.
longifolia.
8.
A.
graminea.
9-
A.
longipes.
Styles 5; leaves ovate, i'-
Styles 3, rarely 4.
Leaves broad, ovate, ovate-oblong or oblong.
Plants glabrous, or with a few scattered hairs.
Flowers few, terminal; leaves ovate, 2" -3" long.
Cymes lateral; leaves oblong, 5"-io" long.
Stems with i or 2 pubescent lines; petioles often ciliate.
Petals shorter than the calyx; lower leaves petioled.
Petals longer than the calyx; lower leaves rarely petioled.
Leaves narrow, linear, oblong, oblanceolate or spatulate.
Flowers j"-io" broad.
Flowers only 2" -6" broad.
Bracts of the cyme small, scarious.
Pedicels widely spreading; cyme diffuse.
Leaves linear, acute at each end; seeds smooth.
Leaves lanceolate, broadest below; seeds rough.
Pedicels erect; flowers few or solitarj-.
Bracts of the cj-me foliaceous, resembling the upper leaves.
Capsule 1 1'2-2 times as long as the calyx; leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate.
Seeds rough; petals equalling or longer than the calyx. 10. A. crassi/olia.
Seeds smooth; petals much shorter than the calj'x or none. 11. A. boi ealis.
Capstile not longer than the calyx; leaves linear or linear-spatulate; petals none.
12. A.fonlinalis.
I. Alsine aquatica (L,.) Britton. Water Mouse-ear Chickweed. (Fig. 1472.)
Cerastittm aqtiaticnni L- Sp. PI. 439. 1753.
Stellaria aqualica Scop. Fl. Carn. Ed. 2, i: 319. 1772.
Alsine aquatica Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 356. 1894.
Perennial, stem angled, mostly glandular-pubescent
above, nearly glabrous below, ascending or decum-
bent, branched, i°-2}4° long. Leaves ovate or ovate-
lanceolate, acute at the apex, the upper sessile and
subcordate, the lower petioled, rounded at the base, i'-
2' long; flowers about }4' broad, solitary in the forks
of the stem and in terminal cymes; pedicels slender,
glandular, deflexed and much longer than the calyx in
fruit; calyx campanulate; sepals ovate, acute, about
one-half as long as the 2-cleft petals; stamens 10; styles
5, alternate with the sepals; capsule ovoid-oblong,
slightly longer than the calyx; seeds rough.
In wet and waste places, Ontario to Pennsylvania. Also
in British Columbia. Adventive from Europe. May-Aug.
Vol. II.]
PINK FAMILY.
21
2. Alsine humifusa (Rottb. ) Britton. Low
Chickweed. (Fig. 1473.)
Slcllaria hutnifusa Rottb. Skrift. Vid. Selsk. lo: 447.
1770.
Arenaria thymifolia Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 317. 18 [4.
Alsine humifusa Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 150.
1894.
Glabrous, stems branching, spreading and as-
cending, I '-3' long, purplish. Leaves ovate or ob-
long, fleshy, long, acutish or obtuse, sessile;
bracts foliaceous; flowers few or solitary, terminal
or axillary, 2>"~h" broad; sepals ovate-lanceolate,
acute or acutish, 1" long; petals 2-parted, equalling
or somewhat exceeding the calyx; capsule ovoid,
as long as the sepals; seeds smooth, brown.
In moist or wet places, Labrador to New Brunswick
and Maine, west to Alaska. Also in northern Europe
and Asia. Summer.
3. Alsine uliginosa (Murr. ) Britton. Bog
Starvvort. Marsh Chickweed. (Fig. 1474.)
Stellaria uliginosa Murr. Prodr. Goett. 55. 1770.
Alsine uliginosa Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 150. 1894.
Weak, decumbent or ascending, slender, generally
growing in dense masses, stems nearly simple, 6'-i6'
long. Leaves oblong, 8"-i2'^ long, 2^'-5'' wide, nar-
rowed at the base, the lower slightly petioled and
sometimes ciliate, the upper sessile; flowers 3'' broad,
in lateral sessile cymes, rarely terminal; pedicels slen-
der; sepals I'^-iyi," long, lanceolate, acute; petals 2-
parted, about the length of the calyx and the ovoid
pod; seeds rough.
In cold brooks and springs, Maryland, eastern Pennsyl-
vania and western New Jersey, north to New Brunswick.
Also in British Columbia and the Northwest Territory,
Europe and Asia. Called also Bog or Marsh Stitchwort.
Summer.
Alsine media L. Common Chick-
weed. (Fig. 1475.)
Alsine media L. Sp. PI. 272. 1753.
Slellaria media Cyr. Char. Comm. 36.
1784.
Annual, weak, tufted, much branched, decum-
bent or ascending, 4'-i6' long, glabrous except
a line of hairs along the stem and branches, the
pubescent sepals and the sometimes ciliate peti-
oles. Leaves ovate or oval, i"-\yz' long,
acute or rarely obtuse, the lower petioled and
often cordate, the upper sessile; flowers 2"-^'^
broad, in terminal leafy cymes or also solitary
in the axils; pedicels slender; sepals oblong,
mostly acute, longer than the 2-parted petals;
stamens 2-10; capsule ovoid, longer than the
calyx; seeds rough.
In waste places, meadows and woods, common
throughout North America. Naturalized from Eu-
rope, though possibly native northward. Native
also of Asia and now almost universall}' distributed
as a weed. Jan. -Dec.
CARYOPHYIvLACEAE.
[Vol.. II.
5. Alsine pubera (Michx.) Britton.
Great Cliickweed. (Fig. 1476.)
Slellaria ptibera Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 273. 1S03.
Alsine pubera Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 150. 1894.
Perennial, erect or decumbent, 4'-! 2' high,
branching, the stems and branches with two
finely hairy lines. Leaves oblong or ovate-oblong,
Yz'-Q.yi' long, acute or obtuse, their margins more
or less ciliate, the upper generally sessile, the lower
sometimes narrowed at the base or on broad peti-
oles, those of sterile shoots sometimes all petioled;
flowers 4"-6" broad, in terminal leafy cymes;
pedicels rather stout, more or less pubescent; sepals
lanceolate, blunt or acute, often scarious-margined,
shorter than the 2-cleft or 2-parted petals; capsule
subglobose, or ovoid, its teeth revolute after split-
ting; seeds rough.
In moist, rocky places, New Jersey and Pennsylvania
to Indiana, south to Kentucky, Georgia and Alabama.
Ascends to 4500 ft. in North Carolina. May-June.
6. Alsine Holostea (L. ) Britton. Greater Stitch-
wort or Starwort. Adder '.s Meat.
(Fig. 1477.)
Slellai-ia Holostea I,. Sp. PI. 422. 1753.
Alsine Holoslea Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 150. 1894.
Erect from a creeping rootstock, glabrous or slightl}' downy,
perennial, S'-2° high, simple or sparingly branched. Leaves
sessile, lanceolate, i'-3' long, ^''-j," wide at the base, tapering
to a long slender tip; flowers showy, y^-io'' broad, in terminal
leafy cymose panicles; pedicels rather slender, downy; sepals
■xf'-d" long, lanceolate, acute, scarious-margined, one-half
to two-thirds the length of the 2-cleft petals; capsule globose-
ovoid. Stem angled, rough on the angles.
Along Train's Meadow Road, Long Island, N. Y. (Ruger, 1872).
Fugitive or adventive from Europe. Native also of northern Asia.
Also called AUbone, from its brittle nodes. April-June.
7. Alsine Ion
gifolia (Muhl.) Britton. Long-leaved Stitchwort. (Fig. 1478.)
Slellaria longifolia Muhl. ; Willd. Enum. Hort.
Ber. 479. 1809.
Slellaria graininea Bigel. Fl. Bost. 110. 1814.
Not L. 1753-
Slellaria Friesiana Ser. in DC. Prodr. i: 400. 1824.
Alsine longifolia Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 150.
1894.
Weak, glabrous, or the stem rough-angled,
freely branching, erect or ascending, 8'-i8'
high. Leaves linear, spreading, acute or acut-
ish at each end, ^^"-2^.^' long, wide, the
lower smaller; bracts lanceolate, V-iyi" long,
scarious; pedicels slender, divaricate; cymes at
length ample, terminal or lateral; flowers nu-
merous, 2>"~5" hroad; sepals lanceolate, acute,
about i%" long, 3-nerved, equalling or some-
what shorter than the 2-parted petals; capsule
ovoid-oblong, nearly twice as long as the calyx;
seeds smooth, shining.
In low meadows and swamps, Nova Scolia to
Alaska, south to Kentucky and Louisiana, and in the
Rock J- Mountain region, British Columbia, northern
Europe and Asia. May-Jul\-.
Vol. II.]
PINK FAMILY.
23
8. Alsine graminea (Iv.) Britton. Lesser Stitchwort. Lesser Starwort.
(Fig. 1479.)
Stellaria graminea L,. Sp. PI. 422. 1753.
Alsine graminea Britton, Mem, Torr. Club, 5; 150.
1894.
Weak, glabrous, ascending from creeping root-
stocks, branching above, i°-i}4° high or long,
stem 4-angled. Leaves sessile, lanceolate or ob-
long-lanceolate, spreading or ascending, io''-i5"
long, wide, broadest just above the base,
acute, the lower smaller; cymes diffuse, terminal,
or at length lateral; pedicels slender, spreading;
bracts scarious, often ciliate, lanceolate, "2."-'},"
long; flowers 'i,"-^" broad; sepals lanceolate,
acute, i"-2y2." long, 3-nerved; petals 2-cleft, about
the length of the sepals; capsule oblong, exceeding
the sepals; seeds finely roughened.
In fields and along roadsides, Nova Scotia, Quebec,
Ontario, New England and the Middle States; fre-
quent. Considered by Prof. Macoun as native in
Canada; in southern New York and New Jersey it is
certainly introduced and adventive from Europe.
Native of Europe and northern Asia. May-July.
Alsine longipes (Goldie) Coville. Long-stalked Stitchwort. (Fig. 1480.)
Stellaria longipes Goldie, Edinb. Phil. Journ. 6:
327. 1822.
Alsine longipes Coville, Contr. Nat. Herb. 4: 70.
1893.
Erect or ascending, tufted, simple or rarely
sparingly branched, 3''-! 2' high, glabrous,
shining, rarely glaucous or pubescent.
Leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate,
\'i>" long, wide at the base, rigid, as-
cending or erect; flowers few, 3''-5'' broad,
terminal, on long slender erect pedicels;
bracts scarious, lanceolate; sepals ovate or
lanceolate, acute or acutish; petals 2-cleft,
exceeding the calyx; capsule ovoid, longer
than the sepals; seeds smooth.
In moist places, Labrador and Nova Scotia to
northern New England, west to Alaska and Min-
nesota, south in the Rocky Mountains to Col-
orado, and in California. Also in northern Asia.
Summer.
Alsine longipes Edwardsii (R. Br.) Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 150. 1894.
Stellaria Edicardsii R. Br. in Parry's Voy. App. cclxxi. 1824.
Stellaria longipes var. Edicardsii S. Wats. Bibl. Index, i: 113. 1878.
Leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, sparingly ciliate at the base; stems 2-3-flowered, 2' -3'
tall. Labrador and Quebec, through arctic America to Siberia.
Alsine longipes peduncularis (Bunge) Britton. Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 150. 1894.
Stellaria peduncularis Bunge; Ledeb. Fl. Alt. 2: 157. 1830.
Stellaria longipes var. peduncularis Fenzl, in Ledeb. Fl. Ross. 1: 387. 1842.
Stem 2' -6' high, bearing 1-3 larger flowers on longer pedicels; stem more or less pubescent,
especially at the nodes. Labrador to Alaska and Siberia.
24
CARYOPHYLLACEAE.
[Vol. IL
10. Alsine crassifolia Ehrh. Flesh}'- Stitchwort.
(Fig. 1481.)
Slellaria crassifolia Elirh. Hannov. Mag. 8: 116. 1784.
Alsine crassifolia Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 150. 1894.
DiJBFuse or ascending, weak, slender, simple or branched,
glabrous, 2'-io' long. Leaves somewhat fleshy, oblong-
lanceolate to linear-oblong, acute or obtuse, narrowed at the
base, 2)"-^" long, i"-2]4." wide; cymes terminal, few-flow-
ered, or flowers axillary and solitary; bracts foliaceous,
small; peduncles slender, ascending, flowers 2"-^," broad;
sepals lanceolate-oblong, acute; petals longer than the calyx;
capsule ovoid, longer than the sepals; seeds rough.
In springs and moi,st places, Illinois, Minnesota, Quebec, Lab-
rador, Manitoba and in arctic America, south in the Rocky Moun-
tains to Wyoming. Also in northern Europe and Asia. Summer.
II. Alsine borealis (Bigel.) Britton.
Northern Stitchwort. (Fig. 1482.)
Slellaria borealis Bigel. Fl. Bost. Ed. 2, 182. 1S24.
Alsine borealis 'Br'M.on, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 150. 1894.
Erect or ascending, weak, much branched, gla-
brous, or pubescent above, 6'-i8' long. Leaves
membranous, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate,
1^2.' long, 2."-'^" wide, acute, sessile, their margins
ciliate or naked; inflorescence a leafy terminal
compound cyme; pedicels slender, ascending or
spreading; flowers 2"-^" broad; sepals ovate-
lanceolate, acute; petals 2-5, shorter than the
sepals, or none; capsule oblong, much exceeding
the sepals; seeds smooth.
In wet places, Rhode Island to northern New Jersey,
Minnesota and British Columbia, south in the Rocky
Mountains to Colorado. Also in northern Europe and
Asia. Ascends to 5000 ft. in New Hampshire. Summer.
Alsine borealis alpestris (Fries) Britton, ]Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 150.
Slellaria alpestris Fries, Mant. 3: 194. 1843.
Slellaria borealis var. alpestris A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 93. 1867.
Larger, leaves broader, cyme more diffuse; upper bracts scarious or scarious-margined; seeds-
obsctirely roughened. Lake Superior, the Saskatchewan region, British Columbia and the Rocky
Mountains. Also in northern Asia.
12. Alsine fontinalis (Short & Peter) Britton. Water Stitchwort. (Fig. 1483.)
Sag-inafonlinalis Short & Peter, Transj-lv. Journ. Med.
7: 600. 1834.
Slellaria fontinalis Robinson, Proc. Am. Acad. 29:
286. 1894.
Alsine fontinalis Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 356. 1894.
Annual, glabrous, stems weak, very slender,
branched, ascending or diff'use, 4'-i2' long.
Leaves linear-spatulate, 4"-i2" long, about \"
wide, the upper sessile, acute or subacute at the
apex, the lower obtuse and narrowed into short
petioles; pedicels filiform, 3"-i5'' long, erect or as-
cending, solitary or 2-3 together in the forks of the
stem and branches and axils; calyx oblong-cam-
panulate, \" long; sepals 4 or 5, oblong or linear,
obtuse, about equalling the ovoid-oblong obtuse
capsule; stamens 4-8; petals wanting; styles very
short; seeds densely tuberculate-roughened.
In wet places, Kentucky and Tennessee. April-May.
Vol. II.]
PINK FAMILY.
25
II. CERASTIUM L. Sp. PI. 437. 1753.
Annual or perennial, generally pubescent or hirsute herbs, with terminal dichotomous
cymes of white flowers. Sepals 5, rarely 4. Petals of the same number, emarginate or bifid
(rarely wanting). Stamens 10, rarely fewer. Styles equal in number to the sepals and op-
posite them, or in some species fewer. Capsule cyliudric, i-celled, many-ovuled, often
curved, dehiscent by 10, rarely 8, apical teeth. Seeds rough, more or less flattened, attached
by their edges. [Greek, horny, referring to the horn-like capsule of many species.]
About 50 species, of wide geographic distribution, most abundant in the temperate zones.
Petals equalling- the sepals, or shorter.
Pedicels not longer than the sepals; flowers glomerate.
Pedicels at length longer than the sepals; flowers cyraose.
I^eaves 2"-4" long; capsule nearly straight.
Leaves 4"-i2" long; capsule curved upward.
Petals manifestly longer than the sepals (rarely wanting).
Annuals, viscid-pubescent; flowers 2"-3" broad.
Pedicels much longer than the calyx.
Pedicels shorter than or but little exceeding the calyx.
Perennials, glabrous or pubescent; flowers 6"-io" broad.
Styles always 5.
Leaves linear or lanceolate-oblong, mainly acute.
Leaves oblong-ovate, obtuse.
Styles 3 (very rarely 4 or 5); leaves linear-oblong.
1. C. viscostitn.
2. C. semidecaiidrum.
3. C. vulgaluni.
4. C. Iongiped7inculatum.
5. C. brachypodtini.
6. C. arvense.
7. C. alpinuyn.
8. C. ceraslioides.
I. Cerastium viscosum L,. Mou,se-ear
Chickweed. (Fig. 1484.)
Cerastium viscosum L- Sp. PI. 437. 1753.
Cerastium glomeratum Thuill. Fl. Paris, Fd. 2,
226. 1824.
Annual, tufted, stems ascending or spreading,
densely viscid-pubescent, 4'-! 2' long. Leaves
ovate or obovate, or the lower spatulate, 4''-! 2''
long, wide, obtuse; bracts small, herba-
ceous; flowers about 2"-2,'' broad, in glomerate
cymes, becoming paniculate in fruit; pedicels
shorter than or equalling the acute sepals;
petals shorter than the calyx, 2-cIeft.
In waste places and meadows. New Brunswick
and Ontario, south to Florida and Mexico. Natu-
ralized from Europe, but not very common. Natu-
ralized also in the West Indies, Central America,
and on the Pacific Coast. April-July.
2. Cerastium semidecandrum ly. Small or
Five-stamened Mouse-ear Chickweed.
(Fig. 1485.)
Cerastium semidecandrum L. Sp. PI. 438. 1753.
Cerastium vulgatum var. semidecandrum A. Gray, Man.
Ed. 5, 94. 1867.
Low, tufted, erect or decumbent, annual, 2^-6' high,
finely viscid-pubescent. Leaves ovate, or the lower
spatulate, 2^-4'' long, obtuse; bracts scarious, mem-
branous; inflorescence cymose; pedicels at length
longer than the calyx; flowers \"-\yz" broad; sepals
lanceolate, acute, scarious-margined, slightly exceed-
ing the emarginate petals; capsule narrow, nearly
straight; stamens often 5.
In dry, sterile soil, New Jersey to Virginia. Naturalized
from Europe. Called also Spring Mouse-ear. April-May.
CARYOPHYLLACEAE.
[Vol. II.
4. Cerastium longipedunculatum Muhl
(Fig. 1487.)
C. longipediinciilattun Muhl. Cat. 46. 1813.
Cerastium nntans Raf. Prec. Decouv. 36. 1814.
Annual, bright green, stem weak, reclining
or ascending, diffusely branched, 6''-24' long,
striate, finely clammy-pubescent to glabrate.
Lower and basal leaves spatulate, obtuse,
petioled, yi'-x' long, those of the middle part
of the stem lanceolate or oblong, \'-2' long,
2i"-i/' wide, the upper similar, acute, sessile,
gradually smaller; inflorescence loosely cy-
mose; pedicels slender, in fruit several times
the length of the calyx; flowers ^''--i^" broad;
sepals lanceolate, obtuse or acutish, about
one-half the length of the 2-cleft petals; pods
nodding, S^'-g" long, curved upward, much
exceeding the calyx.
In moist, shaded places, Nova Scotia and Hud-
son Bay to North Carolina, west to British Co-
lumbia, Nevada and northern Mexico. The
plant sometimes produces capsules from appar-
ently apetalous flowers. Ascends to 2200 ft. in
Pennsylvania. April-June.
5. Cerastium brachypodum (Engelm.) Robinson
(Fig. 1488.)
3. Cerastium vulgatum L. Larger
Mouse-ear Chickweed. (Fig. i486.)
Ceiastiuvi vtilgatKni L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 627. 1762.
Cerastium trivialeUiXiV, Enum. Hort. Ber. i: 433.
1821.
Cerastium viscosum of Linnaeus Herb, and of many
recent authors.
Biennial or perennial, viscid-pubescent, tufted,
erect or ascending, 6'-iS' long. Lower and basal
leaves spatulate-oblong, obtu.se; upper leaves
oblong, (^"-\2" long, 3"-5" wide, acute or ob-
tuse; bracts scarious-margined; inflorescence cy-
mose, loose, the pedicels at length much longer
than the calyx; sepals obtuse or acute, about
equalling the 2-cleft petals, 1"-^/' long; capsule
curved upward.
In fields and woods, common throughout our area
and probably indigenous high northward, though
certainly in large part naturalized from Europe.
Often a troublesome weed. Occurs also in the South-
ern and Western States, and is native in northern
Asia. May-Sept.
Nodding Chickweed.
Powder-horn.
Short-stalked Chickweed.
Cerastium nutans xd^x. brachypodtim'E,\\^&\y\\.\ A.
Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 94. 1867.
Cerastium bracliypodum Robinson; Britton, IMem.
Torr. Club, 5: 150. 1894.
Annual, light green, viscid-pubescent or pu-
berulent all over, stems simple or sparingly
branched, tufted, erect, 3'-io' tall. Lower and
basal leaves oblanceolate or spatulate, obtuse
or subacute at the apex, 3''-! 2'' long, narrowed
into short petioles, the upper linear or linear-ob-
long, acute, sessile, sometimes erect-appressed;
cymes terminal, few-several-flowercd; flowers
about 1" broad; fruiting pedicels, or some of
them, deflexed, not more than twice as long as
the calyx; capsules straight or slightly curved
upward, 2-3 times as long as the calyx.
In drj'soil, southwestern Illinois and Missouri to
Nebraska, .South Dakota and Colorado, south to
Texas, Arizona and Mexico. March-July.
Vol. II.]
PINK FAMILY.
27
Cerastium brachypodum compactum Robinson, Proc. Am. Acad. 29: 278.
Cyme capitate; capsnle.s very slender. Nebraska to Texas.
1894.
,6. Cerastium arvense L. Field Chickweed
Cerasliuiu arvense L. Sp. PI. 438. 1753.
Perennial, densely tufted, erect or ascend-
ing, pubescent or nearly glabrous, flowering
stems simple or sparingly branched, a/-\o'
high. Basal leaves and those of the sterile
shoots linear-oblong, close, slightly narrowed
at the base; stem-leaves distant, linear or nar-
rowly lanceolate, long, \"-2" wide,
acute; flowers several, cymose, W-'&" broad;
pedicels slender, erect; petals obcordate,
much exceeding the lanceolate acute sepals
■which equal or are a little shorter than the
slightly oblique pod.
In drj-, rocky places, Labrador to Alaska, south
to Georgia, Missouri, Nevada and California.
Also in Europe and Asia. April-July.
Cerastium arvense oblongifolium (Torr. ) Holl. & Britt. Bull. Torr. Club, 14: 47.
Cerastium oblongifolium Torr. Fl. L^. S. 460. 1824.
Larger, pubescent, leaves oblong or lanceolate, broader, mainly obtuse; capsules about twice
the length of the caly.x. Mainly on magnesian rocks, southern New York to Virginia, west to
southern Ontario, Minnesota and in the Rocky Mountains and Sierra Nevada.
Cerastium arvense velutinum (Raf. ) Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5; 150. 1894.
Cerastium velutinum Raf. Med. Rep. (II.) 5: 359. 1808.
Cerastium ari'ense y3.t. villosum Holl. & Britt. Bull. Torr. Club, 14: 49. 1887.
Depressed, villous-pubescent, stem-leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate; capsule 2 or 2K times
the length of the calyx. On serpentine rocks, Lancaster and Chester counties, Pa.
7. Cerastium alpinum L. Alpine Chickweed.
(Fig. 1490.)
Cerastium alpinum L. Sp. PI.
1753-
Perennial, generally silky-hairy, sterile stems prostrate,
flowering stems erect, 2'-6' high. Lower leaves somewhat
oblanceolate or spatulate, dense, long, obtuse; upper
leaves distant, ovate-oblong, obtusish, long; flowers
solitary or 2-3, broad; pedicels slender; petals 2-lobed,
twice the length of the lanceolate acute scarious-tipped sepals;
pod longer than the calyx, nearly straight.
In moist, rocky places, Gaspe, Quebec; Labrador and in arctic
America. Also in arctic and alpine Europe and Asia. Summer.
Cerastium alpinum Fischerianum (Ser. ) T. & G. Fl. N. A. i: 188.
1838.
Cerastium Fischerianum Ser. in DC. Prodr. i: 419. 1824.
Taller; pubescence more rigid. Labrador and through arctic
America to Siberia.
28
CARYOPHVLI.ACEAE.
[Vol. II.
8. Cerastium cerastioides (I,.) Britton.
Starwort Chickweed. (Fig. 1491.)
Stellaria cerastioides L. Sp. PI. 422. 1753.
Cerastium Irigynum Vill. Hist. PI. Dauph. 3: 645. 1789.
Cerastium cerastioides Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5:
150. 1894.
Perennial, glabrous except a line of minute hairs
along one side of the stem and branches, rarely
pubescent throughout. Flowering branches as-
cending, 3'-6' long; leaves linear-oblong, ^"-'i>"
long, about \" wide, obtuse, the lower often smaller
and slightly narrowed at the base; flowers solitary
or few, ^"-i>" broad, long-pedicelled; petals 2-
lobed, twice the length of the obtuse or acutish
scarious-margined sepals; capsule nearly straight,
twice the length of the calyx; styles 3, rarely 4 or 5;
sepals and petals 5 or 4.
Gaspe, Quebec, and in arctic .\merica. Also in arctic
and alpine Europe and Asia. Summer.
12. HOLOSTEUM L. Sp. PI. 88. 1753.
Annual erect herbs, often viscid-pubescent above, with cymose-umbellate, white flowers
on long terminal peduncles. Sepals 5. Petals 5, emarginate or eroded. Stamens 3.-5, hy-
pogynous. Styles 3. Ovary i-celled, many-ovuled. Capsule ovoid-cylindrical, dehiscent
by 6 short valves or teeth. Seeds compressed, attached by the inner face, rough. [Greek,
signifying all bone, an antiphrase, the herbs being tender.]
About 3 species, natives of Europe and temperate Asia.
I. Holosteum umbellatum L,. Jagged
Chickweed. (Fig. 1492.)
Holosteum umbellatum L,. Sp. PI. 88. 1753.
Glabrous or slightly downy below, viscid and
glandular-pubescent above, simple, tufted, 5'-i2^
high. Basal leaves spreading, oblanceolate or
oblong; stem-leaves oblong, acute or obtuse, ses-
sile, long; umbel terminal, 3-8-flowered;
pedicels very slender, about i' long, erect or as-
cending iu flower, subsequently reflcxed and again
erect when the fruit is mature; flowers white, 2"-
j/' broad; sepals obtuse, about 2" long, scarious-
margined, somewhat shorter than the eroded petals;
capsule ovoid, nearly twice the length of the sepals,
its teeth recurved.
Very abundant in the vicinity of Lancaster, Pa.;
Delaware. Naturalized from Europe. Native also of
northern Asia. April-May.
13. MOENCHIA Ehrh. Beitr. 2: 177. 1788.
Low annual glabrous herbs, with small narrow sessile leaves. Flowers rather large, ter-
minal, solitary or cymose, 4-parted or sometimes 5-parted, white. Sepals scarious-margined,
lanceolate. Petals entire. Stamens 4-10. Styles as many as the sepals and opposite them.
Capsule cylindric, equalling or shorter than the calyx, 8-toothed or rarely lo-toothed, the
teeth somewhat revolute at maturitj'. [In honor of Konrad Moench, Professor in Marburg.}
Two or three species, natives of the Mediterranean region.
Vol. 11.]
PINK FAMILY.
29
I. Moenchia erecta (L,.) Gaertn. Upright Pearlwort.
Sagina crccia L. Sp. PI. 12S. 1753.
Moenchia erecta Gaertn. Fl. Wett. i: 219. 1799.
Cerastiuvi qualernelltim Fenzl, Verbr. Alsin. tabel. p. 18.
1833-
Glabrous and glaucous, tufted, erect or ascending, I'-d'
high. Basal leaves spatulate and narrowed into a short
petiole; stem-leaves sessile, linear or linear-lanceolate, i/'-W
long, about \" wide; flowers few or solitary, erect,
broad, on slender erect pedicels; sepals 4, lanceolate, acute,
2." -2/' long, scarious-margined; petals 4, slightly shorter than
the sepals, entire; stamens 4, rarely 8; styles 4; capsule ovoid,
dehiscent by 8 short apical teeth.
In waste grounds, near Philadelphia (Drummond) and Balti-
more. Fugitive or adventive from Europe. Not recently col-
lected. May-July.
14. SAGINA Iv. Sp. PI. 128. 1753.
Tufted matted low annual or perennial herbs, with subulate leaves, and small pedi-
celled whitish flowers. Sepals 4 or 5. Petals of the same number, entire, emarginate or
none. Stamens of the same number, or fewer, or twice as many. Ovary i-celled, many-
ovuled. Styles as many as the sepals and alternate with^ihem. Capsule 4-5-valved, at
length dehiscent to the base, the valves opposite the sepals. [Ancient name of the spurry.]
About 10 species, natives of the northern hemisphere.
Parts of the flower in 4's (or some flowers in 5's).
Plant depressed-spreading; petals present. i. S. procttnibens.
Plant erect; petals very minute or none. 2. 5'. apetala.
Parts of the flower in 5's.
Leaves opposite, not fascicled.
Petals equalling or shorter than the sepals. 3. 5". decumbens.
Petals and pods longer than the sepals. 4. 5. saginoides.
Leaves fascicled in the axils; petals exceeding the sepals. 5. .S". nodosa.
I. Sagina procumbens L. Procumbent Pearl-
wort. (Fig. 1494.)
Sagina procumbens h. Sp. PI. 128. 1753.
Annual or perennial, branching, decumbent, depressed or
spreading, glabrous or minutely downy, matted, 1^-3' high.
Leaves linear, subulate, long, connate at the base;
flowers about 1" broad, numerous; peduncles capillary,
longer than the leaves, often recurved at the end after flower-
ing; sepals 4, sometimes 5, ovate-oblong, obtusish, generally
longer than the petals, which are occasionally wanting;
capsule about equalling the calyx; stamens 4, rarely 5.
In moist places, Newfoundland and Greenland to New Jersey
and Pennsj'lvania. Also in northern Michigan. Native of Eu-
rope and Asia. Our plant is probably in part naturalized from
Europe, as it is in Mexico and in South America. May-Sept.
2. Sagina apetala Ard. Small-flowered Pearlwort.
(Fig. 1495.)
Sagina apetala Ard. Animad. Bot. Spec. 2: pi. 5.
1764.
Erect or ascending, annual, glabrous, filiform, \'-a,' high.
Leaves linear-subulate, glabrous or sparingly ciliate, long;
flowers \" broad or less; peduncles elongated, capillary, erect;
sepals 4, ovate or oval, obtuse; petals none, or 4 and very min-
ute; pod ovoid, nearly twice the length of the calyx.
In dry soil in woods and fields, Massachusetts to New Jersey and
Pennsylvania; rare. Apparently introduced. Native of Europe.
Regarded by Bentham as a mere form of the preceding species. June.
30
CARYOPHYLLACEAE.
[Vol.. II.
3. Sagina decumbens (Ell.) T. & G. Decumbent Pearlwort. (Fig. 1496.)
Spergiila decumbens Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. i: 523. 1817.
Sagina decunibein'S:. & G. Fl. N. A. i: 177. 1838.
Saghia subii/a/a T. & G. Fl. N. A. i: 178. 1838. Not Presl, 1826.
Annual, tufted, stems decumbent or ascending, 2^-4' long, gla-
brous or minutely glandular-pubescent above. Leaves narrowly
linear, sometimes bristle-tipped, 3''-5^' long; peduncles filiform,
-//-ig// long; flowers I'^-ij^" broad; sepals, petals and styles 5;
stamens 5 or 10; petals equalling or shorter than the calyx; pod
ovoid-oblong, nearly twice as long as the calyx; sepals acutish or
obtuse.
In dry soil, eastern Massachusetts to Illinois, south to Florida, Mis-
souri and Louisiana. March-May.
Sagina decumbens Smithii (A. Gray) S. Wats. Bibl. Index, i: 105. 1878.
Sagina S7ib?/la/a var. Snnlliii A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 95. 1S67,
Slender, stems erect or nearly so; flowers apetalous. Plant with the
aspect of S. apclala, but the parts of the flower in 5's. Southeastern
Pennsylvania and southern New Jersej'.
4. Sagina saginoides (I,.) Britton. Arctic
Pearlwort. (Fig. 1497.)
Spergula saginoides L. Sp. PI. 441. 1753.
Sagina Linnaei Presl, Rel. Haenk. 2: 14. 1835.
Sagina saginoides Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 151. 1894.
Perennial, glabrous, tufted, i'-4' high, few-flowered or
the flowers solitary at the ends of the stems. Leaves
linear-subulate, or filiform, 7."-^" long, acuminate or mu-
cronate; flowers i^4''-2^'' broad; sepals, petals and styles
5; stamens 10; sepals oval, obtuse, half the length of the
ovoid-oblong capsule.
On rocks, Labrador, Anticosti and in arctic America. Also
in the higher Rocky Mountains, south to Colorado and Utah,
and in California. Also in alpine and arctic Europe and Asia.
Summer.
5. Sagina nodosa (L,. ) Fenzl. Knotted Pearl-
wort. (Fig. 1498.)
Spergula nodosa L- Sp. PI. 440. 1753.
Sagina nodosa Fenzl, Verbr. Alsin. 18. 1833.
Perennial, tufted, erect or decumbent, 2'-6' high, stems
sparingly branched, slender, glabrous, or slightly glandular-
pubescent above. Lower leaves linear, teretish, 4''-8" long,
mucronulate, the upper shorter and with clusters of minute
ones in their axils; flowers few, about 3'' broad, terminating
the stem and branches; sepals, petals and styles 5; stamens
10; peduncles 3"-8" long; sepals ovate-oblong, obtuse, i'^
long; petals obovate, longer than the calyx, as is also the
ovoid pod.
In wet, sandy places, coast of New Hampshire and Maine to
Greenland; shores of Lake Superior, Lake Winnipeg and of the
Arctic Sea. Also in northern Europe and Asia. Summer.
15. ARENARIA I,. Sp. PI. 423. 1753.
[Alsine Wahl. Fl. Lapp. 127. 1812. Not L. 1753.]
Annual or perennial, mainly tufted herbs, with sessile leaves, and terminal cymose or
capitate, rarelj- axillary and solitary, white flowers. Sepals 5. Petals 5, entire or scarcely
emarginate, rarely none. Stamens 10. Styles generally 3 (rarely 2-5). Ovary i-celled,
many-ovuled. Capsule globose or oblong, dehiscent at the apex by as many valves or teeth
as there are styles, or twice as many. Seeds reniform-globose or compressed. [Latin, sand,
in allusion to the habitat of many species.]
About 150 species, of wide geographic distribution; not common in tropical regions.
Vol. II.]
PINK FAMILY.
31
A. serpyllifolia.
A. ciliala.
A. Hookeri.
A. Fendleri.
A. biflora.
A. verna.
Valves of the capsule 2-cleft or 2-toothed, sometimes appearing- as if double the number of the styles.
Leaves ovate or oblong.
Sepals acuminate; annual herb of waste places.
vSepals obtuse or scarcely acute; perennial; arctic.
Leaves subulate or setaceous.
Cymes very dense; stems i'-4' tall.
Cymes loose; stems 4'-i5' tall.
Valves of the capsule entire (Genus Alsixe Wahl).
Leaves rigid, subulate or setaceous.
Arctic or alpine, densely tufted, i'-3' high.
Flowers 5"-S" broad.
Flowers 2"-3" broad.
Neither arctic nor alpine, tufted but diffuse, 4"-i6" high.
Leaves densely imbricated; pine barren species.
Leaves fascicled in the axils.
Sepals ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 2" long; plant bright green. 8. A. stricla.
Sepals narrowly lanceolate, long-acuminate, 2}4" long; plant pale green.
9. A. Tex ana.
Leaves soft, herbaceous; narrowly linear or filiform.
Sepals prominently ribbed; southern. 10. A. patula.
Sepals not ribbed; alpine and northern. 11. A. Groenlandica.
I. Arenaria serpyllifolia I^. Thyme-
leaved Sandwort. (Fig. 1499. )
7. A. Caroliniana.
Arenaria serpyllifolia L. .Sp. PI. 423. 1753.
Annual, slender, slightly downy-pubescent,
widely branched and diffuse, I'-W high. Leaves
ovate, 2"-A," long. i^"-2" wide, acute; pedi-
cels slender, i"-(>" long; bracts ovate, resem-
bling the leaves; flowers 1" broad or less, very
numerous in cymose panicles; sepals ovate, lyi"'
long, acute or mucronate, 3-5-nerved, scarious-
margined; petals obovate or oblong, usually
shorter; capsule ovoid, slightly shorter than or
equalling the calyx, dehiscent by 6 short apical
valves; seeds rough.
In dry or rocky places, common throughout east-
ern North America, extending across the continent.
Naturalized from Europe. Native also of northern
Asia, and widely distributed as a weed. May-Aug.
2. Arenaria ciliata I,. Fringed Sandwort.
Arenaria ciliata L. Sp. PI. 425. 1753.
Pereunial, tufted, glandular-puberulent,
stems very slender, creeping or ascending,
pubescent in lines, 1^-5' long, or the flow-
ering branches erect. Leaves ovate or ob-
long, obtuse or acute at the apex, sessile
or very nearly so, long, ciliate or
glabrous; peduncles filiform, erect, mostly
i-flowered; flowers about 3" broad; sepals
ovate or oblong, obtuse, nerveless or faintly
i-nerved, about as long as the petals; cap-
sule oblong, twice as long as the calyx, its
3 valves deeply 2-cleft; seeds slightly
roughened.
Quebec to Greenland. Also in arctic and
alpine Europe. The American plant is re-
ferred by Dr. B. L. Robinson to the var. liu-
mi/iisa Hornem. — having glabrous leaves and
nerveless sepals so far as observed, and may
be specifically distinct from the IJuropean.
In Europe the species has been separated into
several varieties. Summer.
1500.)
CARYOPHYLLACEAE.
[Vol. II.
3. Arenaria Hooked Nutt. Hooker's
Sandwort. (Fig. 1501.)
Arena7-ia Hookeri ^\i.\X.\ T. & G. Fl. N. A. i: 178.
1838.
Tufted from a deep woody root, 2'--^' high.
Leaves linear-subulate, rigid, very sharp-
poiuted, densel}- imbricated, glabrous, 6"-i2"
long; flowering stems short, finely and densel}'
pubescent; bracts lanceolate-subulate, scarious-
margined, the margins ciliolate; cyme dense,
8''-i8" broad, its rays short and pubescent;
sepals lanceolate-subulate, pubescent, shorter
than the similar bracts and about one-half the
length of the petals; capsule not seen.
In dry or rocky soil, Nebraska and Colorado to
Montana. June-Aug.
4. Arenaria Fendleri A. Gray. Fendler's Sandwort. (Fig. 1502.)
Arenaria Fendleri K. Gray, Mem. Am. Acad. (II. )4:
13. 1849.
Perennial by a woody root, pale green, glandu-
lar-pubescent above; stems tufted, erect, very
slender, usually several times forked, 4'-i5' tall,
the internodes \ '-2' long. Lower leaves subulate
or setaceous, glabrous or minutely ciliate,
long, about ]i" wide, the^upper gradually smaller
and somewhat connate at the base; cyme loose,
its forks filiform, several-flowered; pedicels very
glandular, 3''-! 2'^ long; flowers a,"-^" broad;
sepals linear-lanceolate, acuminate, scarious-
margined, nearly as long as the obovate petals;
capsule narrowly oblong, rather shorter than the
sepals, 3-valved, the valves 2-toothed.
In dry, usually rocky soil. Nebraska and Wj-oming
to Utah, south to New Mexico and Arizona. June-
Aug.
5. Arenaria biflora (L. ) S. Wats. Arctic Sandwort. (Fig. 1503.)
Slellaria biflora L. Sp. PI. 422. 1753.
Arenaria Sajanensis Willd.; Schlecht. Berl. Mag. Natf. 1816: 200.
1816.
Arenaria biflora S. Wats. Bibl. Index, i: 94. 1878.
Perennial, stem woody below, tufted, glandular-pubescent,
\'-2' high. Leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, sessile and
sheathing, densel}' imbricated, somewhat broadest at the
base, 3''-4'' long, semiterete, obtuse, glabrous, ciliate or
glandular-pubescent, generally falcate, strongly keeled by the
midvein; peduncles slender, terminal, 1-2-flowered; flowers
5"-S" broad; sepals linear-oblong, 3-nerved, obtusish; petals
obovate, twice as long as the calyx; capsule slightl}' longer
than the sepals; seeds smooth.
Greenland and Labrador to Quebec, west through Arctic Amer-
ica to Alaska, south in the Rocky Mountains to Arizona. Also in
Asia. Summer.
'Vol,. 11. ]
PINK FAMILY.
33
6. Arenaria verna L. Vernal Sand-
wort. (Fig. 1504.)
Arenaria verna L. Mant. 72. 1767.
Arenaria hirta Wormsk.; Hornem. Fl. Dan. pi.
1646.
Perennial, densely tufted, flowering stems
erect or ascending, 1^-5' high, branching, gla-
brous or sparingly pubescent. Leaves subulate-
linear, rather rigid, imbricated below, more dis-
tant above, 1"-/^/' long, the upper a little shorter
and broader than the lower; flowers 2''-3'^
broad, numerous in loose cymes; pedicels 2^-4"
long; sepals lanceolate, acuminate, 1^2 ''-2"
long, 3-ribbed; petals slightly longer than the
sepals; capsule 3-valved, exceeding the sepals;
seeds rugose.
In rocky places, Smuggler's Notch, Vt. ; Mt. Al-
bert, Ga.spe, Quebec; Labrador and arctic America,
south in the Rocky Mountains to Arizona. Also in
northern and alpine Europe and Asia. Summer.
7. Arenaria Caroliniana Walt. Pine-
barren Sandwort. (Fig. 1505.)
Arenaria Carolinia7iaV<f&\t. Fl. Car. 141. 1788.
Arenaria squarrosa Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 273.
1803.
Perennial from a deep root, tufted, more or
less glandular-pubescent, base woody, flower-
ing stems ascending or erect, 4'-io'' high,
nearly simple up to the cymose inflorescence.
Lower leaves subulate, rigid, q."-^," long, chan-
neled on the inner surface, keeled by the promi-
nent midrib, densely imbricated; upper leaves
similar, distant; cymes terminal, few-flowered;
pedicels ascending or erect; flowers ^"-W
broad; sepals ovate-obloug, obtuse, nerveless;
petals oblanceolate, 3-4 times as long as the
calyx; pod short- ovoid, twice as long as the
calyx, 3-valved; seeds very nearly smooth.
In dry sand, southeastern New York, pine bar-
rens of New Jersey, south near the coast to Florida
and Georgia. May-July.
8. Arenaria stricta Michx.
Arenaria stricia Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 274. 1803.
Alsine Michauxii Fenzl, Verbr. Alsin. table, p.
18. 1833.
Arenaria Afichau.vii Hook. f. Trans. Linn. Soc.
33: 287. 1867.
Perennial from a short root, tufted, slender,
erect or ascending, glabrous, dark green, 6'-
16^ high, simple or nearly so to the diffuse
cymose bracted inflorescence. Leaves slen-
der, rigid, subulate or filiform, broadest at
the sessile base, 4"-io" long, distinctly i-
ribbed, spreading, with numerous others
fascicled in the axils; pedicels 3''^-i8'' long;
flowers 4'^-5'' broad; calyx ovoid-oblong in
fruit; sepals lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate,
acute, 3-ribbed, 2'' long, about half the length
of the petals and slightly shorter than the
ovoid pod; seeds minutely rugose.
In dry, rocky places, especially limestone
bluffs, Ontario and Vermont to Virginia, west to
Minnesota, Wisconsin and Missouri. June-July.
Rock Sandwort. (Fig. 1506.)
34
CARYOPHYLLACEAE.
[Vol. II.
9. Arenaria Texana (Robinson) Britton.
Texas Sandwort. (Fig. 1507.)
Arenaria stricta Texana Robinson; Britton, Mem.
Terr. Club, 5: 152. 1894.
Similar to the preceding species but lower,
stiffer, pale green, stems erect, tall, simple
up to the inflorescence, conspicuously thickened
at the nodes, the internodes mostly very short.
Leaves subulate, stiff", 3"-6'' long, strongly con-
nate, with numerous minute or similar ones fas-
cicled in their axils; cymes small, rather few-
flowered, compact or rather loose; pedicels rarely
more than W long; flowers 4' '-5" broad; calyx
narrowly conic in fruit; sepals narrowly lanceo-
late, strongly 3-ribbed, long-acuminate, 1" long,
longer than the capsule.
In dry, rocky soil, Kansas and Missouri to Texas.
June-July.
10. Arenaria patula Michx. Pitcher's
Sandwort. (Fig. 1508.)
Arenaria patula Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 273. 1803.
Arenaria Pilcheri Nutt.; T. & G. Fl. N. A. i: 180.
1838.
Annual, branched from the base, slender or even
filiform, erect or ascending, \'-\o' high, finely
pubescent or glabrous. Leaves soft, herbaceous,
linear-filiform, i/'-\2" long, yi" wide or less, ob-
tuse or acutish; cyme terminal, several-flowered,
diff"use; pedicels slender; sepals lanceolate, acumi-
nate, 3-5-nerved, about half the length of the
emarginate petals and equalling the pod; seeds
rough.
In open, dry places, Kentucky to Illinois and Kan-
sas, south to Alabama, Tennessee and Texas. April-
May.
II. Arenaria Groenlandica (Retz)
Spreng. Mountain Sandwort or
Starwort. (Fig. 1509.)
Stellaria Groenlandica Retz, Fl. Scand. Ed. 2, 107.
1795-
Arenaria Groenlandica Spreng. Syst. 2: 402. 1825.
Perennial from a slender rootstock, densely
tufted, glabrous, flowering stems slender, 2'-^'
high; leaves linear-filiform, the upper distant, the
lower matted, long; cyme terminal, several-
flowered; pedicels I'^-i)" long, filiform; flowers
if'-d" broad; sepals oblong, obtuse, scarious-mar-
gined, nerveless; half the length of the entire or
retuse petals and shorter than the oblong pod;
seeds compressed, smooth.
On dry rocks, Labrador and Greenland to northern
New York, Connecticut, the mountains of southern
New York and Pennsylvania, and on the higher Alle-
ghanies of Virginia and North Carolina. June-Sept.
Vor,. II.] PINK FAMILY. 35
i6. MOEHRINGIA L. Sp. PI. 359. 1753.
Low herbs, our species perennials, with oblong ovate ovate-lanceolate or linear soft
leaves, sessile or very short-petioled, and small white flowers solitary in the axils or in termi-
nal cymes. Sepals and petals 4 or 5. Stamens 8 or 10. Capsule oblong or ellipsoid, few-
seeded. Seeds mostly smooth and shining, appendaged at the hilum by a membranous
broad strophiole. [In honor of P. H. G. Moehring, naturalist of Danzig.]
About 20 species, natives of the northern hemisphere. Only the following are known to occur
in North America.
Leaves oblong or oval, usually obtuse; sepals obtuse or acute, much shorter than the petals.
I. M. lateriflora.
Leaves lanceolate, usually acute; sepals acuminate, longer than the petals. 2. M. ntacrophylla .
I. Moehringia lateriflora (L. ) Fenzl. Blunt-
leaved Moehringia or Sandwort. (Fig. 1510. )
Arenaria lateriflora L. Sp. PI. 423. 175.1.
Moehringia lateriflora Fenzl, Verbr. Alsin. table, p. 18.
1833-
Stems erect or ascending, simple or at length spar-
ingly branched, finely pubescent throughout, 4^-12'
high. Leaves thin, oval or oblong, Yz'-i' long, obtuse,
spreading, the margins and nerves ciliate; cymes lateral
and terminal, few-flowered or flowers sometimes soli-
tary; flowers broad, their parts in 4's or 5's; sepals
oblong, obtuse or acute, half as long as the nearly entire
petals; ovary at first 3-celled; capsule ovoid, nearly
twice as long as the calyx, dehiscent by 3 2-cleft valves.
In moist places and on shores, southern New York and
New Jersey to Missouri, north to Nova Scotia and Alaska,
extending in the Rocky Mountains to Utah. Also in Oregon
and British Columbia and in northern Etirope and Asia.
May-July.
2. Moehringia macrophylla (Hook.)
Torr. Large-leaved Moehringia
or Sandwort. (Fig. 151 1.)
Arenaria macrophylla Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 102.
pi. 37. 1830.
Moehringia macrophylla Torr. Bot. Wilkes' Exp. 246.
1874.
Stems decumbent, puberulent, usually branched,
6'-i5' long. Leaves lanceolate, acute or acumi-
nate (rarely obtusish) at the apex, narrowed at the
base, long, ■2."-^" wide; cymes terminal or
becoming axillary by the elongation of the stem,
1-5-flowered; flowers about 2>" hroad; sepals lance-
olate or ovate-lanceolate, long-acuminate, longer
than the small petals; capsule rather shorter than
the cal}'x, 3-valved, the valves 2-cleft.
Isle St. Ignace Lake Superior, to British Columbia,
south to California. May-Aug.
17. AMMODENIA J. G. Gmel. Fl. Sib. 4: 160. 1769.
[HoNKENYA Ehrh. Beitr. 2: 180. 1788.]
Perennial fleshy maritime herbs, with ovate obovate oblong or oblanceolate leaves, and
rather small flowers, solitary in the axils and in the forks of the stem or branches. Sepals 5
(rarely 4). Petals the same number, entire. Stamens 8 or 10. Disk prominent, 8-io-lobed,
glandular. Styles 3-5. Capsule subglobose, fleshy, 3-5-valved when mature, the valves en-
tire. Seeds numerous, obovate, not strophiolate. [Greek, referring to the growth of these
plants in sand.]
Two species, the following of sea beaches throughout the north temperate zone, the other of the
coasts of northwestern America and northeastern Asia.
36 CARYOPHYLLACEAE. [Vol. II.
I. Ammodenia peploides (L.) Rupr.
Sea-beach Sandwort. (Fig. 15 12.)
Areiiat ia peploides L. Sp. PI. 423. 1753.
Honkeitya peploides Ehrh. Beitr. 2: 181. 1788.
Ammodenia peploides Rupr. Beitr. Pfl. Russ. Reich.
2: 25. 1845.
Peirennial from long rootstocks, glabrous, fleshy
throughout, stems stout, tufted, simple or
branched, erect, diffuse or ascending, 3'-io' long.
Leaves sessile, clasping, ovate or oval, acute or
mucronate, 5 ''-10" long; flowers axillary and ter-
minal, broad; peduncles stout, 1"-%" long;
ovary 3-celled (rarely 4-5 celled); sepals ovate, ob-
tusish, about equalling the petals, shorter than
the depressed-globose mostly 3-valved pod; seeds
smooth, short-beaked at the hiluni, not strophio-
late.
On sands of the seashore. New Jersej' to arctic
America. Also on the shores of northern Europe and
Asia. Called also Sea Chickweed and Sea Purslane.
June-July.
18. SPERGULA L. Sp. PI. 440. 1753.
Annual branched herbs, with subulate stipulate leaves, much fascicled in the axils, and
terminal cymes of white flowers. Sepals and petals 5. Stamens 10 or 5. Styles 5, alternate
■with the sepals. Capsule 5-valved, the valves opposite the sepals. Seeds compressed, acute-
margined or winged. [Latin, (from spet-go) to scatter.]
Two or three species, natives of the Old World. The following is widely distributed as a weed.
I. Spergula arvensis L,. Spurry.
Corn Spurry. (Fig. 1513.)
Spergula arvensis L. Sp. PI. 440. 1753.
Slender, glabrous or sparingly pubescent, branch-
ing at or near the base, erect or ascending, 6'-! 8'
high. Leaves narrowly linear or subulate, \'-2'
long, clustered at the nodes in two opposite sets of
6-8 together, appearing verticillate; stipules small,
connate; flowers broad, numerous in loose
terminal cymes; pedicels slender, divaricate; sepals
ovate, tYz''-^" long, slightly longer than the
petals; stamens 10 or 5 in flowers on the same
plant; capsule ovoid, longer than the calyx.
In fields and waste places, frequent as a weed
throughout eastern Canada and the Eastern and Mid-
dle States, and locallj' westward. Adventive or natu-
ralized from Europe. Called also Sandweed. Summer.
19. TISSA Adans. Fam. PI. 2: 507. 1763.
[BUD.A. Adans. Fam. PI. 2: 507. 1763.]
[Spergularia Pers. Syn. i: 504. 1805.]
Low annual or perennial herbs, mostly with fleshy linear or setaceous leaves, often with
others clustered in the axils, and small pink or whitish flowers in terminal racemose bracted
or leafy cymes. Stipules scarious. Sepals 5. Petals the same number, rareh' fewer, or none,
entire; Stamens2-io. Ovary i-celled, many ovuled; styles 3. Pod 3-valved to the base. Seeds
reniform globose or compressed, smooth, winged or tuberculate. [Name unexplained.]
About 20 species, of wide geograpliic distribution, most of them inhabitants of saline shores or
salt marshes.
Species of salt marshes or sea beaches; leaves verj- fleshj-.
Pedicels 1^-2 times the length of the sepals; flowers pink. i. T. marina.
Pedicels 2-4 times the length of the sepals; flowers jiale or white. 2. T. Canadensis.
Species mostly of drj- sandj- soil; leaves scarcely fleshj-. 3. T. rubra.
Vol.. II.] PINK FAMIIvY.
I. Tissa marina (L,.) Britton. Salt-marsh Sand Spurry
Arenaria rubra var. marina L,. Sp. PI. 423. 1753.
Spergnlaria salina Presl, Fl. Cech. 95. 1819.
Biida marina Dumort. Fl. Belg. no. 1827.
Spergnlaria media A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 95. 1867.
Tissa marina Britton, Bull. Torr. Club, 16: 126. 1889.
Buda marina var. minor S. Wats, in A. Gray, Man. Ed. 6,
90. 1890.
Annual, erect, ascending or nearly prostrate, from
fibrous roots,4'-8' high, but very variable, freely branch-
ing, glabrous or glandular-pubescent. Stipules ovate;
leaves linear, terete, very fleshy, Yz'-i Yz' long, yz"-\"
wide, often much fascicled in the axils; pedicels
spreading or ascending, 1"-^" long; flowers numer-
ous, pink; sepals ovate, acute or obtuse, long;
capsule a little longer than the calyx; seeds smooth, or
roughened with projecting processes, wingless, or
winged.
In salt marshes, New Brunswick to Florida. Also in
those of the Pacific Coast, and of Europe and northern
Asia. Called also Sea-side Sandwort. Summer.
37
(Fig. 1514.)
2. Tissa Canadensis (Pers. ) Britton.
Northern Sand Spurry. (Fig. 15 15.)
Arenaria Canadensis Pers. Syn, i: 504. 1805.
Buda borealis S. Wats, in A. Gray, Man. Ed. 6, 90.
1890.
Tissa salina Britton, Bull. Torr. Club, 16: 127. 1889.
Not Spergnlaria salina Presl.
Tissa Canadensis Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 152. 1894.
Annual, slender, diffuse and spreading, entirely
glabrous, 2'-^' high. Leaves linear, fleshy, teret-
ish, 5"-8" long, mainly obtuse, generally simply
opposite and not fascicled; stipules broadly ovate;
pedicels slender, spreading, jf'-ii" long, at length
much exceeding the calyx; sepals \" long; flowers
pale or white; capsule twice the length of the calyx;
seeds smooth or papillose, usually wingless.
On muddy shores, ISIaine to Labrador. Summer.
3. Tissa rubra (L.) Britton. Sand Spurry.
Purple Sandwort. (Fig. 1516.)
Arenaria rubra 1,. Sp. PI. 423. 1753.
Buda rubra Dumort. Fl. Belg. no. 1827.
Spergnlaria rubra Presl, Fl. Cech. 93. 1819.
Tissa rubra Britton, Bull. Torr. Club, 16: 127. 1889.
Annual or biennial, depressed or ascending, very leafy
up to the inflorescence, glabrous or sparingly glandular-
pubescent above, 2'-6' high, often forming dense little
mats. Leaves linear, flat, scarcely fleshy, long;
flowers bright pink, broad; stipules ovate-
lanceolate, acuminate; sepals ovate-lanceolate, acutish;
pedicels slender, spreading, 1"-^" long; pods about
equalling the calyx; seeds wingless, rough with pro-
jecting points.
In waste places and along roadsides, or sometimes mari-
time. Nova Scotia to Pennsylvania, western New York and
Virginia. Apparently adventive from Europe in large part,
but perhaps indigenous northward. Also introduced in
California and Oregon. Native of Europe and Asia. Sum-
38 CARVOPHYLLACEAE. [Vol. II.
20. LOEFLI'nGIA L. Sp. PI. 35. 1753.
Low annual glaudular-puberulent diffusely branched herbs, with small subulate or
setaceous stipulate leaves and very small sessile flowers, solitary or glomerate iu the axils.
Sepals 5, rigid, keeled, acuminate or awn-tipped, the outer ones commonly with a tooth on
each side. Petals 3-5, minute, or wanting. Stamens 3-5, perigynous. Ovary triangular-
pyramidal, i-celled, many-ovuled. Capsule 3-valved. Seeds oblong or obovate, attached
near their bases; embryo somewhat curved; cotyledons accumbent. [In honor of Peter
Loefling, 1 729-1 756, Swedish traveler.]
About 5 species, natives of southwestern North Amer-
ica, the Mediterranean region and central Asia. Besides
the following, 2 others occur in the southwestern United
States.
I. Loeflingia Texana Hook. Texan
Ivoeflingia. (Fig. 15 17.)
Loeflingia Texana Hook. Ic. PI. 3: pi. 2j^. 1840.
Finely and densely glandular-puberulent, stems
much branched, bushy, 3^-6' high, the branches
slender, terete, ascending or those bearing flowers
secund and recurved. Leaves subulate, 2"--x/' long,
appressed-ascending; flowers less than \" broad;
sepals nearly or quite straight, the 3 outer ones or all
with a setaceous tooth on each side; petals much
shorter than the sepals; stamens usually 3; capsule
shorter than the calyx; seeds obovate.
In dry soil, Nebraska to Texas. April-June.
21. PARONYCHIA Adans. Fam. PI. 2; 272. 1763.
Perentiial tufted herbs, often woody at the base, with opposite leaves, scarious stipules,
and small clustered scarious-bracted apetalous flowers. Calyx 5-parted, the segments bris-
tle-pointed. Stamens 5, inserted at the base of the calyx, sometimes alternate with as many
staminodia. Ovary ovoid or subglobose, narrowed upward into the style; style 2-cleft
at the apex; ovule solitary, amphitropous. Utricle membranous, included in the calyx,
i-seeded. [Greek, for a disease of the fingers and a plant supposed to cure it.]
About 40 species, natives of warm and temperate regions. Besides the following about 5 others
occur in the Southern States, one in the Rocky Mountains, and one in California.
Awns of the calyx-segments erect. I. P. argyroconia.
Awns of the calyx-segments divergent.
.Stipules 2-cleft. 2. P. sessiliflora.
Stipules entire.
Lowest leaves obtuse, uppermost mucronate or bristle-pointed. 3. P. Jamesii.
Leaves all acute, mucronate or bristle-pointed. 4. P. dichotovia.
I. Paronychia argyrocoma (Michx.) Nutt.
Silver Whitlow-wort. (Fig. 1518.)
Anychia argyrocoma Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 113. 1803.
Paronychia argyrocoma Nutt. Gen. 1: 160. 1818.
Stem erect or ascending, much branched, 3'-8' high,
clothed with silvery appressed scale-like hairs. Leaves
linear, i-nerved, acute or mucronate at the apex, pubes-
cent or nearly glabrous; stipules silvery-white, scarious,
entire, usually shorter than the leaves; flowers in fork-
ing cymes, subtended by the large silvery membranous
bracts; calyx-segments 2" 2%" long, their awns erect,
nearly as long as the segments; style filiform, minutely
2-cleft at the summit; staminodia minute and much
shorter than the filaments or wanting.
In rocky places, Maine and New Hampshire to Tennessee
and Georgia. Ascends to 4200 ft. in North Carolina. Called
also Silver Chickweed and Silverhead. Julj'-Sept.
"Voi<. II.]
PINK FAMILY.
39
2. Paronychia sessiliflora Nutt. Low Whitlow-wort. (Fig. 1519.)
Paronychia sessiliflora Nutt. Gen. i: i6o. 1818.
Densely tufted from stout thick roots, low,
the iuternodes very short and hidden by the im-
bricated leaves and stipules. Leaves linear-subu-
late, glabrous or puberulent, the lowest erect and
obtuse, the uppermost recurved-spreading, mu-
cronate or bristle-pointed; stipules 2-cleft, usually
shorter than the leaves; bracts entire, mostly
shorter than the flowers; flowers sessile, solitary
or several together; calyx V^-iyi" long, its seg-
ments hooded at the apex, tipped with divergent
awns of nearly their own length; staminodia
about as long as the filaments.
In dry soil, Northwest Territory to Nebraska and
"Wyoming. Aug.-Sept.
3. Paronychia Jamesii T. & G. James'
Whitlow-wort. (Fig. 1520.)
Paronychia Jamesii T. & G. Fl. N. A. i: 170. 1838.
Scabrous-pubescent, stems 3^-8' high, much
branched from the base. Leaves linear-subulate,
the lowest obtuse, the uppermost mucronate or
bristle-pointed; stipules entire; flowers in small
cymes; bracts shorter than the calyx; calyx 1"-
lYz" long, the segments hooded at the apex, tipped
with divergent awns of about one-fourth their
length; staminodia about as long as the filaments.
In dry soil, Nebraska and Colorado to Texas.
July-Oct.
Paronychia Jamesii depressa Nutt. ; T. & G. Fl. N. A.
i;i7i. 1838.
Lower, rarely over 3' high, densely tufted; inter-
nodes very short; leaves imbricated. Nebraska to
Texas.
4. Paronychia dichotoma (L.) Nutt.
Forking Whitlow- wort. Nailwort.
(Fig. 1 52 1.)
Achyranthes dichotoma L. Mant. 51. 1767.
Paronychia dichotoma Nutt. Gen. 1: 159. i8i8.
Much branched from the thick woody base, gla-
brous or puberulent, 4^-14' tall. Leaves subulate,
all acute, mucronate or bristle-tipped; stipules en-
tire, often ^"-b" long, tapering into a slender awn;
calyx long, the awns of its segments diver-
gent, short; staminodia of minute bristles hardly
one-fourth as long as the filaments; styles nearly
as long as the perianth-segments, usually cleft for
about one-fourth their length.
In dry soil, Maryland to North Carolina, west to
Arkansas and Texas. July-Oct.
4°
CARYOPHYLLACEAE.
[Vol. II.
22. ANYCHIA Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 112. 1803.
Aunual herbs, with repeatedly forking stems, elliptic oval or oblanceolate opposite
mostly punctate very short-petioled leaves, small scarious stipules, and minute green apetal-
ous flowers. Calyx 5-partcd, its segments oblong, concave, not awned. Stamens 2-5, inserted
on the base of the calyx; filaments filiform. Staminodia wanting. Ovary subglobose, com-
pressed; styles 2, distinct, or united at the base; ovule solitar}', amphitropous. Utricle sub-
globose, somewhat compressed, longer than the calyx. [Derivation same as the preceding
genus.]
Only the following species, natives of eastern North America.
Pubescent; flowers sessile; stems mostlj' prostrate or ascending. i. A.dichotoma.
Glabrous or nearly so; flowers pedicelled; stems usually erect. 2. A. Canadensis.
I. Anychia dichotoma Michx. Forked
Chickweed. (Fig. 1522.)
Anychia dichotoma Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 113.
1803.
Pubescent, stems mostly prostrate or ascending,
much forked, 3'-io' high, the internodes often
shorter than the leaves. Leaves narrowly elliptic,
■2"-d," long, y2"-\" wide, mucronate or acute at
the apex, sessile, or the base tapering into a very
short petiole, usually very numerous and crowded;
flowers sessile in the forks, more or less clustered,
scarcely Yz" high, inconspicuous except when fully
expanded; stamens commonly 2 or 3, sometimes 5
In dry woods, thickets and in open places, Maine
to Minnesota, south to Florida, Alabama and Arkan-
sas. Ascends to 5200 ft. in Georgia. June-Sept.
2. Anychia Canadensis (L. ) B.S.P.
Slender Forked Chickweed.
(Fig. 1523.)
Qiieria Canadensis L. Sp. PI. 90. 1753.
Qiieria capillacea Nutt. Gen. 1: 159. 1818.
Anychia dichotoma var. capillacea Torr. Fl. U. S.
l: 273. 1824.
Anychia capillacea DC. Prodr. 3: 369. 1828.
Anychia Canadensis B.S.P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 1888.
Glabrous or very nearly so, stem very slender
or filiform, usually erect, repeatedly forked
above, 6'-i2' tall, the internodes sometimes i'
long, much longer than those of the preceding
species. Leaves elliptic, oval or sometimes ob-
lanceolate, 3''-8" long, wide, obtuse or
short-pointed at the apex, narrowed into petioles
about i" long, not crowded; flowers minute,
more or less pedicelled.
In dry woods, Ontario to Massachusetts and
Georgia, west to Minnesota and Arkansas. Ascends
to 4200 ft. in North Carolina. June-Sept.
23. SCLERANTHUS L. Sp. PI. 406. 1753.
Low annual herbs, with rather stiff forking stems, opposite subulate leaves connate at
the base, no stipules and minute green clustered apetalous flowers. Calyx not bracted,
deeply 5-lobed (rarely 4-lobed), the lobes awnless, the cup-like tube hardened. Stamens
i-io, inserted on the calyx-tube. Ovary ovoid; styles 2, distinct; ovule solitary, pendulous,
amphitropous. Utricle i-seeded, enclosed by the calyx. [Greek, referring to the hard
calyx-tube.]
About 10 species, of wide geographic distribution in the Old World, the following naturalized
from Europe as a weed.
Vol,. II.]
PINK FAMILY. 4 1
Scleranthus annuus L. Knawel. German
Knotgrass. (Fig. 1524.)
Sclerantluis annuus I,. Sp. PI. 406. 1753.
Much branched from long and rather tough roots, the
branches prostrate or spreading, 3^-5^ long, roughish-
puberulent or glabrous. Leaves subulate, 2^-12'' long,
ciliatc, light green, often recurved, their bases membran-
ous at the junction; tube of the calyx lo-angled, rather
longer than the lobes, usually glabrous, the lobes some-
what angled on the back and their margins incurved.
In fields and waste places or on dry rocks, Quebec and On-
tario to Pennsylvania and Florida, mostly near the coast.
Naturalized from Europe. Very common in parts of the
Eastern and Middle States. March-Oct.
Family 22. NYMPHAEACEAE DC. Propr. Med.
Watcr Lily Family.
Ed. 2, 119. 1816.
Aquatic perennial herbs, with horizontal rootstocks, floating, immersed or
rarely emersed leaves, and solitary axillary flowers. Sepals 3-5. Petals 5-co .
Stamens 5-00 ; anthers erect, the connective continuous with the filament. Car-
pels 3-00 , distinct, united, or immersed in the receptacle. Stigmas distinct, or
united into a radiate or annular disk; ovules i-co , orthotropous. Fruit inde-
hiscent, separate or coherent. Seeds enclosed in pulpy arils, or rarely naked;
cotyledons fleshy; hypocotyl very short.
Eight genera and about 33 species, of wide geographic distribution in fresh-water lakes and
streams.
Sepals and petals 3; stamens 6, hypogynous; carpels distinct; ovules few.
Leaves dissected, excepting the small floating ones. i. Caboniba.
Leaves peltate, entire, floating. 2. Brasenia.
Sepals 4-6; petals numerous or several; carpels united; ovules numerous.
Petals small or minvite; stamens hypogynous. 3. Nymphaea.
Petals large, numerous; stamens epigynous. 4. Castalia.
Sepals 4-5; petals numerous; carpels distinct, immersed in the receptacle; ovule i. 5. Xelumbo.
I. CABOMBA Aubl. PI. Guian. i: 321. 1775.
Stems slender, coated with gelatinous matter, branching. Leaves petioled, peltate, the
floating ones small, entire; submerged ones opposite, palmately dissected into numerous
capillary segments. Flowers small, white or yellow. Sepals and petals 3. Stamens 6; fila-
ments slender; anthers extrorse. Carpels 2-4. Stigmas small, terminal; ovules commonly
3, pendulous. Fruit coriaceous, indehiscent, about 3-seeded. [Guiana name.]
A genus of 2 or possibly 3 species, natives of the warmer parts
of America.
I. Cabomba Caroliniana A. Gray. Cabomba.
Carolina Water-shield. (Fig. 1525.)
Cabomba Caroliniana A. Gray, Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 4: 47. 1837.
Stem several feet long, branching. Submerged leaves op-
posite or sometimes verticillate, petioled, 1^-2' broad, cen-
trally peltate, repeatedly divided; floating ones alternate or
opposite, linear-oblong, 6"-io'' long; flowers long-peduncled
from the upper axils, 6"-8'' wide, white, or yellow at base
within; petals obovate; ripened carpels 3, separate, flask-
shaped.
In ponds and slow streams, southern Illinois to North Carolina,
south to Florida and Texas. May-Aug.
42
NYMPHAEACEAE.
[Vol. II.
2. BRASENIA Schreb. Gen. PI. 372. 1789.
Stem slender, several feet long, branching, covered with gelatinous matter as are the
petioles, peduncles and lower leaf-surfaces. Leaves alternate, oval, entire, 2'-^' long, long-
petioled, centrally peltate, floating, palmately veined. Flowers axillary, purple. Sepals
and linear petals 3. Stamens 12-18; filaments filiform. Carpels 4-18, separate. Ovules 2-3,
pendulous from the dorsal suture. Ripe carpels indehiscent, coriaceous, 1-2-seedcd. [Name
unexplained.]
A inonotypic genus of North America, Cuba,
eastern and tropical Asia, west tropical Africa, and
Australia.
I. Brasenia purpurea (Michx.) Casp.
Water-shield or -target. ( Fig. 1526.)
Menyanthes nymphaeoides Thunb. Fl. Jap. 82.
1784. Not L. 1753.
Hydropeltis purpnt ea Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1:324.
pi. 29. 1803.
Menyanthes peltata Thunb. Nov. Act. Upsal. 7:
142. 1815.
Brasenia peltala Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 389. 1814.
Brasenia purpurea Casp. in Engl. & Prantl, Nat.
Pfl. Fam. 3: Abt. 2, 6. 1890.
Rootstock slender. Leaves 2'-4' long, ^Yz'-
1' wide, thick, rounded at each end; flowers
^"-d" in diameter, on long stout peduncles;
fruit oblong, 3''-4'^ long.
In ponds and slow streams, Nova Scotia to
Florida, west to Manitoba and Te.xas. Also in
Cuba, Mexico, and at a few stations on the Pacific
Coast from California to Washington. Summer.
3. NYMPHAEA I,. Sp. PI. 510. 1753.
[NuPHAR Sibth. & Smith, Fl. Graec. Prodr. i: 391. 1806.]
Aquatic herbs, with cylindric thick horizontal rootstocks, and large cordate leaves with
a deep sinus. Flowers showy, yellow, or sometimes purplish. Sepals 5-6, concave, thick.
Petals CO, small, stamen-like, hypogynous. Stamens co , hypogj'nous.
ovuled, united into a compound pistil. Stigmas disciform, 8-24-radiate.
Seeds with endosperm. [Greek, water-nymph.]
A genus of about 8 species, natives of the north temperate zone.
Leaves broadly ovate or oval.
Leaves 5' -12' long; stigma 12-24-rayed; petals truncate, fleshy.
Leaves 3'-io' long, stigma 9-1 2-rayed; petals spatulate, fleshy.
Leaves 2' -4' long; stigma 7-10-rayed; petals spatulate, thin.
Leaves narrowly ovate or ovate-lanceolate.
Large Yellow Pond Lily.
Carpels oo , many-
Fruit ovoid, naked.
I. Nymphaea advena Soland.
1. N. advena.
2. N. rubrodisca.
3. N. Kalmiana.
4. N. sagittaefolia.
(Fig. 1527.)
Nymphaea advena .Soland. in Ait. Hort. Kew. 2:
226. 1789.
Niiphar advena R, Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew. Ed. 2,
3:295. 1811.
Floatingandemersedleaves5'-i2' long, s'-g'
broad, ovate or orbicular-oval, thick, the sinus
2'-5' deep, generally open; submerged leaves,
when present, thin-membranous, nearly orbi-
cular, otherwise similar; petioles, peduncles
and lower surfaces of the leaves often pubes-
cent; flowers lYz'-y/z' in diameter, depressed-
globose, yellow or tinged with purple; sepals
6, oblong, about lYz" long; petals fleshy, ob-
long, truncate, long; stamens in 5-7
rows; anthers about the length of the fila-
ments; stigmatic disc undulate, yellow, or pale
red, rays 12-24; fruit ovoid, not deeply con-
stricted into a neck, i ^'-2' long, about \' thick.
In ponds and slow streams, New Brunswick
and Nova Scotia to the Rocky Mountains, south
to Florida, Texas and Utah. April-Sept. Rev.
Thos. Morong (Bot. Gaz. 11: 167) describes a
var. (?) minor of Nuphar ad-vena having
smaller flowers, the margins of the stigmatic disc more crenate, rays 10, and fruit only i' long.
Called also Cow-lih- and Spatter-dock.
Vol. II.]
WATER LILY FAMILY.
43
2. Nymphaea rubrodisca (Morong) Greene. Red-disked Pond Lilj'.
(Fig.
Niiphar rubrodiscum Morong, Bot. Gaz. ii:
167. 1886.
Nymphaea lubrodisca Greene, Bull. Torr.
Club, 15: 84. 1888.
Nymphaea Fletcher i Lawson, Trans. Roy. Soc.
Canada, 6; sec. IV. 119. 1888.
Floating leaves 3'-io' long, I'-d' wide,
the sinus open or closed, sometimes pubes-
cent beneath; submerged leaves generally
present, membranous, orbicular; flowers \'-
i%' broad, yellow; sepals 5 or 6; petals di-
lated upward, or obovoid, long, less
fleshy than those of the last; anther nearly
the length of the filament; stigmatic disk
crenate, bright red or crimson, 9-12-rayed;
stamens in about 5 rows; fruit about i' long,
contracted into a neck below the disk, i'
thick.
In ponds and slow streams. Lake Champlain,
Ottawa, Ont,, Adirondack Lakes of New York,
to southeastern Pennsylvania and Michigan.
May-Sept.
3. Nymphaea Kalmiana (Michx. ) Sims. Small Yellow Pond Lily. (Fig. 1529.)
Nymphaea lutea var. Kalmiana Michx. Fl.
Bor. Am. i: 311. 1803.
Nymphaea microphylla Pers. Syn. 2: 63. 1807.
Nuphar Kalmianiim R. Br. in Ait. Hort.
Kew, Ed. 2, 3: 295. 1811.
N. Kalmiana Siras, Bot. Mag. pi. 1243. 1809.
Leaves 2^-4^ long, i'-3' broad, the sinus
open or closed, commonly more or less
pubescent beneath; submerged ones al-
ways present, membranous, orbicular,
larger; flowers i' in diameter or less, yel-
low; sepals 5; petals thin and delicate, 7."
long; stamens in 3 or 4 rows, narrowly
linear, the anther one-fourth the length of
the filament; stigmatic disk crenate or stel-
late, 2" -2," broad, 6-7-rayed, dark red;
fruit ovoid, (i"-"]" long, with a short neck.
In ponds and slow streams, Newfoundland to southern
New York and Pennsylvania, west to the Saskatchewan and
Minnesota. Summer, flowering later than the others.
4. Nymphaea sagittaefolia Walt. Arrow-
leaved Pond lyily. (Fig. 1530.)
Nymphaea sagiltaefolia Walt. PI. Car. 155. 1788.
Nuphar sagittaefolia Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 370. 1814.
Floating leaves narrowly ovate or ovate-lanceolate,
glabrous, obtuse, 8'-i5'long, 2'-3' wide; submerged ones
numerous, similar, but membranous and commonly
larger; flowers yellow, about \' broad; sepals 5; petals
broadened above, 3'' long; stamens in 4 or 5 rows, the
filaments about equalling the anthers; stigmatic disk
crenate, ii-15-rayed; fruit ovoid, not constricted into a
neck, about i' long.
In ponds, southern Indiana and Illinois, and in the Atlantic
States from North Carolina to Florida. Summer.
44
NYMPHAEACEAE.
[Vol. II.
&
in Konig
1805.
& Wood
1806.
minor Sims,
in
4. CASTALIA Salisb. in Konig & Sims, Ann. Bot. 2: 71. 1805.
Aquatic herbs, with horizontal perennial rootstocks, floating leaves and showy flowers.
Sepals 4. Petals » , imbricated in many rows, inserted on the ovary, gradually passing into
stamens; stamens » , the exterior with large petaloid filaments and short anthers, the interior
with linear filaments and elongated anthers. Carpels x , united into a compound pistil with
radiating linear projecting stigmas. Fruit globose, covered with the bases of the petals,
ripening under water. [.\ spring of Parnassus.]
About 25 species, of wide geographic distribution.
Flowers 3'-5K' broad, fragrant; leaves orbicular, purplish beneath. i. C. odorata.
Flowers 4'-9' broad, not fragrant; leaves orbicular, green both sides. 2. C. luberosa.
Flowers i'-i!<' broad, not fragrant; leaves oval. 3. C. telragotia.
1. Castalia odorata (Dryand.) Woodv. &Wood. Sweet-scented White Water
Lily. Pond Lily. Water Nj-mph. Water Cabbage. (Fig. 1531.)
Nymphaea odorata Dryand. in .'^it.Hort.
Kew. 2: 227. 1789.
Castalia ptidica Salisb.
Sims, Ann, Bot. 2: 72.
Castalia odorata Woodv.
Rees' Cyclop. 6: no. i.
Nymphaea odorata var.
Bot. Mag. pi. 16^2. 1814.
Rootstkck thick, simple or with
few branches. Leaves floating, orbi-
cular or nearly so, 4'-! 2' in diameter,
glabrous, green and shining above,
purple and more or less pubescent
beneath, cordate-cleft or reniform,
the sinus open but sometimes uarrow;
petioles and peduncles slender, with
4 main air-channels; flowers white,
or tinged with pink, 3^-5 J^' broad, del-
iciously fragrant; petals numerous,
in many rows, narrowly oblong, ob-
tuse; fruit globose, or slightly de-
pressed; seeds stipitate, oblong,
shorter than the aril.
In ponds and slow streams. Nova Sco-
tia to Manitoba, south to Florida and
Louisiana. June-Sept.
Castaha odorata rosea (Pursh) Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 154. 1894.
Nymphaea odorata var. rosea Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 369. 1814.
Flowers large, deep pink or red. Eastern Massachusetts to New Jersey, near the coast.
2. Castalia tuberosa (Paine) Greene. Tuberous White Water Lily. (Fig. 1532.)
Nymphaea tuberosa Paine, Cat. PI.
Oneida Co., N. Y. 132. 1865.
Castalia tuberosa Greene, Bull. Torr.
Club, 15: 84. 1888.
Rootstock thick, with numerous
lateral tuberous-thickened branches,
which become detached and propa-
gate the plant. Leaves orbicular, 5'-
12' in diameter, floating, sometimes
slightly pubescent beneath, greenboth
sides, the veins very prominent on the
lower surface; sinus open or closed;
petioles stout; flowers pure white, 4'-
9' broad, inodorous or very slightly
scented; petals oblong, in many rows,
broader than those of C. odorata, ob-
tuse; fruit depressed-globose ; seeds
globose-ovoid, sessile, longer than or
about equalling the aril.
Lake Champlain, west through the
Great Lakes to Michigan, south to Tren-
ton, N. J., Meadville, Pa,, and eastern
Nebraska. Summer. Nympliaea rcni-
formis Walt, of the southern Atlantic
States is clearly a different species.
Vol. n.]
WATER LILY FAMILY.
45
Castalia tetragona (Georgi) Lawson.
(Fig. 1533.)
Small White Water Lily.
Nymphaea tetragona Georgi, Reise in
Russ. Reichs, i: 220. 1775.
Castalia pygviaea Salisb. Parad. Lond.
pi. 68. 1807.
C/L^zS^r^jzMorong.Bot.Gaz.is: 134. 1888.
Castalia tetragona Lawson, Trans. Roy.
See. Canada, 6: Sec. IV. 112. 1888.
Leaves floating, oval or oblong, 2^-4'
long, i/^'-3' wide, green above, green
or purplish beneath, the basal lobes
acute or rounded; sinus open, narrow;
petioles and peduncles nearly or quite
glabrous; flowers white, inodorous, \'-
1' broad; petals in about 2 rows, faintly
striped with purple, obtuse or acutish,
oblong or obovate, thin, about the
length of the sepals.
In the Misinaibi River, Ontario ( R.
Bell); in ponds along the Severn River,
Keewatin (J. M. Macoun); near Granite
Station, northern Idaho (Leiberg). Also
in Siberia, Japan and the Himalayas.
Summer.
5. NELUMBO Adaiis. Fatn. PI. 2: 76. 1763.
Large aquatic herbs, with thick rootstocks, long-petioled concave emersed or floating
leaves, and small and scale-like submerged ones borne sessile on the rootstock. Flowers
large, showy, yellow, pink or white. Sepals 4 or 5, imbricate. Petals and stamens co, in-
serted on the calyx, caducous. Filaments more or less petaloid; anthers introrse. Carpels
CO , distinct, contained in pits in the large convex receptacle. Style short; ovules i or 2, pen-
dulous or anatropous; endosperm none; cotyledons thick, fleshy. Nuts globose or oblong.
[Ceylon name for N. Nelimibo.^
A genus of 2 species, one North American, the other Asiatic and Australasian, known as Water-
bean.
1. N. hi tea.
2. N. Nelumbo.
Flowers pale yellow; plant native.
Flowers pink or white; plant introduced.
I. Nelumbo lutea (Willd.) Pers. American Nelumbo or Lotus
Nelwnbium luteum Willd. Sp. PI. 2: 1259. 1799.
Nelumbo lutea Pers. Syn. i: 92. 1805.
Rootstock nearly horizontal, tuberiferous.
Emersed leaves i°-2° broad, nearly orbi-
cular but often somewhat constricted in the
middle, centrally peltate, raised high out of
water or floating, prominently ribbed, gla-
brous above, more or less pubescent and
lepidote beneath, the lower surface marked
with an oblong, transverse area; petioles
and peduncles thick, 3°-7° long, with sev-
eral large air-canals; flowers pale yellow,
4'-io' broad; petals concave, obovate, ob-
tuse; anthers appendaged; fruit obconic or
somewhat hemispheric, 3^-4'' long; seeds
nearly globular, 6" in diameter.
Grand River, near Dunnville, Ont. ; Sodus
Bay, Lake Ontario; in the Connecticut River
near Lyme; Swartswood Lake, northern New
Jersey; ponds at Woodstown and >Sharptown,
southern New Jersey; formerly in the Delaware
River below Philadelphia, and locally south to
Florida, west to Michigan, the Indian Territorj-
and Louisiana, Tubers and seeds farinaceous,
edible. Called also Great Water Lily, and
Water Chinkapin, or Wankapin. July-Aug.
4
NYMPHAEACEAE.
[Vol. II.
2. Nelumbo Nelumbo (L,. ) Karst.
Indian Lotus. (Fig. 1535.)
Nymphaea Nelumbo L. Sp. PI. 511. 1753.
Nchnnbo nucifera Gaertn. Fruct. & Sem. i:
73. pi. 19. 1788.
Nehimbium speciosiim Willd. Sp. PI. 2: 1258.
1799.
Nehimbo Nelumbo Karst. Deutsch. Fl. 553.
Leaves 2°-3° in diameter, high exserted
above the water or some of them floating,
thin, concave, glaucous; petioles and pe-
duncles 3°-6° long, glabrous or with scat-
tered minute prickles; flowers if-\o' broad,
pink or sometimes white; petals oblong or
elliptic, obtuse; fruit obconic, long,
in diameter; seeds oblong or ovoid.
Naturalized in ponds about Bordentown, N.
J., where it was introduced by Mr. E. D. Sturte-
vant. Native of India, Persia, China, Japan and
Australia. A superb plant, often cultivated.
^ July-Aug.
Family 23. CERATOPHYLLACEAE A. Gray, Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 4: 41.
1837-
HoRNwoRT Family.
Submerged aquatics, with slender widely branching stems, and verticillate
leaves, the monoecious or dioecious flowers solitary and sessile in the axils.
Perianth many-parted, the segments entire or toothed. Stamens numerous,
crowded on a flat or convex receptacle; anthers sessile or nearly so, linear-
oblong, extrorse, the connective prolonged into a thick appendage beyond the
sacs. Pistillate flowers with a superior i-celled ovary; ovule i, orthotropous,
pendulous; stjde filiform, stigmatic at the summit. Fruit an indehiscent nut or
achene. Endosperm none; embryo composed of 4 verticillate cotyledons, with
a short hypocotj'l and a plumule of several nodes and leaves.
The family contains onl}- the following genus.
I. CERATOPHYLLUM L. Sp. PI. 992. 1753.
Leaves crowded in verticils, linear or filiform, spinulose-serrulate, forked. Sterile flowers
with 10-20 stamens, the anthers about as long as the perianth. Fertile and sterile flowers
generally at different nodes, but sometimes in opposite axils at the same node. Ovary and
fruit somewhat longer than the perianth, the fruit beaked with the long persistent stjle.
One or possibly two species, widely distributed
in fresh water.
I. Ceratophyllum demersum L.
Hornwort. (Fig. 1536.)
Ceratophyllum demersum I,. Sp. PI. 992. 1753.
Stems 2°-8° long, according to the depth of
water. Leaves in verticils of 5's-i2's, linear,
2-3 times forked, the end of the segments capil-
lary and rigid, 4''-! 2" long; ripe fruit oval, 1"-
2," long with a straight or curved spine-like
beak 2"-\" long, smooth and spurless or with a
long basal spur on each side, or tuberculate and
with narrowly winged spiny margins or broadly
winged without spines.
In ponds and slow streams, throughout North
America except the extreme north. Several species
and varieties have been proposed, based on the
spurs, spines or wings of the fruit, but none of them
seem to be of any value. June-July.
Voi,. II.]
Family 24.
MAGNOLIA FAMILY.
47
MAGNOLIACEAE J. St. Hil. Expos. Fam. 2: 74. 1805.
Magnoi<i.\ family.
Trees or shrubs, with alternate entire or rarely lobed leaves, large solitary
flowers, and bitter aromatic bark. Sepals and petals arranged in 3's, hypogy-
nous, deciduous. Stamens 00 ; anthers adnate. Carpels 00 , separate or coher-
ent, borne on the surface of the elongated receptacle, ripening into an aggregate
fruit composed of 1-2 -seeded dry or fleshy follicles or achenes.
About 10 genera and 70 species, of wide geographic distribution.
Anthers introrse; leaves entire, or with 2 basal lobes. I. Magnolia.
Anthers extrorse: leaves lobed or truncate. 2. Liriodendron.
I. MAGNOLIA I,. Sp. PI. 535- i753-
Trees or shrubs. Leaves large and generally thick, entire. Buds covered with condu-
plicate sheathing stipules. Flowers large, fragrant. Sepals 3, petaloid. Petals 6-12, imbri-
cated in 2-4 series. Anthers linear, introrse. Carpels spiked or capitate on the elevated or
elongated receptacle, 2-ovuled, forming follicles at maturity. Seeds fleshy, suspended from
the ripe cones by slender filamentous threads. [In honor of Pierre Magnol, 1638-1715,
Professor of Botany in Montpellier. ]
A genus of about 15 species, natives of eastern North America, eastern Asia and the Himalayas.
Leaves auriculate, glabrous. i. M. Fraseri.
Leaves cordate, white-pubescent beneath. 2. M. macrophylla.
Leaves acute at base.
Leaves 8'-2o' long, light green and somewhat pubescent beneath. 3. M. tripetala.
Leaves 3' -6' long, glaucous beneath. 4. M. Virginiana.
Leaves rounded or truncate at the base, thin. 5. M. acuminata.
I. Magnolia Fraseri Walt. Fraser's Magnolia.
Long- or Ear-leaved Umbrella-tree. (Fig. 1537. )
Magnolia Fraseri Walt. Fl. Car. 159. 1788.
Magtiolia auriculata Lam. Encycl. 3: 673. 1789.
A tree 25°-5o° high, the trunk 5'-i8' in diameter,
straight, the branches widely spreading. Leaf-buds
glabrous; leaves clustered at the ends of the branches,
auriculate, 6'- 15' long, 3'-8' broad, elongated-obovate or
oblong, contracted below, glabrous, the lower surface
light green, the upper surface darker; petioles slender,
i'-3' long; flowers white, 3^-8' broad; petals spatulate
or obovate, obtuse, much longer than the sepals; cone
of fruit 3^-4' long, rose-colored when mature.
In mountain woods, Virginia and Kentucky to Florida
and Mississippi. Heart-wood soft, brown; sap-wood white.
Weight per cubic foot 31 lbs. May-June.
2. Magnolia macrophylla Michx. Great-
leaved Magnolia. Large-leaved Umbrella-
tree, or Cucumber-tree. (Fig. 1538.)
Magnolia macrophylla Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 327. 1803.
A tree 2o°-6o° high, the trunk 6'-2o^ in diameter,
bark gray. Leaf-buds silky-pubescent; leaves ob-
long or obovate, blunt, cordate, i°-3^° long, 8^-14''
broad, glabrous and green above, glaucous-white and
pubescent beneath; petioles stout, 2^-4' long; flowers
8"-i5^ in diameter, white with a large purple centre;
petals ovate-oblong, obtuse, thrice the length of the
rounded sepals; cone of fruit ovoid-cylindric, 4'-6'
long, bright rose-colored at maturity.
In woods, southeastern Kentucky to Florida, west to
Arkansas and Louisiana. Heart-wood brown, satiny,
hard; sap-wood light yellow; weight per cubic foot 33 lbs.
May-June.
48
MAGNOLIACEAE.
3. Magnolia tripetala L. Umbrella-tree.
Elk- wood. (Fig. 1539.)
Magftolia tripetala L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 756. 1763.
Magnolia Virginiana var. tripetala L. Sp. PI. 536. 1753.
Magnolia umbrella I,am. Encycl. 3: 673. 1789.
A tree 2o°-4o° high, trunk 4^-18' in diameter.
Leaf-buds glabrous; leaves clustered at the summits
of the flowering branches, i°-i^° long, 4'-8' wide,
obovate, acute, cuneate at the base, dark green and
glabrous above, light green and more or less pubes-
cent beneath; petioles stout, i'-3' long; flowers 8'-
10' in diameter, white, slightly odorous; sepals broad,
reflexed, early deciduous; petals oblong- lanceolate or
obovate-lanceolatc, acutish; cone of fruit long,
rose-colored when mature.
In woods, southeastern Pennsj-lvania to Alabama, west
to Arkansas and Mississippi. Heart-wood brown, soft;
sap-wood white ; weight per cubic foot 28 lbs. The name
tripetala is in allusion to the 3 petaloid sepals. May.
1540-)
4. Magnolia Virginiana L. Laurel Magnolia. Sweet Bay
M. Virginiana and var. glauca I,. ,Sp. PI. 535. 1753.
Magnolia glaiica L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 755. 1763.
A tree i5°-7o° high, trunk 5^-3 K° in diameter.
Leaf-buds pubescent; leaves scattered along the
flowering branches, 3'-6' long, i'-2' broad, oval
or oblong, obtuse or blunt-acuminate, acute at the
base, coriaceous, dark green above, glaucous and
more or less pubescent beneath; petioles about i'
long; flowers white, depressed-globose, deliciously
fragrant, 2^-3' in diameter; sepals spreading, ob-
tuse, nearly as large as the obovate rounded petals;
cone of fruit oblong, i^'-2' high, pink.
In swamps and swamp5' woods, eastern Massachu-
setts, Long Island, Lebanon County, Pa., and
southward, mainly east of the Alleghanies to Florida,
west through the Gulf .States to Arkansas and Texas.
Heart-wood soft, reddish -brown; sap-wood nearly
white; weight 31 lbs. Also called White Bay, Swamp
Laurel, Swamp Sassafras and Beaver-tree. Maj'-June.
5. Magnolia acuminata L. Cucumber-tree.
Mountain Magnolia. (Fig. 1541.)
Magnolia Virginiana var. acuminata L. Sp. PI. 536. 1753.
Magnolia acuminata L- Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 756. 1763.
A tree 6o°-90° high, trunk 20^-50' in diameter. Leaf-
buds silky-pubescent; leaves scattered along the branches,
6'~io' long, 3^-4' wide, thin, oval, acute or somewhat
acuminate, rounded or truncate at the base, light green
and more or less pubescent on the lower surface, especially
along the veins; petioles I'-iyi' long; flowers oblong-
campanulate, greenish-yellow, 2' high; petals obovate or
oblong, much longer than the spreading deciduous sepals;
cone of fruit cylindric, 3'-4' long, about \' in diameter,
rose-colored when mature.
In woods, southern New York to Illinois, south to Kentucky,
western North Carolina and Alabama, west to Arkansas.
Heart-wood soft, yellowish-brown ; sap-wood lighter. Weight
per cubic foot 29 lbs. Ascends to 4200 feet in Virginia.
Ma5'-June.
A^OL. II.] MAGNOLIA FAMILY. 49
2. LIRIODENDRON L. Sp. PI. 535. 1753.
A large forest tree. Leaves alternate, truncate or broadly emarginate, 4-6-lobed or
rarely entire, recurved on the petiole in the laterally compressed obtuse buds. Stipules
united at the base. Flowers large, slightly fragrant. Sepals 3, petaloid, reflexed. Petals 6,
connivent. Anthers linear, extrorse. Carpels spiked on the elongated receptacle, 2-ovuled,
samaroid, 1-2-seeded; seeds pendulous by a short slender funiculus at maturity. [Greek, a
tree bearing lilies.]
One or possibly two species, natives of eastern North
America and China.
I. Liriodendron Tulipifera L,. Tulip-tree.
White- wood. (Fig. 1542.)
Liriodendron Tulipifera I,- Sp. PI. 535. 1753.
A magnificeut tree 6o°-i90° high with diverging
curved branches, the trunk 4°-i2° in diameter.
Leaves glabrous, very broadly ovate or nearl}' orbi-
cular in outline, truncate or broadly notched at the
apex, truncate, rounded or cordate at the base, 3'-6'
long with 2 apical and 2-4 basal lobes with rounded
sinuses, or occasionally entire; flowers about 2' high,
erect, greenish-yellow, orange-colored within; petals
obovate, obtuse, about equalling the reflexed sepals;
cone of fruit dry, oblong, acute, 3' long.
In woods, Vermont and Rhode Island to Florida, west to
Michigan and Arkansas. May-June. Wood soft, yellow-
ish or brownish; sap-wood nearly white. Weight per
cubic foot 26 lbs. Called also Yellow Poplar.
Family 25. ANONACEAE DC. Syst. i: 463. 181 8.
CUSTARD-APPLE FAMILY.
Tree.s or shrubs, generally aromatic, with alternate entire leaves. Stipules
none. Sepals 3 (rarely 2), valvate or rarely imbricate. Petals about 6, arranged
in 2 series. Stamens co; anthers adnate, extrorse. Carpels co, separate or co-
herent, mainly fleshy in fruit. Seeds large, anatropous; embryo minute; endo-
sperm copious, wrinkled.
About 46 genera and 550 species, mostly in the tropics, a few in the temperate zones.
I. ASIMINA Adans. Fam. PI. 2: 365. 1763.
iSmall trees, or shrubs, with alternate leaves and lateral or axillary nodding flowers.
Buds naked. Sepals 3, ovate, valvate. Petals 6, arranged in 2 series, imbricated in the bud,
those of the outer series the larger when mature. Receptacle subglobose. Stamens and car-
pels 3-15. Style oblong, stigmatic along the inner side; ovules numerous, in 2 rows. Fruit,
large fleshy oblong berries. Seeds large, flat, horizontally placed, enclosed in fleshy arils.
[From the aboriginal name Assimin.']
A genus of about 7 species, natives of eastern and southeastern North America.
I. Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal. North American Papaw. (Fig. 1543.)
Annona triloba L. Sp. PI. 537. 1753.
Asimina triloba Dunal, Mon. Anon. 83. 1817.
A tree io°-45° high, the trunk s'-io' in diameter.
Shoots and young leaves dark-pubescent, becoming
glabrous at maturity; leaves obovate, acute, 6'-i2'
long, cuneate or rounded at the base; petioles 4''-
6'^ long; flowers axillary, on shoots of the preced-
ing year, appearing with the leaves, I'-iyi' in di-
ameter, dark purple; sepals ovate, Y'-^" long,
densely dark-pubescent, as are the short peduncles;
outer petals spreading, nearly orbicular, slightly ex-
ceeding the ovate inner ones; stamens numerous,
short; fruit a fleshy berry, 3'-7' long, i'-2' thick,
sweet and edible when ripe, pendulous, several
together on a thick peduncle.
Along streams, southwestern Ontario and western
New York, Pennsylvania and western New Jersey to
Michigan, south to Florida and Texas. March-April,
the fruit mature in October. Wood light, soft, weak,
greenish-yellow. Weight per cubic foot 24 lbs.
4
i
50
RANUNCULACEAE.
[Vol. II.
Family 26. RANUNCULACEAE Juss. Gen. 231. 1789.
Crowfoot Family.
Annual or perennial herbs, or rarely climbing shrubs, with acrid sap.
Leaves alternate (except in Clematis), simple or compound. Stipules none, but
the base of the petiole often clasping or sheathing. Pubescence, when present,
composed of simple hairs. Sepals 3-15, generally caducous, often petal-like,
imbricate, except in Clematis. Petals about the same number (occasionally
more), or wanting. Flowers regular or irregular. Stamens 00, hypogynous,
their anthers innate. Carpels co or rarely solitary, i -celled, i-many-ovuled.
Ovules anatropous. Fruit achenes, follicles or berries. Seeds with endosperm.
About 35 genera and 1050 species, distributed throughout the world, not abundant in the tropics.
Carpels several-ovuled (1-2-ovuled in nos. i and 8) ; fruit a follicle or berry.
Flowers regular; leaves palmately nerved or palmately compound.
Petals wanting. Carpels ripening into a head of red berries. I. Hydrastis.
Carpels ripening into a head of drj' follicles. 2. Caltha.
Petals present, narrow or small, linear, fiat. 3. Trollius.
Petals present, narrow or small, tubular, at least at the base.
Sepals persistent; stem tall, leafy. 4. Helleborus.
Sepals deciduous; stem scape-like, bearing one leaf. 5. Eranthis.
Flowers regular; leaves ternately or pinnately compound or decompound.
Petals not spurred.
Low herbs with solitary or panicled flowers.
Carpels and follicles stalked, 6. Cop/is.
Carpels and follicles sessile. 7. Isopyrum.
Low shrub with racemose flowers. 8. Xanthorrhiza.
Tall erect herbs with racemose flowers.
Fruit berries. 9. Aciaea.
Fruit follicles. 10. Civticifuga.
Petals prolonged backward into hollow spurs. 11. Aquilegia.
Flowers irregular. Posterior sepal spurred. 12. Delphinium.
Posterior sepal hooded, helmet-like. 13. Aconilum.
•X- -X- Carpels i-ovuled ; fruit an achene.
Flowers subtended by involucres remote from the calyx or close under it.
Styles short, glabrous or pubescent, or none.
Involucre remote from the calyx; styles short, subulate.
Involucre of 3 simple sessile leaves close under the flower.
Involucre of 3 compound sessile leaves; leaflets stalked; stigma sessile.
Styles elongated, densely plumose.
Flowers not subtended by involucres.
Leaves opposite. Sepals petal-like. Petals wanting. 18. Clematis.
Petals present, small, spatulate. 19. Atragene.
Leaves alternate or basal.
Small annual herbs; leaves basal, linear; sepals spurred. 20. Myosurus.
Low or tall herbs, mostly with both basal and stem leaves; sepals spurless.
Petals none; leaves palmately lobed. 21. Trautvetteria.
Petals present, bearing a nectariferous pit at the base of the blade.
Achenes compressed, smooth, papillose or spiny ; flowers yellow. 22. Ranunculus.
14. Anemo}ie.
15. Hepatica.
16. Syndesmon.
17. Pulsatilla.
Achenes transversely wrinkled; flowers white.
Achenes swollen, smooth; sepals 3; petals mostly 8.
Achenes compressed or terete; longitudinally nerved.
Achenes terete; leaves pinnately compound.
Achenes compressed; leaves crenate or lobed.
Petals none; leaves ternately decompound.
Petals present, with no nectar-bearing pit; leaves dissected.
I. HYDRASTIS Ellis; L. Syst. Ed.
10, 1088. 1759.
Erect perennial pubescent herbs, with pal-
mately lobed reniform leaves, and small solitary
greenish-white flowers. Sepals 3, petaloid, fall-
ing away at anthesis. Petals none. Stamens
numerous. Carpels co , each bearing two ovules
near the middle, and in fruit forming a head of
i-2-seeded crimson berries, somewhat resem-
bling a raspberry. [Greek, water-acting, from
its supposed drastic properties. ]
Two known species, one of eastern North Amer-
ica, the other Japanese.
I. Hydrastis Canadensis L. Orange-
root. Golden Seal. (Fig. 1544.)
Hydrastis Canadensis L. Syst. Ed. 10, 1088. 1759.
Perennial from a thick yellow rootstock,
erect, about 1° high. Basal leaf long-petioled.
23-
24.
25-
26.
27.
28.
Balrachium.
Ficaria.
Cyrtorhyncha.
Oxygraphis.
Thalictrum.
Adonis.
Vol. II.]
CROWFOOT FAMILY.
51
reniform, 5''-8'' broad, palmately 5-9-lobed, the lobes broad, acute, sharply and unequally
serrate; cauline leaves 2, borne at the summit of the stem, the upper one subtending the
greenish-white flower, which is broad when expanded; filaments widened, about
■i" long; anthers oblong, obtuse; head of fruit ovoid, blunt, about long, the fleshy car-
pels tipped with a short curved beak.
In woods, southern New York to Minnesota and western Ontario, south to Georgia and Mis-
souri. Ascends to 2500 ft. in Virginia. April. Called also Yellow Puccoon, Yellow-root, Turtneric-
root. Yellow Indian Paint.
2. CALTHA L. Sp. PI. 558. 1753.
Succulent herbs, with simple entire or crenate mostly basal cordate or auriculate leaves.
Flowers yellow, white or pink. Sepals large, deciduous, petal-like. Petals none. Stamens
numerous, obovoid. Carpels numerous or few, sessile, bearing ovules in 2 rows along the
ventral suture, in fruit forming follicles. [Latin name of the Marigold.]
A genus of beautiful marsh plants, comprising about 10 species, distributed through the tem-
perate and arctic regions of both hemispheres. In addition to those here described, three others
are found on the western side of the continent.
Stems erect or ascending; flowers yellow.
Leaves cordate, generally with a narrow sinus; flowers I'-iK' wide. I. C. palusiris.
Leaves flabelliform with a broad sinus; flowers 6"-9" wide. 2. C. flabellifolia.
Stems floating or creeping; flowers white or pink. 3. C. nalans.
I. Caltha palustris I,. Marsh-mari-
gold. Meadow-gowan. (Fig. 1545.)
Caltha palustris L- Sp. PI. 558. 1753.
Stout, glabrous, stem hollow, erect or ascend-
ing, i°-2° high, branching and bearing several
flowers. Basal leaves on long and broad peti-
oles, cordate or reniform, 2^-7' wide, with a nar-
row sinus, entire, crenate or dentate, the upper
shorter-petioled or sessile, with nearly truncate
bases; flowers bright yellow, i'-i]4,' broad; se-
pals oval, obtuse; follicles 3-12 or even more,
compressed, s"-^" loiig) slightly curved out-
ward, many-seeded.
In swamps and meadows, Newfoundland to South
Carolina, west through British America to the Rocky
Mountains and to Iowa. Ascends to 2500 ft. in Vir-
ginia. Locally called Cowslip and used as a spring
vegetable. April-June. Old English names. Water
Dragon, Water- or Horse-blob, May-blob.
2. Caltha flabellifolia Pursh. Mountain
Marsh-marigold. (Fig. 1546.)
Caltha flabellifolia Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 390. 1814.
Caltha palustris w&r. flabellifolia T. & G. Fl. N. A.
1:27. 1838.
Weak, slender, reclining or ascending, i°-i^°
long, glabrous. Basal leaves 2^-4' broad, long-
petioled, flabelliform or reniform, with a wide
open sinus; the upper sessile or short-petioled,
similar or with truncate bases, all crenate or den-
tate; flowers yellow, 6''-9'^ wide, solitary or 2-3
together; sepals oval; achenes 4-10, about 4^'
long, compressed.
In cold shaded mountain springs, Pocono plateau
of Pennsylvania and northern New Jersey to Mary-
land. Strikingly different from the former in habit
and appearance. June-July.
RANUNCULACEAE. [Vol. II.
3. Caltha natans Pall. Floating Marsh-
marigold. (Fig. 1547.)
Caltha natans Pall. Reise Russ. 3: 284. 1776.
Stems slender, floating or creeping in wet
places, rooting at the nodes, 6'-i8' long, branch-
ing. Lower and basal leaves sleuder-petioled,
cordate-reniform, \'-2' wide, crenate or entire,
thin, cordate with a narrow sinus; upper leaves
short-petioled, sinaller; flowers white or pink,
5'/_g'/ broad; sepals oval, obtusish; follicles
several or numerous, rather densely capitate,
about 2" long, the beak short and straight.
In pools and streams, Tower, Mich., Athabasca,
arctic America and northern Asia. Summer.
3. TROLLIUS L. Sp. PI. 556. 1753-
Erect or ascending perennial herbs, with palmately divided or lobed leaves, thickened
fibrous roots, and large usually solitary 3 ello\vish or purplish flowers. Sepals 5-co , petaloid,
deciduous. Petals 5-^0 , small, unguiculate, linear, with a nectariferous pit at the base of
the blade. Carpels 5-=c , sessile, mauy-ovuled, forming a head of follicles in fruit. Stamens
numerous. [Old German, trol, something round.]
About 10 species, mainlj' inhabiting marshj' places, natives of the north temperate zone. Only
the following one is North American, unless the Rocky Mountain plant proves to be distinct.
I. Trollius laxus Salisb. American Globe-
flower. (Fig. 1548.)
Trollius Americaitus Muhl. Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc.
3: 172, name only. 1791.
Trollius laxus Salisb. Trans. L,inn. Soc. 8: 303. 1803.
Stems slender, weak, ascending, i°-2° long.
Leaves all but the upper petioled (the lower peti-
oles sometimes a foot long), palmately 5-7-parted,
2'-^' wide, the segments obovate, cuueate, lobed,
cleft or toothed; flowers generally solitary, lyi'
broad; sepals 5-7, ovate or obovate, obtuse, spread-
ing; petals 15-25, minute, much shorter than the
numerous stamens; filaments filiform; anthers lin-
ear, 1" long; head of fruit nearly an inch broad, the
follicles 4" long, each tipped with a straight sub-
ulate beak of one-fourth its length.
In swamps, New Hampshire to Delaware, west
to Michigan. Also in the northern Rocky Moun-
tains, where a white-flowered form (var. albiflorits K.
Gray, Am. Journ. Sci. (II.) 31: 241) is found at high
altitudes, and in Washington and British Columbia.
May-July.
4. HELLEBORUS L. Sp. PI. 557. 1753.
Erect perennial herbs, with large palmately divided leaves, the basal long-petioled, the
upper sessile and sometimes reduced to bracts. Flowers large, white, greenish or yellowish.
Sepals 5, broad, petaloid, mainly persistent. Petals small, unguiculate, tubular. Stamens
00 . Carpels generally few, sessile, in fruit forming several-seeded capsules, which are dehis-
cent at the apex at maturity. [The classical name for H. orientalis ; derivation unknown.]
A genus of coarse herbs, comprising about 10 species, natives of Europe and western Asia.
Vol. 11.] CROWFOOT FAMILY
I. Helleborus viridis L,. Green
Hellebore. (Fig. 1549.)
Helleborus viridis L. Sp. PI. 558. 1753.
Stout, erect, i°-2° high, glabrous. Basal
leaves 8'-i2' broad, on petioles 6'-io' long,
palniately divided into 7-1 1 oblong acute
sharply serrate segments 3^-4' long; stem
hardly exceeding the basal leaves, and bear-
ing several sessile similar leaves near the top
subtending the large drooping yellowish-
green flowers; sepals broadly oblong, obtuse,
spreading, about i' long; petals tubular, 2-
lipped, 2" long; stamens widened; anthers
oblong, obtuse; pods 8" long, tipped with a
slender beak one-third their length or longer.
In waste places, locally adventive from Eu-
rope in New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania
and West Virginia. May.
5. ERANTHIS Salisb. Trans. Linn. Soc. 8: 303. 1803.
Low herbs, with perennial tuberiferous rootstocks. Basal leaves palmately dissected-
Cauline leaf one, borne near the summit of the stem, sessile or amplexicaul, immediately
subtending the large yellow flower. Sepals 5-8, narrow, petaloid, deciduous. Petals, small
two-lipped nectaries. Stamens numerous. Carpels commonly few, stipitate, many-ovuled,
in fruit forming a head of follicles. [Greek, flower of spring.]
A genus of about 5 species, natives of Europe and the mountains of Asia.
I. Eranthis hyemalis (L.) Salisb. Win-
ter Aconite or Hellebore. (Fig. 1550.)
Helleborus hyemalis L. Sp. PI. 557. 1753.
Eranlhis hyemalis Salisb. Trans. Linn. Soc. 8: 304.
1803.
Erect, simple, 5^-8' high from a tuberous-thick-
ened rootstock; roots fibrous. Basal leaves long-
petioled, lyi' broad, divided and cleft into numer-
ous linear or oblong lobes; cauline leaf similar, in-
volucrate, sessile, clasping; flower solitary, wide,
sessile; sepals 5-9, membranous, obovate, obtuse,
occasionally lobed; petals several, clawed, 2-lipped;
stamens numerous; filaments filiform; anthers ob-
long, obtuse; carpels several, stipitate; follicles
compressed, 5" long, tipped with a sharp beak.
Naturalized from Europe at Bartram's Garden, Phil-
adelphia, and at Media, Pa. February.
6. COPTIS Salisb. Trans. Linn. Soc. 8: 305. 1803.
Low herbs, with slender perennial rootstocks, basal compound or divided leaves, and
scapose white flowers. Sepals 5-7, petaloid, deciduous; petals 5-6, small, linear, cucullate.
Stamens numerous. Carpels stipitate, few, in fruit forming an umbel of follicles. [Name
from the Greek, leferring to the cut or divided leaves.]
A genus of about 9 species, inhabiting the cooler portions of the north temperate zone. In
addition to the following, three others are found on the Pacific Coast of North America.
54
RANUNCULACEAE.
[Vol,. 11.
I. Coptis trifolia (L.) Salisb. Gold-thread. (Fig. 1551.)
Helleborus trifolius L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 784. 1762.
Coptis trifolia Salisb. Trans. Linn. Soc. 8: 305.
1803.
Isopyrum tri/ohiim Britton, Bull. Torr. Club, 18:
265. 1891.
Tufted, glabrous, 3^-6' high from a slender
or filiform yellow bitter rootstock. Leaves all
basal, long-petioled, the blade reniform, i'-2'
broad, 3-divided; ])etioles very slender; segments
broadly obovate, cuneate, obtuse, prominently
veined, crenate or slightly lobed, dark green
and shining above, paler beneath, the teeth mu-
cronate; scape i-flowered, slender; sepals oblong,
obtuse; petals small, club-shaped; follicles 3-7,
about y long, borne on stipes of about their
own length, spreading, tipped with a beak 1"-
■Lyi" long.
In damp mossy woods, and bogs, Newfoundland
to Maryland, west to Minnesota, British Columbia
and Alaska. Leaves evergreen. Ascends to 3500
ft. in the Adirondacks. Called also Canker-root.
May-Aug.
7. ISOPYRUM L. Sp. PI. 557- 1753-
Slender glabrous herbs, with ternately decompound leaves, and solitary or panicled
white flowers. Sepals 5-9, petaloid, deciduous. Petals 5, nectariform or none. Stamens
numerous. Carpels 2-20, sessile (stalked in a western species), several-ovuled, forming a
head of follicles in fruit. [Old Greek name for some Fumaria.']
A genus of about 15 species, natives of the north temperate zone. Besides the following, there
are 3 other North American species, natives of the Pacific Coast.
I. Isopyrum biternatum (Raf.) T. &G.
False Rue Anemone. (Fig. 1552.)
Enemion biternatum Raf. Journ. Phys. 91: 70.
1820.
Isopyrum biternatum T. & G. Fl. N. A. i: 660.
1840.
Slender, erect, paniculately branching above;
roots fibrous and sometimes tuberiferous. Basal
leaves long-petioled, biternate, thin, the ulti-
mate segments broadly obovate, obtuse, lobed or
divided; upper ones similar but sessile or short-
petioled; flowers several, terminal and axillary,
white, ^"-<^" broad; sepals 5, oblong or some-
what obovate, obtuse; petals none; stamens
many; filaments slender, thickened above; car-
pels few; follicles widely spreading, ovate, 2"
long, several-seeded, tipped with a beak nearly
one-half their length.
In moist woods and thickets, Ontario to Minne-
sota, south to Florida and Texas. May.
8. XANTHORRHIZA L'Her. Stirp. Nov. 79. 1784.
Low shrubby plants, with pinnate or bipinuate leaves, and small compoundly racemose
flowers. Sepals 5, petaloid, deciduous. Petals 5, smaller than the sepals, unguiculate, con-
cave, 2-lobed. Stamens 5 or 10. Carpels 5-10, sessile, 2-ovuled, forming i-seeded follicles
at maturity by the suppression of one of the ovules. [Greek, yellow root.]
A monotypic genus of eastern North America.
Vol. II.]
CROWFOOT FAMILY
I. Xanthorrhiza apiifolia L'Her.
Shrub Yellow-root. (Fig. 1553.)
Xanthorrhiza apiifolia L'Her. Stirp. Nov. 79.
1784.
Xanthorrhiza simplicissinia Marsh. Arb. Amer.
168. 1785.
Glabrate, i°-2° high, the bark and long
roots yellow and bitter. Leaves pinnate or
sometimes bipinnate, clustered at the sum-
mit of the short stem, the blade 5'-6' long,
slender petioled; leaflets 5, thin, 1^-3' long,
incisely toothed, cleft or divided, sessile,
ovate or oblong, acute, cuneate, shining;
branches of the raceme or panicle slender,
drooping, i'-^' long; flowers about 2" broad,
pedicelled, solitary or 2-3 together, brown-
ish-purple; sepals ovate, acute; follicles 4-8,
inflated, light yellow, i-seeded, diverging,
curved at the apex, minutely beaked.
In woods, southwestern New York to Florida.
Also called Yellow-wood. The lowest leaves are
sometimes 3-foliolate. April-May.
9. ACTAEA L. Sp. PI. 504. 1753.
Erect perennial herbs, with large ternately compound leaves, and small white flowers
in terminal racemes. Sepals 3-5, petaloid. Petals 4-10, small, spatulate or narrow, clawed.
Stamens numerous. Ovary i, many-ovuled, forming in fruit a large somewhat poisonous
berry; stigma broad, sessile. [An ancient name of the elder.]
About 4 known species, natives of the north temperate zone. Besides the following another
occurs in the western United States.
Pedicels slender; berries red.
Pedicels stout; berries white.
1. A. rubra.
2. A. alba.
I. Actaea rubra (Ait.) Willd. Red
Baneberry, (Fig. 1554.)
Actaea spicata var. rubra Ait. Hort, Kew. 2:
221. 1789.
Actaea rubra Willd. Enum. 561. 1809.
Erect, bushy, i°-2° high, pubescent or
glabrate. Leaves petioled, or the upper
sessile, ternate, the divisions pinnate with
the lower ultimate leaflets sometimes
again compound; leaflets ovate or the ter-
minal one obovate, toothed or somewhat
cleft, the teeth mainly rounded or mucro-
nate, or acutish; raceme ovoid; petals spat-
ulate, shorter than the stamens; pedicels
mainly slender, long; berries red,
oval, ^"-(3" long, many-seeded.
In woods, Nova Scotia to New Jersey and
Pennsylvania, west to the Rocky Mountains.
Most abundant northward. April-June. A.
spicata L., of Europe, has purplish-black ber-
ries and has not been observed in America.
This and the following species are called
also Cohosh, Herb-Christopher, and Rattle-
snake Herb.
Actaea rubra arguta (Nutt. ) Greene, Pitt. 2: 108. 1890.
Actaea arguta Nutt.; T. & G. Fl. N. A. i: 35. 1838.
Plant larger, the leaflets more incised. Nebraska to British Columbia and California.
Actaea rdbra dissecta Britton.
Leaflets all deeply incised, the lower compound or decompound. Lincoln Co., Ontario.
56
RANUNCULACEAE.
[Vot. IL
2. Actaea alba (L.) Mill. White
Baneberry. (Fig. 1555.)
Actaea spicala var. alba L. Sp. PI. 504. 1753.
Actaea alba Mill. Gard. Diet. Ed. 8, no. 2. 1768.
Closely resembles the preceding species in
habit and aspect. Leaflets generally more cut
and the teeth and lobes acute or acuminate; ra-
ceme oblong; petals truncate at the apex; fruit-
ing pedicels as thick as the peduncle and often
red; berries short-oval, white, often purplish at
the end.
In woods, Nova Scotia and Anticosti to Georgia,
west to British Columbia and Missouri. Ascends to
5000 ft. in Virginia. April-June. Forms with white
berries and slender pedicels and red berries on
thickened pedicels are occasionally met with, and
supposed by Watson and Coulter (Gray's Man. Ed.
6, 48) to be the result of hybridization. The white-
berried species is said to bloom a week or two later
than the red.
10. CIMICIFUGA I,. Amoen. Acad. 8: 193. 1774.
Tall erect perennial herbs, with large decompound leaves, and white racemose flowers.
Sepals 2-5, petaloid, deciduous. Petals 1-8, small, clawed, 2-lobed or none. Carpels 1-8,
many-ovuled, sessile or stipitate, forming follicles at maturity. Stigma broad or minute.
[Latin, to drive away bugs.]
A genus of about lo species, natives of North America, Asia and eastern Europe. Besides the
following, there are 3 on the western side of the continent.
Carpels i or 2, sessile; seeds in 2 rows, smooth.
Leaflets ovate, oblong or obovate, narrowed, truncate or subcordate at the base. I. C. race^nosa.
Leaflets broadly ovate or suborbicular, deeplj' cordate. 2. C. cordifolia.
Carpels 2-3, stalked; seeds in i row, chaffy. 3. C. Americana.
I. Cimicifuga racemosa (L,. ) Nutt. Black Snakeroot. Black Cohosh.
(Fig. 1556.)
Actaea racemosa L. Sp. PI. 504. 1753.
Cimicifuga racemosa Nutt. Gen. 2: 15. 1818.
Stem slender, 3°-8° high, leafy above.
Leaves ternate, the divisions pinnate and
the ultimate leaflets often again compound;
leaflets ovate or oblong, or the terminal one
obovate, acute or sometimes obtusish at the
apex, narrowed, truncate or the lower sub-
cordate at base, incisely-toothed, cleft or di-
vided, thickish, nearly glabrous; racemes
compound, terminal, 6''-2° long, usually
finely pubescent; pedicels bracted; flowers
(^"-■j" broad, foetid; petals 4-8, 2-cleft; sta-
mens very numerous; pistils i or 2, sessile;
stigma broad; follicles oval, long,
minutely beaked; seeds in 2 rows, smooth,
flattened.
In woods, Maine and Ontario to Wisconsin,
south to Georgia and Missouri. Ascends to 4000
ft. in North Carolina. June-Aug.
Cimicifuga racemosa dissecta A. Gray, Man. Ed. 6, 47. 1890.
Leaves pinnately compound, the leaflets all incised. Southern Pennsylvania and Delaware.
Vol.. II.]
2. Cimicifuga cordifolia Pursh.
Heart-leaved Snakeroot.
(Fig- I557-)
Cimicifuga cordifolia Pursh, Fl. Am.
Sept. 373. 1814.
Cimicifuga racemosa var. cordifolia A.
Gray, Syn. Fl. i: Part i, 55. 1895.
Tall, similar to the preceding species
and perhaps intergrading with it.
Leaflets very broadly ovate or orbicu-
lar, acute, obtuse or acumiuate at the
apex, deeply cordate at the base, some-
times 6' wide; pistil i, sessile; follicles
apparent!}' very similar to those of C.
racemosa. An imperfectly understood
species, reported to flower later than C.
racemosa where the two grow together.
In woods, southwestern Virginia to
North Carolina and Tennessee. Tennes-
see specimens agree exactly with the
figure of this plant given in Botanical
Magazine, pi. 2o6g. June-July.
CROWFOOT FAMILY
3. Cimicifuga Americana Michx.
American Bugbane. (Fig. 1558.)
Cimicifuga Americana Michx. Fl. Am. i: 316.
1803.
Stem slender, 3°-5° high, leafy. Leaves ter-
nate, the divisions pinnate with many of the
ultimate leaflets again compound; leaflets
ovate or oblong, the terminal one generally
cuneate, acute, thin, glabrate, all incisely
toothed, cleft or divided, i'-3' long; racemes
terminal, slender, compound, densely and
finely pubescent i°-2° long; flowers pedi-
celled, broad; pedicels minutely
bracted; petals few, 2-lobed; stamens numer-
ous; pistils 3-8, stipitate, stigma minute;
follicles inflated, membranous, 5" long, nar-
rowed below, tipped with a short oblique
subulate beak; seeds in i row, flattened,
chaffy.
Blair Co., Pa., south along the mountains to
Georgia. Aug.-Sept.
II. AQUILEGIA L. Sp. PI. 533- 1753-
Erect branching perennial herbs, with ternately decompound leaves, and large showy
flowers. Sepals 5, regular, petaloid, deciduous. Petals concave, produced backward be-
tween the sepals into a hollow spur; stamens numerous, the inner ones reduced to stamin-
odia. Carpels 5, sessile, many-ovuled, forming heads of follicles in fruit. [Latin, eagle,
from the fancied resemblance of the spurs to the eagle's claws.]
A genus of beautiful plants, comprising about 15 species, distributed throughout the north tem-
perate zone and extending into the mountains of Mexico. Besides the following, some 7 others
occur in the western parts of North America.
Spur of petals nearly straight; flowers scarlet, white or yellow. I. A. Canadensis.
vSpur incurved; flowers blue or purple, about 9" long. 2. A. brevistyla.
Spur strongly hooked; flowers white or purple, i'-2' long. 3. A. vulgaris.
58
RANUNCULACEAE.
[Vol. II.
I. Aquilegia Canadensis L. Wild Columbine
(Fig. 1559.)
Aquilegia Canadensis L. Sp. PI. 533. 1753.
Glabrous or somewhat pubescent, i°-2° high,
branching. Lower and basal leaves slender-peti-
oled, biternate, 4'-6' broad, the ultimate leaflets
sessile or on very short stalks, obovate, obtuse,
cuneate, obtusely lobed and toothed, pale beneath;
leaves of the upper part of the stem lobed or di-
vided; flowers nodding, 1 '-2' long, scarlet or rarely
white, the spurs nearly straight, 6" long, thickened
at the end; stamens and styles long-exserted; head
of fruit erect; follicles slightly spreading, about
8'^ long, tipped with a filiform beak of about the
same length.
• Tn rocky woods, Nova Scotia to the Northwest
Territory, south to Florida and Texas. Ascends to
5000 ft. in Virginia. Also at high altitudes in the
Rocky Mountains. April-July.
Aquilegia Canadensis flaviflora (Tenney) Britton, Bull.
Torr. Club, 15: 97. 1888.
Aqtcilegia flaviflora Tenney, Am. Nat. i: 389. 1867.
Flowers yellow; foliage lighter green than in the
type. Massachusetts, New York and New Jersey.
Rare.
2. Aquilegia brevistyla Hook. Small-
flowered Columbine. (Fig. 1560.)
Aquilegia brevislyla Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 24. 1829.
Slender, erect, sparingly pubescent, branching, 6'-
18' high. Basal leaves 2'-^' broad, long-petioled, bi-
ternate, the ultimate leaflets nearly sessile, broadly ob-
ovate, lobed and crenate; leaves of the stem few, nearly
sessile, lobed or divided; flowers small, nodding, about
as broad as long (8''), blue or purple; spurs short, in-
curved, about 2" long; stamens and short styles barely
exserted; head of fruit erect; follicles slightly spread-
ing, W long, pubescent, tipped with a subulate beak
about 1" long.
Northwest Territory to South Dakota. June-July.
3. Aquilegia vulgaris L. European
Columbine. (Fig. 1561.)
Aquilegia milgaris L. Sp. PI. 533. 1753.
Stout, erect, pubescent or nearly glabrous, i°-2°
high, branching above. Basal and lower leaves
4'-6' broad, petioled, 2-3-ternate, the lateral di-
visions broadly obovate, obtuse, lobed and crenate,
glaucous beneath, dark green above; the upper
few, lobed or divided; flower ij^'-2'' broad and
about as long, showy, blue, purple or white; spurs
long, stout, strongly hooked; sepals spread-
ing; stamens and styles hardly exserted.
Escaped from gardens into woods and fields, fre-
quent in the Eastern and Middle States, in Nova Sco-
tia and New Brunswick. Adventive or naturalized
from Europe. May-July.
Vol,. II.]
CROWFOOT FAMILY.
59
I. D. Consolida.
2. D. urceolaium.
3. D. Carolinianum.
4. D. trtco7-ne.
12. DELPHINIUM I,. Sp. PI. 530. 1753.
Annual or perennial erect branching herbs, with racemose or paniculate showy flowers.
Leaves palmately lobed or divided. Sepals 5, the posterior one prolonged into a spur.
Petals 2 or 4, small, the two posterior ones spurred, the lateral, when present, small. Carpels
few, sessile, many-ovuled, forming follicles at maturity. [Latin, from the supposed resem-
blance of the flowers to a dolphin.]
A genus of beautiful plants, with large irregular flowers, comprising some 60 species, natives of
the north temperate zone. Besides the following, some 20 others in western North America and
several in the mountains of Mexico.
Annual; pistil i.
Perennials; pistils 3.
Follicles erect.
Raceme narrow, elongated ; spur straight.
Raceme short; spur curved upward.
Follicles widely spreading; raceme loose.
I. Delphinium Consolida I,. Field
Larkspur. Knight' s-spur.
Lark-heel. (Fig. 1562.)
Delphinium Consolida I,. Sp. PI. 530. 1753.
Erect, glabrous, or somewhat pubescent, 1-2^°
high, divaricately branched. Leaves short-peti-
oled or sessile, all divided into narrowly linear cleft
or toothed segments; racemes terminal, rather
loose, 6'-io' long; flowers on short pedicels, blue
or white, \'-\ yi' long; spur slender, bent near the
middle; petals 2, united; carpel i, forming an
erect glabrous follicle in fruit, tipped with a short
slender beak.
In waste places, naturalized from Europe in south-
ern New Jersey, Pennsylvania and southward, locally
adventiye or fugitive northward. Summer. Delphin-
ium Ajacis of the gardens, which is commonly culti-
vated and occasionally seen outside of fences, may be
distinguished from this species by its pubescent fol-
licles, shorter spurs, longer and denser racemes.
2. Delphinium urceolatum Jacq. Tall Larkspur. (Fig. 1563.)
Delphinium urceolatum Jacq. Coll. i: 153
1786.
Delphinium exaltatum Ait. Hort. Kew. 2:
244. 1789.
Slender, 2°-6° high, glabrous or spar-
ingly hairy below, densely pubescent
above. Leaves large, all but the upper
petioled, deeply 3-5-cleft, the divisions
lanceolate or oblanceolate, cuneate, acu-
minate, cleft and toothed toward the
apex, upper ones reduced to small linear
or lanceolate bracts subtending the flow-
ers; racemes dense, elongated (some-
times over 1° in length); flowers purple
or blue, ^"-lo" long, downy-pubescent,
the lower pedicels about \' long; spur
nearly straight, \" long; follicles 3,
erect, long, pubescent, tipped
with a subulate beak.
In woods, Allegheny and Huntingdon
Cos., Pa., to Minnesota, south to North Car-
olina, Alabama, and Nebraska. July-Aug.
6o
RANUNCULACEAE.
[Vol. 11,
4. Delphinium tricorne Michx.
Dwarf Larkspur.
(Fig. 1565.)
Delphinium tricoDie Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 314.
1803.
Stout, glabrous or pubescent, simple, i°-3°
high. Leaves sleuder-petioled, deeply 5-7-
cleft or divided, the divisions linear or obovate,
obtuse, entire, or again cleft and toothed;
raceme loose, i/-^' long, mostly several-flow-
ered; flowers long, blue or white; spur
generally slightly bent, ascending, \o"-\^"
long; follicles 3, widely spreading, ^"-d" long,
tipped with a short beak ; seed-coat smooth, dark.
Western Pennsylvania to the mountains of Geor-
gia, west to Minnesota and Arkansas. Roots tuber-
ous. April-June.
3. Delphinium Carolinianum
Walt. Carolina Larkspur.
(Fig. 1564.)
Delphinium Carolinianum Walt. Fl. Car.
155. 1788.
Delphinium azureuni Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i:
314. 1803.
Stem slender, more or less pubescent,
i°-2° high. Leaves deeply cleft into
linear toothed or cleft segments; raceme
terminal, 4'-S' long; flowers- pedicelled,
blue varying to white, about \' long, the
spur curved upward, 8" long; follicles 3,
erect or slightly spreading, downy, Y'-'^'^
long, tipped with a subulate beak; seed-
coat rugose.
Prairies and open grounds, Illinois to
Manitoba, south to Florida and Texas; also
in the Rocky Mountain region. May-July.
13. ACONITUM L. Sp. PI. 532. 1753.
Tall or long, erect ascending or trailing perennial herbs, with palmately lobed or divided
leaves, and large irregular showy flowers. Sepals 5, the posterior (upper) one larger, hooded
or helmet-shaped. Petals 2-5, small, the two superior ones hooded, clawed, concealed in
the helmet, the three posterior ones, when present, minute. Stamens numerous. Carpels 3-5,
sessile, many-ovuled, forming follicles at maturity. [Ancient Greek name for these plants.]
A genus of beautiful plants including some 18 species, mostly natives of mountainous regions
in the north temperate zone. Besides the following, 2 others are found in the Rocky Mountains
and on the Pacific Coast. Roots poisonous, as are also the flowers of some species.
Flowers blue.
Helmet arched, tipped with a descending beak. i. A. Noveboracense.
Helmet conic, slightly beaked. 2. A . uncinaium.
Flowers white; stem trailing; helmet elongated-conic. 3. A. reclinalnm.
Vol. II.] CROWFOOT
I. Aconitum Noveboracense A. Gray.
New York Monkshood. (Fig. 1566.)
Aconittim Noveboracense A. Gray; Coville, Bull.
Torr. Club, 13: 190. 1886.
Slender, erect, about 2° high, leafy. Lower
leaves all petioled, 3'-4' broad, nearly orbicular,
deeply 5-7-cleft, the divisions obovate, cuneate,
^ toothed and cut, acute or acuminate, glabrous,
rather thin; upper leaves nearly sessile, 3-5-
cleft, otherwise similar, subtending branches of
the loose pubescent few-flowered panicle; flow-
ers blue, 6" broad, about 1' high, the arched
gibbous helmet tipped with a prominent de-
scending beak about 3^' long; follicles erect,
Tj" long, subulate-beaked.
Orange, Ulster and Chenango Counties, N. Y.
Nearest A. paniculatum L,am. of central Europe.
June-Aug.
'AMIIvY. 61
2. Aconitum uncinatum L. Wild Monks-
hood. (Fig. 1567.)
Aconiiiivi U7icinatitm \^. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 750. 1762.
Slender, weak, 2°-4° long, ascending or climb-
ing, leafy. Leaves thick, broader than long,
wide, deeply 3-5-lobed or cleft; lobes oblong or
ovate-lanceolate, cleft or toothed, acute, glabrous
or nearly so; panicle few-flowered, pubescent;
flowers clustered at the ends of its branches, blue,
\' broad or more; helmet erect, obtusely conic,
acute in front but scarcely beaked; follicles 3, W-
1" long, subulate-beaked.
In woods, southern Pennsylvania and south along
the mountains to Georgia. Also in Wisconsin.
Ascends to 3000 ft. in Virginia. June-Sept.
3. Aconitum reclinatum A. Gra3^
Trailing Wolfsbane. (Fig. 1568.)
Aconitum reclinatum A. Gray, Am. Journ. Sci.42:
34. 1842.
Trailing, 2°-8° long. Leaves 3-7-cleft, all
but the upper petioled, thin, the lower 6'-8'
broad, mainly obovate, acute, toothed and cleft
toward the apex; simple panicle or raceme
loose, pubescent; flowers white, W-10" long;
helmet horizontal or nearly so, elongated-conic,
with a straight, short beak; follicles 3, ^" long,
■with slender divergent beaks.
In woods, Cheat Mountain, Virginia, south along
the Alleghanies to Georgia. Ascends to 5500 ft. in
North Carolina. July-Aug.
62
RANUNCUIvACEAE.
[Vol. II.
14. ANEMONE L. Sp. PI. 538. 1753.
Erect perennial herbs. Basal leaves lobed, divided or dissected, those of the stem
forming an involucre near to or remote from the flower. Sepals 4-20, petaloid. Petals none.
Stamens 00 , shorter than the sepals. Carpels 00 . Achenes compressed, i-seeded. [From
the Greek, a flower shaken by the wind.]
About 75 species, widely distributed through the temperate and subarctic regions of both hemi-
spheres. About 16 species are natives of North America.
1. A. Caroliniana.
2. A . parvijlora.
* Achenes densely woolly.
Stem simple, slender, i-flowered.
Root tuberous; sepals 6-20, narrow.
Rootstock slender; sepals 5-6, oval.
Stem commonly branching above, tall, generally 2-several-flowered.
Leaves of the involucre sessile or short-petioled; sepals red; head of fruit globose or oval.
3. A. multifida.
Leaves of the involucre slender-petioled; sepals white or green; head cylindric, oval, or oblong.
Head of fruit cylindric; divisions of the leaves wedge-shaped, narrow. 4. A. cylindrica.
Head of fruit oblong or oval; divisions of the leaves ovate, broad. 5. A. Virginiana.
^ Achenes pubescent, or nearly glabrous.
Leaves of the involucre sessile.
Stout, i°-2° high, branching and bearing several flowers; carpels nearly orbicular.
6. A. Canadensis.
Slender, 2'-i2' high, i-flowered; carpels narrow. 7. A. Richardsonii.
Leaves of the involucre petioled.
Involucral leaf divisions lobed and incised; plant 4' -9' high. 8. A. qiiinquefolia.
Involucral leaf-divisions dentate; plant 10' -16' high. 9. A. trifolia.
I. Anemone Caroliniana Walt. Carolina
Anemone. (Fig. 1569.)
Anemone Caroliniana Walt. Fl. Car. 157. 1788.
Sparsely hairy, 4'-io' high, arising from a tuber 2,^'-^'^
in diameter. Basal leaves slender-petioled, 3-divided, the
divisions variously lobed and parted, those of the involu-
cre sessile and 3-cleft; flower erect, broad; sepals
6-20, linear-oblong, purple, varying to white; head of
fruit oblong; achenes densely woolly.
Open places, Illinois to Wisconsin and Nebraska, south to
Georgia and Texas. April-May.
2. Anemone parviflora Michx. Northern
Anemone. (Fig. 1570.)
Anemone parviflora Michx. FI. Bor. Am. i: 319. 1803.
Sparingly hairy, 4'-i2' high from slender rootstocks.
Basal leaves long-petioled, 3-parted, the broadly wedge-
shaped divisions obtusely lobed or crenate, those of the
involucre nearly sessile, similarly lobed; flower i'' in
diameter or less; sepals oval, very obtuse, white; head of
fruit short-oval or globose; achenes densely woolly.
Anticosti, Labrador, Newfoundland and Quebec to Wis-
consin, Minnesota, and in arctic America, south in the
Rocky Mountains to Colorado. Also in northern Asia.
May-June.
Vol,. II.]
CROWFOOT FAMILY.
3. Anemone multifida Poir. Cut-leaved
Anemone. Red Wind-flower.
(Fig. 1571.)
Anemone multifida Poir. in I,ani. Encycl. Suppl. i:
364. 1810.
Anemone Hudsoniana Richards. Franklin's Journey,
741. 1823.
Silky-hairy, 6'-i8' liigh, sparingly branched, the
lateral peduncles involucrate. Basal leaves long-
petioled, reniform, 3-5-parted, the divisions cleft
into linear acute lobes, those of the involucres short-
petioled and more or less cuneate, otherwise simi-
lar; sepals 5-9, greenish or red, oblong, forming a
flower broad; head of fruit globose or oblong,
long; achenes compressed, densely woolly,
tipped with the short subulate styles.
Anticosti, Hudson Bay and New Brunswick to north-
em New England, Michigan, Minnesota, Nebraska and
Alaska, and in the Rocky Mountains south through Col-
orado. Also at the Strait of Magellan. Summer.
4. Anemone cylindrica A. Gray. Long-fruited
Anemone. (Fig. 1572.)
Anemone cylindrica A. Gray, Ann. Lye. N. Y. 3: 221. 1836.
Silky-hairy throughout, 1-2° high, branched at the in-
volucre. Basal leaves tufted, long-petioled, broader than
long, 3-5-parted, the divisions cuneate-obovate or cuneate-
oblanceolate, narrow; those of the involucre similar, their
petioles about 1' long; sepals 5-6, greenish-white, oblong,
generally obtuse; flowers about 9'' broad, on elongated
generally naked peduncles; head of fruit cylindric, i' in
length or more; achenes compressed, woolly, tipped with
the minute styles.
Open places, eastern New Brunswick, Ontario, New York
and northern New Jersey to Kansas and Manitoba. Also in
the Rocky Mountains, south to New Mexico, and in British
Columbia, June-Aug.
Anemone Virginiana L,,.
Anemone. (Fig. 1573.)
Tall
Afieino?ie Virginiaiia L,. Sp. PI. 540. 1753.
Hairy, 2°-3° high, stout, branching at the
involucre, the lateral peduncles bearing
secondary involucres. Basal leaves long-
petioled, broader than long, 3-parted, the
divisions broadly cuneate-obloug, variously
cleft and divided into acute serrate lobes;
those of both primary and secondary invo-
lucres similar, on petioles i'-2' long; sepals
generally 5, white or greenish, acute or ob-
tuse; flower 9''-i 8" broad; head of fruit ob-
long, 9'^-i2'' long; achenes compressed,
woolly, tipped by the subulate styles.
In woods, Nova Scotia to South Carolina, west
to Kansas, Manitoba and the Canadian Rocky
Mountains. Ascends to 4200 ft. in North Caro-
lina. Called also Thimble-weed. June-Aug.
RANUNCULACEAE.
[Vol. II.
6. Anemone Canadensis L,. Canada
Anemone. (Fig. 1574.)
Anemone Canadensis L,. Syst. Ed. 12, 3: App. 231. 1768.
Anemone Pennsylvamca L,. Mant. 2: 247. 1771.
Rather stout, i°-2° high, somewhat hairy, espe-
cially on the lower surfaces of the leaves, branch-
ing at the involucre. Basal leaves long-petioled,
broader than long, 3-5-parted, the divisions broad,
oblong, acute, variously cleft and toothed, those of
both primary and secondary involucres similar,
sessile; sepals white, oblong, obtuse; flower I'-iyi'
broad; head of fruit globose; achenes flat, nearly
orbicular, pubescent, tipped with the stout persis-
tent style, which is about their own length.
I,ow grounds, Labrador to the Northwest Territory,
south to Pennsylvania, Kansas, and in the Rocky Moun-
tains to Colorado. A. dicliotoma L., to which this has
been referred, is a Siberian species with glabrous ovate
achenes. May-Aug.
7. Anemone Richardsonii Hook. Richardson's
Anemone. (Fig. 1575.)
Anemone Richardsonii Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 6. 1829.
Low, slender, pubescent, 2'-i2' high from slender root-
stocks. Basal leaves reniform, slender-petioled, 3-5-
parted, the lobes acute, broadly oblong, dentate or crenate;
those of the involucre similar, sessile; flower solitary, 9"
broad, white (?); sepals about 6, oblong; head of fruit de-
pressed-spherical; achenes nearly glabrous, compressed,
ovate-oblong, reflexed, tipped with a hooked persistent
style of about their own length.
Shore of Hudson Bay and in arctic America generally,
widely distributed in .Siberia. Summer.
Also
8. Anemone quinquefolia L. Wind-flower.
Anevione quinquefolia L. Sp. PI. 541. 1753.
Anemone nemorosa Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 319. 1803.
Not L. 1753-
Anemone nemorosa var. quinquefolia A. Gray, Man.
Ed. 5, 38. 1867.
Low, simple, nearly glabrous, 4'-9' high, from
thick horizontal rootstocks. Basal leaves long-peti-
oled, appearing later than the flowering stem, 5-
parted, the divisions oblong, cuneate, dentate; those
of the involucre on slender petioles about 9'' long,
3-5-parted, the divisions i)^' long, acute, variously
cut and lobed; flower solitar}', \' broad; sepals 4-9,
obovate or oval, white, or purplish without; head of
fruit globose, inclined; achenes pubescent, oblong,
tipped with the hooked styles.
In low woods, Nova Scotia to Georgia, west to the
Rocky Mountains. Also in China. Ascends to 3500 ft.
in Virginia. Readily distinguishable from the Euro-
pean A. nemorosa L., b5Mts slender habit, slender peti-
oles, less lobed divisions of the involucral leaves, paler
green foliage, and smaller flowers. April-June.
Vol. II.]
CROWFOOT FAMILY.
65
9. Anemone trifolia L. Mountain Anemone. (Fig. i577-)
Anemone Irifolia L. Sp. PI. 540. 1753.
Anemone lancifolia Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 387.
1814.
Stout, 6'-i6' tall, nearly glabrous through-
out. Basal leaves mostly 3-divided (some-
limes 4-5-divided), long-petioled, dentate,
often somewhat lobed; involucral leaves
stout, petioled, 3-parted,the divisions oblong-
lanceolate, acute or acuminate at the apex,
dentate, often slightly lobed, 1^-3' long;
flower solitary, white, I'-i^' broad when
expanded; peduncles long; sepals ob-
long; head of fruit globose, ^"-d" in dia-
meter; achenes 10-20, oblong, finely pubes-
cent, tipped with the hooked style.
Southern Pennsylvania, southwestern Vir-
ginia and North Carolina, chiefly in the moun-
tains; in Virginia usually in company with the
Lily-of-the-Valley. Also in the south Austrian
Alps and the mountains of northern Italy.
May.
15. HEPATIC A Scop. Fl. Carn. 567. 1760.
Perennial scapose herbs, with long-petioled thick 3-lobed evergreen basal leaves, and
large white or purple flowers, solitary on slender scapes. Involucre of 3 small sessile leaves
close under the flowers, simulating a calyx. Sepals membranous, petal-like. Stamens all
anther-bearing. Achenes short-beaked, pubescent. [Name ancient, from the supposed re-
semblance of the leaves to the liver.]
A genus of about 4 species, natives of the north temperate zone. Only the following are known
from North America.
Lobes of the leaves rounded or obtuse. i. H. Hepatica.
Lobes of the leaves acute. 2. H. acuta.
I. Hepatica Hepatica (L.) Karst. Round-lobed or Kidney I,iver-leaf.
Noble Liverwort. (Fig. 1578.)
Anemotie Hepatica L- Sp. PI. 538. 1753.
Hepatica triloba Chaix in Vill. Hist. PI.
Dauph. i: 336. 1786.
Hepatica Hepatica Karst. Deutsch. Fl.
559. 1880-83.
Scapes high, villous; roots fi-
brous. Leaves long-petioled, reniform,
I'-iYz' broad when mature, spreading
on the ground, 3-lobed, and the lobes
sometimes toothed or again lobed, ob-
tuse; involucre of 3 sessile obtuse ob-
long leaves immediately under the
flower; flowers blue, purple or white,
d"-\o" broad; sepals oval or oblong, ob-
tuse, longer than the stamens; achenes
several, 1" long, oblong, acute, hairy.
In woods, often in large tufts, Nova
Scotia to northern Florida, west to Mani-
toba, Iowa and Missouri. Ascends to 2600
ft. in Virginia. Also in Europe and Asia.
Dec. -May.
66
RAXUNCULACEAE.
[Vol. II,
2. Hepatica acuta (Pursli) Brit-
ton. Sharp-lobed or Heart
Liver-leaf. (Fig. 1579.)
Hepatica triloba var. acuta Pursh, Fl. Am.
Sept. 391. 1814.
Hepatica actitiloba DC. Prodr. i: 22. 1824.
Hepatica acuta Britton, Ann. N. Y. Acad.
Sci. 6: 234.. 1891.
Scapes 4'-9' high, villous. Plant closely
resembling the preceding, differing in
that the leaf-lobes and those of the invo-
lucre are acute or acutish.
In woods, Quebec and throughout Ontario,
south in the Alleghanies to Georgia, but rare
or absent near the Atlantic Coast, west to
Iowa and Minnesota. Puzzling forms occur
which are referable with about equal cer-
tainty to the preceding species. The leaf-
form of the German plant is quite intermedi-
ate between our Hepatica and acuta. A
dioecious tendency of this species has been
observed by Prof. B5'ron D. Halsted at Ames,
Iowa. March-April.
16. SYNDESMON Hoffmg. Flora, 15: Part 2, Intell. Bl. 4, 34. 1832.
[Anemonella Spach, Hist. Veg. 7: 239. 1839.]
A glabrous perennial herb from a cluster of tuberous-thickened roots, with basal 2-3-ter-
nately compound leaves, those of the involucre similar but sessile, and large terminal um-
bellate slender-pedicelled white flowers. Sepals thin, petaloid. Petals none. Stamens all
anther-bearing. Achenes terete, deeply grooved; stigma sessile, truncate. [Greek, bound
together, the plant uniting many of the characters oi Anemone and Thalictruin.'\
A monotypic genus of eastern North America.
I. Syndesmon thalictroides (L.) Hoffmg. Rue- Anemone. (Fig. 1580.)
Anemone thalictroides t,. Sp. PI. 542. 1753-
Thalictrum anenionoidesMichx. Fl. Bor. Am.
I ; 322. 1803.
Syndesmon thalictroides Hoffmg. Flora, 15:
Part 2, Intell. Bl. 4, 34. 1832.
Anemonella thalictroides SpSiCh, Hist. Veg. 7:
240. 1839.
Low, glabrous, 4^-9' high, the flowering
stem arising in early spring from the clus-
ter of tuberous roots, the ternately-com-
pound basal leaves appearing later and re-
sembling those of Thalictrum. Leaves of
the involucre similar, sessile, the leaflets
long-petioled; sepals 5-10, white or pink-
ish, longer than the stamens; flower Yz'-i'
broad ; flowers perfect, umbellate, im-
mediately above the involucre; stigmas de-
pressed-truncate, sessile; achenes sessile,
pointed, long.
In woods throughout the eastern United
States, west to Kansas and Minnesota, spar-
ingly in Ontario. Not reported from the
maritime provinces of Canada. Leaflets are
occasionally borne on the stem below those of
the involucre. March-June.
17. PULSATILLA Adans. Fam. PI. 2: 460. 1763.
Perennial scapose herbs, with thick rootstocks, basal long-petioled digitately divided
leaves, and large purple or white solitary flowers. Involucre remote from the flower, 3-
leaved. Sepals petaloid. Petals noue. Inner stamens anther-bearing, the outer ones often
sterile. Achenes with long persistent plumose styles. [Latin name, unexplained.]
About 18 species, natives of the north temperate and subarctic zones. Besides the following,,
another occurs in northwestern North America.
Vol. II.]
I.
CROWFOOT FAMII.Y
Pulsatilla hirsutissima (Pursli) Brit-
ton. American or Nuttall's Pasqne
Flower. (Fig. 1581.)
Clemalis hirsutissima Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 385.
1814.
Anemone NntlaUiana DC. Syst. i: 193. 1818.
Anemone patens var. Niittalliana A. Gray, Man. Ed.
5, 36. 1867.
Pulsatilla liirsulissima Britton, Ann. N. Y. Acad.
Sci. 6: 217. 1891.
Villous, 6''-i6''high. Leaves much divided into
narrow linear acute lobes, the basal on slender
petioles, those of the involucre sessile and erect
or ascending; sepals ovate-oblong, light bluish-
purple; fruit a head of silky achenes with long
plumose styles, like those of some Clemaiis.
In dry soil, prairies of Illinois to the Northwest
Territory, British Columbia, Nebraska and Texas.
After flowering the i^eduncle elongates, sometimes
to a foot or more. March-April.
1. C. Virginiana.
2. C. ligusticifolia.
18. CLEMATIS L. Sp. PI. 543. 1753.
Climbing vines, or erect or ascending perennial herbs, more or less woody. Leaves op-
posite, slender-petioled, pinnately compound, lobed, or in some species entire. Sepals 4 or
5, valvate in the bud, petaloid. Petals none. Stamens 00 . Pistils co . Achenes i-seeded.
Style long, persistent, plumose, silky or naked. [Greek name for some climbing plant.]
About 100 species of very wide geographic distribution, most abundant in temperate regions.
Besides the following, some 12 others occur in the southern and western parts of North America.
•X- Climbing vines ; leaves pinnate or 3-foliolate.
Flowers panicled, numerous ; filaments glabrous.
Leaves 3-foliolate; eastern.
Leaves pinnately 5-7-foliolate ; western.
Flowers solitary; filaments pubescent.
Sepals thin; fruiting styles silky, not plumose.
Sepals conspicuously dilated; leaves thin, pinnately veined. 3. C. crispa.
Sepals with recurved tips; venation strongly reticulated. 4. C. Sinisii.
Sepals leathery, their tips recurved; fruiting styles plumose. 5. C. Viorna.
4;- Erect or ascending perennial herbs ; leaves simple or pinnate.
Glabrous, glaucous; leaves simple, or pinnate and tendril-bearing. ,6. C. Addisonii.
Villous-pubescent; leaves simple or pinnate, not tendril-bearing.
Leaves simple, entire or rarely lobed.
Fruiting styles long, plumose; eastern species.
Flowers yellowish-green; style-plumes brown; achenes straight. 7.
Flowers purple ; style-plumes white; achenes distinctly oblique. 8.
Fruiting styles short, silky; western species. 9.
Leaves pinnate, or the lowest entire. 10.
C. ochroleuca.
C. ovata.
C. Frenionlii.
C. Scottii.
I. Clematis Virginiana L,. Virginia
Virgin's Bower. (Fig. 1582.)
Clematis Virginiana L. Amoen. Acad. 4: 275. 1759.
A long vine, climbing over bushes in low
woodlands and along fences and water-courses.
Leaves glabrous or nearly so, trifoliolate; leaf-
lets mostly broadly ovate, acute at the apex,
toothed or lobed, sometimes slightly cordate;
flowers white, in leafy panicles, polygamo-dioe-
cious, '&"-\^" broad when expanded; filaments
glabrous; persistent styles plumose, \' long or
more.
Georgia to Kansas, northward to Nova Scotia
and Manitoba. Leaves rarely 5-foliolate. Ascends
to 2600 ft. in Virginia. July-Sept.
Clematis Virginiana Catesbyana (Pursh) Britton.
Clematis Catesbyana Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 736. 1814.
Leaves more or less pubescent, often biternate.
South Carolina and Florida to Missouri and Mis-
sissippi.
RANUNCULACEAE.
[Vor„ II.
3. Clematis crispa L. Marsh
Clematis. (Fig. 1584.)
Clematis crispa L. Sp. PI. 543. 1753-
Clematis cylindrica Sims, Bot. Mag. pi.
1160. 1809.
A climbing vine. Leaves pinnate;
leaflets mostly trifoliolate, the ultimate
divisions entire or occasionally lobed,
glabrous and thin ; flowers solitary,
nodding, bluish-purple, <^"-\W' long;
calyx cylindric below, but the sepals
thin and widely spreading above, their
margins undulate; filaments hairy;
persistent styles silky, not plumose.
In marshes, southeastern Virginia to
Florida and Texas. Maj'-June. The most
beautiful of our native species.
2. Clematis ligusticifolia Nutt. West-
ern Virgin's Bower. (Fig. 1583.)
Clematis ligiisticifolia Nutt.; T. & G. Fl. N. A. i:
9. 1838.
A trailing and climbing vine, nearly glabrous.
Leaves pinnatcly 5-foliolate, the lower pair of
leaflets generally remote from the upper; leaflets
oblong or ovate-lanceolate, acute and sometimes
acuminate at the apex, rounded or cuueate at the
base, toothed, lobed or divided; flowers white, in
leafy panicles, (3"-<^" broad when expanded, the
stamens about equalling the sepals; filaments
glabrous; persistent styles plumose throughout,
nearly white, long.
Western Nebraska, Missouri, and throughout the
Rocky Mountains, west to the Pacific Coast. June-
Aug.
4. Clematis Simsii Sweet. Sims'
Clematis. (Fig. 1585.)
Clcinatis cordata Sims, Bot. Mag. pi. iSi6.
1816. Not Pursh, 1814.
Clematis Simsii Sweet, Hort. Brit, i: i. 1827.
Clematis PitcheriT. & G. Fl. N. A. i: lo. 1838.
A high climbing vine, the branches more
or less pubescent. Leaves pinnate; leaflets
entire, lobed or trifoliolate, thick, reticulated,
generally mucronate; flowers solitary ; calyx
campanulate, less than 1' long, purplish, pu-
bescent; sepals with recurved margined tips;
filaments hairy; persistent styles more or
less pubescent, about 1' long.
Southern Indiana to Missouri and Texas.
May-Aug.
Vol. 11.]
5
CROWFOOT FAMILY.
Clematis Viorna L. lycather-
flower. (Fig. 1586.)
Cleiiialis J'iorna I-,. Sp. PI. 543. I75,?-
A vine, climbing to the height of 10° or
more over bushes iu rich soil. Leaves mostly
pinnate; leaflets glabrous, entire, lobed or tri-
foliolate; uppermost and lowest leaves often
entire; calyx ovoid-campanulate, purple, the
sepals remarkably thick; flowers solitary; per-
sistent styles plumose throughout, i' long
or more, brownish.
Southern Pennsylvania to Ohio and West Vir-
ginia, south to Georgia and Tennessee. Re-
ported from further north and west. Ascends
to 4000 ft. in Virginia. May-July.
6. Clematis Addisonii Britton. Addi-
son Brown's Clematis. (Fig. 1587.)
Clema/is ovala T. & G. Fl. N. A. i: 8. 1838.
Not Pursh, 1814.
C. Addisonii Britton, Mem. Torr.Club, 2; 28. 1890.
Ascending or erect, i°-3° long, simple or
branched, tufted, glaucous and glabrous.
Lower leaves simple, entire or 1-4-lobed, ob-
tuse, deep bluish-green above, glaucous be-
neath, sessile, clasping, 2'-^' long; upper
leaves pinnate, or sometimes simple, tendril-
bearing, leaflets 2-4, ovate, sessile, flowers soli-
tary, terminal and axillary, purplish, nodding;
calyx ovoid, 9"-i5" long, 5'^-7" broad, con-
tracted near the summit; sepals thick, lanceo-
late, acute, their tips recurved; stamens nu-
merous, pubescent above; achenes flat, nearly
orbicular, silky-pubescent; persistent styles
I'-i}^' long, brown-plumose throughout.
North Carolina and Georgia. May-June.
Clematis viomioides Britton, is a hybrid between
this and (T. I'iorna. Roanoke, Va.
Banks near Roanoke, Va.
7. Clematis ochroleiica Ait. Erect
Silky Clematis. (Fig. 1588.)
Clema/is ochroleiica Ait. Hort. Kew. 2: 260. 1789.
Clematis sericea Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 319. 1803.
An erect silky -hairy plant, i°-2° high, some-
what woody at the base. Leaves simple, sessile,
ovate, obtuse, glabrous and reticulated above,
silky beneath, entire or occasionally lobed, mu-
cronate; flower terminal, nodding, \o" long;
calyx cylindraceous, green; sepals thick, very
silky without, their tips recurved; head of fruit
erect; achenes scarcely oblique; persistent styles
yellowish-brown, plumose throughout, 1^-2' long.
Brooklyn, N. Y. (locality now destroyed); abun-
dant in several locahties on .Staten Island; Pennsyl-
vania, and southward to Georgia. May-June. Local.
RANUXCULACEAE.
Clematis ovata Pursh.
tain Clematis. (Fig.
[Voi,. II.
Erect Moun-
1589.)
Clematis ovata Pursli, Fl. Am. Sept. 736. 1814.
Similar to the preceding species, stems stiff,
i°-2° tall, pubescent when young, becoming
nearly glabrous when old. Leaves ovate, entire,
i/4'-2' long, strongly reticulate-veined and
nearly glabrous when mature; flowers solitary at
the ends of the stem or branches, purple, nod-
ding, nearly \' long; achenes distinctly oblique,
persistent styles plumose throughout, the plumes
white or slightly dingy, I'-i^' long.
Kate's Mountain, White Sulphur Springs, W. Va
Apparently first collected on Negro's Head, a moun-
tain of the Blue Ridge in Soutli Carolina or Georgia.
Ma3--June.
g. Clematis Fremontii S. Wat.s. Fre-
mont's Clemati.s. (Fig. 1590.)
Clematis Fremontii S. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 10: 3^9
1875.
Clematis oclirolenca var. Fremontii J. F. James, Journ.
Cine. Soc. Nat. Hist. 6: 120. 1883.
Stout, erect, 6'-i5' high, the stem villous-pubes-
cent, especially at the nodes, woody at the base, sim-
ple or branched. Leaves simple, sessile, coriaceous,
conspicuously reticulated, glabrous except on the
veins beneath, broadly ovate, obtuse or acutish, entire
or sparingly toothed; flowers terminal, nodding;
calyx purple, \' long; sepals thick, tomentose on
the margins, their tips recurved; head of fruit i' in
diameter or more, erect; persistent styles about yi,'
long, silky below, naked above.
Prairies, Kansas and Missouri, Rare and local.
April-May.
10. Clematis Scottii Porter. Scott's Clematis. (Fig. 159T.)
Fl.
Clematis Scottii Porter, in Porter & Coulter
Colo. I. 1874.
Clematis Douglasii var. Scottii Coulter, Man. Bot.
Rocky Mts. 3. 1885.
Somewhat villous when young, nearly gla-
brous when old, stems erect, simple, or nearly so,
or branched from the base, io'-2° tall. Leaves
petioled, the upper pinnate or bipinnate, 3'-6'
long, their segments lanceolate, oblong or ovatcj
entire or few-toothed, stalked, acuminate or
acute at the apex, narrowed at the base, 6"-i8"
long; lower leaves sometimes entire, or pinnately
cleft, smaller than the upper; flowers solitary,
terminal or also axillary, long-peduncled, nod-
ding, nearly 1' long, purple; sepals ovate-lance-
olate, thick; persistent styles plumose through-
out, 1' long or more, the plumes brown.
In drj- soil, South Dakota to Nebraska, Col-
orado, and Idaho. Maj'-July.
A^OL. II.]
CROWFOOT FAMILY.
71
19. ATRAGENE L. Sp. PI. 543. 1753.
Perennial climbing vines, with opposite petioled compound leaves, and large showy pe-
duncled flowers, solitary in the axils, or at the ends of the branches. Sepals very large,
petaloid, mostly membranous and prominently veined. Petals small, spatulate. Stamens
very numerous, the outer ones usually with broadened filaments. Styles long, persistent,
plumose. [Ancient Greek name for some vine.]
About 3 species, natives of the north temperate zone. In addition to the following, another
■occurs in the Rocky Mountains and one in northwestern North America.
I. Atragene Americana Sims.
Purple Virgin's Bower.
(Fig. 1592.)
Atragene Americana Sims, Bot. Mag-, pi. SSy.
1806.
■Clematis verlicillaris DC. Syst. i; i66. 1818.
A trailing or partly climbing vine of rocky
•woodlands. Leaves trifoliolate; leaflets thin,
ovate, acute, toothed or entire, more or less
cordate; petioles slender; flowers solitary,
purplish blue, 2^-4' broad when expanded;
sepals 4, thin and translucent, strongly
-veined, silky along the margins and the
veins; petals spatulate, 6"-^" long; persis-
tent styles plumose throughout.
Hudson Bay to Manitoba, south to Virginia
and Minnesota. Ascends to 3000 ft. in the Cats-
kills. May-June.
20. MYOSURUS I,. Sp. PI. 284. 1753.
Diminutive annual herbs, with fibrous roots, basal linear entire leaves and i-flowered
scapes. Sepals 5 (rarely 6-7), long-spurred at the base. Petals the same number or none,
when present greenish-yellow, narrow, the claw bearing a nectariferous pit at the summit,
the limb spreading. Stamens 5-25, about equalling the sepals. Pistils numerous, borne on
a central axis, which becomes greatly elongated in fruit. Ovule I, suspended. Achenes
apiculate or aristate. [Greek, mouse-tail.]
A genus of insignificant plants of local but wide geographic di,stribution, consisting of the .spe-
cies here figured and 4 others found in west America and Australia.
Myosurus minimus 1^.
(Fig. 1593.)
Mouse-tail.
Myosurus minimus L- Sp. PI. 284. 1753.
Myosurus Shorlii Raf. Am, Journ. Sci. i: 379. 1819.
Myosurus minimusvzx. Shorlii Huth, Engler's Bot. Jahrb.
16: 284. 1893.
Low, glabrous, i'-6' high, the scape at length sur-
passing the leaves and the elongated receptacle attain-
ing the length of i' or more. Leaves all basal, 2^-4''
long, narrowly linear, blunt; petals present, small;
achenes glabrous, apiculate,
In moist places, southern Ontario to Illinois, Kentucky
and Florida. Reported from the Pacific Coast. Also in
central Europe. At Norfolk, Va., the plant seems to have
been introduced. April-July.
72
RANUNCULACEAE.
[Vol. II,
21. TRAUTVETTERIA F. & M. Ind. Sem. Petr. i: 22. 1834.
V
Tall erect perennial herbs, with large palmately-lobed leaves, those of the stem dis-
tant. Sepals 3-5, concave, caducous. Petals none. Carpels cc , i-ovuled. Achenes capi-
tate, sharply angular, inflated, tipped with the minute styles. Embryo large. Flowers
small, white, corymbosely paniculate. [In honor of Prof. Trautvetter, a Russian botanist.]
A monotypic genus of North America and eastern Asia.
I. Trautvetteria Carolinensis (Walt. )
Vail. False Bugbaiie. (Fig. 1594.)
Hydrastis Carolinensis Walt. Fl. Car. 156. 1788.
Cimicifuga palmaia Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 316.
1803.
Trautvetteria palmata F. & M. Ind. Sem. Petr. i:
22. 1834.
Trail tvetteria Carolinensis Vail, Mem. Torn Club,
2: 42. 1890.
Stout, 2°-3° high, branching, nearly glabrous,
except the lower surfaces of the leaves. Basal
leaves long-petioled, 6'-8' broad, 4^-5' long,
deeply lobed, the lobes acute and sharply den-
tate; panicle ample, the flowers 3"-6" broad,
borne in cyniose clusters at the ends of its
branches; filaments slender, slightly widened;
anthers oblong.
Southwestern Pennsylvania to the mountains of
Virginia and Kentucky, south to Florida, west to
Indiana and Missouri. Ascends to 6000 ft. in North
Carolina. June-July.
22. RANUNCULUS L. Sp. PI. 548. 1753.
Annual or perennial herbs, with alternate simple entire lobed or divided or dissected
leaves, and yellow white or red flowers. Sepals mostly 5, deciduous. Petals equal in num-
ber or more, conspicuous or minute, provided with a nectariferous pit and a scale at the base
of the blade. Carpels co , i-ovuled. Achenes capitate or spicate, generally flattened,
smooth, papillose or echinate, tipped with a minute or an elongated style. [Latin for a
small frog, in allusion to the marsh habitat of many species.]
Some 200 species, widely distributed in the temperate and cool regions of both hemispheres
and on mountain tops in the tropics. In addition to those here described, about 40 others inliabit
the western and northwestern parts of the continent. The names Croxc/oot or Buttercup are popu-
larly applied to most of the species with large flowers and divided leaves.
* Aquatic, zvith dissected submerged leaves, the upper ones lobed, floating or entersed; flowers
large. i. R. dclphinifolius.
^ ^ Terrestrial or vittd plants, with entire, lobed or divided leaves. [Nos. 2, 3, 6, 7 and 9 some-
times in ditches or swamps.]
"j" Creeping or decumbent perennials, with palmately lobed or divided leaves; flowers small.
Plants leafy-stemmed.
More or less pubescert; leaves orbicular, palmately divided.
Achenes marginless; northern. 2. R. Purshii.
Achenes callous-margined; southwestern. 3. R. Missonriensis.
Glabrous; leaves 3-lobed or 3-cleft, cuneate at the base; arctic. 4. R. hyperboreus.
Plant scapose from filiform rootstocks. 5. R. Lapponicus.
"j" Plants of swamps or muddy shores; leaves entire or denticulate.
Annuals; achenes beakless.
Petals i"-2'' long: stamens few. 6. R. pusillus.
Petals 2"-3" long; stamens numerous. 7. R. oblongifolius.
Perennials, rooting from the nodes; achenes beaked.
Stems trailing; achenes minutely beaked. 8. R. reptans.
Stems ascending or erect; achenes subulate-beaked. 9. R. obtnsiusculus.
'\'\'\ Terrestrial species with some or all the leaves lobed or divided.
Calyx conspicuousl}' black-pubescent; arctic; flowers white or light yellow. 10. R. nivalis.
Calj'x glabrous or pubescent: flowers yellow.
I. Achenes smooth, neither papillose, muricate nor spiny.
Plant low, arctic-alpine; leaves small, palmately lobed. 11. R. pygniaeus.
Plants neither arctic nor alpine.
Basal leaves, some or all of them, merely crenate.
Head of fruit oblong, 2-3 times as long as thick. 12. R. pedatifldus.
Head of fruit globose or subglobose.
Petals large, longer than the sepals.
Basal leaves oval or ovate, not cordate. 13. R. ovalis.
Basal leaves reniform or orbicular, cordate. 14. R. Harveyi.
Vol. II.]
CROWFOOT FAMILY.
73
Petals small, shorter than or equalling the sepals.
Styles very short.
Basal leaves cordate ; plant glabrous or nearly so.
Basal leaves not cordate; plant villous.
Styles subulate, hooked, nearly one-half as long as
Leaves all lobed or divided.
Plant glabrous; stem hollow; flowers very small.
Plants more or less pubescent.
Beak of the achene strongly hooked; flowers 4"-5" wide.
Beak of the achene short.
Erect plants, naturalized in fields; flowers i' broad.
Calyx spreading; roots fibrous.
Calyx reflexed; stem bulbous-thickened at base.
Erect or ascending plants of moist soil; flowers 3"-
Petals not longer than the reflexed sepals.
Petals longer than the sepals.
Ascending and creeping by stolons; flowers i' broad.
Beak of the achene long, stout or slender; flowers 6"-ii
Roots slender; beak stout; leaflets cuneate at base.
Roots thickened; beak of achene slender, subulate.
Leaf-segments broad, oblong or obovate.
Leaf-segments narrow, linear-oblong.
2. Achenes with a few scattered papillae near the margins.
3. Achenes rough-papillose all over.
4. Achenes muricate or spiny.
Leaf-lobes broad, obtuse.
Leaf-lobes narrow, subacute.
15. aborli-i'us.
16. R. micranlhus.
the achene.
17. R. Alleghaniensis.
18. R. sceleraliis.
19. R. recurvaius.
20. R. acris.
21. R. bulbosus.
6" broad.
22. R. Pennsylvanicus
23. R. Macoicnii.
24. R. repens.
V broad.
25. R. septenirionalis.
26. R. Iiispidus.
27. R. fascicu la ris.
28. R. parviiliis.
29. R. parviflorus.
30. R. muricattis.
31. R. arvensis.
I. Ranunculus delphinifolius Torr.
Yellow Water-Crowfoot. (Fig. 1595.)
Ranunadiis multifidus Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 736.
1814. Not Forsk. 1775.
R. delpliinifolhis Torr. ; Eaton, Man. Ed. 2, 395. 1818.
RamDicuhis lacustris Beck & Tracy, N. Y. Med. and
Phys. Joum. 2: 112. 1823.
Aquatic or partly emersed, branching, some-
times several feet long. Immersed leaves re-
peatedly divided into capillary segments, short-
petioled, 1^-3' long; emersed leaves glabrous or
pubescent, >^'-2' broad, petioled or the upper
nearly sessile, 3-5 divided, the divisions cleft into
linear or cuneate segments; flowers yellow, <^"~
I'i" broad; petals 5-8, much longer than the
sepals; head of fruit globose or oblong,
long; achenes less than \" long, callous-mar-
gined, tipped with a straight persistent beak of
one-half their length or more.
In ponds, Ontario to Michigan, south to North
Carolina and Missouri. The so-called var. terresrist
appears to be an emersed form. June-Aug.
Ranunculus Purshii Ricliards.
Pursh' s Buttercup
Ranunailus Pm-shii'RichB.r&s. Frank. Journ. 741. 1823.
Ranunculus limosus Nutt. ; T. & G. Fl. N. A. i: 20.
1838.
Ranunailus multifidus var. repens S. Wats. Bot.
King's Exp. 8. 1871.
Perennial, creeping, pubescent at least on the
younger parts, sometimes densely so; stems slender,
often rooting from the lower nodes, 2'-W long.
Leaves slender-petioled, orbicular or reniform in
outline, wide, palmately divided ncairly to
the base into obtuse lobes or segments; flowers yel-
low, long-peduncled, 2"--]" broad; sepals spread-
ing, ovate, obtusish, early deciduous; petals about
5; head of fruit subglobose or ovoid-oblong, obtuse,
■ 2"-^" long; achenes little compressed, smooth, Yz'
long, acutish on the back, abruptly tipped with a
slender style of about one-third their length.
In moist soil, northern Michigan and Minnesota to
western Ontario and arctic America, west to British
Columbia, south in the Rocky Mountains to Colorado
and Utah. July-Aug.
74 RANUNCULACEAE. [Vol. II.
3. Ranunculus Missouriensis Greene. Missouri Buttercup. (Fig. 1597.)
Ranunculus Missouriensis Greene, Erythea, 3: 20.
1895.
Perennial ( ?), similar to the preceding species
but larger, sparingly pubescent; stems slender,
decumbent, leafy, 1° long or more, rooting at
the lower nodes. Leaves usually wider than
long, thin, i'-^ wide, palmately divided nearly
to the base into 3 obovate-cuneate incised and
lobed segments, the lobes obtuse; petioles slen-
der; flowers yellow, long-pedunclcd, 3^-4''
broad; petals about 5; head of fruit oblong,
about 4'' long; achenes compressed, somewhat
wrinkled, rather more than %" long, promi-
nently callous-margined on the back, abruptly
tipped by a subulate style of rather more than
one-half their length.
In ditches and on borders of lakes, Missouri to
New Mexico. July-Aug.
4. Ranunculus hyperboreus Rottb. Arctic Buttercup. (Fig. 1598.)
Ranunctihis hyperboreus Rottb. Skrift. Kjoeb. Selsk. lO: 45S. 1770.
Stem slender, glabrous, filiform, creeping, 2'-5' long. Leaves
petioled, 3-lobed or cleft, broadly ovate, 1"-'^" broad, 7."-^^"
long, obtuse, the base cuneate or rounded, the lobes oblong, ob-
tuse, the lateral ones sometimes toothed; petioles sheathing and
biauriculale; flowers few, broad, yellow; petals slightly
shorter than the reflexed sepals; peduncles long; head of
fruit globose, 2." broad; achenes slightly compressed, with a
minute blunt point.
Labrador, arctic America, Iceland, northern Europe and Siberia.
Summer.
5. Ranunculus Lapponicus L. Lapland Buttercup. (Fig. 1599.)
RaminculKS Lapponicus L. Sp. PI. 553.
1753'
Anemone nudicaiiUs A. Gray, Coult. Bot.
Gaz. 11: 17. 1886.
Scapose from running rootstocks, 3''-6'
high. Basal leaves loug-petioled, the
blade I'-iK' broad, reniform, 3-parted,
the divisions broadly obovate, cuneate,
obtuse, creuate or lobed; scape i-flow-
ered, slender, longer than the leaves, oc-
casionally bearing a single deeply lobed
leaf; flower 3^-5" broad, yellow; petals
5-6; sepals generally fewer and reflexed;
head of fruit globose, 6" broad; achenes
flattened, ovate, gradually narrowed into
a slender hooked beak.
Lake Nipigon and Thunder Bay, Lake
Superior, northern Minnesota, western arc-
tic America, and in northern Europe and
Siberia. Summer.
Vol. II.]
CROWFOOT FAMILY.
75
6. Ranunculus pusiUus Poir. Low
Spearwort. (Fig. 1600.)
Ranunciihis ptisillus Poir. in Lam. Encycl. 6:
99. 1804.
Annual, slender, weak, glabrous, branch-
ing, 6'-i2' high. Leaves entire or denticu-
late, the lower obloug or ovate, on long
petioles, the upper narrower, lanceolate or
linear, short-petioled or sessile; flowers yel-
low, 2" -2," broad, the petals few, often barely-
exceeding the sepals; stamens i-io; head of
fruit globose, 2" broad; acheues beakless,
merely tipped by the persistent style-base.
Marshes, southern New York and New Jersey-
near the coast, Bucks and York counties, Pa.,
south to Florida and west through the Gulf
States to Texas and Missouri. April-July.
7. Ranunculus oblongifolius Bll.
Oblong-leaved Spearwort. (Fig. 1601.)
Ranunculus oblongifolius Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga.
2: 58. 1821-24.
Ranunculus pusillus var. oblongifolius T. & G.
Fl. N. A. i: 16. 1838.
Annual, branched above, erect or ascend-
ing, high, glabrous or pubescent.
Leaves entire or denticulate, oblong, or ob-
long-lanceolate, the lower on long petioles,
the blade sometimes 3' long, the upper nar-
rower, lanceolate or linear; flowers yellow,
5'^-6^' broad, the 5 petals much exceeding
the sepals; stamens numerous; head of fruit
2" broad; achenes merely tipped by the style-
base.
In swamps, southern Virginia, southern Illi-
nois and Missouri, south to Florida and Texas.
April-Sept.
•8. Ranunculus reptans L,. Creeping Spearwort.
(Fig. 1602.)
Ranunciilits reptans L. Sp. PI. 549. 1753.
Ra7iunculus fliformis Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 320. 1803.
Ranunculus Flammula var. reptans E. Meyer. PI. Lab. 96. 1830.
Trailing or reclining, glabrous or pubescent, rooting from
the nodes, the flowering stems and peduncles ascending.
Leaves linear, lauceolate or spatulate, i'-2' long, mainly en-
tire, gradually narrowed into the petiole; flowers bright yel-
low, 4''-5" broad, solitary on peduncles I '-3' long, petals 4-
7, much exceeding the calyx; achenes flattish, with a minute
sharp beak; stamens numerous.
On shores, Newfoundland and arctic America, south to New
Jersey, Pennsylvania and Michigan, and in the Rocky Mountains
to Colorado. Also in Europe and Asia. Summer.
76
RANUNCULACEAE.
[Vol.. II.
Ranunculus reptans intermedius (Hook.) T. & G. Fl. N. A. i: i6. 1838.
Ranuncuhis Flanimula tnlertnedhts Hook. FI. Bor. Am. l: 11. 1829.
Larger; leaves longer and wider, long, 2"-3" wide. Newfoundland to the shores of the
Great Lakes, and Oregon. The European R. Flammula has not been found in America.
9. Ranunculus obtusiusculus Raf. Water Plantain Spearwort. (Fig. 1603.)
Ranunculus obtusiusculus Raf. Med.
Rep. (11.) 5: 359. 1808.
Ranunculus alismaefolius K. Gray,
Man. Ed. 5, 41. 1867. Not Geyer, 1848.
Ranunculus ambi^ens S. Wats. Bibliog.
Index, i: 16. 1878.
Stout, i°-3° high, ascending, gla-
brous, rooting from the lower nodes;
stem hollow, sometimes nearly i' thick
at the base. Leaves lanceolate or ob-
long-lanceolate, 3^-6' long, 5"-i2'^
wide, denticulate or entire, all but the
uppermost on broad petioles, which
clasp the stem by a broad base; flowers
3-ellow, panicled, 6"-8'' broad; petals
5-7, much exceeding the sepals; head
of fruit globose or slightly elongated,
^"-6" in diameter; achenes com-
pressed, long, subulate-beaked,
but the beak earl}' deciduous.
Marshes, Maine and Ontario to Geor-
gia, west to Minnesota and Missouri.
June-.\ug.
10. Ranunculus nivalis L. Snow
Buttercup. (Fig. 1604.)
Ranunculus nivalis L. Sp. PI. 553. 1753.
Stem simple, 4'-! 2' high. Basal leaves long-
petioled, 3-7-lobed, or crenate, thick, glabrous,
the blade about i' broad, those of the stem
short-petioled or sessile, deeply lobed; flowers
solitary, 6"~<)" broad, white or light yellow;
calyx nearly half the length of the petals,
densely black or brown hairy all over, as is the
upper part of the peduncle; head of fruit oblong,
6" long; achenes tipped with the subulate style.
Labrador and arctic America generally; also in
northern Europe and Asia. Summer.
II. Ranunculus pygmaeus Wahl.
Buttercup. (Fig. 1605.)
Ranunculus pygmaeus Wahl. Fl. Lapp. 157. 1812.
Small, \'-2' high, glabrous or sparsely pubescent.
Basal leaves slender-petioled, deeply 3-5-lobed or di-
vided, the blade 3"-6" wide; those of the stem similar
and nearly sessile; flowers yellow, 2"-2)" wide, the
petals slightly exceeding the sepals; head of fruit short-
oblong, 2" long; achenes yi" long, lenticular, tipped
with a slender beak.
Labrador, arctic .\nierica, and in the Rocky Mountains.
.\lso in Europe and .A.sia.
Pigmy
Vor.. II.]
CROWFOOT FAMILY.
77
12. Ranunculus pedatifidus J. E. Smith.
Rantinciiltis pedalifidiis J. E. Smith in Rees' Cyclop.
no. 72. 1813-16.
R. affinis R. Br. in Parry's Voy. App. 265. 1823.
Erect, 4'-i2' higb, branching. Basal leaves
petioled, broadly ovate or nearly orbicular, about
1' broad, obtuse, crenate or often lobed, those
of the stem deeply lobed, nearly sessile, the lobes
narrow, obtuse; flowers yellow, 6'^-^" broad, the
petals exceeding the spreading pubescent calyx;
head of fruit oblong, 2,"-()" long; achenes oval,
tipped with a short beak, often hairy.
Labrador and Quebec to Alaska, south in the Rocky
Mountains to Arizona. Also in northern Asia. Summer.
Ranunculus pedatifidus cardiophyllus { Hook. ) Britton,
Bull. Torr. Club, 18: 265. iSqi.
R. cardiopliylltix Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 14. 1829.
Basal leaves broadly ovate or orbicular, crenate or
slightly lobed; flowers larger; calyx tomentose. Lab-
rador to British Columbia, south to Quebec, South
Dakotaand in the Rocky Mountains to Arizona (?).
Perhaps a distinct species.
Northern Buttercup. (Fig
13. Ranunculus ovalis Raf. Prairie
Crowfoot. (Fig. 1607.)
Ranunculus ovalis Raf. Proc. Dec. 36. 1814.
RanuncuUis 7-hoinboideus Goldie, Edinb. Phil.
Journ. 6: 329. 1822.
Pubescent, branching, 6^-18'' high. Lower
and basal leaves oval, oblong, or ovate-oblong,
loDg-petioled, the blade 1^ in length or more,
crenate or slightly lobed, obtuse, the base more
or less cuneate; upper cauline leaves sessile or
short petioled, deeply divided into 3-7 linear
or oblong obtuse lobes; flowers yellow, <^^'-i2"
broad, the petals narrow and much exceeding
the calyx; head of fruit spherical; carpels and
achenes oval or orbicular, minutely beaked.
In fields and on prairies, Labrador and Ontario
to the Northwest Territory, Illinois and Wiscon-
sin. March-May.
14. Ranunculus Harveyi (A. Gray)
Britton. Harvey's Buttercup.
(Fig. 1608.)
Ranunculus aborHvus\2,x. Harveyi A. Gray, Proc.
Am. Acad. 21: 372. 1886.
Ranunculus Harveyi Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5:
159. 1894.
Glabrous, stem erect, slender, branched, 8'-
iS' tall. Leaves thin, the ba.sal and lower ones
long-pctioled, reniform or suborbicular, ob-
tusely crenate or somewhat lobed, 5"-i8" wide,
cordate, or some of them truncate at the base,
the upper sessile or nearly so, deeply 3-cleft or
3-parted into linear or narrowly oblong entire or
few-toothed obtuse segments; flowers bright
yellow, broad; petals 4-8, oblong, 4 or 5
times as long as the reflexed sepals; head of
fruit globose, 2" in diameter; achenes oblique,
compressed, tipped with a minute straight style.
On dry hillsides, Missouri and Arkansas. April-May,
78
RANUNCULACEAE.
[Vol.. II.
15. Ranunculus abortivus L. Kidney-
leaved Crowfoot. (Fig. 1609.)
Ramincnhis ahorlivtis'Li. Sp. PI. 551. 1753.
Glabrous, or but sparingly pubescent, 6^-2°
high, branched. Basal leaves long-petioled,
bright green, thick, crenate or sometimes lobed,
broadly ovate, obtuse, and generally cordate or
reniform, the cauline sessile or nearly so, di-
vided into oblong or linear somewhat cuneate
lobes; head of fruit globose, the receptacle
short, pubescent; flowers yellow, z''-^," broad,
the petals oblong, shorter than the reflexed
calyx; achenes tipped with a minute curved
beak.
In woods and moist grounds, Labrador and
Nova Scotia to Manitoba, south to Florida, Arkan-
sas and Colorado. April-June.
16. Ranunculus micranthus Nutt.
Rock Crowfoot. (Fig. 1610.)
Ramniculus micranthus Nutt.; T. & G. Fl. N. A. i:
18. 1838.
Rantmculus abortivus' \ax. tiiicrantlnts A. Gray,
Man. Ed. 5, 42. 1867.
Similar to the preceding species but usually
smaller, villous with spreading hairs, flowering
when very young, 6'-i8' tall. Leaves thin, dull
green, the basal ones ovate or suborbicular, 3-
lobed or crenate, narrowed, rounded or subcor-
date at the base; segments of the upper leaves
narrow, entire or sharply toothed; flowers yellow,
about 2)" broad; sepals narrowed into a short
claw; petals oblong or oval, 2-3 times as long as
wide; head of fruit rather longer than thick, the
receptacle linear, glabrous or very nearly so.
In rich woods, often on rocks, rang-e apparently nearly that of R. abortivus.
blooms somewhat earlier than that species. Roots tuberous
In New York it
April-May.
17. Ranunculus Alleghaniensis Brit-
ton. Mountain Crowfoot. (Fig. 1611.)
RamiiiCJtliis Alleghaniensis Britton, Bull. Torr.
Club, 22: 224. 1895.
Similar in aspect to H. abortivus and R. mi-
cranthiis, glabrous, stem widely branched, i°-
2° tall. Basal leaves reniform or suborbicular,
wide, long-petioled, crenate or some of
them lobed, the teeth and lobes subacute; stem
leaves sessile or the lower petioled, divided
nearly or quite to the base into linear acute en-
j tire toothed or cleft segments; flowers about
/ broad; petals oblong, not exceeding the calyx,
yellow, glandular; head of fruit globose or glo-
bose-oblong, 2" in diameter; achenes slightly
compressed and margined, tipped with subulate
hooked or recurved styles of about one-half their
length.
Mountains of Virginia and North Carolina to the
Catskills, and eastern Massachusetts. April-May.
VOT„ 11.]
CROWFOOT FAMILY.
79
i8. Ranunculus sceleratus L.
Celery- leaved or Ditch Crow-
foot. (Fig. 1612.)
Ranunculus scelei-ahis Xi. Sp. PI. 551. 1753.
Stout, glabrous, or nearly so, 6^-2° high,
freely branching, stem hollow. Basal leaves
thick 3-5-lobed, on long and broad petioles,
the blade broad, reniform or cordate,
those of the stem petioled or the upper sessile,
deeply lobed or divided, the lobes obtuse,
cuneate-oblong or linear, several-toothed or
entire; flowers yellow, numerous, 2i"~\"
broad, the petals about equalling the calyx;
head of fruit oblong or cylindric,
long; achenes y^" long, very numerous,
merely apiculate.
In swamps and wet ditches, New Brunswick
to Florida, abundant along- the coast, and locally
westward to Minnesota, preferring- saline or alka-
line situations. Also in Europe and Asia. Stem
sometimes thick. April- Aug.
20. Ranunculus acris L. Tall or
Meadow Buttercup.
(Fig. 1 614.)
Ranunculus acris L,. Sp. PI. 554. 1753.
Erect, hairy, branched above, 2°-3°
high; roots fibrous. Basal leaves tufted,
petioled, 3-7-divided, the divisions sessile
and cleft into numerous narrow mainly
acute lobes; upper leaves short-petioled
and merely 3-parted, distant; flowers nu-
merous, bright yellow, about \' broad-
petals twice or thrice the length of the
spreading calyx, obovate; head of fruit
globose, W~-]" broad; achenes com-
pressed, short-beaked.
In fields and meadows, common, espe-
cially in the Northern States and Canada.
Naturalized from Europe. Stem sometimes
nearly glabrous. May-Sept.
19. Ranunculus recurvatus Poir.
Hooked Crowfoot. (Fig. 161 3.)
Ranuncuhis recurvatiis Poir. in I,am. Encycl.
6: 125. 1804.
Erect, 6'-2° high, usuall}' hirsute, branch-
ing. Ivcaves all petioled, broadly reniform,
2''-3' wide, deeply 3-cleft, the divisions broadly
cuneate, acute, toothed and lobed; flowers
light yellow, broad, the petals shorter
than or equalling the reflexed calyx; head of
fruit globose, d" wide; achenes compressed,
margined, tipped with a recurved hooked beak
of one-half their length.
In woods, Nova Scotia to Manitoba, south to
Florida and Missouri. Ascends to 4200 ft. in
North Carolina. April-June.
RANUNCULACEAE.
[Vol. II.
21. Ranunculus bulbosus L. Bulbous
Buttercup. (Fig. 1615.)
Ranunculus bulbosus L. Sp. P]. 554. 1753.
Erect from a bulbous-thickened base, hairy,
6'-i8' high. Leaves petioled, 3-divided, the ter-
minal division stalked, the lateral ones sessile or
nearlj' so, all variously lobed and cleft, flowers
bright yellow, about \' broad; petals much longer
than the reflexed sepals, obovate, rounded; head
of fruit globose, ^"-i>" broad; acheues com-
pressed, very short-beaked.
In fields and along roadsides, quite common in
most sections of our area. Naturalized from Europe.
Maj'-June. In England the name Buttercups is
chief!}' applied to this species and to R. repens and
R. 'acris; called also in middle English Kingcups,
Goldcups, Butter-flowers and Blister-flowers. May-
July-
22. Ranunculus Pennsylvanicus I,, f.
Bristly Buttercup.
(Fig. 1616.)
Ranunculus Pennsylvanicus L,. f. SuppU 272. 1781.
Erect, branching, pilose-hispid, i°-2° high,
leafy. Leaves thin, 3-dividcd; divisions deeply 3-
cleft, the lobes lanceolate, cuneate, acute, in-
cised; flowers yellow, wide; petals equal-
ling the reflexed sepals or shorter; head of fruit
oblong or cylindric (3" thick, sometimes 6"
long); achenes smooth, pointed with a sharp
beak one-third their length; receptacle hairy.
In wet, open places, Nova Scotia to Georgia and
west to the Rocky Mountains and British Columbia.
June-August.
23. Ranunculus Macounii Britton.
Macoun's Buttercup. (Fig. 1617.)
Ranunculus hispidus Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. l: 19.
1829. Not Michx. 1803.
Ranunculus Macounii Britton, Trans. N. Y. Acad.
Sci. 12: 3. 1892.
_ Erect or diffuse, hairy, branching, i°-2° high.
Leaves 3-divided, the blade I'-j,' long, the divi-
sions broadly oblong, acute, cuneate, variously
cleft and lobed; flowers ^"-b" broad, yellow,
the petals exceeding the spreading or slightly
reflexed calj'x; head of fruit oblong, a," thick;
achenes smooth, pointed with a sharp beak about
one-fourth their length.
Western Ontario,. Minnesota and Iowa west to the
Pacific Coast, extending south in the Rocky Moun-
tains to Arizona. Our description probably in-
cludes more than one species. Summer.
TOL. II.]
CROWFOOT FAMIIvY.
-24. Ranunculus repens I,. Creep-
ing Buttercup. (Fig. 1618.)
Ranuncuhis repens L. Sp. PI. 554. 1753.
Generally hairy, sometimes only slightly
so, spreading by runners and forming large
patches. Leaves petioled, 3-divided, the ter-
minal division, or all three stalked, all ovate,
cuneate or truncate, acute, cleft and lobed,
often blotched; flowers nearly broad; petals
obovate, much exceeding the spreading
sepals; head of fruit globose, \" in diameter;
achenes margined, tipped with a stout short
slightly bent beak.
Fields and roadsides, frequent from Nova
Scotia to Virginia and locally in the interior.
Mainly introduced from Europe; possibly indi-
genous in some districts. May-July.
25. Ranunculus septentrionalis Poir.
Swamp or Marsh Buttercup. (Fig. 1619. )
Ranunculus septentrionalis Poir. in Lam. Encycl. 6:
125. 1804.
Roots simply fibrous; plant branching, i°-3°
high, glabrous, or sometimes pubescent, the later
branches procumbent and sometimes rooting at the
nodes. Leaves large, petioled, 3-divided; divisions
mostly cuneate at the base, cleft into broad
lobes; lower petioles occasionally a foot long; flow-
ers \' in diameter or more, bright yellow; petals
obovate, twice the length of the spreading sepals;
head of fruit globose or oval, d/' in diameter;
achenes flat, strongly margined, subulate-beaked
by the stout sword-shaped style which is of
nearly their length and often early deciduous.
Mainly in swamps and low grounds, New Brunswick
to Manitoba, south to Georgia and Kentucky. April-
July.
26. Ranunculus hispidus Michx.
Hispid Buttercup. (Fig. 1620.)
JR. hispidus Mich-x.. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 321. 1803.
Densely villous when young, sometimes
merely appressed-pubescent or glabrate when
old; stems ascending or spreading, 8'-2° long;
plant not stoloniferous; roots a cluster of thick-
ened fibres. Leaves pinnately 3-5-divided, the
divisions ovate, oblong or obovate, narrowed or
cuneate at the base, sharply cleft or lobed,
usually thin; flowers 6''-i8'' broad; petals
about twice as long as the spreading sepals;
head of fruit globose-oval or globose; achenes
broadly oval, lenticular, narrowly margined,
abruptly tipped by a subulate style of about
one-half their length.
' In dry woods and thickets, Ontario to the North-
west Territory, south to Georgia and Arkansas.
The earliest flowering Buttercup of the vicinity of
New York. Ascends to 6000 ft. in North Carolina.
March-May.
6
RANUNCULACEAE. [Vol. II.
Ranunculus fascicularis Muhl.
27.
Early or Tufted Buttercup.
(Fig. 1621.)
HanuHctilus fascicularis Muhl. Cat. 54. 1813.
Pubescent; fibrous roots thickened; plant gen-
erally low, 6'-i2' high, tufted. Leaves petioled,
3-5 -divided; divisions stalked (especially the ter-
minal one), deeply lobed and cleft, the lobes ob-
long or linear; flowers about i' broad; petals
}^ellow, obovate, much longer than the spread-
ing sepals, rounded, truncate or even emargi-
nate; head of fruit globose, about, 4'' in diam-
eter; achenes flat, slightly margined, beaked
with the subulate persistent style which is
nearly or quite their length.
Woods, Ontario and New England to North Caro-
lina, west to Manitoba and Texas. April-May.
28. Ranunculus parvulus L,. Hairy But-
tercup. (Fig. 1622.)
Jtanunculus parvulus I,. Mant. i: 79. 1767.
Ratiuticuhis Philonotis Retz, Obs. 6: 31. 1791.
Erect, hairy, 6^-15' high, branching. Basal and
lower leaves broad-petioled, the blade about 2'
broad and long, 3-divided or cleft, the divisions
broadly ovate, cuneate, stalked, cleft and lobed,
the upper sessile or nearly so, deeply cleft into
linear-oblong obtuse segments; flowers yellow,
\o"-\^" broad; petals much exceeding the reflexed
calyx; head of fruit oblong, ■2"-2i" thick; achenes
flat, strongly margined, short -beaked, provided with
a series of small tubercles or papillae which become
more prominent in drying, or rarely nearly smooth.
In ballast grounds and waste places, St. John, N. B. ;
vicinity of New York and of Philadelphia, Norfolk,
and in the Southern States. Fugitive from Europe.
Summer.
29. Ranunculus parviflorus L,. Small-
flowered Crowfoot. (Fig. 1623.)
Rammculus parviflorus I,. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 780. 1763.
Hairy, slender, diffuse, branching from the
base, d'-io' high. Basal leaves long-petioled, the
blade reniform or cordate-orbicular, \' broad
or less, 3-cleft, the lobes broadly oval, obtuse^
cut and toothed; upper leaves short -petioled or
nearly sessile, 3-5-parted into linear-oblong
lobes; flowers yellow, \"-2" wide, the petals
not longer than the calyx; head of fruit globose,
2'^ broad; achenes flat, margined, densely papil-
lose, 'lYz" long, tipped with a sharp beak of
about one-fourth their length.
In waste places, Maryland and eastern Virginia
to Florida, Arkansas and Texas, and in ballast
grounds about the northern seaports. Naturalized
or fugitive from Europe. Also naturalized in Ber-
muda. Summer.
Vol. II.]
30. Ranunculus muricatus I,.
Spiny-fruited Crowfoot.
(Fig. 1624.)
Ranunculus muricatus I,. Sp. PI. 555. 1753.
Glabrous or sparingly pubescent, branched
from the base, i °-2° high. Lower and basal
leaves on long broad petioles, the blade reni-
form or cordate-orbicular, I'-z' wide, 3-
lobed, cleft, or crenate; the upper 3-divided,
cuneate, short -petioled or sessile; flowers
light yellow, 2>"~h" wide, the petals exceed-
ing the calyx; head of fruit globular, ^"-d"
wide; achenes flat, densely muricate and
spiny on the sides, 2." long, tipped with a
stout slightly curved beak of one-half their
length.
Waste places, eastern Virginia and south-
ward, naturalized or fugitive from Europe.
Also on the Pacific Coast. Native also in Asia
and naturalized in tropical America. Summer.
CROWFOOT FAMILY.
83
31. Ranunculus arvensis I,. Corn
Crowfoot. Hunger-weed.
(Fig. 1625.)
Ranunculus arvensis L. Sp. PI. 555. 1753.
or sparingly pubescent,
' or more high. Lower
Erect, glabrous
branched above, i
leaves petioled, the upper sessile, all deeply
cleft or divided into linear-oblong, obtuse
cuneate, lobed or toothed segments or the low-
est entire; flowers 6"-8" broad, pale yellow,
the petals exceeding the sepals; achenes 4-8,
flattened, margined, spiny-tuberculate on the
sides, 2" long, tipped with a subulate beak
more than one-half their length.
In waste grounds, Tom's River and Passaic,
N. J., and in ballast about the northern seaports.
Fugitive from Europe, where it is abundant in
grain-fields. Called Hunger-weed because sup-
posed to indicate, when prevalent, a poor crop
and consequent want. Summer.
23. BATRACHIUM S. F. Gray, Nat. Arr. Brit. PI. 2: 720. 1821.
Perennial aquatic or ditch herbs, with alternate dissected or palmately lobed leaves, the
segments of the submerged ones often filiform, and solitary rather small white flowers,
borne on peduncles opposite the leaves. Sepals and petals usually 5. Petals oblong or
oval, the base sometimes yellowish, the claw bearing a small pit. Stamens several or nu-
merous. Achenes oblique, compressed, not margined, nearly or quite beakless, tranversely
wrinkled. [Greek, referring to the aquatic habitat.]
About 20 species of very wide geographic distribution,
in northwestern North America.
Besides the following, 3 others occur
Leaves all dissected into filiform segments and lobes.
Leaves I'-a' long, flaccid, collapsing when taken from the water.
Leaves 1' long or less, rigid when taken from the water.
Leaves all reniform or broadly ovate, 3-5-lobed, 5"-io" wide.
1. B. irichophyllum.
2. B. divaricatuin.
3. B. hederaceum.
S4
RANUNCULACEAE.
[Vol. II.
I. Batrachium trichophyllum (Chaix)
Bossch. White Water-Crowfoot.
(Fig. 1626.)
Ranunctilus trichophyllus Chaix in Vill. Hist. PI.
Dauph. i: 335. 1786.
Batrachium trichophyllum Bossch, Prodr.Fl. Bat. 5. 1850.
Hanunculus aquatilis var. trichophyllus A. Gray, Man.
Ed. 5, 40. 1867.
Ranunculus aquatilis var. caespitosus DC. Prodr. i: 26.
1824.
Submerged; steins branching, usually 1° long or
more. Leaves petioled, i'-2' long, flaccid and col-
lapsing when withdrawn from the water, repeatedly
forked into capillary divisions; flowers white,
broad, on stout peduncles \'-2' long, blooming at the
surface of the water; head of fruit globose, 1" broad;
receptacle hairy; achenes apiculate but beakless.
In ponds and streams, Nova Scotia to British Colum-
bia, south to North Carolina and California. Also in
Europe and Asia. A variable species. The so-called
var. caespitosus is a small mud form. June-Sept.
2. Batrachium divaricatum (Sclirank) Wimm.
Stiff White Water-Crowfoot. (Fig. 1627.)
Ranunculus divaricatus Schrank, Baier. Fl. 2: 104. 1789.
Raiiunculus circinatus Sibth. ; J. E. Smith, Fl. Brit. 2: 596. 1800.
Ranunculus aquatilis var. divaricatus A. Gray, Man. Ed. 2, 7.
1856.
Similar to the preceding species, but the leaves are shorter,
less than \' long, spreading nearly at right angles from the
stem, rigid when withdrawn from the water and nearly ses-
sile; there appear to be no constant differences in flower or
fruit.
In ponds and slow streams, Ontario, New England, northern
New Jersey and Pennsylvania, and west to the Pacific Coast, ex-
tending south in the Rocky Mountains to Arizona. Also in Eu-
rope. Summer.
3. Batrachium hederaceum (L. ) S. F.
Gray. Ivy-leaved Crowfoot.
(Fig. 1628.)
Ranunculus hederaceus 1,. Sp. PI. 556. 1753.
Batrachium hederaceum S. F. Gray, Nat. Arr. Brit. PI.
2:721. 1821.
Semi-aquatic, rooting extensively at the joints,
branching, entirely glabrous. Leaves floating, or
spreading on the mud, semi-circular or broadly
ovate in outline, 3-5 lobed, 3"-6'^ long, ^"-10"
broad, the lobes obtuse; flowers white, 2"-y
broad; head of fruit globose, 2" wide; achenes
rugose, minutely beaked.
In ponds and pools, Newfoundland and southeastern
Virginia. Naturalized from Europe. June-Aug.
Voi,. II.]
CROWFOOT FAMILY.
85
24. FICARIA Huds. Fl. Angl. 213. 1762.
Glabrous slightly fleshy perennial herbs, with thickened tuberous roots, branched or
simple spreading or erect stems, petioled entire or toothed cordate leaves, and large solitary
yellow terminal or axillary flowers. Sepals 3 or sometimes 5, deciduous. Petals 7-12
(commonly 8), yellow, or red at the base, bearing a small pit at the base of the blade (?).
Stamens and pistils numerous. Achenes slightly compressed, blunt, not wrinkled nor ribbed.
Cotyledon only one. [Latin, fig, from the fig-like thickened roots.]
About 4 species, natives of the Old World.
I. Ficaria Ficaria (L,.) Karst.
Lesser Celandine.
(Fig. 1629.)
Ranunculus Ficaria L. Sp. PI. 550.
1753-
Ficaria ranunculoide; Moench, Meth.
215. 1794.
Glabrous, flowering stems scapose,
4''-5' high, bearing i or 2 leaves or
naked, erect from large fleshy thick-
ened roots. Leaves ovate, cordate,
obtuse, crenate, somewhat fleshy, on
broad petioles, the blade i'-2^ long;
flowers yellow, 1' broad; sepals 3;
petals 8 or 9; head of fruit globose,
14,' broad; carpels beakless, truncate.
College Point, Long Island; Staten
Island; Philadelphia. Fugitive from
Europe, where it is a common pasture
weed, occurring also in western Asia.
Called also Pilewort and Figwort Butter-
cup. April-May.
25. CYRTORHYNCHA Nutt.; T. & G, Fl. N. A. i: 26. 1838.
A glabrous perennial herb, with fibrous roots, slender erect stems, crenate or lobed
leaves, and small yellow flowers. Sepals 5, spreading, deciduous. Petals 5, narrowly spatu-
late or oblong, bearing a small pit near the base. Stamens and pistils numerous. Head of
fruit globose. Achenes terete, longitudinally ribbed or nerved, tipped with the incurved
style. [Greek, curved-beak.]
The genus as here recognized consists of the following species only.
I. Cyrtorhyncha ranunculina Nutt.
Nuttall's Buttercup. (Fig. 1630.)
Cyrtorhyncha ranunculina Nutt.; T. & G. Fl. N.
A. i: 26. 1838.
Ranunculus Nuiiallii A. Gray, Proc. Acad. Phila.
1863: 56. 1863.
Ranunculus ranunculinus Rydberg, Bot. Surv.
Neb. 3: 23. 1894.
Slender, glabrous, erect, branched above, 6'-
10' high. Roots thick and clustered, numerous;
basal leaves on long slender petioles, bipinnate,
the divisions deeply parted into oblong or linear,
entire or dentate, acutish lobes; stem-leaves few,
subtending the branches, ternately or pinnately
parted into linear lobes; flowers few, somewhat
corymbose, about 6" broad; sepals yellow, petal-
oid, spreading; petals spatulate; achenes 1"-
\yz" long, capitate in a globose head, glabrous,
oblong-cylindric, obtuse, striate, not flattened,
tipped with the slender recurved style.
In gravelly soil, Nebraska, Wyoming and Colo-
rado. June.
86
RANUNCULACEAE.
[Vol. II.
26. OXYGRAPHIS Bunge, Verz. Suppl. Fl. Alt. 46. 1836.
Perennial herbs, with crenate dentate or lobed long-petioled leaves, and small yellow
flowers, solitary or 2-7 together on scapes or scape-like peduncles. Sepals usually 5, spread-
ing, tardily deciduous. Petals 5-12, each bearing a small nectar-pit near the base. Stamens
and pistils numerous. Head of fruit oblong, oval or subglobose. Achenes compressed,
sometimes swollen, longitudinally striate, without a hard coat. [Greek, sharp-style.]
About 10 species, the foUovving- of North America, Asia and southern South America, the others
Asiatic.
I. Oxygraphis Cymbalaria (Pursh) Prantl.
Seaside Crowfoot. (Fig. 1631.)
Ranunculus Cymbalaria Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 392. 1814.
Oxygraphis Cymbalaria Prantl, in Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pfl.
Fam. 3: Abt. 2, 63. 1891.
Cyrtorhyncha Cymbalaria Britton, Mem. Terr. Club, 5: 161.
1894.
Low, glabrous, spreading by runners. Leaves mostly
basal, slender-petioled, the blade cordate-oval or reni-
form, crenate, 2^-9'' long; flowers 1-7, about 2i"~A''
broad, borne on scapes i'-6' long, these sometimes bear-
ing one or more leaves toward the base; head of fruit ob-
long, yS^' long; achenes compressed, somewhat swol-
len, distinctly striate, minutel)' sharp-pointed.
On sandy shores, Labrador to New Jersey, west along- the
St. Lawrence River and the Great Lakes to Minnesota and the
Northwest Territorj-, and in saline soil throughout the western
half of the continent, extending into Mexico. Plant some-
what fleshy. Also in Asia and South America. The so-called
var. alpina is a small northern form. Summer.
27. THALICTRUM L. Sp. PI. 545. 1753.
Erect perennial herbs. Leaves ternately decompound, basal and cauline, the latter al-
ternate. Elowers perfect, polygamous or dioecious, generally small, greenish-white, panicled
or racemed. Sepals 4 or 5. Petals none. Carpels commonly few, one-seeded, ribbed or
nerved, stipitate or nearly sessile. Stamens co , exserted. [Derivation doubtful.]
A genus of about 75 species, most abundant in the north temperate zone, a few in the Andes of
South America, India and South Africa. In addition to the species described below, about 8 others
are North American, natives of the Southern .States, the Rocky Mountains and the Pacific Coast.
Flowers perfect.
Stem simple, scape-like; achenes sessile ; filaments slender. i. T. alpinum.
Stem branched, leafy; achenes long-stipitate ; filaments petal-like. 2. T. clavatum.
Flowers dioecious or polygamous.
Filaments filiform or slender, not wider than the anthers.
Flowers strictly dioecious.
Achenes terete; eastern species.
Leaflets thin, orbicular or broader; roots not yellow. 3.
Leaflets thick, obovate or reniform; roots bright yellow. 4.
Achenes 2-edged; western species. ,S.
Flowers polygamous; leaflets usually glandular, or waxy. 6.
Filaments spatulate, often wider than the anthers; plant not glandular. 7.
T. dioicum.
T. coriacetim.
T. venulostim.
T. purpurascens.
T. polygamtivi.
I. Thalictrum alpinum L.
Meadow-Rue. (Fi^
Arctic or Dwarf
1632.)
Thaliclrum alpinum L. Sp. PI. 545. 1753.
Smooth or slightly glandular, i'-i2' high. Leaves
small, tufted at the summits of scaly rootstocks, biter-
nate; the scapiform stem leafless or i-leaved near the
base; leaflets cuneate-obovate or orbicular, firm, 3-5-
lobed at the apex, margins revolute; panicle very sim-
ple, often racemose; flowers perfect; stamens about
10; filaments filiform, about equalling the sepals; an-
thers oblong-linear, mucronate; stigma linear; achenes
lyi." long, obliquely obovoid.
Anticosti, Newfoundland and arctic America generally.
Also in the Rocky Mountains, and in Europe and Asia.
Summer.
Vol. II.]
CROWFOOT FAMILY,
2. Thalictrum clavatum DC.
Mountain Meadow-Rue.
(Fig. 1633.)
Thalictrum clavatuvi DC. Syst. i: 171. 1818.
Glabrous, branching, 6^-24' high. L,eaves
oval, ovate, or the terminal obovate-cuneate,
"basal and cauline, large, biternate; leaflets
thin, stalked, with 3 main lobes and a few sec-
ondary ones, their margins not revolute; in-
florescence cymose; flowers perfect; filaments
spatulate and petal-like; anthers oblong,
blunt; achenes spreading, equalling their
stipes or longer, obliquely ovoid, narrowed
at each end, flattened; stigma minute.
Mountains of Virginia and West Virginia to
Alabama and Tennessee. May-June.
3. Thalictrum dioicum L. Early
Meadow-Rue. (Fig. 1634.)
Thalictrum dioicum L. Sp. PI. 545. 1753-
Glabrous, erect, i°-2° high, slender, leafy.
Roots not yellow; leaves 3-4-ternate; leaflets
thin, pale beneath, orbicular or broader, often
cordate and the terminal one somewhat cune-
ate, 5-9-lobed; flowers dioecious, greenish,
drooping or spreading; panicle elongated, of
numerous lateral corymbs or umbels; filaments
longer than the sepals; anthers linear, blunt,
longer than the filaments; stigma elongated;
achenes ovoid, sessile or minutely stipitate,
deeply grooved, much longer than the style.
In woods, Labrador and Anticosti to Alabama,
west to Saskatchewan and Missouri. Ascends to
4500 ft. in North Carolina. April-May.
4. Thalictrum coriaceum (Britton) Small.
(Fig. 1635.)
Thalictrum dioicumvax. coriaceum Britton,
Bull. Torr. Club, 18: 363. 1891.
Thalictrum coriaceum Small, Mem. Torr.
Club, 4: 98. 1893.
Tall, 3°-.5° high, the large rootstocks
and roots bright yellow. Stem striate,
paniculately branched above; leaves 3-
4-ternate, short-petioled, the lower peti-
oles expanded at the base into stipule-like
appendages; leaflets obovate or reniform-
orbicular, coriaceous, nearly white be-
neath, usually deeply and sharply incised,
the veins prominent on the lower surface;
flowers dioecious, the staminate nearly
white, the anthers linear, subulate-tipped,
longer than the filiform filaments; pistil-
late flowers purple; achenes oblong-ovoid,
subacute, stalked, sharply ribbed, longer
than the persistent style.
In open places, mountains of southwest-
ern Virginia, North Carolina and Kentucky.
May-June.
Thick-leaved Meadow-Rue.
RANUNCULACEAE.
[Vol. II.
5. Thalictrum venulosum Trelease.
Veiny Meadow-Rue. (Fig. 1636.)
ThaUclrtim venulosum Trelease, Proc. Bost. Soc.
Nat. Hist. 23: 302. 1886.
T. campesire Greene, Erythea, 4: 123. 1896.
Glabrous, pale green and glaucous, stem pur-
plish, erect, or assurgent at the base, 6'-2° tall.
Leaves 3-4-ternate, long-petioled ; leaflets firm,
obovate or suborbicular, rounded at the apex,
cuneate, obtuse or subcordate at the base,
long, 3-5-lobed, the lower surface rather promi-
nently rugose- veined; panicle narrow, its
branches nearly erect; flowers dioecious; sta-
mens 8-20; filaments slender; anthers linear,
slender-pointed; achenes ovoid, nearly sessile,
tapering into a short beak, thick-walled, 2 -edged.
In dry soil, Manitoba and South Dakota to the
Northwest Territory and Washington, south to Col-
orado. May-June.
6. Thalictrum purpurascens L,.
Purplish Meadow-Rue.
(Fig. 1637.)
Thalictrum purpurascens Ij. Sp. PI. 546. 1753.
Thaliclrum pjirpurascensvAT. ceriferum Aus-
tin; A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 39. 1867.
Stout, erect, 4°-7° high, leafy, branching
above, glandular, pubescent or even glabrous;
leaves 3-4-ternate; leaflets thick, oblong or
obovate, dark green above, commonly waxy
beneath, with revolute margins, and 3 main
apical pointed lobes; panicle compound, leafy,
1° long or more; flowers polygamous; fila-
ments narrow, slightly widened above; an-
thers linear or linear-oblong, cuspidate;
stigma linear, persistent; achenes ovoid,
glabrous or pubescent, short-stipitate, with
6-8 longitudinal wings.
In copses and woodlands, Nova Scotia and
Anticosti to Florida, west to the Saskatchewan
and Arizona. Stems often purplish. Ascends
to 6000 ft. in North Carolina. June-Aug.
7. Thalictrum polygamum Muhl. Tall
Meadow-Rue. (Fig. 1638.)
Thalictruvi polygamum Muhl. Cat. 54. 1813.
Thalictrum Cornuti T. & G. El. N. A. i: 38. 1838.
NotL. 1753.
Stout, 3°-ii° high, branching, leafy, smoother
pubescent but not glandular nor waxy. Leaves
3-4-ternate; leaflets moderately thick, light
green above and paler beneath, oblong, obovate
or orbicular, with 3 main apical pointed or obtuse
lobes; panicle compound, leafy, a foot long or
more; flowers polygamous, white; filaments
broadened; anthers oblong, short; achenes ovoid,
stipitate, 6-8-winged, glabrous or pubescent.
Labrador and Quebec to Florida, west to Ohio.
Its favorite habitat is in open sunny swamps,
blooming one to four weeks later than T. purpur-
ascens. The two species are easily distinguishable
in the field; less easily in herbarium specimens, the
characters being similar and variable. Ascends to
2500 ft. in Virginia.
Vol. 11.] CROWFOOT FAMILY. 89
28. ADONIS L. Sp. PI. 547. 1753-
Erect, annual or perennial herbs. Leaves alternate, pinnately dissected into numerous
linear segments. Flowers yellow or red, solitary, terminal. Petals 5-16, conspicuous. Car-
pels CO , i-ovuled. Achenes capitate or spicate, tipped with the persistent styles. [Mytho-
logical name for a favorite of Venus, changed into a flower.]
A g^enus of showy-flowered plants, natives of the north temperate regions of Europe and Asia,
consisting of the following and about five other species.
I. Adonis annua L. Pheasant's
Eye. (Fig. 1639.)
Adonis annua L. Sp. PI. 547. 1753.
Adonis autumnalis L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 771. 1763.
Annual, erect, i°-2° high, branched, gla-
brous. Leaves finely dissected, the lower
petioled, the upper sessile, the segments
acute; sepals smooth, deciduous; flowers 9'^-
18'' broad, nearly globular, orange or red,
the petals obovate, and darker colored at the
base; achenes spicate, rugose or angular.
Commonly cultivated for ornament; spon-
taneous in gardens and occasionally escaped
into waste places, especially southward. Fugi-
tive from Europe. Summer.
Family 27. BERBERIDACEAE T. & G. Fl. N. A. i: /> 1838.
B.\RBERRY Family.
Shrubs or herbs, with alternate or basal, simple or compound leaves, with or
without stipules, and solitary or racemed mostly terminal flowers. Sepals and
petals generally imbricated in several series (2-many). Stamens as many as the
petals and opposite them, hypogynous. Flowers perfect and pistil one in all
our species. Anthers extrorse, opening by valves (except in Podophyllum^ .
Style short; ovules 2-00 , anatropous. Fruit a berry or capsule.
About 20 genera and 105 species, widely distributed in the north temperate zone, the Andes and
temperate South America, a few in tropical regions.
Shrubs; fruit baccate. i. Berberis.
Herbs.
Anthers opening by valves.
Pericarp early bursting, leaving two large naked stalked seeds, resembling berries.
2. Caidophyllum.
Fruit baccate; stamens 6. . 3. Diphylleia.
Fruit capsular, half circumscissile. 4. Jeffersonia.
Anthers longitudinally dehiscent; fruit baccate; stamens 6-18. 5. Podophyllum.
■ I. BERBERIS I,. Sp. PI. 330. 1753.
Shrubs with yellow wood, simple or compound often spiny leaves, and yellow racemose
(rarely solitary ) flowers. Sepals 6-9, petaloid, bracted. Petals 6, imbricated in 2 series,
each with 2 basal glands. Stamens 6, irritable, closing around the stigma when shocked;
anthers dehiscent by valves opening from the apex. Pistil i; stigma peltate. Berry i-few-
seeded. [From the Arabic name.]
A genus of about 75 species, natives of North America, Europe, northern Asia and South Amer-
ica. Besides the following, about 10 others are found in the western parts of North America.
Leaves simple; racemes dropping; berries scarlet.
Twigs ash-colored; racemes many -flowered; petals entire. I. B. vulgaris.
Twigs dark brown; racemes few-flowered; petals notched. 2. B. Canadensis.
Leaves pinnate; racemes erect; berries blue or purple. 3. B. Aquifolium.
go
BERBERIDACEAE.
[Vol,. II.
I. Berberis vulgaris L.
European Barberry. (Fig. 1640.)
Berberis vulgaris I,. Sp. PI. 330. 1753.
A glabrous shrub, 6°-8° high, the
branches arched and drooping at the ends,
the twigs gray. Leaves alternate or fas-
cicled, obovate or spatulate, unifoliolate,
obtuse, thick, long, bristl)' serrate,
many of those on the young shoots re-
duced to 3-pronged spines, the fascicles
of the succeeding year appearing in
their axils; racemes terminating lateral
branches, many-flowered, long (3^-
4' in fruit); flowers yellow, 3''-4'' broad
with a disagreeable smell; petals entire;
berries oblong, scarlet when ripe, acid.
In thickets, naturalized from Europe in
the Eastern and Middle States, adventive in
Canada and the West. Native of Europe
and Asia, running- into numerous forms and
varieties. Pepperidge-bush. May-June.
2. Berberis Canadensis Mill. Ameri-
can Barberry. (Fig. 1 641.)
Berberis Canadensis Mill. Gard. Diet. Ed. 8, no.
2. 1768.
Berberis vulgaris var. Canadensis Ait. Hort.
Kew. 1: 479. 1789.
A shrub, i°-6° high, with slender, reddish-
brown branchlets. Leaves similar to those of
B. vulgaris, but with more divergent and dis-
tant teeth, or sometimes nearly entire. Axil-
lary spines 3-pronged; racemes few-flowered;
petals conspicuously notched or emarginate at
the apex; flowers about 3'' broad, berries scar-
let, oval or subglobose.
In woods, mountains of Virginia to Georgia
along the Alleghanies, and in Missouri. June.
Referred by Regel to B. Sinensis Desf., as a va-
riety. Readily distinguished from all forms of
B. vulgaris by its dark-colored twigs.
3. Berberis Aquifolium Pursh.
Trailing Mahonia. (Fig. 1642.)
Berberis Aquifolium Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 219.
1814.
Berberis repens Lindl. Bot. Reg. pi. 1176. 1828.
Maho7iia repens Don, Gard. Diet, i: 118. 1831.
A low trailing glabrous shrub. Leaves
petioled, pinnate; leaflets 3-7, ovate, oval,
or nearly orbicular, obtuse or acute at the
apex, oblique and obtuse, truncate or
slightly cordate at the base, sessile, thick,
persistent, finely reticulated, dentate wdth
spine-bearing teeth, \'-2' long; racemes
several, erect, dense, terminal, many-flow-
ered; flowers yellow, 3''-4'' broad, short-
pedicelled; bracts ovate, persistent; berry
globose, blue or purple, about 3''' in
diameter.
Western Nebraska and throughout the Rocky
Mountain region, extenditig to Arizona and
British Columbia. April-M^y.
Vol. II.] BARBERRY FAMILY. 91
I. CAULOPHYLLUM Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 205. 1803.
Erect herbs, with thickened rootstocks, and ternately compound leaves. Sepals 6, the
calj'x 3-4-bracted. Petals 6, smaller, cucuUate, opposite the sepals. Stamens 6; anthers
oblong, dehiscent by valves. Pistil i; style short; stigma lateral; ovules 2, ripening into large
globose stipitate seeds, resembling berries, which in growth soon rupture the membranous
caducous pericarp. [Greek, stem-leaf.]
I. Caulophyllum thalictroides (L,.)
Michx. Blue Cohosh. (Fig. 1643.)
Leontice thalictroides L. Sp. PI. 312. 1753.
Caulophyllum thalictroides Michx. Fl. Bor. Am.
i: 205. 1803.
Glabrous, glaucous when young, i°-3° high,
with 2 or 3 large sheathing bracts at the base,
a large triternate nearly sessile leaf near the
summit, and geneially a smaller similar one
near the base of the inflorescence. Divisions of
the leaves long-petioled, ternately or pinnately
compound, the ultimate segments thin, 1^-3''
long, oval, oblong or obovate, 3-5-lobed near the
apex; panicle terminal, 2^-3' long; flowers
greenish purple, broad; seeds globular,
in diameter, blue, glaucous, borne on stout
stalks about 3'' long.
In woods, New Brunswick to South Carolina,
west to Minnesota, Nebraska and Missouri. As-
cends to 5000 ft. in North Carolina. April-May.
Called also Papoose Root.
3. DIPHYLLEIA Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 203. 1803.
Herbs with horizontal rootstocks, large peltate leaves, and cymose white flowers. Sepals
6, petaloid. Petals 6, flat. Stamens 6; anthers dehiscent by valves Pistil i; ovules few,
arranged in 2 rows. Fruit a berry. Seeds oblong, curved. [Greek, double-leaf.]
A genus of 2 species, one native of eastern North America, the other of Japan.
1. Diphylleia cymosa Michx. Um-
brella-leaf. (Fig. 1644.)
Diphylleia cymosa Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 203.
1803.
Erect, stout, i°-2° high, glabrous or nearly
so. Basal leaves solitar}-, long-petioled, i°-2°
in diameter, peltate near the centre, deeply 2-
cleft, many-lobed, the lobes acute or acumi-
nate, sharply dentate; cauline leaves 2, similar,
smaller, petioled, constricted in the middle and
generally peltate near the margin; cyme many-
flowered, 2'-3' broad; flowers white; petals
flat, oblong, obtuse; fruiting pedicels slender,
i' long or more; berries blue, oblong, 6" long.
In woods, Virginia to Georgia along the moun-
tains, mainly at. higher altitudes. May-June.
92 BERBERIDACEAE. [Voi<. II.
4. JEFFERSONIA Bart. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 3: 342. 1793.
Glabrous herbs, with basal palmately-veined or palmately-lobed leaves, and solitary white
flowers borne on slender scapes. Sepals 4, petaloid, caducous. Petals 8, flat, longer than
the sepals. Stamens S; anthers dehiscent by valves. Pistil i, many-ovuled. Capsule leath-
ery, pyriform, half-circumscissile near the summit. Seeds oblong, arillate. [In honor of
Thomas Jefferson.]
A genus of 2 species, one native of eastern North .America, the other of Mantchuria.
I. Jeffersonia diphylla (L,. ) Pers. Twin-leaf.
(Fig. 1645.)
Podophyllum diphyllum L,. Sp. PI. 505. 1753.
Jeffersonia biiiala Bart. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 3: 3 p. 1793.
Jeffersonia Bartonis Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 237. 1803.
Jeffersonia diphylla Pers. Syn. i: 418. 1805.
Erect, 6'-8' high when in flower, attaining i6'-i8' in fruit.
Leaves glaucous beneath, long-petioled, cordate or reniform,
3'-6' long, 2'-4' wide, parted longitudinally into 2 obliquely
ovate obtuse lobed or entire divisions; lobes rounded, the
sinuses sometimes 9" deep; scape naked, i-flowered; flowers
white, about \' broad; petals oblong; stigma peltate, undu-
late; capsule about \' long, short -stipitate.
In weeds, eastern Pennsylvania, western New York and On-
tario to Wisconsin, south to Virginia and Tennessee. Ascends
to 2500 ft. in Virghiia. May. Called also Rheumatism Root.
5. PODOPHYLLUM L. Sp. PI. 505. 1753.
Erect herbs, with horizontal poisonous rootstocks, large peltate palmately lobed leaves,
and solitary white flowers. Sepals 6, petaloid, fugacious. Petals 9-6, flat, obovate, longer
than the sepals. Stamens as many or twice as many as the petals; anthers linear, longitudi-
nally dehiscent. Pistil I (rarely several), manj'-ovuled, forming a large fleshy berry in fruit.
Seeds numerous, obovate, enclosed in fleshy arils. [Greek, foot-leaf.]
A genus of about 4 species, one native of eastern North America and Japan, the others Asiatic.
I. Podophyllum peltatum L. May
Apple. Wild Mandrake.
(Fig. 1646.)
Podophyllum peltatum 1,. Sp. PI. 505. 1753-
Erect, high. Basal leaves centrally
peltate, nearly 1° in diameter, long-petioled,
deeply 5-7-lobed, glabrous, or pubescent and
light green on the lower surface, darker above;
lobes 2-cleft and dentate at the apex; flowering
stems appearing from different rootstocks, bear-
ing 1-3 similar leaves, or occasionally leafless;
flower white, stout-peduncled, nodding, 2' broad,
appearing from the base of the upper leaf and
generally from immediately between the two
leaves; fruit ovoid, yellowish, 2' long, edible.
In low woods, western Quebec and throughout
southern Ontario to Minnesota, south to Florida,
Louisiana and Texas. Ascends to 2500 ft. in Vir-
ginia. Also known as Wild Lemon and Hog Apple.
May.
Vol. II.] MOONSEED FAMILY. 93
Family 28. MENISPERMACEAE DC. Prodr. i: 95. 1824.
MooNSEED Family.
Climbing or twining woody or herbaceous vines, with alternate entire or
lobed leaves, no stipules, and small dioecious panicled racemose or cymose
flowers. Sepals 4-12. Petals 6, imbricated in 2 rows, sometimes fewer, or none.
Stamens about the same number as the petals. Carpels 3-00 (generally 6),
i-ovuled, separate; styles commonly recurved. Fruit drupaceous. Embryo
long, curved.
About 55 genera and 150 species, mainly of tropical distribution, a few extending into the tem-
perate zones.
Petals none. i. Calycocarpiim.
Petals present.
Stamens 6; drupe red. 2. Cebatha.
Stamens 12-many; drupe black. 3. Menispermum.
I. CALYCOCARPUM Nutt; T. & G. Fl. N. A. i: 48. 1838.
A Wgli climbing vine, with large petioled palmately lobed leaves, and greenish flowers
in long narrow drooping panicles. Sepals 6, oblong, obtuse. Petals none. Stamens about
12, nearly equalling the sepals; anthers 2-celled. Pistils 3; stigma laciniate. Drupe oval,
the stone flattened and hollowed out on one side. [Greek, cup-fruit, in allusion to the cup-
like stone.]
A monotypic genus of eastern North America.
I. Calycocarpum Lyoni (Pursh) Nutt. Cup-seed. (Fig. 1647.)
Menispermum Lyoni Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 371.
1814.
Calycocarpum Lyoni Nutt.; A. Gray, Gen. 111.
1:76. 1848.
Climbing to the tops of trees, glabrous or
slightly pubescent. Leaves long-petioled,
thin, very broadly ovate or nearly orbicular
in outline, 5^-8' long, cordate with a broad
round sinus, palmately 5-7-lobed, glabrous
above, more or less pubescent on the veins be-
neath; lobes ovate or oblong, acute or acumi-
nate, repand, dentate or entire; panicles axil-
lary, 5'-io' long, loose; flowers 2" broad,
strictly dioecious; drupe nearly \' long, black,
the stone toothed or erose along the margin
of its lateral cavity; pistillate flowers some-
times containing abortive stamens.
In rich woods, Illinois to Missouri and Kan-
sas, south to Florida and Louisiana. May-June,
the fruit ripe in August.
2. CEBATHA Forsk. Fl. AEgypt. 171. 1775.
[CoccuLUs DC. Syst. Veg. i: 515. 1818.]
Climbing vines with small dioecious panicled flowers. Sepals 6, arranged in 2 series.
Petals 6, shorter than the sepals, concave. Stamens 6; anthers 4-celled or 4-lobed. Pistils
3-6, sometimes accompanied by sterile filaments; styles erect; stigma entire. Drupe glo-
bose or ovoid, the stone flattened, curved. [Name Arabic]
A genus of about 10 species, mainly of tropical regions, two or three in the temperate zones.
94 MENISPERMACEAE. [Vol. II.
I. Cebatha Carolina (I^.) Britton. Caro-
lina Moonseed. (Fig. 1648.)
Menispermum Carolinurn L. Sp. PI. 340. 1753.
Cocculus Carolinus DC. Syst. Veg. i: 524. 1818.
Cebatha Carolina Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 162.
1894.
A slender vine, trailing, or climbing to the height
of several feet, the stem glabrous or pubescent.
Leaves broadly ovate, 2'-\' long, cordate or rounded
at the base, entire or lobed, acute or obtuse, sometimes
densely pubescent beneath, mainly glabrous above;
petioles slender, i'-4' long; panicles axillary and
terrninal, loose, long; flowers about \" broad;
drupe red, laterally flattened, ^"-■x," in diameter,
the stone curved into a closed spiral, crested on the
sides and back.
Along streams, Virginia to Illinois and Kansas, south
to Florida and Texas. June-Aug.
3. MENISPERMUM L. Sp. PI. 340. 1753.
High climbing vines, with small dioecious panicled flowers. Sepals 4-8, arranged in 2
series, longer than the 6-8 petals. Stamens 12-24. Anthers 4-celled. Pistils 2-4, inserted
on a slightly elevated receptacle and generally accompanied by 6 sterile filaments. Drupe
nearly globular, or ovoid, laterally flattened, the stone curved into a spiral and crested on the
sides and back. [Greek, moonseed.]
A genus of 2 species, one native of eastern North America, the other of eastern Asia.
I. Menispermum Canadense L,.
Canada Moonseed. (Fig. 1649.)
Menispermum Canadensel^. Sp. PI. 340. 1753.
Stem climbing over bushes or walls, 6°-i2°
in length, slender, slightly pubescent, or gla-
brous. Leaves slender-petioled, very broadly
ovate, 4''-8' wide, cordate or sometimes
nearly truncate at base, acuminate, acute or
obtuse, entire or with 3-7 lobes, pale beneath,
peltate near the base, although the petiole is
sometimes inserted so near the margin that
this character is not apparent; flowers green-
ish-white, 2" wide; panicles loose, bracteo-
late; drupe globose-oblong, 2:"-^" in diam-
eter, the stone spirally curved.
In woods along streams, western Quebec to
Manitoba, south to Georgia and Arkansas.
Ascends to 2600 ft. in Virginia. Bunches of fruit
bluish black, with the aspect of small grapes.
June-July.
Family 29. CALYCANTHACEAE Lindl. Nat. Syst. Ed. 2, 159. 1836.
Strawberry-shrub Family.
Shrubs, with opposite entire short-petioled leaves, no stipules, and terminal
solitary large flowers on lateral leafy branches. Sepals and petals imbricated
in many series. Stamens co, the inner sterile, short, inserted on the receptacle;
anthers innate. Pi-stils 00 , nearly enclosed in the hollow receptacle; ovules i or
2, anatropous. Fruit accessory, consisting of the enlarged ovoid oblong or
pyriform receptacle, to which the bases of petals, sepals and bracts are adnate,
enclosing few to many smooth shining achenes. Seed erect; cotyledons folia-
ceous, convolute.
A family of 2 genera and about 5 species, natives of North America and eastern .A.sia.
Vol. II.] STRAWBERRY-SHRUB FAMILY. 95
I. BUTNERIA Duham. Trait. Arb. i: 113. pi. 45. 1755.
[Calycanthus L. Syst. Ed. 10, 1066. 1759.]
Stamens inserted in several rows. Flowers purple or red. Otherwise as in the family.
[Name in honor of Butner or Buettner. ]
The genus comprises 3 species, one additional to those here described occurring on the Pacific
Coast. Chimonanlhus L,indl. of Japan and China comprises 2 species with yellow flowers smaller
than those of Butneria. The species are called Sweet-scented Shrub and Carolina Allspice.
Leaves pubescent beneath ; flowers fragrant. i. B. florida.
Leaves green, often glaucous beneath, smooth or rough above; flowers not fragrant. 2. B.fertilis.
I. Butneria florida (L,.) Kearney.
Hairy Strawberry-shrub.
(Fig. 1650.)
Calycanthus floridus L. Syst. Ed. 10, 1066. 1759.
Buettneria florida Kearney, Bull. Torr. Club, 21: 175.
1894.
A branching shrub, 4°-8° high, the branchlets
and petioles pubescent. Leaves ovate or oval,
acute or obtuse, soft-downy or pubescent beneath,
rough above; flowers dark purple, about \' broad,
with a strong odor of strawberries when crushed;
sepals and petals linear or oblong, acutish or blunt,
long.
In rich soil, Virginia (?), North Carolina to Georgia,
Alabama and Mississippi. Freely planted for orna-
ment. April-Aug.
2. Butneria fertilis (Walt.) Kearney.
Smooth Strawberry-shrub. (Fig. 1651.)
Calycanthus fertilis Walt. Fl. Car. 151. 1788.
Calycanthus laevigatus Willd. Enum. 559. 1809.
Calycanthus glaucus'^iW.A. Enum. 559. 1809.
Buettneria fertilis Kearney, Bull. Torr. Club, 21:
175. 1894.
A branching shrub, 4°-8° high, the branchlets
and petioles glabrous or nearly so. Leaves ovate,
ovate-lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acute or
acuminate, rough and dark green above, glau-
cous and sometimes slightly pubescent beneath
or bright green and smooth on both sides; sepals
and petals linear or linear-lanceolate, acute;
flowers greenish-purple, inodorous.
In rich woods, Pennsylvania to North Carolina,
east Tennessee and Georgia along the mountains.
March-Aug. Occasional in cultivation. Fruit re-
puted to be poisonous to sheep.
Family 30. LAURACEAE Undl. Nat. Syst. Ed. 2, 200. 1836.
LaurEi< Family.
Aromatic trees and shrubs, with alternate (very rarely opposite) mostly thick
evergreen or deciduous, punctate exstipulate leaves. Flowers small, perfect,
polygamous, dioecious, or sometimes monoecious, usually fragrant, yellow or
greenish, in panicles, corymbs, racemes or umbels. Calyx 4-6-parted, the seg-
ments imbricated in 2 series in the bud. Corolla none. Stamens inserted in 3
or 4 series of 3 on the calyx, distinct, some of them commonly imperfect or re-
duced to staminodia; anthers 2-celled or 4-celled, opening by valves. Ovary
superior, free from the calyx, i -celled; ovule solitary, anatropous, pendulous;
style filiform or short, rarely almost wanting; stigma discoid or capitate. Fruit
96
LAURACEAE.
[Vol. II.
a I -seeded drupe or berry. Endosperm of the seed none. Cotyledons plano-
convex, accumbent.
About 40 genera and 900 species, widely distributed in tropical regions; a few in the temperate
zones.
Flowers perfect, panicled, not involucrate; leaves evergreen.
Flowers mostly dioecious, racemose or umbellate, involucrate; leaves deciduous.
Anthers 4-celled.
Flowers in umbelled racemes; leaves, or some of them, lobed.
Flowers in capitate umbels; leaves all entire.
Anthers 2-celled; leaves entire.
I. Persea.
2. Sassafras.
3. Malapoenna.
4. Benzoin.
I. PERSEA Gaertn. f. Fr. & Sem. 3: 222. 1805.
Trees or shrubs, with alternate coriaceous persistent entire leaves, and perfect panicled
flowers. Calyx 6-parted, persistent, its segments equal or unequal. Stamens 12, in 4 series
of 3, the inner series reduced to gland-like staminodia, the 3 other series anther-bearing, their
anthers 4-celled, 4-valved, those of the third series extrorse and the others introrse in our
species. Staminodia large, cordate, stalked. Fruit a globose or oblong berry. [Ancient
name of some oriental tree.]
About 50 species, natives of America. Besides the following another occurs in Florida.
Twigs and petioles puberulent or nearly glabrous. i. P. Borbonia.
Twigs and petioles densely tomentose. 2. P. pubescens.
I. Persea Borbonia (I,.) Spreng. Red Bay. Isabella-wood. (Fig. 1652.)
Laurus Borbonia L. Sp. PI. 370. 1753.
Persea Borbonia Spreng. Syst. 2: 268. 1825.
Persea Carolinensis Nees, Syst. 150. 1836.
Notaphoebe Borbonia Pax in Engler & Prantl, Nat.
Pflf. 3: Abt. 2, 116. 1889.
A tree, with dark red bark, reaching a maximum
height of about 65° and a trunk diameter of 3°.
Twigs puberulent or nearly glabrous. Leaves lan-
ceolate, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, bright green
above, paler beneath, glabrous when mature, t.'-"]'
long, wide, obscurely pinnately veined, acute,
acuminate or some of them obtuse at the apex, nar-
rowed at the base; petioles y^'-x' long; peduncles
short, axillary, often little longer than the peti-
oles, bearing few-flowered panicles; calyx puberu-
lent, spreading in fruit, its inner segments longer
than the outer; berries dark blue, about Yz' in
diameter, their pedicels thick, red.
Along streams and borders of swamps, Delaware (?)
Virginia to Florida and Texas, near the coast, north to
Arkansas. Wood hard, strong; color bright red;
weight per cubic foot 40 lbs. April-June. Fruit ripe
Aug.-Sept.
2. Persea pubescens (Pursh) Sarg.
Swamp Ba3^ (Fig. 1653.)
Laurus Carolinensis var. pubescensV\xr^, Fl. Am.
.Sept. 1814.
Persea Carolinensis var. palustris Chapm. Fl. S.
States, 393. i860.
Persea pubesce7is Sax^. Silva, 7: 7. pi. J02. 1895.
A tree, seldom over 35° high, the trunk some-
times 15^ in diameter. Bark brown; twigs
densely brown-tomentose; leaves oval, oblong or
lanceolate, glabrous and shining above when
mature, pubescent beneath or also tomentose on
the veins, acute, acuminate or obtuse at the
apex, usually narrowed at the base, strongly
pinnately veined, 3^-7' long, v/iAe.; peti-
oles 4''-8" long; peduncles tomentose, mostly
longer than the petioles, sometimes 2'-^ long;
calyx tomentose, its inner segments longer than
the outer; berry dark blue, 6"-9" in diameter.
In swamps and along streams, southern Virginia
to Florida and Mississippi, near the coast. Wood
hard, orange-brown; weight per cubic foot 40 lbs.
May-July. Fruit ripe .Sept.
Vol. II.]
LAUREL FAMILY.
97
2. SASSAFRAS Nees & Eberm. Handb. Med. Pharm. Bot. 2: 418. 1831.
A rough-barked tree, with broad entire or 1-3-lobed deciduous leaves, and yellow dioe-
cious flowers in involucrate umbelled racemes at the ends of twigs of the preceding season,
unfolding with or before the leaves, the involucre composed of the persistent bud-scales.
Cal3'x 6-parted, that of the pistillate flowers persistent, its segments equal. Staminate
flowers with 3 series of 3 stamens, the 2 outer series with glandless filaments, those of the
inner series with a pair of stalked glands at the base. Anthers all 4-celled and introrse, 4-
valved. Pistillate flowers with about 6 stamiuodia and an ovoid ovary. Fruit an oblong-
globose blue drupe. [The popular Spanish name.]
A monotypic genus of eastern North America.
1. Sassafras Sassafras (ly.) Karst. Sassafras or Ague Tree. (Fig. 1654.)
Laurus Sassafras L. Sp. PI. 371. 1753.
Sassafras officinale Nees & Eberm. Handb. Med.
Pharm. Bbt. 2: 418. 1831.
Sassafras Sassafrasl^zx^t. Deutsch. Fl. 505. 1880-83.
A tree sometimes 125° high, the trunk 7° in
maximum diameter; the bark very rough in ir-
regular ridges, aromatic, the twigs and leaves
mucilaginous, pubescent when young but be-
coming glabrous. Leaves oval and entire or
mitten-shaped, or 3-lobed to about the middle
and often as wide as long, membranous, pin-
nately veined, petioled; petioles \' long or less;
racemes several or numerous in the umbels, pe-
duncled; flowers about 3'' broad; stamens about
equalling the calyx-segments; fruiting pedicels
red, much thickened below the calyx; drupe
nearly Yz' high.
In dry or sandy soil, Massachusetts to Ontario,
Michigan, Florida and Texas. Root largely used
for the aromatic oil. Wood soft, weak, durable,
brittle; color dull orange; weight 31 lbs. per cubic
foot. Ascends to 350a ft. in Virginia. April-May.
Fruit ripe July-Aug.
3. MALAPOENNA Adans. Fam. PI. 2: 447. 1763.
[Tetranthera Jacq. Hort. Schoen. i: 59. pi. 113. 1797.]
Trees or shrubs, with entire leaves, deciduous in our species, and small greenish or yel-
low flowers in small umbels or almost capitate, involucrate by the bud-scales, axillary, or in
Ihe following species unfolding before the leaves at the nodes of twigs of the previous sea-
son. Calyx 6-parted, deciduous. Staminate flowers much as in Sassafras, bearing 3 series of
3 stamens, their anthers all 4-celled, 4-valved and introrse. Pistillate flowers with 9 or 12 stam-
inodia and a globose or oval ovary. Fruit a small globose or oblong drupe. [Malabar name. ]
About 100 species, natives of tropical and warm regions of both the Old World and the New,
only the following known in North America.
I. Malapoenna geniculata (Walt.) Coulter.
Pond Spice. (Fig. 1655.)
Laurus gefiiculala'WsLM. Fl. Car. 133. 1788.
Tetranthera geniadaia Nees, Syst. 567. 1836.
Litsea geniculata Mez, Jahrb. Bot. Gart. Berlin, 5: 476.
1889.
Malapoenna geniculata Coulter, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 164.
1894.
A much-branched shrub, with terete smooth zigzag
spreading twigs. Leaves oblong, firm, yi'-i' long,
^i'-Yz' wide, acute or rounded at the apex, narrowed
at the base, glabrous and rather dark green above,
paler and puberulent, at least on the veins, beneath,
or quite glabrous when mature; umbels 2-4-flowered,
sessile; involucres of 2-4 scales; flowers yellow, less
than 2" broad; drupe globose, red, about 2)" in
diameter.
In swamps and wet soil, southern Virginia to Florida.
March- April.
98
LAURACEAE.
[Vol. II,
4. BENZOIN Fabric. Enum. PI. Hort. Helmst. 1763.
Shrubs ( some Asiatic species trees), with alternate entire pinnately veined and in our
species deciduous leaves, and dioecious or polygamous yellow flowers, in lateral sessile invo-
lucrate clusters unfolding before the leaves, the involucre of 4 deciduous scales. Calyx-
segments 6, equal, deciduous. Staminate flowers with 3 series of 3 stamens, the filaments
of the inner series lobed and gland-bearing at the base, those of the 2 outer series glandless;
anthers all introrse, 2-celled, 2-valved. Pistillate flowers with 12-15 staminodia and a glo-
bose ovary. Fruit an obovoid or oblong red drupe. [Named from the Benzoin gum, from
its similar fragrance.]
About 7 species, of eastern North America and Asia. Only the following are North American.
Shrub glabrous or nearly so throughout; leaves narrowed at the base. i. B. Benzoin.
Twigs and lower surfaces of the leaves pubescent; leaves rounded or subcordate at the base.
2. B. melissaefolium.
I. Benzoin Benzoin (L.) Coulter. Spice-bush. Benjamin-busli. (Fig. 1656.)
Laurus Benzoin L. -Sp. PI. 370. 1753.
Lindera Benzoin Blume, Mus. Bot. Lugd. i: 324.
1857-
B. Benzoin Coulter, Mem. Terr. Club, 5: 164. 1894.
A glabrous or nearly glabrous shrub, 4°-20°
high, with smooth bark and slender twigs.
Leaves obovate oval or elliptic, 2'-5' long, 1'-
lYz' wide, acute, short-acuminate or some of
them rounded at the apex, narrowed at the base,
pale beneath; petioles 'if'-d" long; flowers about
^Yz" broad, bright yellow, fragrant; pedicels
about equalling the calyx-segments; anthers
oval, minutely emarginate at the summit; ovary
about as long as the style; drupe long,
about 3''' in diameter.
In moist woods, thickets and along streams,
Massachusetts to Ontario and Michigan, south to-
North Carolina, Tennessee and Kansas. March-
May. Fruit ripe Aug. -Sept. Ascends to 2500 ft. in
Virginia. Called also Feverbush and Wild Allspice.
Leaves of young shoots much larger.
2. Benzoin melissaefolium (Walt.) Nees.
Hairy Spice-bush. (Fig. 1657.)
Laurus inelissaefolia Walt. Fl. Car. 134. 1788.
Lindera melissaefolia Blume, Mus. Bot. Lugd. i:
324- 1857-
Benzoin vielissaefohum Nees, Syst. 494. 1836.
A shrub similar to the preceding species but
the young twigs, buds and lower surfaces of the
leaves densely pubescent. Leaves ovate-lanceo-
late or oblong, acute or acuminate at the apex,
rounded or subcordate at the base, 2''-4'' long,
9'^-i8'' wide; petioles i"-2," long; pedicels
equalling or slightly longer than the calyx-seg-
ments; anthers truncate at the summit; drupe
3//_5// high.
In swamps and wet soil, Illinois and Missouri to
North Carolina, south to Alabama and Florida.
Feb. -March.
Family 31. PAPAVERACEAE B. Juss. Hort. Trian. 1759.
Poppy Family.
Herbs, with milky or colored sap, and alternate leaves or the upper rarely op-
posite. Stipules none. Flowers solitary or in clusters, perfect, regular or irregu-
lar. Sepals 2 (rarely 3 or 4), caducous. Petals 4-6 or rarely more, imbricated,
often wrinkled, deciduous. Stamens numerous or few, hypogynous, distinct;
filaments filiform; anthers longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary i, many-ovuled,.
mainly i -celled; style short; stigma simple or divided; ovules anatropous.
Fruit a capsule, generally dehiscent by a pore, or by valves, rarely indehiscent.
Vol. II.]
POPPY FAMILY.
99
About 26 genera and 200 species, widely distributed, most abundant in the north temperate zone.
-X- Flowers regular.
Pod dehiscent at the top, or only to the middle
Leaves not spiny-toothed.
Leaves spiny-toothed.
Pod dehiscent to the base.
Flowers white; juice red.
Flowers and juice yellow.
Capsule oblong- or short-linear, bristly. 4.
Capsule long-linear, rough, tipped with a dilated stigma. 5.
Capsule linear, smooth, tipped with a subulate style and minute stigma. 6.
* * Flowers irregular. Family FUMARIACEAE DC.
Fach of the 2 outer petals spurred at the base.
Corolla deeply cordate at base; petals slightly coherent. 7.
Corolla rounded or slightly cordate; petals permanently coherent, persistent. 8.
One of the outer petals spurred at base.
Capsule 2-valved, few-several-seeded. 9.
Fruit globose, indehiscent, i-seeded. 10.
Papaver.
Argemone.
3. Sanguinaria.
Stylophorum.
Glmicium.
Chelidonium.
Bicuculla.
Adlumia.
Capnoides.
Fumaria.
I. PAPAVER I,. Sp. PI. 506. 1753.
Hispid or glaucous herbs, with milky sap, lobed or dissected alternate leaves, nodding
flower-buds and showy regular flowers. Sepals 2 or occasionally 3. Petals 4-6. Stamens co .
Anthers extrorse. Ovules co, borne on numerous internally-projecting placentae. Stigmas
united into a radiate persistent disc. Capsule globose, obovoid, or oblong, dehiscent near the
summit. Seeds marked with minute depressions. [Classic Latin name of the poppy.]
About 25 species, mostly natives of the Old World, but 2 or 3 indigenous in western America.
Glabrate and glaucous; leaves lobed, clasping; capsule subglobose. i. P. soniniferum.
Green, hirsute; leaves pinnately divided.
Stems branching, leafy; weeds of waste or cultivated ground.
Capsule glabrous.
Capsule subglobose or top-shaped. 2. P. Rhoeas.
Capsule oblong, narrowed below. 3. P. dubium.
Capsule oblong, hispid witli a few erect hairs. 4. P. A rgevione.
Leaves all basal; capsule obovoid, densely hispid with erect hairs; arctic. 5. P. alpinum.
I. Papaver somniferum I^.. Opium or
Garden Poppy. (Fig. 1658.)
Papaver somniferum L. Sp. PI. 508. 1753.
Erect, sparingly branched, glaucous, i°-3° high.
Leaves clasping by a cordate base, long, 2^-3'
wide, oblong, wavy, lobed or toothed; flowers 3^-4'
broad, bluish-white with a purple centre; filaments
somewhat dilated upward; capsule globose, glabrous.
Occasional in waste grounds and on ballast. Fugitive
from Europe. Often cultivated for ornament. Widely cul-
tivated in Furope and Asia for its capsules, from which the
drug opium, and poppy-oil are derived. Native of the
Mediterranean region. Summer.
2. Papaver Rhoeas L. Field, Red or Corn
Poppy. (Fig. 1659.)
Papaver Rhoeas L. Sp. PI. 507. 1753.
Erect, branching, i°-3° high, hispid with spreading
bristly hairs. Lower leaves petioled, long, the
upper smaller, sessile, all pinnatifid; lobes lanceolate,
acute, serrate; flowers broad, scarlet with a darker
centre; filaments not dilated; capsule subglobose or top-
shaped, glabrous, the disk with 10 or more stigmatic rays.
In waste places and on ballast, not common. Occasion-
ally cultivated. Fugitive from Europe. Summer. Old
English names. Corn-rose, Red-weed, Headache, Canker-
rose and Cheese -bowl.
lOO
PAPAVERACEAE.
[Vol. II.
3. Papaver dubium L. Long Smooth-fruited
Poppy. (Fig. 1660.)
Papaver dubium L. Sp. PI. 1196. 1753.
Slender, branching, i°-2° high, hirsute with spreading
hairs. Lower leaves petioled, 4'-5' long, the upper
smaller, nearly sessile, all deeply pinnately divided; lobes
oblong, pinnatifid, cleft or sometimes entire; flowers 1'
broad, scarlet, sometimes darker in the centre; filaments
not dilated; capsule oblong, glabrous, W-\o" long,
narrowed below; stigmatic rays 6-10.
In waste and cultivated grounds, Pennsylvania to Virginia
and southward. Also in ballast about the seaports. Adven-
tive from Europe. Summer.
4. Papaver Argemone L. Pale or Long
Rough-fruited Poppy. (Fig. 1661.)
Papaver Argemone 'h. Sp. PI. 506. 1753.
Slender, hirsute, or nearly glabrous, i°-2° high,
branching. Leaves all but the upper petioled, lan-
ceolate in outline, pinnately divided, the divisions
pinnatifid and toothed; flowers \'-7.' broad, pale
red, often with a darker centre; filaments not
dilated; capsule oblong, ^''-lo" long, narrowed at
the base, bristly-hairy.
Waste grounds, Philadelphia, and in ballast about
the seaports. Fugitive from Europe. .Summer. Old
name Wind-rose.
5. Papaver alpinum L. Arctic
Poppy. (Fig. 1662.)
Papaver alpinum L. Sp. PI. 507. 1753.
Papaver nudicaule L. Sp. PI. 507. 1753.
Perennial, more or less hirsute. Leaves all
basal, pinnately lobed or cleft, the lobes linear-
oblong, acute or obtuse; scape erect, slender,
tall, much exceeding the leaves; flower
solitary, i'-3' broad, yellow erred; filaments
filiform; capsule narrowly obovoid, ^"-W
high, about A," in greatest diameter, densely
beset with erect bristly hairs.
Greenland and Labrador to Alaska and British
Cohimbia. Also in Europe and Asia. Summer.
Vol. II. 1
POPPY FAMILY.
lOI
2. ARGEMONE Sp. PI. 508. 1753.
Glaucous herbs, with yellow sap, spiny-toothed leaves and large showy flowers. Sepals 2
or 3. Petals 4-6. Stamens 00 . Placentae 4-6, many-ovuled. Style very short. Stigma
dilated, 3-6-radiate. Capsule prickly, oblong, dehiscent at the apex by valves. Seeds
numerous, cancellate. [Greek, an eye disease, supposed to be relieved by the plant so
called.]
A genus of about 6 species, natives of the warmer parts of America.
Petals yellow; leaves blotched; flowers sessile or subsessile. i. A. Mexicana.
Petals white; leaves glaucous or green, not blotched; flowers peduncled. 2. A. alba.
I. Argemone Mexicana I,. Mexican or Prickly Poppy.
Argemone Mexicana L. Sp. PI. 508. 1753.
Stem stout, i°-2° high, simple or spar-
ingly branched, spiny or sometimes
nearly unarmed. Leaves sessile, clasp-
ing by a narrowed base, \'-io' long,
2'-4' wide, glaucous, white-spotted,
runcinate-pinnatifid, spiny-toothed and
more or less spiny on the veins; flowers
yellow sessile or subsessile, broad;
sepals acuminate, bristly-pointed; sta-
mens i/'-'S" long; filaments slender,
much longer than their anthers; capsule
\' long or more.
In waste places, New Jersey and Penn-
sylvania to Florida and Texas. Also in
ballast about the northern seaports. Ad-
ventive from tropical America. A common
weed in the tropics. The seeds yield a
valuable painter's oil. June-Sept.
(Fig. 1663.)
2. Argemone alba Lestib. White
Prickly Poppy. (Fig. 1664.)
Argemone alba Lestib. Bot. Belg. Ed. 2: 3: Part 2,
132. 1799.
Argemone albiflora Hornem. Hort. Havn. 469.
1815.
Argemone intermedia Sweet, Hort. Brit. Ed. 2,
585. 1830.
Similar to the preceding species but com-
monly stouter and taller. Leaves pinnatifid or
pinnately lobed, glaucous or green, notblotched,
but sometimes whitish along the veins; flowers
white, usually much larger, 3^-4' broad, dis-
tinctly peduncled; petals rounded; spines of
the sepal-tips stouter; capsules long.
Prairies, South Dakota to Texas, Arizona and
Mexico, east to Florida. May-Aug.
3. SANGUINARIA I,. Sp. PI. 505. 1753.
Rootstock horizontal, thick; juice red. Leaves basal, palmately veined and lobed, cor-
date or reniform. Scape i-flowered (rarely 2). Flower white. Sepals 2, fugacious. Petals
8-12, arranged in 2 or 3 rows. Stamens co . Stigmas grooved. Placentae 2. Capsule ob-
long, dehiscent to the base, the valves persistent. Seeds smooth, crested. [Name f.om the
red color of the juice.]
A monotypic genus of eastern North America.
I02
PAPAVERACEAE.
I. Sanguinaria Canadensis L,.
[Voi,. II.
Bloodroot.
(Fig. 1665.)
Sanguinaria Canadensis L. Sp. PI. 505. 1753.
Glabrous, glaucous, especially when young. Root-
stock thick, several inches long, densely clothed
with thick fibrous roots; petioles 6'-i4' long; leaves
6'-i2' broad, 4''-7'' long, palmately s-g-lobed, the lobes
repand, or cleft at the apex; flowering scape at
length overtopped by the leaves; flower I'-iyi' broad;
petals oblong or obovate, early deciduous; capsule
oblong, narrow, i-celled, 2-valved, i' long.
In rich woods, Nova Scotia to Manitoba and Nebraska,
south to Florida and Arkansas. Ascends to 2500 ft. in
Virginia. Also called Red Puccoon and Red Indian Paint.
Flower sometimes pinkish. The scape rarely bears 2 or 3
flowers and bracts. April-May.
4. STYLOPHORUM Nutt. Gen. 2: 7. 1818.
Herbs, with stout rootstocks, yellow sap, pinnatifid leaves and clustered or solitary flow-
ers. Sepals 2. Petals 4. Stamens oo . Placentae 2-4; style distinct; stigma 2-4- lobed, radi-
ate. Capsule linear or ovoid, dehiscent to the base. Seeds cancellate, crested. [Name
Greek, style-bearing ]
A g-enus of about 4 species, natives of eastern North America, the Himalayas, Japan and
Mantchuria.
I. Stylophorum diphyllum (Michx.)
Nutt. Yellow or Celandine Poppj".
(Fig. 1666.)
Chelidojiiurn diphyllum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 309.
1803.
Siylopliorum diphyllum Nutt. Gen. 2: 7. 1818.
Meconopsis diphylla DC. Syst. Veg. 2: 88. 1821.
Glaucous, especially the lower surfaces of the
leaves, sparingly pubescent, \2'-\W high. Leaves
basal and cauline, \'-\o' long, slender-petioled, i-
2-pinnatifid, the divisions obovate, obtuse, lobed or
irregularly crenate, those of the stem 2-4, the upper
opposite; flowers 2-4, terminal, about 1' broad, deep
yellow; sepals hirsute, caducous; petals obovate,
rounded; capsule \' long, ovoid, acute at each end,
hirsute, tipped with the persistent style.
In low woods, western Pennsylvania (?), Ohio to Ten-
nessee, west to Wisconsin and Missouri. March-May.
5. GLAUCIUM Juss. Gen. PI. 236. 1789.
Glaucous herbs, with alternate lobed or dissected leaves, and saffron-colored sap. iBepals
2. Petals 4. Stamens co . Placentae 2, rarely 3; stigma sessile, dilated, 2-lobed, the lobes
convex. Capsule long-linear, 2-celIed, dehiscent to the base. Seeds cancellate, crestless.
[Name Greek, from the glaucous foliage.]
A genus of about 6 species, natives of the Old World, and mainly of the Mediterranean region.
Vol. II.]
POPPY FAMILY. 103
I. Glaucium Glaucium (L.) Karst. Yellow
Horned or Sea Poppy. (Fig. 1667,)
1772.
Chelidonium Glaucium L,. Sp. PI. 506. 1753.
Glaticitcm luteiim Scop. Fl. Cam. Ed. 2, i: 369.
Glaucium Glaucium Karst. Deutsch. Fl. 649.
Stout, 2°-3° high, rigid, branching. Leaves thick,
ovate or oblong, 3^-8' long, 1^-2' wide, scurfy, the bas-
al and lowest cauline petioled, the upper sessile, clasp-
ing, all pinnatifid, the divisions toothed; flowers axillary
and terminal, yellow, V-2' broad; sepals scurfy; capsule
narrowly-linear, 6'-i2^ long, tipped with the persistent
stigma.
In waste places, Long- Island and southward near the
coast to Virginia. Widely diffused as a weed in maritime re-
gions of the Old World. Adventive from Europe. Summer.
6. CHELIDONIUM L. Sp. PI. 505. 1753.
Erect branching herbs, with alternate deeply pinnatifid leaves, yellow sap and yellow
^lowers. Sepals 2. Petals 4. Stamens 00 . Placentae 2. Styles distinct; stigma not di-
lated, 2-lobed. Capsule linear, dehiscent to the base. Seeds smooth, shining, crested.
[Name Greek for the swallow, which appears at
about its flowering time.]
A monotypic genus of temperate Europe and Asia.
Chelidonium majus I,.
(Fig. 1668.)
Celandine.
Chelidonium majus L. Sp. PI. 505. 1753.
Weak, i°-2° high, sparingly pubescent. Leaves
thin, 4^-8' long, glaucous beneath, 1-2-pinnatifid, the
segments ovate or obovate, crenate or lobed; petioles
often dilated at the base; flowers (^''-W broad, borne
in axillary pedunculate umbels; petals rounded ; pedi-
cels slender, 2"-(i" long, elongating in fruit; capsule
glabrous, \'-2' long, tipped with the persistent style
and stigma.
Waste places, roadsides and even in woods, common
in the East. Naturalized or adventive from Europe.
Summer. Called also Greater Celandine, to distinguish
it from Ficaria, the Small or Lesser Celandine. Old
names Swallow-wort and Tetter-wort April-Sept.
7. BICUCULLA Adans. Fam. PI. 2: App. 23. 1763.
[DiCLYTRA. Borck. Roem. Arch, i: Part 2, 46. 1797.]
[DicENTRA Bernh. Linnaea, 8: 468. 1833.]
Erect, diffuse or climbing herbs, with dissected leaves, and racemose irregular flowers.
Pedicels 2-bracted. Sepals 2, scale-like. Corolla cordate at base; petals 4, in 2 pairs, con-
nivent, slightly coherent, the exterior pair oblong, concave, spurred at the base, spreading
at the apex, the inner narrow, clawed, coherent above, crested or winged on the back. Sta-
mens 6, in two sets placed opposite the outer petals; filaments more or less diadelphous.
Placentae 2; style slender; stigma 2-4-lobed. Capsule oblong or linear, dehiscent to the base
by 2 valves. Seeds crested. [Name from the Latin, double-hooded.]
A genus of about 14 species, natives of North America and western Asia. The original spelling
is Bikukulla.
Raceme simple; flowers white or whitish.
Spurs divergent; inner petals minutely crested. i. B. Cucullaria.
Spurs short, rounded; inner petals conspicuously crested. 2. B. Canadensis.
Racemes paniculate; flowers pink. 3. B. eximia.
I04
PAPAVERACEAE.
[Vol. IL
I. Bicuculla CucuUaria (L. ) Millsp.
Dutchman's Breeches. Sol-
dier's Cap. (Fig. 1669.)
Fumaria Cticullaria L. Sp. PI. PI. 699. 1753.
Diclytra Cuadlaria DC. Syst. Veg. 2: 108. 1821.
Dielytra Cuadlaria T. & G. Fl. N. A. i: 66. 1838.
Dicentra Cuadlaria Torr. Fl. N. Y. i: 45. 1843.
Biaiculla Cuadlaria Millsp. Bull. West Va. Agric.
Exp. Sta. 2: 327. 1892.
Delicate, glabrous, 5^-10' high, arising from a
bulbous base. Leaves all basal, pale beneath,
slender-petioled, ternately compound, the divisions
stalked and finely dissected into linear or oblanceo-
late segments; scape slender; raceme secund, 4-10-
flowered; flowers nodding, pedicelled, 6"-8'' long,
W-Yo" broad at the base, white, or faintly pink,
yellow at the summit; spurs widely divergent.
In woods, Nova Scotia to Lake Huron, Minnesota and
Washington, south to North Carolina, Nebraska and
Missouri. Ascends to 4500 ft. in Virginia. April-May.
2. Bicuculla Canadensis (Goldie) Millsp.
Squirrel Corn. (Fig. 1670.)
Corydalis Canadensis Goldie, Edinb. Phil. Journ. 6: 329.
1822.
Diclytra Canadensis DC. Prodr. i: 126. 1824.
Dicenlra Canadensis Widp. Rep. i: 118. 1842.
Biaiailla Canadensis Millsp. Bull. West Va. Agric. Exp.
Sta. 2: 327. 1892.
Glabrous, 6'-i2' high, the rootstock bearing numer-
ous small tubers. Leaves all basal and nearly similar
to those of the preceding species, decidedly glaucous
beneath; scape slender; raceme 4-8-flowered; flowers
nodding, short-pedicelled, ■]"-<:)" long, ^" broad at the
base, greenish-white, purplish tinged, slightly fragrant;
spurs short, rounded.
In rich woods. Nova Scotia to Lake Huron and Minne-
sota, south along the mountains to Virginia and Kentucky,
west to Missouri. May-June.
Bicuculla eximia (Ker) Millsp.
Bleeding-heart. (Fig. 1671.)
Wild
Fumaria eximia Ker, Bot. Reg. i: pi. 50. 1815.
Diclytra exitnia DC. Syst. 2: 109. 1821.
Dicentra eximia Torr. Fl. N. Y. i: 46. 1843.
Bicuctilla eximia Millsp. Bull. West Va. Agric. Exp.
Sta. 2: 327. 1892.
Glabrous, somewhat glaucous, weak, i°-2° high;
rootstock scaly. Leaves all basal, larger than
those of the other eastern species, ternately parted,
the divisions stalked, finely pinnatifid into oblong
or ovate segments; scape slender, about equalling
the leaves; raceme compound; flowers clustered
in cymes, slender-pedicelled, pink, nodding,
S'^-io" long, 3''-4'' broad at the base; spurs
short, rounded, incur\'ed; outer petals spreading
at the apex.
In rocky places, western New York, south to Georgia
and Tennessee along the Alleghanies. May-Sept.
Vol. II.] POPPY FAMILY. 105
8. ADLUMIA Raf. Med. Rep. (II.) 5: 352. 1808.
Glabrous climbing vines, with decompound leaves. Sepals 2, scale-like. Petals 4, all
permanently united into a narrowly ovate cordate persistent spongy corolla 4-lobed at the
apex. Stamens 6, monadelphous below, diadelphous above, adherent to the petals. Cap-
sule oblong, included in the persistent corolla. Seeds crestless. Closely related to certain
Asiatic species of Bicuculla. [In honor of John Adlum, a gardener of Washington.]
A monotypic genus of eastern North America.
I. Adlumia fungosa (Ait.) Greene.
Climbing Fumitory. (Fig. 1672.)
Funiaria fungosa Ait. Ilort. Kew. 3: i. 1789.
Adlumia cirrhosa Raf. Med. Rep. (II.) 5: 352. 1808.
A. fungosa Greene; B.S.P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 3. 1888.
Weak, slender, climbing over other plants by its
slender petioles. Leaves bipinnate, the primary
divisions distant, the second more approximate,
all slender-stalked; ultimate segments lobed or
entire, very thin, ovate or cuneate, pale beneath;
flowers numerous in axillary drooping cymes, 5''-
long, 2)" Inroad at the base, narrowly ovate,
greenish purple; capsule 2-valved, few-seeded.
In moist woods and thickets, New Brunswick to
Ontario and Michigan, south to North Carolina and
Kansas. Called also Mountain Fringe and Alleghany
Vine. June-Oct.
9. CAPNOIDES Adans. Fam. PI. 2: 431. 1763.
[NECKERIA Scop. Introd. 313. 1777.]
[CoRYDALiS Vent. Choix, 19. 1803.]
Erect or climbing herbs, with basal and cauline decompound leaves, and racemose flow-
ers, terminal, or opposite the petioles. Sepals 2, small. Corolla irregular, deciduous; petals
4, erect-connivent, one of the outer pair spurred at the base, the interior ones narrow, keeled
on the back. Stamens 6, in 2 sets, opposite the outer petals. Placentae 2; style entire, di-
lated or lobed, persistent, Capsule linear or oblong, 2-valved. [Greek, smoke-like, in
allusion to the smoke-like odor of some species, as in Fuinaria.']
About no species, natives of the north temperate zone and South Africa.
Stems tall; flowers pink with yellow tips. i. C. sempervirens.
Stems low, diffuse or ascending; flowers yellow.
Flowers 3"-4" long; spur short.
Seeds sharp-margined, wrinkled; pods drooping or spreading. 2. C.flavulum.
Seeds blunt-margined, smooth, shining; pods ascending. 3. C. micranthum.
Flowers 6" -8" long; spur conspicuous.
Pods smooth.
Seeds smooth or obscurely reticulated; pods spreading or pendulous.
Capsules spreading or drooping, distinctly torulose ; eastern. 4. C. aiireum.
Capsules ascending, terete or slightly torulose ; western. 5. C. montanum.
Seeds finely reticulated; pods ascending. 6. C. curvisiliqum.
Pods densely covered with transparent vesicles. 7. C. crystallinum.
I. Capnoides sempervirens (L,.) Borck.
Pink Corydalis. (Fig. 1673.)
F^imaria sempervirens L. Sp. PI. 700. 1753.
Capnoides sempervirens Borck. in lioem. Arch, i: Part 2, 44. 1797.
Corydalis sempervirens Pers. Syn. 2: 269. 1807.
Corydalis glauca Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 463. 1814.
Glabrous, glaucous, erect or ascending, i°-2° high, freely
branching. Lower leaves long, short- petioled, the
upper nearly sessile, pinnately decompound, the primary di-
visions distant, the ultimate segments obovate or cuneate,
toothed or entire, obtuse, often mucronulate; flowers numer-
ous, panicled, borne in cymose clusters at the ends of the
branches, ^"-W long, pink with a yellow tip; spur rounded,
about x" long; capsules narrowly linear, erect, x'-i' long,
nodose when mature; seeds shining, minutely reticulated.
In rocky places, Nova Scotia to the Canadian Rocky Moun-
tains, south to North Carolina and Minnesota. Also in British
Columbia and Alaska. Ascends to 4500 ft. in North Carolina.
April-Sept.
io6
PAPAVERACEAE.
[Vol.. II.
2. Capnoides flavulum (Raf. ) Kuntze.
Pale Corydalis. (Fig. 1674.)
Corydalis flaviUa Raf.; DC. Prodr. i: 129. 1824.
Capnoides flavulum Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 14. 1891.
Slender, glabrous, diffuse or ascending,
high, freely branching. Lower leaves slender-
petioled, the upper nearly sessile, all finely dis-
sected into linear or oblong, sometimes cuneate,
acute or obtuse segments; pedicels very slender;
bracts conspicuous, broadly oblong, acute or acu-
minate, 2''''-4''' long; spur yi^^long, rounded; outer
petals slightly longer than the inner, yellow,
sharp-pointed; crest dentate; pods torulose, droop-
ing or spreading; seeds sharp-margined, finely
reticulated.
In rocky woods, southern New York, northern
New Jersey, Pennsylvania, southwe.stern Ontario to
Minnesota, Virginia, Kansas and Louisiana. Ascends
to 4000 ft. in Virginia. May-June.
3. Capnoides micranthum (Engelm. )
Britton. Small-flowered Corydalis.
(Fig. 1675.)
Corydalis aurea var. micran/lia Engelm. ; A. Gray,
Man. Ed. 5, 62. 1867.
Corydalis micrantha A. Gray, Coult. Bot. Gaz. 11: 189.
1886.
Capnoides viicrayithum Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: <;
166. 1894.
Habit and foliage nearly as in the preceding spe-
cies, the ultimate leaf segments generally slightly
broader. Flowers similar, the crest entire ; or some-
times cleistogamous and minute, spurless and but
slightly crested; pods ascending, short-pedicelled,
torulose; seeds obtuse-margined, smooth, shining.
In woods, Minnesota, Missouri to Texas, east to
Florida and North Carolina. Feb. -April.
4. Capnoides aureum (Willd.) Kuntze.
Golden Corydalis. (Fig. 1676.)
Corydalis aurea Willd. Enum. 740. 1809.
Capnoides aureum Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 14. 1891.
Glabrous, 6'-i^' high, diffuse, branching.
Leaves all but the uppermost petioled, finely
dissected into oblong obovate or cuneate seg-
ments, mainly broader than those of related
species; flowers 6" long, bright yellow; spur
one-half the length of the body of the corolla,
or more, rounded; outer petals keeled, not
crested; pedicels short, slender; pods spreading
or pendulous, torulose, especially when dry;
seeds obtuse-margined, shining, obscurely
reticulated.
In woods. Nova Scotia to Minnesota, south to
Pennsylvania and Wisconsin. March-May.
Vol. II.]
POPPY FAMILY
5. Capnoides montanum (Engelm.)
Britton. Mountain Corydalis.
(Fig. 1677.)
Corydalis montana Engelm.; A. Gray, Mem. Am.
Acad. 4: 6. 1849.
Corydalis aurea var. occidenialis Engelm.; A.
Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 62. 1867.
Capnoides aiireiini var. occidentale A. S. Hitch-
cock, Spring El. Manhattan, 17. 1894.
Capnoides montanum Britton, Mem. Torr. Club,
5: 166. 1894.
Closely resembles C. aureuin, but is lighter
green and the leaves are rather more finely
divided. Flower-clusters spicate-racemose, the
pedicels usually very short; flowers bright yel-
low, 6"-8" long; spur of the corolla as long as
its body, or less; capsules spreading or some-
what ascending; seeds sharp-margined, shining
or obscurely reticulated.
In dry soil. South Dakota to Kansas and Texas,
west to Oregon (?), Utah and Arizona. April-Aug.
6. Capnoides curvisiliqum
(Engelm.) Kuntze. Curved-fruited
Corydalis. (Fig. 1678.)
Corydalis cui-'isiliqua Engelm.; A. Gray, Man.
Ed. 5, 62. 1867.
Capnoides ciirvisiliquvi Kuntze, Rev. Gen.
PI. 14. 1891.
Similar to the two preceding species, often
rather taller than either. Flowers spicate or
spicate-racemose, about 8" long, conspicu-
ous, bright yellow; spur of the corolla con-
spicuous ; pods curved upward, very short-
pedicelled, stout, somewhat 4-sided; seeds
sharp-margined, finely and distinctly reticu-
lated.
South Dakota to Nebraska, Texas and Chi-
huahua. April-June.
7. Capnoides crystallinum (Engelm.) Kuntze.
Vesicular Corydalis. (Fig. 1679.)
Corydalis crystallina Engelm.; A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 62.
1867.
Capnoides ciystaliinu7n'KMnizQ, Rev. Gen. PI. 14. 1891.
Erect or ascending, glabrous, 8'-20^ high, branching.
Lower leaves slender-petioled, the upper sessile, all
finely dissected into oblong or cuneate segments; pedi-
cels stout, short, diverging; flowers spicate, 6"-8'^ long,
bright yellow; spur long; crest large, dentate;
capsules 9'' long, ascending or erect, densely covered
with transparent vescicles; seeds acute-margined, reticu-
lated.
Prairies, Missouri and Arkansas. April-June.
io8
PAPAVERACEAE.
[Vol,. 11.
10. FUMARIA L. Sp. PI. 699. 1753.
Diffuse or erect (sometimes climbing) herbs, with finely dissected leaves, and small race-
mose flowers. Sepals 2, scale-like. Petals 4, erect-conniveut, the outer pair larger, i of them
spurred, the inner narrow, coherent at the apex, keeled or crested on the back. Stamens 6,
diadelphous, opposite the outer petals. Ovule i; style slender; stigma entire or lobed.
Fruit i-seeded, nearly globose, indehiscent. [Name from the Latin, smoke, from the smoke-
like smell of some species.]
About 15 species, all natives of the Old World.
I. Fumaria officinalis L,. Ftimitory.
Hedge Fumitory. (Fig. 1680.)
Fitmaria officinalis L. Sp. PI. 700. 1753.
Glabrous, stems diffuse or ascending, freely
branching, 6'-3° long. Leaves petioled, fi.nely
dissected into entire or lobed linear oblong or
cuneate segments; racemes axillary and terminal,
i'-3' long, narrow; pedicels \"-2" long, axillary
to small bracts; flowers purplish, 1"-^" long,
darker at the summit; spur rounded, y^" long;
hut \" in diameter, depressed-globose.
In waste places and on ballast, occasional about
towns and villages, Nova Scotia to Florida and the
(Julf States, and locally in the interior. Fugitive or
adventive from Europe. Summer.
Fumaria parviflora Lam., found on ballast about
the seaports, may be distinguished by its still
smaller paler flowers (2" ), very narrow sharp and
channeled leaf -segments, and its apiculate nut.
Family 32. CRUCIFERAE B. Juss. Hort. Trian. 1759.
Mustard Family.
Herbs, rarely somewhat woody, with watery acrid sap, alternate leaves, and
racemose or corymbose flowers. Sepals 4, deciduous, or rarely persistent, the
2 outer narrow, the inner similar, or concave, or saccate at the base. Petals
4, hypogynous, crticiate, nearly equal, generally clawed. Stamens 6, hypogy-
nous, tetradynamotts, rarely fewer. Pistil i , compound, consisting of 2 united
carpels, the parietal placentae united by a dissepiment; style generally persis-
tent, sometimes none; stigma discoid or usually more or less 2-lobed. Fruit a
silique or silicic, generally 2-celled, rarely i-celled, in a few genera indehiscent
and lomentaceous. Seeds attached to both sides of the septum; endosperm
none; cotyledons incumbent, accumbent or conduplicate.
About 185 genera and 1500 species, of wide geographic distribution.
The following wholly artificial key is designed to apply only to the species and genera of our
Flora. The natural alliances of the genera are largely based on minute characters. The family is
also known as Brassicaceae.
Pod a silique or silicle, dehiscent into two valves to the base,
t Pod an elongated-linear silique, or at least twice as long as zoide. (See also species of No. 29. )
1. Silique borne on a long stipe. i. Stanleya.
2- Silique terete, 4-sided, or compressed, very short-stipitate, or sessile on the receptacle,
a. Silique tipped with the short slender style, or style none.
Seeds globose or oblong, wingless.
Seeds in 2 rows in each cell of the pod.
Pubescence, when present, of simple hairs. 17. Roripa.
Pubescence of forked hairs; leaves finely dissected. 30. Sophia.
Seeds in only i row in each cell.
Leaves auricled at the base; flowers violet. 16. lodantliiis.
Leaves reniform or cordate, undulate or repand; flowers white. 8. Alliaria.
Leaves dentate or pinnatifid; hairs simple; flowers j'ellow. 9. Sisymbi-iiim.
Leaves finely dissected; pubescence of forked hairs
Leaves entire, or slightly toothed.
Stigma nearly entire, discoid; plant glabrous.
Stigma 2-lobed; plants more or less pubescent.
Flowers white or pink, small.
Valves of the silique nerved. 9. Sisymbrium.
Valves of the silique ner\'eless, rounded. 31. Stejiophragma.
Flowers yellow. 33. Erysimum.
Flowers large, purple, purplish or white. 37. Hesperis.
Seeds flat, wingless or winged.
Siliques 4-angled, the valves keeled; flowers yellow. 15. Barbarea.
Siliques flat or flattish.
flowers yellow. 30. Sophia.
2. Thelypodium.
Vol. II.]
MUSTARD FAMILY.
109
Lea ven tco rtli ia .
Cardamiiie.
Dentar^a.
A rabis.
Brassica.
Diplotaxis.
Sinapis.
Roripa.
Lesquerella.
Berleroa.
Cochlearia.
Physaria.
Draba.
Valves of the siliqiie nerveless.
Seeds winged; .stem scape-like; flowers few. 22.
Seeds wingless; valves of the silique elastically dehiscent.
Stems leafy below or throughout. 18.
Stems leafless below, 2-4-leaved above. 19.
Valves of the silique i -nerved or veiny, not elastically dehiscent. 32.
b. Silique produced into a beak beyond the valves.
Beak conic, very short in no. 13.
Silique terete; seeds in i row. 12.
Silique flat; seeds in 2 rows. 13.
Beak flat, sword-shaped. 11.
3. Silique elliptic or oblong, very flat, 2-3 times as long as broad, clearly stipitate.
Flowers violet; funiculus of the seed adnate to the septum of the pod. 20. Lunaria.
Flowers yellow; funiculus of the seed free from the septum. 21. Sele^iia.
1 1 Pod an orbicular globose or oblong silicle, or bul little viore than twice as long as wide (except
in some species of no. 29).
1 . Silicle globose, or flattened parallel with the septum.
a. Plants terrestrial, or not strictly aquatic.
+ Silicle globose, or terete-oblong, little or not at all compressed.
Plants not maritime.
Petals not 2-cleft.
Seeds minute, round, not flattened, in 2 rows in each cell.
Seeds flat; silicle inflated; plants stellate-pubescent,
Petals 2-cleft.
Plants maritime, fleshy, northern.
++ Silicle didymous, its cells globose-inflated.
+++ Silicle compressed or flat, many-seeded.
2-8-seeded.
Flowers yellow.
Flowers white.
++++ Silicle pear-shaped, or obovoid, many-seeded.
b. Wholly submersed small aquatic; silicle globose or oblong.
. Silicle flattened at right angles to the narrow septum.
Seeds several in each cell of the silicle.
Silicle triangular, obcuneate.
Silicle elliptic, wingless, its valves with a strong midvein.
Silicle oblong or orbicular, winged all around.
Seeds solitary in each cell, compressed.
* * Pod indehiscent, short or elongated.
Pod broader than long, more or less didymous.
Pod globose, reticulated.
Pod elongated.
Pod of 2 joints, separating at maturity; plants maritime.
Pod constricted between the seeds, not jointed, beaked.
I. STANLEYA Nutt. Gen. 2: 71. 1818.
Glabrous and glaucous, perennial tall mostly erect and branching herbs, with entire
toothed lobed or pinnately divided leaves, and large yellow bractless flowers in elongated
terminal racemes. Sepals linear, narrow. Petals narrow, long-clawed. Stamens 6, very
nearly equal; anthers twisted. Ovary short-stipitate ; style short or none. Siliques linear,
long-stipitate, spreading or recurving, somewhat compressed, dehiscent, the valves with a
strong midnerve. Seeds in 1 row in each cell, numerous, pendulous. Cotyledons straight,
incumbent. [Named for Lord Edward Stanley,
President of the Linnaean Society.]
About 3 species, of western North America.
I, Stanleya pinnata (Pursh) Britton.
Stanleya. (Fig. 1681.)
Cleome pinnata Pursh, FI. Am. Sept. 739. 1814.
Staiileya pinnatifida Nutt. Gen. 2: 71. 1818.
Stanleya pinnata Britton, Trans. N. Y. Acad.
Sci. 8: 62. 1888.
Stems stout, 2°-5° tall, sometimes decum-
bent. Lower leaves pinnatifid or pinnately
divided, or entire, s'-S' long, 1^-3' wide, long-
petioled; upper leaves similar, or less divided,
or narrowly oblong or lanceolate, entire, short-
petioled and narrowed at the base; flowers nu-
merous, showy; petals ^"-12" long; filaments
"filiform, exserted; siliques 2^-3' long, about 1"
thick, 2-3 times as long as their stipes,
spreading, downwardly curved, somewhat
constricted between the seeds when dry.
In dry soil. South Dakota and Nebraska to Cali-
fornia, New Mexico and Arizona. Plant with the
aspect of a Cleome. May-July.
34. Alyssiim.
35. Koniga.
27. Camelina.
3. SubtUaria.
26. Bursa.
25. Hutchinsia.
6. Thlaspi.
4. Lepidiutn.
5. Coronopiis.
28. Neslia.
10. Cakile.
14. Raphanus.
no
CRUCI FERAE.
[Vol. II.
2. THELYPODIUM Endl. Gen. 876. 1839.
[Pachypodium Nutt. 1838. Not Lindl. 1830.]
Erect glabrate biennial or perennial herbs, with simple entire toothed or pinnatifid leaves,
and racemose purplish or white flowers. Siliques nearly terete, linear, with a short stipe in
some species; valves i-nerved, dehiscent; style short; stigma nearly entire. Seeds in i row
in each cell of the pod, oblong, marginless; cotyledons obliquely incumbent. [Greek,
female-stalk, from the stiped ovary.]
A genus of about i8 species, natives of North Amer-
ica. All but the following occur only in the western
part of the continent.
I. Thelypodium integrifolium (Nutt.)
Endl. Entire-leaved Thelypodium.
(Fig. 1682.)
Pachypodium integrifolium Nutt. ; T. & G. Fl. N.
A. i: 96. 1838.
Thelypodium integrifolium Endl.; Walp. Rep. I:
172. 1842.
Glabrous, erect, branching above, 3°-6° high.
Leaves entire, thickish, the basal and lower ones
petioled, narrowly oval or oblong, long, the
upper or sometimes nearly all the cauline ones
sessile, linear, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate,
acute or acuminate; flowers pink, in short dense
racemes; pedicels slender, spreading, 7."-\" long;
petals obovate or spatulate, long-clawed; pods
narrowly linear, about \' long and wide; stipe
very short; style slender, nearly \" long.
Nebraska and Wyoming to Oregon, Utah and New
Mexico. July-Sept.
1753-
3. SUBULARIA L. Sp. PI. 642.
Small annual aquatic submersed herbs, with basal lin-
ear subulate leaves, and minute racemose white flowers.
Silicles short-stipitate, oblong or elliptic, the valves con-
vex, ribbed on the back. Stigma sessile, entire. Seeds
few, in 2 rows in each cell, marginless. Cotyledons in-
cumbent, curved above their base. [Latin awl, from the
awl-shaped leaves.]
A nionotypic genus of the northern hemisphere.
I. Subularia aquatica I^. Water Awl wort.
(Fig. 1683.)
Subularia aquatica L. Sp. PI. 642. 1753.
Tufted, glabrous, 1^-4' bigh, growing on the bottoms of
lakes in shallow water. Flowering scape simple, lateral;
leaves nearly cylindric, ()"-\^" long; flowers few, race-
mose, distant; pedicels slender, i''-3'^ long in fruit; petals
white, minute; pods oblong or globose, \"-iyz" long;
seeds several in each cell; style none.
In clear, cold lakes, Newfoundland to British Columbia,
Maine, New Hampshire and Ontario, south in the Rocky
Mountains to Wyoming, and to California. Also in Europe
and Siberia. June-Sept.
4. LEPIDIUM L. Sp. PI. 643. 1753.
Erect, or rarely diff'use, glabrous or pubescent herbs, with pinnatifid lobed or entire leaves
and racemose white or whitish flowers. Stamens often fewer than 6. Petals short, some-
times none. Silicles oblong or obovate, flattened contrary to the partition, winged or wing-
less; valves keeled, dehiscent. Seeds solitary in each cell, flattened; cotyledons incumbent
or rarely accumbent. [Greek, a little scale, from the flat scale-like pods.]
About 65 species, widely distributed. In addition to the following, about i6 others occur in
western North America. Called indifferently Cress, Pepperwort or Pepper-grass.
Stem-leaves clasping by an auriculate base.
Pods broadly ovate, winged.
Pods wingless, broader than long.
Stem-leaves petioled or sessile, not clasping.
Pods and seeds entirely wingless; petals none.
1. L. canipeslre.
2. L. Draba.
3. L. ruderale.
Vol. II.]
MUSTARD FAMILY.
Ill
Pods slightly winged above, orbicular or oval, about l" broad; petals present or none.
Cotyledons accumbent; petals generally present. 4. L. Virginicum.
Cotyledons incumbent; petals minute or wanting. 5. L. apelalum.
Pods oblong, winged all around, longer than wide, about 2" high. 6. L. sativum.
I. Lepidium campestre (I,.) R. Br.
Field or Cow Cress. (Fig. 1684.)
Thlaspi campestre L. Sp. PI. 646. 1753.
Lepidium campestre R. Br. in Ait. f. Hort. Kew, 4:
88. 1812.
Annual or biennial, erect, io'-i8' higb, branch-
ing above, hoary -pubescent with scale-like hairs or
rarely nearly glabrous. Basal leaves oblong, or
spatulate-oblong, entire, or pinnatifidin the lower
part, obtuse, petioled, 2^-3' long; stem-leaves ob-
long or lanceolate, entire or slightly dentate, ses-
sile, clasping the stem by an auricled base; flowers
white or yellowish; pedicels rather stout, spread-
ing, long in fruit; pods very numerous,
forming dense elongated racemes, broadly ovate,
slightly curved upward, about equalling their
pedicels, or shorter, broadly winged at the apex,
notched, tipped with a minute style.
In fields and waste places, New Brunswick and On-
tario to Virginia, and on the Pacific Coast, a bad weed
in the Middle States. Naturalized from Europe.
May-July. Also called Yellow Seed, Mithridate
Mustard, and Poor Man's Pepper.
2. Lepidium Draba L. Hoary Cress.
(Fig. 1685.)
Lepidium Draba l^. Sp. PI. 645. 1753.
Perennial, erect or ascending, \o'-\W high,
hoary-pubescent, branched at the inflorescence.
Leaves oblong or lanceolate-oblong, obtuse,
slightly dentate or entire, ly^'-i' long, the lower
petioled, the upper sessile and clasping; pedicels
slender, ascending or spreading, 2>"~^" long in
fruit; flowers white, about \"-2" broad; pods
very broadly ovate, or cordate, lyi," long, 2''
broad, arranged in short corymbose racemes;
valves distinct, papillose, keeled, wingless, tipped
with a slender style Yz"-!" long.
Near Astoria, N. Y., and on ballast about the sea-
ports. Also in Colorado and California. Fugitive
from Europe. Native also of Asia. April-June.
3. Lepidium ruderale L. Roadside or
Narrow-leaved Pepper-grass. (Fig. 1686.)
Lepidium ruderale I,. Sp. PI. 645. 1753.
Annual, erect, 6^-15' high, glabrous, wiry,
freely branching. Basal and lower leaves oblong
in outline, i'-^' long, 1-2-pinnatifid into linear
or oblong obtuse segments; upper leaves smaller,
entire or with a few lobes; flowers yi" broad or
less, greenish; petals none; stamens 2; pods flat,
not margined, about \" in length, short-oval
or suborbicular; pedicels spreading or some-
what ascending, very slender, i^"-2'^ long in
fruit; valves sharply keeled, barely winged;
cotyledons incumbent.
In waste places, on ballast and along roadsides
about the cities, Nova Scotia to Texas. Naturalized
from Europe. Has the odor of Wart-cress. Occurs
also in Australia. Summer.
112
CRUCIFERAE.
[Vol.. II.
4. Lepidium Virginicum L,. Wild
Peppergrass. (Fig. 1687.
Lepidium Virginicutn L. Sp. PI. 645. 1753.
Similar to L. ruderale, often taller. Basal
leaves obovate or spatulate in outline, less pin-
natifid, generally with a large terminal lobe and
numerous small lateral ones, all dentate, gla-
brous or slightly pubescent; stem-leaves lanceo-
late or oblong-linear, sharply dentate or entire,
sessile, or the lower stalked; flowers yz"-\"
broad, white; petals generally present, some-
times wanting in the later flowers; pedicels
very slender, spreading, long in fruit;
pod flat, short-oval or orbicular, minutely
winged above; cotyledons accumbent.
In fields and along roadsides, Quebec to Minne-
sota, south to Florida, Texas and Mexico. Also in
the West Indies, and introduced as a weed into
southern Europe. Maj'-Nov.
5. Lepidium apetalum Willd.
Apetalous Pepper-grass. (Fig. 1688.)
Lepidiitm apetalnni Willd. Sp. PI. 3: 439. 1801.
Lepidium intermedium A. Gray, Man. Ed. 2.
1856. Not A. Rich. 1847.
Much like L. ruderale and L. Virginicum.
Basal leaves pinnatifid. Pods nearly orbicu-
lar, sometimes broader than long, slightly
wing-margined above, about x" in diameter;
flowering pedicels ascending, forming nar-
row racemes, or in fruit spreading; petals
minute or wanting; cotyledons incumbent.
In dry soil, Maine and Ontario to California,
south to Texas. Apparently naturalized from
Europe. May-Aug.
Lepidium medium Greene {L. intermedium A.
Gray, PI. Wright. 1848. Not A. Rich.), with
rather large white petals, orbicular pods 1J2"
broad, and incumbent cotyledons, is found by
Mr. Bicknell near New York city.
6. Lepidium sativum L. Garden,
Town, or Golden Pepper-grass
or Cress. (Fig. 1689.)
Lepidium sativum L. Sp. PI. 644. 1753.
Glabrous, bright green, stem slender, usu-
ally much branched, about 1° high. Lower
leaves 2-pinnate, or pinnate with the segments
lobed or pinnatifid, 3'-7' long, the lobes en-
tire or incised; upper leaves sessile or nearly
so, entire or incised, much smaller; flowers in
loose elongated racemes, about 1" broad;
petals present; silicles oval, about 2" high
and wide, equalling or longer than their
pedicels, emarginate, winged all around; style
very short.
In waste places, Quebec to New York and Brit-
ish Columbia. Escaped from gardens. Native
of Europe. Much cultivated for its pungent
foliage. Petals often pinkish. May-Aug.
Vol. II.]
MUSTARD FAMILY.
113
5. CORONOPUS Gaertn. Fruct. & Sem. 2: 293. 1791.
Annual or biennial, diffuse herbs, with mostly pinnatifid leaves, and small whitish flow-
ers. Silicles small, didymous, laterally compressed, sessile. Stamens often only 2 or 4.
Valves of the capsule oblong or subglobose, obtuse at each end, indehiscent, falling away
from the septum at maturity. Seeds i in each cell; cotyledons narrow, incumbent or con-
duplicate. [Greek, crow-foot, from the shape of the leaves.]
About 6 species, of wide geographic distribution in warm and temperate regions.
Pod rugose, not crested, i. C. didynius.
Pod coarsely wrinkled, crested. 2. C. Coronopus.
I. Coronopus didymus (L.) J.
Smith. Lesser Wart-cress.
(Fig. 1690.)
E.
Lepidium didymuvi I,. Mant. 92. 1767.
Senebiera didyma Pers. Syn. 2- 185. 1807.
Coronopus didymus J. E. Smith, Fl. Brit. 3: 691.
1800.
Diffuse, tufted, spreading on the ground, spar-
ingly pubescent. Stems 2^-15' long, branching;
leaves deeply 1-2-pinnatifid, the lower slender-
petioled, the upper sessile; flowers minute,
white, racemose; pedicels slender, \"-\yz"
long in fruit; pod didymous, about \" broad
and slightly more than yi" high; valves rugose,
obtuse at each end and readily separating into
2 ovoid nutlets.
In waste places, Newfoundland to Florida, Mis-
souri and Texas, west to California. Abundant in
ballast about the northern seaports. Also through-
out tropical America and widely distributed in the
Old World. Summer. Naturalized from the South.
2. Coronopus Coronopus (I,.) Karst.
Wart or Swine's Cress. (Fig. 1691.)
1806.
Cochlearia Coronopus L. Sp. PI. 648. 1753.
Senebiera Coronopus Poir. in Lam. Encycl. 7: 76
Coronopus Coronopus Karst. Deutch. Fl. 673. i
Diffuse, tufted, spreading on the ground, succulent,
glabrous and glaucous, or with a few spreading hairs,
branching. Stems 2^-15^ long; leaves similar to those of
the last species, generally larger, sometimes less divided;
flowers similar; pedicels stout, \" long or less; pod 1"
broad and about lyi" high, flatfish, rounded, apiculate
at the summit, marked with coarse wrinkles which form
a crest around the margin; valves not distinctly separate.
In waste places and on ballast. New Brunswick to Florida
and the Gulf States. Fugitive or adventive from Europe.
Sometimes called Buckshorn and Herb Ivy. Summer.
6. THLASPI L. Sp. PI. 645. 1753.
Erect glabrous annual or perennial herbs, with entire or dentate leaves, the basal ones
forming a rosette, those of the stem, or at least the upper ones, auriculate and clasping.
Flowers white or purplish. Siliques obcuneate, obcordate, or oblong-orbicular, mostly emar-
ginate, flattened at right angles to the narrow septum, crested or winged. Valves dehiscent.
-Seeds 2 or several in each cell, wingless. Cotyledons accumbent. [Greek, to flatten, from
the flat pod.]
A genus of about 25 species, natives of temperate, arctic and alpine regions. In addition to the
following, 2 others occur in arctic America, the Rocky Mountains and California.
Lower stem-leaves not clasping; seeds rugose.
All the stem-leaves cordate-clasping; seeds smooth.
1. T. arvense.
2. T. perfoliatum.
114
CRUCIFERAE.
[Voi,. II.
I. Thlaspi arvense L.
2. Thlaspi perfoliatum I,. Perfoli-
ate Penny-cress. (Fig. 1693.)
Thlaspi perfoliatum L. Sp. PI. 646. I753-
Aunual, glabrous, branched at the base,
stems commonly simple, slender, ascending
or erect, 3^-7' tall. Basal leaves ovate
or suborbicular, often petioled; stem-leaves
oblong or oblong-lanceolate, sessile, auricled
at the base and clasping the stem, Yz'-i'
long, wide, obtuse or acute at the
apex; pedicels filiform, spreading; silicic ob-
ovate-orbicular, ^''-j/' broad, rather nar-
rowly winged, broadly notched at the sum-
mit; style short but manifest; seeds usually
4 in each cell.
Near Hamilton, Ontario. Fugitive or adven-
tive from Europe. May-Aug.
I Penny-cress. (Fig. 1692.)
Thlaspi aj-vense L,. Sp. PI. 646. 1753.
Annual, erect, glabrous, 6'-i8' high, sim-
ple or branching above. Basal leaves
petioled, oblanceolate, early deciduous;
stem-leaves oblong or lanceolate, sparingly
dentate, the upper clasping the stem by an
auricled base, the lower merely sessile;
flowers white, about \" long, yi" broad;
pedicels spreading or curved upward, slen-
der, long in fruit; pods nearly orbicu-
lar when ripe, i/'-d" broad, very flat,
broadly winged all around, notched at the
apex, in long racemes; style minute, or
none; seeds rugose, about 6 in each cell.
In waste places and on ballast, sparingly
adventive or fugitive from Europe in the East-
ern and Middle States, but abundant in Que-
bec and a bad weed in Manitoba and the
Northwest Territory. Native also of northern
Asia. June-Aug. Called also Bastard Cress.
7. COCHLEARIA L. Sp. PI. 647. 1753.
Annual or perennial maritime herbs, with simple alternate mostly fleshy leaves, and
white or rarely purplish or yellowish racemose flowers. Silicle inflated, oblong or globose.
Valves very convex, dehiscent. Stigma nearly simple, or capitate. Seeds several in each
cell of the pod, usually in 2 rows, marginless. Cotyledons mainly accumbent. [Greek,
spoon, from the shape of the leaves.]
A genus of about 25 species, not well understood, all natives of the colder parts of the north
temperate zone. Besides the following, about three others are found on the arctic and northern
Pacific coasts of North America.
Voi<. II.]
MUSTARD FAMILY,
Cochlearia officinalis I,. Scurvy-
grass. (Fig. 1694.)
Cochlearia officinalis I,. Sp. PI. 647. 1753.
Cochlearia oblongifolia DC. Syst. Veg. 2: 363.
1821.
Annual or perennial, diffuse, branching, gla-
brous, somewhat fleshy, the branches 6'-i2'
long. Lower leaves long-petioled, oblong, orbi-
cular or reniform, obtuse, Yz'-x' long, dentate or
entire; upper leaves ovate or oblong, sessile or
short-petioled; flowers white, broad; pet-
als emarginate, or entire, thrice as long as the
calyx; raceme elongating in fruit; pedicels as-
cending, 2>"~A" lofg ill fruit; pods globose or
ovoid, if'-T/' long, smooth or reticulated; valves
convex, strongly i-nerved; style Yz" long.
Along- seacoasts and rivers, Anticosti to Greenland
and arctic America generally. Also in arctic Europe
and Asia. Summer. A valued antiscorbutic salad.
8. ALLIARIA Adans. Fam. PI. 2: 418. 1763.
Biennial or perennial, sparingly pubescent or glabrous, erect branching herbs, with broad
dentate cordate or reniform leaves, and rather large racemose white flowers. Sepals short.
Petals oblong, clawed. Stamens 6. Style very short, conic. Siliques linear, narrowly cyl-
indric, terete or nearly so, slightly constricted between the seeds when dry, the valves with
a strong midnerve, dehiscent from the base. Seeds oblong, striate, in i row in each cell;
cotyledons flat, incumbent. [From Allium, garlic, on account of its similar odor.]
About 5 species, natives of Europe and Asia.
I. AUiaria AUiaria (L,. ) Britton.
Hedge-garlic. Garlic Mustard.
(Fig. 1695.)
Erysimum AUiaria L. Sp. PI. 660. 1753.
Sisymbrium AUiaria Scop. Fl. Carn. Ed. 2, 2: 26.
1772.
AUiaria AUiaria Bntton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 167.
1894.
Erect, branching, i°-3° high, glabrous or with
a few hairs on the petioles and leaf-margins.
Leaves reniform, broadly ovate or cordate, rarely
nearly orbicular, crenate or undulate, the lower
2^-7' broad on long petioles, the upper smaller,
sessile or nearly so; pedicels 2"-^/' long, spread-
ing and very stout in fruit; flowers white,
broad; pods glabrous, stifle, long, \" thick,
pointed, 4-sided when dry.
Waste places, woods and along roadsides, Ontario
to southern New York, New Jersey and Virginia.
Naturalized from Europe. Native also of northern
Asia. May-June. Called also Jack-by-the-Hedge
and Sauce- alone.
9. SISYMBRIUM L. Sp. PI. 657. 1753.
Annual or biennial, mostly tall and erect herbs, with simple entire lobed or pinnatifid
leaves, and yellow white or rarely pink flowers. Petals generally elongated. Siliques
elongated, linear, terete or flat, many-seeded. Valves mostly 3- nerved, dehiscent. Stigma
nearly simple, or with 2 short lobes. Seeds in i row in each cell of the pod, marginless.
Cotyledons incumbent. [Ancient Greek name of some crucifer.]
A genus of about 50 species, of wide geographic distribution. In addition to the following,
about 8 other species are found in western North America.
Leaves runcinate -pinnatifid.
Flowers yellow; pods K' long, appressed. i. 5". officinale.
Flowers cream-color; pods 2' -4' long, divergent. 2. 5. aliissimum.
Leaves oblong or spatulate, dentate; flowers white or pink. 3. 5. humile.
ii6
CRUCIFERAE.
[Vol. II.
I. Sisymbrium officinale (L.) Scop.
Hedge Mustard. (Fig. 1696.)
Erysimum officinale L. Sp. PI. 660. 1753.
Sisymbrium officinale Scop. Fl. Cam. Ed. 2, 2: 26.
1772.
Erect, more or less pubescent, or glabrous, i°-
3° high, with rigid spreading branches. Leaves
runcinate-pinnatifid, the lower pctioled, the up-
per nearly sessile; lobes 3-6 pairs and an odd
one, oblong, ovate or lanceolate, dentate, crenate
or nearly entire, acutish or obtuse, the lower
ones often recurved; pedicels i'^ long, erect in
fruit; flowers yellow, 1%" broad, pods ^"-"j"
long, linear, acuminate, glabrous or slightly
hairy, closely appressed to the stem; valves with
a strong prominent midrib.
In waste places, common throughout our area,
except the extreme north. Naturalized from
Europe. Native also of northern Asia. May-Nov.
Tall
2. Sisymbrium altissimum L.
Sisymbrium. (Fig. 1697.)
Sisymbrium aUissimum L,. Sp. PI. 659. 1753.
Sisymbrium Sinapislrum Crantz, Stirp. Aust. Ed. 2,
52. 1769.
Sisymbrium Pa^monicum Jacq. Coll. i: 70. 1786.
Erect, 2°-4° high, freely branching, glabrous or
nearly so. Lowest leaves runcinate-pinnatifid,
petioled, the lobes lanceolate, often auriculate;
upper leaves smaller, shorter petioled or nearly ses-
sile, very deeply pinnatifid, the lobes linear or lan-
ceolate, dentate or entire, often with a narrow pro-
jection on the lower side near the base; uppermost
leaves often reduced to linear nearly entire bracts;
flowers yellowish, about broad; pedicels 2>"-^"
jong, spreading or ascending, thickened in fruit;
pods very narrowly linear, divergent, I'-i,' long,
Yz" wide; valves with a prominent midrib.
In waste places, Quebec and Ontario to Alberta and
Missouri, and in ballast at New York. Adventive from
Europe. A bad weed in the Northwest. Summer.
3. Sisymbrium humile Meyer. Low or
Nortlieni Rock-cress. (Fig. 1698.)
^ra6/i /if/ra^a Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 42. 1829. Not Lam.
Sisymbrium humile Meyer, in Ledeb. Fl. Alt. 3: 137. 1831 .
Braya humilis Robinson, in Gray & Wats. Syn. Fl. i: Part
1, 141. 1895.
Perennial, erect, 4^-10' high, branching below, spar-
ingly pubescent. Leaves spatulate, or oblanceolate, the
lower obtuse, i '-2' long, narrowed into a petiole, sharply
dentate or rarely entire, the upper smaller, narrower,
often acute; flowers white or pink, \y2"-2" broad; pedi-
cels ascending or erect, i"-}," long in fruit; pods nearly
terete, glabrous, narrowly linear, (>"-\o" long, Yz"
•wide; valves finely nerved; style Yz" long.
In rocky places, Anticosti, Willoughby Mountain, Vt.,
near Michipicoten Harbor, Lake Superior, to Alaska and
Oregon. Species perhaps better referred to the arctic
genus Braya, as maintained by Dr. B. L. Robinson. July.
Vol.. IL] MUSTARD FAMILY. 1 17
lo. CAKILE Gaertn. Fmct. et Sem. 2: 287. 1791.
Annual, diffuse or ascending, glabrous fleshy branching herbs, with purplish flowers.
Siliques elongated, sessile on the calyx, flattened or ridged, indehiscent, 2-jointed, the joints
i-celled and i-seeded. Style none; cotyledons accumbent. [Old Arabic name.]
A genus of about 3 species, natives of sea and lake shores of Europe and North America, one
of them extending into tropical regions.
I. Cakile edentula (Bigel.) Hook.
American Sea Rocket.
(Fig. 1699.)
Bunias edentula Bigel. Fl. Bost. 157. 1814.
Cakile Americana Nutt. Gen. 2: 62. 1818.
Cakile edentula Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 59. 1830.
Very fleshy throughout, bushy-branched from
a deep root, the lower branches spreading or
ascending, the central ones erect, 1° in height
or less. Leaves oblanceolate, or obovate, ob-
tuse, sinuate-dentate or lobed, narrowed at the
base, the lower 3^-5' long; flowers light purple,
broad; petals long-clawed, more than
twice the length of the sepals; pod 6''- 10"
long, upper joint slightly longer than the lower,
ovoid, flattened, narrowed into a beak above;
lower joint obovoid, not flattened.
In sands of the seashore, Newfoundland to New
Jersey and Florida, and along the Great Lakes, New
York to Minnesota. Also on the California coast.
Summer.
II. SINAPIS L. Sp. Pi; 668. 1753.
Annual or biennial, usually erect, branching more or less hispid herbs, with pinnatifid
or lobed leaves, and rather large, mostly yellow flowers in terminal racemes. Siliques linear,
nearly terete, constricted between the seeds, sessile in the calyx, densely hispid in our
species, tipped with a very long flat sword-like beak which sometimes contains a seed near
its base. Seeds oblong or subglobose, not winged nor margined. Cotyledons conduplicate.
[Name Greek, said to come from the Celtic for turnip.]
About 5 species, natives of southern Europe. Only the following is known from North
America.
Sinapis alba I^. White Mustard. (Fig. 1700.)
Sinapis alba L- Sp. PI. 668. 1753.
Brassica alba Boiss. Voy. Espag. 2: 39. 1839-45.
Erect, i°-2° high, more or less pubescent
with stiff spreading hairs. Lower leaves
6'-8' long, obovate in outline, deeply pin-
natifid or pinnate, with a large terminal leaf-
let or lobe and several pairs of smaller
lateral ones, dentate all around; uppermost
leaves lanceolate or oblong, merely dentate,
short-petioled; flowers yellow, •]"-<^" broad;
pedicels rather stout, spreading, ^"-1" long
in fruit; pods spreading or ascending, terete,
constricted between the seeds ; beak flat,
equalling or sometimes longer than the pod;
seeds light brown.
In waste places and fields, occasional, mostly
escaped from cultivation. Adventive from Eu-
rope. Native also of western Asia. Summer.
Il8 CRUCIFERAE. [Vot. II.
12. BRASSICA L. Sp. PI. 666. 1753.
Erect brandling annual biennial or perennial herbs, with pinnatifid basal leaves, those
of the stem dentate or often nearly entire, and showy yellow flowers in elongated racemes.
Siliques elongated, sessile, terete or 4-sided, tipped with an indehiscent conic usually i-
seeded beak. Valves convex, 1-3-uerved. Stigma truncate or 2-lobed. Seeds in i row in
each cell, oblong, marginless; cotyledons conduplicate. [Latin name of the Cabbage.]
A genus of about 80 species, natives of Europe, Asia and northern Africa.
None of the leaves clasping the stem, the upper sessile.
Pods slender, 'A'-i' long, appressed. i. B. nigra.
Pods rather slender, i'-2' long, erect, not appressed, on slender pedicels 3"-5" long.
2. B.juncea.
Pods spreading or ascending at maturity, on stout pedicels 2"-3" long. 3. B. Sinapislrum.
Upper leaves clasping by an auricled base. 4. B. campestris.
I. Brassica nigra (I,.) Koch. Black Mustard. (Fig. 1701.)
Sinapis nigra L. Sp. PI. 668. 1753.
Brassica nigra Koch, in Roehl, Deutsche
Fl. Ed. 3, 4: 713. 1833.
Erect, 2°-7° high, freelj' and widely
branching, pubescent or glabrate. Lower
leaves slender-petioled, deeply pinnatifid,
with I terminal large lobe and 2-4 smaller
lateral ones, dentate all around; upper
leaves shorter-petioled or sessile, pinnati-
fid or dentate, the uppermost reduced to
lanceolate or oblong entire blades; flowers
bright yellow, 2>"~5" broad; pedicels slen-
der, appressed, 2" long in fruit; pods nar-
rowly linear, 4-sided, ^"--j" long, Yz"
widCj appressed against the stems and
forming very narrow racemes; beak slen-
der, I'^-'z" long; seeds dark brown.
In fields and waste places, common
throughout our area. Naturalized from Eu-
rope. Native also of central Asia. June-Nov.
2. Brassica juncea (L. ) Cosson.
Indian Mustard. (Fig. 1702.)
Sinapis juncea I,. Sp. PI. 668. 1753.
Brassica juncea Cosson, Bull. Soc. Bot. France,
6: 609. 1859.
Annual, pale, glabrous, or slightly pubescent,
somewhat glaucous, stem erect, usually stout,
i°-4° tall. Lower leaves runcinate-pinnatifid
and dentate, long-petioled, 4^-6' long, the
uppermost sessile or nearly so, lanceolate or
linear, commonly entire, much smaller; flow-
ers 6"-<)" wide; fruiting racemes sometimes
1° long; pods erect or nearly so, on slender
ascending pedicels 2>"-5" long, not appressed
to the axis, i'-2' long, rather more than i"
wide, the conic-subulate empty beak one-
fourth to one-third the length of the body.
In waste places, New Hampshire and Penn-
sylvania to Michigan and Virginia. Adventive
or naturalized from Asia. Also introduced into
the West Indies and South America. May-July.
Vol. II.]
MUSTARD FAMILY.
119
3. Brassica arvensis (L,.) B.S.P.
Charlock. Wild Mustard.
(Fig. 1703.)
Sinapis arvensis L,. Sp. PI. 668. 1753.
Brassica Siitapislrton Boiss. Voy. Espag^ne, 2;
39. 1839-45.
Brassica arvensis B.S.P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 1888.
Erect, i°-2° higli, hispid with scattered
stiff hairs, cy glabrate, branching above.
Leaves similar to those of B. nigra but gen-
erally not so much pinuatifid; flowers 6"-
8" broad; pedicels stout, 2''-3'^ long in fruit;
pods glabrous, spreading or ascending, some-
what constricted between the seeds, 6'^-8"
long, i'^ wide, tipped with a flattened elon-
gated-conic often I -seeded beak 5' '-6" long,
the valves strongly nerved.
In fields and waste places, frequent or occa-
sional. Adventive from Europe and widely dis-
tributed as a weed. English names, Corn Mus-
tard, Chadlock, Corn- or Field-Kale. May-
Nov.
4. Brassica campestris L,.
Turnip. Wild Navew^.
(Fig. 1704.)
Brassica campestris L,- Sp. PI. 666. 1753.
Stem i°-3° high, branching, glabrous
and glaucous, or sometimes slightly pubes-
cent below. Lower leaves petioled, pu-
bescent, more or less lobed or pinuatifid;
upper leaves lanceolate or oblong, acute
or obtusish, sessile and clasping the stem
by an auricled base, entire or dentate,
glabrous; flowers bright yellow, i^"-^"
broad; pedicels spreading or ascending,
often i' long in fruit; pods yYz'-i.' long,
tipped with a beak long.
In cultivated g^rounds, sometimes persist-
ing for a year or two, and occasional in waste
places eastward. Fugitive from Europe.
April-Oct.
Brassica Napus L. (Rape) has all the leaves
glabrous, and is sometimes found in waste
places.
13. DIPLOTAXIS DC. Syst. 2: 628. 1821.
Annual or perennial herbs, similar to the Mustards, with basal and alternate pinuatifid
or lobed leaves, and rather large yellow flowers in terminal racemes. Silique elongated,
linear, flat or flattish, short-beaked or beakless, the valves mostly i -nerved. Style usually
slender. Seeds in 2 complete or incomplete rows in each cavity of the silique, marginless;
cotyledons conduplicate. [Greek, referring to the double rows of seeds.]
About 20 species, natives of the Old World, the following fugitive or adventive in our territory.
The genus is often united with Brassica.
Perennial; stem leafy nearly to the inflorescence.
Annual; leaves mostly basal, oblanceolate.
1. D. tenuifolia.
2. D. muralis.
I20 CRUCIFERAE. [Vol. II.
I, Diplotaxis tenuifolia (L,.) DC. Wall Rocket. (Fig. 1705.)
Sisymbrium tenuifolium L,. Cent. PI. l: i8. 1755.
Diplotaxis temi if oUa DC. Syst. 2:632. 1821.
Perennial, glabrous or nearly so, somewhat
glaucous, stem branched, bushy, leafy, i°-4°
high. Leaves pinnatifid, often nearly to the
midrib, thin, the lower 3^-6' long, the lobes
distant or close together, mostly narrow; ra-
cemes elongated in fruit, loose; flowers 8''-
\o" broad; pods long, about
wide, nearly erect; pedicels slender, io'''-2o''
long in fruit.
In waste places and ballast, Nova Scotia to New
Jersey and Pennsylvania, chiefly about the cities.
June-Aug.
2. Diplotaxis muralis (L.) DC.
Sand Rocket. (Fig. 1706.)
Sisymbrium viurale L. Sp. PI. 658. 1753.
Diplotaxis muralis DC. .Syst. 2: 634. 1821.
Annual, branched from the base, sparingly
hispid or glabrous, the slender branches i°-
2° high, leafy only below. Leaves oblanceo-
late, sinuate-lobed or sometimes pinnatifid,
2^-4' long, narrowed at the base, mostly slen-
der-petioled; fruiting racemes long, loose;
flowers ()"-'&" broad; pod about \' long and
\" wide, erect, flattish; fruiting pedicels i/'-
long.
In waste places and ballast, range of the pre-
ceding species. June-Aug.
14. RAPHANUS L. Sp. PI. 669. 1753.
Erect branching mainly biennial herbs, with lyrate leaves and showy flowers. Silique
elongated-linear, coriaceous, fleshy or corky, constricted or continuous and spongy between
the seeds, indehiscent. Style slender. Seeds subglobose; cotyledons conduplicate. [Greek,
quick-appearing, from its rapid germination.]
A genus of about 6 species, natives of Europe and temperate Asia.
Flowers yellow, fading white; pod longitudinally grooved, 4-10-seeded. i. R. Raphanistrum.
Flowers pink or white; pod not longitudinally grooved, 2-3-seeded. 2. R. sativus.
Vol.. II.]
MUSTARD FAMILY.
121
I, Raphanus Raphanistrum L,. Wild Radish.
(Fig. 1707.)
Raphanus Raphanistt uni I,. Sp. PI. 669. 1753.
Biennial or annual, erect or ascending
from a slender root, freely branching, i°-
2^° high, sparsely pubescent with stiff
hairs especially below, or rarely glabrous
throughout. Basal and lower leaves
deeply ly rate-pin natifid, 4'-8' long, with a
large terminal lobe and 4-6 pairs of succes-
sively smaller lateral ones, all crenate or
dentate; upper leaves few, small, oblong;
flowers 6"-()" broad, yellow, fading to
white, purplish-veined ; pedicels 3'^-8''
long in fruit; pods I'-iyi' long, 6-10
seeded, nearly cylindric when fresh, con-
stricted between the seeds when dry, longi-
tudinally grooved, tipped with a conic
beak '^"-\o" long.
In fields and waste places, Pennsylvania to
Ontario and New Brunswick. Often a trou-
blesome weed. Introduced also in British
Columbia. Naturalized from Europe. Native
also of northern Asia. Rarely the flowers are
purplish throughout. Erroneously called
Rape. Summer.
Jointed or White Charlock.
2. Raphanus sativus I,.
Garden Radish. (Fig. 1708.)
Raphanus sativus L. Sp. PI. 669. 1753.
Similar to the last, but flowers pink or
white. Root deep, fusiform or napi-
form, fleshy. Pods fleshy, 2-3-seeded,
not longitudinally grooved, often
equalled or exceeded by the long conic
beak.
Cultivated and occasionally spontaneous
for a year or two in gardens or fields, rarely
in waste places. Native of Asia. June-
Oct.
15. BARBAREA R. Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew. Ed. 2, 4: 109. 1812.
Erect glabrous biennial or perennial branching herbs, with angled stems, pinnatifid
leaves, and racemose yellow flowers. Stamens 6. Silique elongated, linear, 4-angled. Valves
keeled or ribbed. Style short. Stigma 2-lobed or nearly capitate. Seeds in i row in each
cell, flat, oblong, marginless; cotyledons accumbent. [Name from St. Barbara, to whom
the plant was anciently dedicated.]
A genus of about 6 species, natives of the temperate zones.
Pods obtusely 4-angled, slender-pedicelled; leaf -segments 1-4 pairs.
Pods divergent or ascending. i. B. Barbarea.
Pods erect, appressed. 2. B. stricta.
Pods sharply 4-angled, stout-pedicelled; leaf-segments 4-8 pairs. 3. B.praecox.
122
CRUCIFERAE.
[Vol.. II.
I. Barbarea Barbarea (L,.) MacM.
2. Barbarea stricta Andrz. Erect-
fruited Winter Cress. (Fig. 1710. )
Barbarea stricta Andrz. in Bess. Eniim. PI.
Volh. 72. 1821.
Barbarea vulgaris var. stricta A. Gray, Man.
Ed. 2, 35. 1856.
Similar to the preceding species, about
equally tall. Lateral segments of the leaves
comparatively larger; pods obtusely or ob-
scurely 4-angled, about \' long, erect and ap-
pressed against the rachis of the raceme on
erect or ascending slender pedicels.
In fields and waste places, Quebec to Minne-
sota and the Northwest Territory, south to
Florida and Nebraska. The plant is certainly
naturalized from Europe in the East, but is re-
ported as indigenous in the Northwest. It is
very abundant in northern Europe and Asia.
Leaves shining above. April-June.
Yellow Rocket or Cress. (Fig. 1709.)
Erysimum Barbarea L. Sp. PI. 660. 1753.
Barbarea vulgaris R. Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew. Ed.
2, 4: 109. 1812.
Barbarea vulgaris vax. arciiata A. Gray, Man.
Ed. 2, 35. 1856.
Barbarea Barbarea MacM. Met. Minn. 259. 1892.
Tufted, stems erect, i°-2° high. Lower
leaves petioled, '2.'-^' long, pinnatifid; ter-
minal division much larger than the 1-4
pairs of lateral ones, all oval or obovate,
repand-toothed or sometimes entire; upper
leaves sessile or nearly so, sometimes clasp-
ing; flowers bright yellow, z"-'^" broad;
pods spreading or ascending, about 1' long,
obscurely 4-angled; pedicels about 2" long.
In fields and waste places, Labrador to south-
em New York and Virginia and locally in the
interior. Also on the Pacific coast. Naturalized
from Europe. Leaves thickish, shining above.
April-June. Also called Bitter, Winter or
Rocket Cress.
3. Barbarea praecox (J. E. Smith)
R. Br. Early Winter or Belle
Isle Cress. (Fig. 1711.)
Erysimum praecox J. E. Smith, Fl. Brit. 2: 707.
1800.
Barbarea praecox R. Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew. Ed.
2, 4: 109. 1812.
Closely resembles the last species. Divi-
sions of the leaves more numerous (4-8
pairs); pods sharply 4-sided, slightly com-
pressed, lyi'-'i' long, borne on stout pedicels.
In waste places, southern New York, Penn-
sylvania and southward. Adventive from Eu-
rope. Sometimes cultivated for salad. Re-
ferred by Hooker and Thomson (Joum. Linn.
Soc. 5: 139) to a variety of B. vulgaris and so
regarded by Bentham and other English botan-
ists, but its characters appear to be constant.
In the Southern States called Scurvy-grass.
April-June.
Vor,. II.]
MUSTARD FAMILY.
123
Purple or False
16. lODANTHUS T. &G.; A. Gray, Man. 32. 1848.
A glabrous erect perennial herb, with dentate leaves auricled at the base, or the lower and
basal ones lyrate-piunatifid, and violet or white flowers in panicled racemes. Sepals much
shorter than the petals, the inner ones slightly gibbous at the base. Petals long-clawed.
Style stout; stigma subcapitate. Silique linear-cylindric, somewhat constricted between the
seeds. Seeds oblong, rounded, in i row in each cell. Cotyledons accumbent. [Greek,
violet-colored flower.]
A monotj'pic genus of southeastern North America.
I. lodanthus pinnatifidus (Michx.) Steud. lodanthus.
Rocket. (Fig. 17 12.)
Hesperis (?) pinnaiifida Michx. Fl. Bor.
Am. 2: 31, 1803.
Jodanlhus hespertdoides T. & G. ; A.
Gray, Gen. 111. i: 134. 1848.
Tlielypoditim pinna/ijidu tn S. Wats. Bot.
King's Exp. 25. 1871.
lodant/ins pinnalifidus Steud. Nomencl.
Ed. 2, 812. 1841.
Glabrous, stem slender, i°-3° high,
branching above. Lower leaves ovate
or oblong (occasionally cordate), 2'-
8' long, dentate, tapering into a mar-
gined petiole which is clasping and
auriculate at the base, the lower part
of the blade often pinnatifid into 2-6
pairs of small oblong segments; stem-
leaves similar or merely dentate, nar-
rower, sometimes ovate-lanceolate, the
upper nearly sessile; flowers numerous,
broad; pedicels spreading, 1"-
2/' long in fruit; pods linear,
long, y^" wide, spreading or ascend-
ing; style stout, \" long.
On river banks, western Pennsylvania
to Minnesota, south to Kentucky, Louisi-
ana and Texas. May-June.
17. RORIPA* Scop. Fl. Carn. 520. 1760.
[Nasturtium R. Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew. Ed. 2, 4: 109. 1812.]
Branching herbs, with simple or pinnate lobed dissected or rarely entire leaves, and yel-
low or white flowers. Sepals spreading. Stamens 1-6. Pods short or elongated, terete or
nearly so. Stipe none. Valves generally i-nerved. Style short or slender. Stigma 2-lobed
or nearly entire. Seeds turgid, minute, in 2 rows in each cell (very rarely in i row).
Cotyledons accumbent. [Name unexplained.]
About 25 species, of wide geographic distribution, most abundant in the north temperate zone.
Besides the following, there are about 5 other North American species, natives of the southern and
western parts of the continent. The white- flowered species perhaps represent different generic types.
Plowers yellow.
Flowers and pods distinctly pedicelled.
Plants perennial by creeping or subterranean branches.
Leaves pinnately divided; style very short; naturalized European species.
I. R. sylvestris.
Leaves pinnatifid; style slender; native western species.
Plants annual or perennial, with fibrous roots.
Pods I "-5" long, straight.
Fruiting pedicels i"-2" long; stem difTuse.
Pods linear to oblong, 3" -5" long.
Pods subglobose, about i" in diameter.
Fruiting pedicels 2"-4" long; stem erect.
Stem nearly or quite glabrous; pods linear or linear-oblong.
Stem hispid-pubescent; pods globose or oval.
Pods 4" -7" long, strongly curved upward.
Flowers and pods very nearly sessile.
Flowers white.
Leaves pinnately divided; pods linear.
Leaves simple or the lower pinnatifid; pods oblong or globose.
Terrestrial, tall; leaves crenate, or the lower lobed or pinnatifid.
Aquatic; immersed leaves finely dissected.
2. R. sinuata.
3. R. obhisa.
4. R. sphaerocarpa.
5. R. palustris.
6. i*?. hispida.
7. R. curvisiliqua.
8. R. sessiliflora.
9. R. Nasturtium.
10. R. Armoracia.
11. R. Americana.
* Originally spelled Rorippa, but corrected to this form by Adanson in 1763.
CRUCIFERAE.
[Vol. II.
I. Roripa sylvestris (L. ) Bess.
Creeping Yellow Water-cress.
(Fig. 1713.)
Sisymbrium sylvestre X,. Sp. PI. 657. 1753.
Nasiurtium sylvestre R. Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew. Ed.
2, 4: 110. 1812.
Roripa sylvestris Bess. Enum. 27. 1821.
Perennial, glabrous; stems creeping, branches
ascending. Leaves pinnately divided or deeply
pinnatifid, petioled, 3^-5' long, \'-2' broad,
ovate in outline, the divisions obovate, or ob-
long, toothed or lobed, the terminal one often
somewhat larger than the lateral; pedicels slen-
der, 2," long; flowers yellow, 2>"-\" broad; pod
linear, i/'-d" long; style very short.
In low grounds and waste places, occasional from
Massachusetts to Virginia and Ohio. Adventive or
naturalized from Europe. Native also of northern
Asia. Summer.
2. Roripa sinuata (Nutt.) A. S.
Hitchcock. Spreading Yellow-
cress. (Fig. 1714. )
Nasturtium simiatum Nutt.; T. & G. Fl. N. A.
1:73. 1838.
Roripa sinuata A. S. Hitchcock, Spring Fl.
Manhattan, 18. 1894.
Perennial, diffuse, glabrous, the branches
ascending. Leaves oblong, lanceolate, or
oblanceolate, 2^-3' long, Yz'-i' wide, pinna-
tifid, the lobes linear or oblong, obtuse, en-
tire, or sparingly dentate; pedicels slender, 2,"
long; flowers yellow, about 2" broad; pods
linear-oblong, sometimes slightly curved,
long; style slender, \"-\yz" long.
Banks of the Mississippi, Minnesota to Mis-
souri, west to the Sierra Nevada. The eastern
forms referred to this species may be specifically
distinct. Jur.e-Sept.
3. Roripa obtusa (Nutt.) Britton.
Blunt-leaved Yellow-cress.
(Fig. 1715.)
Nasturtium obtusum Nutt.; T. & G. Fl. N. A.
i: 74. 1838.
Roripa obtusa Britton, Metn. Torr. Club, 5:
169. 1894.
Annual or biennial, diff'use, much
branched, the branches ascending or erect.
Leaves oblong or oblanceolate, 2^-4' long,
pinnately divided, or pinnatifid, the lobes
obtuse, repand-toothed, or sometimes entire;
pedicels long; flowers yellow, \"
broad or less; pods narrowly oblong, or lin-
ear, 3''-5" long, ascending; style JJ^^^ long.
In low grounds, Michigan, south to Texas,
west to the Pacific Coast. April-Aug.
Vol. II.]
MUSTARD FAMILY
4. Roripa sphaerocarpa (A. Gray)
Brittoii. Round-fruited Cress.
(Fig. 1716.)
Naslurlium sphaerocarpnm A. Gray, Mem. Am.
Acad. 4: 6. 1849.
Roripa sphaerocarpa Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5:
170. 1894.
Glabrous, stem erect or decumbent, usually
branched, slender, 4'-i2' high. Leaves oblong,
obtuse, the lower lyrate-pinnatifid or incised,
the upper sometimes nearly entire, all petioled
or the upper subsessile; petioles narrowly mar-
gined, somewhat clasping at the base; flowers \"
broad or less; petals yellow, about equalling the
sepals; silicle globose, about \" in diameter,
about as long as its pedicel; style very short.
Illinois to Kansas, Texas and California. June-
July-
5. Roripa palustris (L,. ) Bess. Marsh or Yellow Water-cress. (Fig. 1717
Sisymbriitni aviphibiiim yzx. palustre L. Sp.
PI. 657. 1753.
Nasturtium terrestre R. Br. in Ait. Hort.
Kew. Ed. 2, 4: 110. 1812.
Nasturtium palustre DC. Syst. 2: 191. 1821.
Roripa palustris Bess. Enum. 27. 1821.
Annual, or biennial, erect, branching,
glabrous or slightly pubescent, i°-3>^°
high. Lower leaves petioled, 3'-7' long,
oblong or oblanceolate, deeply pinnatifid
(rarely only dentate), the lobes acutish
or blunt, repand or toothed; upper leaves
nearly sessile, dentate or somewhat lobed;
base of the petiole often dilated and clasp-
ing; pedicels slender, 3" long in truit;
flowers yellow, i"-2," broad; pods linear,
or linear-oblong, 2-6 times as lc>ng as
thick, about equalling the pedicels, spread-
ing or curved; style Yz" long or less.
In wet places, nearly throughout North
America except the extreme north. Appar-
ently naturalized from Europe on the eastern
side of the continent, but evidently indige-
nous in the west. May-Aug.
6. Roripa hispida (Desv.) Britton. His-
pid Yellow-cress. (Fig. 1718.)
Brachylobus hispidus Desv. Journ. Bot. 3: 183. 1814.
Nasturtium hispidum DC. Syst. 2: 201. 1821.
Nasturtium palustrevar. hispidum \. Gray, Man. Ed.
2, 30. 1856.
Roripa hispida Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: i6g. 1894.
Roripa palustris hispida Rydberg, Contr. U. S. Nat.
Herb. 3: 149. 1895.
Resembling the preceding species, but often
stouter, sometimes 4° high, the stem, branches,
petioles and veins of the lower surfaces of the
leaves hirsute with spreading hairs. Leaves lyrate-
pinnatifid; pedicels slender, spreading, about 2>"
long, longer than the globose or ovoid pod, which
is 1-2 times as long as thick.
In wet places, New Brunswick to British Columbiai
Florida and New Mexico. Lower leaves sometimes
10' long. Summer.
126
CRUCIFERAE.
[Vol. II.
7. Roripa curvisiliqua (Hook.) Be.ssey.
Curved- fruited Cress. (Fig. 1719. )
Sisymbritim curvisiliqua Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 6i.
1830.
Naslttrlium curvisiliqua Nutt. ; T. & G. Fl. N. A. i:
73. 1838.
Roripa curvisiliqua Bessey, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 169.
1894.
Annual or biennial, sparingly pubescent or gla-
brous, stems erect or ascending, usually much
branched, 6'-i8' high. Leaves oval or oblance-
olate in outline, pinnatifid, pinnately lobed or
toothed, the lower i'-3' long; flowers light yellow,
■2" broad in short racemes; petals rather longer
than the sepals; style short; pods linear,
long, less than \" wide, stronglj' curved upward;
pedicels spreading or ascending, long.
In moist soil, Nebraska (according to Bessey), to
British Columbia and California. May-Aug.
8. Roripa sessiliflora (Nutt.) A. S. Hitch-
cock. Sessile-flowered Cress.
(Fig. 1720.)
Nasturtium sessiliflorum Nutt.; T. & G. Fl. N. A. i:
73. 1838.
Roripa sessiliflora A. S. Hitchcock, Spring Fl. Man-
hattan, 18. 1894.
Annual or biennial, erect, glabrous, 8^-20' high,
sparingly branched above, the branches ascend-
ing. Leaves petioled, the lower 3^-4' long, obo-
vate or oblong, obtuse, crenate, lobed or pinnati-
fid, with obtuse lobes; flowers yellow, \" broad,
nearly sessile ; pods very slightly pedicelled,
spreading or ascending, 2,"-^" long, \" broad,
narrowly oblong; style very short; seeds minute,
mostly in 2 rows in each cell.
In low grounds, Tennessee, western Illinois and
Iowa to Kansas, south to Florida and Texas. April-
June.
9. Roripa Nasturtium (L.) Rusby.
Water-cress. (Fig. 1721.)
Sisymbrium Nasturtium L. Sp. PI. 657. 1753.
Nasturtium officinale R. Br. in Ait. Hort. Kevv.
Ed. 2, 4: 110. 1812,
Roripa Nasturtiiim Rusby, Mem. Torr. Club,
3: Part 3, 5. 1893.
Aquatic, glabrous, branching, floating or
creeping, rooting from the nodes. Leaves
odd-pinnate, of 3-9 segments, the terminal
one larger than the lateral, all obtuse, ovate
or oval, or the terminal one nearly orbicular;
racemes elongating in fruit; flowers white,
2'''-2^'^ broad; petals twice the length of the
calyx; pods (3"-\i>" long, \" wide, spreading
and slightly curved upward, on pedicels of
about their length; seeds distinctly in 2 rows.
In brooks and streams, Nova Scotia to Mani-
toba, south to Virginia and Missouri. Common
in most districts. Naturalized from Europe.
Native also of northern Asia and introduced into
South America and western North America.
Widely cultivated for salad. April-Nov.
Vol.. II.]
MUSTARD FAMILY
lo. Roripa Armoracia (L,. ) A. S. Hitchcock.
Horseradish. (Fig. 1722.)
Cochlearia Armoracia 1,. Sp. PI. 648. 1753.
Nastiirliiim Armoracia Pries; A. Gray, Man. Ed. 2, 31.
1856.
Roripa Armoracia A. S. Hitchcock, Spring- Fl. Manhat-
tan, 18. 1894.
Erect, 2°-3° high, from deep thick roots. Basal
leaves on thick petioles long, the blade oblong,
often nearly as long, crenate, sinuate or even pinnati-
fid, rough but glabrous; upper leaves smaller, sessile,
narrowly oblong or lanceolate, crenate or dentate; ra-
cemes paniculate, terminal and axillary; pedicels very
slender, ascending, ^"-2," long; flowers white, showy,
1"-^" broad; pods oblong or nearly globose; style
very short.
Escaped from gardens into moist grounds, especially
along streams. Frequent. Adventive from Europe. The
roots furnish the well-known sauce. Summer.
II. Roripa Americana (A. Gray) Britton.
L,ake Water-cress. (Fig. 1723.)
Nasiiirlirim natans var. Americanum A. Gray, Ann.
Lyc. N. Y. 3: 223. 1836.
Nasturliuvi lacustre A. Gray, Gen. 111. i: 132. 1848.
Roi ipa Americana Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 169. 1894.
Neobeckia aquaiica Greene, Pittonia, 3: 95. 1896.
Aquatic, branching, i°-2° long. Immersed leaves
I'-'if long, pinnately dissected into numerous fili-
form divisions; emersed leaves oblong, obtuse or
acute, 1^-3' long, entire, serrate or lobed; pedicels
long, slender, widely spreading; flowers white;
petals longer than the sepals; style slender, about \"
long; pods ovoid, '2." long, i-celled.
In lakes and slow streams, Ferrisburg, Vt. ; western
Quebec and Ontario, northern New York; Sussex Co.,
N. T., to Minnesota, south to Florida and Louisiana.
Local. Much resembles ^V. amphibium of Europe, ex-
cept in its white flowers and smaller upper leaves, which
are readily detached from the stem. Summer.
18. CARDAMINE L. Sp. PI. 654. 1753.
Erect or ascending herbs, with scaly or bulbiferous rootstocks or fibrous roots, entire
lobed or divided leaves, and racemose or corymbose white or purple flowers. Stamens 6,
rarely 4. Siliques elongated, flat, generally erect; valves nerveless or faintly nerved, elasti-
cally dehiscent at maturity. Stipe none. Seeds in i row in each cell, compressed, margin-
less; cotyledons accumbeut, equal or unequal. [Greek, heart- strengthening, a name for
some cress supposed to have that quality. ]
A genus of about 75 species, natives of the temperate regions of both hemispheres.
■X- Leaves pinnately divided, or some of them of but a single terminal segment.
Flowers 6"-9" broad, white or purplish. i. C. pratensis.
Flowers i"-4" broad, white.
Leaf-segments numerous, small, the terminal one 2"-io" wide, narrowed, rounded or subcor-
date at the base.
Leaves nearly all basal, pubescent. 2. C. hirsula.
Stem leafy; leaves glabrous or very nearly so.
Mature pods erect, Y^" wide.
Flowers 2"-2K" wide; plants of swamps, streams, or wet grounds.
Segments of basal leaves 2"-i2" wide; plant 8' -3° tall. 3. C. Pennsylvanica.
Segments of basal leaves K" wide; plant 6'-i2' tall. 4. C. arenicola.
Flowers wide; plant of dry rocky situations. 5. C. parviflora.
Mature pods divergent or ascending, more than Vi" wide. 6. C. flexuosa.
Leaf-segments few, large, the terminal one i'-2' wide, deeply cordate. 7. C. Clematitis.
■X- 7!- Leaves entire, toothed, or rarely with i or 2 lateral segments.
Dwarf, alpine; leaves nearly entire, long-petioled. 8. C. bellidifolia.
Erect or decumbent; leaves more or less toothed or lobed.
Flowers purple ; stem erect. 9. C. Douglassii.
Flowers white.
Stem erect from a tuberous base.
Stem decumbent, stoloniferous; roots fibrous.
10. C. bulbosa.
11. C. rolundifolia.
CRUCIFERAE.
[Voi<. II.
I. Cardamine pratensis L. Meadow Bit-
ter-cress. Cuckoo-flower. (Fig. 1724.)
Cardamine pratensis 1,. Sp. PI. 656. 1753-
Glabrous, erect or ascending, nearly simple, 8'-2o'
high ; roots fibrous. I/eaves pinnately divided,
lanceolate or oblong in outline, the lower petioled,
the upper sessile; divisions 3-7 pairs and an odd
one, dentate or entire, those of the basal leaves
larger and broader than those of the stem; flowers
showy, white or purple, (>"-<^" broad; petals three
times the length of the calyx; pedicels slender, 4"-
(>" long in fruit; pods 8^^-15" long, \" wide; style
less than \" long, thick.
In wet meadows and swamps, Labrador to northern
New Jersej', west to the Pacific coast of British America
and Minnesota. Also in Europe and northern Asia.
April-May. Called also Ladies' Smock.
2. Cardamine hirsuta L. Hairj^
Bitter-cress. (Fig. 1725.)
Cardamine hirstita L. Sp. PI. 655. 1753.
More or less pubescent, stem erect, usually
little branched, slender, 4'-io'' tall. Leaves
nearly all basal and forming a rosette,
long, pinnate, the terminal segment orbicular
or broader than long, entire or few-toothed, 2/'-
xo" broad, the lateral ones 2-5 pairs, usually
smaller and narrower; stem-leaves few and
mostly borne near the base, their segments lin-
ear, or linear-oblong; flowers 1" broad, white;
pods linear, about \' long and yi" wide, strictly
erect on ascending pedicels 7."-\" long when
mature; style almost none.
In moist places, Pennsylvania to Michigan and
North Carolina. Doubtfull5' native of America.
Widely distributed in Europe and Asia. March-
May.
3. Cardamine Pennsylvanica Muhl.
Pennsylvania Bitter-cress.
(Fig. 1726.)
Cardamine Pennsylvanica Muhl.; Willd. Sp. PI. 3: 486.
1800.
Cardamine Pennsylvanica Brilloniana Fanvell, Asa
Gray Bull. 6: 46. 1894.
Glabrous or rarely with a few scattered hairs, stem
erect, stout or slender, S''-3° tall, usuallj' much
branched, somewhat succulent, leafy up to the ra-
cemes. Basal leaves 2'-6' long, the terminal seg-
ment obovate, oval or suborbicular, usually narrowed
at the base, 3'^-io^' wide, the lateral 4-8 pairs oblong,
oval, or obovate, all toothed, or some of them entire;
flowers about 2" broad, white; pods very narrowly
linear, %"-\^" long, less than yi" wide, erect when
mature on ascending or divergent pedicels 'i.''-^/'
long; style about Yz" long.
In swamps and wet places, Newfoundland to Minne-
sota, Florida, Tennessee and Missouri. April-June.
'Vol.. II.]
MUSTARD FAMILY.
129
4. Cardamine arenicola Britton.
Sand Bitter-cress. (Fig. 1727.)
■Cardamine Virginica Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 29.
1803. Not L. 1753-
Cardamine arenicola Britton, Bull. Torr. Club, 19:
220. 1892.
Glabrous, usually much branched from the
base, leafy nearly or quite up to the racemes,
erect, d'-ii' high. Segments of the leaves
numerous, linear or linear-oblong, y2."-\y2,"
wide, obtusish, entire, or with 1-3 small teeth,
those of the basal ones slightly wider than
those of the upper; flowers about 7." broad,
white; mature pods strictly erect, less than \'
long, %"-y2" wide, their pedicels ascending;
style almost wanting.
In moist or wet sandy soil, Connecticut to Flor-
ida, Kentucky and Tennessee. March-April.
5. Cardamine parviflora L. Small-
flowered Bitter-cress. (Fig. 1728.)
Cardamine parviflora I,. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 914. 1763.
Cardamine hirstita var. sylvatica A. Gray, Man.
Ed, 5, 67. 1867.
Glabrous or very sparingly pubescent, stem
weak, erect or ascending, very slender or almost
filiform, 2'-i5' long, usually leafy up to the ra-
cemes, but the leaves scattered. Segments of
the leaves numerous, oblong or linear, or the
terminal ones sometimes orbicular, entire or
sparingly toothed, Y^''-^" wide; mature pods \'
long or less, rather less than yi," wide, erect on
ascending pedicels, 2"-^" long, the axis of the
racemes commonly zigzag; flowers scarcely more
than x" broad, white; style almost wanting.
On dry rocks, Quebec to western Ontario and
Oregon, south in the Alleghanies to Georgia. Also
in northern Europe and Asia. April-May.
6. Cardamine flexuosa With. "Wood
Bitter-cress. (Fig. 1729.)
Cardamine flexuosa With. Bot. Arr. Brit. PI. Ed.
3. 3: 578. 1796-
Glabrous, rather dark green, stem slender or
rather stout, branched, leafy, 6^-15' tall. Leaf-
segments obovate, oval, oblong or linear, the
terminal one sometimes orbicular, narrowed
rounded or subcordate at the base, ^"-xo" wide,
the lateral ones usually much narrower; flowers
white, 2" broad; pods ascending or divergent, on
spreading or ascending pedicels, 'i>"-\^" long,
Yz" wide or rather more; style Yz" ^o^g or less.
In wet woods, streams and mountain swamps,
Maine to Michigan, south to North Carolina, espe-
cially in the mountains. Also in Europe and Asia,
and apparently in Washington. May-Aug.
9
I30
CRUCIFERAE.
[Vol. II.
7. Cardamine Clematitis Shuttlw.
Mountain Bitter-cress. (Fig. 1730.)
Cardamine Clematitis Shuttlw.; S. Wats. Bibl. In-
dex, I: 53. 1878.
Glabrous, dark green, somewhat succulent,
stem weak, ascending or erect, slender, 5'-i5'
long. Leaves remarkably various, some of them
of a single orbicular or reniform, deeply cordate,
entire or undulate terminal segment, some of
them with two additional ovate oblong or rounded
lateral segments, the uppermost occasionally
linear-oblong and entire; flowers in short ra-
cemes, white, wide; pedicels ascending,
3^^-6'^long; pods ascending or divergent, I'-xy^^
long, less than \" wide; style \"-2" long, subu-
late.
In wet woods, high mountains of southwestern
Virginia and North Carolina to Alabama. May-July.
Alpine Cress.
8. Cardamine bellidifolia L.
(Fig. 1731.)
Cardamine bellidifolia L,. Sp. PI. 654. 1753.
Tufted, glabrous, 2'-^' high, with fibrous roots. Lower
eaves long-petioled, ovate, obtuse, the blade i/'-d" long,
broad, abruptly contracted into the petiole, entire, or
•with a few rounded teeth; upper leaves similar, shorter-pe-
tioled; flowers 1-5, white; petals about twice the length of
the calyx; pods erect, linear, \' long, \" wide, narrowed at
each end; pedicels i^'-3'' long; style stout, less than \" long.
Alpine summits of the White Mountains, N. H. ; Mt. Katahdin,
Me.; Greenland and arctic America; the Canadian Rocky Moun-
tains; California. Also in Europe. July.
9. Cardamine purpurea (Torr.) Brit-
ton. Purple Cress. (Fig. 1732.)
Arabis rhomboidea var. purpurea Torr. Am.
Journ. Sci. 4: 66. 1822.
A rabis Douglassii Torr. ; T. & G. Fl. N. A. 1 : 83.
As synonym. 1838.
Cardamine Douglassii Britton, Trans. N. Y. Acad.
Sci. 9: 8. 1889.
Glabrous, generally slender, 6^-15^ high from
tuberiferous rootstocks. Basal leaves slender-
petioled, about broad, ovate or orbicular,
cordate, thickish; lower stem-leaves similar,
but shorter-petioled, the upper sessile, dentate
or entire; pedicels \"-\2" long; flowers pur-
ple, showy, ^"-\o" broad; pods nearly erect,
long, \" broad, pointed at each end; pedicels
long; style 1" long.
In cold, springy places, Quebec and arctic
America to the Canadian Rocky Mountains, south
to Maryland and Wisconsin. Blooming two or
three weeks earlier than the next, and more
abundant northward. April-May.
Vol.. ir.] MUSTARD FAMILY,
lo. Cardamine bulbosa (Schreb.) B.S.P. Bulbous Cress
Arabis bulbosa Schreb.; Muhl. Trans. Am. Phil.
Soc. 3: 174- 1793-
Cardamine rhomboidea DC. Syst. Veg. 2: 246. 1821 '
Cardamine bulbosa B.S.P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 4. 1888
Glabrous, erect from a tuberiferous base, sim-
ple or sparingly branched above, 6'-i_5^° high.
Basal leaves oval, or nearly orbicular, x'-iyi'
long, sometimes cordate, angled or entire, long-
petioled; stem-leaves sessile or the lower peti-
oled, oblong or lanceolate, dentate or entire, \'-
1' long; pedicels 4^^-12'' long; flowers white,
broad; petals three or four times the
length of the calyx; pods \' long, erect, linear-
lanceolate, narrowed at each end; style
long; stigma prominent; seeds short-oval.
In wet meadows and thickets, Nova Scotia to
southern Ontario and Minnesota, south to Florida
and Texas. Ascends to 2000 ft. in Virginia. April-
June.
II. Cardamine rotundifolia
Michx. Round-leaved or Amer-
ican Water-cress. (Fig. 1734.)
Cardamine rotundifolia Michx. Fl. Bor.
Am. 2: 30. 1803.
Weak, ascending or decumbent, form-
ing long stolons; roots fibrous. Basal
leaves and stem-leaves similar, the lower
petioled, the upper sessile, ovate, oval,
or orbicular, obtuse, undulate angled or
entire, thin, the base rounded, truncate
or cordate; pedicels 6^^-12'' long in
fruit; flowers white, broad; pods
linear, long, yi" wide, pointed;
pedicels long; style \" long;
stigma minute; seeds oblong.
In cold springs, New Jersey to Ohio,
south to North Carolina and Kentucky.
Ascends to 3500 ft. in Virginia. May-June.
19. DENTARIA L. Sp. PI. 653. 1753.
Perennial herbs, with fleshy horizontal scaly or toothed rootstocks, erect mostly un-
branched stems leafless below, 3-divided or palmately laciniate petioled leaves, and corym-
bose or short-racemose white rose-colored or purple flowers. Petals much longer than the
sepals. Stamens 6. Style slender. Silique linear, flat, elastically dehiscent from the base,
its valves nerveless or with a faint midnerve; stipe none. Seeds in i row in each cell, thick,
oval, flattened, wingless; cotyledons thick, nearly or quite equal, accumbent. [Greek, tooth,
from the tooth-like divisions of the rootstock.]
About 15 species, natives of the northern hemisphere. Besides the following, some 7 others
occur in the western parts of North America. The species are called Pepper-root and Tooth-root,
from their pungent and toothed rootstocks.
Basal leaves and stem-leaves similar.
Leaf-divisions lanceolate or oblong, lobed or cleft. i. D. laciniaia.
Leaf-divisions ovate or ovate-oblong, crenate or lobed.
Stem-leaves 2, opposite, or close together; rootstock continuous. 2. D. diphylla.
Stem-leaves 2-5, alternate; rootstock jointed. ji- D. maxima.
Divisions of the stem-leaves linear or lanceolate; those of the basal leaves ovate, much broader.
4. D. heterophylla.
132
CRUCIFERAE.
[Vol. II.
2. Dentaria diphylla Michx. Two-
leaved Toothwort. (Fig. 1736.)
Dentaria diphylla Miclix. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 30.
1803.
Cardamine diphylla Wood, Bot. & Fl. 37. 1870.
Stout, erect, simple, scapose, glabrous, 8'-
14'' high; rootstock continuous, toothed.
Basal leaves long-petioled, 4^-5' broad, ter-
nate, the divisions short-stalked, broadly
ovate, dentate, or somewhat lobed, about 2'
long; stem-leaves generally 2, opposite or
nearly so, similar, shorter petioled and some-
times slightly narrower, ovate or ovate-
lanceolate; pedicels long; flowers
white, 6''-8" broad; pods \' long or more;
style slender.
In rich woods and meadows, Nova Scotia and
New Brunswick to Lake Superior and Minne-
sota, south to South Carolina and Kentucky.
Also called Crinkle-root. Maj'.
I, Dentaria laciniata Muhl. Cut-
leaved Toothwort or Pepper-root.
(Fig. 1735.)
Dentaria laciniata Muhl.; Willd. Sp. PI. 3: 479.
1800.
Cardaviine laciniata Wood, Bot. & Fl. 38. 1870.
Erect, pubescent or glabrous, scapose, sim-
ple, 8'-i5' high; rootstock deep, tubercled,
jointed. Leaves all petioled, 1'-^' broad,
those of the stem generally 3 and approximate
or verticillate, rarely distant, 3-parted nearly
to the base; divisions lanceolate, linear or ob-
long, the lateral ones often deeply 2-cleft, all
incisely toothed or lobed; basal leaves similar,
rarely developed at flowering time ; pedicels as-
cending,stout,8'^-io" long in fruit; flowersj"-
-9" broad, white or pink; pods linear, ascend-
ing, \'-\yz' long; style slender, j/'-i," long.
In moist or rich woods, Quebec to Florida, west
to Minnesota and Louisiana. Ascends to 2500 ft.
Virginia. April-June.
3. Dentaria maxima Nutt. Large
Toothwort. (Fig. 1737.)
Dentaria maxima Nutt. Gen. 2: 66. 1818.
Cardamine maxima Wood, Bot. & Fl. 38. 1870.
Similar to the last species but larger; root-
stock jointed, prominently tubercled. Stem
leaves 2-7 (generally 3), alternate, similar to
the basal ones; flowers pale purple, 8''-io''
broad.
Vermont to western New York and Penn-
sylvania. Local. May.
Vol.. II.]
MUSTARD FAMILY.
133
4. Dentaria heterophylla Nutt. Slender Toothwort. (Fig. 1738.)
Dentaria lieleropliylla Nutt. Gen. 2: 66. 1818.
Cardami ne heterophylla Wood, Bot. & FI. 38. 1870.
Erect, simple, slender, scapose, glabrous or some-
what pubescent, 10' high; rootstock near the
surface, jointed. Basal leaves long-petioled, ter-
nate, 2' -2/ broad; divisions short-stalked or sessile,
ovate, t'-iYz' long, the terminal one cuneate or
rounded at the base, the lateral ones inequilateral,
all crenately toothed, lobed or cleft, the lobes or
teeth mucronate; stem-leaves generally 2, opposite
or nearly so, petioled, ternate, the divisions linear
or lanceolate, x'-xYi' long, entire or dentate; pedi-
cels \' long in fruit; flovpers light purple, W-f)"
broad; pods ascending, linear, narrowed at each
end, long; style slender, 2"-^," long.
In low woods, New Jersey and Pennsylvania, south
along the mountains to Georgia and Tennessee. The
stem-leaves often closely resemble those of D. lacin-
iaia, which blooms a little earlier. April-May.
20. LUNARIA L. Sp. PI. 653. 1753.
Annual, biennial or perennial, more or less pubescent erect branching herbs, with broad
simple dentate or denticulate mostly cordate leaves, and large violet flowers in terminal ra-
cemes. Lateral sepals saccate at the base. Petals obovate, clawed. Siliques long-stipitate,
very flat, oblong or elliptic, the papery valves reticulate-veined, dehiscent. Style filiform;
septum hyaline, translucent, shining. Seeds circular or reniform, very large, winged, borne
on long funiculi, which are adnate to the septum; cotyledons large, accumbent. [Latin,
moon, in allusion to the shining partition of the pod.]
Two known species, natives of Europe and Asia.
Siliques oblong, pointed at both ends; perennial. i. L. rediviva.
Siliques elliptic, rounded at both ends; annual or biennial. 2. L. annua.
I. Lunaria rediviva 1^. Perennial
Satin-pod, or Satin-flower.
(Fig. 1739.)
Lunaria rediviva L. Sp. PI. 653. 1753.
Perennial, pubescent with short simple
hairs, stem rather stout, 2°-4° tall. Leaves
broadly ovate, acuminate at the apex, deeply
cordate, or the upper rounded at the base,
thin, the lower long-petioled, 3'-6' long;
flowers 8''-i2'' broad, slender-pedicelled;
pods oblong, long, drooping, about \'
wide at the middle, borne on slender stipes
of about one-half their length; seeds reni-
form, broader than long.
In thickets, Canadian side of Niagara Falls.
Escaped from gardens or fugitive from Europe.
Determination based on flowering specimens
collected by Professor Macoun which may, per-
haps, belong to the following species. The plant
is commonly cultivated for its ornamental flow-
ers and pods. May-July.
134
CRUCIFERAE.
[Vol. II.
2. Lunaria annua L. Honesty.
(Fig. 1740.)
Lunaria annua L,. Sp. PI. 653. 1753.
Lunaria biennis Moench, Meth. 126. 1794.
Resembles the preceding species when in flower,
but the root is annual or biennial. Siliques ellip-
tic or broadly oval, i J^'-2' long, wide or rather
more, rounded at both ends ; seeds suborbicular,
cordate, about as long as wide.
Escaped from gardens to roadsides in southwestern
Connecticut. Both this species and the preceding are
occasionally cultivated for their remarkably large pods,
which are gathered for dry bouquets, the valves falling
away at maturity and leaving the septum as a shining
membrane. May-June.
21. SELENIA Nutt. Journ. Acad. Phila. 5: 132. 1825.
Annual tufted glabrous herbs, with pinnatisect leaves, and racemose leafy-bracted yellow
flowers. Sepals spreading. Petals narrow, erect, with 10 liypogynous glands at their bases.
Silique stalked, very flat, oblong, narrowed at each end. Valves nerveless, thin, finely veined,
dehiscent. Style long, slender. Seeds few, in 2 rows in each cell of the pod, orbicular, flat,
broadly winged, free from the septum. Cotyledons accumbent. [Greek, moon, from the
resemblance of this genus to L7inaria.'\
Two or three species, natives of the south-central
United States and northern Mexico.
I. Selenia aurea Nutt. Selenia.
(Fig. 1 741.)
Selenia aurea Nutt. Journ. Acad. Phila. 5: 132. 1825.
Stems simple, numerous, 2^-8' high. Basal leaves
i'-2' long, narrow, 1-2-pinnatifid into numerous ob-
long dentate segments; stem-leaves similar, smaller;
bracts of the raceme pinnatifid, resembling the upper
leaves; flowers 2>"~A" high, numerous; pedicels ^"-"j"
long in fruit, spreading or ascending; pod (i"-\o"
long, n'^-j/' broad; style 1" long, very slender.
In open places, Missouri and Kansas to Texas. March-
April.
22. LEAVENWORTHIA Torr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 4: 87. 1837.
Low annual glabrous scapose herbs, with lyrate-pinnatifid persistent basal leaves, and
few or solitary terminal flowers. Petals wedge-shaped. Siliques flat, broadly linear or ob-
long, short-stipitate; valves dehiscent, nerveless, finely reticulate-veined. Seeds in i row in
each cell of the pod, flat, winged or margined; radicle short, slightly bent toward the coty-
ledons. [In honor of Dr. M. C. Leavenworth, U. S. A.]
A genus of about 4 species, natives of southeastern North America.
Pods not constricted between the seeds.
Pods constricted between the seeds.
1. L. uniflora.
2. L. tornlosa.
Vol.. II.]
MUSTARD FAMILY.
135
I. Leaven worthia uniflora (Michx.) Britton,
(Fig. 1742.)
Cardamine uniflora Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 29. 1803.
Leavenworthia Michauxii Torr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 4: 89.
1837-
L. uniflora Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 171. 1894.
Tufted , 3^-6' high . Basal leaves rosu late, numerous,
loug, the segments 5-17, irregularly dentate or
angled, i''-^/' long, the terminal one somewhat larger,
all narrowed near the base, but slightly expanded at
the junction with the rachis; stem-leaves none, or 1-3,
similar, but smaller; flowers about 3" broad; petals
■white or purplish with a yellow base, about twice the
length of the sepals; pods oblong or linear, ^"-\'^"
long, 1" wide when mature; seeds winged; style stout,
about y^" long.
In open, dry places, southern Indiana to Tennessee,
west to Missouri. April.
Michaux's Leavenworthia.
2. Leavenworthia torulosa A. Gray.
Necklace Leavenworthia. (Fig. 1743.)
LeaveniL'orthia torulosa A. Gray, Bot. Gaz. 5: 26. 1880.
Closely resembles the preceding species, but the pods
are narrower and distinctly constricted between the
seeds. Style conspicuous, xyz"-2" long; seeds
sharp-margined, barely winged; terminal segment of
the basal leaves decidedly broader and larger than the
lateral ones.
Barrens of Kentucky and Tennessee. April.
23. PHYSARIA A. Gray, Gen. 111. i: 162. 1848.
Low perennial stellate-canescent herbs, with erect or ascending usually quite simple
stems, spatulate mostly entire leaves, the basal ones tufted, and medium-sized yellow flowers
in terminal racemes. Petals longer than the sepals. Style filiform. Silicles membran-
ous, stellate-pubescent, their cells inflated, subglobose, the septum narrow. Seeds not mar-
gined; cotyledons accumbent. [Greek, bellows, from the resemblance of the inflated fruit.]
About 4 species, natives of western North America.
I. Physaria didymocarpa (Hook.) A.
Gray. Double Bladder-pod. (Fig. 1744.)
Vesicaria didymocarpa Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 49. pi.
16. 1830.
Physaria didymocarpa A. Gray, Gen. 111. i: 162. 1848.
Densely stellate-canescent, pale green; root long
and deep. Stems decumbent or ascending, slender,
simple, 3''-i2'' long; leaves spatulate, the basal ones
obtuse, entire, or few-lobed, narrowed into mar-
gined petioles; terminal segment large, 1^-5' long;
stem-leaves nearly sessile, acute or subacute, much
smaller; racemes 1'-^' long in fruit; flowers '^"-(>"
broad; pods didymous, variable, often thick
through the strongly inflated cavities, emarginate
at base and summit, commonly broader than high;
seeds numerous.
In dry soil. Northwest Territory to British Columbia,
Nebraska, Colorado and Nevada. May-Aug.
136 CRUCIFERAE. [Vol. II,
24. LESQUERELLA S. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 23: 249. 1888.
Low annual or perennial herbs, with stellate pubescence, simple leaves, and racemose
mainly yellow flowers. Petals entire. Anthers sagittate. Pod generally inflated, globose
or oblong; valves nerveless; septum translucent, nerved from the apex to the middle. Seeds
several or many in each cell of the pod, flattened, marginless or narrow-margined; cotyledons
accumbent. [Dedicated to Leo Lesquereux, 1805-1889, Swiss and American botanist.]
A genus of about 35 species, natives of America, and mainly of the western parts of the United
States.
Pods densely stellate-pubescent.
Pods oblong, acute, 2" long; low perennial. I. L. spathulata.
Pods globose, i" in diameter; tall annual. 2. L. globosa.
Pods oval or stibglobose, 2" long; tall biennial or perennial. 3. L. argentea.
Pods glabrous or very nearly so.
Annual, sparingly pubescent; stem slender, i°-2° tall, much branched; southwestern.
4. L. gracilis.
Perennial, densely stellate; stem rather stout, 6' -12' tall, simple; western. 5. L. ovalifolia.
Perennial, i'-6' tall; stem simple; arctic. 6. L. arctica.
I. Lesquerella spathulata Rydberg. I,ow
Bladder-pod. (Fig. 1745.)
Lesquerella spathulata Rvdberg, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 3: 486.
1896.
Perennial, tufted from a deep root, very finely canescent and
stellate, 4'-5' high; stems slender, generally numerous, simple.
Lower leaves oblanceolate or spatulate, (i"-\2" long, acutish,
narrowed into a petiole; the upper linear, mainly less than
wide; flowers yellow, about 'z" broad; racemes rather few-flow-
ered; pedicels 3"-6" long, ascending, or recurved in fruit; pods
oblong or nearly globose, slightly compressed, acute, subacute
or rarely obtuse at each end, finely canescent, about 2" long,
few-seeded, tipped with a style of about their own length;
septum commonly unperforated.
Dry hills, Nebraska and South Dakota to Montana and the North-
west Territory. June.
2. Lesquerella globosa (Desv.) S.
Wats. Short's Bladder-pod.
(Fig. 1746.)
Vesicaria globosa Desv. Journ. Bot. 3: 184. 1814.
Vesicaria Shortii T. & G. Fl. N. A. i: 102. 1838.
Lesquerella globosa S. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 23:
252. 1888.
Slender, erect or ascending, sparingly branch-
ing, 6'-2o' high, finely stellate-pubescent all
over. Basal leaves obovate, I'-i ^ ' long, obtuse ;
stem-leaves narrower, linear or oblong, smaller,
sessile, entire or with slightly undulate margins,
the lowest sometimes narrowed into a petiole;
flowers yellow; petals 2''-3'^ long; pedicels slen-
der, spreading, i^"-^" long in fruit; raceme elon-
gating; pod nearly globular, \" in diameter,
glabrous when mature; seeds i or 2 in each cell;
style very slender, 1" long.
In open places, Kentucky and Tennessee to east-
em Missouri. April.
Vol. II.]
MUSTARD FAMILY.
3. Lesquerella argentea (Pursh)
MacM. Silvery Bladder-pod.
(Fig. 1747.)
Myagriim argenieum Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 434.
1814.
Vesicaria argentea DC. Syst. 2: 297. 1821.
Lesquerella Ludoviciana S. Wats. Proc. Am.
Acad. 23: 252. 1888.
Lesquerella atgentea MacM. Met. Minn. 263.
1892.
Biennial or perennial, tufted, nearly sim-
ple, 6'-i8' high, densely stellate-pubescent
throughout. Leaves linear, oblong or ob-
lanceolate, the lower 2^-3' long, blunt, entire
or sparingly repand-toothed; flowers yellow;
petals 3" long; pedicels slender, ^"-12" long
in fruit, spreading or recurved; pod slightly
stipitate, stellate-pubescent, globose to oval,
2"-2%" long; style about equalling the pod.
Prairies, Minnesota, Nebraska and Kansas,
west to Dakota and northern Arizona. May-June .
Lesquerella gracilis (Hook.)
Wats. Slender Bladder-pod.
(Fig. 1748.)
S.
Vesicaria gracilis Hook. Bot. Mag. pi. 3533.
1836.
Lesquerella gracilis S. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 23:
253- 1888.
Weak, green, stem slender, to'-2o' high,
freely branching, sparsely stellate-pubescent.
Leaves linear or oblanceolate, the lower slightly
petioled, the upper sessile, <)"-2' long, their
margins often undulate; flowers yellow; petals
about 2)" long; pedicels spreading, sometimes
1' long in fruit, ascending or upwardly curved;
pod globose, glabrous, 2" in diameter, stipitate
at the end of the pedicel; style 2" long; seeds
several in each cell.
Prairies, Nebraska to Texas. March-May.
5. Lesquerella ovalifolia Rydberg, n.
sp. Oval-leaved Bladder-pod.
(Fig. 1749.)
Perennial from a tufted caudex, pale, densely
stellate-canescent. Basal leaves tufted, broadly
oval to obovate, sometimes nearly orbicular,
entire, obtuse or subacute, i'-2' long, narrowed
into rather long petioles; stem-leaves distant,
sessile, or the lowest short-petioled, linear-ob-
lanceolate or narrowly spatulate; fruiting pedi-
cels comparatively stout, ascending, 6"-io"
long; pods very short-stipitate, subglobose, ob-
tuse, 2^'^-3'^ in diameter, glabrous; style about
3''' long; seeds about 6 in each cell.
In dry soil, Kimball Co., Neb. (Rydberg-, no. 22,
1891). This has been confounded with
Lesquerella Engelmanni (A. Gray) S. Wats., of
Texas and Colorado, said to occur in western Kan-
sas. It differs in the simpler and taller ( i2'-i8' )
habit and narrower ovate or oblong leaves.
138
CRUCIFERAE.
[Vol. II.
6. Lesquerella arctica (DC.) S. Wats.
Arctic Bladder-pod. (Fig. 1750.)
Alyssum ? arclicum DC. Syst. 2: 324. 1821.
Vesicaria arctica Richards. Frank. Jourti. 743. 1823.
Lesquerella arctica S. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 23: 254. 1888.
Perennial, tufted, densely stellate-pubescent, stem
nearly or quite simple, erect, i'-5^ tall. Leaves ob-
lanceolate, or spatulate, or the upper oblong, \' long or
less, obtuse, entire, the basal ones narrowed into broad
petioles, the upper sessile; petals about 1" long; pods
oval or subglobose, obtuse, '2."-t/' high, glabrous or
somewhat stellate-pubescent, few-seeded; septum per-
forated; style \" or less long.
Greenland and arctic America. Summer.
Lesquerella arctica Piirshii S. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 23:
254, 1888.
Taller, sometimes 6' high; septum of the sparsely stel-
late-pubescent pod unperforated. Anticosti.
25. HUTCHINSIA R. Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew. Ed. 2, 4: 52. 1812.
[HYMEN01.0BUS Nutt.; T. & G. Fl. N. A. i: 117. 1838.]
Low mostly diffuse herbs, more or less pubescent with forked hairs, our species annual,
■with entire or pinnately lobed leaves, and very small white flowers in terminal racemes, the
axis of the racemes much elongating in fruit. Stamens 6. Style wanting or very short.
Silicles oval, obcompressed {i. e., at right angles to the partition), the valves with a strong
midvein. Seeds numerous in each cell; cotyledons incumbent or accumbent. [Name in
honor of Miss Hutchins, of Bantry, Ireland, an eminent botanist.]
About 8 species, natives of the northern hemisphere, only the following known in North
America.
I. Hutchinsia procumbens (ly. ) Desv. Prostrate Hutchinsia. (Fig. 1751.)
Lepidium procuinbens'L,. Spec. PI. 643. 1753-
Hutchinsia prociimbens Desv. Journ. Bot. 3: 168. 1814.
Hymenolobus divaricatus Nutt.; T. & G. Fl. N. A. i: 117.
1838.
Capsella elliptica C. A. Meyer; Ledeb. Fl. Alt. 3: 199. 1831.
Tufted, somewhat pubescent, or glabrous, branching
near the base, the branches ascending or procumbent,
slender, I'-d' long. Lower leaves short-petioled, pin-
natifid, lobed, dentate or sometimes entire, Yz'-t.' long;
upper leaves sessile or very nearly so, entire or lobed;
flowers about Yz" broad; pedicels very slender, ascend-
ing or spreading, lof g iii fruit; pods elliptic or
oval, mostly obtuse or emarginate, \ yz"-2" long; seeds
several in each cell.
In moist ground, often in saline situations, Labrador to
British Columbia, and widely distributed in the Pacific
States. Also in Europe, Asia and Australia. June-Aug.
26. BURSA Weber in Wigg. Prim. Fl. Hoist. 47. 1780.
[Capsella Medic. Pfl. Gatt. i: 85. 1792.]
Annual erect herbs, pubescent with forked hairs, the basal leaves tufted. Flowers race-
mose, small, white. Silicles cuneate, obcordate or triangular, compressed at right angles
with the septum, their valves boat-shaped, keeled. Style short. Seeds numerous in each
cell, marginless; cotyledons accumbent. [Middle Latin, purse, from the shape of the pod.]
About 4 species, natives of the northern hemisphere. In addition to the following, another
occurs in the western parts of North America.
Vol. II.]
MUSTARD FAMIIvY.
139
I. Bursa Bursa-pastoris (L,.) Britton.
Shepherd's Purse. (Fig. 1752.)
Thlapsi Bursa-pasioris L. Sp. PI. 647. 1753.
Bursa pastoris Weber in Wigg. Prim. Fl. Hoist. 47.
1780.
Capsella Bursa-pastoris Medic. Pfl. Gatt. 1: 85. 1792.
Bursa Bursa-pastoris Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5:
172. 1894.
Erect, branching, 6'-2o' high from a long deep
root, pubescent below, mainly glabrous above.
Basal leaves more or less lobed or pinnatifid, form-
ing a large rosette, rarely entire, 2^-5' long; stem-
leaves few, lanceolate, auricled dentate or entire;
flowers white, about \" long; pedicels slender,
spreading or ascending, ^"-']" long in fruit; pods
triangular, cuneate at the base, truncate or emar-
ginate at the apex, 2"-A," long; seeds 10 or 12 in
each cell.
In fields and waste places, very common. Natural-
ized from Europe, and widely distributed as a weed
over all parts of the globe. Jan. -Dec. Other names
are St. James'-weed, Case-weed, Mother's-heart.
27. CAMELINA Crantz, Stirp. Austr. i: i8. 1762.
Erect annual herbs, with entire toothed or pinnatifid leaves, and small yellowish flowers.
Silicles obovoid or pear-shaped, slightly flattened; valves very convex, i-nerved. Seeds sev-
eral or numerous in each cell, oblong, marginless, arranged in 2 rows. Stigma entire; style
slender. Cotyledons incumbent. [Greek, low flax.]
A genus of about 5 species, natives of Europe and eastern Asia.
I. Camelina sativa (L,.) Crantz. Gold-of-
Pleasure. False Flax, (Fig. 1753.)
Myagrum sativum I,. Sp. PI. 641. 1753.
Camelina sativa Crantz, Stirp. Austr. i: i8. 1762.
Pilose-pubescent, or glabrous, simple, or branching
above, i°-2° high. Lowest leaves petioled, entire or
toothed, 2^-3' long, lanceolate, acutish; upper leaves
sessile, smaller, clasping by a sagittate base, mostly
entire; pedicels slender, spreading or ascending, d"-
lo'^longin fruit; flowers numerous, about 3''long; pod
obovoid or pyriform, margined, slightly flattened, 3'^-
\" long, about 2"-2j" wide; style slender, lYz" long.
In fields (especially where flax has been grown) and
waste places, frequent or occasional throughout our area.
Adventive or naturalized from Europe. Old name Mya-
grum. Cultivated in Europe for the fine oil of its seeds;
nutritious to cattle. June-July.
28. NESLIA Desv. Journ. Bot. 3: 162. 1814.
Annual erect branching herbs, hispid with branched hairs, with entire leaves, and small
yellow racemose flowers. Silicles small, globose, wingless, reticulated, indehiscent, i-celled,
i-seeded or rarely 2-seeded. Style filiform. Seeds horizontal; cotyledons incumbent.
[Dedicated to J. A. N. De Nesle, a French botanist.]
A monotypic genus of Europe and eastern Asia.
I40 CRUCIFERAE. [Vol. 11.
I. Neslia paniculata (L. ) Desv. Neslia.
(Fig. 1754.)
Myagrum paniculaturn L. Sp. PI. 641. 1753.
'/I Neslia paniciilata Desv. Journ. Bot. 3: 162, 1814.
Slender, branched above, rather deusclj' rough-
hispid, i°-2° high. Leaves lanceolate, or the up-
per linear-lanceolate, acute or obtusish at the
apex, sagittate-clasping at the base, y'-iYz' long,
■2"-%" wide; racemes elongated; flowers yellow,
nearly \" broad; pedicels filiform, ascending,
long in fruit; silicles globose, or slightly de-
pressed, about \" in diameter, finely reticulated.
In waste places, Ontario, Manitoba and British Co-
lumbia, and in ballast about the eastern seaports.
Adventive or fugitive from Europe. May-Sept.
Rapistrum rug6sum(L. ) AH., a plant with 2-jointed
indehiscent pods, erect on appressed pedicels, in long
racemes, has been found as a waif at Easton, Penn.,
and plentifully in ballast about the seaports. It is
nearly related to Raphanus.
29. DRABA L. Sp. PI. 642. 1753.
Low tufted mostly stellate-pubescent herbs, with scapose or leafy stems, simple leaves,
and mainly racemose flowers. Silicles elliptic, oblong or linear, flat, few to many-seeded.
Stigma nearly entire. Seeds wingless, arranged in 2 rows in each cell of the pod, numerous;
valves dehiscent, nerveless; cotyledons accumbent. [Greek name for some plant of this
family.]
Species about 150, mainly natives of the north temperate and arctic regions, a few in southern
South America. Besides the following, some 25 others are natives of western North America.
Flowers white.
Petals deeply 2-cleft.
Petals entire, toothed, or emarginate.
Flowering stems scapose, leafy only below.
Plants annual, not arctic.
Leaves entire, obovate or oblong.
Leaves dentate, cuneate.
Low arctic perennials.
Leaves stellate-canescent.
Leaves pilose-ciliate or glabrous.
Flowering stems leafy throughout up to the inflorescence.
Leaves entire or sparingly dentate.
Leaves sharply dentate.
Flowers yellow; stems leafy.
Pods oblong, i"-2" long.
Pods linear or lanceolate, 3"-6" long.
Annual; pods 3"-4" long; pedicels divaricately spreading. 9. D. nemorosa.
Perennial; pods 4" -7" long; pedicels erect. 10. D. aujea.
Flowers yellow; stems scapose. 11. D. alpina.
I. Draba verna L. Vernal Whitlow-grass.
(Fig- I755-)
D. verna.
2. D. Caroliiiiana.
3. D. cuneifolia.
4. D. Fladnizensis.
5. D. nivalis.
6. D. incana.
7. D. ramosissima.
8. D. brachycarpa.
Draba verna L. Sp. PI. 642. 1753.
Erophila vulgaris DC. Syst. Veg. 2: 356.
1821.
Annual, the leafless flowering stems (scapes) numerous,
i'-^' high, erect or ascending, arising from among a tuft
of basal leaves, which are oblong or spatulate oblanceo-
late, Yz'-y' long, dentate or nearly entire, acutish and pu-
bescent with stifi" stellate hairs; scapes nearly glabrous;
flowers white, i^"-2" broad; petals deeply bifid; pedicels
ascending, Y^'-x' long in fruit; racemes elongating; pods
oblong, glabrous, loi^gi ^" broad, obtuse, shorter
than their pedicels; style minute; seeds numerous.
In fields, common throughout our district except the ex-
treme north. Naturalized from Europe. Occurs also in Brit-
ish Columbia. Native of Europe and western Asia. Feb. -May.
Voi<. II.]
MUSTARD FAMILY.
141
2. Draba Caroliniana Walt. Carolina Whitlow-grass. (Fig. 1756.)
Draba Caroliniana Walt. Fl. Car. 174. 1788.
Draba hispidula Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 3: 28.
1803.
Annual, the flcwering scapes 1'-^' high
from a short leafy stem. Leaves tufted, ob-
ovate, 4' ''-10" long, obtuse, entire or rarely
■with 3 or 4 teeth, pubescent with stiff stel-
late hairs; scapes nearly glabrous; flowers
white, iYz"-2" broad; petals entire, some-
times wanting in the later flowers; pedicels
j//_2// long in fruit, clustered at the sum-
mit of the scape; pods linear, d,"-(>" long,
nearly \" broad, glabrous; style none.
In sandy fields, eastern Massachusetts to
southern Ontario and Minnesota, south to
Georgia and Arkansas. March-June.
Draba Caroliniana micrantha (Nutt. ) A. Gray,
Man. Ed. 5, 72. 1867.
Draba micraniha Nutt.; T. & G. Fl. N. A. i:
109. 1838.
Differs from the type only in the api)ressed-
hispid pods. Petals often wanting. Prairies, Il-
linois to Texas, New Mexico and Washington.
3. Draba cuneifolia Nutt. Wedge-
leaved Whitlow-grass.
(Fig. 1757.)
Draba cuneifolia Nutt.; T. & G. Fl. N. A. i:
108. 1838.
Annual, stellate-pubescent all over, 4^-8'
high, branching and leafy below. Leaves
obovate, cuneate, or the lowest spatulate, yi'-
\yi,' long, obtuse, dentate toward the sum-
mit; flowering branches erect or ascending;
flowers white, 1" broad; petals emarginate,
twice or thrice the length of the calyx; pedi-
cels ascending or spreading, ^''-i/' long in
fruit; raceme elongating; pods linear-oblong,
obtuse, long, i" wide, minutely hairy;
style none.
In fields, Kentucky to Kansas, south to Flor-
ida, west to southern California. Feb. -April.
4. Draba Fladnizensis Wulf. White Arctic
Whitlow -grass. (Fig. 1758.)
Draba Fladnizensis Wulf. in Jacq. Misc. i: 147. 1778.
Draba androsacea Wahl. Fl. Lapp. 174. 1812.
A low tufted arctic or alpine perennial. Leaves oblanceo-
late basal, rosulate, acutish, entire, stellate-pubescent or
with some simple hairs, ciliate or rarely nearly glabrous, d/'-
long; flowers whitish; scapes glabrous; pedicels ascend-
ing, \''-2" long in fruit; raceme at length somewhat elon-
gated; pods oblong, glabrous, ^''-j/' long, nearly i" wide;
style altrost wanting.
Gasp^, Quebec, and through arctic America, south in the
higher Rocky Mountains to Colorado. Also in arctic and alpine
Europe and Asia. Summer.
CRUCIFERAE.
[Vol. II.
5. Draba nivalis I,ilj. Yellow Arctic
Whitlow-grass. (Fig. 1759.)
Draba nivalis L,ilj. Vet. Akad. Handl. 1793: 208. 1793.
Perennial by a short branched caudex; scapes
tufted, somewhat pubescent, slender, leafless or
sometimes bearing a small sessile leaf,
high. Basal leaves usually numerous, tufted,
oblanceolate or spatulate, 2"-"]" long, entire,
acutish or acute at the apex, narrowed into a
short petiole, stellate-canescent, not ciliate, or
slightly so near the base; flowers yellow, about
2'' broad; calyx pubescent; style short; pods ob-
long or linear-oblong, narrowed at both ends,
glabrous or but little pubescent, on ascending
pedicels \"~2>" long.
Labrador (according to Robinson), through arctic
America to Alaska, south in the Rocky Mountains
to Colorado, and in the Sierra Nevada to Nevada.
Also in northern Europe and Asia. Summer.
Draba incana L. Hoary or Twisted Wliitlow-grass
Draba incana L. Sp. PI. 643. 1753.
Draba confusa Ehrh. Beitr. 7: 155. 1792.
Perennial or biennial, erect, simple or somewhat
branched, leafy, stellate-pubescent throughout, 6'-
12'' high. Leaves lanceolate, oblanceolate or ovate,
long, acutish or obtuse, dentate or nearly
entire; flowers white, \"-iyz" broad; petals
notched, twice as long as the calyx; pods oblong or
lanceolate, acute, twisted when ripe, on short nearly
erect pedicels, densely pubescent or nearly glabrous;
style minute.
In rocky places, Green Mountains; Gaspe, Quebec,
arctic America, to British Columbia, south in the Rocky
Mountains to Colorado. Also in arctic and alpine Eur-
ope and Asia. Called also Hunger-flower. Summer.
Draba incana arabisans (Michx. ) S. Wats. Proc. Am.
Acad. 23: 260. 1888.
Draba arabisans Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 28. 1803.
Stem branched below, bearing tufts of spatulate
narrow leaves; pods glabrous, twisted; style M" long.
Northern New England and New York to Labrador,
west along the Great Lakes to Minnesota and Manitoba.
(Fig. 1760.)
7. Draba ramosissima Desv. Branching
Whitlow -grass. (Fig. 1761.)
Draba ramosissima Desv. Journ. Bot. 3: 186. 1814.
Erect, much branched below, 6'-i8' high, stel-
late-pubescent throughout, the branches bearing
tufts of leaves, the inflorescence corymboscly pan-
iculate. Lower leaves spatulate or oblanceolate,
long, acute, dentate with spreading teeth;
upper leaves oblong or ovate, similarly dentate;
branches of the panicle erect or ascending; flowers
white, broad; petals entire or erose, twice or
thrice the length of the sepals; pedicels spreading
or ascending, 3"-4" long in fruit; pods oblong or
lanceolate, hairy, ■^"-i," long, twisted; style slender,
long.
Mountains of Virginia and Kentucky, south to North
Carolina and Tennessee. April-May.
Vol. II.]
MUSTARD FAMILY.
143
8. Draba brachycarpa Nutt. Short-
fruited Whitlow-grass. (Fig. 1762.)
Draba brachycarpa Nutt. ; T. & G. Fl. N. A. i : 108. 1838.
Annual, tufted, 2^-5' high, loosely stellate-pubes-
cent, leafy to the inflorescence. Basal leaves ovate
or obovate, long, obtuse, sparingly dentate
or entire; stem-leaves smaller, sessile, oblong, en-
tire; pedicels ascending, \"-2" long in fruit;
raceme elongating; flowers yellow, \" broad;
petals somewhat longer than the calyx, sometimes
wanting; pods oblong, acute, \y2."-7." long, Yz"
broad; style minute.
Dry hills and fields, Virginia to Illinois and Missouri,
south to Georgia and Louisiana. March-May.
9. Draba nemorosa I,. Wood Whitlow-
grass. (Fig. 1763.)
Draba nemorosa L. Sp. PI. 643. 1753.
Annual, loosely stellate-pubescent, 6^-12' high,
branching below, leafy to the inflorescence. Leaves
oblong-ovate, or lanceolate, obtuse, sessile, dentate,
the lower io"-i2" long, wide, the upper
smaller; flowers yellow, fading to whitish, i'^ broad;
petals notched, slightly exceeding the calyx; pedi-
cels divaricately spreading in fruit, glabrous, 3'^-io'''
long; racemes open, much elongating; pods pubes-
cent, or nearly glabrous, oblong, obtuse, 2>"~A" long!
style none.
Western Ontario, Michigan and Minnesota to Oregon,
arctic America and in the Rocky Mountains. Also in
northern Europe and Asia. Summer.
10. Draba aurea Vahl. Golden Whitlow-
grass. (Fig. 1764.)
Draba aurea Vahl in Hornem. Fl. OEcon. Ed. 2, 599.
1806.
Perennial, pubescent throughout with stellate
and simple hairs; stem branching or nearly simple,
6'-io' high, leafy to the inflorescence. Basal leaves
oblanceolate or spatulate, long, obtuse or
acutish, slightly dentate or entire, often ciliate at
the base; stem-leaves oblong or lanceolate, acute;
pods lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, ^"-b" long;
flowers yellow, i" broad; petals twice the length of
the calyx, emarginate or entire; pods acute, pubes-
cent or rarely glabrous, at length slightly twisted,
if"-"]" long, on erect pedicels one-half their length;
style stout, Yz" long.
Mignon Island, Gulf of St. Lawrence to Greenland;
arctic America and in the Rocky Mountains south to
Arizona. Summer.
144
CRUCIFERAE.
[Vol. II.
II. Draba alpina I,. Alpine Whitlow-
grass. (Fig. 1765.)
Draba alpina L. Sp. PI. 642. 1753.
Perennial by a branched caudex, densely tufted,
scapes pubescent, Yz'-d' high. Leaves all basal,
entire or few-toothed, oblong, or oblong-lanceo-
late, obtuse or acute at the apex, mostly narrowed
at the base, ciliate, or villous-pubescent, some-
times with some stellate hairs, long, sessile
or short-petioled ; flowers yellow, about 3" broad;
calyx pubescent or villous; style yi," long or less;
pod oval or ovate, narrowed at both ends, glabrous,
or somewhat pubescent, '2yz"-d/' long,
wide; pedicels ascending, \"-^" long.
Hudson Bay to the mountains of British Columbia
and Alaska. Also in northern Europe and Asia.
Summer.
30. SOPHIA Adans. Fam. PI. 2: 417. 1763.
[Descurainia Webb & Earth. Phyt. Can. i: 72. 1836.]
Annual or perennial herbs (some exotic species shrubby), canescent or pubescent with
short forked hairs, with slender branching stems, 2-piunatifid or finely dissected leaves, and
small yellow flowers in terminal racemes, the racemes much elongating in fruit. Calyx
early deciduous. Style very short. Siliques linear or linear-oblong, slender-pedicelled, the
valves i-nerved. Seeds very small, oblong, wingless, in i or 2 rows in each cell; cotyledons
incumbent. [Name in allusion to reputed medicinal properties.]
About 12 species, natives of the north temperate zone, the Canary Islands and the Andes of
South America. Besides the following, another occurs in the southwestern United States.
Pods narrowly linear, 8"-i2" long, wide, curved upward; pedicels ascending.
I. 5'. Sophia.
Pods linear-oblong, 4"-7" long, nearly or quite i" wide, straight or nearly so; pedicels divergent
or ascending, mostly longer than the pods.
Densely and finely canescent; pedicels diverging nearly at right angles. 2. 5. pinnata.
Glabrate or somewhat canescent; pedicels ascending. 3. S. incisa.
Pods linear, 4"-5" long, about M" wide: pedicels erect-appressed or narrowly ascending, equalling
or shorter than the pods.
I. Sophia Sophia (L,.) Britton. Flixweed.
Herb-Sopliia. (Fig. 1766.)
Sisymbrium Sophia L. Sp. PI. 659. 1753.
Desctirainia Sophia Webb; Prantl in Engler & Prantl, Nat. Pfl.
Fam. 3: Abt. 2, 192. 1892.
Minutely hoary-canescent, stem usually much branched,
i°-2}4° tall, quite bushy. Leaves 2-3-pinnatifid into nar-
rowly linear or linear-oblong segments; flowers very numer-
ous, about 3'' long; pedicels ascending, very slender, 6"-8'^
long, glabrous or nearly so; pods narrowly linear, 8''''-i2''''
long, ^2'^ thick, ascending, curved upwards; seeds in i row
in each cell of the pod.
In waste places. New Brunswick to Ontario, south to New
York and Illinois. Also in ballast about the northern seaports.
Naturalized from Europe. Native also of Asia. June-Aug.
Called also Fine-leaved Hedge-Mustard.
4. S. Harlwegia7ia.
Vor.. II.]
MUSTARD FAMILY.
2. Sophia pinnata (Walt.) Britton. Tansy-
Mustard. (Fig. 1767.)
Erysimum pinnatum Walt. Fl. Car. 174. 1788.
Sisymbrium canescens Nutt. Gen. 2: 68. 1818.
Descurainia pinnaia Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 173. 1894.
Densely canescent nearly all over, pale; stem erect,
branched, 8^-24' tall, slender, the branches ascending.
Leaves 2^-4'' long, oblong in outline, 2-pinnatifid into
very numerous small toothed or entire obtuse segments;
pedicels very slender, spreading nearly or quite at right
angles to the axis, long, usually longer than the
pods; flowers broad; pods horizontal or ascend-
ing, oblong or linear-oblong, compressed, 2>"-A" long, 1"
wide, glabrous or somewhat canescent; style minute;
seeds plainly in 2 rows in each cell.
In dry soil, Virginia I0 Florida and Texas. The western
plants, commonly referred to this species, are here considered
to belong mostly to the next. May-July.
3, Sophia incisa (Engelm.) Greene.
Western Tansy-Mustard. (Fig. 1768.)
Sisymbrium brachycarpon Richards. Frank. Journ.
744. 1823?
Sisymbrium incisum Engelm. ; A. Gray, Mem. Am.
Acad. 4: 8. 1849.
Descurainia incisa Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 173.
1894.
Sophta incisa Greene, Pittonia, 3: 95. 1896.
Resembles the preceding species, but is greener,
nearly glabrous, or the pubescence is mixed with
short glandular hairs. Leaves pinnately divided,
and the pinnae 1-2-pinnatifid into linear-oblong
entire or toothed segments ; fruiting pedicels
widely ascending, filiform, 5^^-10'' long, usually
longer than the pods; pods /^"-l" long, about \"
thick, somewhat swollen, erect or ascending ;
seeds in i or 2 rows.
In dry soil, Minnesota to the Northwest Territory
and British Columbia, south to Tennessee, Kansas,
Texas and California. May-Aug.
4. Sophia Hartwegiana (Fourn.) Greene
(Fig. 1769.)
Sisymbrium Harlwegianum Fourn. Sisymb. 66.
1865.
Sisymbrium incisum var. Hartwegianum Brew.
& Wats. Bot. Cal. i: 41. 1876.
Descurainia Hartwegiana Britton, Mem. Torr.
Club, 5: 173. 1894.
Sophia Hartwegiana Greene, Pittonia, 3: 95. 1896.
Similar to the two preceding species, densely
minutely canescent or puberulent, stem i°-2°
tall, the branches slender, ascending. Leaves
usually less finely dissected, pinnately divided
into 5-7 pinnae, which are pinnatifid with ob-
tuse segments and lobes; fruiting pedicels
erect-appressed or closely ascending, lyi"-
4" long, shorter than or equalling the pods;
pods erect or nearly so, linear, long,
about yi" thick; seeds in i row.
In dry soil, Minnesota to the Northwest Territory
and Oregon, south to Utah, Mexico and California.
The northern plant may be distinct from the plant
of Fournier, which was Mexican. May-July.
Hartweg's Tansy-Mustard.
146 CRUCIFERAE. [Vol. II.
31. STENOPHRAGMA Celak. OEster. Bot. Zeitsch. 27: 177. 1877.
Annual or perennial herbs with the aspect of some species of Arabis, pubescent with
forked hairs, with branched slender erect stems, entire or toothed leaves and small white
flowers in terminal racemes. Style very short; stigma 2-lobed. Siliques narrowly linear,
the valves rounded, nerveless, dehiscent. Seeds in i row in each cell in the following
species, in some European species in 2 rows ; cotyledons incumbent. [Greek, narrow septum.]
About 10 species, natives of Europe and Asia.
I. Stenophragma Thaliana (L.) Celak. Mouse-ear-, or Thale-cress.
Wall-cress. (Fig. 1770.)
Arabis Thaliana L,. Sp. PI. 665. 1753.
Sisymbrium Thaliayixim Gay, Ann. Sci. Nat. 7: 399. 1826.
Stenophragma Thalia7ia Celafc OEster. Bot. Zeitsch. 27: 177.
1877.
Stem slender, erect, 1^-16^ high, freely branching,
more or less pubescent with short stiff hairs, especially
below. Basal leaves 1^-2^ long, obtuse, oblanceolate or
oblong, narrowed into a petiole, entire or slightly toothed;
stem-leaves smaller, sessile, acute or acutish, often
entire ; pedicels very slender, spreading or ascending,
2''-4" long in fruit; flowers white, about i^^' long; petals
about twice the length of the sepals; pods narrowly linear,
4''-io'' long, acute, often curved upward, glabrous.
In sandy fields and rocky places, Massachusetts and south-
ern Ontario to Minnesota, south to Georgia and Missouri.
Very common eastward. Naturalized from Europe. Native
also of northern Asia. April-May.
32. ARABIS Iv. Sp. PI. 664. 1753.
[TuRRiTis L. Sp. PI. 666. 1753.]
Annual or perennial, glabrous or pubescent herbs, with entire lobed or pinnatifid leaves
and white or purple flowers. Siliques linear, elongated, flat; valves smooth, keeled or
ribbed, mostly i-nerved, not elastically dehiscent at maturity. Stigma 2-lobed or nearly
entire. Seeds in i or 2 rows in each cell, flattened, winged, margined or marginless; cotyle-
dons accumbent. [Name from Arabia.]
A genus of about 80 species, mainly natives of the northern hemisphere. In addition to the
following, about 26 other species occur in the northern and western parts of the continent. Called
also Wall-cress.
Seeds in i or 2 incomplete rows in each cavity of the pod.
Basal leaves pinnatifid; pods ascending.
Seeds large, orbicular, wing-margined; stem-leaves pinnatifid. i. A. Virginica.
Seeds minute, oblong, wingless; .stem-leaves entire, or dentate. 2. A.lyrata.
Leaves small, mostly entire ; pods drooping; seeds oblong, wingless; arctic. 3. A. humifusa.
Basal leaves merely dentate or lyrate.
Seeds minute, oblong, wingless. 4. A. dentala.
Seeds larger, oblong, winged or margined.
Pods curved upward, nearly i" broad. 5. A. alpina.
Pods nearly erect, V2" broad.
Flowers white, 4" broad; pods not appressed; style Vi" long. 6. A. palens.
Flowers white or greenish-white, 2"-3 broad; pods appressed; style none.
7. A. hirsula.
Pods recurved-spreading.
Plant glabrous throughout. 8. A. laevigata.
Leaves and lower part of stem hairy. 9. A. Canadensis.
Seeds in 2 distinct rows in each cavity of the pod.
Pods spreading or ascending; seeds winged. 10. A. brachycarpa.
Pods erect, appressed; seeds wingless or narrowly winged. 11. A. glabra.
Podsreflexed; seeds winged. 12. A. Holboellii.
Vol. II.]
MUSTARD FAMILY.
147
I. Arabis Virginica (I,.) Trelease. Virginia Rock-cress. (Fig. 1771
Cardamine Virginica L. Sp. PI. 656. 1753.
Cardamine Ludoviciana Hook. Journ. Bet. i: 191.
1834.
Arabis Ludoviciana Meyer, Ind. Sem. Petr. 9: 60.
1842.
Arabis Virginica Trelease; Branner & Coville,
Rep. Geol'. Sur\'. Ark. 1884: Part 4, 165. 1891.
Annual or biennial, diffuse, glabrate, the stems
ascending, b'-m' high. Leaves oblong, narrow,
deeply pinnatifid, i'-3'long, the lower petioled,
the upper nearly sessile and sometimes reduced
to lobed or entire bracts; pedicels spreading or
ascending, 1" long id fruit; flowers very small,
white; pods linear, ascending, ^"-ii" long,
about \" broad; seeds in i row in each cell,
nearly as broad as the pod, orbicular, wing-
margined.
In open places, Virginia and Kentucky to Mis-
souri, south to Florida and Texas, west to Lower
California. March-May.
Lyre-leaved Rock-cress. (Fig. 1772.)
Arabis lyrata L- Sp. PI. 665. 1753.
Cardamine spathulata Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2. 29. 1803.
Tufted, perennial or biennial, erect, 4^-12' high,
glabrous above, pubescent below, or sometimes gla-
brous throughout. Basal leaves lyrate-pinnatifid,
\'-2' long, spatulate or oblanceolate, pubescent or
glabrous; stem-leaves entire or dentate, spatulate or
linear, Yz'-x' long; pedicels slender, ascending, j/'-
a/' long in flower, elongating in fruit; flowers pure
white, j/'-d/' broad ; petals much exceeding the
calyx; pods 9^^-15'' long, linear, ascending, less than
\" broad, their valves firm, nerved; style yi" long;
seeds in i row, oblong, yi" long, wingless.
Rocky and sandy places, Ontario to Virginia and Ken-
tucky, west to Manitoba and Missouri. Ascends to 2500
ft. in Virginia. Also in Japan. April-Sept.
Arabis lyrata occidentalis S. Wats. ; Robinson in Gray &
Wats. Syn. Fl. i: Part i, 159. 1895.
Valves of the pod thin, faintly nerved; stigma sessile or
very nearly so. Lake Erie; British Columbia to Alaska.
3. Arabis humifusa (J. Vahl) S. Wats.
Arctic Rock-cress. (Fig. 1773.)
Sisymbrium humifusum J. Vahl, Fl. Dan. pi. 22g7.
A. humifusa S. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 25: 124. 1890.
Perennial from a slender root, somewhat pubes-
cent at least below, or entirely glabrous, the stems
diffuse or ascending, slender, mostly simple, 3^-6^
long. Leaves spatulate or oblong, nearly entire,
4"-8" long, wide, the lower petioled, the
upper sessile; flowers purplish or white, about 3'^
broad; style very short; pods linear, flat, at length
drooping, long, rather more than Yz"
wide, the valves very faintly nerved; seeds ob-
long, wingless, in 2 incomplete rows in each cell;
cotyledons imperfectly accumbent.
Greenland and Labrador to Hudson Bay and the
Northwest Territory. Summer.
CRUCIFERAE.
[Vol. II.
4. Arabis dentata T. & G. Toothed
Rock-cress. (Fig. 1774.)
Sisymbrium deniaium Torr. Transyl. Journ.
Med. 10: 338. Name only. 1837.
Arabis dentata T. & G. Fl. N. A. i: 80. 1838.
Slender, erect or ascending, i°-2° high,
sparingly branching, finely rough-pubescent.
Basal leaves on margined petioles, obovate,
dentate, 2^-4' long, obtuse; stem-leaves sessile>
clasping by an auricled base, dentate, oblong
or oblanceolate; pedicels \"-2" long, spread-
ing; flowers greenish-white, broad, the
petals hardly exceeding the calyx; pods nar-
rowly linear, \o"-i'^" long, spreading; style
almostnone; seeds in i row in each cell, oblong,
marginless.
Western New York to Minnesota, south to Ten-
nessee and Missouri. April-June.
5. Arabis alpina L. Alpine Rock-
cress. (Fig. 1775.)
Arabis alpina L. Sp. PI. 664. 1753.
Erect or ascending, 4'-! 2' high, densely
and finely pubescent. Basal leaves
long, obovate or spatulate, obtuse, dentate,
on margined petioles; stem-leaves ovate, ses-
sile, clasping by an auricled base, dentate;
flowers white, i"--:/' broad; petals much ex-
ceeding the calyx; pedicels slender, spread-
ing or ascending, i," long in fruit; pods \'-
\yz' long, curved upward, narrowly linear, 1"
broad; seeds in i row in each cell, oblong,
narrowly winged; style scarcely any.
Gaspe, Quebec, to Labrador, arctic America
and Alaska. Also in northern and central
Europe and in northern Asia. Summer.
6. Arabis patens Sulliv. Spreading
Rock-cress. (Fig. 1776.)
Arabis patens Sulliv. Km.. Journ. Sci. 42: 49.
1842.
Erect, i°-2° high, mostly pubescent with
spreading hairs, at least below. Basal leaves
dentate, loDg> on inargined petioles;
stem-leaves long, ovate or oblong, acute
or acutish, sessile, dentate or nearly entire,
partly clasping by a cordate base; pedicels as-
cending, long in fruit, slender; flow-
ers white, \" broad; pods I'-i^' long,
broad, narrowly ascending, not appressed;
seeds in i row in each cell, oblong, narrowly
winged; style \" long.
Eastern Pennsylvania to Minnesota, south to
Alabama and Missouri. Summer.
Vol. II.]
MUSTARD FAMII.Y.
149
7. Arabis hirsuta (L. ) Scop. Hairy
Rock-cress. (Fig. iT]T.)
Turritis hirsula L. Sp. PI. 666. 1753.
Arabis hirsuta Scop. PI. Cam. Ed. 2, 2: 30. 1772.
Stem strictly erect, nearly simple, i°-2° high,
rough-hairy or nearly glabrous. Basal leaves on
margined petioles, obovate or spatulate, obtuse, den-
tate or repand, \'-2' long; stem-leaves sessile, clasp-
ing by an auricled base, lanceolate or oblong; pedicels
nearly erect, orappressed, long in fruit; flowers
2" -2)" long, white or greenish- white; petals more
or less longer than the calyx; pods narrowly linear,
erect or appressed, long, about Yz" wide;
seeds i-rowed, or when young obscurely 2-rowed, ob-
long or nearly orbicular, narrowly margined; style
very short.
In rocky places, New Brunswick to British Columbia,
south to the mountains of Georgia, Arizona and Cali-
fornia. Also in Europe and Asia. May-Sept.
8.
Arabis laevigata
Smooth Rock-cress.
Leaves
flowers one
(Muhl.) Poir.
(Fig. 1778.)
Turritis laevigata Muhl. ; Willd. Sp. PI. 3: 543. i8or.
^. /a^z't^a/aPoir.inlyam.Encycl.Suppl. 1:411. 1810.
Glaucous, entirely glabrous, i°-3° high, nearly
simple. Basal leaves petioled, spatulate or ob-
ovate, sharply and deeply dentate, 2^-3' long;
stem-leaves sessile, lanceolate, or the upper lin-
ear, acute, entire or dentate, clasping by an
auricled or sagittate base ; pedicels ascending or
spreading, i,"-^" long in fruit; flowers greenish
white, 2'^-3^' high; petals nearly twice the
length of the calyx; pods 3^-4' long, \" wide,
recurved-spreading ; seeds in i row, oblong,
broadly winged; style almost none.
In rocky woods, Quebec to Lake Huron and Min-
nesota, south to Georgia and Arkansas. Ascends to
5000 ft. in Virginia. April-May.
Arabis laevigata laciniata T. & G. El. N. A. i : 82. 1838.
Stem-leaves deeply and narrowly laciniate-
toothed. Kentucky.
Arabis laevigata Biirkii Porter, Bull. Torr. Club, 17: 15. 1890.
linear or lanceolate, elongated, entire or sparingly toothed, not auricled at the base;
■half the size of the type; petals equalling the sepals. Pennsylvania to North Carolina.
9. Arabis Canadensis L,. Sickle-pod.
(Fig. 1 779-)
Arabis Canadensis L. Sp. PI. 665. 1753.
Stem nearly simple, i°-3° high, pubescent below,
glabrous above. Basal leaves narrowed into a petiole,
blunt but sometimes acutish, dentate or lyrately lobed,
3^-7' long; stem-leaves sessile, not clasping, lanceo-
late or oblong, narrowed at each end, toothed, or the
upper entire, pubescent; pedicels hairy, ascending and
■2"-i\f' long in flower, spreading or recurved and 4'^-
long in fruit; flowers greenish-white, 2"-}/' long;
petals twice as long as the calyx; pods 2^-3^' long,
^Yz" broad, scythe-shaped, pendulous; seeds in i row
in each cell, oblong, wing-margined; style almost none.
In woods, Ontario to Georgia, west to Minnesota, Arkan-
sas and Texas. Ascends to 4200 ft. in North Carolina.
June-Aug.
I50
CRUCIFERAE.
[Voi,. II.
10. Arabis brachycarpa (T. &. G.) Britton. Purple Rock-cress. (Fig. 1780.)
Turritis brachycarpa T. & G. Fl. N. A. i: 79. 1838.
Arabis confinis S. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 22: 466.
1887.
A. brachycarpa Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 174. 1894.
Biennial, somewhat glaucous, generally pur-
plish, glabrous except at the base, simple or
sparingly branched, i°-3° high. Basal leaves
stellate-pubescent, obovate or spatulate, 1^-3''
long, dentate, narrowed into a petiole; stem
leaves sessile, auricled at the base, lanceolate or
oblong-linear, about \' long, entire or with a
few teeth; pedicels erect or spreading, 2,"-^"
long in fruit; flowers white or pink, \" broad;
petals twice the length of the calyx; pods nar-
rowly linear, nearly straight, I '-3' long,
wide, loosely erect or ascending; seeds in 2 rows
in each cavity, oblong, wing-margined.
Quebec to Manitoba and the Northwest Territory,
south to Massachusetts, western New York, Illi-
nois and Minnesota. June-July.
II. Arabis
glabra (L.) Bernh.
(Fig. 1781.)
Tower Mustard.
Turritis glabra L. Sp. PI. 666. 1753.
Arabis glabra Bernh. Verz. Syst. Erf. 195. 1800.
Arabis perfoliata L,am. Encycl. l: 219. 1783.
Biennial, erect, glabrous and decidedly glaucous above,
pubescent at the base, nearly simple, 2°-4° high. Basal
leaves petioled, 2'-io' long, oblanceolate or oblong, dentate
or sometimes lyrate, hairy with simple pubescence, or with
hairs attached by the middle; stem-leaves sessile, with a
sagittate base, glabrous, entire or the lower sparingly den-
tate, 2^-6' long, lanceolate or oblong, acutish; pedicels i"-
6" long, erect; flowers yellowish-white, 2" broad; petals
slightly exceeding the calyx; pods narrowly linear, 2'-3'
long, wide, strictly erect and appressed; seeds in 2
rows, marginless, or narrowly winged; style none.
In fields and rocky places, Quebec to southern New York and
Pennsylvania, west to the Pacific Coast. Appears in some places
as if not indigenous. Also in Europe and Asia. May-Aug.
Arabis Holboellii Hornem.
Holboell's Rock-cress. (Fig. 1782.)
A. Holboellii Hornem. Fl. Dan. ii: pi. 1879. 1827.
Arabis relrofracta Graham, Edinb. Phil. Joum.
1829, 344. 1829.
Erect, simple or branching above, io'-24'
high, stellate-pubescent, hirsute or even nearly
glabrous. Lower leaves spatulate or oblance-
olate, tufted, petioled, Yz'-i' long, obtuse, en-
tire or sparingly toothed; stem-leaves sessile,
erect, clasping by a narrow auricled base;
pedicels slender, reflexed or the upper as-
cending, 2>"~h" long in fruit; flowers purple
or whitish, '^''-i/' long, becoming pendent!
petals twice the length of the calyx; pods lin-
ear, long, slightly more than Yz" wide,
drooping; seeds margined, indistinctly in 2
rows in each cell; style verj' short or none.
Lake Nepigon (according to Macoun) and
throughout arctic America, extending south in
the Rocky Mountains and the Sierra Nevada to
New Mexico and California. Summer.
Vol.. II.]
MUSTARD FAMILY.
151
33. ERYSIMUM L. Sp. PI. 660. 1753.
Annual or biennial, mainly erect and branching herbs, more or less pubescent or hoary,
■with simple entire toothed or lobed leaves. Flowers mostly yellow. Siliques elongated,
linear, 4-angled or rarely terete; valves strongly keeled by a prominent midvein. Stigma
lobed. Seeds oblong, in i row in each cell, marginless or narrowly margined at the top;
cotyledons incumbent. [Greek, name of a garden plant, meaning, perhaps, blister-drawing.]
A genus of about 85 species, natives of the north temperate zone, most abundant in eastern
Europe and central Asia. In addition to the following, 2 others are found in the Rocky Mountains
and one on the Califomian coast.
Flowers 2"-4" high.
Pedicels slender, spreading; pods very narrow, 6"-i2" long.
Pedicels stout, short; pods 9 -2' long.
Pods i'-2' long, less than i" thick; plant green, appressed-pubescent.
Pods9"-i8" long, about i" thick; plant pale, appressed-canescent.
Flowers 8"-i2" high, conspicuous.
1. E. cheiranthoides.
2. E. inconspicuum.
3. E. syrticolum.
4. E. asperimi.
I. Erysimum cheiranthoides L. Worm-
seed or Treacle Mustard. (Fig. 1783.)
Erysiviuni cheiranthoides L,. Sp. PI. 661. 1753.
Erect, minutely rough-pubescent, branching, 8'-2°
high. Leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate,
long, acutish or obtuse, entire or slightly dentate, ta-
pering at the base into a short petiole or the upper ses-
sile; pedicels slender, spreading or somewhat ascend-
ing, •^"-i/' long in fruit; flowers about 2}^'' high; pods
linear, obtusely 4-angled, glabrous, long, less
than \" broad, nearly erect on slender spreading pedi-
cels; valves strongly keeled; style yi" long.
Along streams and in fields, New Jersey, Pennsylvania
and southern New England to Newfoundland, west to the
Pacific Coast. Appears in some places as adventive.
Also in northern Europe. June-Aug.
2. Erysimum inconspicuum (S. Wats.) MacM. Small Erysimum.
(Fig. 1784.)
Erysimu7n parviflorum Nutt. ; T. & G. Fl. N.
A. i: 95. 1838. Not Pers.
Erysimum asperum var. inconspicuum S. Wats.
Bot. King's Exp. 24. 1871.
Erysimum inconspicuum MacM. Met. Minn.
268. 1892.
Erect, green, roughish-puberulent, stem
i°-2° tall, simple or sparingly branched.
Leaves oblanceolate or linear, i'-"^' long,
obtuse, entire or dentate, the upper sessile,
the lower slender-petioled; flowers about
high and broad; pedicels stout, about 2" long
in fruit, ascending; pods narrowly linear, \'-
2' long, less than \" wide, minutely rough-
puberulent, narrowly ascending or erect;
style very stout, yz"-\" long.
In dry soil, Minnesota to Manitoba, British
Columbia and Alaska, south to Kansas, Colo-
rado and Nevada. Also in Ontario, according to
Macoun. July-Aug.
152
CRUCIFERAE
[Vol.. II,
3. Erysimum syrticolum Sheldon. Sand Erysimum. (Fig. 1785.)
Erysimum syrticolum Sheldon, Bull. Torr.
Club, 20: 285. 1893.
Similar to the preceding species and per-
haps a form of it, but pale and finely ap-
pressed-canescent, the stems stiff, erect or
assurgent, branched near the base or simple,
i°-2j^° tall. Leaves firm, linear-lanceolate,
entire or sparingly denticulate, i'-2' long,
early falling away; flowers J,"-^" high;
stigma conspicuously 2-lobed; style less than
\" long; pods linear, rather stout, <^"-\%"
long, nearly \" thick, erect or nearly so on
ascending pedicels 2yz"-\" long; seeds ob-
long, Yz" long.
On dry sandy banks, Minnesota to the North-
west Territory. July-Aug.
4. Erysimum asperum DC. Western Wall-fluwer. Yellow Phlox.
(Fig. 1786.)
Erysimum lanceolatum Pursh, Fl-
Am. Sept. 436. 1814. Not R. Br. i8i2-
Erysimum asperum DC. Syst. 3: 505.
1821.
Erysimum Arkansanum Nutt. ; T. &
G. Fl. N. A. 1: 95. 1838.
Rough-pubescent or hoary, i°-3''
high, simple or branching above.
Lower leaves lanceolate or linear,
tapering into a petiole, dentate or
sometimes entire, mainly acute;
upper leaves smaller, sessile or
nearly so, entire or rarely toothed;
flowers orange-yellow, large and
showy, (3"-\i" high and nearly as
broad; pedicels stout, spreading,
2"-3'' long in fruit; pods linear,
rough, lyi'-^' long, nearly i" wide,
4-sided; style short, thick.
In open places, Ohio and Illinois to
Texas and the Saskatchewan region,
west to the Pacific Coast. The eastern
plant (E. Arkansanum Nutt.) gener-
ally has broader leaves than the west-
em. Also in eastern Quebec, prob-
ably adventive. May-July.
34. ALYSSUM L. Sp. PI. 650. 1753.,
Low branching stellate-pubescent annual or perennial herbs, with small racemose yellow
or yellowish flowers. Petals entire. Filaments often dilated and toothed or appendaged.
Silicle ovate, oblong or orbicular, compressed, its valves nerveless, the septum thin. Stigma
nearly entire. Seeds 1-8 in each cell of the pod, wingless; cotyledons accumbent. [Greek,
curing madness.]
A genus of about 100 species, natives of the Old World, some of them known as Madwort.
Vol. II.]
MUSTARD FAMILY.
153
I. Alyssum alyssoides (I^.) Gouan. Yellow
or Small Alyssum. (Fig. 1787.)
Clypeola alyssoides I,. Sp. PI. 652. 1753.
Alyssum alyssoides Gouan, Hort. Monsp. 321. 1762.
Alyssum calycinum I,. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 908. 1763.
Densely stellate-pubescent, erect, simple, or branching
from the base, tufted, 3^-10' high. Leaves linear-oblong or
spatulate, narrowed at the base, obtuse, entire, 2>"-'^^"
long, the lower somewhat petioled; flowers yellowish-
white, \" broad; pedicels spreading or ascending, 7." long
in fruit; pods orbicular, i^^^ in diameter, margined, mi-
nutely pubescent, notched at the apex, tipped with the mi-
nute style; sepals persisting around the base of the pod;
seeds 2 in each cell; filaments of the shorter stamens
minutely toothed at the base.
In fields, Ontario to southeastern New York, New Jersey and
Iowa, and in ballast about the seaports. Also in the Far West.
Naturalized or adventive from Europe. Summer.
35. KONIGA* Adans. Fam. PI. 2: 420. 1763.
[LoBULARiA Desv. Journ. Bot. 3: 172. 1813.]
Perennial herbs or shrubs, pubescent or canescent with forked hairs, with entire leaves
and small white flowers in terminal racemes. Petals obovate, entire. Filaments slender,
not toothed, but with two small glands at the base. Silicle compressed, oval or orbicular.
Seeds i in each cell. Cotyledons accumbent. [Name in honor of Charles Konig, a curator
of the British Museum.]
About 4 species, natives of the Mediterranean region.
I. Koniga maritima (L,. ) R. Br.
Sweet Alyssum. Seaside
Koniga. (Fig. 1788.)
Clypeola maritima L,. Sp. PI. 652. 1753.
Alyssum marilimum L,am. Encycl. 1:98. 1783.
Koniga maritima R. Br. in Denh. & Clapp,
Narr. Exp. Afric. 214. 1826.
Procumbent or ascending, freely branch-
ing, 4^-12' high, minutely pubescent with
appressed hairs. Stem-leaves nearly sessile,
lanceolate or linear, yz'-2' long, i''-2^'"'
wide; basal leaves oblanceolate, narrowed
into a petiole; flowers white, fragrant, about
1" broad; pedicels ascending, 3'^-4" long in
fruit; pods glabrous, pointed, oval or nearly
orbicular, i^'-i^" long; calyx deciduous;
stamens not appendaged.
In waste places, occasional. Escaped from
gardens. Adventive from Europe. Summer.
36.
1821.
BERTEROA DC. Mem. Mus. Paris, 7: 232.
Annual or perennial herbs, pubescent or canescent with forked hairs, the leaves mostly
narrow and entire, and the flowers white or yellow in terminal racemes. Petals 2-cleft.
Filaments 2-toothed at the base. Silicles oblong or subglobose, little compressed. Seeds
several in each cell; cotyledons accumbent. [In honor of C. G. Bertero, a botanist of Pied-
mont, 1739-1831.]
About 5 species, natives of Europe and Asia.
* Originally spelled Konig. Latinized by R. Brown in 1826.
[Vol. II.
154 CRUCIFERAE.
I. Berteroa incana (L. ) DC. Hoary
Alyssum. (Fig. 1789.)
Alyssiim incanum I,. Sp. PI. 650. 1753.
Berteroa incana DC. Syst. 2: 291. 1821.
Erect or ascending, i°-2° high, hoary-pubescent,
branching above. Leaves lanceolate or oblong, Yz'-
1%' long, obtuse, entire or slightly undulate, the lower
narrowed into a petiole; flowers white, V-xYz" broad;
pedicels ascending, i"-'x," long in fruit; pod pubescent>
oblong, 2>"~A" long and about half as broad; cells
several -seeded; style V-yYz" long; stigma minute.
In waste places, Maine to Massachusetts, New Jersey
and Missouri. Adventive or naturalized from Europe,
becoming abundant. Racemes elongating, the flowers and
pods very numerous. June-Sept.
37. HESPERIS L. Sp. PI. 663. 1753.
Erect perennial or biennial herbs, pubescent with forked hairs, with simple leaves and
large racemose purple or white flowers. Stigma with 2 erect lobes. Siliques elongated, nearly
cylindric, the valves keeled, dehiscent, i-nerved. Seeds in i row in each cell, globose, wing-
less; cotyledons incumbent. [Name from Hesperus, evening, when the flowers are most
fragrant.]
About 20 species, natives of Europe and Asia.
I. Hesperis matronalis L. Dame's
Rocket or Dame's Violet.
(Fig. 1790.)
Hesperis matronalis L,. Sp. PI. 663. 1753.
Erect, simple or sparingly branched above, 2°-
3° high, pubescent. Lower leaves 3^-8' long,
tapering into a petiole, ovate or ovate-lanceolate,
acute, dentate with minute teeth, pubescent on
both sides; upper leaves similar but smaller, ses-
sile or short-petioled; flowers ?)"-\2" broad,
pink, purple or white, fragrant; blade of the
petals widely spreading, about as long as the
claw; pods O-'-d/ long, spreading or ascending,
contracted between the seeds when ripe.
In fields and along roadsides, escaped from gar-
dens, Massachusetts to Pennsylvania and Iowa.
Native of Europe and Asia. May-Aug. Old Eng-
lish names are Queen's or Dame's Gilliflower;
Night-scented, Rogue's or Winter Gilliflower;
Damask Violet.
Family 33. CAPPARIDACEAE Lindl. Nat. Syst. Ed. 2, 61. 1836.
Caper Family.
Herbs or shrubs (rarely trees), with a watery sap, alternate or very rarely
opposite, simple or palmately compotmd leaves and axillary or terminal, solitary
or racemose, regular or irregular, mostly perfect flowers. Sepals 4-8. Petals
4 (rarely none), sessile or clawed. Receptacle elongated or short. Stamens
6-00 , not tetradynamous, inserted on the receptacle; anthers oblong. Ovar}''
sessile or stipitate; style generally short; ovules co , borne on parietal placentae.
Fruit a capsule or berry. Seeds mainly reniform in our species; endosperm
none; embryo generally coiled.
A family of about 35 genera and 400 species, mostly of warm regions.
Vol. II.]
CAPER FAMILY.
155
Pod long-stipitate on its pedicel; stamens 4-6.
Pod linear-elongated; petals generally clawed.
Petals entire.
Petals laciniate.
Pod short, rhomboid; petals sessile.
Pod nearly or quite sessile on its pedicel.
1. Cleome.
2. Cristatella.
3. Cleoniella.
4. Polanisia.
I. CLEOME L. Sp. PI. 671. 1753.
Herbs or low shrubs, generally branching. Leaves digitately 3-5-foliolate, or simple.
Leaflets entire or serrulate. Calyx 4-divided or of 4 sepals, often persistent. Petals 4, cru-
ciate, nearly equal, entire, more or less clawed. Receptacle short, slightly prolonged above
the petal-bases. Stamens 6 (rarely 4), inserted on the receptacle above the petals. Ovary
stalked, with a gland at its base. Capsule elongated, long-stipitate, many-seeded. [Deriva-
tion uncertain; perhaps from the Greek, to shut.]
About 75 species, mainly natives of tropical regions, especially American and African. In ad-
dition to the following, 4 others occur in the western part of the United States.
Leaves 3-foliolate; flowers pink, or white. i. C. s^errulaia.
Leaves, at least the lower, 5-7-foliolate.
Flowers pink, or white. 2. C. spinosa.
Flowers yellow. 3. C. lutea.
I. Cleome serrulata Pursh. Pink
Cleome. (Fig. 1791.)
Cleome serrulata Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 441. 1814.
Cleometn/e^^ri/oliaT. SlG-FLN. A. 1:122. 1838.
Erect, glabrous, 2°-3° high, branching
above. Leaves 3-foliolate, the lower long and
slender-petioled, the upper sessile or nearly so;
leaflets lanceolate or oblong, acute, entire or
distantly serrulate, 1^-3' long; fruiting racemes
greatly elongated; bracts lanceolate or
linear, often mucronate; pedicels slender,
spreading or recurved and 6''-io" long in
fruit; stipe of the pod about equalling the
pedicel; flowers pink or white, very showy;
petals oblong, slightly clawed, 5 "-6'' long,
obtuse; pods linear, acute, i'-2' long.
Prairies, northern Illinois to Minnesota and
the Canadian Rocky Mountains, southwest to
Kansas, New Mexico and Arizona. Naturalized
from the west, in its eastern range. July-Sept.
2. Cleome spinosa I,. Spider-
flower. (Fig. 1792.)
Cleome spinosa L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 939. 1763.
Cleome piingens Willd. Enum. PI, 689. 1809.
Erect, 2°-4° high, branching above,
clammy-pubescent. Leaves 5-7-foliolate,
the lower long-petioled, 5^-8' in diameter,
the upper shorter-petioled or nearly ses-
sile, passing into the simple lanceolate or
cordate-ovate bracts of the raceme; peti-
oles spiny at the base; leaflets lanceolate
or oblong-lanceolate, acute, minutely
serrulate; flowers numerous, long-pedi-
celled, showy, purple or whitish, \' broad
or more; petals obovate, long-clawed;
stipe of the linear glabrous pod at length
2'-6' long; stamens variable in length,
often long-exserted.
In waste places, southern New Jersey to
Florida, west to Illinois and Louisiana.
Sometimes cultivated for ornament. Fugi-
tive or adventive from tropical America.
Summer.
156
CAPPARIDACEAE.
[Vol.. II.
3. Cleome lutea Hook. Yellow Cleome. (Fig. 1793.)
Cleome lutea Hook.
pi. 25. 1830.
Fl. Bor. Am. i: 70.
Erect, glabrous, branching,
3^° high. Leaves 5-foliolate, slender-
petioled, or the upper 3-foliolate and
nearly sessile; leaflets oblong or ob-
long-lanceolate, entire, short-stalked
or sessile, narrowed at the base, ob-
tuse or acute and mucronulate at the
apex, yz'-2' long; racemes elongating
in fruit; bracts linear-oblong, mucro-
nate; pedicels slender, ^"-d" long;
flowers densely racemose, yellow;
petals obovate or oblanceolale, about
^" long; pod linear, i/^'-3' long,
acute, borne on a stipe becoming longer
than the pedicel.
In dry soil, Nebraska to Washington
and Arizona. June-Sept.
2. CRISTATELLA Nutt. Journ. Acad. Phil. 7: 85. pi. 9. 1834.
Annual viscid glandular-pubescent herbs, with digitately 3-foliolate leaves, and small
white or yellowish flowers in terminal bracted racemes. Sepals spreading, slightly united
at the base. Petals 4, laciniate or fimbriate at the summit, borne on long slender claws, the
2 lower smaller than the 2 upper. Receptacle short, with a short petaloid nectary between
the ovary and the upper sepal. Stamens 6-14; filaments slender, declined. Ovary stalked,
alsodeclined. Capsule linear, nearly terete, many-seeded. [Diminutive of crested.]
A genus of 2 species natives of the south-central United States.
I. Cristatella Jamesii T. &G. James'
Cristatella. (Fig. 1794.)
Cristatella Jamesii T. & G. Fl. N. A. i: 124. 1838.
Erect, slender, branching, 6^-15' high. Leaves
slender-petioled; leaflets nearly sessile, linear
or linear-oblong, longer than the petiole, entire,
obtuse, 4''-i2'' long; flowers slender-pedicelled,
whitish or yellowish; bracts mostly 3-foliolate;
claws of the larger petals i^''''-2^''' long;
sepals acute or obtusish; pod ascending, much
longer than its stipe and somewhat longer than
the pedicel.
In dry soil, Nebraska to Louisiana and Texas.
June-Dec.
3. CLEOMELLA DC. Prodr. i: 237. 1824.
Annual glabrous branching erect or diffuse herbs, with small yellow flowers and 3-folio-
late leaves. Calyx of 4 sepals. Petals 4, sessile, not clawed. Receptacle short, glandlcss.
Stamens 6, inserted on the receptacle. Ovary short, long-stalked. Capsule short, rhomboid
or trapezoid, often broader than long, 4-10-seeded. [Diminutive of Cleome.'\
A genus of about 8 species, natives of southwestern North America, extending into Mexico.
Vor,. II.] CAPER FAMILY. 157
I. Cleomella angustifolia Torr. Northern
Cleomella. (Fig. 1795.)
Cleomella angustifolia Torr.; A. Gray, PI. Wright, i: 12.
1852.
Generally erect, high, branching above.
Leaflets linear-lanceolate or linear-oblong, longer than
the petiole; bracts linear, simple; flowers yellow, 2"-
3^^ broad; pedicels very slender, yi'' long in fruit; pod
flattened, rhomboid, 2''-3" broad, about 2'' high,
pointed, raised on a very slender stipe 2''-4'^ long, its
valves almost conic; placentae persistent after the
valves fall away, each bearing about 3 seeds.
Prairies, Nebraska and Colorado to Texas and New
Mexico. Summer.
4. POLANISIA Raf. Journ. Phys. 89: 98. 1819.
Annual branching herbs, mainly glandular-pubescent and exhaling a strong disagreeable
odor, with whitish or yellowish flowers, and palmately compound or rarely simple leaves.
Sepals 4, lanceolate, deciduous. Petals slender or clawed. Receptacle depressed, bearing a
gland at the base of the ovary. Stamens 8- co, somewhat unequal. Pod nearly or quite ses-
sile on its pedicel, elongated, cylindric or compressed, its valves dehiscent from the summit.
Seeds rugose or reticulated. [Greek, very unequal, referring to the stamens.]
A genus of about 14 species, natives of temperate and tropical regions. In addition to the fol-
lowing,^ 2 other species are found in the southern and western parts of North America.
Stamens equalling or slightly exceeding the petals; flowers 2" -7," long. i. P. graveolens.
Stamens much exceeding the petals; flowers 4"-6" long. 2. /*. trachysperma.
I. Polanisia graveolens Raf. Clammy-weed. (Fig. 1796.)
Cleome dodecandra Michx. Fl.
2: 32. 1803. Not L. 1753-
Bor. Am.
Polanisia graveolens Raf. Am. Journ. Sci.
i: 378. 1819.
Viscid and glandular-pubescent, branch-
ing, 6'-i8' high. Leaves 3-foliolate,
slender-petioled; leaflets oblong, obtuse,
entire, i>"-\2" long ; sepals purplish,
slightly unequal; petals cuneate, clawed,
deeply emarginate or obcordate, yellow-
ish-white; stamens 9-12, purplish, equal-
ling or slightly exceeding the petals;
style about \" long; pod lanceolate-ob-
long, slightly compressed, V-iyi,' long,
3"-4" wide, slightly stipitate, rough,
reticulated; seeds rough. ,
" Sandy and gravelly shores, western Que-
bec to Manitoba and the Northwest Terri-
tory, south to southern New York, Pennsyl-
vania, Kansas and Colorado. Summer.
CAPPARIDACEAE. [Vol. II.
2. Polanisia trachysperma T. & G.
L,arge-flowered Clammy- weed.
(Fig. 1797.)
Polanisia trachysperma T. & G. Fl. N. A. 1: 669. 1840.
Jacksonia trachysperma Greene, Pittonia, 2: 175. 1891.
vSimilar to the last, but flowers twice the size
(4"-6"loDg); style slender, long; stamens
much exserted, often twice the length of the petals;
filaments purple, conspicuous; pod slightly larger,
nearly or quite sessile.
Prairies, Iowa to Texas, west to British Columbia,
Nevada and Arizona. Summer.
Family 34. RESEDACEAE S. F. Gray, Nat. Arr. Brit. PI. 2: 665. 1821.
Mignonette Family.
Annual or perennial herbs, rarely somewhat woody, with alternate or fas-
cicled leaves, gland-like stipules and racemose or spicate, bracted flowers.
Flowers unsymmetrical. Calyx 4-7-parted, more or less inequilateral. Petals
generally 4-7, cleft or entire, hypogynous. Disk fleshy, hypogynous, i -sided.
Stamens 3-40, mainly inserted on the disk; filaments generally unequal. Ovary
I, compound, of 3-6 carpels; styles or sessile stigmas 3-6; ovules 00 . Fruit cap-
sular in all but i genus. Seeds reniform, without endosperm; cotyledons
incumbent.
Six genera and about 65 species, mainly natives of the Mediterranean region.
I. RESEDA L. Sp. PI. 44S. 1753.
Erect or decumbent herbs, with entire lobed or pinnatifid leaves, and small spicate or
narrowly racemose flowers. Petals 4-7, toothed or cleft. Disk cup-shaped, glandular.
Stamens 8-30, inserted on one side of the flower and on the inner surface of the disk. Cap-
sule 3-5-lobed, horned, opening at the top before the seeds mature. [Ancient Latin name,
referring to the supposed sedative effects of some of the species.]
About 55 species, all natives of the Old World.
Leaves entire; upper petals lobed, the lower entire. i. R. Luteola.
Leaves lobed or pinnatifid.
Petals greenish-yellow, 3 or 4 of them divided.
Petals white, all of them cleft or divided.
I. Reseda Luteola L. Dyer's Rocket.
Yellow-weed. (Fig. 1798.)
Reseda Luteola L. Sp. PI. 448. 1753.
Glabrous, erect, simple, or sparingly branched
above, i°-2j^° high. Leaves lanceolate or lin-
ear, entire, obtuse, sessile or the lowest narrowed
into a petiole; flowers greenish-yellow,
broad, in long narrow spikes; sepals 4; petals 4
or 5, very unequal, the upper ones lobed, the
lower entire; capsule globose, i"-}/' in diame-
ter, with 3 or 4 apical teeth and 6-8 lateral ridges.
In waste places, Long Island, N. Y. ; also in the
western part of the State (Gray), and in ballast
about the seaports. Adventive from Europe.
Cultivated for its yellow dye. Summer. Also called
Dyer's Weed, Dyer's Mignonette and Weld.
Voi<. II.]
MIGNONETTE FAMILY.
159
2. Reseda lutea L. Yellow Cut-leaved Mignonette.
Reseda lutea L. Sp. PI. 449. 1753-
Ascending or decumbent, pubescent with short
scattered stiff hairs, or nearly glabrous. Leaves
2'-\' long, broadly ovate or oblong in outline,
deeply lobed or divided, sometimes pinnatifid, their
segments linear or oblong, obtuse, the margins un-
dulate; flowers greenish-yellow, 2''-2>" broad, in
narrow racemes; pedicels ascending, about 2'^ long
in fruit; petals 6 or 5, all but the lowest irregularly
cleft; sepals of the same number; capsule oblong,
about 4" long, i>^"-2'^ wide, with three or rarely
4 short teeth.
In waste places, Nantucket, Mass., to New Jersey and
Michigan, and in ballast about the seaports. Adventive
from Europe. Summer. Called also Crambling Rocket.
Reseda odorata L., the Mignonette of the gardens, has
wedge-shaped entire or 3-lobed leaves, and very fragrant
flowers with deeply cleft petals.
3. Reseda alba I,. White Cut-leaved
Mignonette. (Fig. 1800.)
Reseda alba L. Sp. PI. 449. 1753.
Erect, glabrous, somewhat glaucous, i°-3°
high. Leaves often crowded, pinnate or deeply
pinnatifid, the segments 9-12, linear, linear-
oblong or lanceolate, obtusish, entire or un-
dulate, ^"-I'l" long; flowers nearly or quite
white, broad, in dense spike-like ra-
cemes; pedicels short; petals 6 or 5, all 3-cleft
at the summit; sepals of the same number;
capsule ovoid-oblong, usually 4-toothed,
6" long.
In waste places, Buffalo, N. Y. ; Youngstown,
Ohio, in ballast about the eastern seaports and in
British Columbia. Adventive from southern
Europe. July-Aug.
Family 35. SARRACENIACEAE La Pyl. Mem. See. Linn. Paris, 6: 379.
1827.
PiTCHER-Pi<.4NT Family.
Marsh herbs, with basal tubular or pitcher-shaped leaves, and large scapose
nodding flowers. Sepals 4 or 5, hypogynous, imbricated, persistent. Petals 5,
imbricated, hypogynous, deciduous or none. Stamens co; anthers versatile.
Ovary i, 3-5 -celled ; ovules 00, in many rows. Capsule 3-5-celled, loculicid-
ally dehiscent ; style terminal, peltate, lobed, or in one genus simple. Seeds
small, the testa reticulated ; embryo small ; endosperm fleshy.
Three genera and about 10 species, all natives of America. Besides the following genus, Chrys-
amphora of California and Heliamphora of Venezuela are the only known members of the family.
I. SARRACENIA L. Sp. PI. 510. 1753.
Leaves hollow, pitcher-form or trumpet-shaped, with a lateral wing and a terminal lid
or lamina. Sepals 5, with 3 or 4 bracts at the base. Petals 5, ovate or oblong. Ovary
5-celled. Style dilated at the apex into a peltate umbrella-like structure with 5 rays which
terminate under its angles in hooked stigmas. Capsule 5-celled, granular, rugose. Seeds
anatropous. [Named in honor of Dr. Jean Anloine Sarracin, a botanist of Quebec]
About 8 species natives of eastern and southeastern North America.
i6o
SARRACENIACEAE.
[Vol,. II.
Leaves pitcher-shaped, curved; flower purple or g^reenish (rarelj- yellow).
Leaves tubular-trumpet-shaped; flower yellow.
1. 5". purpurea.
2. S. flava.
I. Sarracenia purpurea L,. Pitcher-plant
Sarracenia purpurea L. Sp. PI. 510. 1753.
Glabrous, except tbe inner side of the lamina and
inner surface of the pitchers, which are densely
clothed with stiff reflexed hairs. Leaves tufted, as-
cending, curved, 4'-! 2' long, purple-veined, or some-
times green all over, much inflated, narrowed into a
petiole below, broadly winged, persistent ; scapes
i°-2° high, slender, bearing a single nodding deep
purple nearly globose flower 2' in diameter or more;
petals obovate, narrowed in the middle, incurved
over the yellowish style.
In peat-bogs, Labrador to the Canadian Rocky Moun-
tains, Florida, Kentucky and Minnesota. May-June.
The hollow leaves are commonly more or less completely
filled with water containing drowned insects. Young
plants often bear several smaller flat obliquely ovate
leaves. Called also Huntsman's Cup and Indian Cup.
Sarracenia purpurea heterophylla (Eaton) Torr. Fl. N. Y. i:
41. 1843.
Sarracenia heterophylla Eaton, Man. Ed. 3, 447. 1822.
Flowers yellow; leaves slightly or not at all purple-
veined, light green or yellowish. Massachusetts and
New York to New Jersey.
Side-saddle Flower. (Fig. 1801.)
2. Sarracenia flava L. Trumpets.
Trumpet-leaf. (Fig. 1802.)
Sarracenia flava L. Sp. PI. 510. 1753.
Glabrous throughout. Leaves trumpet-
shaped, i°-3° long, \'-2' wide at the orifice,
narrowly winged, prominently ribbed, green,
the lid i'-4' wide, obtuse or acuminate, erect,
contracted at the base; scape i°-2° high,
slender; flower 2'-3' broad, yellow; petals
narrow, oblanceolate or obovate, sometimes
3' long, drooping, slightly contracted at the
middle.
In bogs, Virginia (?), North Carolina to Flor-
ida, west to Louisiana. April.
Family 36. DROSERACEAE S. F. Gray, Nat. Arr. Brit. PI. 2: 664. 1821.
Sundew Family.
Perennial or biennial glandular-pubescent herbs, exuding a copious viscid
secretion, mostly with basal leaves, circinate in the bud, and fugacious perfect
flowers, racemose in our species. Calyx persistent, 4-5-parted or the sepals
distinct and imbricated. Petal 5, hypogynous, convolute, marcescent, distinct or
slightly united at the ba,se. Stamens 4-20, hypogynous or perigynous; fila-
ments subulate or filiform; anthers usually versatile. Disk none. Ovary free,
or its base adnate to the calyx, globose or ovoid, 1-3-celled; styles 1-5, simple,
2-cleft or multifid; ovules numerous. Capsule 1-5-celled, loculicidally dehis-
cent. Seeds several or numerous; endosperm fleshy; embryo straight, cylindric.
Six genera and about 125 species, of wide geographic distribution.
Vor,. II.]
SUNDEW FAMILY,
i6l
I. DROSERA L. Sp. PI. 2J
1753-
Bog herbs, with basal leaves clothed with glandular hairs which secrete a fluid that entraps
insects, and scapose racemose flowers. Calyx-tube short, free from the ovary, very deeply 4-
8-parted (commonly 5-parted). Petals usually 5, spatulate. Stamens as many as the petals:
anthers short, extrorse. Ovary i-celled; styles 2-5, usually 3, distinct or united at the base,
often deeply 2-parted so as to appear twice as many, or fimbriate. Capsule 3-valved
(rarely 5-valved), many-seeded, generally stipitate in the calyx. [Name from the Greek,
dew, in allusion to the dew-like drops exuded by the glands of the leaves.]
About no species, most abundant in Australia. Besides the following, 2 others occur in the
southeastern States. Our species are known as Sundew, or Dew-plant.
I. D. rotundifolia.
2. D. intermedia.
3. D. longifolia.
4. D. linearis.
5. D. filiformis.
Blade of the leaf orbicular, or wider than long; petals white.
Blade of the leaf linear, or longer than wide.
L,eaves linear or spatulate with a distinct petiole; petals white.
Blade of the leaf spatulate.
Blade 2-3 times as long as wide.
Blade 6-8 times as long as wide.
Blade linear, 10-15 times as long as wide.
Leaves filiform, much elongated, with no distinct petiole; petals purple.
I. Drosera rotundifolia L. Round-leaved Sundew
or Dew-plant. (Fig. 1803.)
Drosera rotundifolia I,. Sp. PI. 281. 1753.
Scape slender, erect, glabrous, 4'-io' high. Leaves orbicular
or broader, spreading on the ground, the blade 2>"~^" long,
abruptly narrowed into a flat pubescent petiole Yz'-i' long, the
upper surface covered with slender glandular hairs; raceme i-
sided, simple or sometimes once forked, 4-12-flowered; pedi-
cels \"-2" long; flowers white, about 1" broad, opening in
sunshine; petals oblong, somewhat exceeding the sepals; seeds
fusiform, pointed at both ends, the testa loose.
In bogs or wet sand, Labrador to Alaska, south to Florida and
Alabama, and in the Sierra Nevada to California. Ascends to 2500
ft. in the Catskills. Also in Europe and Asia. Rootstock usually
short. Called also Rosa-solis, Youth-wort. July-Aug.
2. Drosera intermedia Hayne. Spatulate-leaved Sundew. (Fig. 1804.)
Drosera intermedia Hayne in Schrad. Journ. Bot 1800: Part i, 37.
Drose}-a longifolia Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 186. 1803. Not L
1753-
Drosera Americaiia Willd. Enum, 340. 1809.
Drosera intermedia var. Americana DC. Prodr. i: 318.
1824.
Rootstock elongated (2'-4' long when growing in water).
Scape erect, glabrous, 3^-8' high. Blades of the leaves as-
cending, spatulate, obtuse at the apex, j/'-l" long, \yz"-i"
wide, their upper surfaces clothed with glandular hairs,
gradually narrowed into a glabrous petiole Yz'-^yi.' long;
raceme i -sided; flowers several; pedicels about lYz" long;
petals white, slightly exceeding the sepals; seeds oblong, the
testa close, roughened.
In bogs, Anticosti and New Brunswick to Manitoba, south to
Florida and Louisiana. Also in the West Indies, and in northern
Europe. July-Aug.
II
1 62
DROSERACEAE.
3. Drosera longifolia L.
Sundew.
[Vot. II.
Oblong-leaved
(Fig. 1805.)
Drosera lotigi/olia L. Sp. PI. 282. 1753.
Drosera Anglica Huds. Fl. Angl. I?d. 2, 135. 1778.
Similar to the preceding species, but the leaf-blade is
erect, longer [W-i^" long, i^"-2" wide), elongated-
spatulate and narrowed into a glabrous petiole i'-4'
long; pedicels ]4,"-z" long; flowers several, racemose,
white, '2"-'2yz" broad; seeds oblong, obtuse at both
ends, the testa loose.
In bogs, Newfoundland and arctic America to Manitoba
and British Columbia, south to Ontario and California. Also
in northern Europe and Asia. Summer.
4. Drosera linearis Goldie. Slender-leaved
Sundew. (Fig. 1806.)
Drosera linearis Goldie, Edinb. Phil. Journ. 6: 325. 1822.
Scape low but sometimes exceeding the leaves, glabrous.
Petioles erect, glabrous, 7.'-i\' long; blade linear, i'-3' long,
about \" wide, densely clothed with glandular hairs, obtuse
at the apex; flowers few, or solitary, white; petals somewhat
exceeding the sepals; seeds oblong, the testa close, smooth
and somewhat shining.
In bogs, shores of Lake Superior and Lake Huron, west to
the Canadian Rockjf Mountains. Blooms a little later than D.
rolKndifolia when the^two grow together.
5. Drosera filiformis Raf. Thread-leaved
Sundew. (Fig. 1807.)
Drosera filiformis Raf. Med. Rep. (II.) 5: 360. 1808.
Drosera tenuifolia Willd. Enum. 340. 1809.
Scape erect, glabrous, 8'-2o' high. Leaves narrowly lin-
ear or filiform, glandular-pubescent throughout, 6'-i5' long,
about \" wide, usually acutish at the apex, with no distinc-
tion between blade and petiole, woolly with brown hairs at
the very base; racemes i-sided, io-30-flowered; pedicels 2"-
i/' long; flowers purple, 4"-i2" broad; petals obovate,
much exceeding the sepals; seeds fusiform, acute at each
end, the testa minutely punctate.
In wet sand, near the coast, eastern Massachusetts to Florida.
July-Sept.
Voi,. II.] RIVER-WEED FAMILY. 1 63
Family 37. PODOSTEMACEAE Lindl. Nat. Syst. Ed. 2, 190. 1836.
River-weed Family.
Small aquatic fresh-water mostly annual fleshy herbs, the leaves usually
poorly diff'erentiated from the stem, the whole structure commonly resembling
the thallus of an alga or hepatic, the small usually perfect flowers devoid of any
perianth and subtended by a spathe-like involucre, or in some genera with a
3-5-cleft membranous calyx. Stamens hypogynous, only 2 in the following
genus, numerous in some others; filaments united or distinct; anthers 2 -celled,
the sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary stalked or sessile, 2-3-celled; ovules
usually numerous in each cell, anatropous; styles 2 or 3, short. Capsules 2-3-
celled, ribbed. Seeds numerous, minute, without endosperm; embryo straight.
About 21 genera and 175 species, mostly in the tropics, only the following North American.
I. PODOSTEMON Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 164. pi. 44. 1803.
Habit of the several species various. Flowers sessile or very nearly so in the spathe-like
involucre. Perianth none. Stamens 2, their filaments united to near the summit; anthers 2,
oblong or oval. Staminodia 2, filiform. Ovary ovoid, 2-celled; stigmas 2, nearly erect, short,
subulate. Capsule ovoid, 6-io-ribbed, 2-valved. [Greek, stalked-stamens.]
About 12 species of rather wide geographic distributi(
I. Podostemon Ceratophyllum Michx.
River- weed. Thread-foot.
(Fig. 1808.)
Podostemon Ceraiophyllum'yi\ch-x.. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 165.
1803.
Plant dark green, rather stiff, firmly attached to
stones in running water, densely tufted, i''-io'
long, the leaves narrowly linear, sheathing at the
base, commonly split above into almost filiform
segments or lobes. Flowers less than i" broad, at
length bursting from the spathes; capsule oblong-
oval, rather more than i" long, obtuse, borne on a
stipe of about its own length, 8-ribbed; stigmas at
length recurved.
In shallow streams, Massachusetts to northern New
York, Ontario and Minnesota, south to Georgia, Ala-
bama and Kentucky. July-Sept.
Family 38. CRASSULACEAE DC. Fl. Franc. 4: 382. 1805.
Orpine Family.
Herbs, or somewhat shrubby plants, mostly fleshy or succulent, with cymose
or rarely .solitary regular or symmetrical flowers. Stipules none. Calyx per-
sistent, free from the ovary or ovaries, 4-5-cleft or 4-5-parted in our species.
Petals equal in number to the calyx-lobes, distinct, or slightly united at the
base, usually persistent, rarely wanting. Stamens of the same number or twice
as many as the petals; filaments filiform or subulate; anthers longitudinally
dehiscent. Receptacle with a scale at the base of each carpel. Carpels equal
in number to the sepals, distinct, or united below; styles subulate or filiform;
ovules numerous, arranged in 2 rows along the ventral suture. Follicles mem-
branous or coriaceous, i -celled, dehiscent along the ventral suture. Seeds
minute; endosperm fleshy; embryo terete; cotyledons short, obtuse.
About 15 genera and 500 species, of wide geographic distribution.
164
CRASSULACEAE.
[Vol. II.
Carpels distinct to the base; plants very succulent.
Stamens of the same number as the sepals; minute herbs.
Stamens twice as many as the sepals; succulent herbs.
Flowers 4-5-parted.
Flowers 6-12-parted.
Carpels united to about the middle; plant scarcely succulent.
1. Tillaea.
2. Sedum.
3. Sempervivum.
4. Penthortim.
I. TILLAEA L. Sp. PI. \2i
1753-
Minute, mostly glabrous, aquatic or mud-loving succulent herbs, with opposite entire
leaves and very small solitarj' or cymose-paniculate axillary or terminal flowers. Calyx
3-5-parted. Petals 3-5, distinct, or united at the base. Stamens 3-5. Carpels 3-5, distinct.
Styles short, subulate. Ovules usually few. Follicles few--seeded or several-seeded.
[Named after Michael Angelo Tilli, 1653-1740, an Italian botanist.]
About 20 species, of very wide geographic distribution. Besides the following, about 4 others
occur in the western and southwestern States.
I. Tillaea aquatica L. Pigmy-weed. (Fig. 1809.)
Tillaea aquatica L. Sp. PI. 128. 1753.
Tillaea simplex Nutt. Journ. Acad. Phil, i: 114.
Bulliarda aquatica DC. Prodr. 3: 382. 1828.
1817.
stem a.scending or erect, usually simple, Yz'-},' high,
glabrous. Leaves linear-oblong, entire, acutish or obtuse
at the apex, connate at the base, 2"-3" long, at length
shorter than the internodes; flowers solitary, axillary, ses-
sile or short -peduncled, Yz" broad; calyx-lobes, petals,
stamens and carpels 4, rarely 3; petals greenish, about
twice the length of the calyx-lobes; follicles ovoid, longer
than the calyx-lobes, 8-io-seeded.
Muddy banks of streams. Nova Scotia to Massachusetts and
Maryland, near the coast. Stem often rooting at the nodes.
Also in Europe. July-Sept.
2. SEDUM L. Sp. PI. 430. 1753.
Fleshy mostly glabrous herbs, erect or decumbent, mainly with alternate, often imbricated,
entire or dentate leaves, and perfect or dioecious flowers in terminal often i-sided cymes.
Calyx 4-5-lobed. Petals 4-5, distinct. Stamens 8-10, perigynous, the alternate ones u,sually
attached to the petals. Filaments filiform or subulate. Scales of the receptacle entire or
emarginate. Carpels 4-5, distinct, or united at the base; styles visually short; ovules cc .
Follicles many-seeded or few-seeded. [Latin, to sit, from the lowly habit of these plants.]
About 150 species, mostly natives of temperate and cold regions of the northern hemisphere, a
few in the mountains of Mexico and the Andes of South America. Besides the following, about
20 others occur in the western parts of North America.
Cyme regular, compound, the flowers not secund; leaves broad, flat.
Flowers dioecious, mostlj' 4-parted. i. S. roseuyn.
Flowers perfect, 5-parted.
Petals purple; plant somewhat glaucous; petals twice as long as the sepals.
2. .S. Telephium.
Petals pink; plant very glaucous; petals 3-4 times as long as the sepals. 3. S. telephioides.
Flowers secund along the branches of the cyme.
Petals yellow.
Leaves short, thick, ovate, densely imbricated. 4. .S. acre.
Leaves linear or terete, scattered on the stems.
Annual; petals little longer than the sepals. 5. 5". Torreyi.
Perennial; petals twice as long as the sepals.
Plant 3' -6' high; native, western. 6. S'. slenopetalnin.
Plant 8'-i2' high; introduced in a few places. 7. S. reflexuvi.
Petals purple or white.
Leaves terete; petals purple, pink, or white. 8. S. pulchelluin.
Leaves flat, spatulate or obovate; petals white,
Lower leaves verticillate in 3's. 9. ternattttn.
Leaves all alternate. 10. S. Nevii.
Vor,. II.]
ORPINE FAMILY.
165
I. Sedum roseum
Rosewort.
(L.) Scop. Roseroot.
(Fig. 1810.)
Rhodiola rosea 1,. Sp. PI. 1035. 1753.
Sedum roseiim Scop. Fl. Carn. Ed. 2, 326. 1772.
Sedum Rhodiola DC. Plantes Gras. pi. 143. 1805.
Perennial, branched at the base, or simple, erect or ascend-
ing, glabrous and somewhat glaucous, 4^-12' high. Leaves
sessile, oval or slightly obovate, acute or obtuse at the apex,
narrowed or rounded at the base, dentate or entire, 6''-i2"
long, 2,"-^" wide, the lower ones smaller; cyme terminal,
dense, yi'-2' broad; flowers dioecious, yellowish-green or
purplish, 2yz"-i," broad; sepals oblong, narrower and
shorter than the petals; staminate flowers with 8 (rarely 10)
stamens, the pistillate ones with 4 (rarely 5) carpels; follicles
purple, about 1" long, their tips spreading.
In rocky places, Labrador and arctic America to Maine, the
Nockamixon Rocks on the Delaware River, and on the southern
AUeglianies. Also in the Rocky Mountains south to Colorado, in
the mountains of Washington, and in northern and alpine
Europe and .\sia. Root rose-scented. Snowdon Rose. Maj'-Julj'.
2. Sedum Telephium L. Orpine,
forever. (Fig. 18 11.)
Sedum Telephium L. Sp. PI. 430. 1753.
Live-
Perennial, stems erect, stout, simple, tufted, glabrous and
slightly glaucous, high. Leaves alternate, ovate,
broadly oval or obovate, obtuse, i'-2' long, coarsely den-
tate, the upper sessile and rounded at the base, the lower
larger, narrowed at the base or sometimes petioled; cyme
dense, regular, compound, 2^-3' broad; flowers perfect,
iY^'-A" broad, 5-parted; petals purple, twice as long as the
ovate acute sepals; stamens 10; follicles about 2" long,
tipped with a short style.
In fields and along roadsides, Quebec to Ontario, south to
Maryland and Michigan. Naturalized from Europe and native
of western Asia. Blooms sparingly, but spreads freely by its
joints. Also called Live-long, Aaron's Rod, and Midsummer-
men. June-Sept.
3. Sedum telephioides Michx. American
Orpine. (Fig. 181 2.)
Seduvi telephioides Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 277. 1803.
Similar to the preceding species, but more slender, sel-
dom over 10' high, very glaucous and purplish through-
out. Leaves oval or obovate, obtuse, coarsely dentate or
entire, long, all narrowed at the base and petioled or
the uppermost sessile; cyme dense, regular, 2'-4' broad;
flowers perfect, 2," -if" broad, 5-parted; petals pale pink,
much longer than the lanceolate sepals; follicles about
2" long, tipped with a slender style.
On dry rocks, southern Pennsylvania and Maryland to
western New York and southern Indiana, south to Nortli
Carolina and Geor i i. Reported from farther north. As-
cends to 4200 ft. in North Carolina. Aug. -Sept.
CRASSULACEAE.
[Voi,. II.
4. Sedum acre L. Wall-pepper. Biting, or Mossy Stonecrop. (Fig. 181 3.)
Sedutn acre 1,. Sp. PI. 432. 1753-
Perennial, densely tufted, spreading and
matted, glabrous; sterile branches prostrate,
the flowering ones erect or ascending,
high. Leaves sessile, alternate, ovate, very
thick, densely imbricated, light yellowish
green, entire, about \yz" long, those of the
sterile branches usually arranged in 6 rows;
cyme 2-3-forked, its branches Yz'-x' long;
flowers sessile, about 4" broad ; petals bright
yellow, linear-lanceolate, acute, 3 or 4 times
as long as the ovate sepals; central flower of
the cyme commonly 5-parted, the others usu-
ally 4-parted as in all the following species;
follicles spreading, i^''-2'' long, tipped with
a slender style.
On rocks and along roadsides, escaped from cultivation, New Brunswick to Ontario, south to
southern New York and Pennsylvania. Adventive from Europe. Native also of northern Asia.
Also called Bird's-bread, Creeping Jack, Pricket, Golden-moss, Little Houseleek and Gold Chain.
June-Aug.
5. Sedum Torreyi Don. Torrey's
Stonecrop. (Fig. 1814. )
Sedum Torreyi Don, Gard. Diet. 3: 121. 1834.
Sedum sparsiflorum Nutt.; T. & G. Fl. N. A. 1:
559. 1840.
Annual, low, tufted, glabrous, 2^-3' high.
Leaves alternate, scattered, linear-oblong,
teretish, sessile, entire, 7."-\" long; cyme 2-
5-forked, its branches Yz'-i' long; flowers
sessile or very short-pedicelled, about '^Yz"
broad; petals yellow, lanceolate, acute, some-
what longer than the ovate sepals; follicles
widely divergent, tipped with the short sub-
ulate style.
'"In dry, open places, Missouri and Arkansas to
Texas. May.
6. Sedum stenopetalum Pursh. Narrow-petaled
Stonecrop. (Fig. 1815.;
Sedum stenopetalum Pursh, FL Am. Sept. 324. 1814.
Perennial, tufted, glabrous; flowering branches erect, 3'-
~i' high. Leaves alternate, crowded but scarcely imbricated,
except on the sterile shoots, sessile, terete or linear,
long, entire; cyme 3-7-forked, compact, the branches
long; flowers mostly short-pedicelled, 4"-5" broad; petals
narrowly lanceolate, very acute, yellow, much exceeding the
calyx-lobes; follicles about 2" long, their subulate style-tip
at length somewhat divergent.
In dry rocky places, Nebraska and Colorado to Dakota and the
Northwest Territory, west to Utah, Oregon and British Columbia.
May -June.
Voi,. II.] ORPINE FAMILY.
7. Sedum reflexum L. Crooked Yellow or
Reflexed Stonecrop. Dwarf House-
leek. (Fig. 18 16.)
Sedum reflexum I,. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 618. 1762.
Perennial by a creeping stem producing numerous short
barren shoots, the flowering branches erect, high.
Leaves alternate, sessile, densely imbricated on the sterile
shoots, terete, somewhat spurred at the base, 2>"-9" long;
cyme 4-8-forked, its branches recurved in flower; flowers
6" broad; petals linear, yellow, two to three times as long as
the short ovate sepals; follicles about i^/i" long, tipped with
a very slender somewhat divergent style.
Eastern Massachusetts and western New York, escaped from
gardens. Native of Europe. Summer.
8. Sedum pulchellum Michx.
Cross. (Fig. 1 81 7.)
Widow's
Sedum pulchelhim Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 277. 1803.
Perennial (?), glabrous, ascending or trailing,
branched at the base, 4^-12' long. Leaves densely
crowded, terete or linear, sessile, obtuse at the
apex, slightly auriculate at the base, long,
about i'' wide; cyme 4-7-forked, its branches
spreading or recurved in flower; flowers sessile,
close together, 4''-6'' broad; petals rose -purple,
pink, or white, linear-lanceolate, acute, about twice
the length of the lanceolate obtusish sepals; follicles
T."-'}/' long, tipped with a slender style.
On rocks, Virginia to Georgia, west to Indiana, Ken-
tucky, Missouri and Texas. May-July. Cultivated in
the South under the above name.
9. Sedum ternatum Michx. Wild Stonecrop. (Fig. 1818.)
.S. ternatum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 277. 1803.
Perennial, glabrous, tufted, stems creeping,
flowering branches ascending, 3'-8' high.
Lower leaves and those of the sterile shoots
flat, obovate, entire, 6"-i2" long, sometimes
<)" wide, rounded at the apex, cuneate at the
base or narrowed into a petiole, verticillate
in 3's; upper leaves oblanceolate or oblong,
alternate, sessile; cyme 2-4-forked, its
branches spreading or recurved in flower;
flowers rather distant, often leafy-bracted,
about 5'' broad; petals linear-lanceolate,
acute, white, nearly twice the length of the
oblong obtuse sepals; follicles 2%" long,
tipped with the slender style.
On rocks, New York and New Jersey to Geor-
gia, west to Indiana and Tennessee. Also es-
caped from gardens to roadsides in the Middle
and Eastern States. Ascends to 3000 ft. in Vir-
ginia. April-June.
168
CRASSULACEAE. [Vol.. II.
lo. Sedum Nevii A. Graj\ Nevius' Stone-
crop. (Fig. 1819.)
Sedum Nevii A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 172. 1867.
Densely tufted, glabrous, stems spreading or decum-
bent, flowering branches ascending, 3'-5' high. Leaves
of the sterile shoots very densely imbricated, spatulate
or obovate, narrowed or cuneate at the base, mostly
sessile, rounded at the apex, entire, 3''-6" long, i''-2"
wide, the lower ones smaller; leaves of the flowering
branches spatulate or linear-oblong, alternate; cyme
about 3-forked, its branches usually recurved in flower;
flowers close together, ^-^'^ broad; petals linear,
acuminate, longer than the sepals; follicles about 2"
long, widely divergent, tipped with the short style.
On rocks, mountains of \'irginia to Alabama. May-June.
3. SEMPERVIVUM L. Sp. PI. 464. 1753.
Fleshy perennial herbs, the thick succulent leaves densely imbricated on the short
sterile shoots and scattered on the erect flowering stems, with compound terminal usually
dense cymes of showy flowers. Flowers 6-20-parted. Petals distinct, oblong or lanceolate,
acute or acuminate. Stamens twice as many as the petals. Styles filiform ; ovules co .
Follicles many-seeded. [Latin, always living.]
About 40 species, natives of the Old World, chiefly distinguished from Sedum by the more nu-
merous parts of the flower.
I. Sempervivum tectdrum L. Houseleek.
(Fig. 1820.)
Sempervivum lectorum L. Sp. PI. 464. 1753.
Flowering stems about 1° high, the barren shoots forming
lateral nearly globular tufts. Leaves oval or ovate, the
lower I'-iyi' long, very thick, short-pointed, bordered by a
line of stiff short hairs; cyme large, dense; flowers some-
times i' broad, pink, sessile along its spreading or recurved
branches; petals lanceolate, acute, 2 to 3 times as long as the
obtuse ciliate sepals.
Essex Co., Mass., escaped from gardens and reported as well
established; Somerset Co., N. J. Native of continental Europe.
Summer. Old English names, Homewort, Sengreen and Thunder-
plant; a fancied protection against lightning, as well as fire.
4. PENTHORUM L. Sp. PI. 432. 1753.
Erect perennial scarcely succulent herbs, with alternate sessile serrate thin leaves, and
greenish perfect flowers in forked secund cymes. Calyx 5-parted. Petals usually wanting, if
present 5. Stamens 10, hypogynous; filaments filiform. Carpels 5, united to the middle,
ovules CO . Capsule depressed, 5-lobed, 5-beaked, the lobes tipped with divergent styles;
many-seeded. [Greek, five, from the symmetrical flower.]
About 3 species, natives of eastern North America, Japan and China. The following is the only
one known in North America. The genus is referred to the Saxifrage Family by some authors.
Vol.. II.] ORPINE FAMILY
I. Penthorum sedoides I,. Ditch or
Virginia Stonecrop. (Fig. 182 1.) (jj
Penthorutii sedoides L. Sp. PI. 432. 1753.
Glabrous, erect, stem u.sually branched and an-
gled above, terete below, 6'-2° high. Leaves lan-
ceolate or narrowly elliptic, acuminate at each end,
finely serrate, 2^-4' long, 6"-i2''^ wide; cymes 2-
3-forked, the branches 1^-3' long; flowers short-
pedicelled, about 2" broad; sepals triangular-ovate,
acute, shorter than the flattish capsule; petals often
or generally wanting.
In ditches and swamps, New Brunswick to Florida,
west to Minnesota and Texas. July-Sept.
Family 39.
1829.
SAXIFRAGACEAE Dumort. Anal. Fain. 36
Saxifrage Famii.y.
Herbs, shrubs, vines, or trees, with basal or alternate or opposite leaves.
Flowers perfect or polyganio-dioecious, solitary, racemose, cymose or paniculate.
Calyx 5-lobed or 5-parted (rarely 4-12-lobed or parted), free, or adnate to the
ovary, usually persistent. Petals usually 4 or 5, rarely none. Stamens equal
in number or twice as many as the petals, in apetalous species as many or twice
as many as the calyx-lobes, perigynous or epigynous; filaments distinct. Disk
generally present. Carpels i -several, often 2, distinct or united, mostly fewer
than the stamens; styles as many as the carpels or cavities of the ovary, or all
united into one. Fruit a capsule, follicle or berry. Seeds commonly numerous;
endosperm generally copious, fleshy; embryo small, terete.
About 70 genera and 600 species, of wide geographic distribution, mainly natives of the tem-
perate zones, rare in the tropics.
Herbs; leaves basal or opposite or alternate.
Staminodia (abortive stamens) none; flowers mostly clustered.
Large herbs; leaves 3-ternate; flowers polygamous.
Leaves simple, cleft, lobed or 3-foliolate; flowers perfect.
Placentae axial.
Ovary superior or nearly so; stamens 10.
Ovary more or less adnate to the calyx-tube.
Stamens 5, in our species.
Petals deciduous.
Petals persistent.
Stamens 10.
Placentae almost basal.
Placentae parietal.
Petals present (in our species); terrestrial plants.
Petals entire.
Petals lobed or pinnatifid.
Petals none ; small aquatic plants.
Staminodia present, alternate with the stamens; flower solitary
Shrubs, or woody vines; leaves opposite or alternate.
Leaves opposite.
Stamens 8-12.
Stamens 20-40.
Vine; petals small; style only i.
Shruljs; petals large; styles 3-5.
Leaves alternate ; flowers small
As til be.
2. Saxifraga.
Therofon.
Sullivantia.
Saxifraga.
Ti a veil a.
3-
4-
2.
5-
6.
7-
8.
9. Parnassia.
Heucliera.
Mitella.
Chrysosplen iuni.
Hydrangea.
racemed.
11. Decumaria.
1 2. Philadelph us.
13-
Ilea.
I. ASTILBE Hamilt.; D. Don. Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 210. 1825.
Erect perennial herbs, with large 2-3-ternate leaves, and small spicate polygamous
flowers in terminal panicles. Calyx campanulate, 4-5-lobed. Petals 4-5 (in our species),
linear-spatulate, inserted at the base of the calyx. Stamens 8-10, all perfect, inserted with
the petals; filaments elongated. Ovary superior or nearly so, 2-3-celled, deeply 2-3-lobed;
styles 2-3; stigmas obtuse; ovules 00. Capsule 2-3-lobed, separating into 2-3 follicle-like
carpels, each usually few-seeded. Seeds small, the testa loose, tapering at each end. [Greek
without brightness.]
SAXIFRAGACEAE.
[Vol,. II.
About 7 species, natives of eastern North America, eastern Asia and the Himalayas. Besides
the following another species or variety occurs in the southern AUeghanies.
I. Astilbe biternata (Vent.) Britton. False Goat's Beard.
(Fig. 1822.)
Astilbe.
Tiarella bilernata Vent. Jard. Malm.
54- 1803.
Spi raea A riincus var. hermaphrodita
Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 294. 1803.
Astilbe decandra D. Don, Prodr. Fl.
Nepal. 211. 1825.
Ashlbe biternata Britton, Bull. Torr.
Club, 20:475. 1893.
Erect, 3°-6° high, more or less
pubescent. Leaves petioled, 2-3-
ternately compound, often 2°
broad; leaflets thin, stalked, ovate,
cordate, truncate or rotmded at the
base, the lateral ones usually ob-
lique, acuminate at the apex,
sharply serrate or incised, 2^-5^
long; panicles often 1° long;
flowers sessile or nearly so, about
2" broad, yellowish white; petals
of the staminate flowers spatulate,
those of the perfect ones much
smaller or none; stamens 10; fol-
licles 2, acute, glabrous, about
long.
In woods, mountains of Virginia to
North Carolina, Georgia and Tennes-
see. Plant with the aspect of Arun-
cjis. June.
2. SAXIFRAGA L. Sp. PI. 398. 1753.
Perennial herbs, with alternate opposite or basal entire toothed or pinnatifid leaves, and
corymbose paniculate or solitary perfect flowers. Calj'x-tube free, or adnate to the base of
the ovary, 5-lobed. Petals 5, equal, or in some species unequal, perigynous. Stamens 10, in-
serted with the petals; filaments filiform, club-shaped or subulate; anthers didymous. Ovary
superior or partly inferior, 2-celled, 2-lobed at the summit; styles short; stigmas truncate or
capitate; ovules co , on axial placentae. Capsule 2-beaked, many-seeded. Seeds small, the
testa smooth or roughened. [Greek, stone-breaking, from reputed medicinal qualities.]
About 210 species, nearly all natives of the north temperate zone. Besides the following,
about 50 others occur in the western parts of North America.
* Stems prostrate; leaves rounded, opposite; petals purple. I. 5'. Oppositifolia.
* * Stems erect or ascending; leaves alternate; petals white or yellow.
Flowers yellow; leaves entire.
Stems several-flowered ; leaves linear. 2. 5. aizoides.
Stems i-flowered; leaves oblong. 3. .S. Hirculus.
Flowers white; leaves 3-7-lobed, mostly wider than long.
Stems 4'-io' tall; flower commonly solitary, nodding. 4. 5. cer>iua.
Stems weak, 2'-5' long; flowers 1-5, erect. 5. S. riviilaris.
■jf -X- Stems scapose, naked or bracted, the leaves clustered at the base,
t Leaves stiff, oblong or oblanceolate; petals yellow or yellowish.
Leaves sharply 3-toothed at the apex. 6. S. tricuspidala.
Leaves with white denticulate margins. 7. 5'. Aizoon.
t t Leaves deeply 3-5-cleft; petals white. 8. S. caespitosa.
t t t Leaves soft, obovate or oval with narrowed or spatulate base.
Flowers regular; petals all nearly alike.
Plants large, i°-3° tall, growing in wet places.
Leaves merely denticulate or repand; follicles ovoid.
Leaves coarsely and sharply dentate; follicles lanceolate.
Plants low, 2'-i8' tall, growing in dry or rocky places.
Petals sessile, not clawed.
Flowers in cymose or at length panicled clusters.
Flowers capitate; arctic and alpine species.
Petals narrowed into a claw.
Flowers few, most or all of them replaced by tufts of leaves.
Inflorescence loose, cymose-paniculate.
Follicles erect, united to near their summits; styles short. 14. S. stellaris.
Follicles divergent, united only at base; styles filiform. 15. Grayana.
Flowers irregular, 3 petals large, 2 smaller. 16. .S. Michauxii.
t t t t Leaves soft, orbicular, cordate, dentate all around. 17. Geum.
II.
12.
5". Pennsylvanica.
S. viicranthidifolia.
S. Virginiensis.
S. nivalis.
13. S. coniosa.
Vol. II.]
SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.
171
I. Saxifraga oppositifolia L. Purple or
Mountain Saxifrage. (Fig. 1823.)
Saxifraga oppositifolia L,. Sp. PI. 402. 1753.
Tufted, stems prostrate, densely leafy, 2'-\o' long.
Leaves sessile, ovate, obovate or nearly orbicular,
purplish, persistent, keeled, fleshy, opposite, or im-
bricated in 4 rows on the sterile shoots, obtuse,
punctate with 1-3 pores, V-^Yz" long, the margins
ciliate; flowers solitary, peduncled or nearly sessile,
i/'-d" broad; calyx-lobes obtuse, much shorter than
the obovate purple petals; calyx free from the ovary
and capsule; follicles abruptly short -pointed; seeds
rugose.
On wet rocks, Mt. Mansfield and Willoughby Moun-
tain, Vt.; Anticosti, Newfoundland and througrhout
arctic America to Alaska, south in the Rocky Moun-
tains to Wyoming and to Oregon. Also in Europe and
Asia. Summer.
2. Saxifraga aizoides I,. Yellow Moun-
tain Saxifrage. (Fig. 1824.)
Saxifraga aizoides L,. Sp. PI. 403. 1753.
Tufted, glabrous, stems leafy, 2^-6^ high. Leaves
alternate, linear, thick, fleshy, mucronate-tipped,
narrowed at the base, sessile, 4' '-9'^ long, i^'-i^'''
wide, the margins often sparingly ciliate; flowers
several, corymbose, \"-']" broad; pedicels rather
slender; petals oblong, yellow and sometimes spot-
ted with orange, exceeding the ovate-oblong calyx-
lobes; carpels abruptly acuminate; base of the cap-
sule adnate to the calyx; seeds minutely rugose.
On wet rocks, Newfoundland and Labrador to Ver-
mont and western New York, west through arctic
America to the Rocky Mountains, south to Michigan.
Also in alpine and arctic Europe and Asia. Summer.
Also called Sengreen Saxifrage.
3. Saxifraga Hirculus L. Yellow Marsh
Saxifrage. (Fig. 1825.)
Saxifraga Hirculus L- Sp. PI. 402. 1753.
Erect from a slender caudex, glabrous or somewhat
pubescent, simple, leafy, 4''-io'' high. Leaves alter-
nate, oblong or linear-oblong, entire, Yz'-iYz' long, the
lower petioled, the upper sessile; flower terminal, solitary
(rarely 2-4), bright yellow with scarlet spots, Y^'-x'
broad; calyx-lobes oval or oblong, obtuse, reflexed;
petals erect or ascending, obovate or oblong, about 3
times as long as the calyx-lobes; capsule free from the
calyx or nearly so, about 4'' long, its beaks at length
diverging.
In bogs, Labrador and arctic America. Also in northern
-and alpine Europe and Asia. Summer.
SAXIFRAGACEAE.
4. Saxifraga cernua L,.
Bulbous Saxifrage.
[Vol. II.
Nodding or Drooping
(Fig. 1826.)
Saxifraga cernita L. Sp. PI. 403. 1753.
Stem weak, slender, ascending, pubescent but scarcely-
glutinous, 4^-12' long. Leaves alternate, the basal and
lower ones petioled, broadly reniform, palmately 5-7-
lobed, usually less than \' wide; upper leaves smaller,
sessile, 3-lobed or entjie and bract-like, often bearing
small bulbletsin their axils; flowers 1-3, terminal, nodding,
white, i,"-^" broad; petals obovate, sometimes retuse,
3-4 times as long as the ovate calyx-lobes.
Newfoundland, Labrador, and through arctic America to
.\laska. Also in arctic and alpine Europe and Asia. Summer.
5. Saxifraga rivularis L. Alpine Brook
Saxifrage. (Fig. 1827.)
Saxifraga rivula^-is L. Sp. PI. 404. 1753.
Densely tufted, glabrous or sparingly pubescent,
matted, i'-3' high. Leaves alternate, the basal and
lower ones slender-petioled, reniform, 3-5-lobed, seldom
more than 2," wide; petioles dilated at the base; upper
leaves lanceolate or ovate, entire or slightly lobed,
mainly sessile; flowers 1-5, terminal, erect, white,
about J)"-^" broad; calyx- lobes ovate, obtuse, slightly
shorter than the ovate-oblong petals; tips of the capsule
widely divergent, its base adnate to the calyx.
Alpine summits of the White Mountains, Labrador, arctic
America and south in the Rocky Mountains to Colorado.
Also in arctic and alpine Europe and Asia. Summer.
6. Saxifraga tricuspidata Retz. Three-toothed
Saxifrage. (Fig. 1828.)
Saxifraga tricuspidata Retz, Prodr. Fl. .Scand. Ed. 2, 104. 1795.
Tufted, flowering stems strict, erect, 2'-8' high, the leaves
densely clustered at the base, oblong or oblong-spatulate,
parchment-like, 4"-7" long, sharply 2-3-dentate at the apex,
narrowed at the base, sessile, the margins ciliate with short
hairs; scape bracted; flowers several, corj'mbose, yellow, 4"-
5" broad; sepals ovate, coriaceous, obtusish, much shorter
than the oblong-obovate or narrowly oblong petals; capsule
tipped with the diverging styles, its lower part adnate to the
calyx.
In rocky places, Newfoundland and Labrador to Hudson Bay,
west through arctic America to Alaska, south to Lake Superior
and in the Canadian Rocky Mountains. Also in arctic Europe.
Summer.
Vol. II.] SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.
7. Saxifraga Aizoon Jacq. L,ivelong Saxi-
frage. (Fig. 1829.)
Saxi/raga Aizoon Jacq. Fl. Austr. 5; i8. pi. 4jS. 1778.
Leaves clustered in a dense rosette at the base of the
bracted flowering scape; plant spreading by offsets, so that
several are often joined together. Leaves 4''-i2" long,
spatulate, thick, obtuse and rounded at the apex, the
margins serrulate with sharp hard white teeth; scape
erect, viscid-pubescent, ^'-10' high; flowers several or
numerous, corymbose, yellowish, about 2," broad; calyx-
lobes ovate-oblong, obtuse, viscid, shorter than the obo-
vate, often spotted petals; capsule tipped by the divergent
styles, its base adnate to the calyx.
On drj' rocks, Mt. Mansfield, Vermont; Quebec to Labra-
dor, west to Lake Superior and Manitoba. Also in alpine
and arctic Europe. Summer.
8. Saxifraga caespitosa L. Tufted Saxifrage.
(Fig. 1830.)
Saxifraga caespitosa L- Sp. PI. 404. 1753.
Densely tufted, leaves clustered at the base, spatulate or
fan-shaped, s'^-g" long, deeply 3-5-cleft or lobed into linear
obtuse segments, glabrous; flowering stem erect, 2'-8' high,
viscid-pubescent, at least above, linear-bracted or with several
3-lobed leaves; flowers 1-8, corymbose, broad, white;
calyx-lobes ovate-oblong, obtuse or obtusish, much shorter
than the obovate petals; capsule-tips divergent; base of the
capsule adnate to the calyx.
On rocks, Quebec, Labrador and Newfoundland, west through
arctic America to Alaska, south to Oregon and in the Rocky
Mountains to Colorado. Also in arctic and alpine Europe and
Siberia. Summer.
9. Saxifraga Pennsylvanica L. Pennsylvania or Swamp Saxifrage.
(Fig. 1831.)
Saxifraga Peimsyli'anica L- Sp. PI. 399.
1753-
Saxifraga Forbesii Vasev, Am. Entom. &
Bot. 2: 288. 1870.
Scape stout, terete, viscid-pubescent,
i°-3^° high, bracted at the inflores-
cence. Leaves large, oval, ovate, obovate
or oblanceolate, pubescent or glabrate, 4'-
10' long, iK'-3' wide, obtuse at the apex,
narrowed at the base into a broad petiole,
the margins denticulate or repand ; cymes
in an elongated open panicle; flowers
greenish, regular, i JJ4"-2^'' broad; calyx-
tube nearly free from the ovary, its lobes
ovate, obtusish, reflexed, one-half shorter
than the lanceolate or linear-lanceolate
petals; filaments subulate or filiform ; fol-
licles ovoid, their tips divergent when
mature.
In swamps and on wet banks, Maine to
southern Ontario and Minnesota, south to
Virginia, Iowa and Missouri. May.
174
SAXIFRAGACEAE.
[Vol. II.
lo, Saxifraga micranthidifolia
(Haw.) B.S.P. Lettuce Saxi-
frage. (Fig. 1832.)
Roberlsonia micranthidifolia Haw. Syn. PI.
Succ. 322. i8r2.
Saxiffag-a erosa Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 311. 1814.
Saxifraga m icranlliidifolia B.S.P. Prel. Cat.
N. Y. 17. 1888.
Scape rather slender, more or less viscid,
i°-3° high, bracted above. Leaves oblance-
olate or oval, sometimes 1° long, obtuse at
the apex, tapering downward into a long
margined petiole, coarsely and sharply den-
tate; panicle loose, elongated; flowers white,
regular, 1"-}," broad; catyx-lobes reflexed,
slightly shorter than the oval or oblong ob-
tuse petals; calyx-tube free from the ovary;
filaments club-shaped; follicles lanceolate,
sharp-pointed, 2"-3" long, their tips at
length divergent.
In cold brooks, Bethlehem, Pa., south along
the mountains to North Carolina. Ascends to
5500 ft. in North Carolina. May-June.
II. Saxifraga Virginiensis Michx. Early Saxifrage. (Fig. 1833.)
Saxifraga Virginiensis Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i:
269. 1803.
Scape viscid-pubescent, 4'-! 2' high, naked, or
with a few bracts at the base of the pedicels.
Leaves obovate, or oval with a spatulate base,
narrowed into a margined petiole, dentate or
crenate, obtuse or acutisli at the apex, i''-3'
long or longer; inflorescence cymose, at length
loose and paniculate with the lower peduncles
elongated; flowers white, regular, 7."-^/' broad;
calyx-lobes erect, triangular or triangular-ovate,
much shorter than the oblong-spatulate, obtuse
petals; ovary nearly free from the calyx; carpels
nearly separate, the follicles at length widely
divergent, often purplish.
In dry or rocky woodlands. New Brunswick to
Minnesota, south to Georgia and Tennessee. As-
cends to 3500 ft. in Virginia. March-May. Forms
with 15 stamens occur on New York Island, and
with green petals in Essex Co., Mass.
12, Saxifraga nivalis L. Clustered Alpine
Saxifrage. (Fig. 1834.)
Saxifraga nivalis L. Sp. PI. 401. i753-
Resembling the preceding species but commonly lower,
seldom over 6' high- Scape viscid, naked, or bracted at
the base of the capitate sometimes branched inflorescence;
leaves ovate or oval, narrowed into a margined petiole,
thicker; flowers white, broad, in a compact cluster;
calyx-lobes ovate or oblong, spreading, obtuse, about one-
half the length of the oblong or oblong-ovate petals; ovar_v
half-inferior; follicles deep purple, divergent.
Labrador and arctic America, south in the Rocky Moun-
tains to Arizona. Also in northern and alpine Europe and
Siberia. Summer. Said to flower heneath the snow.
Vol. II.]
SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.
13. Saxifraga comosa (Poir. ) Britton.
frage. (Fig. 1835.)
Saxifraga slellaris var. comosa Poir. in L,am. Encycl. 6: 680.
Saxifraga foliolosa R. Br. in Parry's Voy. 275. 1824.
Saxifraga comosa Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 178. 1894.
Foliose Saxi-
1804.
Scape slender, slightly viscid, 2'-6' high. Leaves oblanceolate,
cuneate at the base, dentate and mostly obtuse at the apex, 4' '-9"
long; flowers few, white, regular, many or sometimes all of them
replaced by little tufts of leaves; calyx nearly free from the ovary,
its lobes reflexed, much shorter than the sagittate obtusish petals
which are narrowed into a claw, or sometimes cordate at the base.
In rocky places, Mt. Katahdin, Maine; Labrador and arctic America,
Mt. Evans, Colo. Also in northeastern Asia and northern Europe.
Summer.
14. Saxifraga stellaris L. Star or Starry
Saxifrage. (Fig. 1836.)
Saxifraga slellaris L- Sp. PI. 400. 1753.
Scape naked below, bracted at the inflorescence,
glabrous or slightly viscid, 4'-! 2' high. Leaves
oblong, oblanceolate or obovate, sharply and
coarsely dentate, tapering into a broad petiole,
2' long; flowers loosely cymose-paniculate, regular,
about broad; petals white, yellow-spotted at the
base; calyx nearly free from the ovary, its lobes re-
flexed, lanceolate, obtusish, about one-half the length
of the oblong acutish petals, which are narrowed into-
a short claw; capsule 2" -2," long, its tips acumin-
ate, at length somewhat divergent.
In rocky places, reported from Labrador and Green-
land. Also in arctic and alpine Europe and Asia.
Summer.
15. Saxifraga Grayana Britton. Gray's Saxifrage. (Fig. 1837.)
Saxifraga Caroliniana A. Gray, Mem. Am.
Acad. 3: 39. 1846. Not Schleich. 1821.
Saxifraga Grayana Britton, Mem. Torr.
Club, 5: 178. 1894.
Glandular-pilose all over, scapose from
a corm-like rootstock, scape 6'-i8' tall.
Basal leaves clustered, oblong, oval or
nearly orbicular, I'-s' long, crenate-den-
tate, narrowed into margined petioles,
mostly shorter than the blade and dilated
at the base; inflorescence cymose-panicu-
late, ample; bracts spatulate or lanceolate;
flowers white, broad; calyx-tube
adnate to the ovary, its segments ovate-
oblong, reflexed, obtuse; petals ovate or
oblong-ovate, obtuse, 2-spotted, narrowed
into a slender claw; filaments club-shaped ;
follicles oblong, 2"-^" long, united only
at the base, diverging; styles subulate;
seeds papillose in lines.
In rocky situations, mountains of Virginia
and North Carolina. June-July.
176
SAXIFRAGACEAE.
[Vol. ir.
16. Saxifraga Michauxii Britton. Michaux's Saxifrage. (Fig. 1838.)
Saxifraga leiicanthemifolia Michx. Fl. Bor.
Am. 1: 268. 1803. Not LePeyr. 1 795-1801.
Hexaplioma peliolaris Raf. Fl. Tell. 2: 67.
1836. Not 5. peliolaris R. Br. 1819.
Saxifraga Michauxii Britton, Mem Torr.
Club, 4:118. 1894.
Erect, viscid-pubescent, 6'-2o' high.
Basal leaves clustered, oblanceolate or ob-
long, acute or obtuse at the apex, 3''-7'
long, narrowed into a margined petiole,
coarsely and deeply dentate; flowering
stem naked below, leafy-bracted above;
inflorescence widely paniculate; flowers
2"-3" broad, irregular; petals clawed,
white, the 3 larger ones sagittate or trun-
cate and usually with a pair of yellowish
spots at the base, the other 2 spatulate and
unspotted, narrowed at the base; calyx-
tube free from the ovary, its lobes re-
flexed; follicles lanceolate, sharp-pointed,
little divaricate, about lyi" long.
In dry rocky places, mountain summits of
Virginia to Georgia. May-Sept.
17. Saxifraga Geum I,. Kid-
ne3'-leaved Saxifrage.
(Fig. 1839.)
Saxifraga Geum L. Sp. PI. 401. 1753.
Densely glandular-pubescent, sca-
pose, scape erect, 3'-io' high. Leaves
all clustered at the base, cordate, kid-
ney-shaped or orbicular, Yz'-x' wide,
coarsely crenate all around, borne on
stout densely pubescent petioles i'-
lYz' long; inflorescence terminal, pan-
iculate; bracts small, linear, obtuse;
branches of the panicle ascending, 2-
6-flowered; flowers broad; petals
white, oblong or ovate-oblong, with a
yellow spot at the base and several
smaller purplish spots at the middle;
calyx-lobes lanceolate or ovate-lanceo-
late, reflexed; capsule oblong, its
beaks slightly divergent.
Newfoundland and in the mountain-
OU.S parts of Europe. June-July.
3. THEROFON Raf. New Fl. N. A. 4: 66. 1836.
[BOYKixi.v Nutt. Journ. Acad. Phila. 7: 113. 1S34. Not Raf.]
Glandular-pubescent perennial herbs, with alternate petioled orbicular or reniforni
leaves, and .small white perfect flowers in branching panicles. Calyx-tube top-shaped or
subglobose, adnate to the ovary, its limb 5-lobed. Petals 5, deciduous, inserted on the
cal3'x-tube. Filaments short. Ovary 2-celled (rarely 3-celled); styles 2, rarelj' 3. Capsule
2-celled, the beaks of the carpels divergent. Seeds numerous, the testa shining, minutely
punctate. [Greek, beast-killing; an old name of aconite.]
About 5 species, natives of the southern AUeghanies and the mountains of western North
America.
Vol. II.]
SAXIFRAGE FAMIIvY.
[77
I. Therofon aconitifolium (Nutt.) Millsp. Aconite Saxifrage. (Fig. 1840.)
Boykinia aconitifolia Nutt. Journ. Acad. Phil.
7: 113. 1834.
Therofon napelloides Raf. New Fl. 4: 66. 1836.
Saxifraga acotiiii/oHa Field. Sert. PI. pi. 57.
1844.
T/ie)-ofon aconitifolium MiUsp. Bull. West Va.
Agric. Fxp. Sta. 2: 361. 1892.
Stem rather stout, erect, i°-2° high.
Lower and basal leaves long-petioled, reni-
form-orbicular, cordate or truncate at the
base, slightly scabrous above, glabrous or
with a few scale-like hairs along the veins
beneath, palmately 5-7-lobed, the lobes ob-
ovateor oval, sharply incised-serrate; upper
leaves short-petioled; bracts of the inflores-
cence foliaceous, incised; cymes panicled;
pedicels and calyx viscid; flowers white,
about 2" broad; calyx-lobes lanceolate,
erect; petals oblanceolate, spatulate at base;
capsule adnate to the calyx-tube, only its
divergent beaks free.
In woods, mountains of southwestern Vir-
ginia to North Carolina, Tennessee and Georgia.
July.
4. SULLIVANTIA T. & G. Am. Journ. Sci. 42: 22. 1842.
Slender perennial herbs, with mainly basal long-petioled reniform-orbicular crenate or
slightly lobed leaves, and small white cymose-paniculate flowers. Calyx-tube campanulate,
adnate to the base of the ovary, its limb 5-lobed, the lobes erect. Petals 5, spatulate,
marcescent. Stamens 5, inserted at the base of the calyx-lobes. Filaments short. Ovary
2-celled, 2-beaked, ripening into a 2-beaked capsule. Styles 2. Ovules co. Seeds winged
on both sides. [Named in honor of William Starling SuUivant, 1803-1873, American botanist.]
Two known species, the following of eastern North America, the other of the western States
The genus is hardly sufficiently distinct from Therofon.
I. SuUivantia SuUivantii (T. &
G.) Britton. SuUivantia.
(Fig. 1841.)
Saxifraga (?) SuUivantii T. & G. Fl. N. A.
i: 575. 1840.
SuUivantia Ohionis T. & G. Am. Journ. Sci.
42: 22. 1842.
Stem scapose, nearly leafless, weak, re-
clined, slightly glandular-pubescent, 6^-
15^ long. Leaves long-petioled,
wide, and wider than long, reniform-
cordate at the base, crenate-dentate or
somewhat lobed, sparingly pubescent or
glabrous; panicle ample, sometimes leafj--
bracted, loose, glandular; pedicels slen-
der, recurved in fruit; flowers white, about
2" broad; calyx-lobes ovate, acutish;
petals entire, exceeding the stamens.
On cliffs, Ohio to Minnesota, Wisconsin
and Iowa. June.
5. TIARELLA L. Sp. PI. 405. 1753.
Perennial slender erect herbs, with the leaves mainly basal, long-petioled, lobed or 3-
foliolate, small stipules adnate to the petiole, and white pedicelled racemose or paniculate
flowers. Calyx-tube campanulate, nearly or quite free from the base of the ovary, its limb
.5-lobed. ■ Petals 5, clawed. Stamens 10; filaments elongated. Ovary i-celled; styles 2; ovules
00 . Capsule membranous, i-celled, 2-valved, the valves usually unequal. Seeds usually few,
ovoid or globose, smooth, not winged. [Diminutive of tiara, from the form of capsule.]
About 6 species, natives of North America, Japan and the Himalayas. Besides the following,
_3 others occur in the western parts of North America.
12
SAXIFRAGACEAE.
[Vol.. II.
I. Tiarella cordifolia I,. Coolwort.
False Mitrewort. (Fig. 1842.)
Tiarella cordifolia L. Sp. PI. 405. 1753.
Scape high, slender, pubescent. Leaves
long-petioled, broadly ovate, or nearly orbicular,
cordate at the base, 3-7-lobed, obtuse or acutish
at the apex, I'-a/ long, crenate or dentate all
around, pubescent vcith scattered hairs above,
glabrate or downy along the veins beneath; in-
florescence simply racemose or the lowest pedi-
cels sometimes branched, glandular-puberulent;
flowers white, about 2>" broad; petals ob-
long, entire or slightly dentate, clawed, some-
what exceeding the white calyx-lobes; capsule
reflexed, about 2," long, its valves very unequal.
In rich, moist woods, Nova Scotia to Ontario and
Minnesota, south, especially along the mountains, to
Georgia, Indiana and Michigan. Ascends to 5600 ft.
in Virginia. April-May.
6. HEUCHERA L. Sp. PI. 226.
'753-
Erect or ascending perennial herbs, with mainly basal long-petioled ovate or orbicular
leaves, and small paniculate or racemose, white green or purple flowers, on naked or leafy-
bracted scapes. Calyx-tube campanulate, often oblique, adnate to the base of the ovary,
5-lobed. Petals small, spatulate, often shorter than the calyx-lobes, entire, inserted on the
throat of the calyx. Stamens 5, inserted with the petals. Ovary i-celled; styles 2, slender;
Ovules 00. Capsule 2-valved, 2-beaked. Seeds minutely hispid or muricate. [Named for
Johanu Heinrich von Heucher, 1677-1747, a German botanist.]
About 21 species, natives of North America and Mexico,
occur in the western parts of North America.
Flowering calyx \" -\%" long.
Leaves thin, reniform, very obtusely lobed.
Leaves firm, orbicular-ovate, acutely lobed.
Flowering calyx iM"-3" long.
Flowering calyx 3" -5" long.
Panicle loose.
Panicle narrow, strict.
I. Heuchera Rugelii Shuttlw.
Rugel's Heuchera.
(Fig. 1843.)
Heuchera Rugelii Shuttlw.; Kunze, Linnaea,
20: 43. 1847.
Stems slender, 6^-24' long, weak, glandu-
lar-hirsute or villous, leafless or bearing a
few leaves below. Basal leaves with long
slender glandular-villous petioles, broadly
reniform, 2^-5' wide, cordate at the base,
with 7-9 broad rounded or rarely pointed
lobes, crenately toothed, the teeth mu-
cronate; inflorescence very loosely panicu-
late; flowering calyx regular, campanulate,
about i" long; petals linear-spatulate, 2-3
times as long as the calyx-lobes; stamens
somewhat exserted.
Shaded cliffs, Missouri and Illinois to west-
em North Carolina. July-Sept.
Besides the following, about 13 others
1. H. Rugelii.
2. H. viilosa.
3. H. Americana.
4. H. pnbescens.
5. H. hispida.
Vol. II.]
SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.
179
2. Heuchera villosa Michx.
Hairy Heuchera. (Fig. 1844.)
Heuchera villosa Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i : 172.
1803.
Stem erect, leafless, or rarely bearing a
<ew small leaves below, generally villous-
pubescent with brownish hairs, as are also
the long petioles and the veins on the
lower surfaces of the leaves. Basal leaves
2,'-^' wide, orbicular or sometimes longer
than broad, sharply or obtuselj' and deeply
7-9-lobed, the lobes dentate or serrate;
flowering calyx \"-\yz" long, campanu-
late, regular; petals linear-spatulate, white
or nearly so, about twice as long as the
calyx-lobes; stamens much exserted.
In rocky places, Virginia and West Vir-
ginia to Georgia and Tennessee. June-Sept.
Called also American Sanicle.
4. Heuchera pubescens Pursh.
Downy Heuchera. (Fig. 1846.)
H. pubescens Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 187. 1814.
Stems rather stout, i°-3° high, densely
glandular-pubescent, at least above, usually
bearing i or 2 small leaves. Basal leaves
slender-petioled, broadly ovate or orbicular,
cordate, 2^-4' wide, 5-7-lobed, the lobes
rounded or acute, crenate or dentate; pan-
icle loose; flowering calyx oblong-campan-
ulate, somewhat oblique, 2>"-\" long, mi-
nutely glandular, its lobes usually unequal;
petals broadly spatulate, purplish, slightly
exceeding the calyx-lobes; stamens scarcely
or slightly exserted.
In rich woods, mountains of Pennsylvania
to Kentucky and North Carolina. Ascends to
4000 ft. in North Carolina. May-June.
3. Heuchera Americana I,. Alum-
root. (Fig. 1845.)
Heuchera Americana I,. Sp. PI. 226. 1753.
Stem rather stout, 2°-3° high, leafless or
with a few small leaves, more or less gland-
ular-hirsute. Basal leaves long-petioled, 3^-
4' wide, with 7-9 rounded crcnate-dentate
lobes, the older ones glabrous, or with scat-
tered hairs on the upper surface; flowering
calyx broadly campanulate, nearly regular,
tYi^'-J," long; petals very small, green-
ish, usually not exceeding the calyx-lobes,
stamens much exserted; anthers orange.
In dry or rocky woods, Ontario to Connecti-
cut, west to Minnesota, south to Alabama and
Louisiana. Ascends to 3000 ft. in Virginia.
May-Aug.
l8o SAXIFRAGACEAE. [Vol. 11.
5. Heuchera hispida Pursh.
Rough Heuchera.
(Fig. 1847.)
Heucheia hisptda Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept.
188. 1814.
Heiiche7-a Richardsonii R. Br. Frankl.
Journ. 766. pi. 2<). 1823.
Stem 2°-4° tall, liirsutely-pubescent
or rarely nearly glabrous, usually leaf-
less. Leaves 2^-3' wide, on long and
slender petioles, broadly ovate-orbicu-
lar, with 5-9 shallow rounded dentate
lobes; panicle strict, narrow; flowering
calyx campanulate, very oblique, 'i"-^"
long, its lobes unequal; petals spatulate,
slightly exceeding the calyx-lobes;
stamens exserted.
In woods, Virginia to western Ontario,
west to Kansas, Manitoba and the North-
west Territory, south in the Rocky Moun-
tains to Montana and Idaho. May-June.
Heuchera hispida hirsuticaulis Wheelock, Bull. Torr. Club, 17: 199. 1890.
Very hirsute with white spreading hairs; flowering calyx slightly oblique, about 2" long;
stamens much exserted. Probably a distinct species. On rocks, Missouri and Indiana.
7. MITELLA L. Sp. PL 406. 1753.
Erect perennial herbs, with long-petioled ovate or orbicular basal leaves, naked or 2-
leaved scapes, and small white or greenish flowers in elongated spiciform racemes. Calyx-tube
campanulate or hemispheric, adnate to the base of the ovary, its limb 5-lobed. Petals 5, 3-
cleft or pinnatifid. Stamens 10 (sometimes 5); filaments short. Ovary globose, i-celled;
styles 2, short; ovules co . Capsule i-celled, 2-valved at the apex, many-seeded. Seeds
smooth, shining. [Diminutive of mitra, a cap, from the form of the young pod.]
About 7 species, natives of North America and eastern Asia. Besides the following, about 4
others occur on the Pacific Coast.
Basal leaves ovate; scape with 2 opposite leaves. i. M. diphylla.
Basal leaves reniform; scape naked or i-leaved near the base. 2. M. nuda.
I. Mitella diphylla L. Two-
leaved Bishop's Cap, or Mitre-
wort. (Fig. 1848.)
Mitella diphylla L. Sp. PI. 406. 1753.
Scape io'-i8' high, pubescent, bear-
ing a pair of opposite nearly or quite
sessile leaves near its middle. Basal
leaves broadly ovate, cordate at the
base, acute or acuminate at the apex,
3-5-lobed, dentate, scabrous and with
scattered hairs on both sides, i'-2'
long; leaves of the scape similar, usu-
ally smaller; spiciform raceme erect,
3'-8' long, the flowers distant; calyx-
lobes and petals white; capsule flatfish,
broad, dehiscent above, the valves
spreading.
In rich woods, Quebec to Minnesota,
North Carolina and Missouri. Ascends
to 2600 ft. in Virginia. A third leaf is
rarely borne on the scape at the base of
the inflorescence. April-May.
A-oi.. II.] SAXIFRAGE FAMILY. l8l
2. Mitella nuda L. Stoloniferous or
Naked Bishop's Cap or Mitre wort.
(Fig. 1849.)
Mitella nuda L. Sp. PI. 408. 1753.
Stem usually stoloniferous, scape erect, very
slender, pubescent, 2)'-t' high. Basal leaves reni-
form-orbicular, obtuse, cordate at the base, crenate
or doubly crenate, I'-iYz' wide, pubescent with
scattered hairs on both sides; stem-leaves usually
none; flowers pedicelled, greenish, abovit 2" broad;
capsule similar to that of the preceding species.
In cold woods and peat-bogs, Newfoundland and
Labrador to the Pacific coast, south to New England,
Pennsylvania, Michigan, and in the Canadian Rocky
Mountains. Ascends to 3000 ft. in the Adirondacks.
Also in northeastern Asia. April-June, or blooming
again in the autumn.
8. CHRYSOSPLENIUM I,. Sp. PI. 398. 1753.
Low decumbent or erect somewhat succulent mainly semi-aquatic herbs, with petioled
opposite or alternate crenate leaves, with no stipules. Flowers minute, greenish, axillary or
terminal, solitary or clustered, perfect. Calyx-tube urn-shaped or obconic, adnate to the
ovary, its limb 4-5-lobed. Petals none. Stamens 8-10 (rarely 4-5 ), inserted on the margin of
a disk; filaments short. Ovary i-celled, flattish, 2-lobed; styles 2, short, recurved; ovules 00.
Capsule membranous, short, inversely cordate or 2-lobed, 2-valved above, few or many-seeded.
Seed-coat muricate or pilose. [Greek, golden spleen, from some reputed medicinal quality.]
About 15 species, natives of the north temperate zone and southern South America. Besides
the following, 2 others occur in northwestern America.
Lower leaves opposite; flowers mostly solitary. i. C. Aviericanum .
Leaves all alternate; flowers corymbose. 2, C. alternifolium.
I. Chrysosplenium Americanum Schwein.
Golden Saxifrage. Water Carpet. (Fig. 1850.)
Chrysosplenium oppositifoiinm Walt. Fl. Car. 140. 1788. Not L.
C. Americanum Schwein.; Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 242. 1832.
Stems slender, decumbent, forked above, glabrous or very
nearly so, 3'-8' long. Lower leaves opposite, the upper often
alternate, broadly ovate, orbicular or somewhat reniform, ob-
tuse or truncate at the base, rounded at the apex, crenate or
obscurely lobed, 2''-io" wide; flowers sessile, axillary, usu-
ally solitary, about i" broad; calyx-lobes commonly 4, yel-
lowish, or purplish within; stamens commonly 8; anthers
orange-red.
In wet, shaded places, Nova Scotia to the Saskatchewan region,
south, along the mountains to Georgia, and to Ohio, Michigan and
Minnesota. March-June.
2. Chrysosplenium alternifolium I,. Alternate-
leaved Golden Saxifrage. (Fig. 185 1.)
Chrysosplenium alternifolium L. Sp. PI. 398. 1753.
Flowering stems erect, glabrous or pubescent, 2'-6' high,
branched above. Leaves all alternate, the basal ones long-
petioled, reniform, or cordate, often pubescent on the upper sur-
face, 3''-i8" wide, or crenate with 5-1 1 rather broad lobes;
flowers mainly terminal, corymbose; calyx-lobes commonly 4,
orange-yellow within; stamens usually 8.
Decorah, Iowa (according to S. Watson), and in arctic America,
south in the Rocky Mountains to Colorado and to British Columbia.
Also in northern Europe and Asia. May-June.
SAXIFRAGACEAE.
[Voi,. II.
9. PARNASSIA Sp. PI. 273. 1753.
Glabrous scapose herbs, with basal petioled entire leaves, usually with a single sessile
leaf on the scape, and solitary terminal white or pale yellow flowers. Calyx 5-lobed nearly
to the base, its short tube free from or adnate to the ovary. Petals 5, spreading, marcescent.
Fertile stamens 5, alternate with the petals. Stamiuodia (imperfect stamens) generally
numerous, borne in clusters at, the base of each petal. Ovary i-celled; style very short or
none; stigmas usually 4; ovules co. Capsule i-celled, with 4 placentae projecting within,
4-valved. Seeds numerous. Seed-coat winged. [From the Greek mount; the plant called
Grass of Parnassus b}' Dioscorides. ]
About 12 species, natives of the north temperate and arctic zones. Besides the following, an-
other occurs in northwestern America.
Petals sessile; leaves ovate, oval, orbicular or cordate.
Staminodia 3-5 at the base of each petal.
Flower 9" -18" broad; petals much exceeding the calyx-lobes.
Staminodia not longer than the stamens, stout.
Staminodia longer than the stamens, slender.
Flower 4"-5" broad; petals equalling the calyx-lobes.
Staminodia 7-15 at the base of each petal, slender.
Flower i' broad; leaves cordate at base.
Flower 4"-5" broad; leaves narrowed at base.
Petals clawed; leaves reniform; staminodia 3 at each petal.
1. P. Caroliniana.
2. P. f;randifolia.
3. P. Kolzebuei.
4. P. palustris.
5. P. parviflora.
6. P. asarifolia.
2. Parnassia grandifolia DC.
Large-leaved Grass-of-Parnassus.
(Fig. 1853.)
Parnassia grandifolia DC. Prodr. i: 320. 1824.
Similar to the preceding species, the scape
bearing an ovate clasping leaf at the middle
or much below it. Basal leaves as in P.
Caroliniana, but often larger and narrowed
at the base; flower broad; calyx-lobes
shorter than the sessile white petals; stami-
nodia 3-5 in each set, slender or almost fili-
form, exceeding the anther-bearing stamens.
In moist soil, southwestern Virginia to Flor-
ida, Missouri and Louisiana. Ascends to 2200
ft. in Virginia. July-Sept.
I. Parnassia Caroliniana Michx.
Carolina Grass-of-Parnassus.
(Fig. 1852.)
Parnassia Caroliniana Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. I:
184. 1803.
Scape high, with a nearly sessile
ovate clasping leaf below the middle. Basal
leaves long-petioled, ovate, broadly oval or
orbicular, obtuse at the apex, rounded or
sometimes cordate-reniform at the base, or
decurrent into the petiole, long; flower
9''-i8'' broad; calyx-lobes ovate-oblong, ob-
tuse, much shorter than the sessile broadly
oval white greenish-veined petals; stamino-
dia generally 3 in each set, stout; capsule
i,"-^" long.
In swamps and low meadows, New Bruns-
wick to Manitoba, south to Virginia, Illinois
and Iowa. June-Sept.
Vol. II.] SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.
3. Parnassia Kotzebuei C. & S. Kotzebue's
Grass-of- Parnassus. (Fig. 1854.)
Parnassia Kotzebuei C. & S. Linnaea, i: 549. 1826.
Scape slender, 3^-7' high, leafless, or sometimes with a sin-
gle sessile oval leaf near the base. Basal leaves short-peti-
oled, membranous, ovate or oval, narrowed or sometimes
cordate at the base, ■x,"-\2." long; flower broad, calyx-
lobes oblong, equalling or slightly shorter than the elliptic
white 3-5-veined sessile petals; staminodia 3-5 at the base of
each petal, rather slender.
Mt. Albert, Quebec; Labrador, arctic America to Alaska and in
the Canadian Rocky Mountains. Perhaps not distinct from P.
parviflora. Summer.
4. Parnassia palustris 1^. Marsh
or Northern Grass-of-Parnassus.
(Fig. 1855.)
Parnassia palustris L. Sp. PI. 273. 1753.
Scape slender, 3^-12' high, bearing a
clasping ovate leaf below the middle, or
rarely leafless. Basal leaves slender-peti-
oled, ovate, obtuse at the apex, usually cor-
date at the base, long; flower W-
12" broad; calyx shorter than the
elliptic few-veined sessile petals; stamino-
dia 9-15 at the base of each petal, slender.
In wet places, Newfoundland, Quebec and
Labrador to the Cpnadian Rocky Mountains
and Alaska, south to Minnesota, Michig^an,
and in the Rocky Mountains to Wyoming.
Also in Europe and Asia. July-Sept.
5. Parnassia parviflora DC. Small-
flowered Grass-of-Parnassus.
(Fig. 1856.)
Parnassia parviflora DC. Prodr. i: 320. 1824.
Scape 4^-12' high, very slender, usually bearing
a clasping oval leaf at about the middle. Basal
leaves petioled, oval or ovate, narrowed at the base,
not cordate, long; flower broad;
sepals equalling or somewhat shorter than the
elliptic sessile petals; staminodia 5-7 at the base of
each petal, slender.
In wet places, Quebec to Labrador and the Pacific
Coast, south to Minnesota, Michigan, and in the Rocky
Mountains to Wyoming. July-Sept.
SAXIFRAGACEAE.
[Vol. ir.
6. Parnassia asarifolia Vent.
Kidney-leaved Grass-of-Par-
nassus. (Fig. 1857.)
Parnassia asarifolia Vent. Jard. Malm. pi.
39. 1803.
Scape io'-2o' high, bearing a clasping^
nearly orbicular leaf at about the middle.
Basal leaves long-petioled, orbicular or
much broader than long, rounded, broadly
kidney-shaped at the base, often ^'-^f
wide; flower about \' broad; calj'x-lobes
oval, much shorter than the strongl}'
veined elliptic petals, which are rather
abruptly narrowed into a claw; staminodia
3 in each set, slender, about the length of
the stamens.
Ill wet places, high mountains of Virginia
and North Carolina. July-Sept.
1. H. arborescens.
2. H. radiala.
10. HYDRANGEA L. Sp. PI. 397. 1753.
Shrubs, or some Asiatic species small trees, with opposite simple petioled leaves and ter-
minal corymbose flowers. Stipules none. Exterior flowers of the corymb often apetalous,
slender-pedicclled, sterile, but with enlarged and very conspicuous calyx-lobes, or sometimes
the whole corymb changed to these sterile flowers; fertile flowers small. Calyx-tube hemi-
spheric or obconic, adnate to the ovary, 4-5-lobed. Petals 4-5. Stamens S-io, inserted on
the disk. Filaments filiform. Ovary 2-4-celled; styles 2-4, distinct, or united at the base;
ovules 00 . Capsule membranous, usually 2-celled, ribbed, many-seeded, dehiscent at the
bases of the styles. [Greek, water- vessel, from the shape of the capsule.]
About 35 species, natives of eastern North America, eastern Asia and the Himalayas, and South
America. Besides the following, another occurs in the southeastern States.
Leaves glabrous or somewhat pubescent beneath.
Leaves densely tomentose beneath.
I. Hydrangea arborescens L,.
Wild Hydrangea. (Fig. 1858.)
H. arborescens L. Sp. PI. 397. 1753.
Hydrangea vulgaris Michx. Fl. Bor.
Am. i: 268. 1803.
A shrub, 4°-io° high, the young
twigs pubescent or glabrate. Peti-
oles slender, i'-4'long; leaves ovate,
thin, 3'-6' long, acute or often acu-
minate at the apex, rounded, cordate
or rarely broadly cuneate at the base,
sharply dentate, green both sides,
glabrous above, sometimes pubes-
cent beneath; cymes 2^-5' broad;
marginal sterile flowers usually few
or none, but sometimes numerous,
or forming the entire inflorescence.
On rocky stream or river banks,
southern New York and New Jersey,
very abundant in the valley of the Del-
aware, to Iowa, south to Florida and
Missouri. Species variable. Ascends
to 4200 ft. in North Carolina. June-
July, sometimes blooming again in
Sept.
Hydrangea arborescens Kanawhana Millsp. Bull. W. Va. Agric. Exp. Sta. 2: 363.
Leaves pale or somewhat glaucous beneath. West Virginia.
Vol. II.]
SAXIFRAGE FAMILY. 185
2. Hydrangea radiata Walt. Downy
Hydrangea. (Fig. 1859.)
Hydrangea radiala Walt. Fl. Car. 251. 1788.
Hydrangea nivea Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 268. 1803.
A shrub 6°-8° high, the twigs finely pubescent
or glabrate. Leaves slender-petioled, ovate,
rounded or cordate at the base, acute or acumi-
nate at the apex, -^'-d' long, thicker than those
of the preceding species, green and nearly gla-
brous above, densely tomentose, sometimes sil-
very white beneath; marginal flowers, or at least
some of them, sterile and conspicuous.
Missouri to Tennessee and North Carolina, south
to Georgia. Our description perhaps includes two
species. June-July.
II. DECUMARIA L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 1663. 1763.
Woody climbing vines, with opposite petioled leaves, and terminal corymbose perfect
flowers. Stipules none. Calyx-tube top-shaped, adnate to the ovary, its limb 7-10-toothed.
Petals 7-10, narrow. Stamens 20-30, inserted on the disk; filaments subulate. Ovary 5-10-
celled, io-15-ribbed, its apex conic; style thick; stigma capitate, 5-10-lobed; ovules co .
Capsule fragile, ribbed, opening between the ribs. Seeds numerous, the testa membranous,
reticulated, produced into a club-shaped appendage. [Latin, decern, ten; the parts being
often in lo's.]
A monotypic genus of southeastern North America.
I. Decumaria barbara L,. Decu-
maria. (Fig. i860.)
Decumaria barbara L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 1663.
1763-
Glabrous, or the shoots pubescent, climb-
ing by aerial rootlets to a height of several
feet. Petioles Yz'-i' long; leaves ovate,
acute or obtuse at the apex, rounded or
narrowed at the base long, entire or
repand-denticulate, sometimes pubescent
on the veins of the lower surface, glabrous
and shining above; corymbs terminal,
compound, 2^-3' broad; flowers white, fra-
grant, broad; calyx-teeth decidu-
ous; capsule top-shaped, t,"--!/' high,
tipped with the conic persistent style,
opening between the ribs and remaining
on the plant after the seeds fall away.
In swamps, southeastern Virginia to Flor-
ida, west to Louisiana. May -June.
12. PHILADELPHUS L. Sp. PI. 470. 1753.
Shrubs, with opposite petioled simple deciduous leaves, and no stipules. Flowers large,
terminal or axillary, corymbose, racemose or solitary, white or cream-colored. Calyx-tube
top-shaped, adnate to the ovary, 4-5-lobed. Petals 4-5, convolute, rounded or obovate.
Stamens 20-40, inserted on the disk; filaments linear. Ovary 3-5-celled; styles 3-5, filiform,
distinct, or united at the base; ovules cc. Capsule top-shaped, 3-5-celled, at length loculi-
cidally dehiscent by 3-5 valves, many-seeded. Seeds oblong, the testa membranous, pro-
duced at each end. [Named after King Ptolemy Philadelphus.]
About 15 species, natives of North America, Mexico, Asia and central Europe. Besides the
following, about 5 others occur in the southern and western parts of North America. Called Mock
Orange from the orange-like blossoms of the various species. The common name Syringa is un-
fortunate, being the generic name of the Lilac.
i86
SAXIFRAGACEAE.
[Vol. II.
Flowers inodorous, solitary or few.
Calyx-lobes about equalling the tube.
Calyx-lobes about twice as long as the tube.
Flowers racemose, numerous, fragrant.
1. P. itiodorus.
2. P. grandifloriis.
3. P. coronarius.
I. Philadelphus inodorus I,. Scent-
less Syringa. (Fig. 1861.)
Philadelphus inodorus L. Sp. PI. 470. 1803.
A shrub, 6°-8° high, glabrous or very nearly so
throughout. Leaves ovate or oval, acute or acu-
minate at the apex, rounded or sometimes nar-
rowed at the base, 2'-^' long, strongly 3-nerved,
serrate with small distant teeth, or entire; flowers
white, inodorous, about 1' broad, solitary or 2 or
3 together at the ends of short branches; calyx-
lobes triangular-ovate, acute, about as long as the
tube; capsule about 2>" high.
In thickets, Virginia to Alabama and Georgia,
principally in the mountains. Escaped from culti-
vation in Pennsylvania. May.
2. Philadelphus grandiflorus Willd.
Large-flowered Syringa. (Fig. 1862.)
Philadelphus grandiflorus Willd. Enum. Hort.
Berol. 511. 1809.
A shrub, 6°-io° high, resembling the pre-
ceding species and perhaps not specifically dif-
ferent. Leaves broadly ovate or oval, more or
less pubescent, especially beneath, 3^-5' long,
acuminate at the apex, rounded or narrowed at
the base, sharply dentate, 3-nerved; flowers i-
3 together at the ends of the branches, and
sometimes also axillary to the upper leaves,
■white, inodorous, iyi'-2' broad; calyx-lobes
lanceolate, acuminate or acute, twice as long
as the tube; capsule about 3''' high.
In low grounds, Virginia to Tennessee and
Florida. April-May.
3. Philadelphus coronarius L.
Garden Syringa. Mock Orange.
(Fig. 1863.)
Philadelphus coronarius I,. .Sp. PI. 470. 1753.
A shrub 8°-io° high. Leaves short-peti-
oled, oval, elliptic or ovate-elliptic, 2'-\' long,
glabrous above, pubescent beneath, acute or
acuminate at the apex, rounded or narrowed at
the base, denticulate with distant teeth, 3-
nerved; flowers numerous, racemose at the ends
of the branches, I'-iyi' broad, creamy white,
very fragrant; calyx-lobes ovate, acute, longer
than the tube.
Escaped from gardens in Virginia and Ohio,
and sparingly in the Middle and Eastern States.
Native of central Europe. May-June.
Vol. II.]
SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.
187
13. ITEA L. Sp. PI. 199. 1753-
Shrubs or small trees, with simple alternate petioled deciduous leaves, no stipules, and
small white flowers in terminal narrow racemes. Calyx-tube obconic or campanulate, 5-
lobed, its base adnate to the ovary. Petals 5, linear, their apices inflexed. Stamens 5, in-
serted on the disk. Ovary 2-celled; style slender; stigma 2-grooved in our species; ovules
few or numerous. Capsule oblong or narrowly conic, 2-valved, several-many-seeded.
Seeds narrow, flattish, the testa produced at each end. [Greek for willow, which its leaves
resemble.]
About 5 species, natives of the eastern United
States and Asia. The following is the only one
known to occur in North America.
I. Itea Virginica L. Itea. Virginia
Willow. (Fig. 1864.)
Itea Virginica L. Sp. PI. 199. 1753.
A shrub 4°-io° high, the twigs and inflores-
cence finely pubescent. Leaves short-petioled,
narrowly oval, oblanceolate or rarely obovate,
I ''-3' long, acute or acuminate at the apex,
narrowed at the base, sharply serrulate, gla-
brous, or with a few hairs along the veins be-
neath; racemes terminal, dense, 2^-6^ long;
flowers short-pedicelled; petals linear, erect
or slightly spreading, about 7.yz" long; cap-
sule 2-grooved, i"--}," long, pubescent, nar-
row, tipped with the persistent at length 2-
parted style.
In wet places, pine barrens of New Jersey, and
eastern Pennsylvania to Florida, west to west-
em North Carolina and Louisiana. May-June.
Family 40. GROSSULARIACEAE Diiniort. Anal. Fam. 37. 1829.
Gooseberry Family.
Shrubs, with alternate often fascicled usually lobed petioled leaves, and race-
mose or subsolitary axillary or lateral flowers, the pedicels bracteolate. Calyx-
tube ovoid, cylindric or hemispheric, adnate to the ovary, the limb 4-5-lobed,
often colored. Petals 4-5, inserted on the throat of the calyx, small, scale-like,
often included. Stamens 4-5, inserted with the petals, included or exserted.
Ovary i-celled; styles 2, distinct or united; ovules few or numerous. Berry
globose or ovoid, pulpy, the calyx persistent on its summit. Seeds obscurely
angled, their outer coat gelatinous, the inner crustaceous.
Only the following genus, having the characters of the family.
R. Cynosbati.
R. setosum.
3. R. gracile.
I. RIBES I,. Sp. PI. 200. 1753.
About 60 species, natives of the north temperate zone and the Andes of South America
sides the following some 40 others occur in the western parts of North America.
Flowers solitary, or 2-4, axillary.
Native plants of woods or swamps; spines mostly slender.
Calyx-lobes shorter than the tube; berries more or less spiny.
Calyx-tube ovoid-campanulate, green.
Calyx-tube tubular, white.
Calyx-lobes exceeding the tube; berries glabrous.
Peduncles slender; stamens long-exserted.
Peduncles short; stamens included or little exserted.
Stamens not exceeding the oblong calyx-lobes.
Stamens somewhat exceeding the linear calyx-lobes.
Introduced, escaped from gardens; spines stout, usually 3 together
Flowers racemose, small, axillary or lateral.
Stems and berries bristly.
Stems entirely unarmed.
Berries red, glandular-bristly.
Berries glabrous.
Racemes erect or ascending; fruit black.
Racemes pendulous.
Calyx-tube cylindric; fruit black.
Calyx-tube campanulate; fruit red.
Calyx tubular; fruit red.
Flowers racemose; calyx-tube elongated, bright yellow.
Be-
R. oxyacanthoides.
R. rohtndifolium.
4-
5-
6. R. Uva-crispa.
7. R. Iac7istre.
8. R. proslratum.
9. R. Hudsonianum.
10.
II.
12.
R. floridum.
R. rub rum.
R. cereum.
R. aureum.
i88
GROSSULARIACEAE.
[Vol. II.
I. Ribes Cynosbati L. Wild Gooseberry. Dogberry. (Fig. 1865.)
Ribes Cynosbati L,.?Sp.JPl. 202.; 1753
Infra-axillary spines slender, 'solitary or
sometimes 2-3 together, erect or spreading,
t/'-W long, or often wanting. Prickles of
the branches few and weak or none; petioles
long, slender, generally pubescent;
leaflets nearly orbicular, broad, some-
what pubescent, at least when young, truncate
or cordate at the base, deeply 3-5-lobed, the
lobes crenate-dentate or incised; peduncles
and pedicels slender; flowers 1-3, green, ->/'-
i/' long; calyx-lobes oblong, shorter than the
ovoid tube; stamens not exserted; berry \"-
6" in diameter, with subulate prickles.
In rocky woods, New Brunswick, south, especi-
ally along the AUeghanies to North Carolina, west
to Manitoba and Missouri. Accends to 5000 ft. in
North Carolina. April-June.
2. Ribes setosum Lindl. Bristly
Gooseberry. (Fig. 1866.)
Ribes setosum Lindl. Trans. Hort. Soc. 7: 243. 1830.
Infra-axillary spines 1-2 together, slender, 2"-
2/' long, spreading, sometimes none. Bristles
usually numerous, scattered; leaves slender-peti-
oled, more or less pubescent, atleast when young,
\' in width or less, broadly ovate or orbicular, 3-
5-lobed, the lobes incised-dentate; flowers 1-4,
white, 2,"-^" long; calyx-tube cylindric,
longer than the oblong lobes; stamens not ex-
serted; fruit sparingly bristly, or often glabrous.
On lake shores, and in thickets, western Ontario
and Manitoba to Montana, Nebraska and Wyoming.
May.
3. Ribes gracile Michx. Missouri
Gooseberry. (Fig. 1867.)
Ribes gracile Michx. Fl. Bor. Amer. i: iii.
1803,
Spines slender, solitary, or 2-3 together, red-
dish, 3"-S" long or more. Prickles gener-
ally few or none; leaves slender-petioled, some-
what pubescent when young, orbicular or
broader, wide, truncate, slightly cor-
date, or sometimes obtuse at the base, 3-5-
lobed, the lobes rather blunt, dentate; pedicels
v&xy slender, \"-(>" long; flowers white or
greenish tinged, drooping, 6"-<)" long; calyx-
tube narrow, shorter than the linear lobes;
stamens conniveut or parallel, much exserted;
berry reddish-purple, 5"-6'' in diameter.
In dry or rocky soil, Minnesota, Michigan, Illi-
nois and Penn.sylvania to Tennessee and Texas.
May.
Vol. II.]
GOOSEBERRY FAMILY
4, Ribes oxyacanthoides I,. Hawthorn
or Northern Gooseberry. (Fig. 1868.)
Ribes oxyacanthoides 'Li. Sp. PI. 201. 17,53.
Ribes hiriellum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: iii. 1803.
Spines generally solitary, light colored, 2>"-^"
long, sometimes none. Prickles scattered or
wanting; leaves petioled, similar to those of the
preceding species, the lobes obtuse or acute; peti-
oles and lower leaf-surfaces commonly pubescent;
peduncles short, commonly less than d" long;
flowers 1-3, short-pedicelled, greenish-purple or
white, about 2>"-\" long; calyx-lobes oblong; sta-
mens short, not exserted; berry globose or glo-
bose-ovoid, glabrous, /^"-d" in diameter, reddish-
purple when ripe.
In wet woods and low grounds, Newfoundland to
the Northwest Territory and British Columbia, south
to New Jersey, Ohio, Michigan and in the Rocky
Mountains to Utah and Colorado. May-July.
6. Ribes Uva-crispa I^. Garden
Gooseberry. (Fig. 1870.)
Ribes Uva-crispa L. Sp. PI. 201. 1753.
Ribes Grossnlaria 1,. Sp. PI. 201. 1753.
Spines stout, spreading or reflexed, usually
3 together but sometimes solitary or 2, appa-
rently never entirely wanting. Prickles
scattered or none; leaves rather short-peti-
oled, orbicular or broader, pubescent, at least
when young, seldom over \' wide, 3-5-lobed,
the lobes obtuse and crenate-dentate; pedun-
cles very short, i-flowered or sometimes 2-
flowered, usually pubescent; flowers green,
about J," long; calyx-tube campanulate, its
lobes oval; stamens somewhat exserted, or in-
cluded; fruit globose- ovoid, glabrous, or with
weak bristles, often \' long in cultivation.
Along roadsides in eastern New Jersey and
southeastern New York, escaped from gardens.
Native of Europe and Asia. Teaberry. May.
5. Ribes rotundifolium Michx.
Eastern Wild Gooseberry.
(Fig. 1869.)
Ribes rotundifolium Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i:
no. 1803.
Closely resembling the preceding species,
the spines commonly shorter, or often alto-
gether wanting, and the prickles few or
none. Leaves similar, pubescent, at least
beneath, when young; peduncles rather
short; flowers 1-3, greenish-purple,
long, pedicelled; calyx-lobes linear-oblong
or somewhat spatulate; stamens exserted
for about % their length; berry globose,
glabrous, usually not more than \" in
diameter.
In rocky woods, western Massachusetts and
southeastern New York to North Carolina, es-
pecially along the mountains. May-July.
GROSSULARIACEAE.
[Vol. II-
1872.)
Ribes lacustre (Pers. ) Poir. Swamp Gooseberry. (Fig. 1871.)
Ribes oxyacanthoides var. lacustre Pers.
Syn. i: 252. 1805.
Ribes lacustre Poir. in I<am. Encycl. Suppl.
2:856. 1811.
Spines slender, weak, generally clus-
tered. Branches usually densely bristly;
petioles slender, more or less pubescent;
leaves nearly orbicular, thin, pubescent
along the veins beneath, deeply 5-7-
lobed, x'-2' wide, the lobes obtuse or
acutish, incised-dentate; flowers race-
mose, green, about 1" long; pedicels
slender, bracted at the base, about ■2"
long; calyx-tube short, campanulate, its
lobes short, broad, spreading; stamens
very short, not exserted; berry about 7."
in diameter, reddish, covered with weak
bristles.
In swamps and wet woods, Newfound-
land to Massachusetts, New York and
Pennsylvania, west to Michigan, British
Columbia and Washington. Intermediate
between Gooseberries and Currants. May-
June.
8. Ribes prostratum I^'Her. Fetid Currant. (Fic
R. prostratum L'Her. Stirp. Nov. i : 3./)/. 2. 1784.
Branches decumbent or spreading, thorn-
less and without prickles. Petioles slender,
I'-j,' long, pubescent or glabrous, the dilated
base sometimes ciliate; leaves nearly orbi-
cular, sharply and deeply 5-7-lobed, I '-3'
wide, usually somewhat pubescent along the
veins beneath, the lobes acute or acutish,
dentate-serrate; flowers racemose, appear-
ing from the same buds as the leaves, about
21/2" broad; pedicels 2^-2%" long, glandu-
lar, bracted at the base; calyx broadly cam-
panulate, its lobes short and broad; stamens
short, not exserted; fruit light red, glandu-
lar-bristly, about 2'' in diameter.
In cold wet places, Labrador to British Colum-
bia and the Northwest Territory, south, especi-
ally along the mountains, to North Carolina,
Michigan, and in the Rocky Mountains to Colo-
rado. Plant with a disagreeable odor. Ascends
to 6000 ft. in North Carolina. May-June.
9. Ribes Hudsonianum Richards.
Northern Black Currant. (Fig. 1873.)
Ribes Hudsonianum Richards. Frank. Joum.
Ed. 2, 6. 1823.
Branches erect, unarmed. Petioles slender,
1'-^' long; leaves broader than long, i'-4'
wide, more or less pubescent and resinous-
dotted beneath, 3-5-lobed, the lobes obtuse
or acutish, coarsely dentate; racemes from
the same buds as the leaves, erect, densely
flowered; pedicels 2" long or less; flowers
white, 2"-t/' broad, calyx broadly campanu-
late, its lobes oval, obtuse; stamens short,
not exserted; bracts setaceous, deciduous;
fruit black, glabrous, 2"-}," in diameter.
Hudson Bay and western Ontario to British
Columbia and the Northwest Territory, south in
the Rocky Mountains to Colorado. May-June.
Ribes nigrum L., the Black Currant of the gar-
dens, with similar leaves, but loosely flowered
drooping racemes, is beginning to escape from
cultivation.
Vol.. II.]
GOOSEBERRY FAMILY.
191
10. Ribes floridum L'Her. Wild
Blackcurrant. (Fig. 1874.)
Ribes floridum L'Her. Stirp. Nov. i: 4. 1784.
Ribes nigrnmv^x. Pennsylvanicum Marsh. Arb.
Amer. 132. 1785.
Ribes Pennsylvanicum Lam. Encycl. 3: 49. 1789.
Branches erect, unarmed. Petioles slen-
der, loosely pubescent, or glabrous; leaves
nearly orbicular, glabrous above, somewhat
pubescent and resinous-dotted beneath, 1^-3^
wide, sharply 3-5-lobed, the lobes dentate-
serrate, acutish; racemes appearing from the
same buds as the leaves, pendulous, rather
loosely flowered, pubescent; bractlets linear,
much exceeding the pedicels, or shorter;
flowers greenish-white, i/'-^" long; calyx
tubular, its lobes short, broad, obtuse; sta-
mens not exserted; fruit globose-ovoid, black,
glabrous, about 3'^ in diameter.
In woods, Nova Scotia to Virginia, west to
Manitoba, Kentucky, Iowa and Nebraska.
April-May.
II. Ribes rubrum L.
Red Currant. (Fig. 1875.)
Ribes rubrum L. Sp. PI. 200. 1753.
R. albinerviiim Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 110. 1803.
Ribes rubrum var. subglandulosum Maxim.
Bull. Acad. St. Petersb. 19: 261. 1874.
Unarmed. Petioles slender, glabrous or
sparingly pubescent, i'-2>' long; leaves pubes-
cent beneath, at least when young, orbicular
or broader, cordate at the base, 3-5-lobed, the
lobes obtuse or acutish, sharply dentate; ra-
cemes appearing from different buds than the
leaves, pendulous, loosely flowered; pedicels
2//_j// long, curved and sometimes ascend-
ing, longer than the ovate bractlets; flowers
greenish or purplish, about 2" broad; calyx
flat-campanulate; stamens short; fruit red,
glabrous, 1"-^" in diameter.
In cold woods, Labrador to Alaska, south to
northern New England, New Jersey, Indiana and
Minnesota,and freely escaped from cultivation in
the Middle and Eastern States. Also in Europe
and Asia. The European plant has been more
or less modified in cultivation. May-June.
12. Ribes cereum Dougl. White-
flowered Currant. Squaw Cur-
rant. (Fig. 1876.)
Ribes cereum Dougl. Trans. Hort. Soc. 7: 512.
1830.
Unarmed. Petioles slender, more or less gland,
ular-pubescent, 3'''-io" long; leaves reniform-
orbicular, cordate at the base, wide,
sparingly glandular-pubescent, or glabrate on
both sides, 3-5-lobed, the lobes very obtuse, cre-
nate or crenulate; racemes short, pubescent,
pendulous, appearing from the same buds as the
leaves; bractlets persistent; flowers sessile or
short-pedicelled, white or greenish-white; calyx
tubular, glandular; petals minute, nearly orbicu-
lar; stamens short; fruit red, insipid, glabrous or
slightly glandular, about 3'^ in diameter.
Nebraska to British Columbia, Arizona and Cali-
fornia. May-June.
192
GROSSULARIACEAE.
[Vol. II.
13. Ribes aureum Pursh. Golden, Buffalo or Missouri Currant. (Fig. 1877. )
Ribes aureum Pursh, Fl. Amer. Sept. 164. 1814.
Unarmed. Petioles rather slender, pubescent, at
least when young; leaves convolute in the bud,
pubescent and ciliate, or at length glabrous, often
broader than long, thick, 3-lobed or sometimes 5-
lobed, broadly cuneate or truncate at the base, the
lobes obtuse, few-toothed or entire; racemes leafy-
bracted, few-flowered; flowers bright yellow, spicy-
scented, (i"-\7." long; calyx- tube cylindric, gla-
brous, 3-4 times as long as the oval spreading lobes;
stamens slightly exserted; fruit yellow, becoming
black, glabrous, 2>"~h" in diameter.
Along- streams, Minnesota to Missouri and Texas, west
to California, Oregon and the Northwest Territory.
Common in cultivation. April-May.
Ribes aureum chrysococcum Rydb. Fl. Neb. 2i: 71. 1895,
is a form with the fruit yellow when mature, found in
western Nebraska.
Family 41. HAMAMELIDACEAE Undl. Veg. Kingd. 784. 1847.
Witch Hazel Family.
Trees or shrubs, with alternate petioled simple leaves, and perfect or polj'^-
gamous flowers, variously clustered. Perianth often imperfect, or sometimes
none. Calyx-tube, when present, more or less adnate to the ovar}', its limb
truncate or 5-lobed. Petals, when present, 4-00, perigynous. Stamens 4-00,
perigynous; filaments distinct. Disk circular or none. Ovary compound, of 2
carpels united below, 2 -celled; styles 2, subulate, erect or recurved ; ovules i-co.
Fruit a 2-celled 2-beaked woody or cartilaginous capsule, dehiscent at the sum-
mit. Seeds i -several, anatropous; embryo large; endosperm scanty.
About 15 genera and 35 species, natives of North America, Asia and South Africa.
Ovules I in each cell; flowers perfect or polygamous; shrubs or small trees; fruit not spiny.
Flowers white, in catkin-like spikes; petals none. i. Fotliergilla.
Flowers yellow, in axillary clusters; petals long. 2. Hamamelis.
Ovules several in each cell; flowers monoecious; large trees; fruit globular, spiny. 3. Liquidambar.
I. FOTHERGILLA Murr. Syst. Veg. 418. 1774.
Shrubs, the foliage somewhat stellate-pubescent. Leaves alternate, obovate. Flowers
perfect, or often polygamous (sometimes monoecious) in catkin -like bracted terminal spikes,
appearing a little before the leaves. Calyx campanulate, slightly 5-7-lobed. Petals none.
Stamens about 24, inserted on the edge of the calyx; anthers subglobose. Ovary 2-celled;
styles slender; ovules i in each cell. Capsule cartilaginous, 2-celled, 2-seeded. Seeds bony,
pendulous. [Named for Dr. John Fothergill 1712-1780, an English naturalist.]
A monotypic genus of eastern North America.
I. Fothergilla Carolina (L,.) Britton.
Fothergilla. (Fig. 1878.)
Hamamelis Virginiana Carolina h- Mant. 333.
1771.
Fothergilla Gardent Murr. Syst. Veg. 418. 1774.
Fothergilla ahiifolia L,. f. Suppl. 267. 1781.
F. Carolina Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 180. 1894.
A shrub, 2°-5° high, the young twigs densely
stellate-pubescent. Leaves short-petioled, 2'-
3' long, obovate or broadly oval, obtuse or
short-pointed at the apex, rounded or narrowed
at the base, usually inequilateral, coarsely den-
tate-crenate above the middle, or entire, more or
less stellate-pubescent; spikes dense, erect, \'-
1' long; bracts densely pubescent, the lower
ones sometimes lobed; stamens white or pink-
ish, 2 '^-4" long; capsule very pubescent.
In wet grounds, Virginia to Georgia. April.
"Vol. II.]
WITCH-HAZEL FAMILY.
193
2. HAMAMELIS L. Sp. PI. 124. 1753.
Shrubs, with alternate leaves, and clustered lateral yellow bracted flowers, appearing in
late summer or autumn. Calyx 4-parted, persistent, adnate to the lower part of the ovary.
Petals 4, elongated, linear, persistent, or in the staminate flowers sometimes wanting. Sta-
mens 4, alternating with 4 scale-like staminodia; filaments very short; anthers dehiscent by
a valve. Ovar}' 2-celled; styles 2, short; ovules i in each cell, pendulous. Capsule woody,
at length 2-valved at the summit. Seed oblong, its testa shining. [Greek, with the apple,
flower and fruit being borne together.]
A genus of 3 known species, one native of eastern North America, the others of Japan.
I. Hamamelis Virginiana L.
Witch-Hazel. (Fig. 1879.)
Hamamelis Virginiana L,. Sp. PI. 124. 1753.
A shrub, or rarely a small tree with max-
imum height of about 25°, the twigs slightly
scurfy, or glabrous. Leaves short-petioled,
obovate or broadly oval, obtuse or pointed at
the apex, somewhat cordate and inequilateral
at the base, stellate-pubescent, at least when ,
young, 2^-5' long, thick, repand-dentate; '
flowers in axillary clusters, nearly sessile,
bright yellow, appearing late in the season,
when the leaves are falling and while the pre-
vious fruit remains; petals narrow, about
wide, 6"-')" long; calyx-lobes spreading or
recurved, oval, ciliate, pubescent on the outer
surface; capsule maturing the next season,
beaked with the 2 persistent styles, densely
pubescent, J,'^-^'^ high, at length bursting
elastically; seeds large, bony.
In low woods, New Brunswick and Nova Sco-
tia to western Ontario and Minnesota, south to
Florida and Texas. Wood hard, light brown;
weight per cubic foot 43 lbs. Aug.-Dec.
3. LIQUIDAMBAR L. Sp. PI. 999. 1753.
Large trees with resinous sap, simple alternate lobed petioled leaves, and small monoe-
cious flowers in heads, the staminate clusters racemose, the pistillate ones usually solitary.
Calyx and corolla of the staminate flowers none; stamens numerous; filaments short; an-
thers longitudinally dehiscent. Calices of the pistillate flowers confluent; petals none; an-
thers rudimentary, borne on the edge of the calyx; ovary partly inferior, 2-celled; ovules
several or numerous; styles 2. Capsules 2-beaked, 2-valved at the summit, dry, hard, form-
ing a dense spinose globular head. [Name Latin-Arabic referring to the fragrant sap.]
I. Liquidambar Styraciflua I,. Sweet
Gum. Star-leaved or Red Gum. Bilsted.
Alligator-tree. (Fig. 1880.)
Liquidambar styraciflua L. Sp. PI. 999. 1753.
A forest tree, maximum height about 150°; bark,
very rough, branches usually winged with corky
ridges. Twigs glabrous or slightly pubescent; leaves
broader than long, 3^-9' wide, subcordate at base,
deeply 3-7-lobed, glabrous above, often pubescent
in the axils of the veins beneath, the lobes triangu-
lar-ovate, acute, sharply and finely serrate; sterile
flower-clusters erect or spreading, conic, consist-
ing of numerous small heads, greenish; fertile heads
long-peduncled, at length drooping, borne near the
base of the sterile; head of fruit about I'-iyi' in
diameter, the fertile seeds few, with numerous mi-
nute sterile ones.
In low woods, Connecticut and southern New York
to Florida, Illinois, Missouri and Mexico. Not common
away from the coast in the Middle States. Wood hard,
not strong, reddish brown; weight per cubic foot 37 lbs.
Leaves fragrant when bruised, brilliant in autumn. Its
gum, copal-balsam or copahn, used as a substitute for
storax. April-May.
13
194
PLATANACEAE.
[Vol.. II,
Family 42. PLATANACEAE Lindl. Nat. Syst. Ed. 2, 187. 1836.
Plane-tree Family.
Large trees, with thin exfoliating bark, alternate petioled palmately lobed
and veined leaves, the hollowed petiole bases enclosing the buds for the fol-
lowing season, and very small green monoecious flowers in dense globular heads.
Receptacle somewhat fleshy. Calj^x of 3-8 externally pubescent minute sepals.
Corolla of as many thin glabrous petals. Staminate flowers with stamens as many
as the sepals and opposite them; filaments short; anthers oblong or linear, longi-
tudinally dehiscent. Pistillate flowers with 2-8 distinct pistils; ovary linear,
i-celled; style elongated; stigma lateral. Ripened head of fruit composed of
very numerous narrowly obpyramidal nutlets which are densely pubescent below
with long nearly erect hairs. Seed pendulous; endosperm thin ; cotyledons linear.
The family contains only the following genus, comprising some 7 species, natives of the north,
temperate zone.
I. PLATANUS L. Sp. PI. 999. 1753.
Characters of the family. [Name ancient.]
Besides the following species, 2 others occur in the western United States and i or sin Mexico,
Platanus occidentalis L. Button-wood.
(Fig. 1881.)
Button-ball. Plane-tree.
Platanus occidentalis I,. Sp. PI. 999. 1753.
A large tree; maximum height about 130° and
trunk diameter 14° ; outer bark freely peeling off
in thin plates,uncovering the bright white inner
layers. Leaves orbicular, or wider than long,
4^-9' wide when mature, cordate or truncate at
the base, 3-5-lobed, densely floccose-pubescent
with whitish branched hairs when young, less s&
above and becoming nearly glabrous when old,
the lobes mostly large, sharply serrate, or rarely
entire; petiole mostly shorter than the blade;
stipules with broad spreading toothed borders,
conspicuous on young shoots; fruiting heads
i' in diameter, usually solitary, hanging on a
long peduncle, persistent through the winter,
the nutlets at length scattered by the wind.
Along streams and in wet woods, Maine to On-
tario and Minnesota, Florida, Kansas and Texas.
Wood hard, weak, difficult to split, reddish brown;
weight per cubic foot 35 lbs. The largest tree of
east America; often called Sycamore. The outer
bark of the lower part of old trunks does not freely
exfoliate. May.
Family 43. ROSACEAE B. Juss. Hort. Triau. 1759.
Rose Family.
Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with alternate (in some exotic genera opposite),
simple or compound leaves, and regular perfect or rarely polygamo-dioecious
flowers. Stipules commonly present, sometimes large. Calyx free from or adnate
to the ovary, 5-lobed (rarely 4-9-lobed), often bracteolate. Disk adnate to the
base of the calyx. Petals equal in number to the calyx-lobes, distinct, or none.
Stamens usually numerous, distinct; anthers small, 2-celled. Carpels i-co , dis-
tinct, or adnate to the calyx. Ovary i-celled or rarely imperfectly 2-celled; style
terminal or lateral. Ovules i, 2, or several, anatropous. Fruit various, mostly
follicles or achenes; endosperm none, or rarely copious.
A family comprising about 65 genera and 1200 species, of wide geographic distribution.
Pistils few, seldom more than 5, ripening into 2-4-seeded follicles.
Follicles dehiscent along both sutures; seeds shining. i. Opulaster.
Follicles dehiscent along one suture; seeds dull.
Pistils alternate with the calyx-lobes.
Flowers perfect; leaves simple; shrubs. 2. Spiraea.
Flowers dioecious; leaves 2-3-pinnate; tall herbs. 3. Aruncus.
Pistils opposite the calyx-lobes; petals white, strap-shaped. 4. Porferanthus.
Vol. II.]
ROSE FAMILY.
195
7. Fragaria.
11. Sibbaldia.
12. Waldsleinia.
i.^. Geum.
14. Dryas.
15. Cercocarpus.
16. Ulniaria.
Alchemilla.
Agrimonia.
Sanguisorba.
Pistils numerous, ripening into 1-2-seeded drupelets or achenes.
Pistils ripening into drupelets crowded on the receptacle.
Drupelets very pulpy. 5. Rubus.
Drupelets nearly dry, enclosed by the calyx. 6. Dalibarda.
Pistils ripening into achenes.
Style deciduous.
Receptacle very pulpy in fruit.
Receptacle not fleshy, even in fruit.
Pistils very numerous.
Receptacle much enlarged in fruit; bractlets longer than calyx. 8. Diichesnea.
Receptacle little enlarged; bractlets mostly shorter than calyx.
Petals white or yellow, obtuse or emarginate. 9. Potentilla.
Petals purple, abruptly acuminate, much shorter than calyx. 10. Comarum.
Pistils only 1-12.
Stamens 5; petals minute; arctic and alpine herb.
Stamens numerous; petals conspicuous.
Style persistent on the achene, often plumose.
Calyx-lobes and petals 5; leaves interruptedly pinnate.
Calyx-lobes and petals 8-9; leaves simple.
Pistil solitary; achene with a long persistent plumose style; shrub.
Pistils 5-15, ripening into t-seeded capsules; filaments narrowed at base; herbs.
Pistils 1-4; fruit enclosed in the dry persistent calyx-tube; herbs.
Calyx with 4 or 5 bractlets; petals none. 17.
Calyx not bracteolate, but bearing hooked prickles; petals 5. 18.
Calyx neither bracteolate nor prickly; petals none. ig.
Pistils numerous, ripening into achenes enclosed by the fleshy persistent calyx-tube; shrubs with
pinnate leaves. 20. Rosa.
I. OPULASTER Medic. Pfl. Anat. 2: 109. 1799.
[Physocarpa Raf. New Fl. N. A. 3: 73. 1836.]
Branching shrubs, with petioled simple palmately lobed leaves, and white flowers in ter-
minal corymbs. Calyx campanulate, 5-lobed. Petals 5, rounded, inserted in the throat of
the calyx. Stamens 20-40, inserted with the petals. Pistils 1-5, short-stipitate, when 5 al-
ternate with the calyx-lobes. Stigma terminal, capitate. Pods 1-5, inflated, in our species
at length dehiscent along both sutures, 2-4-seeded. Seeds ovoid or globose, crustaceous,
shining; endosperm copious. [Greek, a wild Opulus, or cranberry -tree.]
Species about 5, i or perhaps 2 of eastern North America, 3 of the Rocky Mountains and Pacific
Coast, I in Mantchuria.
I. Opulaster opulifolius (L.) Kuntze.
Ninebark. (Fig. 1882.)
Spiraea opulifolia I,. Sp. PI. 489. 1753.
Neillia opulifolia Brew. & Wats. Bot. Cal. 1: 171.
1876.
Opulasleropulifolitis'K.VLntze^, Rev. Gen. PI. 949, 1891.
A shrub 3°-io° high, with recurved branches,
glabrous twigs and foliage, the bark peeling off"
in thin strips. Stipules caducous; leaves peti-
oled, ovate-orbicular, obtusely or acutely 3-lobed,
cordate, truncate or broadly cuneate at the base,
i'-2' long, or larger on the young shoots, the
lobes irregularly crenate-dentate; corymbs ter-
minal, peduncled, nearly spherical, many-flow-
ered, 1^-2' broad; pedicels slender, glabrous or
slightly pubescent, ^"-9," long; flowers white or
purplish; calyx glabrous or nearly so; follicles
3-5, glabrous, shining, obliquely subulate-tipped,
twice as long as the calyx.
River-banks and in rocky places, Quebec to
Georgia, west to Manitoba and Kansas. June.
2. SPIRAEA L. Sp. PI. 489. 1753.
Shrubs, with alternate simple pinnate or pinnatifid mainly stipulate leaves. Flowers
terminal or axillary, racemose, cymose, corymbose or paniculate, white or pink, perfect.
Calyx persistent, it^ tube mainly campanulate, 4-5-lobed. Petals 4-5, inserted on the calyx,
short-clawed. Stamens 20-60, distinct, inserted on the calyx; filaments filiform; anthers di-
dymous. Disk adnate to the calyx-tube. Pistils commonly 5 (rarely 1-8), superior, sessile
or short-stipitate, alternate with the calyx-lobes. Stigmas capitate or discoid; ovules 2-00 .
Follicles usually 5, not inflated, dehiscent along i suture. Seeds linear, pendulous, the testa
dull; endosperm little or none. [Greek, twisting, the pods twisted in some species.]
About 60 species, natives of the north temperate zone. Besides the following, about 2 others
occur in the western parts of North America.
196
ROSACEAE.
[Vol. II.
Flowers in dense terminal panicles.
Glabrous or nearly so throughout.
Twigs and lower surfaces of the leaves woollj'-pubescent.
Flowers in terminal corymbs.
Leaves broadly oval or ovate, thick, serrate.
Leaves oblong, thin, nearly entire.
1. S. salicifolia.
2. .S. lomentosa.
3. S. corymbosa.
4. S. Virginiana.
I. Spiraea salicifolia L. Willow-
leaved or American Meadow-sweet.
Quaker Lady. (Fig. 1883.)
Spiraea salicifolia L,. Sp. PI. 489. 175.V
An erect shrub, 2°-4° high, simple, or
branched above, nearly glabrous. Leaves
petioled, oblanceolate, obovate, lanceolate
or oval, glabrous or very nearly so, sharply
serrate, especially above the middle, i'-2'
long, \"-i2" wide, or on young shoots
much larger, obtuse or acutish at the apex,
mainly cuneate at the base, pale beneath;
stipules deciduous or none; flowers white or
pinkish-tinged, 2"-^' broad, in dense ter-
minal panicles; follicles glabrous.
In swamps or moist ground, Newfoundland to
the Rocky Mountains, south to Georgia and
Missouri. Also in northern Europe and Asia.
Called also Oueen-of-the-Meadow. June-Aug.
2. Spiraea tomentosa L,. Hardback.
Steeple-bush. (Fig. 1884.)
Spiraea lomentosa L- Sp. PI. 489. 1753.
Erect, shrubby, usually simple, the stems
floccose-pubescent. Leaves short-petioled, ovate
or oval, long, wide, unequally ser-
rate, obtuse or acutish at the apex, narrowed or
rouuded at the base, glabrous and dark-green
above, woolly-pubescent with whitish hairs be-
neath; stipules deciduous or none; flowers pink
or purple, rarely white, about 2" broad, in dense
terminal panicles; follicles pubescent.
In swamps and low grounds. Nova Scotia to
Manitoba, south to Georgia and Kansas. July-Sept.
3. Spiraea corymbosa Raf. Corymbed
Spiraea. (Fig. 1885.)
Spiraea corymbosa Raf. Prec. Decouv. 36. 1814.
Spiraea betnlifolta var. corymbosa S. Wats, in A.
Gray, Man. Ed. 6, 153. 1890.
A shrub, i°-3° high, simple or little branched,
nearly glabrous throughout. Leaves petioled,
rather thick, oval, ovate or orbicular, narrowed,
rounded or slightly cordate at the base, obtuse at
the apex, unequally serrate with pointed teeth, es-
pecially above the middle, green above, paler and
sometimes minutely pubescent beneath, i/^'-s'
long, \'-7.' wide; stipules deciduous or none; flow-
ers white, about 7." broad in dense compound
terminal often leafj' corymbs; follicles glabrous.
On banks or in rocky places, mountains of Georgia
to New Jersey. May-June.
Vol.. II.] ROSE FAMILY. 197
4. Spiraea Virginiana Britton. Vir-
ginia Spiraea. (Fig. 1886.)
5. P'irginia7ia Britton, Bull. Torr. Club, 17:314. 1890.
A glabrous much-branched shrub, the branches
forming wands i°-4° long. Stipules deciduous
or none; leaves petioled, oblong or oblanceolate,
thin, obtuse or acutish at the apex, cuneate or
rounded at the base, ij^'-a' long, 5''-8" wide,
green above, pale or slightly glaucous beneath,
entire, or with a few low teeth above the middle;
flowers white, about 3" wide, in terminal com-
pound corymbs; pedicels and calyx glaucous;
follicles glabrous.
On damp rocks, Morgantown, W. Va., to the
mountains of North Carolina. June.
Spiraea sorbifolia, a large shrub with odd-pinnate
leaves, lanceolate serrate leaflets, and large panicles
of white flowers, much cultivated for ornarnent,
has begun to escape into thickets in the Middle
States. It is native of Siberia.
3. ARUNCUS Adans. Fam. PI. 2: 295. 1763.
Tall perennial herbs, with large 2-3-pinnate leaves, stipules minute or wanting, and very
numerous white dioecious flowers in panicled spikes. Calyx mostly 5-lobed. Pet Is as
many as the calyx-lobes. Stamens numerous, inserted on the calyx ; filaments filiform.
Pistils usually 3, alternate with the calyx-lobes. Follicles glabrous, at length reflexed, usually
2-seeded. Seeds minute, not shining.
Two known species, the following widely dis-
tributed in the north temperate zone, the other
Japanese.
I. Aruncus Aruncus (L. ) Karst.
Goat'.s-beard. (Fig. 1887.)
Spiraea Aruncus L. Sp. PI. 490. 1753.
Aruncus sylvesler Kostel. Ind. Hort. Prag. 15.
Name only. 1844.
Aruncus Aruncus '^■ax%\.. Deutsch. Fl. 779. 1880-83.
Glabrous throughout, stem erect, somewhat
branched, 3°-7° high. Leaves loug-petioled, the
lower 1° long or more, pinnate, 3-7-foliolate;
leaflets ovate, lanceolate or oval, thin, stalked
or sessile, acuminate or acute at the apex,
rounded, slightly cordate or sometimes nar-
rowed at the base, sharply doubly serrate or in-
cised, i'-3' long; spikes slender, elongated,
erect or spreading; flowers i"-2" wide; follicles
short.
In rich woods, mountains of Pennsylvania to
Iowa, south to Georgia and Missouri. Also on the
northwest coast from Oregon to Alaska, and in
northern Europe and Asia. Ascends to 4200 ft. in
North Carolina. May-July.
4. PORTERANTHUS Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 4: 115. 1894.
[GitLENiA Moench, Meth. Suppl. 286. 1802. Not Gillena Adans. 1763.]
Erect perennial herbs, with nearly sessile stipulate 3-foliolate or 3-parted leaves, and
white or pinkish perfect flowers in loose terminal panicles. Calyx cylindric, persistent, nar-
rowed at the throat, lo-nerved, 5-toothed, the teeth imbricated, slightly glandular. Petals 5,
linear-lanceolate, spreading, convolute in the bud, somewhat unequal, inserted on the calyx.
Stamens 10-20, included; filaments short; anthers large. Carpels 5, villous-pubescent, op-
posite the calyx-lobes. Ovules ascending; style filiform. Follicles 5, 2-4-seeded. Seeds with
endosperm. [In honor of Thomas Conrad Porter, Professor in Lafayette College.]
A genus of 2 known species, natives of eastern North America.
Leaflets serrate; stipules subulate, mainly entire. i. P. trifolialus.
Leaflets incised ; stipules broad, foliaceous, incised. 2. P. siipulatus.
198
ROSACEAE.
[Vol. II
I. Porteranthus trifoliatus (L,.) Brit-
ton. Indian Physic. Bowman's-
root. (Fig. 1888.)
Spiraea Irifoliata L. Sp. PI. 490. 1753.
Gillenia Irifoliata Moench, Meth. Suppl. 286. 1802.
Porteranthus trifoliatus Britton, Mem. Torn Club,
5: 115. 1894.
Herbaceous from a perennial root, erect,
branching, 2°-4° high, glabrous or somewhat
pubescent. Stipules subulate, 2^-4'' long, en-
tire or serrate; leaflets short- stalked, oval, ovate,
lanceolate or slightly obovate, acuminate at the
apex, narrowed at the base, 2'-3' long, irregu-
larly serrate; upper leaves often 3-lobcd, or some-
times merely serrate; panicles few-flowered;
pedicels slender; petals white or pinkish, 5''-6"
long; calyx reddish; pods pubescent, subulate-
tipped, little exceeding the calyx.
Woodlands, New York to Michigan, Georgia and
Missouri. Ascends to 4500 ft. in North Carolina.
Stipules rarely larger, lanceolate. May-Juls'.
2. Porteranthus stipulatus (Muhl.)
Britton. American Ipecac.
(Fig. 1889.)
Spiraea stipulata Muhl.; Willd. Enum. 542. 1809.
Gillenia stipulacea Nutt. Gen. i: 307. 1818.
Porterantlnis stipulatus Britton, Mem. Torr. Club,
5: 115. 1894.
Resembling the preceding species, but gener-
ally more pubescent. Stipules foliaceous, broad,
ovate, acuminate or acute, 4"-i2'^ long, sharply
incised-serrate; leaflets commonly narrower
than those of the preceding, incised-serrate, or
those of the lower leaves deeply pinnatifid; flow-
ers commonly fewer and slightly smaller; pods
less pubescent or sometimes quite glabrous.
In woods, w-esteni New York to Indiana and
Kansas, south to Alabama, Louisiana and the
Indian Territory. June-July.
5. RUBUS L. Sp. PI. 492. 1753-
Perennial herbs, shrubs or trailing vines, often prickly, with alternate simple lobed or
3-7-foliolate leaves, the stipules adnate to the petiole. Flowers terminal or axillary, solitary,
racemose or panicled, white, pink or purple, perfect or sometimes dioecious. Calyx persis-
tent, not bracted, deeply 5-parted, its tube short and broad. Petals 5, deciduous. Stamens
CO, usually numerous, inserted on the calyx, distinct. Carpels co, rarely few, inserted on a
convex or elongated receptacle, ripening into drupelets and forming an aggregate fruit.
Ovules 2, one abortive. Style nearly terminal, slender. Seed pendulous. [The ancient
name of the bramble, from riiber, red.]
About 250 species, of wide geographic distribution, most abundant in the north temperate zone.
Besides the following, some 10 others occur in North America beyond our area. The stems of many
species are biennial.
Leaves simple, crenate or palmately lobed.
Shrubby, 2°-5° high, branched; flowers corymbose.
Flowers numerous, red-purple. i. R. odoratus.
Flowers few, white; western. 2. R. parviflorus .
Herbaceous, 3' -9' high, simple: flowers solitary, white. 3. R. Cliamaemorus.
Vol. II.]
ROSE FAMILY
199
Leaves 3-7-foliolate.
Fruit falling^ away from the dry receptacle. Raspberries.
Herbaceous, unarmed, 2' -6' high, 1-2-flowered. 4. R. arcticus.
Shrubby, erect, decumbent or ascending, many-flowered.
Stems bristly, not glaucous; fruit light red. 5. R. strigosus.
Stems prickly, slightly glaucous; fruit dark red. 6. R. negleclus.
Stems prickly, very glaucous; fruit purple-black. 7. R. occidentalis.
Fruit persistent on the fleshy receptacle. Blackberries.
Herbaceous, annual, unarmed; fruit red-purple. 8. R. Americanus.
Shrubby, erect, recurved or ascending; fruit black.
Leaves pubescent or glandular-pubescent beneath; plants prickly.
Fruit broadly oval, very pulpy. 9. R.
Fruit narrowly oblong or thimble-Jhaped, comparatively dry. 10. R.
II.
12.
13-
14.
villosus.
Allegha niensis.
Mil Is pa ugh ii.
cuneifolius.
hispidus.
setosus.
15. R. Irivialis.
Baileyanus.
Canadensis.
Leaves glabrous both sides; plant unarmed
Leaves white -woolly beneath; plant prickly.
Shrubby, trailing or procumbent.
Stem bristly, scarcely prickly; leaflets obovate, K'-i/^' long
Stem densely bristly; leaflets acute or acuminate, 2'-4' long.
Stem prickly; leaflets ovate or oval.
Leaflets thick, coriaceous, persistent.
Leaflets thin, deciduous.
Leaflets pubescent beneath, mostly rounded or cordate at base
16. R.
Leaflets nearly or quite glabrous, mostly narrowed at base.
17. R.
1. Rubus odoratus L. Purple-flowering
RaspberrJ^ (Fig. 1890.)
Rubus odoratus L. Sp. PI. 494. 1753.
Erect, branched, shrubby, glandular-pubescent
and .wmewhat bristly, not prickly, 3°-5° high.
Stipules small, lanceolate, acuminate; leaves sim-
ple, petioled, large (sometimes nearly 1° broad),
3-5-lobed, cordate at the base, pubescent, espe-
cially on the veins of the lower surfaces, the lobes
acuminate, finely serrate, the middle one longer
than the others; flowers terminal, rather numer-
ous, corymbose or paniculate, purple, showy, i'-
2' broad; bracts membranous; calyx-lobes tipped
with a long slender appendage; fruit red when
ripe, depressed-hemispheric, scarcely edible.
In rocky woods. Nova Scotia to Ontario and Michi-
gan, south to Georgia and Tennessee. A form with
^hite flowers has been found at Pine Hill, Ulster Co.,
N. Y. June-Aug. In England called Virginia
Haspberry.
, Rubus parviflorus Nutt. Salmon-
berry. White-flowering Raspberry.
(Fig. 1891.)
Rubus parviflorus Nutt. Gen. i: 308. 1818.
Rubus Nutkamis Mocino; DC. Prodr. 2: 566.
1825.
Similar to the preceding species but usually less
glandular and scarcely bristly. Leaves petioled,
simple, cordate at the base, 3-5-lobed, the lobes
acute or obtusish, rarely acuminate, the middle one
equalling or but slightly longer than the others, all
coarsely and unequally serrate; flowers few, corym-
bose, white, terminal, I'-i' broad; calyx-lobes
tipped with a long, slender appendage; fruit de-
pressed-hemispheric, scarcely edible, red when
ripe.
In woods, Michigan, Minnesota and western Ontario
to Alaska and California, south in the Rocky Mountains
to Utah and Colorado. May-Jub'.
200
ROSACEAE.
[Vol,. 11,
3. Rubus Chamaemorus L. Cloudberry. Knot-
berry. Mountain Bramble. Mountain
Raspberry. (Fig. 1892.)
Rzibus Chamaemorus L,. Sp. PI. 494. 1753.
Herbaceous, rootstock creeping, branches erect, 3'-io''
high, fiuely pubescent or nearly glabrous, scaly below;
stipules ovate, obtuse; leaves petioled, simple, orbicular or
broader, 5-9-lobed, cordate or reniform at the base, pubes-
cent or glabrous, i'-3' broad, the lobes usually short, broad,
dentate; flowers dioecious, solitary, terminal, white, 6''-i2"
broad; sepals ovate, shorter than the petals, sometimes
toothed toward the apex; fruit red, composed of few drupe-
lets, edible and pleasant.
In peat-bogs and swamps, Maine and New Hampshire to arctic
America, extending to Alaska and British Columbia. Also in
northern Europe and Asia. June-July.
4. Rubus arcticus I,. Arctic Raspberry or
Bramble. (Fig. 1893.)
Rubus arclicus L. Sp. PI. 494. 1753.
Stems erect, simple or branched from the base, herbaceous,
3''-io' high, unarmed, finely pubescent, sometimes leafless be-
low. Stipules oval or ovate, obtuse, 2"-^" long; leaves slen-
der-petioled, 3-foliolate (rarely 5-foliolate) ; leaflets sessile or
short-stalked, rhombic-ovate or obovate, coarsely and un-
equally serrate or slightly lobed, g^'-iS" long; flowers soli-
tary, or occasionally 2, terminal, slender-peduncled, pink, 6"-
\i" broad, sometimes dioecious; sepals acute, equalling or
shorter than the obovate entire or emarginate petals; fruit
light red, of several or numerous drupelets, edible, fragrant.
In peat-bogs and damp woods, Quebec to Manitoba and British
Columbia, and throughout arctic America. Also in northern
Europe and Asia. Called also Strawberry-leaved Bramble.
Summer.
5. Rubus strigosus Michx. Wild Red Raspberry. (Fig. 1894.)
Rubus slrigosus Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 297. 1803.
Rubus Idaetis var. strigosus Maxim. Bull. Acad. St.
Petersb. 17; 161. 1872.
Stems shrubby, biennial, branched, 3°-6° high,
usually densely clothed with weak glandular bris-
tles, or the older stems with small hooked prickles.
Stipules narrow, deciduous; leaves petioled, pin-
uately 3-5 foliolate; leaflets ovate or ovate-oblong,
acuminate, sharply and irregularly serrate or slightly
lobed, rounded at the base, i'-3' long, whitish-pu-
bescent beneath; inflorescence terminal and axil-
lary, racemose or paniculate, loose; pedicels slender,
curving in fruit; flowers 4' '-6'^ broad; petals white,
ascending, about equalling the spreading acumi-
nate sepals; fruit elongated-hemispheric, light
red, white in a cultivated form.
In dry or rocky situations, Newfoundland and Lab-
rador to Manitoba and British Columbia, south in the
Alleghanies to North Carolina, and in the Rocky
Mountains to New Mexico. Ascends to 5500 ft. in
North Carolina. The original of the Cuthbert and Han-
sall Raspberries. May-July. Fruit ripe July-Sept.
Vol. Il.l
ROSE FAMILY.
20I
6. Rubus neglectus Peck. Purple Wild
Raspberry. (Fig. 1895.)
Rubus neglectus Peck, Rep. Reg. Univ. N. Y. 22: 53.
1869.
Rubus strigosus X occidenlalis Aust. Bull. Torr. Club,
l: 31. 1870.
Intermediate between the preceding species and
the next. Stems usually elongated, recurved and
rooting at the tip, glaucous, sparingly bristly and
prickly; leaflets ovate, sharply and irregularly in-
cised-serrate, very white-pubescent beneath, 1^-3'
long, inflorescence corymbose, Tather compact,
terminal and often axillary; pedicels erect or as-
cending even in fruit; flowers broad; petals
white, erect; fruit nearly hemispherical, dark -red
or purple (yellowish in a cultivated form).
In dry or rocky soil, New England to Pennsylvania.
The original of the Carolina, Gladstone and other Rasp-
berries. June-July. Fruit ripe July-Aug.
7. Rubus occidentalis L. Black Rasp-
berry. Thimble-berry. (Fig. 1896.)
Rubus occidentalis L. Sp. PI. 493. 1753.
Rubus Maeus ^ax. Americanus Torr. Ann. I,yc. N. Y.
2; 196. 1825.
Very glaucous, stems cane- like, recurved, often
rooting at the tip, sometimes io°-i2° long, spar-
ingly armed with small hooked prickles, rarely
slightly glandular-bristly above. Stipules seta-
ceous, deciduous; leaves pinnately 3-foliolate
(rarely 5-foliolate) ; leaflets ovate, acuminate,
coarsely incised-serrate, very white-pubescent be-
neath; flowers as in the preceding species; inflores-
cence corymbose, compact, usually only terminal;
pedicels short, ascending or erect in fruit; fruit
purple-black, depressed-hemispheric.
Quebec and Ontario, south to Georgia and Missouri.
Ascends to 3000 ft. in Virginia. The oripnal of the
Gregg, Hilborn and other Raspberries. May-June.
Fruit ripe July. Called also Scotch-cap and Black-cap.
8. Rubus Americanus (Pers.) Britton. Dwarf Ra.spberry. (Fig. 1897.)
Rubus saxatilis var. Canadensis Michx. Fl. Bor. Am.
I: 298. 1803. Not R. Canadensis L,. 1753.
R. saxatilis -v^x. Americanus Pers. Syn. 2: 52. 1807.
Rubus triflorus Richards. Franklin Journ. Fd. 2, App.
19. 1823.
R. Americanus Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 185. 1894.
Stem trailing or ascending, unarmed, annual, her-
baceous, or slightly woody and sometimes branched
below, 6'- 1 8' long, somewhat pubescent. Stipules
oval, entire or few-toothed, t^"-^" long; leaves peti-
oled, pedately or pinnately 3-foliolate, rarely 5-folio-
late; leaflets rhombic-ovate, glabrous or nearly so,
acute, the lateral ones mostly rounded, the terminal
one cuneate at the base, all sharply and often doubly
serrate; peduncles slender, 1-3-flowered, glandular-
pubescent; flowers 4''-6" broad; petals 5-7, white,
spatulate-oblong, erect, rather longer than the acu-
minate reflexed sepals; fruit red-purple, about (>"
long.
In swamps, Newfoundland to Manitoba, south to
New Jersey and rowa. Intermediate between Black-
berries and Raspberries. May-July. Fruit ripe July-
Aug.
202
ROSACEAE.
[Vol.. II.
9. Rubus villosus Ait. High Bush
Blackberry. (Fig. 1898.)
Rubus frulicosus Marsh. Arb. Am. 137. 1785. Not
L- 1753-
Rubus villosus Ait. Hort. Kew. 2: 210. 1789.
Shrubby, branched, perennial, glandular-pu-
bescent; stems erect or recurved, 3°- 10° long,
armed with stout recurved prickles. Stipules
linear or lanceolate; leaves 3-5-foliolate; leaf-
lets ovate or ovate-Oblong, acute or acuminate,
coarsely and unequally serrate, pubescent be-
neath, the terminal one stalked; inflorescence
mainly terminal, racemose-paniculate; bracts
small; flowers 9"-! 2" broad; petals white, ob-
ovate, much exceeding the sepals; fruit black,
pulpy, 6"-i2'^ long.
In dry soil, New Enprland to Florida and Arkansas,
mostly at low altitudes. May-June. Fruit ripe
July-Augf. A form with small white fruit occurs in
Michigan.
Rubus villosus frondosus Bigel.;' Torr. Fl. U. S. 1:487. 1824.
Rubus frondosus Bigel. Fl. Bost. Ed. 2: 199. 1824.
Less glandular, or merely pubescent; stems erect or ascending; flowers mostly fewer and smaller,
leafy-bracted. Range of the type, apparently extending further north and northwest. Perhaps
specifically distinct.
Rubus laciniatus WiUd., found escaped from cultivation in southern New York, has laciniate
or pinnatifid leaflets. It is a native of Europe.
10. Rubus Alleghaniensis Porter. Mountain Blackberry. (Fig. 1899.)
Rubus villosus var. viontanus Porter,
Bull. Torr. Club, 17: 15. 1890.
Rubus monlanvs Porter, Bull. Torr.
Club, 21: 120. 1894. Not Ort. 1852.
Rubus Allegliaiiiensis Porter, Bull.
Torr. Club, 23: 153. 1896.
Glandular or glandless, resembling
the preceding species in foliage and
flowers. Stems rather more slender,
red or purple, very prickly, erect or
ascending, 2°-8° high. Leaflets usu-
ally narrower, ovate- lanceolate; fruit
narrowly oblong, oblong-conic or
thimble-shaped, long, j,"-
\" in diameter, much less pulpy and
of a peculiar flavor; racemes some-
times very long, and pubescent;
drupelets oblong when dry.
In dry soil, Ontario and northern New
York to Pennsylvania and perhaps to
Virginia, mostly at high altitudes. The
characteristic High Blackberry of the
mountains of the Eastern and Middle
States. May-July. Fruit ripe Aug.-Sept.
Vol.. II.]
ROSE FAMILY.
203
II. Rubus Millspaughii Britton. Mill-
spaugh's Blackberry'. (Fig. 1900.)
Rubus MiUspaughii Britton, Bull. Torr. Club, i8: 366.
1891.
Ascending, wand-like, entirely unarmed, or with
a few weak prickles, glabrous or the younger
shoots scurfy-pubescent, stems 5°-i2° long.
Leaves long-petioled, pedately 5-foliolate, or some
3-foliolate; leaflets oval, thin, glabrous on both
sides, long-acuminate or acute, rounded or nar-
rowed at the base, often 6' long and 2' wide,
sharply but not very deeply dentate; stalk of the
terminal leaflet i>4'-4'long; inflorescence loosely
racemose; bracts linear-lanceolate; pedicels slen-
der, ascending; sepals lanceolate, acuminate; fruit
black, very pulpy, 8"-i2'' long.
In thickets and rich woods, mountains of New
England, the Adirondacks, and in the higher south-
ern AUeghanies. June-Aug.
12. Rubus cuneifolius Pursh. Sand
Blackberry. Knee-high Black-
berry. (Fig. 1 901.)
Rubus parvifolius Walt. Fl. Car. 149. 1788. Not
L. 1753-
Rubus cuneifolius Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 347. 1814.
Shrubby, erect or nearly so, i°-3° high, much
branched, armed with stout straight or recurved
prickles, the young shoots and lower surfaces of
the leaves densely whitish-pubescent. Stipules
linear; leaves petioled, 3-5-foliolate; leaflets
thick, rugose above, long, obovate or rarely
oval, obtuse, dentate, especially above the mid-
dle, the terminal one cuneate; peduncles mainly
terminal, 2-5-flowered; flowers white or pinkish,
nearly \' broad; petals exceeding the sepals; fruit
brownish-black, often \' long, delicious.
In sandy soil, southern Connecticut to Florida?
west to Missouri and Louisiana. May -July. Fruit
ripe July-Aug.
13. Rubus hispidus L. Hispid or Run-
ning Swamp Blackberr3\ (Fig. 1902.)
Rubus hispidus L. Sp. PI. 493. 1753.
Rubiis obovalis Mich-s.. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 298. 1803.
Stems slender, slightly woody, creeping, more or
less densely beset with weak bristles. Branches
erect or ascending, 4'-! 2' long, naked, or with a
few scattered prickles; leaves petioled, 3-foliolate
or rarely 5-foliolate; leaflets obovate, obtuse, thick,
persistent, narrowed at the base, Y^'-^Yi' long,
sharply serrate above the middle; peduncles ter-
minal or axillary, nearly or quite leafless; flowers
racemose, white, broad ; petals exceeding the
sepals; fruit nearly black when ripe, sour, usually
less than y^' long, composed of few drupelets.
In swamps or low grounds, rarely in dry soil. Nova
Scotia to Ontario and Minnesota, south to Georgia
and Kansas. Ascends to 3500 ft. in North Carolina.
Leaves shining, persistent into the winter. Leaflets
of sterile shoots sometimes 2' -3' long. June-July.
204
ROSACEAE.
[Vol. II.
14. Rubus setosus Bigel. Bristly
Blackberry. (Fig. 1903.)
Rubus setosus Bigel. Fl. Bost. Ed. 2, 198. 1824.
Rubus hispidus var. setosus t. & G. Fl. N. A. i:
456. 1840.
Rubus hispidus var. suberecla Peck, Rep. N. Y.
State Mus. 44: 31. 1891. Not R. subereclus
Anders. 1815.
Similar to the preceding species but stouter,
stems ascending or decumbent, the older parts
densely clothed with slender stiff slightly re-
flexed bristles. Leaflets generally 5 in leaves of
the sterile shoots, 3 in those of the flowering
branches, obovate, mostly acute or short-acumi-
nate, sometimes 4' long, short-stalked or sessile;
flowers 6"-<)'^ broad, racemose; fruit small, sour.
In dry or marshy soil, Quebec and northern New-
York to eastern Pennsylvania. July-Aug.
15. Rubus trivialis Michx. I^ow Bush-
Blackberry. (Fig. 1904.)
Rubus trivialis Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 296. 1803.
Stem trailing or procumbent, several feet long,
beset with stout hooked prickles, and sometimes
bristly. Branches erect, 3^-9' high, prickly and
usually pubescent or setose; leaves petioled, 3-
foliolate (rarely 5-foliolate), leaflets oval, or
sometimes ovate lanceolate, coriaceous, ever-
green, glabrous or verj' nearly so, acute or ob-
tusish at the apex, narrowed or rounded at the
base, sharply serrate; peduncles terminal, prickly,
1-5-flowered; flowers often 1' broad, white;
petals much exceeding the reflexed sepals; fruit
black, often V long, well flavored.
In dry sandy soil, Virginia to Florida, west to Mis-
souri and Texas. Called also Southern Dewberry.
March-May.
16. Rubus Baileyanus Britton. Bailey's
Blackberry. (Fig. 1905.)
Rubus villosus var. humifusus T. & G. Fl. N. A. i:
455. 1840. Not R. humifusus Weihe, 1825.
Rubus invisus Britton, Bull. Torr. Club, 20: 279.
1893. Not R. Canadensis var. invisus Bailej', 1891.
R. BaileyannsBntton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 185. 1894.
Rubus villosus Randii Bailey; Redf. & Rand, Fl.
Mt. Desert, 94. 1894.
Intermediate in habit between R. villosus and
Ji. Canadensis, stem trailing or ascending, spar-
ingly prickly, 3°-6° long. Leaflets broadly
ovate or oval, pubescent, at least on the lower
surface, mostly rounded or cordate at the base,
acute or obtuse, the uppermost leaves almost in-
variably unifoliolate; flowers few, rather large;
fruit small, not as succulent as that of the related
species.
In dry woods and thickets, Maine to southern New
York and Virginia. May-June.
Vol. II.] ROSE FAMILY. 205
17. Rubus Canadensis L,. Low Running
Blackberry. Dewberry.
(Fig. 1906.)
Rubus Canadensis L. Sp. PI. 494. 1753.
Trailing, shrubby, stem often several feet long,
armed ■with scattered prickles or nearly naked.
Branches erect or ascending, 4^-12' long, more or
less pubescent, sometimes prickly, sometimes
slightly glandular; leaves petioled, 3-7-foliolate;
leaflets ovate, oval or ovate-lanceolate, thin, decid-
uous, acute or sometimes obtusish at the apex,
rounded or narrowed at the base, sharply dentate-
serrate, usually sparingly pubescent; flowers termi-
nal, few and racemose, or sometimes solitary, white,
about i' broad; peduncles leafy; sepals shorter than
or exceeding the petals; fruit black, delicious, often
long, less firmly attached to the receptacle than
in R. villosus.
In dry soil, Newfoundland and Ontario to Lake
Superior, south to Virginia, Louisiana and the Indian
Territorj-. April-May. Fruit ripe June-July.
Rubus Canadensis invisus Bailey, Am. Card. 12: 83. 1891.
Stem stouter than that of the type, often partly ascending-; leaflets larger, sometimes 3' long
and 2' wide, coarsely dentate with pointed teeth; peduncles elongated, erect; flower-buds conspi-
cuously tipped by the connivent ends of the sepals. Central and western New York. The Bartell
and Mammoth Dewberries of cultivation.
Rubus Canadensis roribaccus Bailey, Am. Gard. 11: 642. 1890.
Leaflets very large, doubly serrate, incised or lobed; flowers often 2' wide; sepals large and
often lobed; fruit larger than that of the type. The Lucretia Dewberry of cultivation. Western
New Jersey to Virginia and West Virginia.
6. DALIBARDA L. Sp. PI. 491. 1753.
A low tufted perennial downy-pubescent herb, with simple long-petioled ovate- orbicular
cordate and crenate leaves, and scape-like peduncles bearing i or 2 white flowers. Calyx
deeply 5-6-parted, its divisions somewhat unequal, the 3 larger ones commonly toothed.
Petals 5, sessile, soon deciduous. Stamens numerous. Pistils 5-10; style terminal.
Drupelets 5-10, nearly dry, enclosed at length in the connivent calyx-segments. [Named in
honor of Thos. Fran. Dalibard, a French botanist of the i8th century.]
A monotypic genus of northeastern North America.
I. Dalibarda repens L. Dalibarda.
(Fig. 1907.)
Dalibarda repens 1,. Sp. PI. 491. 1753.
Rubus Dalibarda L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 708. 1762.
Dalibarda violaeoides Michx. Fl. Bor, Am. i: 299.
1803.
Stems slender, unarmed, much tufted, several
inches long. Leaves pubescent on both sides,
<^"-2' in diameter, the crenations low, obtuse
or sometimes mucronulate; stipules setaceous;
flowers 4"-5" broad; peduncles slender, ^Yz'-^'
long; achenes oblong, pointed, slightly curved,
minutel}' roughened, 2" long, rather more
than Yz" in thickness.
In woods, Nova Scotia to Minnesota, south to
Pennsylvania, southern New Jersey, Ohio and
Michigan. Plant resembling a low violet, and
commonly bearing cleistogamous flowers. June-
Sept.
206
ROSACEAE.
[Vol. II.
7. FRAGARIA L. Sp. PI. 494. 1753.
Perennial acaulescent herbs propagating by runners, with alternate basal tufted petioled
3-foliolate leaves, and sheathing membranous stipules. Flowers white, corymbose or race-
mose on erect naked scapes, polygamo-dioecious, the pedicels often recurved. Calyx persis-
tent, its tube obconic or turbinate, s-bracteolate, deeply 5-lobed. Petals 5, obovate, short-
clawed. Stamens 00 ; filaments slender. Carpels co , inserted on a glabrous convex or elongated
receptacle, which becomes fleshy or pulpy in fruit; styles lateral. Achenes 00 , minute, dry,
crustaceous. Seed ascending. [Latin, fragum, strawberry, signifying fragrance.]
About 15 species, natives of the north temperate zone and the Andes of South America. Be-
sides the following-, 2 or 3 others occur in the western parts of North America.
Achenes imbedded in pits on the fruit; fruiting scape shorter than the leaves.
Leaflets broadly oval or obovate; fruit globose or ovoid. i. F. Virginiana.
Leaflets oblong or narrowly obovate; fruit oblong-conic. 2. F. Canadensis.
Achenes borne on the surface of the fruit; fruiting scape as long as or exceeding the leaves.
Stout; leaflets thickish; plant naturalized in fields. 3. F. vesca.
Slender; leaflets thin; native plant of shaded rocky situations. 4. F. Americana.
I. Fragaria Virginiana Duchesne. Virginia or Scarlet Strawberry.
(Fig. 1908.)
Fragaria Virginiana Duchesne, Hist.
Nat. Fras. 204. 1766.
Fragaria Virginiana var. Illinoensis
Prince; A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 155. 1867.
Rather stout, tufted, dark green,
more or less villous-pubescent vrith
spreading or sometimes appressed
hairs. Petioles 2'-6' long; leaflets
thick, or even coriaceous, broadly oval
or obovate, obtuse, dentate-serrate, the
terminal one generally cuneate, the
lateral inequilateral at the base; scape
equalling or shorter than the leaves,
the fruit being generally borne below
them; hairs of the scape more or less
spreading; calyx-lobes, at least of the
sterile flowers, erect at maturity; fruit
red, ovoid, the achenes imbedded in pits.
In dry soil, New Brunswick to South
Dakota, south to Florida, Louisiana and
Arizona. April-June. •
2. Fragaria Canadensis Michx. North-
ern Wild Stra\vberrJ^ (Fig- 1909-)
Fras^aria Canadensis Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 299.
1803.
Petioles slender, loosely villous, 4'-7' high.
Leaflets oblong or the middle one narrowly obovate,
obtuse, rather few-toothed, (^''-i' long, %"-io"
wide, glabrous or nearly so above even when
young, more or less appressed-pubescent beneath;
scapes pubescent with appressed hairs; flowers few,
slender-pedicelled, •]"-()" broad; fruit oblong, or
oblong-conic, 6"-8" long; achenes sunken in pits.
In fields and meadows, Newfoundland to the North-
west Territory, south to the Catskill Mountains.
May-July.
Vol. II.]
ROSE FAMILY.
207
3. Fragaria vesca I,. European Wood
Strawberry. (Fig. 1910.)
Fragaria vesca L. Sp. PI. 494. 1753.
Stout, tufted, dark-green, generally less vil-
lous than the two preceding species. Leaflets
ovate or broadly oval, obtuse, dentate, broader
but nearly or quite as thick, the terminal one
cuneate, the others inequilateral at the base;
scape commonly exceeding the leaves, so that
the fruit is borne above them, sometimes 12'
high, its hairs mostly spreading; calyx-lobes re
maining spreading or sometimes reflexed; fruit
red, hemispheric or conic, the achenes borne
on its smooth and nearly even surface.
In fields and along roadsides. Naturalized from
Europe in the Eastern and Middle States. April-
June.
Fragaria Americana (Porter) Britton. American Wood Strawberry.
(Fig. 191 1.)
Fragaria vesca var. Americana Porter, Bull.
Torr. Club, 17: 15. 1890.
Fragaria Americana Britton, Bull. Torr. Club,
19: 222. 1892.
Slender, light green, loosely villous- pubes-
cent or glabrate, producing runners more
freely than any of the three preceding spe-
cies. Leaflets thin, ovate or oval, obtuse or
acute at the apex, sharply incised-dentate,
the terminal one commonly cuneate, the
others inequilateral at the base, pubescent
with silvery appressed hairs beneath; flow-
ers smaller than in F. vesca; calyx-lobes
spreading or reflexed in fruit; fruit ovoid or
elongated-conic, light red or pink, the
achenes borne on its glabrous shining even
surface and but slightly attached to it.
In rocky woods, Pennsylvania and New Jer-
sey to Ontario and New Brunswick, west to
Oregon. May-June.
8. DUCHESNEA J. E. Smith, Trans. Einn. Soc. lo: 372. 1811.
Perennial herbs, with trailing branches often rooting at the nodes (leafy runners), 3-
foliolate long-petioled leaves and axillary slender-peduncled yellow perfect flowers. Calyx
5-parted, 5-bracteolate, the bractlets larger than the calyx-segments and alternating with
them, dentate or incised, often regarded like those in Fragaria and Poteniilla as an exterior
calyx. Petals 5, obovate. Stamens numerous. Pistils numerous, borne on a hemispheric
receptacle which greatly enlarges but does not become pulpy in fruit. Achenes superficial
on the receptacle. [In honor of A. N. Duchesne, French botanist.]
Two species, natives of southern Asia.
2o8
ROSACEAE.
[Vol. II.
I. Duchesnea Indica (Andr.) Focke. Yellow
or Indian Strawberry. (Fig. 1912.)
Fragaria Indica Andr. Bot. Rep. pi. 4yg. 1807.
Duchesnea Indica Focke, in Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pfl. Fam. 3:
abt 3, 33. 1888.
Silky-pubescent, tufted and forming leafy runners,
dark green. Leaflets obovate or broadh' oval, rather
thin, crenate or dentate, obtuse at the apex, rounded or
narrowed at the base, the terminal one generally cuneate;
peduncles equalling or longer than the leaves; flowers (>"-
12" broad; bractlets of the calyx dentate or incised, ex-
ceeding the ovate or lanceolate acuminate spreading
calyx-lobes; fruit red, ovoid or globose, insipid.
In waste places, southern New York and Pennsylvania to
Florida and Georgia. Naturalized or adventive from India.
April-July.
P. a rg en lea.
P. rubens.
P. intermedia.
P. reel a.
9. POTENTILLA L. Sp. PL 495. 1753.*
Herbs or shrubs, with alternate stipulate digitately or pinnately compound leaves, and
cymose or solitary yellow white or purple perfect flowers. Calyx persistent, its tube concave
or hemispheric, 5-bracteolate (rarely 4-bracteolate), 5-lobed (rarely 4-lobed). Petals 5 or
rarely 4, mostly obovate or orbicular, usually emarginate. Stamens 00 , seldom 5 or 10;
filaments slender; anthers small. Carpels 00, numerous, inserted on a dry, usually pubescent
receptacle; style terminal, basal or lateral, deciduous. Seed pendulous or ascending. [Di-
minutive oi potens, powerful, from the medicinal properties of some species.]
About 150 species, nearly all of them natives of the north temperate zone. Besides the follow-
ing about 30 others occur in the western and northwestern parts of North America.
Flowers cymose, white; leaves pinnate; erect herb. i. P. argula.
Flowers cymose, yellow; erect or ascending herbs.
Leaves digitately 3-7-foliolate; leaflets dentate or incised.
Leaflets 5-7.
Leaves white-pubescent beneath.
Leaves green beneath.
• Plant 3'-6' high; leaflets obovate, 6"-8" long; arctic.
Plants i°-2° high; leaflets i'-3' long; introduced species.
Leaflets obovate; flowers 3" -4" broad.
Leaflets oblanceolate; flowers 6" -9" broad.
Leaflets 3 (or apparently 5 in no. 11 ).
Styles filiform; plants arctic or alpine.
Leaves white-pubescent beneath.
Leaves green beneath, often villous.
Flowers s"-"" broad.
Teeth of the leaflets acute; bractlets oblong.
Teeth of the leaflets obtuse; bractlets oval.
F'lowers only 3" broad.
Styles glandular-thickened below.
Plants stout, erect, rough-pubescent.
Stamens about 20.
Stamens 5-8; prairie species.
Plant slender, often diffuse, villous.
Leaves pinnately 3-11-folioIate.
Leaves villous, or softly pubescent, rarel5' glabrate.
All 7-11-foliolate; inflorescence cymose. 13.
Upper leaves 3-foliolate; inflorescence falselj' racemose. 14.
Leaves white-toraentose on both sides.
Leaves mostly regularly pinnate; pubescence silky and tomentose.
Leaves mostly interruptedly pinnate; pubescence simply tomentose
Leaves green above, white-tomentose beneath; leaflets pinnatifid.
Styles thickened at the base.
Plant erect; leaves 7-15-foliolate. 17. P. Pennsylvanica.
Plant ascending or decumbent; leaves 5-7-foliolate, the leaflets approximate, or al-
most digitate. 18. P. littoralis.
Styles not thickened; plant low, spreading; leaves 6-9-foliolate. 19. P. ynuUifida.
Flowers cymose or solitary, yellow; shrub with pinnate leaves. 20. P. friiticosa.
Flowers cymose, white; plant low, shrubby; leaves 3-foliolate. 21. P. tridenlata.
Flowers solitary, axillarj', j-ellow; creeping or ascending herbs.
Leaves pinnate; leaflets 5-25, white- pubescent beneath. 22. P. Anserina.
Leaves digitate ; leaflets 5-3, pubescent or glabrate.
Leaflets 5, rarely 3; petals and sepals 5. 23. P. Canadensis.
Leaflets 3, rarely 5; petals and sepals 4, rarely 5. 24. P. nemoralis.
6. P. nivea.
P. emarginala.
P. nana.
P. Robbinsiana.
10. P. Monspeliensis.
11. P. penlandra.
12. P. leucocarpa.
P. paradoxa.
P. IVicollelii.
15. P. Hippiana.
16. P. effusa.
* Text revised by Mr. PER Axel Rvdberg.
TOL. II.]
ROSE FAMILY.
209
1814.
Not
I. Potentilla arguta Pursh. Tall, or Glandular Cinquefoil.
Polentilla arguia Pursli, Fl. Am. Sept. 736.
Getini agrinionioides Pursh, loc. cit. 351.
P. agrinionioides Bieb. 1808.
Erect, stout, simple or little-branched
above, glandular and villous-pubesceut, i°-4°
high. Stipules membranous ; basal leaves
•slender-petioled, pinnately 7-11-foliolate;
leaflets ovate, oval or rhomboid, obtuse at
the apex, the terminal one cuneate, the others
rounded at the base and commonly oblique,
all sharply incised-dentate; stem leaves
short-petioled or sessile, with fewer leaflets;
flowers white, densely cymose, terminal, nu-
merous, short-pedicelled,5''-7^' broad; calyx-
lobes ovate, acute, shorter than the obovate
petals; stamens 25-30, borne on the glandu-
lar disk; style nearly basal and fusiform,
thickened; achenes glabrous.
On dry or rocky hills. New Brunswick to the
Rocky Mountains, south to New Jersey, Illinois,
and Kansas. June-Julj'.
(Fig. 1913.)
2. Potentilla argentea L,. Silvery or Hoary
Cinquefoil. (Fig. 1914.)
Potentilla argentea L. Sp. PI. 497. 1753.
Stems ascending, tufted, branched, slightly woody at
thebase, 4'-i2' long, white woolly- pubescent. Stipules
lanceolate, acuminate; leaves all but the uppermost
petioled, digitately 5-foliolate; leaflets oblanceolate or
obovate, obtuse at the apex, cuneate at the base, green
and glabrous above, white-pubescent beneath, laciniate
or incised and with revolute margins, 6'^-i2" long;
flowers cymose, terminal, pedicelled, yellow, 2"-4'''
broad; calyx-lobes ovate, acutish, a little shorter than
the obovate retuse petals; stamens about 20; style
filiform, terminal; achenes glabrous.
In dry soil, Nova Scotia and Ontario to Dakota, south to
Washington, D. C, Indiana and Kansas. Also in Europe
and Asia. May-Sept.
Potentilla collina Wibel, of Europe, collected at Winona,
Minn., and Cambridge, Mass., differs in its more prostrate
habit, broader and not revolute leaflets, and larger calyx.
Potentilla rubens (Crantz) Vill.
Cinquefoil. (Fig. 1915.)
Northern
1769.
Fragaria rubens Crantz, Stirp. Aust. Ed. 2, 2: 75.
Potentilla ntaculaia Pourr. Act. Toloss. 3: 326. I7«8.
Potentilla Salisbrugensis Haenke in Jacq. Coll. 2: 68. 1788.
Potentilla rubens Vill. Prosp. Fl. Dauph. 46. 1779.
Rootstock prostrate, stems ascending, simple, pubes-
cent, 3'-8' high. Stipules membranous; basal leaves
slender-petioled, digitately 5-foliolate (rarely 3-foliolate) ;
leaflets obovate, obtuse at the apex, narrowed or cuneate
at the base, glabrous above, pubescent along the margins
and on the veins beneath, green both sides, incisely den-
tate, ()"-<^" long; flowers few, terminal, loosely cymose,
yellow, d"-!^" broad; pedicels slender; petals obovate,
obcordate, cuneate, yellow, orange-spotted at the base,
longer than the ovate acutish calyx-lobes; stamens about
20; style filiform, terminal; achenes glabrous.
I,abrador and Greenland to James Bay. Also in northern
and alpine Europe. Summer.
^4
2IO
Potentilla recta L.
Cinquefoil. (Fig.
ROSACEAE. [Voi,. 11..
4. Potentilla intermedia L,. Downy
Cinquefoil. (Fig. 1916.)
Polenlilla intermedia L. Mant. i: 76. 1767.
Perennial, stem i°-2)4° high, usually ascend-
ing, leafy and much branched, finely pubescent,
with long hairs. Leaves green and finely hirsute
on both sides, somewhat tomentose beneath, all
but the uppermost 5-foliolate, the lower long-pe-
tioled; stipules narrow, acute, mostly entire; leaf-
lets obovate or oblong, the teeth rather obtuse;
flowers numerous, cymose, yellow, leafy-bracted;
petals obcordate, equalling the triangular-ovate
acute sepals and oblong bractlets; stamens about
20; style terminal,short,not thickened at the base.
Massachusetts, New York and New Jersey. Ad-
ventive from Europe. Resembles P. Monspeliensis,
differing in its 5-foliolate leaves, and perennial root.
Rough-fruited
1917.)
Potentilla recta L. Sp. PI. 497. 1753.
Potentilla pilosa Willd. Sp. PI. 2: 1109.
1799-
Erect, rather stout, branched above, villous-pu-
bescent, i°-2° high. Stipules ovate- lanceolate, the
lower foliaceous and laciniate; leaves digitately
5-7-foliolate, all but the uppermost petioled; leaf-
lets oblanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, obtuse at
the apex, narrowed or cuneate at the base, green
both sides, sparingly pubescent with scattered
hairs above, more pubescent beneath, incised-deu-
tate, i'-3' long, with divergent teeth; flowers ter-
minal, cymose, yellow, numerous, b"-<^" broad;
stamens about 20; style slender, terminal; carpels
rugose.
In waste places, Ontario, New York, Virginia and
Michigan. Adventive from Europe. Native also of
Asia. June-Sept.
Snowy Cinquefoil. (Fig. 1918.)
Potentilla nivea L. Sp. PI. 499. 1753.
Stems I'-k' high, woody at the base, ascending or
erect, silky-villous, the flowering ones mostly simple.
Stipules membranous, silky; leaves 3-foliolate (very
rarely 5-foliolate), the lower petioled; leaflets obo-
vate, oblong or oval, obtuse, incised-dentate or cre-
nate, densely white-pubescent beneath, green and
loosely villous above, long, the terminal one
generally cuneate, the others narrowed or rounded
at the base; flowers 1-5, terminal, pedicelled, yellow,
j/z-g// broad; sepals silky, lanceolate, acute, shorter
than the broadly obovate emarginate petals, longer
than the bractlets; stamens about 20; style filiform,
terminal; achenes glabrous.
Labrador, Greenland and throughout arctic America
to British Columbia, south in the Rocky Mountains to-
Utah and Colorado. Also in arctic and alpine Europe
and Asia. Summer.
Vol.. IL]
ROSE FAMILY.
211
7. Potentilla emarginata Pursh.
Arctic Cinquefoil. (Fig. 1919.)
Polenlilla emarginata Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 353.
1814.
Stems villous pubescent, tufted, ascending
or erect, high. Stipules ovate or oblong,
membranous, mostly obtuse, entire; leaves 3-
foliolate, the basal slender-petioled; leaflets
obovate, 2"-(i" long, incised-dentate with
acute teeth, of which the terminal one is gen-
erally the largest, generally villous on both
sides, the terminal one narrowed or cuneate,
the others sometimes broad at the base; flower
solitary, rarely 2, yellow, 5''-"]^^ broad; calyx-
lobes ovate, obtuse, pilose, equalling the ob-
long bractlets, shorter than the obovate ob-
cordate petals; stamensabout2o; styleterminal,
filiform; achenes glabrous.
Labrador, Greenland and aictic America to
Alaska. Also in eastern Siberia and Spitzbergen.
Summer.
8. Potentilla nana Willd. lyow Cinquefoil.
(Fig. 1920.)
Potentilla nana Willd.; Schlecht. Berl. Mag. 7: 296. 1813.
Villous-pubescent, stems high, tufted, generally i-flowered.
Leaves 3-foliolate; stipules broadly ovate, scarious, brown; leaflets
broadly obovate or orbicular, toothed, the teeth short, rounded, the
terminal one often the smallest; petals broadly obcordate, exceed-
ing the ovate acute sepals and the elliptic obtuse bractlets; other-
wise resembling P. emarginata.
Labrador, Hudson Bay and arctic America to Alaska, south to the
Canadian Rocky Mountains. Also in Siberia. Summer.
9. Potentilla Robbinsiana Oakes. Robbins' Cinquefoil. (Fig. 192 1.)
Potentilla Robbinsiana Oakes; T. & G. Fl. N. A. i: 441. 1840.
Potentilla minima A. Gray, Man. 122. 1848.
P.frigida A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 154. 1867. Not Vill. 1789.
Depressed, yz'-2' high, tufted from a thick woody base,
villous-pubescent. Stipules ovate, obtusish, loosely villous;
basal leaves petioled, 3-foliolate, those of the flowering
stem sessile, small and 3-lobed; leaflets obovate, villous on
both sides, and especially so beneath, 7."-\" long, deeply
3-7-dentate above, cuneate or narrowed at the base, obtuse
at the apex; flowers solitary, terminal, slender-petioled, yel-
low, about 3" broad; sepals and bractlets nearly equal, ob-
tuse, slightly shorter than the obcordate petals; stamens
about 20; style terminal, filiform; achenes glabrous.
White Mountains of New Hampshire. Summer.
2 12
ROSACEAE.
[Vol,. 11.
10. Potentilla Monspeliensis L. Rough
Cinquefoil. (Fig. 1922.)
Polenlilla Monspeliensis L. Sp. PI. 499. 1753.
Potentilla Norvegica L. Sp. PI. 499. 1753.
Potentilla Itirsuta Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 302. 1803.
Erect, stout, annual or biennial, branched above,
hirsutely rough-pubescent, 6'-2^° high. Stipules
foliaceous, lanceolate, incised-dentate or some-
times entire; leaves 3-foliolate, the lower and ba-
sal ones petioled, the upper sessile or nearly so;
leaflets obovate, green both sides, obtuse at the
apex, mostly narrowed at the base, pubescent
with spreading hairs, i'-2' long; flowers yellow,
terminal, usuallj- rather densely cymose and leafy-
bracted, 3"-6" broad ; calj-x-lobes ovate, acute,
pubescent, longer than the obovate retuse petals
and somewhat broader than the bractlets; stamens
15-20; style glandular-thickened below, terminal;
achenes glabrous, rugose or smooth.
In drj' soil, Labrador to South Carolina, west to
Alaska and Kansas, south in the Rocky Mountains to
Arizona. Also in Mexico, Europe and Asia. Often
occurs as a weed in cultivated groinul. June-Sept.
II. Potentilla pentandra Engelm. Five-stamened Cinquefoil. (Fig. 1923.)
P. pentandra Eng^elm. ; T. & G. Fl. N. A. i: 447. 1840.
Potentilla rivalis xat. pentandra S. Wats. Proc. Am.
Acad. 8: 553. 1873.
Similar to the preceding species, erect, hirsute,
i°-4° high, simple at the base, much branched
above. Stipules lanceolate, somewhat foliaceous,
dentate or entire; basal and lower leaves slender-
petioled, 3-foliolate, with the lower pair of leaf-
lets parted nearly to the base, so as to appear 4- or
5-foliolate; leaflets oblanceolate or oblong, obtuse
at the apex, narrowed or cuneate at the base, in-
cised-dentate, glabrous or sparingly pubescent
above, quite pubescent beneath, i'-2' long; flow-
ers terminal, in a more or less flat-topped cyme,
pale yellow, 2"-4''' broad; calyx-lobes ovate,
acute, exceeding the small spatulate petals, and
equalling or slightly shorter than the lanceolate
bractlets; stamens 5-8; style thickened below,
terminal; achenes glabrous.
Prairies, Manitoba to Missouri and Arkansas.
June-Sept.
12. Potentilla leucocarpa Rydberg. Diffuse Cinqtiefoil. (Fig. 1924.)
Potentilla millegrana Engelm.; Lehm. Ind. Sem.
Hamb. 1849: Add. 12. 1849. ^'ot Dougl. 1833.
Potentilla rivalis var. millegrana S. Wats. Proc. \m.
Acad. 8: 553. 1873.
Decumbent or ascending, annual, usually weak
and diS"usely branched, 6^-3° high, softlj- villous-
pubesceut, or glabrate. Stipules ovate or ovate-lan-
ceolate, entire or sparingly dentate; leaves all but
the uppermost petioled, 3-foliolate; leaflets oblong,
cuneate, thin, flaccid, more or less pubescent, in-
cisely serrate, Yz'-iyi' long; flowers terminal, leafy,
loosely cymose, yellow, about 2" broad; calyx-lobes
ovate, acute, about equalling the lanceolate bract-
lets, exceeding the obovate petals; stamens about 10;
st\-le slighth- thickened below, terminal; achenes
small, glabrous.
In damp soil, Missouri to Minnesota, west to Cali-
fornia and Washington. Ma}--Sept.
Vol. II.]
ROSE FAMILY.
213
Potentilla rivalis Nutt., a western species which may reach our limits, is distinguished from this by
its usually pinnately 5-foliolate leaves, viscid pubescence, .stricter erect habit, and more numerous
stamens. It has been collected at the stockyards of Chicago.
13. Potentilla paradoxa Nutt. Bushy Cinquefoil
p. paradoxa Nutt. : T. & G. Fl. N. A. i: 437. 1840.
Polenlilla supina Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 304. 1803.
Not L. 1753-
Softly pubescent, annual or biennial, decumbent,
ascending or nearly erect, rather stout, bushy, 1°-
3° high. Stipules ovate-lanceolate, acute, mainly
entire; leaves all but the uppermost petioled, pin-
nately 7-11-foliolate; leaflets obovate or oval, ob-
tuse, 6''-i2" long, sparingly pubescent, narrowed
or rounded at the base, crenate, the upper ones
commonly confluent or decurrent on the rachis;
flowers terminal, loosely cymose, leafy-bracted,
yellow, 2,"-^" broad; petals obovate, cuneate, about
equalling the ovate calyx-lobes and lanceolate
bractlets; stamens about 20; style terminal, thick-
ened below; achenes glabrous, strongly gibbous.
Shores of the Great Lakes from Presque Isle, Penn-
sylvania to Minnesota, south in the Mississippi Val-
ley to Missouri, west to Oregon and New Mexico.
Also in Mexico and ISIantchuria. June-.Sept.
14. Potentilla Nicolletii (S. Wats.) Shel-
don. Nicollet's Cinquefoil.
(Fig. 1926.)
Potentilla supina var. Nicolletii S. Wats. Proc. Am.
Acad. 8: 553. 1873.
Potentilla Nicolletii Sheldon, Bull. Geol. Nat. Hist.
Surv. Minn. 9: 16. 1894.
Similar to P. paradoxa, but more spreading and
more branched; lower leaves only pinnate, with
several leaflets; upper leaves 3-foliolate; teeth of
the leaflets acute; inflorescence elongated, falsely
racemose; stamens 10-15.
North Dakota, Minnesota, Iowa and Missouri.
15. Potentilla Hippiana L,ehm. Woolly
Cinquefoil. (Fig. 1927.)
P. Hippiana Lehm. Nov. Stirp. Pug. 2: 7. 1830.
Potentilla leucophylla Torr. Ann. N. Y. L,yc. 2: 197.
1825. Not Pall. 1773.
Erect or ascending, perennial, branched above,
rather stout, i°-2^° high, densely floccose as
well as silky. Stipules lanceolate, acuminate,
entire; lower and basal leaves petioled, pin-
nately 5-11-foliolate; leaflets oblanceolate or ob-
long, obtuse, narrowed or cuneate at the base,
6''-i8" long, incisely dentate, very white be-
neath, the lower ones smaller than the upper,
and no smaller ones interspersed; flowers ter-
minal, yellow, loosely cymose, 3"-6'' broad;
petals obovate, retuse, a little exceeding the
lanceolate acute calyx-lobes and slightly nar-
rower bractlets; stamens about 20; style fili-
form, terminal; achenes glabrous.
Dry soil, northwestern Minnesota and Assiniboia to British Colvimbia, south to Nebra
New Mexico. June-Aug.
ska and
214
ROSACEAE.
[Vol. II.
i6. Potentilla effusa Dougl. Branched
Cinquefoil. (Fig. 1928.)
P. effusa Doug-l. ; Ivehm. Nov. Stirp. Pug. 2: 8. 1830.
Closely related to P. Hippiana and perhaps a
mere variety of it. Plant 6'-i8' high, diffusely
branched above; leaves sometimes interruptedly
pinnate, tomentose-canescent, but not silky; leaf-
lets 5-1 1, oblong, obtuse at the apex, commonly
cuneate at the base, incised dentate, Yz'-iYi' long;
flowers yellow, broad, loosely cymose, yel-
low; bractlets shorter than the lanceolate acute
calyx-lobes; petals obovate, emarginate, exceeding
the calyx-lobes; stamens about 20; style terminal;
achenes glabrous.
Prairies, western Minnesota (according to Upham)
to ^Montana and Colorado. Summer.
17. Potentilla Pennsylvanica L.
Prairie Cinquefoil. (Fig. 1929. )
Potenlilla Peniisylvatiica L. Mant. 76. 1767.
Stem generally erect, 15^-30' high, tomentose.
Stipules ovate, often much divided; leaves pinnately
5-15-foliolate, grayish tomentose beneath, glabrous
above; leaflets oblong or oblanceolate, cleft halfway
to the midrib into oblong lobes, margins scarcely
revolute; cymes dense, the branches erect; petals
yellow, obovate, truncate or slightly emarginate,
about equalling the ovate triangular acute sepals
and the lanceolate bractlets; stamens 20-25; style
terminal, thickened below; achenes glabrous.
On prairies, Hudson Bay to the Canadian Rocky
Mountains, south to New Mexico. Summer.
Potentilla Pennsylvanica bipinnatifida ( Dougl. ) T. & G. Fl. N. A.
Potenlilla bipinnatifida Dougl.; Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 188. 1833.
Stem slenderer, leaflets divided nearly to the midrib into linear lobes, white-tomentose be-
neath, silky above; margins scarcely revolute. Hudson Baj- to the Northwest Territory, Michigan
and Colorado. Perhaps a distinct species.
Potentilla Pennsylvanica strigosa Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 356. 1814.
Stem usually lower; pubescent with long villous hairs; leaflets with deep narrow divisions, mar-
gins revolute. Manitoba and the Northwest Territorj' to Kansas and New iMexico. Also in Siberia.
18. Potentilla littoralis Rydberg.
Coast Cinquefoil. (Fig. 1930.)
Potentilla littoralis Rydberg, Bull. Torr. Club, 23:
264. 1896.
Perennial, tufted, stems ascending or decum-
bent, branched above, 6'-2° high, appressed-
silky or glabrate. Stipules ovate-lanceolate,
cleft or entire, acute; basal and lower leaves peti-
oled, pinnately 5-7-foliolate, the leaflets approxi-
mate or apparently digitate; leaflets oblanceolate
or obovate, incised-pinnatifid into oblong obtuse
segments, grayish-pubescent beneath, green and
glabrate above, Yz'-iYi' long; flowers yellow, cy-
mose, broad; petals obovate, equalling or
slightly exceeding the ovate acute veined sepals
and the lanceolate bractlets; stamens 20-25; style
terminal, thickened below; achenes glabrous.
Coast of Newfoundland and Labrador to Quebec
and New Hampshire. June-July.
Vol. II.]
ROSE FAMILY.
215
19. Potentilla multifida L,, Cut-leaved
Cinquefoil. (Fig. 1931.)
rotenliUa multifida L. Sp. PI. 496. 1753.
Perennial, stems several or many from the caudex,
low, ascending or spreading, appressed-silky. Stip-
ules large, lanceolate, acuminate, scarious, brown;
leaves pinnately 5-9-foliolate, grayish-tomentose be-
neath, glabrate above; leaflets finely divided to near
the midrib into linear acute segments, with more or
less revolute margins; petals j'cllow, a little exceed-
ing the ovate-lanceolate acute sepals; stamens about
20; style terminal, short, not thickened at the base;
achenes smooth, or slightly rugose.
Hudson Bay and the Northwest Territory,
arctic and alpine Europe and Asia. Summer.
Also in
20. Potentilla fruticosa I,. Shrubby
Cinquefoil. (Fig. 1932.)
Polentilla fruticosa L. Sp. PI. 495. 1753.
Shrubby, much branched, stems erect or ascending,
very leafy, 6^-4° high, the bark shreddy. Stipules
ovate-lanceolate, membranous, acute or acuminate, en-
tire; leaflets 5-7, oblong, or somewhat oblanceolate,
entire, acute or acutish at each end, (^''-yi" long, silky-
pubescent, the margins revolute; flowers terminal,
densely cymose, or solitary, bright yellow, W-\^"
broad; petals nearly orbicular, exceeding the ovate
calyx -lobes and bractlets; stamens 15-20; style lateral,
filiform; achenes, disk and receptacle long-hairy.
In swamps or moist rocky places, Labrador and Green-
land to Alaska, south to New Jersey, Illinois, Minnesota,
in the Rocky Mountains to Arizona, and in the Sierra Ne-
vada to California. Also in northern Europe and Asia.
Called also Hardhack and Prairie Weed. A troublesome
bushy weed in northern New England. June-Sept.
21. Potentilla tridentata Soland. Three-
toothed Cinquefoil. (Fig. 1933.)
Potentilla tridentata Soland. in Ait. Hort. Kew. 2: 216. 1789.
Tufted, woody at the base, much branched, branches
«rect, i'-i2' high, pubescent with appressed hairs. Stip-
ules lanceolate, entire; leaves mostly petioled, 3-foliolate;
leaflets of the lower ones oblanceolate, 3-toothed or some-
times 2-5-toothed at the obtuse apex, cuneate at the base,
coriaceous, dark green and shining above, pale and mi-
nutely pubescent beneath, long; upper leaflets lin-
ear or oblong, often acute and entire; flowers 1-6, in a ter-
minal cyme, white, 3'^-5'' broad; bractlets shorter and
narrower than the ovate acute calyx-lobes, which are
shorter than the obovate-oval petals; stamens about 20;
style lateral, filiform; achenes and receptacle villous.
In rocky places, especially on mountains, Greenland to
New Jersey, on the higher southern AUeghanies, shores of
Lake Superior, and west to the Canadian Rocky Mountains.
June-Aug.
2l6
ROSACEAE.
[Vol. II.
22. Potentilla Anserina L,.
Silver-weed. Wild or Goose-tansy. (Fig. 1934.)
Potentilla Anserina L. Sp. PL 495. 1753.
Herbaceous, tufted, spreading by slender runners i°-
3° long. Stipules membranous; leaves petioled, pin-
nate, s'-iS' long; leaflets 7-25, oblong, oblanceolate
or obovate, obtuse, the lower generally smaller, often
with still smaller ones interspersed, all sharply serrate,
nearly glabrous above, white and silky-pubescent be-
neath; peduncles axillary, solitary, slender, erect, I-
flowered, about equalling the leaves; flower yellow,
broad; petals broadly oval or obovate, entire or
emarginate, exceeding the ovate acute calyx-lobes and
oval bractlets; stamens about 20; style filiform, lateral;,
receptacle villous; achenes glabrous.
On shores and salt meadows, New Jersey to Greenland,
west to Nebraska, British Columbia and Alaska, south in
the Rocky Mountains to New Mexico and to California.
Also in Europe and Asia. Goose-grass. May-Sept.
Potentilla Anserina Egedii (Wormsk.) T. & G. Fl. N. A. i:
444. 1840.
Potentilla Egedii Wormsk. Fl. Dan. pi. isyS.
Smaller, less pubescent, very slender; leaflets 5-9, deeply
incised; peduncles short. ^las.sachusetts to Greenland.
23. Potentilla Canadensis L,. Five-finger.
(Fig- 1 935-)
Potentilla Canadensis L. Sp. PI. 498. 1753.
P. Canadensis xax. pinnila T. & G. Fl. N. A. i: 443. 1840.
Potentilla simplex- Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 303. 1S03.
Herbaceous, tufted, spreading by slender runners, 3'-
2° long. Stipules lanceolate, acute, entire or few-
toothed; leaves petioled, digitately 5-foliolate (rarely 3-
4-foliolate); leaflets oblanceolate or oblong, obtuse at
the apex, narrowed at the base, 6"-i' long, incisely ser-
rate, at least above; peduncles slender, axillary, i-flow-
ered; flower yellow, "^"-"j" broad; petals 5, broadly oval,
slightly longer than the acute calyx-lobes and linear-
lanceolate bractlets; stamens about 20; style terminal,
filiform; achenes glabrous; receptacle villous.
In drj- soil, Quebec to Georgia, Minnesota and the Indian
Territory. Ascends to 6300 ft. in North Carolina. April-
Aug. Called also Wild Strawberrj-.
Potentilla reptans L,., a European species, collected on
ballast at Camden, N. J., differs in its more closels' creeping
habit, smaller leaves, and very broad elliptic bractlets.
24. Potentilla nemoralis Nestl. Wood
Cinqtiefoil. (Fig. 1936.)
Tormentilla reptans L. Sp. PI. 500. 1753. Not P.
reptans L.
Potentilla nemoralis Nestl. Mon. Pot. 65. 1816.
Difiusely branched, trailing or ascending, very
slender, somewhat pubescent, 6'-2° long. Stip-
ules small, foliaceous, entire or dentate; leaves
petioled, 3-foliolate (rarely 5-foliolate); leaflets
oblanceolate or obovate, obtuse at the apex, cune-
ate at the base, sharply dentate above; pedun-
cles axillary, filiform, usually much exceeding the
leaves, i-flowered; flowers 3''-4'' broad, yellow,
generally 4 parted; petals obovate, emarginate, or
rounded, exceeding the acute calyx lobes and
bractlets; achenes glabrous; receptacle pubescent.
Labrador (according to Hooker). Common in
Europe. Called also Trailing Tormentil. Summer.
Vol. II.] ROSE FAMILY. • 217
10. COMARUM I^. Sp. PI. 502. 1753.
A stout dark greeu nearly glabrous herb, with alternate pinnate large-stipuled leaves, the
large purple flowers cymose or solitary, terminal or also axillary. Calyx deeply 5-lobed, 5-
bracteolate, the bractlets narrow. Petals shorter than the calyx-lobes, acute, purple.
Stamens numerous, inserted on the large pubescent disk. Pistils numerous, inserted on the
pubescent receptacle which becomes spongy in fruit. Style lateral. Achenes glabrous,
i-seeded. Seed pendulous. [Greek name of the Arbutus, from the similar fruits.]
A nionotypic genus of the north temperate zone.
I. Comarum palustre Lt. Purple or
Marsh Cinquefoil. Purple Marshlocks.
Cowberry. (Fig. 1937.)
Comarum pa/ics/re L. Sp. PI. 502. 1753.
Polentilla paluslris Scop. Fl. Carn. Ed. 2, 1:359. 1772.
Decumbent and somewhat woody at the base, the
upper part of the stems pubescent. Leaves pinnate,
the lower long-petioled, 5-7-foliolate; leaflets ob-
long or oval, sharply or incisely serrate, obtuse or
acutish at the apex, narrowed at the base, 1^-3'
long; stipules membranous, sometimes adnate to
the petiole for half its length; upper leaves nearly
sessile 3-5-foliolate; flowers showy, broad;
calyx-lobes purple within, ovate, acuminate, much
exceeding the ovate-lanceolate petals; bractlets
much shorter than the calyx-lobes; disk lobed.
In swamps and peat-bogs, Labrador to New Jersey,
Iowa, British Columbia and Alaska. Also in California,
northern Europe and Asia. June-Aug.
11. SIBBALDIA L. Sp. PI. 284. 1753.
Depressed alpine or arctic shrubby plants, with alternate mainly 3-foliolate stipulate
leaves, and cymose flowers on scape-like nearly leafless peduncles. Calyx slightly concave,
5-lobed, 5-bracteolate, persistent. Petals 5, oblong or oval, much smaller than the calyx-lobes^
yellow. Stamens 5, opposite the calyx-lobes, inserted on the margin of the villous-pubescent
disk. Carpels 5-10, on short pubescent stipes; style lateral. Achenes 5-10, glabrous.
[Named in honor of Robt. Sibbald, a Scotch naturalist.]
About 5 species, natives of the colder parts of the north temperate zone. The following is the
only known American species.
I. Sibbaldia procumbens L,. Sibbaldia.
(Fig. 1938.)
Sibbaldia procumbens L. Sp. PI. 284. 1753.
Polentilla procumbensQX&wv .lAzw. Herb. Suisse, 166. iSii.
Densely tufted, stem woody, decumbent or creeping,
a few inches long. Stipules membranous, lanceolate
or ovate-lanceolate, adnate; leaves 3-foliolate; petioles
slender, 1'-^' long; leaflets obovate or oblanceolate,
cuneate at the base, 3-5-toothed at the apex, pubescent
with scattered hairs on both sides, resembling in out-
line those of Poleniilla tridentata ; peduncles axillary,
nearly naked, about equalling the leaves; flowers yel-
low,about lYz" broad, numerous; petals oblong or oval,
very small; calyx-lobes oblong-ovate, acute, longer
and broader than the bractlets.
Summits of the White Mountains; Mt. Albert, Quebec;
Labrador, Greenland, arctic America to Alaska, south in
the Rocky Mountains to Utah. Also in arctic and alpine
Europe and Asia. Summer.
2l8
ROSACEAE.
[Vol. ir.
12. WALDSTEINIA Willd. NeueSchr. Gesell. Nat. Fr. 2: 105. pi. 4. 1799.
Perennial herbs with the aspect of Strawberries, with alternate mainly basal long-petioled
3-5-foliolate or lobed leaves, membranous stipules, and yellow corymbose flowers on bracted
scapes. Calyx persistent, the tube top-shaped, minutely 5-bracteolate or bractless at the
summit, 5-lobed. Petals 5, obovate, longer than the calyx-lobes. Stamens co , inserted on the
throat of the calyx; filaments rigid, persistent. Carpels 2-6, inserted on a short villous recep-
tacle; style nearly terminal, deciduous, filiform. Achenes 2-6, obliquely obovoid, pubescent.
Seed erect. [Named in honor of Franz Adam von Waldstein-Wartcnburg, 1 759-1823, a Ger-
man botanist.]
Four known species, natives of the north temperate zone. Besides the following, another occurs
in the southern AUeghanies.
I. Waldsteinia fragarioides (Miclix.) Tratt. Barren or Dry Strawberry.
Daliharda fragarioides Michx. Fl.
Bor. Am. i: 300. pi. 28. 1803.
Comaropsis fragarioides'ife.stX. Mon.
Pot. 8. pi. I. 1816.
Waldsteinia fragarioides Tratt. Ros.
Mon. 3: 107. 1823.
Pubescent, or nearly glabrous,
rootstock creeping, rather stout.
Stipules ovate-lanceolate, acutish;
leaves tufted, long-petioled, 3-foli-
olate (rarely 5-foliolate); leaflets ob-
ovate, obtuse at the apex, broadly
cuneate at the base, dentate or cre-
nate and sometimes incised, i'-2'
long; scapes slender, erect, bracted,
corymbosely 3-8-flowered; pedicels
slender, often drooping; flowers
yellow, c/'-h" broad; achenes
4-6, finely pubescent; calyx-lobes
ovate-lanceolate, acute.
Woods and shaded hillsides, north-
ern New England and Ontario to
Minnesota, Michigan, Indiana and
along the AUeghanies to Georgia.
May-June.
13. GEUM L. Sp. PI. 500. 1753-
Perennial herbs, with odd-pinnate or deeply pinnatifid, stipulate leaves, those of the
base clustered, those of the stem commonly smaller. Flowers cymose-corymbose or solitary,
yellow, white or purple. Calyx persistent, its tube obconic or hemispheric, usually 5-bracteo-
late, 5-lobed. Petals 5, orbicular, oblong or obovate, obtuse or emarginate, exceeding the
calyx. Stamens 00, inserted on a disk at the base of the calyx; filaments filiform.
Carpels 00, aggregated on a short receptacle. Style filiform, straight or jointed, persistent,
sometimes plumose in fruit. Seed erect, its testa membranous. [The ancient Latin name.]
About 40 species, most abundant in the north temperate zone, a few in southern South America,
I in South Africa. Besides the following, about 5 others occur in western North America.
Calyx-lobes erect or spreading.
Leaflets 1-9, dentate or lobed, unequal in size; style plumose below, short.
Flowers purple, nodding. i- G. rivale.
Flowers yellow, erect. 2. G. radiatum.
Leaflets very numerous, incised; flowers light purple; style plumose throughout, elongated.
3. G. cilialum.
Calyx-lobes strongly reflexed.
Flowers yellow, 2" broad; head of fruit stalked; caly.x bractless. 4. G. vernum.
Flowers white, or j-ellow, 4"-io" broad; head of fruit sessile; calyx bracteolate.
Flowers white, or very nearlj- so, 4"-8" broad; stipules small.
Plant softly-pubescent or glabrate; receptacle bristly. 5. G. Canadense.
Plant rough-pubescent; receptacle nearly glabrous. 6. G. Virginianuin.
Flowers cream-yellow, 3" broad, stipules large. 7. G. flavum.
Flowers yellow' 5"-io" broad; stipules large, dentate.
Plant bristlyT terminal leaflet very large, cordate. 8. G. macrophylluni.
Plant pubescent; terminal leaflet ovate or cuneate. 9. G. strictuni.
Voi,. II.]
ROSE FAMILY.
219
I. Geum rivale I^. Purple or Water Avens. (Fig
Geum rivale L. Sp. PI. 501. 1753.
Erect, simple or nearly so, pubescent, i°-3°
high. Basal leaves lyrately and interruptedly pin-
nate, petioled, the lateral segments generally few
and small, the terminal 1-3, much larger, all sharply
and irregularly lobed and dentate; stem-leaves dis-
tant, short-petioled or sessile, simple, or 3-foliolate;
flowers few, terminal, purple, nodding, ()"-\2"
hroad; petals obovate, emarginate, abruptly nar-
rowed into a claw; calyx-lobes spreading, purple;
head of fruit stalked in the calyx; achenes very
pubescent; style jointed, plumose below,
long.
In swamps and low grounds, Newfoundland to Brit-
ish Cohimbia, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Missouri and
Colorado. Also in northern Europe and Asia. May-
July.
2. Geum radiatum Michx. Yellow Moun-
tain Avens. (Fig. 1941.)
Geum radiatitvi Michx. Fl. Bor. Amer. i: 300. 1803.
Geum Peckii Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 352. 1814.
Geum ladiatum var. Peckii A. Gray, Man. Ed. 2, 117.
1856.
Pubescent with spreading hairs, or glabrate, stem
6'-2° high, erect, simple, i-8-flowered at the summit.
Basal leaves tufted, petioled, lyrately pinnate, the
terminal segment very large, reniform-orbicular,
sharply and irregularly dentate and slightly 3-5-
lobed, 3^-6' broad; lateral leaflets few or none; flow-
ers yellow, b"-\'2" broad; bractlets of the calyx
much shorter than the erect lanceolate calyx-lobes;
petals obovate, often emarginate, spreading; style
filiform, plumose below, naked above, 6"-S" long,
not jointed.
White Mountains of New Hampshire; Mt. Kineo,
Maine, and on the high mountains of North Carolina.
July-Aug.
3. Geum ciliatum Pursh. Long-plumed
Purple Avens. (Fig. 1942.)
Geum ciliatum Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 352. 1814.
■Geum triflorum Pursh, loc. cit. 736. 1814.
Softly pubescent with short or spreading hairs, sca-
pose; scape i>'-\%' high, simple, 3-S-flowered at the
■summit. Basal leaves tufted, petioled, interruptedly
pinnate with many small leaflets interspersed among
the obovate or oval laciniate numerous larger ones;
leaves of the scape 2 opposite small sessile pairs, the
■elongated peduncles commonly bearing another simi-
lar pair; flowers light purple, broad; bractlets
linear, slightly exceeding the purple lanceolate acute
■erect calyx-lobes; head of fruit sessile; style filiform,
\'-2' long and strongly plumose throughout in fruit,
not jointed.
In dry or rocky soil, Labrador, northern New England
and New York to British Columbia, south to Missouri,
.and in the Rocky Mountains to Arizona. May-July.
220
ROSACEAE.
\. Geum vernum
Avens.
(Raf.) T. & G.
(Fig. 1943- )
[Vol. II.
Spring-
Stylipus Z'erniis Raf. Neog. 3. 1825.
Geum vernnm T. & G. Fl. N. A. i: 422.
1840.
Erect or asceuding, slender, pubescent with spread-
ing hairs, or glabrate, simple or nearly so, 6'-2° high.
Basal leaves tufted, petioled, with a single orbicular-
reniform dentate 3-5-lobed leaflet, or pinnate with 3-7
obovate or oval more or less dentate and lobed ones;
stem-leaves few, sessile or short-petioled, pinnate or
pinnatifid; flowers few, terminal, corymbose or race-
mose, erect, yellow, about i" broad; calyx-lobes ovate,
acute, reflexed; bractlets none; petals spreading; head
of fruit stalked; style glabrous, jointed, about 2"
long; receptacle glabrous.
Shaded places, Ontario to West Virginia and Tennessee,
west to Illinois and Texas. Naturalized from the West in
New Jersey and southern New York. April-June.
5. Geum
Canadense Jacq.
Hort. Vind. 2: 82. pi. i
White Avens. (Fig. 1944.)
Geum Canadense Jacq.
1772.
Geum Caroltmaiium Wa.\t. Fl. Car. 150. 1788.
Geum album Gmel. Syst. 2: S61. 1791.
Softly and finely pubescent or glabrate, erect,
branched above, i^°-2^° high. Stipules small,
dentate; basal leaves petioled, lobed, 3-foliolate
or pinnately divided, their segments 3-5, the
terminal one broadly ovate or obovate, the lateral
ones narrower, all dentate and more or less
lobed, sometimes with smaller ones borne on
the petiole; stem-leaves short-petioled or sessile,
3-5-lobed or divided; peduncles slender; flowers
white, broad; calyx-lobes lanceolate, re-
flexed; petals obovate, equalling or shorter than
the sepals; head of fruit globose-obovoid, sessile,
^"-d" long; receptacle densely short-bristly;
style glabrous, or pubescent below, jointed, 3"-
4'^ long.
In shaded places, Nova Scotia to Georgia, west
to Minnesota and Missouri. June-Aug.
6. Geum Virginianum L,.
(Fig. 1945.)
Rough Aven.s.
Geum Virginiaiuim I,. Sp. PI. 500. 1753-
Resembling the preceeding species but much stouter,
the stem and petioles bristly-pubescent, the stout
short peduncles pubescent with reflexed hairs. Sepals
reflexed, exceeding the spreading revolute creamy-
white petals; head of fruit globose, very dense, 6"-S"
in diameter; receptacle merely downy or glabrous; style
slender, jointed, pubescent below, 4"-5" long.
Low ground. New Brunswick to Pennsylvania and south-
ward in the AUeghanies, west through Ontario to Minne-
sota and to Missouri. Blooms somewhat earlier than G.
Canadense. Basal leaves becoming very large, the terminal
leaflet sometimes 6' wide. May-July.
Vol. II.]
ROSE FAMILY.
221
7. Geum flavum (Porter) Bicknell. Cream-colored Avens.
Geitvi album xnr.JJaz'iiiii Porter, Hull. Torr. Club,
16: 21. 1889.
Gemn Canadense v&r. JIaviini Brittoii, Bull. Torr.
Club, 18: 270. 1891,
■G.flavuvi Bicknell, Bull. Torr. Club, 23: 523. 1896.
Stem bristly-hairy below, erect, i>^°-3° tall.
■Stipules large, often \' long, foliaceous, dentate
orlobed. Basal leavesmostlypinnately divided,
sometimes only lobed; lower stem-leaves usually
also pinnately divided, the terminal segment
often elongated; upper stem-leaves oval or lan-
ceolate, sometimes entire; peduncles slender;
ilowers cream-yellow, about 3'' broad; petals nar-
rowly oblong, shorter than or little exceeding the
reflexed calyx-lobes; head of fruit sessile, about
5" in diameter; receptacle bristly-villous; style
nearly glabrous to the base, jointed, long.
In woods, New York to Virginia. June-Aug.
Geum urbanum L., from Europe, distinguished by
its bright yellow, broader and longer petals, is es-
caped from cultivation at Cambridge, iNIass.
(Fig. 1946.)
8. Geum macrophyllum Willd. Large-
leaved Avens. (Fig. 1947.)
Geum macrophyllum Willd. Enum. 557. i8og.
Stout, erect, bristly-pubescent, simple or branched
above, i°-3° high. Stipules broad, foliaceous; basal
leavespetioled,lyrate-pinnate,the terminal segment
much the largest, reniform, orbicular or cordate, den-
tate, 3-7-lobed; lateral leaflets 3-6, oval or obovate,
with smaller ones interspersed or borne on the peti-
ole; stem-leaves short-petioled or sessile, the leaf-
lets or lobes 2-4, cuneate; flowers several, terminal,
short-peduncled, yellow, s'^-io" broad; petals ob-
ovate, exceeding the acute reflexed calyx-lobes;
receptacle nearly glabrous; style slender, jointed,
pubescent, at least below, 2>"-5" long.
In low grounds. Nova Scotia and New England to
Alaska and British Columbia, south to New York,
Missouri, Colorado and Oregon. Also in northern
Europe. May-July.
g. Geum strictum Ait. Yellow Avens.
(Fig. 1948.)
■Geum strictum Ait. Hort. Kew. 2: 217. 1789.
Geum Canadense Murr. Comm. Goett. 5: 34. pi. 4. f. B.
1783. Not Jacq. 1772.
Erect or ascending, pubescent, branched above, 2°-5°
high. Stipules broad, foliaceous; basal leaves lyrate-
pinnate; leaflets 5-7, obovate, cuneate, dentate orlobed,
with a few smaller ones interspersed, the terminal one
largest, broadly ovate or cuneate; stem-leaves sessile or
short-petioled, with 3-5 ovate or oblong acute segments;
flowers yellow, similar to those of the preceding spe-
cies; receptacle downy-pubescent; stj'le slender, 3"-
4" long, jointed, pubescent below.
In swamps or low grounds, Newfoundland to British
Columbia, south to New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Missouri
and Arizona. Also in northern Europe and Asia. June-
Aug. A hybrid with G. Canadense has been found in
•eastern Pennsylvania.
222 ROSACEAE. [Vol. II.
14. DRYAS L. Sp. PI. 501. 1753.
Low tufted herbaceous shrubs, with simple petioled stipulate leaves while-canescent be-
neath, and white or yellow, rather large perfect solitary flowers on slender scapes. Calyx
persistent, not bracted, its tube concave, glandular-hirsute, S-9-lobed. Petals 8 or 9, obovate,
larger than the calyx-lobes. Stamens co, inserted on the throat of the calyx; filaments subu-
late. Carpels co , sessile, inserted on the dry receptacle; style terminal, persistent, elongated
and plumose in fruit. Seed ascending, its testa membranous. [Name Latin, a wood-
nymph.]
Three species, natives of the cold-temperate and arctic parts of the north temperate zone.
Flowers white; sepals linear.
Leaves oval or ovate, coarselj' crenate. i. D. ociopelala.
Leaves ovate, or ovate-lanceolate, subcordate, entire or nearly so. 2. D. iniegrifolia.
Flowers yellow; sepals ovate; leaves crenate. 3. D. Druntvjondii.
I. Dryas octopetala L. White Mountain Avens. (Fig. 1949.)
Dryas octopelala L. vSp. PI. 501. 1753.
Dryas chaviaedrifoUa Pers. Syn. 2: 57. 1807.
Stems prostrate, woody at the base,
branched, 3'-6' long. Stipules linear, ad-
nate to the petiole; leaves oval or ovate,
coarsely crenate all around, green and gla-
brous above, densely white-canescent be-
neath, generally obtuse at each end, yi'-V
long; scape terminal, erect, i'-5' long,
pubescent; flower white, about \' broad;
sepals linear, acute or acutish, glandular-
pubescent, persistent; style about 1' long,
plumose and conspicuous in fruit.
Labrabor and Greenland and throughout
arctic America, south in the Rocky Mountains
to Utah. Also in arctic and alpine Europe
and Asia. June-Aug.
2. Dryas integrifolia Valil. Entire-leaved
Mountain Avens. (Fig. 1950.)
Dryas integrifolia Vahl, Act. Havn. 4: Part 2, 171. 179S.
Dryas tenella Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 350. \%\.\.
Similar to the preceding species, but the leaves are
ovate or ovate-lanceolate, obtuse and often subcordate at
the base, obtusish at the apex, entire or with i or 2 teeth
near the base, the margins strongly revolute; flowers
white, generally slightly smaller; sepals linear.
"White Hills of New Hampshire," collected by Prof.
Peck, according to Pursh; Anticosti, Labrador, west through
arctic America to Alaska, and in Greenland. June-Aug.
Vol. II.] ROSE FAMILY. 223
3. Dryas Drummondii Richards.
Drummond's Mountain Avens.
(Fig. 1951-)
D)-yas Drummondii Richards.; Hook. Bot. Mag. pi.
2()72. 1830.
Dryas octopetala var. Drummondii S. Wats. Bibliog:.
Index, 1: 281. 187S.
Similar to D. odopeiala, the leaves crenate-den-
tate, but generally narrowed at the base. Scape
floccose-pubescent, often taller; flower yellow,
about 9" broad; sepals ovate, acutish, black glan-
dular-pubescent.
On gravel, Gaspe, Quebec; Auticosti and Labrador,
throughout arctic America, and in the Canadian Rocky
Mountains. June-Aug.
15. CERCOCARPUS H.B.K. Nov. Gen. et Sp. 6: 232. 1823.
Shrubs or small trees, with alternate simple petioled coriaceous dentate or entire, stipu-
late, prominently straight- veined leaves, and short-pedicelled or sessile, solitary or clustered,
axillary or terminal, perfect flowers. Calyx narrowly tubular, persistent, contracted at the
throat, 5-lobed. Petals none. Stamens 15-25, inserted in 2 or 3 rows on the limb of the
calyx; filaments very short; anthers oval, often pubescent. Ovary i, terete, slender, in-
cluded in the calyx-tube, ripening into a villous achene; style filiform, villous, persistent,
plumose and elongated in fruit; stigma obtuse; ovule solitary, nearly erect. Seed linear,
its testa membranous. [Greek, tailed-fruit.]
About 6 species, natives of western North America and Mexico.
I. Cercocarpus parvifolius H. & A.
Small-leaved Cercocarpus. (Fig. 1952.)
Cercocarpus parvifolius H. & A. Bot. Beechey Voy.
337- 1841.
A low branching shrub. Leaves obovate or oval,
coriaceous, obtuse at the apex, cuneate or some-
times rounded at the base, short-petioled, dentate,
silky-pubescent or canescent below, sparingly so
or glabrous above, 6' ^-12" long, 2>"~^" broad;
flowers axillary, solitary or in pairs, short-pedun-
cled, recurved, about 3'' broad; calyx-tube pubes-
cent, long, its limb deciduous; style becom-
ing i'-^' long and very plumose in fruit.
In dry or rocky soil, South Dakota and western
Kansas to northern Mexico, west to California. April-
June.
16. ULMARIA Hill. Hort. Kew. 213. 1769.
Tall perennial herbs, with alternate petioled pinnately divided stipulate leaves, and small
white pink or purple perfect flowers in large cymose panicles. Calyx 5-lobed. Petals 5,
clawed. Stamens numerous, inserted on the flat or slightly concave receptacle; filaments
narrowed at the base. Pistils about 10 (5-15), distinct; ovary 2-ovuled. Ripe carpels capsu-
lar, indehiscent, i-seeded. Seed pendulous. [Named from the fancied resemblance of the
leaf-segments to those of Ulmus, the Elm.]
About 9 species, natives of the north temperate zone.
Lateral leaflets palmately 3-5-lobed; flowers pink or purple. i. U. rubra.
Lateral leaflets merely serrate, or slightly lobed; flowers yellowish-white. 2. U. Ulmaria.
224
ROSACEAE.
[Vol. II.
I. Ulmaria rubra Hill. Queeu-
of-the-Prairie. (Fig. 1953.)
llmaria rubra Hill, Hort. Kew. 214. pi. 7.
1769.
Spiraea lobata Gronov.; Jacq. Hort. Vind. i:
38. pi. 88. 1770.
Spiraea rubra Brittoii, Bull. Torr. Club, 18;
270. 1891.
Glabrous, stem branched, grooved, 2°-
8° tall. Leaves large, the lower sometimes
3° long, pinnatel}' 3-7-foliolate, commonly
with smaller leaf-segments interposed or
borne on the petiole; lateral leaflets ses-
sile, opposite, palmately 3-5-lobed or 3-5-
parted, the lobes acute, unequally serrate
or incised; terminal leaflet larger, 7-9-
parted; stipules serrate, persistent, 4"-8"
long; flowers pink or purple, fragrant,
about 4" broad; capsules glabrous.
In moist grounds and on prairies, western
Pennsylvania to Illinois and Michigan, south
to Georgia, Kentuckj' and Iowa. Escaped
from gardens farther east. June-July.
2. Ulmaria Ulmaria (L,.) Barnhart. Meadow-sweet or Meadow-Queen.
Honey-sweet. (Fig. 1954.)
spiraea Ulmaria L,. Sp. PI. 490. 1753.
Ulmaria palustris Moench, Meth. 663. 1794.
Ulmaria Ulmaria Barnhart, Bull. Torr. Club,
21:491. 1894.
Stem branched, angular or grooved, 2°-
4° tall. Leaves pinnatcly 3-9-foliolate,
densely and finely white-downy beneath,
green above, or in some forms green on both
sides, sometimes with several or numer-
ous much smaller leaf-segments interposed
between the leaflets or borne on the peti-
ole; lateral leaflets sessile, opposite, ovate
or ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate,
serrate or sometimes slightly lobed, the ter-
minal one larger and deepl}' 3-5 lobed, the
lobes acute and serrate; stipules about Yz'
long; flowers yellowish-white, fragrant.
Escaped from gardens, Quebec to Massa-
chusetts. Native of Europe and Asia. June-
Aug. Called also Mead-sweet and Meadow-
wort; this and Spiraea salicifolia, also called
Bride-wort.
17. ALCHEMILLA L. Sp. PI. 123. 1753.
Annual or perennial herbs, with alternate lobed or digitately compound leaves, adnate
stipules, and small perfect greenish corymbose or capitate flowers. Calyx persistent, cup-
shaped, contracted at the throat, 4-5-lobed, 4-5-bracteolate. Petals none. Stamens 1-4; fila-
ments short. Carpels 1-4; style basal or lateral, slender. Achenes 1-4, enclosed in the
calyx-tube. Seed ascending, its testa membranous. [Name from its fancied value in alchemy.]
About 35 species, natives of the Old World and of western America from British Columbia to
Chili, very abundant in the higher Andes. The two following species of our area are introduced
from Europe.
Annual; flowers in sessile axillary clusters; leaves small. i. A. arvensis.
Perennial; flowers in compound terminal corymbs; leaves large. 2. A. vulgaris.
Vol. II.]
ROSE FAMILY.
I. Alchemilla arvensis (L.) Scop. Parsley-Piert,
or Field Lady's Mantle. Argentill.
(Fig. 1955.)
A phanes arvensis L,. Sp. PI. 123. 1753.
Alchemilla arvensis Scop. Fl. Carn. Ed. 2, i: 115. 1770.
Annual, softly pubescent, branching at the base, the
branches usually slender, ascending, high. Stipules
toothed or rarely entire; leaves very short-petioled, pubes-
cent, fan-shaped, 2"-^" long, deeply 3-parted, the lobes
cuneate, 2-4-cleft, the segments obtuse or acutish; flowers
\"-iyi" broad, in sessile axillary clusters partly enclosed
by the stipules; calyx-lobes usually 4, ovate, obtusish.
In dry fields, Virginia, Tennessee, North Carolina, and in
Nova Scotia. Also on the Pacific coast. Naturalized or adven-
tive from Europe. Called also Breakstone, Parsley-vlix, Parsley
Breakstone, and Firegrass. April-Sept.
2. Alchemilla vulgaris I,. I^ady's
Mantle. Dew-cup. (Fig. 1956.)
Alchemilla vulgaris h. Sp. PI. 123. 1753.
Perennial from a thick vFoody rootstock, branched,
ascending or erect, pubescent or glabrate. Stipules
mostly toothed; leaves orbicular-reniform, 5-9-
lobed, more or less pubescent, the lower slender-
petioled, the upper sessile or nearly so, lobes broad,
not deep, serrate; flowers about 2'' broad, very
numerous in terminal and axillary peduncled often
leafy corymbs; calyx-lobes usually 4, ovate, acutish.
In grassy places near the coast, Nova Scotia, Cape
Breton, Labrador and Greenland. Naturalized from
Europe. Called also Duck's-foot, Padelion or Lion's-
foot. May-Sept.
Alchemilla alpina I,., reported by Pursh from the
White and the Green Mountains, a native of alpine and
northern Europe and Asia, is distinguished from the
preceding by its 5 oblong silky entire leaflets.
18. AGRIMONIA I,. Sp. PI. 448. 1753.*
Perennial erect herbs, often glandular. Leaves alternate, petioled, odd-pinnate, with
smaller leaf-segments interposed between the larger ones, and conspicuous stipules. Flowers
small, regular, perfect, yellow, in narrow spicate racemes. Calyx- tube in fruit obconic,
hemispheric or turbinate, often grooved, uncinate-bristly above, somewhat constricted at the
throat, the 5 lobes connivent. Petals 5, small. Stamens 5-15, slender. Carpels 2, included;
style terminal; stigma 2-lobed; ovules pendulous. Fruit dry, mostly reflexed; achenes 1-2,
oblong. Seed suspended, its testa membranous. [Ancient Latin name.]
About 15 species, natives of the north temperate zone and the Andes of South America. Be-
sides the following, another occurs in the Southern States.
Racemes and leaves beneath with loose spreading hairs or glabrous.
Roots not tuberous; fruit large, turbinate, with numerous radiating bristles, i. A. hirsuta.
Roots tuberous; fruit very small, hemispheric, with few ascending or erect bristles.
2. A. striata.
Racemes and leaves beneath closely or softly pubescent.
Roots tuberous; stems pubescent; leaves not glandular-dotted beneath.
Small, often simple, with elongated terminal raceme; leaflets 3-5. 3. A. pumila.
Larger, paniculate-branched; leaflets 5-1 1. 4. A. mollis.
Roots not tuberous; stems hirsute; leaves glandular-dotted beneath.
Leaflets mostly 7-9; fruit large, the bristles connivent. 5.
Leaflets mostly 11-17; fruit small, the bristles radiate. 6.
A. Brittonia7ia.
A. parviflora.
'Text contributed by Mr. Eugbne P. Bicknell.
IS
226
ROSACEAE.
[Vol. II.
I. Agrimonia hirsuta (Muhl.) Bicknell. Tall Hairy Agrimony. (Fig. 1957.)
A. Eupaioria hirsuta Muhl. Cat. 47. 1813.
Agrimonia hirsula Bicknell, Bull. Torr. Club,
23: 509. 1896.
Mostly 3°-4° tall (2°-6°), minutely glandu-
lar, villous. Leaves large; leaflets thin,
bright green, mostly 7, spreading, elliptic to
broadly oblong, or the odd one obovate, apex
acute, base often subcordate, coarsely ser-
rate, the margins and nerves beneath ciliate,
the lower surface rarely pubescent; inter-
posed leaf-segments ovate, mostly 3 pairs;
stipules broad, coarsely cut-toothed; flowers
broad, the buds ovoid, acute; fruit re-
flexed, 2i" long, short-turbinate, abruptly
contracted at the pedicel, the disk convex,
the dilated marginal rim bearing numerous
reflexed spreading and erect bristles.
Woods and thickets, New Brunswick to Min-
nesota, North Carolina and California. Roots
fibrous. June-Aug. The European A. Eupa-
ioria L. differs markedly in foliage and fruit
from any of our species.
2. Agrimonia Striata Michx. Woodland Agrimony. (Fig. 1958.)
A. striata Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 278. 1803.
Agrimonia parinflora DC. Prodr. 2: 587. 1821.
Not Soland. 1789.
A. microcarpaWaWr. Beitr. Bot. pl.i.f.j. 1842.
Agrimonia rostellata Wallr. Beitr. Bot. i: 42. 1842.
Mostly about 2° high (i°-5°), minutely glan-
dular, simple or delicately paniculately
branched; racemes filiform short, loosely flow-
ered. Roots tuberous. Stem glabrous, or with
scattered hairs above; leaflets thin, commonly
5, mostly oblong or obovate-oblong and obtuse,
crenate or dentate, often cuneate, scarcely cili-
ate; interposed leaf-segments usually a small
entire pair; stipules small, entire and lanceo-
late, or ovate and laciniate; flowers 7."-2yz"
broad, the buds subglobose, truncate or nearly
so; fruit 1" high or less, spreading or nodding,
hemispheric, the furrows shallow or obsolete;
disk very tumid, its rim unmargined, its bristles
short and weak, erect or ascending.
In dry woods, Connecticut to Virginia and Mis-
souri. July-Sept.
3. Agrimonia piamila Muhl. Small-
fruited Agrimon5^ (Fig. 1959.)
Agrimonia pumila Muhl. Cat. 47. 1813.
Small and slender, i°-2° high, erect or assur-
gent, simple, or with a few branches above. Root
tuberous; stem villous with spreading hairs below,
appressed-pubescent above; leaves often crowded
toward the base of the stem, frequently 3-foliolate;
leaflets 3-5, small, elliptic to obovate or cuneate,
obtuse or acute at the apex, often pilose above,
soft-pubescent and pale beneath; interposed leaf-
segments, if any, a small pair; stipules small, the
lower ones lanceolate and entire, the upper
rounded on the outer side and laciniate; racemes
very loosely flowered, flowers small; fruit o." long
or less, minutely glandular, hemispheric to turbi-
nate; disk flat; bristles few, ascending or erect.
In dry soil, Pennsj'lvania and Maryland to Florida,
Kentucky and Louisiana. Aug.
Vol. II.]
ROSE FAMILY.
227
4. Agrimonia mollis (T. & G. ) Britton.
Soft Agrimony. (Fig. i960.)
Agrimonia Eupaioria var. mollis T. & G. Kl. N. A. i:
431. 1840.
A. mollis Britton, Bull. Torr. Club, 19: 221. 1892.
Virgately branched, i^°-6° tall. Roots tuber-
ous. Stem pubescent, or villous below, finely
pubescent or canescent above, as also the racemes.
Leaves thickish, dull green, veiny, pale and vel-
vety-pubescent beneath; leaflets mostly 7 (5-11),
spreading, narrowly oblong to obovate, obtuse or
acutish at the apex, crenate to dentate; interposed
leaf-segments oblong, mostly a single pair; stipules
lanceolate to ovate-oblong, cut-toothed or lobed;
flowers 2>"~^'' broad, the buds subglobose, obtuse;
fruit 2'' long or more, ascending, spreading or
loosely reflexed, oblong, to broadly turbinate, disk
flat, or convex, the ascending slender bristles nearly
in a single row.
Dry woods and thickets, Connecticut to Michigan,
North Carolina and Kansas. July-Oct.
5. Agrimonia Brittoniana Bicknell.
Britton's Agrimony. (Fig. 1961.)
Agrimonia Britloniaiia Bicknell, Bull. Torr. Club,
23: 517. 1896.
Robust, 2°-6° tall, virgately branched. Roots
fibrous. Stem hirsute-pubescent with short
spreading brownish hairs, sub-appressed above;
leaves numerous; leaflets 7-9, rarely 11, ob-
lique to the rachis, tetragonal-elliptic to rhom-
boid-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, deeply and
closely serrate, dull green, thickish, rugose, softly
pubescent beneath, glabrate above, their margins
finely scabrous-ciliolate; interposed leaf-segments
narrow, usually several pairs; stipules lanceolate,
acuminate, laciniate; racemes long, erect or as-
cending; flowers crowded, ^'s" wide; fruit 3'^-
4'' long, reflexed, long-turbinate, deeply grooved;
unmargined; disk flat or concave; bristles often
purplish, short, crowded, inflexed and connivent
over the sepals.
Along thickets and roadsides, Quebec to northern
New York, south along or near the mountains to West
Virginia. Also in the Rocky Mountains. June-Sept.
6. Agrimonia parviflora Soland. Many-flowered Agrimony. (Fig. 1962.)
Agrimonia parviflora Soland. in Ait. Hort.
Kew. 2: 130. 1789.
Virgately branched, 2°-6° high, with long
racemes. Stem densel)' hirsute with coarse
brownish hairs, villous above; leaves crowded,
the lower often deflexed; leaflets 9-17, close
together, spreading, lanceolate or linear-
lanceolate, acuminate, sharply serrate, rather
thin, glabrous above, pubescent beneath,
especially on the veins, very glandular; in-
terposed leaf-segments mostly 4 or 5 crowded
pairs; stipules laciniate, acuminate; flowers
very numerous, broad; the buds
rounded-truncate; fruit loosely reflexed,
small, glandular, dilated-turbinate with a
proment elevated disk, bristles reflexed,
spreading and erect.
In moist or dry soil, southern New York to
Michigan, south to Georgia and Mississippi.
Roots fibrous.^ |July-Oct.
228
ROSACEAE.
[Vol.. II.
19. SANGUISORBA L. Sp. PI. 116. 1753.
Erect, mostly perennial herbs, sometimes decumbent at the base, with alternate odd-pin-
nate stipulate leaves and small perfect or polygamo-dioecious flowers in dense terminal
peduncled spikes or heads. Calyx-tube turbinate, constricted at the throat, persistent, 4-
lobed, the lobes petaloid, deciduous. Petals none. Stamens 4-K1 , inserted on the throat of
the calyx; filaments filiform, elongated, exserted; anthers short; carpels 1-3, enclosed in
the calyx-tube. Style filiform, terminal. Achene usually i, enclosed in the dry angled
calyx. Seed pendulous. [Latin, blood-staunching, from its supposed properties.]
About 20 species, natives of the north temperate zone. In addition to the following, 2 or 3
others occur in the western parts of North America.
Flowers capitate, greenish; stamens numerous; leaflets 6"-io" long. i. 5". Sanguisorba.
Flowers white, spicate; stamens 4; leaflets i'-3' long. 2. S. Canadensis.
I. Sanguisorba Sanguisorba (I,.)
Britton. Salad Burnet. (Fig. 1963.)
Polerinm Sanguisorba L. Sp. PI. 994. 1753.
Sanguisorba San^tiisorba Britton, Mem. Terr.
Club, 5: 189. 1894.
Glabrous or pubescent, erect, slender, peren-
nial, branched, io'-2o' high. Stipules usually
small, laciniate; leaflets 7-19, ovate or broadly
oval, deeply incised, short-stalked or sessile,
(>"-\o" long; flowers greenish, in dense pe-
duncled globose-ovoid heads loiigi
lower ones staminate, the upper perfect; stamens
numerous, drooping; stigma tufted, purple;
calyx-lobes ovate, acute or acutish; fruit
long.
In dry or rocky soil and in ballast, southern On-
tario, New York and Pennsylvania to Maryland.
Naturalized or adventive from Europe and native
also of Asia. Summer. Called also Garden Burnet,
Bloodwort, Pimpernelle, and Toper's Plant.
2. Sanguisorba Canadensis ly.
American Great Burnet. (Fig. 1964.)
Sanguisorba Canadensis L. Sp. PI. 117. 1753.
Poterium Canadense K. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 150. 1867.
Glabrous or slightly pubescent toward the
base, erect, branched above, i°-6° high, the
branches erect. Stipules often foliaceous and
dentate; basal leaves long-petioled, sometimes 2°
long; leaflets 7-15, ovate, oblong, or oval, obtuse
or acutish, cordate or obtuse at the base, serrate
with acute teeth, stalked, 1^-3' long; flowers
white, perfect, bracteolate at the base, in dense
terminal showy spikes i'-6' long; stamens 4; fila-
ments long-exserted, white; achene enclosed in
the 4-angled calyx.
In swamps and low meadows, Newfoundland to
Michigan, south to Georgia. July-Oct.
20. ROSA L. Sp. PI. 491. 1753.
Erect or climbing shrubs, generally with subterranean rootstocks. Stems commonly
prickly. Leaves alternate, odd-pinnate. Stipules adnate to the petiole. Flowers corymbose
or solitary, red, pink or white (in our species). Calyx-tube cup-shaped or urn-shaped, con-
stricted at the throat, becoming fleshy in fruit, 5- (rarely 4-) lobed, the lobes imbricated,
spreading, deciduous or persistent. Petals 5 (rarely 4), spreading. Stamens 00, inserted on
the hollow annular disk. Carpels co , sessile at the bottom of the cah'x; ovaries commonly
pubescent; styles distinct or united. Achenes numerous, enclosed in the berry-like fruiting
calyx-tube. Seed pendulous. [The ancient Latin name of the rose.]
VOI,. II.]
ROSE FAMILY.
229
A large genus, the number of species variously regarded, natives of the northern hemisphere.
Besides the following, about 6 others occur in the southern and western parts of North America.
* Styles cohering in a column; leaflets mostly 3. i. Ji, setigera.
* * Styles all distinct; leaflets 5-11.
Sepals persistent, erect on the fruit, or spreading.
Infrastipular spines generally none.
Stems unarmed or nearly so; sepals erect on the fruit. 2. R. blanda.
Stems armed with numerous prickles.
Leaflets 3-9, often resinous, obtuse at base; flowers solitary; sepals erect on the fruit.
3. R. acicularis.
Leaflets 7-11, not resinous, narrowed at base; flowers corymbed; sepals spreading.
4. R. Arkansana.
Infrastipular spines commonly present; stems prickly. 5. R. Woodsii.
Sepals deciduous, spreading.
Leaflets finely serrate ; spines stout, recurved. 6. R. Carolina.
Leaflets coarsely serrate.
Infrastipular spines slender, nearly straight; native bushy species.
Stems with scattered prickles or naked ; flowers often solitary. 7. R. humilis.
Stems very densely prickly; flowers usually solitary. 8. R. nitida.
Infrastipular spines stout, hooked; introduced wand-like or climbing species.
Leaflets somewhat pubescent beneath, serrate. 9. R. canina.
Leaflets very glandular beneath, doubly serrate. 10. R. rubiginosa.
I. Rosa setigera Michx. Prairie Rose.
Climbing Rose. (Fig. 1965.)
Rosa setigera Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 295. 1803.
Stems climbing, several feet long, armed with
scattered curved prickles, but not bristly. Petioles,
twigs and peduncles often glandular-pubescent;
stipules very narrow; leaflets 3, or sometimes 5,
mostly ovate, acute or obtusish at the apex, rounded
at the base, i'-3' long, sharply serrate; flowers co-
rymbose, about lYz' broad; sepals ovate, acute, at
length reflexed and deciduous, glandular; petals ob-
cordate, varying from rose-color to white; styles co-
hering in a glabrous column; fruit globose,
in diameter, more or less glandular.
In thickets and on prairies, southern Ontario to Wis-
consin, West Virginia, Florida and Texas. Escaped
from cultivation in New Jersey and Virginia. June-
July. Called also Michigan Rose.
2. Rosa blanda Ait. Smooth or
Meadow Rose. (Fig. 1966. )
Rosa blanda Ait. Hort. Kew. 2: 202. 1789.
Erect, low, 2°-4° high; entirely unarmed
or with a few straight slender prickles on
the stem. Stipules rather broad; leaflets
5-7, short-stalked, usually pale beneath,
oval or obovate, obtuse at the apex, com-
monly narrowed or cuneate at the base, \'-
long, simply and sharply serrate; flow-
ers pink, sometimes 3^ broad, corymbose or
solitary; calyx-lobes lanceolate, acuminate,
entire, hispid-pubescent, persistent and
erect on the fruit; petals obovate, erose or
sometimes obcordate; styles separate; fruit
globose or pyrifonn, glabrous or nearly so,
about 5''' in diameter.
In moist, rocky places, Newfoundland to
Vermont and northern New Jersey, west to On-
tario and Illinois. June-July.
230
ROSACEAE.
[Vol. II.
3. Rosa acicularis Lindl. Prickly Rose. (Fig. 1967.)
Rosa acicularis Lindl. Ros. Monog. 44. pi. 8. 1820.
Rosa Sayi Schwein. in Keating, Narr. Long's Exp.
2: 388. 1824.
R. Engelmanni vS. Wats. Gard. & For. 3: 376. 1889.
Bushy, low, i°-4° high, the stems and often
the branches, denselj' armed with straight
prickles; infrastipular spines none. Stipules
mostly broad; leaflets 5-9 (rarely 3), oval or
oval-lanceolate, obtuse at the apex, rounded at
the base, simply or doubly serrate, often more
or less resinous-pubescent, x'-i' long; flowers
usually solitary, 2 ^'-3' broad; sepals lanceo-
late, acuminate or sometimes dilated above, en-
tire or few-toothed, hispid or glabrous, persist-
ent and erect upon the fruit; styles distinct;
fruit globose or ovoid, sometimes \' long,
generally glabrous.
Anticosti to Ontario, northern Michigan, Minne-
sota and the Northwest Territory, south in the
Rocky Mountains to Colorado. We follow Dr.
G. N. Best in the reduction of R. Sayi and R. En-
gelmatini to this species, which occurs also in
northern Europe and Asia. June-July.
Rosa Arkansana Porter.
(Fig. 1968.)
Arkansas Rose.
Rosa Arkansana Porter, Syn. Fl. Colo. 38. 1874.
Rosa blanda var. ArAansatia Best, Bull. Torr. Club, 17:
145. 1890.
Erect, low, i°-2° high. Stems densely prickly with
very slender bristles; infrastipular spines none; stipules
rather narrow, sometimes toothed above; leaflets 7-1 r,
oval or obovate, sessile or nearly so, obtuse at the apex,
narrowed or often cuneate at the base, seldom over i'
long, simply and sharply serrate, glabrous on both
sides; flowers corymbose or rarely solitary, about 2^
broad; sepals lanceolate, acuminate, sparingly glandu-
lar-hispid or glabrous, or sometimes lobed, persistent
and spreading or reflexed; styles distinct; fruit globose
or nearly so, 4^'-6'' in diameter, glabrous.
Prairies, Minnesota and Iowa to Nebraska, Colorado,
Texas and New Mexico. June-July.
5. Rosa Woodsii Lindl. Woods' Rose.
(Fig. 1969.)
Rosa Woodsii Lindl. Mon. Ros. 21. 1820.
Rosa Fendleri Crepin, Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg. 15: 91. 1876.
Low, bushy, i°-3° high, armed with slender
mostly straight spines, or naked above. Infrastip-
ular spines commonly present; stipules rather broad,
entire; leaflets 5-9, oval or obovate, short-stalked or
sessile, obtusish at the apex, narrowed or cuneate at
the base, ^"-yW long, simply and sharply serrate,
somewhat glaucous beneath; flowers \'-2' broad,
corymbose or solitary, short-pedicelled; sepals lan-
ceolate, acuminate, laterally lobed or entire, erect
and persistent on the fruit; styles distinct; fruit glo-
bose or globose-ovoid, i,"-^" in diameter, glabrous,
sometimes glaucous.
Prairies, Minnesota to Missouri, the Northwest Terri-
tory, New Mexico and Colorado. June-July.
Vol. II.]
ROSE FAMIIvY,
6. Rosa Carolina L. Swamp Rose.
(Fig. 1970.)
Rosa Carolina I<. Sp. PI. 492. 1753.
Bushy, i°-8° high, armed with rather distant stout
commonly recurved spines. Prickles not very abun-
dant, sometimes none; stipules very narrow; leaflets
5-9 (usually 7), varying considerably in outline, oval,
oblong, ovate-lanceolate or even obovate, i'-2,' long,
finely and simply serrate, generally short-stalked,
acute or acutish at each end, pale or pubescent be-
neath; flowers corymbose or rarely solitary, 2^-3''
broad; calyx-lobes lanceolate, acuminate or dilated
above, rarely lobed, hispid-pubescent, spreading or
reflexed, deciduous; styles distinct; fruit globose or
depressed-globose, about 4^^ high, glandular-hispid.
In swamps and low grounds, Quebec and Ontario to
Minnesota, south to Florida and Mississippi. June-Aug.
7. Rosa humilis Marsh. lyow or Pas-
ture Rose. (Fig. 1 97 1.)
Rosa humilis Marsh. Arb. Am. 136. 1785.
Rosa parviflora Ehrh. Beitr. 4: 2i. 1789.
Bushy, 6^-6° high, usually armed with slender
straight infrastipular spines, and more or less
prickly. Stipules narrow, entire; leaflets usu-
ally 5 (sometimes 7), rather thin, ovate oval or
obovate, somewhat shining, coarsely and simply
serrate, 6"~2' long, mostly acute or acutish at
each end, short-stalked or sessile, glabrous or pu-
bescent beneath; flowers usually few or solitary,
2'-T,' broad; pedicels and calyx usually glandular;
sepals lanceolate, acuminate, or dilated above,
commonly lobed, spreading and deciduous;
petals obovate, obcordate or sometimes lobed;
styles distinct; fruit globose or depressed-glo-
bose, glandular-hispid, about i\" high.
In dry or rocky soil, Maine and Ontario to Wis-
consin, south to Georgia and Louisiana. Our com-
monest wild rose. A double-flowered form occurs in Pennsylvania and New Jersey. May-July.
Rosa humilis liicida (Ehrh.) Best, Bull. Torr. Club, 14: 256. 1887.
Rosa lucida Ehrh. Beitr. 4: 22. 1789.
Leaflets 5-9, thicker, shining above, stipules broader; flowers more numerous. New Jersey
and Pennsylvania to Ontario and Newfoundland.
Rosa hiimilis villosa Best, Bull. Torr. Club, 14: 256. i?
Low, very prickly; leaflets thickish, villous-pubescent
beneath. New Jersey and southern New York.
8. Rosa nitida Willd. Northeastern Rose.
(Fig. 1972.)
Rosa nilida Willd. Enum. 544. 1809.
Low, bushy, seldom over 2° high, the stems and
branches very densely covered with slender straight
prickles nearly as long as the slender infrastipular
spines. Stipules usually broad, often glandular; leaf-
lets 5-9, oblong or oval, generally acute at each end,
short-stalked, the terminal one sometimes slightly ob-
ovate and obtuse at the apex, all sharply serrate, shin-
ing above, glabrous or very nearly so, 6"~i^'' long;
flowers solitary or few, x'-^yi' broad; sepals lanceo-
late, acuminate, entire, hispid or glandular, at length
spreading, deciduous; petals often obcordate; styles dis-
tinct; fruit glandular-hispid, globose, about \" high.
In low grounds, Massachusetts to Newfoundland.
June-July.
232
ROSACEAE.
[Vol. II.
9. Rosa canina L. Dog Rose. Canker
W Rose. Wild Brier. (Fig. 1973.)
Jiosa canina L. Sp. PI. 491. 1753.
Branches erect or straggling, sometimes 10° long,
armed with stout short hooked spines, not bristly
but sometimes glandular. Stipules broad, glandular;
leaflets 5-7, ovate or oval, rather thick, generally ob-
tuse at each end, usually simply and sharply serrate,
sometimes pubescent beneath, glabrous or nearly so
above, I'-i^' long; flowers solitary or few, pink vary-
ing to white; sepals much lobed, lanceolate, reflexed,
deciduous; styles distinct; fruit long-ovoid, 6''-9"
long, usually glabrous. ' ""^
In waste places, especially along roadsides, Nova Scotia
western New Jersey and eastern Pennsylvania; abundant
in the valley of the Delaware. Also in Tennessee. Natur-
alized or adventive from Europe ; native also in northern
Asia. Called also Cat- whin and Canker-blooms (Shaks-
pere). June-July.
10. Rosa rubiginosa L,. Sweetbrier. (Fig. 1974.)
Hosa 7 tibiginosa I,. Mant. 2: 564. 1771.
Rosa micrantha J. E. Smith, Eng. Bot. pi. 2490.
Rosa eglanleria Mill. Diet. Ed. 8, no. 4. 1768. Not L,. 1753.
Slender, 4°-6° high, or often forming longer wands,
armed with stout recurved spines. Stipules rather broad;
leaflets 5-7, similar to those of the preceding species in out-
line, but generally doubly serrate and densely glandular-
pubescent and resinous beneath, very aromatic; flowers
pink varying to white; sepals lanceolate, usually much
lobed, spreading, deciduous, glandular-hispid; fruit oval
or ovoid, (>"-\o" long.
In waste places, Nova Scotia to Ontario, Tennessee and
Virginia. Adventive or naturalized from Europe ; native also in
central Asia. June-July. The Eglantine of Chaucer, Spenser
and Shakspere.
Rosa cinnamomea L., the Cinnamon Rose, with small'double
reddish flowers, and leaves downy-pubescent beneath, _is occa-
sionally found along roadsides in the Middle .States.
Family 44. POMACEAE L. Ord. Nat. 1764.
Apple Family.
Trees or shrubs, with alternate pinnately veined or pinnate petioled leaves,
the small deciduous stipules free from the petiole. Flowers regular, perfect,
racemed, cymose or solitary. Calyx superior, mostly 5-toothed or 5-lobed, its
tube adnate to the ovary. Petals mostly 5, usually clawed. Stamens numerous
or rarely few, distinct; anthers small, 2-celled, the sacs longitudinally dehi.scent.
Ovary 1-5-celled, usually 5-celled, composed of 1-5 wholly or partly united
carpels; ovules 1-2 (rarely several) in each carpel, anatropous, ascending; styles
1-5; stigma small. Fruit a more or less fleshy pome, consisting of the thick-
ened calyx-tube enclosing the hony papery or leathery carpels. Endosperm
none; cotyledons fleshy.
About 20 genera and 225 species, of wide geographic distribution.
Ripe carpels papery or leathery.
Leaves pinnate. i. Sorbus.
Leaves simple, entire, toothed, or lobed.
Cavities of the ovary (carpels) as many as the styles.
Flesh of the pome with grit-cells. 2. Pyriis.
Flesh of the pome without grit-cells.
Cymes simple; trees. 3. Malus.
Cymes compound; low shrubs. 4. Aronia.
Cavities of the ovary becoming twice as many as the styles. 5. Amelanchier.
Ripe carpels bony.
Ovule I in each carpel, or if 2, dissimilar. 6. Crataegus.
Ovules 2 in each carpel, alike. 7. Cotoneaster.
Vol. II.] APPI.E FAMILY. 233
I. SORBUS L. Sp. PI. 477- i753-
Trees or shrubs, with alternate pinnate leaves, serrate leaflets, deciduous stipules, and
perfect regular white flowers, in terminal compound cymes. Calyx-tube urn-shaped, 5-lobed,
not bracteolate. Petals 5, spreading, short-clawed. Stamens 00 . Ovary inferior; styles usu-
ally 3, distinct; stigma truncate; ovules 2 in each cavity. Fruit a small red berry-like pome,
its carpels not cartilaginous. [The ancient Latin name of the Pear or Service-tree.]
A genus of about 7 species, natives of the north temperate zone. Besides the following, another
occurs in western North America.
Leaflets long-acuminate; fruit 2" -2," in diameter. i. 5. Americana.
Leaflets obtuse or short-pointed; fruit about 4" in diameter. 2. S. sambucifolia.
I. Sorbus Americana Marsh. American
Mountain Ash . Dogberry . (Fig. 1975.)
Sorbus Americana Marsh. Arb. Am. 145. 1785.
Sorbus niicrocarpa Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 341. 1814.
Pyrtis Americana DC. Prodr. 2: 637. 1825.
A small tree, with smooth bark, reaching a maxi-
mum height of 30° and a trunk diameter of 18'.
Leaf-buds acute; leaves petioled; leaflets 11-17, lan-
ceolate, long-acuminate, glabrous on both sides or
slightly pubescent when young, bright green above,
generally paler beneath, lyi'-^' long, sharply serrate
with mucronate teeth; cymes densely compound,
t/-6^ broad; flowers i"-}/' broad; fruit globose,
bright red, 2"--^/' in diameter.
In low woods or moist ground, Newfoundland to
Manitoba, south, especially along the mountains, to
North CaroHna and to Michigan. Wood soft, light
brown; weight per cubic foot 34 lbs. Called also Amer-
ican Service Tree. A closely related or identical form
occurs in Japan. May-June.
2. Sorbus sambucifolia (C. &S.) Roem. Western Mountain Ash. (Fig. 1976.)
Pyrus sambucifolia C. & S. Linnaea, 2: 36. 1827.
Sorbus sambucifolia Roem. Syn. Mon. 3: 39. 1847.
A small tree or often a shrub, closely resembling
the preceding species. Leaf-buds acute; leaflets
7-15, proportionately broader and shorter, oval or
ovate-lanceolate, obtuse or short-pointed at the apex,
sharply serrate, glabrous and dark green above, pale
and usually more or less pubescent beneath, especi-
ally along the veins, seldom over 3' long; flowers
2)"~2)y2" broad; calyx and pedicels generally pubes-
cent; cymes 2^-4' broad; fruit globose, red, about \"
in diameter.
In moist ground, Labrador to Alaska, northern New
England, Pennsylvania, Michigan, and in the Rocky
Mountains to Colorado and Utah. Wood similar to that
of the preceding; weight per cubic foot 37 lbs. Occurs
also in northeastern Asia. June-July.
Sorbus Aucuparia L., the European Mountain Ash,
Rowan Tree or Quick-beam, has the leaves pubescent
on both sides, especially when young, the calyx and
pedicels usually woolly. Often planted; reported as
escaped from cultivation in Prince Edward Island.
2. PYRUS L. Sp. PI. 479- 1753-
Trees, or some species shrubs, with simple leaves. Flowers large, showy, white or pink,
in simple terminal cymes. Calyx urn-shaped, 5-lobed, the lobes acute. Petals 5, rounded,
short-clawed. Stamens usually numerous; styles mostly 5, distinct, or united only at the
very base; ovules 2 in each cavity; carpels cartilaginous or leathery. Fruit a pome, usually
pear-shaped, its flesh abounding in grit-cells. [Latin name of the Pear.]
About 12 species, natives of the Old World.
234
POMACEAE.
[Vol. II.
I. Pyrus communis I,.
Pear, Choke Pear. (Fig. 1977.)
Pynis communis L. Sp. PI. 479. 1753.
A tree, sometimes 60° high and with a trunk
2°-3° in diameter, commonly much smaller, the
branches usually thorny. Leaves ovate, elliptic
or obovate, finely serrulate or entire, slender-
petioled, ^yi'-j,' long, downy and ciliate when
young, becoming glabrous or nearly so when
old, the apex acute or acuminate, the base usu-
ally rounded; petioles sometimes as long as the
blades or longer; cymes few-several-flowered,
borne at the ends of short twigs of the preced-
ing year; pedicels <^"-2' long, at first downy;
flowers white, broad; calyx-lobes about as
long as the tube; styles distinct to the base;
pome, in the wild form, seldom over 1' long, in
the numerous cultivated forms often much larger.
In thickets and woods, Maine to New York, New
Jersey and Pennsylvania, escaped from cultivation.
Native of Europe and Asia. Wood hard, fine-
grained, reddish-brown; weight per cubic foot 51
lbs. April-May.
3. MALUS Juss. Gen. 334. 1789.
Trees or shrubs, with alternate toothed or lobed leaves, and showy pink or white flowers
in simple terminal cymes. Calyx-tube um-shaped or campanulate, 5-lobed. Petals 5,
rounded, clawed. Styles 2-5 (usually 5), united at the base; ovules 2 in each cavity, carpels
papery or leathery. Fruit a pome, usually depressed-globose, mostly hollowed at the base,
but sometimes rounded, its flesh not containing grit-cells. [Greek, apple.]
About 15 species, natives of the north temperate zone. Besides the following, another occurs
in northwestern America.
Leaves glabrous, at least when mature.
Leaves ovate-lanceolate, narrowed at the base.
Leaves ovate, cordate or rounded at the base.
Leaves persistently pubescent or tomentose beneath.
Leaves mostly narrowed at the base; pome I'-iK' in diameter.
Pedicels slender, I'-i^' long. 3. M. loensis.
Pedicels stout, 6"-i2" long. 4. M. Soulardi.
Leaves rounded or subcordate at the base; pome 2' -4' in diameter. 5. M. Mains.
1. M. anguslifolia.
2. M. coronaria.
I. Malus angustifolia (Ait.) Michx. Narrow-leaved Crab Apple.
(Fig. 1978.)
Pyrus anguslifolia Ait. Hort. Kew. 2: 176. 1789.
Malus aiiguslifolia Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 292. 1803.
A small tree, sometimes 20° high and the trunk
10' in diameter. Leaves oblong, oblong-lanceolate
or oval, thick, shining and dark green above, gla -
brous when mature, sometimes pubescent beneath
when young, dentate or often entire, obtusish or
acute at the apex, narrowed at the base, long;
cymes few-flowered; pedicels I'-i^' long, slen-
der; flowers pink, fragrant, mostly less than x'
broad; styles nearly separate; pome about \' in
diameter.
In thickets, New Jersey to Illinois and Kansas,
south to Florida and Louisiana. Wood hard, reddish
brown; weight per cubic foot 43 lbs. March-May.
Vol.. II.]
APPLE FAMILY.
235
2. Malus coronaria (L.) Mill. American
Crab Apple. (Fig. 1979.)
Pyrus coronaria L,. Sp. PI. 480. 1753.
Malus coronaria Mill. Gard. Diet. Ed. 8, no. 2. 1768-
A small tree, sometimes reaching a height of 25°
and trunk diameter of 12'. Leaves petioled, ovate
to triangular-ovate, sparingly pubescent beneath
along the veins when young, glabrous when old,
sharply serrate and often somewhat lobed, ovate,
acute or acutish at the apex, rounded or cordate
at the base, 1^-3' long; flowers rose-colored, very
fragrant, I'-a' broad; pedicels long, gla-
brous; calyx slightly pubescent; pome fleshy, glo-
bose or depressed, in diameter, greenish-
yellow, fragrant, very acid.
In thickets, Ontario to Michigan, south to New Jer-
sey and South Carolina. Wood soft, reddish brown;
Weight per cubic foot 44 lbs. Called also Sweet-
scented Crab Tree. April-May. Fruit ripe Sept.
3. Malus loensis (Wood) Britton.
Western Crab Apple. (Fig. 1980.)
Pyrus coronaria var. loensis Wood, Class-
book, 333. i860.
Pyrus loensis Bailey, Am. Gard. 12: 473. 1891.
A small tree, resembling Malus corona-
ria. Leaves simple, firm, white-pubescent
beneath, at length glabrous above, obtuse
[ at the apex, mostly narrowed at the base,
ovate, oval or oblong, dentate, crenate or
with a few rounded lobes, 1^-2' long, or on
young shoots much larger; petioles and
calyx pubescent, Yz'-iyz' long; flowers
much like those of M. coronaria ; pedicels
pubescent, slender, I'-i^' long.
Minnesota, Wisconsin and Illinois to Ken-
tucky, Louisiana and the Indian Territory.
April-May.
4. Malus Soulardi (Bailey) Britton.
Soulard Crab Apple. (Fig. 198 1.)
Pyrus Soulardi Bailey, Am. Gard. 12: 473. 1891.
A small upright stout-growing tree, resem-
bling the two preceding species. Leaves ovate,
elliptic or obovate, mostly obtuse or truncate at
the apex, narrowed or rounded at the base, ru-
gose and densely tomentose beneath, irregu-
larly crenate-dentate or sometimes few-lobed;
petioles 1' long or less, tomentose; flowers
smaller than those of M. coronaria, the cymes
dense; pedicels stout, white-tomentose,
long; pome I'-iy^' in diameter.
Minnesota to Missouri and Texas. Regarded by
some as a hybrid between the preceding and the
following species. April-May.
POMACEAE,
5
Malus Malus (L.) Britton.
(Fig. 1982.)
[Vol. II.
Apple.
Pyrns Mains L. Sp. PI. 479. 1753.
Malus sylvesh is Mill. Gard. Diet. Ed. 8, no. i. 1768-
A large tree with spreading branches, the trunk
sometimes reaching a diameter of 3° in cultiva-
tion. Leaves petioled, broadly ovate or oval,
obtuse or abruptly pointed at the apex, rounded
or slightly cordate at the base 1^-3' long, dentate
or nearly entire, glabrous or nearly so above,
pubescent and often woolly beneath, especially
when young; pedicels generally tomentose,
long; flowers pink, or white, i^^-3' broad; calyx
tomentose; fruit depressed- globose or elongated,
hollowed at the base, in diameter.
In woods and thickets, frequent in southern New
York, New Jersey and Pennsylvania. Our common
apple, introduced from Europe and escaped from
cultivation. Native also of western Asia. Wood
hard, reddish brown; weight per cubic foot 50 lbs.
April-May.
4, ARONIA Pers. Syn. 2: 39. 1807.
Low shrubs, with alternate simple petioled finely serrate leaves, the upper side of the
midrib glandular, the narrow stipules early deciduous. Flowers small, white or pink, in
terminal compound cymes. Calyx urn-shaped, 5-lobed. Petals 5, concave, spreading.
Stamens numerous. Styles 3-5, united at the base. Ovary woolly. Pome small, globose
or somewhat top-shaped, not hollowed at the base, its carpels rather leather}-. [Name
modified from Aria, the Beam-tree of Europe.]
The genus consists of the following species:
Cyme and lower surfaces of the leaves woolly; fruit bright red. i. A. arbutifolia.
Cymes and leaves glabrous or nearly so; fruit black or purplish. 2. A. tiigra.
I. Aronia arbutifolia (L.) Ell. Red Choke-berry, (Fig. 1983.)
Mespilus arbutifolia L. Sp. PI. 478. 1753.
Pyrus arbutifolia L. f. Suppl. 256. 1781.
Mespilus arbutifolia var. erythrocarpa
Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 292. 1803.
Aronia arbutifolia EU. Bot. S. C. & Ga. i:
556. 1821.
A branching shrub, sometimes reaching
a height of 12°, but usually much lower.
Leaves petioled, oval, oblong or obovate,
obtuse or abruptly short-pointed at the
apex, narrowed or somewhat cuneate at
the base, long, serrulate-crenulate,
glabrous above, generally densely tomen-
tose beneath; cymes terminal, but at
length overtopped by the young sterile
shoots, compound; flowers white or pur-
plish-tinged, broad; calyx and
pedicels tomentose; pome ^''-'xf' in diam-
eter, globose or somewhat depressed, and
bright red when mature.
In swamps and wet woods, reported from
Nova Scotia to Minnesota, south to Florida
and Louisiana. Called also Dogberry Tree.
March-May.
Vol. II.]
APPLE FAMILY.
237
2. Aronia nigra (Willd.) Britton. Black
Chokeberry. (Fig. 1984.)
Mespiliis ai btili/olia var. nigra Willd. Sp. PI. 2: 1013.
1800.
Mespilus arbutifolia\a.r. tnelanocarpa Michx. Fl. Bor.
Am. i: 292. 1803.
Pyrus nigra Sargent, Gard. & For. 3: 416. 1890.
Aronia nigra Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 182. 1894.
A shrub resembling the preceding species, and
generally regarded as a variety of it. Leaves obo-
vate or oval, obtuse, acute or abruptly acuminate at
the apex, narrowed or cuneate at the base, short-
petioled, crenulate, dark green above, paler beneath,
glabrous or nearly so on both surfaces; flowers simi-
lar to the preceding; calyx and pedicels nearly gla-
brous; fruit globose or oval, nearly black, or purplish
black, J," -a" diameter.
In swamps or low woods, or sometimes in drier soil.
Nova Scoxia to western Ontario, south to Florida and
Michigan. Ascends to 6000 ft. in North Carolina.
March-June.
5. AMELANCHIER Medic. Phil. Bot. i: 155. 1789.
Shrubs or trees, with alternate simple petioled serrate or entire leaves, unarmed branches,
and racemose or rarely solitary white flowers. Calyx-tube campanulate, more or less adnate
to the ovary, 5-lobed, the lobes narrow, reflexed, persistent. Petals 5. Stamens oc , inserted
on the throat of the calyx; filaments subulate; styles 2-5, connate, pubescent at the base.
Ovary wholly or partly inferior, its cavities becoming twice as many as the styles; ovule i
in each cavity, erect. Pome small, berry-like, 4-10-celled. Testa of the seed cartilaginous.
[The Savoy name of the Medlar.]
A genus of about 12 species, natives of the north temperate zone. Besides the following, some
3 others occur in western North America and i in Mexico.
Flowers several or numerous in the racemes; pome globose.
Glabrous or pubescent trees and shrubs; leaves usually serrate nearly all around.
Leaves acute or acuminate at the apex; top of the ovary glabrous or nearly so.
Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, glabrous when mature; base cordate or rounded.
I. A. Canadensis.
Leaves oblong, oval, ovate or obovate, rarely subcordate at base, densely white -woolly
beneath, at least when young. 2. A. Bolryapium.
Leaves rounded, obtuse or subacute at the apex; top of the ovary woolly.
Low shrub of rocky places, i°-2° high; petals 2" -4" long. 3. A. spicata.
Tree or small shrub; petals 5" -8" long. 4. A. rolundifolia.
Glabrous western shrub; leaves dentate above the middle only. 5. A. alnifolia.
Flowers only 1-4 in the clusters; pome oblong or obovoid. 6. A. oligocarpa.
I. Amelanchier Canadensis (L.) Medic. June-berry. Service- berry.
May-cherry. (Fig. 1985.)
Mespilus Canadensis L. Sp. PI. 478. 1753.
Crataegus racemosa Lam. Encycl. i: 84. 1783.
A. Canadensis Medic. Geschichte, 79. 1793.
A tree, sometimes reaching the height of 60°,
with trunk diameter of 2°, but usually lower, sel-
dom over 25° high. Leaves ovate or oval, acute
or acuminate at the apex, rounded or cordate at
the base, sharply and finely serrate, sometimes
sparingly pubescent when young, soon entirely
glabrous, i'-3' long, or larger on young shoots;
racemes spreading or drooping; pedicels long,
slender; bracts silky, purplish, deciduous; petals
linear, linear-spatulate, or linear-oblong, 6^-9"
long, 3-4 times the length of the nearly or quite
glabrous calyx; pome globose, red or purple,
sweet, about 3'' high.
In dry woodlands, Newfoundland to western On-
tario, south to Florida and Louisiana. Wood very
hard, brown; weight per cubic foot 49 lbs. March-
May. Fruit ripe June-July.
POMACEAE.
[Vol. II.
2. Amelanchier Botryapium (L. f.)
DC. Shad-bush. Swamp Sugar-
Pear. (Fig. 1986.)
Pyrus Botryapium I,, f. Suppl. 255. 1781.
A. Botryapium DC. Prodr. 3: 632. 1825.
Amelanchier Canadensis var. oblongifolia T. &
G. Fl. N. A. 1: 473. 1840.
A shrub or small tree, sometimes 30° high,
the foliage and inflorescence densely white-
woolly when young, often nearly or quite gla-
brous when old. Leaves oval, oblong, ellip-
tic or obovate, acute at the apex, rounded, or
sometimes narrowed or subcordate at the base,
finely and sharply serrate nearly all around;
racemes short, rather dense; pedicels short,
seldom over I'long; petals spatulate or linear-
spatulate, },"-']" long, 2-3 times as long as the
calyx-lobes; calyx usually densely white-
woolly; pome globose, 3"-4'' in diameter.
In swamps and moist soil. New Brunswick to
Manitoba, Florida and Louisiana. April-May.
3. Amelanchier spicata (Lam.) Dec.
Low June-berry. (Fig. 1987.)
Crataegtis spicata Lam. Encycl. i: 84. 1783.
Amelanchier spicata Dec. Nouv. Arch. Mus. Paris,
10: 135. pi. g. 1874.
Stems i°-3° high from a long root creeping
among rocks. Leaves elliptic or oval, 9"-i>^'
long, rounded at both ends, or sometimes sub-
acute at the apex, sometimes subcordate at the
base, serrulate or dentate-serrate nearly all
around or sometimes entire below the middle,
dark green and quite glabrous when mature,
woolly when young; racemes numerous, 4-10-
flowered; pedicels slender, yi'-\' long in fruit;
petals I'^-ii/' long; calyx-lobes nearly triangu-
lar; top of the ovary woolly; pome globose,
about 2)" in diameter.
In dry rocky places. New York, New Jersey and
Pennsylvania. May.
4. Amelanchier rotundifolia
(Michx.) Roem. Round-leaved
June-berry. (Fig. 1988.)
Mespilus Canadensis var. rotundifolia
Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 291. 1803.
Amelanchier Canadensis var. rotimdifolia
T. & G. Fl. N. A. i: 473. In part, 1840.
A. roljindifolia Roem. Syn. Mon. 3: 146. 1847.
A tall shrub or small tree, sometimes 25°
high. Leaves broadly oval, ovate or nearly
orbicular, I '-3' long, obtuse or rounded at
both ends, or rarely subacute, often cordate
at the base, serrate nearly all around with
large teeth, or entire near the base, glabrous
from the time of unfolding or more or less
woolly when very young; racemes several-
flowered; pedicels slender, i^-i long in
fruit; calyx-lobes lanceolate; petals spatu-
late or oblauceolate, 5"-8'' long; pome
globose, 3"-4'' in diameter.
In woods and thickets, New Brunswick to
Minnesota, New York and Michigan. May.
Fruit ripe in August, after that of A. Cana-
densis has fallen.
Vol.. II.]
APPLE FAMILY.
239
5. Amelanchier alnifolia Nutt. Northwestern June
or Service-berry. (Fig. 1989.)
Aronia alnifolia Nutt. Gen. i: 306. 1818.
Amelanchier Canadensis vzx. alnifolia T.
& G. Fl. N. A. i: 473. 1840.
Amelanchier alnifolia Nutt.; T. & G. Fl.
N. A. i: 473. As synonym. 1840.
A shrub, 6°-8° high, more or less to-
mentose-pubescent when young, at
length glabrate throughout and some-
what glaucous. Leaves thick, broadly
elliptic or almost orbicular, very obtuse
and often truncate (rarely acutish) at
the apex, rounded or subcordate at the
base, coarsely dentate above the middle,
Yz'-i' long; racemes short, rather dense;
pedicels short; petals oblanceolate, cu-
neate. j,"-<^" long, 2-4 times the length
of the calyx; pome globose, purple with
a bloom, 2>"~A" high, sweet.
Dry soil, western Ontario to British Co-
lumbia, south to Michigan, Nebraska, New
Mexico and California. April.
Amelanchier oUgocarpa (Michx.) Roem.
(Fig. 1990.0
Oblong-fruited June-berry.
Mespilus Canadensis var. oUgo-
carpa Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i:
291. 1803.
A. Canadensis var. oUgocarpa T.
& G. Fl. N. A. i: 474. 1840.
Amelanchier oUgocarpa Roem.
Syn. Mon. 3: 145. 1847.
A shrub, 2°-9° high, glabrous
or very nearly so throughout, ex-
cept the early deciduous bracts,
which are sometimes loosely to-
mentose. Leaves thin, narrowly
oval or oblong, generally about
3 times as long as broad, nar-
rowed and acute or acutish at
each end, finely and sharply ser-
rate, long; racemes 1-4-
flowered; pedicels slender; petals
obovate or oblanceolate, 3"-4"
long, about twice as long as the
calyx; pome pear-shaped, pur-
ple, with a bloom, 3''-4'' long.
In cold swamps or wet rocky places, l,abrador to western Ontario, south to northern New Eng-
land, Pennsylvania and Michigan. May.
6. CRATAEGUS L. Sp. PI. 475. 1753.
Shrubs or small trees, usually spiny, with alternate petioled serrate lobed or pinnati-
fid leaves and white or pink terminal corymbose flowers. Calyx-tube cup-shaped or cam-
panulate, adnate to the carpels, its limb 5-lobed. Petals 5, spreading, rounded, inserted on
the throat of the calyx. Stamens co , usually numerous; filaments filiform. Ovary inferior,
or its summit free, 1-5-celled; styles 1-5, separate; ovule i in each carpel, or if 2, dissimilar.
Pome rather small, drupe-like, containing 1-5 bony carpels, each i-seeded or rarely 2-
seeded. Seed erect, flattish. [Greek, strong, from the toughness of the wood.]
About 50 species, natives of the north temperate zone, Mexico and the Andes of New Granada.
Besides the following, 4 or 5 others occur in the southern and western parts of North America.
Corymbs many-flowered.
Leaves obovate, spatulate or oblanceolate.
Foliage, pedicels and calyx glabrous.
Leaves obovate or oblanceolate, sharply serrate. i. C. Crus-Galli.
Leaves narrowly spatulate, crenate-dentate at the apex. 2. C. spathulala.
Lower leaf-surfaces, pedicels and calyx somewhat pubescent. 3. Q. punctata.
240
POMACEAE.
[Vol. II.
I,eaves ovate, broadly oval or nearly orbicular in outline.
Foliage, pedicels and calyx glabrous or nearly so.
Leaves mainly truncate or cordate at the base, lobed. 4. C. cordala.
Leaves narrowed or wedge-shaped at the base.
Leaves much incised; styles 1-3. 5. C. Oxyacanlha.
Leaves serrate or but little incised; styles mostly 5. 6. C. viridis.
Lower surfaces or teeth of the leaves, pedicels and calyx pubescent or gland-bearing.
Leaves deeply pinnately incised; pome 3" long. 7. C. apiifolia.
Leaves serrate or lobed, not deeply incised; pome 4"-l2" long.
Leaves glabrous or nearly so, their teeth mostly tipped with small glands.
Leaves, or most of them, truncate or cordate at the base. 8. C. coccinea.
Leaves, or most of them, narrowed at the base.
Fruit subglobose, pyriform or oval, 5"-7" in diameter; bractlets and calyx
densely glandular. 9. C. rotundifolia.
Fruit globose, 3"-4" in diameter; bractlets and calyx somewhat glandular.
10. C. macracanlha.
Leaves pubescent, especially along the veins beneath.
Leaves broadly ovate, truncate or cordate at the base; flowers i' broad.
11. C. mollis.
Leaves oval, narrowed at both ends; flowers 6"-8" broad. 12. C. tomenlom.
Corymbs 1-7-flowered.
Calyx-lobes not incised; petioles and leaf-serrations very glandular. 13. C. flava.
Calyx-lobes deeply incised; petioles and leaf -serrations little or not at all glandular.
Leaves obovate or spatulate, obtuse. 14. C. tmiflora.
Leaves oval, mostly acute at both ends. 15. C. Vailiae.
Cockspur Thorn. Newcastle Thorn. (Fig. 1991.)
Crataegus Crus-Galli L. Sp. PI. 476. 1753.
A shrub or small tree, -with maximum
height of about 30° and trunk diameter
of 1°, the branches spreading. Thorns
numerous, slender, 2'-4' long; leaves
coriaceous, shining above, dull beneath,
glabrous on both sides, obovate or ob-
lanceolate, obtuse or abruptly acumi-
nate at the apex, very cuneate at the
base, i'-2' long, sharply and somewhat
irregularly serrate; corymbs many-flow-
ered, terminating short branches; pedi-
cels and calyx glabrous; flowers about
6'^ broad; calyx-lobes linear-lanceolate;
styles usually 1-3; fruit globose or
slightly pear-shaped, about 3" long.
In thickets, western Quebec to Mani-
toba, south to Florida and Texas. Wood
hard, satiny, reddish brown. Weight per
cubic foot 45 lbs. May-June.
I. Crataegus Crus-Galli L.
Crataegus spathulata Michx.
fruited Haw. (Fig. 1992.)
Small-
Mespilus Azarolus Marsh. Arb. Am. 88. 1785. Not
C. Azarolus L. I753-
Crataegus spathulata Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 288. 1803.
A shrub or small tree, sometimes reaching a height
of 25° and trunk diameter of 10'. Spines 1^-2' long;
leaves fascicled near the ends of short branches, cori-
aceous, shining above, rather dull beneath, glabrous
on both sides, spatulate, obtuse and crenate or with
2-3 lobes at the summit, entire and narrowly cune-
ate at base, almost sessile, \' long, or those of the
sterile branches often larger; cymes terminating
short branches, many-flowered; pedicels and calyx
glabrous; flowers about 4" broad; calyx-lobes ovate;
styles commonly 5; fruit red, globose, or oval-glo-
bose, 7."-2," long.
In thickets, Virginia to Florida, west to Missouri and
Texas. Wood hard, reddish brown. Weight per cubic
foot 45 lbs. M,3y-June.
Vol. II.]
APPLE FAMILY.
241
3. Crataegus punctata Jacq. Large-fruited Thorn. (Fig. 1993.)
Crataegus punctata Jacq. Hort. Vind. i: lo. pi. 2S. 1770.
Mespiliis cornifolia Muench. Hausv. 5: 145. 1770.
Crataegus tomentosa var. pxnictata A. Gray, Man. Ed. 2,
124. 1856.
A shrub or small tree, sometimes 25° high, with
horizontal, thorny branches. Thorns \'-2' long, often
branched; leaves slender-petioled, obovate, obtuse or
short-pointed at the apex and irregularly serrate or
serrulate, cuneate and often entire at the base, nearly
glabrous above, pubescent or at length glabrous be-
neath, T.'-^,' long, rarely lobed, veins straight, con-
spicuous; corymbs many-flowered; flowers
broad; calyx-lobes linear, entire; styles 3-5; calyx and
pedicels pubescent or glabrate; fruit globose or oval,
red or yellow, in diameter.
In thickets, Quebec and Ontario to Georgia, especially
in the mountains, west to Iowa. May.
Crataegus punctata canescens Britton, Bull. Torr. Club, 21:
231. 1894.
Lower leaf-surfaces, petioles, peduncles and pedicels
densely whitish-tomentose. Vermont to Pennsylvania.
4. Crataegus cordata (Mill.) Ait. Washington Thorn. (Fig. 1994.)
Mespilus cordata Mill. Fig. PI. pi. 179. 1760.
Crataegus populi/olia Walt. Fl. Car. 147. 1788.
Crataegus cordata Ait. Hort. Kew. 2: 168. 1789.
A tree, i5°-45° high, with maximum trunk
diameter of about 18', often lower and shrubby.
Spines slender, 1^-2^ long; leaves slender-peti-
oled, broadly ovate, generally sharply 3-7-lobed
and serrate, acute or acuminate at the apex,
truncate or cordate at the base, glabrous on both
sides, I'-j/ long; corymbs many-flowered, ter-
minal; flowers 4''-6''' broad; pedicels glabrous;
calyx glabrous or sparingly pubescent without,
quite pubescent within, its lobes ovate; styles 5;
fruit bright red, depressed-globose, 1" high.
In woods and thickets, Virginia to Georgia, espe-
cially along the mountains, west to Illinois and
Tennessee. Much planted for hedges; escaped from
cultivation in southern New Jersey and Pennsylva-
nia. Wood hard, reddish brown; weight per cubic
foot 45 lbs. March-May.
5. Crataegus Oxyacantha L. Hawthorn.
White or May Thorn. (Fig. 1995.)
CrataegusjOxyacantha L- Sp. PI. 477. 1753.
A shrub or tree, sometimes attaining a height of
40° and trunk diameter of 1° or more. Thorns
stout, numerous; leaves slender-petioled, glabrous
on both sides or pubescent when young, sharply 3-
7-lobed, broadly ovate or slightly obovate, acute or
obtusish at the apex, broadly cuneate at the base,
i'-2' long, the lobes serrate or entire; corymbs
many-flowered; pedicels and calyx glabrous or
sparingly pubescent, not glandular; flowers ^"-"j"
broad, white or pink; calyx-lobes ovate; styles I-3;
fruit globose or globose-ovoid, about 3'' high.
Along roadsides and in thickets, sparingly escaped
from cultivation. Wood hard, yellowish-white; weight
per cubic foot 50 lbs. Introduced from Europe and
native also of Asia. May-June. Called also Hathorne,
Hedge -thorn. May Bush, Maj-, Quickset.
16
242
POMACEAE.
[Vol. II.
Crataegus viridis I,.
Southern Thorn. (Fig. 1996.)
Crataegus viridis L. Sp. PI. 476. 1753.
C. arborescens Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. i: 550. 1821.
A small tree with maximum height of about
30° and trunk diameter of 18', often without
spines. Leaves slender-petioled, varying from
ovate to lanceolate or somewhat obovate, gla-
brous on both sides or pubescent in the axils of
the veins beneath, sharply serrate and usually
somewhat lobed, mostly acute at each end, \'-
2/ long; corymbs many-flowered; pedicels and
calyx glabrous or little pubescent; flowers (>"-
9'' broad; calyx-lobes lanceolate; styles com-
monly 5; fruit globose or oval, about 2>" high,
persistent into the winter.
Valley of the Mississippi from Missouri to Louisi-
ana and Texas, east to South Carolina and Florida.
Wood hard, reddisli-brown; weight per cubic foot
40 lbs. March-April.
Crataegus viridis nitida Engeltn.
Leaves more shining; fruit larger, glaucous.
Missouri and Arkansas. Perhaps a distinct species.
7. Crataegus apiifolia (Marsh.) Michx. Par-
sley Haw. Parsley-leaved Thorn. (Fig. 1997.)
Mespilus apiifolia Marsh. Arb. Am. 89. 1785.
Crataegus apiifolia Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 287. 1803.
A shrub or small tree, reaching a maximum height
of about 25° and trunk diameter of about 3^. Spines
stout, \'-7.' long; leaves slender-petioled, broadly
ovate or nearly orbicular in outline, pubescent on both
sides at least when young, obtuse or acutish at the
apex, truncate or slightly cordate at the base, Yz'-iyz'
long, thin, pinnately and deeply 5-7-cleft, the lobes
sharply serrate; corymbs numerous, several-flowered,
the slender pedicels and calyx pubescent; flowers \"-
6" broad; calyx-lobes linear, glandular; styles 1-3;
fruit red, oval, i''-^," long.
In thickets, Virginia to Florida, west to Missouri and
Texas. Wood hard, bright reddish-brown; weight per
cubic foot 46 lbs. March-April.
8. Crataegus coccinea L. Scarlet Thorn
or Haw. Red Haw. (Fig. 1998.)
Crataegus coccinea L. Sp. PI. 476. 1753.
A shrub or sometimes a small tree, reaching a maxi-
mum height of about 30° and trunk diameter of 1°.
Spines stout, xyi'-i' long; leaves slender-petioled,
broadly ovate or orbicular, acute or acuminate at the
apex, mostly truncate or subcordate at the base, thin,
or becoming firm, very sharply incised and serrate^
the teeth glandular-tipped, glabrous or very nearly so
beneath, i'-}/ long; pedicels, bractlets and calyx
somewhat glandular-pubescent; flowers numerous,
8''-i4'' broad; calyx-lobes lanceolate; styles 3-5; fruit
red, globose or oval, ^"-'i>" in diameter, rarely hairy.
Thickets, Newfoundland to Manitoba, south to Florida
and Texas. Wood hard, reddish-brown; weight per
cubic foot 53 lbs. April-May.
Crataegus coccinea flabellata (Spach) Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 183. 1894.
Mespilus flabellata Spach, Hist. Veg. 2: 63. 1834.
Leaves cuneate-narrowed at the base, very sharply incised-serrate, thick and shining when old.
Quebec and New England to the Northwest Territory. Probably specifically distinct.
Vol. II.]
APPLE FAMILY.
243
g. Crataegus rotundifolia (Ehrh.) Borck. Glandular Thorn.
Mespiliis rolundifolia Ehrh. Beitr. 3: 20. 1788.
Crataegus glandulosa Willd. Sp. PI. 2: 1002. 1800. Not
Soland. 1789.
C. coccinea var. oligandra T. & G. Fl. N. A. i: 465. 1840.
C. rolundifolia Borck. in Roem. Arch. 1: Part 3, 87. 1798.
A shrub, similar to the preceding species, the spines
slender. Leaves mostly smaller, slender-petioled,
thin, becoming firm, dull, glabrous or very nearly so,
oval, ovate, obovate, or some of them nearly orbicular,
incised-serrate with gland-tipped teeth, or sometimes
lobed, acute at the apex, most of them narrowed or
cuneate at the base, the veins not very conspicuous;
bractlets and calyx-lobes very glandular; flowers nu-
merous, 8"-i2" broad; fruit oval or obovoid, red,
W long.
Connecticut to Indiana, Florida and Alabama. Ascends
to 3500 ft. in Virginia. Blooms later than C. coccinea where
the two grow together. April-June.
10. Crataegus macracantha Lodd.
Long-spined Thorn. (Fig. 2000.)
Crataegus macracanlha Lodd.; Loudon, Arb. Brit.
Ed. 2, 2: 819. 1854.
Ci'alaegus coccineavax. macracantha Dudley, Bull.
Cornell. Univ. 2: 33. 1886.
A shrub or small tree, the branches sometimes
straggling, the bright brown thorns 2^-5' long.
Leaves dark green, dull, rather stout-petioled,
T-Yi'-ZYz' long, glabrous above, usually with a
few hairs on the prominent veins beneath,
sharply and often doubly serrate with gland-
tipped teeth, acute or obtuse at the apex, nar-
rowed or cuneate at the base; pedicels often
pubescent; calyx and bractlets glandular; flow-
ers numerous, 6''-8" broad; fruit globose or
oval, 2)"-^" in diameter.
Quebec to Dakota, south to Virginia and Mis-
souri. May-June.
II. Crataegus mollis (T. & G.) Scheele. Red-fruited Thorn. (Fig. 2001.)
Crataegus coccinea var. viollis T. & G. Fl. N. A. I:
465. 1840.
Crataegus snbvillosa T. & G. Fl. N. A. i: 465. As
synonym. 1840.
Crataegus viollis Scheele, Linnaea, 21: 569. 1848.
Crataegus tornenlosa var. mollis K. Gray, Man. Ed.
5, 160. 1867.
Similar to Crataegus coccinea, growing to
about the same height. Leaves generally
broadly ovate, truncate at the base, large
(sometimes 5' long), incised and sharply ser-
rate with gland-tipped teeth, roughish above,
very pubescent beneath, especially when young;
corymbs many-flowered; twigs, petioles and
calyx densely pubescent; calyx-lobes usually
incised and glandular; flowers broad;
fruit bright red, in diameter, hairy.
Thickets, Quebec to Michigan, Nebraska and
Missouri, south to Pennsylvania, Louisiana and
Texas. Wood hard, light reddish-brown; weight
per cubic foot 50 lbs. April-May.
244
POMACEAE.
[Voi<. II.
12. Crataegus tomentosa L. Pear-
thorn. Pear Haw. (Fig. 2002.)
Crataegus lomentosa L,. Sp. PI. 476. 1753.
A shrub or small tree, sometimes reaching 25°
in height and a trunk diameter of 18'. Spines
stout, i'-2%' long; leaves petioled, broadly oval
or ovate-oval, acute or acutish at the apex, nar-
rowed or cuneate at the base, sharply dentate or
somewhat lobed, not glandular, slightly scabrous
above, pubescent, especially along the veins
beneath, 2'-^' long; corymbs many-flowered;
twigs, petioles and calyx tomentose-pubescent;
flowers about 6" broad; calyx-lobes lanceolate,
usually incised; styles 3-5; fruit dull red, obovoid
or globose, about 6'' in diameter.
In thickets, southern Ontario to New Jersey and
Georgia, west to Michigan and Missouri. Wood
hard, reddish-brown; weight per cubic foot 47 lbs.
May-June.
13. Crataegus flava Ait. Summer or Yellow Haw. (Fig. 2003.)
Mespilus hyemalis Walt. Fl. Car. 148. 1788?
Crataegus flava Ait. Hort. Kew. 2: 169. 1789.
C. flava \a.x. pubesce7is X. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 160. 1867.
Crataegus flexispina Sarg. Gard. &For. 2: 424. 1889.
Not Mespilus flexispina Muench. 1785.
A tree, with maximum height of about 20° and
trunk diameter of 10'', usually very thorny.
Leaves obovate, petioled, obtuse or short-pointed
and irregularly glandular dentate at the apex, nar-
rowed or cuneate and often entire at the base, yi'-
lyi' long, pubescent on both sides or at length
glabrate; corymbs few-flowered; pedicels and
calyx pubescent; flowers 6"-<)" broad; calyx-
lobes entire or glandular-serrate; styles commonly
5; fruit globose or somewhat pyriform, greenish,
yellow or red, s'^-S'^ in diameter.
In sandy thickets, Virginia to Florida, west to Mis-
souri and Texas. April-May.
14. Crataegus unifldra Muench. Dwarf Thorn. (Fig. 2004.)
Crataegus uniflora Muench. Hausv. 5: 147. 1770.
Crataegus parvifolia Ait. Hort. Kew. 2: 169. 1789.
Crataegus tomentosa Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 289. 1803.
Not L. 1753-
A shrub, 3°-8° high or sometimes a small tree.
Spines numerous, slender, long; leaves ob-
ovate, coriaceous, nearly sessile, obtuse and crenate
at the apex, cuneate and entire at the base, Yz'-i Yz'
long, more or less pubescent on both surfaces or
glabrate and at length shining above; corymbs 1-7-
flowered; twigs, pedicels and calyx pubescent; flow-
ers 4''-5" broad; calyx-lobes lanceolate, deeply in-
cised, glandular, about equaling the petals; styles
commonly 5; fruit globose or pyriform, 5"-8" in
diameter, yellow.
In sandy soil, southern New York to Florida, west to
West Virginia and Louisiana. April-May.
Vol. II.]
APPLE FAMILY.
245
15. Crataegus Vailiae Britton. Vail' s Haw, (Fig. 2005.)
Crataegus Vailiae Britton, Bull. Torr.
Club, 24: 53. 1896.
A shrub, 3°-6° high, the branches
stout, light gray; thorns slender.
Leaves oval, 1^-3' long, short-peti-
oled, pubescent on both sides, but
becoming glabrate and slightly shin-
ing above, acute at both ends, or
some of them obtuse at the apex,
sharply serrate nearly all around,
sometimes slightly 3-lobed, the peti-
oles sparingly glandular, or gland-
less; stipules narrow, very glandu-
lar; corymbs 2-6-flowered; pedicels
and calyx densely pubescent; calyx-
lobes lanceolate, i,"-^" long, deeply
incised, glandular, nearly as long as
the petals, reflexed in fruit; pome
globose, yellowish green, in
diameter.
In thickets, Virginia and North Car-
olina. Leaves of young shoots nearly
orbicular. May-June.
7. COTONEASTER Medic. Phil. Bot. i: 155. 1789.
Shrubs, with alternate stipulate coriaceous often evergreen leaves, and small white cy-
mose or rarely solitary flowers. Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary, the limb 5-lobed, persistent.
Petals 5, scarcely clawed. Stamens numerous; filaments mostly subulate. Ovary 2-5-celled
or of 2-5 carpels, separate at the summit; styles 2-5; ovules 2 in each cavity or carpel,
alike, erect. Pome ovoid, globose or top-shaped, the carpels bony when mature. [Name
neo-Latin, Quince-star or Star-quince.]
About 20 species, natives of the Old World.
I. Cotoneaster Pyracantha (I^.) Spach. Evergreen or Fire Thorn. Pyra-
canth. (Fig. 2006.)
Mespilus Pyracantha l^. Sp. PI. 478. 1753.
Crataegus Pyracantha Medic. Gesch. 84. 1798.
Cotoneaster Pyracantha Spach, Hist. Veg. 2: 73.
1834.
A shrub, 3°-8° high. Spines slender, Y^'-
1' long; leaves evergreen, glabrous on both
sides, oval or slightly oblanceolate, crenulate,
obtuse at the apex, usually narrowed at the
base, somewhat shining above, i'-2' long,
short-petioled; cymes terminal, compound,
many-flowered; pedicels and calyx pubes-
cent; calyx-lobes ovate; flowers about 2>"
broad; styles 5; fruit scarlet, depressed-
globose, about 2" high, bitter.
In thickets, escaped from cultivation about
Philadelphia and Washington. Native of south-
ern Europe and western Asia. May.
246 DRUPACEAE. [Vol. II.
Family 45. DRUPACEAE DC. Fl. Fran. 4: 479. 1805.
Plum Fa.mii,y.
Trees or shrubs, the bark exuding gum, the foliage, bark and seeds contain-
ing prussic acid, bitter. Leaves alternate, petioled, serrate, the small stipules
early deciduous, the teeth and petiole often glandular. Flowers corymbose,
umbelled, racemed or solitary, regular, mostly perfect. Calyx inferior, decidu-
ous, free from the ovary, its tube obconic, campanulate or tubular, 5-lobed.
Disk annular. Calyx-lobes imbricated in the bud. Petals 5, inserted on the
calyx. Stamens numerous, inserted with the petals. Pistil i in our genera;
ovary i -celled, 2-ovuled; style simple; stigma mostl}' small and capitate. Fruit
a drupe. Seed i, suspended; endosperm none; cotyledons fleshy.
About 6 genera and no species, widely distributed, most abundant in the north temperate zone.
Drupe glabrous. i. Prunus.
Drupe velvety. 2. Amygdalus.
I. PRUNUS L. Sp. PI. 473. 1753.
Shrubs or trees, mostly with edible fruits, the white or pink flowers variously clustered,
the leaves conduplicate or convolute in vernation. Petals spreading. Stamens 15-20, dis-
tinct; filaments filiform. Style terminal; stigma peltate or truncate. Exocarp of the drupe
fleshy, glabrous, the endocarp bony, smooth or a little roughened, globose or oval, or oblong
and compressed. [Ancient Latin name of the Plum-tree.]
About go species, natives of the north temperate zone, tropical America and Asia. Besides the
following, some 12 others occur in the southern and western parts of North America. The genus
is often divided into Primus proper, the plums, and Cerasus, the cherries; but other than flavor,
there appears to be no salient feature separating the two groups.
Flowers in lateral scaly umbels or fascicles, expanding with or before the leaves.
t Inflorescence umbellate, the clusters sessile or nearly so.
Leaves convolute in vernation; fruit mostly large; pit more or less flattened.
Umbels several-flowered
Leaves abruptly acuminate; drupe red or yellow.
Calyx-lobes entire, pubescent within; fruit globose. i. P.Americana.
Calyx-lobes glandular-serrate ; fruit subglobose or oval.
Calyx-lobes glabrous within; leaves oval or obovate. 2. P. nigra.
Calyx-lobes pubescent on both sides; leaves ovate-lanceolate. 3. P.horlulana.
Leaves acute or obtusish; drupe red or purple.
Leaves glabrous when mature.
Fruit red, with little bloom or none.
Leaves lanceolate; drupe thin-skinned. 4. P. angustifolia.
Leaves ovate-lanceolate or oblong; drupe thick-skinned; western shrub.
5. P. Watsoni.
Fruit dark purple, with a bloom; leaves ovate. 6. P. Alleghaniensis.
Leaves pubescent, at least on the lower surface, when mature.
Drupe 8"-i2" in diameter; coast plants.
Leaves ovate or oval, acute; stone pointed at both ends. 7. P. maritima.
Leaves orbicular, very obtuse ; stone pointed at base. 8. P. Gravesii.
Drupe 2)" ~S" in diameter; prairie plant. 9. P. gracilis.
Umbels only 1-2-flowered. 10. P. spinosa.
Leaves conduplicate in vernation; fruit mostly small; pit mostly globose.
Flowers 3"-6" broad; low shrubs.
Leaves oblanceolate or spatulate; northern. 11. P. putnila.
Leaves oval, oblong, or slightly obovate.
Petioles 4" -10" long; drupe 4"-5" in diameter; eastern. 12. P. cuneaia.
Petioles 2"-^" long; fruit 6"-8" in diameter; western. 13. P. Besseyi.
Flowers 9" -1 5" broad; trees; leaves ovate.
Leaves glabrous; pedicels short; fruit sour. 14. P. Cerasus.
Leaves pubescent beneath, at least on veins; pedicels long; fruit sweet.
15. P. Avium.
t t Inflorescence more or less corymbose: leaves shining. 16. P. Pennsylvanica.
■X- -X- Flowers corymbose, terminating twigs of the season. 17. P. Mahaleb.
* -jf Flowers racemed, terminating branches of the season.
Fruit red, astringent; leaves obovate or oval. 18. P. Virginiana.
Fruit purple or purplish-black, sweet or bitter.
Leaves oval or obovate; fruit purple; shrub or small tree. 19. P. demissa.
Leaves oblong-acuminate; fruit black; large tree. 20. P. serotina.
Vol. II.]
PLUM FAMILY.
247
I. Prunus Americana Marsh. Wild
Yellow or Red Plum. (Fig. 2007.)
Prtinus Americana Marsh. Arb. Am. iii. 1785.
A shrub or small tree, maximum height about
35°, aud trunk diameter about 12'; branches more
or less thorny; bark thick. Leaves ovate or ob-
ovate, acuminate, nearly or quite glabrous when
mature, usually pubescent when young, sharply
and often doubly serrate, rounded at the base,
slender-petioled; petioles usually glandless; flow-
ers white, 8"-i2" broad, appearing in lateral ses-
sile umbels before the leaves; pedicels s'^-g'^ long;
calyx-lobes pubescent within, entire; drupe glo-
bose, red or yellow, in greatest diameter,
the skin tough, bloom little or none, the stone
somewhat flattened, its ventral edge acute or mar-
gined, the dorsal faintly grooved.
New York to Montana, Florida and Colorado. A
southwestern form has very pubescent leaves. April-
May. Fruit ripe Aug.-Oct.
2. Prunus nigra Ait. Canada Plum.
Horse Plum. (Fig. 2008.)
Prunus ttigra Ait. Hort. Kew. 2: 165. 1789.
Primus mollis Torn Fl. V. S. i: 470. 1824.
A tree, 2o°-30° high, the trunk sometimes 10'
in diameter, the bark thin. Leaves oval, ovate or
obovate, long-acuminate, pubescent when young,
crenulate-serrate, narrowed, obtuse or subcordate
at the base, 3'-5' long; petioles stout, ^'-i^ long,
bearing i or 2 red glands near the blade; flowers in
lateral umbels, expanding before the leaves, i^-
broad; pedicels 6"-io^' long, slender, gla-
brous; calyx-lobes glandular-serrate, glabrous
within, sometimes pubescent without; drupe oval,
I'-i'/i^ long, orange-red, thick-skinned, bloom lit-
tle or none, the flesh adherent to the oval com-
pressed stone, which is sharply ridged on the ven-
tral edge, somewhat grooved on the dorsal.
Newfoundland to Manitoba, Massachusetts and
Wisconsin. Wood hard, reddish-brown; weight per
cubic foot 43 lbs. May. Fruit Aug.
3. Prunus hortulana Bailey. Wild Goose Plum. (Fig. 2009.)
p. hortulana Bailey, Gard. & For. 5; 90. 1892.
A small tree, similar to the two preceding;
branches spreading, bark thin. Leaves
ovate-lanceolate to ovate, long-acuminate,
somewhat peach-like, closely glandular-ser-
rate, 4'-6' long; petioles not \' long, usually
bearing two glands near the blade; flowers in
lateral umbels, expanding before the leaves;
pedicels ^"-\o" long; calyx-lobes glandu-
lar-serrate, pubescent without and within;
drupe subglobose or short-oval, bright red,
thin-skinned, stone swollen, roughish, not
margined; bloom little or none.
Illinois to Tennessee, Arkansas and Texas.
Perhaps a hybrid. April-May.
Prunus hortulana Mineri Bailey, Bull. Cornell
Agric. Exp. Sta. 38: 23. 1892.
Leaves dull, thick, irregularly coarsely serru-
late, conspicuously veiny beneath; stone nearly
smooth ; leaves varying to oblanceolate. Illinois
to Tennessee and Missouri.
DRUPACEAE.
[Vol. II.
4. Prunus angustifolia Michx. Chicka-
saw Plum. Hog Plum. (Fig. 2010.)
Primus angustifolia Marsh. Arb. Am. ill.
Prumis Chicasa Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 284.
1785.
1803.
A small tree, sometimes 25° high, the trunk 1'
in diameter, the branches somewhat thorny.
Leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acute at
the apex, serrulate, often rounded at the base, gla-
brous when mature, long; flowers smaller
than those of the preceding species, in lateral
umbels, expanding before the leaves; drupe red,
globose, (i"-<^" in diameter, nearly destitute of
bloom, thin-skinned, its stone ovoid, hardly flat-
tened, both edges rounded, one of them slightly
grooved.
In dry soil, southern New Jersey to Florida, west
to the Rocky Mountains. Supposed to be native in
the Southwest. Wood soft, reddish-brown; weight
per cubic foot 43 lbs. April. Fruit ripe May-July.
5. Prunus Watsoni Sargent. Watson's
Plum. Sand Plum. (Fig. 201 1.)
Prunus Watsoni Sargent, Gard. & For. 7: 134. f. '
25. 1894.
A shrub, 6°-io° high, somewhat spinj'.
Leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate, firm, acute or
acuminate at the apex, rounded or narrowed at
the base, finely crenulate-serrulate all around,
long, (i"-\o" wide, shining above, the
petioles about yi' long; flowers ^"-i>" broad,
in numerous sessile lateral fascicles; pedicels
^"-(3" long, red, glabrous; petals oblong-ob-
ovate, ■ short-clawed; fruit globose or some-
what elongated, about 9'^ in diameter, orange-
red, without a bloom, the flesh yellow; skin
thick; stone oval, pitted, mostly rounded on both
margins, abruptly flattened at the summit.
Sandy soil, Nebraska to Arkansas. April-May.
6. Prunus AUeghaniensis Porter.
Porter's Plum. (Fig. 2012.)
Prunus AUeghaniensis Porter, Bot. Gaz. 3: 85.
1877.
A low, straggling shrub or small tree, with
maximum height of about 15° and trunk dia-
meter of 5', seldom thorny. Leaves ovate-ob-
long or obovate, acute or acuminate, finely and
sharply serrate, rounded at the base, pubescent
when young, glabrous or very nearly so when
old; flowers similar to those of/'. Americana,
about broad; drupe globose-ovoid, about 5''
in greatest diameter, very dark purple with a
conspicuous bloom; pulp pleasantly acid; stone
slightly flattened, a shallow groove on one
margin, a slight expansion on the other.
Barrens of Huntingdon Co. , across the Alleghany
Mountains to Clearfield Co., Pa. April. Fruit ripe
in August.
Vol. II.]
PLUM FAMILY.
249
7. Prunus maritima Wang. Beach Plum. (Fig. 2013.)
Prunus marilima Wang. Am. 103. 1781.
Prunus cerasi/era Ehrh. Beitr. 4: 17. 1789.
Prunus sphaerocarpa Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 284. 1803.
A low much-branched shrub, i°-7° high, not
thorny. Leaves oval, ovate or obovate, finely and
sharply serrate, acutish or acute at the apex, rounded
at the base, pubescent beneath even when old; flow-
ers white, numerous, showy, in sessile lateral um-
bels, expanding before the leaves, broad;
petals obovate; drupe globose, purple, Yz'-x' in di-
ameter, sweet when ripe, covered with a bloom;
stone little flattened, acute on one margin, slightly
grooved on the other, usually pointed at both ends.
On seabeaches and in sandy soil near the coast, Vir-
ginia to New Brunswick. April-May. Fruit ripe in
Sept. or Oct.
8. Prunus Gravesii Small. Graves'
Beach Plum. (Fig. 2014.)
Prunus Gravesii Small, Bull. Torr. Club, 24: 45.
1897.
A low shrub, reaching a maximum height of
about 4°, not thorny, the twigs of the season
mostly puberulent. Leaves orbicular, oval-
orbicular, or slightly obovate, 9'' ''-18'' long,
rounded, retuse or apiculate at the apex, obtuse
or truncate at the base, pubescent, at least on
the nerves beneath; flowers white, about d"
broad, solitary or 2-3 together in lateral um-
bels, expanding with the leaves; petals subor-
bicular; drupe globose, 5"-8" in diameter,
nearly black, with a light blue bloom ; stone
nearly as thick as wide, pointed only at the base.
On a gravelly ridge, Groton, Connecticut. May-
June. Fruit ripe in Sept.
9. Prunus gracilis Engelm. & Gray.
L,ow Plum. (Fig. 2015.)
Prunus gracilis Engelm. & Gray, Best. Journ.
Nat. Hist. 5: 243. 1847.
A branching shrub, i°-4° high, the foliage
and young twigs densely soft-pubescent.
Leaves short-petioled, ovate-lanceolate or oval,
acute or acutish at both ends, sharply serrate,
glabrate on the upper surface at maturity;
flowers white, 3^^-4" broad, in sessile, lateral
umbels, appearing before the leaves; pedicels
slender, pubescent; drupe oval-globose, i,"-^"
in diameter; stone little flattened, nearly orbi-
cular.
In sandy or dry soil, Tennessee to Kansas and
Texas.
250
DRUPACEAE.
[Vol. II.
10. Prunus spinosa L/. Sloe.
Blackthorn. Buckthorn. (Fig. 2016.)
Prunus spinosa L,. Sp. PI. 475. 1753.
A much-branched shrub with thorny branches,
2°-i5° high. Leaves ovate or oblong, obtuse at the
apex, narrowed or rounded at the base, serrate,
nearly glabrous when mature; flowers white, i/'-
6" broad, appearing before the leaves, the lateral
clusters only 1-2-flowered; drupe globose, nearly
black with a bloom, in the wild state about 6" in
diameter; stoue little flattened, acute on one edge.
Along- roadsides, etc., Pennsylvania and New Jersey
to Massachusetts. Naturalized or adventive from
Europe. Called also Blackberry. April-May.
Prunus spinosa insititia ( L. ) A. Gray, Man. Ed. 2,
112. 1856. BULLACE.
Prtmus insititia I,. Amoen. Acad. 4: 273. 1755.
Taller; leaves and pedicels pubescent ; branches
less thorny ; drupe ovoid-globose. Naturalized in
eastern Massachusetts. Regarded by many authors as
a species, and as the original of the cultivated Euro-
pean plums {Prunus donieslica L,. ).
II. Prunus pumila L,. Sand Cherry. Dwarf Cherry. (Fig. 2017.)
Prunus pumila L. Mant. PI. 75. 1767.
Cerasus pumila Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 286. 1803.
Prostrate and spreading or ascending, much
branched from the base, sometimes bushy, 6'-
6° high. Leaves mostly oblanceolate or spatu-
late, acute or acutish at the apex, narrowed at
the base, serrate, especially toward the apex,
usually pale beneath and deep green above, gla-
brous or very nearly so on both sides when ma-
ture; flowers white, broad, appearing
with the leaves in sessile lateral umbels; clus-
ters few-flowered; drupe in diameter,
dark red or nearly black when mature without
bloom; flesh thin, acid.
On sandy or gravelly shores. New Brunswick to
Manitoba, south to Maine, New Jersey and Michi-
gan. April-May. Fruit ripe in August.
12. Prunus cuneata Raf. Appalachian
Cherry. (Fig. 2018.)
Prunus cuneata Raf. Ann. Nat. 11. 1820.
An erect shrub, i°-4° high, the branches often
strict, light colored. Leaves oval, oblong or
obovate, obtuse or sometimes acute at the apex,
narrowed or wedge-shaped at the base, more or
[ less serrate with rather appressed teeth, rather
thin, I'-'i,' long, sometimes nearly I'wide; pet-
ioles 4''-io'^ long; flowers in umbels, appearing
with the leaves, about 5" broad; drupe globose,
in diameter when mature; pedicels
long or less.
In wet soil, or among rocks, New Hampshire to
Minnesota, North Carolina and Wisconsin.
Vol. II.]
PLUM FAMILY.
251
13. Prunus Besseyi Bailey. Western
Sand Cherry. Bessey's Cherry.
(Fig. 2019.)
Prumis Besseyi Bailey, Bull. Cornell Agric. Exp.
Sta. 70: 261. 1894.
A shrub, i°-4° high, the branches diflFuse,
spreading or prostrate, not strict. Leaves ellip-
tic, oblong or oval, the teeth appressed, the apex
and base mostly acute; petioles 2''-3'^ long; stip-
ules of young shoots often longer than the peti-
ole; flowers in sessile umbels, expanding with
the leaves, i,"-^" broad; fruit (>"-%" in diameter,
on stout pedicels usually not more than (3" long,
bitterish and astringent, black, mottled or yel-
lowish.
Prairies, Manitoba and Minnesota to Kansas and
Utah. April-May.
14. Prunus Cerasus L,. Sour Cherry.
Egriot. (Fig. 2020.)
Prunus Cerasus L. Sp. PI. 474. 1753.
A tree, reaching in cultivation the height ot
50°, with trunk diameter of 3K°> but usually
smaller. Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, vari-
ously dentate, abruptly acute or acuminate at
the apex, rounded at the base, glabrous on both
sides, very resinous when young; flowers white,
broad, in sessile, lateral, very scaly um-
bels, expanding with the leaves or before them;
pedicels little over i^' long in flower; drupe glo-
bose, in diameter (larger in cultivation),
black or red, sour, without bloom; stone globose.
In woods and thickets, southern New York and
Pennsylvania, escaped from cultivation. Native of
Europe. Wood strong, reddish -brown; weight per
cubic foot 54 lbs. April-May. Fruit June-July. Its
leaves unfold several days later than those of P.
Avium when growing with it. This, and the foUow-
lowing species, in the wild state, are the originals of
most of the cultivated cherries.
15, Prunus Avium L,. Wild or Crab
Cherry. Hazard. Gean. Sweet
Cherry. (Fig. 2021.)
Prunus Avium L. Fl. Suec. Ed. 2, 165. 1755.
A large tree, often 70° high, the trunk reach-
ing 4° in diameter. Leaves ovate, oval, or
slightly obovate, abruptly short-acuminate at
the apex, obtuse or sometimes narrowed at the
base, irregularly serrate or doubly serrate, pu-
bescent on the veins beneath, or over the entire
lower surface when young; flowers white, about
i' broad, in scaly lateral umbels, expanding with
the leaves; pedicels slender, i'-2^' long in
flower; drupe globose, black or dark red, sweet.
In thickets and woodlands, escaped from cultiva-
tion, Connecticut to Pennsylvania and Virginia.
Native of Europe. April-Maj'.
252
DRUPACEAE.
[Vol. II.
i6. Prunus Pennsylvanica L. f. Wild
Red Cherry. Pin or Pigeon
Cherry. (Fig. 2022.)
Prunus Pennsylvanica 1,. f. Suppl. 252. 1781.
Cerasus Pennsylvanica I,ois. Nouv. Duham. 5: 9.
■ 1812.
A small tree, with maximum height of about
35°, and trunk diameter of sometimes
shrubby. Leaves oval or lanceolate, acute or
acuminate at the apex, mainly rounded at the
base, glabrous and shining on both sides, serru-
late, rather slcnder-petioled; flowers white, in
lateral, corymbose, peduncled or sessile leafless
clusters, unfolding with the leaves; pedi-
cels slender, glabrous, long; drupe glo-
bose, red, in diameter, without bloom,
its flesh thin and sour, its stone globular.
In rocky woods, and clearings, Newfoundland to
Georgia, west to the Rocky Mountains. Wood soft,
light brown; weight per cubic foot 31 lbs. April-
June. Fruit ripe in Augrust.
17. Prunus Mahaleb L. Mahaleb.
Perfumed Cherry. (Fig. 2023.)
Prunus Mahaleb L. Sp. PI. 474. 1753.
Cerasus Mahaleb Mill. Gard. Diet. Ed. 8, no. 4.
1768.
A small tree or shrub, with maximum
height of about 25° and trunk diameter of
1°, generally flowering when but a few years
old. Bark pale, smooth; leaves petioled,
ovate, abruptly acute at the apex, rounded or
slightly cordate at the base, glabrous on both
sides, denticulate, fragrant; flowers white,
about ^" broad, in corymbs borne on short
leafy branches of the season, unfolding with
the leaves; drupe reddish-black, globose or
globose-ovoid, about \" long, the flesh thin,
the stone slightly flattened.
Roadsides and waste places, southern New
York and eastern Pennsylvania, becoming fre-
quent. Adventive from Europe. Wood hard,
brown. Used in Europe for cabinet making.
April-May. Fruit ripe July.
18. Prunus Virginiana L. Choke
Cherry. (Fig. 2024.)
Prunus Virginiana 1,, Sp. PI. 473. 1753.
Cerasus Virginiana Lois. Nouv. Duham. 5: 3. 1812.
A shrub, 2°-io° high, or rarely a small tree,
with gray bark. Leaves thin, obovate or broadl}'
oval, abruptly acute or acuminate at the apex,
rounded at the base, glabrous, or slightly pubes-
cent along the veins beneath, sharply or doubly
serrulate with slender teeth; petioles with sev-
eral glands; flowers white, 4^-5'^ broad, in erect
or spreading mainly loosely- flowered racemes,
terminating leafy branches of the season; petals
suborbicular; pedicels 2"-^)" long, drupe red to
nearly black, rarely yellow, globose, A"-b"
diameter, very astringent; stone globular.
Along river-banks and in rocky situations, New-
foundland to Manitoba and British Columbia, south
to Georgia, Nebraska, Texas and Colorado. April-
May. Fruit ripe in July or August.
4
Vol. II.] PLUM FAMILY.
19. Prunus demissa (Nutt.) Walp. Western Wild Cherry.
Cerasus demissa Nutt. in T. & G. Fl. N. A. i: 411.
1840.
Prunus demissa Walp. Rep. 2: 10. 1843.
A shrub or small tree, with greatest height of
about 30° and trunk diameter of but usu-
ally much smaller. Leaves similar to those of
the preceding species, but thicker, acute or
ofteu obtusish at the apex, and with shorter
teeth; flowers white, A^S'^ broad; racemes
generallj' dense, short or elongated, densely-
flowered, terminating leafy branches; drupe
dark purple or black, sweet or but slightly
astringent, globose, in diameter; stone
globular.
Prairies and dry soil, Dakota to Nebraska and
New Mexico, west to British Columbia and Cali-
fornia. Wood hard, not strong, light brown;
weight per cubic foot 43 lbs. Perhaps intergrades
with the preceding species. May-July. Fruit
•ripe in August.
Prunus serotina Ehrh
Cabinet or Rum Cherry.
Wild Black Cherry.
(Fig. 2026.)
Prunus serotina Ehrh. Beitr. 3: 20. 1788,
Cerasus serotina Lois. Nouv. Duham.
1812.
5- 3-
A large tree, with maximum height of
about 90° and trunk diameter of 4°, the bark
rough and black. Leaves thick, oval, oval-
lanceolate or ovate, acuminate or acute at
the apex, narrowed or rounded at the base,
glabrous, or pubescent along the veins be-
neath, serrate with appressed callous teeth;
flowers similar to those of the two preceding
species, the racemes elongated, spreading or
drooping, terminating leafy branches, petals
obovate; drupe globose, S,"-^" in diameter;
dark purple or black, sweet but slightly as-
tringent.
In woods or open places, southern Ontario to
Florida, Dakota, Kansas and Texas. Wood
hard, strong, reddish-brown; weight per cubic
foot 36 lbs; used in cabinet making. May.
Fruit ripe Aug.-Sept.
Prunus serotina Smallii Britton.
Cerasus serotina montana Small, Mem. Torr. Club, 4: 114. 1894. Not P. montana Marsh. 1785.
Leaves firm, coriaceous, coarsely serrate, pale beneath; racemes thick, divergent, rather few-
flowered; calyx and filaments pubescent. Summit of White Top Mountain, Virginia.
2. AMYGDALUS L. Sp. PI. 472. 1753.
Trees or shrubs, with mostly lanceolate serrulate short-petioled leaves, and pink or white
flowers solitary or clustered at the nodes of the twigs of the preceding season. Petals
spreading. Stamens 20-30, distinct, the filaments filiform. Style and stigma as in Prunus.
Exocarp of the fruit mostly fleshy, velvety in the following species; endocarp (stone) bony,
deeply pitted or nearly smooth, oval or oblong, pointed, more or less compressed. [Name
said to be Syrian. ]
About 5 species, natives of Asia, to which are added by some authors 2 or 3 shrubs (genus
Empleclroclados Torr. ) of western North America.
254 DRUPACEAE. [Vol. II.
I. Amygdalus Persica L. Peach.
(Fig. 2027.)
Amygdalus Persica L. Sp. PI. 472. 1753.
A small tree, the purplish-brown twigs gla-
brous. Leaves mostly lanceolate or oblong-lan-
ceolate, 3^-5' long, 8'^-i8" wide, glabrous on
both sides, long-acuminate at the apex, usually-
narrowed at the base, finely serrulate nearly all
around, thickish; petioles i''-^," long; flowers
pink, yi'-i' broad, scaly-bracted; drupe subglo-
bose, grooved, softly velvety, T-Yz'-'^' in diameter.
Escaped from cultivation, southern New York to
North Carolina. April-May.
Family 46. MIMOSACEAE Reichenb. Fl. Exc. 437. 1832.
Mimosa Family.
Herbs, shrubs or trees, with alternate mostly compotmd, commonly 2-3-pin-
nate leaves, the stipules various, and small regular perfect flowers in heads,
spikes or racemes. Calyx 3-6-toothed, or 3-6-lobed, the teeth or lobes mostly-
valvate in the bud. Corolla of as many distinct or more or less united petals,
also valvate. Stamens as many as the petals, or twice as many, or 00, distinct,
or monadelphous. Ovary i-celled; ovules several or numerous; style simple.
Fruit a legitme. Seeds without endosperm; cotyledons fleshy.
About 30 genera and 1350 species, mostly of tropical distribution, a few in the temperate zones.
This, and the three following families, are often united under the name L,eguminoSae.
Stamens numerous, at least more than 10. i. Acacia.
Stamens only as many as the petals, or twice as many.
Petals separate; pod smooth. 2. Acuan.
Petals united to about the middle; pod spiny. 3. Morongia.
I. ACACIA Adans. Fam. PI. 2: 319. 1763.
Shrubs or trees, some species nearly herbaceous, with bipinnate leaves, the ultimate leaf-
lets usually small and numerous, or the leaves in many exotic species modified into flat
simple phyllodes. Flowers small, in heads or spikes. Calyx campanulate, usually 4-5
toothed, or of 4 or 5 distinct sepals. Petals mostly 4 or 5, separate, united, or wanting.
Stamens 00, exserted; filaments filiform; pollen-grains cohering in 2's-6's. Ovary sessile
or stipitate. Pod linear, oblong or oval, flat or swollen, often constricted between the seeds.
[Greek, point, or thorn, many species being thorny.]
About 450 species, chiefly in subtropical regions, most abundant in Africa and Australia, a few
in the temperate zones. Besides the following, some 15 others occur in the southern United States.
I. Acacia filiculoides (Cav. ) Trelease. Prairie Acacia. (Fig. 2028.)
Mimosa filiculoides Cav. Ic. i: 55. pi. 78. 1791.
Acacia filicina Willd. Sp. PI. 4: 1072. 1806.
Acacia filiculoides Trelease; Branner & Coville, Rep.
Geol. Sur\'. Ark. 1888; Part 4, 178. 1891.
A thornless shrub, varying from glabrous to hir-
sute-pubescent, sometimes herbaceous. Pinnae of
the leaves 2-15 pairs, oblong in outline, i'-2' long;
leaflets 10-50 pairs, oblong or linear-oblong, about
2" long, less than 1" wide, obtuse or acute, slightly
inequilateral, i-veined; heads globose, mau3^-flow-
ered, axillary, slender-peduncled, 6"-io" in dia-
meter; sepals distinct or nearly so; filaments yel-
low, 3-4 times as long as the sepals; pod linear,
acute, often narrowed at the base, stipitate, mostly
straight, i'-2' long, about 3^^ wide, flat, its valves
thin, reticulated, glabrous or pubescent, impressed
between the seeds.
Prairies, Missouri and Kansas to Texas, Arizona and
Mexico. May-July.
Vol. II.]
MIMOSA FAMILY.
255
2. ACUAN Med. Theod. Sp. 62. 1786.
[Desmanthus Willd. Sp. PI. 4: 1044. 1806.]
[Darlingtonia DC. Ann. Sci. Nat. 4: 97. 1825.]
Perennial herbs or shrubs, with bipinnate leaves, small stipules, and greenish or whitish
small regular flowers in axillary peduncled heads or spikes. Flowers perfect, sessile, or the
lowest sometimes staminate, neutral or apetalous. Calyx campanulate, its teeth short.
Petals valvate, distinct, or slightly united or coherent below. Stamens 10 or 5, distinct,
mainly exserted; anthers all alike. Ovary nearly sessile; ovules co . Pod linear, straight or
curved, acute, glabrous, flat, several-seeded, 2-valved, the valves coriaceous or membranous.
About 10 species, natives of warm and tropical America, one of them widely distributed in
tropical regions of the Old World.
Pods few, linear, erect, straight. i. A. lepioloba.
Pods numerous in globose heads, oblong, curved.
2. A. Illinoensis,
I. Acuan leptoloba (T. & G.) Kuntze.
Prairie Mimosa. (Fig. 2029.)
Desmanthus lepiolobus T. & G. Fl. N. A. i: 402. 1840.
Acuan leptoloba Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 158. 1891.
Herbaceous, ascending, branched, stems rough-
angled, 2°-3° long. Leaves short-petioled, bipin-
nate; pinnae 5-10 pairs, sessile; leaflets 10-24
pairs, sessile, linear-lanceolate, acute, inequilateral,
rounded at the base, usually glabrous, \yz"-2."
long, Yi" wide or less; peduncles 6''-i2" long, few-
flowered; stamens (always?) 5; pods 3-8, narrowly
linear, acuminate, nearly straight, glabrous, about
3 times the length of the peduncle, 6-8-seeded.
Prairies, Kansas to Texas. Summer.
2. Acuan Illinoensis (Michx. )
Kuntze. Illinois Mimosa. (Fig. 2030.)
Mimosa Illinoensis Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 254.
1803.
Acacia brachyloba Willd. Sp. PI. 4: 1071. 1806.
Desmanthus brachylobus Benth. in Hook.
Journ. Bot. 4: 358. 1842.
Acuan Illinoensis Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 158.
1891.
Ascending or erect, glabrous or nearly so,
stems angled, i°-3° high. Foliage resem-
bling that of the preceding species, but the
pinnae and obtusish leaflets are sometimes
more numerous; peduncles ^oiig; pods
numerous, densely capitate, oblong or lanceo-
late, strongly curved, 8"-i2" long, acute,
slightly impressed between the 2-5 seeds.
Prairies and river-banks, Indiana to Kentucky,
Florida, Minnesota and Texas. May-Sept.
3. MORONGIA Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 191. 1894.
[SCHRANKiA Willd. Sp. PI. 4: 1041. 1806. Not Medic. 1792.]
[Leptoglottis DC. Mem. Leg. 451. 1823?]
Perennial herbs, or shrubs, mainly prostrate or procumbent, armed with recurved
prickles. Leaves bipinnate, usually sensitive; leaflets numerous, small; stipules setaceous.
Flowers regular, small, 4-5-parted, pink or purple, perfect or polygamous, in axillary pe-
duncled heads or spikes. Petals united to the middle. Stamens usually 8-12, distinct or
united at the base; anthers all alike. Ovary nearly sessile; ovules 03 . Pod linear, acute or
acuminate, spiny all over, at length 4-valved, several seeded. [Named in honor of the late
Rev. Thos. Morong, a contributor to this work. ]
About 10 species, natives of warm and tropical America, i in tropical Africa.
Leaflets elliptic, strongly veined. i. M. uncinala.
Leaflets linear-oblong, scarcely veined. 2. M. angustata.
256
MIMOSACEAE.
[Vol,. II.
I. Morongia uncinata (Willd.) Britton. Sensitive-brier. (Fig. 2031.)
Schrankia uncinata Willd. Sp. PI. 4: 1043. 1806.
Mimosa Inlsia Walt. Fl. Car. 252. 1788. Not I,. 1753.
Morongia uncinata Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 191.
1894.
Herbaceous, perennial, branched, decumbent, 2°-
4° long. Stem, branches, petioles and peduncles
thickly armed with hooked prickles yz"-\" long;
stem grooved and angled; leaves petioled; pinnae
4-8 pairs, distant; leaflets 8-15 pairs, obliquely el-
liptic, thick, obtusish and mucronate at the apex,
inequilateral and rounded at the base, slightly cili-
ate on the margins, strongly marked with few eleva-
ted veins beneath, 2"-\" long; heads globose, very
dense, W-17." in diameter; flowers pink; pods
terete, very densely spiny, about 2' long.
In dry soil, Virginia to Illinois and Nebraska, south
to Florida and Texas. May-July.
2. Morongia angustata (T. & G.) Britton.
Narrow-leaved Sensitive-brier.
(Fig. 2032.)
Schrankia angustata T. & G. Fl. N. A. i: 400. 1840.
Morongia angustata Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5; 191. 1894.
Similar to the preceding species. Pinnae 3-6 pairs;
leaflets numerous, linear-oblong, thin, acutish or ob-
tuse, not mucronate or but very slightly so, very ob-
scurely veined, not at all reticulated, i>^"-3'' long;
peduncles shorter than the leaves; heads densely flow-
ered, in diameter; flowers pink; pods linear,
sparingly or densely spiny, 2'-^' long.
In dry soil, Virginia to Florida, west to Tennessee and
Texas.
Family 47. CAESALPINACEAE Kl. & Garcke, Bot. Erg.Wald. 157. 1862.
Senna Family.
Trees, herbs or .shrubs, with alternate simple or compound mostly stipulate
leaves. Flowers mostly clustered and perfect, sometimes monoecious, dioecious
or polygamous, nearly regular, or irregular. Calyx mostly of 5 sepals or 5-
toothed. Petals usually 5, imbricated, and the upper (unpaired) one enclosed
by the lateral ones in the bud. Stamens 10 or fewer in our genera, the fila-
ments distinct; or more or less united. Ovary i -celled, i-many-ovuled. Fruit
a legume, mostly dehiscent into 2 valves. Seeds with or without endosperm.
About 90 genera and looo species, mostly of tropical distribution.
Trees or shrubs; leaves simple; corolla irregtilar, apparently papilionaceous, but the lateral petals
enclosing the upper one. i. Cercis.
Herbs (all our species); flowers perfect; leaves pinnate orbipinnate; corolla nearly regular.
Leaves pinnate, not punctate. 2. Cassia.
Leaves bipinnate, glandular-punctate. 3. Hoffmanseggia.
Trees; leaves pinnate or bipinnate; flowers dioecious or polygamous.
Receptacle short; stamens 3-5; pod flat, elongated. 4. Gledilsia.
Receptacle elongated; stamens 10; pod oblong, woody. 5. Gymnocladiis.
I. CERCIS L. Sp. PI. 374. 1753.
Small trees or shrubs, with simple broad leaves, and pink flowers in short lateral fascicles
borne on the twigs of preceding seasons. Calyx somewhat oblique, broadly campanulate,
Vol. II.]
SENNA FAMILY.
257
5-toothed. Corolla irregular; petals 5; standard enclosed by the wings in the bud; keel
larger than the wings. Stamens 10, distinct, declined; anthers all alike, short, versatile,
longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary short-stipitate; ovules co . Pod linear-oblong or oblong,
flat, margined along the upper suture, 2-valved at maturity, the valves thin, reticulate-veined.
[Ancient name of the Old World Judas-tree.]
About 5 species, natives of North America, Eu-
rope and temperate Asia.
I. Cercis Canadensis L. Red-bud.
American Judas-tree. (Fig. 2033. )
Cercis Canadensis X,. Sp. PI. 374. 1753.
A tree, with greatest height of about 50° and
trunk diameter of 1°, or often shrubby. Stipules
membranous, small, caducous; leaves simple,
petioled, cordate-orbicular, blunt-pointed, rather
thick, glabrous, or pubescent along the veins
beneath, 2'-G' broad; flowers several together in
sessile umbellate clusters, appearing before the
leaves; pedicels slender, long; corolla
pink-purple, about a/' long; pod short-stalked
in the calyx, linear-oblong, acute at each end,
glabrous, 2^-3' long, (>" wide, several-seeded.
In rich soil, southern Ontario and New Jersey
to Minnesota, south to Florida and Texas. Wood
hard, weak, dark reddish- brown; weight per cubic
foot 40 lbs. April.
2. CASSIA L. Sp. PI. 376. 1753.
Herbs, shrubs, or in tropical regions trees, with evenly pinnate leaves, and mainly (in all
our species) yellow flowers. Calyx-teeth nearly equal, generally longer than the tube. Co-
rolla nearly regular; petals 5, spreading, nearly equal, imbricated, clawed. Stamens usually
10, sometimes 5, often unequal and some of them imperfect; anthers all alike, or those of the
lower stamens larger, opening by 2 pores at the summit. Ovary sessile or stalked; ovules 00 .
Pod flat or terete, often curved, septate or continuous between the seeds. Seeds numerous.
[Ancient name.]
About 275 species, of wide distribution in warm and temperate regions, very abundant in tropi-
cal America. Besides the following, about 20 others occur in the southern and southwestern States.
I,eaflets linear or oblong, numerous, 3"-io" long; plants 6'-i8' high.
Flowers 2"-^" broad, short-pedicelled; anthers 5. i.
Flowers I'-iK' broad, slender-pedicelled; anthers 10. 2.
Ivcaflets ovate, oblong or obovate, i'-2' long; plants i°-5° high.
Leaflets 6 or 4, broadly obovate. 3.
Leaflets 8-18, oblong or ovate-lanceolate.
Perennial; leaflets oblong, obtuse. 4.
Annual; leaflets ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate. 5.
C. nictitans.
C. Cliamaecrisla.
C. Toi-a.
C. Marylandica.
C. occidentalis.
I. Cassia nictitans L,. Sensitive Pea.
Wild Sensitive-plant. (Fig. 2034.)
Cassia niciilans L. Sp. PI. 380. 1753.
Annual, erect or decumbent, branching,
more or less pubescent, 6^-15' high. Stip-
ules subulate-linear, persistent; leaves peti-
oled, sensitive, bearing a small gland near
the base of the petiole; leaflets 12-44, linear-
oblong, obtuse and mucronate at the apex,
rounded and oblique at the base, inequilat-
eral, 3"-8'^ long, wide; flowers 2-3
together in the axils, short-pedicelled, 7."-i/'
broad; calyx-lobes acute or acuminate; sta-
mens 5, all perfect; pod linear, nearly glabrous,
or pubescent, i'-i>^' long, I'-iy^' wide.
In dry soil, Maine to Georgia, west to Indiana
Kansas and Texas. Southern plants usually
have more numerous leaflets than northern.
July-Oct.
17
258
CAESALPINACEAE.
[Vol,. II.
2. Cassia Chamaecrista L.
Partridge Pea.
(Fig. 2035.)
lyarge-flowered Sensitive Pea.
Cassia Chamaecrista L. Sp. PI. 379. 1753.
C. fasciculaia Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 262.
1803.
Annual, erect or spreading, widely branched,
pubescent or nearly glabrous, i°-2_^° high.
Stipules subulate-linear, persistent; leaves pe-
tioled, with a sessile gland on the petiole, sen-
sitive; flowers 2-4 together in the axils, I'-i^'
broad, slender-pcdicelled, showy, some of the
petals often purple spotted; leaflets 20-30, lin-
ear-oblong or the upper lanceolate, obtuse, mu-
cronate, inequilateral, oblique at the base, d/'-
\o" long, lyi" -7." calyx-lobes long-acu-
minate; stamens 10, all perfect; pod linear, pu-
bescent or glabrate, i yi, '-2 ' long, t."-}/' wide.
In dry soil, range nearly the same as that of the
preceding species, but extending somewhat far-
ther west and to Uruguay and Bolivia. July-Sept.
Cassia Chamaecrista robiista Pollard, Mem. Terr.
Club, 21: 218. 1894.
Taller, stems stouter, densely pubescent; flow-
ers larger. Kentucky to Alabama and Mississippi.
3. Cassia Tora L. I,ow Senna.
(Fig. 2036.)
Cassia Tora L. Sp. PI. 376. 1753.
Cassia obtusifolia L,- Sp. PI. 377. 1753.
Annual, glabrous, i%°-2° high, branched or sim-
ple. Stipules linear-subulate, at length deciduous;
leaves petioled, the gland borne between or above
the lowest pair of leaflets; leaflets 2-4 pairs, thin,
obovate, obtuse and mucronulate at the apex, nar-
rowed or rounded at the base, \'-ij4.' long, often 1'
wide; flowers 6"-i2'^ broad, few, in short axillary
racemes; calyx-lobes oblong, obtuse; stamens 10,
the anthers of the upper 3 imperfect; pod linear,
very slender, strongly curved, long, about
lyi'^ wide.
Along rivers, southern Pennsylvania to Indiana and
Missouri, south to Florida and Mexico, and throughout
tropical America and the warmer parts of the Old
World. July-Oct.
4. Cassia Marylandica L,. Wild or
American Senna. (Fig. 2037.)
Cassia Marylandica L. Sp. PI. 378. 1753.
Perennial, glabrous or pubescent with a few scat-
tered hairs, 3°-8° high, little branched. Stipules
subulate-linear, caducous; leaves petioled, the gland
borne near the base of the petiole; leaflets 12-20,
oblong or lanceolate-oblong, obtuse or obtusish,
mucronate, rounded at the base, \'-2' long, 2>"-^"
wide; flowers "j"-^" broad, numerous in axillary
racemes on the upper part of the plant; calyx-lobes
oblong, obtuse; stamens 10, the upper 3 imperfect;
pod linear, pubescent or becoming glabrous, 3''-4''
long, j/' wide, curved.
In swamps and wet soil, New England to Florida,
west to Michigan, Nebraska and Louisiana. July-Aug.
Vol. II.]
SENNA FAMIIvY.
259
5. Cassia occidentalis L. Coffee Senna.
(Fig. 2038.)
Cassia occidentalis I,. Sp. PI. 377. 1753.
Annual, glabrous, much branched, erect, 4°-6°
high. Stipules caducous; gland borne near the
base of the petiole; leaflets 8-12, ovate or ovate-
lanceolate, acute or acuminate at the apex, rounded
at the base, long, a/'-i^" wide; flowers y'^-g^^
broad, in short axillary racemes; stamens 10, the
upper 3 imperfect; calyx-lobes oblong, obtuse; pod
linear, glabrous, 4^-6' long, about j/' wide, some-
what curved, its margins thickened.
In waste places, Virginia to Indiana, south to Flor-
ida and Mexico, and throughout tropical America, ex-
tending to Chili and Uruguay. Also in the warmer
parts of the Old World. In our area apparently
adventive from the South. The seeds are known as
Negro or Magdad Coffee. July-Aug.
3. HOFFMANSEGGIA Cav. Icones, 4: 63. pi. jp2, jpj. 1797.
Herbs, or low shrubs, with glandular-punctate bipinnate leaves, small stipules, and yel-
low flowers in terminal or lateral racemes. Calyx deeply 5-parted, the lobes nearly equal.
Petals 5, oval or oblong, imbricated, nearly equal. Stamens 10, distinct, slightly declined;
filaments often glandular at the base; anthers all alike, longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary
nearly sessile; ovules 00 . Pod flat, linear, oblong or ovate, curved or straight, 2-valved, sev-
eral-seeded. [In honor of Joh. Centurius, Graf Hoffmansegge, a writer on Portuguese botany.]
About 20 species, natives of western America and South Africa. Besides the following, some
9 others occur in the southwestern United States.
IvCaflets black-punctate ; pod obliquely oblong. i. H. Jamesii.
I<eaflets not punctate; pod linear-oblong. 2. H. Falcaria.
I. Hoffmanseggia Jamesii T. & G. James'
Hoffmanseggia. (Fig. 2039.)
Pomaria glandulosa Torn Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 2: 193. 1826.
Not Cav. 1799.
Hoffmanseggia Jamesii T. & G. Fl. N. A. 1: 393. 1840.
Caesalpinia Jamesii Fisher, Coult. Bot. Gaz. 18: 123. 1893.
Herbaceous, glandular black-punctate and finely pu-
bescent, branching at the base from a deep woody root,
stems 6^-12^ high. Stipules subulate; leaves petioled,
bipinnate; pinnae 5-7; leaflets 9-19, oval or oblong, ob-
tuse at each end, inequilateral, lY^''-^" long; racemes
terminal, or lateral (opposite the leaves), elongated;
flowers yellow, distant, deflexed, 2>"-A" long, the upper
petal spotted with red; pod flat, obliquely oblong, black-
punctate, about i' long and 5'^ wide, 2-3-seeded, tipped
with the base of the style.
Prairies, Kansas to Texas, Arizona and New Mexico.
June-July.
2. Hoffmanseggia Falcaria Cav. Sickle-
fruited Hoffmanseggia. (Fig. 2040.)
Hoffma7iseggia Falcaria Icones, i^: 62,. pl.392. 1797.
Hoffmanseggia siricta Benth.; A. Gray, PI. Wright, i: 56.
1852.
Caesalpinia Falcaria Fisher, Coult. Bot. Gaz. 18: 122. 1893.
Herbaceous, puberulent, not black-punctate, the
glands of the peduncles and petioles stalked; stems as-
cending or decumbent, i ° high or less. Stipules ovate ;
leaves slender-petioled, bipinnate; pinnae 7-1 1; leaflets
12-21, oblong, obtuse, lYt"-}," long; racemes few-sev-
eral-fiowered, elongating in fruit; pod flat, linear-ob-
long, curved or nearly straight, I'-iy^,' long, about
wide, blunt, 8-12-seeded, the fruiting pedicels recurved.
Kansas (according to Fisher) to Texas, west to Califor-
nia. Also in Central and South America. April-June.
26o
CAESALPINACEAE.
[Vol. II.
4. GLEDITSIA L. Sp. PI. 1056. 1753.
Large thorny trees, with evenly once or twice pinnate leaves, small stipules, and small
greenish polygamous flowers in slender axillary spicate racemes. Calyx campauulate, 3-5-
cleft. Petals 3-5, equal, sessile, inserted at the summit of the calyx-tube. Stamens 6-10, dis-
tinct; anthers all alike, longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary rudimentary or none in the stami-
nate flowers, in the fertile ones nearly sessile, elongated or ovoid. Ovules 2-co. Pod linear
or oval, flat, nearly straight, or twisted at maturity, coriaceous, tardily dehiscent, i-seeded
or many-seeded, pulpy between the seeds. [In honor of J. T. Gleditsch, 1714-1786, German
botanist, the name often spelled Gleditschia.'\
About 5 species, natives of eastern North America and Asia.
Pod linear-oblong, elongated, many-seeded.
Pod obliquely oval, short, i-seeded.
1. G. triacanlhos.
2. G. aqualica.
I. Gleditsia triacanthos L,. Honey
or vSweet Locust. Three- thorned
Acacia. (Fig. 2041.)
Gleditsia triacanthos I,. Sp. PI. 1056. 1753.
A large tree, with rough bark, maximum height
about 140° and trunk diameter 5^°, usually armed
with numerous stout branching or simple thorns.
Leaves petioled, 1-2-pinnate; leaflets short-stalked,
oblong-lanceolate or oval, obtuse at each end, in-
equilateral at the base, glabrous above, often pubes-
cent on the veins beneath, crenulate, %"-\^" long;
racemes solitary or clustered, slender, drooping,
dense, 3^-5' long; flowers greenish, about 2" broad;
pod linear-oblong, z°-i}4° long, wide,
stalked, glabrous and shining, twisted, many-
seeded, pulpy within, sometimes eaten.
In woods, w-estern New York and Ontario to Michi-
gan, Georgia, Kansas and Texas. Naturalized and ex-
tensively planted further east. Wood durable, bright
brownish-red; weight per cubic ft. 42 lbs. May-July.
2. Gleditsia aquatica Marsh. Water or
Swamp lyocust. (Fig. 2042.)
Gleditsia aquatica Marsh. Arb. Am. 54. 1785.
Gleditsia monosperina Walt. Fl. Car. 254. 1788.
A tree, with maximum height of about 60°, and
trunk diameter of 2 ^ °. P'oliage similar to that of the
preceding species, but the leaflets thicker, darker
green, usually larger, ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate
in outline, the margins more conspicuously crenulate;
racemes drooping, elongated; pod obliquely oval,
flat, glabrous, narrowed at each end, slender-stalked,
I'-iyi' long, ()"-i2" wide, i-seeded, not pulpy
within.
In swamps, Indiana to Missouri, south to South Caro-
lina, Florida and Louisiana. Wood verj' hard, bright
reddish-brown; weight per cubic ft. 46 lbs. July.
5. GYMNOCLADUS Lam. Encycl. i: 733. 1783.
Trees, with bipinnate leaves, and showj' white dioecious or polygamous flowers in ter-
minal racemes. Calyx tubular, 5-lobed, the lobes narrow, nearly equal. Petals 5 (rarely 4),
oblong or oval, nearly equal, imbricated, inserted at the top of the calyx-tube. Stamens 10,
distinct, shorter than the petals and inserted with them; filaments pubescent; anthers all
alike, longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary rudimentary, or none in the staminate flowers, ses-
sile and many-ovuled in the pistillate and polygamous ones; style straight. Pod oblong,
thick, large, coriaceous, flat, pulpy between the seeds, 2-valved. [Greek, naked-branch.]
A monotypic genus of eastern North America.
Vol,. II.]
SENNA FAMILY.
261
1829.
I. Gymnocladus dioica (L. ) Koch.
Kentucky Coffee-tree. (Fig. 2043.)
Giiilandi7ia dioica L. Sp. PI. 381. 1753.
Gymnocladus Canadensis I,ain. Encycl. i: 733.
1783-
Gymnocladus dioicjis'Koch, Dendrol. i: 5. 1869.
A large forest tree, with rough bark, maxi-
mum height about 100°, and trunk diameter
of 3°. Leaves large, bipinnate, petioled;
pinnae 5-9, odd or evenly pinnate; leaflets
7-15 (or the lovi'est pair of pinnae of but a
single leaflet), ovate, acute or acuminate at
the apex, rounded at the base, glabrous or
pubescent on the veins beneath, ciliate on the
margins, i'-2,' long; racemes many-flovpered.
elongated; flowers nearly white, slender-
pedicelled, S'^-g'^ long; pod 5^-10' long,
about 2' wide, the valves thick and coria-
ceous.
Rich woods, southern Ontario to Pennsylvania,
Tennessee, Minnesota, Nebraska and the Indian
Territory. Wood soft, strong, light reddish-
brown; weight per cubic foot 43 lbs. The fruit
called Coffee-nut. May-June.
Family 48. KRAMERIACEAE Dumort. Anal. Fam. 20.
Krameria Family.
Pubescent herbs, or low shrubs, with alternate simple or digitately 3-foliolate
leaves, and purple or purplish, solitary or racemed, irregular perfect flowers.
Peduncles 2-bracted at or above the middle. Stipules wanting. Sepals 4 or 5,
usually large, the outer one commonly wider than the others. Petals usually 5,
smaller than the sepals, the 3 upper ones long-clawed, often united by their
claws, or the middle one of the 3 wanting, the 2 lower ones reduced to suborbi-
cular fleshy glands. Stamens 3 or 4, monadelphous, at least at the base; anther-
sacs opening by a terminal pore. Ovary i -celled, or partly 2-celled; ovules 2,
collateral, anatropous, pendulous; style slender, acute or truncate. Fruit glo-
bose, or compressed, spiny, indehiscent, i -seeded. Seed without endosperm;
cotyledons fleshy.
The family consists of only the following genus, with about 15 species, distributed from the
southern United States to Chile. It has often been included in the Polygalaceae, but its close
affinity to Cassia and related genera indicates that it should be placed next to the Caesalpinaceae.
I. KRAMERIA Loefl. Iter Hisp. 195. 1758.
[In honor of Johaun Georg Heinrich Kramer, an Austrian physician of the last century.]
I. Krameria secundifldra DC. Linear-
leaved Krameria. (Fig. 2044.)
Krameria sectindiflora DC. Prodr. i: 341. 1824.
_A perennial appressed-pubescent herb from__a
thick woody root, the stems prostrate or ascending,
branched, often 1° long or more. Leaves numer-
ous, linear, linear-lanceolate or linear-oblong, ses-
sile, simple, entire, about 1' long, yi"-2" wide,
acute, tipped with a minute prickle; peduncles soli-
tary, axillary, i-flowered, sometimes secund, as
long as the leaves, or shorter, bearing 2 leaf-like
bracts just below the flower; flowers about \' broad,
the sepals purple within, pubescent without; claws
of the 3 upper petals united; stamens 4, monadel-
phous; fruit globose, pubescent, very spiny, about
Yz' in diameter.
Florida to Kansas, New Mexico and Mexico. April-
June.
262 PAPILIONACEAE. [Vol. II.
Family 49. PAPILIONACEAE L. Ord. Nat. 1764.
Pea Family.
Herbs, shrubs, vines or trees, with alternate mostly compound stipulate
leaves, and irregular (papilionaceous) perfect or sometimes polygamo-dioecious
flowers, mainl}^ in spikes, heads, racemes or panicles. Calyx 4-5-toothed, or
4-5-cleft, the teeth or lobes unequal or equal; sometimes 2-lipped. Petals more
or less united, or separate, perigynous or hypogynous, usually consisting of a
broad upper one (standard, banner), two lateral ones (wings), and two front
ones more or less united (forming the keel); the standard encloses the wings
in the bud. Stamens monadelphous, diadelphous, or sometimes separate, 10 in
most of the genera, sometimes 9, rarely 5. Pistil i, simple, superior; ovary
mainly i -celled, sometimes 2-celled by the intrusion of the sutures, or several-
celled by cross-partitions; style simple; ovules i-many, anatropous or amphitro-
pous. Fruit a legume, i-many-seeded, dehiscent into 2 valves, or indehiscent,
in one tribe a loment. Seeds mostly without endosperm; cotyledons thick.
There are about 310 genera and 5000 species, most abundant in temperate and warm regions.
The family is also known as Phaseolaceae, and is included by some authors in the L,eguminosae.
■5f The 10 stamens distinct.
Leaves pinnate. Tribe i. Sophoreae.
Leaves digitate (in ours 3-foliolate), or simple. Tribe 2. Podalyrieae.
-X- The stamens monadelphous or diadelphous.
Herbs, shrubs, woody vines or trees, the leaves not tendril-bearing.
Pod not a loment, 2-valved or indehiscent.
Foliage not glandular-dotted (except in Glycyrrhiza, which has many-seeded pods).
Stamens monadelphous; anthers of 2 kinds. Tribe 3. Genisteae.
Stamens diadelphous (except in Ononis); anthers all alike.
Leaves, in our species, 3-foliolate, rarely i-foliolate.
Leaflets denticulate. Tribe 4. Trifolieae.
Leaflets entire. Tribe 5. Loteae.
Leaves pinnately several-many-foliolate (except in Orophaca).
Tribe 7. Galegeae.
Foliage glandular-dotted; pod indehiscent, 1-2-seeded; herbs. Tribe 6. Psoraleae.
Pod a loment; herbs. Tribe 8. Hedysareae.
Herbaceous vines, or herbs; leaves evenly pinnate, with tendrils. Tribe 9. Vicieae.
Vines, ours herbaceous, or erect herbs; leaves odd-pinnate, mostly 3-foliolate, without tendrils.
Tribe 10. Phaseoleae.
Tribe i. Sophoreae.
Our species herbs; flowers racemed. i. Sophora.
Trees; flowers panicled. 2. Cladrastis.
Tribe 2. Podalyrieae.
Ovary sessile, or nearlj' so; pod flat in our species. 3. Thermopsis.
Ovary distinctly stipitate; pod inflated. 4. Baptisia.
Tribe 3. Genisteae.
Herbs, with simple or 5-11-foliolate leaves.
Leaves simple; pod inflated. 5. Croialaria.
Leaves 5-11-foliolate; pod flattened. 6. Lupinus.
Shrubs, with 1-3-foliolate leaves.
Calyx divided into 2 lips; leaves very prickly. 7. Ulex.
Calyx cleft into 2 lips to about the middle.
Calyx-teeth long. 8. Genista.
Calyx -teeth short. 9. Cylisus.
Tribe 4. Trifolieae.
Flowers spiked, or capitate; pods curved, or coiled. lo. Medicago.
Flowers in long racemes; pods coriaceous. ii. Melilotus.
Flowers capitate or umbelled; pods straight, membranous. 12. Trifolium.
Tribe 5. Loteae.
A single genus in our area. 13. Lotus.
Tribe 6. Psoraleae.
Leaves digitately 3-5-foliolate, or pinnately 3-foliolate. . 14. Psoralea.
Leaves pinnately 5-many-foliolate.
Stamens 10 or 9, monadelphous, at least at the base.
Corolla of only i petal (the standard). 15. Amorpha.
Corolla of 5 petals, the wings and keel united to the filament-tube. 16. Parosela.
Stamens only 5, monadelphous. 17. Kuhnistera,
Tribe 7. GalEGEAE.
standard very broad, ovate or orbicular.
Herbs; leaves odd-pinnate.
Pod 4-angled in our species. 18. Indigo/era.
Pod flat. 19- Cracca.
Vol. II. 1
PEA FAMII.Y.
263
High-climbing woody vines.
Trees or shrubs.
Herbs; leaves evenly pinnate.
Standard narrow; our species all herbs.
Pod not prickly; foliage not glandular-punctate.
Keel of the corolla blunt.
Leaves pinnate, or simple.
Pod not flattened, swollen, or one or both sutures intruded.
Pod not much swollen, fleshy, leathery or papery.
Pod much inflated, membranous.
Pod flat, both sutures prominent externally.
Leaves 3-foliolate.
Keel of the corolla acute.
Pod prickly; foliage glandular-punctate.
Tribe 8. Hedysareae.
Leaves odd-pinnate.
Flowers purplish, umbellate.
Flowers purple or white, racemose.
Flowers yellow, small.
Leaves 4-foliolate or 2-foliolate.
Leaves 3-foliolate, the terminal leaflet stalked.
Flowers yellow.
Flowers purple, blue or white.
Pod of several joints; leaflets stipellate.
Pod of I or 2 joints; leaflets not stipellate.
Tribe 9. Vicieae.
style slender, with a tuft of hairs at the summit.
Style flattened, bearded along the inner side.
20. Kraunhia.
21. Robinia.
22. Sesban.
23. Astragalus.
24. Phaca.
25. Honialobus.
26. Orophaca.
27. Spiesia.
28. Glycyrrhiza.
29. Coronilla.
30. Hedysarum.
31. AEschynomene,
33. Zornia.
32. Stylosanlhes.
34. Meibomia.
35. Lespedeza.
36. Vicia.
37. Lathyrus.
Tribe 10. PhaseolEAE.
style bearded along the inner side; rachis not thickened at the insertion of the flowers; keel of
corolla not curved nor coiled. 39. Clitoria.
Style glabrous, or slightly pubescent below; keel of corolla not curved nor coiled.
Standard spurred at the base. 38. Bradburya.
Standard not spurred.
Flowers blue, purple, purplish, or white.
Leaves odd-pinnate; leaflets 5-7. 41. Apios.
Leaves 3-foliolate, rarely i-foliolate.
Calyx tubular, not bracteolate. 40. Falcata.
Calyx short, bracteolate. 42. Galaclia.
Flowers yellow. 43. Rhynchosia.
Style bearded along the inner side; rachis thickened at the insertion of the flowers.
Keel of the corolla spirally coiled; flowers racemed. 44. Phaseolus.
Keel of the corolla strongly incurved; flowers purple, capitate. 45. Stropho styles.
Keel of the corolla short, slightly incurved; flowers yellowish, capitate. 46. Vigna.
1. SOPHORA I,. Sp. PI. 373. 1753.
Shrubs, perennial herbs, or in tropical regions trees, with odd-pinnate leaves and white
yellow or violet flowers in terminal racemes or panicles. Calyx generally campanulate, its
teeth short. Standard obovate or orbicular, erect or spreading; wings obliquely oblong;
keel oblong, nearly straight. Stamens all distinct or very nearly so; anthers versatile, all
alike; style incurved. Ovary short-stalked; ovules co. Pod stalked in the calyx, coriaceous
or fleshy, terete, constricted between the seeds, mainly indehiscent. [Name Arabic, yellow.]
About 25 species, natives of warm and tropical regions of both hemispheres. Besides the fol-
lowing, about 5 others occur in the southern and southwestern States.
I. Sophora sericea Nutt. Silky
Sophora. (Fig. 2045.)
Sophora sericea Nutt. Gen. i: 280. 1818.
Astragalus carnosus Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 740. In
part. 1814.
Herbaceous, woody at the base, erect or ascend-
ing, branched, silky or silvery pubescent with
appressed hairs, 6' -12' high. Stipules subulate, de-
ciduous; leaves short-petioled ; leaflets 7-25, short-
stalked, obovate or elliptic, obtuse or emarginate at
the apex, narrowed or cuneate at the base, '^"-d"
long; raceme peduncled, rather loosely flowered,
I'-i/ long; flowers white, about 8'' long, nearly
sessile; pod dry, coriaceous, long, about 2"
thick, finely pubescent, few-seeded.
Prairies, Nebraska and Colorado to Texas and Ari-
zona. April-June.
264 PAPILIONACEAE. [Vol. II.
2. CLADRASTIS Raf. Neogenyton, i. 1825.
Trees, with odd-pinnate leaves, no stipules nor stipels. Flowers showy, white, in termi-
nal panicles. Calyx-teeth 5, short, broad. Standard orbicular-obovate, reflexed; wings ob-
long; keel incurved, obtuse, its petals distinct. Stamens 10, all distinct; filaments slender;
anthers all alike, versatile. Ovary sessile or nearly so; ovules few; style incurved. Pod lin-
ear or lanceolate, short-stalked, flat, at length 2 valved, few-seeded. [Greek, brittle-branch.]
A genus of 2 known species, i of the eastern United States, the other of Mantchuria.
I. Cladrastis lutea (Michx.) Koch. American or Kentucky Yellow -wood.
(Fig. 2046.)
Vh-^'ilt'a Iti/ea Michx. {. Arh. Am. y. 266. pi. 3. 1813.
Cladrastis fragrans Raf. Cat. Bot. Gard. Trans. 12.
Name only. 1824.
Cladrastis tiiictoria Raf. Neogenyton, i. 1825.
Cladrastis lutea Koch, Dendrol. i: 6. 1869.
A smooth-barked tree, with maximum height
of about 50° and trunk diameter of about 3^°.
Foliage nearly glabrous; leaves petioled; leaflets
5-1 1, ovate, oval or obovate, stalked, 2^-4' long,
pointed or blunt-acuminate at the apex, obtuse
or the terminal one cuneate at the base; panicles
many-flowered, drooping, 10^-20' long; pedicels
slender, long; calyx tubular-campanulate;
corolla white, about \' long; pod short-stalked,
glabrous, 7.'-i/ long, wide, 2-6-seeded.
In rich soil, Kentucky, Tennessee and western
North Carolina. Wood yellow, hard, .strong, yield-
ing a yellow dye ; weight per cubic foot 39 lbs. Flow-
ers fragrant. June.
3. THERMOPSIS R. Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew. Ed. 2, 3: 3. 181 1.
Perennial branching herbs, with sheathing scales at the base, alternate 3-foliolate leaves,
and large yellow or purple flowers in terminal or axillary racemes. Stipules usually large
and foliaceous. Calyx campanulate or short-turbinate, its lobes equal and separate, or the two
upper ones united. Standard nearly orbicular, equalling the oblong wings and about equal-
ling the keel. Stamens 10, incurved, separate. Ovary sessile or short-stipitate; ovules co ;
style slightly incurved; stigma terminal, small. Pod sessile or short-stalked, flat (in our
species), linear or oblong, straight or curved. [Greek, Lupine-like.]
About 15 species, natives of North America and northern and eastern Asia. Besides the follow-
ing, 5 others occur in the southern Alleghanies and in the western part of the continent.
Leaflets i'-2' long; panicle elongated, usually long-peduncled; eastern. i. T. mollis.
Leaflets long; panicle short, short -peduncled; western. 2. T. rhovibifolia.
I. Thermopsis mollis (Michx.) M. A. Cur-
tis. Alleghany Thermopsis. (Fig. 2047.)
Podalyria mollis Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 264. 1803.
Baptisia mollis DC. Prodr. 2: 100. 1825.
Thermopsis mollis M. A. Curtis; A. Gray, Chlor. Bor. Am.
47. pi. g. 1846.
Erect, somewhat divaricateh' branched, 2^-3° high,
finely appressed-pubescent. Leaves petioled, 3-folio-
late; leaflets oval, rhombic-elliptic or obovate, entire,
long, <^"-\^" wide, obtuse or acute, nearly ses-
sile; stipules ovate or lanceolate, shorter than the pet-
iole; racemes 6'-io' long, mainly terminal; pedicels
i"-(>" long, bracted at the base; flowers yellow, about
9'''' long; pod short -stalked in the calyx, linear, slightly
curved, about 4' long.
Southwestern Virginia and North Carolina, in the
mountains. July-Aug.
Vol. II.]
PEA FAMILY,
265
Prairie Thermopsis.
2. Thermopsis rhombifolia (Nutt.) Richards.
(Fig. 2048.)
Cytisus rhombifolius Nutt. Eraser's Cat. 1813.
Thei'inia rhombifolia Nutt. Gen. i: 282. 1818.
Thermopsis rhombifolia Richards. Frank. Journ.
App. 13. 1823.
Erect, 8'-2o' high, branched, appressed
silky-pubescent. Leaves petioled; leaflets
oval or obovate or rhombic-elliptic, obtuse, en-
tire, Yz'-x' long, j/'-d" wide, sessile; stipules
broad; racemes terminal or lateral, rather
dense, few-flowered, 2^-5^ long; pedicels i"~
\" long, bracted; flowers yellow, about \o"
long; pod linear, generally strongly recurved-
spreading, several-seeded, stalked in the calyx,
I'-d/ long.
In sandy soil, on prairies, Kansas, Nebraska,
Dakota and Manitoba, west to the Rocky Moun-
tains. June-July.
4. BAPTISIA Vent. Dec. Gen. Nov. 9. 1808.
Perennial erect branching herbs, with sheathing basal scales, alternate 3-foliolate or
sometimes simple perfoliate leaves, and showy yellow white or blue flowers in terminal or
lateral racemes. Stipules foliaceous, or small, or none. Calyx campanulate, obtuse at base,
or sometimes slightly turbinate, the teeth equal and separate, or the two upper ones united.
Corolla and stamens as in Thermopsis. Ovary stipitate. Pod stalked, ovoid, oblong or
nearly globose, pointed, inflated, the valves often coriaceous. [Greek, dyeing.]
About 16 species, natives of eastern and southern North America.
Flowers blue ; plant glabrous. i. B.australis.
Flowers yellow.
Racemes numerous, terminal; plant glabrous.
Racemes few, lateral; plant more or less pubescent.
Flowers white or cream color.
Very pubescent.
Glabrous or nearly so.
Leaflets oblong or lanceolate, green in drying.
Leaflets obovate-cuneate, black in drying.
2. B. tincioria.
3. B. villosa.
4. B. bracleata.
5. B. alba.
6. B. leucaniha.
I. Baptisia australis (1^.) R. Br. Blue Wild
or Blue False Indigo. (Fig. 2049.)
Sophora australis L. Syst. Nat. Ed. 12, 2: 287. 1767.
Baptisia australis R. Br. in Ait. Hort Kew. Ed. 2, 3:6.
1811.
Glabrous, stout, 4°-6° high. Leaves short-petioled,
3-foliolate; leaflets oblanceolate or sometimes oval,
obtuse at the apex, cuneate at the base, entire, i'-2^'
long, sessile or nearly so; stipules lanceolate, equal-
ling the petioles, or longer, persistent; racemes ter-
minal, erect, loosely flowered, elongated (sometimes
10' long); bracts narrow, caducous; pedicels ^''-j,"
long; flowers indigo-blue, i^"-i2" long; pod oblong,
stalked in the calyx, 1^-1%' long, ^"-6'' thick, tipped
with the subulate style.
In rich soil, western Pennsylvania to Missouri, south
to Georgia and Arkansas. June-Aug.
A hybrid of this species with B. leucophaea has been
observed by Prof. A. S. Hitchcock in Kansas.
266
PAPILIONACEAE.
[Vol. II.
2. Baptisia tinctoria (L.) R. Br. Wild
Indigo. Yellow or Indigo Broom.
Horsefly-weed. (Fig. 2050.)
Sophora tinctoria L. Sp. PI. 373. 1753.
Baptisia tinctoria R. Br. in Alt, Hort. Kew. Ed.
2, 3: 6. 1811.
Glabrous, erect, succulent, much branched,
2°-4° high. Leaves petioled, 3-foliolate; leaf-
lets obovate or oblanceolate, Yz'-iYz' long, ses-
sile or nearly so, obtuse, cuneate at the base, en-
tire, turning black in drying; stipules minute,
caducous; racemes numerous, few-flowered,
terminal; bracts minute, deciduous; pedicels
\"-2" long; flowers bright yellow, about Yz'
long; pods ovoid or nearly globose,
long, tipped with the subulate style.
In dry soil, Maine to southern Ontario, Minne-
sota, Florida and L,ouisiana. June-Sept.
3. Baptisia villosa (Walt.) Nutt.
Hairy Wild Indigo. (Fig. 2051.)
Sophora villosa Walt. Fl. Car. 134. 1788.
Baptisia villosa Nutt. Gen. i: 281. 1818.
Erect, branched, 2°-4° high, more or less
pubescent throughout, especially when
young. Leaves very short-petioled or sessile,
3-foliolate, turning dark in drying; leaflets
oblong, oval, or obovate, obtusish at the
apex, narrowed or cuneate at the base, '2'-\'
long, entire; stipules lanceolate or subulate,
much longer than the petioles, persistent or
the upper deciduous; racemes lateral, some-
times 10' long, loosely many-flowered; pedi-
cels 3''-4" long; flowers yellow, about \'
long; bracts caducous or deciduous; pods ob-
long-ovoid, about \ Yz' long, finely appressed-
pubescent, tipped with the subulate style.
In dry soil, Virginia and North Carolina, west
to Arkansas. June-July.
4. Baptisia bracteata
Large-bracted Wild Indigo. (Fig. 2052.)
Podalyria bracteata Muhl. Cat. 42. Without
description. 1813.
Baptisia bracteata EH. Bot. S. C. & Ga. i: 469.
1817.
Baptisia leucophaea Nutt. Gen. i; 382. 1818.
Erect or ascending, bushy-branched, vil-
lous-pubescent throughout. Leaves sessile
or short-petioled, 3-foliolate, dark green or
brownish in drying; leaflets oblanceolate or
spatulate, narrowed or cuneate at the base,
obtuse or acutish at the apex, i Y^'~Z' long,
s,"-W wide, thick, reticulate-veined; stip-
ules lanceolate, or ovate, persistent; ra-
cemes usually few, mainly lateral, some-
times 1° long, reclining, many-flowered;
flowers white or cream-color, about \' long,
very showy; pedicels slender, i>"-\^" long,
spreading, somewhat secund; bracts large
and persistent; pods ovoid, mostly narrowed
at the base, long, pubescent, tipped
with a long at length deciduous style.
Prairies, Illinois, Michigan and ISIinnesota,
south to Louisiana and Texas. April-May.
Vol. II.]
PEA FAMILY.
267
5. Baptisia alba (L.) R. Br. White Wild
Indigo. (Fig. 2053.)
Crolalaria alba L,. Sp. PI. 716. 1753.
Baplisia alba R. Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew. Ed. 2, 3: 6. 1811.
Glabrous throughout, divergently branching, i°-3°
high. Leaves petioled, 3-foliolate; petioles slender,
■xf'-<^" long; leaflets oblong or oblanceolate, narrowed
at the base, obtuse at the apex, I'-iyi' long, 4'^-6^'
wide, rather thin, green in drying; stipules and bracts
minute, subulate, early deciduous; racemes elongated,
erect, 6'-io' long, lateral, long-peduncled; pedicels
long; flowers white, b"-"]" long; pod linear-
oblong, about \yz' long, \" thick, abruptly tipped
with an almost filiform deciduous style.
In dry soil, Missouri to southern Indiana, south to Lou-
isiana, east to North Carolina and Florida. May-June.
6. Baptisia leucantha T. & G. Large White Wild Indigo. (Fig. 2054.)
Baptisia leucantha T. & G. Fl. N. A. i: 385.
1840.
Glabrous throughout, succulent, branch-
ing, 2°-4° high, the branches stout, ascend-
ing. Leaves petioled, 3-foliolate, blackening
in drying; leaflets obovate or oblanceolate,
long, wide, very obtuse,
rounded and sometimes slightly emargi-
nate at the apex, narrowed or cuneate at
the base; stipules lanceolate or linear, equal-
ling or shorter than the petioles, deciduous;
racemes lateral, sometimes 1° long, loosely
flowered; flowers white, <^"-\o" long; pedi-
cels long; pod ellipsoid, long-stalked
in the calyx, about 9'^ long, tipped with the
subulate style.
In rich soil. Lake Frie to Minnesota, south
to Kentucky, North Carolina, Florida and
Texas. June-July.
5. CROTALARIA L. Sp. PI. 714. 1753.
Herbs, sometimes .slightly woody, with simple (or in some tropical species 3-7-foliolate)
leaves, and racemose flowers. Calyx 5-toothed, slightly 2-lipped. Standard orbicular or
ovate, often cordate; wings oblong or obovate; keel curved. Stamens monadelphous, their
sheath deeply cleft; anthers of 2 forms, alternating with each other, the one small, versatile,
the other larger. Ovary sessile or short-stalked; style more or less curved. Pod oblong or
globose, inflated, coriaceous or membranous, many-seeded, the seeds loose at maturity.
[Greek, a rattle. ]
About 250 species, mainly natives of tropical regions. Besides the following some 7 others
occur in the southern and southwestern United States.
Stem and branches erector ascending; leaves, at least the upper, lanceolate or oblong.
I. C. sagittalis.
Stems prostrate, from a deep root; leaves broadly oval. 2. C. rotundifolia.
268
PAPILIONACEAE.
[Vol. II.
I. Crotalaria sagittalis L,. Rattle-box. (Fig. 2055.)
Crolalaria sagiilalis L. Sp. PI. 714. 1753.
Annual, or perennial (?), erect or decum-
bent, villous-pubescent, branching, rarely
over 1° high. Leaves simple, oval, lanceo-
late or oblong, acute or obtusish at the apex,
rounded at the base, entire, nearly sessile, \'-
lYz' long, wide; stipules persistent
and united, decurrent on the stem, sagittate
above, or the lower wanting; peduncles \'-
\' long, 2-4-flowered; pedicels long;
flowers yellow, long, the corolla about
equalling the calyx; pod oblong, glabrous,
nearly sessile in the calyx, \' long, in
thickness, much inflated, nearly black at
maturity; seeds shining.
In dry, open places, northern New England
to Florida, west to Minnesota, Arkansas and
Mexico. June -Sept.
2. Crotalaria rotundifolia (Walt. ) Poir. Prostrate Rattle-box. (Fig. 2056.)
Anonymos roltindt/oltaWaXt. Fl. Car. 181. 1788.
Crotalaria sagiilalis wax. ovalis Michx. Fl. Bor.
Am. 2: 55. 1803.
Crotalaria rotundifolia Poir. in Lam. Encycl.
Suppl. 2: 402. 1811.
Crolalaria ovalis Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 469. 1814.
Perennial by a deep somewhat woody root,
the slender branches usually prostrate. Pu-
bescence mostly dense, brownish, appressed ;
leaves broadly oblong or oval, obtuse at both
ends, or narrowed at the base, paler beneath
than above, yz'-\yz' long; petioles i''-^."
long; upper stipules usually distinctly sagit-
tate, the lower much smaller, or often want-
ing; peduncles lateral, I'-d' long, slender, 2-
6-flowered; flowers usually distant, yellow,
6"-8" long; corolla little longer than the
calyx; pod nearly as in the preceding species.
Mostly in dry soil, southern Virginia to Flor-
ida and Mississippi. May-Aug.
6. LUPINUS L. Sp. PI. 721. 1753.
Herbs, rarely shrubs, with alternate digitateh'-compound 7-15-foliolate (rarely simple or
3-5-foliolate) leaves, and showy flowers in terminal spikes or racemes. Calyx deeply toothed
and 2-lipped. Standard orbicular or ovate, its margins reflexed; wings oblong or obovate; keel
incurved, sometimes beaked. Stamens monadelphous, their sheath not cleft; anthers of two
forms as in Crotalaria. Ovary sessile; style incurved. Pod flattened, generally constricted
between the seeds, the valves coriaceous. [Latin name of some pulse, from lupus, wolf.]
Over 100 species, mainly natives of temperate and warm regions.
America, mainlj' on the western side of the continent.
Perennial; flowers 7"-9" long; leaflets oblanceolate.
Corolla blue, pink or white, the standard not spotted.
Corolla blue, with a conspicuous dark spot on the standard.
Perennial; flowers 4"-6" long; leaflets oblong-linear.
Annual; leaflets mainly oblong; pod 2-seeded.
About 70 occur in North
1. L. perennis.
2. L. Plattensis.
3. L. argenteus.
4. L. pnsillns.
Vol. II.]
PEA FAMILY,
I. Lupinus perennis L,. Wild I^upine.
(Fig. 2057.)
Lupinus perennis 'L,. Sp. PI. 721. 1753.
Perennial, erect, more or less pubescent, branched,
i°-2° high. Leaves slender-petioled, 2'-^,' broad,
leaflets 7-1 1 (commonly about 8), oblanceolate, ses-
sile or nearly so, obtuse and mucronate at the apex,
I'-iyi^ long, 3"-6'' wide, appressed-pubescent or
glabrate; raceme terminal, peduncled, 6'-io' long,
rather loosely flowered; pedicels 2,"-^" long; flow-
ers blue, sometimes pink, or white, long; pod
linear-oblong, very pubescent, lYz' long, i," wide,
usually 4-5-seeded, the valves coiling at dehiscence;
style subulate.
In dry, sand5' soil, Maine and Ontario to Minnesota,
Florida, Missouri and Louisiana. Called also Old
Maid's Bonnets and Wild Pea. May-June.
Lupinus perennis occidentalis S. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad.
8:530. 1873.
Villous-pubescent all over. Michigan and Wis-
consin.
3. Lupinus argenteus Pursh.
Lupine. (Fig. 2059.)
2. Lupinus Plattensis S. Wats.
,' Nebraska Lupine. (Fig. 2058. )
Lupinus ornaius vax.glabratus S. Wats.
Proc. Am. Acad. 8: 528. 1873. Not L.
glabratus Agardli. 1835.
Lupinus Plattensis S. Wats. Proc. Am.
Acad. 17: 369. 1882.
Resembling the preceding species,
perennial, high, branching,
villous or appressed-pubescent, the
living plant with a glaucous appear-
ance; leaflets 7-10, oblanceolate, spatu-
late or narrowly oval, long, 2/'-
Z" wide; raceme terminal, /^'-W long,
loosely flowered; pedicels long;
corolla blue, long, the standard
with a conspicuous dark spot.
Plains, Nebraska, Wyoming, Dakota.
June-July.
Silvery
Lupinus argenteus Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 468. 1814.
Lupimis decumbens Torr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 2; 191. 1826.
Perennial, rather shrubby, bushy-branched, i°-2°
high, finely and densely silky-pubescent with ap-
pressed hairs. Petioles slender, equalling or the lower
exceeding the leaves; stipules minute, subulate; leaf-
lets sessile, linear-oblong, acute or obtusish at the
apex, narrowed at the base, 9"-i8" long, o.''-^" wide;
racemes terminal, rather dense, 1'-^' long; pedicels
2"-2)" long; flowers purple, 4''-5'' long; pod silky-
pubescent, about i' long, mostly 3-5-seeded.
Prairies, western Nebraska and South Dakota to Mon-
tana, south to New Mexico and Arizona. The so-called
var. argophyllus is a still more silky form, with larger
flowers. July-Aug.
PAPILIONACEAE.
[Vol. ir.
4. Lupinus pusiUus Pursh. L,ow I,upine.
(Fig. 2060.)
Lupinus pusillus Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept.
1814.
Annual (always?), villous-pubescent, 4^-8' high,
from a deep root, much branched near the base.
Leaves petioled, wide; leaflets 5-7 (commonly
5), oblong or oblanceolate, narrowed at the base,
obtuse or acute at the apex, glabrous or nearly
so on the upper surface, pubescent with long scat-
tered hairs beneath, wide; racemes numer-
ous, short-peduncled or sessile, I'-^f long, densely
few-flowered; pedicels \"-2" long; flowers blue,
long; pod oblong, very pubescent,
long, i"--^" broad, about 2-seeded; style subulate.
Dry plains, Kansas, Dakota, west to the Sierra Ne-
vada, south to Arizona and New Mexico. March-July.
7. ULEX L. Sp. PL 741. 1753-
Shrubs, with stiff spine-like branches, simple, linear stiff very prickly leaves, and large
yellow solitary or racemed flowers. Calyx membranous, mostly yellow, divided nearly to its
base into 2 concave lips; upper lip mostly 2-toothed, and lower 3-toothed; teeth short. Stand-
ard ovate; wings and keel oblong, obtuse. Stamens monadelphous; anthers alternately
longer and shorter, the shorter versatile. Ovary sessile, several-mauj'-ovuled; style some-
what incurved, smooth. Pod ovoid, oblong or linear. Seeds strophiolate. [The ancient
Latin name.]
About 20 species, natives of eastern Europe.
I. Ulex Europaeus L. Furze. Gorse.
"Whin. Prickly or Thorn Broom.
(Fig. 2061.)
Ulex Europaeus L. Sp. PI. 741. 1753.
Much branched, bushy, 2°-6° high, more or
less pubescent. Branchlets very leafy, tipped
with spines; leaves prickly, i"--]" long, or the
lowest sometimes lanceolate and foliaceous;
flowers borne on twigs of the preceding season,
solitary in the axils, long, the twigs ap-
pearing like racemes; pedicels very short,
bracted at the base; calyx a little shorter than
the petals, minutely 2-bracteolate; pod few-
seeded, compressed, scarcely longer than the
calyx.
In waste places, southern New York and eastern
Virginia, escaped from cultivation. Also on Van-
couver Island. Fugitive from Europe. May-July.
8. GENISTA L. Sp. PI. 709. 1753.
Low branching sometimes thorny shrubs, mainly with i-foliolate leaves, and showy clus-
tered yellow flowers. Calyx 2-lipped; teeth long. Standard oval or ovate; wings oblong; keel
oblong, deflexed, the claws of its petals adnate to the uncleft sheath of the monadelphous
stamens; anthers alternately long and short. Ovary sessile, several-ovuled; style incurved
at the apex. Pod various, flat in our species, several-seeded. Seeds not strophiolate.
[Celtic, gen, a small bush.]
About 80 species, natives of Europe, northern Africa and western Asia.
Vol. II.] PEA FAMILY. 271
I. Genista tinctoria I^. Dyeweed or Greenweed.
Woad-waxen. Base Broom. (Fig. 2062.)
Genista iinctoria 1,. Sp. PI. 710. 1753.
Branching from the base, not thorny, the sterile shoots de-
cumbent, the flowering ones erect, stiffs, i°-2° high, branched
above, slightly pubescent. Leaves i-foliolate, sessile, lanceo-
late or elliptic-lanceolate, yz'-\yz' long, glabrous or with
scattered hairs, acute at the apex, narrowed at the base, en-
tire, shining; stipules none; racemes numerous, terminal,
long, few-flowered; bracts ovate-lanceolate, acute;
flowers yellow, nearly sessile, about 6" long; calyx bracteo-
late at the base, its 3 lower teeth narrower than the 2 upper;
pod about \' long, flat, glabrous.
On dry hills, Maine, Massachusetts and eastern New York.
Naturalized from Europe. Native also of northern Asia. Sum-
mer. Known also as Green-Wood, Dyer's-broom, Dyer's-green-
weed, Dyer's-whin and Alleluia.
9. CYTISUS L. Sp. PI. 739. 1753.
Shrubs, often stiff or spiny, with 3-foliolate or i-foliolate leaves, and showy clustered
flowers, mainly in terminal racemes. Calyx 2-lipped, the teeth short; standard ovate or
orbicular; wings oblong or obovate; keel straight or curved. Stamens monadelphous; an-
thers alternately larger and smaller. Ovary sessile, many-ovuled; style incurved. Pod flat,
oblong or linear, pubescent or glabrous, several-seeded; seeds strophiolate. [From Cythrus,
one of the Cyclades, where the first species was found.]
About 45 species, natives of Europe, western Asia and northern Africa, the flowers very slightly
different from those of Genista.
I. Cytisus .scoparius (I,.) Link. Broom. Green or Scotch Broom.
Hagweed. (Fig. 2063.)
Spartium scoparium I,. Sp. PI. 709. 1753.
Cytisus scoparius Link, Enum. Hort. Berol. 2; 241. 1822.
Sarotham?ius scopaf ius'Wimm. ; Koch, Syn. Fl. Germ. 152. 1837.
StiflF, wiry, 3°-5° high, much branched, nearly glabrous.
Branches elongated, straight, nearly erect, angled; lower
leaves petioled, 3-foliolate, the leaflets obovate, acute, or
mucronate-tipped, ^''-h" long, entire, narrowed at the base;
upper leaves sessile, often i-foliolate; stipules none; flowers
bright yellow, nearly \' long, in elongated terminal leafy
racemes; pedicels solitary or 2-3 together, 2/'-^" long; pod
flat, glabrous on the sides, but ciliate on the margins,
long; style slender, at length spirally curved.
In waste places, Massachusetts to Delaware and Virginia. Also
at Shelburne, Nova Scotia, and on Vancouver Island. Adventive
or naturalized from Europe. Bannal, Besom. Summer.
10. MEDICAGO L. Sp. PI. 778. 1753.
Herbs (a single shrubby species in southern Europe), with small 3-foliolate leaves, and
small yellow or violet flowers in axillary heads or racemes. Leaflets commonly dentate,
pinnately veined, the veins terminating in the teeth. Calyx-teeth short, nearly equal;
standard obovate or oblong; wings oblong; keel obtuse. Stamens diadelphous, the i op-
posite the standard separate from the other 9; anthers all alike. Ovary sessile or nearly so,
i--several-ovuled; style subulate. Pod curved or spirally twisted, reticulated or spiny, inde-
hiscent, i-few-seeded. [Greek, Medike, from Medea, whence the Medic, or Lucerne was
derived.]
About 50 species, natives of Europe, Asia and Africa.
272
PAPILIONACEAE.
[Vol. II.
Perennial; flowers violet, conspicuous;
Annual; flowers bright yellow, small.
Pod i-seeded, curved, not spinj-.
Pod several-seeded, spiny on the edgres, spirally twisted.
Pod loosely coiled, not furrowed on the edge.
Pod densely coiled, its edge furrowed.
1. M. saliva.
2. M. lupulina.
3. M. denticulata.
4. M. Arabica.
I. Medicago sativalv. Purple Medic. Alfalfa.
lyUcerne. Burgundy, Cliilian or Brazilian
Clover, Snail Clover. (Fig. 2064.)
Medicago saliva L. Sp. PI. 778. 1753.
Perennial, much branched, decumbent or ascending,
high, the young shoots and leaves with some
scattered hairs, glabrous when mature. Leaves pe-
tioled; leaflets oblanceolate or obovate, long,
dentate, especially toward the apex, obtuse, truncate
or emarginate and often mucronate, narrowed or cun-
eate at the base; stipules entire; peduncles Yz'-i' long,
bearing a dense short raceme of violet or blue flowers;
petals about 2>" long; pod pubescent, twisted into 2 or
3 spires.
In fields and waste places, New England and Ontario to
Minnesota, south to Virginia and INIissouri. Much culti-
vated for fodder in the southern and western States. Intro-
duced from Europe. Great or Spanish Trefoil. Summer.
2. Medicago lupulina I^. Black or Hop Medic.
Blackseed Hop Clover. Nonesuch.
(Fig. 2065.)
Medicago lupulina I,. Sp. PI. 779. 1753.
Annual, pubescent, branched at the base, the branches
decumbent and spreading, often i°-2° long; leaves pe-
tioled; leaflets obovate, oval or nearly orbicular, variable
in size, sometimes (i"-W long, denticulate or crenulate,
obtuse, mucronate or emarginate, narrowed or rounded
at the base; stipules ovate or lanceolate, dentate; pedun-
cles long; head oblong 'or cylindric, dense, 2"-\o"
long; flowers bright yellow, about \" long; pods nearly
glabrous, black when ripe, curved into a partial spire,
strongly veined, i-seeded.
In fields and waste places, common throughout our area,
and widely distributed as a weed in all temperate regions.
Native of Europe and Asia. Called also Black or Melilot
Trefoil, Black-grass, and sometimes Shamrock. March-Dec.
3. Medicago denticulata Willd.
Toothed Medic. (Fig. 2066.)
Medicago denticulata Willd. Sp. PI. 3: 1414. 1803.
Annual, branched at the base, the branches
spreading or ascending, glabrous or with a few
appressed hairs. Leaves petioled; leaflets ob-
ovate, rounded, emarginate or obcordate, cune-
ate, crenulate, ^"-W long; stipules dentate;
flowers few, yellow, I'^long, in small, peduncled
heads; pod several seeded, spirally twisted, the
2 or 3 coils flat and rather loose, elegantly reticu-
lated with elevated veins, the edges armed with
I or 2 rows of curved prickles and not furrowed
between them.
In waste places and in ballast about the seaports,
Nova Scotia to Pennsj'lvania; also in the southern
and western States and on the Pacific Coast. Fugi-
tive or adventive from Europe. Native also of
Asia and widelv distributed as a weed. Summer.
Vol. II.] PEA FAMILY. 273
4. Medicago Arabica All. Spotted Medic. (Fig. 2067.)
Medicago Arabica All. Fl. Fed. 1: 315. 1785.
Medicago maculata Sibth. Fl. Oxon. 232. 1794.
Annual, glabrous, or sometimes with a few
spreading hairs, closely resembling the preceding
species, but generally stouter. I,eaflets often
nearly \' long, and with a conspicuous dark spot
or spots near the centre; pod nearly globose, of 3
or 4 compactly wound coils, reticulate-veined on
the sides, the edge thicker and furrowed between
the marginal rows of curved prickles.
In waste places and ballast, New Brunswick to
Pennsylvania. Also on the Pacific Coast. Fugitive
or adventive from Europe. Summer. Called also
Bur-, Heart- or Spotted-clover, Heart-trefoil, and
Heart-leaf.
II. MELILOTUS Juss. Gen. PI. 356. 1789.
Annual or biennial herbs, with 3-foliolate petioled leaves, dentate leaflets, their veins
commonly ending in the teeth, and small white or yellow flowers in slender racemes.
Calyx-teeth short, nearly equal; standard obovate or oblong; wings oblong; keel obtuse.
Stamens diadelphous; anthers all alike. Ovary sessile or stipitate, few-ovuled; style fili-
form. Pod ovoid or globose, straight, indehiscent or finally 2-valved. Seeds solitary or
few. [Greek, Honey-lotus.]
About 20 species, natives of Europe, Africa and Asia.
Flowers white ; standard a little longer than the wings.
Flowers yellow; standard about equalling the wings.
1. M. alba.
2. M. officinalis.
Melilotus alba Desv. White Melilot. White Sweet-clover. (Fig. 2068.)
Meliloius alba Desv. in I,am. Encycl. 4: 63. 1797.
Melilotus vulgaris Willd. Enum. Hort. Berol. 790.
1809.
Erect or ascending, 3°-io° high, branching, gla-
brous, or the young twigs and leaves finely pubescent.
Leaves petioled, rather distant; leaflets oblong or
slightly oblanceolate, serrate, narrowed at the base,
truncate, emarginate or rounded at the apex, (i"-\o"
long, 2^-5" wide; stipules subulate; racemes numer-
ous, slender, 2^-4'' long, often i-sided; pedicels \"
long or less; flowers white; standard slightly longer
than the wings; pod ovoid, slightly reticulated,
glabrous, Yyi" long.
In waste places, frequent throughout our area and in
the southern States. Adventive or naturalized from
Europe, and native also of Asia. Called also Honey-
lotus, Cabul-, Tree- or Bokhara-clover. Leaves fragrant
in drying, as in other species of the genus. June-Nov.
i8
274
PAPILIONACEAE.
[Vol,. II.
2. Melilotus officinalis (I,.) Lam. Yellow Melilot.
(Fig. 2069.)
Yellow Sweet-clover.
Trifoliii m Melilotus officiHalis L. Sp. PI. 765. 1753.
Melilotus officinalis I,ain. Fl. Fr. 2: 594. 1778.
Resembling the preceding species, but the flow-
ers are yellow. Standard about equalling the
wings and keel; leaflets oblong, oblanceolate, or
oval, serrate, the apex rounded, not truncate; pod
about 2" long, with irregularly reticulated veins,
often slightly pubescent with appressed hairs.
In waste places, frequent througliout our area and
in the southern States. Adventive or naturalized
from Europe. Native also of Asia. Summer,
blooming later than M. alba, where the two grow to-
gether in southern New York. Old English names,
Balsam-flowers, Hart's-clover, King's-clover, King's
Crown, Heartwort.
Melilotus Indica (L. ) All., introduced on ballast
about the seaports, and an exceedingly abundant
weed in the Far West, may be readily distinguished
from this by its much smaller yellow flowers.
Ononis repens L., an herb of the tribe Trifolieae,
with axillary flowers, forming terminal leafy racemes,
has been found as a waif in central New York. The
genus is distinguished from others of the tribe by its
monadelphous stamens.
12. TRIFOLIUM L. Sp. PI. 764. 1753.
Herbs, with (in our species) mostly 3-foliolate, denticulate leaves, and purple pink red
white or yellow flowers in dense heads or spikes. Stipules adnate to the petiole. Calyx-
teeth nearly equal. Petals commonly persistent, their claws more or less completely adnate
to the stamen-tube. Stamens diadelphous, or the tenth one separate for only a portion of its
length. Ovary sessile or stipitate, few-ovuled. Pod oblong or terete, often included in the
calyx, membranous, indehiscent or tardily dehiscent by i suture, i-6-seeded. [L,atin, refer-
ring to the 3 leaflets.]
About 250 species, most abundant in the north temperate zone, a few in South America and
South Africa. Besides the following, about 50 others occur in the western part of the continent.
Flowers yellow.
Head 6"-o!' long; stipules linear; leaflets all sessile. i. T. agi-arium.
Head 4"-6" long, nearly globose; stipules ovate; terminal leaflet stalked.
Head 20-40-flowered; standard conspicuously striate.
Head io-12-flowered; standard scarcely striate. 3
Flowers red, purple, pink, or white.
Head or spike much longer than thick; calyx silky, its teeth plumose.
Corolla crimson, equalling or exceeding the calyx-lobes. 4.
Corolla whitish, shorter than the calyx-lobes. 5,
Head globose, oval or ovoid; calyx nearl}- glabrous.
Flowers sessile, or very nearly so; heads dense, ovoid, oval or globose.
T. proctunbeiis.
T. dubium.
T. incarnaium.
T. arvense.
6. T. pratense.
long.
Heads sessile, or nearly so.
Heads always distinctly peduncled.
Calyx-teeth pubescent.
Plant glabrous throughout.
Flowers pedicelled; heads umbel-like, globose.
Heads i' in diameter or more ; peduncles i'-3'
Prostrate; pubescent; perennial.
Ascending; pubescent; annual or biennial.
Stoloniferous; glabrous; perennial.
Heads 6"-q" in diameter; lower peduncles 2'-8' long.
Ascending or procumbent; flowers pink, pinkish, or purple.
Ascending; calyx much shorter than the pink or nearly white corolla.
12. T. hybridum.
Procumbent; tufted; calj'x nearly equalling the purple corolla.
13. T. Carolinianuvi.
Creeping; flowers white or pinkish. 14. T. repens.
7-
9-
10.
II.
T. medium.
T. Beckwithii.
T. Virginicum.
T. reflexum.
T. stoloniferum.
Vol. II.]
PEA FAMILY.
275
I. Trifolium agrarium L,. Yellow or Hop-clover.
Trifolium agrarium L. Sp. PI. 772. 1753-
Glabrous or slightly pubescent, annual, ascend-
ing, branched, 6'-i8' high. Leaves petioled; stip-
ules linear-lanceolate, acuminate, /^''-l" long, ad-
nata to the petiole for about one-half its length;
leaflets all from the same point, sessile, obovate or
oblong, finely denticulate, narrowed at the base,
rounded, truncate or emarginate at the apex, (i"-<^"
long; peduncles axillary, Yz'-i' long; head oblong,
or oval, ()"-<^" long, densely many-flowered; flowers
yellow, 2"-^" long, at length reflexed; pedicels
shorter than the calyx; standard slightly emarginate,
exceeding the pod, conspicuously striate, and brown,
especially when dry.
Along roadsides and in waste places, Nova Scotia to
Virginia, west to Ontario, western New York and Iowa.
Naturalized from Europe. May-Sept.
(Fig. 2070.)
2. Trifolium procumbens I,. Low, or Smaller
Hop-clover or Hop-trefoil. (Fig. 207 1 . )
Trifolium procumbens 'Li. Sp. PI. 772. 1753.
Similar to the preceding species, but lower, more spread-
ing and more pubescent. Leaflets obovate, cuneate at the
base, rounded, truncate or emarginate at the apex, finely
denticulate, long, the lateral ones nearly sessile, the
terminal distinctly stalked; stipules ovate, adnate to the
lower part of the petiole, about 2" long; peduncles 3''—
12" long; heads 20-40-flowered, globose or short-oval,
d/'-d" in greatest diameter; flowers yellow, at length
reflexed, about 7." long; standard dilated, not folded,
exceeding the pod, striate and brown when dry.
In fields and along roadsides, frequent or occasional
throughout our area and in the southern States. Naturalized
from Europe. May-Sept.
3, Trifolium dubium Sibth. I^east Hop-
clover or Hop-trefoil. (Fig. 2072.)
Trifolium dubium Sibth. Fl. Oxon. 231. 1794.
Trifolium minus Smith, Engl. Bot. pi. 1256. 1799.
Trifolium procumbens var. minus Koch, Fl. Germ. &
Helv. Ed. 2, 195. 1843.
Straggling or ascending, nearly glabrous, stems 2'-
20' long, branching. Leaflets obovate, truncate or
emarginate at the apex, or even obcordate, denticu-
late, cuneate at the base, the lateral ones nearly ses-
sile, the terminal stalked; stipules ovate or lanceo-
late, adnate to the lower part of the petiole; peduncles
2,"-\2" long; heads nearly globose, 2"-}/' in diam-
eter, 3-20-flowered; flowers about xyi" long, turn-
ing brown, at length reflexed; standard exceeding
and folded over the pod, scarcely striate.
In fields and waste places, New England, New Jersey
and in the southern States. Also in British Columbia.
Naturalized from Europe. Summer. Said to be the true
Shamrock. Called also Yellow Suckling, Wild Trefoil.
PAPILIONACEAE.
[Voi,. II.
4. Trifolium incarnatum L,. Crim-
son, Carnation or Italian Clover.
(Fig. 2073.)
Trifolium incarnatum I,. Sp. PI. 769. 1753-
Annual, erect, softly pubescent, little
branched, 6'-3° high. Leaves long-petioled ;
stipules broad, membranous, dentate,
12" wide; leaflets all from the same point,
very nearly sessile, obovate or obcordate,
narrowed or cuneate at the base, denticulate,
(,'^-12" long; heads terminal, oblong or
ovoid, i'-2l4' long; flowers sessile, /^"-6'^
long; calyx hairy; corolla crimson, equalling
or exceeding the subulate plumose calyx-lobes.
In fields, waste places and ballast, southern
New York, New Jersey and Pennsylvania. Occa-
sionally cultivated for fodder. Introduced from
Europe. Called also Napoleons. Summer.
5. TrifoHum arvense I,. Rabbit-foot,
Old-field or Stone Clover. (Fig. 2074.)
Trifo!i7tm arvense 1,. Sp. PI. 769. 1753.
Annual, erect, freely branching, silky-pubescent,
6'-i8' high. Leaves short-petioled; stipules nar-
row, 3''-5^^ long, subulate-tipped, entire or nearly
so; leaflets all from the same point, linear or ob-
lanceolate, denticulate above, obtuse and often
emarginate, narrowed or cuneate at the base, 6"-
12" jlong; heads terminal, peduncled, oblong or
cylindric, 6''-\2'' long, very dense; calyx very
silky; corolla whitish, shorter than the subulate
plumose calyx-lobes.
In fields and waste places, common in most sections
throughout our area and in the southern States. Na-
turalized from Europe. Native also of northern Asia.
Called also Hare's-foot and Pussy Clover. May-Sept.
6. Trifolium pratense L,. Red, Pur-
ple or Meadow Clover. (Fig. 2075.)
Trifolium p?-alense L,. Sp. PI. 768. 1753.
Perennial, more or less pubescent, branching,
decumbent or erect, 6'~2° high. Leaves long-
petioled; stipules ovate, strongly veined, subu-
late-tipped, 6"-io" long; leaflets short-stalked,
all from the same point, oval, oblong, or ob-
ovate, narrowed at base, hardly cuneate, obtuse
and sometimes emarginate at the apex, often
dark-spotted near the middle, finely denticulate,
%'-2' long; heads globose or somewhat ovoid,
sessile (rarely slightly peduncled), about long;
flowers red (rarely white), sessile, about 6'^ long,
remaining erect in fruit; calyx sparingly hairy,
its subulate teeth shorter than the corolla.
In fields and meadows, common throughout our
area and in the southern States. Naturalized from
Europe and widely cultivated for fodder. Native
also of northern Asia. Leaflets commonly 3, some-
times 4-1 1. English names, Honeysuckle Clover,
Knap, Suckles. April-Nov.
Voi,. II.]
PEA FAMIIvY.
277
7. Trifolium medium L. Zig-zag
Clover. Cow- or Marl-grass.
(Fig. 2076.)
T. medium L,. Amoen. Acad. 4: 105. 1759.
Closely resembling the preceding species.
Stem sometimes conspicuously zigzag, but
often straight, finely pubescent or glabrate.
Stipules lanceolate; leaflets lanceolate or ob-
long, not spotted, frequently entire except
for the projecting tips of the veins; heads al-
ways more or less peduncled; corolla W~
long, bright purple; calyx-tube nearly
glabrous, the teeth slightly pubescent.
In fields and waste places, Nova Scotia and
Quebec to New York, west to Missouri. Also
on Vancouver Island. Adventive or naturalized
from Europe. Native also of Siberia. Summer.
9. Trifolium Virginicum Small.
Prostrate Mountain Clover.
(Fig. 2078.)
Trifolium Virginicum Small, Mem. Torr.
Club, 4: 112. 1894.
Perennial from a long large root, diffusely
branched at the base, the branches pros-
trate, pubescent. Leaflets linear, narrowly
lanceolate or oblanceolate, 5^^-20^^ long,
obtuse or cuspidate, serrate-dentate, gla-
brous above, more or less silky beneath, con-
spicuously veined; flowers in a globose head
about \' in diameter, whitish, crowded, the
slender pedicels long; standard emar-
ginate-mucrouate, striate; calyx silky, the
teeth long, subulate.
Slopes of Kate's Mountain, Greenbrier Co.,
W. Va. Tune.
8. Trifolium Beckwithii Brewer.
Beckwitli's Clover. (Fig. 2077.)
Trifolium Beckwithii Brewer; S. Wats. Proc.
Am. Acad. 11: 128. 1876.
Perennial, glabrous throughout; stems
rather stout, erect or nearly so, straight, 6'-
18' high. Basal leaves on long petioles; sti-
pules narrow, acute, x' long or less; leaflets
oblong, or somewhat oblanceolate, obtuse,
denticulate, long; heads long-pedun-
cled, globose, thick; flowers purple
or purplish, 6'^-()" long, very short-pedi-
celled, the lower at length reflexed; calyx-
teeth glabrous, linear-subulate, the longer
nearly equalling the tube; pod 2-6-seeded.
Eastern South Dakota, probably introduced
from farther west. Native from Montana to
California. May-June.
PAPILIONACEAE.
[Vot. II.
lo. Trifolium reflexum L. Buffalo Clover.
(Fig. 2079.)
Trifolium refle.viim I,. Sp. PI. 766. 1753.
Annual or biennial, pubescent, ascending, branching,
\o'-io' high. Leaves long-petioled; stipules ovate-lan-
ceolate, acuminate, foliaceous, fevs^-toothed or entire,
\i" long; leaflets all from the same point, short-stalked,
oval or obovate, cuneate at the base, obtuse or emargi-
nate at the apex, denticulate, long; heads pedun-
cled, dense, globose, in diameter or more; flowers
(3" long, all on slender pedicels, at length long
and reflexed; standard red; wings and keel nearly white;
calyx-teeth linear, shorter than the corolla, finely pubes-
cent; pods 3-6-seeded.
In meadows, southern Ontario, western New York and
Pennsylvania to Iowa and Nebraska, south to Florida and
Texas. April-Aug.
II. Trifolium stoloniferum Muhl. Running
Buffalo Clover. (Fig. 2080.)
Trifolium stoloniferum Muhl. Cat. 70. 1813.
Perennial, glabrous, branching,6'-i2' long, forming run-
ners at the base. Leaves, especially the lower, long-peti-
oled; stipules ovate-lanceolate, acute, membranous, often
1' long; leaflets all from the same point, short-stalked, ob-
ovate or obcordate, broadly cuneate at the base, denticu-
late, 9''-i5'' long; heads terminal, peduncled, nearly \'
in diameter; flowers white, purplish-tinged, li/'-d" long;
pedicels slender, 2>"~\" long, at length reflexed; calyx-
teeth subulate, longer than the tube; pod commonly
2-seeded.
Prairies and dry woods, Ohio to Nebraska, south to Ken-
tucky and Missouri. May-Aug.
12. Trifolium hybridum L,. Alsike
or Alsatian Clover. (Fig. 2081.)
Trifolium hybridum L. Sp. PI. 766. 1753.
Perennial, erect or ascending, sometimes
rather stout and succulent, i°-2° high, branch-
ing, glabrous or very nearly so. Leaves long-
petioled; stipules ovate-lanceolate, acuminate,
membranous, long; leaflets all from
the same point, short-stalked, obovate, some-
times emarginate but not obcordate, narrowed
or cuneate at the base, serrulate with sharp-
pointed teeth, (y"-\2" long; heads globose,
long-peduncled; flowers pink, or nearly white,
long; pedicels slender, long, re-
flexed when old; corolla 3-4-times as long as
the calyx; calyx-teeth subulate, about equal-
ling the tube; pod 2-4-seeded.
In meadows and waste places. Nova Scotia to
Idaho, south to New Jersej- and Georgia. Called
also Swedish Clover. Sometimes cultivated for
fodder. May-Oct.
I
Voi<. II.]
PEA FAMIIvY.
279
13. Trifolium Carolinianum Michx. Caro-
lina Clover. (Fig. 2082,)
Trifolium Carolinianum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 58.
1803.
Perennial, pubescent, tufted, ascending or procum-
bent, much branched from the base, 3^-8' high.
Leaves slender-petioled; stipules ovate or ovate-lan-
ceolate, foliaceous, -2"-^" long, acute, few-toothed
toward the apex, or entire; leaflets all from the same
point, short-stalked, obovate, emarginate or obcor-
date, cuneate at the base, denticulate, i^'-i)" long;
heads globose; peduncles slender, elongated; flowers
purplish, Q."--^" long; standard apiculate; pedicels
long, strongly reflexed in fruit; corolla scarcely
longer than the calyx; calyx-teeth subulate, longer
than the tube; pod about 4-seeded.
In waste places about Philadelphia, and in fields and
open places, Virginia to Florida, west to Texas. March-
Oct.
14.
Trifolium repens I^. White, Dutch or Honeysuckle Clover.
(Fig. 2083.)
Trifolium repens L. Sp. PI. 767. 1753.
Perennial, glabrous, or with a few scattered
hairs, branching at the base, the branches creep-
ing, often rooting at the nodes, 4^-12' long.
Leaves long-petioled; stipules ovate-lanceolate
membranous, acute, 1"-^" long; leaflets all
from the same point, short-stalked, obovate,
emarginate or obcordate, broadly cuneate at the
base, denticulate, a/'-()" long; heads globose,
long-peduncled; flowers -white, 2>"~^" long;
pedicels i"-^" long, finally reflexed; corolla
2-3-times as long as the calyx; calyx-teeth
acuminate, somewhat shorter than the tube; pod
about 4-seeded.
In fields, waste ground and open places, very
common throughout our area and in the southern
States. Also in the Northwest. Naturalized from
Europe, or perhaps native in the extreme north.
Native also of Siberia. Widely distributed in all
temperate regions. Leaflets sometimes 4-9. Heads
occasionally proliferous. Flowers sometimes pink-
ish. English names, Sheep's Gowan, Honeystalks,
Lamb-sucklings, and sometimes Shamrock. May-
Dec.
13. LOTUS L. Sp. PI. 773. 1753-
[HoSACKiA Dougl. ; Benth. Bot. Reg. 7^57. 1829.]
Herbs or shrubs, with 1-3-foliolate simple or pinnate leaves, and solitary or clustered red-
dish yellow or white flowers. Calyx-teeth nearly equal. Petals free from the stamen-tube;
standard ovate or orbicular; wings oblong or obovate; keel incurved, obtuse or beaked. Sta-
mens diadelphous (i and 9) ; anthers all alike. Ovary sessile, i-several-ovuled. Pod linear
or oblong, flatfish or terete, 2-valved, i-several-seeded, septate or continuous between the
seeds. [The Greek name of several different plants.]
About 120 species, of wide geographic distribution. Besides the following, some 40 others
occur in the western and southwestern United States.
Corolla yellow; flowers umbelled. i. L. corniculatus.
Corolla rose-color; flowers solitary in the axils. 2. L. Americanus.
2 So
PAPILIONACEAE.
[Vol. II.
I. Lotus corniculatus L. Bird's-foot Trefoil.
Ground Honeysuckle. Bloom-fell. (Fig. 2084.)
Lotus corniailaius L. Sp. PI. 775. 1753.
Perennial from a long root, appressed-pubescent or
glabrate. Stems slender, decumbent, or ascending,
3'-2° long; leaves 3-foliolate, short- petioled; leaflets
obovate, oblanceolate or oblong, 3"-8" long, obtuse
or acute; stipules similar to the leaflets, and often as
large; peduncles elongated, sometimes 4'-6' long, um-
bellately 3-12-flowered; calyx-lobes acute, as long as
the tube, or shorter; corolla bright yellow, 6"-^"
long, or the standard reddish; pods linear, about
long, spreading, several-seeded.
In waste places and on ballast, New Brunswick, and
about the seaports of the Eastern and Middle States. Ad-
ventive from Europe. Native also of Asia, and widely
distributed as a weed. Crowtoes (Milton), Cat's-clover,
Sheepfoot. June-Sept.
2. Lotus Americanus (Nutt.) Bisch. Prairie Bird's-foot Trefoil. (Fig.
Trigonella Americana Nutt. Gen. 2: 120. 1818.
Lotus sericeus Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 489. 1814. Not DC. 1813.
Hosackia Purshiana Benth. Bot. Reg. under pi. 1237. 1829.
Lotus Atnericanus msch. Litt. Ber. Linnaea, 14: 132. 1840.
Annual, erect, branched, villous-pubescent, or glabrate,
io'-20'' high. Leaves 3-foliolate, or the upper sometimes
i-foliolate, sessile or the lower on petioles about i'^ long;
stipules minute or none; middle leaflet slightly longer-
stalked than the lateral ones, oblong, the lateral lanceo-
late and more or less inequilateral, rounded at the base,
5'^-8'' long, 2"-2," wide; peduncles axillary, i-flowered,
long in fruit, leafy-bracted at the summit; flowers
rose-color, about 7." long, the standard darker-veined;
keel acute; calyx-lobes linear, about twice the length of
the tube; pods linear, straight, about \' long, acute,
glabrous, 4-7-seeded, deflexed at maturity.
In dry soil, Minnesota to Missouri, Arkansas, New Mexico
and Sonora. Summer.
2085.)
14. PSORALEA L. Sp. PI. 762. 1753.
Herbs or shrubs, with dark glands or pellucid dots, 1-5-foliolate leaves, and purple blue
pink or white flowers, mainly in spikes or racemes. Stipules broad. Calyx-lobes equal or
the lower longest, or the two upper ones sometimes united. Standard ovate or orbicular,
clawed; wings oblong or falcate; keel incurved, obtuse. Stamens monadelphous or diadel-
phous; anthers uniform. Ovary sessile or short-stalked, i-ovuled. Pod ovoid, short, inde-
hiscent, i-seeded. [Greek, scurfy, from the glandular dots, whence the name Scurfy-pea.]
About 110 species, of wide geographic distribution. In addition to the following, about 20
others occur in the western United States.
I<eaves digitately 3-5-foliolate (leaflets all from the same point).
Plants leafy-stemmed.
Flowers small, 2"-4" long.
Pods subglobose.
Leaflets narrowly oblong. i. P. lanceolata.
Leaflets, except those of basal leaves, filiform-linear. 2. P. micrantha.
Pods ovoid, or ovate.
Pods with a short, mostly abrupt beak.
Flowers few, scattered in slender elongated racemes.
Flowers numerous, clustered, or crowded in racemes.
Leaflets oblong-obovate. 4.
Leaflets oblong. 5.
Pods with a slender sharp or elongated beak.
Leaflets linear; flowers in loose elongated racemes. 6.
Leaflets linear-lanceolate, oblong, oblanceolate or obovate; flo
Leaflets oblanceolate or obovate; pubescence gray. 7
' Leaflets linear-lanceolate or oblong; pubescence silver^'.
Leaflets linear-lanceolate; calyx inflated in fruit. 8
Leaflets oblong; caly.v not inflated in fruit. 9.
Flowers large, 6"-8" long, densely spicate. 10
3. P. tenuiflora.
P. obtusiloba.
P.floribunda.
P. linearifolia.
wers spiked.
P. collina.
P. dig i lata.
P. argopliylla.
P. cuspidata.
Vol.. II.]
PEA FAMILY.
281
11. P. esculenta.
12. P. hypogaea.
13. P. stipulata.
14. P. pedunculala.
15. P. Onobrychis.
Plants acaulesceiit, or nearly so, low, spreading; roots tuberous.
Leaflets oblong--cuneate.
Leaflets linear-oblong.
Leaves pinnately 3-foliolate (the terminal leaflet stalked).
Racemes short, on peduncles about equalling the leaves.
Racemes spicate, elongated, much exceeding the leaves.
Leaflets oblong-lanceolate, obtuse; pods 2" long, nearly orbicular.
Leaflets ovate-lanceolate, acuminate; pods 4" -5" long, obliquely ovate.
1. Psoralea lanceolata Pursh. Lance-leaved
Psoralea. (Fig. 2086.)
Psoralea lanceolata Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 475. 1814.
Erect, or assurgent, nearly glabrous, mucli branched,
densely dark-glandular, light green, i°-2° high. Root
not tuberous; petioles equalling or shorter than the
leaves; stipules linear, ^oiigi early deciduous;
leaflets 3, digitate, sessile, sometimes with a few scat-
tered hairs, linear or oblanceolate, entire, varying from
acute to obtuse or even emarginate at the apex, nar-
rowed or cuneate at the base, W-\^" long, wide;
peduncles slender; spikes dense, short, thick, 6-10-
flowered; bracts membranous, caducous; flowers bluish-
white, 2)" long; corolla 2-3 times as long as the calyx;
pod subglobose, about 1" long, sparingly pubescent, or
glabrous, punctate; seed globose, brown.
In dry soil, Kansas to the Northwest Territory, west to
Arizona, Washington and British Columbia. June-July.
2. Psoralea micrantha A. Gray. Small-flowered Psoralea. (Fig. 2087.)
p. micrantha A. Gray; Terr. Pac. R. R. Rep. 4: 77. 1856.
Assurgent, 1° high or more, from a horizontal root
or long slender rootstock often 3° in length; stems
glabrous, with scattered brown glands, and often with
broadly lanceolate or ovate scales at the base. Stip-
ules setaceous; leaves 3-foliolate, crowded; leaflets
linear or filiform-linear, ^'-2' long, the basal ones
oblong or cuneate-oblong; peduncles about the length
of the leaves; flowers about '2" long, white or bluish
in small heads or loosely scattered in short spikes; *
bracts minute; calyx somewhat pubescent, glandular,
the lobes about equal; pod globose, over lyi," long,
glabrous, light brownish with raised darker glands
and a straight slender beak; seed globose, somewhat
flattened when dry, brown, smooth and shining.
Prairies, Nebraska to Arizona. June-Aug.
3. Psoralea tenuiflora Pursh. Few-
flowered Psoralea. (Fig. 2088.)
Psoralea tenuiflora Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 475. 1814.
Erect, finely appressed-canescent, especially
when young, punctate, much branched, slender,
2°-4° high. Root not tuberous; leaves short-peti-
oled, digitately 3-5-foliolate; stipules subulate, \"-
1" long; leaflets very short-stalked, entire, oval,
oblong or elliptic, (i"-xo'' long, i>^''-3'^ wide, ob-
tuse and mucronulate at the apex, narrowed or cu-
neate at the base; peduncles slender, longer than
the leaves; racemes loosely 6-14-flowered, x'-^/
long; bracts scale-like, persistent; flowers purplish.
2" long; corolla about twice the length of the
calyx; pod ovate, glabrous, punctate, 2'^-3'^ long;
seed ovoid, brown.
Prairies, Illinois and Minnesota to Texas and So-
nora, west to Colorado and Montana. May-Oct.
282
PAPILIONACEAE.
[Vol. II.
4. Psoralea obtusiloba T. & G. Black-
dotted Psoralea. (Fig. 2089.)
Psoralea obinsiloba T. & G. Fl. N. A. i: 300. 1838.
Psoralea tenniflora var. obtusiloba S. Wats. Bibliogr.
Ind. i: 255. 1878.
Erect, i°-2° high, branches spreading, stems
more or less canescent with fine appressed silky
white hairs. Stipules small, setaceous; petioles
much shorter than the leaflets, the upper leavesoften
nearly sessile; leaves 3-foliolate, or the basal often
4-5-foliolate; leaflets 2>^''-i5" long, i ^'^-7'' wide,
obloug-obovate, retuse or mucronulate, covered on
both surfaces with minute black glands, glabrous
above, minutely canescent beneath; racemes long;
flowers loosely scattered; bracts very small, ovate,
!|i cuspidate; calyx canescent with white silky hairs,
the lobes glandular, obtuse or acute; pod ovate,
about 4" long; seed compressed, obliquely ovoid,
brown.
Prairies, Kansas (?), Texas to Arizona and Mexico.
5. Psoralea floribunda Nutt. Many-flowered Psoralea. (Fig. 2090.)
p. floribunda Nutt.; T. & G. Fl. N. A. i: 300. 1838.
Stem i°-4° high, profusely branching, canes-
cent, not glandular. Petioles 2j^"-i5" long,
mostly shorter than the leaflets; stipules 1%"-
ZYx" long, subulate, sometimes reflexed; leaves
3-5- sometimes 7-foliolate; leaflets long,
'i^y2"-^" wide, oblong, glandular on both sur-
faces, rugose, glabrous or with a few scattered
hairs above, canescent with closely appressed
white hairs beneath; peduncles 2^-7' long; spikes
oblong or cylindric, usually many-flowered, the
flowers about 4'' long, at length interrupted and
appearing almost as if whorled; bracts \"-\yz"
long, lanceolate, hirsute; calyx canescent, the
lobes triangular, acute, the lower one the longest;
pod ovoid, glabrous, light brown, covered with
darker glands, beak short, stout, straight; seed
lYz" long, compressed.
Prairies, Illinois to Montana, Texas, Arizona and
Mexico. May-Oct.
6. Psoralea linearifolia T. & G. Narrow-
leaved Psoralea. (Fig. 2091.)
Psoralea litiearifolia T. & G. Fl. N. A. i: 300. 1838.
Erect, i°-2° high, widely branching; stems not
always glandular, glabrous, or sparingly pubes-
cent with appressed hairs. Stipules i>^"-3K'''
long, lanceolate or setaceous; leaves sessile or
short-petioled, 1-3-foliolate; leaflets 5^'-i5'' long,
wide, linear, rugose, glandular, glabrous
or with a few appressed hairs; peduncles 1^-9'
long; flowers blue, loosely scattered, 1-4 together
on slender pedicels 2^'-4'' long; bracts \" long,
ovate, acuminate; mature calyx campanulate, 1"
long, glandular, slightly pubescent; pod 4" long,
narrowly ovoid or oblong, glandular, with a short
stout straightish beak; seed flat, oblique, dark
brown.
Prairies, Nebraska to Texas. Maj'-Aug:.
Vol. II.]
PEA FAMILY
7. Psoralea coUina Rydberg. Nebraska
Psoralea. (Fig. 2092.)
Psoralea collina Rydberg, Fl. Neb. 21 : 54. f. 6, 7.
1895.
Ascending or difiFuse, somewhat grayish-pu-
bescent, i°-2° high. Stipules narrow,
long; leaves 3-foliolate, or sometimes 5-foHo-
late; leaflets obovate or oblanceolate, mucro-
nate, mostly glabrous above; bracts pointed,
iyi"-2" long; peduncles slender, 1^-4' long;
flowers about 3'' long; calyx-segments linear-
lanceolate, much shorter than the ovate pod,
the lower one a little longer than the others;
pod 2yz"-2,'^ long, tipped with a flat straight
beak about 1}^'' long.
Hillsides, western Nebraska. July-Aug.
g. Psoralea argophylla Pursh.
Psoralea. (Fig. 2094.)
Psoralea incana Nutt. Fraser Cat. Name only. 1813.
Psoralea argophylla Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 475. 1814.
Erect, widely branched, densely silvery pubescent with
white appressed hairs throughout. Stem often zigzag, i°-
3° high; petioles shorter than or equalling the leaves;
stipules narrowly linear, 2>"~\" long; leaflets 3-5, digi-
tate, very short-stalked, oval, oblong or obovate, obtuse
and mucronate or acutish at the apex, narrowed or
rounded at the base, ^''-i^" long, z"-^" wide; pedun-
cles exceeding the leaves; inflorescence spicate, inter-
rupted, the blue flowers sessile, about if' long, in clusters
of 2-4; bracts lanceolate, slightly longer than the corolla,
persistent; calyx-lobes lanceolate; pod ovate, straight-
beaked.
Prairies, Wisconsin and Minnesota to the Northwest Terri-
tory, south to Kansas and New Mexico. June-Aug.
8. Psoralea digitata Nutt. Digitate
Psoralea. (Fig. 2093.)
Psoralea digitata Nutt.; T. & G. Fl. N. A. i: 300.
1838.
Canescentwith appressed hairs, slender, erect,
widely branching, i°-2° high. Petioles shorter
than or sometimes a very little exceeding the
leaves; stipules linear, \yT,"-i" long; peduncles
much elongated, often 3-5 times as long as the
leaves; leaflets 5, or of the upper leaves 3, digi-
tate, short-stalked, oblong-linear or oblanceo-
late, <^"-\^" long, ^"-t/' wide, mostly obtuse or
mucronulate at the apex, narrowed or cuneate
at the base; inflorescence spicate, interrupted,
the blue flowers short-pedicelled or sessile in
clusters of 3-5; corolla 4' '-5'^ long, exceeding
the broad mucronate bracts; calyx-lobes acute;
pod ovoid, flattish, pubescent.
Prairies, South Dakota to Kansas and Texas.
June-July.
Silver-leaf
PAPILIONACEAE.
[Vol. II.
10. Psoralea cuspidata Pursh. Large-
bracted Psoralea. (Fig. 2095.)
Psoralea macrorhiza Nutt. Fraser's Cat.' Name only. 1813.
Psoralea ciispidala Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 741. 1814.
Psoralea cryptocai-pa T. & G. Fl. N. A. i: 301. 1838.
Erect or ascending, stout, branched, finely ap-
pressed-pubescent, at least above, i°-2° high, from a
long deep tuberous-thickened root. Petioles equalling
or shorter than the leaves, i^'-2''long; stipules linear,
acuminate, 6''-8" long; leaflets 5, digitate, short-
stalked, entire, broadly oblanceolate or oval, obtuse
and commonly mucronate at the apex, narrowed or
cuneate at the base, I'-i' long, i,"-']" wide; spikes
oblong, dense, lYz'-}/ long, I'-i^' thick; peduncles
longer than the petioles; bracts lanceolate, long-cus-
pidate, equalling or exceeding the bluish corolla; pod
oval, membranous, enclosed in the calyx.
Prairies, Northwest Territory to Kansas, Colorado,
Arkansas and Texas. May-June.
II. Psoralea esculenta Pursh. Pomme
Blanche. Prairie Apple or Turnip.
(Fig. 2096.)
Psoralea esculenta Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 475. 1814.
Rather stout, erect from a large farinaceous
root or cluster of roots, little branched, 4'-i8''
high, densely villous-pubescent with whitish
hairs. Lower petioles 2-4 times longer than the
leaves; stipules lanceolate, 8''-i 2'' long; leaflets
5, digitate, short-stalked, oval or obovate, entire,
obtuse, narrowed at base, \'-2' long, 4'^-io'''
wide; peduncles equalling or longer than the
petioles; spikes oblong, dense, ly^'-i' long, \'-
lYi' thick; bracts lanceolate or ovate, acute,
%" long, nearly equalling the bluish corolla; pod
oblong, glabrous, about lyi" long, slightly
wrinkled, enclosed in the calyx-tube.
Prairies, Manitoba and Dakota to Nebraska and
Texas. Called Indian or Missouri Bread-root. June.
12. Psoralea hypogaea Nutt. Small Indian
Bread-root. (Fig. 2097.)
Psoralea hypogaea Nutt.; T. & G. Fl. N. A. i: 302. 1838.
Similar to the preceding species, but smaller, nearly
acaulescent, the stem hardly rising above the ground,
densely pubescent with appressed whitish hairs. Petioles
2-4 times as long as the leaves; stipules oblong, acutish,
about long; leaflets 5, digitate, sessile or nearly so,
linear-oblong or oblanceolate, long, 2"-3^' wide,
entire, often mucronate-tipped, narrowed at the base; pe-
duncles ^'-3' long; spikes short, dense, yi'-i'\on^\ bracts
ovate, acute, shorter than or nearly equalling the dull
blue corolla; pod 5" long or more, somewhat hirsute,
slender-beaked.
Prairies, Nebraska and Colorado to Texas and New Mexico.
May-June.
Vol. II.]
PEA FAMILY.
13. Psoralea stipulata T. & G. Large-
stipuled Psoralea. (Fig. 2098.)
Psoralea slipulala T. & G. Fl. N. A. i: 688. 1840.
Sparingly pubescent or glabrous, nearly glandless,
branched, diffuse or ascending, stems i°-2° long.
Petioles shorter than the leaves; stipules foliaceous,
ovate or lanceolate, about long; leaves piunately
3-foliolate; leaflets oval or elliptic, i'-2'long, entire,
narrowed at the base, obtusish at the apex, the ter-
minal one on a stalk j/'-d^' long; peduncles mainly
axillary, longer than the petioles; racemes short,
dense, \' long or less; flowers purple, i,"-^" long;
bracts ovate, acute or acuminate, membranous, de-
ciduous; pod not seen.
In rocky places, Ohio, Indiana and Kentucky. June-
July.
Samson's Snakeroot. (Fig. 2099.)
Card. Diet. Ed. 8,
Psoralea pedunculata (Mill.) Vail.
Hedysarum pedunculatum Mill.
no. 17. 1768.
Psoralea meliloloides Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 58. 1803.
Psoralea pedunculata Vail, Bull. Torr. Club, 21: 114.
1 891.
Erect, slender, sparingly branched, i°-2^''
high, more or less pubescent and rough. Glands
of the foliage small and inconspicuous; leaves
petioled, pinnately 3-foliolate; petioles shorter
than or equalling the leaflets; stipules subulate;
leaflets oblong-lanceolate, lyi'-'S' long,
wide, entire, obtuse at each end, the apex mu-
cronulate, the terminal one on a stalk '2"-(>"
long; racemes axillary and terminal, on pedun-
cles much exceeding the leaves, rather loosely
flowered, 2^-5' long; bracts ovate-lanceolate,
acuminate, early deciduous, glandular; flowers
purplish, about 2" long; pod nearly orbicular,
strongly wrinkled transversely.
In dry soil, Kansas to Indiana and North Carolina,
south to Texas and Florida. March-July.
15. Psoralea Onobrychis Nutt. Sain-
foin Psoralea. (Fig. 2100.)
Slylosanthes racemosa Nutt. Fraser Cat. Name only.
1813.
Psoralea Onobrychis Nutt. Gen. 2: 104. 1818.
Glabrous or slightly pubescent, branched, 3°-6°
high. Glands of the foliage few and small; stipules
subulate; petioles about equalling the 3-foliolate
leaves; leaflets ovate-lanceolate, 2'-^' long, \'-2'
wide, entire, rounded or truncate at the base, acu-
ininate at the apex, the terminal one on a stalk about
\' long; racemes numerous, axillary and terminal,
very slender and loosely flowered, 3^-6' long; pe-
duncles equalling or shorter than the leaves; flow-
ers purplish, \yz'-2' long; pod obliquely ovoid,
long, transversely wrinkled and roughened
with points.
Along- rivers, Missouri to Ohio, southern Ontario,
Kentucky and South Carolina. June-July.
286
PAPILIONACEAE.
[Vol. II.
15. AMORPHA L. Sp. PI. 713. 1753.
Glandular-punctate shrubs, with odd-pinnate leaves, and small violet blue or white flow-
ers, in dense terminal spicate racemes. Calyx-teeth nearly equal, or the lower ones longer;
standard obovate, erect, clawed, folded around the stamens and style; wings and keel none.
Stamens monadelphous below; anthers all alike. Ovary sessile, 2-celled; style curved;
stigma terminal. Pod short, oblong, curved, nearly indehiscent, 1-2-seeded. [Greek, de-
formed, four petals being absent.]
About 10 species, natives of North America and Mexico.
Tall shrub; leaflets i'-2' long; pod usually 2-seeded.
Low shrubs; leaflets ,3"-6" long; pod i-seeded.
Glabrous or nearly so; spikes commonly solitary.
Densely canescent; spikes commonly clustered.
1. A. fruUcosa.
2. A. nana.
3. A. canescens.
I. Amorpha fruticosa L. False or
Bastard Indigo. (Fig. 2101.)
Amorpha fruticosa I,. Sp. PI. 713. 1753.
A shrub 5°-2o° high, with pubescent or gla-
brous foliage. Leaves petioled, 6'-i6' long;
leaflets 11-21, distant, short-stalked, oval or
elliptic, obtuse and mucronulate, or sometimes
slightly emarginate at the apex, rounded or
slightly narrowed at the base, long,
\o" wide, entire; spike-like racemes dense, clus-
tered or solitary, 3'-6' long; flowers short-pedi-
celled, 3''-4'^ long; standard violet-purple, 2-
3 times as long as the calyx, emarginate;
stamens exserted; pod glabrous, glandular,
thick-stalked, 2>"-A'^ loDg> acute, usually 2-
seeded.
Along streams, Ohio to Minnesota and Manitoba,
south to Florida, Colorado and Chihuahua. Also
escaped from cultivation in the Middle States.
May-July.
2. Amorpha nana Nutt. Fragrant False
Indigo. (Fig. 2102.)
Amorpha nana Nutt. Fras. Cat. 1813.
Amorpha microphylla Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 466.
1814.
A low bushy shrub, seldom more than 1° high, gla-
brous or nearly so throughout. Leaves short-peti-
oled, numerous, 1^-3' long; leaflets 13-19, rigid,
short-stalked, oval or oblong, rounded or emarginate
and mucronate at the apex, obtuse or acute at the base,
3''-6'^long, i>^'^-2^''' wide; spike-like racemes com-
monly solitary; flowers fragrant; standard purplish,
about 2" long; calyx-teeth acuminate; pod short,
i-seeded.
Prairies, Iowa to Minnesota, Dakota and the Northwest
Territory. May.
Vol. II.]
PEA FAMIIvY.
287
3. Amorpha canescens Pursh. Lead-plant.
Shoe-strings. (Fig. 2103.)
Aviorpha canescens Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 467. 1814.
A bushy shrub, i°-3° high, densely white-canescent
all over. Leaves sessile or very nearly so, numerous,
long; leaflets 21-49, approximate, almost sessile,
oval or short-lanceolate, obtuse or acutish and mucron-
ulate at the apex, rounded or truncate at the base, 4'^-
long, ■wide, less pubescent above than be-
neath; spikes usually densely clustered, '2.'-']' long;
calyx-teeth lanceolate; standard bright blue, nearly
orbicular or obcordate, about 1" long; pod slightly
exceeding the calyx, i-seeded.
Prairies, Indiana to Minnesota and Manitoba, south to
Louisiana and Texas. Named from its leaden-hue, not as
indicative of lead. July-Aug.
16. PAROSELA Cav. Desc. 185. 1802,
[Dalea Willd. Sp. PI. 3: 1336. 1803. Not P. Br. 1756.]
Herbs, or sometimes shrubs, with usually glandular-punctate foliage, odd-pinnate leaves,
minute stipules, and small purple white or yellow flowers in terminal or lateral spikes.
Calyx-teeth nearly equal; standard cordate or auriculate, clawed; wings and keel mainly
exceeding the standard, adnate by their claws to the lower part of the stamen-tube. Sta-
mens 10 or 9, monadelphous; anthers uniform. Ovary sessile or short-stalked; ovules 2 or 3;
style subulate. Pod included in the calyx, membranous, mostly indehiscent and i-seeded.
[Anagram oi Psoralea.'\
About no species, natives of western North America, Mexico and the Andean region of South
America. In addition to the following some 42 others occur in the western United States.
Spikes elongated, narrow, loosely flowered.
Foliage glabrous; corolla white ; leaflets linear. I. P. enneandra.
Foliage pubescent; corolla purple ; leaflets obovate. 2. P. lanata.
Spikes oblong, thick, densely flowered.
Foliage glabrous; corolla pink or white; leaflets 15-41. 3. P. Dalea.
Foliage pubescent; corolla yellow; leaflets 5-9. 4. P. aurea.
I. Parosela enneandra (Nutt.) Britton.
Slender Parosela. (Fig. 2104.)
Dalea enneandra Nutt. Fraser's Cat. 1813.
Dalea laxiflora Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 741. 1814.
Parosela enneandra Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 196.
1894.
Erect, glabrous, i°-4° high, with numerous slen-
der ascending branches. Leaflets 5-1 1, linear or
linear-oblong, obtusish, 2"-^" long, y2"-\" wide,
narrowed at the base, nearly sessile; spikes numer-
ous, 2'-5' long, loosely flowered; bracts obtuse,
nearly orbicular, punctate, membranous-margined,
xYz" long, often mucronate; flowers long;
calyx-teeth subulate, beautifully plumose, shorter
than the white corolla; standard small, cordate;
keel exceeding the wings; stamens 9.
Prairies, Iowa to Nebraska and Colorado, south to
Mississippi and Texas. June-Aug.
PAPILIONACEAE.
[Vol. II.
2. Parosela lanata (Spreiig.) Britton.
Wooly Parosela. (Fig. 2105.)
Dalea lanala Spreng. Syst. Veg. 3: 327. 1826.
D. lanuginosa Nutt. ; T. & G. Fl. N. A. i: 307. 1838.
Parusela lanala Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 196.
1894.
Decumbent, branching, softly and densely
pubescent throughout, i°-2° long. Leaflets 9-
i3,obovate, obtuse, truncate or emarginate at the
apex, narrowed or cuneate at the base, nearly
sessile, af'-d" long, about 2" wide above; spikes
numerous, short-peduncled, x'-a/ long, rather
loosely flowered; bracts oval or obovate, long-
acuminate or mucronate, about xYz" long;
flowers 3'' long; corolla deep purple or red;
calyx-teeth subulate, plumose; standard cor-
date, slightly exceeding the wings and keel;
stamens 10.
Prairies, Kansas to Texas, Utah and New Mex-
ico. Summer.
3. Parosela Dalea (L. ) Britton. Pink
Parosela. (Fig. 2106.)
Psoralea Dalea L. Sp. PI. 764. 1753.
Dalea alopecuroides Willd. Sp. PI. 3: 1336. 1803.
Parosela Dalea Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 196. 1894.
Erect, branched, i°-2° high, foliage glabrous.
Leaflets i5-4i,oblanceolate or linear-oblong, obtuse
at the apex, narrowed at the base, sessile or nearly
so, 2"--^" long, yi."-\" wide; spikes terminal, ob-
long, very dense, \'~2' long, about 5'^ thick, pe-
duncled; bracts ovate or lanceolate, acuminate,
deciduous, about equalling the calyx, hyaline mar-
gined; calyx very silky-pubescent, its teeth linear-
lanceolate, acuminate, plumose; corolla pink, or
whitish, about 2" long; keel about equalling the
wings.
Prairies, Illinois to Minnesota and Nebraska, south
io Texas, Mexico and New Mexico. Aug.-Sept.
4. Parosela aurea (Nutt.) Britton.
Golden Parosela. (Fig. 2107.)
Dalea aurea Nutt. Fraser's Cat. 1813.
Psoralea aurea Poir. in Lam. Encycl. Suppl. 4; 590.
1816.
Parosela aurea Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 196.
1894.
Erect, pubescent, simple, i°-2° high. Leaflets
5-9, sessile, rather distant, obovate, oblong or ob-
lanceolate, obtuse at the apex, narrowed at the
base, 4"-6" long, \yi"-2]/i" wide; spikes soli-
tary, short-peduncled, ovoid or globose, very
dense, 1^-3' long, (>"-%" thick; bracts ovate, mu-
cronate, shorter than the densely plumose and pu-
bescent calyx-teeth; corolla yellow, \"-^" long;
standard much shorter than the wings and keel.
Prairies, Missouii to Texas. Summer.
Vol. II.]
PEA FAMILY.
289
17. KUHNISTERA I,am. Encycl. 3: 370. 1789.
[PETalostemon Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 48. 1803.]
Perennial glandular -punctate herbs, with long or deep roots, odd-pinnate leaves, and
pink purple or white spicate or capitate flowers. Calyx-teeth nearly equal. Petals on long
slender claws; standard oblong or cordate; wings and keel-petals similar to each other,
their claws adnate to the sheath of the stamen-tube almost to its summit. Stamens 5, alter-
nate with the petals. Ovary sessile, 2-ovuled; style subulate. Pod membranous, included
in the calyx, 1-2-seeded. [Named from the resemblance of these plants to the genus Kuhnia.']
About 35 species, natives of North America and Blexico.
Foliage glabrous or very slightly pubescent.
Flowers white; leaflets 3-9.
Leaflets oblong, linear-oblong or oblanceolate ; spikes cylindric or oblong.
Calyx villous-pubescent.
Calyx glabrous or nearly so.
Stem little branched; spikes cylindric; leaflets %'-!.' long, thin.
Stem much branched; spikes oblong; leaflets smaller, firm.
Leaflets narrowly linear; heads globose or short.
Flowers pink or purple.
Leaflets 3-5; calyx silky-pubescent.
Bracts glabrous ; leaflets mucronulate.
Bracts silky-pubescent; leaflets obtuse.
Leaflets 13-31; calyx glabrous.
Foliage silky-pubescent; leaflets 9-17.
1. Kuhnistera compacta (Spreng. )
Kuntze. Dense-flowered Prairie-
clover. (Fig. 2108.)
Dalea compacta Spreng. Syst. Veg. 3: 327. 1826.
Peialostemon macrostachyus Torr. Ann. Lyc. 2: 176.
1828.
Peialostemon compactus Swezey, Nebraska Flow.
PI. 6. 1891.
Kuhnistera compacta Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 192. 1891.
Erect, dotted with sessile glands, branched,
i°-2>^° high. Leaflets 5-7, glabrous, short-
stalked, oblong-lanceolate or linear-oblong, acute
or obtusish, dotted beneath, 6^^-12''' long, about
•2" wide; peduncles terminal, elongated, not
bracted; spikes cylindric, I'-d' long, about d"
thick, the rachis pubescent; flowers white or
nearly so, about 2" long; bracts awn-pointed,
longer than the densely villous-pubescent calyx;
wings and keel -petals oblong; standard cordate;
pod pubescent, enclosed by the calyx.
In dry soil, Nebraska, Colorado and Wyoming.
July-Aug.
1. K. compacta.
2. K. Candida.
3. K. oligophylla.
4. K. mulliflora.
5. K. purpurea.
6. K. tenuifolia.
7. K. foliosa.
K. villosa.
2. Kuhnistera Candida (Willd.)
Kuntze. White Prairie-clover.
(Fig. 2109.)
Dalea Candida Willd. Sp. PI. 3: 1337. 1803.
Peialostemon candidus Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2:
49. 1803.
Kuhnistera Candida Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 192.
1 891.
Glabrous, stems erect, assurgent, or rarely
prostrate, simple, or sparingly branched, i°-
2° high. Leaves petioled; leaflets 5-9, ob-
long, or oblanceolate, 8''-i2" long, ^i.Y^"-^^"
wide, obtusish or acute and often mu-
cronulate at the apex, narrowed at the base,
very short-stalked; peduncles terminal,
elongated, bracted; spikes cylindric, I'-s/
long, 5''-6^^ thick; bracts awn-pointed, longer
than the calyx; corolla white, t,"-}/' long;
wings and keel-petals oval; standard cor-
date; calyx-teeth and pod slightly pubescent.
Prairies, Indiana to Minnesota and the North-
west Territory, south to Louisiana, Texas and
Colorado. July-Aug.
290
PAPILIONACEAE.
[Voi,. II.
Kuhnistera oligophylla (Torr.) Heller.
(Fig. 2110. )
Slender White Prairie-clover.
Peialostemon gi acile \a.r. oligophyllum Torr. Em-
ory's Mil. Rec. 139. 1848.
Kuhnistera Candida var. occidenlalis Rydberg,
Contr. Nat. Herb. 3: 154. 1895.
Kuhnistera oligophylla Heller, Bull. Torr. Club,
23: 122. 1896.
Glabrous, stem slender, erect or ascending,
usually much branched, i°-2}4° tall, the branches
straight, ascending. Leaves short-petioled ; leaf-
lets about 7 (5-9), linear, linear-oblong or some-
what oblanceolate, firm, varying from less than
1^' wide to 2'' wide, mostly less than 10'' long,
or those of the lower leaves larger; spikes ob-
long or short-cylindric, blunt, less densely flow-
ered than those of the preceding species; bracts
lanceolate, acuminate, equalling the calyx, or
longer, early deciduous; calyx-teeth usually
pubescent; corolla white.
Prairies, South Dakota to Wyoming, Texas, Ari-
zona and Mexico. Root sometimes over 1° long.
June-Sept.
4. Kuhnistera multiflora (Nutt. ) Heller.
Round-headed Prairie-clover. ( Fig. 2 1 1 1 . )
Petalostetnon muUiJlortis Nutt. Journ. Phil. Acad. 7:
92. 1834.
Kuhnistera multiflora Heller Mem. Torr. Club, 5; 197.
1894.
Glabrous, erect, corymbosely much branched,
i°-2° high. Leaves short-petioled, often clustered;
leaflets 3-9, linear or somewhat oblanceolate, ob-
tuse or obtusish at the apex, cuneate or narrowed
at the base, short-stalked, 4''-6" long,
wide; peduncles elongated; heads globose,
in diameter; bracts subulate, shorter than the
calyx; calyx-teeth slightly pubescent; corolla
white, about 2" long; wings and keel-petals ovate,
oval, or slightly cordate.
Prairies, Kansas to Texas. Summer.
5. Kuhnistera purpurea (Vent.) MacM.
Violet Prairie-clover. (Fig. 21 12.)
Dalea purpurea Vent. Hort. Cels, pi. 40. 1800.
Petalostemon violaceus Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 50. 1803.
Dalea violacea Willd. Sp. PI. 3: 1337. 1803.
Kuhnistera purpurea MacM. Met. Minn. 329. 1892.
Glabrous or slightly pubescent, erect, i ^ "-3° high,
branching above. Leaves short-petioled, more or
less clustered; leaflets 3-5, narrowly linear, 3"-9''
long,>^''-i" wide,acutish and often mucronate at the
apex, narrowed at the base, very short-stalked; spikes
peduncled, oblong or finally cylindric, Yz'-^' long,
about 5" thick; bracts obovate, mucronate, nearly
glabrous, equalling the silky-pubescent calyx or
shorter; corolla violet or purple, about 2" long;
standard cordate; wings and keel-petals oblong.
Prairies, Indiana to the Northwest Territory, Texas and
Colorado. Often grows with K. Candida. July-Aug.
Voi<. II.]
PEA FAMILY.
291
6. Kuhnistera tenuifolia (A. Gray) Kuntze
(Fig. 21 13.)
Petalostemon tenuifolins A
11:73. 1876.
Kichnislera tenuifolia Kuntze
1 891.
More or less pubescent, erect, branching, i°-2°
high. Leaves short-petioled; leaflets 3-5, linear,
obtuse, somewhat involute, clotted with sessile
Silky Prairie-clover.
Gray, Proc. Am. Acad.
Rev. Gen. PI. 192.
glands, 2:"-^" long.
-1" wide, very short-
stalked or sessile; peduncles terminal, elongated,
bracted; spikes oblong or cylindric, }4^-i}4^ long,
about 5'^ thick, the rachis pubescent; flowers
rose-purple, about 2^'' long; bracts ovate, aris-
tate, silky-pubescent, slightly exceeding the very
silky-pubescent calyx; standard nearly orbicular,
cordate, cucullate.
In dry soil, Kansas ? Arkansas to New Mexico.
July-Aug.
7. Kuhnistera foliosa (A. Gray) Kuntze.
L,eafy Prairie-clover. (Fig. 21 14.)
Pelalostenion foliosus A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 7: 336.
1868.
Kuhnistera foliosa Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 192. 1891.
Erect, branching, or sometimes simple, glabrous
throughout, i°-3° high. Leaves numerous, peti-
oled: leaflets 13-31, close together, short-stalked,
linear-oblong or slightly oblanceolate, i/'-l" long,
\"-\Yz" wide, acute or obtuse, mucronate at the
apex, narrowed at the base; spikes terminal, long-
ovoid or cylindric, I'-i' long, ^"-d" thick, densely-
flowered; peduncles short, bracted; bracts lanceo-
late, awn-pointed, longer than the glabrous calyx;
flowers rose-purple, about 7." long; standard broad,
nearly orbicular; wings and keel-petals oval; calyx-
teeth finely ciliate.
Along rivers, Illinois and Kentucky. July-Aug.
8. Kuhnistera villosa (Nutt.) Kuntze.
Hairy Prairie-clover. (Fig. 21 15.)
Petalostemon villosus Nutt. Gen. 2: 85. 1818.
Dalea villosa Spreng. Syst. Veg. 3: 326. 1826.
Kuhnistera villosa Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 102.
1891.
Ascending or decumbent from a deep root,
branching at the base, densely villous or silky-
pubescent all over, i°-2° high. Leaves short-
petioled or nearly sessile; leaflets 9-17, ap-
proximate, linear-oblong, or slightly oblanceo-
late, acute or obtuse and often aristate at the
apex, narrowed at the base, long, \"-
■2" wide; spikes terminal, clustered or solitary,
short-peduncled, cylindric, 1^-3' long, ^"-d"
thick, very dense; bracts lanceolate, acumin-
ate, exceeding the densely villous calyx; co-
rolla rose-purple or rarely white, standard ob-
long; wings and keel-petals oblong-obovate.
Prairies, Wisconsin to the Saskatchawan
region, south to Missouri and Montana. A-'g.
292 PAPILIONACEAE. [Voi,. 11.
i8. INDIGOFERA L. Sp. PI. 751. 1753.
Herbs, or rarely shrubs, often canescent with hairs affixed by the middle, with odd-pin-
nate leaves, small stipules, and pink or purple spicate or racemose flowers. Calyx-teeth ob-
lique, nearly equal, or the lower longer. Standard ovate or orbicular, sessile or clawed;
wings oblong; keel erect, somewhat gibbous, or spurred. Stamens mainly monadelphous;
anthers all alike. Ovary sessile or nearly so, i-co-ovuled; style slender. Pod linear, 4-
angled (in our species), septate between the seeds. [Name from the yield of indigo by
some species.]
About 250 species, natives of warm and temperate regions. In addition to the following, some
5 others occur in the southern and southwestern United States.
I. Indigofera leptosepala Nutt. Wild or Western
Indigo-plant. (Fig. 21 16.)
Indigofera leptosepala Nutt.; T. & G. Fl. N. A. i: 298. 1838.
Perennial^ decumbent, cinereous-pubescent, slender, branch-
ing, 6'-24^ long. Leaves short-petioled; leaflets 5-9, oblanceo-
late or oblong-linear, 3''-! 2" long, i'^-t/' wide, obtuse and
often mucronulate at the apex, narrowed or cuneate at the base,
short-stalked; spikes peduncled, loosely few-flowered; flowers
pink or purplish, about 2," long; calyx-teeth subulate, equal;
pods linear, acute, obtusely 4-angled, sessile in the calyx, 8'^-
12" long, \" thick, reflexed at maturity.
Prairies, Kansas to Texas and Mexico, east to Florida. May-
Nov.
19. CRACCA L. Sp. PI. 752. 1753.
[Tephrosia Pers. Syn. 2: 328. 1807.]
Herbs, sometimes slightly shrubby, with odd-pinnate not punctate leaves, and purple red
or white flowers in terminal or lateral racemes or short clusters. Stipules small. Leaflets
entire. Calyx-teeth usually nearly equal. Petals all clawed. Standard orbicular or broadly
ovate; wings obliquely obovate or oblong; keel curved. Stamens monadelphous or diadel-
phous; anthers all alike. Ovary sessile; ovules several or many. Pod linear, flat, 2-valved,
several- seeded, continuous, or with membranous septa between the seeds. [Latin, vetch.]
About 120 species, mainly natives of warm and tropical regions. Besides the following, eleven
species occur in the southern and southwestern United States.
Raceme terminal, dense, nearly sessile, many-flowered. i. C. Virginiana.
Peduncles lateral and terminal, elongated, few-flowered.
Villous; flowers in an interrupted spike or raceme. 2. C. spicata.
Pubescent; peduncles few-flowered near the summit. 3. C. hispidula.
1. Cracca Virginiana I,. Cat-gut.
Goat's Rue. (Fig. 2117.)
Cracca Virginiana L. Sp. PI. 752. 1753.
Galega Virginiana L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 1062. 1763.
Tephrosia Virginiana Pers. Syn. 2: 329. 1807.
Erect or ascending, more or less villous or
silky-pubescent with whitish hairs, i°-2° high.
Roots long, fibrous, tough; leaves short-petioled;
leaflets 7-25, oblong, linear-oblong or the ter-
minal one oblanceolate, narrowed or cuneate at
the base, rounded, mucronate or emarginate at
the apex, <^"-\2" long, 2''-4'' wide; flowers
yellowish -purple, W~<^" long, crowded in a
terminal often compound nearly sessile raceme;
pedicels 2"-4" long; pod linear, densely pubes-
cent, x'-i' long.
In dry sandy soil, southern New England, shore
of Lake Erie, to Minnesota, south to Florida, Louisi-
ana and northern Mexico. Called also Hoary
Pea. Wild Sweet Pea. June-July.
Vol.. II.]
PEA FAMILY.
293
Cracca Virginiana holosericea (Nutt.) Vail, Bull. Torn Club, 32: 27. 1895.
Tephrosia holosericea Nutt. Journ. Acad. Phila. 7: 105. 1834.
Densely woolly-pubescent; leaflets acutish. Illinois to Wisconsin, Louisiana and Arkansas.
Cracca spicata (Walt.) Kuntze. Loosely-flowered Goat's Rue.
(Fig. 2118.)
Galega spicata Walt. Fl. Car. 188. 1788.
Tephrosia spicata T. & G. Fl. N. A. i: 296.
1838.
Cracca spicata Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 175.
1891.
Villous-pubescent with long brown hairs,
decumbent or straggling, much branched,
i°-2° long. Leaves few and distant, short-
petioled; leaflets 9-15, short-stalked, oval,
oblanceolate or narrowly obovate, nar-
rowed, cuneate or rounded at the base, ob-
tuse and mucronate at the apex, <^"-\^"
long, 2>"~^" wide; peduncles lateral and
terminal, slender, \'-\o' long; inflorescence
interrupted, very loo.se, 1'-^' long; flowers
purplish, 6"-8" long; pod linear, finely
pubescent, about 2' long, T-yi." wide.
In dry soil, Delaware to Florida, west to
Alabama and Mississippi. June-Aug.
3. Cracca hispidula (Michx.) Kuntze.
Few-flowered Goat's Rue.
(Fig. 2119.)
Galega hispidula Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 68. 1803.
Tephrosia hispidula Pers. Syn. 2: 329. 1807.
Cracca hispidula Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 175. 1891.
More or less pubescent, procumbent or straggling,
much branched, slender, i°-2° long. Leaves petioled;
leaflets 5-19, short -stalked, oval, oblong, oblanceolate
or obovate, narrowed, rounded or cuneate at the base,
obtuse, emarginate or acute at the apex; peduncles lat-
eral or terminal, slender, i'-a/ long; flowers red-purple,
few, terminal, about d" long; pod linear, 1^-1%' long)
7." wide, minutely pubescent.
Dry sandy soil, Virginia to Florida, west to Alabama.
May-Aug.
20. KRAUNHIA Raf. Med. Rep. (II.) 5: 352. 1808.
[Wisteria Nutt. Gen. 2: 125. 1818.]
High-climbing woody vines, with odd-pinnate leaves, and showy blue or purplish flowers
in large terminal racemes. Calyx somewhat 2-lipped, the 2 upper teeth slightly shorter than
the 3 lower. Standard large, reflexed, clawed, with 2 small appendages at the base of the
blade; wings oblong, falcate, auriculate at the base; keel incurved, obtuse. Stamens dia-
delphous; anthers all alike. Ovary stalked; ovules co. Pod elongated, torulose, 2-valved,
coriaceous, not septate between the seeds. [Named for Kraunh.]
Four known species, the following of southeastern North America, the others Asiatic.
294
PAPILIONACEAE.
[Voi,. II.
I. Kraunhia frutescens (L,. ) Greene.
American Wisteria. (Fig. 2120.)
Glycine frutescens I,. Sp. PI. 753. 1753.
Wisleria speciosa Nutt. Gen. 2: 116. 1818.
Wisteria frutescens Poir. in Lam. 111. 3: 674. 1823.
Krauhnia frutescens Gr&^ne, Pittonia, 2: 175. 1891.
Climbing over trees and bushes to a length of
3o°-4o° or more, forming a stem several inches
in diameter. Leaves petioled; rachis and short
stalks of the leaflets often pubescent; leaflets 9-
15, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, somewhat acumi-
nate but blunt at the apex, rounded at the base,
entire, i'~2' long, glabrous and dark-green above,
pale and sometimes slightly pubescent beneath;
racemes dense, 2'-"]' long; pedicels 2"-}/' long;
calyx finely pubescent; corolla lilac-purple, d"-
()" long; auricles of the wings one short and
one slender; pod linear, 2'-},' long.
In low grounds, Virg^inia to Florida, west to In-
diana, Kansas, and Louisiana. Called also Kidney-
bean Tree. April-June.
21. ROBINIA L. Sp. PI. 722. 1753.
Trees or shrubs, with odd-pinnate leaves, and axillary or terminal racemes of showy flow-
ers. Stipules small, often spiny. Petioles slightly dilated at the base, enclosing the buds of
the next year. Cal3'x-teeth short, broad, the 2 upper somewhat united. Standard large,
reflexed, not appendaged; wings oblong, curved; keel curved, obtuse. Stamens diadelphous;
anthers uniform, or the alternate ones smaller. Ovary stalked; ovules 00 . Pod flat, linear,
not septate between the seeds, margined along the upper suture, 2-valved. [Name in honor
of John and Vespasian Robin, who first cultivated the Locust-tree in Europe, 1550-1629.]
About 6 species, natives of North America and Mexico.
Twigs, petioles and pods glabrous; flowers white; a tree.
Twigs and petioles glandular; pods hispid; flowers pinkish; a tree.
Twigs and petioles bristly; pods hispid; flowers pink or purple; a shrub.
1. R. Pseudacacia.
2. R. viscosa.
3. R. hispida.
I. Robinia Pseudacacia L. Locust-
tree. False or Bastard Acacia.
Silver-chain. (Fig. 212 1.)
Robinia Pseudacacia L. Sp. PI. 722. 1753.
Pseudacacia odorata Moench, Meth. 145. 1789.
A large tree with very rough bark, maximum
height of about 80° and trunk diameter of 3^°,
rarely shrubby. Twigs and foliage glabrous or
very nearly so; stipules often spiny; leaflets 9-19,
stalked, ovate or oval, mainly rounded at the
base, obtuse or emarginat^ and mucronulate at
the apex, entire, i'-2' long; stipels small, seta-
ceous; racemes loose, drooping; pedicels slender,
3"-6"long; flowers white, fragrant, 7"-io'' long,
the standard yellowish at base; pod glabrous,
2'-4' long, about 6" wide, 4-7-seeded.
Monroe Co., Pa., south, especially along the west-
em slopes of the mountains, to Georgia, west to Iowa
and the Indian Territory. Extensively naturalized
in the Middle and Eastern States and eastern Canada.
Wood strong, very durable, greenish brown, the sap-
wood yellow; weight per cubic foot 46 lbs. Exten-
sively used for posts, in ship-building, and especially
for tree-nails. Called also Yellow or Black Locust.
May-June.
Vol,. II.]
PEA FAMILY.
295
2. Robinia viscosa Vent. Clammy I/Ocust. (Fig. 2122.)
3. Robinia hispida L. Rose Acacia.
Bristly or Moss Locust.
(Fig. 2123.)
Robinia hispida L. Mant. loi. 1767.
A much-branched shrub, 3°-9° high.
Twigs, petioles, pedicels and rachises of the
leaves bristly; stipules very small, or none;
leaflets 9-13, stalked, broadly ovate or ob-
long, entire, mainly obtuse or rounded at
each end, mucronate, \'-7.' long; stipels none
or subulate; racemes loose; pedicels z"-^"
long; flowers pink or purple, "^"-i^" long,
not fragrant; pods linear, bristly-hispid.
Mountains of Virg-inia to Georg^ia. Often cul-
tivated for ornament. May-June.
Robinia viscosa Vent. Hort. Cels, pi. 4. 1800.
A small tree, with rough bark, maximum
height about 40° and trunk diameter 10'.
Twigs and petioles glandular-pubescent;
stipules short, sometimes spiny; leaflets 11-
25, stalked, obtuse and mucronate at the
apex, mostly rounded at the base, ovate or
oval, nearly glabrous, \'-2' long, thicker
than those of the preceding species; stipels
small, subulate; racemes rather dense, often
erect; pedicels long; flowers pinkish,
<)"-\2" long, not fragrant; pod 2'-\' long,
about wide, glandular-hispid.
Mountains of southwestern Virginia to Geor-
gia. Occasionally escaped from cultivation in
the Middle and Eastern States and in Canada.
Wood brown, the sap-wood yellow; weight per
cubic foot 50 lbs. June.
22. SESBAN Adans. Fam. PI. 2: 327. 1763.
[SESBania Scop. Introd. 308. 1777.]
Herbs or shrubs, with evenly pinnate leaves, the leaflets numerous, entire, not stipel-
late, or the stipels minute. Flowers yellow, reddish, purplish or white, in axillary racemes,
the slender pedicels with 2 deciduous bractlets under the calyx. Calyx campanulate, nearly
equally 5-toothed. Standard broad, ovate or orbicular; wings oblong, falcate; keel blunt.
Stamens diadelphous (9 and i). Ovary mostly stipitate, many-ovuled; style glabrous;
stigma small. Pod elongated-linear, wingless, compressed, partitioned between the oblong
seeds. [Name Arabic]
About 15 species, natives of warm and tropical regions, only the following one known in North
America.
PAPIWONACEAE.
[Vol. II.
I. Sesban macrocarpa Muhl. Long-
podded Sesban. (Fig. 2124.)
Sesbania macrocarpa Muhl.; Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 2:
221. 1821.
Annual, glabrous, widely branching, 4°-i2° tall.
Leaflets 10-35 pairs, oblong, obtuse, mucronate,
thin, 1' long or less, wide, pale beneath;
racemes shorter than the leaves, 1-5-flowered;
calyx-teeth subulate, shorter than the tube; corolla
yellowish, purple-spotted, the standard W-\o"
long; pod 6'-i2^ long, about -2." wide, somewhat
curved, drooping, tipped with the subulate style.
In wet or moist soil, Missouri to Texas, east to South
Carolina and Florida, south to Central America. Col-
lected also in southern Pennsylvania. June-Sept.
23. ASTRAGALUS L. Sp. PI. 755- i753-
Herbs, sometimes woody, mostly with odd-pinnate or sometimes simple leaves, and pur-
ple violet white or yellow flowers in spikes or racemes, or rarely umbellate or solitary. Stip-
ules present. Calyx tubular, its teeth nearly equal. Petals clawed; standard erect, ovate or
oblong; wings oblong; keel obtuse, about equalling the wings. Stamens diadelphous; an-
thers all alike. Ovary sessile or stipitate; ovules 00 , Pod sessile or stalked, dehiscent or in-
dehiscent, i-2-celled, very different in different species and affording the best characters in
classification. [Greek name of some leguminous plant.]
About 1000 species, of wide geographic distribution, most abundant in northern Asia. In addi-
tion to the following, at least 175 others occur in the western and southern United States.
* Pod 2-cened.
Pod fleshy, thick-walled, indehiscent.
Pod glabrous, globose, or oval.
Corolla purple; pod pointed.
Corolla yellowish-white; pod obtuse.
Pod pubescent, ovoid or oblong.
Pod ovoid, about 6" long, not wrinkled.
Pod oblong, curved, i' long or more, wrinkled.
Pod dry, leathery, cartilaginous or papery, dehiscent.
Plant densely villous-pubescent all over.
Plants glabrous, or grayish-pubescent.
Flowers yellowish; pod terete, glabrous.
Flowers purple; pod with a deep furrow, pubescent.
Pod finely appressed-pubescent.
Pod densely villous with white hairs.
■X- -X- Pod i-celled, but one or both sutures sometimes intruded,
t Pod swollen.
Pod triangular or heart-shaped in section, membranous; flowers mostly yellowish -white.
i^. A. Drummondii.
10. A. racemosns.
11. A. bisulcatus.
I.
A.
crassicarpus.
2.
A.
Mexicanus.
3-
A.
Plattensis.
4-
A.
Tennesseensis.
5-
A.
mollissimtis.
6
A.
Caroliniamis.
7-
A.
adstirgens.
8.
A.
Hypoglotlis.
Pod heart-shaped in section; plant woolly-pubescent.
Pod triangular in section; plant appressed-pubescent.
Pod 2-grooved on the upper side; flowers purple.
Pod nearly circular, or 8-shaped, in section, mostly coriaceous.
Leaflets narrowly linear, elongated, persistent; flowers yellow.
Leaflets oblong, lanceolate, oblanceolate, oval or linear, deciduous
Plants scapose, or short-stemmed, villous or silvery-pubescent.
Plant gray-villous; flowers yellow.
Plants silvery-pubescent; flowers blue, violet or purple.
Pod nearly circular in section, straight. 14.
Pod 8-shaped in section, its summit curved. 15.
Plants leafy-stemmed, appressed-pubescent or glabrate; flowers purple.
Pod 3"-6" long, wrinkled; flowers 3" long or less.
Plant erect; leaflets obtuse, very narrow.
Plant diffuse; leaflets emarginate, short-linear.
Pod more than 6" long, smooth; flowers 6" long or more.
Pod not grooved, puberulent.
Pod grooved on the lower side, glabrous.
t t Pod flattened, membranous.
Pod sessile in the calyx, black-pubescent; flowers purple.
Pod stalked, glabrous; flowers white to violet.
pubescent, slightly grooved, 9" long; flowers white or purple,
pubescent, deeply grooved on lower side, 6" long; flowers violet,
12. A. pectinattis.
13. A. lotiflorus.
. Missouriensis.
. Shorlianus.
gracilis,
microlobtis.
flexuosus.
disioritis.
elegans.
aboriginorum.
Robbinsii.
alpinns.
Vol.. II.]
PEA FAMILY,
297
I. Astragalus crassicarpus Nutt.
Ground Plum. (Fig. 2125.)
Astragalus crassicarpus Nutt. Fraser's Cat. 1813.
Astragalus carnosus Pursh, Fl. Am. .Sept. 740. In
part. 1814.
Astragalus caryocarpus Ker, Bot. Reg. 3: pi. ij6.
1816.
Appressed-pubescent, branching at the base,
branches decumbent or ascending, 6'-i5' long,
mostly simple. Stipules ovate, acute, i"--xf'
long; leaflets 15-25, oblong, elliptic or sometimes
obovate, obtuse, narrowed at the base,
long, i%"-2'/i" wide; peduncles equalling or
shorter than the leaves; flowers violet-purple, 8''-
long, in short racemes; pods sessile, thick,
fleshy, completely 2-celled, indehiscent, glabrous,
globose or oval, short -pointed, ^"-12" in diameter.
Prairies, Minnesota to Manitoba and the North-
west Territory, south to Iowa, Colorado and Texas.
Fruit edible, collected by prairie-dogs for their win-
ter store. April-June.
3. Astragalus Plattensis Nutt. Platte
Milk Vetch. (Fig. 2127.)
Astragalus Plattensis Nutt.; T. & G. Fl. N. A. i-
332. 1838.
Villous-pubescent with spreading hairs, pros-
trate or ascending, 6'-i2' high or long. Leaflets
13-29, oblong to obovate, obtuse at the apex, nar-
rowed at the base, long, about 2" wide;
stipules broad, ovate, pointed, 3^-4'^ long; flow-
ers yellowish-white or tipped with purple, about
of' long, in short heads; pod sessile, ovoid,
pointed, fleshy, indehiscent, 2-celled, smooth,
loosely pubescent, nearly straight.
Prairies, Indiana to Minnesota and Nebraska,
south to Alabama and Texas. May.
2. Astragalus Mexicanus A. DC.
I,arger Ground Plum.
(Fig. 2126.)
Astragalus Mexicanus A. DC. PI. Rar.
Jard. Gen. 4: 16. 1826.
Astragalus trichocalyx Nutt. ; T. & G. Fl.
N. A i: 332. 1838.
Similar to the preceding species, but
less pubescent and with the hairs some-
what spreading. Leaflets 17-33, oblong
to obovate, obtuse or emarginate at the
apex, narrowed at the base; flowers yel-
lowish-white, or purplish at the tip, 9"-
\2" long, in short racemes; pod sessile,
thick, fleshy, indehiscent, glabrous, glo-
bose, not pointed, V-i)^' in diameter.
Prairies, Illinois to Nebraska, south to
Arkansas and Texas. Fruit edible. May.
298
PAPIUONACSAE.
[Vol. II.
4. Astragalus Tennesseensis A. Gray.
Tennessee Milk Vetch. (Fig. 2128.)
Astrag-aliis Tennesseensis A. Gray; Chapm. Fl.
S. States, 98. i860.
Asiragal2is Plallensiswar. Tentiesseensis K. Gray,
Proc. Am. Acad. 6: 193. 1864.
Stems erect or ascending from a deep root;
plant villous with long whitish hairs. Leaflets
oblong, or linear-oblong, obtuse, or
emarginate, nearly glabrous above, 6"-io"
long, 7."-&," wide; stipules lanceolate, oval, or
ovate-lanceolate; peduncles about equalling
the leaves; racemes short, several-many-flow-
ered; flowers about \o" long; pod oblong, 2-
celled, fleshy, \' long or rather more, strongly
wrinkled, at least when dry, its summit
strongly curved.
On hillsides, Tennessee to Alabama and Mis-
souri. March-May.
5. Astragalus mollissimus Torr. Woolly
lyoco-weed or Crazy-weed. (Fig. 2129.)
Phaca villosa James, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II.) 2:
186. 1825. Not Nutt. 1818.
Asti'agahis mollissimus Torr. Ann. Lyc. 2: 178. 1826.
Decumbent or ascending, stout, bushy, densely
villous-pubescent, i°-2° high. Stem very short;
stipules membranous, ovate, pointed, 'if'-h" long,
adnate to the petiole; leaflets 19-27, oval, obtuse,
but pointed at the apex, narrowed or rounded at
the base, 4"-6" long, 2"-^" wide; peduncles
equalling or exceeding the leaves; flowers violet-
purple, 8"-i2'^ long, in dense spikes; pod oblong,
dry, cartilaginous, glabrous, dehiscent into 2
valves, somewhat compressed, sessile, 2-celled,
$"-io" long, about 2>" thick, furrowed at both
sutures, slightly curved at maturity.
Prairies, Nebraska and Colorado, south to Texas
and New Mexico. June. The popular name of the
plant is from its poisonous effects on cattle.
6. Astragalus Carolinianus L,. Carolina
Milk Vetch. (Fig. 2130.)
Astragalus Carolinianus L. Sp. PI. 757. 1753.
Astragalus Canadensis I,. Sp. PI. 757. i753-
Glabrous or slightly pubescent, erect or ascending,
branched, high. Stipules membranous, broadly
lanceolate, acuminate, i"-^" long; leaflets 15-31,
elliptic or oval, obtuse or slightly emarginate at
the apex, rounded at the base, \'-2' long, 3^'-9" wide;
peduncles longer than the leaves, or shorter; flowers
greenish yellow, d^'-W long in dense thick spikes;
pod sessile, 2-celled, coriaceous, dehiscent, glabrous,
erect, terete, or sometimes slightly furrowed at the
dorsal suture, pointed, nearh^ straight, long.
Along: streams, Hudson Bay and Quebec to the Rocky
Mountains, south to western New York, Georgia, Louisi-
ana and Colorado. July-Aug.
Vol. II.]
PEA FAMILY.
299
7. Astragalus adsurgens Pall. As-
cending Milk Vetch. (Fig. 2131.)
Astragalus adsurgens Pall. Astrag. 40. pi. jr.
1800.
Minutely cinereous-pubescent or glabrate,
ascending or decumbent, 4'-i8' long, simple
or branched at the base. Stipules membran-
ous, ovate, acuminate, long; leaflets
15-25, oval to linear-oblong, obtuse and
sometimes emarginate at the apex, narrowed
at the base, '&"-i2" long; peduncles exceed-
ing the leaves; flowers purplish, 6"-8" long,
in dense short spikes; pod sessile, 2-celled,
oblong, pointed, coriaceous, finely pubes-
cent, erect, dehiscent, cordate-triangular in
section, deeply furrowed on the back, 4''-6''
long.
Prairies, Minnesota to the Northwest Terri-
tory and British Columbia, south to Kansas and
Colorado. Also in northern Asia. June-July.
8. Astragalus Hypoglottis I,. Purple
Milk Vetch or Cock's-head. (Fig. 2132.)
Astragalus Hypoglottis L. Mant. 2: 274. 1771.
Pubescent or glabrate, decumbent or ascending,
slender, branched at the base, 6^-24' long. Stipules
ovate-lanceolate, acute, 2"-^' long; leaflets 17-25,
oblong or elliptic, obtusish and generally emarginate
at the apex, rounded at the base, 3^-7" long;
flowers violet-purple, 6"-io" long, in dense heads;
pods membranous, sessile, 2-celled, dehiscent,
densely villous with white hairs, ovoid-oblong,
deeply furrowed on the back, 4''''-5'' long.
Kansas to Minnesota, north to Hudson Bay, west to
Nevada and Alaska. Also in northern Europe and
Asia. May-Aug.
9. Astragalus Drummondii Dougl.
Drummond's Milk Vetch. (Fig. 2133.)
Astragalus Drummondii Dougl.; Hook. Fl. Bor.
.^m. i: 153. 1833.
Loosely woolly-pubescent, erect, i°-2° high,
rather stout, growing in clumps. Stipules ovate,
long-acuminate, 2>"-5" long; leaflets 19-33, ob-
long or sometimes oblanceolate, obtuse at the
apex, narrowed at the base, 5"-io'''' long; flow-
ers yellowish white or the keel purplish tinged,
8"-9" long, in loose spikes; peduncles equalling
or exceeding the leaves; pod i-celled, the dorsal
suture somewhat intruded, distinctly stipitate,
cartilaginous, linear, pendent, glabrous, grooved,
about 2' long; calyx somewhat enlarged at the
base, dark -pubescent above.
Prairies, Nebraska to Manitoba, Wyoming and
the Northwest Territory. June-July.
300
PAPILIONACEAE.
[Vol. II.
10. Astragalus racemosus Pursh. Racemose Milk Vetch.
(Fig. 2134.)
Sept. 740.
Astragalus racemosus Pursh, Fl. Am
1814.
Erect or ascending, finely pubescent, branched
at the base; stem somewhat zigzag, i°-2° high.
Stipules ovate-lanceolate, membranous, t.''-^/'
long; leaflets 17-21, elliptic or linear-oblong,
acutish or mucronate, \o"-\^" long; peduncles
equalling or exceeding the leaves; flowers yel-
lowish-white, long, in loose spike-like
racemes; pedicels long; pods linear-ob-
long, imperfectly 2-celled by the intrusion of the
dorsal suture, triangular in section, acute at
each end, glabrous, stipitate, broadly sulcate,
pendent, about x' long.
Prairies, Nebraska and Colorado, north to the
Northwest Territory. June-July.
II. Astragalus bisulcatus (Hook.) A.
Gray. Two-grooved Milk Vetch.
(Fig. 2135.)
Phaca bisulcata Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 145. 1833.
Astragalus bisulcatus A. Gray, Pac. R. R. Rep. 12:
Part 2, 42. pi. I. i860.
Rather stout, erect, nearly simple, i°-3° high.
Stipules membranous, ovate-lanceolate, acute, 4"-
6'^ long; leaflets I'j-Z'j, oval or oblong, obtuse at
the apex, narrowed at the base, %"-i2^' long; flow-
ers deep purple, ']"-%" long, in elongated narrow
racemes; peduncles longer than the leaves; pod i-
celled, linear, stipitate, deflexed, pointed, glabrous
at maturity, membranous, with 2 deep furrows on
the upper side, 6"-io" long.
Nebraska and Colorado to Montana and the North-
west Territory. June-Aug.
12. Astragalus pectinatus (Hook.) Dougl.
Narrow-leaved Milk Vetch.
(Fig. 2136.)
Phaca /^'c/twa/a Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 1:141. pi. 34. 1830.
Astragalus pectinatus DovigX.; Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. i:
142. As synonj'm. 1830.
Ascending, much branched at the base or also
above, i°-2° high, finely canescent or glabrate.
Stipules membranous, ovate-lanceolate, acute or
acuminate, ^"-6" long; leaflets 11-21, very nar-
rowly linear, acute, ^2^-3' long; peduncles shorter
than or exceeding the leaves ; flowers yellow, 2>"-i2"
long, in loose spikes or spike-like racemes; stand-
ard much longer than the wings and keel ; pod nearly
terete, i-celled, sessile, oblong, pointed, coriaceous,
glabrous, not furrowed, keeled along the upper
suture, long.
Prairies, Nebraska and Colorado to the Northwest
Territor5'. June-Aug.
Vol,. II.]
PEA FAMILY,
301
13. Astragalus lotiflorus Hook. lyow Milk Vetch. (Fig. 2137.)
Astragalus loliflorus Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 152. 1833.
Phaca loliflora T. & G. FL N. A. i: 349. 1838.
Astragalus elatiocarpus Sheld. Bull. Geol. Nat. Hist. Surv.
Minn. 9: 20. 1894.
Villous-pubescent with white hairs, branched from the
base, nearly acaulescent, or with stems \'-2>' long. Stip-
ules ovate, acuminate, lyi"-'!" long; leaflets 7-15, oval or
oblong, obtuse and sometimes mucronulate at the apex,
narrowed at the base, long; flowers yellow,
long, in rather dense short spikes; peduncles shorter than
or equalling the leaves, sometimes very short; pod i-celled,
sessile, villous-pubescent, ovoid-oblong, coriaceous, some-
what inflated, pointed, dehiscent, keeled along the straight
dorsal suture.
Prairies, Manitoba to Nebraska and Texas, west to Colo-
rado and the Northwest Territory. June-July.
Astragalus Missouriensis Nutt. Missouri Milk Vetch, (Fig. 2138.)
Astragalus melanocarpus Nutt. Fraser Cat.
Name only. 1813.
Astragalus Missouriensis Nutt. Gen. 2: 99. 1818.
Densely silky-canescent all over, tufted,
branching from the base, 2'-^' long. Stipules
ovate-lanceolate, acute, 2"-^^' long, leaflets
7-21, elliptic or obovate, obtuse but sometimes
mucronate at the apex, narrowed or rounded
at the base, long; flowers few, violet-
purple, S'^-g'^ long in loose heads or short
spikes; pod i-celled, sessile, acute, oblong,
pubescent, dehiscent, coriaceous, circular in
section, slightly keeled along the ventral
suture, transversely wrinkled, about i' long.
Prairies, Nebraska to the Northwest Territory,
south to New Mexico. May-July.
15. Astragalus Shortianus Nutt. Short's
Milk Vetch, (Fig, 2139.)
Astragalus Shortianus Nutt.; T. & G. Fl. N. A. I: 331.
1838.
Silvery canescent, nearly acaulescent, somewhat
branched from the base. Stipules ovate, acutish,
about 2" long; leaflets 9-15, elliptic or obovate,
acutish at the apex, narrowed or rounded at the
base, ^"-<^" long; flowers blue or violet, ']"-()"
long; peduncles commonly shorter than the leaves;
pod I-celled, sessile, coriaceous, 8-shaped in sec-
tion, dehiscent at maturity, lanceolate-ovoid, pu-
berulent, transversely wrinkled, strongly curved
and beaked at the summit, T.'-\}i' long.
Prairies, Nebraska and Colorado, south to New
Mexico. May-July.
302
PAPIUONACEAE.
[Vol,. II.
i6. Astragalus gracilis Nutt. Slen-
der Milk Vetch. (Fig. 2140.)
Dalea parviflora Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 474. 1814.
Not A. parviflorns Lam. 1783.
Astragalus gracilis Nutt. Gen. 2: 100. 1818.
Slender, erect, finely pubescent, i°-2° high,
simple or nearly so. Stipules ovate, acute or
acuminate, 2"--:/' long; leaflets 11-21, narrowly
linear, distant, obtuse at the apex, 9"-! 2" long,
scarcely \" wide; flowers purple, 2>"~\" ^ong,
in narrow elongated spike-like racemes; pedi-
cels \" long or less; pods i-celled, sessile in the
calyx, pendent, straight, coriaceous, ellipsoid,
finely appressed-pubescent with white hairs,
especially on the ventral side, transversely
veined, 1"-'^" long.
Prairies, Minnesota to Missouri, Colorado and
Wyoming. May-June.
17. Astragalus microlobus A. Gray.
Notched-leaved Milk Vetch. (Fig. 2141.)
Astragalus microlobus A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 6: 203.
1864.
Diffuse or ascending, finely canescent, about 1°
high. Stipules ovate-lanceolate, acute, i)4.''-2"
long; leaflets 7-17, linear or linear-oblong, truncate
or emarginate at the apex, narrowed at the base, 4"-
long; flowers purple, 3"-4" long, in loose spikes;
peduncles often longer than the leaves; pod sessile, i-
celled, coriaceous, ovoid or ellipsoid, reflexed, finely
pubescent, transversely veined, flattened on the
back, keeled along the ventral suture, i"-}/' long.
Prairies, Nebraska to Missouri and Colorado. Similar
to A. gracilis. Summer.
18. Astragalus flexuosus (Hook.) Dougl.
Milk Vetch. (Fig. 2142.)
Flexile
Phaca elongata Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 140. 1830. Not Astraga-
lus elongatiis Willd. 1803.
Phaca flexuosa Hook. F'l. Bor. Am. i: 141. 1830.
Astragahis flexuosus TiovLzX.; Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 140. 1830.
Erect or ascending, finely pubescent, branching from the
base, i°-iy2° high. Stipules ovate or ovate-lanceolate, i"-'^"
long; leaflets 9-21, linear, oblong or oblanceolate, obtuse
or emarginate at the apex, narrowed or cuneate at the base,
2i"-(>" long; peduncles exceeding the leaves; flowers purple
or purplish, 4^-5'^ long; pod i-celled, sessile, cylindric, linear
or linear-oblong, puberulent, dehiscent, pointed, 8"-i2'' long.
Prairies, Nebraska to Colorado, north to the Northwest Terri-
tory. June-Aug.
Vol. II.]
PEA FAMILY.
303
19. Astragalus distortus T. & G.
Bent Milk Vetch. (Fig. 2143.)
Astragalus distortus T. & G. Fl. N. A. i: 333.
1838.
Sparingly pubescent or glabrate, diffuse or as-
cending, much branched from the base, stems
8'-i5' long. Leaflets 11-25, obovate or oval,
emarginate or rounded at the apex, narrowed at
the base, 2"-^" long; flowers purple,
long, in loose short spikes; pod sessile in the
calyx, i-celled, slightly inflated, linear-oblong,
coriaceous, strongly curved, glabrous, grooved
on the under side, I'-i^' long.
In dry soil, Illinois to Iowa, south to West Vir-
ginia, Mississippi and Texas. March-July.
20. Astragalus elegans (Hook.) Britten.
Pretty Milk Vetch. (Fig. 2144.)
Phaca elegans Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 144. 1830.
Astragalus oroboides var. Americana A. Gray, Proc. Am.
Acad. 6: 205. 1864.
Phaca parviflora Nutt.; T. & G. Fl. N. A. i: 348. 1838.
Glabrous or nearly so, erect or ascending, slender,
somewhat branched, io'-2o' high. Stipules ovate,
acute, about 2" long; flowers purple, long, in
elongated spike-like racemes; leaflets 9-17, oblong or
linear-oblong, W-\o" long; pedicels at length i" long;
pod sessile, ellipsoid, i-celled, pendent, slightly in-
flated, obtuse at each end, apiculate, black-pubescent
all over, -i"--!/' long.
Quebec, Labrador, the Saskatchewan region and in the
higher and northern Rocky Mountains. June-Aug.
21. Astragalus aboriginorum Richards. Indian Milk Vetch. (Fig. 2145.)
Astragalus aboriginorum Richards. App. Frank.
Journ. 28. 1823.
Phaca aborigina Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 143. pi.
1830.
Finely canescent or glabrate, erect, somewhat
branched, 8^-15' high. Stipules ovate, acute,
membranous or foliaceous, 1"-}/' long; leaflets
9-13, linear or oblong, obtuse or acute, 6"-io"
long; flowers white, tinged with violet, i,"-^"
long, in rather loose racemes; peduncles longer
than the leaves; pod slightly inflated, compressed,
oval in section, i-celled, glabrous, half-elliptic,
long-stipitate, acute at each end, slightly sulcate,
the dorsal suture slightly intruded; calyx blackish-
pubescent, its teeth subulate.
Manitoba and the Northwest Territory, south to
Colorado. Root long and yellow, "collected by the
Cree and Stone Indians in the spring as an article of
food " (Richardson). May-June.
304
PAPILIONACEAE.
[Vol,. II.
22. Astragalus Robbinsii (Oakes) A. Gray.
Robbins' Milk Vetch. (Fig. 2146.)
Phaca Robbinsii Oakes, Hovey's Mag. Hort. 7: 179. 1841.
Astragalus Robbinsii A. Gray, Man. Ed. 2, 98. 1856.
Astragalus Robbinsii Jesupi Eggleston & Sheldon, Bull. Geol.
Nat. Hist. Sur\'. Minn. 9: 155. 1894.
Glabrous or nearly so, erect, slender, branched at the base,
9'-i8' high. Stipules ovate-oblong, membranous, 2"-2,"
long; leaflets 9-25, oblong, obtuse or slightly emarginate at
the apex, narrowed or rounded at the base, long;
flowers white or purple, 2>"-5" long in loose short or
elongated racemes; pedicels i"-2" long; pod much flattened,
i-celled, oblong, short-stipitate, rather abruptly pointed at
each end, membranous, finely blackish-pubescent, dehiscent,
nearly straight, not furrowed, ()"-\2" long.
In rocky places, Vermont and New Hampshire. June-July.
23. Astragalus alpinus I^. Alpine Milk
Vetch. (Fig. 2147.)
Astragalus alpinus L,. Sp. PI. 760. 175,3.
Phaca astragalina DC. Astragr. 64. 1803.
Ascending or decumbent, branched from the base 6'-
15' high, slightly pubescent, or glabrous. Stipules ovate,
foliaceous, 2"~2," long; leaflets 13-25, oval or elliptic,
obtuse or retuse, narrowed or rounded at the base,
long; flowers violet, the keel commonly darker, in short
racemes; peduncles mostly exceeding the leaves;
pod i-celled, somewhat flattened, membranous, stipitate,
pendent, dehiscent, rather densely black-pubescent, ob-
long, acute, somewhat inflated, about k" long, deeply
furrowed on the under side; calyx dark -pubescent.
On rocks, northern New England to Newfoundland and
Labrador, west to Alaska and British Columbia, south in the
Rocky Mountains to Colorado. Also in northern Europe and
Asia. June.
24. PHACA L. Sp. PI. 755. 1753.
Perennial herbs, similar to Astragalus, mostly with pinnate leaves, and racemed or spi-
cate purplish or purple flowers. Pod much inflated, membranous in texture, strictly i-celled,
neither of the sutures intruded. [Greek, Lentils.]
A large genus, mainly of the north temperate zone,
species occur in the western parts of North America.
Leaflets 7-21, oblong, elliptic or ovate.
Pod stalked; flowers slender-pedicelled.
Pod sessile; flowers short-pedicelled.
Leaflet only i, or sometimes 3-5, very narrowly linear.
Besides the following, numerous other
1. P. Americana,
2. P. neglecta.
3. P. longifolia.
I. Phaca Americana (Hook.) Rydberg. Arctic
Milk Vetch. (Fig. 2148.)
Phaca frigida var. Americana Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 140.
1830.
Astragalus frigidus \ax. Americaniis S. "Wats. Bibl. Index,
l: 193. 1878.
Erect, nearly simple, glabrous, i°-2° high. Stipules
foliaceous, ovate-oblong, 2" -6" long; leaflets 7-17, oval
or ovate-lanceolate, long; peduncles generally ex-
ceeding the leaves; flowers white, 8'^-9" long, in
loose racemes; pedicels filiform, yi^ long in fruit; pod i-
celled, stipitate, inflated, membranous, \o"-\2" long,
acute at each end, oblong, dehiscent at maturity, glabrous,
shining.
In wet rocky places, Quebec and arctic America to British
Columbia and Alaska, south in the Rocky Mountains to Colo-
rado. June-July.
Vol. II.] PBA FAMILY. 305
2. Phaca neglecta T. & G. Cooper's Milk Vetch. (Fig. 2149.)
Phaca neglecta T. & G. Fl. N. A. i: im- 1838-
Astragalus Cooperi A. Gray, Man. Ed. 2, 98. 1856.
Glabrous or nearly so, erect, i°-2° high. Stipules
ovate, acute, long; leaflets 9-21, thin, oblong or
elliptic, often minutely pubescent beneath, W-\2" long,
obtuse or emarginate at the apex, narrowed at the base;
peduncles shorter than or equalling the leaves; flowers
white, ^"-1" long, in rather loose spikes; calyx pubes-
cent with blackish hairs, its teeth subulate; pod i-celled,
sessile, the ventral suture somewhat intruded, inflated,
coriaceous, ovoid, acute, glabrous, slightly furrowed along
both sutures, (>"- \o" long, ^"-d" thick.
On banks and shores, Quebec to Niagara, west to Minnesota
and Iowa. June-July.
3. Phaca longifolia (Pursh) Nutt. I,ong-
leaved Milk Vetch. (Fig. 2150.)
Psoralea longifolia Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 741. 1814.
Phaca longifolia Nutt.; T. & G. Fl. N. A. i: 346. 1838.
Astragalus pieties var. filifolius A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 6:
215. 1864.
Erect, very slender, branching, finely canescent, 6''-i8'
high. Stipules subulate, rigid, those of the lower part of
the stem connate; leaflet usually i, narrowly linear, nearly
terete, long, Yz"-!" wide, sometimes 3 or 5; flowers
few, pink, long, in short loose racemes; peduncles
much shorter than the leaves; pod i-celled, short-stalked,
much-inflated, membranous, spotted, glabrous, ovoid,
short-pointed, not furrowed, about \' long, Yz' thick.
In sandy soil, Nebraska to New Mexico. Leaves persistent,
May-June.
25. HOMALOBUS Nutt.; T. & G. Fl. N. A. i: 352. 1838.
Perennial herbs, with pinnate simple or pinnately 3-5-foliolate leaves, and racemose
m9stly small flowers, the peduncles short, or elongated. Keel of the corolla obtuse. Pod
flat, glabrous or pubescent, completely i-celled, few-several-seeded, the sutures both promi-
nent externally. [Greek, regular-lobes.]
Besides the following species, some 30 others occur in western North America.
Plants leafy-stemmed.
Leaves pinnate; leaflets 11-23, thin. i. H. tenellus.
Leaves pinnate ; leaflets 3-7, rigid, very narrow, spiny. 2. H. montanus.
Plant scapose; leaves simple, or pinnately 3-5-foHolate, the leaflets very narrow. 3. H. caespitosus.
I. Homalobus tenellus (Pursh) Britton.
Loose-flowered Milk Vetch. (Fig. 215 1.)
Astragalus tenellus Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 473. 1814.
Ervum multifloriim Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 739. 1814.
Homalobus multiflorus T. & G. Fl. N. A. i: 351. 1838.
A. mnltiflorus A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 6: 226. 1864.
Ascending or diffuse, slender, branched, finely pubes-
cent, or glabrate, io'-i8' high. Stipules broadly ovate,
\Y2"~'!>" long, acute or obtuse, the upper ones connate;
leaflets 11-23, thin, oblong, linear-oblong or oblanceo-
late, obtuse at the apex, narrowed at the base, ()"-\o"
long; flowers yellowish-white, 3^-4'^ long, in loose
spike-like racemes; pod stalked, straight, oblong, acute
at each end, papery, glabrous, long, 1" wide.
Dry soil, Nebraska and Colorado to California, north to
the Northwest Territory and British Columbia. May-Aug.
PAPILIONACEAE.
[Vol. II
2. Homalobus montanus (Nutt. ) Britton.
Prickly Milk Vetch. (Fig. 2152.)
Kentrophyta monlana Nutt. ; T. & G. Fl. N. A. i : 353. 1838.
Kenlropltyta viridis Nutt. ; T. & G. Fl. N. A. i: 353. 1838.
Astragahis Kentrophyta A. Gray, Proc. Acad. Phil. 18(53:
60. 1863.
Densely tufted, intricately branched, 2'-io' high,
finely canescent. Stipules linear-lanceolate, spiny-
tipped, 1"-^" long; leaflets 3-7, linear, rigid, spiny,
widely spreading, long, yi" wide; flowers 1-4
together in the axils, nearly sessile, yellowish-white or
bluish-tinged, long; pod sessile or very short-
stalked, 1-3-seeded, ovoid-oblong, acute, coriaceous,
dehiscent, pubescent, 2>"-A" long.
In dry, rocky places, Nebraska to New Mexico, Nevada
and the Northwest Territory. June-Sept.
3, Homalobus caespitosus Nutt. Tufted
Milk Vetch. (Fig. 2153.)
Homalobus caespttosiis Nutt.; T. & G. Fl. N. A. i: 352. 1838.
Astragalus caespitosus A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 6: 230. 1864.
Silvery-canescent, much tufted from a deep root, 3'-6'
high. Stipules scarious, much imbricated, lanceolate,
acuminate, \"-()" long; leaves simple, spatulate-linear,
acute, \'-2' long, or some of them 3-5-foliolate, with ob-
long-linear leaflets; peduncles scapiform, exceeding or
equalling the leaves; flowers purple, long, in heads
or short spike-like racemes; pod erect, sessile, few-seeded,
oblong, acute, coriaceous, slightly curved, pubescent, \"-
^" long; calyx-teeth subulate.
■ In dry rocky soil, Nebraska and Colorado, north to the
Northwest Territory. May-July.
26. OROPHACA Britton.
Perennial, silvery or villous-pubesceut low tufted herbs, with branched woody caudices,
deep roots, membranous scarious stipules, sheathing and united below, and digitately
3-foliolate (rarely 5-foliolate) leaves, resembling those of Lupines. Flowers few, capitate or
racemose, the clusters sessile or peduncled. Keel of the corolla blunt. Pod coriaceous,
completely i-celled, ovoid or oval, few-seeded, villous, partly or wholly enclosed by the calyx.
[Greek, mountain vetch.]
Three known species, the following, and one in Colorado and Wyoming.
Flowers yellowish, 1-3 together in the axils.
Flowers blue-purple, in peduncled racemes.
I. Orophaca caespitosa (Nutt.) Britton.
(Fig. 2154.)
1. O. caespitosa.
2. O. sericea.
Sessile-flowered Milk Vetch,
Astragalus ti'iphyllus'Pnrsh, VX. A.n\. Se.pfj^Q. 1814. Not
Pali. 1800.
Pliaca caespitosa Nutt. Gen. 2: 98. 1818.
Phaca argophylla Nutt.; T. & G. Fl. N. A. i: 342. 1838.
A. hyalinns M. E. Jones, Proc. Cal. Acad. (II.) 648. 1895.
Silvery-canescent, densely tufted from a deep root,
high. Stipules scarious, imbricated, glabrous,
ovate-lanceolate, long; leaves digitately 3-5-
foliolate, slender- petioled; leaflets oblong or oblanceo-
late, acute or obtusish at the apex, narrowed or cuneate
at the base, W-W long; flowers yellowish,
long, sessile in the axils of the leaves; pod i-celled,
sessile, ovoid, acute or acuminate, coriaceous, dehiscent,
villous-pubescent, enclosed by the calyx, i"-^," long.
Prairies, Nebraska and South Dakota to Montana and the
Northwest Territory. May-July.
Vol. II.]
PEA FAMILY.
307
2. Orophaca sericea (Nutt.) Britton. Hoary Milk Vetch. (Fig. 2155.)
Phaca sericea Nutt. ; T. & G. Fl. N. A. i: 343. 1838.
Astragalus sericoleiccus A. Gray, Am. Journ. Sci-
(II.) 33: 410. 1862.
Villous-pubescent, densely tufted, and spread-
ing on the ground from a deep root, the stems
3^-4' long. Leaves short-petioled, 3-foliolate;
leaflets oblong or oblanceolate, acute or obtus-
ish at the apex, narrowed or cuneate at the
base, 1"-^" long; peduncles slender, 2-6-fiow-
ered, equalling or exceeding the leaves; flowers
bluish-purple, about 3'' long; pod i-celled, ses-
sile, ovoid-oblong, coriaceous, acute, villous-
pubescent, about ■}>" long, partly enclosed by
the calyx.
In dry, sandy or rocky places, Nebraska and Col-
orado. May-July.
27. SPIESIA Neck. Elem. 3: 13. 1790.
[OxYTROPiS DC. Astrag. 19. 1802.]
Herbs, sometimes shrubby, and mostly acaulescent, with odd-pinnate leaves, and race-
mose or spicate flowers. Calyx-teeth nearly equal. Petals clawed; standard erect, ovate or
oblong; wings oblong; keel erect, shorter than or equalling the wings, its apex mucronatc,
acuminate or appendaged; stamens diadelphous; anthers all alike; style filiform. Pod ses-
sile or stipitate, 2-valved, i-celled,or more or less 2-celIed by the intrusion of the ventral
suture. [In honor of Johann Karl Spies, a German botanist.]
About 120 species, natives of the north temperate zone. In addition to the following, some ii
others occur in the western and northwestern parts of North America.
Leaves simply pinnate.
Plants i'-4' high; heads few-flowered.
Pod membranous, pubescent, much inflated, i-celled. i. 5. inflata.
Pod coriaceous, ovoid, little inflated, pubescent, partly 2-celled.
Calyx gray-pubescent; leaflets 7-9, oblong. 2.
Calyx dark-pubescent; leaflets 7-21, linear. 3.
Plants 6'-i8'' high; heads or spike-like racemes many-flowered.
Sparingly pubescent; flowers 8" -9" long; pods papery. 4.
Silky-pubescent; flowers 9" -15" long; pods coriaceous. 5.
Leaves pinnate, the leaflets verticillate.
Pod scarcely longer than the calyx, its tip spreading. 6.
Pod 2-3 times as long as the calyx, its tip erect. 7.
.S'. niulticeps.
S. arclica.
S. campestris.
S. Lamberii.
S. splendens.
S. Belli.
I. Spiesia inflata (Hook. ) Britton. Inflated
Oxytrope. (Fig. 2156.)
Oxytropis arctica var. inflata Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. i:
146. 1833.
Oxytropis podocarpa A. Gray, Proc. Am, Acad. 6: 234.
1864.
Spiesia inflata Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 201. 1894.
Acaulescent or nearly so, more or less villous-pu-
bescent, much tufted, \'-\' high. Stipules mem-
branous, imbricated, adnate to the petiole, lanceolate,
about 2" long; leaves pinnate; leaflets 9-21, linear,
■2"-\" long, about Yz" wide, obtuse or obtusish; pe-
duncles i-2-flowered, scarcely exceeding the leaves;
flowers violet, ']"~'i>" long; calyx densely dark-pu-
bescent; pod membranous, much inflated, i-celled,
ovoid, pubescent, short-stalked or sessile in the
calyx, about 9'' long, pointed; ventral-suture slightly
intruded.
Arctic and alpine ; Labrador and arctic America, south
in the Rocky Mountains to Colorado. Summer.
3o8
PAPILIONACEAE.
[Vol. II.
2. Spiesia miilticeps (Nutt.) Kiintze. Tufted Oxytrope. (Fig. 2157.)
Oxyti-opis multiceps Nutt.; T. & G. Fl. N. A. i:
341. 1838.
Spiesia multiceps Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 207. 1891.
Nearly acaulescent, with a deep root, tufted
and matted, silky-canescent, 3' high or less.
Stipules membranous, acute, adnate to the peti-
ole; leaves pinnate; leaflets 7-9, oblong, "^"-d"
long, \"-2" wide; scape ^'-i^' long, about
equalling the leaves, or shorter, 1-3-flowered;
flowers purple, nearly \' long; calyx slightly
pubescent, its teeth short ; pod short-stalked in
the calyx, coriaceous, little inflated, about Yz'
long, i-celled, acute, pubescent, enclosed by the
swollen calyx.
Western Nebraska, Wyoming and Colorado.
Summer.
3. Spiesia arctica (R. Br.) Kuntze. Arctic Oxytrope. (Fig. 2158.)
Oxylropis arctica R. Br. App. Parrj''s Voy. 278. 1823.
Spiesia arctica Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 206. 1891.
Acaulescent, tufted, villous-pubescent, 1^-4' high.
Stipules membranous, lanceolate, imbricated, pubes-
cent; leaves pinnate; leaflets 7-21, linear, or linear-ob-
long, obtusish, ^''-i/' long, about Yz" wide; peduncles
exceeding the leaves, 2-5-flowered at the summit; flow-
ers violet (?), 6"-io'' long; calyx pubescent; pod coria-
ceous, little or not inflated, oblong or ovoid-oblong,
sessile, pubescent, incompletely 2-celled.
Shores of the Gulf of St. Lawrence; Hudson Strait, and
along the Arctic seacoast. Summer.
4, Spiesia campestris (L.) Kuntze. Yellow
Oxytrope. (Fig. 2159.)
Astragalus campestris I,. Sp. PI. 761. 1753.
Oxytropis campestris DC. Astrag. 74. 1802.
Spiesia campestris YivrnXz^, Rev. Gen. PI. 206. 1891.
Acaulescent or nearly so, much tufted, sparingly pu-
bescent, or glabrate, high. Stipules membranous,
lanceolate, acuminate, imbricated, ^"-A" long; leaves
pinnate, 3^-6' long; leaflets 13-27, lanceolate or oblong,
acute or obtusish at the apex, rounded at the base, sessile,
3"-io" long, i''-2^^' wide; peduncles generally exceed-
ing the leaves; flowers several or numerous in short
spikes or heads, white, yellowish white, or blue, 6''-8"
long; pods sessile, papery in texture, ovoid or oblong,
blackish-pubescent, 6^-9'^ long, acuminate with the subu-
late style, incompletely 2-celled.
In rocky places, Quebec, northern Maine and New Bruns-
wick to Labrador and Hudson Strait. Also in Europe.
Summer.
Vol.. II.]
PEA FAMILY.
309
5. Spiesia Lamberti (Pursh) Kuntze. Stemless lyoco-weed or Crazy-weed.
Colorado Loco vetch. (Fig. 2160. )
Oxytropis Lamberti Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 740. 1814.
Spiesia Lamberti Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 207. 1891.
Silky-pubescent with appressed or slightly spreading
hairs, acaulesccnt or nearly so, tufted. Stipules imbricated,
membranous, pubescent, lanceolate, acute or acuminate,
long; leaves 4^-9' long; leaflets 9-19, linear, oblong
or sometimes lanceolate, acute or obtusish at the apex,
mainly rounded at the base, long, 'i.Yz''-'^" wide;
peduncles longer than the leaves, 6'-i2' long; flowers pur-
ple, yellowish, or purplish, %"-\^" long, in dense heads
or spikes; pod incompletely 2-celled, coriaceous, sessile,
erect, ovoid-cylindric, densely pubescent, long-acuminate,
long, exceeding the calyx.
Prairies, Minnesota to the Northwest Territory and British
Columbia, south to Texas and New Mexico. April-Aug.
Spiesia Lamberti sericea (Nutt. ) Rydb. Bot. Surv. Neb. 3: 32. 1894.
Oxytropis sericea Nutt.; T. & G. Fl. N. A. i: 339. 1838.
More silky; leaflets wider, lanceolate or oblong; flowers
often yellow. Range nearly of the type.
6. Spiesia splendens (Dougl.) Kuntze.
Showy Oxy trope. (Fig. 2161.)
Oxytropis splendens Dougl.; Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 147. 1833.
Spiesia splendens Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 207. 1891.
Densely silvery and silky-villous, acaulescent, tufted.
Stipules imbricated, membranous, villous-pubescent, lan-
ceolate, acute, if'-d" long; leaves 4^-9^' long, erect;
leaflets very numerous, in verticils of 3-6, oblong or ob-
loug-lauceolate, acute or acutish at the apex, rounded at
the base, 6"-io" long, wide; peduncles exceeding
the leaves, sometimes 12' long; flowers deep purple, about
i>" long, in dense spikes; pods ovoid, erect, 2-celled or
nearly so, long-acuminate with a spreading or oblique tip,
villous-pubescent, little exceeding the calyx, long.
Prairies, Minnesota and Manitoba to the Northwest Terri-
tory, south to Colorado and New Mexico. June-Aug.
7. Spiesia Belli Britton. (Fig. 2162.)
Spiesia Belli Britton; J. M. Macoun, Can. Rec. Sci.
1894: 148. 1894.
Acaulescent, tufted, loosely villous with white
hairs. Stipules membranous, ovate or oblong,
acute or acuminate, imbricated, villous orglabrate,
^"-1" long; leaves 3'-6' long; leaflets oblong or
oblong-lanceolate, subacute at the apex, rounded
at the base, 3''-4'' long, ■l"-2" wide, in verticils
of 3 or 4; peduncles about equalling the leaves; in-
florescence capitate; pod oblong, erect-spreading,
densely pubescent with black hairs or some longer
whitish ones intermixed, about 9" long and 3'^
thick, 2-3 times as long as the black-pubescent ca-
lyx, very nearly or quite 2-celled by the intrusion of
the ventral suture, the tip erect; corolla not seen.
Hudson Bay. Summer.
3IO
PAPILIONACEAE.
28. GLYCYRRHIZA I,. Sp. PI. 741. 1753.
[Vot. II.
Perennial herbs, with thick sweet roots, odd-pinnate leaves, and spicate or capitate flow-
ers. Calyx-teeth nearly equal. Standard narrowly ovate or oblong, short-clawed; wings
oblong, acutish; keel acute or obtuse, shorter than the wings. Stamens mainly diadelphous;
anthers alternately smaller and larger. Pod sessile, covered with prickles or glands, nearly
indehiscent, continuous between the seeds. [Greek, sweet-root.]
About 15 species, natives of the north temperate zone, southern South America and Australia.
The following is the only known North American species.
I. Glycyrrhiza lepidota Pursli. Wild
Liquorice. (Fi^
2163.)
Glycyrrhiza lepidota Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 480. 1814.
Erect, branching, i°-3° high, the foliage with
minute scales or dots. Stipules lanceolate or ovate-
lanceolate, acute, 7."-2i" long, deciduous; leaves pet-
ioled; leaflets 11-19, lanceolate, or oblong, acute or
obtuse and mucronate at the apex, rounded or nar-
rowed at the base, entire, very short-stalked, 10''-
18'' long, 3"-6" wide; peduncles axillary, much
shorter than the leaves; spikes dense, many-flow-
ered, long, about 9" thick; flowers yellowish-
white, 6" long; calyx-teeth slender, longer than
the tube; pod about 6" long, few-seeded, oblong,
densely covered with hooked prickles.
Fort Erie, Ontario; Manitoba, Minnesota, north to
Hudson Bay, west to Washington, south to Iowa, Mis-
souri, Chihuahua and California. May-Aug.
29. CORONILLA L. Sp. PL 742. 1753.
Herbs, with odd-pinnate leaves, and purple purplish or yellow flowers, in peduncled
heads or umbels. Calyx-teeth nearly equal, the 2 upper more or less united. Petals clawed;
standard nearly orbicular; wings oblong or obliquely obovate; keel incurved, beaked.
Stamens diadelphous (9 and i); anthers all alike. Pod terete, angled or compressed,
curved or straight, jointed. [Diminutive of corona, crown.]
About 25 species, natives of Europe, Asia and northern Africa.
I. Coronilla varia L. Coronilla.
Axseed. Axwort. (Fig. 2164.)
Coronilla va?-ia L. Sp. PI. 743. i753-
Perennial, straggling or ascending, glabrous,
branching, i°-2° long. I,eaves sessile; leaflets
1 1-25, oblong or obovate, obtuse and mucronate
at the apex, narrowed or rounded at the base,
b"-<^" long, 1%."-'^" wide; peduncles longer
than the leaves; flowers long, pinkish-
white (standard pink, wings white or purple-
tipped), in dense umbels; pedicels
long; pod coriaceous, linear, 4-angled, the
joints 3''-4'' long.
Roadsides and waste places, Connecticut, south-
ern New York and New Jersey. Adventive or
naturalized from Europe. June-Aug.
Vol.. 11.]
PEA FAMILY.
311
30. HEDYSARUM L. Sp. PI. 745. 1753.
Perennial herbs, sometimes shrubby, with odd-pinnate leaves, and showy flowers in ax-
illary peduncled racemes. Calyx bracteolate, its teeth nearly equal. Standard obovate or
obcordate, narrowed at the base; wings oblong, shorter than the standard; keel longer than
the wings, obtuse, obliquely truncate. Stamens diadelphous (9 and i). Pod flat, linear, its
joints oval, orbicular or quadrate. [Greek, sweet-broom.]
About 60 species, natives of the north temperate zone and northern Africa. Besides the follow-
ing', another may occur in northwestern North America.
Calyx-teeth ovate, acute, shorter than the tube. I. H. Americanum.
Calyx-teeth subulate, acuminate, longer than the tube. 2. H. Mackenzii.
I. Hedysarum Americanum (Michx.) Britton.
Hedysartim alpi)ium var. Americanum Michx. Fl. Bor.
Am. 2: 74. 1803.
Hedysarum boreale Nutt. Gen. 2: no. 1818.
Hedysartim Americanum Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5:
201. 1894.
Stem erect or somewhat decumbent, glabrous or
nearly so, 6^-2^° high, generally simple. Leaves
short-petioled; stipules lanceolate, long-acuminate,
2"-8'^ long; leaflets 11-21, oblong or oblanceolate,
obtuse and often mucronulate at the apex, mostly
rounded at the base, 6"-io" long, 2"-^'^ wide; ra-
cemes longer than the leaves; flowers violet-purple,
or sometimes white, numerous, deflexed, ']"-\o"
long, in rather loose elongated racemes; calyx-teeth
ovate, acute, shorter than the tube; pod Yz'-i Yz' long,
drooping, of 3-5 oval or orbicular nearly glabrous
strongly reticulated joints, about 2^'' wide.
In rocky places, northern New England to Labrador
and Newfoundland, west to Alaska and British Columbia,
south in the Rocky Mountains to Utah and in the Black
Hills. Recorded by Michaux from the Alleghanies.
Occurs also in northeastern Asia. June-July.
Hedysarum. (Fig. 2165.)
2. Hedysarum Mackenzii Richards. Macken-
zie's Hedysarum. (Fig. 2166.)
Hedysarum Mackenzii Richards. App. Frank. Journ. 17. 1823.
Hedysarum Americanum Mackenzii Britton, Mem. Torr.
Club, 5: 202. 1894.
Similar to the preceding species, but usually minutely
pubescent; stem decumbent or erect, i°-2^° high, some-
times branched. Leaflets 11-19; flowers slightly larger,
violet-purple, deflexed; calyx-teeth subulate, acuminate,
longer than the tube, or equalling it; pod minutely pubes-
cent, 3-8-jointed.
Hudson Bay (according to Macoun); Northwest Territory to
Alaska, south in the Rocky Mountains to Colorado. Summer.
31. AESCHYNOMENE L. Sp. PI. 713. 1753.
Herbs, or in tropical regions shrubs, mainly with odd-pinnate leaves, and yellow flowers
in axillary panicles or clusters Calyx-teeth nearly equal, more or less united into 2 lips.
Standard orbicular, short-clawed; wings oblong or obliquely obovate, about as long as the
standard; keel curved. Stamens diadelphous (5 and 5); anthers all alike. Ovary stipitate;
ovules 2- CO. Pod stalked in the calyx, flat, jointed. [Greek, to be ashamed, referring to
the sensitive leaves.]
About 55 species, widely distributed in warm and tropical regions. Besides the following,
another occurs in the southern States.
312 PAPILIONACEAE. [Vol. II.
I. Aeschynomene Virginica (ly.) B.S.P.
Sensitive Joint Vetch, (Fig. 2167,)
Hedysarum Virginicum L. Sp. PI. 750. 1753.
A Eschynomene hispida 'WiWA. Sp, PI. 3: 1163. 1800.
A Eschynomene Virginica B.S.P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 13.
1888.
Annual, herbaceous, branched, erect, rough-pubes-
cent or glabrate, 2°-5° high. Stipules membranous,
ovate, acuminate, 3^-4'' long, deciduous; leaves
short-petioled; leaflets 25-55, oblong, linear-oblong
or oblanceolate, obtuse at the apex, narrowed or
rounded at the base, 2)"~9" long; somewhat sensi-
tive; flowers few, reddish-yellow, about 5''^ long;
petals veined; pod linear, i'-2^' long, 2>" wide,
sparingly tuberculate or glabrous, of 5-10 nearly
square easily separable joints.
River banks, southeastern Pennsylvania, southwest-
ern New Jersey to Florida, west to Louisiana. Called
also Bastard Sensitive Plant. Aug.-Sept.
32. STYLOS ANTHES Sw. Prodr. Fl. Ind. Occ. io8. 1788.
Perennial herbs, mainly with villous or viscid pubescence, 3-foliolate leaves, and yellow ter-
minal or axillary spicate or capitate flowers. Calyx-tube campanulate, its teeth membranous,
the 4 iipper ones more or less united. Petals and stamens inserted at or near the summit of
the tube; standard orbicular; wings oblong; keel curved, beaked. Stamens monadelphous;
anthers alternately longer and shorter. Ovary nearly sessile; ovules 2-3; style filiform. Pod
sessile, flattened, 1-2-jointed, reticulate, dehiscent at the summit. [Greek, column-fl.ower,
alluding to the column-like calyx-tube. ]
About 25 species, natives of warm and temperate regions. Besides the following, another
occurs in the southern States.
I. Stylosanthes biflora (I,.) B.S.P. Pencil-flower. (Fig. 2168.)
Trifoliiini bifloriun L. Sp. PI. 773. 1753.
Stylosanthes elatior Sw. Svensk. Acad. Handl. 1789: 296.
pi. 2. f. 2. 1789.
Stylosanthes biflora B.S.P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 13. 1888.
Wiry, branched from the base and often also above,
stems ascending, erect or spreading, villous-pubescent
or glabrate, 6^-24' long. Stipules sheathing the stem,
linear-filiform above; leaves short-petioled; leaiiets 3,
oblong, linear-oblong or oblanceolate, acute or acut-
ish and mucronate at the apex, narrowed or cuneate
at the base, ^"-1%" long, \yz"-2" wide, strongly
veined, the terminal one stalked; flowers few, mainly
terminal, sessile or nearly so, yellow, ciliate-bracted,
long; pod obovate or suborbicular, pubescent,
about 2" long, of i perfect and i abortive joint.
In dry soil, southeastern New York to Florida, west to
Indiana, Kansas, the Indian Territory and Louisiana.
June-Sept.
33. ZORNIA Gmel. Syst. 2: 1096. 1791.
Herbs, with digitately 4-foliolate or 2-foliolate petioled leaves, the leaflets not stipellate,
the stipules small or foliaceous, sagittate. Flowers yellow in our species, small, interrupt-
edly spicate, large-bracted, sessile, rarely solitary, the spikes axillary and terminal, pe-
duncled. Bracts 2 together, nearly enclosing the flower. Calyx 2-lipped, 5-lobed. Stand-
ard nearly orbicular, clawed; wings oblique; keel incurved. Stamens monadelphous; anthers
alternately longer and shorter. Ovary sessile; ovules several; style very slender. Loment
flat, several-jointed. [In honor of Johann Zoru, a German apothecary.]
About 12 species, all natives of America, 2 of them naturalized in the warmer regions of the
Old World. Besides the following, another occurs in the southwestern States.
Vol. II.]
PEA FAMILY.
313
I. Zornia bracteata (Walt.) Gmel.
Zoniia. (Fig. 2169.)
Anonymos bracleala Walt. Fl. Car. i8i. 1788.
Zornia bracteata Gmel. Syst. 2; 1096. 1791.
Zornia teiraphylla Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 76. 1803.
Perennial by a long woody root, glabrous or spar-
ingly finely pubescent; stems wiry, prostrate, i°-2°
long. Stipules about 3" long; petioles Yz'-^' long,
slender; leaflets 4, oblong, lanceolate, or oblong-
obovate, acute at both ends, Yz'-x' long, or those of
the lower leaves obtuse at the apex and shorter; pe-
duncles longer than the petioles; spikes several-flow-
ered, much interrupted in fruit, 2^-4^ long; bracts
ovate, or broadly oval, ^f'-^" long, acute or acutish;
pod 3-5-jointed, the joints oval, i^"-2'^ long,
densely spinulose.
In dry sandy soil, southeastern Virginia to Florida,
Texas and Mexico. May-Aug.
Arachis hypogaea L., the Pea-nut, is occasionally seen
as a waif, not permanently established.
34. MEIBOMIA Adans. Fam. PI. 2: 509. 1763.
[Desmodium Desv. Journ. Bot. (II.) i: 122. pi. ^, f. ij. 1813.]
Perennial herbs, sometimes woody at the base, erect, ascending or trailing, with stipellate
3-foliolate or in some species i- or 5-foliolate leaves, and usually small flowers in terminal
or axillary compound or simple racemes or panicles. Calyx-tube short, its teeth more or less
united into 2 lips, the upper one variously 2-toothed, the 3 lower teeth acute or attenuate.
Standard oblong, ovate or orbicular, narrowed or rarely clawed at the base; wings obliquely
oblong; keel nearly straight, obtuse. Stamens monadelphous or diadelphous (9 and i); an-
thers all alike. Ovary sessile or stalked; ovules 2-00 . Loment flat, sessile or stalked, several
jointed, the joints mainly coriaceous and pubescent or muricate, indehiscent or rarely parti-
ally dehiscent, readily separable. [Named for Dr. Brandus Meibom, died at Helmstadt, 1740 ]
A g-enus of about i6o species, natives of warm and temperate North and South America, South
Africa and Australia. Besides the following, about 20 others occur in the southern and southwest-
ern States. Our species are known as Tick-trefoil, or Tick-seed.
Loment not constricted above, deeply constricted below, long-stalked ;
Panicle arising from the base of the plant; peduncle usually leafless.
Panicle terminal; leaves crowded at its base.
leaves scattered along the stem.
^ ^ Loment constricted on both margins, more deeply below than above,
t Stems trailing or reclining.
Leaflets orbicular or nearly so.
Leaflets 1' long or less, glabrate, coriaceous.
Leaflets i'-2' long, thinnish, usually quite pubescent.
Leaflets ovate or oval.
Corolla whitish; leaves yellowish green ; stipules broadly ovate.
Corolla purple; leaves dull green; stipules subulate.
t t Stems erect or ascending.
Leaves sessile or nearly so; leaflets linear or lanceolate.
Leaves petioled.
Leaflets narrowly linear; joints of the loment usually concave on the back
Leaflets broad (except in 3f. paniculala Chapmani).
1. Joints of the loment notably longer than broad.
Leaflets obtuse, rough-pubescent, yellowish green. 10.
Leaflets long-acuminate, scabrate above, slightly villous beneath. 11.
Leaflets long-acuminate, glabrous, glaucous beneath. 12.
2. Joints of the loment little longer than broad.
(a.) Loment distinctly long- stalked in the calyx.
Plants glabrous, or nearly so (except in M. paniculata pubens).
Leaflets lanceolate or oblong. 13.
Leaflets broadly ovate or oval, glaucous beneath. 14.
Plants pubescent or scabrous.
Leaflets thick, coriaceous, villous and reticulated beneath. 15. M. rhombifolia.
velvety-pubescent beneath. 16. M. viridiflora.
Leaflets scarcely coriaceous, appressed-pubescent or villous beneath.
17. M. Dillenii.
(b. ) Loment sessile in the calyx, or nearly so.
Loment-joints 4-7; flowers numerous, showy.
Leaflets coriaceous, strongly reticulated beneath. 18. M. Illinoensis.
Leaflets not coriaceous, scarcely reticulated beneath; loments numerous.
19. M. Canadensis.
Loment-joints 1-3.
Leaflets scabrous, i'-2' long. 20. M. rigida.
Leaflets not scabrous, 5"-io" long.
Plant nearly glabrous throughout. 21. M. Marylandica.
Stem pubescent; leaflets and petioles ciliate. 22. M. obtttsa.
leaflets broad.
1. M. nudiflora.
2. M. grandiflora.
3. M. pauciflora.
4. M. arenicola.
5. M. Michauxii.
M. ochroleuca.
M. glabella.
M. sessilifolia.
M. stricta.
M. canescens.
M. longifoHa.
M. bracteosa.
M. paniculata.
M. laevigata.
314
PAPILIONACEAE.
[Voi,. II.
Meibomia nudiflora (L.) Kuntze. Naked-flowered Tick-trefoil. (Fig.2170.)
Hedysartit>i nudiflorum L. Sp. PI. 749. I753-
Desmoditim nudifloritm DC. Prodr. 2: 330. 1825.
Meibomia nudiflora Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 197. 1891.
Slender, erect or ascending, the leaves clustered
at the summit of the sterile stems, the peduncle
arising from the base of the plant, leafless or rarely
with I or 2 leaves. Stipules subulate, deciduous;
petioles long; leaflets oval or ovate, glabrous
or slightly pubescent, somewhat acuminate or with a
blunt point, pale beneath, long, the terminal
one rhomboidal, the others inequilateral; panicles
narrow, few-flowered; flowers rose-purple,
long; bracts deciduous; calyx-teeth obtuse, the low-
est one largest; loment 2-3-jointed, the joints longer
than wide, straight or concave on the back, ob-
liquely semi-rhomboidal, pubescent with uncinate
hairs, the sutures glabrous; stipe nearly as long as
the pedicel.
In dr>' woods, Quebec to Minnesota, south to Florida
and Louisiana. July-Aug.
2. Meibomia grandiflora (Walt.) Kuntze.
Pointed-leaved Tick-trefoil. (Fig. 2 171.)
Hedysariim grandiflorum Walt. Fl. Car. 185. 1788.
Hedysarum aciitninatum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 72.
1803.
Desmodiwn acuminalum DC. Prodr. 2: 329. 1825.
Meibomia grandiflora Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 196. 1891.
Erect, glabrous, or somewhat pubescent, i°-5°
high. Leaves in a cluster at the summit of the
stem, from which rises the slender peduncle; peti-
oles 3'-6' long; stipules subulate, generally persis-
tent; leaflets ovate, acuminate, 2^-6' long, pubes-
cent with scattered hairs on both surfaces; panicle
ample; bracts deciduous; flowers large, purple; lo-
ment 2-3- jointed; joints longer than wide, concave
above, obliquely rounded below, uncinate-pubes-
cent; stipe as long as the pedicel.
In drj' or rocky woods, Quebec to Minnesota, south
to Florida, Nebraska and the Indian Territory.
June-Sept.
3. Meibomia pauciflora (Nutt. ) Kuntze.
Few-flowered Tick-trefoil. (Fig. 2172.)
Hedysarum pauciflorum Nutt. Gen. 2: 109. 1818.
Desmodiiim pauaflorum HC. VroAr. 2: T,Tp. 1825.
Meibomia pauciflora Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 198.
1891.
Decumbent or ascending, more or less pubes-
cent with scattered hairs, i°-3° long. Stipules
subulate, deciduous; leaves alternate, distant,
petioled; leaflets ovate, obtuse or bluntly acu-
minate, pubescent, 1^-3' long, the terminal one
rhomboid; racemes terminal or sometimes also
axillary, simple, few-flowcred; calyx-lobes acute,
ciliate; corolla white (?), about 3" long; loment
1-4-jointed, the joints concave or straight on the
back, obliquel}' rounded below, larger than
those of the preceding species, uncinate-pubes-
cent; stipe slightly shorter than the pedicel.
In woods, Ontario ? and we.itern New York to
Florida, west to Ohio, Arkansas and Louisiana.
July-.'Vug-.
Vol. II.]
PEA FAMILY.
315
4. Meibomia arenicola Vail. Sand
Tick-trefoil. (Fig. 2173.)
Hedysarum lineatum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 72.
1803. Not L. 1759-
Desmodiiim lineatum DC. Prodr. 2: 330. 1825.
Meibomia arenicola Vail, Bull. Torr. Club, 23: 140.
i8q6.
Decumbent or prostrate, pubescent or gla-
brate, slender, i°-2° long. Stipules subulate,
persistent; petioles about Yz' long; leaflets
ovate-orbicular, }^'-i'long, glabrous or nearly
so, coriaceous, reticulate-veined ; racemes
terminal and axillary, elongated, usually pu-
bescent ; flowers purple, about 2"-2," long ;
pedicels slender; loment small, 2-4-jointed, the
joints uncinate-pubescent, less convex above
than below, -iYz'-'^yi" long; stipe about
equalling the calyx-lobes.
In dry woods, Maryland to Florida, west to
lyOuisiana. July-Sept.
5. Meibomia Michauxii Vail.
Prostrate Tick-trefoil. (Fig. 2174.) ^
Hedysarum rotundifolium Michx. Fl. Bor. Am.
2:72. 1803. Not Vahl. 1791.
Desmodium rotundifolium DC. Prodr. 2: 330.
1825.
Meibomia rolundifolia Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI.
197. 1891.
M. Micliauxii\&\\, BuU.Torr.Club, 23: 140. 1896.
Prostrate, 2°-6° long, softly pubescent, or
densely villous. Stipules ovate or triangular-
ovate, persistent, acuminate, somewhat cor-
date, striate, ciliate; leaves petioled ; leaflets
nearly orbicular, pubescent, 1^-2^^ long; pan-
icles terminal and axillary, loose ; bracts decid-
uous; flowers purple, 3^'-5^^1ong; calyx-lobes
ciliate; loment long or more, 3-5-jointed;
joints obliquely rhomboid below, slightly con-
vex above, uncinate-pubescent; stipe equal-
ling or longer than the calyx-lobes.
Dry woods, Maine and Ontario to Minnesota,
south to Florida and Louisiana. July-Sept.
6. Meibomia ochroleuca (M. A. Curtis)
Kuntze. Cream-flowered Tick-trefoil.
(Fig. 2175.)
Desmodium ochroleucum M. A. Curtis; Canby, Proc.
Acad. Phil. 1864: 17. 1864.
Meibomia ochroleuca Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 198. 1891.
Procumbent or decumbent, hirsute, i°-3° long.
Stipules ovate, persistent, cordate, striate; petioles
Yz'-^Yi' long; leaflets yellowish green, rugose or
nearly smooth above, reticulate-veined and some-
what scabrous beneath, 8''-2' long, the terminal
one rhomboid, the lateral obliquely ovate, smaller,
or sometimes wanting; racemes terminal and axil-
lary, simple; bracts deciduous; flowers whitish;
upper calyx-lobe minutely 2-toothed, the others at-
tenuate; loment 2-3-jointed, the joints only slightly
more convex below than above, twisted, oval, pale
green, glabrous except the uncinate-pubescent
sutures; stipe about as long as the calj'x-lobes.
In woodlands, New Jersey to Georgia; also in Ten-
nessee and Stoddard Co., Mo. Aug. -Sept.
3i6
PAPILIONACEAE.
[Vol.. II.
7. Meibomia glabella (Michx.) Kuntze.
Trailing Tick-trefoil. (Fig. 2176.)
Hedysarum glabellum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 73. 1803.
Desrnodium humifusiini Beck, Bot. 86. 1833.
Meibomia glabella Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 198. 1891.
Procumbent, glabrous or nearly so, stem terete
below, striate above, sometimes 8° long. Stipules
lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate; leaves petioled; leaf-
lets ovate or oval, obtuse, glabrous or sparingly pu-
bescent above, pale beneath, \'-2yi' long, the ter-
minal one slightly rhomboid; racemes terminal and
axillary, panicled; bracts deciduous; flowers purple;
calyx-lobes acute, the upper one 2-toothed, the
others attenuate; loment 3-5-joiuted, the joints ob-
liquely semi-rhomboidal, less convex above than
below; stipe about 2" long, equalling or rather
longer than the calyx-lobes.
In dr>' sandy woods, eastern Massachusetts to New
York, western New Jersej', and eastern Pennsj'lvania to
South Carolina. Aug. -Sept.
8, Meibomia sessilifolia (Torr.) Kuntze. Sessile-leaved Tick-trefoil.
(Fig. 2177.)
Hedysarum sessilifolium Torn; Curtis, Best.
' Journ. Nat. Hist, i: 123. 1834.
Desviodiuvi sessilifolium T. & G. Fl. N. A. i:
363. 1838.
Meibomia sessilifolia Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI.
ig8. 1891.
Erect, 2°-4° high, uncinate-pubescent.
Stipules small, deciduous; leaves very nearly
sessile; leaflets linear or linear-oblong, obtuse
at each end, nearly glabrous above, reticulate-
veined and pubescent beneath, long,
j/z-g// wide; racemes terminal, simple or
compound; flowers small, 2" -2," long, pur-
ple; pedicels very short; bracts deciduous;
calyx-lobes acute, the upper one obliquely
2-toothed; loment 1-3-jointed, the joints
about 2" long, obliquely obovate, hispid,
somewhat twisted, less convex above than
below; stipe not exceeding the calyx-lobes.
In dry soil, Massachusetts, Rhode Island and
Connecticut to Michigan, south to Kentucky,
Arkansas and Texas. July-Sept.
Meibomia striata (Pursh) Kuntze.
Tick-trefoil. (Fig. 2178.)
Stiff
Hedysarum striclwn Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 483. 1814.
Desrnodium striciiim DC. Prodr. 2: 329. 1825.
Meibomia slricia Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 198. 1891.
Erect, slender, finely pubescent, 2°-4° high. Stipules
subulate, deciduous; leaves petioled; leaflets linear, ob-
tuse, glabrous, thick, reticulate-veined, i'-2^'' long, about
3'' wide; flowers \"-2" long; loment small, 1-3-jointed;
joints semi-obovate or semi-rhomboid, often slightly con-
cave on the back, uuciuate-pubesccnt, about 2" long;
pedicels short; stipe about equalling the calyx-lobes.
Pine barrens of New Jersey to Florida, west to Louisiana.
Julj'-Sept.
Vol.. II.]
PEA FAMILY.
10. Meibomia canescens (L,.) Kuntze
Hedysarum canescens L. Sp. PI. 748. 1753.
Desmodium canescens DC. Prodr. 2: 328. 1825.
M. canescens YMXiXz^, Rev. Gen. PI. 195. 1891.
Erect, much branched, densely short- or vil-
lous-pubesceut, 3°-5° high. Stipules ovate, acu-
minate, somewhat cordate, persistent; leaves
petioled; leaflets ovate, obtuse or acutish,
long, scabrous above, pubescent beneath, cili-
ate, the terminal one commonly rhomboid and
larger than the lateral ones; racemes terminal,
compound; bracts deciduous; upper lobe of the
calyx 2-toothed, the others attenuate; flowers
2^^-2)4^^ long; lomeut 4-6 jointed, joints longer
than wide, unequally rhomboid, 4^-6'^ long;
stipe about equalling the upper lobe of the calyx.
In rich soil Ontario to Massachusetts, Florida,
Minnesota and Texas. July-Sept.
Meibomia canescens hirsuta ( Hook. ) Vail, Bull.
Torn Club, 19: iii. 1892.
Desmodium Canadense var. hirsuta Hook. Comp.
Bot. Mag-, i: 23. 1835.
Stem and branches more densely villous-pubes-
cent; leaflets narrower. Missouri.
Hoary Tick-trefoil. (Fig. 2179.)
II. Meibomia longifolia (T.&G.) Vail.
Long-leaved Tick-trefoil. (Fig. 2180.)
Desmodium Canadense var. longifolium T. & G.
Fl. N. A. i: 365. 1838.
Meibomia longifolia Vail, Bull. Torr. Club, 23: 140.
1896.
Erect, 2°-5° high, the angled stems and pani-
cle minutely pubescent. Stipules lanceolate-
setaceous, deciduous or persistent; leaves pe-
tioled; leaflets 2^-5^ long, lanceolate-ovate or
ovate, cuspidate, scabrate or rugose above,
lighter, appressed-pubescent or villous beneath;
flowers showy, purple; bracts deciduous; the up-
per calyx-lobe 2 toothed, the lower ones attenu-
ate; loment 1^-3' long, 4-6 jointed the joints
triangular-oblong, or lozenge-shaped, uncinate-
pubescent throughout; stipe about the length of
the calyx-lobes.
In rich soil and low woods, Illinois to I,ouisiana
and Alabama. June-Sept.
12. Meibomia bracteosa (Michx.) Kuntze.
lyarge-bracted Tick-trefoil. ( Fig. 2 1 8 1 . )
Hedysarum bracteosum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 73. 1803.
Desmodium bracteosum DC. Prodr. 3: 329. 1825.
Desmodium cuspidatum Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. i: 23.
1835-
Meibomia bracteosa Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 195. 1891.
Erect, 3°-6° high, glabrous or nearly so below,
the panicle finely pubescent. Stipules lanceolate,
cuspidate, somewhat cordate, deciduous or persis-
tent; leaves petioled; leaflets 2'-8' long, ovate or
ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, glabrous or very nearly
so; flowers large, purple, i,"-^" long; bracts decid-
uous, cuspidate, striate; calyx deeply 2-lippcd, the
upper lobe a toothed, the others acute; loment \'-
3' long, 3-7-jointed, the joints obliquely-oblong,
about twice as long as wide, uncinate-pubescent,
especially on the sutures; stipe about the length of
the lower calyx-lobes.
In thickets, Ontario to Minnesota, Florida, Missouri
and Texas. Aug.-Sept.
PAPILIONACEAE.
[Vol. II.
13. Meibomia paniculata (L.) Kuntze. Panicled Tick-trefoil. (Fig. 2182.)
Hedysaruni paniciilatiim L. Sp. PI. 749. 1753.
Desmodium paniciilattim DC. Prodr. 2: 329. 1825.
Meibomia panicnlala Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 198. 1891.
Erect, slender, nearly glabrous, 2°-4° high. Stipules
small, subulate, mainly deciduous; leaves petioled;
leaflets oblong-lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, obtuse,
long; racemes terminal, compound; bracts decid-
uous; upper calyx-lobe deeply 2-toothed, the 3
lower ones attenuate, with the middle one elongated;
flowers purple, long; loment \' long or more,
4-6-jointed, the joints obliquely triangular or rhomboid,
minutely uncinate-pubescent; stipe nearly equalling
the lower lobes of the calyx.
In dry soil, Ontario to Minnesota, south to Massachusetts,
Florida and Texas. July-Sept.
Meibomia paniculata Chapmani Britten, Mem. Torr. Club,
5: 204. 1894.
Desmodium paniciilaUim var. angustifolium T. & G. Fl.
N. A. i: 364. 1838.
Meibomia angustifolia Kearney, Bull. Torr. Club, 21: 481.
1894. Not Kuntze, 1S91.
More slender, leaflets linear. Intermediate forms also
occur. In dry, sandy soil, Virginia to Florida, west to
Kentuck3- and Texas.
Meibomia paniculata piibens (T. & G. ) Vail, Bull. Torr. Club, 19: 112. 1892.
Destnodium paniciilatiim var. piibenst. & G. Fl. N. A. i: 364. li.
Desmodium piibens Young, Fl. Texas, 233. 1873.
Stems puberulent; leaflets coriaceous when old. oblong-
lanceolate, sometimes scabrous above, pubescent beneath;
loment-joints stronglj' angled on the back. In dry sandj-
soil, Virginia to Florida, the Indian Territory, and Te.xas.
14. Meibomia laevigata (Nutt. ) Kuntze.
Smooth Tick-trefoil. (Fig. 2183.)
Hedysarum laevigatum Nutt. Gen. 2: 109. 1818.
Desmodium laevigatum DC. Prodr. 2: 329. 1825.
Meibomia laevigata Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 198. 1891.
Erect or ascending, 2°-4° high, glabrous. Stipules
subulate, deciduous; petioles long, leaflets ovate,
acutish, somewhat glaucous beneath, the terminal one
larger than the lateral and more or less rhomboid; ra-
cemes terminal, compound, slightly pubescent; bracts
deciduous; calyx scabrous, the upper lobe entire or mi-
nuteh' 2-toothed, the 3 lower attenuate; flowers pink, 5"-
W long; loment 3-4-jointed, the joints triangular, angled
on the back, uncinate-pubescent; stipe 2"-3" long.
In dry woods, southern New York to Florida, Missouri
and Texas. Stem terete, glaucous. Aug.-Sept.
15. Meibomia rhombifolia (Ell.) Vail.
Rhomb-leaved Tick-trefoil. (Fig. 2184.)
Hedysarum rhombi/olium Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 2: 216.
1824.
Desmodium rhombifolium DC. Prodr. 2: 330. 1825.
Desmodium Floridaniim Chapm. Fl. 102. i860.
Meibomia Floridana Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 198. 1891.
^[. rhombifolia Vail, Bull. Torr. Club, 19: 113. 1892.
Erect or ascending, 2°-3° high or more, uncinate-
pubescent, simple or branched. Stipules subulate,
taper-pointed; leaves ovate, ofteu mucrouulate, cori-
aceous, scabrous above, \-illous and reticulated be-
neath, 2'-i%' long, the terminal rhomboid, the lat-
eral ones often wanting; racemes terminal, simple or
panicled, elongated, usuallj* leafless; bracts minute,
deciduous; calyx-lobes acute, the upper one 2-
toothed; loment 2-5-jointed, the joints obliquely
semi-rhomboid, rounded on the back, uncinate-
pitbescent; stipe often as long as the lowest joint.
In sandy soil and pine lands, Virginia and Florida,
west to Alabama and Louisiana. May-Sept.
Voh. II.]
PEA FAMILY.
319
16. Meibomia viridiflora (L.) Kuntze.
Velvet-leaved Tick-trefoil. (Fig. 2185.)
Hedysariim viridiflorum L. Sp. PI. 748. 1753.
Desmodium viridiflorum Beck, Bot. 84. 1833.
Meibomia viridiflora Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 197.
1891.
Erect, rather stout, downy-pubescent, 2°-4°
high. Stipules lanceolate, mainly deciduous; pet-
oles yi'-iYz' long; leaflets broadly ovate, rough
above, densely velvety-pubescent beneath, I'-^yi'
long, the terminal one somewhat rhomboid; ra-
cemes compound, elongated, terminal, uncinate-
pubescent; bracts deciduous; upper calyx-lobe
minutely 2-toothed, the 3 lower ones attenuate;
flowers purple, 2>"~\" long; loment 2-4-jointed,
the joints semi-rhomboid, uncinate, about 2"
long; stipe about equalling the lower lobes of the
calyx.
Dry woods, eastern Pennsylvania and southern
New York to Florida, west to Michigan, Missouri and
Texas. Aug.-Oct.
17. Meibomia Dillenii (Darl.) Kuntze.
Dillen's Tick- trefoil. (Fig. 2186.)
Hedysarum Marylandicum Willd. Sp. PI. 3: 1189.
1803. Not L. 1753-
Desmodium Dillenii Darl. Fl. Cest. 414. 1837.
Meibomia Dillenii 'K.\mtz&, Rev. Gen. PI. 195. 1891.
Erect, 2°-3° high, pubescent with scattered
hairs, or nearly glabrous. Stipules subulate,
mainly deciduous; petioles i'-2' long; leaflets
usually thin, oval or oblong-ovate, obtuse, 1%'-
4' long, yz'-\yz' wide, spariugly pubescent or
glabrous above, softly pubescent or villous be-
neath; racemes terminal, compound, loose; bracts
small, deciduous; upper calyx-lobe entire or
minutely 2-toothed, the lower ones slender; flow-
ers 3''-4'' long; loment 2-4-jointed, the joints
nearly triangular, about 3" long, somewhat con-
vex on the back, uncinate-pubescent; stipe
shorter than the calyx-lobes.
Woods, Maine and Ontario to Minnesota, Virginia,
Kentucky, MissouriandTexas. Variable. June-Sept.
18. Meibomia Illinoensis (A. Gray)
Kuntze. Illinois Tick-trefoil. (Fig.2187.)
Desmodium Illinoense A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad.
8: 289. 1870.
Meibomia Illinoensis Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 198.
1891.
Erect, stout, 2°-4° high, uncinate-pubescent.
Stipules ovate, acute, cordate, ciliate, pubescent,
persistent; petioles i'-2' long; leaflets lanceo-
late or ovate-lanceolate, obtusish, coriaceous,
scabrous above, strongly reticulate veined and
cinereous beneath, 2^-3^' long, the terminal
one broader and longer than the lateral; ra-
cemes terminal, simple or compound; bracts
deciduous, ovate-lanceolate; calyx-lobes acute,
the upper one minutely 2-toothed; flowers 3"-
s/' long; loments yz'-\' long, often in pairs, 3-
6-jointed, the joints oval or orbicular, densely
uncinate-pubescent; stipe not longer than the
short upper lobe of the calyx.
Prairies, Nebraska and Illinois to Iowa and
Kansas. June-Sept.
320
PAPILIONACEAE.
[Vol,. II.
19. Meibomia Canadensis (1^.) Kuntze. Canadian or Showy Tick-trefoil.
(Fig. 2188.)
Hedysarum Canadense L. Sp. PI. 748. 1753.
Desniodiiivi Canadense DC. Prodr. 2: 328. 1825.
Meibomia Canadensis Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 195.
1891.
Erect, stout, pubescent, 2°-8° high. Stipules
linear-lanceolate, mostly persistent; lower peti-
oles Yz'-x' long, the upper leaves nearly sessile;
leaflets oblong or lanceolate-oblong, obtuse, gla-
brous or roughish above, appressed-pubescent
beneath; racemes terminal, densely panicled;
flowers large, 5"-8" long, conspicuous, pur-
ple or bluish-purple; bracts ovate-lanceolate,
acute, ciliate, at length deciduous; calyx-lobes
attenuate, the upper 2-toothed, the lower ones
elongated; loment nearly sessile in the calyx,
about \' long, 3-5-jointed ; joints triangular,
straight or convex on back, uncinate-pubescent.
Thickets and river-banks, New Brunswick to
Manitoba and Dakota, south to North Carolina,
Missouri and the Indian Territory. Our most showy-
flowered species. Jul5'-Sept.
20. Meibomia rigida (Ell.) Kuntze.
Rigid Tick-trefoil. (Fig. 2189.)
Hedysarum rigidum IJll. Bot. S. C. and Ga. 2:
215. 1824.
Desmodium rigidum DC. Prodr. 2: 330. 1825.
Meibomia rigida Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 198. 1891.
Erect, rather rigid, finely uncinate-pubes-
cent, 2°-3° high. Stipules small, lanceolate,
deciduous; leaves petioled; leaflets ovate or
oval, obtuse, thickish, scabrous above, pubes-
cent, especially along the veins beneath,
long; racemes terminal, compound; flowers
very small, i "-2" long, purplish; upper lobeof
the calyx entire or minutely 2-toothed, the 3
lower ones slender; loment sessile in the calyx,
1-3-jointed, the joints obliquely ovate, rounded
on the back, uncinate-pubescent, about \yz"
long.
In dry soil, Massachusetts to Florida, west to
Michigan, Nebraska and Louisiana. July-Oct.
21. Meibomia Marylandica (L.) Kuntze.
Smooth Small-leaved Tick-trefoil. (Fig. 2190.)
Hedysaj-um Marylandicum L. Sp. PI. 748. 1753.
Des'moditim Marylandicum Boott.; Dark Fl. Cestr. 412.
1837-
Meibomia Marylandica Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 198. 1891.
Erect or ascending, glabrous, rarely with a few
scattered hairs, 2°-3° high. Stipules subulate, decid-
uous or persistent; petioles ■},"-(>" long; leaves
crowded; leaflets 3''-i2'' long, ovate or nearly orbi-
cular, obtuse, glabrous on both sides, the lateral often
subcordate; upper lobe of the calyx emargiuate or mi-
nutely 2-toothed; racemes panicled; corolla purplish,
very small, \"-2" long; loment sessile in the calyx
or nearly so, 1-3-jointed, the joints small, obliquely
oval or semi- orbicular.
In drj' soil and in copses, Ontario to Massachusetts,
Florida, Michig^an and Louisiana. July-Sept.
Vol. IL]
PEA FAMILY.
22. Meibotoia obtusa (Muhl.) Vail. Hairy
Small-leaved Tick-trefoil. (Fig. 2191.)
HedysartuH oblusum Muhl.; Willd. Sp. PI. 3: 1190. 1803.
Hedysariim ciHareM.VLb.\. ; Willd. Sp. PI. 3: 1196. 1803.
Desniodium ciliare DC. Prodr. 2: 329. 1825.
Meibomia obtusa Vail, Bull. Torr. Club, 19: 115. 1892.
Erect, bushy, 2°-3° higb, pubescent. Stipules subu-
late, deciduous; leaves crowded; petioles ciliate, shorter
than the leaflets; leaflets broadly ovate or oval, obtuse,
somewhat coriaceous, more or less pubescent on both
sides, ciliate, ()"-i2" long; racemes terminal, compound
or simple, uncinate-pubescent; upper lobe of the calyx
entire or minutely 2-toothed, the lower ones acute;
flowers \"-2" long; loment 2-3-jointed, the joints
obliquely oval; stipe not exceeding the calyx-lobes.
Dry soil, Ontario to Massachusetts and Florida, west to
Michigan and Texas. July-Oct.
35. LESPEDEZA Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 70. 1803.
Herbs, often somewhat woody, with pinnately 3-foliolate leaves, small stipules, and
small purple or whitish flowers in axillary clusters, heads or panicles. Flowers often of 2
kinds intermixed, the one petaliferous and mainly sterile, the other minute, apetalous,
abundantly fertile. Calyx-lobes nearly equal. Standard in the petaliferous flowers obovate
or oblong, clawed; wings oblong; keel incurved. Stamens more or less diadelphous (9 and
i); anthers all alike. Ovary sessile or stipitate, i-ovuled. Pod ovate, oblong, oval or sub-
orbicular, flat, indehiscent, reticulated, composed of a single joint, or rarely with a second
stalk-like joint at the base. [Named for Lespedez, governor of Florida, patron of Michaux.]
A genus of about 35 species, natives of eastern North America, Asia and Australia.
Perennials; stipules and bracts subulate ; calyx-lobes narrow.
•5{- Both petaliferous and apetalous flowers present; corolla purple or purplish ; pod exserted.
Peduncles slender and mostly exceeding the leaves.
Petaliferous flowers capitate or spicate.
Plants trailing or diffusely procumbent.
Glabrous or appressed-pubescent.
Woolly or downy-pubescent.
Plants erect, rather stout, pubescent.
Petaliferous flowers loosely paniculate; stem erect or ascending.
Flower-clusters of both kinds sessile or nearly so.
Leaflets oval, oblong or orbicular.
Foliage densely downy-pubescent. 5. L. Sluvei.
Foliage glabrate or appressed-pubescent. 6. L. frutescens.
Leaflets linear or linear-oblong. 7. L. Virginica.
L. repens.
L. procurnbens.
L. Nuttaliii.
L. violacea.
•Sf 4f Flowers all complete ; corolla whitish or yellowish ;
Leaves oblong, ovate-oblong, or nearly orbicular.
Peduncles exceeding the leaves.
Peduncles shorter than the leaves.
Leaves linear or linear-oblong; peduncles elongated.
Spikes densely-flowered.
Spikes interrupted, loosely-flowered.
Annual; stipules ovate; calyx-lobes broad.
pod included or scarcely exserted.
8. L. hirla.
9. L. capitata.
10. L. angustifolia.
11. L. leptosiachya.
12. L. striata.
I. Lespedeza repens (L.) Bart.
Creeping Bush-clover. (Fig. 2 192. )
Hedysarum ?-epens L. Sp. PI. 749. 1753.
L. repens Bart. Prodr. Fl. Phil. 2:. 77. 1818.
Trailing or diffusely procumbent, gla-
brate or appressed-pubescent, tufted, stems
slender, simple or somewhat branched,
d'-ii/ long. Petioles shorter than the
leaves; stipules subulate, about \" long;
leaflets oval or obovate, obtuse or retuse
at the apex, narrowed or rounded at the
base, 2>"-'^" long; peduncles of the petal-
iferous flower-clusters slender, much ex-
ceeding the leaves; inflorescence rather
loose; corolla violet-purple, t."-^," long;
pod oval-orbicular, acute, finely pubes.
cent, lYz" long.
In dry or sandy soil. Long Island to Flor-
ida, Minnesota and Texas. Aug.-Sept.
322
PAPILIONACEAE.
LVOL. II.
2. Lespedeza procumbens Michx. Trailing Bush-clover. (Fig. 2193.)
Lespedeza procumbens Michx. Kl. Bor. Am. 2: 70.
1803.
Woolly or downy-pubescent, trailing, pro-
cumbent or sometimes ascending, stouter than
the preceding species, stems 1 2^-30' long.
Stipules subulate; petioles commonly much
shorter than the leaves; leaflets oval or elliptic,
rarely slightly obovate, obtuse or retuse at the
apex, rounded at the base, long; pe-
duncles of the petaliferous flower-clusters
longer than the leaves, or the flowers sometimes
all apetalous and nearly sessile; corolla violet-
purple or pinkish purple; pod oval-orbicular,
acute, pubescent, \yz" long.
In dry soil, Massachusetts to Florida, west to
the Indian Territory and Louisiana. Aug. -Sept.
3. Lespedeza Nuttallii Darl. Nuttall's
Bush-clover. (Fig. 2194.)
Lespedeza Nuttallii Darl. Fl. Cest. Ed. 2, 420. 1837.
Erect or ascending, simple or branched, more or less
villous-pubescent, 2°-3° high. Stipules subulate;
petioles shorter than the leaves; leaflets oval, obovate
or suborbicular, thickish, obtuse or emarginate at the
apex, narrowed or sometimes rounded at the base,
dark green and glabrous or nearly so above, villous-
pubescent beneath, 4'''-2o'' long, 3'^-io''' wide; pedun-
cles mostly exceeding the leaves; inflorescence capi-
tate, or spicate, dense; flowers violet-purple, about 2,"
long; pod oblong, or oval, acuminate or acute at each
end, very pubescent, 2>^"-3" long.
Dry soil, southern New England and New York to
Michigan, Florida and Kansas. Aug. -Sept. •
4. Lespedeza violacea (L.) Pers.
Bush-clover. (Fig. 2195.)
Hedysaruin violaceum L. Sp. PI. 749.
Lespedeza violacea Pers. Syn. 2: 318.
1753-
1807.
Erect or ascending, sparingly pubescent,
usually much branched, i°-3° high. Stipules
subulate, 2''-3'' long; petioles shorter than or
equalling the leaves; leaflets oval, elliptic or
elliptic-oblong, thin, obtuse or retuse at the
apex, rounded at the base, 6"-2' long, appressed-
pubescent beneath; peduncles, at least the upper
ones, longer than the leaves; inflorescence loose,
paniculate; corolla violet-purple, 3"-5" long;
pod ovate or oval, acute, finely and sparingly
pubescent, or glabrate, 2"-3" long.
In dry soil. New England to Florida, west to
Minnesota, Kansas, Louisiana and northern Mexico.
Aug. -Sept.
Vol.. II.]
PEA FAMILY.
323
5. Lespedeza Stuvei Nutt. Stuve's
Bush-clover. (Fig 2196.)
Lespedeza Stuvei Nutt. Gen. 2: 107. 1818.
Erect or ascending, simple and wand-like or
sometimes slightly branched, densely velvety or
downy pubescent all over, 2°-4° high. Stipules
subulate, t.''-^," long; petioles commonly much
shorter than the leaves; leaflets oval, oblong or
suborbicular, obtuse or retuse at the apex, nar-
rowed or rounded at the base, 6^^-10'' or rarely
15^^ long; flowers of both kinds in nearly sessile
axillary clusters; corolla violet-purple, ^''-^Z'
long; pod ovate-oblong to orbicular, acute, or ob-
long, i"-'^" long, downy-pubescent.
Dry soil, Long Island to Virginia, west to Michigan
and the Indian Territory. Aug.-Sept.
Lespedeza Stuvei neglecta Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5:
206. 1894.
Leaflets linear or linear-oblong, obtuse, mucronu-
late. New Jersey and Pennsylvania to North Caro-
lina, Georgia, Missouri and Texas.
6. Lespedeza frutescens (L. ) Britton. Wand-like Bush-clover. (Fig. 2197.)
Hedysarum frntescens L. Sp. PI. 748. 1753.
Lespedeza reliculala S. Wats. Bibliog. In-
dex, i: 233. 1878. Not Pers. 1807.
Lespedeza Stuvei vax. intermedia S. Wats.
in A. Gray, Man. Ed. 6, 147. 1890.
Lespedeza fruiescens Britton, Mem. Torr.
Club, 5: 205. 1894.
Erect, simple or branched, finely ap-
pressed -pubescent or glabrate, i°-3°
high. Stipules subulate, i^'-t/' long;
petioles equalling or shorter than the
leaves; leaflets oval, oblong or elliptic,
obtuse, truncate or retuse at the apex,
narrowed or rounded at the base, (>''-\W
long, glabrous and dark green above,
paler and pubescent beneath; flowers of
both kinds in short-stalked or nearly ses-
sile axillary clusters, generally crowded
toward the summit of the stem; cor-
olla violet-purple, ^''-'x," long; pod ovate-
oblong, acute, pubescent, about ^" long.
Dry soil, Massachusetts to Ontario and ■
Michigan, south to Florida, Illinois and
Texas. Aug.-Sept.
7. Lespedeza Virginica (1^. ) Britton.
Slender Bush-clover. (Fig. 2198.)
Medicago J'irginica L. Sp. PI. 778. 1753.
Lespedeza violacea var. angiistifolia T. & G. Fl.
N. A. i: 367. 1840.
Lespedeza I'irgi iiica Britton, Trans. N. Y. Acad.
Sci. 12 : 64. 1893.
Erect, slender, simple and wand-like or
branched, resembling the preceding species.
Leaflets linear or oblong-linear, 6''-i8" long,
x"-'2yz" wide, truncate, obtuse or sometimes
acute at the apex, finely pubescent beneath,
or glabrate on both surfaces; clusters of both
kinds of flowers sessile, or nearly so, crowded
in the upper axils; flowers violet-purple, 1"-
3" long; pod ovate, or oval-orbicular, acute, or
obtuse, 2" long; pubescent, or nearly glabrous.
Dry soil, Massachusetts to Minnesota, south to
Florida and Texas. Aug.-Sept.
324
PAPILIONACEAE.
[Vol. II.
8. Lespedeza hirta (L.) Ell. Hairy
Bush-clover. (Fig. 2199.)
Hedysarum hii tnm L. Sp. PI. 748. 1753.
L. polystachya Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 71. 1803.
Lespedeza hirta Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 2: 207. 1824.
Erect or ascending, rather stout, generally branch-
ing above, villous or silky-pubescent, high.
Stipules subulate, \"-iy2" long; petioles shorter
than the leaves; leaflets oval, or suborbicular, obtuse
at each end, sometimes emarginate at the apex, d"-
1' long; peduncles elongated, often much exceeding
the leaves; headsoblong-cylindric.rather dense,
lYz' long; flowers all complete; corolla yellowish-
white or the standard purple spotted, about 3'' long;
pod oval, acute, very pubescent, about equalling the
calyx-lobes.
Dry soil, Maine and Ontario to Florida, west to
Illinois, Minnesota and Louisiana. Aug.-Oct.
Lespedeza hirta oblongifolia Britton, Trans. N. Y. Acad.
Sci. 12; 66. 1893.
Leaves oblong, obtuse at each end, 9"-i5" long, 2"-4" wide, glabrate above, appressed-pubes-
cent below; peduncles slender; spikes looser, I'-iK' long; calyx very pubescent. Pine barrens,
Egg Harbor, N. J., and in the Southern States.
9. Lespedeza capitata Michx. Round-headed Bush-clover
Hedvsariim friilesce7ts'W\\\6.. Sp. PI. 3; 1193. 1803.
Not L. 1753-
L. capitata Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 71. 1803.
Lespedeza frutescens Ell. Bot. S. C 2; 206. 1824.
Lespedeza capitata var. sericea H. & A. Comp. Bot.
Mag. 1: 23. 1835.
Stiff, erect or ascending, mainl}' simple and
wand-like, silky or silvery pubescent, 2°-5^°
high. Stipules subulate; leaves nearly sessile;
leaflets oblong or oval, obtuse or acute at each
end, I'-i^' long, 3''-5^^ wide; peduncles much
shorter than the leaves, or the dense globose-ob-
long heads sessile in the upper axils; flowers all
complete; corolla yellowish-white, with a purple
spot on the standard, 3" long; pod ovate-oblong,
pubescent, about half as long as the calyx-lobes.
Dry fields, Ontario and Maine to Florida, Minne-
sota, Nebraska and Louisiana. Aug. -Sept.
Lespedeza capitata longifolia (DC.) T. & G. Fl.
N. A. i: 368. 1840.
Lespedeza longifolia DC. Prodr. 2; 349. 1825.
Leaflets linear-lanceolate or linear-oblong, some-
times 4' long. Illinois and Missouri.
(Fig. 2200.)
10. Lespedeza angustifolia (Pursh)
\ Ell. Narrow-leaved Bush-clover.
(Fig. 2201.)
Lespedeza capitata var. angustifolia Pursli, Fl.
Am. Sept. 480. 1814.
L. angustifolia Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga.2; 206. 1824.
Erect, simple, or branched above, slender,
appressed-pubescent, 2°-3° high. Stipules
subulate; leaves nearly sessile; leaflets linear
oroblong-linear,rarely some of the lower ones
lance-linear, I'-i^'long, i'^-2'' wide, obtuse,
truncate or acutish at the apex; peduncles
elongated, usually exceeding the leaves; flow-
ers nearl}' as in the preceding species; pod
ovate-orbicular, shorter than the calyx-lobes.
Drj- sandy soil, eastern Massachusetts, Long
Island, south to Florida, west to Michigan and
lyouisiana. Aug.-Sept.
Vol. II.]
PEA FAMILY.
325
II. Lespedeza leptostachya Engelm.
Prairie Bush-clover. (Fig. 2202.)
Lespedeza leplosiachya Engelm.; A. Gray, Proc. Am.
Acad. 12: 57. 1876.
Erect, simple or branched, i°-3° high, silvery-pu-
bescent with appressed hairs. Stipules subulate;
petioles shorter than the leaves; leaflets linear,
long, y"-^" wide; spikes slender, interrupted and
loosely flowered, on peduncles equalling or exceeding
the leaves; corolla as in the preceding species;
flowers all complete; pod ovate, pubescent, about
lYz" long, nearly equalling the calyx.
Prairies, Illinois to Iowa, Wisconsin and Minnesota.
Aug.-Sept.
12. Lespedeza striata (Thunb.) H. &
A. Japan Clover. (Fig. 2203.)
Hedysarum striatum Thunb. Fl. Jap. 289. 1784.
Lespedeza striata H. & A. Bot. Beechey, 262. 1841.
Annual, diffuse or ascending, branched,
tufted, sparingly appressed-pubescent, 6^-12''
long. Stipules ovate, acute or acuminate, \"~
•z" long; petioles much shorter than the leaves;
leaflets oblong or oblong-obovate, 4"-9" long.
\"-\" wide, obtuse at the apex, narrowed at the
base, their margins usually sparingly ciliate;
flowers 1-3 together, both petaliferous and apet-
alous, sessile or nearly so in the axils; corolla
pink or purple, about y^" long ; calyx-lobes
ovate; pod oval, acute, exceeding the calyx-
lobes.
In fields, Virginia to Illinois, Missouri, and
very common in the Southern States. Naturalized
from eastern Asia. Hoopkoop-plant. July-Aug.
36. VICIA L. Sp. PI. 734- 1753.
Climbing or trailing, herbaceous vines, with pinnate tendril-bearing leaves, half-sagit-
tate or entire stipules, and axillary sessile or racemose, blue violet or yellowish flowers.
Calyx-tube somewhat oblique, obtuse at the base, its teeth about equal, or the two upper
ones slightly longer. Standard obovate or oblong, emarginate, clawed ; wings obliquely
oblong, adherent to the shorter oblong curved keel. Stamens diadelphous (9 and i), or
monadelphous below; anthers all alike. Ovary sessile or stipitate ; ovules co ; %tyle
very slender, with a tuft or ring of hairs at its summit. Pod fiat, dehiscent, 2-valved, con-
tinuous between the seeds. [The classical Latin name of the Vetch.]
About 120 species of wide geographic distribution. In addition to the following, about 12
others occur in the southern and western parts of North America.
Flowers racemed or spicate; peduncles elongated.
Indigenous perennials.
Spike-like racemes dense, i-sided, 15-40-flowered. I. V. Cracca.
Racemes loose, i-20-flowered.
Flowers 7"-io" long.
Leaflets elliptic, or ovate -oblong. 2.
Leaflets narrowly linear; western. 3.
Flowers 2" -5" long.
Racemes 8-20-flowered; flowers 4" -5" long. 4.
Racemes i-6-flowered; flowers 2" -4" long.
Leaflets 2-5 pairs, linear, or those of the lower leaves oval or obovate.
5. V. viicrantha.
Leaflets 4 or 5 pairs, all oval, elliptic or obovate. 6. V. Liidoviciana.
Introduced annuals; flowers few, 2"-3" long.
Pod glabrous, 3-6-seeded. 7. V. lelrasperma.
Pod pubescent, 2-seeded. 8. V. hirsnta.
V. Americana.
V. linearis.
V. Caroliniana.
326
PAPILIONACEAE.
[Vol. II.
Flowers sessile or very nearly so, few, axillary.
Flowers i or 2 in the axils; annuals.
Leaflets oblong, oval or obovate.
Leaflets, except those of lower leaves, linear, or linear-oblong.
Flowers 2-6 in a short nearly sessile raceme ; perennial.
9. V. saliva.
10. V. angustifolia.
11. V. Sepium.
I. Vicia Cracca L. Tufted or Cow
Vetch. Blue Vetch. (Fig. 2204.)
Vicia Cracca L. Sp. PI. 735. 1753.
Perennial, finely pubescent or sometimes gla-
brate, stems tufted, slender, weak, climbing or trail-
ing, 2°-4° long. Stipules linear, acute, entire,
long; leaves nearly sessile; leaflets 18-24, thin,
linear or linear-oblong, obtuse or acutish, mucron-
ate, 8"-io''long, i^"-2" wide; peduncles axillary,
shorter than or equalling the leaves; spike-like
racemes dense, 1^-4' long; flowers bluish-purple,
^"-d" long, reflexed; pod short-stalked, glabrous,
long, about 2>" wide, 5-8-seeded.
In dry soil, Newfoundland to British Columbia, south
to New York, New Jersey, Kentuckj' and Iowa. Also
in Europe and Asia. Tinegrass. Cat-peas. June-Aug.
2. Vicia Americana Muhl. American
Vetch. Pea Vine. (Fig. 2205.)
Vicia Americana Muhl.; Willd. Sp. PI. 3: 1096. 1803.
Perennial, glabrous or with some appressed pu-
bescence, trailing or climbing, 2°-3° long. Leaves
nearly sessile; stipules broad, foliaceous, triangular-
ovate, sharply toothed, 2"-^^" long; leaflets 8-14,
elliptic, ovate or oblong, obtuse or sometimes emar-
ginate and mucronulate at the apex, rounded at the
base, 8''-i8'' long, wide; peduncles usually
shorter than the leaves; racemes loose, 3-9-flowered;
flowers bluish-purple, S'^-g" long, spreading; pod
short- stalked, glabrous, i^-iX' long, 4-7-seeded.
In moist ground, New Brunswick to Manitoba and
British Columbia, south to Virginia, Kentucky and
Nevada. Leaflets of lower leaves sometimes narrow.
Ascends to 3500 ft. in Virginia. May-Aug.
Vicia Americana truncata (Nutt. ) Brewer, in Brew. &
Wats. Bot, Cal. i: 158. 1876.
Vicia truncala Nutt.; T. & G. Fl. N. A. i: 270. 1838.
Leaflets thick, oblong or obovate, truncate and dentate at the apex
north to Vancouver.
3. Vicia linearis (Nutt.) Greene
Nebraska to California,
leaved American Vetch. (Fig.
Narrow-
2206.)
Lathy riis linea7-is Nutt. ; T. & G. Fl. N. A. 1: 276. 1838.
Vicia Americana var. linearis S. Wats. Proc. Am.
11: 134. 1876.
Vicia linearis Greene, Fl. Francis. 3. 1891.
Perennial, glabrous or nearly so, stems weak,
often zigzag, i°-2° long. Leaflets 4-7 pairs, nar-
rowly linear to linear-oblong, 9"-! 8'' long, yi"-
2" wide, rather thick, acute or obtusish, the apex
not toothed, mucronate; stipules 2"-^" long, half-
sagittate, acuminate, their bases prolonged, some-
times dentate; peduncles shorter than the leaves,
or about equalling them; racemes loose, 2-6-flow-
ered; flowers purple or purplish, about long;
pod about i' long, 3" wide or rather more, gla-
brous, short-stalked.
In dry soil. Northwest Territory to British Columbia,
Kansas, New Mexico and California. May-Aug.
Vol. II.]
PEA FAMILY.
327
4. Vicia Caroliniana Walt. Carolina
Vetch. (Fig. 2207.)
Vicia Caroliniana Walt. Fl. Car. 182. 1788.
Vicia parviflora Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 69.
1803.
Perennial, glabrous or nearly so, trailing
or climbing, slender, 2°-3° long. Stipules
linear or oblong, entire, i"-^/' long; leaves
short-petioled ; leaflets 8-18, oblong or linear-
oblong, entire obtuse or emarginate, or some-
times acutish and mucronate, W-\o" long,
lyi"-^" wide; peduncles equalling or shorter
than the leaves; racemes loosely 8-20-flow-
ered; flowers nearly white, long, the
keel bluish-tipped; pod glabrous,
long, short-stalked, 5-8-seeded.
River-banks and cliffs, Ontario to Minnesota,
south to Georg^ia, Kentucky, and Kansas (accord-
ing to S. Watson). Ascends to 3500 feet in Vir-
ginia. May-July.
6. Vicia Ludoviciana Nutt. Lou-
isiana Vetch. (Fig. 2209.)
Vicia Ludoviciana Nutt.; T. & G. Fl. N. A. i:
271. 1838.
Perennial, glabrous, or the young parts
pubescent; stem rather stout, angled,
3° long. Leaflets 4 or 5 pairs, elliptic, oval
or obovate, thin, W-io" long, wide,
obtuse or emarginate; stipules very narrow,
rarely over 2," long, linear, or half-sagittate;
peduncles shorter than the leaves, or about
equalling them, 2-6-flowered (rarely i-
flowered); flowers 3^'-4'^ long, bluish; pod
i' long, or rather more, wide, gla-
brous, 4-6-seeded, the seeds compressed.
Kansas (?), Texas and Louisiana to Florida.
April-May.
5. Vicia micrantha Nutt. Small-flow-
ered Vetch. (Fig. 2208.)
Vicia micrantha Nutt.
1838.
T. & G. Fl. N. A. i: 271.
Perennial (or sometimes annual?) glabrous,
stems very slender, i°-2° long. Leaflets 2-5
pairs, narrowly linear to linear-oblong, thin,
Yz'-iYz' long, i"-2'' wide, obtuse, acutish or
emarginate, or those of the lower leaves obo-
vate, oval, or even obcordate, usually shorter;
peduncles 4^-15'' long, 1-2-flowered; flowers
2//_2^'long, purplish; pod slightly pubescent,
or glabrous, about \' long, lyi." wide, 6-12-
seeded; seeds compressed.
On prairies and in thickets, Missouri to Ten-
nessee, Alabama and Texas. April-May.
PAPILIONACEAE.
[Vol. II.
7. Vicia tetrasperma (L,.) Moencli.
Slender Vetch. Smooth or Lentil
Tare. (Fig. 2210.)
Ervutn tetraspermum L. Sp. PI. 738. 1753.
Vicia tetrasperma Moench, Meth. 148. 1794.
Annual, glabrous or nearly so, weak, slen-
der, (>'-i\' long. Stipules linear, long-auric-
ulate at the base; leaves short-petioled; leaf-
lets thin, 6-12, linear or linear-oblong, obtuse
or acutish, commonly miicronulate,
long; peduncles filiform, equalling or shorter
than the leaves, i-6-flowered; flowers pale
blue or purplish, 2"-t," long; pod d,"-6"
long, glabrous, 3-6-seeded.
In meadows and waste places, Nova Scotia and
Ontario to Virginia. Naturalized from Europe.
Native also of northern Asia. June-Sept.
8. Vicia hirsuta (L.) Koch. Hairy Vetch or Tare. (Fig. 22 11.)
Ervum hirsutum L,. Sp. PI. 738. 1753.
Vicia Mitchelli Raf. Prec. Decouv. 37.
1814.
Vicia hirsiila Koch, Syn. PL Germ. 191.
1837.
Sparingly pubescent, or glabrous,
annual, much resembling the preced-
ing species. Stipules linear, long-
auriculate and sometimes toothed;
leaves nearly sessile; leaflets 12-14,
oblong or linear, obtuse, emarginate
or truncate, mucronulate, long,
narrowed at the base; peduncles slen-
der, mainly shorter than the leaves,
2-6-flowered ; flowers pale purplish
blue, about \yz" long; pod oblong,
pubescent, ^"-(3" long, 2-seeded.
In fields and waste places, Virginia to
Ohio and New Brunswick. Naturalized
from Europe. Native also of Asia. Called
also Tine-tare, Strangle-tare. May-Sept.
g. Vicia sativa L. Common Vetch or Tare.
Pebble- vetch. (Fig. 2212.)
Vicia sativa L. Sp. PI. 736. 1753.
Annual, pubescent or glabrate, spreading, ascending
or climbing, i°-3° long. Stipules broad, generally
sharply toothed; leaves short-petioled; leaflets 8-14,
obovate, oblong or oblanceolate, obtuse, truncate or
refuse and mucronate at the apex, narrowed at the base,
long, 2"-4'' wide; flowers i or 2 in the axils,
sessile or short-peduncled, bluish-purple, 9"-! 2''' long;
calyx- teeth about as long as the tube; pod linear-ob-
long, glabrous, i/^'-3' long, about 4" wide, 5-10-
seeded.
In fields and waste places, frequent or occasional through-
out our area, in the southern States and on the Pacific
Coast. Adventive from Europe, where it is extensively
cultivated for fodder. May-.\ug.
Vol. II.]
PEA FAMILY.
329
(Fig. 2213.)
10. Vicia angustifolia Roth, Smaller Common Vetch
Vt'cia angtistifolia Roth, Tent. Fl. Germ. 1: 310.
1788.
Vicia saliva var. angustifolia Ser. in DC. Prodr.
2: 361. 1825.
Annual, glabrous or pubemlent; stem slen-
der, i°-2° long. Stipules mostly half-sagit-
tate, toothed, or entire; leaves short-petioled,
or nearlj' sessile; leaflets 8-16, linear, lanceo-
late, or oblanceolate, long, i"-2"
wide, acute, obtuse, truncate or emarginate
at the apex, mucronulate, those of the lower
leaves commonly obovate, broader and shorter;
flowers I or 2 in the upper axils, purple,
long; calyx-teeth as long as the tube
or shorter; pod linear, glabrous, long.
In fields and waste places, Nova Scotia to Flor-
ida, mostly near the coast. Naturalized from
Europe. Widely distributed as a weed in tem-
perate regions. April-July.
II. Vicia Sepium L. Bush Vetch.
Wild Tare. (Fig. 2214.)
Vicia Sepium 1,. Sp. PI. 737. 1753-
Perennial by slender stolons, minutely
pubescent; stem slender, 2°-3° long. L,eaves
short-petioled, I'-d' long; leaflets 10-18, ovate
or oval, 6"-i2" long, wide, emargi-
nate or truncate at the apex, mucronulate,
thin; stipules half-sagittate, 5" long or less;
racemes in i or more of the upper axils, 2-6-
flowered, Yz'-i' long, nearly sessile; flowers
very short-pedicelled, pale purple, fi"-i<:>"
long; calyx-teeth unequal, shorter than the
tube; pod yo"-!^" long, about 3" wide,
glabrous.
Railway embankment near Hamilton, Ontario.
Adventive or fugitive from Europe. Native also
of Asia. Called also Crow-peas. May-July.
Ervum Lens L., the Lentil, distinguished from
all our species of Vicia by its elongated calyx-
lobes and oval, 1-2-seeded pod, is collected oc-
casionally as a waif, not established.
37. LATHYRUS L. Sp. PI. 729. 1753.
Herbaceous vines, rarely erect herbs, with pinnate mostly tendril-bearing leaves, and
racemose or sometimes solitary flowers. Calyx oblique or gibbous at the base, its teeth
nearly equal or the upper ones somewhat shorter than the lower. Corolla nearly as in Vicia,
but commonly larger. Stamens diadelphous (9 and i), or monadelphous below. Ovary
sessile or stalked; ovules generally numerous; style curved, flattened, hairy along its inner
side. Pod flat, or sometimes terete, 2-valved, dehiscent, continuous between the seeds.
[Ancient Greek name of some leguminous plant.]
About no species, natives of the northern hemisphere and of South America. Besides the fol-
lowing, about 25 others occur in the southern and western parts of North America.
Leaflets 3-6 pairs; flowers purple.
Stipules broad, foliaceous; plant of the seashore and the Great Lakes.
Stipules half-sagittate or small, or wanting; inland plants.
Plants climbing or trailing; stipules present; pod sessile.
Leaflets ovate or oval, large; flowers 10-20.
Leaflets linear, oblong or oval, smaller; flowers 2-6.
Leaflets linear or linear-oblong; stem winged.
Leaflets oblong or oval; stem wingless.
Plants mainly erect; stipules often wanting; pod stipitate.
Leaflets lanceolate or oblong.
Leaflets linear.
Leaflets 3-5 pairs; stipules foliaceous; flowers yellowish-white.
Leaflets i pair; stipules foliaceous; flowers bright yellow.
I. L. marilimus.
2. L. venosus.
3. L. palustris.
4. L. ntyrtifoliiis.
5. L. decaphyllus.
6. L. ornalus.
7. L. ochroleuciis.
8. L. pratensis.
PAPILIONACEAE.
[Vol. II.
I. Lathyrus maritimus (L. ) Bigel. Beach
Pea. Sea or Seaside Pea. (Fig. 2215.)
Pisum marilimtim I,. Sp. PI. 727. 1753.
Lathyrus marilimus Bigel. Fl. Bost. Ed. 2, 268. 1824.
Perennial, glabrous or nearly so, stout, somewhat fleshy,
slightly glaucous; stems angled, decumbent, i°-2° long.
Stipules large and foliaceous, ovate, half-hastate, acute,
i'-2' long; leaves nearly sessile; leaflets 3-6 pairs, oblong,
oval or obovate, obtusish and mucronulate at the apex,
mainly narrowed at the base, somewhat larger than the
stipules; tendrils branched; peduncles shorter than the
leaves; flowers 6-10, 9''-i2'^ long, purple; calyx-teeth
often ciliate; pod sessile, linear-oblong, nearly glabrous,
veined, i>^'-3' long, wide.
Sea-beaches, New Jersey to arctic America, shores of the
Great Lakes, and on the Pacific coast. Also in northern Eu-
rope and Asia. May-Aug. Sometimes blooming again late
in autumn. Also called Sea-side Everlasting Pea.
2. Lathyrus venosus Muhl. Veiny Pea.
(Fig. 2216.)
Lathyrus venosiis Muhl.; Willd. Sp. PI. 3: 1092. 1803.
Finely pubescent or glabrous, perennial, ascend-
ing, climbing or decumbent, 2°-3° long. Stems
strongly 4-angled; stipules lanceolate, half-sagittate,
acute or acuminate, \"-\2" long; leaves petioled;
leaflets 4-7 pairs, ovate or oval, obtuse or acute
and mucronulate at the apex, mostly rounded at
the base, long; tendrils branched; peduncles
shorter than the leaves; flowers purple, long;
calyx pubescent or glabrous; pod linear, sessile,
glabrous, veined, \Yz'-2,' long, about 3'' wide.
River shores and banks, western New Jersey and Penn-
sylvania to Indiana and Assiniboia, south to Georgia,
Louisiana and Kansas. Ascends to 3500 feet in Virginia.
Leaflets often strongly reticulated. May-July.
3, Lathyrus palustris L. Marsh Vetchhng.
(Fig. 2217.)
Latliyrtis palustris L. Sp. PI. 733. 1753.
Perennial, glabrous or sparingly pubescent; stems
angled and winged, slender, i°-3° long; stipules half-
sagittate, lanceolate, linear, or ovate-lanceolate, ^"-\<y
long, iyz"-2y2." wide; leaflets 2-4 pairs, lanceolate, ob-
long, or linear-oblong, acute or obtusish and mucronate at
the apex, narrowed or rounded at the base, i'-2>^' long,
■2."-^" wide; tendrils branched; peduncles generally about
equalling the leaves, 2-6-flowered; flowers purple, ^"-l"
long; pod linear, sessile, slightly pubescent, or glabrous,
'i-Yz'-'^Yz' long, about 3'' wide.
In moist or wet grounds, Labrador to Alaska, Massachusetts,
New York and British Columbia. Also in Europe and Asia.
Ma}'-Aug.
Vol.. II.]
PEA FAMILY.
331
4. Lathyrus myrtifolius Muhl. Myrtle-leaved Marsh Pea. (Fig. 2218.)
Lathyrus rnyrtifoUus Muhl.; Willd. Sp. PI. 3:
lOQi. 1803.
Lalliyrus paliislrts var. myrtifolius A. Gray,
Man. Ed. 2, 104. 1856.
Perennial, usually quite glabrous; stems
slender, angled, not winged, i°-3° long,
■weak. Stipules obliquely ovate, or half-
sagittate, long, often wide
and toothed; leaflets 2-4 pairs, mostly 3 pairs,
oval, oval-oblong or ovate, mucronate and
acute or obtuse at the apex, narrowed at the
base, <)"-i' long, wide, rather thin;
tendrils branched; peduncles equalling the
leaves, or shorter, 3-9-flowered; flowers pur-
ple or purplish, similar to those of the pre-
ceding species; pod linear, glabrous, sessile,
long, jfYz" wide or less.
In moist or wet grounds, New Brunswick to
Manitoba, south to North Carolina and Tennes-
see. May-July.
Lathyrus myrtifolius macranthus White, Bull.
Torr. Club, 21: 448. 1894.
Pubescent; stipules lareer, often half as large
as the leaflets; flowers 10 -12" long. Maine.
5. Lathyrus decaphyllus Pursh.
Prairie Vetchling, (Fig. 2219.)
L. decaphyllus Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 471. 1814.
Lathyrus polyniorphus Nutt. Gen. 2: 96. 1818.
Perennial, erect or ascending, glabrous,
or finely pubescent, 6'-i8' high. Stems
angled; stipules half-sagittate, acuminate,
£,"-12" long, x"-"^" wide; leaves petioled;
leaflets 3-7 pairs, obtuse or acute and
mucronulate at the apex, narrowed at the
base, thick, conspicuously reticulated, i'-
lYz' long, T,"-8" wide; stipules when
present, branched, but often wanting;
peduncles usually shorter than the leaves;
flowers purple, I'-iyi' long, showy; pod
linear, stipitate; seeds with a narrow stalk
and short hilum.
Kansas (?), Idaho and Colorado to Arizona
and New Mexico. March-July.
6. Lathyrus ornatus Nutt. Showy
Vetchling. (Fig. 2220.)
Lathyrus ornatus Nutt. ; T. & G. Fl. N. A. i :
277. 1838.
Closely resembling the preceding species,
but generally lower, often less than 1° high.
Stipules lanceolate or linear, 2''-io" long;
leaflets narrow, linear or linear-oblong, acute
and mucronate, ^"-12" long, i"-2" wide;
tendrils commonly wanting; flowers purple,
showy, I'-iyz' long; pod linear, stipitate;
seeds with a broad stalk and long hilum.
Indian Territory to Kansas and Dakota, west
to Colorado and Utah. May-June.
332
PAPILIONACEAE.
[Vol. II.
7. Lathyrus ochroleucus Hook. Cream-colored Vetchling. (Fig. 2221.)
8. Lathyrus pratensis L. Meadow
Pea. Yellow Vetchling. (Fig. 2222.)
Lathyrus pratensis I,. Sp. PI. 733. 1753.
Perennial, weak, slender, glabrous or spar-
ingly pubescent, climbing or straggling, i°-3°
long. Stems angled, branching; stipules lan-
olate, foliaceous, half-sagittate, acuminate,
(i"-X2" long, nearly as large as the leaflets;
leaves sessile; leaflets a single pair, ob-
long or linear-oblong, acute or acutish, mu-
cronulate, I'-iyi' long, 2"-/^" wide; tendrils
simple or branched; racemes exceeding the
leaves; flowers 6-12, yellow, (>"-W long; pods
linear, glabrous, I'-xyi' long.
In waste places, Maine, New York, Massachu-
setts and Ontario. Also throughout Europe and
Russian Asia. English names Angleberries,
Craw-peas, Mouse-pea, Tom Thumb, Yellow
Tar-fitch. June-Aug.
Lalhyriis ocltroleHCiis Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. i:
159- 1833-
Lathyrus glauci/olius "Bec^s., Bot. 90. 1833.
Perennial, slender, glabrous and slightly
glaucous; stem somewhat angled, climbing
or trailing, i°-2j^° long; stipules broad,
foliaceous, half-ovate and half-cordate, 8'^-
12" long; leaves petioled; leaflets 3-5 pairs,
thin, pale beneath, ovate or broadly oval,
acute or obtusish at the apex, rounded at
the base, 1^-2' long; tendrils branched;
peduncles shorter than the leaves; flowers
5-10, yellowish white, long; pod
oblong-linear, sessile, glabrous, i'-2' long.
' On river-banks and hillsides, New Bruns-
wick, N. J. (according to Beck), Pennsylvania
to New England, Quebec and arctic America,
west to Iowa, Dakota, Washington and British
Columbia. May-July.
38. BRADBURYA Raf. Fl. I.udov. 104. 1817.
[Centrosema Benth. Ann. Mus. Wien, 2 : 117. 1838.]
Slender twining or prostrate vines, with pinnately 3-foliolate leaves (rarely 5-7-folio-
late), persistent stipules, and large showy axillary racemose or solitary flowers. Calyx
campanulate, its teeth or lobes nearly equal; standard orbicular, nearly flat, spurred on
the back near its base, clawed; wings obovate, curved; keel curved. Stamens more or
less diadelphous (9 and i); anthers all alike. Style incurved, bearded at the apex around
the stigma. Pod linear, flattened, nearly sessile, partially septate between the seeds, 2-
valved, the valves thick-edged, longitudinally finely nerved along their margins. [In honor
of John Bradbury who travelled in America early in the century.]
About 30 species, natives of America. Besides the following, another occurs in the Southern
States.
Vol. II.]
PEA FAMILY.
333
I. Bradburya Virginiana (L. )
Kuntze. Spurred Butterfly-
Pea. (Fig. 2223.)
Ciitoria Virginiana h- Sp. PI. 753. 1753.
Cenlrosema Virginianum Betitli. Ann. Mus
Wien, 2: 120. 1838.
Bradburya Virginiana Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI.
164. 1891.
Perennial, climbing or trailing, somewhat
branched, finely rough-pubescent, 2°-4° long.
Stipules linear, acute, about 2" long; petioles
usually shorter than the leaves; leaflets 3,
ovate, or oblong-lanceolate, stipellate, acute
and mucronulate or blunt, rounded at the
base, reticulate-veined, i'-2' long, 4^^-12'''
wide; peduncles about equalling the petioles,
1-4-flowered; bracts ovate, acute, finely
striate; flowers short-pedicelled, I'-i^'long;
corolla violet; calyx-lobes linear; pod linear,
4^-5' long, about 2" wide, long-acuminate,
its margins much thickened.
Dry sandy soil, New Jersey to Florida, west
to Arkansas and Texas. Extends throug'hout
tropical America to Bolivia. July-Aug.
39. CLITORIA Sp. PI. 753- i753-
Woody vines, or erect or climbing herbs, with pinnately 3-foliolate (sometimes 5-9-
foliolate) leaves, persistent stipules, and large showy axillary solitary or racemose flowers.
Calyx tubular, 5-toothed, the 2 upper teeth more or less united. Standard large, erect, retuse,
narrowed at the base, not spurred ; wings oblong, curved ; keel acute, shorter than the wings.
Stamens more or less monadelphous ; anthers all alike. Ovary stipitate ; style elongated, in-
curved, hairy along the inner side. Pod stalked in the calyx, linear, or linear-oblong, flat-
tened, 2-valved, partly septate between the seeds.
About 30 species, natives of warm and temper-
ate regions. The following is the only one known
to inhabit North America.
I. Ciitoria Mariana L,. Butterfly-
Pea. (Fig. 2224.)
Ciitoria Mariana I,. Sp. PI. 753. 1753.
Erect or ascending, sometimes twining,
glabrous or nearly so, i°-3° high. Stipules
ovate-lanceolate, acute, i"-2" long; petioles
usually shorter than the leaves ; leaflets stipel-
late, ovate-lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate,
obtuse, mucronate, 1^-2' long, 4'^-i2'' wide;
peduncles short, 1-3-flowered; bracts lanceo-
late, striate, deciduous; flowers about 2' long,
very showy; calyx tubular, 6"-^" long, its
teeth ovate, acute ; corolla pale blue ; pods lin-
ear-oblong, acute, about i' long and 3'^ wide.
Dry soil. Snake Hill, N. J., south to Florida,
west to Missouri and Texas. Formerly at Brook-
lyn, N. Y. June-July.
40. FALCATA Gmel. in 1^. Syst. Nat. Ed. 13, 2: 1131. 1796.
[Amphicarpa Ell. Journ. Acad. Phil, i: 372. 1817.]
Twining perennial vines, with pinnately 3-foliolate leaves, small white or violet flowers
in axillary racemes, and also solitary apetalous fertile flowers in the lower axils or on the
slender creeping branches from the base. Calyx of the petaliferous flowers tubular, 4-5-
toothed. Standard obovate, erect, folded around the other petals; wings oblong, curved,
adherent to the incurved obtuse keel. Stamens diadelphous (9 and i); anthers all alike.
334
PAPIUONACEAE.
[Vol. II.
Style filiform, not bearded. Pods from the upper flowers linear-oblong, several-seeded, 2-
valved, those from the lower obovoid, fleshy, mainly i-seeded. [Latin, referring to the
curved keel of the corolla.]
About 7 species, natives of North America, eastern Asia and the Himalayas. Only the follow-
ing- are known in North America.
Leaves thin; bracts small; plant pubescent or glabrate. i. F. comosa.
Leaves firm; bracts large; plant villous-brown-pubescent. 2. F. Pitcheri.
I. Falcata comosa (L.) Kuntze. Wild or Hog Pea-nut, (Fig. 2225.)
Glycine comosa L. Sp. PI. 754. 1753.
Glycine monoica L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 1023. . 1763.
Amphicarpa 7nonoica Ell. Journ. Acad. Phil. 1:
373- 1817-
Falcata comosa Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 182. 1891.
Slender, simple or sparingly branched, climb-
ing, pubescent or glabrate, i°-8°loug. Stipules
oblong or ovate, 1" long, striate; leaflets
broadly ovate or rhombic-ovate, acute at the
apex, rounded at the base, the lower inequi-
lateral, I'-'if long; racemes of petaliferous flow-
ers mainly simple; bracts small, ovate, obtuse ;
flowers purplish or white, G"-"]" long; pedicels
equalling or exceeding the bracts; pods of the
petaliferous flowers about i' long, 3" wide,
pubescent, especially along the margins.
Moist thickets. New Brunswick to Florida, west
to Lake Superior, Nebraska and Louisiana. Aug.-
Sept.
2. Falcata Pitcheri (T. & G.)
Kuntze. Pitcher's Hog Pea-
nut. (Fig. 2226.)
Amphicarpaea Pitcheri T. & G. Fl. N. A. 1:
292. 1838.
Falcala Pitcheri Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 182.
1891.
Similar to the preceding but generally
stouter, villous-pubescent throughout with
reflexed brown hairs. Leaflets larger and
thicker, sometimes 4' long; pedicels
mostly shorter than the nearly orbicular
canescent bracts; ovary and pods of the
petaliferous flowers pubescent through-
out, subterranean fruit less abundantly
produced than in F. comosa ; calyx larger.
Moist thickets, western New York to Ne-
braska, south to Tennessee and Texas. Per-
haps intergrades with the preceding species.
Aug. -Sept.
41. APIOS Moench, Metli. 165. 1794.
Twining perennial vines, with pinnately 3-7-foliolate leaves, small stipules and rather
large brownish-purple or red flowers, mainly in axillary racemes or panicles. Calyx cam-
panulate, somewhat 2-lipped, the 2 lateral teeth very small, the 2 upper united and short,
the lower one long and acute. Standard ovate, or orbicular, reflexed. Wings obliquely
obovate, adherent to the elongated incurved at length twisted keel. Stamens diadelphous
(9 and i); anthers all alike; ovary nearly sessile; ovules co; style slender. Pod linear,
straight or slightly curved, compressed, 2-valved, many-seeded. Rootstocks usually tuberous.
[Greek, pear, from the shape of the tubers.]
Four known species, i of eastern North America, 2 of China and 1 of the Himalayas.
[Vol,. II.
I. Apios Apios (ly.) MacM.
nut. (Fig. 2227.)
PEA FAMILY
Ground-
335
Glycine Apios L. Sp. PI. 753. 1753.
Apios tuberosa Moench, Meth. 165. I794-
Apios Apios MacM. Bull. Torr. Club, 19: 15. 1892.
Slender, pubescent or glabrate, climbing over
bushes to a height of several feet. Rootstock
tuberous; stipules subulate, long, decidu-
ous; leaves petioled; leaflets 5-7 (rarely 3), ovate
or ovate-lanceolate, acute or acutish at the apex,
rounded at the base, long; racemes axillary,
often compound; peduncles shorter than the
leaves; flowers numerous, brownish purple, odor-
ous, about long; rachis of the inflorescence
knobby; pod linear, straight or slightly curved,
pointed, I'-a^Yi' long, about lYz" wide, many-
seeded, its valves rather coriaceous.
In moist ground, New Brunswick to Florida, west
to western Ontario, Minnesota, Kansas and Louisi-
ana. Stem with milky juice; tubers edible. July-
Sept.
42. GALACTIA P. Br. Civ. & Nat. Hist. Jamaica, 298. 1756.
Prostrate or climbing perennial vines (sometimes erect and shrubby), mainly with pin-
nately 3-foliolate leaves, small and deciduous stipules, and purple or violet axillary race-
mose flowers. Calyx 4-lobed, bracteolate, the lobes acute, often as long as the tube.
Standard orbicular or obovate. Wings narrow, obovate, adherent to the narrow, nearly
straight keel. Stamens diadelphous or nearly so (9 and i); anthers all alike. Ovary
nearly sessile; ovules 00 ; style filiform, not bearded. Pod linear, straight or slightly
curved, usually flattened, 2-valved, several-seeded. Fleshy few-seeded pods are sometimes
produced from subterranean apetalous flowers. [Greek, milk-yielding, many of the species
having milky sap.]
About 50 species, natives of warm and temperate regions, most abundant in America. Besides
the following, about 15 others occur in the southern and southwestern states.
1. G. regularis.
2. G. volubilis.
Nearly glabrous throughout; pods slightly pubescent.
Finely downy-pubescent; pods very downy.
I. Galactia regularis (1^.) B.S.P.
Milk Pea. (Fig. 2228.)
Dolichos regularis 1,. Sp. Pi. 726. 1753.
Galactia glabella Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2:62. 1803.
Galactia regularis B.S.P. Prel. Cat. N.Y. 14. 1888.
Prostrate, glabrous or sparingly appressed-
pubescent; stems matted, usually branching, i°-
2° long, Stipules minute, deciduous; petioles
shorter than the leaves; leaflets elliptic or ovate-
oblong, obtuse and often emarginate at the
apex, rounded or slightly cordate at the base,
Yz'-^Yi' long, wide; peduncles longer
than the petioles and generally exceeding the
leaves, erect, 4-10-flowered; racemes loose or
dense; pedicels about xYz" long; flowers red-
dish-purple, (3"-W long; pods linear, straight,
or slightly curved, slightly pubescent, i'~iY'
long, 2^' wide, 4-7-seeded.
In dry sandy soil, southeastern New York,
Pennsylvania, pine barrens of New Jersey, south
to Florida and Mississippi. July-Aug.
336
PAPILIONACEAE.
[Vol. II.
2. Galactia volubilis (L.) Britton. Downy Milk Pea. (Fig. 2229.)
1753-
. 1818.
Hedysaruvi volubile 1,. Sp. PI. 750.
Galaclia mollis Nutt. Gen. 2: 11
Michx. 1803.
Galaclia pilosa Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 2: 238
Not Nutt. 1818.
Galactia volubilis Britton, Mem. Torn Club, 5
208. 1894.
Not
1824.
Finely downy-pubescent all over, similar in
general aspect to the preceding species. Leaf-
lets ovate, elliptic, or oval, obtuse or acutish,
sometimes emarginate at the apex, rounded or
slightly cordate at the base, downy beneath,
usually with some appressed pubescence above,
yi'-iYz' long, ^"-\2" wide; peduncles some-
times elongated but variable in length; racemes
rather loose; flowers purplish, about d" long;
pod linear, I'-i'^' long, 2" wide, densely and
finely downy-pubescent.
In dry soil, New York Island; Flushing, I,ong
Island, south to Florida, west to Pennsylvania,
Kentucky and Texas. June-July.
43. RHYNCHOSIA Lour. Fl. Cochin. 562. 1793.
Perennial twining trailing or erect herbs, with pinnately 1-3-foliolate leaves, and yellow
mostly axillary and racemose flowers. Leaflets generally punctate with resinous dots, not
stipellate. Calyx 4-5-lobed, somewhat 2-lipped. Standard obovate or orbicular, spreading
or reflexed. Wings narrow. Keel incurved at the apex or falcate. Stamens diadelphous
(9 and i). Ovary nearly sessile; ovules 2, rarely i ; style filiform. Pod flat, oblong or
obliquely orbicular, 2-valved, 1-2-seeded. [Greek, beak, from the beak-like keel of the
corolla.]
About 100 species, natives of warm and temperate regions.
9 others occur in the southern States.
Leaflets 3.
Stem twining or trailing.
Racemes shorter than the leaves; flowers 3"-4" long.
Racemes longer than the leaves; flowers about 6" long.
Stem erect, \°-2Vi° high.
Leaflets solitary, very broad; plants low, 3' -9' high.
In addition to the following, some
1. R. tomentosa.
2. R. lalifolia.
3. R. e recta.
4. R. simplicifolia.
I. Rhynchosia tomentosa (L.)
H. & A. Twining Rhynchosia.
(Fig. 2230.)
Glycine tomentosa L. Sp. PI. 754. 1753.
Rhvnchosia tomentosa var. volubilis T. & G. Fl. N.
A. i: 285. 1838.
Rhynchosia tomentosa H. & A. Comp. Bot. Mag. l:
23- 1835-
Trailing or twining, more or less pubescent
with spreading hairs, simple or branched, i°-3°
long. Stipules ovate, acute, 2^-4'^ long, some-
times wanting; petioles shorter than the leaves;
leaflets 3, or the lowest leaves i-foliolate, ovate,
orbicular or broader than long, obtuse but gen-
erally pointed, i '-2' long; racemes short-pedun-
cled or sessile, 2-S-flowered; flowers 3^-4'' long;
calyx deeply 4-parted, the upper lobe 2-cleft;
pod oblong, acute, pubescent, %"-<^" long, about
3'' wide.
In dry sandy soil, Virginia to Florida, west to
Texas. May-July.
Vol. II.]
PEA FAMILY.
337
2. Rhynchosia latifolia Nutt. Prairie
Rhynchosia. (Fig. 2231.)
Rhynchosia latifolia Nutt.; T. & G. Fl. N. A. i:
285. 1838.
Softly pubescent, stem angled, trailing or
climbing, sometimes 5° long, with a few long
branches. Stipules lanceolate, small, or wanting;
petioles long; leaflets 3, broadly ovate, or
somewhat rhomboid, or the end one orbicular,
1^-3' long, mostly obtuse; racemes elongated,
exceeding the leaves, sometimes 1° long in
fruit, many-flowered; pedicels long;
calyx about d" long, very deeply parted, the
segments narrowly lanceolate, acuminate; cor-
olla little longer than the calyx; pod oblong,
acute, very pubescent, about \' long.
™ In dry soil, Missouri to Louisiana and Texas.
May-June.
3. Rhynchosia erecta (Walt.) DC.
Brect Rhynchosia. (Fig. 2232.)
Trifolium erectiim Walt. Fl. Car. 184. 1788.
Rhynchosia erecta DC. Prodr. 2: 384. 1825.
Rhynchosia tonientosa var. erecta T. & G. Fl. N.
A. 1 : 285. 1838.
Erect, rather stout, simple or slightly
branched, velvety-pubescent or tomentose,
i°-2^° high. Stipules linear-lanceolate,
acuminate, 2" -t/' \on^\ petioles shorter than
or equalling the leaves; leaflets 3, oval, ovate
or slightly obovate, thick, densely tomentose,
especially beneath, obtuse or acute,
long; racemes 5-15-flowered, sessile orshort-
peduncled; flowers 3'^-5'' long; pod oblong,
pubescent, long, about 2," wide.
In dry soil, Delaware to Florida, west to
Louisiana. May-Sept.
4. Rhynchosia simplicifolia (Walt.) Wood.
Round-leaved Rhynchosia. (Fig. 2233.)
Trifolium simplicifolitini Walt. Fl. Car. 184. 1788.
Rhynchosia reniformis DC. Prodr. 2: 384. 1825.
Rhynchosia tomentosa var. monopliylla T. & G. Fl. N.
A. i: 284. 1838.
Rhynchosia simplicifolia Wood, Bot. & Fl. 96. 1870.
Erect, low, simple, pubescent with spreading
hairs, 2)'~9' bigh. Stipules lanceolate, acuminate,
long; petioles shorter than or exceeding the
leaves; leaflet usually solitary, orbicular or broader,
thick, obtuse and rounded at the apex, slightly
cordate at the base, long (leaflets rarely 3, the
lateral ones ovate) ; racemes rather densely flowered,
peduncled; flowers 2>"~i" long; pod as in the pre-
ceding species.
In dry soil, Virginia to Florida, west to Louisiana.
May-July.
22
338 PAPILIONACEAE. [Vol. II.
44. PHASEOLUS L. Sp. PI. 723. 1753.
Annual or perennial vines, rarely erect herbs, with pinnately 3-foliolate leaves, and
axillary racemose flowers. Calyx 5-toothed or 5-lobed, or the 2 upper teeth more or less
united. Standard orbicular, recurved, spreading or somewhat contorted; wings mainly obo-
vate, equalling or exceeding the standard; keel spirally coiled, linear or obovoid. Stamens
diadelphous (9 and i); anthers all alike. Style longitudinally bearded; stigma oblique or
lateral; ovary sessile or nearly so; ovules cc . Pod linear, straight or curved, 2-valved, sev-
eral-seeded, tipped with the persistent style. Seeds mostly with rounded ends. Rachis
thickened at the bases of the pedicels. [Ancient name of the Kidney Bean.]
About 170 species, natives of warm and temperate regions. Besides the following', about 12
others occur in the southern and southwestern states.
I. Phaseolus polystachyus (I,.) B.S.P.
Wild Bean or Bean Vine. (Fig. 2234.)
Dolichos polystachyus L,. Sp. PI. 726. 17,53-
Phaseolus perennis Walt. Fl. Car. 182. 1788.
Phaseolus polystachytis B.S.P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 15. 1888.
Climbing over bushes, or trailing, from a perennial
root, finely pubescent, branched, 4°-i5° long. Stipules
lanceolate, deciduous; leaflets broadly ovate or nearly
orbicular, acute or acuminate at the apex, rounded at
the base, long, the terminal one often slightly
cordate, the lower ones unequal-sided; racemes axil-
lary, usually numerous, peduncled, 4^-12' long, nar-
row, loosely-flowered; pedicels long, minutely
bracted at the base; corolla purple, about \" long;
pods stalked, drooping, somewhat curved, flat, i^^-
2^' long, wide, 4-6-seeded, glabrous or nearly
so; seeds chocolate-brown, long.
In thickets, Canada (Torrey and Gray), New England,
south to Florida, west to Minnesota, Nebraska and I,ouisi-
ana. July-Sept. Called also Wild Kidney Bean.
45, STROPHOSTYLES Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 2: 229. 1822.
Twining or trailing herbaceous vines, rarely erect, mostly pubescent, with pinnately 3-
foliolate stipellate leaves, and pink-purple or nearly white flowers capitate at the ends of
long axillary peduncles. Calyx as in Phaseolus. Standard nearly orbicular; wings mostlj'
obovate; keel strongly curved. Stamens diadelphous (9 and i). Style longitudinally
bearded, bent. Pod linear, nearly terete, or somewhat compressed, usually straight, few-
several-seeded, tipped by the persistent style. Seeds truncate at the ends, more or less
pubescent or mealy. [Greek, bent style.]
An American genus, of about 6 species.
Leaflets mainly lobed, i'-2' long; pod 2'-V long. I. S. helvola.
Leaflets mainlj' entire, \i' -iVz long; pod \' -2' long.
Flowers several, about 6" long; root perennial. 2. S. umbellala.
Flowers few, about 3" long; root annual. 3. S. pauciflora.
I. Strophostyles helvola (L,.) Britton. Trailing
Wild Bean. (Fig. 2235.)
Phaseolus )ielvolus L. Sp. PI. 724. 1753.
Phaseolus angulosus Ort. Nov. PI. 24. 1797.
Phaseolus divei sifolius Pars. Syn. 2: 296. 1807.
Strophostyles angulosa Ell. Bot. S. C. 2: 229. 1822.
Prostrate or low-twining, rather rough-pubescent, branched
at the base, 2°-S° long, rarely erect and io'-2o' high.
Root annual (always ?); stipules narrowl}' lanceolate, \"-
2" long; leaflets broadly ovate, obtuse or acute at the
apex, rounded at the base, thickish, generally more or less
obtusely lobed, sometimes entire, long, the lower ones
often inequilateral; peduncles axillary, exceeding the peti-
oles; flowers 3-10, sessile, capitate; corolla greenish-purple,
long; keel slender, curved; pod sessile, linear, nearly
terete, slightly pubescent, 2^-3' long; seeds oblong, pubes-
cent, 3" long.
In sandy soil, eastern Massachu.setts to Florida, west to Texas.
Also along the Great Lakes from Quebec to Minnesota and
south in the Mississippi Valley. July-Oct.
Vol. II.]
PEA FAMILY.
339
Strophostyles helvola Missouriensis (S. Wats.) Britton.
Slrophoslyles angulosa var. Missouriensis S. Wats, in A. Gray, Man. Ed. 6, 145. 1890.
Climbing in trees to a height of 2o°-3o°. Leaflets larger, usually entire; seeds larger. Said to
bloom later. Perhaps a distinct species. Missouri.
2. Strophostyles umbellata (Muhl.) Britton,
(Fig. 2236.)
Glycine umbellala Muhl.; Willd. Sp. PI. 3: 1058. 1803.
Strophostyles peduncularis Ell. Bot. S. C. 2: 230. 1822.
Phaseolus lielvolus T. & G. Fl. N. A. i: 280. 1838. Not L.
1/5.3-
Phaseolus umbellalus Britton, Trans. N. Y. Acad. 9: 10.
1889.
Root perennial; stems slender, trailing, branching,
more or less pubescent with retrorse hairs, i°-5° long.
Stipules ovate-lanceolate, long; leaflets ovate,
lanceolate or oblong, obtuse or acutish at the apex,
rounded at the base, sparingly pubescent, entire, or
rarely with i or 2 shallow lobes; peduncles generally
much longer than the leaves; flowers several, pink, fad-
ing yellowish, capitate-umbellate, about (>" long, similar
to those of the preceding species; pedicels long;
pod linear, straight, little compressed, sessile,
long, 2^^ wide, sparingly pubescent; seeds mealy-pubes-
cent, \yz"-i" long.
In sandy soil, Long Island to Florida, Indiana and Lou-
isiana. July-Sept.
Pink Wild Bean.
3. Strophostyles pauciflora (Benth.) S. Wats.
Small Wild Bean. (Fig. 2237.)
Phaseolus pauciflorus Benth. Comm. Leg. Gen. 76. 1837.
Phaseolus leiospermust. & G. Fl. N. A. i: 280. 1838.
Strophostyles pauciflorus S. Wats, in A. Gray, Man. Ed. 6,
145. 1890.
Root annual, stem slender, finely retrorsely hirsute,
low-climbing or trailing, i°-2%° long. Stipules ovate-
lanceolate, yz"-iyi" long; leaflets lanceolate or linear-ob-
long, obtuse at the apex, rounded at the base, entire, ()"-
1^" long, wide; peduncles exceeding the leaves;
flowers 2-6, capitate-umbellate, purplish, about 3'' long;
pod flat, linear, about \' long and 7." wide, very pubes-
cent; seeds purple, glabrous and shining at maturity, \yz"
long.
Along rivers, Indiana to Minnesota, south to Mississippi,
Missouri and Texas. July-Sept.
46. VIGNA Savi, Mem. Phas. 3: 7. 1826.
Climbing or trailing herbaceous vines, or sometimes erect herbs, with pinnately 3-folio-
late stipulate leaves, the leaflets broad. Flowers clustered at the ends of long axillary
peduncles, yellowish or purplish, the rachis of the head or raceme knotty, the bracts and
bractlets early deciduous. Calyx 5-toothed, or the 2 upper teeth united. Standard nearly
orbicular, auricled at the base; wings shorter than the standard; keel about equalling the
standard, slightly incurved. Stamens diadelphous (9 and i). Ovary sessile; ovules numer-
ous; style bearded along the inner side. Pod linear, nearly terete, 2-valved. [In honor of
Domenic Vigni, a commentator on Theophrastus.]
About 30 species, natives of warm and tropical regions. Besides the following, another occurs
in the southern United States.
340
PAPILIONACEAE.
[Vol. II.
I. Vigna Sinensis (L,.) Endl. Cow Pea. China Bean.
(Fig. 2238.)
Black-eved Bean.
Dolichos Sinensis L. Cent. PI. 2: 28. 1756.
Dolichos Caljang L. Mant. i: 269. 1767.
Vigna Catjang Walp. Linnaea, 13: 533. 1839.
Vigna Sinensis Endl.; Hassk. PI. Jav. Rar. 386. 1848.
Annual, glabrous, or somewhat pubescent; stem
twining or trailing, striate. Stipules ovate or ovate-
lanceolate, acuminate, prolonged backward, t,"-
10" long; petioles stout, often as long as the leaf-
lets or longer; terminal leaflet rhombic- ovate,
acute or blunt, 2'-6' long, often about as wide,
long-stalked; lateral leaflets very obliquely ovate
and inequilateral, about as large as the terminal
one, short-stalked; flowers few near the knotty ends
of the long peduncles, yellowish, 8"-io" long;
pod fleshy, 4^-7' long, I'^-J^'' thick, nearly straight;
seeds with a dark circle around the scar of attach-
ment.
Escaped from cultivation, Missouri to Texas and
Georgia. Native of Asia, and called Chowley, Tow-
cok. Seeds edible. July-Sept.
Family 50. GERANIACEAE J. St. Hil. Expos. Fam. 2: 51. 1805.
Geranium Family.
Herbs with alternate or opposite leaves, and axillary solitary or clustered
perfect regular flowers. Stipules commonly present. Sepals 5 (rarely fewer),
mostly persistent. Petals of the same number, hypogynous. Stamens as many
as the sepals, or 2-3 times as many, distinct; anthers 2-celled, versatile. Ovary
I, usually 5-lobed and 5-celled; ovules i or 2 in each cavity. Fruit capsular.
Embryo straight or curved; cotyledons flat or plicate.
About 10 genera and 450 species, natives of temperate regions, most abundant in South Africa.
Anthers lo, rarely 5; carpel-tails not hairy inside. 1. Gei'anium.
Anthers 5; carpel-tails bearded inside. 2. Erodium.
I. GERANIUM L. Sp. PI. 676. 1753.
Herbs with stipulate palmately lobed, cleft or divided leaves, and axillary 1-2-flowered
peduncles. Flowers regular, 5-merous. Sepals 5, imbricated. Petals 5, h5'pogynous,
imbricated. Stamens 10 (rarely 5), generally 5 longer and 5 shorter. Ovary 5-lobed, 5-
celled, beaked with the compound style. Ovules 2 in each cavity. Capsule elasticall}'
dehiscent, the 5 cavities i -seeded and long-tailed by the persistent style-divisions which are
naked on the inner side. [Greek, a crane, from the long beak of the fruit.]
About 170 species, widely distributed in temperate regions. Besides the following, some 6
others occur in western North America.
Perennial; flowers i' broad or more. i. G. viactilalum.
Annuals or biennials; flowers 2" -6" broad.
Leaves 3-divided; segments pinnatifid, thin. 2. G. Roberlianum.
Leaves pedately lobed or dissected.
Peduncles i -flowered. 3. G. Sibiricum.
Peduncles 2-flowered.
Peduncles longer than the leaves; carpels smooth and glabrous. 4. G. cohimbimim.
Peduncles short; carpels rugose or hair5'.
Seeds reticulated or pitted.
Glandular-pubescent with long white hairs. 5. G. rolitndifoliuvi.
Pubescent with short hairs; leaves deeply lobed.
Flowers pale purple; seeds minutely reticulated.
Beak short-pointed; inflorescence compact. 6. G. Carolinianum.
Beak long-pointed; inflorescence loose. 7. G. Bicknellii.
Flowers deep purple; seeds deeply pitted. 8. G. dissecium.
Seeds smooth or nearly so.
Stamens 5; carpels hairj-, not rugose. 9. G. pusillum.
Stamens 10; carpels glabrate, rugose. 10. G. molle.
Voi,. II.]
GERANIUM FAMILY.
I. Geranium maculatum L,.
Wild or Spotted Crane's-bill.
Alum-root. (Fig. 2239.)
Geranhim maculatum L,. Sp. PI. 681. 1753.
Perennial from a thick rootstock, pubes-
cent with spreading or retrorse hairs,
erect, simple, or branching above, i°-2°
high. Basal leaves long-petioled, nearly
orbicular, broadly cordate or reniform,
3'-6^ wide, deeply 3-5-parted, the divi-
sions obovate, cuneate, variously toothed
and cleft; stem-leaves 2, opposite, short er-
petioled, otherwise similar to the basal
ones; peduncles 1-5, elongated, generally
bearing a pair of leaves at the base of the
umbellate inflorescence; ultimate pedi-
cels \'-2' long; flowers rose-purple, \'-
lyi,' broad; sepals awn-pointed, villous,
ciliate; petals woolly at the base; beak of
the fruit I'-i^' long; carpels pubescent;
seed reticulate.
In woods, Newfoundland to Manitoba,
south to Georgia, Alabama and Missouri.
April-July.
2. Geranium Robertianum L.
Herb Robert. Red Robin. (Fig. 2240.)
Geranium Robertianum L. Sp. PI. 68i. 1753.
Annual or biennial, glandular-villous,weak,
extensively branching, erect or decumbent,
6'-i8' high, heavy-scented. Leaves thin,
ovate- orbicular in outline, ternately divided
to the base, the divisions again divided or
cleft, finely lobedor toothed, the teeth oblong,
mucronate; peduncles slender, 2-flowered, \'-
2f long; pedicels divaricate, Yz' long; sepals
acuminate and awn-pointed; flowers red-pur-
ple, about &' broad; petals long, nar-
row-clawed; beak of the fruit about \' long,
awn-pointed, nearly glabrous; carpels nearly
glabrous, slightly wrinkled; seed smooth.
In rocky woods, rarely in sandy places, New
Brunswick and Nova Scotia to Manitoba, south
to southern New York, New Jersey, Pennsylva-
nia and Missouri. Occurs also in Europe, Asia
and northern Africa. Odor disagreeable. Old
names, Red-shanks, Dragons'-blood. May-Oct.
3. Geranium Sibiricum I^. Siberian
Crane's-bill. (Fig. 2241.)
Geranium Sibiricum L. Sp. PI. 683. 1753.
Annual, villous-pubescent, freely branched,
decumbent or ascending, i°-4^° high.
Leaves deeply 3-5-parted, 2^-2^' broad,
nearly orbicular, or cordate-reniform, the
divisions oval -lanceolate, cleft or toothed;
peduncles slender, i-flowered, 2^-3' long, 2-
bracted near the middle; flowers nearly white,
■x/'-/^" broad ; sepals oval, awned ; beak of
the fruit canescent, long, tipped with
a short prolongation; lobes of the capsule
puberulent or hairy, seed minutely reticulate.
Abundant along roadsides in the northern part
of New York City; also found at Cambidge,
Mass. Adventive from Asia. Some of the pedi-
cels are rarely 2-flowered. June-Sept.
342
GERANIACEAE.
[Vol. II.
4. Geranium columbinum L. Long-
stalked Craue's-bill. (Fig. 2242.)
Geranium columbinum 1,. Sp. PI. 682. 1753.
Annual, slender, decumbent or prostrate, slightly
hispid-pubescent with whitish appressed hairs.
Leaves \'-\yi' in diameter, pedately deeply 5-9-
divided into narrow, mostly linear variously cleft seg-
ments; petioles very slender, those of the lower and
basal leaves often s'-6' long; peduncles also slender,
longer than the upper leaves, 2-flowered; pedicels
\'~2> long; flowers purple, about \" broad; sepals
ovate, awn-pointed, enlarging in fruit; petals notched;
capsule-lobes nearly glabrous, keeled, not rugose;
beak (i"-\o" long, hispid; seeds deeply pitted.
In fields and along roadsides, New Jersey, Pennsylva-
nia, Maryland and Virginia. Also in Dakota. Natural-
ized or adventive from Europe. Native also of northern
Asia. May-July.
5. Geranium rotundifolium L,. Round-
leaved Crane's-bill. (Fig. 2243.)
Geranium rotundifolium L. Sp. PI. 683. 1753.
Annual, often tufted, 6'-i8' high, much branched,
softly pubescent with spreading white purple-tipped
glandular hairs. Leaves reniform-orbicular, broader
than long, lyi' wide, cleft about to the middle into
5-9 obtuse broad lobes, which are 3-5 -toothed; peti-
oles slender, those of the basal leaves elongated; flow-
ers purple, broad; sepals ovate, or oval, short-
pointed, somewhat shorter than the entire obovate
petals; ovary and capsule-lobes hairy, not wrinkled;
beak pubescent, about d" long, pointed with a short
awn; seeds reticulated.
In waste places, Michigan, and in ballast about New
Fugitive from Europe. Native also of northern
York
Asia,
Summer.
6. Geranium Carolinianum L. Carolina
Crane's-bill. (Fig. 2244.)
Gera7tium Carolinianum L. Sp. PI. 682. 1753.
Annual, erect, generally branched from the base
and also above, stout, 6'-i5' high, loosely pubes-
cent with spreading often glandular gray hairs.
Leaves petioled, reniform-orbicular in outline, i'-
3' wide, deeply cleft into 5-9 oblong or obovate
cuneate toothed or lobed segments; peduncles
rather short and stout, 2-flowered ; flowers in
compact clusters, pale pink or whitish, \"-(>"
broad; sepals ovate, ciliate, awn-pointed, about
equalling the obovate emarginate petals; ovary-
lobes hispid-pubescent; persistent filaments not
longer than the carpels; beak nearly \' long,
short-pointed; seeds ovoid-oblong, finely reticu-
lated.
In barren soil. Nova Scotia (?), New England to
British Columbia, south to Florida and Mexico. Also
in Bermuda. April-Aug.
Vol. II.]
GERANIUM FAMILY.
343
7. Geranium Bicknellii Britton. Bick-
nell's Crane's-bill. (Fig. 2245.)
Geranium Bicknellii Britton, Bull. Torr. Club, 24:
92. 1897.
Similar to the preceding species, but taller,
the stems usually more slender, loosely pubes-
cent. Leaves slender-petioled, somewhat angu-
late in outline, the segments oblong or linear-
oblong, mostly narrower; peduncles slender, 2-
flowered, the inflorescence loose; sepals lanceo-
late, awn-pointed; ovary-lobes pubescent; per-
sistent filaments longer than the carpels; beak
about 1' long, long-pointed, its tip 2"--^" long;
seeds reticulated.
Nova Scotia (?), Maine to Western Ontario and
southern New York. May-Sept.
8. Geranium dissectum L. Cut-leaved
Crane's-bill. (Fig. 2246.)
Geratiiiim dissectum L. Amoen. Acad. 4: 282. 1760.
Closely related to the two preceding species,
but smaller in every way, more slender, the
branches decumbent or ascending; leaves sel-
dom more than lyi' wide, deeply cleft into
narrower segments; inflorescence loose; pedun-
cles short, 2-flowered; flowers purple, about
broad; sepals ovate, awned, equalling or slightly
longer than the notched petals; capsule-lobes
and beak pubescent; seeds ovoid or globose,
deeply pitted.
In waste places, and in ballast in New York and
New Jersey. Also in the far Northwest. Fugitive
from IJurope. June-Sept.
g. Geranium pusiUum L. Small-flow-
ered Crane's-bill. (Fig. 2247.)
Geratiiuni pusillum I,. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 957. 1763.
Annual, widely branching, slender, weak, pu-
bescent or villous, 4^-18^ long. Leaves petioled,
reniform-orbicular, Yz'-^yi' wide, deeply divided
into 7-9 oblong, or sometimes linear-oblong, entire
or 3-toothed, cuneate lobes; peduncles short,
^" long, 2-flowered; pedicels 3^'-i2'^ long; sepals
acute, awnless; flowers pale-purple, broad;
petals notched; capsule-lobes hairy, keeled, not
wrinkled; beak about 5" long, canescent; seed
smooth; anther-bearing stamens commonly only
5, as in Erodiuin.
In waste places, southern New England to western
New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Ontario
and British Columbia. Adventive from Europe.
May-Sept.
344
GERANIACEAE.
[Vol. II.
10. Geranium molle L. Doves's-foot Crane' -bill. (Fig. 2248.)
Geranium molle I,. Sp. PI. 682. 1753.
Resembling the preceding species, but more villous, the
leaves nearly orbicular [in outline and not as deeply cleft,
generally only to just below the middle, into 7-1 1 obovate or
cuneate lobes, which are 3-5-toothed at the apex; flowers dark-
purple, l"-^" broad; sepals_obtusish, not awned; capsule-lobes
distinctly marked with transverse wrinkles; beak about ^"
long, sparingly pubescent; seeds smooth or striate, not pitted,
nor reticulate; anther-bearing filaments 10.
In waste places, Maine to Pennsylvania, New York, Ohio and
Ontario. Also in Washington and Vancouver. Fugitive from Eu-
rope. Other English names are Pigeon-foot, Starlights, Culverfoot.
May-Sept.
2. ERODIUM L'Her. Geran. pi. i. 1787.
Herbs, generally with jointed nodes, opposite or alternate
stipulate leaves, and axillary umbellate nearly regular flow-
ers. Sepals 5, imbricated. Petals 5, hypogynous, imbricated,
the 2 upper slightly smaller. Glands 5. Anther-bearing sta-
mens 5, alternating with as many sterile filaments. Ovary 5-
lobed, 5-celled, beaked by the united styles, the beak termina-
ting in 5 stigmas; ovules 2 in'each cavity. Capsule-lobes i-seeded, the styles elastically dehis-
cent and coiled spirally at maturity, villous-bearded on the inner.side. Seeds not reticulate.
[Greek, a heron, from the resemblance of the fruit to its beak and bill.]
About 60 species, widely distributed in temperate and warm regions. There are three native
species in the southwest and several exotic ones have been collected on ballast at the seaports.
I. Erodium cicutarium (I,.) L'Her.
Hemlock Stork' s-bill or Heron's-bill.
Alfilaria. Pine Needle. (Fig, 2249.)
Geranium cicularitim L. Sp. PI. 680. 1753.
Erodium cicutarium 1,'Her. ; Ait. Hort. Kew. 2: 414.
1789.
Annual, tufted, villous-pubescent, somewhat
viscid, erect or ascending, branched, 6'-i2' high.
Basal and lower leaves petioled, 3^-7' long, y^'-i'
wide, pinnate, the divisions finely pinnatifid; upper
leaves sessile, otherwise similar; peduncles gener-
ally longer than the leaves, umbellately 2-12-
flowered; flowers purple or pink, broad;
sepals acute, villous, about equalling the entire
petals; carpels hairy; beak Yz'-iYz' long, its divi-
sions spirally coiled when ripe.
Waste places and fields, Nova Scotia, Ontario, New
Jersey, New England, Pennsylvania and Michigan and
very abundant from Texas to Oregon. Adventive from
Europe, in our area. A common weed in the Old World.
Called also Pin-clover, Pin-grass. April-Sept.
Erodium moschatum Willd., reported from Ontario
and Maine, has much broader leaf -segments.
Family 51. OXALIDACEAE Lindl. Nat. Sy.st. Ed. 2, 140. 1836.*
Wood-sorrel Family.
Annual or perennial leafj^-stemmed or acaulescent herbs, or rarely shrubs,
often with rootstocks or scaly bulbs, the sap .sour. Leaves mostly palmately 3-
foliolate, in some exotic .species pinnate or entire and peltate; stipules commonly
present as scarious expansions of the petiole-bases; leaflets mostlj^ obcordate.
Flowers perfect, in umbel-like or forking cj^mes, or sometimes solitary; pedun-
cles mostly long. Sepals 5, often unequal. Petals 5, white, pink, purple or
yellow. Stamens 10-15. Ovary 5-celled, 5-lobed; styles united, or distinct;
ovules 2-many in each cavity; fruit a loculicidal globose or columnar capsule,
rarely baccate. Embr^^o straight, in fleshy endosperm.
About 7 genera and 270 species, chiefly of tropical distribution.
* Text contributed by Dr. John K. Small.
Voi<. II.]
WOOD-SORREL FAMILY.
345
I. OXALIS L. Sp. PI. 433- 1753-
Annual or perennial, caulescent or acaulesceut, often bulbous herbs, with alternate, basal
or cauline, mostly digitately -compound leaves (3-foliolate in our species) and axillary or
basal, i-several-flowered peduncles. Flowers regular, often heterogenous. Sepals 5, im-
bricated. Petals 5, hypogynous. Stamens 10, monadelphous at base, 5 longer and 5 shorter,
all anther-bearing. Ovary 5-lobed, 5-celled; ovules several in each cavity; styles 5, separate,
persistent, stigmas terminal. Capsule subglobose, ovoid, or columnar, loculicidally dehis-
cent. Seeds 2 or more in each cavity, anatropous, with a loose aril-like dehiscent outer coat.
Cotyledons flat; endosperm fleshy. [Greek, sour, from the acid juice.]
About 250 species, mostly natives of warm or tropical regions, a few in the temperate zones.
Besides the following, some 10 others occur in the southern and western states.
Acaulescent; flowers white, pink or rose-purple.
Scape i-flowered; flower pink, or rarely white; capsule subglobose. i. O. Acelosella.
Scape several-flowered; flowers rose-purple, or rarely white ; capsule ovoid. 2. O. violacea.
Caulescent; flowers yellow.
Flowers in umbel-like cymes.
Stems creeping; stipules usually conspicuous. 3. O. corniculata.
Stems not creeping, erect or decumbent; stipules usually inconspicuous.
Pedicels with appressed pubescence, reflexed or deflexed in mature fruit.
Stemswiry; capsules4"-6" long, gradually narrowed to the apex. 4. O. filipes.
Stems stout; capsules 8"-i5" long, abruptly narrowed at the apex. 5. O. stricta.
Pedicels villous, erect or spreading in fruit. 6. O. recurva.
Flowers in dichotomous cymes.
Petals 4"-5" long; capsules slender, $"-7" long; seeds K" long. 7. O. cymosa.
Petals 6"-8" long; capsules stout, 3"-5" long; seeds i" long. 8. O. grandis.
I. Oxalis Acetosella L,. "White or True
Wood-sorrel. Alleluia. (Fig. 2250.)
Oxalis Acelosella L. Sp. PI. 433. 1753.
Perennial from a scaly nearly unbranched root-
stock, acaulescent, 2"-6" high, pubescent with
scattered brownish hairs. Leaves 3-6, long-petioled;
petioles jointed and dilated at the base; leaflets
obcordate, wider than long; scapes 1-3, slightly
longer than the leaves, i-flowered, 2-bracted above
the middle; flowers broadly campanulate, about
long; sepals obtusish; petals white or pink, veined
with deep pink, emarginate or entire, 3-4 times as
long as the calyx; capsule subglobose, long,
glabrous, its cavities 1-2-seeded; seeds ovoid,
longitudinally grooved.
In cold damp woods, Nova Scotia to Manitoba, the mountains of North Carolina, and the north
shore of Lake Superior. Cleistogene flowers are borne on recurved scapes at the base of the plant.
Native also in Europe, Asia and northern Africa. Old names, Wood-sower or Wood-sour, Cuckoo's
Meat, Sour Trefoil, Stub-wort, Shamrock. Yields the druggists' " Salt of Lemons." May-July.
2. Oxalis violacea L. Violet Wood-
sorrel. (Fig. 2251.)
Oxalis violacea L. Sp. PI. 434. 1753.
Perennial from a brownish bulb with ciliate
scales, acaulescent, 4^-9' high, nearly or quite gla-
brous. Leaves generally 4-8, long and slender-
petioled, about wide; leaflets obcordate, minutely
reticulated, the midrib sometimes sparingly hairy;
scapes several, commonly exceeding the leaves,
umbellately 3-12-flowered; pedicels slender; flowers
%"-\o" long, heterogenous; sepals obtuse; petals
rose-purple, rarely white, lighter toward the base,
obtuse or truncate, 3 times as long as the sepals;
capsule ovoid, 1" in diameter; cavities 2-3-seeded;
seeds flattened, rugose-tuberculate.
In woods, northern New England to Minnesota and
the Rocky Mountains, south to Florida and New Mex-
ico. Also apparently the same plant in the Andes of
Bolivia. May-June.
OXALIDACEAE.
[Vot. II.
3. Oxalis corniculata 1,. Yellow Pro-
cumbent Wood-sorrel. (Fig. 2252.)
Oralis corniculala L- Sp. PI. 435. 1753.
Annual or perennial from creeping rootstocks,
pubescent with appressed hairs or nearly glabrous,
freely branching from the base and with a few
branches above; stem i'-6' higli, the branches
diffuse, mainly procumbent and often rooting
from the nodes. Leaflets obcordate, wider than
long, about Yz' wide; petioles slender, dilated at
the base into oblong rounded or truncate stipules;
peduncles 1-3-flowered; flowers yellow,
long; pedicels strigillose, more or less reflexed;
capsule oblong, gradually narrowed to the apex,
5^-9'' long; appressed pubescent; seeds com-
pressed, transversely ridged.
In ballast about the eastern sea-ports, and fre-
quently growing on the ground in greenhouses.
Texas and throughout tropical America. Recently
found in Ontario. Occurs also in warm and tropical
regions of the Old World. Ladies' Sorrel. Feb. -Nov.
4. Oxalis'filipes Small, n. sp. Slender Yel-
low Wood-sorrel. (Fig. 2253.)
Annual or perennial, very slender, sparsely pu-
bescent with appressed hairs ; stem erect, nearly
simple, usually very leafy, wiry, io'-2° high. Leaves
Y'-Vz' wide, long-petioled, not stipulate, or the
stipules represented by a narrow dilation of the base
of the'petiole; leaflets obcordate, with unequal sides,
peduncles slender, equalling or exceeding the leaves,
2-3-flowered; flowers yellow, in umbel-like cymes;
pedicels very slender, strigillose or glabrate, recurved
in mature fruit; sepals oblong-lanceolate, 1" long,
obtuse with a tuft of hair at the apex; petals \" long,
emarginate; capsule \"~(>" long, gradually narrowed
to the apex, often curved; seeds obovoid or oblong,
yi," long, with continuous ridges.
In'woods, Virginia to Tennessee, south to Georgia and
Tennessee. Plant smaller than the preceding, with the
leaflets often dark-margined. May-Aug.
5. Oxalis striata L,. Upright Yellow
Wood-sorrel. (Fig. 2254.)
Oxalis slricla L. Sp. PI. 435. 1753.
Oxalis corniculata var. slricla Sav. in Lam. Encycl.
4: 683. 1797.
Annual, or perennial, usually low and erect, pale
green. Stem commonly branched at the base,
the branches spreading, ^'-6' long, more or less
strigose; leaves (^"-lyi' broad; leaflets coarsely
cellular, very sensitive, closing when touched;
petiole-bases narrowly dilated; flowers yellow,
fragrant, in umbel-like C3fmes, peduncles i^'-6'
long, stout; pedicels at length deflexed; sepals
linear or lanceolate, about 2yi^' long, ciliolate,
erect or ascending; petals A''-^" long, commonly
reddish at the base; capsule columnar, ^"-1^"
long, abruptly narrowed at the summit; seeds obo-
void, or elliptic, about long, with interrupted
transverse ridges.
In woods and fields, Nova Scotia to Dakota and
Colorado, south to Florida and Texas. Introduced
into Europe as a weed. April-Oct.
Voi<. II.]
WOOD-SORREI. FAMILY
6. Oxalis recurva Ell. lyarge-flowered
Wood-sorrel. (Fig. 2255.)
Oxalis recurva V.W. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 1: 526. 1821.
Perennial by horizontal rootstocks, pilose or
villous. Stem erect, or decumbent, 5^-12' tall,
often woody at the base; leaves J^'-i %' broad;
leaflets sharply notched; petioles lYz'-y/z'
long, pubescent like the stem, slightly dilated
at the base; flowers bright yellow, in umbel-
like cymes, i or 2 opening at a time; pedicels
villous, about as long as the flowers, erect, or
spreading; sepals oblong, about 3'' long, ob-
tuse, nearly erect; petals about '^" long,
slightly notched; capsule columnar, d" long,
abruptly narrowed at the summit; seeds obo-
void, 'ii" long, with broken transverse ridges.
In rocky or sandy places, Missouri to South
Carolina and Alabama. April-Aug.
7. Oxalis cymosa Small. Tall Yel-
low Wood- sorrel. (Fig. 2256.)
Oxalis cymosa Small, Bull. Torr. Club, 23: 267.
1896.
Annual or perennial, normally tall, bright
green. Stem usually erect, 6^-4° high, branch-
ed above, often villous, reddish or brown;
leaves g'^-iS^' broad, on petioles 'i-Yz'-'i' long;
leaflets broader than long, sharply notched;
petiole-bases scarcely dilated; flowers yellow,
in dichotomous cymes; pedicels erect, or
ascending, long, more or less villous;
sepals lanceolate or narrowly elliptic, ^"-j/'
long, finally spreading; petals obtuse, or
emarginate, long; capsule slender,
columnar, ^"-']" long, gradually narrowed
to the summit; seeds obovoid-oblong, ^/i"
long, with nearly continuous ridges.
In woods and fields, Ontario to Michigan,
Florida, Nebraska and Texas. May-Oct.
8. Oxalis grandis Small. Great Yellow
Wood-sorrel. (Fig. 2257.)
Oxalis rec7irva Trel. Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 4:
89. 1888. Not Ell. 1821.
Oxalis grandis Small, Bull. Torr. Club, 21; 474. 1894.
Annual or biennial, stout, glabrate below or vil-
lous, bright green. Stem erect, i°-4° tall, simple,
or nearly so; leaves 1X^-3^ broad; leaflets usually
unequal, often with a brown margin, more or less
ciliate ; petioles villous, hardly dilated at the base,
2^-6' long; flowers yellow, in dichotomous cymes;
pedicles long, erect, or spreading; sepals
unequal ; ovate, or oblong, 2'^-3'' long, often ciliate
at the apex; petals rounded at the apex, (i"-W
long; capsule stout, ovoid, or ovoid- oblong, ^f'-
^" long, seeds ovoid or obovoid, \" long, with con-
spicuous broken transverse ridges.
On river banks, Pennsylvania to Illinois, North
Carolina and Tennessee. May-Aug.
348 LINACEAE. [Vol. II.
Family 52. LINACEAE Dumort. Comm. Bot. 61. 1822.
Fi..\x Family.
Herbs, or shrubs, with alternate or opposite leaves, and perfect regular nearly
symmetrical flowers. Stipules mostly small or none. Sepals 5, rarely 4, im-
bricated, persistent. Petals of the same number and alternate with the sepals,
imbricated, generally contorted. Stamens of the same number, alternate with
the petals; filaments monadelphous at the base; anthers versatile, 2 -celled.
Ovary i, 2-5-celled, or by false septa 4-10-celled. Ovules anatropous. Styles
2-5. Fruit mainly capsular. Seeds 1-2 in each cavitj^, oily; endosperm little
or none; embryo straight; cotjdedons flat.
Four known genera and about 150 species of wide geographic distribution in temperate and
tropical regions.
I. LINUM L. Sp. PI. 277. 1753.
Annual or perennial herbs, sometimes woody at the base, with alternate or opposite,
rarely verticillate, sessile leaves, and perfect flowers. Inflorescence axillarj' or terminal,
cymose, racemose or paniculate. Stipules a pair of glands, or wanting. Sepals 5. Petals
5, fugacious. Stamens 5, monadelphous, sometimes with interspersed staminodia. Ovarj-
4-5-celled, or 8-io-celled by false partitions, the real cavities 2-ovuled. Capsule 5-10-valved.
[The classical Latin name.]
About 90 species, natives of temperate or warm regions. In addition to the following some 17
others occur in the southern and western parts of the United States.
7f Flowers blue.
Annual; introduced; capsule about as long as the calyx. i. L. usilatissimnm.
Perennial; western; capsule much exceeding the calyx. 2. L. Lewisii.
vr Flowers yellow.
Capsules long.
Leaves and bracts entire.
Stem nearly terete, corymbosely branched; usually only the lowest leaves opposite.
Leaves thin, oblong or oblanceolate, spreading. 3. L. Virginianum.
Leaves firm, appressed-ascending.
Capsule depressed-globose, i" high. 4. L. medium.
Capsule ovoid, iH" high. 5. L. Floridannvi.
Stem angled, racemosely branched; leaves below the branches mostly all opposite.
6. L. striatum.
Upper leaves and bracts glandular-ciliate. 7. L. sulcatum.
Capsules 2"-2K" long. 8. L. rigidum.
•X- * * Flowers white, small, long-pedicelled. 9. L. calharticum.
I. Linum usitatissimum L. Flax.
Lint-bells. Linseed. (Fig. 2258.)
Liniivi usilatissimnm L. Sp. PI. 277. 1753.
Annual, often tufted, erect, branching
above, \2'-2o' high, glabrous and somewhat
glaucous. Stem terete, striate, the branches
slightly angular; leaves alternate, 3-nerved,
lanceolate, Y^'-iYz' long, i"-3" wide, acute
or acuminate; stipules none; inflorescence a
terminal cymose leafj' panicle; flowers blue,
broad; pedicels slender; sepals oval,
acuminate, the interior ones ciliate and 3-
ribbed; petals obcuneate, crenulate, twice
the length of the sepals; capsule ovoid-
conic, long, equalling or somewhat
exceeding the sepals, indehiscent, incom-
pletely lo-celled, the septa not ciliate; seeds
compressed.
Along roadsides, railways and in waste places,
fugitive from Europe or from cultivation.
Called also Flix, Lin, Lint. Summer.
Linum humile Mill. Gard. Diet. No. 2, variously regarded by authors as a distinct species or a
variety or form of the Common Flax, may be distinguished by its dehiscent capsule with ciliate
septa. It is rarely met with in our area in similar situations. Both have been cultivated since
prehistoric times for their fibre and oil. Their origin is unknown.
Vol. II.]
FLAX FAMIIvY.
349
2. Linum Lewisii Pursh. Lewis' "Wild Flax. (Fig. 2259.)
Linum Lewisii Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 210. 1814.
Linum perenne var. Leivisii Eat. & Wright, N. A. Bot.
302. 1840.
Perennial from a woody root, i°-2° high, gla-
brous, glaucous, densely tufted, simple up to the
cymose inflorescence. Leaves crowded, oblong or
linear, 3^^-20'^ long, Yz''-^" wide, acute or acutish,
3-5-nerved; flowers blue, I'-iYz' broad; sepals
oval, mainly obtuse, one-third or one-fourth the
length of the petals; stigmas shorter than the styles;
capsule broadly ovoid, 2-3-times as long as the
calyx, obtuse, incompletely lo-celled, dehiscent,
the septa ciliate.
Prairies, Manitoba to Texas, west to Arizona, Utah
and Alaska. Summer.
The European L. perenne L., otherwise nearly iden-
tical with this species, differs in having heterogonous
flowers.
3. Linum Virginianum L. Wild or Slender Yellow Flax. (Fig. 2260.)
Linum Virginianum L. Sp. PI. 279. 1753.
Perennial by suckers, erect or ascending,
glabrous, rather dark green, simple below,
corymbose-paniculate above, i°-2° high.
Stem and branches terete, slender, not stiflF,
striate, or slightly angled above; flowering
branches ascending, or sometimes weak
and recurved; fruiting branches ascending,
or somewhat spreading; leaves thin, ob-
long, or oblanceolate, spreading or ascend-
ing, i-nerved, 6^^-13'' long, i''-^/' wide,
acute, or the lower opposite and spatulate,
obtuse; pedicels filiform, the lower 2"-6"
long, longer than the calyx; flowers yellow,
broad; sepals ovate, acute, not cili-
ate, about equalling the depressed-globose
lo-celled capsule, which is about \" high.
In shaded situations, New England to
Georgia. June-Aug.
4. Linum medium (Planch.) Britton.
Stiff Yellow Flax. (Fig. 2261.)
Linum Virginianum var. medium Planch. Lond.
Bot. 7: 480. 1848.
Perennial by suckers, glabrous; stems erect,
striate, stiff, not angled, corymbosely branched
above, the branches erect-ascending both in flower
and in fruit; leaves firm, appressed-ascending,
the lowest commonly spatulate and opposite, the
others lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, acute, i,"-
\2" long, Yi,"-2" wide; pedicels Y'-"-''," long, the
lower rarely longer than the calyx; sepals ovate,
or ovate-lanceolate, acute, about equalling the de-
pressed-globose capsule, which is about \" high.
In dry soil, Ontario to Florida and Texas. June-Aug.
350
LINACEAE.
[Vol. II.
5. Linum Floridanum (Planch.) Trel. Florida Yellow Flax. (Fig. 2262.)
Linum I'irginianum var. Floridaniiin{l) Planch.
Lond. Journ. Bot. 7: 480. 1848.
Linum Plorida?iutn Trel. Trans. St. Louis Acad. 5:
13. 1887.
Perennial, glabrous, stem strict, stiff, terete,
i>2°-2j^° high, corymbosely branched above, the
branches erect-ascending, slightly angled. Leaves
acute, the lowest mostly opposite, narrowly oblong
or oblanceolate, the others linear-lanceolate, ap-
pressed-ascending, alternate, ^"-10" long, l^''-
1" wide; fruiting branches erect-ascending; fruit-
ing pedicels shorter than or little exceeding the
calyx, or the lowest ones slightly longer; sepals
ovate, acute or acuminate, about equalling the
capsule; capsule ovoid, about lYz" long; petals
yellow, twice as long as the calyx.
Illinois (according to Trelease), Florida to Louisi-
ana. June-Aug.
6. Linum striatum Walt. Ridged
Yellow Flax. (Fig. 2263.)
Linum slriatum Walt. Fl. Car. ii8. 1788.
Linum diffusum Wood, Bot. & Flor. 66. 1870.
Perennial, racemosely branched, light
green and somewhat viscid, so that the plant
adheres to paper in which it is dried, the stem
and branches sharply angled or even winged
by low ridges decurrent from the leaf-bases.
Leaves usually opposite nearly up to the in-
florescence, oblong, acute or obtuse; branches
of the panicle short and divergent; flowers
small, yellow, often clustered; capsule sub-
globose, usually rather longer than the sepals.
In bogs and swamps, rarely in drier ground,
Ontario to Connecticut, Florida, Kentucky,
Arkansas and Texas. Summer.
7. Linum sulcatum Riddell. Grooved
Yellow Flax. (Fig. 2264.)
Linum sulcatum Riddell, Suppl. Cat. Ohio PI. 10. 1836.
Linum Boottii Planch. Lond. Journ. Bot. 7; 475. 1848.
Linum simplex Wood, Bot. & Flor. 66. 1870?
Annual, simple or branched, i°-2° high. Stem
wing-angled and grooved, at least above; leaves
alternate, lanceolate or linear, W-\2" long, \"-
lYz" wide, acute or acuminate, 3-uerved, the
lower glabrous, the upper smaller and glandular-
ciliate, as are the floral bracts and sepals; stipules
represented by a pair of small globose dark-colored
glands; flowers racemose or corymbose, about 6'^
broad, yellow; pedicels \"-\" long; sepals lanceo-
late, acute, slightly longer than the ovoid, acute,
incompletely lo-celled pod; styles separate above
the middle; septa of the capsule ciliate.
In dry soil, Ontario to Manitoba, south, especialls"
along the mountains, to Georgia, west to Texas, rare
near the Atlantic coast. Summer.
Vol. II.]
FLAX FAMILY.
351
8. Linum rigidum Pursh. Large-flowered Yellow Flax. (Fig. 2265.)
Linum rigidum Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept.
210. 1814.
Perennial (?), 6^-15' high, branched,
glaucous, glabrous or puberulent.
Branches stiff, more or less angular;
leaves erect, linear or linear-lanceo-
late, 4'^-i2'' long, ^'''-i^^ wide, acute
or mucronate, the upper ones glandu-
lar-serrulate orciliate; stipular glands
minute, globose, sometimes wanting;
flowers yellow, g'^-is" broad; sepals
lanceolate, acute or awn-pointed,
glandular-serrulate; petals cuneate-
obovate, twice the length of the se-
pals; styles separate only at the sum-
mit; capsule ovoid, 5-valved, shorter
than the sepals, 2^-2}^" long.
Prairies, Manitoba to Texas, New
Mexico, Arizona and Mexico. Sum-
mer.
9. Linum catharticurh L. Dwarf or
Cathartic Flax. (Fig. 2266.)
Linum calharticum L. Sp. PI. 281. 1753.
Annual, slender, glabrous, usually branched,
3'-8^ high. Leaves all opposite, sessile, oval or
somewhat obovate, entire, 2"-d^" long; flowers
axillary and terminal, white, 2"-2/' broad, on
long slender erect or ascending pedicels; sepals
lanceolate, acute or acuminate; petals obovate;
pod small, globose.
Along a low sandy seashore, Pictou, Nova Scotia.
Apparently naturalized from Europe where it is
abundant on chalky soils. Called also Fairy, Moun-
tain or Purging Flax, Fairy Lint. July-Aug.
' Family 53. ZYGOPHYLLACEAE Lindl. Nat. Syst. 1830.
Caltrop Family.
Herbs, shrubs, or some tropical species trees, the branches often jointed to
the nodes. Leaves mostly opposite, stipulate, pinnate, or 2-3-foliolate, the
leaflets entire. Stipules persistent. Flowers perfect, axillary, peduncled.
Sepals usually 5, distinct, or united by their bases. Petals the same number as
the sepals, or none. Stamens as many as the petals, or 2-3 times as many, in-
serted on the base of the receptacle, the alternate ones sometimes longer; anthers
versatile, longitudinally dehiscent; filaments usually with a small scale at the
base or near the middle. Ovary 4-[2-celled; style terminal; stigma usually
simple; ovules i-numerous in each cavity, pendulous, or ascending. Fruit
various, dry in our species. Endosperm of the seed copious or none; embryo
straight or curved; cotyledons linear or oblong.
About 20 genera and 150 species, widely distributed in warm and tropical regions.
Fruit spiny, splitting into 5 3-5-seeded segments. i. Tribulus.
Fruit not spiny, often tubercled, splitting into 10-12 i-seeded segments. 2. Kallstroemia.
352 ZYGOPHYLLACEAE. [Voi,. II.
I. TRIBULUS L. Sp. PI. 387. 1753.
Herbs, tnostly prostrate, with evenly pinnate leaves and peduncled axillary yellow
flowers. Sepals 5, persistent. Petals 5, deciduous. Stamens 10, the alternate ones some-
what longer. Ovary sessile, 5-lobed, 5-celled, hairy, the hairs erect; style short; stigma 5-
ridged; ovules 3-5 in each cavity, pendulous. Fruit 5-angled, spiny, splitting into 5 3-5-
seeded segments. [Greek, three-pronged. Caltrop, from the resemblance of the fruit to that
implement.]
About 12 species, natives of warm and tropical regions. Besides the following, another occurs
in the southwestern States.
I. Tribulus terrestris I,. Ground Bur-
nut. L,and Caltrop. (Fig. 2267.)
Tribulus ierrestris I,. Sp. PI. 387. 1753.
Annual, pubescent, branched from the base, the
stem prostrate or ascending, sometimes 1° long
or more. Leaves petioled; stipules small; leaflets
4-8 pairs, oblong, inequilateral, opposite, short-
stalked, acutish or obtuse, ^"-9>^' long; flowers
solitary, about 6" broad, peduncled; peduncles
shorter than the leaves; petals oblong, about as
long as the sepals; segments of the fruit usually
with 2 long spines, 2 shorter ones, and a row of
very short ones forming a crest on the back, also
commonly with some bristle-like hairs.
In ballast and waste places about the eastern sea-
ports, and in central Nebraska. Fugitive from Europe.
June-Sept.
2. KALLSTROEMIA Scop. Introd. 212. 1777.
Mostly annual branching pubescent herbs, the branches often prostrate, with opposite
stipules, evenly pinnate leaves, and solitary axillary peduncled yellow flowers. Sepals
usually 5, persistent or deciduous. Petals the same number, obovate or oblanceolate, decidu-
ous. Stamens twice as many as the petals. Ovary sessile, io-12-celled; ovule i in each'
cavity, pendulous; style long, or short, io-12-grooved, persistent; stigma mostly 10-12-
ridged. Fruit io-12-lobed, not spiny, often tubercled, splitting into 10-12 i-seeded segments.
[In honor of Kallstroem.]
About 10 species, of wide distribution in warm and tropical regions. Besides the following, 3
others occur in the southern and western States.
I. Kallstroemia maxima (L.) T. & G.
Greater Caltrop. (Fig. 2268.)
Tribulus maximus L. Sp. PI. 387. 1753.
Kallstroemia maxima T. & G. Fl. N. A. i: 213. 1838.
Annual, branches slender, prostrate, 6'-i8' long.
Leaves short-petioled; stipules subulate, shorter than
the petioles; leaflets 3-5 pairs, oval, or oblong, inequi-
lateral, acute or obtuse at the apex, rounded or subcor-
date at the base, i,"-\Q" long; peduncles slender,
long in fruit; flowers \' broad, or less; sepals linear-
lanceolate, very pubescent, persistent, shorter than the
petals; fruit ovoid-conic, about 3'^ in diameter, about as
long as the stout persistent style, the segments tuber-
cled.
In dry soil, Kansas to Georgia, Florida and Texas. Also
in tropical America. April-Sept.
Family 54. RUTACEAE Juss. Gen. 296. 1789.
Rue Family.
Trees or shrubs, rarely herbs, with heavy-scented and glandular-punctate
foliage, alternate or opposite mainly compound exstipulate leaves, and (in our
species) polygamo-dioecious generally cymose flowers. Sepals 4-5, or none.
Petals 4-5, hypogynous or perigynous. Stamens of the same number, or twice
as many, distinct, inserted on the receptacle; anthers 2-celled, mostly versatile.
Disk annular. Pistils 2-5, distinct, or i and compound of 2-5 carpels, inserted
Vol. II.]
RUE FAMILY.
353
on the somewhat elongated receptacle. Fruit (in our species) a capsule, or
samara. Seeds oblong or reniform; embryo straight or curved; endosperm
generally fleshy, sometimes none; cotyledons thick or foliaceous.
About no genera and 880 species, most abundant in South Africa and Australia.
Pistils 3-5, distinct; fruit fleshy, capsular. i. Xanthoxylum,
Pistil 1, 2-celled; fruit a samara. 2. Ptelea.
I. XANTHOXYLUM L. Sp. PI. 270. 1753.
Trees or shrubs with alternate odd-pinnate leaves, the twigs and petioles commonly
prickly. Flowers axillary or terminal, cymose, whitish or greenish, mostly small. Sepals
4 or 5, or none. Petals 4 or 5, imbricated. Staminate flowers with 4 or 5 hypogynous stamens.
Pistillate flowers with 2-5 distinct pistils, rarely with some stamens. Carpels 2-ovuled. Pods
fleshy, 2-valved, 1-2-seeded. Seeds^oblong, black and shining. [Greek, yellow-wood.]
About no species, natives of temperate and tropical regions. In addition to the following 2
others occur in the Southern States.
Flowers in small sessile axillary cymes; calyx none. i. X. Americanutn.
Flowers in large terminal compound cymes; calyx present. 2. X. Clava-Herculis.
I. Xanthoxylum Americanum Mill. Prickly Ash. Toothache-tree. (Fig.2269.)
XanlhoxylKni Americanum Mill. Gard
Diet. Ed. 8, no. 2. 1768.
A shrub, or small tree, reaching a maxi-
mum height of about 25°, and a trunk
diameter of 6'. Leaves alternate, odd-
piunate, pubescent when young, becom-
ing glabrous or nearly so when old; leaf-
lets 5-1 1, ovate, opposite, dark green
above, lighter beneath, nearly sessile,
lYz'-^' long, crenulate or entire, acutish;
flowers greenish, about \yz" broad, in ses-
sile axillary cymes, borne on the wood of
the previous season and appearing before
the leaves; pedicels slender; calyx none;
petals 4 or 5; pistils 2-5; capsules black,
ellipsoid, about 2" long, on short stipes,
i-2-seeded.
In woods and thickets, Quebec to Virginia,
especially along the mountains, west to west-
ern Ontario, Minnesota, Nebraska and Mis-
souri. Wood soft, light brown; weight per
cubic foot 35 lbs. April-May.
2. Xanthoxylum Clava-Herculis
Iv. Southern Prickly Ash. Sea
Ash. Pepper- wood. (Fig. 2270.)
X. Clava-Herculis L. Sp. PI. 270. 1753.
X. Cai'oliniamim I,am. Encycl. 2: 39. 1786.
A small, very prickly tree, with a maxi-
mum height of 45° and trunk diameter of
9 the prickles supported on cushions of
cork sometimes 8' broad. Leaves alter-
nate, odd-pinnate, glabrous, shining
above, dull beneath; leaflets 5-17, ob-
liquely ovate, nearly sessile, 'iYz'-z' long,
acute, crenulate; flowers greenish-white,
in large terminal cymes, appearing before
the leaves; sepals 4 or 5; petals 4 or 5; pis-
tils 2 or 3; capsules about 2" long, sessile.
Along streams, coast of southern Virginia
to Florida, west to Texas and Arkansas.
Wood light brown; weight per cubic foot
31 lbs. June.
23
354 RUTACEAE. [Vol. II.
2. PTELEA L. Sp. PI. ii8. 1753.
Shrubs or small trees, without prickles, the bark bitter. Leaves 3-5-foliolate, with entire
or serrulate leaflets. Flowers greenish white, polygamous, corymbose-paniculate. Calyx
4-5-parted, the lobes imbricated. Petals 4 or 5, much longer than the calyx, also imbricated.
Stamens 4 or 5, alternate with the petals; filaments hairy on the inner side, present in the
pistillate flowers but the anthers abortive or wanting. Ovary flattened, 2-celled (rarely
3-celled). Fruit a nearly orbicular samara, 2-winged (rarely 3-winged), indehiscent. Cells
i-seeded. Seed oblong-ovoid. [Greek, Elm.]
About 6 species, natives of the United States and Mexico.
I. Ptelea trifoliata L. Three-leaved Hop-tree. Shrubby Trefoil.
(Fig. 2271.)
Plelea trifoliata \^. Sp. PI. 118. 17531
A shruh or small tree, with a maximum
height of about 20° and trunk diameter
of 6'. Leaves long-petioled, 3-foliolate,
pubescent when young, glabrate when
old; leaflets ovate or oval, z'-j' long, ses-
sile, crenulate, acute or obtuse, the lateral
ones somewhat oblique, the terminal one
more or less cuneate at the base; flowers
about 5'' broad, in terminal compound
cymes; odor disagreeable; sepals y^" long,
obtuse; petals about 3'' long, oblong;
samara S'^-g" in diameter, the wing
membranous and reticulated, emarginate,
tipped with the minute persistent style or
this finally deciduous.
In woods, Long- Island to Florida, west to
southern Ontario, Minnesota, Texas and
northern Mexico. The fruit is bitter and has
been used as a substitute for hops. The
foliage has an unpleasant odor. Wood light
brown; weight per cubic foot 43 lbs. Called
also Wafer-ash, Swamp-Dogrwood, Wingseed.
June.
Family 55. SIMARUBACEAE DC. Bull. See. Philom. 2: 209. 1811.
AiLANTHUs Family.
Trees or shrubs, with bitter bark, and mainly alternate and pinnate not
punctate leaves. Stipules minute or none. Inflorescence axillary, paniculate
or racemose. Flowers regular, dioecious or polygamous. Calyx 3-5-lobed or
divided. Petals 3-5. Disk annular or elongated, entire or lobed. Stamens of
the same number as the petals, or twice as many; anthers 2-celled. Ovaries
2-5, or single and 2-5 -lobed, 1-5 -celled; styles 1-5. Seeds generally solitary
in the cells; embryo straight or curved.
About 27 genera and 145 species, natives of warm or tropical regions, distinguished from Ru-
TACEAE mainly by their non-punctate foliage.
I. AILANTHUS Desf. Mem. Acad. Paris, 1786: 265. pi. 8. 1789.
Large trees, with odd-pinnate leaves, and terminal panicles of greenish-white polyga-
mous flowers. Calyx short, 5-cleft, the lobes imbricated. Petals 5, spreading, valvate.
Disk lo-lobed. Staminate flowers with 10 stamens inserted at the base of the disk. Pistil-
late flowers with a deeply 2-5-cleft ovary, its lobes flat, cuneate, i-celled, and 2-3 stamens.
Ovules solitary in each cavity. Samaras 2-5, linear, or oblong, membranous, veiny, i-seeded
at the middle. Seed compressed; cotyledons flat, nearly orbicular. [From the Chinese
name.]
Three species, natives of China and the East Indies. The following has become widely natu-
ralized in eastern North America.
Vol. 11.]
AIIvANTHUS FAMILY.
355
I. Ailanthus glandulosa Desf.
Tree-of-Heaven. Ailanthus.
(Fig. 2272.)
Ailanthus glandulosa Desf. Mem. Acad.
Paris, 1786: 265. 1789.
A tree, 4o°-90° high. Leaves i°-3°
long, petioled, glabrous, odd-pinnate;
leaflets 13-41, opposite or nearly so,
stalked, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, cordate
or truncate and often oblique at the base,
acute or acuminate at the apex, entire, or
with 1-4 blunt teeth near the base; flowers
greenish, about broad, pedicelled, the
staminate ones ill-scented; samaras
twisted, nearly 2' long, very conspicu-
ous on the pistillate tree in autumn.
Escaped from cultivation, along roadsides
and in fields, spreading extensively by suck-
ers, and seeding freely in some localities,
southern Ontario and in the eastern United
States. Called also Chinese Sumach. Nat-
uralized from China. June-July.
Family 56. POLYGALACEAE Reichenb, Consp. 120. 1828.
Milkwort Family.
Herbs, rarely shrubs or small trees in tropical regions, with alternate, or some-
times opposite or verticillate leaves; stipules none. Flowers racemose, spicate,
or solitary and axillary. Pedicels generally 2-bracted at the base. Flowers
perfect, irregular. Sepals 5, the two lateral ones (wings) large, colored, the
others smaller. Petals 3 (or 5), hypogynous, more or less united into a tube,
the lower one often crested. Stamens generally 8, united in i or 2 sets. Ovary
2-celled; style simple; stigma curved, dilated or lobed; ovules i in each cavity,
anatropous. Fruit mainly capsular. Seeds generally caruncled, often hairy;
embryo straight.
About 10 genera and 750 species, widely distributed in temperate and tropical regions.
I. POLYGALA L. Sp. PI. 701. 1753.
Herbs or shrubs, with alternate opposite or verticillate leaves. Flowers racemose,
spicate, or capitate, rarely solitary and axillary, sometimes also cleistogamous and subter-
ranean. Sepals very unequal, the two lateral ones large and petaloid. Petals 3, united into
a tube which is split on the back, and more or less adnate to the stamens. Stamens 8 or 6,
monadelphous below, or diadelphous; capsule membranous, compressed, dehiscent along
the margin. Seeds i in each cavity, generally hairy. [Greek, much milk.]
A genus of about 260 species, of wide geographic distribution. Besides the following, about
36 others occur in the southern and western parts of North America.
* Flowers in corymbed spike-like racemes at the summit of the stem, yellow.
Basal leaves long, narrow, acuminate. i. P. cymosa.
Basal leaves spatulate, or obovate. 2. P. ramosa.
■X- Flowers in solitary spikes or spike-like racemes, terminating the stem and branches.
Basal leaves spatulate, or obovate; flowers orange- yellow. 3. P. lutea.
Basal leaves inconspicuous, or wanting; flowers not yellow.
Leaves, at least the lower, verticillate; spikes V'-g" thick, blunt; flowers purple to greenish
white.
Spikes sessile, or nearly so; wings deltoid. 4. P. cruciata.
Spikes peduncled; wings lanceolate-ovate. 5. P. b7-evifolia.
Leaves verticillate and alternate; spikes 2"-3" thick, acute.
Verticillate leaves predominating; spikes dense; flowers green to purplish. 6. P. verlicillata.
Alternate leaves predominating; spikes loose, long; flowers more purple. 7. P. ambigua.
Leaves all alternate.
Petals imited into a cleft tube, 3"-4" long; flowers pink.
Petals not conspicuously united into a tube.
Spikes ovoid to globose.
Bracts persistent; flowers rose-purple to white.
Spikes blunt; wings broadly ovate. 9.
Spikes acutish; wings narrowly ovate or elliptic. 10.
Bracts deciduous; flowers rose-purple. 11.
8. P. incarnata.
P. viridescens.
P. Curtissii.
P. Mariana.
356
POLYGALACEAE.
[Vol. II.
Spikes cylindric.
Leaves oblanceolate to linear, 2"-6" long; flowers greenisli to purplish.
12. P. Nutlallii.
Leaves lanceolate, i'-2' long, flowers white or greenish. 13. P. Senega.
Spikes elongated-conic; flowers white. 14.. P. alba.
^ * -X- Flowers distinctly racemose, rose or purple. ij. />. polygaina.
•5f * -X- Flowers 1-4, large, axillary, but apparently terminal, rose-purple to white.
16. P. paucifolia.
I. Polygala cymosa Walt. Tall
Pine-barren Milkwort. (Fig. 2273.)
Polygala cymosa Walt. Fl. Car. 179. 1788.
Polygala acutifolia T. & G. Fl. N. A. l: 128.
1838.
Stem erect, glabrous, 2°-3° high, simple,
slightly angular; roots fibrous. Basal leaves
elongated-linear, attenuate at the apex, 2'-
3' long, 2"-2/' wide, entire, densely tufted;
stem-leaves linear-subulate, bract-like, 5"-
^" long; inflorescence a simple or com-
pound corymb of spike-like racemes; pedi-
cels long; bracts persistent; flowers
yellow, drying greenish black ; seed globose,
minute, nearly glabrous; caruncle none.
In wet pine barrens, Delaware to Florida,
west to Louisiana. May-July.
2. Polygala ramosa Ell. Low Pine-
barren Milkwort. (Fig. 2274.)
co;-y'"i!'Oiffl Nutt. Gen. 2:89. 1818. NotMichx. 1803.
Polygala ramosa EU. Bet. S. C. & Ga. 2: 186. 1822.
Glabrous, stems tufted or single from fibrous
roots, 6'-i6' high, simple. Stem-leaves linear-
oblong, obtuse, b"-iQ" long, wide; basal
leaves much broader and often larger, spatulate
or obovate; inflorescence a terminal compound
corymb, 3'-6' broad, of numerous peduncled
spike-like racemes; flowers citron-yellow, Yyi"
long, drying dark green; pedicels 1" long or
less; wings oblong, acuminate; crest minute; seed
hairy, twice to thrice the length of the caruncle.
In low pine barrens, Delaware to Florida, west to
Louisiana. June-Sept.
3. Polygala lutea L. Orange Milkwort. Wild
Bachelor's Button. (Fig. 2275.)
Polygala hilea L. Sp. PI. 705. 1753.
Glabrous; stems tufted from fibrous roots, erect or as-
cending, or at length divaricately branched, 6'-i2' high.
Stem-leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute or obtuse, long,
■2."-d/' wide, entire; basal leaves broader and often larger,
obovate or spatulate, obtuse; spike-like racemes terminal,
solitary, ovoid or oblong, very dense, >^'-iJ^' long, k"-')"
thick, obtuse; flowers long, orange-yellow, preser\--
ing their color in drying; pedicels long; wings ob-
long-ovate, abruptly acuminate; crest of the corolla-tube
minute; caruncle-lobes linear, about equalling the hairy
seed, or shorter.
In pine-barren swamps, Babylon, Long Island, New Jersey,
south to Florida, west to Louisiana. June-Oct.
Vol,. II.]
MILKWORT FAMILY.
357
4. Polygala cruciata I,
Polygala cruciata L. Sp. PI. 706.
Erect, glabrous, 4'-i6' liigb, at length freely
branching above; stem square or slightly wing-an-
gled. Basal leaves none; those of the stem and
branches verticillate in 4's, or a few of them scat-
tered, linear or oblanceolate, long, i^'-a'^
wide, entire, obtuse, mucronulate, the lower smaller;
spike-like racemes oval, obtuse, ^'^~<)" thick, ses-
sile or short-peduncled; pedicels slender, i%'^-2"
long; bracts persistent; flowers purple, greenish or
white; wings triangular-ovate, sessile, somewhat
cordate, acute, acuminate or awn-pointed, iyz"-2>"
long, much exceeding the pods; crest of the corolla
minute; seed oblong, slightly hairy, about equalling
the caruncle.
In sandy swamps, Maine to Florida, west to Minne-
sota and Louisiana, but wanting in some districts in
the interior, quite common along the coast. July-Sept.
Cross-leaved or Marsh Milkwort. (Fig. 2276.)
1753-
5. Polygala brevifolia Nutt. Short-
leaved Milkwort. (Fig. 2277.)
Polygala brevifolia Nutt. Gen. 2: 89. 1818.
Resembling the preceding species, but lower,
more slender and weaker. Leaves shorter, often
scattered on the branches and upper part of the
stem; spikes smaller i^'^s" thick), on slender
peduncles; wings ovate or ovate-lanceolate, obtuse
or mucronulate.
In sandy swamps, coast of Rhode Island to Florida
and Alabama. Summer.
6. Polygala verticillata I^. Whorled Milkwort. (Fig. 2278.)
Polygala verticillata L- Sp. PI. 706. 1753.
Glabrous, very slender, 6'-i2' high, usually
branched, the branches often opposite. Basal
leaves none; stem-leaves linear, 3''-i5^^ long,
yz"-2" wide; acute, entire, punctate, mucronu-
late, mostly verticillate in 4's or 5's, with some
scattered ones on the stem or branches; spikes
conic, loug-peduncled, acute, 2" thick at the
base, very dense, 4'^-io'^ long; flowers greenish
or purplish; pedicels about Yz" long; wings
broadly oval, distinctly clawed, shorter than the
pod; crest of the corolla manifest; seed oblong,
hairy, twice the length of the caruncle; bracts
deciduous.
In dry or moist soil, mostly in fields, southern
Quebec and Ontario to Minnesota, south to Florida
and Mexico. Ascends to 2500 ft. in Virginia.
June. -Nov.
358
POLYGALACEAE.
[Vol. II.
7. Polygala ambigua Nutt.
lyoose-spiked Milkwort. (Fig. 2279.)
Polygala ambigua Nutt. Gen. 2: 89. 1818.
Polygala verticillata var. ambigtia Wood, Bot.
& Flor. 80. 1870.
Resembling the preceding species, but
often taller, 5'-i6' high, verj' slender. Lower
stem-leaves commonly verticillate, but the
others all alternate; spikes long, loose, the
lower flowers often quite distant; peduncles
often several inches long; flowers rather
larger; wings purple or purplish, nearly cir-
cular in outline; mature capsule hardly
longer than the wings, which are appressed
to it; seed hairy.
In dry soil, New Jersey and Pennsylvania to
Georgia, Tennessee and l,ouisiana.
8. Polygala incarnata L. Pink Milkwort.
(Fig. 2280.)
Polygala incarnala L. Sp. PI. 701. 1753.
Erect, glabrous, glaucous, very slender, i°-2° high,
simple, or sparingly branched. Basalleaves none; stem-
leaves distant, linear or subulate, sessile, i"-G" long,
rarely wanting; spike terminal, dense, long, 2"-
4" thick; pedicels yi" or less long; bracts minute or
none; flowers pink or rose, 5'''-6'' long; corolla tube
very slender, 2,''-i\" long, 2-5 times the length of the
wings, its keel prominently crested; wings cuspidate;
seed hairy, the caruncle-lobes enveloping its beaked
extremity.
In dry soil, southern New Jersey and Pennsylvania to
southern Ontario and Wisconsin, south to Florida, Arkansas
and Mexico. Summer.
9. Polygala viridescens I,. Field or
Purple Milkwort. (Fig. 2281.)
Polygala viridescens L. Sp. PI. 705. 1753.
Polygala sanguiyiea L. Sp. PI. 705. 1753.
Erect, high, glabrous, at length branch-
ing above, leafy. Stem somewhat angled; basal
leaves none; stem-leaves oblong, or linear-oblong,
^"-\^" long, I "-2'' wide, obtuse or acute, mu-
cronulate; heads globose, becoming oval, i,"-
d" thick, obtuse; pedicels about Yz" long; flow-
ers rose-purple, greenish, or sometimes white;
wings sessile, sometimes slightly cordate, ovate,
exceeding the pod; bracts generally persistent
on the elongating axis; seed obovoid, hairy, about
the length of the caruncle; crest minute.
In fields and meadows, southern Ontario to east-
em New England, south to North Carolina, west to
Minnesota, Arkansas and Louisiana. June-Sept.
The contrast between the green-flowered and purple-
flowered forms is striking where the two grow
together.
Vol. II.]
lo. Polygala Curtissii A
Milkwort. (Fig
MILKWORT FAMILY
Gray. Ciirtiss'
2282.)
359
Polygala Curtissii A.. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 121. 1867.
Erect, slender, 8'-io' high, much resembling the pre-
ceding species and the following; heads globose or
rarely elongated, blunt, loosely flowered, /^"-d" thick;
bracts persistent, mainly shorter than the slender
pedicels; wings oblong, clawed, nearly erect, twice the
length of the pod; seed obovoid.very hairy, apiculate;
caruncle minute, much shorter than the seed.
In dry soil, Maryland to Kentucky and Georgia.
Sept.
Aug.
II. Polygala Mariana Mill. Maryland
Milkwort. (Fig. 2283.)
'Polygala Mariana Mill. Gard. Diet. no. 6. 1768.
Polygala fastigiata Nutt. Gen. 2: 89. 1818.
Slender, glabrous, 6^-16' high, at length much
branched above. Basal leaves none; stem-leaves
linear, long) about \" wide, entire, mostly
acute, mucronulate; heads globose or slightly
longer than thick, obtuse, wide; pedicels
slender, I ^^^-2^^ long; flowers rose-purple; wings
ovate-oblong or obovate, pointed, narrowed at the
base, slightly longer than the pod; bracts decidu-
ous from the elongating axis; caruncle-lobes em-
bracing the smaller extremity of the slightly hairy
obovoid seed; corolla minutely crested.
In dry soil, southern New Jersey and Delaware to
Florida, west to Kentucky and Louisiana. July-Sept.
12. Polygala Nuttallii T. & G. Nuttall'-s Milk-
wort. (Fig. 2284.)
Polygala sanguinea Nutt. Gen. 2: 88. 1818. Not L. 1753.
Polygala Nuliallii T. & G. Fl. N. A. i: 670. 1840.
Glabrous, erect, slender, \'-']' high, branching above.
Basal leaves none; stem-leaves numerous, linear or linear-
oblong, 2)"-^" long, y2"-\" wide, entire, obtuse or acutish;
spikes cylindric or oblong, about 1" thick, j/'-d" long,
the floral axis elongating as the fruits fall away from below;
pedicels yi" long or less; bracts subulate, persistent; flowers
greenish or yellowish-purple, \" long; seed obovoid, very
hairy, longer than the caruncle; wings oblong to oval, about
equalling the pod; crest very small.
In dry sandy soil in open places, eastern Massachusetts to
North Carolina, west to Alabama and Missouri. Aug. -Sept.
36o
POLYGALACEAE.
[Vol. II.
13. Polygala Senega L. Seneca Snakeroot. Mountain Flax. (Fig. 2285.)
Polygala Settega L. Sp. PI. 704. 1753.
Glabrous or nearly so, stems several, from woody
rootstocks, erector ascending, 6'-i 2' high, simple,
or sparingly branched above. Leaves alternate,
lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, sessile, i'-2' long,
Z"-A" wide, serrulate, the lowest much smaller
and scale-like; spike terminal, short-peduncled,
dense, acute, i'-2' long; flowers lYz" long, white
or tinged with green; pedicels less than y^" long;
wings orbicular-obovate, concave; crest of the
corolla short, few-lobed; seed hairy, slightly longer
than the lobes of the caruncle.
In rocky wood.s, New Brunswick, western New
England to Minnesota and the Canadian Rocky
Mountains, south to North Carolina along the Al-
leghanies and to Missouri. May-June.
Polygala Senega latifolia T. & G. Fl. N. A. i : 131. 1838.
Stem taller, often branched above; leaves ovate or
ovate-oblong, 2' -4' long, acuminate, acute at the base.
Maryland and Pennsylvania to Tennessee and Mich-
igan.
14. Polygala alba Nutt. White Milkwort.
(Fig. 2286.)
Polygala alba Nutt. Gen. 2: 87. _ 1818.
Polygala Senega var. tenuifolia Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 750.
1814. Not P. tenuifolia Willd. 1803.
Glabrous, stems numerous, erect from hard woody root-
stocks, slender, 6'-i5'' high. Leaves alternate, narrowly
linear, acute, 3''-i2^' long, yz"-\" wide, their margins
entire and revolute, the lower somewhat broader and
shorter, clustered; spike terminal, long-peduncled, dense,
long; flowers \"-\yz" long, white; pedicels less
than Yz" long; wings oblong-ovate, slightly concave;
crest of the corolla short; seeds silky, about twice the
length of the caruncle-lobes.
Prairies, Nebraska and Kansas to Texas and Mexico, west
to New Mexico and Arizona. May-July.
15. Polygala polygama Walt.
Racemed Milkwort. (Fig, 2287.)
Polygala polygama Walt. Fl. Car. 179. 1788.
Glabrous; stems numerous, simple, 4''-2o'
high, erect from a deep slender biennial root.
Stem-leaves crowded, oblong or oblanceolate,
obtuse, mucronulate, long, \"-2"
wide, entire, the lower gradually smaller;
basal leaves spatulate, sometimes smaller ;
raceme terminal, loose, i'-4' long; pedicels
spreading or recurved, \"-2" long; flowers
purple or rose, rarely nearly white, showy,
2"-'Xi" long; wings broadly obovate; crest of
the corolla large, laciniate; stamens 8; subter-
ranean branches horizontal, bearing numer-
ous, nearly sessile cleistogamous flowers; seeds
hairy, longer than the caruncle-lobes.
In dry soil, Nova Scotia to the Lake of the
Woods, south to Florida and Texas. Local.
June-July.
Voi,. II.]
MILKWORT FAMILY
i6. Polygala paucifolia Willd. Fringed Milkwort.
Flowering Wintergreen. Gay-wings. (Fig. 2288.)
Polygala paucifolia Willd. Sp. PI. 3: 880. 1800.
Polygala uniflora Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 53. 1803.
Glabrous, perennial from slender prostrate stems and root-
stocks 6^-15' long. Flowering branches erect or ascending, 4'-
"j' high; leaves of the summits of the stems clustered, ovate or
oblong, \'-iyz' long, •]"-\o" wide, acute, rough-margined, ou
petioles ■2"-d/' long; those of the lower part of the shoots suc-
cessively smaller, distant, the lowest scale-like; flowers 1-4,
axillary to the upper leaves, ']"-\o" long, slender-peduncled,
rose-purple or rarely white, showy; wings obovate; crest of the
corolla beautifully fimbriate; seed slightly shorter than the
caruncle; cleistogamous subterranean flowers few, on short
lateral branches.
In moist rich woods, New Brunswick and Anticosti to the Sas-
katchewan, south to Georgia and Illinois. Ascends to 2500 ft. in
Virginia. May-July.
1805.
Family 57. EUPHORBIACEAE J. St. Hil. Expos. Fam. 276.
Spurge Family.
Monoecious or dioecious herbs, shrubs or trees, with acrid often milky sap.
lycaves opposite, alternate or verticillate, entire or toothed, sessile or petioled,
sometimes with glands at the base; stipules present, obsolete or wanting. In-
florescence various. Flowers apetalous or petaliferous, sometimes much reduced
and subtended by an involucre which resembles a calyx {Etiphorbia) , the num-
ber of parts in the floral whorls often different in the staminate and pistillate
flowers. Stamens few, or numerous, in one series or many; filaments separate
or united. Ovary usually 3-celled; ovules i or 2 in each cavity, pendulous;
styles as many as the cavities of the ovary, simple, divided, or many-cleft.
Fruit a mostly 3-lobed capsule, separating, often elastically, into 3 2-valved
carpels from a persistent axis at maturity. Seeds anatropous; embryo straight,
or slightly curved, in fleshy or oily endosperm, the broad cotyledons almost
filling the seed-coats.
About 210 genera and 4000 species, of wide geographic distribution.
Flowers not in an involucre, with a true calyx.
Ovules 2 in each cavity of the ovary.
Ovule I in each cavity of the ovary.
Plants clothed with stellate pubescence.
Ovary, and dehiscent capsule 2-4-celled, mostly 3-celled.
Ovary, and capsule i-celled, achene-like.
Plants variously pubescent with simple hairs.
Inflorescence spicate, racemose, or of axillary clusters.
Flowers with petals.
Flowers without petals.
Styles many-cleft.
Styles simple, somewhat united at the base.
Inflorescence cymose.
Plants glabrous, or nearly so.
Inflorescence racemose, somewhat panicled; pistillate flowers
Inflorescence spicate; pistillate flowers below the staminate.
Flowers in an involucre, the calyx represented by a minute scale at the
pedicel.
1. Phyllanthiis.
2. Croton.
3. Crotonopsis.
4. Ditaxis.
5. Acalypha.
6. Tragia.
8. Jatropha.
above the staminate.
7. Ricinus.
9. Stillingia.
base of the filament-like
10. Euphorbia.
I. PHYLLANTHUS L. Sp. PI. 981. 1753.
Annual or biennial herbs (some tropical species shrubs or trees). Stems wiry. Leaves
alternate, entire, often numerous, and so arranged as to appear like the leaflets of a
compound leaf. Flowers monoecious, apetalous, sessile or pedicelled, a staminate and a
pistillate one together in the axils or on the edges of leaf-like branches. Calyx mostly 5-6-
parted, the lobes imbricated. Stamens usually 3, the filaments more or less united,
rarely separate. Ovary 3-celled; ovules 2 in each cavity; styles 3, each 2-cleft. Capsule glo-
bose, each carpel 2-seeded; endosperm of the seed fleshy. [Greek, leaf-flower, the blossoms
in some species being seated on leaf-like flattened branches.]
More than 400 species, natives of the tropical and temperate zones of both hemispheres.
*Text contributed by Dr. John K. Smai^l.
362 EUPHORBIACEAE. [Vol. II,
I. Phyllanthus Carolinensis Walt. Carolina Phyllanthus. (Fig. 2289.)
Phyllanthus Carolinensis WaXi. Fl. Car. 228. 1788.
Phyllanthus obovatus Willd. Sp. PI. 4: 574. 1805.
Annual, dark green, glabrous. Stem slender,
erect, or ascending, 4'-2o' higb, simple or
branched, the branches 2-ranked; leaves obovate,
or oblong, 3"-io'^ long, obtuse, narrowed to a
very short petiole, or subsessile; flowers incon-
spicuous, nearly sessile in the axils; calyx 6-
parted, its lobes linear, or oblong; stamens 3;
styles 3, each 2-cleft; glands of the pistillate
flower more or less united; capsule about \" in
diameter; seeds nearly yi" long, marked with
lines and minute black papillae.
In sandy or gravelly soil, eastern Pennsylvania to
Illinois, Florida, Texas and Central America. May-
Oct.
2. CROTON L. Sp. PI. 1004. 1753.
Herbs or shrubs, monoecious or rarely dioecious, strong-scented, stellate-pubescent, more
or less glandular. Leaves mosth' alternate, entire, toothed or lobed, sometimes with 2 glands
at the base of the blade. Flowers in axillary or terminal clusters, often spicate or racemose.
Staminate flowers uppermost; calyx 4-6-parted (usually 5-parted); petals usually present,
but small or rudimentary, alternating with glands; stamens 5 or more, inflexed. Pistillate
flowers clustered below the staminate; calyx 5-10-parted; petals usually wanting; ovary
mostly 3-celled; ovule i in each cavity; styles once, twice or many times 2-cleft. Capsule
splitting into 2-4 (usually 2) 2-valved carpels. Seeds i in each carpel, smooth, or minutely
pitted. Embrj'o straight in the fleshy endosperm. [The Greek name of the Castor-oil plant.]
About 600 species, mostly of warm and tropical regions, a few in the temperate zones; some of
high medicinal value.
Plants monoecious.
Leaves toothed; staminate calyx 4-lobed, pistillate 5-lobed. i. C. glandulosus.
Leaves entire; staminate calyx 3-5-lobed, pistillate 5-12-lobed.
Capsules clustered, erect, depressed-globose, 3"-3/i" broad. 2. C. capilaius.
Capsules mostly solitary, nodding, ovoid, or oblong-ovoid, 2"-2M" long.
3. C. inonanthogynus.
Plant dioecious. 4. C. Texensis.
I. Croton glandulosus I,. Glandular
Croton. (Fig. 2290.)
Croton glandulosus L. Amoen. Acad. 5: 409. 1760.
Annual, monoecious, usually dark green, rough
with stellate hairs, and somewhat glandular.
Stem erect or assurgent, rather slender, 8'-2}4°
high, corymbosely branched, or nearly simple;
leaves oblong, linear-oblong or ovate, ''-3' long,
coarsely serrate, bearing 2 glands at the base of
the blade; petiole shorter than the blade; flower-
clusters terminal or axillary, the staminate in
spikes, with a 4-parted calyx, 4 petals, a 4-rayed
glandular disk and 8 stamens; pistillate flowers
several at the base of the staminate, with 5 sepals,
rudimentary petals, and 3 2-cleft styles; capsule
subglobose, about 2yi" in length; seeds oblong,
minutely wrinkled.
In sandy soil, Virginia to Iowa and Kansas, south
to Florida and Central America. Also in the West
Indies and South America. March-Dec.
Voi<. II.]
SPURGE FAMIIvY,
2. Croton capitatus Michx. Capitate
Croton. Hog wort. (Fig. 2291.)
Croton capitatus Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 214. 1803.
Annual, monoecious, silvery green, densely
stellate-pubescent. Stem erect or assurgent,
usually corymbosely branched above; leaves lan-
ceolate, oblong, or rarely ovate, entire, or often
undulate, obtuse or cordate at the base; lower
petioles often equalling or exceeding the blades,
flowers clustered at the ends of the branches,
the staminate racemose, with a 5-parted calyx,
5 petals, and 10-14 stamens; pistillate flowers
several, sessile, with 7-12 sepals, no petals, the
styles twice or thrice cleft; capsule depressed-
globose, 2,"-2,y2" in diameter; seeds gray, or
variegated, turtle-shaped, smooth, or minutely
pitted.
In dry soil, New Jersey to Iowa, Georgia and
Texas. May-Oct.
Croton monanthogynus Michx. Single-fruited Croton. (Fig. 2292.)
C. monanthogynus Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 215. 1803.
Annual, monoecious, silvery green, rather densely
stellate-pubescent and somewhat glandular. Main
stem slender, high, simple, or sparingly
branched above, topped by a 3-5-rayed umbel with
rays 5^-15' long, forked or umbellately branched;
leaves ovate or oblong, ^"-^Yz' long, entire or un-
dulate, obtuse or subcordate at the base; petioles
usually about half as long as the blades; staminate
flowers clustered at the ends of erect peduncles,
with 3-5 unequal calyx-segments, the same number
of petals and scale-like glands, and 3-8 stamens;
pistillate flowers mostly solitary, on recurved pedi-
cels, with 5 equal calyx-segments, no petals, 5
glands and 2 sessile 2-cleft stigmas; capsule ovoid
or oblong-ovoid, 2'^-2^^' long, 1-2-celled; seeds
oval or orbicular, variegated, minutely pitted,
shining.
In dry soil, North Carolina to Indiana and Kansas,
south to Florida and Mexico. June-Oct.
4. Croton Texensis (Klotzsch.) Muell. Arg
Hendecanadra Texensis Klotzch, Erichs. Arch, i:
252. 1 84 1.
Croton Texensis Muell. Arg. in DC. Prodr. 15: Part
2, 692. 1862.
Annual, dioecious, often bronze-green, canes-
cent with stellate pubescence. Stem rather
slender, erect or assurgent, 8^-2° high, panicu-
lately or corymbosely branched; leaves ovate
to linear-oblong, or almost linear, xo'^-'^Yz' long,
entire or undulate; petioles mostly shorter than
the blades; staminate flowers racemose; pistillate
flowers sessile or nearly so in stalked clusters;
calyx equally 5-parted, the segments ovate; petals
none; glands 5, minute; stamens mostly 10;
styles 3, twice or thrice 2-cleft; capsule subglo-
bose, 2^^^-3''' in diameter; somewhat muricate;
seeds ovoid or oval, variegated, finely reticulated.
In dry soil, South Dakota to Missouri, Alabama
and New Mexico. June-Sept.
Texas Croton. (Fig. 2293.)
364 EUPHORBIACEAE. [Vol. II.
3. CROTONOPSIS Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 185. 1803.
Annual slender silvery-scurfy monoecious herbs with branched stems, narrow alternate
or rarely opposite short-petioled leaves, the flowers in terminal and lateral clusters. Stamin-
nate flowers uppermost in the clusters, with an equally 5-parted calyx, 5 petals and 5 in-
flexed stamens opposite the petals, the filaments distinct, enlarged at the summit. Pistillate
flowers with a 3-5-parted calyx, no petals, 5 petal-like glands opposite the calyx-segments,
and a i-celled ovary; ovule i; style twice or thrice cleft. Fruit a small scaly or spiny
achene-like capsule. Seed lenticular or terete, longitudinally wrinkled; embrj-o straight
in fleshy endosperm. [Greek, Croton-like.]
Two known species, natives of the southeastern
United States.
I. Crotonopsis linearis Michx. Croton-
opsis. (Fig. 2294.)
Crotonopsis linearis Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 186. pi. 46.
1803.
Silvery, covered with peltate somewhat fringed
scales, except on the green upper surfaces of the
leaves. Stem wiry, 4^-1^° high, much branched;
leaves oblong-ovate to linear-lanceolate, Yz'-iYz'
long, entire; staminate flowers with an equally
5-parted calyx, the petals spatulate; calyx of the
pistillate flowers unequally 3-5-parted ; achene
ovoid-elliptic; seed ovoid, \"-\yz" long.
In dry sandy soil, New Jersey to Kansas, south to
Florida and Texas. July-Sept.
4. DITAXIS Vahl; Juss. Eupliorb. 27. 1824.,
Monoecious herbs or shrubs, perennial by rootstocks, silky or pilose, the sap purplish.
Leaves alternate, entire, or rarely toothed, often strongly nerved. Flowers in axillary or
axillary and terminal clusters, often racemed, usually bracted. Staminate flowers often
crowded at the ends of the racemes; calyx 4-5-lobed, the lobes valvate; petals 4 or 5, alternate
with the calyx-lobes and with the lobes of the disk ; stamens of the same number as the petals
or two or three times as many, united into a column. Pistillate flowers with the calyx-lobes
imbricated and smaller petals, the ovary 3-celled, each cavity with i ovule; styles 3, short,
once to thrice cleft. Capsule 3-lobed, depressed, separating into 3 2-valved carpels. Seeds
subglobose, wrinkled, or muricate, sometimes crested; embryo straight in the fleshy endo-
sperm. [Greek, double-ranked, in allusion to the stamens.]
About 20 species, natives of temperate and tropical regions.
Flowers in terminal and axillary racemes; leaves sessile. i. D. viercurialina.
Flowers in axillary clusters; leaves short-petioled. 2. D. huviilis.
I. Ditaxis mercurialina (Nutt.) Coult. Tall Ditaxis. (Fig. 2295.)
Aphora mercurialina Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II.)
5: 174. 1833-37.
Argyrothamma mercurialina Muell. Arg. Linnaea,
34: 148. 1865.
Ditaxis mercurialina Coult. Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 213.
1894.
Stem slender, strict, usually simple, channeled,
silky, 4'-2° high. Leaves alternate, ovate to nar-
rowly lanceolate, io"-2' long, undulate, sessile,
often strongly 3-nerved, glabrate; flowers in terminal
and axillary racemes; staminate flowers with lanceo-
late or linear-lanceolate acute ciliate calyx-segments,
and spatulate-oblong undulate petals; pistillate flow-
ers with a 5-parted calyx, the segments lanceolate,
spreading, 3 times as long as those of the staminate,
petals none; capsule depressed, 'i diame-
ter, somewhat silky, 3-lobed; seeds globose-ovoid,
2" long, pointed, wrinkled, indistinctly 2-crested.
In dry soil, Kansas and Arkansas to Te.xas. Lower
leaves sometimes oblanceolate. April-July.
Vol. II.] SPURGE FAMILY. 365
2. Ditaxis humilis (Engelm. & Gray) Pax. lyow Ditaxis. (Fig. 2296.)
Aphora humilis Engelm. & Gray, Bost. Journ.
Nat. Hist. 5: 262. 1847.
Argyrotliantiiia liumilis Muell. Arg. Linnaea,
34: 147. 1865.
Ditaxis humilis Pax in Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pfl.
Fam. 3: Abt. 5, 45. 1890.
Stem slender, much branched, pubescent,
the branches spreading, 4^-1° long. Leaves
alternate, ovate, oblong, obovate or oblanceo-
late, long, entire, narrowed into a
short petiole; flowers in axillary clusters;
staminate flowers with petals a little longer
than the 5 calyx-segments and longer than
the lobes of the disk; pistillate flowers with a
5-parted calyx and 3 styles each usually twice
2-cleft; capsule short-pedicelled, much de-
pressed, 1"-^" in diameter, 3-4-lobed; seeds
oval-globose, about \" long, muricate.
Prairies, Kansas to Louisiana and Texas.
March-Sept.
5. ACALYPHA L. Sp. Pi. 1003. 1753.
Herbs or shrubs, our species annual, monoecious. Stems mostly erect and branched.
Leaves alternate, entire or toothed, petioled, stipulate. Flowers in axillary and terminal
spikes or spike-like racemes, the staminate cluster peduncled, each flower in the axil of a
minute bractlet, with a 4-parted calyx and 8-16 stamens united at their bases. Pistillate
flowers subtended b}' a foliaceous bract which often equals or overtops the staminate, the
calyx 3-5-parted, ovary 3-celled; stigmas fringed; petals wanting in both kinds of flowers;
capsule usually of 3 2-valved carpels, each i-seeded. [Greek, nettle.]
About 230 species, mostly tropical and subtropical.
Staminate and pistillate flowers in separate spikes or racemes; capsule spiny. i. A. ostryaefolia.
Staminate and pistillate flowers in the same spike or raceme; capsule smooth.
Plant not glandular; bract palmately many-lobed, equalling or exceeding the staminate spike.
2. A. Virginica.
Plant glandular; bract many-cleft, shorter than the staminate spike. 3. A. gracilens.
I. Acalypha ostryaefolia Ridd.
Hornbeam Three-seeded Mer-
cury. (Fig. 2297.)
Acalypha Caroliniana Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 2:
645. 1824. Not Walt. 1788.
Acalypha ostryaefolia Riddell,
States, 33. 1835.
Syn. Fl. W.
Dark green, minutely pubescent. Stem
erect, rather stout, simple or branched, i°-
2_!^° tall. Leaves thin, or membranous,
ovate, 2}i'-^'\o-ag, short-acuminate, serrate,
obtuse or cordate at the base, the petioles
often as long as the blades; staminate and
pistillate flowers in separate spikes, the
bractlets of the staminate minute, those of
the pistillate conspicuous, lobed; capsule
much depressed, 3-lobed, i^^'-2'^in diame-
ter, spiny; seeds ovoid, 1" long, wrinkled.
New Jersey to Kansas, Florida and Mexico.
June-Nov.
EUPHORBIACEAE
[Vol. 11.
2. Acalypha Virginica L.
Virginia Three-seeded Mercury.
(Fig. 2298.)
Acalypha Vii'ginica L. Sp. PI. 1003. 1753.
Dark green or becoming purplish, some-
what pubescent. Stem erect or ascending,
3'-2° tall; leaves ovate or elliptic, 10^-4'
long, thin, coarsely serrate except near the
base; staminate and pistillate flowers in the
same axillary clusters, the staminate spike
peduncled, usually included in the large pal-
mately lobed bract; pistillate flowers 1-3
at the base of the staminate peduncle; cap-
sule 3-lobed, subglobose, about xYz" in
diameter, smooth, sometimes slightly pubes-
cent; seeds ovoid, reddish, striate.
In woods and thickets, Ontario and Minne-
sota, south to Florida and Texas. Occurs at
3000 ft. in Georgia. Upper leaves commonlj-
forming a flat-topped cluster. June-Oct.
3. Acalypha gracilens A. Gray. Slender Three-seeded Mercury. (Fig. 2299.)
Acalypha gracilens K. Gray, Man. 408. 1848.
Acalypha Virginica var. gracilens Muell.
Arg. Linnaea, 34: 45. 1865.
Pale green, pubescent, often densely
glandular. Stem slender, erect, 4'-2>^°
tall, usually branched, the branches often
nearly filiform, spreading or divergent;
leaves lanceolate or linear-oblong, ^"-i'
long, usually firm, acutish, serrate, narrowed
to a short petiole; staminate and pistillate
flowers in the same axillary clusters; stami-
nate spike very slender, usually exceeding
the many-cleft bract; pistillate flowers I or
several; capsule subglobose, about yYz" in
diameter; seeds globose-ovoid, dark red, or
gray mottled with red, striate-pitted.
In dry woods and thickets, Rhode sland to
Kansas, Florida andjTexas. Occurs 2000 ft.
in South Carolina. June-Sept.
6. TRAGIA L. Sp. PI. 980. 1753.
Monoecious herbs, or shrubs, sometimes climbing, usually armed with stiff' stinging hairs.
Leaves alternate, toothed or somewhat lobed, mostly cordate, petioled ; flowers in racemes,
or spicate racemes, bracteolate, apetalous; staminate flowers with a 3-5-parted calyx and 1-3
or rarely numerous stamens; pistillate flowers with a 3-8-lobed calyx, the segments entire or
pinnatifid, a 3-celled ovary with i ovule in each cavity, and 3 styles, often united to above
the middle; capsule 3-lobed, separating into 3 2-valved carpels; seeds subglobose; endosperm
fleshy. [From Tragus, the Latin name of Hieronymus Bock, 1498-1553, a German botanist.]
About 50 species, mostly natives of tropical regions.
Stems not twining.
.Staminate calyx 4-lobed; stamens 2. i. T. urens.
Staminate calyx 3-lobed; stamens 3. 2. T. nepetaefolia.
Staminate caly.x 4-5-lobed; stamens 4 or 5. 3. T. ramosa.
Stems twining. 4. T. macrocarpa.
Vol,. II.]
SPURGE FAMILY.
367
I. Tragia urens L,. Ea
Tragia urens L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 1391. 1763.
Tragia innocua Walt. Fl. Car. 220. 1788.
Perennial, dull green, pilose or hirsute.
Stem slender, erect, 4'-i5' tall, branched;
leaves obovate or ovate to linear, entire, un-
dulate or toothed, mostly obtuse at the apex,
narrowed or subcordate at base, short-petioled
or sessile, ^^'-2' long; flowers in terminal or
lateral spike-like racemes often 4' long; sta-
minate flowers with a 4-lobed calyx and 2
stamens; pistillate flowers several at the base
of the racemes, with a 5-6-lobed calyx; capsule
short-pedicelled, much depressed, 4''-5" in
diameter, sparingly pubescent; seeds sub-
globose, 2" long, smooth.
In sandy soil, Virginia to Florida and Texas.
May-Aug.
3. Tragia ramosa Torr, Branching
Tragia. (Fig. 2302,)
T. ramosa Torr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 2: 245. 1826.
T. slylaris Muell. Arg. Linnaea, 34: 180. i860.
Perennial, light green, bristly with sting-
ing hairs. Stem slender, usually much
branched, the branches sometimes spreading,
2'-i2' long; leaves lanceolate, ovate-lanceo-
late or triangular-lanceolate, ^^^-2' long,
acute at the apex, coarsely and sharply ser-
rate, truncate or cordate at the base, short-
petioled ; racemes Yz'-iyi' long, few-flowered;
staminate flowers very short-pedicelled, with
a 4-5-lobed calyx and 4-6 stamens; pistillate
flowers solitary with a 5-lobed calyx sub-
tended by a 3-lobed bract; capsule much de-
pressed, 3'^-4^' in diameter, bristly; seeds
globose, 2" in diameter, orange, more or less
variegated.
In dry soil, Missouri to Texas, Colorado and
Arizona. July-Aug.
Tragia. (Fig. 2300.)
2. Tragia nepetaefolia Cav. Cat-
nep Tragia. (Fig. 2301.)
Tragia nepelaefolia Cav. Icones 6: 37. pi. 557,
/ /. 1801.
Perennial, hispid with stinging hairs.
Stem slender, erect or reclining, 6^-15' long;
leaves triangular-ovate or lanceolate, '^"-2'
long, dentate-serrate, cordate, short-petioled,
the lower sometimes orbicular; racemes 5"-
\yi.' long, many-flowered; staminate flowers
mostly with a 3-lobed calyx and 3 stamens;
pistillate flowers with a 5-lobed calyx; cap-
sule much depressed, j," in diameter, hir-
sute; seeds globose, chestnut brown, smooth,
2" in diameter.
In sandy soil, Kansas to Mexico and New
Mexico. May-Oct.
368 _ EUPHORBIACEAE. [Vol. II.
4. Tragia macrocarpa Willd. Twining or
Large-fruited Tragia. (Fig. 2303.)
Tragia cordala Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 176. 1803. Not
Vahl. 1790.
Tragia macrocarpa Willd. Sp. PI. 4: 323. 1806.
Perennial, twining, slightly hirsute. Stem slender,
io'-4}^° long, branched; leaves ovate, 2^-4)^' long,
deeply cordate, coarsely dentate-serrate, long-acu-
minate; petioles mostly shorter than the blades, sta-
minate flowers with a 3-lobed calyx and 3 stamens;
pistillate flowers several at the bases of the spikes,
short-pedicelled, the calyx 5-lobed; capsule depressed,
(}"-%" in diameter; seeds subglobose, lyi" long,
smooth, variegated.
In dry or rocky soil, Kentucky to Missouri, Florida
and Mexico. June-Sept.
7. RICINUS L. Sp. PI. 1007. 1753.
A tall stout monoecious herb, glabrous and glaucous, with alternate large peltate palmate-
ly-lobed petioled leaves, and numerous small apetalous greenish fliowers in terminal racemes,
the pistillate above the staminate. Staminate flowers with a 3-5-parted calyx, the segments
valvate, and numerous crowded stamens; filaments repeatedly branched. Pistillate flowers
with a caducous calyx, a 3-celled, 3-ovuled ovary, the 3 red styles united at the base, 2-cleft.
Capsule subglobose, or oval, smooth or spiny, separating into 3 2-valved carpels. Seeds
ovoid or oblong, usually mottled. Embryo straight. Endosperm fleshy and oily. [The
Latin name of the plant.]
A monotypic genus of the warmer parts
of Africa and Asia.
I. Ricinus communis I,. Castor-
oil Plant. Castor-bean. Palma
Christi. (Fig. 2304.)
Ricinus cotnmutiis L. Sp. PI. 1007. 1753.
Stem erect, 3°-i5° tall, more or less
branched, becoming tree-like in warm
regions. Leaves nearly orbicular in out-
line, 4'-2° broad, 6-ii-palmately-lobed
and peltate, the lobes toothed, acute or
acuminate; capsule 6"-i" in diameter,
usually spiny; sometimes smooth; seeds
shining, smooth, black, variegated with
white, or mottled with gray and brown
markings.
In waste places, escaped from cultivation,
New Jersey to Florida and Texas. An im-
posing ornamental plant, and also of medi-
cinal value. Widely naturalized in warm
and tropical regions.
8. JATROPHA L. Sp. PI. 1006. 1753.
Monoecious or rarely dioecious perennial stinging bristly herbs, or shrubs, with entire,
lobed or divided petioled leaves, the flowers in cymes. Staminate flowers on the upper parts
of the cymes, with a corolla-like 5-lobed calyx, 5 petals distinct or united, or none, the sta-
mens usually numerous (5-30) and in several series, their filaments mostly united at the base.
Pistillate flowers in the lower forks of the cymes; ovary mostly 3-celled and 3 ovuled; styles
united at the base; capsule ovoid or subglobose, easily separating into 2-valved carpels; seeds
ovoid or obovoid; embryo straight; endosperm fleshy. [Greek, healing nutriment.]
About 70 species, widelj- distributed in warm and temperate regions. Besides the following
some 4 others occur in the southern States.
Vol.. II.]
SPURGE FAMILY,
I. Jatropha stimulosa Michx.
Spurge Nettle. Tread-softly.
(Fig. 2305.)
Jalropha stimulosa Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 216.
1803.
Jatropha nrensvar. stimulosa Muell. Arg-. in DC.
Prodr. 15: Part 2, lioi. 1862.
Perennial by a stout root, herbaceous, bright
green, armed with stinging hairs. Stem
rather slender, erect, simple or branched, 4'-
3>^° tall; leaves nearly orbicular in outline,
2>^'-i2' broad, truncate or cordate at the base,
deeply 3-5-lobed, the lobes entire, toothed or
pinnatifid; calyx of the staminate flowers sal-
verforni, white or pink, io''-2o'' broad; cap-
sule oblong, 5'^-8'' long, papillose, wrinkled;
seeds oblong-obovoid, ^"-6" long, smooth,
mottled.
In dry sandy soil, Virginia to Florida and
Texas. March-Aug.
9. STILLINGIA L. Mant. i: 19. 1767.
Monoecious glabrous herbs or shrubs, with simple or branched stems, alternate or rarely
opposite, entire or toothed leaves, often with 2 glands at the base, the flowers bracteolate, in
terminal spikes, apetalous, the bractlets 2-glandular. Staminate flowers several together in
the axils of the bractlets, the calyx slightly 2-3-lobed; stamens 2-3, exserted. Pistillate flowers
solitary in the axils of the lower bractlets; calyx 3-lobed, ovary 2-celled or 3-celled with a soli-
tary ovule in each cavity; styles .stout, somewhat united at the base. Capsule 2-lobed or 3-
lobed, separating into 2 or 3 two-valved carpels. Seeds ovoid or subglobose. Embryo straight
in the fleshy endosperm. [In honor of Dr. B. Stellingfleet, an English botanist.]
About 15 species, mostly of tropical America and the islands of the Pacific Ocean.
I. Stillingia sylvatica L,. Queen's
Delight. Queen-root. (Fig. 2306.)
Stillingia sylvatica L,. Mant. i: 126. 1767.
A bright green slightly fleshy perennial herb.
Stem rather stout, erect or assurgent, usually
branched from the base, i°-2)%° tall. Leaves
obovate, oblong or elliptic, 5^'-4' long, obtuse,
or subacute, serrate with appressed teeth, often
narrowed at the 2-glandular base, sessile; flow-
ers in terminal spikes, lemon-colored, subtended
by small bracts furnished with saucer-shaped
glands; calyx cup-shaped; petals and glandular
disk none; capsule depressed, ^"-l" in diameter,
3-lobed; seeds ovoid, ■}>" long, light gray, mi-
nutely pitted and papillose, the base flattened.
In drj' soil, Virginia to Florida, Kansas and Texas.
Called also Silver-leaf; the root, known as Queen's-
root, an alterative. March-Oct.
10. EUPHORBIA Sp. PI. 450. 1753.
Monoecious herbs (many tropical species shrubs), with alternate, opposite or verticillate
leaves, the inflorescence cymose. Flowers borne in sessile or peduncled, top-shaped or
campanulate involucres subtended by bracts, which are often brightly colored. Sinuses of
the involucres usually bearing glands, naked or appendaged. Staminate flowers scattered
24
370
EUPHORBIACEAE.
[Vol. II.
over the inner surface of the involucre, consisting of a stamen jointed on a filament-like
pedicel, which is subtended by a minute bractlet supposed to represent a calyx. Pistillate
flower solitary, consisting of a 3-celled ovary at the bottom of the involucre, at length usually
exserted on a stalk; styles 3, 2-cleft. Capsule erect or nodding, 3-lobed, separating into 3 2-
valved carpels. Seeds sometimes caruncled, often ash-colored, variously pitted, ridged or
wrinkled. [Named in honor of Euphorbus, King Juba's physician.]
Species about 700, most abundant in the warmer parts of the temperate zones. Besides the
following, some 95 others occur in the southern and western parts of North America.
vr Glands of the involucre with petal-like appendages.
t Leaves opposite, somewhat inequilateral, their bases more or less oblique.
X Leaves entire; seeds smooth.
Plants branched at the base, the branches prostrate.
Seeds long. i. E. polygoyiifolia.
Seeds K"-K" long.
Leaves usually more than twice as long as broad; seeds nearly terete, long.
4. E. Geyeri.
Leaves usually less than twice as long as broad; seeds obtusely 4-angled, K" long.
5. E. serpens.
Plants with an erect or ascending stem, branched above, the branches ascending.
Seeds nearly terete, i" long; leaves usually flat and straight. 2. E. petaloidea.
Seeds 4-angled, K" long; leaves often involute and curved. 3. E. Nultallii.
X X Leaves entire; seeds variously roughened.
Plants glabrous. 11. E. Fendleri.
Plants canescent. 12. E. lata.
XXX Leaves serrate or dentate ; plants prostrate or spreading.
Herbage glabrous.
Seeds faintly transversely ridged and pitted. 6. E. serpyllifolia.
Seeds strongly transversely ridged, not pitted. 7. E. glyplosperma.
Herbage pubescent, or puberulent.
Seeds gray or ash-colored, pitted. 10. E. strictospora.
Seeds brown or black.
Involucres not split. 8. E. maculata.
Involucres split on one side. 9. E. humistrata.
X X X- X Leaves serrate or dentate; plants erect or ascending. 13. E. nutans.
t t Leaves opposite, equilateral, their bases not oblique. 14. E. hexagona.
t t t Leaves alternate or scattered on the stem, except a whorl subtending the umbel.
Bracts and leaves of the umbel small and green; seeds ovoid, smooth, sparingly pitted.
15. E. corollata.
Bracts and leaves of the umbel large, white-margined; seeds ovoid-globose, reticulate-tuberculate.
16. E. juarginata.
•X- Glands of the involucre naked (without petal-like appendages).
t Leaves mostly opposite; herbage glabrous.
Plants slender; stems or branches forked.
Annual; stem branched at the base; leaves, or some of them, oblique at the base.
I. E. polygonifolia.
Perennial; stems several from a stout root; leaves not oblique at the base. 19. E. Jpecacuanhae.
Plants stout; stem usually simple below, topped by an umbel. 21. E. Latliyris.
t t Leaves mostly opposite; herbage pubescent.
Leaves linear or linear-lanceolate; seeds narrowly-ovoid, not prominently tuberculate.
17. E. cuphosperma.
Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate; seeds broadly ovoid, prominently tuberculate.
18. E. dentata.
t t t Leaves alternate or scattered.
Stem not topped by an umbel. 20. E. helerophylla.
Stems topped by a several-rayed umbel.
Leaves serrulate ; glands of the involucre oblong, oval or orbicular.
Seeds smooth or faintly reticulated.
Glands stalked; warts on the capsules elongated; seeds faintly reticulated.
23. E. obtiisata.
Glands sessile; warts on the capsules depressed; seeds smooth. 24. E. platyphylla.
Seeds strongly and prominently reticulated.
Glands nearly sessile; capsules warty. 25. E. dictyosperma.
Glands stalked; capsules smooth. 26. E. Helioscopia.
Leaves entire; glands of the involucres crescent-shaped or reniform.
Plants perennial; seeds smooth.
Glands crescent-shaped, horned.
Stem-leaves 2"-6" broad; capsules smooth.
Leaves subtending the umbel lanceolate or oblanceolate. 29. E. Esula.
Leaves subtending the umbel ovate, oval or obovate. 30. E. Nicaeensis.
Stem-leaves Ji" broad; capsules granular on the lobes. 31. E. Cyparissias.
Glands reniform, not horned. 22. E. Darli7igtonii.
Plants annual or biennial; seeds pitted or rugose-pitted.
Leaves thin, petioled.
Capsules with 2-crested lobes. 27. E. Pephis.
Capsules with rounded lobes. 28. E. conimulata.
Leaves thick, sessile. 32. E. robusta.
Vol.. II.]
SPURGE FAMIIvY.
371
I, Euphorbia polygonifolia I,. Seaside or Knotweed Spurge. (Fig. 2307.)
Euphorbia polygonifolia L. Sp. PI. 455. 1753.
Annual, pale green, glabrous, stem branched
from the base, the branches radiately spreading,
prostrate, forked, wiry, 3'-8' long. Leaves op-
posite, oblong, linear-oblong or linear-lanceo-
late, ■i,"-\o" long, fleshy, obtuse, often mucronu-
late, entire, obtuse or subcordate and somewhat
oblique at the base, short-petioled; stipules an
inconspicuous fringe of short bristles; invo-
lucres usually solitary in the axils, turbinate-
campanulate, less than \" long, with 4 colum-
nar nearly naked glands shorter than the lobes;
peduncles twice as long as the involucres; cap-
sule globose-ovoid, \y2."-'2." long, nodding,
minutely wrinkled; seeds ovoid, lYi" long,
somewhat flattened, ash-colored, very minutely
pitted and spotted.
In sand along the Atlantic coast, Rhode Island to
Florida, and on the shores of the Great Lakes.
July-Sept.
2. Euphorbia petaloidea Engelm.
White-flowered Spurge. (Fig. 2308.)
Euphorbia petaloidea Kngelm. Bot. Mex. Bound.
Surv. 185. 1859.
Annual, pale green, glabrous. Stem usually
rather stout, erect, branched above, 6'-2° high;
leaves opposite, linear, oblong or linear-lanceo-
late, S^^-i' long, obtuse, usually flat, straight,
entire, slender-petioled; stipules a fringe of
setae; involucres solitary in the axils, oblong-
campanulate, i'^ long, bearing 4 wineglass-
shaped glands about as long as the lobes, each
subtended by a white ovate or orbicular entire
or undulate appendage; peduncles as long as the
involucres; capsule globose-reniform, 1'' long,
seeds oblong-ovoid, nearly i^long, ash-colored,
minutely pitted, nearly terete.
Iowa to Wyoming and Texas. July-Sept.
3. Euphorbia Nuttallii (Engelm.) Small.
Prairie Spurge. (Fig. 2309.)
Euphorbia petaloidea van Nuitallii Engelm. Bot.
Mex. Bound. Surv. 185. 1859.
E. zygophylloides Boiss. Cent. Euph. 10. i860.
Euphorbia arenaria Engelm. & Gray, Bost. Journ.
Nat. Hist. 5: 260. 1847. Not Nutt. 1837.
Annual, bright green, glabrous. Stem slender,
erect or ascending, branched, 4^-2° high, the
branches wiry, leaves mostly linear and mu-
cronulate or truncate at the apex, often involute,
obtuse or narrowed at the base, petioled, usually
curved, the midvein prominent; stipules lanceo-
late or subulate-lanceolate; involucres solitary in
the axils, campanulate, less than \" long, long-
peduncled, bearing 4 saucer-shaped glands sub-
tended by white entire oblong or ovate append-
ages; seeds ovoid, %" long, gray, 4-angled.
Prairies, Kansas to Texas and Mexico. June-Sept.
372
EUPHORBIACEAE.
[Vol. II.
4, Euphorbia Geyeri Engelm. & Gray.
Geyer's Spurge. (Fig. 2310.)
Etiphorbia Geyeri Engelm. & Gray, Bost. Journ. Nat.
Hist. 5; 260. 1847.
Annual, olive-green, glabrous. Stem branched
from the base, the prostrate branches radiately
spreading, wiry, a'-is' long; leaves oblong or ovate,
2"-6" long, obtuse, usually mucronulate, entire or
nearly so, oblique, obtuse or subcordate at the base,
short-petioled ; stipules a fringe of short setae; in-
volucres usually solitary in the axils, campanulate,
about high, with 4 wineglass-shaped glands
shorter than the lobes, each subtended by an in-
conspicuous white or red entire or lobed appendage;
peduncles as long as the involucres, or longer; cap-
sule globose-reniform, about i'^ long, nodding; seeds
narrowly ovoid, long, ash-colored, nearly terete.
In sandy soil, Minnesota to Illinois and Kansas.
July-Sept.
5. Euphorbia serpens H.B.K. Round-leaved Spreading Spurge.
(Fig. 231 1.)
Euphorbia serpens H.B.K. Nov. Gen. 2: 52. 1817.
Annual, pale green, glabrous, sometimes glau-
cescent. Stem branched from the base, the
slender or filiform branches prostrate, 2'~12' long;
leaves orbicular, orbicular-ovate or oval,
long, obtuse or emarginate, entire, often slightly
revolute-margined, short-petioled, the base ob-
lique, rounded or subcordate; stipules triangular,
somewhat incised at the apex; peduncles slightly
longer than the petioles; involucres solitary in
the axils, nearly Yz" high, bearing 4 sessile saucer-
shaped glands shorter than the lobes, each sub-
tended by a minute irregular crenulate append-
age; capsule nodding, depressed-globose, \" in
diameter; seeds oblong-ovoid, Yz" long, smooth,
obtusely 4-angled, light gray.
Iowa and Kansas, south to Mexico.
Illinois to
JMarch-Oct.
6. Euphorbia serpyllifolia Pers.
Thyme-leaved Spurge. (Fig. 2312.)
Eupho7-bia serpyllifolia Pers. Syn. 2: 14. 1807.
Annual, dark green, or becoming reddish, gla-
brous. Stem branched from the base, the slender
branches prostrate or ascending, 4'-i2' long;
leaves oblong to spatulate, xY2."-(>" long, obtuse
or refuse, nearly entire, or serrulate to below the
middle, short-petioled, the base oblique, mostly
truncate or obtuse; stipules at length a fringe of
weak setae; involucres solitary in the axils, some-
times clustered toward the ends of the branchlets,
less than i" long, bearing 4 disk-like glands each
subtended by a narrow lobed appendage; capsule
\" broad, slightly nodding; seeds ovoid, hardly
Yz" long, 4-angled, the faces transversely wrink-
led and pitted.
In dry soil, Wisconsin to California, south to
Mexico. May-Sept.
Vol. II.]
SPURGE FAMILY.
373
(Fig. 2313.)
7. Euphorbia glyptosperma Engelm. Ridge-seeded Spurge.
Euphorbia glyptosperma Engelm. Bot. Mex. Bound.
Surv. 187. 1859.
Annual, pale, green, glabrous. Stem branched
toward the base, the branches ascending, spread-
ing or prostrate, '2'-\^' long; leaves oblong,
linear-oblong or rarely ovate, i"-6" long, more or
less falcate, obtuse at the apex, inequilateral,
serrulate, very oblique and obtuse or subcordate
at the base, short-petioled; stipules becoming a
fringe of setae; involucres solitary in the axils,
often clustered, campanulate, %" long, with 4
dark ribs and 4 saucer-shaped glands, their ap-
pendages narrow, crenulate, or slightly lobed;
capsule depressed-globose, less than 1" in diame-
ter, nodding; seeds oblong, yi^' long, ash-colored,
strongly transversely wrinkled, not pitted.
In sandy soil, Ontario to British Columbia, south
to Connecticut, Texas and Mexico. June-Oct.
8. Euphorbia maculata L,. Milk Purslane.
Spotted or Blotched Spurge. (Fig. 2314.)
Euphorbia viaculata L. Sp. PI. 455. I753-
Annual, dark green, puberulent or pilose.
Stem branched from the base, the branches slen-
der, radiately spreading, prostrate, 2^-15' long,
often dark red; leaves usually blotched, oblong or
ovate-oblong, 7."-%" long, obtuse, more or less
serrate, short-petioled, the base oblique, subcor-
date; stipules a fringe of setae; involucres solitary
in the axils, entire, Yz" long, with 4 cup-shaped
glands, the appendages narrow, white or red, cren-
ulate; peduncles shorter than the involucres; cap-
sule ovoid-globose, about \" in diameter, pubes-
cent; seeds ovoid-oblong, obtusely angled, ash-col-
ored, minutely pitted and transversely wrinkled.
Throughout North America, except the extreme
north. Apparently introduced west of the Rocky
Mountains. June-Nov.
9. Euphorbia humistrata Engelm. Hairy Spreading Spurge. (Fig. 2315.)
Euphorbia humistrata Engelm. ; A. Gray, Man. Ed.
2, 386. 1856.
Annual, light green, puberulent or sparingly
pilose. Stem branched from the base, the slen-
der branches radiately spreading, prostrate or
ascending, 4^-12' long; leaves ovate-oblong or
obovate-oblong, or sometimes narrower, 2"-i"
long, serrulate, at least above the middle,
oblique, obtuse or subcordate at the base, short-
petioled; stipules at length fringed; involucres
in lateral clusters, split on one side, long,
faintly nerved, with 4 disk-like glands, each
subtended by a narrow irregular red or white
appendage; capsule depressed-globose, less than
in diameter, its 3 lobes keeled; seeds oblong,
%" long, papillose, ash-colored, obscurely trans-
versely wrinkled.
Quebec to New York, Kansas and Mississippi.
Aug. -Oct.
374
EUPHORBIACEAE.
[Vol. II.
lo. Euphorbia stictospora Engelm.
Narrow-seeded Spurge. (Fig. 2316.)
Euphorbia sliclospora Engelm. Bot. Mex. Bound.
Surv. 187. 1859.
Annual, yellowish green, pilose throughout.
Stem branched from the base, the branches as-
cending, or radiating, 2'-i2' long; leaves oblong
to suborbicular, i"--^" long, obtuse, dentate-ser-
rate at the apex, short-petioled, the bases truncate
or subcordate; stipules fringed; involucres clus-
tered, campanulate, Yz" high, with 4 cup-shaped
glands subtended by inconspicuous crenate ap-
pendages; peduncles at length longer than the
involucres; capsule ovoid, yz"-\" in diameter;
seeds narrowly ovoid, Yz" long, pointed, pitted,
gray or ash-colored, sharply 4-atigled.
Kansas and Colorado to Mexico. June-Oct.
II. Euphorbia Fendleri T. & G.
Euphorbia Fendleri T. & G. Pac. R. R. Rep.
2: 175. 1855.
Annual (or perennial by a wood}' root),
pale green, glabrous. Stem diffusely
branched from the base, the spreading
wiry branches 4^-8'' long, brittle; leaves
suborbicular, oval or elliptic, \Y2"-\"
long, obtuse, entire, short-petioled, the
base oblique, obtuse or subcordate; stipules
usually a fringe'of short setae; involucres
solitary in the axils, sometimes clustered
toward the ends of the branches, cam-
panulate, i^'-zYi" Wgh, with 4 or 5
saucer-shaped oval glands subtended by
irregular entire or slightly lobed append-
ages; peduncles about as long as the in-
volucres, capsule deflexed, i}4'^ in diame-
ter, sharply 3-lobed; seeds ovoid, ^^'^ long,
transversely wrinkled.
Nebraska and Colorado to Texas, Mexico
and Arizona. April-Oct.
Fendler's Spurge. (Fig. 2317.)
12. Euphorbia lata Engelm. Hoary
Spurge. (Fig. 2318.)
Euphorbia lata Engelm. Bot. Mex Bound. Surv.
188. 1859.
Perennial, pale green, canescent all over.
Stem branched from the somewhat woody base,
the branches spreading or ascending, 2^-4' long;
leaves ovate to lanceolate, 2^''-5'' long, revo-
lute-margined, abruptly narrowed, truncate or
cordate at the base, short-petioled; stipules ob-
solete, or of a few short setae; involucres solitary
in the axils, Y^' long, short-peduncled, bearing
5 disk -like glands subtended by narrow undulate
appendages; capsule subglobose, i'^ in diameter;
seeds oblong, 'Y," long, acutish at both ends,
4-angled, the faces inconspicuously transversely
wrinkled;
Kansas to Texas and New Mexico.
Vol. II.]
SPURGE FAMIIvY.
375
13, Euphorbia nutans Lag. Large or Upright Spotted Spurge. (Fig. 2319.)
Euphorbia nutans Lag. Gen. & St. 17. 1816.
Euphorbia Preslii Guss. Fl. Sic. Prodr. 1: 539. 1827.
Euphorbia tiypericifolia A. Gray, Man. 407. 1848.
Not L. 1753.
Annual, glabrous or sparingly pubescent. Stem
branched, at least above, ascending or erect, 7^-2°
high, the branches mostly spreading, often recurved
at the ends; leaves opposite, oblong, or linear-ob-
long, varying to ovate or obovate, often falcate, ob-
lique, 3-nerved, unequally serrate, often with a red
blotch and red margins, short -petioled; stipules tri-
angular, slightly lacerate; involucres narrowly obo-
void, Yz" long, one-half or one-third as long as the
peduncles, bearing 4 glands subtended by orbicular
or reniform entire white or red appendages; capsule
glabrous, \" in diameter; seeds oblong-ovoid,
long, 4-angled, with broken transverse ridges.
In fields and thickets, throughout eastern North
America, except the extreme north, extending west to
the Rocky Mountains. May-Oct.
14. Euphorbia hexagona Nutt. Angled
Spurge. (Fig. 2320.)
Euphorbia hexagona Nutt.; Spreng. Syst. 3: 791.
1826.
Annual, yellowish green, glabrous or spar-
ingly pubescent. Stem slender, erect, or assur-
gent, 4'-2o' tall, branched, the branches as-
cending, often almost filiform; leaves opposite,
linear, oblong or lanceolate, very short -petioled,
obtuse or acute, equilateral; stipules obsolete or
very narrow; involucres solitary in the axils, of-
ten clustered, I'^-i^'' long, ciliate, pubescent,
short-peduncled, with 5 glands subtended by
triangular-ovate whitish or green appendages;
capsule glabrous, 7." in diameter, seeds ovoid or
oblong-ovoid, i^^^ long, terete, papillose.
Iowa to Montana, Texas and Colorado. Stem
striate-angled. June-Oct.
15. Euphorbia corollata L. Bloom-
ing or Flowering Spurge. (Fig. 2321 . )
Euphorbia corollata L. Sp. PI. 459. 1753.
Perennial by a long stout rootstock, bright
green, glabrous or somewhat pubescent.
Stem erect, io'-3° tall, often spotted, usually
simple; umbellately branched above; leaves
linear, oblong or oblong-spatulate, io'^-2o^^
long, entire, short-petioled or sessile, the
lower scattered, those subtending the umbel
verticillate, rays of the umbel forked; bracts
ovate to linear, green; involucres mostly
terminal, less than \" long, bearing 4 or 5
yellowish green oblong glands subtended
by white petal-like cuneate or orbicular-
cuneate appendages; capsule erect, subglo-
bose, \"-2" in diameter; seeds ovoid,
smooth, sparingly pitted.
In dry soil, Ontario to Minnesota and Kan-
sas, south to Florida and Texas. April-Oct.
Ascends to 4200 ft. in North Carolina.
376
EUPHORBIACEAE.
[Vol. II.
16. Euphorbia marginata Pursh. White-margined Spurge. (Fig. 2322.)
EupUo7-bia marginata Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 607.
1814.
Annual, bright green, glabrous or pubescent.
Stem rather stout, erect, 10^-3° tall, somewhat
channelled, usually pilose, topped by a mostly
3- rayed umbel; leaves except the whorl subtend-
ing the umbel, scattered, ovate to obovate, 10'^-
3^2' long, entire, sessile, rays of the umbel
forked; bracts large, white-margined; involu-
cres campanulate, often clustered, 1" long,
usually pubescent, bearing 3 glands subtended
by white reniform appendages; capsule de-
pressed-globose, if' in diameter, usually pubes-
cent, the lobes rounded; seeds ovoid-globose,
terete, about 2" long, dark ash-colored, reticu-
late-tuberculate.
In dry soil, Minnesota to Colorado, south to
Texas. Introduced into waste places in the Central
and Atlantic States. May-Oct.
17. Euphorbia cuphosperma (Engelm. )
Boiss. Warty Spurge. (Fig. 2323.)
Euphorbia deniaia var. cupliosperma Engelm. Bot.
Mex. Bound. Surv. 190. 1859.
Euphorbia cuphosperma Boiss. in DC. Prodr. 15: Part
2, 73. 1862.
Annual, usually sparingly pubescent. Stem erect,
slender, simple, or sparingly branched, 8'-i5' high.
Leaves opposite or alternate, linear, oblong, or
linear-lanceolate, io''-3' long, entire, undulate, or
denticulate, narrowed into a slender petiole; in-
volucres crowded at the ends of the branches, nearly
sessile, glabrous, or nearly so, nearly 1" long, bear-
ing about 4 long-stalked unappendaged glands;
capsule glabrous, or sparingly pubescent, 2>^" in
diameter, seeds narrowly ovoid, about \ yz" long, ir-
regularly 4-angled, ridged and slightly tuberculate.
South Dakota to Colorado and Mexico. Aug. -Sept.
18. Euphorbia dentata Michx.
Toothed Spurge, (Fig. 2324.)
Euphorbia dentata Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 211.
1803.
Annual, dull green, pubescent. Stem erect
or ascending, 8'-i5' high, somewhat woody
below, branched, the branches mostly ascending;
leaves opposite, or the lowest alternate, varying
from ovate to nearly linear or orbicular-oblong,
5''-3^' long, coarsely dentate, narrowed into
slender petioles, the nerves prominent beneath;
involucres clustered at the ends of the branches,
oblong-campanulate, about long, 3-5-lobed,
bearing 1-4 yellowish short-stalked glands with-
out appendages; capsule glabrous, 2"-2^"in
diameter; seeds ovoid or ovoid-globose, ash-
colored, irregularly tuberculate, inconspicuously
4- angled.
In dry or moist soil, Pennsylvania to South
Dakota, Louisiana and Mexico. July-Oct.
iv ■•'illlll/
Vol. II.]
SPURGE FAMILY.
377
19. Euphorbia Ipecacuanhae L. Wild
Ipecac. Ipecac Spurge. (Fig. 2325.)
Euphorbia Ipecacuanhae L,. Sp. PI. 455. 1753.
Perennial by a deep perpendicular root,
glabrous or pubescent. Stems several or many,
slender, spreading, ascending or nearly erect,
i/-\o' long, branched; leaves green or red,
wonderfully variable in outline from linear to
orbicular, 5''-3' long, mostly opposite, entire,
the upper sometimes whorled, the lower often
alternate, short-petioled; involucres axillary,
mostly hemispheric, nearly \" long, slender-
peduncled; bearing 5 transversely elliptic or
oblong green sessile unappendaged glands;
capsule lYz" in diameter, nodding; seeds
light gray, oblong-ovoid or ovoid, lYz" long,
pitted, obscurely 4-sided.
In dry sandy soil, Connecticut to Florida,
mostly near the coast. Also in southern Indiana.
An emetic. May-Oct.
21. Euphorbia Lathyris Caper
or Myrtle Spurge. (Fig. 2327.)
Euphorbia Lalhyris L,. Sp. PI. 457. 1753.
Annual or biennnial, glabrous, stout, glau-
cous. Stem usually erect, stout, 8'-3° tall,
mostly simple below, umbellately branched
above; leaves numerous, the lower scattered,
those subtending the umbel verticillate, the
lower linear, reflexed, the upper lanceolate or
linear-lanceolate, T-Yz'-^' long, entire, sessile,
subcordate at the base; bracts opposite, ovate
or ovate-lanceolate, truncate or subcordate;
involucres lYz" long, bearing 4 crescent-
shaped unappendaged glands prolonged into
short horns; capsule subglobose, in
diameter, its lobes rounded; seeds oblong-
ovoid, lY^"-?/' long, terete, usually wrinkled.
In waste places, New Jersey to North Carolina.
Also in California. Native of Europe. Called
also Wild Caper, Caper-bush, Mole-tree or Mole-
plant and Spring-wort, its seeds a cathartic.
May-Aug.
20. Euphorbia heterophylla I,.
Various-leaved Spurge. (Fig. 2326.)
Euphorbia heterophylla I,. Sp. PI. 453. 1753.
Annual or biennial, bright green, pubes-
cent or nearly glabrous. Stem mostly erect,
i°-3° tall, woody below, with the branches
ascending, or the lower spreading, leafy at
the ends; leaves alternate, very variable,
linear to orbicular, entire, imdulate, sinuate or
dentate, the uppermost often fiddle-shaped
and blotched with red; all slender-petioled;
involucres clustered at the ends of branches,
\Y2" long, about equalling the peduncles;
cleft into 5 ovate or oblong laciniate lobes,
the sinuses bearing i or several sessile glands
without appendages; capsule glabrous or
minutely pubescent, 3'' in diameter; seeds
oblong-ovoid, lYi-" long, transversely wrin-
kled and tuberculate.
Illinois to Montana, Florida and Central Amer-
ica. Widely distributed in tropical America.
April-Nov.
euphorbiaceae;.
[Vol. II.
22, Euphorbia Darlingtonii A. Gray.
Darlington's Spurge. (Fig. 2328.)
Euphorbia Dariinglonii A.. Gray, Man. 404. 1848.
Perennial, dark green, often minutely pubes-
cent. Stem rather stout, erect, tall,
fleshy, topped by a 5-8-rayed umbel, branched
above, the branches simple or forked; the
leaves oblong or oblanceolate, i^'-4' long,
mostly obtuse at the apex, sessile, often undu-
late, more or less pubescent beneath, those of
the stem scattered, those subtending the umbels
verticillate; bracts opposite, ovate or nearly reni-
form; involucres campanulate, nearly 2" long,
bearing 5 reniform crenulate unappendaged
glands; capsule depressed-globose, minutely
warty; seeds ovoid-globose.
New York, Pennsylvania and New Jersey to
North Carolina. May-Sept.
23. Euphorbia obtusata Pursh.
Blunt-leaved Spurge. (Fig. 2329.)
Euphorbia obtusata Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 606.
1814.
Annual, yellowish green, glabrous. Stem
slender, erect or assurgent, i°-2° high, strict,
branched above, topped by a 3-rayed umbel;
branches simple or forked; leaves, except the
whorl subtending the umbel, scattered,
spatulate-oblong, obtuse, serrulate to below
the middle, sessile, the base slightly auricled;
involucres short -peduncled, ^4.'' long, bear-
ing 4 stalked unappendaged glands; capsule
subglobose, nearly 2'^ in diameter, with
elongated warts, the lobes rounded; seeds
lenticular, oblong, or orbicular-oblong, dark
brown, faintly reticulated.
In dry soil, Virginia to Iowa, South Carolina
and Texas. March-July.
24. Euphorbia platyphylla L. Broad-
leaved Spurge. (Fig. 2330.)
Euphorbia platyphylla L. Sp. PI. 460. 1753.
Annual, glabrous or nearly so. Stems mostly
erect, slender, 4^-20' high, terete, often reddish,
topped by a usually 5 -rayed umbel; the branches
forked or umbellately branched; leaves, except
the whorl at base of the umbel, scattered, oblong
or spatulate-oblong, io'^-i5'^ long, acute, serrulate,
sessile, the ba.se slightly auricled; bracts triangu-
lar-ovate or reniform, mucronate, often entire; in-
volucres very thin, campanulate, nearly i" long,
sessile, bearing 4 sessile glands without append-
ages; capsule subglobose, about 2'' in diameter,
with depressed warts, the lobes rounded; seeds
lenticular, oblong or nearly orbicular, smooth,
brown.
Along the shores of the St. Lawrence River and the
Great Lakes. Naturalized from Europe. June-Sept.
Vol. II.]
SPURGE FAMILY,
25. Euphorbia dictyosperma F. &M.
Reticulate-seeded Spurge. (Fig. 2331.)
Euphorbia diclyosperma F. & M. Ind. Sem. Hort.
Petrop. 2: 37. 1835.
Annual, olive green, glabrous. Stem erect,
rather slender, 4^-15' high, topped by a com-
pound 3-rayed iimbel; brandies forked; leaves,
except those subtending the umbel, scattered,
spatulate or oblong, 5''-i Yz' long; obtuse, ser-
rate to below the middle, sessile, the upper
slightly auricled at the base; bracts oblong or
ovate, inequilateral, small, serrate, cordate; in-
volucres solitary in the axils, less than i" long,
with 4 oblong naked nearly sessile glands; cap-
sule depressed-globose, ^Yz" in diameter, with
elongated warts; seeds ovoid, lenticular, reddish
brown, finely but distinctly reticulated.
Maryland to Minnesota and California, south to
Alabama and Mexico. May-Aug.
26. Euphorbia Helioscopia I,.
Sun Spurge. Wartweed. (Fig. 2332.)
Euphorbia Helioscopia 1,. Sp. PI. 459. 1753.
Annual, glabrous or nearly so. Stem stout,
erect or assurgent, tall, often branched
from the base, topped like the branches by a
more or less compound 3-5-rayed umbel ; leaves,
except the whorl at the base of the umbel, scat-
tered, spatulate, obovate, oblong, or sometimes
nearly orbicular, Y^'~^y^ ^o^g? obtuse or retuse,
serrulate, narrowed to a short petiole; bracts ob-
long or ovate, serrulate, inequilateral, sessile; in-
volucres oblong-campanulate, I '4! ''long, nearly
sessile, usually with 4 oblong stalked un-
appendaged glands; capsule globose-ovoid, or
somewhat depressed, 2" in diameter, smooth,
the lobes rounded; seeds ovoid, nearly i^''
long, reddish brown, strongly reticulate.
In waste places in the Valley of the St. Lawrence
and along the Great Lakes, extending south in
New York and Ohio. Naturalized from Europe.
Among many other English names are Sunweed,
Turnsole, Little Good, Cat's Milk, Wolf's Milk,
Churnstaff, Wart-grass, Mouse-milk. June-Oct.
27, Euphorbia Peplus I,. Petty Spurge.
(Fig. 2333.)
Euphorbia Peplus L. Sp. PI. 456. 1753.
Annual, glabrous. Stem rather slender, erect or
nearly so, high, simple or branched, topped
by a 3-5-rayed umbel; stem-leaves scattered, oblong
or obovate, Yz'-iY' long, obtuse or retuse, entire,
crisped, narrowed into a slender petiole; those at the
base of the umbel whorled; bracts opposite, ovate or
triangular-ovate, apiculate, sessile; involucres cam-
panulate, almost sessile, less than \" long, bearing
4 crescent-shaped unappendaged glands prolonged
into slender horns; capsule globose-ovoid, ^''-xY^"
in diameter, slightly nodding, smooth, the lobes 2-
keeled; seeds oblong or oblong-ovoid, whitish, nearly
terete, marked with 1-4 series of pits.
In waste places, western New York to New Jersey and
Pennsylvania. Adventive from Europe. June-Sept.
38o
EUPHORBIACEAE.
[Vol.. II.
28. Euphorbia commutata Engelm. Tinted Spurge.
Euphorbia conimulata Engelm
(Fig. 2334.)
in A. Gray, Man. Ed.
2, 389. 1856.
Euphorbia Ohiotica Steud. & Hochst. ; Boiss. in DC.
Prodr. 15: Part 2, 142. 1862.
Biennial, yellowish green, often tinged with red,
glabrous. Stem slender, usually decumbent at the
base, 4'-i5' long, branched, topped by a 3-rayed
umbel; branches forked or umbellately branched;
leaves, except the whorl at the base of the umbel,
scattered, spatulate to ovate, loug. obtuse
or mucronulate, entire, flat, narrowed into a slender
petiole; bracts opposite, ovate- reniform; involucres
campanulate, \%" long, sessile, bearing 3 or 4
crescent-shaped unappendaged glands prolonged
into slender horns; capsule globose-ovoid, Yyi." in
diameter, glabrous, the lobes rounded; seeds oblong,
terete, irregularly pitted.
On hillsides, chiefly along streams, Pennsylvania to
Minnesota, Florida and Missouri. March-July.
29. Euphorbia Esula L,. Leafy
Spurge. Faitour'.s Grass. (Fig. 2335.)
Euphorbia Esula L. Sp. PI. 461. 1753.
Perennial by a horizontal rootstock, glabrous.
Stems often clustered, slender, mostly erect,
8'-2° tall, scaly below, branched above, topped
by a many-rayed umbel; leaves few, all scattered,
except the whorl at the base of the umbel, linear
or oblong, i"-'io" long, broad, entire,
sessile; those subtending the umbel lanceolate
or oblanceolate ; bracts subreniform, mucron-
ate; involucres campanulate, i)i"-'iyz" long,
nearly sessile, bearing 4 unappendaged crescent-
shaped glands; capsule nodding, smooth; seeds
oblong, terete, smooth.
In waste places, Massachusetts to New York and
Michigan. Also called Ti thy mal. Naturalized from
Europe. Summer.
Euphorbia Nicaeensis All.
00^
Ped.
285. pi.
Nicaean Spurge. (Fig.
Eupliorbia Nicaeensis All. Fl.
6<).f. I. 1785.
Perennial by a horizontal rootstock, bright
green, glabrous. Stem rather stout, usually
clustered, erect or assurgent, S'-2o' high,
usually very leafy, simple or branched,
topped by a 4-7 -rayed umbel; branches sim-
ple or forked; leaves, except the whorl at the
base of the umbel, alternate, linear or linear-
oblong, Yz'-iYz' long, 2"-(i" broad, entire,
mostly apiculate, sessile, revolute-margined,
those subtending the umbel ovate, oval or
obovate; bracts opposite, reniform, obtuse or
apiculate; involucres campanulate, lYz"
long, sessile, bearing 4 yellowish oblong
crescent-shaped, 2-horned, unappendaged
glands; capsule globose-ovoid, 2" in diame-
ter, nodding, smooth, finely wrinkled; seeds
oblong, \yi"-\yz" long, nearly terete, whit-
ish, smooth.
In fields along the Susquehanna River, south-
ern New York and northern Pennsylvania.
Naturalized from Europe. July-Sept.
voiv. ir.]
SPURGE FAMILY.
381
31. Euphorbia Cyparissias L. Cypress
Spurge. (Fig. 2337.)
Euphorbia Cyparissias L. Sp. PI. 461. 1753.
Perennial by horizontal rootstocks, bright green,
glabrous. Stems mostly clustered, often growing
in large patches, scaly below, leafy above, erect, 1°
high, or less, branched, the branches topped by
many-rayed umbels; leaves linear, or almost iiliform,
those subtending the umbels whorled, the others
alternate, sessile, S'^-i' long, %"-iyi" broad; in-
volucres turbinate-campauulate, i" long, short-pe-
duncled, with 4 unapperidaged crescent-shaped
glands; capsule subglobose, \%" in diameter,
spreading, granular on the rounded lobes; seeds ob-
long, \" long, smooth.
Escaped from gardens to roadsides and waste places
in the Atlantic States. Naturalized from Europe.
Called also Quack Salver's Spurge. Poisonous when
eaten in quantities. Bracts yellowish at flowering time.
Lower leaves often mere scales. May-Sept.
32. Euphorbia robusta (Engelm. ) Small.
Rocky Mountain Spurge. (Fig. 2338.)
Etiphorbia montana ^ robusla Engelm. Bot. Mex.
Bound. Surv. 192. 1859.
Perennial by a perpendicular rootstock, glabrous,
glaucous. Stems slender, clustered, erect or assur-
gent, 4'-i4' tall, slightly angled, .scaly below,
branched, topped by a 3-5-rayed umbel; leaves,
except the whorl subtending the umbel, scattered,
ovate or oblong-ovate, 5''-8" long, thick, obtuse or
apiculate, entire, sessile; bracts opposite, triangu-
lar-ovate or subreniform, involucres campanulate,
i%" long, sessile, bearing 4 somewhat crescent-
shaped unappendaged buff crenulate glands;
capsule globose-ovoid, 2" long, horizontal, its
lobes rounded; seeds oblong or obovoid-oblong,
terete, il4'' long, gray, minutely pitted.
Montana and Wyoming to Nebraska and Arkansas.
May-Oct.
Family 58. CALLITRICHACEAE Lindl. Nat. Syst. Ed. 2, 191.
\V.\TER Starwort Family.
Herbaceoits aqtiatic or rarely terrestrial plants, with slender or capillary
stems, opposite exstipulate entire spatulate or linear leaves, and minute perfect
or monoecious axillary flowers. Perianth none. Bracts 2, sac-like or none.
Stamen i; filament elongated, filiform; anthers cordate, 2 -celled, opening by
lateral slits. Pistil i; ovary 4-celled; ovules i in each cavity; .styles 2, filiform,
papillose nearly the whole length. Fruit compressed, lobed, the lobes more or
less winged or keeled on the margins, separating at maturity into 4 flattish
i-seeded carpels. Seed anatropous, pendulous; endosperm fleshy; embryo
straight or .slightly curved, nearly as long as the endosperm.
Consists of the following genus :
I. CALLITRICHE L. Sp. PI. 969. 1753.
Characters of the family. The affinities are variously regarded by botanical authors,
some placing it in Halorageae, some in On.\graceae, others near Euphorbi.\cEae, the
position here maintained. [Greek, beautiful hair, from the hair-like stems.]
About 20 species, of very wide geographic distribution. Besides the following, about 7 others
occur in the southern and western parts of North America. Known as Water Starwort or Star-grass.
Fruit short-peduncled; bracts wanting; terrestrial. i. C. AusHni.
Fruit sessile; aquatic, or some forms growing in mud.
Bracts present.
Fruit oval, flat on the face, longer than the styles. 2. C. palustris.
Fruit obovate, plano-convex, shorter than the styles. 3. C. heierophylla.
Bracts none; leaves all linear, submersed. 4. C. bifida.
*Text contributed by the late Rev. Thomas Morong.
1836.
382
CALLITRICHACEAE.
[Vol. II.
1. Callitriche Austini Engelm. Terrestrial "Water-Starwort. (Fig. 2339.)
Callitriche terresire Raf. Med. Rep. ( II. ) 5: 358. 1808 ?
Callilriche deflexa var. /l7/i/?'«z Hegelm. Ver. Bot. Ver. Brand.
9: 15- 1867.
C. Atistini Engelm. in A. Graj-. Man. Ed. 5, 428. 1867.
Tufted, the branches spreading on the ground or ascend-
ing, Yz'-i' long. Leaves spatulate or obovate, 3-nerved,
I y2"-2" long, about \" wide, obtuse, tapering at the base
into a short margined petiole, destitute of stellate scales;
fruit about %" long and nearly yi" broad, deeply notched
at both ends, its lobes with a narrow marginal wing or
raised border, with a deep groove between them; peduncle
shorter than or slightly exceeding the fruit; styles per-
sistent, not longer than the fruit, spreading or reflexed.
In damp, shaded places, southern New York and northern
New Jersey to Ohio and Missouri, south to Tennessee, Louis-
iana, Texas, and Mexico. July-Sept. The dried plant ex-
hales a pleasant odor like Melilot.
2. Callitriche palustris L. Vernal Water-Starwort. Water Fennel. (Fig. 2340.)
Callitriche palustris L. Sp. PI. 969. 1753.
Callitriche verna L. Fl. Suec. Ed. 2, 4. 175.5.
Callitriche vernalis Koch, Syn. Fl. Germ. Ed. 2, 245. 1837.
Aquatic or growing in the mud, stems 2^-10' long. Sub-
merged leaves linear, i-nerved, retuse or bifid at the apex,
^"-\o'' long; emersed or floating leaves obovate, obtuse,
truncate or retuse at the apex, narrowed at the base into
a margined petiole, dotted with stellate scales; aquatic
forms occur with the leaves all linear; fruit 2-bracted,
oval, y2"-i" long, about one-half as broad, nearly flat on
the face, slightly notched at the apex, winged only to-
ward the apex, or all around, separated by a deep groove.
Mostly in cold or running water, apparently occurring
nearly throughout the United States and Canada. Also in
South America, Europe and Asia. July-Sept.
3. Callitriche heterophylla Pursh. Larger
Water-Starwort. (Fig. 2341.)
Callitriche heterophylla Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 3. 1814.
Similar to the preceding species, either aquatic or
growing in the mud. Fruit smaller, mostly obovate,
usually slightly less than Yz" long, and about the same
breadth, broadly notched at the apex, thick, plano-con-
vex, almost ventricose at the base; lobes obtusely angled
with a small intervening groove, wingless, or with a
narrow wing or raised border on the margins; styles
usually longer than the fruit, erect.
In ponds and slow streams, New England to Florida, west
to the Northwest Territory, Missouri and Louisiana; of more
southerly distribution than the last. Also in Colorado.
July-Sept.
4. Callitriche bifida (L.) Morong. Autumnal
or Northern Water-Starwort. (Fig. 2342.)
Callitriche palustris var. bifida L. Sp. PI. 969. 1753.
Callitriche autumnalis L. Fl. Suec. Ed. 2, 4. 1755-
Callitriche bifida Morong, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 215. 1894.
Entirely submerged. Leaves crowded, linear or linear-
lanceolate, clasping at the base, retuse or bifid at the
apex, i-nerved, 5^-8" long, without stellate scales; fruit
sessile, or rarely minutely pedunculate, orbicular or
slightly narrower than long, yi,''-!" in diameter, its
lobes separated by a deep groove and broadly winged on
the margins; styles as long as the fruit, or shorter, soon
deciduous; bracts none.
In flowing water, Quebec and Lake Champlain to Michi-
gan, Manitoba and Oregon, south in the Rocky Mountains to
Colorado. Also in Europe and Asia. July-Sept.
Vol. II.]
CROWBERRY FAMILY.
383
Family 59. EMPETRACEAE Dumort. FL Belg. 106. 1827.
Crowberry Family.
Low evergreen shrubs, with small narrow nearly sessile exstipulate leaves
jointed to short pulvini, channeled on the lower side by the revolute margins,
and small dioecious or rarely polygamous flowers, axillary or in terminal heads.
Calyx of 3 sepals. Corolla of 2 or 3 petals, or none. Staminate flowers with
2-4 (mostly 3) stamens, the filaments filiform, the anthers 2 -celled, longitudi-
nally dehiscent, sometimes with a rudimentary pistil. Pistillate flowers with a
2-several-celled sessile ovary, the single style cleft into as many stigma-bearing
segments as there are ovary-cavities; ovules i in each cavity, amphitropous.
Fruit a berry-like drupe, containing 2-several i -seeded nutlets. Embryo
straight, terete, in copious endosperm.
Three known genera, the following, and the monotypic Corrigiola of the southeastern United
States.
Flowers axillary; petals 3. i. Empetrum.
Flowers in terminal heads; petals none. 2. Corema.
I. EMPETRUM L. Sp. PI. 1022. 1753.
Depressed or spreading herbaceous shrubs, freely branching, dioecious or monoecious,
the branches usuall}' densely leafy, the leaves linear -oblong. Flowers inconspicuous, soli-
tary in the upper axils. Sepals and petals mostly 3. Staminate flowers with 3 stamens, the
anthers introrse. Pistillate flowers with a globose 6-9-celled ovary, and a short thick style
with 6-9-toothed segments. Drupe black, or red, containing 6-9 nutlets. [Greek, on rocks,
referring to the growth of these plants in rocky places.]
Two known species, the following, and C. riibrum of southern South America.
I. Empetrum nigrum I,. Black
Crowberry. Heathberry.
(Fig. 2343.)
Empetrum nigruvi L. Sp. PI. 1022. 1753.
Glabrous, or the young shoots pubes-
cent, usually much branched, the
branches diffusely spreading, I'-io'
long. Leaves crowded, dark green,
linear-oblong, thick, obtuse, 2^^-3^'^
long, about Yz" wide, the strongly revo-
lute margins roughish; flowers very
small, purplish; stamens exserted; drupe
black (red in an arctic form), i"--}/' in
diameter.
In rocky places, Greenland to Alaska,
south to the coast of Maine, the higher
mountains of New England and northern
New York, Michigan and California. Also
in Europe and Asia. Called also Crake-
berry, Blackberried Heath, Wire Ling, Crow-
pea and Monox Heather. Grows in dense
beds; the fruit much eaten by arctic birds.
Summer.
2, COREMA Don, Edinb. New Phil. Journ. 15: 63. 1826-27.
[Oakesia Tuckerm. in Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. 1: 445. 1S42.]
Low, much branched shrubs, with narrowly linear leaves crowded on the branches, and
small dioecious or polygamous flowers in terminal heads. Corolla none. Staminate flowers
with 3 or sometimes 4 long-exserted stamens, occasionally with a rudimentary or perfect
pistil. Pistillate flowers with a 2-5-celled (mostly 3-celled) ovary and a slender 2-5-cleft
style, the stigmatic branches very slender, sometimes toothed. Drupe globose, usually with
3 nutlets. [Greek, a broom, in allusion to the bushy habit.]
Two species, the following of the eastern United States, the other of southwestern Europe, the
Azores and Canaries.
384
EMPETRACEAE.
[Vol.. II.
I. Corema Conradii Torr. Conrad's
Broom Crowberry. (Fig. 2344.)
Empetrxini Conradii Torr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 4: 83.
1837.
Corema Conradii Torr.; I.,oudon, Encj'cl. Trees,
1092. 1842.
Much branched, 6'-2° high, the young twigs
puberulent and den.sely leafy, the branches
minutely scarred by the persistent pulvini.
Leaves '2"-'^" long, rather less than yi" wide,
obtuse, glabrous when mature, bright green;
flowers numerous in the tenninal sessile heads,
the pistillate ones almost concealed by the
upper leaves, the staminate conspicuous by the
exserted purple stamens; drupes nearly dry,
less than \" in diameter.
In rocky or sandy soil, Newfoundland to New
Jersey, mostly near the coast, but occurring in one
station on the Shawangunk Mountains in t'lster
Co., N. Y. Local. Usually growing in large
patches. April-May.
Family 60. BUXACEAE Dtimort. Comm. Bot. 54. 1822.
Box Family.
Monoecious or dioecious trees, shrubs or perennial herbs, with alternate or
opposite simple mostly evergreen leaves, the sap not milky. Flowers clustered
or solitary, regular, bracted, with or withoitt a perianth (calyx). Petals none.
Staminate flowers with 4-7 distinct stamens, the anthers 2-celled; sometimes
with a rudimentary pistil. Pistillate flowers with a 2-4-celled (mostly 3-celled)
ovary, with 2 or i anatropous ovules in each cavity; st5'les as many as the
ovary-cavities, simple. Fruit a capsule or drupe, its carpels 1-2-seeded. Em-
bryo straight; endosperm fleshy, or almost wanting.
About 6 genera and 30 species, only the following and the Californian Simmondsia in North
America.
I. PACHYSANDRA Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 177. 1803.
Monoecious perennial herbs, with matted rootstocks, the .stems procumbent or ascending,
leafy above, scaly or naked below. Leaves alternate, exstipulate, petioled, persistent, broad,
3-nerved, coarsely toothed, or entire. Flowers spicate, the pistillate and staminate in the
same spike. Staminate flowers with 4 sepals; stamens 4, opposite the sepals; filaments
thick, long-exserted ; anthers 2-celled, the sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Pistillate flowers
with 4 sepals or more; ovary 3-celled, the cavities with a partition at the base; styles 3,
spreading; ovules 2 in each cavity. Capsule of 3 2-seeded carpels. [Greek, thick stamen.]
Two species, the following of southeastern North America, the other Japanese.
I. Pachysandra procumbens Michx.
Alleghany Mountain Spurge. (Fig. 2345.)
Pachysandra procuvibens Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 177.
pi. 45 1803.
Somewhat pubescent; stems .stout, simple, 1°
long or less. Leaves ovate, oval, or obovate, 2^-4'
long, obtu.se or acutish at the apex, coarsely den-
tate or some of them entire, cuneate or abruptly
narrowed at the base into a petiole shorter than or
equalling the blade; spikes i or several in the
axils of the lower scales, densely many-flowered,
2'-3'' long, the staminate flowers forming most of
the .spike, the pistillate few toward its base; sepals
green or purplish; filaments white, long.
In woods. West Virginia to Florida and Louisiana.
Flowers fragrant. April-May.
Vol. II.] FALSE MERMAID FAMILY, 385
Family 61. LIMNANTHACEAE Lindl. Nat. Syst. Ed. 2, 142. 1836.
False Mermaid Family.
Annual herbs, with alternate petioled exstipulate pinnately divided leaves.
Flowers perfect, regular, white pink or red, axillary, long-peduncled. Sepals
2-5, valvate, persistent. Petals the same number as the sepals, alternating with
as many small glands, the nearly perigynous stamens twice as many, distinct.
Filaments filiform; anthers 2-celled, the sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Carpels
as many as the sepals and opposite them, i-ovuled, nearly distinct, the single
slender style arising from the centre as in Geraniaceae, cleft above into as many
stigmas as there are carpels; ovule ascending. Fruit very deeply 2-5-lobed, the
carpels indehiscent, rough or tubercled. Embryo straight; endosperm none;
cotyledons thick.
Two North American genera, the following, and Limnanihes, of the Pacific States, with 5 or 6
species.
I. FLOERKEA Willd. Neue Schrift. Ges. Nat. Fr. 3: 448. 1801.
An annual diffuse glabrous herb, with small white solitary flowers. Sepals 2-3, valvate.
Glands 2-3. Petals 2-3, oblong, entire. Stamens 4-6. Ovary
2- 3-lobed nearly to the base, 2-3-celled; stigmas 2-3. Ma-
ture carpels 1-3, rugose, indehiscent, fleshy. Seed erect.
[In honor of H. G. Floerke, 1790-1835, a German botanist.]
A monotj'pic genus of northern North America.
I. Floerkea proserpinacoides Willd. False
Mermaid. (Fig. 2346.)
Floerkea proserpinacoides Willd. Neue Schrift. Ges. Nat. Fr. 3:
448. 1801.
Slender, weak, 4^-15' long, branching. Leaves thin, slen-
der-petioled, long, the segments 5 or 3, distant, lanceo-
late, oblong or linear-oblong, acute or obtusish, entire or
cleft; peduncles slender, elongating in fruit; flowers white,
about 1%" broad; sepals ovate, acute, at length much exceed-
ing the fruit; stamens about equalling the petals; ripe carpels
nearl}' globular, about 1%" in diameter, tuberculate above.
In marshes and along rivers, Quebec to Ontario and Oregon,
south to Pennsylvania, Ohio, Missouri, Utah, and California.
April-June.
Family 62. ANACARDIACEAE Eindl. Nat. Syst. 1830.
vSuMAC Family.
Trees or shrubs, with acrid resinous or milky sap, alternate or rarely oppo-
site leaves, and polygamo-dioecious or perfect, mainly regular flowers. Cah'x
3- 7-cleft. Petals of the same number, imbricated in the bud, or rarely none.
Disk generally annular. Stamens as many or twice as many as the petals,
rarely fewer, or more, inserted at the ba.se of the disk; filaments separate;
anthers commonly versatile. Ovarj' in the staminate flowers i-celled. Ovary
in the pistillate flowers i- or sometimes 4-5-celled; styles 1-3; ovules i in each
cavitj'. Fruit generally a small drupe. Seed-coat bony or crustaceous; endo-
sperm little or none; cotyledons fleshy.
About 50 genera and 400 species, most abundant in warm or tropical regions, a few ex-
tending into the temperate zones.
Styles terminal; leaves compound in our species; fruit nearly symmetrical. i. Rhus.
Styles lateral; leaves simple; fruit gibbous. 2. Cotiniis.
I. RHUS E. Sp. PI. 265. 1753.
[Toxicodendron Mill. Gard. Diet. Ed. 7. 1759.]
Shrubs or trees, with alternate simple 3-foliolate or odd-pinnate leaves, no stipules, and
small polygamous flowers in axillary or terminal panicles. Calyx 4-6-cleft or parted (com-
monly 5 cleft), persistent. Petals equal, imbricated, spreading. Disk annular. Stamens
(in our species) 5. Pistil i, sessile; ovary i-ovuled; styles 3, terminal. Drupe small,
i-seeded, mostly subglobose, pubescent or glabrous. Seed inverted on a stalk that rises from
the base of the ovary; cotyledons nearly flat. [Ancient Greek and Latin name; Celtic, red.]
25
386
ANACARDIACEAE.
[Vol. II.
About 1 20 species, natives of warm and temperate regions, most abundant in South Africa.
Besides the following, about 8 others occur in the southern and western parts of the United States.
Fruit pubescent; stone smooth.
Leaflets 9-31.
Rachis of the leaf wing-margined. i. R. copalli7ia.
Rachis of the leaf nearly terete.
Foliage and twigs velvetj'-pubescent. 2. R. hit la.
Foliage and twigs glabrous, glaucous. 3. R. glabra.
Leaflets 3; flowers appearing before the leaves.
Leaflets i'-t,' long, pubescent, crenate-dentate. 4. R. aromalica.
Leaflets K'-i' long, glabrate, with few rounded teeth. 5. R. Irilobala.
Fruit glabrous; stone striate.
Leaflets 7-13, glabrous. 6. R. Vernix.
Leaflets 3, slightly pubescent beneath. 7. R. radicans.
I. Rhus copallina
I/. Dwarf, Black or Mountain Sumac. Upland Sumac.
(Fig. 2347.)
Rhus copallina L. Sp. PI. 266. 1753.
A shrub, or sometimes a small tree, with
maximum height of about 30° and trunk diam-
eter of 10'. Leaves pinnate, 6'-i2' long, the
petiole and rachis more or less pubescent;
leaflets 9-21, ovate-lanceolate or oblong-lan-
ceolate, inequilateral, acute or obtusish at
each end, entire, or few-toothed toward the
apex, dark green and glabrous above, paler
and often pubescent beneath; rachis wing-
margined between the leaflets; flowers polyg-
amous, green, lyi." broad, in dense terminal
panicles; pedicels and calyx finely pubescent;
drupe compressed, 2" in diameter, crimson,
covered with short fine acid hairs ; stone
smooth.
In dry soil, Maine and southern Ontario to
Florida, west to Minnesota, Nebraska and Texas.
Not poisonous. Leaves and bark contain much
tannin and are collected in large quantities in the
southern States, and ground for tanning leather.
Wood soft, light brown; weight per cubic foot
33 lbs. Ascends to 2600 ft. in North Carolina.
June-Aug.
2. Rhus hirta (I^.) Sudw. Staghorn Sumac
Dalisca liirta L. Sp. PI. 1037. 1753.
Rhus typhina L. Anioen. Acad. 4: 311. 1760.
Rhus hirta Sudw. Bull. Torr. Club, 19: 82.
1892.
A small tree, with maximum height of 40°
and trunk diameter of 9', or often shrubby.
Leaves pinnate, 8'-i5' long; petioles, rachis
and twigs more or less densely velvety-pu-
bescent; leaflets 11-31, lanceolate or oblong-
lanceolate, 3'-5' long, acuminate at the
apex, rounded at the base, sharply serrate,
dark green and nearly glabrous above, pale
and more or less pubescent beneath; pani-
cles terminal, dense; flowers green, polyga-
mous, broad; drupe globose, \Yz"-7."
in diameter, very densely covered with
bright crimson hairs; stone smooth.
In dry or rocky soil. Nova Scotia to Georgia,
especially along the mountains, west to south-
ern Ontario, Minnesota, Missouri and Missis-
sippi. Wood soft, greenish-j'ellow; weight per
cubic foot 27 lbs. Bark rich in tannin. A form
with laciniate leaflets has been found in New
Hampshire. June. This and the next some-
times called Vinegar Tree.
Vol. II.]
3
Rhus glabra L.
Sumac.
SUMAC FAMILY.
Smooth Upland or Scarlet
(Fig. 2349.)
Rhus glabra 1,. Sp. PI. 265. 1753.
A shrub or rarely a small tree, 2°-2o° high, similar to
the preceding species, but glabrous and somewhat glau-
cous. Leaflets 11 -31, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate,
2^-4'' long, acuminate at the apex, rounded and often
oblique at the base, dark green above, whitish beneath,
sharply serrate, rachis not winged; pedicels sometimes
slightly pubescent; inflorescence and fruit similar to
those of the two preceding species; drupe covered with
short reddish acid hairs; stone smooth.
In dry soil, Nova Scotia to British Columbia, south to
Florida, Mississippi and Arizona. Foliage sometimes used
for tanning. This species and the two preceding sometimes
have the whole or a part of the flower-clusters changed into
small leaves. A form with laciniate leaflets occurs in south-
em Pennsylvania and Delaware. June-Aug.
4. Rhus aromatica Ait.
Fragrant or Sweet-scented Sumac. (Fig. 2350.)
Toxicodendron crenaium Mill. Gard. Diet
Fd.8, no. 5. 1768?
Rhus aromatica Ait. Hort. Kew. 1:367. 1789.
Rhus Canadensis Marsh. Arb. Am. 129. 1785.
Not Mill. 1768.
A shrub, 3°-8° high, ascending or diffuse.
Leaves petioled, 3-foliolate, 2'-\' long, aro-
matic ; leaflets ovate or rhomboid,
long, wide, the lateral ones sessile,
the terminal short -stalked, acute or obtusish
at the apex, the lateral rounded or truncate,
the terminal cuneate at the base, all crenate
or crenate-dentate with numerous large
teeth, and pubescent, especially when young;
flowers yellowish green, about \" broad, in
clustered spikes appearing before the leaves;
drupe globose, red, pubescent; stone smooth.
In rocky woods, Ontario and Vermont to
Florida, especially along the mountains, west
to Minnesota, Arkansas and Louisiana. The
catkin-like spikes are developed on the
branches in late autumn. March-.\pril.
5. Rhus trilobata Nutt. Ill-scented Sumac.
Skunk-bush. (Fig. 2351.)
Rhus trilobata Nutt.; T. & G. Fl. N. A. l: 219. 1838.
Rhus aromatica var. trilobata A. Gray; S. Wats. Bot. King's
Exp. 53. 1871.
A glabrous or nearly glabrous shrub, 2°-6° high.
Leaves petioled, 3-foliolate, unpleasantly odorous, \'-2.'
long; leaflets sessile, or very nearly so, Yz'-y' long, pu-
berulent when young, glabrous when mature, ovate or
oval, obtuse, the terminal one commonly considerably
larger than the lateral and cuneate at the base, all cre-
nately few-lobed or toothed or sometimes entire; flowers
as in the preceding species, and fruit similar.
Illinois to Nebraska, south to Texas, west to California.
March.
)88 ANACARDIACEAE. [Vot. II.
6. Rhus Vernix L. Poison Sumac. Poison Elder. (Fig. 2352.)
Rhus Vernix- L,. Sp. PI. 265. 1753.
Toxicodendron pinnaluvi Mill. Gard. Diet.
Ed. 8, no. 4. 1768.
Rhus venenata DC. Prodr. 2: 68. 1825.
A shrub or small tree, with maximum
height of 25° and trunk diameter of d'.
Leaves petioled, pinnate, 6'-i5' long, gla-
brous or somewhat puberulent; leaflets 7-
13, thin, obovate, oval, or the lowest ovate,
2'-4' long, \'-\yz' wide, green both sides,
entire, short-acuminate at the apex, nar-
rowed or rounded at the base, short-stalked;
rachis terete; flowers green, about \"
broad, in loose axillary panicles 3'-8' long;
drupe globose-oblong, 1" in diameter,
gray, glabrous; stone striate.
In swamps, southern Ontario and near the
coast in the Eastern and Middle States, south
to Florida, west to Minnesota, Missouri and
Louisiana. Vers' poisonous. Wood soft, yel-
lowish brown; weight per cubic foot 27 lbs.
June. Called also Poison Ash, Swamp or
Poison Dogwood.
7. Rhus radicans L.
Poison, Climbing or Three-leaved Ivy.
Climath. (Fig. 2353.)
Poison Oak.
Rhus radicans L. Sp. PI. 266. 1753.
Rhus Toxicodendron of American authors,
in part, not L.
Toxicodendron vul^are Mill. Gard. Diet.
Ed. 8, no. I. 1768.
A wood}' vine, climbing by numerous
aerial rootlets, or erect and bushy, the
stem sometimes 3^-4' in diameter.
Lea'ves petioled, 3-foliolate, more or less
pubescent, especially beneath; leaflets
ovate or rhombic, i'-4' long, entire or
sparingly dentate or sinuate, acute or
short-acuminate at the apex, the lateral
sessile or short-stalked, inequilateral, the
terminal one stalked, rounded or nar-
rowed at the base; flowers green, lyi"
broad, in loose axillary panicles, i'-2,'
long; fruit similar to that of the preceding.
Thickets and along fences, etc., often as-
cending high trees. Nova Scotia to Brit-
ish Columbia, south to Florida, .Arkansas
and Utah. Ascends to 2200 ft. in Virginia.
Very poisonous. May-June.
Rhus Toxicodendron L., is a shrub of the
Southern States, with crenately-lobed very
pubescent leaflets.
2. COTINUS Adans. Fam. PI. 2: 345. 1763.
Shrubs or small trees, with alternate petioled ovate oval or obovate entire leaves, and
small polygamous slender-pedicelled flowers in large terminal panicles. Calyx 5-parted, the
segments imbricated, obtuse. Petals longer than the calyx, imbricated. Stamens 5. Ovary
obovoid; styles 3, lateral; stigmas very small. Drupe obliquely oblong or oval, compressed,
gibbous, i-seeded. Seed nearly as in Rhus. [Greek name of the oleaster, or wild olive.]
Two known species, the following of southeastern North America, the other of Europe and Asia.
Vol. II.] SUMAC FAMILY. 389
I. Cotinus cotinoides (Nutt.) Britton. Wild or American Smoke-tree.
Chittam-wood. (Fig. 2354.)
Rhus colinoides Nutt.; T. & G. Fl. N. A. i: 217.
As synonym, 1838.
Colinus Americanus Nutt. Sylva, 3: pi. Si. 1849.
Cotinus colinoides Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5:
216. 1894.
A small widely branched tree, with maxi-
mum height of about 40° and trunk diameter
of 15'. Leaves oval or slightly obovate, thin,
glabrous or sparingly pubescent beneath, 3^-
6' long, I ^'-2^ wide, obtuse at the apex, nar-
rowed and commonly acute or acutish at
the base, the blade slightly decurrent on the
petiole; flowers \"-\y2" broad, green, borne
in loose large terminal panicles ; pedicels
elongating to and becoming very plu-
mose in fruit; drupe reticulate-veined, 2'^ long.
Missouri and the Indian Territory, east to Ten-
nessee and Alabama. Wood soft, orange-yellow,
yielding a rich dye; weight per cubic foot 40 lbs.
Very nearly related to the European C. Colinus.
which differs in its smaller coriaceous leaves,
more pubescent, mostly rounded and obtuse at
base. April-May.
Family 63. CYRILLACEAE Lindl. Veg. King. 445. 1847.
Cyrilla Family.
Glabrous shrubs, or small trees, with simple entire thick alternate exstipu-
late leaves, long-persistent or evergreen, and small regular perfect bracted race-
mose flowers. Sepals 4-8 (mostly 5), persistent. Petals the same number as the
sepals, hypogynous, distinct, or slightly united by their bases, deciduous.
Stamens 4-10, in i or 2 series, distinct, hypogynous; anthers introrse, 2-celled,
the sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary 2-5-celled; ovules 1-4 in each cavity,
anatropous, pendulous; style short or none; stigma very small, or 2-3-lobed.
Fruit dry, small, 1-5-seeded. Seeds oblong or spindle-shaped; endosperm fleshy ;
embryo central, cylindric.
Three genera and 6 known species, natives of America.
I. CYRILLA Garden; L. Mant. 1:5. 1767.
Racemes clustered at the ends of twigs of the preceding season. Sepals 5, firm, acute,
shorter than the petals. Petals 5, white, acute, spreading. Stamens 5, opposite the sepal?,
the filaments subulate, the anthers oval. Ovary ovoid, sessile, mostly 2-celled, sometimes
3-celled; ovules 2-4 in each cavity; style short, thick, 2-3-lobed. Fruit ovoid, 2-3-seeded,
the pericarp spongy. [In honor of Domenico
Cyrillo, professor of medicine at Naples.]
Two species, natives of southeastern North America.
I. Cyrilla racemiflora Walt. Southern
Leatherwood or Ironwood. (Fig. 2355.)
Cyrilla racemiflora Walt. Fl. Car. 103. 1788.
A shrub or small tree, sometimes 35° high and
the trunk 15' in diameter, the bark at the base
spongy. Leaves oblanceolate, obovate or oval,
short-petioled, reticulate-veined and the midvein
rather prominent beneath, obtuse or acute at the
apex, cuneate-narrowed at the base, 2^-4' long,
■x,"-\' wide; racemes narrow, I'-d' long, bearing
the very numerous small white flowers nearly to
the base; pedicels long, somewhat longer
than the bracts, or shorter; fruit about \" long.
Along streams and swamps, southern Virginia to
Florida and Texas, mostly near the coast. Also in the
West Indies and South America. May-July.
390 ILICACEAE.
Family 64. ILICACEAE Lowe, Fl. Mad. 2: 11.
Holly Family.
[Vol. II.
1868.
Shrubs or trees, with watery sap, and alternate petioled simple often coriaceous
leaves. Flowers axillar}', small, clustered or solitary, white, mainly polygamo-
dioecious, regular. Stipules minute and deciduous, or none. Calyx 3-6-parted,
generally persistent. Petals 4-6 (rarely more), separate, or slightly united at
the base, hypogynous, deciduous, imbricated. Stamens hypogynous, as many
as the petals, or sometimes more; anthers oblong, cordate. Disk none. Ovarj'
I, superior, 3-several-celled; stigma discoid or capitate; style short or none;
ovules I or 2 in each cavity of the ovary. Fruit a small berry-like drupe, enclos-
ing several nutlets. Seed pendulous; endosperm fleshy; embryo straight.
Five genera and about 170 species, natives of temperate and tropical regions.
Petals oblong or obovate, slightly united. i. Ilex.
Petals linear, distinct. 2. Ilicioides.
I. ILEX L. Sp. PI. 125.
1753.
Shrubs or trees, with entire dentate or spiny-toothed, minutely stipulate leaves, and
axillary cymose or solitary, perfect or polygamous flowers. Calyx small, 4-5-cleft or toothed.
Petals 4-9, somewhat united at the base, oblong, obtuse. Stamens of the same number, ad-
nate to the base of the corolla. Berry-like drupe globose, with 4-8 bony or crustaceous
nutlets. [Ancient name of the Holly Oak.]
About 160 species, mostly natives of America, some in Asia, Africa and Australia. In addition
to the following, some 5 others occur in the southeastern United States.
Leaves, thick evergreen, persistent.
Nutlets ribbed.
Leaves spiny-toothed.
Leaves dentate or entire, not spiny.
Leaves entire or few-toothed; calyx-lobes acute.
Leaves coarselj' crenate; calyx-lobes obtuse.
Nutlets not ribbed; leaves dotted beneath.
Leaves thin, deciduous.
Nutlets ribbed; peduncles i-flowered.
Leaves small, obovate or spatulate, crenate.
Leaves large, ovate or lanceolate, sharply serrate.
Nutlets not ribbed.
Flowers all short-pedicelled.
Staminate flowers on long and slender pedicels.
1. /. opaca.
2. /. Cassine.
3. /. vomitoria.
4. /. glabra.
I. decidua.
I. monticola.
7. /. verlicillata,
8. /. laevigata.
I. Ilex opaca Ait. American Holly. (Fig. 2356.)
Ilex opaca Ait. Hort. Kew. 1: 169. 1789.
A tree of slow growth, sometimes 50°
high, and with a trunk diameter of
3K°- Young twigs sparingly pubes-
cent; leaves elliptical or obovate,
long, V-iyi' wide, evergreen, glabrous
on both sides, obtuse or acutish at the
apex, spiny-tipped, spinose-dentate, at
least toward the apex, rarely nearly or
quite entire; petioles 7."-i\" long,some-
times puberulent; peduncles 2-bracted;
staminate cymes 3-10-flowered, Yz'-
\' long; fertile flowers mostly scat-
tered and solitary; calyx-lobes acute,
ciliate; stigma sessile; drupe globose
or globose-oblong, red, rarely yellow,
i,"-^" in diameter; nutlets ribbed.
In moist woods, southern Maine to Flor-
ida, west to Pennsylvania, Missouri and
Texas. Most abundant near the coast.
Wood hard, nearly white; weight per
cubic foot 36 lbs. Ascends to 3000 ft. in
North Carolina. April-June.
Vol. II.]
HOLLY FAMILY.
2. Ilex Cassine L,. Dahoon Holly.
(Fig. 2357.)
Ilex Cassine L. Sp. PI. 125. 1753.
Ilex Dahoon Walt, Fl. Car. 241. 1788.
A shrub, or small tree, witli maximum
height o about 25° and trunk diameter of
18'. Twigs pubescent; leaves coriaceous,
evergreen, oblanceolate or oblong-obovate,
2'-4' long, yz'-\' wide, acutish or obtuse at
the apex, acute at the base, entire, or with a
few sharp teeth, glabrous and dark green
above, pale and usually pubescent beneath, es-
pecially on the strong midrib; petioles
long; staminate cymes several- or many-flow-
ered; peduncles and pedicels pubescent; fer-
tile cymes commonly 3-flowered; calyx-lobes
acute, ciliate; drupes red, globose, in
diameter, on pedicelsof about the same length.
In low woods, southern Virginia to Florida,
near the coast, west to Louisiana. Wood soft,
light brown; weight per cubic foot 30 lbs. May.
3. Ilex vomitoria Ait. Cassena. Yau-
pon. (Fig. 2358.)
Ilex Cassine Walt. Fl. Car. 241. 1788. Not L. 1753.
Ilex vomitoria Ait. Hort. Kew. 1: 170. 1789.
A shrub, or small tree, with maximum height of
about 25° and trunk diameter of 4^-6'. Petioles
and young twigs puberulent; leaves ovate-oblong
or elliptic, yk'-iYz' long, wide, obtuse at
both ends, crenate, glabrous, evergreen, pale be-
neath, dark green above; petioles long;
staminate cymes several-flowered, short-peduncled;
fertile cymes sessile, 1-3-flowered; pedicels longer
than the petioles; calyx-lobes obtuse; drupe glo-
bose, red, 7."-^/' in diameter; nutlets ribbed.
In low woods, Virginia to Florida, west to Arkansas
and Texas. Also in Bermuda. Wood hard, nearly
white; weight per cubit foot 45 lbs. Called also Ap-
palachian, Carolina, or South Sea Tea. May.
4. Ilex glabra (I^.) A. Gray. Inkberry.
Evergreen Winterberry. (Fig. 2359.)
Prinos glaberl^. Sp. PI. 330. 1753.
Ilex glabra A. Gray, Man. Ed. 2, 264. 1856.
A shrub, 2°-6° high. Young twigs and petioles
finely puberulent; leaves coriaceous, evergreen,
dark green and shining above, paler and dotted
beneath, oblanceolate or elliptic, i'-2' long, 5''^-
9" wide, generally cuneate at the base, obtusish and
few-toothed at the apex, or sometimes entire; pe-
tioles 2''-4'^ long; sterile cymes several-flowered,
slender-peduncled; fertile flowers generally soli-
tary, sometimes 2 or 3 together; calyx-segments
acutish or obtuse; drupe black, 2"-'i," in diameter;
nutlets not ribbed.
In sandy soil, eastern Massachusetts to Florida,
west to Louisiana, mainly near the coast. Reported
from Nova Scotia. June-July.
ILICACEAE.
[Vol. II.
5. Ilex decidua Walt. Swamp or Meadow
Holly. (Fig, 2360.)
Ile.v decidua Walt. Fl. Car. 241. 1788.
A shrub, or small tree, with a maximum height of
30° and trunk diameter of 8' or 10'. Twigs light gray,
glabrous; leaves obovate or spatulate-oblong, i^'-3'
long, wide, crenate, deciduous, dark green,
glabrous and with impressed veins on the upper sur-
face, paler and pubescent beneath, especially on the
midrib, acute or cuneate at the base, blunt at the apex
or sometimes emarginate; pedicels slender, i-flow-
ered, several often appearing from near the same
point, bractless; calyx-lobes ovate, obtuse; drupe red,
depressed-globose, 2" -2," in diameter; nutlets ribbed.
In swamps and low grounds, southern Virginia to
Florida, west to Kansas, Missouri and Texas. Wood
hard, white; weight per cubic foot 46 lbs. Flowers
unfolding with the leaves in May.
6. Ilex monticola A. Gray. Large-
leaved Holly. (Fig. 2361.)
/. monlana T. & G. ; A. Gray, Man. 276. 1848.
Not Griseb.
Ilex monticola A. Gray, Man. Ed. 2, 264. 1856.
Ilex Amelanchierwsr. monticola Wood. Bot.
& Flor. 208. 1873.
A shrub, or occasionally forming a slen-
der erect tree, with a maximum height of
about 40°. Leaves rather thin, decidu-
ous, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 2'-6' long,
Yz'-^Yz' wide, sharply serrate or ser-
rulate, acuminate or acute, glabrous on
both sides or somewhat pubescent be-
neath, especially along the veins; petioles
4//_8''long; pedicels i-flowered, bractless,
the sterile clustered, the fertile mostly
solitary; calyx-lobes acute or acutislii
ciliate, not hairy; drupes red, globose-
ovoid, in diameter; nutlets ribbed.
I
7 i
Mountain woods, New York and Pennsylvania, south to North Carolina and Alabama.
May.
Ilex monticola mollis (A. Gray) Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 217. 1894.
Ilex mollis A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 306. 1867.
Leaves proportionately broader, i%'-2Vz' long, 1' -2' wide, broadly ovate or oval, short-acumi-
nate, densely soft-pubescent beneath, glabrous, or with a few scattered hairs above, becoming
glabrate with age; calyx-lobes downy-pubescent. In mountain woods, Pennsylvania to Georgia.
7. Ilex verticillata (L,. ) A. Gray.
Virginia Winter-berry. Black Alder.
Fever-bush. (Fig. 2362.)
Prinos verlicillatiis L. Sp. PI. 330. 1753.
Ilex verticillata A. Gray, Man. ltd. 2, 264. 1856.
A shrub, 6°-25° high. Twigs glabrous or
slightly pubescent; leaves oval, obovate or
oblong-lanceolate, 2^-3' long, about \' wide,
acute or acuminate at the apex, acute or obtus-
ish at the base, rather thick and coriaceous,dark
green and nearly glabrous above, pubescent,
especially on the veins beneath, sharply ser-
rate; stamiuate cymes clustered, 2-10- flowered,
the fertile 1-3-flowered; pedicels 2-bracted;
calj-x-lobes obtuse, ciliate; drupes bright red,
(rarely white), clustered so as to appear ver-
ticillate, about ■x," in diameter; nutlets smooth.
In swamps. Nova Scotia to Florida, west to
western Ontario, Wisconsin and Missouri. The
leaves turn black in autumn. June-July.
Vol. II.]
HOLLY FAMILY.
393
Ilex verticillata tenuifolia Torn Fl. North. U. S. 338. 1824.
Leaves broadly obovate, obtuse but mucroniilate, membranous. Maine to New Jersey.
Hex verticillata padifolia (Willd.) T. & G.; S. Wats. Bibl.
Index, i: 160. 1878.
Leaves smaller, broadly oval or nearly orbicular, thick.
Northern New York to Pennsylvania.
8. Ilex laevigata (Pursh) A. Gray. Smooth
Winter-berry. (Fig. 2363.)
Prinos laevigatus Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 220. 1814.
Ilex laevigata A. Gray, Man. Ed. 2, 264. 1856.
A shrub, much resembling the preceding species.
Twigs glabrous; leaves oval or oblong, thin, i'-2' long,
mainly acute or acutish at each end, glabrous on both
sides or sometimes villous on the veins beneath, turn-
ing yellow in autumn, finely serrulate; staminate flow-
ers solitary or occasionally 2 together, on very slender
pedicels S"-9" long; fertile flowers solitary, much
shorter-peduncled; calyx-lobes acute, glabrous; drupes
larger than in /. verticillata, orange-red, ripening
earlier, on stalks about equal to their diameter.
In swamps, Maine to Pennsylvania and Virginia.
Blooms earlier than the preceding. May-June.
2. ILICIOIDES Dumont. Bot. Cult. 4: 127. pL 4. 1802.
[NemopanThes Raf. Journ. Phys. 89: 96. 1819.
A glabrous shrub, with slender-petioled oblong deciduous leaves, and polygamo-dioe-
cious axillary small flowers. Calyx of the staminate flowers none, that of the pistillate
minute, 4-5-toothed. Petals 4-5, distinct, linear. Stamens 4 or 5, free from the corolla; an-
thers ovoid-globose. Ovary 3-5-lobed, 3-5-celled;
ovules I in each cavity; stigmas 3-5, sessile. Drupe
subglobose. Nutlets 4 or 5. [Greek, resembling holly.]
A monotypic genus of eastern North America.
I. Ilicioides mucronata (1^.) Britton. Wild
or Mountain Holly. (Fig. 2364.)
Vaccinium mucronalinn X^. Sp. PI. 350. 1753.
Nemopanlhesfascicularis'SAi. Journ. Phys. 89: 97. 1819.
N. Canadensis DC. Mem. Soc. Gen. i: 450. 1821.
/. mucronata Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 217. 1894.
A shrub, 6°-8° high, with ash-colored bark. Leaves
elliptic or obovate, >^ '-2' long, acutish or mucronate at
the apex, obtuse or acute at the base, entire or with a
few small teeth; petioles z"-^" long; flowers of both
kinds solitary, or the staminate sometimes 2-4 toge-
ther; pedicels very slender, often long; drupe
red, 3'"-4'^ in diameter; nutlets faintly ribbed.
In swamps. Nova Scotia to western Ontario, south to
Wisconsin, Indiana and Virginia. May.
Family 65. CELASTRACEAE Lindl. Nat. Syst. Ed. 2, 119. 1836.
Staff-tree Family.
Trees or shrubs, often climbing. Leaves alternate or opposite, simple.
Stipules, when present, small and caducous. Flowers regular, generally per-
fect, small. Pedicels commonly jointed. Calyx 4-5-lobed or parted, persistent,
the lobes imbricated. Petals 4-5, .spreading. Stamens inserted on the di.sk,
alternate with the petals. Disk conspicuotis, flat or lobed. Ovary sessile, its
base distinct from or confluent with the disk, mostly 3-5-celled; style short,
thick; stigma entire or 3-5-lobed; ovules 2 in each cell, anatropous. Fruit (in
our species) a somewhat fleshj^ dehiscent 2-5-celled pod. Seeds arilled; embryo
large; cotyledons foliaceous.
About 40 genera and 350 species, widely distributed in warm and temperate regions.
Leaves opposite; large erect or decumbent shrubs; fruit 3-5 lobed; aril red. i. Euonymus.
low spreading shrubs; fruit oblong; aril whitish. 2. Pachystima.
Leaves alternate; woody vine. 3. Celastrns.
I. EUONYMUS L. Sp. PI. 197. 1753.
Shrubs, with opposite petioled entire or serrate leaves, and perfect cymose axillary green-
ish or purple flowers. Calyx 4-5-cleft, the lobes spreading or recurved. Petals 4 or 5, in-
394
CELASTRACEAE.
[Vol,. II.
E. Americanus.
E. obovalus.
E. alropttrpitreus.
E. Europaeiis.
Straw-
serted beneath the 4-5-lobed disk. Stamens 4 or 5, inserted on the disk. Ovary 3-5 celled;
style short or none; stigma 3-5-lobed. Capsule 3-5-celled, 3-5-lobed, angular, rounded or
winged, the cavities 1-2 seeded, loculicidally dehiscent. Seeds enclosed in the red aril.
About65 species, of the north temperate zone. Besides the following, 2 others occur in California.
Pods tuberculate; low shrubs; flowers greenish pink.
Erect or ascending; leaves ovate-lanceolate, acuminate. 1.
Decumbent, rooting at the nodes; leaves obovate, obtuse. 2.
Pods smooth; high shrubs.
Flowers purple; cymes 6-15-flowered. 3.
Flowers greenish yellow; cymes 3-7-flowered. 4.
I. Euonymus Americanus I,.
berry Bush. (Fig. 2365.)
Euonjf}?ius Americanus h. Sp. PI. 197. 1753.
A shrub, 2°-8° high, with 4-angled and ash-
colored twigs, divaricately branching. Leaves
ovate-lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, thick,
i_!4'-3^ long, >2'-i' wide, acuminate at the apex,
acute or obtuse at the base, nearly sessile, crenu-
late, glabrous, or sparingly hairy on the veins be-
neath; peduncles (i"-\2" long, very slender, 1-3-
flowered; flowers greenish, 5^-6'^ broad; petals
separated, the blade nearly orbicular, erose or
undulate, the claw short; capsule slightly 3-5-
lobed, not angular, depressed, tuberculate.
In low woods, southern New York to Florida, Ar-
kansas and Texas. June. Called also Burning Bush.
2. Euonymus obovatus Nutt. Run-
ning Strawberry Bush. (Fig. 2366.)
Enonymits obovaitts 'Sutt. Gen. i: 155. 1818.
Euonymus America7tiis var. obovatus T. & G.;
A. Gray, Gen. 2: 188. 1849.
A low decumbent shrub, seldom rising over a
foot from the ground, branching, rooting from
the prostrate twigs. Branches 4-angled or
slightly winged; leaves obovate or elliptic-ob-
ovate, rather thin, mostly acute or cuneate at
the base, obtuse at the apex, finely crenulate-
serrulate, i'-2' long, wide, glabrous;
petioles i"-2" long; peduncles 1-4-flowered;
flowers greenish, smaller than in the preced-
ing species, about 3'' broad ; petals generally
5, nearly orbicular, crenulate or erose, close
together or even slightly overlapping, with
scarcely any claw; capsule commonly 3 celled,
slightly lobed, depressed, tuberculate.
In low woods, southern Ontario to Pennsylvania,
northern New Jersey (?), Indiana and Kentucky.
Blooms earlier than E, Americanus. April-May.
3. Euonymus atropurpureus Jacq.
Burning Bush. Wahoo. (Fig. 2367.)
Euonymus atropurpureus Jacq. Hort. Vind-
2: 5. pi. 120. 1772.
A shrub or small tree, 6°-25° high. Twigs
obtusely 4-angled; leaves ovate-oblong or
elliptic, 1%'-^' long, i'-2>^' wide, acumin-
ate at the apex, acute or obtuse at the base,
puberulent, especially beneath, crenulate-
serrulate, rather thin; petioles long;
peduncles very slender, \'-2' long, bearing
a trichotomous 5-15-flowered cyme; pedicels
■x,"-b" long; flowers purple, ^"-d" broad;
petals commonly 4, obovate, undulate; cap-
sule smooth, deeply 3-4-lobed, 6'^-8" broad.
Ontario to Florida, Montana and the Indian
Territory. Wood nearly white ; weight per cu-
bic foot 41 lbs. Called also Indian Arrow. June.
Vol.. II.]
4. Euonymus Europaeus L
tree. (Fig. 2368.)
STAFF-TREE FAMILY
Spindle-
395
Euonymus Europaeus L. Sp. PI. 197. 1753.
A glabrous shrub, 3°-9° higb, resembling the
preceding species. Leaves oblong, to ovate-
lanceolate, acuminate, crenulate; peduncles
mostly less than i' long, stouter; cymes 3-7-
flowered; flowers greenish yellow, about ^"
broad; petals 4 (rarely 5), oblong or obovate;
capsule smooth, deeply 4-lobed.
Escaped from cultivation into copses and along
roadsides. Southern New York and New Jersey.
June. Old English names Arrowbeam, Prick-tim-
ber, Prickwood, Cat-tree, Pegwood, Pincushion
Shrub, Skiver-wood, Witchwood.
2. PACHYSTIMA Raf. Am. Month. Mag. 2: 176. 1818.
Low branching glabrous shrubs, with corky branches, opposite coriaceous evergreen
leaves, and small axillary solitary or clustered, perfect brownish flowers. Calyx-lobes 4,
broad. Petals 4, spreading. Stamens 4, inserted beneath the disk; filaments longer than
the anthers. Ovary immersed in the disk, 2-celled; ovules 2 in each cell, erect; style very
short; stigma slightly 2-lobed. Capsule oblong, compressed, 2-celled, at length loculicidally
dehiscent, 1-2-seeded. Seeds oblong with a white many-lobed aril at the base.
Two species, natives of North America. P.
Myrstnites occurs in the Rocky Mountains.
I. Pachystima Canbyi A. Gray.
Canby's Mountain I,over.
(Fig. 2369.)
Pachystima Canbyi A. Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad.
8: 623. 1873.
A shrub 4^-12'' high, with decumbent
rooting branches. Leaves oblong, or slightly
obovate, 6"-\o" long, \Y2."-i" wide, ob-
tuse at each end, very short- petioled, pale
green, serrate, the margins revolute; pe-
duncles 1-3-flowered, 2-bracted below the
middle; pedicels slender and 2-bracted
near the base; calyx-lobes oval, about
equalling the petals; capsule oblong, about
long and "i" in diameter, dehiscent at
maturity.
On dry exposed rocks, mountains of Virginia
and West Virginia. April-May.
3. CELASTRUS L. Sp. PI. 196. 1753.
Shrubs, mainly climbing, with alternate thin deciduous leaves, and terminal or axillary,
racemose or paniculate, small dioecious or polygamous flowers. Calyx 5-lobed. Petals 5,
inserted under the disk. Stamens in the sterile flowers 5, inserted at the sinuses of the 5-
lobed disk. Ovary inserted on the disk, 2-4-lobed, 2-4-celled; style thick; stigma 2-4-lobed;
ovules 2 in each cell, erect. Capsule 2-4-celled, loculicidally dehiscent into as many valves.
Seeds 1-2 in each cell, enclosed in a scarlet aril; embryo straight; endosperm fleshy; coty-
ledons flat, coriaceous. [Greek name of some evergreen tree.]
About 30 species, i in North America, numerous in eastern Asia, several in Australia and
Madagascar.
396
CELASTRACEAE.
[Vol, II.
Foliage sometimes variegated. June.
I. Celastrus scandens L. Shrubby
or Climbing Bittersweet. Wax-
work. Staff-tree. (Fig. 2370.)
Celastrus scandens L. Sp. PI. 196. 1753.
A twining woody vine, ascending trees to a
height of 25° or more, or trailing on the ground
where it lacks support. Leaves alternate,
somewhat 2-ranked by the twisting of the
stem, ovate, oval or obovate, 2^-4' long, \'-2'
wide, glabrous on both sides, acuminate or
acute at the apex, acute or rounded at the base,
crenulate; petioles 6"-9" long; flowers green-
ish, about 1" broad, in terminal compound
racemes in length; petals crenate, much
longer than the calyx-lobes; capsule yellow,
or orange, ^"-d" in diameter, opening in
autumn and exposing the showy red aril.
In rich soil, Quebec to North Carolina, especi-
ally along the mountains, west to Manitoba, Kan-
sas, the Indian Territory and New Mexico.
Called also Staff-vine, Fever- twig, and False Bitter-sweet.
1825.
Family 66. STAPHYLEACEAE DC. Prodr. 2: 2.
Br.ADDER-NUT FAMILY.
Trees or shrubs, with mostly opposite odd-pinnate or 3-foliolate stipulate
leaves, and regular perfect flowers in terminal or axillary clusters. Sepals,
petals and stamens usually 5. Carpels mostly 3. Disk large, the stamens in-
serted at its base without. Anthers introrse, 2-celled. Fruit a dehiscent blad-
dery capsule in the following genus, indehiscent in some others. Seeds solitary
or few in each carpel; testa hard; endosperm fleshy; embryo straight.
About 5 genera, and 22 species, widely distributed.
I. STAPHYLEA L. Sp. PI. 270. 1753.
Shrubs, with opposite 3-foliolate or pinnate leaves, and axillary drooping racemes or
panicles of white flowers. Pedicels jointed. Sepals imbricated. Petals the same number as
the sepals and about equalling them. Ovary 2-3-parted, the lobes i-celled; ovules numerous
in each cavity, anatropous. Capsule 2-3-lobed, 2-3-celled. Seeds globose. [Greek, cluster.]
About 6 species, of the north temperate zone. 5'. Bolanderi A. Graj', occurs in California.
I. Staphylea trifolia I,. American
Bladder-nut. (Fig. 2371.)
Staphylea trifolia I,. Sp. PI. 270. 1753.
A branching shrub, 6°-i5° high, with smooth
striped bark. Young leaves and petioles pubes-
cent; mature foliage glabrate ; leaves 3-foliolate
(rarely 4-foliolate); stipules linear, long,
caducous; leaflets ovate or oval, i^'-2^' long,
acuminate at the apex, obtuse or somewhat cune-
ate at the base, finely and sharply serrate, the
lateral ones sessile or nearly so, the terminal one
stalked; stipels subulate; flowers campanulate,
racemed, about \" long; pedicels bracted at the
base, slightly longer than the flowers; capsule
about 2' long, \' wide, much inflated, the 3 (rarely
4) carpels separate at the summit and dehiscent
along the inner side.
In moist woods and thickets, Quebec and Ontario to
Minnesota, south to South Carolina and Missouri
April-May.
Family 67. ACERACEAE St. Hil. E.xpos. Fam. 2: 15. 1805.
Maple Family.
Trees or shrubs, with w^atery often saccharine sap, opposite simple and
palmately lobed (rarely entire) or pinnate leaves, and axillary or terminal
cymose or racemose regular polygamous or dioecious flowers. Calyx generally
Voiv. II.]
MAPIvE FAMILY.
397
1. A. saccharinum.
2. A. rubrtim.
3. A. Drummondii.
A. Saccharum.
A. nigrum.
A. glabrum.
7. A. Pennsylvanicum.
8. A. spicatum.
9. A. Negundo.
Soft or White Maple. (Fig. 2372.)
5-parted, the segments imbricated. Petals of the same number, or none. Disk
thick, annular, lobed, sometimes obsolete. Stamens 4-12, often 8; filaments
filiform. Ovary 2-lobed, 2-celled; styles 2, inserted between the lobes. Fruit
of 2 long-winged samaras, joined at the base and i-seeded (rarely 2-seededj.
Seeds compressed, ascending; cotyledons thin, folded.
The family consists of the following genus and Dipleronia Oliver, of central Asia, which dif-
fers from Acer in the samara being winged all around. There are about loo species of Maples.
I. ACER L. Sp. PI. 1055. 1753-
Besides the following, some 5 others occur in southern and western North America.
Leaves simple, palniately lobed.
Flowers in dense sessile lateral clusters, unfolding before the leaves
Petals none; ovary tomentose; samaras divergent.
Petals present; ovary glabrous; samaras incurved.
Leaves pale and glabrous or but slightly pubescent beneath.
Leaves densely whitish-pubescent beneath; southern.
Flowers corj'mbose, lateral, unfolding with the leaves.
Flowers long-pedicelled, drooping; large trees.
Leaves pale and nearly glabrous beneath.
Leaves green and pubescent, at least on the veins, beneath.
Flowers short-pedicelled, erect; shrub or small tree; western.
Flowers racemed, terminal, unfolding after the leaves.
Racemes drooping; leaves finely serrate.
Racemes erect; leaves coarsely serrate.
Leaves pinnate.
I. Acer saccharinum L. Silver Maple.
Acer saccharinum L. Sp. PI. 1055. 1753.
Acer dasycarpum Ehrli. Beitr. 4: 24. 1789.
Acer eriocarpum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 253. 1803.
A large tree with flaky bark, maximum height of
icx3°-i2o° and trunk diameter of 3°-5°. Leaves 4'-
6' long, deeply 5-lobed, the lobes rather narrow,
acuminate, coarsely and irregularly dentate, trun-
cate or slightly cordate at the base, green above, sil-
very white and more or less pubescent beneath, espe-
cially when j'oung; flowers greenish, in nearly sessile
lateral cor3-mbs much preceding the leaves; petals
none; fruiting pedicels elongating; samaras pubescent
when young, divaricate, at length 2' long, the wing
often d" wide.
Along streams, New Brunswick to Florida, west to
southern Ontario, Dakota, Nebraska and the Indian Ter-
ritory. The samaras are frequently unequally developed.
Wood hard, strong, light colored; weight per cubic foot
32 lbs. Used for furniture and floors. Maple sugar is
made from the sap in small quantities. Feb. -April.
2. Acer rubrum L. Red, Scarlet or Water
Maple. Swamp Maple. (Fig. 2373.)
Acer rtibi'tim L. Sp. PI. 1055. 1753.
A large tree with flaky or smoothish bark, maxi-
mum height about 120° feet and trunk diameter 3°-
4>^°. Twigs reddish; leaves 3'-4' long, cordate at
the base, sharply 3-5-lobed, the lobes irregularly
dentate, acute or acuminate, green above, pale and
generally whitish beneath, often more or less pubes-
cent along the veins; flowers reddish or yellowish,
in sessile lateral clusters much preceding the
leaves; petals narrowly oblong; stamens 3-6; fruit-
ing pedicels elongating; samaras glabrous, slightly
incurved, 9"-! 2'' long, the wing 3'^-4'^ wide.
In swamps and low grounds. New Brunswick to
Manitoba, south to Florida and Texas. Wood hard,
not strong; color light reddish brown; weight per
cubic foot 38 lbs. Used for furniture, gun-stocks, etc.
Foliage crimson in autumn. Ascends to 4000 ft. in
Virginia. March-April. Variable.
398
ACERACEAE.
[Vol. II.
Acer Drummondii H. & A. Drummond's Maple. (Fig. 2374.)
Acer Drummondii H. & A.; Hook. Jourti. Bot. i:
200. 1834.
Acer rubrum var. Dr2t»i»ioiidii Saxg. loth Census
U. S. 9: 50. 1884.
A large tree, .similar to the preceding species.
Leaves 3^-6' long, thicker, 3-lobed, or sometimes
5-lobed, obtuse or cordate at the base, densely
whitish tomentose beneath when young, the
tomentum persisting, at least along the veins,
the lobes shorter, broader, acute or acuminate;
young twigs and petioles more or less tomen-
tose; flowers in lateral sessile fascicles unfold-
ing much before the leaves; petals present;
fruiting pedicels i'-2' long; samaras glabrous,
more or less incurved, ^Yz'-^yi.' long, the wing
^"-\o" broad at middle.
In swamps, southern Missouri to Georgia, Florida
and Texas. Fruit brilliant scarlet, ripening in
March or April.
4. Acer Saccharum Marsh.
Sugar or Rock Maple
1787.
Sugar-tree. (Fig. 2375.)
Acer Saccharuvi Marsh. Arb. Amer. 4. 1785.
Acer saccharinurn Wang. Amer. 36. pi. 2. f. 26
Not L. 1753-
Acer barbaluni Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 252. 1803.
A large and very valuable tree, with maximum
height of ioo°-i2o° and trunk diameter of 2>2°-
3^°. Leaves 3'-6' long, dark green above, pale
beneath, cordate or truncate at the base, 3-7-lobed,
the lobes acuminate, irregularly sinuate, the sinuses
rounded; flowers in sessile, lateral or terminal
corymbs, greenish yellow, drooping on capillary
hairy pedicels, appearing with the leaves; petals
none; samaras glabrous, slightly diverging, I'-iyi'
long, the wing 2>"-s" wide.
In rich woods, Newfoundland to Manitoba, south,
especially along the mountains, to Florida, Nebraska
and Texas. Its sap is the main source of maple sugar.
Wood hard, strong, light reddish-brown; weight per
cubic foot 43 lbs. The bird's-eye and curled maple
of cabinet makers are varieties. April-May.
5. Acer nigrum Michx. Black Sugar Maple.
(Fig. 2376.)
Acer nigrum Michx. f. Hist. Arb. Am. 2: 238. pi. 16. 1810.
Acer saccharinurn var nigrum T. &. G. Fl. N. A. i: 248. 1838.
Acer Saccharum var. nigrum Britton, Trans. N. Y. Acad.
Sci. 9: 10. 1889.
A tree, nearly or quite as large as the Sugar Maple, with
rough, blackish bark. Leaves similar, but green both
sides, thicker and generally more or less pubescent be-
neath, especially along the veins; lobes much broader and
shorter, with few undulations or frequentlj- entire, the
basal sinus often narrow; samaras slightly more divergent.
Ontario and Vermont to northern Alabama, west to Minne-
sota, Louisiana and Arkansas. Wood resembling that of the
preceding species, the sapal so yielding much sugar. April-
May.
Vol. II.]
MAPI,E FAMILrY.
399
6. Acer glabrum Torr. Dwarf or Rocky
Mountain Maple. (Fig. 2377.)
Acer glabrum Torr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 2: 172. 1826.
Acer iripartiium Nutt.; T. &. G. Fl. N. A. i: 247-
1838.
A shrub, or small tree, with maximum height of
about 35° and trunk diameter of 12'. Leaves \'~
2) long, often broader, glabrous on both sides, or
puberulent when young, 3-5-lobed, the lobes acute
or obtusish, sharply serrate, the sinuses acute;
flowers yellowish green, in numerous small lateral
and terminal sessile corymb-like racemes; pedicels
short, glabrous, erect or ascending; samaras gla-
brous, shining, ()"-\^" long, little diverging; wing
\"-W' wide.
Borders of streams and hillsides, northwestern Ne-
braska and throughout the Rocky Mountain region,
south to Arizona, west to the Sierra Nevada and Brit-
ish Columbia. Wood hard, light brown. Weight per
cubic foot 37 lbs. May.
7. Acer Pennsylvanicum I,. Striped or
Goosefoot Maple. Moosewood. (Fig, 2378.)
Acer Pennsylvanicum I,. Sp. PI. 1055. 1753.
Acer striaUim Du Roi, Diss. Inaug. 58. 1771.
A small tree, with maximum height of about 35°
and trunk diameter of about 8', the smoothish green
bark striped with darker lines. Leaves large, often
6'-8' long, broadest above the middle, thin, glabrous
above, sparingly pubescent beneath when young,
slightly cordate or truncate at the base, finely serrate
or serrulate all around, 3-lobed near the apex, the
lobes short and acuminate to a long tip; racemes
terminal, narrow, drooping, 2>'-\' lo'^g; flowers green-
ish yellow, 2)"-^" broad; unfolding after the leaves;
petals obovate; samaras glabrous, \' long, widely di-
vergent, the wing i/'-^" wide.
In rocky woods, Nova Scotia to Lake Superior, south,
especially along the mountains to Georgia, and Tennessee.
Called also False or Striped Dogwood and Whistle-wood.
Wood soft, satiny, light brown ; weight per cubic foot 33 lbs.
Ascends to 5000 ft. in North Carolina. May-June.
8. Acer spicatum I,am. Mountain Maple.
(Fig. 2379.)
Acer spicalxim Lam. Encycl. 2: 381. 1786.
Acer monlanuni Ait. Hort. Kew. 3: 435. 1789.
A shrub, or rarely a small tree, with maximum height of
about 30° and trunk diameter of 8', the bark green, not striped.
Leaves 3^-5'' long, glabrous above, pubescent beneath, at
least when young, 3-5-lobed, coarsely serrate, lobes acute or
acuminate; racemes compound, erect, rather dense; flowers
broad, greenish yellow, unfolding after the leaves;
petals linear-spatulate; samaras ()"-io" long, somewhat di-
vergent, the wing wide.
Damp rocky woods, Newfoundland and James' Bay to Manitoba,
south, especially along the mountains, to North Carolina, Ten-
nessee and Minnesota. Wood soft, light reddish brown; weight
per cubic foot 33 lbs. Ascends to 5000 ft. in North Carolina.
May-June.
400
ACERACEAE.
[Vol. II.
9. Acer Negundo L. Box Elder. Ash-leaved
Maple. (Fig. 2380.)
Acer Negundo I,. Sp. PI. 1056. 1753.
Negundo aceroides Moench, Meth. 334. 1794.
Negundo Negutido Karst. Deutsch. Fl. 596. 1880-83.
A tree with maximum height of 6o°-7o° and trunk diam-
eter of 2°-3^°. Leaves petioled, pinnately 3-5-foliolate;
leaflets ovate or oval, pubescent when young, nearly gla-
brous when old, 2'-$' long, i'-3' wide, dentate, slightly
lobed or sometimes entire, acute or acuminate at the apex,
rounded, or the terminal one somewhat cuneate at the
base; flowers dioecious, drooping, very small, appearing a
little before the leaves; samaras glabrous, slightly in-
curved, I'-i Yz' long, the broad wing finely veined.
Along streams, Vermont and Ontario to Manitoba, south to
Florida, Texas, Mexico and New Mexico. Rare near the At-
lantic Coast. Wood soft, weak, creamy white; weight per
cubic foot 27 lbs. Used for woodenware and paper pulp.
Locally called Sugar Maple. April.
Acer Pseudo-Platanus L., the Sycamore Maple, with terminal drooping racemes of yellowish
flowers with very woolly ovaries, and deeply 3-5-lobed leaves, and Acer platanoides L,., the Norway
Maple, with terminal corymbs of greenish yellow flowers appearing with or before the sharply
5-7-lobed leaves, are commonly planted, and occasionally escaped from cultivation in the east.
Family 68. HIPPOCASTANACEAE T. & G. Fl. N. A. i: 250. 1838.
Buckeye Family.
Trees or shrubs, with opposite petioled digitately 3-9-foliolate leaves, and
conspicuous polygamous irregular flowers in terminal panicles. Calyx tubular or
campanulate, 5-lobed or 5-cleft in the following genus, the lobes unequal. Petals
4-5, unequal, clawed. Disk entire, often i-sided. Stamens 5-8; lilaments elon-
gated. Ovary sessile, 3-celled; ovules 2 in each cavity; style slender. Capsule
leathery, globose or slightly 3-lobed, smooth or spiny, 3-celled or by abortion i-
2-cellecl, and often only i -seeded. Seeds large, shining; cotyledons very thick.
The family consists of the following genus, containing about 15 species, natives of America
atid Asia, and Billia, of Mexico, which differs from AEsculus in having distinct sepals.
I. AESCULUS L. Sp. PI. 344. 1753.
Characters of the family. [Ancient name.]
Capsule spiny, at least when young; stamens exserted.
Flowers white, mottled with yellow and purple; leaves abruptly acuminate.
I. AE. Hippocastanum.
Flowers j'cUow.
A tree; leaflets 5-7, pubescent. 2. AE. glabra.
A shrub; leaflets 7-9, glabrate. 3. AE. arguta.
Capsule glabrous; stamens not exceeding the petals.
Corolla yellow, or purplish; calyx oblong; a tree.
Corolla red; calyx tubular; a shrub.
I. AEsculus Hippocastanum L,.
Horse-chestnut. (Fig. 2381.)
AEsculus Hippocastanum L- Sp. PI. 344. 1753.
A large tree, reaching a maximum height of
about 100° and a trunk diameter of 6°, the buds
very resinous. Leaves long-petioled, pubescent-
when young, glabrate when mature, or with per-
sistent tufts of hairs in the axils of the veins on
the lower surface; leaflets 5-7 (occasionally only 3
on some leaves) obovate, 4'-8' long, abruptl}'
acuminate at the apex, cuneate-narrowed to the
base, irregularly crenulate-dentate; flowers white,
blotched with red and yellow, inflorescence rather
dense, often 1° long, the pedicels and calyx can-
escent; stamens exserted; fruit globose, prickly.
Escaped from cultivation, southeastern New York
and New Jersey. Native of Asia. Called also Bon-
gay, and the fruit, in children's games, Conquerors.
June-July.
AE. oclandra.
AE. Pavia.
Vol. II.]
BUCKEYE FAMILY.
401
2. AEsculus glabra Willd. Fetid Buckeye.
AEsculus glabra Willd. Emim. 405. 1809.
A tree, with maximum height of about 50° and
trunk diameter of 20', the bark rough and fetid.
Leaves long-petioled; leaflets 5, rarely 7, 3^-6' long,
oval, oblong or lanceolate, acuminate, narrowed at
the base, glabrous or slightly pubescent on the
veins beneath, finely and sharply serrate, short-
stalked or at first sessile; inflorescence loose, pubes-
cent, 4'-6' long; flowers pale yellow; calyx cam-
panulate; petals 4, ^"-l" long, slightly unequal,
their claws about equalling the calyx-lobes; stamens
curved, exserted; fruit i'-i>^' in diameter, very
prickly when young, becoming smoothish at ma-
turity.
Woods, Alleghanies of Pennsylvania to Alabama,
west to Michigan and the Indian Territory. Wood
soft, white, the sap-wood slightly darker; weight per
cubic foot 28 lbs. Timber used for artificial limbs and
a variety of woodenware articles. April-Ma5'.
Ohio Buckeye. (Fig
3. AEsculus arguta Buckl. Shrubby or
Western Buckeye. (Fig. 2383.)
AE. arguta Buckl. Proc. Phil. Acad, i860: 443. i860.
A shrub, 3°-io° high, -with smooth bark. Twigs,
young petioles, leaves and inflorescence somewhat
pubescent, becoming glabrate; leaflets 7-9, narrow,
3^-4' long, about wide, long-acuminate, unequally
serrate ; inflorescence dense, 4'-6^ long ; flowers
yellow, " the centre reddish; " calyx broadly cam-
panulate, its lobes very obtuse; stamens exserted,
curved; petals $"-6" long; fruit very spiny when
young.
Kansas and the Indian Territory to Texas. Similar
to the preceding species, but apparently distinct.
March-April.
4. AEsculus octandra Marsh. Yellow,
Sweet or Big Buckeye. (Fig. 2384.)
AEsculus octandra Marsh. Arb. Am. 4. 1785.
AEsculus lutea Wang. Schrift. Nat. Fr. Berl. 8: 133.
pi. 6. 1788.
AEsculus flava Ait. Hort. Kew. i: 494. 1789.
A large tree, with maximum height of 85°-90° and
trunk diameter of 2)^°-3°, rarely reduced toashrub;
bark dark brown, scaly. Leaves petioled, the peti-
ole commonly slightly pubescent; leaflets 5, rarely
7, 4^-7' long, 2'-3' wide, oval, glabrous or pubescent
on the veins above, more or less pubescent beneath,
acuminate at the apex, the lower ones oblique, the
others cuneate at the base, all finely serrate; inflor-
escence rather loose, puberulent; flowers yellow;
petals 4, long-clawed, connivent, the 2 upper nar-
rower and longer than the lower; stamens included;
fruit smooth even when young.
Woods, Alleghany Co., Pa., south along the mountains
to Georgia, west to Iowa and Texas. Wood soft, creamy
white; weight per cubic foot 27 lbs. April-May.
AEsculus octandra hybrida (DC.) Sarg. Silva, 2: 60.
AEsctilus hybrida DC. Cat. Hort. Monsp. 75. 1813 .
AEsculus flava var. purpiirascens A. Gray, Man. Ed. 3, 118. 1867.
Flowers purplish or pink; leaflets pubescent beneath; bark light brown
Georgia and Texas. Perhaps a distinct species.
26
Purplish Buckeye
West Virginia to
402 HIPPOCASTANACEAE. [Vol. II.
5. AEsculus Pavia L. Red Buckeye.
(Fig. 2385.)
AEsculus Pavia L,. Sp. PI. 344. 1753.
A shrub, 4°-i2° high. Leaflets 5-7, stalked, ob-
long, lanceolate, or obovate, s'-s' long, I'-i^^'wide,
acute or short-acuminate at the apex, all narrowed
at the base, finely serrate, nearly glabrous on both
sides when mature, shining; inflorescence loose;
peduncles 1-3-flowered; flowers bright red-purple,
I'-i^^' long; calyx tubular, its lobes short; upper
petals longer than the lower; stamens about equal-
ling the longer petals; fruit smooth.
In rich soil, Virginia to Florida, west to Kentucky,
Missouri and Arkansas. April-May.
Family 69. SAPINDACEAE R. Br. Exp. Congo, App. 18 18.
Soapberry Family.
Trees or shrubs, with watery sap, rarely herbaceous vines. Leaves alternate
(opposite in one exotic genus), mostly pinnate or palmate, without stipules.
Flowers polygamo-dioecious, regular or slightly irregular. Sepals or calyx-
lobes 4-5, mostly imbricated. Petals 3-5. Disk fleshy. Stamens 5-10 (rarely
fewer or more), generally inserted on the disk. Ovary i, 2-4-lobed or entire,
2-4-celled; ovules I or more in each cavity. Fruit various. Seeds globose or
compressed; embryomainly convolute; cotyledons often unequal; endosperm none.
About 120 genera, including over looo species, widely distributed in tropical and warm regions.
Trees or shrubs; fruit a berry. i. Sapindus.
Herbaceous vines; fruit an inflated pod. 2. Cardiospermunt.
I. SAPINDUS L. Sp. PI. 367. 1753.
Trees or shrubs, with alternate mostly odd-pinnate leaves, and regular polygamo-dioe-
cious flowers in terminal or axillary racemes or panicles. Sepals 4-5, imbricated in 2 rows.
Petals of the same number, each with a scale at its base. Disk annular, hypogynous. Sta-
mens 8-10, inserted on the disk; anthers versatile. Ovary 2-4-lobed (commonly 3-lobed),
with the same number of cavities; ovules i in each cavity, ascending; style slender; stigma
2-4-lobed. Fruit a globose or lobed berry with 1-3 seeds. [Name, Sapo Inciicus, Indian
soap, from the soapy quality of the berries.]
About 10 species, natives of warm and tropical Asia and America. Saponaria, the only
other North American species, occurs on the Florida keys.
I. Sapindus marginatus Willd. Soapberry.
Wild China-tree. (Fig. 2386.)
Sapindus marginatus Willd. Enum: 432. 1809.
Sapindus acuminatus Raf. New Flora N. A. 3: 22. 1836.
A tree, with maximum height of about 60° and trunk
diameter of 18', the bark smoothish. Leaves pinnate,
glabrous on both sides, or sparingly pubescent beneath,
5'-iS' long; leaflets 7-19, inequilateral, obliquely lan-
ceolate, often falcate, entire, i J^'-4'' long, acuminate
at the apex and commonly acute at the base; rachis
not winged ; panicles terminal, ^'-"l' long, dense;
flowers white, about 2" broad; berry globose, or oval,
4//_6" in diameter, very saponaceous, usually i-seeded
and with 2 abortive ovules at its base.
Kansas to Texas, Arizona and northern Mexico, east to
Florida. Wood hard, light yellowish brown; weight per
cubic foot 5g lbs. Used in Texas for cotton baskets.
Berries used as a substitute for soap. May-June.
Vol. II. ] SOAPBERRY FAMILY. 403
2. CARDIOSPERMUM L. Sp. PI. 366. 1753.
Climbing and extensively branching herbaceous vines, with alternate bipinnate or decom-
pound leaves, and small axillary tendril-bearing corymbs of slightly irregular polygamo-
dioecious flowers. Tendrils 2 to each corymb, opposite. Pedicels jointed. Sepals 4, the 2
exterior smaller. Petals 4, 2 larger and 2 smaller. Disk i -sided, undulate. Stamens 8;
filaments unequal. Ovary 3-ceIled; style short, 3-cleft; ovules i in each cavity. Capsule
inflated, 3-lobed. Seeds arilled at the base; cotyledons
conduplicate. [Greek, heart-seed.]
About 15 species, of warm and temperate regions.
I. Cardiospermum Halicacabum L,. Bal-
loon Vine. Heart-seed. (Fig. 2387.)
Cardiospermum Halicacabum 1,. Sp. PI. 366. 1753.
Slender, glabrous or slightly pubescent, climbing,
2°-6° long. Leaves petioled, biternate or bipinnate,
long; segments stalked, ovate or oblong, acute or
acuminate, sharply serrate ; peduncles commonly
longer than the leaves, bearing a few-flowered corymb
at the summit and 2 coiled tendrils just beneath; flow-
ers white, broad; capsule much inflated, about
\' long, globose-pyriform; seeds globose, nearly black.
In waste places, New Brunswick, N. J., and in ballast
about the sea-ports; common in cultivation, and occasion-
ally escaping from gardens. Native of tropical America,
and widely diffused as a weed in the warmer parts of the
Old World. Called also Heart-pea. Summer.
Family 70. BALSAMINACEAE Lindl. Nat. Syst. Ed. 2, 138. 1836.
Jhwel-weed Family.
Succulent herbs, with alternate thin simple dentate petioled leaves, and
showy very irregular axillary somewhat clustered flowers. Sepals 3, the 2 lat-
eral ones small, green, nerved, the posterior one large, petaloid, saccate, spurred.
Petals 5, or 3 with 2 of them 2-cleft into dissimilar lobes. Stamens 5, short; fila-
ments appendaged by scales on their inner side and more or less united; anthers
coherent or connivent. Ovary oblong, 5-celled ; style very short, or none ;
stigma 5-toothed or 5-lobed; ovules several in each cell. Fruit in the following
genus an oblong or linear capsule, elastically dehiscent into 5 spirally coiled
valves, expelling the oblong ridged seeds. Endosperm none; embryo nearly
straight; cotyledons flat. Later flowers small, cleistogamous, apetalous.
About 220 species, mostly natives of tropical Asia. The family consists of the following genus
and the monotypic Asiatic Hydrocera, differing from Impaliens in its indehiscent 4-5-seeded berry.
I. IMPATIENS L. Sp. PI. 937. 1753.
Characters of family, as given above. [Name in allusion to the elastically bursting pods.]
Flowers orange -yellow, mottled; spur incurved. i. /. biflora.
Flowers pale yellow; spur short, spreading. 2. /. aurea.
I. Impatiens biflora Walt. Spotted Touch-me-not. Silver-leaf, (Fig. 2388.)
Impaliens biflora Walt. Fl. Car. 219. 1788.
Impatiens fulva Nutt. Gen. i: 146. 1818.
Annual, glabrous, 2°-5° high, branched, pur-
plish. Leaves thin, ovate or elliptic, pale and
glaucous beneath, \}i'-2,yz' long, generally ob-
tuse, coarsely toothed, the teeth commonly mu-
cronate; petioles slender, Yz'-i,' long; peduncles
axillary, yi'-i yi' long, 2-4-flowered ; pedicels
pendent, slender, bracted above the middle;
bracts linear; flowers horizontal, orange-yellow,
mottled with reddish-brown (rarely nearly white
and not mottled), 9^^-12''' long; saccate sepal
conic, longer than broad, contracted into a
slender incurved spur of one-half its length,
which is 2-toothed at the apex.
In moist grounds. Nova Scotia to Oregon and Al-
aska, south to Florida and Missouri. Spurs are oc-
casionally developed on the 2 small exterior sepals,
and spurless flowers have been observed. This and
the next called Balsam, Jewel-weed. July-Oct.
404
BALSAMINACEAE.
[Vol. II.
2. Impatiens aurea Muhl. Pale
Touch-me-not. (Fig. 2389.)
Impaliens aurea Muhl. Cat. 26. 1813.
Impatiens pallida Nutt. Gen. i: 146. 1818.
Similar to the preceding species, but larger
and stouter. Flowers pale yellow, sparingly-
dotted with reddish-brown, or sometimes dot-
less, \2"-\^" long ; saccate sepal dilated-
conic, about as broad as long, abruptly con-
tracted into a short scarcely incurved notched
spur, less than one-third its length; bracts of
the pedicels lanceolate to ovate, acute.
In similar situations, most abundant north-
ward. Quebec to Oregon, south to Georgia and
Kansas. July-Sept. This and the preceding
also called Snapweed.
Family 71. RHAMNACEAE Dumort. Fl. Belg. 102. 1827.
Buckthorn Family.
Erect or climbing shrubs, or small trees, often thorny. Leaves simple, stip-
ulate, mainly alternate, often 3-5-nerved. Stipules small, deciduous. Inflor-
escence commonly of axillary or terminal cymes or panicles. Flowers small,
regular, perfect or polygamous. Calyx-tube obconic or cylindric, the limb 4-5-
toothed. Petals 4-5, inserted on the calyx, or none. Stamens 4-5, inserted
with the petals and opposite them; anthers short, versatile. Disk fleshy.
Ovary sessile, free from or immersed in the disk, 2-5- (often 3-) celled; ovules i
in each cavity, anatropous. Fruit a drupe or capsule, often 3-celled. Seeds
solitary in the cavities, erect; endosperm fleshy, rarely none ; embryo large;
cotyledons flat.
About 45 genera and 575 species, natives of temperate and warm regions.
Ovary free from the disk; fruit a drupe.
Petals sessile, entire; stone of the drupe 2-celled. i. Boxhemia.
Petals short-clawed or none; stones of the drupe 2-4. 2. Rhamtuis.
Ovary adnate to the disk at its base; fruit dry. 3. Ceanothus.
1. BERCHEMIA Neck. Elem. 2: 122. 1790,
Climbing or erect shrubs, with alternate petioled ovate or oblong coriaceous pinnately-
veined leaves, and small greenish-white flowers in axillary or terminal clusters, or rarely
solitary. Calyx-tube hemispheric, the limb 5-toothed. Petals 5, sessile, concave or cucul-
late. Stamens 5; filaments filiform. Disk filling the calyx-tube, covering but not united
with the ovary. Drupe oval, obtuse, compressed, its flesh thin and coriaceous, its stone
2 celled. Seeds linear-oblong; cotyledons thin. [Name unexplained.]
About 10 species, the following in southeastern North America, the others in Asia and tropical
Africa.
I. Berchemia scandens (Hill.) Trel.
Supple-jack. (Fig. 2390.)
R. scandens Hill, Hort. Kew. 453. pi. 20. 1768.
Berchemia volubilis DC. Prodr. 2: 22. 1825.
Berchemia scandens Trel. Trans. St. Louis Acad.
5: 364. 1889.
A glabrous high-climbing shrub, with slen-
der tough terete branches. Leaves ovate or
ovate-oblong, i'-2' long, wide, acute,
acuminate, or obtuse and cuspidate at the apex,
obtuse or somewhat truncate at the base, dark
green above, paler beneath, their margins un-
dulate and sometimes slightly revolute; veins
8-12 pairs; petioles slender, 2'^-5'' long; flow-
ers about i%" broad, mainly in small terminal
panicles; petals acute; style short; drupe 3"-
4'' long, equalling or shorter than its slender
pedicel, its stone crustaceous.
In low woods, Virginia to Florida, Kentucky,
Missouri and Texas. March-June.
Vol.. II.]
BUCKTHORN FAMILY.
405
2. RHAMNUS L. Sp. PI. 193. 1753.
Shrubs or small trees, with alternate piunately veined and (in our species) deciduous
leaves, and small axillary cymose racemose or paniculate, perfect or polygamous flowers.
Calyx-tube urceolate, its limb 4-5-toothed. Petals 4-5, short-clawed, mainly emarginate and
hooded, or none. Disk free from the 3-4-celled ovary. Style 3-4-cleft. Drupe berry-like,
oblong or globose, containing 2-4 separate nutlet-like stones. Seeds mainly obovoid; endo-
sperm fleshy; cotyledons flat or revolute. [The ancient Greek name.]
About 75 species, natives of temperate and warm regions. Besides the fonowing, some 6
others occur in the western United States and British America.
Flowers dioecious or polygamous; nutlets grooved.
Petals present; flowers mainly 4-merous.
Leaves broadly ovate; branches thorny; drupe with 3-4 nutlets.
Leaves ovate-lanceolate; drupe with 2 nutlets.
Petals none; flowers 5-merous; drupe with 3 nutlets.
Flowers perfect; nutlets smooth.
Umbels peduncled; leaves acute: calyx campanulate.
Umbels sessile ; leaves obtuse; calyx hemispheric.
1. R. catharlica.
2. R. lanceolata.
3. R. alnifolia.
4. R. Caroliniana.
5. R. Frangula.
I. Rhamnus cathartica L. Buck-
thorn. (Fig. 2391.)
Rhamnus cathartica L. Sp. PI, 193. 1753.
A shrub, 6°-2o° high, the twigs often end-
ing in stout thorns. Leaves glabrous, peti-
oled, broadly ovate or elliptic, lYz'-iYz' long,
about i' wide, regularly crenate or crenulate,
acute, obtuse or acuminate at the apex, ob-
tuse or acutish at the base, with 3-4 pairs of
veins, the upper running nearly to the apex;
flowers dioecious, greenish, about \" wide,
clustered in the axils, unfolding a little later
than the leaves; petals, stamens and calyx-
teeth 4; petals very narrow; drupe globose,
black, about i," in diameter; nutlets 3-4,
grooved.
In dry soil, escaped from hedges, New Eng-
land, the Middle States and Ontario. Intro-
duced from Europe and native also of northern
Asia. May-June. Called also Hart's-thom,
Rhineberry, and Waythorn. The berries yield a
dye, and have powerful medicinal properties.
2. Rhamnus lanceolata Pursh. I^ance-leaved Buckthorn. (Fig. 2392. )
Rhamnus lanceolata Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept.
166. 1814.
A tall erect shrub, with smooth gray-
ish bark, and unarmed mostly puberulent
branches. Leaves short-petioled, i'-3/^'
long, Yx'-x' wide, ovate-lanceolate, ob-
tusish or acuminate at the apex, acute or
obtuse at the base, glabrous or nearly so
above, more or less pubescent, especially
on the veins beneath, finely serrulate;
veins 6-7 pairs; flowers axillary, 2-3 to-
gether, greenish, about Yyi." broad,
mostly dioecious, appearing with the
leaves; pedicels long; petals,
stamens and calyx-teeth 4; drupe black,
about 3" in diameter, obovoid-globose;
stigmas 2; drupe containing 2 grooved
nutlets.
In moist soil, Pennsylvania to Iowa and
Nebraska, south to Alabama and Texas.
May.
RHAMNACEAE.
[Vol. II,
3, Rhamnus alnifolia ly'Her. Alder-
leaved Buckthorn, Dwarf Alder.
(Fig. 2393.)
Rhamnus alnifolia 1,'Her. Sert. Angl. 5. 1788.
A small shrub, witli puberulent thornless
branches. Leaves oval to elliptic, t.'-^' long,
\'-2' wide, obtuse to acuminate at the apex,
mainly acute at the base, irregularly crenate-
serrate; veins 6-7 pairs; petioles z"-(>" long;
flowers 5-merous, solitary or 2-3 together in the
axils, green, about 1^2^' broad, mainly dioecious,
appearing with the leaves; petals none; fruiting
pedicels long; drupe globose, or some-
what obovoid, about 3" in diameter; nutlets 3,
grooved.
In swamps, New Brunswick to British Columbia,
south to New Jersey, Illinois, Nebraska, Montana
and California. May-June.
4. Rhamnus Caroliniana Walt.
Rhamnus Caroliniajia Walt. Fl. Car. loi. 1788.
Frangiila Caroliniana A. Gray, Gen. 2: 178. 1849.
A tall thornless shrub, or small tree, with
puberulent twigs. Leaves elliptic, or broadly
oblong, glabrous, or somewhat hairy on the
veins beneath, 2^-6/ long, I'-zJl^' wide, acute
or acuminate at the apex, obtuse or acute at the
base, obscurely serrulate or even entire; veins
6-10 pairs; petioles 6'^-9" long; flowers 5-mer-
ous, perfect, greenish, about \" broad, in axil-
lary peduncled umbels, or some of them soli-
tary, unfolding after the leaves; calyx finely
puberulent, or glabrous, campanulate, its lobes
lanceolate, acuminate; petals present; drupe
globose, sweet, about 4" in diameter; nutlets
3, not grooved.
In swamps and low grounds, Virginia and Ken-
tucky, west to Kansas, south to Florida and
Texas. May-June.
Carolina Buckthorn. (Fig. 2394,)
5. Rhamnus Frangula L. Alder Buck-
thorn. (Fig. 2395.)
Rhamnus Frangula L. Sp. PI. 193. 1753.
A shrub, reaching a maximum height of about
8°, the young twigs finely and sparsely puberu-
lent. Leaves thin, elliptic or obovate, entire or
very obscurely crenulate, glabrous on both sur-
faces, obtuse or cuspidate at the apex, rounded
or narrowed at the base, i>i'-2>^' long, I'-iyi'
wide; petioles 2"-i\" long; umbels i-6-flowered,
strictly sessile in the axils; flowers 5-merous, per-
fect; calyx nearly hemispheric, its lobes ovate,
acute; fruiting pedicels 2^-5'' long; fruit
in diameter, the 3 nutlets compressed, not
grooved.
In bogs, Long Island and northern New Jersey.
N ituralized from Europe. May-June. Called also
Ulack-alder, Berry-alder and Arrow-wood.
Vol. II.]
BUCKTHORN FAMILY.
407
3. CEANOTHUS L. Sp. PI. 195. 1753.
Shrubs, with alternate petioled leaves, and terminal or axillary cymose panicles of white
blue or yellowish perfect flowers. Calyx-tube hemispheric, or top-shaped, the limb 5-lobed.
Petals 5, hooded, clawed, longer than the calyx-lobes, inserted under the disk. Stamens 5;
filaments filiform, elongated. Ovary immersed in the disk and adnate to it at the base,
3 lobed. Disk adnate to the calyx. Style short, 3-cleft. Fruit dry, 3-lobed, separating
longitudinally at maturity into 3 nutlets. Seed-coat smooth; endosperm fleshy; cotyledons
oval or obovate. [Name used by Theophrastus for some different plant.]
About 35 species, natives of North America and northern Mexico.
Leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, pubescent.
Leaves oblong or oval-lanceolate, glabrate.
C. Americanus.
C. ovaius.
I. Ceanothus Americanus L, New
Jersey Tea. Red-root. (Fig. 2396.)
Ceanothus Americanus L- Sp. PI. 195. i753-
Stems erect or ascending, branching, sev-
eral commonly together from a deep reddish
root, puberulent, especially above. Leaves
ovate or ovate-oblong, 1^-3' long, yi'-i' wide,
acute or acuminate at the apex, obtuse or
subcordate at the base, finely pubescent, es-
pecially beneath, serrate all around, strongly
3-nerved; petioles i"-^" long; peduncles
terminal and axillary, elongated, often leafy
bearing dense oblong cymose panicles of
small white flowers; pedicels 2/'-ii" long,
white; claws of the petals very narrow;
fruit depressed, about 1" high, nearly black.
In dry open woods, Ontario to Manitoba, south
to Florida and Texas. May-July. Ascends to
4200 ft. in North Carolina. An infusion of the
leaves was used as tea by the American troops
during the Revolution. Also called Wild
Snowball.
2. Ceanothus ovatus Desf. Smaller
Red-root. (Fig. 2397.)
\Cea7iothus ovaius Desf. Hist. Arb. 2: 381. 1809.
Ceanothus ovalis Bigel. Fl. Bost. Ed. 2: 92. 1824.
Similar to the preceding species, but gener-
ally a smaller shrub and nearly glabrous
( throughout. Leaves oblong, or oval-lanceo-
late, 1^-2' long, ^"-<^" wide, mainly obtuse at
each^end, but sometimes acute at the apex, gla-
[ brous, or with a few hairs on the principal
veins, serrate with prominently gland-tipped
teeth; peduncles short, nearly always terminal,
^bearing dense short cymose panicles of white
flowers; pedicels slender, /["-"j" long; fruit
nearly as in C. Americanus.
In rocky places and on prairies, Ontario to Min-
nesota and the Black Hills, south to Massachusetts,
Illinois and Texas. Rare or absent along the
Atlantic coast. May-June.
Ceanothus ovatus pubescens T. & G.; S. Wats. Bibl. Index, i: 166. 1878.
Leaves, petioles and peduncles densely pubescent. Iowa to Arkansas and Texas.
Family 72. VITACEAE Ivindl. Nat. Syst. Ed. 2, 30. 1836.
Grape Family.
Climbing or erect shrubs, with copious watery sap, nodose joints, alternate
petioled leaves, and small regular greenish perfect or polygamo-dioecious flow-
ers, in panicles, racemes or cymes. Calyx entire or 4-5-toothed. Petals 4-5,
408 VITACEAE. [Vol. II.
separate or coherent, valvate, caducous. Stamens 4-5, opposite the petals; fila-
ments subulate, inserted at the base of the disk or between its lobes; disk some-
times obsolete or wanting; anthers 2-celled. Ovary i, generally immersed in
the disk, 2-6-celled; ovules 1-2 in each cavity, ascending, anatropous. Fruit
a i-6-celled berry (commonly 2-celled). Seeds erect; testa bony; raphe gener-
ally distinct; endosperm cartilaginous; embryo short.
About 10 genera and 450 species, widely distributed.
Hypogynous disk present, annular or cup-shaped, lobed or glandular; leaves not digitately com-
pound in our species.
Petals united into a cap, falling away without separating. i. Viiis.
Petals separate, spreading. 2. Ampelopsis.
Hypogynous disk obsolete or wanting; leaves digitately compound in our species, the leaflets 5-7.
3. Parllienocissus.
I. VITIS L. Sp. PI. 202. 1753.
Climbing or trailing woody vines, rarely shrubby, mostly with tendrils. Leaves simple,
usually palmately lobed or dentate. Stipules mainly small, caducous. Flowers mostly
dioecious, or polygamo-dioecious, rarely perfect. Petals hypogynous or perigynous, coher-
ent in a cap and deciduous without expanding. Ovary 2-celled, rarely 3-4-celled; style
very short, conic; ovules 2 in each cavity. Berry globose or ovoid, few-seeded, pulpy,
edible in most species. [The ancient Latin name.]
About 40 species, natives of warm and temperate regions. In addition to the following, some
10 or 15 others occur in the southern and western United States.
Leaves woolly beneath.
Pubescence rusty-brown; berries large, musky. i. V. Labrusca.
Pubescence at length whitish; berries small, black, not musky.
Berries with bloom; branches terete. 2. V. aestivalis.
Berries without bloom; branches angular. 3. V. cinerea.
Leaves glabrate, sometimes slightly pubescent when young.
Leaves bluish-white glaucous beneath. 4. V. bicolor.
Leaves not glaucous beneath.
Leaves 3-7-lobed; lobes acute or acuminate.
Lobes and sinuses acute; berries with bloom. 5. V. vulpina.
Lobes long-acuminate; sinuses rounded; berries without bloom. 6. V. palmata.
Leaves sharply dentate, scarcely lobed.
Bark loose; pith interrupted by the solid nodes.
High-climbing; leaves large; berries sour.
Leaves somewhat shining above, the apex long-acuminate; inflorescence loose.
7. V. cordifolta.
Leaves dull, the apex short-acuminate or blunt; inflorescence compact.
8. V. Baileyana.
Low; leaves small; berries sweet. g. V. rupestris.
Bark close; pith continuous through the nodes. 10. V. rottindifolia.
I. Vitis Labrusca L. Northern
Fox- or Plum-grape. Wild Vine.
(Fig. 2398.)
Vilis Labrusca L. Sp. PI. 203. 1753.
Climbing or trailing, often ascending high
trees, sometimes forming a stem a foot in
diameter or more, the young twigs, forked
tendrils, petioles and lower surfaces of the
leaves densely rusty-pubescent, especially
when young. Bark loose and separating in
strips; nodes solid, interrupting the pith;
leaves large, each opposite a tendril or a
flower cluster, varying from merely dentate
to deeply lobed with rounded sinuses; fertile
flowers in compact panicles, the sterile looser;
berries few, brownish-purple, about 9" in
diameter, strongly musky; seeds 3-6, about
\" long; raphe narrow.
Thickets, New England to Minnesota, Georgia
and Tennessee. The cultivated Isabella, Con-
cord and Catawba grapes have been derived from
this species. Ascends to 2100 ft. in Virginia.
May-June. Fruit ripe Aug. -Sept.
Vol. II.]
GRAPE FAMILY.
409
2. Vitis aestivalis Michx. Summer
Grape. Small Grape. (Fig. 2399. )
Vilts aestivalis Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 230.
1803.
High climbing, branches terete, the
twigs and petioles glabrous or pubescent;
bark loose and shreddy; pith interrupted at
the nodes. Leaves as large as those of V.
Labrusca, dentate, or 3-5-lobed, floccose-
woolly with whitish or rusty pubescence,
especially when young, sometimes becom-
ing nearly glabrous when mature; tendrils
and flower-clusters intermittent (wanting
opposite each third leaf) ; inflorescence gen-
erally long and loose; berries numerous,
about ^" in diameter, black, with a bloom,
acid, but edible; seeds 2-3, about 2/' long;
raphe narrow.
In thickets, southern New England to Flor-
ida, west to southern Ontario, Wisconsin and
Louisiana. Ascends to 3500 ft. in North Caro-
lina. May-June. Fruit ripe Sept. -Oct.
Vitis cinerea Engelm,
Downy Grape. (Fig. 2400. )
Vitis aestivalis var. canescens Engelm. Am.
Nat. 2: 321, name only. 1868.
Vitis aestivalis var. cinerea Engelm. ; A.
Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 679. 1867.
V. cinerea Hngelm. Bushb.Cat.Ed.3, 17. 1883.
Climbing, branches angled, young
shoots and petioles mostly floccose-pubes-
cent; bark loose; pith interrupted; tendrils
intermittent. Leaves dentate, or some-
what 3-lobed, often longer than wide,
rather densely floccose-pubescent with
whitish, persistent hairs on the lower sur-
face, especially along the veins, sparingly
so on the upper; inflorescence loose; ber-
ries black, without bloom, 3^-4'' in dia-
meter, pleasantly acid, 1-2-seeded; seeds
about 2^^ long, the raphe narrow.
Illinois to Nebraska, Kansas and Texas,
east to Florida (according to T. V. Munson.)
4. Vitis bicolor I^eConte. Blue or
Winter Grape. (Fig. 2401.)
Vitis bicolor LeConte, Proc. Phil. Acad. 6: 272. 1852.
Vitis aestivalis var. bicolor LeConte; Wats. & Coult.
in A. Gray, Man. Ed. 6, 113. 1890.
High-climbing or long-trailing, the tendrils in-
termittent, the branches terete. Twigs and leaves
glabrous, or somewhat pubescent, bluish-glaucous,
especially the lower surfaces of the leaves, the
bloom sometimes disappearing by the time the
fruit ripens; internodes long, the pith interrupted
at the nodes; leaves usually 3-lobed, cordate at the
base, sometimes 12' long, the sinuses rounded, the
lobes acute or acuminate; inflorescence compact;
berries bluish-black with a bloom, sour, about 4''
in diameter; seeds about 2'' long, raphe narrow.
Northern New York to Michigan and North Carolina.
VITACEAE.
[Voi<. II.
5. Vitis vulpina L.
Riverside or Sweet Scented Grape. (Fig. 2402.)
Vilis vulpina L. Sp. PI. 203. 1753.
Vilis riparia Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 231. 1803.
Vilis cordifolia var. riparia A. Gray, Man. Ed.
5, 113. 1867.
Climbing or trailing, glabrous throughout,
or more or less pubescent on the veins of the
lower surfaces of the leaves; branches rounded
or slightly angled, greenish; pith interrupted,
the diaphragm thin; tendrils intermittent.
Leaves shining, almost all sharply 3-7-lobed,
the sinuses angular, the lobes acute or acum-
inate, the terminal one commonly long; stip-
ules 2"-3'' long, often persistent until the
fruit is formed ; inflorescence compact or becom-
ing loose; berries bluish-black, with a bloom,
4"-5" in diameter, rather sweet; seeds 2-4,
2'' long, the raphe narrow and inconspicuous.
Along rockj' river-banks, Nova Scotia to Mani-
toba, south to Maryland and Arkansas. May-
June. Fruit beginning to ripen in July, some-
times continuing until October. Leaves light
green, thin.
6. Vitis palmata Vahl. Missouri
Grape. (Fig. 2403.)
I 'His palmala Vahl, Symbol. Bot. 3: 42. 1794.
High-climbing, glabrous or nearly so through-
out, or with slight pubescence on the veins of
the lower surfaces of the leaves; twigs bright
red; bark separating in large flakes; pith inter-
rupted, the diaphragms thick; tendrils inter-
mittent, forked. Leaves dull, darker green
than in V. vulpina, deeply 3-5-lobed, the sinuses
rounded, the lobes long-acuminate; stipules
\V2"-'^" long; inflorescence loose; berries
black, in diameter, without bloom; seeds
1-2, about t/' long; raphe indistinct.
River-banks, Illinois and Missouri. Blooming
later and ripening its berries after /'. vulpina.
June-July.
7. Vitis cordifolia Michx. Frost Grape.
Chicken Grape. (Fig. 2404.)
Vitis cordifolia Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 231. 1803.
High-climbing, the twigs glabrous or slightly
pubescent, terete or indistinctly angled; pith in-
terrupted by thick diaphragms; internodes long;
bark loose; tendrils intermittent; stem some-
times 1° in diameter or more. Leaves 3'-4'
wide, shining above, glabrous or sparingly pubes-
cent beneath, thin, sharply and coarsely dentate
with very acute teeth, sometimesslightly3-lobed,
mostly long-acuminate at the apex; tendrils
forked, intermittent; stipules about 2" long; in-
florescence loose; berries black, shining, about 3"
in diameter, ripening after frost; seeds i or 2,
about 2" long; raphe narrow or inconspicuous.
Moist thickets and along streams, New England
to Nebraska, south to Florida and Texas. Called
also Possum Grape and Winter Grape. May-June.
Fruit ripe Oct. -Nov.
Vol. II.]
GRAPE FAMILY.
411
8. Vitis Baileyana Munson. Bailey's
Grape. (Fig. 2405.)
Vilis Virginiana Munson, Gard. & For. 3: 474.
1890. Not Lam. 1808.
Vitis Baileyana Munson. Vit. Bail. 1893.
Climbing, but often low, the branches dis-
tinctly angled, the young twigs tomentose,
the tendrils intermittent; pith interrupted
at the nodes; internodes short. Leaves cre-
nate-dentate, sometimes slightly 3-lobed, as
a rule smaller than those of V. cordi/olia,
somewhat pubescent on the veins beneath even
when old; the apex short-acuminate, acute, or
blunt, the teeth mucronate; inflorescence com-
pact; berries black, 4''-5^' in diameter, sweet;
seeds about 2" long, the raphe broad.
In
ginia
valleys, southwestern Virginia, West Vir-
and North Carolina.
Vitis rupestris Scheele
Sand Grape. Sugar Grape. (Fig, 2406.)
V. rupestris Scheele, Linnaea, 21: 591. 1848.
Low, bushy or sometimes climbing to
a height of several feet, glabrous or some-
what floccose-pubescent on the younger
parts; pith interrupted; bark loose; ten-
drils forked, intermittent or often want-
ing. Leaves smaller than in any of the
preceding species, pale green, shining,
sharply dentate with coarse teeth, ab-
ruptly pointed, rarely slightly 3-lobed,
the sides often folded together ; stip-
ules T."-}/' long; inflorescence compact;
berries black, with a bloom, 3'^-4^^ in
diameter, sweet, 2-4-seeded; seeds about
■2" long; raphe very slender.
In various situations, southern Pennsylva-
nia to Missouri, Tennessee and Texas.
April-June. Fruit ripe in August.
10. Vitis rotundifolia Michx. Southern Fox-grape. Bullace Grape. (Fig. 2407.)
Vitis rotundifolia Michx. Fl. Bor. Am.
2; 231. 1803.
Vitis vulpina T. & G. Fl. N. A. i: 245.
1838. Not L. 1753-
Trailing or high-climbing, glabrous
or nearly so throughout; tendrils
simple, intermittent, sometimes few;
bark close, not shreddy; pith contin-
uous through the nodes. Leaves
nearly orbicular, 2''-3'' wide, dark
green, shining, dentate with large
triangular teeth; inflorescence dense;
berries few, purple, in diameter,
without bloom, tough, musky; seeds
several, flat, wrinkled, notched at the
apex; raphe indistinct.
In moist, often sandy soil, Maryland to
Kansas, south to Florida, Texas and Mex-
ico. Muscadine Grape. The original of
the Scuppernong. The berries fall away
singly. May. Fruit ripe Aug.-Sept.
412
VITACEAE.
[Vol. II.
2. AMPELOPSIS Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 159. 1803.
[Cissus Pers. Syn. i: 143. 1805. Not L. 1753 ]
Climbing woody vines, or some species bushy, the coiling tendrils not tipped by adher-
ing expansions. Leaves simple, dentate or lobed, or pinnately or palmately compound.
Flowers polygamo-dioecious, or polygamo-nionoecipus. Petals 5, separate, spreading.
Disk cup-shaped, 5-lobed or annular, adnate to the base of the ovary; ovary 2-celled; ovules
2 in each cavity; style subulate. Berry 2-4-seeded, the flesh usually thin and inedible.
[Greek, Vine-like.]
About 15 species, natives of temperate and warm regions, only the following known to occur
in North America.
Leaves coarsely serrate, or slightly 3-lobed.
Leaves 2-3-pinnately compound.
A. cordala.
A. ai-borea.
I.
Ampelopsis cordata Michx.
Simple-leaved Ampelopsis.
(Fig. 2408.)
Ampelopsis cordata Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i:
159. 1803.
Cissus Ampelopsis Pers. Syn. i: 142. 1805.
Viiis indivisa Willd. Berl. Baumz. Ed. 2,
5.38. 1811.
Glabrous or the young twigs sparingly
pubescent, climbing, the branches nearly
terete; tendrils few or none. Leaves
broadly ovate, 2''-4' long, coarsely serrate,
rarely slightly 3-lobed, glabrous on both
sides, or pubescent along the veins, trun-
cate or cordate at the base, acuminate at
the apex; panicles small, loose, with 2-3
main branches; corolla expanding its
petals; disk cup-shaped; berries 2''-3''' in
diameter, bluish, 1-2-seeded, the flesh
very thin and inedible; seeds about 2"
long; raphe narrow.
Swamps and river-banks, southern Virgi-
nia to Florida, west to Illinois, Kansas and
Texas. May-June.
2. Ampelopsis arborea (L.)
Rusby. Pepper-vine. Pinnate-
leaved Ampelopsis. (Fig. 2409.)
Vitis arborea L. Sp. PI. 203. 1753.
Cissus stans Pers. Svn. i: 143. 1805.
Vilis bipinnata T. & G. Fl. N. A. 1: 243. 1838.
Ampelopsis arborea Rusby, Mem. Torr.
Club, 5: 221. 1894.
Glabrous or nearly so, erect or ascend-
ing, bushy, scarcely climbing; tendrils
often wanting. Leaves bipinnate, or the
lowest tripinnate and sometimes 8' in
length or more; leaflets ovate or rhombic-
ovate, Yz'-'iYi.' long, sharply serrate, acute
or acuminate at the apex, obtuse or
slightly cordate or the terminal one cune-
ate at the base, glabrous, or somewhat
pubescent on the veins beneath; panicles
short-cymose; corolla expanding; berries
black, depressed-globose, about 3" in
diameter, sometimes pubescent, the flesh
thin, inedible; seeds 1-3.
In rich moist soil, Virginia to Missouri,
Florida and Mexico. Also in Cuba. June-
July.
Ampelopsis heterophylla (Thunb. ) Sieb. & Zucc, a climbing eastern Asiatic vine, with deeply
palmately 3-5 lobed leaves and short-peduncled compound cymes, was found as a waif from culti-
vation at Lancaster, Pa., in 1890.
Voi<. II.]
GRAPE FAMILY.
413
3. PARTHENOCISSUS Planch, in DC. Mon. Phan. 5: Part 2, 447. 1887.
[QuiNARiA Raf. Am. Man. Grape-vines, 6. 1830. Not Lour. 1790.]
Climbing or trailing woody vines, the tendrils often tipped with adhering expansions
(disks), or sometimes merely coiling, our species with digitately compound leaves, the leaf-
lets 5-7. Flowers perfect, or polygamo-monoecious, in compound cymes or panicles. Petals
5, spreading. Hypogynous disk obsolete or wanting in our species. Stamens 5. Ovary 2-
celled; ovules 2 in each cavity; style short, thick. Berry 1-4-seeded, the flesh thin, not edible.
About ID species, natives of eastern North America and Asia. Besides the following, another
occurs in Texas.
1. Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L,.) Planch. Virginia Creeper. False
Grape. American Ivy. (Fig. 2410. )
Hedera quinquefolia I,. Sp. PI. 202. 1753.
I'itis quinquefolia L,ani. Tabl. Encycl. 2: 135. 1793.
Ampelopsis quinquefolia Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i:
160. 1803.
Parthenocissus quinquefolia Planch, in DC. Mon.
Phan. 5: Part 2, 448. 1887.
High-climbing or trailing. Tendrils usually
numerous, and provided with terminal adhering
expansions, the vine sometimes supported also
by aerial roots; leaves petioled, digitately 5-folio-
late (rarely 7-foliolate); leaflets stalked, oval, el-
liptic, or oblong-lanceolate; I'-d' long, acute or
acuminate, narrowed at the base, coarsely
toothed, at least above the middle, pale beneath,
dark green above, glabrous or somewhat pubes-
cent; panicles ample, erect or spreading in fruit;
berries blue, about d" in diameter, usually 2-3-
seeded; peduncles and pedicels red.
In woods and thickets, Quebec to Manitoba, Flor-
ida, Texas and Mexico. Also in Cuba. July. Fruit
ripe in October. The foliage turns deep red in
autumn. Erroneously called Woodbine.
Parthenocissus quinquefolia laciniata Planch, in DC. Mon. Phan. 5: Part 2, 449. 1887.
Ampelopsis quinquefolia var. vitacea Knerr, Bot. Gaz. 18: 71. 1893.
Parthenocissus vitacea A. S. Hitchcock, Spring Fl. Manhattan, 26. 1894.
Tendrils mostly without terminal adhering disks, the vine not high-climbing; leaves more deeply
and sharply toothed; fruiting panicles described as drooping. Ohio to Iowa, Kansas and Colorado.
Perhaps specifically distinct.
Parthenocissus tricuspidata (Sieb. & Zucc. ) Planch., the Ampelopsis Veitchii of the gardeners,
a Japanese vine, clinging to walls by its very numerous disk-tipped tendrils, has the leaves sharplj-
3-lobed or sometimes 3-divided; it is freely planted for ornament.
Family 73. TILIACEAE Juss. Gen. 289. 1789.
Linden Family.
Trees, shrubs or rarely herbs, with alternate (rarely opposite) simple leaves,
mostly small and deciduous stipules, and axillar}' or terminal generally C3'mose
or paniculate flowers. Sepals 5, rarely 3-4, valvate, deciduous. Petals of the
same number, or fewer, or none, alternate with the sepals, mostly imbricated in
the bud. Stamens 00, mostly 5-10-adelphous; anthers 2-celled. Ovary i, ses-
sile, 2-io-celled; style entire or lobed; ovules anatropous. Fruit i-io-celled,
drupaceous or baccate. Embryo straight, rarely curved; cotyledons ovate or
orbicular; endosperm fleshy, rarely wanting.
About 35 genera and 245 species, widely distributed in warm and tropical regions, a few in the
temperate zones. ,
I. TILIA L. Sp. PI. 514- 1753-
Trees, with serrate cordate mainly inequilateral leaves, and axillary or terminal, cymose
white or yellowish perfect flowers, the peduncles subtended by and partly adnate to broad
membranous bracts. Sepals 5. Petals 5, spatulate, often with small scales at the base.
Stamens cc; filaments cohering with the petal-scales or with each other in 5 sets. Ovary
5-celled; cells 2-ovuled; style simple; stigma 5-toothed. Fruit dry, drupaceous, globose or
ovoid, indehiscent, 1-2-seedcd. Seeds ascending; endosperm hard; cotyledons broad, 5-lobed,
corrugated. [The ancient Latin name.]
414
TILIACEAE.
[Vol. II.
About 12 species, natives of the north temperate zone, i in the mountains of Mexico.
Leaves glabrous or nearly so on both surfaces. i. T. Americana.
Leaves glabrous above, pubescent beneath. 2. T. pubescens.
Leaves glabrous above, silvery-white beneath. 3. T. Iielerophylla.
I. Tilia Americana I,. Bass-wood. Am-
erican Linden. White-wood. (Fig. 241 1.)
Tilia Americana L. vSp. PI. 514. 1753.
T. glabra Vent. Mem. Acad. Paris, 4: 9. pi. 2. 1802.
Tilia Canadensis Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 306. 1803.
A large forest tree, 6o°-i25° high, vpith spread-
ing branches; trunk 2°-5° in diameter. Leaves
obliquely ovate, cordate or sometimes truncate at
the base, 2^-5' wide, coriaceous, glabrous on
both sides, or with some pubescence on the veins
of the lower surface, sharply serrate with glandu-
lar teeth, abruptly acuminate or acute; petioles
\'-2' long; floral bract 2'-i,' long, often narrowed
at the base, strongly veined; cymes drooping, 6-
2o-flowered; flowers 5''-7'' broad, fragrant; petals
yellowish-white, crenate, slightly longer than the
pubescent sepals; scales similar to the petals, but
smaller; fruit globose-ovoid, i^"-^" in diameter.
In rich woods and along river-bottoms, New Bruns-
wick to Georgia, especially along the mountains, west
to Manitoba, Nebraska and Texas. Wood soft, weak,
light brown or reddish; weight per cubic foot 28 lbs.
Used for cabinet work and for paper pulp. Called
also Whistle-wood. May-June.
2. Tilia pubescens Ait. Southern Bass-
wood or White-wood. (Fig. 2412.)
Tilia pubescens Ait. Hort. Kew. 2: 229. 1789.
Tilia Americana var. pubescens Loud. Arb. Brit. 1: 374.
1838.
Tiha AmericanavSiT. /fa/Z^rj Wood, Bot. & Flor. 64. 1870.
A small tree, 4o°-5o° high, with a trunk 1° in diam-
eter. Leaves generally smaller than those of T. Amer-
icana, glabrous above, pubescent, or sometimes densely
woolly beneath; floral bracts commonly broader and
shorter, narrowed or rounded at the base; fruit glo-
bose, 2)^ ''-3'^ in diameter.
In moist woods. Long Island to Florida, west to Texas,
mostly along the coast. Wood as in T. Americana, but
lighter in weight, about 24 lbs. to the cubic foot.
May-June.
3. Tilia heterophylla Vent. White Bass
wood. Bee-tree. (Fig. 2413.)
Tilia heterophylla Vent. Mem. Acad. Paris, 4: 16,
1802.
pi. 2.
pl- 5-
1813.
1870.
Tilia alba Michx. f. Hist. Arb. Am. 3: 315.
Not Waldst, & Kitt.
Tilia heterophylla var. alba Wood. Hot. & Flor. 64.
A forest tree, 45°-7o° high, with a trunk i>^°-3>^°
in diameter. Leaves larger than in either of the pre-
ceding species (often d'-W long), inequilateral, cor-
date or truncate, glabrous and dark green above, white
beneath with a fine downy pubescence, acute or acu-
minate; floral bracts 3'-5' long, narrowed at the base;
flowers slightly larger and often fewer than those of
T. Americana; fruit globose, about 5" in diameter.
In woods, mountains of southern Pennsylvania, south
along the Alleghanies and Blue Ridge to Florida and Ala-
bama, west to central Illinois, Kentucky and Tennessee.
Also called Wahoo, Wood weak, light brown; weight per
cubic foot 26 lbs. June-July.
The European Linden, or Lime Tree, Tilia Europaea L., is planted as an ornamental tree in
parks and on lawns. It may be distinguished from any of our species by the absence of scales at the
base of the petals. Its name, Lin, was the origin of the family name of Linnaeus.
Voi<. II.]
MALLOW FAMILY.
415
Family 74. MALVACEAE Neck. Act. Acad. Theod. 2: 488.
Mallow Family.
1770.
Herbs or shrubs (sometimes trees in tropical regions), with alternate mostly
palmately-veiued leaves. Stipules small, deciduous. Flowers regular, perfect,
often large, rarely dioecious or polygamous. Sepals 5 (rarely 3 or 4), more or less
united, usually valvate; calyx often bracted at the base. Petals 5, hypogynous,
convolute, often contorted. Stamens 00, hypogynous, monadelphous, forming
a central column around the pistil, united with the bases of the petals; anthers
I -celled. Ovary several-celled, entire or lobed; styles united below, distinct
above, and generally projecting beyond the stamen-column, mostly as many as
the cells of the ovary; ovules i or several in each cavity. Fruit capsular (rarely
a berry), several-celled, the carpels falling away entire or else loculicidally de-
hiscent. Seeds reniform, globose or obovoid; embryo curved; cotyledons large,
plicate or conduplicate; endosperm little, or copious.
About 40 genera and 800 species, widely distributed in tropical and temperate regions.
Stamen-column anther-bearing at the summit.
Carpels i -seeded.
Flowers perfect.
Involucels of 6-9 bractlets.
Involucels of 1-3 bractlets, or none.
Stigmas linear, on the inner side of the style-branches.
Carpels beakless; petals obcordate.
Carpels beaked; petals truncate.
Stigmas capitate, terminal.
Seed ascending.
Seed pendulous.
Flowers dioecious.
Carpels 2-several-seeded.
Involucel none.
Involucel of 3 bractlets.
Carpels continuous.
Carpels septate between the seeds.
Stamen-column anther-bearing below the entire or 5-toothed summit.
Carpels i-seeded.
Carpels several-seeded.
I. Althaea.
1. Malva.
3. Callirrhoe.
Malvaslrum.
Si da.
Napaea.
7. Abuiilon.
8. Sphaeralcea.
q. Modiola.
10. Kosleletzkya.
11. Hibiscus.
I. ALTHAEA L. Sp. Pi. 686. 1753.
Tomentose or pilose herbs, with lobed or divided leaves, and axillary or terminal, solitary
or racemose, perfect flowers. Involucels of 6-9 bractlets united at the base. Calyx 5-cleft.
Petals 5. Stamen-column anther-bearing at the summit. Cavities of the ovary numerous,
i-ovuled; style-branches the same number as the ovary-cavities, stigmatic along the inner
side; carpels numerous, indehiscent, i-seeded, arranged in a circle around the axis. Seed
ascending. [Ancient Greek, signifying to cure.]
About 15 species, natives of the temperate and
warm parts of the Old World.
I. Althaea officinalis L,. Marsh-Mal-
low. Wymote. (Fig. 2414.)
Althaea officinalis L. Sp. PI. 686. 1753.
Perennial, herbaceous, erect, 2°-4° high,
branching, densely velvety pubescent. Leaves
broadly ovate, acute or obtuse, dentate and gen-
erally 3-lobed, the lower ones often cordate;
veins elevated on the lower surfaces; petioles
Yz'-x' long; flowers in terminal and axillary
narrow racemes, pink, about I'-iYz' broad;
bractlets of the involucels 6-9, linear, shorter
than the 5 ovate-lanceolate acute calyx-seg-
ments; carpels 15-20, tomentose.
In salt marshes, coast of Massachusetts and
New York. Reported from New Jersey. Natural-
ized from Europe. Roots thick, very mucilaginous,
used in confectionery, and in medicine as a demul-
cent. Summer.
4i6
MALVACEAE.
[Vol. II.
2. MALVA L. Sp. PI. 687. 1753.
Pubescent or glabrate herbs, with dentate lobed or dissected leaves, and axillary' or ter-
minal solitary or clustered perfect flowers. Calyx 5-cleft. Bractlets of the involucels 3
(rarely none). Petals 5. Stamen-column anther-bearing at the summit. Cavities of the
ovary several or numerous, i-ovuled; style-branches of the same number, linear, stigmatic
along the inner side. Carpels arranged in a circle, i-seeded, beakless, indehiscent. Seed
ascending. [Greek, referring to the emollient leaves.]
About 30 species, natives of the Old World,
ized in California.
Leaves with 5-9 shallow angular lobes.
Petals 2-4 times the length of the calyx.
Petals 1-2 times the length of the calj-x.
Procumbent, low.
Erect, tall.
Leaves deeply 5-7-lobed.
Stem-leaves 1-3-pinnatifid; carpels downy.
Stem-leaves deeply lobed; carpels glabrous.
In addition to the following, another is natural-
1. M. sy Ives Iris.
2. M. rolutidi/olia.
3. M. verlicillata.
4. M. moschata.
5. M. Alcea.
I. Malva sylvestris L. High Mallow.
(Fig. 2415.)
Malva sylvestris L. Sp. PI. 689. 1753.
Biennial, erect or ascending, branched, pubescent
with loose spreading hairs, or glabrate. Leaves
orbicular, or reniform, lyi'-A' wide, with 5-9 shallow
angular or rounded lobes, crenate-dentate, truncate or
cordate at the base ; petioles 2' -6' long; flowers reddish-
purple, i'-\l4.' broad, in axillary clusters; pedicels
slender; petals 2-4 times as long as the calyx; carpels
about 10, flat on the back, rugose-reticulate.
In waste places and along roadsides, sparingly adventive
from Europe in the United States, Canada and Mexico.
Native also of Siberia. Summer. English names, Com-
mon Mallow, Cheese-flower, Cheese-cake, Pick-cheese,
Round Dock, Maul.
2. Malva rotundifolia L.
Low, Dwarf or Running Mal-
low. Cheeses. (Fig. 2416.)
M. rotundifolia L. Sp. PI. 688. 1753.
Annual or biennial, procumbent
and spreading from a deep root,
branched at the base, stems i,'-\2'
long. Leaves orbicular-reniform,
i'-3' wide, cordate, with 5-9 broad
shallow dentate-crenate lobes; peti-
oles slender, 3'-6' long; flowers
clustered in the axils, pale blue, 4"-
7" broad; pedicels 6"-i5" long;
petals about twice the length of the
ovate acute caU-x-lobes; carpels
about 15, rounded on the back,
pubescent.
In waste places, common throughout our territory, and widely distributed as a weed in other
perate regions. Naturalized from Europe. Native also of western Asia.
temperate
Dutch-cheese, Doll or Fairy Cheeses, Pellas. May-Nov,
English names.
Voi<. II.]
MAI.LOW FAMILY.
417
3. Malva verticill^ta L,. Whorled Mallow
Malva verticillala L. Sp. PI. 689. 1753.
Annual, erect, glabrous or nearly so, 4°-6° high.
Leaves nearly orbicular with 5-1 1 shallow, angular den-
tate lobes, petioles elongated; flowers white or whitish,
sessile, clustered in the axils, about the size of those of M.
rotundifolia; petals about twice the length of the calyx-
lobes; carpels rugose-reticulated.
In waste places, Vermont. Fugitive or adventive from
Europe. Summer.
Malva verticillata crispa L. Sp. PI. 689. 1753.
Malva crispa I,. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 970. 1763.
Margins of the leaves wrinkled and crisped. In waste places,
sparingly escaped from gardens. Nova Scotia to Minnesota
and New Jersey. Introduced from southern Europe or west-
ern Asia. This is the form shown in our figure. Known as
Curled Mallow. Summer.
4. Malva moschata I^. Musk Mallow.
(Fig. 2418.)
Malva moschata I,. Sp. PI. 690. 1753.
Perennial, erect, i°-2° high, branching, pubescent
with long hairs, or glabrate. Basal leaves orbicular,
3'-4' wide, with 5-9 short broad rounded dentate
lobes; stem-leaves deeply divided into linear or cune-
ate, pinnatifid or cleft segments; flowers lyi'-i' broad,
pink or white, racemosely clustered at the summits of
the stem and branches; petals obcordate or emargin-
ate, 5-8 times as long as the triangular-ovate acute
calyx-lobes; carpels 15-20, densely hairy, rounded on
the back.
In waste places and along roadsides, occasional in the
Middle, Southern and Eastern States and in Canada. Ad-
ventive from Europe. Plant with a faint odor of musk.
Summer.
5. Malva Alcea I,. European Mallow.
(Fig. 2419.)
Malva Alcea L. Sp. PI. 689. 1753.
Similar to the preceding species, but the stem-leaves
are only once 5-7-parted or cleft, the lobes dentate or in-
cised; pubescence shorter and denser; flowers pink, pur-
plish or white; petals obcordate; carpels glabrous, very
finely rugose-reticulated.
In waste places, occasionally escaped from gardens. Intro-
duced from Europe. Summer.
27
4i8
MALVACEAE.
[Vol,. II.
3. CALLIRRHOE Nutt. Journ. Acad. Phil. 2: 181. 1821.
[NuTTALLiA Barton, Fl. N. A. 2: 74. pi. 62. 1822.]
Herbs, with lobed or divided leaves, and showy axillary or terminal perfect flowers.
Bractlets of the involucel 1-3, separate, or none. Calyx deeply 5-parted. Petals cuneate,
truncate, often toothed or fimbriate. Stamen-column anther-bearing at the summit. Cavities
of the ovary 00 , i-ovuled; style-branches of the same number as the cells of the ovary, stig-
matic along the inner side. Carpels co (10-20), arranged in a circle, i-seeded, indehiscent
or 2-valved, beaked at the apex, the beak separated from the cavity by a septum. Seed as-
cending. [A Greek mythological name.]
A genus of about 7 species, natives of the central and southern United States and northern
Mexico.
Bractlets of the involucels none.
Flowers i' broad; carpels very pubescent. I.
Flowers iM'-z' broad; carpels scarcely pubescent. 2.
Bractlets of the involucels 3.
Leaves triangular, crenate ; carpels not rugose. 3.
Leaves orbicular, palmatifid; carpels rugose. 4.
C. alceoides.
C. digitala.
C. triangulata.
C. hivolucrata.
I. Callirrhoe alceoides (Michx.) A. Gray.
(Fig. 2420.)
Sida alceoides Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 44. 1803.
Callirrhoe alceoides A. Gray, Mem. Am. Acad. (11.) 4:
18. 1848.
Perennial, erect, 8''-20'' high, slender, strigose-
pubescent, branched at the base from a thick woody
root. Basal leaves triangular, palmately lobed or
incised, 2^-3^' long, slender-petioled; stem-leaves
palmatifid, the divisions linear or cuneate, acute or
obtuse; flowers corymbose or racemose at the sum-
mit, pink or white, about \' broad; pedicels \'-2'
long, slender; involucel none; calyx-lobes triangu-
lar, acuminate; petals dentate and somewhat fim-
briate; carpels strigose-pubescent and conspicuously
rugose-reticulate on the back.
In dry soil, Kentucky to Nebraska, Kansas and
Texas. May-Aug.
Light Poppy-Mallow.
2. Callirrhoe digitata Nutt.
Fringed Poppy-Mallow.
(Fig. 2421.)
Callirrhoe digitata Nutt. Journ. Acad. Phila.
2: 181. 1821.
Nutiallia digitata Bart. Flora N. A. 2: 74.
62. 1822.
Similar to the preceding species. Divi-
sions of the stem-leaves longer, narrowly
linear, sometimes quite entire and
long, sometimes deeply incised; basal
leaves sometimes cordate-triangular, cre-
nate, lobed or divided; involucre none;
flowers long-peduncled, I Yz '-2' broad, red-
dish-purple or lighter; petals beautifully
fimbriate; calyx-lobes triangular to lan-
ceolate, acuminate; carpels strongly ru-
gose-reticulate, scarcely pubescent.
In dry soil, Kansas to Texas. April-July.
Vol. II.]
MALLOW FAMILY.
419
4. Callirrhoe involucrata (T. &G.)
A. Gray. Purple Poppy-Mallow.
(Fig. 2423.)
Nuttallia involucraia Nutt. ; Torr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y.
2: 172. Name only. 1828.
Malva involucrata T. & G. Fl. N. A. i: 226. 1838.
Callirrhoe involucrata A. Gray, Mem. Am. Acad.
(II.) 4: 16. 1848.
Perennial, branched from a deep root, pro-
cumbent or ascending, i°-2° long, pubescent
with long hispid hairs. Leaves cordate-orbicu-
lar, palmately lobed or palmatifid, the lobes ob-
tuse or acute, dentate or incised, those of the
upper leaves commonly narrower than those of
the lower; stipules ovate, conspicuous; pedun-
cles terminal and axillary, slender, i-flowered;
bractlets of the involucel 3, linear, half the
length of the lanceolate acute 3-5- nerved calyx-
lobes; flowers red-purple, i'-2^' broad; carpels
rugose-reticulate.
In dry soil, Minnesota to Texas, Utah and New
Mexico and northern Mexico. April-Aug.
3. Callirrhoe triangulata (Leav-
enw. ) A. Gray. Clustered Poppy-
Mallow. (Fig. 2422.)
Malva triangulata Leavenw. Am. Journ.
Sci. 7: 62. 1824.
Callirrhoe triangulata A. Gray, Mem. Am.
Mem. Acad. (II. ) 4: 16 1848.
Perennial, erect or ascending from a
deep root, i X°-2^° high, branched above,
pubescent with short hairs. Leaves tri-
angular-hastate, the lower long-petioled,
crenate or slightly lobed, acute or obtus-
ish, 2^-3' long, the upper short-petioled
or nearly sessile, smaller, 3-5-cleft or di-
vided, the lobes narrow, dentate or cre-
nate; flowers in terminal panicled clusters,
broad, short-pedicelled, deep purple;
involucel of 3 linear or spatulate bractlets,
nearly as long as the 5-lobed calyx; car-
pels numerous, hairy, not rugose, short-
beaked.
Prairies, Illinois to Minnesota, south to
Texas. June-Aug.
4. NAPAEA L. Sp. PI. 686. 1753.
Erect perennial herbs, with palmately-lobed leaves, and small white dioecious flowers in
ample terminal corymbose panicles. Involucels none. Calyx 5-toothed. Staminate flowers
with 15-20 anthers borne at the summit of the stamen-column. Pistillate flowers with
8-10 styles, stigmatic along their inner surface, the stamen-column present but destitute of
anthers. Cavities of the ovary as many as the styles, i-ovuled. Carpels 8-10, separating at
maturity from the axis, beakless, but minutely tipped, imperfectly 2-valved. Seed ascend-
ing. [Greek, a dell.]
A monotypic genus of the east-central United States.
420
MALVACEAE. [Voi,. II.
I. Napaea dioica L. Glade Mallow.
(Fig. 2424.)
Napaea dioica L. Sp. PI. 686. 1753.
Simple, or branching above, 4°-9° high, pu-
bescent, or glabrate. Basal and lower leaves
6'-i2' broad, long-petioled, orbicular in out-
line, 7-11-parted nearly to the base, the divi-
sions acute, dentate and lobed; upper leaves
smaller, short-petioled, 5-9-lobed, the lobes
incisely cut, acute or acuminate; staminate
flowers broad, the pistillate somewhat
smaller; petals obovate, 2-3 times the length
of the calyx ; carpels strongly i-nerved,
slightly rugose-reticulate.
In moist grrounds, southern Pennsylvania to
Virginia, west to Minnesota and Iowa. July.
5. MALVASTRUM A. Gray, Mem. Am. Acad. (II.) 4: 21. 1848.
[MalvEopsis Presl, Bem. Bot. 19. 1847.?]
Herbs, with entire cordate or divided leaves, and axillary or terminal, solitary or race-
mose, short-pedicelled perfect flowers. Calyx 5-cleft. Bractlets of the involucels small, 1-3
or none. Stamen-column anther-bearing at the apex. Cavities of the ovary 5-^0, i-ovuled.
Style-branches of the same number, stigmatic at the summit only, forming capitate stigmas;
carpels indehiscent or imperfectly 2-valved, falling away from the axis at maturity, their
apices pointed or beaked. Seed ascending. [Greek, star-mallow.]
About 75 species, natives of America and South Africa, 2 of them widely distributed as weeds
in tropical regions. In addition to the following, about 12 other species inhabit the southern and
western United States.
Leaves lanceolate-oblong, dentate.
Leaves pedately 5-parted, the lobes incised.
I. Malvastum angustum A. Gray.
Yellow False Mallow.
(Fig. 2425.)
Sida hispida Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 452. 1814?
Malvastrtim atiguslum A. Graj-, Mem. Am. Acad.
(II.) 4: 22. 1848.
Malveopsis hispida Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 72. 1891.
Annual, erect with the habit of a Sida, slender,
branching, pubescent with appressed hairs, 6'-i2'
high. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, or linear-oblong,
petioled, acute, finely dentate with somewhat dis-
tant teeth, 9'^-2o" long, wide; flowers yel-
low, 4"-6" broad, mostly solitary in the axils of
the upper leaves, short-peduncled; bractlets of the
involucre 2-3, linear, shorter than the ovate-trian-
gular pubescent acute calyx-lobes; petals about
equalling the calyx; carpels 5, somewhat pubes-
cent, reniformi, 2-valved at maturity.
In dry ground, Tennessee and Illinois to Iowa and
Kansas. Summer.
1. M. angustum,
2. M. coccineum.
Vol. IL]
MALLOW FAMILY.
421
2. Malvastrum coccineum (Pursh) A.Gray. Red False Mallow. (Fig. 2426. )
Malva coccinea Nutt. in Fraser's Cat. Name only. 1813.
Cristaria coccinea Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 454. 1814.
Malvastrum coccineiun A. Gray, Mem. Am. Acad. (11.)
4: 21. 1848.
Perennial, erect or ascending, 4^-10'' high, freely
branched, densely and silvery stellate-pubescent.
Lower leaves V-2' wide, ovate-orbicular iu outline,
slender-petioled, the uppermost nearly sessile, all
pedately 3-5-parted; lobes cuneate to linear, incised,
mainly obtuse; flowers red, b"-<^" broad, in dense
short terminal spicate racemes; bractlets of the involu-
cels commonly none; petals much longer than the lan-
ceolate acutish calyx-lobes ; carpels 10-15, rugose-
reticulated, indehiscent, i-seeded (rarely 2-seeded).
Prairies, Manitoba to Nebraska and Texas, west to Brit-
ish Columbia and New Mexico. May-Aug.
6. SIDA L. Sp. PI. 683. 1753.
Herbs, with serrate crenate or lobed leaves, and
solitary or clustered, axillary or terminal, perfect flow-
ers. Bractlets of the iuvolucels none. Calyx 5-toothed
or 5-cleft. Stamen- column anther-bearing at the summit. Cells of the ovary 5- a>, i-ovuled;
style-branches of the same number, stigmatic at the summit only. Carpels indehiscent, or at
length 2-valved at the apex. Seed pendulous. [Greek, used by Theophrastus.]
About 75 species, natives of the warmer parts of America, Asia, Africa and Australasia. Be-
sides the following, some 17 others occur in the southern and southwestern parts of the United States.
Leaves linear, ovate or oblong, serrate.
Leaves ovate or oblong-lanceolate; flowers 2"-^' broad. i. 5'. spinosa.
Leaves linear or linear-oblong; flowers 5"-i 2" broad. 2. Elliottii.
Leaves palmately 3-7-lobed. 3. S. herniaphrodila.
I. Sida spinosa L,. Prickly Sida.
(Fig. 2427.)
Sida spinosa L. Sp. PI. 683. 1753.
Annual, erect, branching, finely and softly
pubescent, high. Leaves ovate to oblong-
lanceolate, long, ^"-\o" wide, petioled,
obtuse or acute, truncate or cordate at the base,
crenate-dentate; flowers axillary, short-pedun-
cled, yellow, broad; peduncles shorter
than the petioles; calyx-teeth triangular, acute;
carpels 5, dehiscent at the apex into 2 beaks;
stipules linear; petioles of the larger leaves with
a small spine-like tubercle at the base.
In waste places, southern New York and New Jer-
sey to Iowa and Michigan, south to Florida and
Texas, and widely distributed in tropical America.
Supposed by some to be naturalized at the north,
but it occurs in New Jersey as if native. Summer.
2. Sida Elliottii T. & G. Elliott's Sida.
(Fig. 2428.)
Sida Elliottii T. & G. Fl. N. A. i: 231. 1838.
Perennial, glabrous or nearly so, branching, i°-4° high.
Leaves short-petioled, linear or linear-oblong, 1^-2' long,
^''-'iYz" wide, mostly obtuse at each end, serrate-dentate;
peduncles often longer than the petioles; flowers axillary,
yellow, 6" -12" broad, calyx-teeth broadly ovate, acute; car-
pels 8-10, dehiscent at the apex, slightly and abruptly
pointed.
In dry soil, southern Virginia to Florida, west to Chihuahua.
Summer.
422
MALVACEAE.
[Vol. II.
3. Sida hermaphrodita (L.) Rusby. Vir-
ginia Mallow. (Fig. 2429.)
Napaea hermaphrodita L. Sp. PI. 686. 1753.
Sida Napaea Cav. Diss. 5: 277. pi. ij2. f. i. 1788.
Sida hermaphrodita Rusby, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 223.
1894.
Perennial, nearly glabrous, branching, 4°-io° high.
Leaves petioled, 3'-6' wide, ovate-orbicular, deeply
3-7-lobed or cleft, the lobes lanceolate or ovate, the
middle one commonly longest, all incised dentate,
acute or acuminate; flowers white, ()"-i2" broad,
numerous in terminal corymbose panicles; pedicels,
calyx and petioles of the upper leaves finely pubes-
cent; calyx-lobes short and broad, acute; carpels
about 10, acute, dehiscent at the top.
Along rivers, in rocky places, southern Pennsylvania,
West Virginia and Virginia. Summer.
7. ABUTILON Gaertn. Fnict. et Sem. 2: 251. pi. 135. 1791.
Herbs or shrubs, sometimes trees in tropical countries, mostly soft -pubescent, with cor-
date angular or lobed leaves and axillary flowers. Involucels none. Calyx 5-cleft. Stamen-
column anther-bearing at the apex. Cavities of the ovary 5-3D , 3-9-ovuled. Style-branches
the same'number as the ovary -cavities, stigmatic at the apex; carpels 2-valved, often rostrate,
falling away from the axis at maturity. Seeds more or less reniform, the upper ascending,
the lower pendulous or horizontal. [Name given by the celebrated Arabian physician Avi-
cenna (Ibn Sina), died 1037.]
About 90 species, natives of warm and trop-
ical regions of both hemispheres. In addition to
the following, some 15 others inhabit the southern
and southwestern parts of the United States.
I. Abutilon Abutilon (L,. ) Rusbj-.
Velvet Leaf. Indian Mallow.
(Fig. 2430.)
Sida Abutilon L. Sp. PI. 685. 1753.
Abutilon Avicennae Gaertn. Fruct. et Sem. 2:
251- Oj- 179' •
A. Abutilon Rusby, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 222. 1894.
Annual, stout, 3°-6° high, branched, densely
and finely velvety-pubescent. Leaves long-
petioled, cordate, ovate-orbicular, ^'-12' wide,
dentate, or nearly entire, acuminate, the point
blunt; flowers yellow, d"-^" broad, axillary,
solitary; peduncles stout, shorter than the peti-
oles; head of fruit i' in diameter or more; car-
pels 12-15, pubescent, dehiscent at the apex,
each valve beaked by a slender awn.
In waste places, frequent or common through-
out our area, except the extreme north. Natural-
zed or adventive from southern Asia, and widely
distributed as a weed in warm countries. Called
also American Jute. Aug.-Oct.
8. SPHAERALCEA St. Hil. Plant. Us. Bras. pi. 52. 1825.
Herbs or shrubs with the habit of Malvastrtim. Bractlets of the involucels 3, distinct, or
united at the base. Stamen-column anther-bearing at the summit. Cavities of the ovary
5-cc, 2-3-ovuled. Style-branches the same number as the ovary-cavities, stigmatic at the
apex; carpels 2-valved, not septate between the seeds, separating from the axis at maturity.
Seeds reniform. [Greek, globe-mallow.]
About 30 species, natives of America and South Africa. In addition to the following, about 14
others occur in the southwestern United States.
Vol. II.]
MALLOW FAMILY.
423
I. Sphaeralcea acerifolia Nutt.
Maple-leaved Globe-Mallow.
(Fig. 2431.)
Sphaeralcea acerifolia Nutt.; T. & G. Fl. N. A.
i: 228. 1S38.
Sphaeralcea rivularis Torr. ; A. Gray, Mem. Am.
Acad. (II.) 4: 23. 1848.
Perennial, erect, branched, 2°-6° high,
finely stellate-pubescent and scabrous. Leaves
nearly orbicular in outline, palmately 5-7-
lobed or cleft, cordate, the lobes ovate or lance-
olate, dentate, acute, the middle one generally
longest; flowers pink or white, broad,
short-pedicelled, clustered in the upper axils
or in terminal spike-like racemes; bractlets of
the involucels linear, shorter than the calyx;
calyx-lobes triangular, acute; carpels stellate-
pubescent and hairy, not beaked.
Kankakee Co., 111.; Dakota, west to Nevada
and British Columbia. Summer.
9. MODIOLA Moench, Meth. 619. 1794.
Prostrate or ascending herbs, often rooting from the nodes, with palmately cleft or di-
vided leaves, and small axillary peduncled red flowers. Bracts of the involucre 3, distinct.
Calyx 5-cleft. Stamen-column anther-bearing at the apex. Cavities of the ovary 00, 2-3-
ovuled. Style-branches stigmatic at the summit; carpels 15-20, septate between the seeds,
dehiscent into 2 valves with awn-pointed tips, and aristate on the back. [Latin, from the
likeness of the fruit to the small Roman measure, modiolus.'^
A monotypic genus of warm and temperate America and South Africa.
I. Modiola Caroliniana (I,.) Don.
Bristly-fruited Mallow. (Fig. 2432.)
Malva Caroliniana L. Sp. PI. 688. 1753.
Modiola multifida Moench, Meth. 620. 1791.
Modiola Caroliniana Don, Gen. Hist. PI. 1:466.
1831.
Decumbent, annual or biennial, more or less
pubescent, freely branching; stems 6^-18' long.
Leaves nearly orbicular in outline, Yz'-'zYz' wide,
petioled, pedately 3-5-cleft, the lobes dentate or in-
cised; leaves sometimes simply dentate; flowers
axillary, solitary, 2i"-h" broad, red; peduncles at
length elongated, slender; fruit depressed-orbicular,
the carpels hispid-aristate along the back.
In low grounds, Virginia to Florida, west to Texas,
and in Central and South America. The same species
apparently occurs in South Africa. Summer.
10. KOSTELETZKYA Presl, Rel. Haenk. 2: 130. pi. 70. 1836.
Perennial, scabrous or pubescent herbs or shrubs, with hastate or angular leaves, and
showy, axillary or paniculate flowers. Bractlets of the involucels several, linear. Calyx 5-
toothed or 5-cleft. Stamen-column entire, or 5-toothed at the summit, anther-bearing be-
low for nearly its entire length. Ovary 5-celled, the cells i-ovuled; style-branches of the
same number, stigmatic at the capitate summits. Capsule depressed, 5-angled. Seeds reni-
form, ascending. [Named in honor of V. F. Kosteletzky, a botanist of Bohemia.]
About 6 species, natives of warm and temperate America. In addition to the following, 2
others occur in the southern and southwestern United States.
424
MALVACEAE.
[Vol. II.
II.
I. Kosteletzkya Virginica (L.) A.
Gray. Virginia Kosteletzkya,
(Fig. 2433.)
Hibiscus Virginicus L,. Sp. PI. 697. 1753.
Kosteletzkya Vii-ginica A. Gray, Gen. 2:80. t.1^2.
1849.
Perennial, erect, branching, 2°-4° high, some-
what stellate-pubescent and scabrous. Leaves
ovate, or hastate, truncate or cordate at the base,
2^-5^ long, unequally dentate and often 3-lobed
below, sometimes with an additional lobe or
two at the middle, acute, not velvety-pubes-
cent; flowers pink, iYz'-iYt,' broad, in loose
terminal leafy panicles; bractlets of the invo-
lucels 8-9, linear, shorter than the lanceolate
acute calyx-segments; carpels 5, hispid-
pubescent.
In salt or brackish marshes, southeastern New
York to Florida and Louisiana. A form approach-
ing K. althaeifolia of the Southern States occurs
in eastern Maryland. Aug.
HIBISCUS L. Sp. PI. 693. 1753.
Herbs, shrubs, or in tropical regions even small trees, with dentate or lobed leaves, and
showy, axillary or paniculate, mostly campanulate flowers. Bractlets of the involucels nu-
merous, narrow. Calyx 5-cleft or 5-toothed. Column of stamens truncate or 5-toothed at the
apex, anther-bearing below along much of its length. Ovary 5-celled, the cells 3-several-
ovuled; style branches 5, stigmatic at the capitate summit. Capsule 5-valved. Seeds reni-
form. [An ancient name, used by Dioscorides for the Marsh Mallow.]
About 180 species, widely distributed in warm and temperate countries,
following, about 14 others occur in the southern and western United States.
Tall perennial herbs.
Leaves white-pubescent beneath; seeds glabrous, or nearly so.
Leaves glabrate, or stellate-hairy above; bractlets not ciliate.
Leaves soft-hairy above; bractlets ciliate.
Leaves glabrous on both sides; seeds hairy.
Low hairy annual of waste places.
Tall woody shrub, escaped from gardens.
In addition to the
1. H. Moscheutos.
2. H. lasiocarpus.
3. H. inilitaris.
4. H. Trio7ium.
5. H. Syriacus.
I. Hibiscus Moscheiitos L. Swamp Rose-Mallow.
(Fig. 2434.)
Hibiscus Moscheutos L. Sp. PI. 693. 1753.
Erect, 4°-7° high, forming numerous cane-like
stems from a perennial root. Leaves ovate or ovate-
lanceolate, 3^-7' long, cordate or obtuse at the base,
acute or acuminate at the apex, the lower or some-
times all lobed at the middle, palmately veined,
dentate or crenate, densely white stellate-pubescent
beneath, green and glabrous or slightly stellate
above; petioles 1^-5^ long; flowers 4^-7' broad, pink,
or white, often with a'crimson centre, clustered on
stout pedicels at the summits of the stems; peduncles
often adnate to the petioles; bractlets linear, not cili-
ate, shorter than the calyx; capsule ovoid, i' long,
glabrous or sparingly pubescent; seeds glabrous.
In brackish marshes, eastern Massachusetts to Flor-
ida and Louisiana, and on lake shores and in saline sit-
uations locally in the interior to western Ontario. Dr.
Gray concluded that the Hibiscus roseus of southern
Europe is identical with our plant. Aug.-Sept.
Mallow Ro.se.
Vol.. II.] MALLOW FAMILY.
2. Hibiscus lasiocarpus Cav. Hairy-
fruited Rose-Mallow. (Fig. 2435.)
Hibiscus lasiocarpus Cav. Diss. 3: 159. pi. 70. f. i.
1787.
Resembles the preceding species. Leaves
broadly ovate, dentate or 3-7-lobed, mostly cor-
date or truncate at the base; pubescence of the
lower surface white and densely stellate, that of
the upper surface darker, with longer soft nearly
simple hairs; bractlets of the involucels linear,
equalling the calyx or shorter, ciliate; capsule
ovoid, densely and finely hairy; seeds nearly
glabrous.
In swamps, southern Indiana to Missouri, south to
Florida and Texas. Aug.
425
3. Hibiscus militaris Cav.
Sweating- weed.
Halberd-leaved Rose- Mallow.
(Fig. 2436.)
Hibiscxcs militaris Q.w.Ti\sz.y. 2,^2. pi. igS.f.z. 1787.
Hibiscus Virginicus Walt. Fl. Car. 177. 1788.] 1 Not
L. 1753-
Erect, 3°-5° high, nearly glabrous throughout.
Leaves i,'-^' long, ovate in outline, acute, or acum-
inate, cordate or truncate at the base, the lower, or
sometimes all, hastately lobed, the margins dentate-
crenate; petioles i'-6' long; flowers pink with a
darker eye, 2^-3' long, axillary or clustered at the
ends of the stem or branches; peduncles shorter
than the petioles and jointed above the middle;
bractlets of the involucels linear, slightly shorter
than the calyx, glabrous, or with a few scattered
hairs; fruiting calyx inflated; capsule ovoid, en-
closed by the calyx, glabrous, or in some southern
forms finely stellate-pubescent; seeds silky.
Along rivers, southern Pennsylvania to Florida, west
to Minnesota and Louisiana. Aug. -Sept.
4. Hibiscus Trionum L,.
Bladder Ketmia. Flower-of-an-Hour.
Mallow. (Fig. 2437.)
Venice
Hibiscus Triomim L. Sp. PI. 697. 1753.
Annual, depressed and branching from the base,
pubescent with spreading hairs. Leaves petioled,
ovate or orbicular in outline, pedately 3-7-lobed or
divided, the lobes obtuse, dentate-crenate or cleft,
the middle one longer; flowers pale yellow with a
purple eye, 1^-2^' broad, axillary to the upper
leaves, each one remaining open but a few hours;
petals tinged with purple on the outer edge ; bracts
linear, ciliate, much shorter than the membranous
beautifully nerved hispid-pubescent 5-angled in-
flated calyx; capsule globose- ovoid, hairy; seeds
roughened with short processes.
In waste places. Nova Scotia to Florida, and locally
in the interior. Adventive from southern Furope.
Aug.-Sept. Called also Black-eyed Susan.
426
MALVACEAE.
[Vol. II.
5. Hibiscus Syriacus L. Shrubby Althaea.
Rose-of-Sharon. (Fig. 2438.)
Hibiscus Syriacus 1,. Sp. PI. 695. 1753.
A branching nearly glabrous shrub, io°-2o° high.
Leaves short-petioled, ovate, 2'-^' long, obtuse or cuneate
at the base, acute but blunt at the apex, 3-5-lobed or the
upper merely dentate, sometimes with a few scattered
stellate hairs on the upper surface; flowers axillary, short-
peduncled, pink or white with a crimson centre, 2^-4'
broad; bractlets linear, shorter than the calyx, or slightly
exceeding it ; peduncles, bractlets and calyx stellate-
pubescent; capsule ovoid, nearly 1' long.
Sparingly escaped from cultivation in southern New Jersey
and Pennsylvania. Introduced from western Asia. Aug. -Sept.
1824.
Family 75. THEACEAE DC. Prodr. i: 529.
Tea Family.
Trees or shrubs, with alternate or rarely opposite pinnately-veined mainly
exstipulate leaves, and large axillary or terminal flowers. Flowers regular,
mostly perfect. Sepals 5 (rarely 4-7), imbricated, the inner ones generally larger
than the outer. Calyx often 2-bracted at the base. Petals 5 (rarely 4-9),
hypogynous, imbricated, crenulate. Stamens 00 , numerous, hypog5'nous, more
or less united at their bases. Ovary sessile, 2-several-celled; styles i or several;
ovules 2 or more in each cavity. Fruit a 3-5-celled generally woody capsule
with loculicidal or septicidal dehiscence; endosperm little or none; embryo large,
with conduplicate cotyledons.
About 16 genera and 160 species, natives of tropical and warm regions.
Stamens monadelphous. i. Sluartia.
Stamens 5-adelphous. 2. Gordonia.
I. STUARTIA L. Sp. PI. 698. 1753.*
Shrubs, with deciduous membranous serrulate leaves, and large showy axillary soli-
tary flowers on short peduncles. Sepals 5, rarely 6, slightly unequal, ovate or lanceolate.
Petals of the same number, obovate. Stamens monadelphous below; anthers versatile.
Ovary 5-celled; styles i or 5; ovules 2 in each cell, anatropous; capsule ovoid, woody, 5-
celled, loculicidally dehiscent. Embryo straight. Cotyledons oval, longer than the inferior
radicle. [Named in honor of John Stuart, Marquis of Bute.]
Six species, natives of North America and Japan.
Style I, compound; stigma 5-lobed; seeds marginless; capsule subglobose. i. S. Malachodendron.
Styles 5, distinct; seeds wing-margined; capsule ovoid, 5-angled. 2. S. pentagyna.
I. Stuartia Malachodendron L. Round-fruited
Stuartia. (Fig. 2439.)
Slezcartia Malachodendron L. Sp. PI. 698. 1753.
Steiva7-lia Virginica Cav. Diss. 5: pi. 158. f. 2. 1787.
A shrub, 6°-i2° high, the branches pubescent when young.
Leaves oval, acute or acuminate at each end, 2^-3'' long,
I ^'-2' wide, serrulate with mucronate-tipped teeth, pubes-
cent below, glabrous above; petioles 2"-4''' long; flowers
axillary, 3''-4' broad, solitary or occasionally in pairs, very
short-peduncled; sepals ovate or orbicular, obtuse, silky-
pubescent, united at the base; petals white, sparingly pubes-
cent on the under side, minutely crenulate; filaments purple;
anthers blue; style i, compound; stigma 5-lobed; capsule
subglobose, 6"-%" long, pubescent; seeds marginless.
In woods, Virginia to Florida, west to Louisiana. April-May.
* Original spelling Stezuartia.
Vol,. II.]
TEA FAMILY.
427
2. Stuartia pentagyna L'Her.
Angled-fruited or Mountain
Stuartia. (Fig. 2440.)
Stuartia pentagyna L'Her. Stirp. Nov. 155. pi.
74- 1784- . „ ^
Malachodendron ovalum Cav. Diss. 5: pi. /5<S. f. 2.
1787.
A shrub resembling the preceding species.
Leaves oval, or ovate, larger, 4^-6' long, 2^-3'
wide, acuminate at the apex, obtuse or some-
times acute at the base, pubescent beneath, mu-
cronate-serrulate or rarely entire; flowers axil-
lary, solitary, 1'-},' broad; peduncles
long; sepals lanceolate, acutish, hairy; petals
cream-color, crenulate; styles 5, distinct; cap-
sule 5-angled, ovoid, acute, 9''' long, densely
pubescent; seeds wing-margined.
In woods, mountains of Kentucky and North
Carolina to Georgia and Alabama. June.
2. GORDONIA Ellis, Phil. Trans. 60: 518. pi. 11. 1770.
Trees or shrubs, with coriaceous evergreen leaves, and large white solitary axillary flow-
ers, often clustered at the ends of branches. Sepals 5, imbricated, rounded, concave. Petals
5, imbricated, obovate. Stamens 00, 5-adelphous, each cluster cohering with the base of a
petal. Ovary i, 3-5-celled; style i; stigma 5-rayed. Capsule woody, ovoid, 5-valved, the
axis persistent. Seeds compressed, with a short terminal or lateral wing; embryo straight
or oblique; cotyledons ovate, longitudinally plaited; radicle short, superior. [Named for
James Gordon, a London nurseryman.]
About 16 species, natives of eastern North Amer-
ica, Mexico and eastern Asia.
I. Gordonia Lasianthus I,. Loblolly
Bay. Tan Bay. (Fig. 2441.)
Hypericum Lasianthus L. Sp. PI. 783. 1753.
Gordonia Lasianthus L. Mant. 2: 570. 1771.
A tree 45°-75° high. Leaves lanceolate, or ob-
long, acute, attenuate and involute at the base,
very nearly sessile, coriaceous, persistent, 3^-5'
long, I'-i' wide, serrulate, glabrous, shining;
peduncles i'-3' long, ascending, i-flowered;
flowers \yz'-2' broad; sepals orbicular, silky, cil-
iate; petals slightly pubescent without; capsule
ovoid-conic, pointed, d"-^" long, sometimes
6-valved.
In low woods, Virginia to Florida,
light red; weight per cubic foot 29 lbs.
Wood soft,
May-July.
Family 76. HYPERICACEAE Lindl. Nat. Syst. Ed. 2, 77. 1836.
St. John's-wort Family.
Herbs or shrubs, sometimes small trees in tropical regions, with opposite or
rarely verticillate simple entire or rarely glandular-ciliate or dentate leaves, no
stipules, and terminal, or axillary solitary or cymose-paniculate flowers. Foliage
pellucid-punctate or black-dotted. Flowers regular and perfect. Sepals 5 or 4,
imbricated. Petals of the same number, hypogynous, generally oblique or con
torted. Stamens 00, hypogynous, often in sets of 3 or 5; anthers versatile or
428
HYPERICACEAE.
[Vol. II.
innate, 2-celled, longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary i-y-celled, composed of 1-7
carpels; styles as many as the carpels; ovules 00, in 2 rows in each cavit}',
anatropous. Fruit mainly capsular with septicidal dehiscence; seeds mainly
straight; endosperm none.
About 10 genera and 280 species, natives of temperate and warm regions, a few extending into
sub-arctic or alpine districts.
Sepals 4, in unequal pairs; petals 4. ■ i. Ascyruiii.
Sepals and petals 5.
Petals yellow.
Leaves normal, not reduced to scales. 2. Hypericum.
Leaves reduced to minute appressed scales. 3. Saroihra.
Flowers pink or greenish purple.
4. Triadenum.
I. ASCYRUM I,. Sp. PI. 787. 1753.
Leafy glabrous low shrubs, with the aspect of Hypericum. Flowers bright yellow.
Sepals 4, in 2 pairs, the exterior ones broad and round, the interior smaller and narrower.
Petals 4, oblique or slightly contorted, deciduous. Stamens co, distinct, or united in clus-
ters. Ovary i-celled, with 2-4 parietal placentae; styles 2-4. Capsule i-celled, 2-4-valved,
dehiscent at the placentae. [Greek, not rough.]
About 5 species, natives of eastern and southeastern North America, the West Indies and
Central America.
Erect, i°-2° high; leaves clasping; styles 3-4. i. A. stans.
Diffusely branched, 5'-io' high; leaves sessile; styles 2. 2. A. hypericoides.
I. Ascyrum stans Michx. St. Peter's-
wort. (Fig. 2442.)
Ascyrum stans Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 77. 1803.
Erect, simple or with a few upright branches,
i°-2° high. Stems and branches 2-edged or
slightly winged; leaves clasping, erect or as-
cending, oval, or broadly oblong, <^"-\W long,
^"-1" wide, obtuse, thick; cyme terminal, few-
flowered; pedicels 4"-6'^ long, 2-bracted below
the middle; flowers 8"-i2''' broad; outer
sepals nearly orbicular, !^"-()" long, cordate, the
inner lanceolate, ^Ofg! petals obovate,
longer than the sepals; styles 3 or 4, short; cap-
sule ovoid, about 2/' long.
In dry sandy soil, especially in pine barrens,
Long Island, southern New Jersey and eastern
Pennsylvania to Florida, west to Texas. July-Aug.
2. Ascyrum hypericoides L. St. An-
drew's Cross. (Fig. 2443.)
Ascyrum hypericoides L- Sp. PI. 788. 1753.
Ascyruvi Criix-Andreae'L,. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 1107. 1763.
Low, much branched from the base, diffuse or
ascending, 5'-io' high. Stems and branches
flattened and 2-edged; leaves oblong or obovate,
sessile, narrowed and 2-glaudular at the base,
yz'-\y2' long, 2"-^" wide, thin, obtuse; flowers
terminal or also axillary; pedicels i''-3'' long;
2-bracted near the summit; flowers
broad; outer sepals oval or ovate, sometimes
cordate, ^"-6'^ long, ■2"-^" wide, obtuse, the
inner narrower and mainly shorter; petals ob-
long-linear, about equalling the outer sepals;
styles 2; capsule ovoid, about 2" long.
In dry sandy soil, Nantucket, Mass., to Florida,
Illinois, the Indian Territory and Texas. Ascends to
2800 ft. in Virginia. July-Aug.
Vol. II.]
ST. JOHN'S-WORT FAMILY.
429
H. Ascyron.
H. Kalmianum.
H. prolificum.
H. densiflorum.
H. galioides.
H. adpressum.
H. sphaerocarpum.
H. dolabriforme.
H. ellipticum.
H. vtrgaium.
II. H. perforatum.
H. maculaium.
H. graveolens.
2. HYPERICUM L. Sp. PI. 783. 1753.
Herbs or shrubs, with opposite punctate or black-dotted leaves, and mostly cymose
yellow flowers. Sepals 5, equal or nearly so. Petals 5, mainly oblique or contorted, con-
volute or imbricated in the bud. Stamens co , distinct, or more or less united in clusters,
sometimes with interposed hypogynous glands. Ovary i-celled, with 3-5 parietal placentae
which sometimes project far into the cavity, or 3-5-celled (rarely 6-celled); ovules co , gen-
erally numerous; styles 3-6. Capsule 1-5-celled (rarely 6-celled). [The Greek name.]
About 210 species, of wide geographic distribution. In addition to the following, 12 others
occur in the southern and western United States and British America.
•X- Styles 5; large perennials; pods s-celled.
Flowers l'-2' broad; capsules c/'-io" long.
Flowers 6"-i2" broad; capsules 3"-6" long.
* * Styles 3 (rarely 4).
"I" Tall leafy shrubs: pods 3-celled.
Flowers 6"-8" broad; pods 4"-6" long.
Flowers 4"-6" broad; pods 2"-3" long,
t t Herbaceous, sometimes woody at the base.
% Stamens numerous (15-40); flowers 3"-i2" broad.
Capsules l-celled or incompletely 3-4-celled.
Capsules incompletely 3-4-celled by the projecting placentae.
Leaves linear, 1" -2" wide.
Leaves oblong, 3"-5" wide.
Capsules strictly i-celled; placentae parietal.
Styles united into a beak, separate above; stigmas minute.
Leaves linear or linear-oblong; seeds transversely rugose.
Nearly simple, erect; pod globose.
Branched, decumbent; pod 3-sided.
Leaves elliptic; seeds minutely pitted and striate.
Styles separate; stigmas capitate; cyme naked.
Capsules completely 3-celled; styles separate.
Leaves linear or oblong; sepals lanceolate.
Leaves broadly oblong, oval or ovate-lanceolate.
Sepals ovate; petals 2"-3" long.
Sepals lanceolate; petals 5"-7" long.
X t Stamens few (5-12); flowers H"-3" broad
Leaves spreading or ascending, 3-7-nerved.
Cyme leafy-bracted.
Cymes subulate-bracted.
Leaves ovate, oval, oblong or lanceolate, 5-7-nerved.
Leaves ovate, oval or oblong; capsule i -2K" long.
Leaves obtuse; sepals linear-oblong, acutish or obtuse.
Leaves acute, or only the lower obtuse; sepals long-acuminate
16.
Leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate; capsule 4"-5" long. 17.
Leaves linear, obtuse, 3-nerved. 18.
Leaves linear, erect, i-nerved. 19.
r ^ — ^
I. Hypericum Ascyron I,.
Great or Giant St. John's-
wort. (Fig. 2444.)
Hypericum Ascyron L. Sp. PI. 783. 1753.
Hypericum pyramidalum Ait. Hort.
Kew. 3: 103. 1789.
Perennial, herbaceous, erect, 2°-6°
high, branching, the branches often
nearly erect, angled. Leaves sessile,
clasping, ovate-oblong or ovate-
lanceolate, 2'-5' long, Yz'-YYi' wide,
obtuse or acute; cymes terminal,
few-flowered; flowers bright yellow,
broad; pedicels stout, y^'-i'
long; sepals ovate-lanceolate,
long, acute; petals obovate -or ob-
lanceolate, tardily deciduous; styles
usually 5, united below; stamens nu-
merous,united in 5 sets; capsule ovoid,
<)"-\o" long, 5-celled.
Banks of streams, western Quebec and
Vermont to Manitoba, south to Connec-
ticut, northern New Jersey, Illinois,
Iowa and Minnesota. Also in northern
Europe and Asia. July-Aug.
14. H. boreale.
15. H. imitilum.
H. gymnanthum.
H. majus.
H. Canadense.
H. Drutnmondii.
430
HYPERICACEAE.
[Vol. II.
2. Hypericum Kalmianum L.
Kalm's St. John's- wort. (Fig. 2445.)
Ilypcriciim Kalmianum L. Sp. PI. 783. 1753.
Shrubb}', freely branching, i°-2° high,
leafy; branches 4-angled, twigs flattened and
2-edged. Leaves oblong-linear or oblanceo-
late, sessile, or narrowed into a short petiole,
obtuse, i'-2yi' long, 1"-^" wide, more or
less glaucous beneath, generally with smaller
ones clustered in the axils; cymes terminal,
few-flowered; pedicels stout, ■i"-\o" long;
flowers W-i-z" broad ; sepals foliaceous,
oblong, acute, long, usually about half
the length of the petals; stamens very nu-
merous, distinct; styles 5 C4-6), united below
into a beak; capsule ovoid, 3" long, com-
pletely 5- (4-6-) celled.
Niagara Falls to Sault Ste. Marie along Lakes
Erie and Huron; also at Muskoka, Ont., and in
"the oak-barrens of TuUahonia, Tenn." (Gat-
tinger. ) Aug.
3. Hypericum prolificum L. Shrubby St. John's-wort. (Fig. 2446.)
Hyper icum prolificum L. Mant. i: io6. 1767.
Shrubby, diff'usely branched from near
or at the base, i°-3° high; stems some-
times \' in diameter; branches ascending
or erect, leafy; branchlets 2-edged. Leaves
linear-oblong or oblanceolate, narrowed
at the base, or tapering into a short peti-
ole, obtuse, often mucronulate, pale be-
neath, long, 2>'^-9" wide, with tufts
of smaller ones in the axils; cymes sev-
eral-many-flowered, terminal and some-
times also axillary; pedicels 6" long or
less; flowers 5"-8'' broad; sepals slightly
unequal, shorter than the petals; stamens
numerous, distinct; styles 3; capsules 3-
celled, long.
Sandy or rocky soil, New Jersey to Georgia.
Ascends to 3400 ft. in Virginia. July-Sept.
4. Hypericum densiflorum Pursh.
Bushy or Dense-flowered St.
John's-wort. (Fig. 2447.)
Hypericum densiflorum Pursh, Fl. Am.
Sept. 376. 1814.
Hypericum prolificum var. densiflorum A.
Gray, Man. Ed. 3, 84. 1867.
Erect, 4°-6° high, shrubbj', freely
branching, densely leafy; branches some-
what angled and branchlets 2-edged.
Leaves crowded, i'-2'long, i>^"-3"wide,
acutish or obtuse, with smaller ones clus-
tered in the axils; cymes densely manj'-
flowered, mainly terminal; pedicels \"-\"
long; flowers 4''-6'' broad; sepals narrow,
not foliaceous, shorter than the petals;
stamens numerous, distinct; styles 3; capsule completely 3-celled, 2^-3'^ long.
Pine-barrens of New Jersey to Florida, west to Tennessee, Arkansas and Texas. July-Sept.
Vol. II.]
ST. JOHN'S-WORT FAMILY.
5. Hypericum galioides Lam. Bed-
straw St. John's-wort. (Fig. 2448.)
Hypericum galioides'U'ixa.. Encycl. 4: 161. 1797.
Perennial, somewhat woody, branching,
i°-2_54° high, the stems and branches nearly
terete. Leaves linear, linear-oblong or ob-
lanceolate, with smaller ones clustered in
their axils, obtusish, thick, spreading, nar-
rowed below, yz'-2yi' long, wide,
involute in drying; flowers short-pedicelled,
2," -5" broad; sepals narrowly linear, folia-
ceous, resembling the uppermost leaves,
shorter than the pointed oblique petals;
stamens numerous, distinct; styles 3; cap-
sule 7."-2," long, incompletely 3-celled by
the projecting placentae.
In low grounds, Delaware to Florida, west to
eastern Tennessee and Louisiana. July-Sept.
6. Hypericum adpressum Bart.
Creeping St. John's-wort. (Fig. 2449.)
H. adpressum Bart. Comp. Fl. Phil. 2: 15. 1818.
Stem nearly simple, erect or ascendingfrom
a perennial creeping or decumbent base,
i°-2° high, angled below, 2-edged above.
Leaves oblong or lanceolate, \'-2' long,
5" wide, obtuse, ascending, often with smaller
ones fascicled in the axils; cyme terminal,
several-flowered, leafy only at the base; pedi-
cels about \" long; flowers S'^-g'' broad;
sepals lanceolate, acute, about half the length
of the petals; stamens numerous, distinct;
styles 3 or 4; capsule about 2'^ long, incom-
pletely 3-4-celled by the projecting placentae.
In low grounds, Nantucket, Mass., to New Jer-
sey and Pennsylvania, south to Georgia, Louisi-
ana, Missouri and Arkansas. July-Aug.
7. Hypericum sphaerocarpum Michx.
Round-podded St. John's-wort,
(Fig. 2450.)
H. sphaerocarpum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 78. 1803.
Simple or branching, erect or ascending from
a somewhat woody perennial base, i°-2%° high;
stems 4-angled. Leaves oblong or linear-oblong,
obtuse, i>^^-3' long, 2,"-6" wide, often with
smaller ones in the axils; cymes terminal, sev-
eral or many-flowered, naked orbracted; flowers
sessile or nearly so, 5^'-8'^ broad; sepals linear,
lanceolate or ovate, much shorter than or equal-
ling the petals; stamens numerous, distinct;
styles 3, united below; capsule strictly i-celled,
globose or ovoid-conic, 2"-2}2'^ long; seeds
larger than in related species, rough-pitted.
On rocky banks, southwestern Ohio to Iowa,
south to Alabama and Arkansas. July-Sept.
432
HYPERICACEAE.
[Vol. II.
8. Hypericum dolabriforme Vent. Straggling
St. John's-wort. (Fig. 2451.)
I/j'periaim dolabri/orme Vent. HoTt.Cels. pi. 4s. 1800.
Straggling and branching, decumbent, h'-io' high; branch-
lets slightly angled. Leaves linear or linear-lanceolate,
■20" long, \"-2" wide, acute or obtusish, spreading or as-
cending, with smaller ones clustered in the axils; cymes
terminal, leafy, few-several-flowered; pedicels about yi"
long; flowers nearly broad; sepals foliaceous, lanceolate or
ovate, acute or acuminate, nearly or quite as long as the
oblique pointed petals; stamens numerous, distinct; styles
3, united below; capsule ovoid-conical, coriaceous, 2,"-/^"
long, i-celled; seeds rugose.
On dry hills, barrens of Kentucky and Tennessee. July-Aug.
9. Hypericum ellipticum Hook.
Elliptic-leaved or Pale St. John's-wort.
(Fig. 2452.)
H. ellipticum Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 110. 1830.
Herbaceous, perennial; stem somewhat 4-
angled, simple or with few branches, erect, 8'-
20^ high. Leaves thin, spreading, elliptic or
oval, obtuse, sessile, narrowed at the base or
partly clasping, 8"-i5'^ long, 2>"-5" wide;
cymes terminal, few-flowered, leafless but
bracted; flowers pale yellow, nearly sessile,
5//-^// broad; sepals spreading, oblong or
oblanceolate, slightly shorter than the petals ;
styles 3, united below; stamens numerous;
capsule ovoid-globose, i-celled, about 2" long;
seeds striate; sepals and petals sometimes 4.
In swamps and along streams, Nova Scotia to
Manitoba, Connecticut, northern New Jersey,
Pennsylvania and Minnesota. July-Aug.
10. Hypericum virgatum I^am. Vir-
gate or Copper-colored St. John's-
wort. (Fig. 2453.)
Hypericum virgatum Lam. Encycl. 4: 158. 1797.
H. angulosum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am.2; 78. 1803.
Slender, herbaceous, erect or ascending,
simple, or branched above, i°-2^° high, the
stem and branches 4-angled. Lower leaves
ascending or erect, oblong-lanceolate, acute
or obtusish, 8"-i5''' long, 2"-4'^ wide, sessile;
cyme terminal, ample, compound, bracted,
pedicels yz"~2" long; flowers numerous, cop-
per-yellow, alternate, d/'-(>" broad; sepals
foliaceous, ovate or lanceolate, keeled, more
or less shorter than the petals; styles 3, dis-
tinct; stigmas capitate; capsule i-celled, ovoid,
2" long, enclosed by the sepals.
In low grounds, Delaware to Illinois, south to
Florida. July-Sept.
H5rpericuni virgatum ovalifolium Britton, Trans. N.
Y. Acad. Sci. 9: 10. i88g.
Leaves oval or broadly elliptic, 2"-io" long, i -i' wide, erect, appressed, verj' obtuse. Pine-
barrens of New Jersey.
Vol. II.]
ST. JOHN'S-WORT FAMILY.
433
II. Hypericum perforatum I,. Com-
mon St. John's-wort. (Fig. 2454.)
Hypericum perforatum L. Sp. PI. 785. i753-
Perennial, herbaceous from a woody base,
i°-2° high, much branched. Stems erect, with
numerous barren shoots at base; leaves sessile,
oblong or linear, ^"-\o" long, wide, ob-
tuse, more or less black-dotted; cymes termin-
al, several-many-flowered; flowers bright yel-
low, 8^^-12^' broad; sepals lanceolate, acute,
shorter than the copiously black-dotted petals;
stamens numerous, united at their bases into 3
sets; styles 3; capsule ovoid, i"-2/' long, com-
pletely 3-celled, glandular.
In fields and waste places, common through-
out our area except the extreme north, and in the
Southern States. Naturalized from Europe. Often
a troublesome weed. Native also of northern Asia.
June-Sept. EngUsh names, Amber, Penny-John,
Rosin Rose, Herb-John. Crushed herbage odorous.
13. Hypericum graveolens Buckley.
Mountain St. John's-wort. (Fig. 2456.)
Hypericum graveolens Buckley, Am. Journ.
Sci. 45: 174. 1843.
Herbaceous, perennial, similar to the pre-
ceding species. Stem erect, i°-3° high,
branched above; leaves oval, ovate or ellip-
tic-oblong, sessile or clasping, obtuse, I'-j/
long, yi'~\' wide, sparingly black-dotted;
cymes terminal, few-several-flowered; pedi-
cels \"-\" long; flowers usually crowded, \'
in breadth or more; sepals lanceolate, acute,
much shorter than the sparingly dotted or
dotless petals; stamens united in sets; styles
3; capsule ovoid, somewhat 3-lobed, 3-celled,
A,"-W long.
Mountains of southwestern Virginia and
North CaroUna. June-Sept.
12. Hypericum maculatum Walt.
Spotted or Corymbed St. John's-
wort. (Fig. 2455.)
H. maculatum Walt. Fl. Car. 189. 1788.
Hypericum corymbosimi Muhl.; Willd. Sp.
PI. 3: 1457. 1803.
Herbaceous, perennial from a woody
base, erect, i/^°-3° high. Leaves sessile,
short-petioled, or partly clasping, oblong or
ovate-lanceolate, obtuse, long,
wide, copiously black-dotted; cymes termi-
nal, many-flowered; pedicels about \" long;
flowers much crowded, i/'-"]" broad; sepals
ovate, acute, generally much shorter than
the conspicuously black-dotted petals; sta-
mens numerous, united in 3 or 5 sets; styles
3, variable in length; capsule ovoid, 2"-^/'
long, completely 3-celled.
In moist soil, Maine and Ontario to Minne-
sota, south to Florida and Texas. July-Sept.
434
HYPERICACEAE.
[Vol.. II.
15-
14. Hypericum boreale (Britton)
Bicknell. Northern St. John's-
wort. (Fig. 2457.)
Hypericum Canadense var. boreale Britton, Bull.
Torr. Club, 18: 365. 1891.
H. boreale Bicknell, Bull. Torr. Club, 22: 213. 1894.
Annual, stem terete or slightly 4-angled, up-
right from a usually assurgent base, simple or
branched, i'-i8' high. Leaves elliptic, oval,
oblong, or linear-oblong, 3''-i6" long,
wide, sessile or slightly clasping, obtuse, mostly
3-nerved, those of the lower part of the stem
commonly much smaller than the upper and
closer together; cymes few-several-flowered,
leafy-bracted; flowers about ^Yz" broad; sepals
narrow, obtuse; capsules oblong, obtuse or ob-
tusish, apiculate, ■i"-2yi," long, purple, cross-
wrinkled, longer than the sepals; seeds 3-5
times as long as wide, pale, longitudinally fur-
rowed and finely cross-lined.
In wet soil, Newfoundland to New Jersey and
Pennsylvania. July-Sept.
Hypericum mutilum I,. Dwarf or Small-flowered St. John's- wort.
(Fig. 2458.)
Hypericum mutihivi L. Sp, PI. 787. 1753-
Ascyriim Crux-Andreae'L,. Sp. PI. 787. 1753.
Annual, slender, erect or ascending, gener-
ally tufted, abundantly branched, 6'-2yi° high.
Branchlets 4-angled; leaves oblong or ovate,
sessile, clasping, obtuse, 4''- 14'' long, 2"--]"
wide, 5-nerved at the base; cymes many-flow-
ered, terminal, subulate-bracted; pedicels slen-
der, long; flowers yi''-^" broad, light
orange yellow; sepals foliaceous, linear, lanceo-
late or oblanceolate, much shorter than or
slightly longer than the petals; stamens 5-12;
styles 3; capsule ovoid, pointed, i-celled, \"-
2." long, somewhat longer than the sepals.
In low grounds, Nova Scotia to Manitoba, Florida
and Texas. Ascends 3000 ft. in Virginia. July-Sept.
In
Texas.
16. Hypericum gymnanthum Engelm.
& Gray. Clasping-leaved St. John's-
wort. (Fig. 2459.)
Hypericum gymnanthum Engelm. & Gray, Bost.
Jouni. Nat. Hist. 5: 212. 1847.
Hypericum mutilum v3lT. gymnanthum A. Gray,
'Man. Ed. 5. 86. 1867.
Annual, erect, simple or sparingly branched,
io'-3° high. Leaves ovate, or the lower oval,
cordate-clasping, often distant, 4"-io" long,
2'^-4'' wide, acute, or the lower obtuse, 3-7-
nervedat the base; cymes terminal, loose, subu-
late-bracted; flowers numerous, i'^-2" broad;
sepals lanceolate, acuminate, equalling or shorter
than the petals and generally somewhat shorter
than the i-celled ovoid capsule; styles 3; stamens
10-12; capsule about 2" long.
low grounds, southwestern New Jersey and Delaware to Minnesota, south to Louisiana and
July-Sept.
Vol. II.]
ST. JOHN'S-WORT FAMILY.
435
17. Hypericum majus (A. Gray) Brit-
ton. Larger Canadian St. John's-
wort. (Fig. 2460.)
Hypericum Canadense var. majus A. Gray, Man.
Ed. 5, 86. 1867.
Hypericum majus Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 225.
1894.
Annual, stouter than H. Canadense, stem
erect, i°-3° high, usually branched above, the
branches nearly erect. Leaves lanceolate or ob-
long-lanceolate, sessile or somewhat clasping,
xo'^-iYz' long, -x,"-^" wide, acute or obtuse at
the apex, 5-7-nerved; cymes several-many-fiow-
ered; bracts subulate; flowers z"-^" broad;
sepals lanceolate, acuminate, about as long as
the petals or shorter; styles 3; capsule narrowly
conic, acute, long, longer than the
sepals; seeds minute, cross-lined and faintly
longitudinally striate.
In moist soil, Maine to Michigan, New Jersey and
Nebraska. June-Sept.
18. Hypericum Canadense I,.
Canadian St. John's-wort. (Fig. 2461.)
Hyperictim Canadense L. Sp. PI. 785. 1753.
Annual, erect, 6'-2o' high, freely
branching. Branches angular, erect or
ascending; leaves linear, 6'^-2' long, i"-
■2" wide, obtuse, tapering to the base,
3-nerved; cymes terminal, several-many-
flowered, subulate-bracted; flowers i"-'}/'
broad; sepals lanceolate, acute, equalling
or shorter than the petals; stamens 5-10;
styles 3; capsule i-celled, narrowly conic,
acute, 'i"-d/' long, longer than the sepals;
seeds striate.
In wet sandy soil, Newfoundland to Mani-
toba, Georgia, Kentucky and Wisconsin. As-
cends to 5000 ft. in North Carolifia. July-Sept.
19. Hypericum Drummondii (Grev. &
Hook.) T. & G. Drummond's
St. John's-wort. (Fig. 2462.)
Sarothra Drtimmondii Grev. & Hook. Bot. Misc.
3: 236. 1833.
Hypericum Drummondii T. & G. Fl. N. A. 1: 165.
1838.
Annual, bushy-branched, io'-3o' high, rigid.
Leaves linear-subulate, 4^-12'^ long, erect or
narrowly ascending, yi" wide, i-nerved; flow-
ers scattered along the upper part of leafy
branches, numerous, peduncled,2'^ broad; sepals
lance-linear, longer than the petals ; stamens
10-20; styles 3; capsule i-celled, ovoid, 2'' long,
equalling or shorter than the sepals; seeds
large, rugose.
In dry soil, Illinois to Georgia, west to Iowa and
Texas. July-Sept.
436
HYPERICACEAE.
3. SAROTHRA L. Sp. PI. 272. 1753.
[Vol,. II,
A low annual much-branched herb, the opposite leaves reduced to subulate scales, the
mostly opposite branches erect-ascending, the very small yellow flowers alternate, very
short-pedicelled or sessile along them in the axils of still smaller scales. Sepals 5, equal.
Petals 5. Stamens 5-10. Styles 3, separate. Capsule elongated-conic, i-celled, much longer
than the sepals; seeds minutely striate and pitted. [Greek, a broom. J
A monotypic genus of eastern North America.
I. Sarothra gentianoides L,.
Pine-weed, (Fig, 2463.)
Orange-grass.
Sarolhra gentianoides L,. Sp. PI. 272. 1753.
Hypericum nudicaule Walt. Fl. Car. 190. 1788.
Hypericum Sarolhra Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 79. 1803.
Annual, erect, fastigiately branched, 4^-20' high.
Branches mainly opposite, filiform, erect, wiry; leaves
minute, subulate, about 1" long, appressed; flowers
nearly sessile, long, open in sunlight; sepals
linear, about equalling the petals and much shorter than
the conic-cylindric acute purple pod; seeds very small.
In sandy soil, Maine to Florida, west to Minnesota, Missouri
and Texas. June-Oct. Called also Ground Pine and Nit-weed.
4. TRIADENUM Raf, Med. Rep. (II,) 5: 352. 1808.
[Elodea Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 360. 1814. Not Michx. 1803, nor E lodes h.Aans. 1763.]
Perennial marsh herbs, with opposite entire oblong oval or ovate leaves, and pink or
greenish purple flowers in terminal cymes, or also axillary. Calyx of 5 equal persistent
sepals. Petals 5, not contorted. Stamens 9, or sometimes more, in 3 sets, the sets alternat-
ing with 3 large hypogynous glands. Ovary 3-cclled; styles 3. Capsule oblong-conic, much
longer than the sepals. [Greek, three glands.]
Two species, natives of eastern North America.
Leaves sessile; flower-clusters peduncled.
Leaves short-petioled; flower-clusters nearly sessile.
1. T. Virgitiicum.
2. T. petiolalum.
I. Triadenum Virginicum (L.) Raf.
Marsh St. John's-wort, (Fig. 2464,)
Hypericum Virginicum L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 1104. 1763.
Hypericum campanulatumWaXX.. Fl. Car. 191. 1788.
Elodea campanulata Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 379. 1814.
Elodea Virginica Nutt. Gen. 2: 17. 1818.
Triadenum Virginicum Raf. Fl. Tell. 3; 79. 1836.
Perennial, erect or ascending, nearly simple, i°-
high. Leaves sessile or cordate-clasping, ovate
or oblong, i'-2><' long, 9''-i2'' wide, very obtuse,
sometimes emarginate, glaucous beneath, black-
dotted; flowers 6"-?," broad, in axillary and ter-
minal peduncled leafy clusters; sepals ovate or lan-
ceolate, acute, shorter than the straight petals; sta-
mens 9 or more, united in 3 sets; styles 3, distinct;
capsule oblong, 4'-5" long, acute, red-purple.
In swamps, Labrador and Nova Scotia to Florida, west
to Manitoba, Nebraska and Louisiana. Also in north-
eastern Asia. Ascends to 2600 ft. in the Catskills.
July-Sept.
Voi<. II.] ST. JOHN'S-WORT FAMILY. 437
2. Triadenum petiolatum (Walt.)
Britton. Larger Marsh St. John's-
vvort. (Fig. 2465.)
Hypericum petiolatum Walt. Fl. Car. 191. 1788.
Elodea petiolata Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 379. 1814.
Similar to the preceding species, but often
more branched and taller; leaves generally
longer (2^-5' ), petioled, or the upper sessile,
not clasping, pale beneath; flower-clusters
axillary and terminal, sessile or very short-
peduncled.
In swamps, New Jersey and Maryland to Flor-
ida, west to Arkansas and Louisiana. July-Aug.
Family 77. ELATINACEAE Lindl. Nat. Syst. Ed. 2, 88. 1836.
Water-wort Family.
Low herbs, sometimes woody in tropical regions, with opposite or verticillate
stipulate entire or serrate leaves, and small axillary solitary or fascicled flowers.
Flowers regular, perfect. Sepals 2-5, imbricated. Petals the same number,
hypogynous. Stamens the same number or twice as many. Ovary 2-5-celled;
styles 2-5, stigmatic at the apex; ovules 00, anatropous. Capsule with septi-
cidal dehiscence. Placentae central. Seed-coat crustaceous, rugose or ribbed.
About 25 species, of wide geographic distribution.
Flowers 2-4-merous; glabrous aquatic or creeping herbs. i. Elatine.
Flowers mainly 5-merous; pubescent ascending or diffuse herbs. 2. Bergia.
I. ELATINE L. Sp. PI. 367. 1753.
Small glabrous or glabrate aquatic or creeping herbs, with opposite or verticillate leaves,
and minute axillary mainly solitary flowers. Sepals 2-4, persistent, membranous, not
ribbed. Petals of the same number, h)'pogynous. Stamens of the same number or twice as
many. Styles or stigmas 2-4. Pod membranous, globose, 2-4-valved. Seeds 00 , straight,
or slightly curved, striate longitudinally and transversely. [Greek, fir-like, with reference
to the leaves.]
About 9 species, natives of temperate and warm regions. In addition to the following, another
occurs in California.
Petals and stamens 2; seeds distinctly sculptured.
Leaves obovate; seeds with 9-10 longitudinal and 20-30 transverse striae, i. E. Americatia.
Leaves oblong or oval; seeds with 6-7 longitudinal and 10-12 transverse striae.
2. E. brachysperma.
Petals and stamens mostly 3; seeds little sculptured. 3. E. Iriandra.
I. Elatine Americana (Pursh) Arn. Water-wort. Mud-purslane. (Fig. 2466.)
Peplis Americana Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 238. 1814.
Elatine Americana Arn. Edinb. Journ. Sci. i: 430. 1830.
Erect or spreading, tufted, aquatic or terrestrial, Yz'-xYz'
long, often submerged. Leaves obovate, obtuse, 1"-^/' long,
\" wide or less; flowers sessile, axillary, minute, rarely
opening in the submerged forms; sepals, petals, stamens and
stigmas 2 (rarely 3 in the terrestrial forms); capsule globose,
nearly Yz" in diameter; seeds %" to nearly Y^" ^ong)
slightly curved, marked by 9-10 longitudinal striae and 20-
30 cross-bars.
Margins of ponds and slow streams, Ontario and New Hampshire to Illinois, south to Virginia
and Texas. Also in Colorado and Oregon. Summer.
438
ELATINACEAE.
[Vol.. II.
2. Elatine brachysperma A. Gray. Short-seeded Water- wort. (Fig. 2467.)
Elatine brachysperma A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 13: 361. 1878.
Terrestrial or sometimes submerged, spreading, tufted, i '-2' long.
Leaves oblong, oval or lanceolate, narrowed at the base, long,
about \" wide, obtuse; flowers sessile, axillary, minute; sepals, pet-
als, stamens and stigmas mainly 2; capsule nearly as in the preceding
species; seeds short-oblong, nearly straight, about yi" long, marked
by 5-7 longitudinal striae and 10-12 cross-bars.
Margins of ponds, Illinois and California, doubtless occurring between
these limits. Summer.
3. Elatine triandra Schk. Long-stemmed
Water- wort. (Fig. 2468.)
Elatine triandra Schk. Bot. Hand, i: 345. 1791.
Flaccid, tufted, immersed or creeping, stems
2'-\' long, much branched. Leaves oblong or ob-
lanceolate, very thin, obtuse, 2^-4''' long, \"
wide, narrowed at the base; flowers minute, axil-
lary, sessile; sepals commonly 2; petals, stamens
and stigmas 3; seeds slightly curved, about the
size of those of E. Americana, slightly marked
long;itudinally and transversely.
Ponds, Illinois and Nebraska.
Summer.
Also in Europe.
2, BERGIA L. Mant. i: 152, 1771.
Herbs, or somewhat shrubby plants, branching, erect, ascending or prostrate, more or
less pubescent, with opposite serrate or entire leaves, and small axillary solitary or clustered
flowers. Parts of the flower in 5's (very rarely in 4's or 3's). Sepals acute. Pod crustaceous,
ovoid, 5-valved. Seeds numerous, striate longitudinally and transversely. [In honor of Dr.
P. J. Bergius, 1723-1790, professor of Natural History in Stockholm.]
About 15 species, natives of warm and temperate regions.
I. Bergia Texana (Hook.) Seub. Texas Bergia.
(Fig. 2469.)
Merimea Texajia Hook. Icon. PI. pi. 2yS. 1840.
Bergia Texatia Seub.; Walp. Rep. 1: 285. 1842.
Prostrate or ascending, diffusely branched, pubescent, stems
6'-io' long. Leaves spatulate or obovate, I'-i^'long, 6"-
W wide, acutish or obtuse, serrate, narrowed into a short
petiole; stipules scarious, about \" long, ciliate-serrulate;
flowers short-peduncled, about xYz" broad, solitary or 2-3 to-
gether in the axils; sepals ovate, acuminate, denticulate,
slightly longer than the oblong obtuse petals; capsule glo-
bose, \" in diameter, its dehiscence septifragal; seeds oblong,
striate longitudinally and cross-barred.
Southern Illinois to Texas, west to Nevada and California.
Summer.
Vol. II.]
ROCK-ROSE FAMILY.
439
Family 78. CISTACEAE Lindl. Nat. Syst. Ed. 2, 91. 1836.
Rock-rose Family.
Shrubs or low woody herbs, with alternate or opposite simple leaves, and
solitary racemose clustered or paniculate flowers. Flowers regular, generally
perfect. Sepals 3-5, persistent, when 5 the 2 exterior ones smaller and bract-
like, the 3 inner convolute. Petals 5 or 3, or sometimes wanting, fugacious.
Stamens co, hypogynous. Ovary i, sessile, i -several-celled; ovules orthotro-
pous, stalked; style simple; stigma entire or 3-lobed. Capsule dehiscent by
valves. Seeds several or numerous; embryo slender, straight or curved; endo-
sperm starchy or fleshy.
Four genera and about i6o species, all but i or 2 natives of the northern hemisphere.
Petals 5, yellow, fugacious, or wanting.
Leaves broad, lanceolate or oblong. i. Helianthemum.
Leaves subulate or scale-like, imbricated; style long. 2. Hudsonia.
Petals 3, not yellow, persistent; flowers minute; style none. 3. Lechea.
I. HELIANTHEMUM Pers, Syn, 2: 75. 1807.
Woody herbs or low shrubs, more or less branching, mostly with showy yellow flowers,
and sometimes (in the following species) with other smaller apetalous ones. Petals in the
larger flowers large, fugacious. Stamens numerous. Placentae or false septa 3. Ovules
few or CO ; style short, or filiform, or club-shaped, jointed with the ovary; stigma capitate or
3-lobed. Embryo curved. [Greek, sun-flower.]
About 125 species, natives of North and Central America, the Mediterranean region, India, and
a few in South America. Besides the following, about 8 others occur in the Southern States and on
the Pacific Coast. Some of the species are known as Rock-rose or Sun-rose.
Petaliferous flowers solitary, few or several; apetalous flowers in axillary sessile clusters.
Petaliferous flowers 5-12, in a short terminal cymose raceme, their capsules i K"-2" long, little,
if at all, overtopped by the short later axillary branches; capsules of the apetalous flowers
about i" in diameter. i. H. tnajus.
Petaliferous flowers solitary, rarely 2, their capsules $"-4" long, much overtopped by the later
elongated axillary branches; capsules of the apetalous flowers nearly 2" in diameter.
2. I/. Canadense.
Flowers all cymose at the summit of the stem, the petaliferous ones slender-pedicelled.
3. H. corymbosum.
I. Helianthemum majus (L,) B,S.P. Hoary Frostweed, (Fig. 2470,)
Lechea major L. Sp. PI. 90. 1753.
Helianthemum majus B.S.P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 6. 1888.
Hoary-canescent, stem erect, i°-2° high, at first
simple, later with numerous short ascending branch-
es. Leaves oblong-lanceolate or oblanceolate, acute
or obtuse, W-iW long, stellate-canescent beneath,
darker above, short-petioled ; petaliferous flowers
5-12 in a terminal cymose raceme, their corollas
broad, light yellow, their sepals densely
canescent, the outer nearly as long as the inner,
their capsules ovoid, \yz"-i" long, little if at all
overtopped by the later axillary branches; apetalous
flowers appearing later, minute, clustered in the
axils, nearly sessile, their capsules about \" in di-
ameter; seeds evenly reticulated.
In dry soil, Maine to Minnesota and South Dakota,
south to North Carolina and Texas. Petaliferous
flowers June-July.
440
CISTACEAE.
[Vol.. II.
2. Helianthemum Canadense (L.) Michx. I^oiig-branched Frostweed.
Frost-wort. (Fig. 2471.)
Cistiis Canadensis 1,. Sp. PI. 526. 1753.
Helianthemum Canadense Michx. Fl. Bor.
Am. i: 308. 1803.
Puberulent-canescent, erect, ascending,
or sometimes diffuse, 3^-2° high, stem at
first simple, later with slender elongated
branches. Leaves oblong, linear-oblong
or oblanceolate, nearly sessile, 6"-i^''
long, 2"-^" wide, rough and dark green
above, paler and canescent beneath, the
margins commonly revolute in drying;
petaliferous flowers solitary, or rarely 2,
bright yellow, 9"- 15'' broad, their sepals
pilose, the outer shorter than the inner,
their capsules ovoid or obovoid, rounded
above, 2>"~^" long, much overtopped by
the later elongating axillary branches;
apetalous flowers appearing later, axillary,
nearly sessile, their capsules about 1" in
diameter; seeds papillose.
In dry rocky orsandy soil, Maine to Indiana
and Wisconsin, south to North Carolina and
Kentucky. Petaliferous flowers May-July.
In late autumn crystals of ice sometimes
shoot from the base of the stem in this and
the preceding species, whence the popular name Frost-weed. Called also Canadian Rock Rose.
3. Helianthemum corymbosum
Michx. Pine-barren Frostweed.
(Fig. 2472.)
Helianihemtim corymbosum Michx. Fl. Bor.
Am. i: 307. 1803.
Erect, branching from the base, (3'-\2'
high, finely and densely canescent. Leaves
oblong, or the lowest obovate, \o"-\b" long,
obtuse or acutish, 3"-5'' wide, entire,
slightly revolute in drying, pale beneath,
dark green above, short-petioled; flowers in
nearly naked, fastigiate cymes at the sum-
mits of the stem and branches; the petalifer-
ous broad, on slender pedicels 6"-
W long; apetalous flowers clustered, nearly
sessile; calyx of both kinds woolly-pubescent;
outer sepals about equalling the inner; cap-
sules of the larger flowers 2" -2," broad,
many-seeded; those of the apetalous ones
smaller and few-seeded.
In sandy soil, Virginia (?), North Carolina to
Florida and Louisiana. Reported from New
Jersey, but specimens so-called prove to be H.
Canadense.
2. HUDSONIA L. Mant. ii. 1767.
Low tufted diffusely branched shrubs, with small subulate or scale-like, imbricated
leaves, and numerous yellow flowers terminating short branches. Petals 5, obovate-oblong.
Stamens 00. Style filiform, continuous with the ovary; placentae 3; stigma minute. Cap-
sule 3- valved, included in the calyx. Seeds few; embryo slender, spirally curved. [Named
for Wm. Hudson, 1730-1793, an English botanist.]
A genus of 3 species, natives of eastern North America, one inhabiting mountain tops in North
Carolina. Plants of heath-like aspect, very showy when in bloom.
Flowers slender-pedicelled; leaves subulate. i. H. ericoides.
Flowers nearly sessile; leaves scale-like. 2. H. tomenlosa.
Vol. II.]
ROCK-ROSE FAMILY.
441
I. Hudsonia ericoides L. Heath-like
Hudsonia. (Fig. 2473.)
Hudsonia ericoides I,. Mant. i: 74. 1767.
Bushy-branched from the base, greenish,
softly-pubescent throughout, 4^-7^ liigh) the
principal branches slender, ascending. Leaves
subulate, long, somewhat spreading,
densely imbricated on the younger branches,
more scattered on the older ones; pedicels very
slender, 5''-8" long; flowers numerous, about
\" broad; sepals i"-}," long, acutish; stamens
12-18; capsule oblong, slightly pubescent; seeds
about 3.
In dry sandy soil, especially in pine-barrens,
mainly near the coast, Nova Scotia to Virgfinia.
Also at North Conway, N. H. (Miss Minns). May-
June.
2. Hudsonia tomentosa Nutt. Woolly
Hudsonia. False Heather. Beach
Heather. (Fig. 2474.)
Hudsonia lomenlosa Nutt. Gen. 3: 5. 1818.
Densely tufted and intricately branched, mat-
ted, hoary-pubescent, pale, 4^-8' high; branches
stout, ascending. Leaves \" long, oval or ob-
long, densely imbricated and appressed; flowers
sessile, or on pedicels less than \" long, numer-
ous, slightly smaller than those of the preceding
species; sepals obtuse; stamens 9-18; capsules
ovoid, glabrous, usually i-seeded.
In sands of the seashore and in pine-barrens,
Maryland to New Brunswick, and on lake and river
shores west to Slave Lake and the Lake of the
Woods. May-July. Called also Poverty Grass.
3. LECHEA L. Sp. PI. 90. 1753.
Perennial branching herbs, often woody at the base, with small entire leaves and minute
panicled greenish or purplish flowers. Sepals 5, the 2 outer smaller and narrower. Petals
3, ovate to linear, inconspicuous, persistent. Stamens 3-12. Stigmas 3, nearly sessile,
laciniate, prominent when the plant is in flower. Capsule 3-valved, 3-celled, or by oblitera-
tion of the dissepiments i-celled, about 6-seeded. Embryo curved or spiral. [Named for
Johan Leche, a Swedish botanist, died 1764.]
A genus about of 14 species, 11 of them natives of eastern North America, i Texan, i Cuban
and I Mexican. Species indiscriminately known as Pin-weeds. The characteristic basal shoots
appear late in the season.
Leaves of the basal shoots oblong or ovate, not more than 3 times as long as broad.
Outer sepals longer than the inner; panicle very leafy. i. L. minor.
Outer sepals equalling or shorter than the inner.
Pod oblong; pedicels slender, i" -2" long. 2. L. racemulosa.
Pod globose; pedicels about H" long.
Erect, villous-pubescent. 3. L. villosa.
Ascending, bushy-branched, tomentose-canescent. 4. L. mariiima.
Leaves of the basal shoots lanceolate or linear, usually more than 3 times as long as broad.
Stem-leaves narrowly linear; inner sepals i -nerved. 5. L. lenui/olia.
Stem-leaves oblong-linear; inner sepals 3-nerved.
Plants green, more or less pubescent.
Podobovoid, %" in diameter; panicle-branches ascending or spreading.
6. L. Leggeltii.
Pod globose, about i" in diameter; panicle-branches nearly erect, loosely flowered;
flowers slender-pedicelled. 7. L. intermedia.
Pod oval, about K" in diameter; panicle-branches erect-ascending, densely flowered;
flowers short-pedicelled. 8. L. juniperina.
Plant pale, canescent; pod globose, \i" in diameter. 9. L. slricta.
442
CISTACEAE.
[Vol. II.
I. Lechea minor L. Thyme-leaved
Pin-weed. (Fig. 2475.)
Lechea minor L. Sp. PI. 90. 1753.
Lechea thyviifolia Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1:77. 1803.
Lechea Novae-Caesareae Aust.; A. Gray, Man. Ed.
5, 81. 1867.
Erect, 6'-2° high, freely branching above,
more or less pilose-pubescent with appressed
hairs throughout. Branches slender, erect or
ascending; stem-leaves oval or oblong,
long, wide, acutish or obtuse, ciliate, the
upper smaller than the lower; petioles i^' long;
leaves of the basal shoots oval or oblong, ob-
tuse, 2)"-^" long, 2_^"-3'' wide; panicle very
leafy; flowers close together, somewhat secund;
outer sepals longer than the inner and longer
than the obovoid or globose pod.
In dry open grounds, eastern Massachusetts to
Michigan, south to Florida and Louisiana. Petals
red-purple. Aug.-Sept.
2. Lechea racemulosa Michx. Ob-
long-fruited Pin-weed. (Fig. 2476.)
Lechea racemulosa Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 77. 1803.
Erect, b'-iW high, freely branching above,
slightly pilose-pubescent throughout with ap-
pressed hairs. Branches slender, divergent or
ascending; leaves of the stem oblong or linear-
oblong, obtuse or acutish, narrowed at the base,
long, \y2."-2" wide; leaves of the basal
shoots oval or oblong, 2"-^" long, 1%"-
3" wide, obtuse; petioles about 1" long; pani-
cle sparsely leafy, its branches spreading or
ascending; flowers on slender divergent pedicels
long; outer sepals equalling or shorter
than the inner; pod oblong or ellipsoid.
In dry sandy and rocky soil, Martha's Vineyard to
Indiana, Florida and Tennessee. Ascends to 4200 ft.
in North Carolina. July-Aug.
3. Lechea villosa Ell. Large or Hairy
Pin-weed. (Fig. 2477.)
Lechea major Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 76. 1803.
Not L. 1753-
Lechea villosa Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. i: 184. 1817.
Erect, villous-pubescent with spreading hairs,
i°-2}4° high, branching above, leafy. Branches
rather stout, ascending; leaves of the stem ob-
long-elliptic, obtuse, but pointed, 8''-i2" long,
3'^-5" wide; petioles long; leaves of the
basal shoots oval or oblong, obtuse, 2s"~^"
long, ^.''-^i" wide; branches of the panicle as-
cending, the ultimate branchlets often recurved;
pedicels y^" long; flowers more or less secund-
scorpioid, close together; outer sepals about
equalling the inner; pod depressed-globose, Yz''
in diameter.
In dry soil, Massachusetts to southern Ontario
and Nebraska, south to Florida and Texas. Petals
greenish purple. July-Aug.
Vol. II.]
ROCK-ROSE FAMILY.
Beach
443
4. Lechea maritima I,eggett.
Pin-weed. (Fig. 2478.)
Lechea Ihyinifolia Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 91. 1814.
Not Michx. 1803.
L. maritima Leggett in Britt. Prel.Cat. N.Y.13. iSSr.
L. minorvar. niariiima A. GTay,Man.'Ed. 6, 77. 1890.
Densely tufted, branching from the base, stout,
rigid, 6'-io' high, tomentose-canescent with
whitish hairs. Primary branches spreading or
ascending, numerous; flowering branches slen-
der, stiff, divergent, elongated; leaves of the stem
linear or linear-oblong, blunt or acute, 4''-io''
long, wide; leaves of the basal shoots
oblong or ovate-oblong, mainly acute, '^"-i,"
long, i^'^-2" wide, densely canescent; pedicels
Yz" long; flowers numerous, clustered; petals
reddish; outer sepals shorter than the inner;
pod globose, yi" in diameter.
Sands of the seashore and in sandy pine -barrens,
Massachusetts to Virginia, and Georgia (according
to S. Watson). Also at the Crawford Notch, White
Mts., N. H.
6. Lechea Leggettii Britt. & Holl.
lyeggett's Pin-weed. (Fig. 2480. )
Lechea minor Lam. Tabl. Encycl. pi. 52, f. i.
1 791 ? Not L. 1753-
Lechea Leggettii Britt. & Holl. Prel. Cat. N. Y.
6. 1888.
Erect, rather slender, freely branching,
more or less strigose-pubescent, io'-2° high.
Branches slender, spreading or ascending;
leaves of the stem linear or linear-oblong,
acute or obtuse, 5^^-12'^ long, yz"-\" wide,
sessile or nearly so; leaves of the basal shoots
oblong-linear, 2"-y long, wide, acute;
panicle open, its branches slender and diver-
gent; inflorescence somewhat secund; pedi-
cels yi'^-i" long; outer sepals nearly equal-
ling the inner; capsule obovoid, yi" in
diameter.
In dry open places, Long Island, N. Y., to In-
diana, south to North Carolina. Leaves of the
basal shoots full-grown in November. Petals
brownish purple. July-Aug.
5. Lechea tenuifolia Michx. Nar-
row-leaved Pin-weed. (Fig. 2479.)
Lechea tenuifolia Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 77.
1803.
Densely tufted, stems erect, slender, 4'-
10' high, divaricately branched above, mi-
nutely strigose-pubescent. Branches slen-
der, elongated; leaves of the stem narrowly
linear, or sometimes nearly filiform, i"--]"
long, Yz" wide or less, acute, sessile, or very
nearly so; leaves of the basal shoots linear,
sessile, 3"-4" long, about Yt" "wide; pedicels
\" long; flowers more or less secund, con-
spicuously bracted by the upper leaves;
outer sepals equalling or exceeding the inner;
pod globose-oval, Y^" i° diameter, or slightly
more.
In dry open places, eastern Massachusetts to
Wisconsin, south to Florida and Texas. Petals
red-purple. July-Aug.
444
CISTACEAE.
[Vol,. II.
Lechea juniperina Bicknell.
Lechea juniperina Bicknell, Bull. Torr. Club,
24: 88. 1897.
Tufted, 4'-2o' high, finely hoary to canes-
cent. Branches short, ascending or erect,
leaf)', forming a dense narrow panicle; stem-
leaves numerous, ascending or appressed,
glabrous, except the midrib and margins,
linear-oblong to oblanceolate, ^"-^o" long,
\"-2" wide; flowers numerous, crowded; pedi-
cels yz"-\Yz" long; fruiting calyx ovoid-
ellipsoid.
long; inner sepals elliptic.
7. Lechea intermedia Leggett.
Large-podded Pin-weed. (Fig. 248 1. )
Lechea intermedia Leggett; Britten, Bull. Torr.
Club, 21: 252. 1894.
Erect, 8'-24' high, branching above, spar-
ingly strigose-pubescent. Branches erect or
nearly so, short, slender; leaves of the stem
oblong-linear, long, \"-2yz" wide,
acute, nearly sessile, leaves of the basal
shoots oblong-linear, shorter than those of
the stem, long, Yz" wide, somewhat
larger than those of L. Leggettii; pedicels
long, slender; outer sepals about
equalling the inner; capsule subglobose or
depressed-globose, about i" in diameter.
In drj- open places, especially in hill)- or moun-
tainous regions, Pennsylvania and New Jersey to
New Brunswick, northern New York and Onta-
rio. Root-leaves full-grown in October or No-
vember. Petals brownish purple. July-Aug.
Maine Pin-weed. (Fig. 2482.)
nerveless or faintly 3-nerved, often deep pur-
ple, the outer shorter, bright green; leaves of
basal shoots oblong or elliptic, long,
Yz'-x" wide.
Coast of Maine. Aug. Petals brownish red.
The basal shoots do not appear until September.
9, Lechea stricta Leggett. Bushy or
Prairie Pin- weed. (Fig. 2483.)
Lechea stricta Leggett; Britton, Bull. Torr. Club,
21: 251. 1894.
Erect, i2'-i6' high, densely and fastigiately
branched, densely strigose-canescent, pale, very
bushy. Branches slender, ascending or nearly
erect; leaves of the stem linear-oblong,
long, wide, acute or bluntish; leaves of
the basal shoots linear-oblong, much smaller
than those of the stem, 2"-2>" long, yz" wide or
less, acute; pedicels slender, \"-iYz" long;
outer sepals shorter than or equalling the inner;
capsule subglobose to oval, y^" '^^ diameter.
In open dry places, Wisconsin, Illinois, Iowa.
July-Aug.
Voi<. II.]
VIOLET FAMILY.
445
Family 79. VIOLACEAE DC. Fl. Franc. 4: 801. 1805.
Violet Family.
Herbs or shrubs, with alternate or basal (rarely opposite) simple entire lobed
or laciniate stipulate leaves, and solitary or clustered flowers. Sepals 5, equal
or unequal. Flowers perfect, mostly irregular. Petals 5, hypogynous, imbri-
cated in the bud, the lower one generally larger or spurred. Perfect stamens 5,
hypogynous; anthers erect, connivent in a ring, or syngenesious, sessile or on
short filaments. Ovary i, i-celled; placentae 3, parietal; style simple; stigma
generally oblique. Capsule dehiscent by valves (except in some tropical genera
with berry-like fruit). Seeds anatropous, with a crustaceous testa; embryo
mainly straight, in copious endosperm.
About 15 genera and 300 species, of wide distribution.
Sepals more or less prolonged posteriorly. i. Viola.
Sepals not prolonged posteriorly.
Petals nearly equal; stamens syngenesious. 2. Cubelium.
Petals very unequal; anthers only connivent. 3. Calceolaria.
I. VIOLA L. Sp. PI. 933- 1753-
Herbs, with alternate or basal leaves, and axillary or scapose solitary (rarely 2) flowers.
Flowers mainly of 2 kinds, the early ones petaliferous, showy and often sterile, long-scaped,
or ])eduncled, the later ones produced on runners, stolons, or shorter peduncles, apetalous
or cleistogatnous and abundantly fertile. Sepals of the petaliferous flowers nearly equal,
more or less prolonged posteriorly; petals spreading, the lower one larger, spurred or sac-
cate; stamens 5, the two inferior ones spurred. Capsule elastically dehiscent into 3 valves.
Seeds ovoid-globose. [The Latin name.]
About 150 species, widely distributed. Besides the following, some 25 others occur in the
southern and western parts of North America. All are normally spring-flowering, but many bloom
a second time in autumn, and the cleistogamous flowers are sometimes imperfectly petaliferous.
■5f Acaulescent, the leaves and scapes arising from rootstocks; sometimes stoloniferous late in the season.
t Rootstocks thick, short, scaly, erect, oblique or horizontal.
Petals blue, purple or violet, varying to white.
Petals, at least the lateral ones, bearded toward the base.
Leaves, at least the later ones, lobed or parted.
Leaves, at least the later ones, variously lobed, the middle lobe and also the lateral ones
usually broad. i. V. palmaia.
Leaves thin, subpedately parted into linear or oblanceolate acute lobes; eastern.
2. V. Atlanlica.
Leaves thick, all pedately parted into linear obtuse lobes; western, 3. V. pedatifida.
Leaves merely crenate or dentate, none lobed, the base sometimes incised.
Leaves reniform, orbicular or broadly ovate; pods of cleistogamous flowers on horizon-
tal peduncles.
Glabrous, or with a few scattered hairs. 4. V. obliqua.
Villous or pubescent.
Leaves usually appressed to the ground; hairs appressed. 5. V. villosa.
Leaves usually ascending; pubescence villous. 6. V. sororia.
Leaves, at least the later ones, lanceolate, oval or ovate ; pods of cleistogamous flowers
on erect peduncles.
Leaf-blades lanceolate, usually much longer than the petioles, the base mostly
incised. 7. V. sagittata.
Leaf-blades ovate, oval or ovate-lanceolate, usually not longer than the petioles;
plant mostly villous. 8. V. ovata.
Petals all beardless.
Leaves pedately parted; plant not stoloniferous; native. 9. V. pedata.
Leaves crenate; plant with long stolons; introduced. 10. V. odorata.
Petals pale yellow; leaves thin, cordate, crenate. 11. V. rolundifolia.
t t Rootstocks very slender or filiform, horizontal or creeping; none of the leaves lobed.
Petals violet, or blue, sometimes pale; northern species.
Leaves crenulate ; spur about i" long. 12. V. palustris.
Leaves crenate; spur 2 !J2 "-4" long. 13. V. Selkirkii.
Petals white, often purplish or brownish veined.
Leaves broadly ovate, orbicular, or reniform, the blade not decurrent into the petiole.
Glabrous, or nearly so; leaves ovate, orbicular, or some of them reniform. 14. V. blanda.
Pubescent all over, at least when young; leaves nearly all reniform. 15. V. renifolia.
Leaves linear, lanceolate, oval or ovate, the blade decurrent into the petiole.
Leaves ovate, or oval, often pubescent. 16. V. primiilaefolia.
Leaves lanceolate, or linear, glabrous. 17. V. lanceolata.
-X- Caulescent, leafy-stemmed, the flowers axillary.
Petals bright yellow.
Leaf -blades lanceolate, tapering into the petiole. 18. V. Nuttallii.
Leaves hastate, orbicular, or reniform; stem often leafless below.
Leaves hastate-lanceolate or hastate-ovate. 19. V. hastata.
Leaves orbicular, broadly ovate, or reniform.
Villous, or pubescent; basal leaves usually wanting at flowering time. 20. V. pubescens.
Sparingly pubescent, or glabrate; basal leaves usually present at flowering time.
21. V. scabriuscula.
446
VIOLACEAE.
[Vol. II.
Petals blue, purple, cream-color or white.
Stipules entire; plant tall.
Stipules incised, fimbriate or pinnatifid.
Perennial by rootstocks; stipules much smaller than the blades.
Spur of corolla shorter than the petals.
Glabrous, or nearly so; upper leaves mostly pointed.
Petals cream-color, the lower one purplish-veined.
Petals blue, rarely white.
Finely puberulent; leaves mostly all rounded or obtuse.
Stems spreading or ascending; leaves, or some of them.
Stems prostrate; leaves orbicular; southern.
Spur of corolla longer than the petals.
Annual; stipules large, foliaceous.
Stem stout ; flowers 8' ' -i 2" broad ; plant escaped from gardens.
Stem slender; flowers 5"-8" broad; plant of dry fields.
22. V. Canadensis.
23. V. striata.
24. V. Labradorica.
ovate; northern.
25. V. arenaria.
26. V. mxilticaulis.
27. V. rostrata.
28. V. tricolor.
29. V. tenella.
I. Viola palmata L. Early Blue Violet. (Fig, 2484.)
Viola palmata L. Sp. PI. 933. 17,53.
Viola cucullata var. palmata A. Gray,
Man. Ed. 5, 78. 1867.
Pubescent, villous or glabrous, acau-
lescent; rootstock thick, usually ob-
lique, sometimes branched. Flower-
ing scapes erect or ascending, com-
monly shorter than the leaves, some-
times longer; petioles mostly becoming
much longer than the blades; blades
variously 3-13-lobed, lYz'-h' long
when mature and about equally wide
or wider, or some of the outer ones
merely crenate-dentate; lobes lanceo-
late, ovate or oblong, crenate-dentate,
the middle one usually much the
broadest, the lateral ones often very
oblique; sepals lanceolate or linear-ob-
long, acute, acuminate or obtusish;
petals bright blue, rarely paler or
white, ^"-12" long; lateral petals
bearded; style beardless; capsules 4''-
(}" long, those from the numerous
later cleistogamous flowers on horizon-
tal or deflexed peduncles.
In dry soil, mostly in woods, rarely in meadows, Maine to southern Ontario and Minnesota, south
to Georgia and Arkansas. A form with the lateral leaf-lobes linear, occurring in Illinois, Michigan
and Wisconsin is, perhaps, distinct. April-May.
2. Viola Atlantica Britten. Coast
Violet. (Fig. 2485.)
Viola Atlantica Britton, Bull. Torr. Club, 24:
92. 1897.
Glabrous, or with a few scattered hairs,
acaulescent; rootstock thick, erect. Flower-
ing scapes very slender, 4^-8^ high, mostly
longer than the leaves; petioles much longer
than the blades; blades ovate to reniform in
outline, wide when mature, deeply sub-
pedately parted into linear or oblanceolate
acute or acutish lobes; lobes with a few low
distant teeth, or entire, the middle one some-
what the widest; sepals linear- lanceolate,
long-acuminate, long; petals blue,
(i"-\o" long, at least the lateral ones
bearded; capsules oval-oblong, nearly d"
long, glabrous.
Eastern Massachusetts to southern New Jer-
sey, in sandy soil near the coast. Simulates V.
pedatifida. May-June.
Vol.. II.]
VIOLET FAMILY.
447
3. Viola pedatifida Don. Prairie
Violet. (Fig. 2486.)
Viola pedatifida Don, Gard. Diet, i : 320. 1831.
Viola delphinifolia Nutt.; T. & G. Fl. N. A.
1:136. 1838.
Minutely pubescent or almost glabrous,
acaulescent. Leaves and scapes 2/-%' high,
arising from a thick short erect or ascending
rootstock; petioles mostly longer than the
blades; blades \'-^' wide, pedately 5-9-
parted into linear obtuse segments, the seg-
ments entire or lobed, ciliate along the mid-
vein and margins; stipules ovate-lanceolate,
acuminate; flowers bright blue, nearly \'
broad; sepals linear or lanceolate, acute or
obtuse; lateral petals bearded; capsules
long, glabrous, those from cleisto-
gamous flowers short-peduncled.
On prairies, Illinois to Saskatchewan, Colo-
rado and Arizona. March-May.
4. Viola obliqua Hill. Meadow or
Hooded Blue Violet . ( Fig. 2 48 7 . )
V. obliqua Hill, Hort. Kew. 316. pi. 12. 1769.
Viola cuaillata Ait. Hort. Kew. 3: 228. 1789.
Glabrous, or with a few scattered hairs
when young, bright green, acaulescent.
Rootstock short, thick, mostly erect; flower-
ing scapes shorter than the leaves or much
exceeding them; petioles slender, becoming
very much longer than the blades; blades
thin, ovate, orbicular or reniform, rarely
ovate-lanceolate, acute, or acutish,
long, or those of the outer leaves obtuse,
and roundefl, all crenate or crenate-dentate,
cordate at the base; sepals lanceolate,
acuminate or acute; petals fi"-\o" long,
blue, rarely white, sometimes striped, the
lower and lateral ones bearded; capsules
/^"-d" long, those from cleistogamous
flowers on horizontal or deflexed peduncles.
In woods, meadows and marshes, Nova Scotia to Minnesota, Georgia and Kansas. Ascends to
5000 ft. in Virginia. Bog-meadow forms have flowering scapes much longer than the leaves;
some swampy woodland forms have almost lanceolate blades, twice as long as wide. April-June.
5. Viola villosa Walt. Southern Wood Violet. (Fig. 2488.)
Viola villosa Walt. Fl. Car. 219. 1788.
Dark green, finely pubescent with appressed
hairs, but not villous; rootstock short, thick,
mostly oblique. Flowering scapes commonly
longer than the leaves; leaves usually ap-
pressed to the ground and purple beneath, of-
ten mottled; petioles equalling the blades or
longer; blades broadly ovate, suborbicular, or
reniform, obtuse or some of them acute at the
apex, crenate-dentate, none lobed, deeply cor-
date at the base, i^'-2^' wide when mature;
sepals lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, obtuse
or obtusish; petals blue, mostly bearded, 5"-l"
long; spur about 2" long, very blunt; capsules
•j//-^// long, those of the cleistogamous flowers
on spreading or deflexed peduncles.
In dry soil, on hillsides and in woods, Pennsyl-
vania and New Jersey to Georgia and Louisiana.
April-May.
VIOLACEAE.
[Vol. II.
6. Viola sororia Willd. Woolly Blue
Violet. (Fig. 2489.)
Viola sororia Willd. Enum. 263. iSog.
Acaulescent, rootstock thick, mainly oblique.
Leaves villous, at least when young, sometimes
becoming glabrate when old, as long as the scapes
or shorter; petioles usually becoming longer
than the blades; blades ovate, suborbicular or
some of them hastate-reniform, obtuse or acutish
at the apex, crenate, cordate or some of them
nearly truncate at the base, mostly abruptly nar-
rowed into the petiole, none lobed; sepals oblong-
lanceolate, obtuse or acute; petals blue, more or
less bearded; capsules 4"-5" long, those of the
cleistogamous flowers on spreading or declined
peduncles; spur short, rounded.
In dry soil, preferring shade, southern New York
to Michigan, Nebraska, Virginia and Missouri.
Blades of old leaves sometimes 5' broad. April-July.
7. Viola sagittata Ait, Arrow-leaved Violet.
Viola sagittata Ait. Hort. Kew. 3: 287. 1789.
Acaulescent, glabrous or slightly pubescent ;
rootstock stout, short, erect or ascending.
Flowering scapes as long as the leaves,
or longer, 2^-9^ high; petioles, or most of
them, becoming much longer than the
blades; blades oblong, ovate, or lanceolate,
obtusish or acute, crenate-dentate, or nearly
entire above the middle, cordate or truncate
at the base, which is usually laciniately
toothed or incised; sepals linear-lanceolate,
acuminate; petals dark blue, rarely paler,
or white, all but the lower one bearded;
stigma short-beaked, not bearded; capsules
if'-"]" long, glabrous, those from the abun-
dant late cleistogamous flowers on erect
peduncles.
In meadows or marshes, Maine to Minnesota,
Georgia and Texas. April-May.
8
(Fig. 2490.)
Viola ovata Nutt. Ovate-leaved Violet.
(Fig. 2491.)
Viola ovata Nutt. Gen. i: 148. 1818.
Viola sagittata var. ovata T. & G. Fl. N. A. i: 133. 1838.
Pubescent or often villous, rarely glabrate, stemless;
rootstock short, thick, from horizontal to erect. Flow-
ering scapes high, usually longer than the leaves;
petioles not much longer than the blades, often shorter;
blades ovate, lanceolate, or some of the lower ones sub-
orbicular, acute or obtuse at the apex, crenate, some-
times with a few large teeth at the cordate truncate or
abruptly narrowed base; sepals lanceolate, acuminate;
corolla and capsules nearly as in V. sagittata, the cap-
sules from cleistogamous flowers on erect peduncles.
In dry soil, preferring woods and thickets, Nova Scotia
to Pennsylvania, Missouri and Louisiana. Mature blades
sometimes 3/4' long by 2' wide. April-May. Blooms ear-
lier than V sagittata, where the two grow in proximity.
Vol. II.]
VIOLET FAMILY.
449
g. Viola pedata L,
Viola pedata L. Sp. PI. 933. 1753.
Viola pedata var. bicolor Pursh; Raf. in
DC. Prodr. i: 291. 1824.
Glabrous or nearly so, usually tufted,
the rootstock short, thick, erect. Flow-
ering scapes 3'-io' high, about equalling
the leaves, or longer ; petioles mostly
longer than the blades; blades reniform
or suborbicular in outline, '^"-i' wide,
pedately parted into 5-1 1 narrow entire or
toothed lobes, outer leaves commonly
shorter-petioled, the lobes broader; petals
long, beardless, lilac, or blue, or one
or the two upper dark purple [var. bi-
color'], all rarely white; stigma beardless,
not beaked; capsules ^"-l" long.
In dry fields and on hillsides, Maine and
southern Ontario to Minnesota, Florida and
Missouri. Plant not stoloniferous, and not
producing cleistogamous flowers, but fre-
quently blooming a second time in autumn.
The bicolor form is the type of the species.
April-June.
Bird's-foot Violet. (Fig. 2492.)
10. Viola odorata L,. English, March,
or Sweet Violet. (Fig. 2493.)
Viola odorata L. Sp. PI. 934. 1753.
Pubescent, downy, or glabrous, stoloniferous,
the stolons leafy, rooting at the nodes, and bear-
ing numerous cleistogamous flowers late in the
season, the rootstock thick. Petioles 2^-5' long;
blades broadly ovate or orbicular, rounded or
obtuse at the apex, cordate, crenate, wide;
flowering scapes about as long as the leaves, or
shorter; flowers fragrant, W-yo" broad, blue, or
in cultivated forms white; sepals oblong, mostly
obtuse; petals beardless; pods from cleistoga-
mous flowers on short decumbent peduncles.
Escaped from gardens. Nova Scotia to southern
New York and New Jersey, and on the Pacific
coast. Native of Furope. March-May.
II. Viola rotundifolia Michx.
Round-leaved Violet. (Fig. 2494.)
V. rotundifolia Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 150. 1803.
Somewhat pubescent, acaulescent; rootstock
thick, sending out stolons late in the season,
which bear cleistogamous flowers. Flowering
scapes high, longer than or equalling the
leaves; blades of the leaves orbicular or ovate,
Yz'-^' wide at flowering time, 2i'-^' broad and
appressed to the ground in summer, cordate,
crenate, glabrous or nearly so above, pale be-
neath; petioles not margined, becoming
long; sepals linear-oblong, obtuse; petals pale
yellow, 2)"-^" long, the lateral ones bearded
and with brown veins; spur very short; pods
oval, about 3'^ long, those from the cleisto-
gamous flowers on deflexed peduncles.
In woods and on rocky hillsides, Labrador to
Minnesota, south in the mountains to North Carolina,
of the leaves short. April -May.
29
Ascends to 4500 ft. in Virginia. Basal sinus
450
VIOLACEAE.
[Vol. II.
12. Viola palustris L. Marsh Violet.
(Fig. 2495.)
Viola palustris L. Sp. PI. 934. 1753.
Glabrous, acaulescent. Petioles and scapes aris-
ing from a very slender creeping or horizontal root-
stock, the flowering scapes mostly exceeding the
leaves; blades thin, cordate, broadly ovate, orbi-
cular or reniform, i'-2%' -wiAe, crenulate; stipules
ovate, acuminate; sepals ovate, obtuse or obtusish;
petals pale lilac streaked with darker veins, or
nearly white, ^"-6'' long, slightly bearded; spur
about long, obtuse; stigma not bearded, some-
what beaked; capsule long.
In wet or moist soil, Labrador to Alaska, south to the
mountains of New England, in the Rocky Mountains
to Colorado, and to Washington. Also in Europe and
Asia. May-July.
13. Viola Selkirkii Pursh. Selkirk's
Violet. (Fig. 2496.)
Viola SelkirkiiVursh; Goldie, Edinb. Phil. Journ.
6: 324. 1822.
Glabrous or nearly so, dark green, the leaves
and scapes erect or ascending from a slender or
almost filiform creeping or horizontal rootstock.
Flowering scapes ly^'-ix' high; petioles longer
than the blades; blades thin, >^ '-2' wide, broad-
ly ovate to nearly orbicular, deeply cordate, cre-
nate, the apex short-acute or obtuse, the basal
auricles rounded, often overlapping, the upper
surface sparingly beset with short hairs near the
margin; sepals lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate,
acute or acutish; spur 2%,"-i\" long, obtuse;
petals pale violet, beardless; capsules 2"-^
long, those from the late cleistogamous flowers
on apparently ascending peduncles.
In woods, preferring moist soil. Nova Scotia to
Minnesota, Massachusetts and Pennsylvania. Also in northern Europe and Asia. April-May.
Viola blanda Willd. Sweet White Violet. (Fig. 2497.)
Viola bla^ida Willd. Hort. Berol. pi. 24. 1806.
Acaulescent, glabrous or slightly pubes-
cent. Rootstock very slender. Flower-
ing scapes I '-6' high, often longer than
the leaves; petioles slender, mostly longer
than the blades; blades broadly ovate,
orbicular, or some of them reniform, thin,
]A'-2yz' wide, crenate, cordate, the apex
obtuse or rounded; sepals lanceolate,
acute or acuminate; flowers fragrant,
white, 2,"-(>" broad; sepals lanceolate;
lower and lateral petals purple-veined,
beardless or nearly so; capsules oval.
In swamps and wet meadows, rarely in dry
situations, Newfoundland to British Colum-
bia, North Carolina and California. Stolons
slender, usually sparingly developed, the
apetalous flowers usually few. April-May.
Viola blanda amoena (LeConte) B.S.P. Prel.
Cat. N. Y. 6. 1888.
Viola amoena LeConte, Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 2:
144. 1825.
Viola blanda var. paluslriformis A. Gray,
Bot. Gaz. 11: 255. 1886.
Leaves larger, usually with scattered hairs on the upper surface, at least when young, ovate;
petioles flecked with red, usually longer. In wet woods, in hilly or mountainous districts.
Vol. II.]
VIOLET FAMILY.
451
15. Viola renifolia A. Gray.
Viola renifolia A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 8:
288. 1870.
Viola blanda var. renifolia A. Gray, Bot.
Gaz. 11: 255. 1886.
Pubescent or villous all over, at least
when young; rootstock slender, usually
horizontal, sometimes 4' long. Flowering
scapes 2^-4' high, about as long as the
leaves; petioles slender; blades shorter
than the petioles, reniform, wider than
long, 1^-3' wide when mature, or some of
them orbicular or even broadly ovate, dis-
tantly crenate with low teeth, rounded at
the apex, deeply cordate at the base; sepals
linear-oblong, acutish, about 2" long;
petals white, mostly brownish veined,
4'' long, usually beardless; capsules oval-
oblong, about 4" long, those of the later
cleistogamous flowers on apparently de-
flexed peduncles.
In woods, fields and thickets. Nova Scotia
to New York and Minnesota. April-June.
Kidney-leaved Violet. (Fig. 2498.)
Viola primulaefolia I,. Primrose-
leaved Violet. (Fig. 2^99.)
Viola primulaefolia I,. Sp. PI. 934. 1753.
Somewhat pubescent or sometimes glabrous,
rootstock very slender. Flowering scapes
2'-io' high, often longer than the leaves; blades
of the leaves ovate or oval, 1^-4^ long, 9^-2'
wide, usually decurrent into the long petioles,
or truncate, or even subcordate at the base,
crenate or nearly entire, mostly pubescent on
the veins beneath ; sepals lanceolate, acuminate;
flowers similar to those of V. lanceolata, the
white petals purple-veined, the lateral ones
slightly bearded, or beardless; capsules oval,
2,"-^" long, those from the numerous late cleis-
togamous flowers short-peduncled, nodding.
In open moist soil, New Brunswick to central
New York, Florida and Louisiana. Produces long
stolons late in the season. April-June.
17. Viola lanceolata L,. I,ance-leaved
Violet. (Fig. 2500.)
Viola lanceolata L. Sp. PI. 934. 1753.
Glabrous, usually profusely stoloniferous late
in the season, the stolons rooting at the nodes and
bearing apctalous flowers; rootstock slender. Flow-
ering scapes 7.'-b' high, about equalling the longer
leaves; leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, the
blade i>^'-5' long, 2^-9'' wide, gradually tapering
into the long petiole, obscurely crenate, acute,
acutish or obtuse; sepals lanceolate, acuminate,
2"-Tf' long; petals white, 3"-4^' long, beardless,
the lower and lateral ones striped with purplish
veins; capsules oval, long, those of the cleis-
togamous flowers nodding on short erect or ascend-
ing peduncles; flowers slightly fragrant.
In moist meadows and along streams. Nova Scotia
to Minnesota, Florida and Texas. April-June.
452
VIOLACEAE.
[Vol. II.
19. Viola hastata Michx. Halberd-
leaved Yellow Violet. (Fig. 2502.)
Viola hastata Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 149. 1803.
Glabrous or nearly so, 5^-12' high; stem
simple, erect; rootstock long, creeping.
Stem-leaves mainly near the summit, del-
toid-lanceolate, hastate or rhombic-ovate,
sometimes truncate at the base, "i-'-zVz'
long, Yz'-^' wide; basal leaves (when pres-
ent) more cordate or dilated at the base,
larger, all irregularly dentate or repand;
stipules small, ovate, acute, sparingly
toothed; petals 2>"~^" loi^gi yellow, the
lateral ones slightly bearded; sepals acute,
linear-lanceolate, acute; spur very short;
capsule glabrous, long.
In woods, in mountainous or hilly districts,
Pennsylvania to Ohio, south to Florida and
Alabama. Ascends to 4500 ft. in Virginia.
April-May.
18. Viola Nuttallii Pursh.
Nuttall's Violet. (Fig. 2501.)
V. A^z<//a//?7 Pursh, Fl.Am. Sept. 174. 1814.
Somewhat pubescent, or nearly gla-
brous; at first nearly acaulescent, later
becoming tufted and with stems erect
or ascending, 2'-^' high; rootstocks
thick. Blades of the leaves lanceolate
or ovate-lanceolate, thickish, \'-2)'
long, Yz'-i' wide, irregularly crenate-
dentate, or entire, tapering into mar-
gined petioles 2'-6' long; peduncles
about equalling the leaves, or shorter;
sepals lanceolate or linear, attenuate,
3"-6" long; petals yellow, 6,"-%"
long, slightly bearded, or beardless;
stigma bearded, not beaked; capsule
subglobose or oval, about 3" long.
On prairies, Manitoba to Montana,
Kansas and Arizona. May.
20. Viola pubescens Ait. Hairy
Yellow Violet., (Fig. 2503.)
Viola pubescens Kii. Hort. Kew. 3: 290. 1789.
Villous or pubescent, stems usually solitary,
simple, erect, mostly stout, naked below, 5''-
20' high. Basal leaves long-petioled, usually
wanting at flowering time; uppermost peti-
oles shorter than the blades; blades broadly
ovate, ororbicular, or reniform,i^'-5^'wide
when mature, sometimes attenuate into the
petiole, generally pointed, crenate-dentate;
stipules ovate or ovate-lanceolate, entire, or
slightly toothed; sepals oblong-lanceolate;
petals bright yellow, i,"-(>" long, purple-
veined;, spur short; capsule white-tomentose
or glabrous, oblong or oval, ^"-?>" long.
In dry woods, Quebec to Minnesota and South
Dakota, south to Georgia and Iowa. April-
May.
Vol. II.]
VIOLET FAMILY.
453
21. Viola scabriuscula (T. & G. ) Schwein.
(Fig. 2504.)
Viola piibescens var. scabriiisada T. & G. Fl. N. A.
i: 142. 1838.
Viola scabriuscula Schwein. ; T. & G. loc. cit. as
synonym. 1838.
Sparingly pubescent above, especially when
young, or glabrate; stems usually several together,
decumbent, ascending or erect, mostly slender,
A'-^S' Wgh. Basal leaves long-petioled, usually
present at. flowering time, the uppermost short-
petioled; blades broadly ovate, orbicular, or reni-
form, crenate-dentate, cordate or truncate at the
base, mostly pointed at the apex, 1^-2 broad
when mature; stipules ovate to lanceolate, acutish,
few-toothed or entire; sepals linear-lanceolate; pet-
als lemon-yellow, A"-']" long ; spur very short; cap-
sule white-tomentose or glabrous, oval, 'i"-^" long.
In woods and thickets, preferring moist situations.
Nova Scotia to Manitoba and Nebraska, south to Geor-
gia and Texas. Ascends to 4000 ft. in Virginia. April-
May, blooming somewhat earlier than V. pubescens.
'Smoothisli Yellow Violet.
22. Viola Canadensis I^. Canada
Violet. (Fig. 2505.)
Viola Canadensis 'L,. Sp. PI. 936. 1753.
Glabrous or nearlj' so, stems 3'-i4^ liig^',
tufted, leafy throughout. Leaves broadly ovate
or nearly orbicular, cordate, acuminate or acute,
i'-2%' long, serrate, the veins of the lower sur-
face often pubescent; stipules ovate to lanceo-
late, acute or acuminate, entire; peduncles mainly
shorter than the leaves; flowers pale violet or
nearly white, often purple-tinged on the outside,
and purple-veined, 5''-9'^ broad, rarely white
throughout; lateral petals bearded; sepals subu-
late pointed; capsule oval, glabrous, 2)"-A'' long.
In woods, mainly in mountainous or hilly dis-
tricts, Newfoundland and Hudson Bay to Saskatch-
ewan, south to North Carolina, Tennessee, Ne-
braska, and in the Rocky Mountains to Arizona and
New Mexico. Ascends to 4000 ft. in Virginia.
May-J-uly.
23. Viola striata Ait. Pale or Striped
Violet. (Fig. 2506.)
Viola striata Ait. Hort. Kew. 3: 290. 1789.
Glabrous, or slightly pubescent; stems angular,
tufted, 5'-i8' high, leafy. Petioles slender, the
lower longer than the blades; blades orbicular or
ovate, i'-2%' wide, thin, often slightly pubescent
above, those of the upper leaves acute or acumin-
ate; stipules large, dentate or laciniate, the teeth
ciliate; flowers long-peduncled; sepals linear-lance-
olate, acuminate; petals cream-colored, light blue
or white, veined, 5''-8'' long, the lateral ones
bearded; spur about 2'' long; stigma beardless,
short-beaked; capsule ovoid-oval, glabrous.
In moist woods and meadows, western New England
and southern Ontario to Minnesota, south to Georgia,
Kentucky and Missouri. Ascends to 3000 ft. in Virginia.
April-May.
454
VIOLACEAE.
[Vol. II.
Viola Labradorica Schrank.
25-
Sand
American Dog Violet. (Fig. 2507.)
Viola Labradorica Schrank, Denksch. Bot. Gesell.
Regensb. 2: 12. 18 18.
Viola Muhlenbergii Torr. Fl. U. S. i: 256. 1824.
Viola cariina var. Muhlenbergii Tra,\xi. Act. Hort.
Petr. 5: 28. 1877.
Glabrous, stems tufted, slender, decumbent
or erect, 2'-6' long, leaf}-. Blades of the leaves
ovate, orbicular or reniform, cordate, yi'-iyi'
wide, the lower rounded at the apex, the upper
sometimes acuminate ; petioles slender, the lower
usually longer than the blades; stipules ovate-
lanceolate, acute, serrate-ciliate, or the upper
nearly entire; sepals linear-lanceolate, acumi-
nate; flowers long-peduncled; petals light pur-
ple, rarely white, long, the lateral ones
slightly bearded ; spur about one-half as long as
the petals; style short-beaked, beardless; cap-
sules 2" -2," long, glabrous.
In moist or wet soil, preferring shade, Labrador
to Minnesota, North Carolina and Kentucky. Pro-
duces cleistogamous flowers late in the season on
short peduncles. March-May.
Viola arenaria DC.
Violet. (Fig. 2508.)
Viola arenaria DC. Fl. Franc. 4: 806. 1805.
Viola canina var. piibertila S. Wats, in A. Gray,
Man. Ed. 6, 81. 1890.
V. subveslita Greene, Erythea, 5: 39. 1897.
Finely puberulent, stems tufted, slender,
spreading or ascending, 2^-6' long. Petioles
longer than the blades, or the upper shorter;
stipules incised; blades ovate, orbicular, or
some of the lower ones reniform, yi'-i' long,
crenulate, obtuse or acutish at the apex,
cordate or truncate at the base, thickish;
peduncles slender, often longer than the
leaves; sepals linear or linear-lanceolate,
acuminate; petals violet, /^"-6" long; spur
obtuse, about 2)" long; capsule 3"-4" long.
On shores and in sandy soil, Maine to Michi-
gan, South Dakota and Saskatchewan. Also in
Europe. The American plant has more ovate
leaves than the European. May-June.
26. Viola multicaulis (T. & G.) Brit-
ton. Prostrate Blue Violet. (Fig. 2509. )
Viola Muhlenbergii var. multicaulis T. & G. Fl.
I: 140. 1838.
Viola multicaulis Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5:
227. 1894.
Very finely puberulent, stems slender, usually
several together, tufted, prostrate, leafy, 2'-8'
long. Petioles slender, the lower as long as
the blades, or longer; blades mostly orbicular,
rounded or obtuse at the apex, crenulate, firm,
deeply cordate, not over i Yz' wide when ma-
ture; stipules deeply laciniate, (^"-10" long;
peduncles mostly longer than the leaves, the
bracts often borne much above the middle; se-
pals lanceolate, acuminate; petals violet,
long, bearded; style not bearded; capsule 3"-
i/' long, glabrous.
In woods, Kentuckj' to Florida, Louisiana and
Texas. Feb. -July, bearing cleistogamous flowers
later. Leaves sometimes mottled.
Vol,. II.]
27. Viola rostrata Pursh
VIOI.ET FAMIIvY.
455
spurred Violet.
Long-
(Fig. 2510.)
Viola rostrata Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 174. 1814.
Glabrous, 2^-7^ high, branching from the
base, the stems ascending. Leaves cordate or
the lower reniform, Yz'-iYz' long, serrate, the
upper often acuminate; stipules lanceolate,
ciliate-laciniate; flowers pale violet, veined with
blue, W-\o" broad; sepals narrowly linear-lan-
ceolate, acuminate; petals beardless; spur slen-
der, about b" long, as long as the petals or
longer; capsule about \" long, glabrous.
In moist rocky places, Quebec to Michigan, south
in the mountains to Georgia. Ascends to 2500 ft.
in Virginia. June-July.
28. Viola tricolor ly. Pansy. I,ady's-
delight. Heartsease. (Fig. 251 1.)
Viola tricolor L. Sp. PL 935. 1753.
Glabrous or pubescent, 4^-12' high; stem
angled and often branched; upper leaves
oval or lanceolate, Yz'-y' long, the lower
ovate, often cordate, all crenate-dentate;
stipules foliaceous, laciniate or lyrate-pinna-
tifid; flowers %"-\' broad, variously colored
with yellow, purple or white, and veined.
In waste places, sparingly escaped from gar-
dens. May-July. Introduced from Europe.
English names from 40 to 50, among which are
Johnny Jump-up or Johnny Jumper, Monkey's
Face, Love in Idleness, Fancy, Biddy's Eyes,
Herb Trinity, Cats' Faces, Flamy, Garden Gate.
29. Viola tenella Muhl. Field Pansy.
(Fig. 2512.)
Viola tenella Muhl. Cat. 26. 1813.
Viola tricolor vax. arvensis Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 81.
1830.
Slender, nearly glabrous, mostly simple, 3^-9''
high. Leaves and stipules similar to those of the
last species but smaller; sparingly toothed or en-
tire; flowers ^"-"j" broad; petals yellowish, blue
or purple- spotted, often but little longer than the
sepals; pods glabrous, -x," long) or less.
In woods and fields, New York to Georgia, west to
Michigan and Texas. Apparently native and different
from the European V. arvensis Murr. May.
456 VIOLACEAE. ' [Vol. II.
2. CUBELIUM Raf. Cat. Bot. Gard. Trans. 13, name only. 1824. Jack-
son, Index Kew. i: 663. 1893.
[SOLEA Spreng. PI. Min. Cog. Pug. i: 22. 1813. Not Spreng. 1800.]
Erect perennial leafy herbs, with entire sparingly toothed or undulate leaves, and small
greenish white axillary flowers. Sepals 5, linear, equal, not prolonged at the base. Petals
nearly equal, erect, imbricate, the lower one obcordate, broader than the others, which are
nearly alike in shape. Stamens 5, syngenesious, the sheath with a 2-lobed gland at the
base; anthers almost sessile. Ovules 3 or 4 on each placenta; style hooked at the apex.
Capsules slightly lobed, 3-valved, the valves infolded after dehiscence. Seeds obovoid-
globose; embryo nearly the length of the endosperm. [Greek, from Cybele.]
A monotypic genus of eastern North America.
I. Cubelium concolor (Forst.) Raf.
Green Violet. (Fig. 2513.)
Viola concolor Vorst. Trans. Linn. See. 6:309. 1802.
Solea concolor Ging. in DC. Prodr. i: 306. 1824.
Cubelium concolor Raf.; Jackson, Index Kew. i:
663. 1893.
Simple, i°-2° high, more or less pubescent.
Leaves alternate, ascending, oblong-lanceolate,
long, i^-J}4^ wide, acuminate, attenuate
at the base into a short petiole, entire, or with a
few lateral teeth near the apex; stipules linear,
acute, 2,"-^" long; flowers axillary, 1-3 together,
about i/' long, on recurved pedicels ; sepals
linear, about equalling the corolla; lower petal
twice as broad as the others, gibbous at the base;
capsule oblong, ?>"-i2" long, dehiscent by 3
valves; seeds large.
In moist woods and copses, northern New York
and southern Ontario to Michigan, south to North
Carolina and Kansas. Ascends to 2500 ft. in Vir-
ginia. May-June.
3. CALCEOLARIA Loefl. Iter. 183. 1758.
[SoLEA Spreng. in Schrad. Journ. Bot. 4: 192. 1800.]
[lONiDiUM Vent. Hort. Malm. pi. 27. 1803. ]
Herbs, rarely shrubs, with mostly opposite leaves, and axillary or racemose flowers.
Sepals somewhat unequal, not prolonged posteriorly. Petals unequal, the lower one longest,
gibbous or saccate at the base, the two upper shorter than the lateral ones. Filaments dis-
tinct, the lower spurred or glandular; anthers connivent, not united. Capsule elastically
3-valved. Seeds ovoid-globose, with hard seed-coats. [Latin, slipper-like.]
A genus of about 45 species, mainly natives of tropical Amer-
ica, a few in Asia and Australia.
I. Calceolaria verticillata (Ort.) Kuntze.
Nodding Violet. (Fig. 2514.)
Viola verticillala Ort. Dec. PI. 4: 50. 1797.
lonidium polygalaefolitim Vent. Jard. Malm. pi. 2j. 1803.
lonidium linearetoxx. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 2: 168. 1827.
Calceolaria verticillata Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 41. 1891.
Somewhat pubescent or nearly glabrous, tufted from a
woody base; stems erect or ascending, 4^-15' high, simple or
branched. Leaves alternate, or the lower sometimes oppo-
site, linear, oblong or oblanceolate, entire, obtuse, c)"-2o"
long, \"-\" wide, often with smaller ones fascicled in their
axils, and thus appearing verticillate; stipules subulate or
foliaceous; flowers white, axillary, solitary, nodding, i"-'^"
long; pedicels slender or filiform, long; capsule ob-
ovoid, 2" long; seeds nearly 1" long.
In dry soil, Kansas to Texas, Mexico, Colorado and New Mex-
ico. April-July.
Vol. II.]
Family 80.
PASSION-FLOWER FAMILY.
PASSIFLORACEAE Dumort. Anal. Fam. 37. 1829.
Passion-flower Family.
Woody vines, climbing by tendrils, or erect herbs, with alternate petioled
usually palmately-lobed leaves, and solitary or clustered perfect regular flowers.
Calyx-tube short or elongated, persistent. Petals usually 5, inserted on the
throat of the calyx, distinct, or in some species united. Stamens 5. Throat of
the calyx crowned with a double or triple fringe. Filaments subulate or filiform,
monadelphous, or separate. Ovary free from the calyx, i-celled; placentae 3-5,
parietal; styles 1-5. Fruit a berry or capsule, usually many-seeded.
About 18 genera and 325 species, of warm and tropical regions, most abundant in South America.
I. PASSlFLORA L. Sp. PI. 955. 1753.
Climbing tendril-beariug herbaceous or woody vines, with lobed parted or entire alter-
nate or rarely opposite leaves, and large showy axillary flowers, on jointed, often bracted
peduncles. Calyx-tube cup-shaped or campanulate, 4-5-lobed, the lobes narrow, imbricated
in the bud, its throat crowned with a double or triple fringe called the corona. Petals 4 or 5
(rarely none), inserted on the throat of the calyx. Ovary oblong, stalked. Filaments
monadelphous in a tube around the stalk of the ovary, separate above; anthers narrow, versa-
tile. Fruit a many-seeded berry. Seeds pulpy-arilled, flat, ovate; endosperm fleshy.
[Flower of the Cross, or Passion, as emblematic of the crucifixion. ]
About 250 species, mostly natives of tropical America, a few in Asia and Australia. Besides
the following, about 7 others occur in the southern and southwestern States.
lyCaves deeply 3-5-lobed; the lobes serrate; petals whitish; corona purple. i. P. incarnata.
Leaves obtusely 3-lobed above the middle, the lobes entire; flower yellowish. 2. P. luiea.
I. Passifiora incarnata I,. Passion-flower. Passion-vine. (Fig. 2515.)
Passiflora incarjiata L. Sp. PI. 959. 1753.
Stem glabrous, or slightly pubescent above,
striate when dry, climbing to a height of
io°-3o°. Petioles Yz'-i' long, with 2 glands
near the summit; leaves nearly orbicular in
outline, glabrous, or often somewhat pubes-
cent, 3'-5' broad, somewhat cordate at the
base, deeply 3-lobed, (rarely 5-lobed), the
lobes ovate or oval, acute or acutish, finely
serrate; flowers solitary, axillary, white with a
purple or pink corona, i^'-2^ broad; pedun-
cles longer than the petioles, usually 3-bracted
just below the flowers; calyx-lobes linear,
cuspidate on the back; berry ovoid, nearly
1' long, glabrous, yellow.
In dry soil, Virginia to Missouri, south to
Florida and the Indian Territory. Fruit edible,
called Maypops. May-July.
3" }}
In thickets, Pennsylvania
2. Passiflora lutea L,. Yellow Pas-
sion-flower. (Fig. 2516.)
Passiflora lutea L. Sp. PI. 958. 1753.
Glabrous or very nearly so throughout,
climbing or trailing, 3°-io° long. Petioles
Yz'-xyi' long; leaves much broader than
long, more or less cordate at base, with 3
wide obtuse rounded lobes, the lobes en-
tire, often mucronulate; stipules \"-\yz"
long; peduncles slender, exceeding the peti-
oles, usually in pairs from the upper axils;
flowers greenish yellow, 6"-io" broad;
calyx-lobes linear; berry globose-ovoid,
d" in diameter, glabrous, deep purple,
to Illinois and Missouri, south to Florida and Louisiana. May-July.
458
LOASACEAE.
[Vol. II.
Family 8i. LOASACEAE Reichenb. Consp. i6o. 1828.
IiOASA Family.
Erect or climbing branching herbs, often armed with hooked stinging or
viscid hairs, with alternate or opposite exstipulate leaves, and solitary racemose
or cymose, regular and perfect, white yellow or reddish flowers. Calyx-tube
adnate to the ovary, its limb 4-5-lobed, persistent. Petals 4-5, inserted on the
throat of the calyx. Stamens c», inserted with the petals; filaments filiform,
commonly arranged in clusters opposite the petals; anthers introrse, longitud-
inally dehiscent. Ovary i-celled (rarely 2-3-celled), with 2-3 parietal placentae;
style filiform, entire or 2-3-lobed; ovules anatropous. Capsule usually i -celled,
crowned with the calyx-limb. Seeds mostly numerous; endosperm scanty.
About 13 genera and 200 species, all but i natives of America.
I. MENTZELIA L. Sp. PI. 516. 1753.
Erect herbs, sometimes woody, with alternate entire lobed or pinnatifid leaves, and ter-
minal solitary or cymose usually showy flowers. Calyx-tube cylindric, obconic or club-
shaped, its limb generally 5-lobed. Petals 5 or 10, spreading, convolute in the bud, decidu-
ous. Stamens 20-300. Ovary i-celled; styles 3, more or less united; stigmas small, obtuse.
Capsule dehiscent at the summit, few-many-seeded. Seeds flat and sometimes winged,
roughened or smooth. [Named in honor of C. Mentzel, a German botanist, died 1701.]
About 50 species, natives of western America. Besides the following, some 25 others occur in
the western parts of North America.
Flowers 5"-io" broad, yellow.
Leaves, at least the lower, petioled; stem very rough; calyx-lobes 3" long.
Leaves sessile; stem little rough; calyx-lobes 2" long.
Flowers iH'-4' broad.
Flowers yellowish-white, opening in the evening.
Flowers iK'-2' broad; calyx-tube usually bractless.
Flowers 3' -4' broad; calyx-tube usually bracted.
Flowers bright yellow, opening in sunshine.
I. M. oligosperma.
3. M. albicaulis.
2. M. nuda.
4. M. decapetala.
5. M. laevicaulis.
I. Mentzelia oligosperma Nutt. Few-seeded Mentzelia.
(Fig. 2517.)
Mentzelia oligosperma Nutt. in Bot. Mag. pi.
1760. 1815.
Mentzelia aurea Nutt. Gen. i: 300. 1818.
Rough and viscid-pubescent, i°-3° high.
Leaves ovate or oval, coarsely dentate or sinu-
ate, acute or obtusish at the apex, 1^-3^ long,
the upper rounded or truncate at the base and
sessile, the lower narrowed at the base and
usually petioled; flowers yellow, 5"-io" broad,
axillary or somewhat cymose, opening in sun-
shine; petals 5, oblong-cuneate, acute, about
twice as long as the linear-lanceolate calyx-
lobes; filaments 20-30, all filiform; capsule
linear, 6"-i" long, few-seeded; calyx-lobes
about 3'' long; seeds oblong, wingless.
Prairies, Illinois to Kansas and Colorado, south
to Louisiana, Texas and Mexico. May-July.
2. Mentzelia niida (Pursh) T. & G. Bract-
less Mentzelia. (Fig. 2518.)
1814.
1840.
Bartonia nuda Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 328.
Mentzelia nuda T. & G. Fl. N. A. i: 535.
Rough with minute pubescence, slender, i°-s° high,
the stems light-colored. Leaves all sessile, lanceolate or
oblong lanceolate, acute at the apex, usually sharply and
deeply dentate, or the upper pinnatifid, i'-3' long; flow-
ers terminal and axillary, yellowish white, i)^'-2' broad,
opening in the evening; petals 10, about twice as long as
the lanceolate calyx-lobes; calyx-tube usually not bract-
eolate; stamens 100 or more, the outer ones somewhat
petaloid; capsule oblong, <^"-\2" long, about 3" thick;
seeds numerous, wing-margined.
Plains, Dakota to Kansas, Colorado and Texas. July-Aug.
Vol. II.]
IvOASA FAMILY.
459
3. Mentzelia albicaulis Dougl. White-stemmed Mentzelia.
Menlzelia albicaulis Dougl.; Hook. Fl. Bor. Am.
1:222. As synonym. 1833.
Bartonia albicaulis Dougl.; Hook. Fl. Bor. Am.
1:222. 1833.
Stem nearly white, erect or ascending, slen-
der, branched, shining, nearly smooth, or
roughish above, 6'-2° high. Leaves sessile,
mostly lanceolate in outline, sinuate-pinnatifid,
sinuate-lobed, or the upper and lower some-
times entire, rough with short stiff hairs,
long; flowers yellow, few together at the ends
of the branches, or also axillary, (>"-\o" broad,
short-pedicelled or sessile; calyx-lobes linear-
lanceolate, about 2" long; capsule linear, \'
long or less, many-seeded; seeds angled,
tuberculate, wingless.
Western Nebraska to British Columbia, Califor-
nia and New Mexico, the more eastern plant with
less pinnatifid leaves than the western, and perhaps
different specifically. May-July.
(Fig. 2519.)
4. Mentzelia decapetala (Pursh) Urban
&Gilg. Showy Mentzelia. (Fig. 2520.)
Bartonia decapetala Pursh, in Bot. Mag. pi. 1487. 1812.
Bartonia ornata Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 327. 1814.
Mentzelia ornata T. & G. Fl. N. A. 1: 534. 1840.
Mentzelia decapetala Urban & Gilg, in Engl. & Prantl,
Nat. Pfl. Fam. 3: Abt. 6a, III. 1894.
Roughish-pubcscent, stout, seldom over 2° high.
Leaves oval, lanceolate or oblong, acute or acumi-
nate at the apex, sinuate-pinnatifid, 2'-6' long,
the upper sessile, the lower petioled ; flowers mostly
solitary and terminal, yellowish white, 3'-5' broad,
opening in the evening; petals 10, about twice as
long as the lanceolate calyx-lobes; calyx-tube usu-
ally bracted; filaments all filiform, very numerous
(200-300); capsule oblong, i>^'-2' long, s'^-S"
thick; seeds numerous, margined, not winged.
Plains, Dakota and Montana to Nebraska and Texas.
June-Sept.
5. Mentzelia laevicaulis (Dougl.)
T. & G. Smooth-stemmed Mentzelia.
(Fig. 2521.)
Bartonia laevicaulis Dougl. ; Hook. Fl. Bor. Am.
1:221. 1833.
Mentzelia laevicaulis T. & G. Fl. N. A. i : 535. 1840.
Stout, 2°-4° high, minutely pubescent, or the
stems at length glabrate and whitish. Leaves
sessile, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, sinuate-
pinnatifid, acute or acuminate at the apex, i'-t,'
long; flowers mostly solitary and terminal,
bright yellow, 3^-4' broad, opening in sunshine;
calyx-tube braclless; petals 5, or with 5 addi-
tional narrower inner ones, 2-3 times as long
as the calyx-lobes; stamens very numerous;
capsule oblong, about i' long, 4'^ in diameter;
seeds numerous, winged, minutely tuberculate.
Plains and dry soil, Nebraska, Montana and
Wyoming to Oregon, south to Utah and California.
June-July.
460
CACTACEAE.
[Vol.. II.
Family 82. CACTACEAE Lindl. Nat. Syst. Ed. 2, 53. 1836.
Cactus Family.
Fleshy plants, with flattened terete ridged or tubercled, continuous or jointed
stems, leafless, or with small leaves, generally abundantly spiny, the spines de-
veloped from cushions of minute bristles (areolae). Flowers mostly solitary,
sessile, terminal or lateral, perfect, regular, showy. Calyx-tube adnate to the
ovary, its limb many-lobed or with distinct sepals. Petals numerous, imbricated
in several rows, mostly distinct. Stamens numerous, inserted on the throat of
the calyx. Filaments filiform; anthers small. Ovary i -celled; ovules numer-
ous, anatropous, borne on several parietal placentae. Style terminal, elon-
gated; stigmas numerous. Fruit a berry, mostly fleshy, sometimes nearly dry.
Seeds smooth, or tubercled, the testa usually crustaceous or bony; endosperm
little, or copious.
About 20 genera and looo species, nearly all natives of America.
Stems subglobose, oval, ovoid or cylindric, tubercled, ribbed or angled; no proper leaves.
Flowers borne on the tubercles or ribs, at or near the areolae.
Flowers borne close to fully developed clusters of spines. i. Echinocereiis.
Flowers borne close to areolae, from which the spines subsequently develop.
2. Echinocaclus.
Flowers borne between the tubercles, distant from the areolae. 3. Cactus.
Plants jointed, the joints flattened, or cylindric; leaves present, mostly subulate and deciduous.
4. Opunlia.
I. ECHINOCEREUS Engelm. Wisliz. Tour North. Mex. 91. 1848.
Stems ovoid, cylindric or oval, ribbed, or tubercled, the ribs or rows of tubercles usually
straight, vertical. Proper leaves none. Spiue-bearing areolae ou the ribs or tubercles.
Flowers borne ou the ribs or tubercles, at or near the areolae, close to fully developed clus-
ters of spines. Calyx-tube with spine-bearing areolae, or scaly, prolonged beyond the ovarj'.
[Greek hedgehog-Cifrd?«5.]
About 45 species, natives of America. Besides the following, some 20 others occur in the
southwestern United States.
Flowers greenish, about i' broad; fruit 5"-6" long. i. E. viridiflorus.
Flowers rose -purple, 2' -3' broad; fruit 9" -10" long. 2. E. caespitosus.
I. Echinocereus viridiflorus
igelm. Green-flowered Cereus.
122.)
Echinocereus viridiflorus Engelm. Wisliz.
Tour North. Mex. 91. 1848.
Cereus viridiflorus Engelm. Mem. Am. Acad.
(II.) 4: 50. 1849.
Stem subglobose to oval-cylindric, i'-8'
high, simple, or sparingly branched, i'-2^
in diameter. Ribs about 13; longer radial
spines 12-18, with 2-6 setaceous upper ones,
the lateral ones reddish brown, the others
white or rarely purple; central spine stout,
straight or curved, or wanting, purple and
white; flowers about i' broad, greenish brown
without, yellowish green within; petals ob-
tuse or acute; fruit ellipsoid, greenish, 5"-
6" long; seeds tubercled.
Western Kansas (according to B. B. Smyth),
Wyoming to Texas and New Mexico. Our fig-
ure is copied from plate 36, Cactaceae of the
Mexican Boundary Survey, representing the
Cereus viridiflorus tubtilosus Coult. Contr.
Nat. Herb. 3: 383. 1896.
Voi,. II.]
CACTUS FAMILY.
461
2. Echinocereus caespitosus Engelm.&Gray. Tufted Cereus. (Fig. 2523.)
Cereus caespitosus Engelm. & Gray, Bost. Journ. Nat.
Hist. 5: 247. 1845- . .
Echinocereus caespitosus Engelm. Wisliz. Tour
North. Mexico, no. 1848.
Stems ovoid-globose to ovoid-cylindric, usually
tufted, sometimes as many as 12 together, some-
times single, i'-6' high, 1'-^' in diameter; ribs 12
or 13; radial spines 20-30, pectinate, white, the lat-
eral ones the longer, 2"-/^" long; central spines
wanting, or sometimes i or 2 short ones; flowers
rose-purple, 2^-3' broad, fruit ovoid, green, (^''-lo"
long; seeds tubercled, black, about long.
Western Kansas (according to B. B. Smyth), Indian
Territory to Texas and Mexico.
2. ECHINOCACTUS Link & Otto, Ver-
hand. Preiss. Gartenb. Ver. 3: 420. 1827.
Stems globose, oblong or cylindric, leafless, tu-
bercled, the tubercles arranged in straight or spiral
rows, bearing clusters of spines arising from areolae.
Flowers borne on the tubercles, at or near areolae
from which spines are subsequently developed.
Calyx-tube prolonged beyond the ovary, usually covered with scales, its lobes numerous, the
outer scale-like, the inner elongated. Petals numerous, similar to the inner sepals. Stamens
numerous, borne on the tube of the calyx. Ovary exserted; style columnar. Berry usu-
ally covered with scales and often with tufts of minute bristles. [Greek, hedgehog-cactus.]
About 200 described species, natives of America. Besides the following, some 30 others occur
I. Echinocactus Simpsoni Engelm.
Simpson's Cactus. Hedgehog-thistle.
(Fig. 2524.)
Echinocactus Simpsoni Engelm. Trans. St. Louis
Acad. 2: 197. 1863.
Stems single, globose or with a narrowed base,
3^-6' high, 3^-4' in diameter. Tubercles ovoid,
somewhat 4-sided at base, 6"-8'^ long, arranged
in spirals; central spines yellowish below,
nearly black above, ^"-l" long, the exterior
ones slightly shorter, whitish; flowers greenish
pink, V-\o" long and about as broad, borne to
one side at the ends of the tubercles; petals ob-
long, crenulate and cuspidate at the apex; berry
dry, 3'''-3^^' in diameter, bearing near its
summit 2-3 scales which sometimes have short
spines in their axils.
Kansas (according to B. B. Smyth) to Colorado,
Utah and Nevada. April-May.
3. CACTUS L. Sp. PI. 466. 1753.
[Mamillaria Haw. Syn. Plant. Succ. 177. 1812. Not Stackh. 1S09.]
Stems solitary or clustered, globose or ovoid, tubercled. Tubercles conic or cylindric,
woolly and with clusters of spines at the apex. Leaves none. Flowers borne from areolae
at the bases of the tubercles. Calyx-tube campanulate or funnel-form, produced beyond the
ovary, which is often hidden between the tubercles. Petals in several rows. Ovary smooth,
ovoid; style filiform. Berry ovoid or club-shaped, emersed, crowned by the withering
corolla. [Greek name of some prickly plant.]
About 300 described species, natives of warm and tropical America. Besides the following,
some 35 or more occur in the southwestern States.
in the western and southwestern States.
462
CACTACEAE.
[Vol. II.
Flowers yellow or reddish; central spine i.
Flowers purple; central spines several.
I. Cactus Mis
1. C. Missourtensts.
2. C. vivipariis.
souriensis (Sweet.) Kuntze. Missouri or Nipple Cactus.
(Fig. 2525.)
Cactus mamillaris Nutt. Gen. i: 295. 1818. Not
L- 1753-
Mamillaria Missourtensts Sweet, Hort. Brit. 171.
1827.
M. Niiltallii Engelm. Mem. Am. Acad. 4: 49. 1849.
Cacttts Missourtensts Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 259.
1 891.
Stems mostly single, globose, i'-2' higb.
Tubercles 6"-8'' long, arranged in about 8
spiral rows, slightly grooved; spines gray, 10-
20 together, the stouter central one 5"-6" long,
or wanting; flowers yellow, or reddish, about i'
long and about the same breadth when ex-
panded; petals 7."~2)" wide, acute, abruptly
mucronate; stigmas 2-5, very short, erect; berry
globose, scarlet, '})"-\" in diameter, ripening
the following spring; seeds black, globose,
pitted, about yi" in diameter.
Prairies and dry soil, South Dakota to Kansas
and Texas, west to Colorado. May.
Cactus Missouriensis similis (Engelm.) Coult. Contr. Nat.
Herb. 3; 11 1. 1894.
Mamillaria similis Engelm. Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. 5: 246.
1845. , ,
Stems tufted; flowers 1-2 long; seeds about i" long.
Kansas and Colorado to Texas.
2. Cactus viviparus Nutt. Purple Cactus.
(Fig. 2526.)
Cactus vivipartis Nutt. Eraser's Cat. 1813.
Mamillaria vivipara Haw. Syn. PI. Succ. Suppl. 72. 1819.
Stems single or tufted, 1^-5' high, lyz'-i' in diam-
eter. Tubercles terete or nearly so, slightly grooved,
bearing 3-8 slender reddish-brown spines, 6"-io"
long, surrounded by 12-25 somewhat shorter, whitish
or greenish ones in a single row; flowers purple, nearly
1' long; petals lanceolate, narrow; sepals fringed;
berry ovoid, (>"-<^" long, green; seeds light brown,
obovoid, curved, pitted, about }i" long.
Prairies, Manitoba to Alberta, Kansas, and Colorado.
4. OPUNTIA Mill. Card. Diet. Ed. 7. 1759.
Succulent plants, with jointed branching stems, the joints flat, or cylindric, and small
mostly subulate deciduous spirally arranged leaves, the areolae axillary, often spine-bear-
ing. Flowers usually lateral. Calyx-tube not prolonged beyond the ovary, its lobes nu-
merous, spreading. Petals numerous, slightly united at the base. Stamens very numerous,
arranged in several rows; filaments distinct or slightly united. Ovary cylindric, exserted;
style cylindric, longer than the stamens; stigma 2-7-rayed. Berry pear-shaped, often spiny.
[Named from a town in Greece where some species grew.]
About 150 species, natives of America. Besides the following, some 50 others occur in the
western and southwestern States.
Joints flattened, oval, oblong, obovate or orbicular; stems prostrate or ascending.
Fruit fleshy, juicy, spineless or sparingly spiny.
Joints spineless, or with solitary stout spines. i. O. Opuntia.
Joints spiny (no. 2 sometimes unarmed), the spines 1-15 at each areola.
Spines white, gray or yellowish.
Joints 3' -5' long: longer spines Vi'-iM' long. 2. O. htimi/usa.
Joints 6' -8' long; longer spines i'-2^^' long. 3. O. tortispina.
Spines reddish brown to black; joints 6' -8' long. 4. O. Camanchica.
Fruit dry, with spine-bearing areolae.
Joints orbicular or broadly obovate, flat.
Joints little flattened, ovoid, or subglobose.
Joints cylindric, or nearly so; stem erect.
5. O. polyacantha.
6. O. fragilis.
7. O. arborescens.
Vol. II.]
CACTUS FAMII.Y,
I. Opuntia Opuntia (I,.) Coult.
Eastern Prickly Pear. Indian
Fig. (Fig. 2527.)
Cactus Opuntia L. Sp. PI. 468. 1753.
Opuntia vulsaris Mill. Gard. Diet. Ed. 8,
no. I. 1768.
Opuntia Opuntia Coult. Contr. Nat. Herb.
3: 432. 1896.
Prostrate, or ascending, joints obovate,
oblong, oval or orbicular, 2'-^' long.
Leaves subulate, appressed or somewhat
spreading, long, usually early de-
ciduous; bristles greenish or yellowish
brown; spines, when present, solitary,
grayish or variegated, stout, not deflexed,
j/'-rYz' long, often wanting; flowers yel-
low, sometimes with a reddish center,
2^-3' broad; fruit obovoid, fleshy, edible,
\'-\yz' long, red.
In dry sandy soil, or on rocks, eastern
Massachusetts to eastern Pennsylvania and
Florida. June-Aug.
3. Opuntia tortispina Engelm.
Twisted-spined Cactus.
(Fig. 2529.)
Opuntia tortispina Engelm. Pac. R. R.
Rep. 4: 21. 1856.
Stems prostrate, the orbicular-obo-
vate flattened joints 6'-8' long. Spines
3-5, white, angled and channeled,
sometimes twisted, the longer ones
'^Yi'-iyi,' long, with 2-4 more slender
and shorter ones; flowers sulphur-yel-
low, 2^'-3' broad; fruit ovoid, fleshy,
unarmed, about 2' long and \' in diam-
eter; seeds orbicular, slightly notched
at the hilum, 2"-->/' wide.
Plains of Nebraska to Texas.
2. Opuntia humifusa Raf. Western
Prickly Pear. (Fig. 2528.)
Cactus humifusus Raf. Ann. Nat. 15. 1820.
Opuntia humifusa Raf. Med. Bot. 2: 247. 1830.
O. mesacantha Raf. ; Ser. Bull. Bot. Gen. 216 1830.
O. JRapinesqtiii 'Engelm. Pac. R. R. Rep. 4: 41. 1856.
Prostrate, similar to the preceding species;
joints obovate to suborbicular, or oval, usually
deep green, 3^-5' long; leaves subulate, spread-
ing, 3^'-5"long; bristles reddish brown ; spines
few, mostly near the margins of the joints, i-
4 together, whitish, or reddish at base and
apex, deflexed, or the longer one spreading
and yi^-i' long; flowers yellow, often with a
reddish centre, 2)4^-2,}4^ broad; fruit club-
shaped, not spiny, fleshy, edible, i}i^-2^ long.
In dry sandy or rocky soil, Minnesota to Ken-
tucky, Missouri and Texas. Summer. A variable
species, of which several varieties are described.
CACTACEAE.
[Vol.. II.
4. Opuntia Camanchica
Engelm. Comanche Cactus.
(Fig. 2530.)
opuntia Catnanchica Engelm. Pac. R. R.
Rep. 4: 40. 1856.
Prostrate, with obovate-orbicular flat-
tened joints 6'-8' long, 5''-8' wide.
Spines 1-3, flattened, reddish brown to
blackish, i/^'-3' long, or with 3-6 ad-
ditional shorter ones, the upper one sub-
erect, the others deflexed or spreading;
fruit oval, deep red, juicy, i%,'-2' long;
seeds angular, margined, deeply notched
at the hilum, ■z"-^," broad.
Western Kansas (according to Hitch-
cock), Colorado to Texas and Arizona.
5. Opuntia polyacantha Haw. Many-spined Opuntia. (Fig. 2531.)
Caclus ferox Nutt. Gen. i: 296. 1818.
Not Willd. 1813.
Opuntia polyacantha Haw. vSj'n. PI. Succ.
Suppl. 82. 1819.
Opuntia Missouriensis DC. Prodr. 3: 472.
1828.
Prostrate, joints broadly obovate to or-
bicular, tubercled, I'-W long, about d"
thick, the tubercles 2" high, densely
spiny and with cushions of fine bristles;
spines 5-12, slender, long, whitish;
leaves minute; flowers light yellow, 1'-
3' broad; fruit dry, very prickly,
long.
Prairies and dry soil, South Dakota to
British Columbia, south to Nebraska, Mis-
souri, Utah and New Mexico. Variable.
May-June.
6. Opuntia fragilis (Nutt.) Haw. Brittle
Opuntia. (Fig. 2532.)
Cactus fragilis Nutt. Gen. i: 296. 1818.
Opuntia fragilis Haw. Syn. PI. Succ. Suppl. 82. 1819.
Decumbent or prostrate; joints ovate, \'-2' long,
somewhat flattened or nearly terete. Leaves very
small, reddish; cushions composed of few bristles;
central spines 1-4, yz'-^Yz' long, graj', darker at
the apex, surrounded by 4-6 smaller ones; flowers
yellow, smaller than those of the preceding spe-
cies; fruit nearly I ' long, becoming dry at maturity,
provided with cushions of bristles usually bearing
a few short spines.
Prairies and dry soil, Wisconsin and Minnesota to
Wyoming and Utah, south to Kansas and New Mexico.
Vol. II.] CACTUS FAMILY. 465
7. Opuntia arborescens Engelm. North-
ern Tree-like Cactus. (Fig. 2533.)
Opuntia arborescens Engelm. WisHz. Rep. 6. 1848.
Erect, tree-like, 4°-25° bigh, in diameter at
the base, verticillately branched, the spiny branches
spreading or drooping. Joints verticillate, mostly
in 3's or 4's, cylindric, 2'-6' long, less than \' in di-
ameter, the prominent tubercles ~i"-\o" long; leaves
terete, spreading, (>"-\o" long; spines 8-30, terete,
in yellowish sheaths, diverging, the interior ones the
longer, often \' long or more; flowers purple, 2^'-
3' broad; fruit subglobose, crested-tuberculate, dry,
or nearly so, yellow, unarmed, about x' in diameter;
seeds smooth, \Y2,"-i" wide.
Western Kansas (according to B. B. Smyth), Colo-
rado to Texas, New Mexico and Mexico.
Family 83. THYMELEACEAE Reichenb. Consp. 82. 1828.
Mezereon Family.
Shrubs or trees (rarely herbaceous), with tough fibrous or reticulated inner
bark, and simple entire exstipulate leaves. Flowers fascicled, capitate, racemose,
or rarely solitary, regular, mostly perfect. Calyx inferior, its tube cylindric
or urn-shaped, 4-5-lobed or entire. Petals none in our genera, present in many
exotic ones. Stamens borne on the calyx, twice as many as its lobes, or rarely
fewer, often in two series; filaments long or short; anthers erect, 2 -celled, the
sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary i -celled, i-ovuled (2-celled and 2-ovuled
in some Asiatic and Australasian genera); ovule anatropous, pendulous; style
short or elongated; stigma terminal, mostly capitate. Fruit a berry-like drupe
in our plants. Seed-coat mostly crustaceous ; embryo straight ; cotyledons
fleshy; endosperm little or none, or copious in some exotic genera.
About 37 genera and 425 species, widely distributed, most abundant in Australia and South Africa.
Calyx-lobes 4, large; stamens included; style very short. i. Daphne.
Calyx-limb almost wanting; stamens and style long, exserted. 2. Dirca.
I. DAPHNE L. Sp. PI. 356. 1753.
Erect or spreading shrubs, with alternate deciduous or evergreen leaves, and small pur-
ple pink or white flowers in fascicles, heads or racemes, borne in the following species at the
leafless nodes of twigs of the preceding season. Perianth tubular, its 4 lobes spreading.
Stamens 8, in 2 series on the perianth-tube, included, or the upper 4 slightly exserted; fila-
ments very short. Disk none. Ovary sessile or nearly so, i-celled; style very short; stigma
large, capitate. Drupe ovoid, or oblong, the calyx deciduous or persistent.
About 40 species, natives of Europe and Asia.
I. Daphne Mezereum L. Spurge Laurel.
Lad}' Laurel. Mezereon. (Fig. 2534.)
Daphne Mezereum 1,. Sp. PI. 356. 1753.
A shrub i°-4° high, the young twigs somewhat
pubescent. Leaves thin, deciduous, oblong-lanceolate
or oblanceolate, acute or obtusish at the apex, 3^-5'
long, 4"-io'^ wide, narrowed into short petioles;
flowers in sessile fascicles of 2-5 at the nodes of twigs
of the preceding season, very fragrant; perianth-tube
appressed-pubescent, rose-purple or white, (3" long or
less, the ovate acute lobes nearly as long; drupe red,
oval-ovoid, long-
Escaped from cultivation, Quebec to Massachusetts and
New York. Native of Europe and Asia. Called also
Spurge Olive, Dwarf Bay, Paradise Plant. April-May.
30
466 THYMELEACEAE. [Voi<. II.
2. DIRCA L. Sp. PI. 358. 1753-
Branching shrubs, with tough fibrous bark, alternate thin short-petioled deciduous
leaves, and yellowish flowers in peduncled fascicles of 2-4 from scaly buds at the nodes of
twigs of the preceding season, branches subsequently developing from the same nodes.
Perianth campanulate or funnelform, its limb undulately obscurely 4-toothed. Stamens 8,
borne on the perianth, exserted, the alternate ones longer; filaments very slender. Disk
obsolete. Ovary nearly sessile, i-celled; style filiform, exserted; stigma small, capitate.
Drupe red, oval-oblong. [Named from a fountain in Thebes.]
Two known species, the following and D. occidenlalis A. Gray, of California.
I. Dirca paliistris L. Leather-
wood. Moose-wood.
(Fig. 2535.)
Dirca palustris Sp. PI. 358. 1753.
A shrub, 2°-6° high, the twigs yellow-
ish green, glabrous. Leaves oval, or ob-
ovate, obtuse at the apex, rounded or
narrowed at the base, pubescent when
young, glabrous, or very nearly so, and
2'-2,' long when mature; bud-scales 3 or
4, oval, or oblong, very pubescent with
brown hairs, deciduous; peduncle about
2^2" long; flowers nearly sessile; perianth
2"-2/' long; style longer than the sta-
mens; drupe about 6" long.
In woods and thickets, mostly in wet soil,
New Brunswick to Minnesota, Virginia and
Missouri, and Florida (according to Chap-
man). Also called Swamp-wood. The bark
produces violent vomiting; applied exter-
nally, it is an irritant to the skin. April-May
Family 84. ELAEAGNACEAE Lindl. Nat. Syst. Ed. 2. 194. 1836.
Oleaster Family.
Shrubs or trees, mostly silvery-scaly, or stellate-pubescent, with entire
alternate or opposite leaves, and perfect polygamous or dioecious flowers clus-
tered in the axils or at the nodes of twigs of the preceding season, rarely soli-
tary. Lower part of the perianth of perfect or pistillate flowers tubular or urn-
shaped, enclosing the ovary and persistent, the upper part 4-lobed or 4-cleft,
deciduous (obscurely 2-lobed in the Old World Hippophac); perianth of stam-
inate flowers 4-parted (2-parted va. Hippophae). Corolla none. Stamens 4 or
8, those of perfect flowers borne on the throat of the perianth; filaments mostly
short; anthers 2 -celled, the sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Disk annular, or
lobed. Ovary sessile, i-celled; ovule i, erect, anatropous; style slender.
Fruit drupe-like, the perianth-base becoming thickened and enclosing the achene
or nut. Seed erect; embryo straight; endosperm little or wanting.
Three known genera and about 20 species, widely distributed.
Stamens as many as the perianth-parts; flowers perfect or polygamous; leaves alternate.
I. Elaeagnus.
Stamens twice as many as the perianth-parts; flowers dioecious; leaves opposite. 2. Lepargyraea.
I. ELAEAGNUS L. Sp. PI. 121. 1753-
Silver-scaly shrubs, some exotic species trees, with alternate petioled leaves. Flowers
solitary or 2-4 together in the axils, pedicelled, not bracted, perfect or polygamous. Perianth
tubular below, constricted over the top of the ovary, the upper part campanulate or urn-
shaped, 4-lobed, deciduous, the lobes valvate. Stamens 4, borne on the throat of the peri-
anth. Style linear, long. Fruit drupe-like, the ripened perianth-base fleshy or mealy, en-
closing the striate or grooved nut. [Greek, sacred olive.]
About 20 species, natives of Europe, Asia, Australia and North America. Only the following
is known in North America.
Vol. II.]
OLEASTER FAMILY.
467
I. Elaeagnus argentea Pursh.
Silver-berry. (Fig. 2536.)
Elaeagnus argentea Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept.
114. 1814.
Stoloniferous, much branclied, some-
times 12° high, the young twigs covered
■with brown scurf, becoming silvery.
Leaves oblong, ovate or oval-lanceolate,
densely silvery-scurfy on both sides, acute
or obtuse, short-petioled, 1^-4^ long; flow-
ers usually numerous, i to 3 in the axils,
fragrant, silvery, long; perianth
silvery without, yellowish within, its
lobes ovate, about \" long; fruit oval, sil-
very, {^"-ii" long, the stone 8-striate.
James Bay to the Northwest Territory,
south to Quebec, Minnesota, South Dakota
and Utah. May-July. Fruit edible, ripe
July-Aug.
1817.
2. LEPARGYRAEA Raf. Am. Month. Mag. 2: 176.
[Shepherdia Nutt. Gen, 2: 240. 1818.]
Shrubs, brown- or silvery-scurfy or stellate-pubescent, with opposite petioled leaves.
Flowers small, dioecious, or sometimes polygamous, subspicate or fascicled at the nodes of
the preceding season, or axillary, the pistillate few or sometimes solitary. Pistillate flowers
with an urn-shaped or ovoid 4-lobed perianth, bearing an 8-lobed disk at its mouth which
nearly closes it; style somewhat exserted. Staminate flowers with a 4-parted perianth and
8 stamens alternating with as many lobes of the disk; filaments short. Fruit drupe-like, the
fleshy perianth-base enclosing a nut, or achene. [Greek, silvery-scaly.]
Three known species, the following and L. rotundifolia of Utah.
Leaves ovate or oval, green above, silvery beneath; shrub thornless. i. L. Canadensis.
Leaves oblong, silvery on both sides; shrub mostly thorny. 2. L. argentea.
I. Lepargyraea Canadensis (L.) Greene. Canadian Buffalo-berry. (Fig.2537.)
Elaeagnus Canadensisl,. Sp. PI. 1024. 1753.
Shepherdia Canadensis Nutt. Gen. 2: 240.
1818.
Lepargyraea Canadensis Greene, Pittonia,
2: 122. 1890.
A thornless shrub, 4°-8° high, the
young shoots brown -scxirfy. Leaves ovate
or oval, obtuse at the apex, rounded, or
some of them narrowed at the base, \'-\yz'
long, green and sparingly stellate-scurfy
above, densely silvery stellate-scurfy be-
neath, some of the scurf usually brown;
petioles long; flowers in short
spikes at the nodes of the twigs, yellow-
ish; buds globose, less than i" in diame-
ter, forming in summer, expanding with
or before the leaves early in the following
spring; perianth about 2" broad when
expanded; fruit oval, red or yellowish,
^"-2," long, the flesh insipid, the nut
smooth.
On banks, especially along streams, New-
foundland to Saskatchewan and British Co-
lumbia, south to Vermont, New York, Mich-
igan and Utah. April-June. Fruit ripe
July-Aug.
468
ELAEAGNACEAE.
[Vol. II.
2. Lepargyraea argentea (Nutt.) Greene. Buffalo-berry. Rabbit-berry.
(Fig. 2538.)
Elaeagnus argentea Nutt. Fraser's Cat.
1813.
Shepherdia argenlea Nutt. Gen. 2: 241. 1818.
Lepargyraea argentea Greene, Pittonia, 2:
122. 1890.
A shrub, 6°-i8° high, the twigs often
terminating in thorns. Leaves oblong,
or sometimes oblong-lanceolate,
long, rarely more than yi' wide, obtuse
at the apex, usually cuneate-narrowed at
the base, densely silvery-scurfy on both
sides; petioles 1"-^" long; flowers fas-
cicled at the nodes, the globose buds
very silvery; fruit oval, or ovoid, scarlet,
sour, i''-^)" long, edible.
Manitoba and Minnesota to Saskatche-
wan, Kansas and Nevada. April-May.
Called also Beef-suet Tree, Silver Leaf.
Fruit ripe July-Aug.
Family 85. LYTHRACEAE Lindl. Nat. Syst. Ed. 2, 100. 1836.
Loosestrife Family.
Herbs, shrubs, or often trees in tropical regions, mostlj' with opposite leaves
and solitary or clustered perfect flowers. Stipules usually none. Calyx per-
sistent, free from the ovary, but generally enclosing it, the limb toothed and
often with accessory teeth in the sinuses. Petals as va.z.wy as the primary
calyx-teeth or none, inserted on the calyx. Disk annular or none. Stamens
various, inserted on the calyx. Anthers versatile, longitudinally dehiscent.
Ovary sessile or stipitate, 2-6-celled or sometimes i -celled; style i; stigma
capitate or 2-lobed; ovules 00, rarely few, anatropous. Capsule i-sev-
eral-celled, variously dehiscent or sometimes indehi.scent. Seeds without endo-
sperm; cotyledons flat, often auricled at the base.
About 21 genera and 350 species, of wide geographic distribution, most abundant in tropical
America.
Calyx-tube campanulate or hemispheric; flowers regular.
Flowers small, axillary, solitary or few; low herbs.
Petals 4 in our species; capsule bursting irregularly
Petals none; capsule indehiscent.
Petals 4; capsule septicidally dehiscent.
Flowers large, in axillary cymes; large aquatic shrub.
Calyx-tube cylindric; flowers regular.
Calyx-tube tubular, oblique; flowers irregular.
I. AMMANNIA L. Sp. PI. 119. 1753.
Annual glabrous or glabrate herbs, mostly with 4-angled stems, opposite sessile narrow
leaves, and small axillary solitary or clustered flowers. Cal3'x campanulate, globose or
ovoid, 4-angled, 4-toothed, often with small accessory teeth in the sinuses. Petals 4 in our
species, deciduous. Stamens 4-8, inserted on the calyx-tube; filaments slender or short.
Ovary enclosed in the calyx-tube, nearly globular, 2-4-celled, bursting irregularly. [Named
for Johann Atnmann, 1699-1741, a German botanist.]
About 20 sjjecies, of wide geographic distribution, most abundant in warm regions. Besides
the following, another occurs in the Southern States.
Flowers sessile, solitary, or 2-3 together.
Leaves linear-lanceolate, acuminate; style elongated. i. A. coccinea.
Leaves obovate or oblanceolate, obtuse; style very short. 2. A. Koehnei.
Flowers pedicelled, in axillarj- cj'mes. 3. A. atiriculata.
1. Animannia.
2. Didiplis.
3. Rotala.
4. Decodon.
5. Lylhrtim.
6. Parsonsia.
Vol. II.]
LOOSESTRIFE FAMILY.
I. Ammannia coccinea Rottb. Long-
leaved Ammannia. (Fig. 2539.)
Ammannia coccinea Rottb. PI. Hort. Havn. Descr. 7. 1773.
Ammatmia latifolia T. & G. Fl. N. A. i: 480. 1840.
Not L,. 1753-
Erect, glabrous, branching below, k'-2o' high.
. Leaves linear-lanceolate, all obtusely cordate-auriculate
and dilated at the somewhat clasping base, acuminate
or acute at the apex, entire, 1^-3' long, wide;
flowers 1-5 in each axil, sessile or very nearly so;
petals purple, fugacious; style elongated, very slender,
usually more than one-half the length of the capsule.
In swamps, southern Indiana and Iowa to Kansas, south
to Florida, Louisiana, Texas, Mexico and Brazil. Also on
the Pacific Islands. We have seen no specimens from east
of the Alleghanies. July-Sept.
2. Ammannia Koehnei Britton. Koehne's Ammannia
Ammannia Koehnei Britton, Bull. Torr.
Club, 18: 271. 1891.
Ammannia huntilis 3 T. & G. Fl. N. A. i:
480. 1840.
Erect, glabrous, (>'-2o' high, at length
freely branching. Leaves obovate, ob-
lanceolate, or somewhat spatulate, obtuse
or obtusish at the apex, the upper ones
clasping and more or less auriculate at the
base, the lower narrowed and sessile or
tapering into a short petiole; flowers 1-3
together in the axils, sessile; petals pur-
ple (?), fugacious; stamens very short,
not exserted; style very short; capsule
enclosed by the calyx.
In swamps, Hackensack marshes, N. J.,
to Florida. July-Sept.
3. Ammannia auriculata Willd.
Wright's Ammannia. (Fig. 2541.)
Ammannia auriculata Willd. Hort. Berol. 7. pi. y.
1806.
Ammannia Wrightii A. Gray, PI. Wright. 2:55. 1853.
Erect, 2'-io' high, at length widely branching.
Leaves sessile, linear-lanceolate or oblong, acute
oracutish at the apex, auriculate at the base, yi'-
1 yi' long, about 2" wide; flowers in axillary pe-
duncled cymes; pedicels Yz'^-^yi" long; petals
purple; style slender; stamens exserted; capsule
partly enclosed by the calyx.
Nebraska and Kansas to Texas, Ecuador and Bra-
zil. Also in Asia and Africa. May-June.
470 LYTHRACEAE. [Vol. II,
2. DIDIPLIS Raf. Atl. Journ. 177. 1833.
Aquatic or marsh plants, rooting in the mud, with 4-angled stems, opposite linear entire
leaves, and very small axillary solitary green flowers. Calyx hemispheric or campanulate,
4-lobed, with no accessory teeth. Petals none. Stamens 2-4, usually 4, inserted on the
calyx-tube; filaments very short. Ovary globose, enclosed by the calyx, 2-celled; style
scarcelj' any; stigma obscurely 2-lobed; ovules co. Capsule globose, indehiscent, 2-celled.
[Greek, twice double.]
A monotypic genus of east-central North America, closely related to the Old World genus
Peplis L.
I. Didiplis diandra (Nutt.) Wood. Water
Purslane. (Fig. 2542.)
Callitriche antiimnalis (?) Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i : 2. 1803.
Not L. 1753-
Peplis C^.) diandra Nutt.; DC. Prodr. 3: 77. 1828.
Didiplis linearis Raf. Atl. Journ. 177. 1833.
Didiplis diandra Wood. Bot. & Fl. 124. 1870.
Submersed or rooting in the mud on shores, gla-
brous, 3'-i2' long. Submersed leaves thin, elongated-
linear or lanceolate, acute or acuminate at the apex,
broader at the base, (i"-\o" long; emersed leaves
linear-oblong, narrowed at the base; flowers incon-
spicuous, about Yz" long; capsule about Yz" in diam-
eter.
Minnesota and Wisconsin to Texas and Mexico, east to
North Carolina and Florida. Resembling Callitriche in
habit. June-Aug.
3. ROTALA I,. Mant. 2: 175. 1771.
Low annual mainly glabrous herbs, usually with opposite sessile or sometimes petioled
leaves, 4-angled stems, and axillary mainly solitary small flowers. Calyx campanulate or
globose, 4-lobed. Petals 4 in our species. Stamens 4, short. Ovary free from the calyx,
globose, 4-celled. Capsule globose, enclosed by the membranous calyx, 4-celled, septicidally
dehiscent, the valves very minutely and densely striate transversely. [Latin, wheel, from
the whorled leaves of some species.]
About 30 species, of wide geographic distribution in warm and tropical regions. In addition
to the following, another may occur in the southwestern States.
I. Rotala ramosior (L.) Koehne. Rotala.
(Fig. 2543.)
Ammannia ramosior "h. Sp. PI. 120. 1753.
Ammannia humilis Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 99. 1803.
Boykinia humilis Raf. Aut. Bot. 9. 1840.
Rotala ramosior Koehne, in Mart. Fl. Bras. 13: Part 2, 194. 1875.
Glabrous, branched from the base or simple, ascending or
erect, I'-W high. Leaves oblong or linear-oblong, long,
x"-^/' wide, blunt at the apex, narrowed and sessile at the base
or tapering into a short petiole, not auricled; flowers solitary or
rarely 3 in the axils, very small; petals minute; style alnjost
none.
In swamps, Massachusetts to Florida, west to northern Illinois,
Nebraska, Texas and Mexico. Also in California, Oregon, South
America and the West Indies. July-Sept.
4. DECODON J. F. Gmel. Syst. Veg. 2: 677. 1791.
Herbaceous shrubs, with verticillate or opposite, short-petioled entire leaves, and showy
purple pedicelled trimorphous flowers, in nearly sessile axillary cymes. Calyx broadly
campanulate, or hemispheric, nerved, 5-7-toothed, with as many slender elongated acces-
sory teeth in the sinuses. Stamens 10, rarely 8, alternately longer and shorter, inserted on
Vol. II.]
loosestrife; family.
471
the calyx-tube, the longer exserted. Style filiform; stigma small. Capsule globose, 3-5-
celled, included iu the calyx, loculicidally dehiscent. [Greek, ten-toothed, referring to the
calyx.]
A monotypic genus of eastern North America.
I. Decodon verticillatus (L,.) Ell. Swamp
lyoosestrife or Willow-herb. (Fig. 2544.)
Lvth7-um verticillaHim L. Sp. PI. 446. 1753.
Decodon aquatictis ]. F. Gmel. Syst. 2: 677. 1791.
Decodon verticillalus'EW. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 1:544. 1821.
Nesaea verticillata H.B.K. Nov. Gen. 6: 191. 1823.
Aquatic, perennial, somewhat woody, with an-
gular recurved glabrous or slightly pubescent
stems 3°-io° long, which root from the tip when
they reach the water or mud. Leaves lanceolate,
2'-^' long, 4^^-12'^ wide, glabrous above, somewhat
pubescent beneath, acute at both ends; petioles
2^-4'^ long; cymes several-flowered; flowers nearly
I 'broad; petals cuneate at the base, pink-purple;
filaments of the longer stamens very slender;
capsule about 1%" in diameter.
In swamps, Rhode Island and Massachusetts to Flor-
ida, west to southern Ontario, Minnesota, Kentucky
and Louisiana. Stems clothed with aerenchyma at the
base. Flowers rarely double. Ascends to 2000 ft. in
Pennsylvania. July-Sept.
5. LYTHRUM L. Sp. PI. 446. 1753.
Herbs or shrubs, with 4-angled stems, opposite alternate or rarely verticillata entire
leaves, and solitary cymose-paniculate or spicate and terminal often dimorphous or trimor-
phous flowers. Calyx-tube cylindric, 8-12-ribbed, straight, not gibbous at the base, with
4-6 primary teeth and an equal number of accessory ones in the sinuses. Petals 4-6, usually
obovate, rarely wanting. Stamens 8-12, inserted on the calyx-tube, included or exserted.
Ovary oblong, sessile, 2-celled; style filiform; stigma mostly capitate; ovules numerous.
Capsules enclosed by the calyx, membranous, 2-celled, 2-valved, or bursting irregularly.
Seeds flat or angular. [Greek, gore, from the purple color of the flowers.]
About 23 species, of wide geographic distribution. Besides the following, about 4 others occur
in the southern and western United States.
Flowers axillary, solitary; stamens not more numerous than petals.
Leaves mostly alternate.
Leaves obtuse; stamens all included; annual.
Leaves acute; stamens of short-styled flowers exserted; perennial.
Leaves mostly opposite.
Leaves narrowly linear, narrowed at the base.
Leaves ovate or oval, rounded or cordate at the base.
Flowers in spicate panicles, terminal; stamens twice as many as petals.
1. L. Hyssopifolia.
2. L. alatum.
3. L. linear e.
4. L. Vulneraria.
5. L. Salicaria.
I. Ly thrum Hyssopifolia L. Hyssop
Loosestrife. Grass Poly. (Fig. 2545.)
Lylhricm Hyssopifolia L. Sp. PI. 447. 1753.
Annual, glabrous, pale green, erect or assurgent, at
length widely branched, 6^-24' high. Leaves sessile,
mainly alternate, the lowest sometimes opposite, ob-
long or linear-oblong, obtuse at the apex, rounded at
the base, 4''-io'''' long, wide, those of the main
stem larger than those of the branches; flowers solitary
and sessile in the axils, not dimorphous, pink-purple,
about Yz" broad; petals nearly erect; stamens all in-
cluded; calyx '2yz"-2," long in fruit.
Borders of salt marshes, Maine to New Jersey. Also in
California and along the coast of South America. Natu-
ralized from Europe. Widely distributed in the Old
World. June-Sept.
472
LYTHRACEAE.
[Vol. II.
2. Lythrum alatum Pursh. Wing-
angled Loosestrife. (Fig. 2546.)
Lyihriim alaium Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 334. 1814.
Perennial, erect, glabrous, usually much
branched, dark green, i°-4° high, the stem
angled and often slightly winged. Leaves ses-
sile, alternate or the lowest opposite, lanceolate
or oblong, acute or acutish at the apex, rounded
or cordate at the base, (>"-'i^" long, n"-^" wide;
flowers solitary in the upper axils, short-pedi-
celled, deep purple, z"-^" broad, dimorphous;
petals erect-spreading; stamens of the short-
styled flowers exserted; hypogynous ring fleshy;
ovary nearly sessile; calyx 2^"-3'' long in fruit.
In low grounds, southern Ontario to Massachu-
setts, Kentucky (and Georgia?), west to Minnesota
and Arkansas. The closely related L. lanceolatum
Ell. of the southern states has the leaves narrowed
or cuneate at the base. June-Aug.
3. Lythrum lineare L. Linear-
leaved Loosestrife. (Fig. 2547.)
Lythrum lineare I,. Sp. PI. 447. 1753.
Perennial, slender, glabrous, rather
pale green, much branched, 2°-4° high.
Leaves narrowly linear, sessile,
long, \"-2" wide, nearly all opposite,
acutish at the apex or the lowest obtuse,
narrowed at the base; flowers solitary in
the upper axils, light purple or nearly
white, dimorphous, about lyi" broad;
stamens of the short-styled flowers ex-
serted; hypogynous ring none; ovary
short-stalked; fruiting calyx \yz"-2"
long.
Borders of salt marshes. New Jersey to
Florida, west to Texas. July-Sept.
4, Lythrum Vulneraria Ait.
Kennedy ' s Loosestrife.
(Fig. 2548.)
Lythrum Vulneraria Ait.; Schrank.
Hort. Monac. pi. 27. 1819.
Lyihriitn Ke7inedyanum H.B.K. Nov.
Gen. 6: 194. 1823.
Spreading or ascending, perennial,
glabrous, i°-4° long, much branched.
Leaves nearly all opposite, short-pe-
tioled, or sessile, a,"-^" long,
wide, ovate, ovate-lanceolate or oval,
rounded or cordate at the base, mostly
obtuse at the apex; flowers solitary in
the axils, usually short-peduncled,
purple, about 4'' broad; stamens of the
short-styled flowers exserted ; hypo-
gynous disk fleshy; fruiting calyx 4''-
^" long.
St. Louis, Mo. (according to Koehne),
Florida to Mexico. May- Aug.
Vol. II.] LOOSESTRIFE FAMILY. 473
5. Ly thrum Salicaria L. Spiked or Purple
Loosestrife. (Fig. 2549.)
Lylhrum Salicaria L. Sp. PI. 446. 1753.
Perennial, erect, 2°-3° high, glabrous or pubescent,
at length much branched. Leaves opposite or some-
times verticillate in 3's, sessile, lanceolate, cordate or
clasping at the base, 2^-3' long, 'if'-h" wide; flowers
purple, trimorphous, broad, in dense com-
pound terminal interrupted bracted spikes; stamens
8-10, alternately longer and shorter, even the longer
ones little exserted; ovary short-stalked; fruiting calyx
about ■})" long-
In swamps and wet meadows, Cape Breton Island to
Ontario, south to southern New York and Delaware. Said
to be naturalized from Europe. June-Aug. Widely
distributed in the Old World. English names, Spiked
Willow-herb, Long Purples, Soldiers.
6. PARSONSIA P. Br. Civ. & Nat. Hist. Jamaica, 199. 1756.
[CUPHEA P. Br. Civ. & Nat. Hist. Jamaica, 216. 1756.]
Herbs (or shrubs in tropical regions), with opposite or verticillate leaves. Flowers
showy, solitary or racemose, axillary, irregular and unsymmetrical. Calyx-tube elongated,
tubular, 12-ribbed, gibbous or spurred at the base, oblique at the mouth, with 6 primary
teeth and usually as many accessory ones. Petals 6, unequal. Stamens 11 (sometimes 12
in our species), inserted on the throat of the calyx, unequal; filaments short. Ovary sessile
or obliquely stipitate, with a curved gland at its base, unequally 2-celled; ovules several or
numerous; style slender; stigma 2 lobed. Capsule included in the calyx, oblong, i-celled,
laterally dehiscent. Seeds flattened. [In honor of James Parsons, M. D., a Scotch botanist.]
About 180 species, natives of America. Besides the following, 2 others occur in the southern
States.
I. Parsonsia petiolata (L.) Rusby. Blue
Wax-weed. Clammy Cuphea. Tar-weed.
(Fig. 2550.)
Lylhrum peliolaluni L. Sp. PI. 446. 1753.
Cuphea viscosissima Jacq. Hort. Vind. 2: 83. pi. 177. 1772.
Cuphea petiolala Koehne, Engler's Bot. Jahrb. 2: 173. 1882.
Parsonsia petiolata Rusby, Mem. Torr. Club, $: 231. 1894.
Annual, erect, very viscid-pubescent, branched, 6'- 20'
high. Leaves slender-petioled, ovate- lanceolate, sca-
brous, mostly rounded at the base and blunt-pointed at
the apex, I'-i J^'' long; flowers axillary, short-peduncled,
purple, 2>"~A" broad; petals ovate, clawed; stamens
sometimes 12; fruiting calyx swollen, about a," long;
capsule dehiscent before the seeds are ripe, the placenta
projecting through the lateral orifice.
In dry soil, Rhode Island to northern Illinois and Kansas,
south to Georgia and Louisiana. Introduced into southern
Ontario. Ascends to 3300 ft. in We.i^t Virginia. July-Oct.
Family 86. MELASTOMACEAE R. Br. Exp. Congo, App. 5. 18 18.
Meadow-Beauty Family.
Herbs (shrubs or trees in tropical regions), with opposite 3-9-nerved simple
leaves, and regular perfect often showy but rarely odorous, generally clustered
flowers. Stipules none. Calyx-tube adnate to or free from the ovary, usually
4-5-lobed, the lobes imbricated. Petals as many as the lobes of the calyx, and
inserted on its throat, more or less oblique, imbricated. Stamens twice as many,
or equal in number to the petals, often inclined or declined, the alternate ones
474
MELASTOMACEAE.
[Vol. II.
sometimes shorter; anthers opening by a pore in our species. Ovary 2-several-
celled (often 4-celled) ; style terminal, simple; stigma simple or lobed; ovules 00 ,
anatropous. Capsule included in the calyx-tube, irregularly or loculicidally de-
hiscent. Seeds mainly small, with no endosperm.
About 150 genera and 2500 species, widely distributed in tropical regions, most abundant in
South America; represented in North America, only by the following genus.
1. RHEXIA L. Sp. PI. 345. 1753.
Perennial herbs, often somewhat woody at the base, sometimes tuber-bearing, with
mostly sessile opposite 3-5-nerved leaves, and terminal show}' cymose or rarely solitary
flowers. Calyx-tube urn-shaped or campanulate, constricted at the neck, its limb 4-lobed,
the lobes triangular or subulate, shorter than the tube. Petals 4, obovate, oblique, rounded
retusc, or aristate at the apex. Stamens 8, equal; anthers linear or oblong, incurved or in-
verted in the bud. Ovary free from the calyx, glabrous, 4-celled; style slender; stigma
truncate. Capsule 4-celled, 4-valved. Placentae 4, central. Seeds numerous, coiled or
bent, rough. [Greek, breaking, applied originally to a different plant.]
Ten known species, natives of eastern North America.
Stem cylindric, very pubescent. i. R. Mariana.
Stem square or angled, pubescent or glabrous.
Stem more or less pubescent; leaves ovate. 2. R. Virginica.
Stem glabrous.
Leaves oblong or lance-oblong; calyx with a few hairs above. 3. R. aj istosa.
Leaves ovate, bristly-ciliate; calyx glabrous. 4. R. cihosa.
I. Rhexia Mariana L. Maryland Mea-
dow-Beauty. (Fig. 2551.)
Rhexia Mariana I,. vSp. PI. 346. 1753.
Stem rather slender, cylindric, simple, or branched
above, very hirsute-pubescent, i°-2° high. Leaves
spreading, short-petioled, oblong, or linear-oblong,
mostly acute at the apex, narrowed at the base,
long, 2''-5" wide, pubescent with scattered
bristly hairs on both surfaces, 3-nerved, the margins
ciliate-serrulate; flowers loosely cymose, pedicelled,
pale purple, about i' broad; pedicels and calyx-
tube glandular-pubescent; petals rounded; anthers
linear, curved, minutely spurred on the back.
In swamps, pine-barrens of New Jersey to Florida,
west to Kentucky, Missouri and Texas. June-Sept.
2. Rhexia Virginica L. Meadow-Beauty.
Deer-Grass. (Fig. 2552.)
Rhexia Virginica L. Sp. PI. 346. 1753.
Stem rather stout, simple or branched above,
square, the angles often slightly winged, more or
less pubescent, high. Leaves ascending,
sessile, ovate or ovate-oval, acute or acutish at the
apex, rounded or rarely narrowed at the base, i'-2'
long, 6"-i2" wide, usually with a few scattered
hairs on both surfaces, mostly 5-nerved, the mar--
gins ciliate-serrulate; flowers bright purple, cymose,
short-pedicelled, I'-i^'' broad; calyx-tube and
pedicels glandular-pubescent; petals rounded or
slightly retuse; anthers linear, curved, minutely
spurred on the back.
In sandj' swamps, Maine to Florida, west to northern
New York, Illinois, Missouri and Louisiana. Ascends
to 2000 ft. in Pennsylvania. Julj'-Sept.
Vol. II.]
MEADOW-BEAUTY FAMILY.
475
3, Rhexia aristosa Britton. Awn-petaled Meadow-Beauty. (Fig. 2553.)
Rhexia aristosa Britton, Bull. Terr. Club, 17: 14.
pi. gg. 1890.
Stem square, slender, glabrous, branched
or simple i}4°-2° high. Leaves sessile,
erect, oblong or linear-oblong, obtusish at
each end, long, iJ!4'^-3'^ wide, 3-
nerved, serrate toward the apex with ap-
pressed subulate teeth, glabrous or very
nearly so beneath, but with a few scattered
hairs above; flowers 1-4 together, short-
pedicelled, magenta-red, i^-iyi' broad; sum-
mit of the calyx-tube and its linear lobes with
scattered subulate hairs; petals rounded,
but obtusely pointed and aristate at the apex;
anthers linear, minutely spurred on the back.
In sandy swamps, pine-barrens of New Jer-
sej', Delaware and South Carolina. Base of the
stem with a coating of spongy tissue when
growing in water. July-Aug.
4. Rhexia ciliosa Michx. Ciliate Meadow-
Beauty. (Fig. 2554.)
Rhexia petiolaia Walt. Fl. Car. 130. 1788. (?)
Rhexia ciliosa Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 221. 1803.
Stem square, glabrous, simple or nearly so, i°-2° high.
Leaves ascending, ovate, very short-petioled, or sessile,
acutish at the apex, mostly rounded at the base, (>"-\o"
long, wide, 3-nerved, glabrous or nearly so be-
neath, pubescent with a few scattered hairs above, the
margins bristly-ciliate; cyme few-flowered; flowers very
short-pedicelled, violet-purple, I'-iy^' broad; calyx gla-
brous, or with a few hairs on its lobes; petals rounded,
sometimes apiculate; anthers oblong, straight, not
spurred on the back.
In swamps, Maryland to Florida, west to Louisiana. June-
Aug.
Family 87. ONAGRACEAE Dumort. Anal. Fam. 36. 1829.*
Evening-primrose Family.
Annual or perennial herbs, rarely shrubs, with alternate or opposite leaves,
no stipules or mere glands in their places, and axillary spicate or racemose gen-
erally perfect regular or sometimes irregular flowers. Calyx-tube adnate to
the ovary, often prolonged beyond it, the limb 2-6-lobed (usuallj^ 4-lobed).
Petals 2-9 (usually 4), convolute in the bud, rarely none. Stamens usually as
many or twice as many as the petals, inserted with them on the summit of the
calyx-tube, or on the epigynous or perigynous disk. Ovary i-6-celled (usually
4-celled); styles united; stigma capitate, discoid or 4-lobed; ovules 00 in each
cavity, generally anatropous. Fruit a capsule or small nut. Seeds mostly
small; endosperm very little or none; embryo straight.
Forty genera and about 350 species of wide geographic distribution, most abundant in America.
Floral whorls of 4 parts or more.
Fruit a many-seeded capsule, opening by valves or by a pore.
Calyx-tube not prolonged beyond the ovary.
Seeds naked.
Stamens 4, in i row.
Leaves opposite; stems creeping or floating.
Flowers sessile; petals none, or very small; leaves petioled; capsules ses-
sile, short, the top flat. i. Isnardia.
Flowers long-stalked; petals conspicuous; leaves sessile; capsules elon.-
gated, curved, with a prominent 4-lobed stylopodium. 2. Ludwigiantha.
Leaves alternate ; stems erect or ascending. 3. Ludwigia.
Stamens 8-12. in 2 rows. 4. Jussiaea.
Seeds furnished with a tuft of silky hairs. 5. Chamaenerion.
* Text revised by Dr. John K. Small.
476
ONAGRACEAE.
[Vol. II.
Calyx-tube prolonged beyond the ovary.
Seeds furnished with a tuft of silky hairs. 6. Epilobium.
Seeds naked or sometimes tuberculate.
Stamens equal in length.
Stigma deeply 4-cleft, its segments linear.
Ovules and seeds horizontal, inserted in 2 or rarely more rows, prismatic-
angled. 7. Onagra.
Ovules and seeds ascending, not angled.
Buds erect; petals yellow; ovules and seeds in 2 rows. 8. OEnothera.
Buds drooping; petals white or pink; ovules and seeds in i row.
9. Anogra.
Stigmas entire or slightly 4-toothed.
Calyx-tube longer than the ovary; stigma disk-like, entire. 16. Galpinsia.
Calyx-tube shorter than the ovary; stigma disk-like, slightly 4-toothed.
17. Meriolix.
Stamens unequal in length, the alternate longer.
Ovules and seeds many, clustered, on slender funiculi; capsules club-shaped.
Flowers yellow. 10. Kneiffia.
Flowers white, pink or reddish. 11. Harltnannia.
Ovules or seeds few, sessile, in i or 2 rows.
Plants normally acaulescent.
Capsules obtusely or retusely 4-angled ; seeds furrowed along the raphe.
12. Pachylophus.
Capsules sharply 4-angled or winged; seeds with a tubercle at one end.
13. Lavauxia.
Plants caulescent.
Stems wiry, diffuse; capsules sharply 4-angled. 14. Gaurella.
Stems stout, not diffuse; capsules 4- winged. 15. Megapterium.
Fruit indehiscent, nut-like.
Calyx-tube obconic; filaments with scales at the base; ovary 4-celled. 18. Gaura.
Calyx-tube filiform; filaments unappendaged; ovary i-celled. 19. Stenosiphon.
Floral whorls of 2 parts. 20. Circaea.
I. ISNARDIA L. Sp. PI. 120. 1753.
Annual or perennial succulent herbs. Stems prostrate or decumbent, creeping or float-
ing; leaves opposite, fleshy, narrowed into petioles which are slightly shorter than the
blades. Flowers perfect, axillary, sessile, commonly apetalous. Calyx turbinate, its seg-
ments 4, shorter than the tube or slightly longer, persistent. Petals none, or 4, incon-
spicuous. Stamens 4; filaments very short; anthers ovoid or oblong. Ovary 4-celled, very
short; styles often almost wanting; stigma 4-lobed; ovules numerous, in several rows. Cap-
sule 4-angled, obovoid or turbinate, straight, flat at the apex, septicidal. Seeds numerous,
often tranversely wrinkled. [In honor of Antoine Dante Isnard, a French botanist, and
a member of the Academy of Sciences, died 1724.]
About 4 species in North America and Mexico.
I. Isnardia palustris L. Marsh
Purslane. (Fig. 2555.)
Isnardia palusiris L. Sp. PI. 120. 1753.
Liidivigia palustris Ell. Bot. S. C. i: 211.
1817.
Procumbent or floating, glabrous, root-
ing at the nodes, succulent. Stems
branching, 4^-15' long; leaves opposite,
oval, ovate or spatulate, acute or obtuse
at the apex, 6^^-12'^ long, narrowed into
a slender petiole; flowers axillary, soli-
tary, sessile, about broad; bractlets at
base of the calyx usually none; calyx
lobes triangular, acute; petals small, red-
dish or often wanting; capsule 4-sided,
slightly longer than wide, about 114."
high, slightly exceeding the calyx lobes.
In muddy ditches and swamps, Nova Scotia
to Manitoba and Oregon, Florida, Louisiana,
California and Mexico. Widely distributed
in the Old World. Also called False Loose-
strife, Water Purslane. June-Nov.
2. LUDWIGIANTHA Small, Bull. Torr. Club, 24: 178. 1897.
Annual or perennial fleshy herbs. Stems prostrate, creeping, usually little branched;
leaves opposite, sessile, leathery, numerous. Flowers perfect, yellow, on slender bracted
peduncles which are 2-3 times longer than the leaves. Calyx narrowly obconic, its 4 seg-
ments narrow, longer than the tube. Petals conspicuous, surpassing the calyx-segments.
Stamens 4; filaments elongated, very slender; anthers ovoid. Ovary 4-celled; united styles
filiform, elongated; stigma 4-lobed; ovules numerous. Capsules club-shaped, curved
Vol. II.]
EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY.
477
at the base at a right angle to the peduncle, about as long as the persistent calyx-segments,
crowned by a prominent 4-lobed stylopodium. [Derivation as in the following genus.]
A luonotypic genus of the southeastern United States.
I. Ludwigiantha arcuata (Walt.) Small.
Curved-podded Ludvvigiantha. (Fig. 2556.)
Ludivigia arcuata Walt. Fl. Car. 8g. 1788.
Ludwigiantlia arcuata Small, Bull. Terr. Club, 24:
178. 1897.
Creeping or floating, rooting at the nodes, gla-
brous or nearly so, little branched, 3^-12^ long.
Leaves opposite, oblanceolate, sessile, leathery,
smooth, obtusish at the apex, narrowed at the
base, S"-12" long; flowers axillary, solitary, bright
yellow, i^"-6" broad on filiform, 2-bracted pedun-
cles much longer than the leaves ; calyx-lobes
linear-lanceolate, acuminate, shorter than the
obovate petals; capsule club-shaped, somewhat
curved, glabrous, about ^"-s" long, equalling or
slightly longer than the calyx-lobes.
In swamps, Virginia to Florida. May-July.
3. LUDWIGIA L. Sp. PI. 118. 1753.
Perennial or annual herbs, with alternate usually entire leaves, and axillary or terminal,
yellow or greenish flowers. Stems erect or ascending, sometimes angled, or winged. Calyx-
tube cylindric, obpyramidal or top-shaped, not prolonged beyond the ovary, 3-5-lobed
(usually 4-lobed), the lobes generally persistent. Petals usually 4 sometimes none, inserted
under the margin of the disk. Stamens usually 4, inserted with the petals; filaments short.
Ovary 4-5-celled; stigma capitate or 4-lobed. Capsule terete, ribbed or winged, crowned
with the calyx-lobes, many-seeded, septicidally or irregularly dehiscent, or opening by an
apical pore. [Named in honor of C. G. Ludwig, i709-r773, Professor of Botany at Leipsic]
About 25 species, natives of warm and temperate regions, most abundant in North America.
Besides the following about 10 others occur in the southern and southwestern States.
Flowers inconspicuous; petals none, or small, yellowish or greenish; valves of the capsule separat-
ing from the terminal disk.
Capsules subglobose or top-shaped.
Bractlets at the base of the calyx minute, or none; capsule subglobose, finely pubescent.
I. L. sphaerocarpa.
Bractlets at the base of the calyx linear, about equalling the capsule ; capsule top-shaped,
glabrous. _ 2. L. polycarpa.
Capsules cyhndric or obpyramidal.
Capsules cylindric. 3. glandulosa.
Capsules obpyramidal.
Capsules as long as broad, or broader, the angles winged. 4. L. alata.
Capsules several times longer than broad, the angles obtuse. 5. L. linearis.
Flowers showy, peduncled; petals large, bright yellow; capsules opening by an apical pore.
Plants hirsute; capsules bristly pubescent. 6. L. hirlella.
Plants glabrous; capsules glabrous. y' allernifolia.
I. Ludwigia sphaerocarpa Ell. Globe-
fruited lyudwigia. (Fig. 2557.)
Ludwigia rudis Walt. Fl. Car. 89. 1788. ?
Ludwigia sphaerocarpa EU. Bot. S. C. i: 213. 1817.
Erect, branching, generally finely pubescent,
stoloniferous, 2°-3° high, the lower part of the
stem clothed with aerenchyma when growing in
water. Leaves alternate, sessile, those of the stem
and branches lanceolate, acute at both ends, 2^-4''
long, scabrous and minutely denticulate, those
of the stolons obovate; flowers solitary, sessile,
greenish, about i broad; bractlets at base of
calyx minute or none; calyx-lobes triangular-
ovate, acute; petals commonly none; capsule
subglobose, about 2" high, scarcely longer than
the calyx lobes, finely pubescent.
In swamps, eastern Massachusetts and southern
New York to Florida, west to Louisiana. July-Sept.
478
ONAGRACEAE.
[Vol,. II,
2. Ludwigia polycarpa Short & Peter. Many-fruited Ludwigia. (Fig. 2558.)
Lndcvigia polycarpa vShort. & Peter, Translv.
Journ. Med. 8: 581. 1835.
Erect, glabrous, branching, i°-3° high, pro-
ducing stolons from the base. Leaves alternate,
sessile, narrowly lanceolate, acute at each end,
2'-4' long, rough-margined, those of the stolons
broader and spatulate; bractlets at base of the
calyx linear, lyi"-^'' long, usually persistent;
flowers sessile, about 1%" broad, greenish;
calyx-lobes triangular-lanceolate, acute, some-
times finely serrulate; petals minute, greenish;
capsule glabrous, somewhat top-shaped but
slightly 4-sided, about 2%" high, often twice
the length of the calyx-lobes, glabrous, at
length dehiscent.
In swamps, Ontario to Massachusetts and Min-
nesota, south to Kentucky and Nebraska. July-
Oct.
3. Ludwigia glandulosa Walt. Cylindric-fruited Ludwigia. (Fig. 2559.)
Ludzvigia glandulosa Walt. Fl. Car. 88. 1788.
ftissiaea brachycarpa Lam. Encycl. 3: 331.
1789.
Ludwigia cyltndrica Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. i:
213. 1817.
Erect, glabrous, much branched, i°-3°
high. Leaves alternate, sessile or narrowed
into a short petiole, oblong-lanceolate, acute
at each end, 2'-a/ long; flowers axillary,
solitary, or rarely 2 together, greenish, about
i" broad; bractlets at base of calyx minute
or none; calyx-lobes triangular-ovate, acute;
petals none; capsule cylindric, 4-grooved,
long, glabrous, 4-5 times as long as
the calyx-lobes, at length dehiscent.
In swamps, southern Illinois and Missouri to
Texas, east to Florida and South Carolina.
July-Sept.
4. Ludwigia alata Ell. Wing-stemmed
Ludwigia. (Fig. 2560.)
Ludwigia alata Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. i: 212. 1817.
Perennial, slender, glabrous. Stems erect, i°-3°
tall, simple or branched, winged, often stolonifer-
ous; leaves linear-oblanceolate to linear-lanceolate,
or sometimes nearly linear, long, acute or
acutish, sessile or short-petioled, those of the sto-
lons suborbicular or spatulate; flowers inconspicu-
ous, about 1" broad, white or greenish; spikes 2'-
12' long; calyx glabrous, its tube turbinate, its seg-
ments triangular- ovate, acute or acuminate; petals
none; capsules broadly obpyramidal, \ yz"-i" high,
sessile, the angles winged; seeds oval in outline,
about li" long, faintly pitted.
In marshes, North Carolina to Missouri, south to
Florida and Louisiana. June-Sept.
Vol.. II.]
EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY.
479
5, Ludwigia linearis Walt. Linear-leaved" L,udwigia. (Fig. 2561.)
Ludwigia linearis Walt. Fl. Car. 89. 1788.
Erect, branching, glabrous, i°-2)4°
high, often stoloniferous at the base and
the lower part of the stem clothed with
aerenchyma. Leaves alternate, those of
the stem and branches narrowly linear,
sessile, acute at each end, 1^-2' long,
about i'^ wide, the margins roughish,
those of the stolons obovate; flowers
axillary, solitary, sessile, about 2'^ broad;
bractlets at the base of the calyx minute
or none; calyx-lobes triangular-ovate,
acute, slightly shorter than the yellowish
petals; capsule narrowly obpyramidal, 4-
sided, narrowed at the base, 3'^-4'^ long,
glabrous, 3-5 times as long as the calyx-
lobes, several times longer than broad,
at length dehiscent.
In swamps, pine-barrens of New York to Florida, west to Louisiana.
July-Sept.
6. Ludwigia hirtella Raf. Hairy Ludwigia.
(Fig. 2562.)
Ltidwigia hirtella Raf. Med. Rep. (II.) 5: 358. 1808.
Erect, branching, hirsute-pubescent, i°-2'' high.
Leaves alternate, oblong-lanceolate or ovate-lanceo-
late, sessile, obtuse at the apex, rounded at the base,
x'-iyi,' long; pedicels 2-bracteolate; flowers axillary,
solitary, peduncled, 6''- 10" broad; calyx-lobes ovate-
lanceolate, acute, somewhat shorter than the yellow
petals; capsules cubic with a rounded base, hirsute,
about lYz" high, shorter than the calyx-lobes, open-
ing by an apical pore.
In swamps, pine-barrens of New Jersey to Florida, west
to Texas. June-Sept.
7. Ludwigia alternifolia L. Seed-
box. Rattle-box. (Fig. 2563.)
Ludwigia alternifolia L. Sp. PI. ii8. 1753.
Erect, branching, glabrous or finely pubes-
cent, 2°-3^° high. Leaves alternate, short-
petioled, lanceolate, acute or acuminate at the
apex, narrowed at the base, 2^-4}^^ long; flow-
ers axillary, short peduncled, solitary,
broad; peduncles 2-bracted above the middle;
calyx-lobes ovate, acuminate, about equalling
the yellow petals which fall away when the
plant is shocked; capsules glabrous, cubic
with a rounded base, slightly wing-angled,
about ^Yz" high, opening by a pore at the base
of the style and finally loculicidally dehiscent.
In swamps, Massachusetts to northern New York, Ontario (?) and Michigan, south
Kansas and Texas. Roots often tuberous. June-Sept.
Ludwigia alternifolia linearifolia Britton, Bull. Torr. Club, 17:315. 1890.
Leaves linear, elongated; calyx-lobes linear-lanceolate; petals more persistent. West
to Florida,
Virginia.
48o
ONAGRACEAE.
[Voi,. II.
4. JUSSIAEA L. Sp. PI. 388. 1753.
Perennial herbs, with alternate, usually entire leaves, and white or yellow, axillary, soli-
tary flowers. Peduncles mostly 2-bracted at the summit. Calyx-tube elongated, cylindric
or prismatic, adnate to the ovary but not prolonged beyond it, the limb 4-6-lobed, the lobes
acute, persistent. Petals 4-6 (rarely more), inserted under the margin of the disk. Stamens
8-12, in 2 rows, inserted with the petals; filaments short. Ovary 4-6-celled; stigma 4-6-
lobed; ovules CO. Capsule linear, oblong or club-shaped, angular or ribbed, septicidally de-
hiscent, crowned with the calyx lobes. Seeds numerous. [In honor of Bernard de Jussieu,
1699-1777, founder of the Natural System of Botany.]
About 35 species, natives of warm and temperate regions, most abundant in America. Besides
the following about 7 others occur in the southern States.
Creeping or floating; petals 5; pod cylindric. I. /. diffusa.
Erect; petals 4; pod club-shaped, 4-sided. 2. /. dectirrens.
I. Jussiaea diffusa Forskl. Floating or Creeping Jussiaea or Primrose-
Willow. (Fig. 2564.)
J. diffusa Forskl. Fl. AEgypt. Arab. 210. 1775.
Jussiaea repens S<v. Obs. 172. 1791. Not I,.
Stem creeping or floating, freely rooting from
the nodes, glabrous, i°-3° long. Leaves oval,
oval-lanceolate or obovate, slender-petioled,
glabrous, veiny, obtuse or acute at the apex,
narrowed at the base, entire, 1^-4' long; pedun-
cles slender; flowers yellow, 5''-i2'' broad;
calyx-lobes 5, lanceolate, acute, shorter than
ihe 5 obovate usually emarginate petals; sta-
mens 10; capsule cylindric, tapering at the
base, ridged, glabrous, long, iyi"-2''
thick; seeds in i row in each cell.
In ponds, Kentucky and Illinois to Kansas,
Florida and Texas. Also in tropical America and
Asia. June-Aug.
2. Jussiaea decurrens (Walt.) DC.
Upright Primrose- Willow. (Fig. 2565.)
Ludivigia decurrens Walt. Fl. Car. 89. 1788.
Jussiaea decurrens DC. Prodr. 3: 56. 1828.
Erect, stem angled, branching, glabrous,
i°-2° high. Leaves lanceolate, acute or
acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the base
and decurrent on the stem, entire, i'-4' long,
flowers very short-peduncled, yellow, 4"-6''
broad; calyx lobes 4, ovate-lanceolate, acute,
about equalling the 4 obovate petals; stamens
8; capsule club-shaped, 2-3 times as long as
the peduncle, 4-sided, the angles somewhat
winged; seeds in several rows in each cell.
In swamps, Maryland to Georgia and Florida,
west to Illinois, Arkansas and Texas. July-Sept.
5. CHAMAENERION Adans. Fam. PI. 2: 85. 1763.
Showy perennial herbs, with tufted stems which are often woody at the base. Leaves
alternate, leathery, entire; flowers perfect, irregular, showy, white or purple, in terminal
racemes; calyx-tube not prolonged beyond the ovary, narrow, the 4 calyx-segments decidu-
ous; petals 4, entire, broadest above the middle, spreading; stamens 8, declined; filaments
dilated at the base; anthers oblong; ovary 4-celled; united styles filiform; stigmas 4-cleft;
ovules numerous, in 2 rows, ascending. Capsule 4-celled, obtusely 4-angled, elongated,
opening loculicidally. Seeds numerous, with a tuft of hairs (coma) at the end. [Greek,
ground rose bay.]
About 4 species, chiefly in the north temperate zone.
Bracts small; lateral nerves of the leaves confluent in marginal loops; style pubescent at the base.
I. C. angusli/oliuni.
Bracts leaf -like; lateral nerves of the leaves obsolete; style glabrous. 2. C. lalifolium.
Vol. II.]
EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY.
481
herb.
1. Chamaenerion angustifolium (L.) Scop. Great or Spiked Willow-
Fire- weed. (Fig. 2566.)
Epilobium anguslifolium L. Sp. PI. 347. 1753.
C. angustifolium Scop. Fl.Carn. Ed. 2, 1:271. 1772.
EpilobiuDi spicatum L,am. Fl. Fr. 3: 482. 1778.
Erect, rather stout, simple or branched, gla-
brous or often finely pubescent above, 2°-8°
high. Leaves alternate, very short-petioled,
lanceolate, entire or denticulate, 2'-6' long,
&,"-i2" wide, pale beneath, acute at the apex,
narrowed at the base, thin, the lateral veins
conSuent in marginal loops; flowers %"-\'~,"
broad, purple, or sometimes white, in elon-
gated terminal spike-like racemes; bracts
mostly shorter than the pedicels; petals entire;
style pubescent at the base ; stigma 4-lobed ; cap-
sules 7.' -2,' long, about lYz" thick, finely canes-
cent, at least when young; seeds about jS^'''' long,
smooth, or nearly so, the coma long, whiti.sh.
In dry soil, Labrador to Alaska, south to North
Carolina, Kansas, in the Rocky Mountains to Ari-
zona, and on the Pacific Coast to California. Also
in Europe and Asia. Often appears in abundance
after forest fires. June-Sept.
2. Chamaenerion latifolium (I,.)
Sweet. Broad-leaved Willow-
herb. (Fig. 2567.)
Epilobium latifolium L. Sp. PI. 347. i753;
Cliamaenerion latifolium Sweet, Hort. Brit. Ed.
2, 198. 1830.
Erect, usually branching, glabrate below,
often quite canescent above, 6'-i8' high.
Leaves mostly sessile, i'-t.' long, 2"-(>" wide,
denticulate or entire, lanceolate or ovate-lan-
ceolate, acutish at both ends, thick, those of the
branches opposite, the veins inconspicuous;
flowers purple, broad, in mainly short
leafy-bracted racemes; petals entire; styles gla-
brous; stigma 4-lobed; capsules Yi'-iYz' \on%,
about lYz" thick, canescent; seeds about \"
long, smooth or nearly so; coma elongated,
whitish.
Moist ground, Newfoundland to Alaska, soutli
to Quebec, Colorado and Oregon. Also in Europe
and Asia. June-Aug.
6. EPILOBIUM L. Sp. PI. 347. 1753.
Herbs, or sometimes shrubby plants, with alternate or opposite leaves, and axillary
or ^terminal, solitary, spicate or racemose flowers. Calyx-tube linear, produced beyond
the ovary, the limb 4-parted, deciduous. Petals 4, mostly obovate or obcordate. Stamens
8; anthers oblong or linear, short. Ovary 4-celled; united styles slender or filiform; stigma
club-shaped or 4-lobed; ovules numerous. Capsule narrow, elongated, 4-sided, 4-celled,
loculicidally dehiscent by 4 valves. Seeds small, numerous, with a tuft of hairs (coma) at
the summit. [Greek, upon a pod, flower and pod appearing together.]
About 65 species, of wide geographic distribution, most abundant in temperate regions. Besides
the following, about 30 others occur in the western and northwestern parts of North America.
Stigma deeply 4-lobed; flowers large. i. E. hirsutum.
Stigma entire, or merely notched.
Seeds smooth or nearly so; arctic or alpine species.
Flowers white; leaves usually denticulate. 2.
Flowers violet; leaves mostly entire. 3.
Seeds papillose.
Leaves linear or lanceolate, entire or nearly so.
Plants crisp-pubescent or canescent.
Leaves sessile, mostly obtuse. 4.
Leaves petioled, very narrow, acute. 5.
31
E. alpinum.
E. anagallidifolium.
E. palustre.
E. linear e.
482
ONAGRACEAE.
[Vot. II.
Plants glandular-pubescent throughout, or only above.
Densely glandular throughout; leaves sessile.
Glandular-pubescent above; leaves petioled.
Leaves lanceolate or ovate, serrate.
Leaves lanceolate, acute or acuminate.
Seeds obconic, beakless; coma reddish.
Seeds ellipsoid, short-beaked; coma white.
Leaves ovate, thin, obtuse.
6. E. slriclum.
7. E. paniciilatum.
8. E coloratum.
9. E. adenocaulon.
10. E. Hornemanni.
I. Epilobium hirsutum L. Great Hairy
Willow-herb. (Fig. 2568.)
Epilobium hirsutum L. Sp. PI. 347. 1753.
Stout, branched, 2°-4° high, softly hirsute-pubes-
cent, spreading by subterranean shoots. Leaves
lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, usually opposite,
sessile and often clasping at the base, acute at the
apex, sharply serrulate, i'-'^' long, i\"-6" wide,
thin, pubescent on both sides; flowers axillary,
erect, rose-purple, about 1' broad; petals notched,
pubescent at the base within; stigma deeply 4-lobed;
capsules stalked, 2'-3' long, about 1" thick, pubes-
cent; seeds about yi" long, smooth; coma whitish.
In waste places, eastern New England, central New
York, Ontario, and in ballast about the sea-ports. Ad-
ventive from Europe. English names, Codlins-and-
cream, Fiddle-grass. June-Sept.
2. Epilobium alpinum L. Alpine Willow-
herb. (Fig. 2569.)
Epilobitim alpinum L. Sp. PI. 348. 1753.
E. lactiflorum Haussk. OEst. Bot. Zeit. 29: 8g. 1879.
Slender, weak, glabrous or nearly so, 3^-12' high.
Leaves thin, pale, petioled, opposite, or the upper al-
ternate, denticulate or entire, obtuse or obtusish at
the apex, narrowed at the base, (^''-lo" long,
wide; flowers few, axillary, nearly erect, white, 2"-
2," broad, petals notched; stigma nearly entire; cap-
sules slender-stalked, 1^-2', long, about %" thick,
glabrous; seeds smooth, narrowed into a beak; coma
whitish.
Labrador to British Columbia, south to the White
Mountains of New Hampshire, Utah and Oregon. Also
in Europe. Summer.
3. Epilobium anagallidifolium L,am. Pim-
pernel Willow-herb. (Fig. 2570.)
Epilobium anagallidifolium Lam. Encycl. 2: 376. 1786.
Low, usually tufted, high, resembling the pre-
ceding species but generally smaller. Stems commonly
pubescent in lines and nodding at the apex; leaves
oblong or narrowly ovate, entire or nearly so, obtuse
at the apex, narrowed at the base into a short petiole,
^"-\o" long, \y2"-2y2" wide; flowers few, axillary,
clustered at the apex, violet-purple, nodding, about
lYz" broad; stigma entire; capsules slender-peduncled,
glabrous, about \' long, yi." wide; seeds smooth,
short-beaked, about Yz" long; coma dingy-white.
Labrador and through arctic America to Alaska, south
in the Rocky Mountains to Nevada. Also in Europe and
Asia. Summer.
Vol. II.] EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY.
4. Epilobium palustre L. Marsh or
Swamp Willow-herb. (Fig. 2571.)
Epilobitim palustre L,. Sp. PI. 348. 1753.
Epilobium oliganihuvi Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 223. 1803.
Erect, slender, usually simple, 6'-i8' higb, peren-
nial by subterranean shoots, canescent above with in-
curved hairs. Leaves mostly opposite, sessile, oblong,
or lanceolate-oblong, obtuse or subtruncate at the
apex, long, I'^-^Yz" wide, erect or ascending,
distinctly veined; flowers few in the upper axils, pink
or whitish, usually nodding at first, 1"-^" broad;
stigma entire or nearly so; fruiting peduncles slender;
capsules long, slightly more than Yz" thick,
canescent; seeds about Yz" long, a little papillose,
translucent, the apex scarcely narrowed; coma pale.
In bogs, New Brunswick to Alaska, south to the White
Mountains, Ontario, Colorado and Washington. Also in
Europe and Asia. Summer.
5. Epilobium line are Muhl. Linear-leaved Willow-herb
2572.
Epilobium lineare Muhl. Cat. 39. 1813.
Epilobium palustre var. lineare A. Gray, Man. Ed.
2, 130. 1856.
Slender, erect, canescent throughout with in-
curved hairs, i°-2° high, at length much branched,
perennial by subterranean shoots. Leaves linear
or linear-lanceolate, mostly short-petioled, oppo-
site or alternate, erect or ascending, acute at both
ends, entire or very nearly so, long, Y^-"-"^"
wide, the veins obscure; flowers few or numerous
in the upper axils, erect, pink or whitish, 7."-
\" broad; stigma entire or slightly notched; pedi-
cels mostly slender; capsules about 2' long, finely
canescent; seeds less than \" long, slightly papil-
lose, the coma dingy.
In swamps, New Brunswick to Delaware, west to
British Columbia, the Indian Territory and Wyoming.
July-Sept. Sometimes produces bulblets near the
base of the stem.
6. Epilobium striatum Muhl.
Downy or Soft Willow-herb.
(Fig. 2573.)
Epilobium strictum Muhl. Cat. 39. 1813.
Epilobium molle Torr. Fl. U. S. i: 393. 1824.
Not Lam. 1805.
Erect, usually much branched, i°-3° high,
densely pubescent with whitish somewhat
spreading hairs, perennial by subterranean
shoots. Leaves sessile, ascending, broader
than those of the preceding species, short-
lanceolate, obtuse or obtusish, 9^-20'' long,
■2"-i^" wide, alternate or opposite, mostly en-
tire, evidently veined; flowers in the upper
axils, pink or whitish, about 1" broad; stigma
entire or nearly so; capsules i"-^," long,
nearly \" thick, short-peduncled, canescent;
seeds obconic, papillose; coma dingy.
Bogs, Maine to western Ontario and Minnesota,
south to Virginia and Illinois. July-Sept.
ONAGRACEAE.
[Vol. II.
7. Epilobium paniculatum Nutt. Pan-
icled Willow-herb. (Fig. 2574.)
Epilobium paniadaliun Nutt.; T. & G. Fl. N. A. i:
490. 1840.
Annual, slender, i°-2° tall, loosely branched,
glabrous below, glandular-pubescent above. Leaves
alternate, varying from linear to linear-lanceolate,
long, acute, denticulate or nearly entire, at-
tenuate into slender winged petioles, often invo-
lutely folded; pedicels subtended by narrow bracts
or bearing these some distance from their bases;
calyx often purple, its tube funnelform, \"-iyz"
long, shorter than the lanceolate segments; petals
cuneate, notched, 3"-4" long, violet; capsules as-
cending, linear-fusiform, \o"-\^" long, curved;
seeds obovoid, \" long, black, slightly papillose.
Lake Huron to British Columbia, Colorado, Arizona
and California. Summer.
8. Epilobium coloratura Mulil. Purple-leaved Willow-herb.
Epilobium coloralum Muhl. ; Willd. Enum. i:
411. 1809.
Erect, much branched, bushy, i°-3° high,
more or less canescent above, with incurved
hairs often arranged in lines, glabrate below.
Stem and leaves often purplish; leaves gener-
ally slender-petioled but sometimes sessile,
lanceolate, acute or acuminate at the apex,
narrowed at the base, sharply serrulate or den-
ticulate, 2' -6' long, 2>"-^" wide; flowers nu-
merous in the axils, pink or white, 7." -2/' broad,
generally nodding; stigma entire or merely
notched; capsules short-peduncled, finely pu-
bescent, \'-'2.' long, about 1" thick; seeds
obconic-fusiform, beakless, papillose, less than
\" long; coma reddish-brown.
In low grounds, Maine to Ontario, Wisconsin,
Nebraska, South Carolina, and Missouri. As-
cends to 2000 ft. in Virginia. July-Sept.
(Fig. 2575.)
9. Epilobium adenocaulon Haussk.
Northern Willow-herb. (Fig. 2576.)
Epilobium glaiidulosum Lehm. in Hook. Fl.
Bor. Am. i: 206. 1833?
Epilobium adenocaulon Haussk. OEst. Bot. Zeit.
29: 119. 1879.
Closely resembling the preceding species,
but the inflorescence and capsules glandular-
pubescent. Leaves lanceolate or ovate-lan-
ceolate, obtusish or sometimes acute, sparingly
serrulate or denticulate, seldom over 2yi' long;
flowers usually nodding at first; seeds ob-
ovoid, abruptly short -beaked, about Yz" long,
papillose; coma white.
In moist grounds, New Brunswick to Oregon,
south to Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, Iowa,
Utah and California. Ascends to 4000 ft. in the
Adirondacks. July-Sept.
Vol. II.]
EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY. 485
Hornemann's Willow-herb.
10. Epilobium Hornemanni Reichenb.
(Fig. 2577.)
Epilobium Hornemanni Reichenb. Icon. Crit. 2: 73.
1824.
Epilobium alpinum var. majns A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5,
177. 1867.
Erect, high, simple or nearly so, slightly
pubescent above, otherwise glabrous. Leaves short-
petioled, ovate or elliptic, mostly broadly obtuse at
the apex, narrowed or rounded at the base, entire
or rather remotely denticulate, thin, 6^^-15'' long,
4^^-10'^ wide; flowers few in the upper axils, purple
or violet, 3^'-3/^^^ broad; stigma entire; capsules
I'-^Yz' long, nearly glabrous, slender-pedicelled;
seeds about yi." long, papillose, nearly beakless;
coma dingy-white.
Moist places, White Mountains to Labrador, west to
Wisconsin and British Columbia, south in the Rocky-
Mountains to Colorado and to California. Also in
Europe. Summer.
7. ONAGRA Adans. Fam. PI. 2: 85. 1763.
Annual or biennial caulescent herbs, with mostly erect stems. Leaves alternate, undulate
or toothed, sessile or short-petioled; buds erect. Flowers yellow, nocturnal, in terminal
spikes. Calyx-tube elongated, terete, gradually enlarged at the throat; calyx-segments nar-
row, the tips free in the bud. Petals 4, spreading. Stamens 8, equal in length; filaments fili-
form; anthers linear. Ovary 4-celled; united styles filiform; stigma 4-cleft; ovules ntmier-
ous, in 2 or more rows, horizontal. Capsule 4-celled, 4-angled, more or less tapering, opening
loculicidally. Seeds prismatic-angled, in 2 or more rows, horizontal. [Greek, the wild ass,
said to refer to the similarity of its leaves to the ears of that animal.]
About 12 species, chiefly North American.
Flowers small; petals i"-2" broad. i. O. cruciala.
Flowers large; petals K'-z' broad.
Capsules K'-i' long, abruptly narrowed at the apex.
Capsules iJ^j'-iK' long, gradually narrowed from near the base.
2. O. biennis.
3. O. Oakesiana.
I. Onagra cruciata (Nutt. ) Small.
(Fig. 2578.)
OEnothera cruciata Nutt.; Ser. in DC. Prodr. 3:
47, as synonym. 1828.
OEnothera biennis var. cruciata T. & G. Fl. N.
A. l: 492. 1840.
Onagra biennis cruciata Britton, Mem. Torr.
Club, 5: 233. 1894.
Onagra cruciata Small, Bull. Torr. Club, 23: 169.
1896.
Annual, glabrous or sparingly villous. Stem
erect, 2°-4° tall, usually simple, purple; leaves
narrowly oblong or oblanceolate (the upper
ones often lanceolate), lyi'-^' long, acute,
serrate-denticulate, the lower ones slender-pe-
tioled, the uppermost nearly sessile; flowers
small, yellow, nocturnal; spikes 4^-12' long,
leafy-bracted; calyx-tube slender, long,
sparingly villous; calyx-segments linear-
lanceolate, shorter than the tube; petals linear,
long, \"-7." broad, acutish; capsules \'-
long, gradually narrowed from the base,
villous; seeds prismatic-angled, \" long.
Vermont to New York and Massachusetts. As-
cends to 2000 feet in the Adirondacks. Aug.-Oct.
Small-flowered Evening-Primrose.
486
ONAGRACEAE.
[Vol,. II.
2. Onagra biennis (I,. ) Scop.
Common Evening- Primrose. Night
Willow-herb. (Fig. 2579.)
OEnolhera biennis L. Sp. PI. 346. 1753.
OE. muricala L. Syst. Ed. 12, 263. 1767.
Erect, generally stout, annual or bien-
nial, simple and wand-like or branched,
i°-9° high, more or less hirsute-pubes-
cent, rarely glabrate. Leaves lanceolate,
acute or acuminate, narrowed and sessile
at the base or the lowest petioled, repand-
denticulate, I'-S' long; flowers spicate,
terminal, leafy-bracted, bright yellow,
opening in the evening, broad;
calyx-tube slender, much longer than the
ovary, the lobes linear, contiguous at the
base, reflexed ; capsules oblong, narrowed
above, erect, pubescent, long, "lYz"-
2)" thick, nearly terete; seeds angled.
Usually in dry soil, Labrador to Florida,
west to the Rocky Mountains. Naturalized
in the Old World. June-Oct.
Onagra biennis grandifldra (Ait.) Lindl. ; Small,
Bull. Torr. Club, 23: 171. 1896.
OEnolhera grandiflora Ait. Hort. Kew, 2: 2.
1789.
Stouter. Leaves larger, thicker and broader; flowers 2' -4' broad. Range nearly that of the
species, more common southward.
3. Onagra Oakesiana (A.Gra}?^) Britton.
Oakes' Evening- Primrose. (Fig. 2580.)
OEnolhera biennis var. Oakesiana A. Gray, Man.
Ed. 5, 178. 1867.
Onagra Oakesiana Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5:
233- 1894-
Resembling the preceding species, usually
annual, dull green, pubescent with appressed
velvety hairs. Stem tall, mostly simple;
leaves narrow, the basal narrowly oblanceolate,
3'-io' long, the cauline lanceolate or linear-lan-
ceolate, all acute, distantly dentate, sessile or
short-petioled; flowers yellow, nocturnal, I'-i^'
broad; spikes 4'-2o' long; calyx villous, its tube
about i' long, its segments linear-lanceolate,
one-half as long as the tube; petals obovate,
long; capsule linear- pyramidal, grad-
ually narrowed to the summit, long, 4-
sided, curved; seeds prismatic, about i'^ long,
the faces reticulated.
Shores of the St. Lawrence and along the Great
Lakes, south to southern New York and Nebraska.
Summer.
8. OENOTHERA L. Sp. PI. 346. 1753.
Usually low annual biennial or perennial caulescent herbs, with prostrate or erect stems.
Leaves alternate, sinuate or pinnatifid. Flowers perfect, yellow, axillary, or sometimes in
terminal spikes, nocturnal; buds erect. Calyx-tube elongated, sometimes filiform, terete;
calyx-segments 4, finally reflexed, deciduous. Petals 4, spreading. Stamens 8, equal in
length; filaments filiform; anthers linear. Ovary 4-celled, elongated; united styles filiform;
stigma deeply 4-cleft; ovules numerous, in 2 rows, ascending. Capsules usually narrowly
cylindric, sometimes slightly tapering, spreading or ascending, obtusely 4-angled, loculici-
dal. Seeds numerous, in 2 rows, terete, crowned by a tubercle. [Greek, wine-scenting, the
roots being once used for that purpose.]
About 20 species, in North America and western South America.
Vol.. II.]
EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY.
487
1. O. humifnsa.
2. O. laciniata.
3. O. 7'hombipeiala.
Flowers axillary.
Silvery-pubescent with appressed or ascending hairs; seeds striate.
Glabrous or sparingly hirsute-pubescent; seeds pitted.
Flowers in terminal bracted spikes.
I. OEnothera humifusa Nutt. Seaside
Evening-Primrose. (Fig. 2581.)
OEnothera humifusa Nutt. Gen. l: 245. 1818.
O Enolhera sinuata var. humifusa T. & G. Fl. N. A. i: 494.
1840.
Spreading and decumbent or ascending, branched
from the base and usually also above, silvery-pubescent
with white appressed or ascending hairs; stems 8'-i8^
long. Leaves sessile or narrowed into a petiole, acut-
ishor sometimes obtuse at the apex, yz'-2' long, repand-
denticulate, the lower pinnatifid; flowers axillary, yel-
low, nocturnal, (i"-\o" broad ; calyx-lobes linear,
obtusish, shorter than the tube, somewhat spreading;
capsule linear, ()"-\2" long, about lYz" thick, very
pubescent; seeds striate longitudinally.
On sea-beaches, New Jersey to Florida. June-Sept.
2. OEnothera laciniata Hill. Sinuate-
leaved Evening-Primrose. (Fig. 2582.)
OEnothera laciniata Hill. Veg. Syst. 12: 64. 1767.
OEnothera sinuata L,. Mant. 2: 228. 1771.
OEnothera minima Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 262. pi. 15.
1814.
Decumbent or ascending, simple or sometimes
branched, 4'-i8' high, glabrous or sparingly hirsute-
pubescent. Leaves sessile or the lower petioled,
oval-lanceolate or oblanceolate, acute or obtusish at
the apex, sinuate-dentate or often pinnatifid, i'-2'
long; flowers axillary (or on small plants some-
times solitary and terminal), W'-\'i>" broad; calyx-
lobes linear-lanceolate, reflexed, much shorter than
the slender tube; capsule linear, x'-xyi,' long, about
\" thick, more or less pubescent, straight or curved
upward; seeds strongly pitted.
In sandy dry soil, southern New Jersey to Pennsylvania, Illinois and Kansas, south to Florida,
Texas and Mexico, extending into South America. May-June. Naturalized in Vermont.
OEnothera laciniata grandis Britton.
OE. sinuatavax. grandiflora S. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 8: 581. 187,^. Not OE. grandiflora Ait. 1789.
OEnothera sinuata grandis Britton, Mem. Torn Club, 5; 358. 1894.
Similar to the species, but the leaves more
prominently toothed and the flowers 2'-2K' broad.
Missouri and Kansas, south to Texas.
3. OEnothera rhombipetala Nutt.
Rhombic Evening-Primrose. (Fig. 2583. )
OEnothera rhombipetala Nutt.; T. & G. Fl. N. A.
1:493. 1840.
Erect, simple or rarely branched, finely and
densely appressed pubescent, 2°-4° high.
Leaves linear-lanceolate, sessile and rounded at
the base or the lower narrowed into petioles,
acuminate at the apex, remotely denticulate, 1'-
4' long; flowers spicate, terminal, leafy -bracted,
yellow, nocturnal, broad; calyx-lobes lin-
ear, reflexed, canescent, shorter than the very
slender tube; petals rhombic-obovate; capsule
columnar, curved upward, pubescent, 6"-8'''
long, about \" thick; seeds obovoid, tuberculate
at the top.
On prairies, Minnesota to Indiana, Nebraska and
the Indian Territory. June-July.
488 ONAGRACEAE. [Vol. II.
9. ANOGRA Spach, Ann. Sci. Nat. (II.) 4: 164. 1835.
Low annual or perennial caulescent herbs. Stems often clothed with a papery bark.
Leaves alternate, entire or usually pinnatifid. Buds drooping; flowers perfect, white or pink,
usually axillary, diurnal. Calyx-tube elongated, gradually enlarged upward; calyx-segments
narrow, finally reflexed, the tips free or united in the bud. Stamens 8, equal in length;
filaments filiform; anthers linear. Ovary elongated, 4-celled; united styles filiform; stigma
deeply 4-cleft; ovules numerous, in i row, ascending. Capsules elongated, spreading or
ascending, 4-angled, loculicidal. Seeds ascending, in i row, terete. [Anagram of Onagra.'\
About 10 species, chiefly in southern North America.
Tips of the calyx-segments not free in the bud. I. A. albicaulis.
Tips of the calyx-segments free in the bud.
Throat of the calyx-tube villous within. 2. A. coronopifolia.
Throat of the calyx-tube glabrous within. 3. A. pallida.
Anogra albicaulis (Pursh) Britton. Prairie Evening- Primrose.
(Fig. 2584.)
OEnothera albicaulis Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept.
733. 1814. Not Nutt. 1818.
OEnothera pinnalifida Nutt. Gen. 1: 245.
1818.
Anogra albicaul is Untton, Mem. Torr. Club,
5: 234. 1894.
Diffusely branched at the base; branches
decumbent or ascending, more or less hir-
sutely pubescent or puberulent, whitish
and often shreddj'', 4^-12' long. Basal and
lower leaves petioled, the upper sessile,
oblanceolate or lanceolate in outline,
deeply pinnatifid or the lowest repand-
dentate (rarely entire), 1^-4' long; flowers
axillary, diurnal, 1^4^-2,' broad, white,
becoming rose-color; petals obcordate or
emarginate; calyx-segments lanceo'ate,
not free in the bud, acuminate, hirsute,
finally reflexed, the throat naked; capsule
linear, i'~i}4^ long, about i'^ thick, hir-
sute or puberulent; seeds finely pitted.
Prairies, Nebraska and Dakota to New
Mexico and Sonora. April-June.
2. Anogra coronopifolia (T. & G.) Brit-
ton. Cut-leaved Evening-Primrose.
(Fig. 2585.)
OEnolhera coronopifolia T. & G. Fl. N. A. 1: 495. 1840.
Anogra coronopifolia Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5:
234. 1894.
Erect, branched, 6'-2° high, more or less hispid,
pubescent or canescent. Leaves lanceolate or ob-
lanceolate in outline, sessile or the lowest petioled,
(i"-2' long, usually finely and deeply pinnatifid
into linear-oblong lobes; flowers axillary, white,
turning pink, <^"-\^" broad; calyx-segments linear,
the tips free in the bud, reflexed, the throat villous
within; petals broadly obovate; capsule oblong,
abruptly constricted at the top, straight, pubes-
cent and sometimes tuberculate, 4"-io" long, about
thick; seeds tuberculate.
Prairies, Nebraska and Colorado to Utah, south to
Kansas and New Mexico. June-Sept.
Vol. II.]
EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY.
489
3. Anogra pallida (I,indl.) Britton. White-stemmed Evening-Primrose.
(Fig. 2586.)
OE. albicaulis'Nutt.'Fras.Cat. Name only. 1813.
0£. pallida Lindl. Bot. Reg-. 14: pi. 1142. 1828.
Anogra pallida Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5:
234. 1894.
Erect, simple or branched, high,
stems white or pale, glabrous or puberulent,
rarely with a few scattered long hairs, the
bark often shreddy. Leaves linear or ob-
long linear, sessile or the lowest petioled,
finely appressed-pubescent or glabrate, en-
tire, repand or somewhat pinnatifid, I'-zVi'
long; flowers axillary, white, turning pink,
broad; segments of the calyx linear,
the tips free in the bud, its throat glabrous
within; petals nearly orbicular, entire or
emarginate; capsule linear, curved, I'-i'
long, about 1%" thick; seeds smooth.
Prairies, Minnesota to British Columbia, Ne-
braska, Mexico and California. May-Aug:.
10. KNEIFFIA Spach, Hist. Veg. 4: 373. 1835.
Usually slender annual or perennial caulescent shrubby herbs. Leaves thinnish, mostly
narrow, entire or shallowly toothed; buds erect. Flowers perfect, yellow, diurnal, in ter-
minal spikes or racemes. Calyx-tube slender, dilated at the throat; calyx-segments finally
reflexed, the tips united in the bud or nearly so. Petals 4, spreading. Stamens 8, the alter-
nate ones longer; filaments filiform; anthers linear. Ovary usually club-shaped, 4-angled;
united styles filiform; stigma 4-cleft; ovules numerous, on slender stalks, in many rows.
Capsules more or less club-shaped, nearly sessile or long-stalked, 4-winged or rarely sharply
4-angled. Seeds numerous, not angled, without a tubercle. [In honor ai Prof. C. KneifF,
of Strassburg, who wrote on cryptogamic botany.]
About 10 species, mostly in temperate North America.
Stem-leaves filiform-linear; capsules 4-angled or very slightly 4-winged. I. K. linifolia.
Stem-leaves never approaching filiform; capsules prominently winged.
Capsules club-shaped.
Pedicels and capsules pubescent.
Stems decumbent, spreading; body of the capsule becoming subglobose. 2. K. Alleni.
Stems erect or nearly so; body of the capsule more or less elongated.
Pedicel longer than the body of the capsule, the wings thick and pubescent.
3. K. longipedicellata.
Pedicel shorter than the body of the capsule, the wings thin and glabrous.
4. K. linearis.
Pedicels and capsules glabrous or glabrate. 5. K. pumila.
Capsules oblong or nearly so.
Plants not glaucous, usually pubescent; capsules less than 4" long. 6. IC. fruticosa.
Plants somewhat glaucous, glabrous; capsules more than 5" long. 7. K. glauca.
I. Kneiffia linifolia (Nutt.) Spach.
Thread-leaved Sundrops. (Fig. 2587.)
OEnothera linifolia Nutt. Journ. Acad. Phila.
2: 120. 1821.
Kneiffia linifolia Spach, Nouv. Ann. Mus. Par.
4: 368. 1835.
Erect, very slender, simple or branched,
6'- 1 8' high, glabrous or nearly so below,
finely pubescent above. Stem-leaves filiform-
linear, entire, crowded, d"-!^" long; basal
leaves tufted, oblanceolate or spatulate, peti-
oled, about \' long; flowers in loose spike-like
racemes, yellow, diurnal, ^f'-^" broad; calyx-
lobes short, reflexed, the tube rather shorter
than the ovary ; stigma-lobes very short;
capsule obovoid, sessile or very nearly so,
puberulent, sharply 4-sided but not winged,
2"-3" long.
In dry soil, Illinois to Kansas, south to Geor-
gia, Louisiana and Texas. May-July.
490
ONAGRACEAE.
[Voi<. II.
2. Kneiffia Alleni (Britton) Small.
Allen's Sundrops. (Fig. 2588.)
OEnolhera frtiticosa var. hnmifusa Allen, Bull. Torr.
Club, i: 3. 1870. Not OE. humifttsa Nutt. 1818.
Kneiffia lineaiis Alleni Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5:
235. 1894.
Kneiffia Alleni Small, Bull. Torr. Club, 23: 177. 1896.
Low, perennial, finely appressed -pubescent; stems
decumbent, at length diffusely branched, 3'-2°
long, wiry and zigzag. Leaves oblanceolate to lan-
ceolate, Yz'-iyi' long, usually obtuse, undulate, ses-
sile or short-petioled; flowers yellow, about
broad; racemes long, usually interrupted;
calyx villous, its tube i"-}," long, striate, its seg-
ments linear-oblong, as long as the tube; petals
orbicular-obovoid, notched at the apex; capsules
club-shaped, 2>"~\" longi the body subglobose,
winged, shorter than the pedicels; seeds obovoid,
to oblong, Yz" long, minutely pitted in rows.
In sand, eastern Long Island. June-Aug.
3. Kneiffia longipedicellata Small.
Long-stemmed Sundrops. (Fig. 2589.)
Kneiffia longipedicellata Small, Bull. Torr. Club,
23: 178. 1896.
Annual, slender, more or less puberulent;
stems erect or assurgent, i°-2}i° tall, red, sim-
ple or sparingly branched above. Basal leaves
spatulate or obovate-spatulate, i/^'-3' long;
stem-leaves few, linear-lanceolate, i^-2}4^ long,
obtuse or acutish, entire, sometimes undulate,
short-petioled; flowers yellow, i'-2' broad; ra-
cemes I '-4' long; calyx hirsute, its tube slender,
^"-1" long, its segments nearly linear, longer
than the tube, the tips free in the bud; petals ob-
ovate, emarginate; capsules narrowly obovoid,
the bodies about 5" long, their angles with stout
pubescent wings, their faces strongly ridged,
the ptxbescent pedicel longer than the body;
seeds irregular, less than Yz" long, minutely
papillose.
New York to West Virginia and Florida. May-Aug.
4. Kneiffia linearis (Michx.) Spach.
Narrow-leaved Sundrops. (Fig. 2590.)
OEnolhera linearis Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i : 225. 1803.
Kneiffia linearis Spach, Hist. Veg. 4: 376. 1835.
Biennial or perennial, slender, pilose or nearly
glabrous. Stems erect or ascending, 6'-2o' tall,
simple or much-branched above, finally angled;
basal leaves spatulate or broadly oblanceolate, 2'-
3' long, entire or nearly so; cauline leaves
linear, or linear-lanceolate, i'-}/ long, slightly
toothed, acute or obtuse, short-petioled; flowers
yellow, '^i'-iT'X' broad; racemes long;
calyx slightly pubescent, its tube i/'-k" long,
its segments linear-lanceolate, longer than the
tube; petals obovate, shallowly notched at the
apex and eroded; capsule oblong-club-shaped,
long, the angles with paperj' glabrous
wings, its faces ridged, narrowed into pedicels
which are much shorter than the bodies; seeds
irregular, Yi" long, angled.
Connecticut to Tennessee and Georgia. June-Sept.
Vol. II.]
EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY.
491
5. Kneiffia pumila (L.) Spach. Small Sun-
drops. (Fig. 2591.)
OEnothera pumila L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 493. 1762.
OEnothera chrysantha Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 225. 1803.
Kneiffia pumila Spach, Hist. Veg. 4: 377. 1835.
Erect, branched or simple, finely puberulent, 8'-2°
high. Leaves oblanceolate or oblong, obtuse or obtus-
ish at the apex, narrowed at the base and often petioled,
entire or very nearly so, long, 2^'-^" wide, usually
glabrous; the basal ones broader and shorter; flowers
in terminal, leafy-bracted spikes, yellow, diurnal, 4"-
12" broad; calyx-tube shorter than the ovary, the lobes
linear-lanceolate, reflexed; petals obcordate; capsule
sessile or short-stalked, glabrous, club-shaped, 2>"~^"
long, the body obovoid, somewhat wing-angled.
In dry soil, Nova Scotia to Manitoba, south to New
Jersey, Georgia and Kansas. Ascends to 2200 ft. in Virginia.
June-Aug.
6. Kneiffia fruticosa (L. ) Raimann.
Common Sundrops. (Fig. 2592.)
OEnothera fruticosa L,. Sp. PI. 346. 1753.
Kneiffia fruticosa Raimann, in Engl. & Prantl,
Nat. Pfl. Fam. 3: Abt. 7, 214. 1893.
Erect, usually branched, i°-3° high, pubescent
with short hairs, rarely glabrous. Leaves lanceo-
late, ovate-lanceolate or oval-lanceolate, acute
or obtusish at the apex, narrowed and sessile at
the base or the lowest petioled, repand-denticu-
late, or rarely nearly entire, 1^-4' long; flowers
yellow, diurnal, i'-2' broad, in terminal, leafy-
bracted spikes; calyx-segments lanceolate,
spreading, the tube mostly longer than the
ovary; petals obcordate; capsule sessile or short-
stalked, oblong, prominently winged, glabrous
or pubescent, 2>"~A'' loi^g-
In dry soil, Nova Scotia, New England to Geor-
gia, west to Minnesota and Louisiana. June-Aug.
Kneiffia fruticosa pilosella (Raf.) Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 234. 1894.
OEnothera pilosella Raf. Ann. Nat. 15. 1820.
Pubescent with long spreading hairs throughout. New York to Illinois, south to Georgia,
cends to 4200 ft. in North Carolina.
7. Kneiffia glauca (Michx.) Spach. Glau-
cous Sundrops. (Fig. 2593.)
OEnothera glauca Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 224. 1803.
Kneiffia glauca Spach, Hist. Veg. 4: 374. 1835.
Erect, glabrous and glaucous, i>^°-3° high. Leaves
sessile or the lower petioled, ovate or oval, repand-
denticulate, 2'-^' long, wide, acute or acutish
at the apex, narrowed or rounded at the base; flowers
bright yellow, diurnal, tYz'-j,' broad, very showy in
short, leafy corymbs; petals broadly obovate, emargin-
ate; calyx-lobes ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, spread-
ing, its tube very slender and 5-8 times as long as the
ovary; capsule oblong, broadly 4- winged, glabrous,
^"-d" long, borne on a short stalk.
In dry woods, mountains of Virginia to Georgia and
Alabama. Also, according to B. B. Smyth, in Kansas.
May-Sept.
As-
492 ONAGRACEAE. [Voi,. II.
11. HARTMANNIA Spach, Hist. Veg. 4: 370. 1835.
Annual or perennial caulescent herbs with branched stems. Leaves alternate, commonly
pinnatifid or lyrate; buds drooping. Flowers perfect, white, red or purple, diurnal, in ter-
minal spikes or racemes. Calyx-tube funnelfonn; calyx-segments narrow, deciduous, their
tips mostly free in the bud. Petals 4, spreading. Stamens 8, the alternate ones longer; fila-
ments filiform; anthers linear. Ovary elongated, 4-celled; stigma 4-cleft; ovules numerous
on slender stalks, in many rows. Capsules club-shaped, 4-winged, sessile or stalked. Seeds
numerous, not tuberculate. [In honor of Emanuel Hartmann, a resident of Louisiana.]
About 10 species, in North and South America.
I. Hartmannia speciosa (Nutt.) Small.
Showy Primrose. (Fig. 2594.)
OE. speciosa Nutt. Joum. Acad. Phil. 2: 119. 1821.
Hartmannia speciosa Small, Bull. Torr. Club, 23:
181. 1896.
Erect, ascending or decumbent, more or less
branched, 6'-3° high, puberulent or finely pu-
bescent. Stem-leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceo-
late, sessile, or short-petioled, acutish, sinuate
or pinnatifid, 2^-3' long; basal leaves slender-
petioled, oval or oval-lanceolate, repand or pin-
natifid at the base; flowers white or pink, 1^2'-
3/^' broad, generally few, loosely spicate; petals
broadly obovate, emarginate; calyx-lobes ovate -
lanceolate, acuminate, spreading, the tube rather
longer than the ovary; capsule club-shaped,
strongly 4-ribbed, 4-winged, pubescent, ^"-<^"
long, on a short stout pedicel.
Prairies, Missouri and Kansas to Louisiana, Texas,
Arizona and northern Mexico. May-July. Exten-
sively naturalized in South Carolina and Georgia.
12. PACHYLOPHUS Spach, Hist. Veg. 4: 365. 1835.
Perennial acaulescent or nearly acaulescent herbs. Leaves basal, leathery, pinnatifid or
pinnately-toothed, petioled. Flowers basal, more or less tufted. Calyx pubescent, its tube
linear-funnelform, its segments narrow, 2-3 times shorter than the tube. Petals white or
pink, spreading. Stamens 8; filaments filiform, the alternate ones longer; anthers linear.
United styles filiform; stigma 4-cleft. Capsules basal, woody, pyramidal, its angles refuse
or obtuse, transversely wrinkled. Seeds sessile, in i or 2 rows, deeply furrowed along the
raphe. [Greek, referring to the tuberculate edges of the valves of the capsule.]
A monotypic genus of western North America.
I. Pachylophus caespitosa (Nutt.) Raimann. Scapose Primrose.
(Fig. 2595.)
OEnolhe7-a caespitosa Nutt. Fras. Cat. 1813.
OEnothera scapigera Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 263. 1814.
Pachylophus caespitosa Raimann in Engl. & Prantl,
Nat. Pfl. Fam. 3: Abt. 7, 215. 1893.
Acaulescent or nearly so, perennial or biennial
from a thick woody root. Leaves clustered at
the base, narrowed into a slender petiole, lanceo-
late, oblanceolate or oval, acutish at the apex,
densely pubescent, sinuate-dentate, often densely
ciliate with white hairs, repand or pinnatifid, 3'-
8' long, usually less than \' wide; flowers few,
■white or rose, i^'-3' broad; petals obcordate;
lobes of the calyx pubescent, narrowly lanceolate,
reflexed -spreading, its tube 2'-"]' long, dilated at
the mouth, many times longer than the ovary;
capsule sessile, ovoid, strongly tuberculate on
each side, the angles ribbed; seeds densely and
minutely tuberculate.
Nebraska and Montana to the Northwest Territory,
south to Nevada, New Mexico and Sonora. June-July.
Vol. II.] EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMIIvY. 493
13. LAVAUXIA Spach, Hist. Veg. 4: 366. 1835.
I/OW perennial usually acaulescent herbs, rarely producing short stems. Leaves mostly
basal, pinnatifid, numerous. Flowers perfect, white, pink or pale yellow. Calyx-tube
slender, dilated at the throat; calyx-segments finally reflexed, the tips free in the bud or
united. Petals 4, spreading. Stamens 8, the alternate ones longer; filaments filiform; an-
thers linear. Ovary short, 4-angled; stigma 4-cleft; ovules few. Capsules stout, their angles
sometimes winged above. Seeds few. [In honor of Francois Delavaux, founder of the botan-
ical garden at Nismes.]
About 6 species, chiefly in southern North America.
Leaves membranous; capsules beaked, glabrate. i. L. triloba.
Leaves leathery; capsules hardly beaked, pubescent. 2. L. brachycarpa.
I. Lavauxia triloba (Nutt.) Spach.
Three-lobed Primrose. (Fig. 2596.)
OEnolhera triloba Nutt. Journ. Acad. Phil. 2:
118. 1821.
Lavauxia triloba Spach, Hist. Veg. 4: 367. 1835.
Nearly glabrous throughout. Leaves pet-
ioled, runcinate-pinnatifid, or sinuate, some-
times ciliate, oblong-lanceolate in outline, 3'-
12' long, sometimes 2' wide, the apex acute
or acutish; flowers white or pink, i'-2^'
broad; calyx- lobes lanceolate, spreading, the
tube slender, somewhat dilated at the summit,
many times longer than the ovary, 2^-4^ long;
petals often 3-lobed; capsule ovoid, 4-wing-
angled, reticulate veined, long; seeds
finely and densely tuberculate.
In dry soil, Kentucky and Tennessee to Arkan-
sas, Utah and California, south to Mississippi,
Texas and northern Mexico. May-July.
Lavauxia triloba Watsonii Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 235. 1894.
OEnothera triloba var. parviflora S. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 12: 251. 1876.
Annual; flowers smaller; fruit densely crowded. Perhaps a distinct species. Kansas (and
Nebraska?).
2. Lavauxia brachycarpa (A. Gray) Brit-
ton. Short-podded Primrose.
(Fig. 2597.)
OEnothera brachycarpa A. Gray. PI. Wright, i: 70. 1852.
Lavauxia brachycarpa Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5:
235- 1894-
Low, perennial by a stout root, acaulescent or
nearly so, softly canescent. Leaves basal, leathery,
ovate to narrowly oblong, 3^-9' long, acute or ob-
tuse, lyrate-pinnatifid or sometimes nearly entire;
petioles sometimes as long as the blade; flowers yel-
low, basal ; calyx canescent, its tube 2^-4' long, grad-
ually dilated upward, its segments linear-lanceo-
late, about one-half as long as the tube, the tips
free in the bud; petals long, undulate; cap-
sules elliptic, long, leathery or corky, the
angles very thin, the faces somewhat wrinkled.
Montana to Kansas, Texas and New Mexico. April-
July.
14. GAURELLA Small, Bull. Torr. Club, 23: 183. 1896.
Low perennial canescent or strigillose herbs with wiry diffusely branched stems. Leaves
small, narrow, nearly entire or distantly toothed, narrowed into very short petioles. Flowers
axillary, sessile. Calyx purplish, its tube cylindric, slightly dilated at the throat, its seg-
ments narrow, slightly longer than the tube, their tips united in the bud. Petals obovate,
white or pink, spotted or striped with red. Stamens 8, the alternate ones longer; filaments
filiform-subulate; anthers linear. Ovary 4-angled, short; united styles stout, enlarged
494
ONAGRACEAE.
[Vol.. II.
above; stigmas filiform. Capsules ovoid-pyramidal, sessile, attenuate into a curved beak,
sharply 4-angled, the faces swollen. Seeds obovoid, angled, delicately striate. [Diminutive
of Gaura.}
A monotypic genus of the west-central United States.
I, Gaurella guttulata (Geyer) Small. Spotted Primrose. (Fig. 2598.)
OEnolhera catiescensTorc. Fretn. Rep. 315. 1845.
Not OE. biennis var. canescens T. & G. 1840.
OEnolhera guttulala Geyer; Hook. Lend.
Journ. Bot. 6: 222. 1847.
Gaurella guttulata Small, Bull. Torr. Club, 23;
183. 1896.
Diffusely branched from near or at the
base, 4'-&' high, canescent with appressed
hairs, the branches decumbent or ascending.
Leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, nearly
sessile and narrowed at the base, obtusish at
the apex, d/'-'i" long, \yz"-2" wide, repand-
denticulate or entire; flowers axillarj', white
or pink, ()"-i2" wide; calyx-lobes lanceolate,
canescent, the tube longer than the ovary;
petals obovate, entire; capsule ovate, canes-
cent, 4^-5'' long, angled, not winged, ses-
sile; seeds angled, slipper-shaped.
Prairies, Nebraska to New Mexico. June-Sept.
15. MEGAPTERIUM Spach, Hist. Veg. 4: 363. 1835.
Low perennial herbs with stout sparingly branched stems. Leaves numerous, alternate,
narrow, entire or slightly toothed. P^lowers perfect, few, but large and showy, axillary,
yellow. Calyx-tube much elongated, dilated toward the throat; calyx-segments narrow, the
tips free in the bud. Petals 4, spreading. Stamens 8, the alternate ones longer; filaments
filiform; anthers linear. Ovary 4-celled, 4-angled or 4- winged; united styles filiform; stigma
4-cleft; ovules few, sessile in rows. Capsules broadly 4- winged. Seeds few, crested.
[Greek, broad-winged.]
About 3 species, in North America and Mexico.
Flowers 3' -6' broad; capsules suborbicular, 2' -2%' long. I. M. Missouriense.
Flowers i'-2' broad; capsules oblong, 9"-i4" long. 2. M. Fremontii.
I. Megapterium Missouriense
(Sims) Spach. Missouri Prim-
rose. (Fig. 2599.)
OEnolhera Missouriensis Sims. Bot. Mag.
pi. isg2. 1814.
OEnolhera macrocarpa Pursh, Fl. Amer.
Sept. 734. 1814.
Megapterium Missouriense Spach, Hist.
Veg. 4:364. 1835.
Tufted, stems decumbent or ascending,
finely and densely canescent, 6'-i2' long.
Leaves thick, linear-lanceolate or oblong-
lanceolate, acuminate or acute at the apex,
narrowed at the base into a slender petiole,
or the uppermost nearly sessile, entire or re-
motely denticulate, 2'-6'long, 2"-8"wide;
flowers axillary, yellow, 3^-6' broad; calyx-
lobes broadly lanceolate, spreading, the tube
2'-6' long, 6-12 times the length of the
ovary; capsule short-stalked, nearly orbicu-
lar, very broadly winged, finely canescent,
or glabra te when mature, i'-3' long; seeds
with an incised crest.
In dry soil, Missouri and Nebraska to
Texas. May-July.
Vol. II.]
EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY,
495
2. Megapterium Fremontii (S. Wats.) Britton. Fremont's Primrose.
(Fig. 2600.)
OEnoihera Fremontii S. Wats. Proc. Am.
Acad. 8: 587. 1873.
Megapterium Fremontii Britton, Mem. Torr.
Club, 5: 236. 1894.
Tufted, stems mostly simple, ascending,
I'-d' high, densely appressed-pubescent or
canescent. Leaves lanceolate to somewhat
oblanceolate, acuminate at the apex, nar-
rowed at the base into a slender petiole, en-
tire or very nearly so, silvery canescent,
1%.'-}/ long, wide; flowers yellow,
axillary, i'-2' broad; calyx-lobes broadly
lanceolate, acuminate, spreading, the tube
canescent, very slender, 4-5 times the length
of the ovary; capsule ovate, canescent,
broadly winged, rounded at the summit,
about 8'^ long and 6'^ wide, short-stalked;
seeds not tuberculate.
Kansas to Texas. Summer.
16. GALPI'nSIA Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 236. 1894.
[Salpingia Raimann, in Engler & Prantl, Nat. Pfl. Fam. 3: Abt. 7, 217. 1893. Not
Salpitiga DC]
Perennial caulescent herbs or shrubby plants with much branched or tufted stems.
Leaves alternate, entire or toothed. Flowers perfect, yellow, axillary. Calyx-tube slender,
narrowly funnelform, longer than the ovary; calyx-segments narrow, the tips free in the
bud. Petals 4, spreading. Stamens 8, equal in length; filaments filiform; anthers linear.
Ovary 4-celled, elongated; united styles filiform; stigma disk-like, entire. Capsules elon-
gated, narrowed at the base, more or less curved. Seeds sometimes tuberculate. [Anagram
of Salpingia.'\
About 4 species, in the southern United States and Mexico.
I. Galpinsia Hartwegi (Benth.) Britton. Hart-
weg's Primrose. (Fig. 2601.)
OEnoihera Hartwegi Benth. PI. Hartw. 5. 1839.
OEnothera lavendulaefolia T. & G. Fl. N. A. i: 501. 1840.
Galpinsia Hartwegi Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 236. 1894.
Somewhat woody, canescent or pubescent, much branched,
the branches decumbent or ascending, d'-i^' long. Leaves
linear-oblong or lanceolate, obtuse or obtusish at the apex,
mostly rounded at the base, and sessile, 6"-2' long,
wide, antire or slightly repand-denticulate; flowers axillary,
yellow, <^"-i' broad; calyx-lobes linear-lanceolate, acuminate,
reflexed-spreading, the tube dilated above, many times longer
than the ovary; petals rhombic-obovate, acutish; stigma dis-
coid; capsule nearly sessile, narrowly cylindric, canescent,
(i"-\7." long, thick; seeds obscurely tuberculate.
Prairies, Nebraska and Colorado to Texas and northern Mex-
ico. May-Sept.
17. MERIOLIX Raf. Am. Month. Mag. 4: 192. 1818.
Biennial or perennial herbs with branched stems which sometimes become shrubby.
Leaves alternate, narrow, entire or sharply serrate. Flowers perfect, regular, axillary, yellow.
Calyx-tube funnelform, shorter than the ovary; calyx-segments narrow, keeled on the back,
the tips free in the bud. Petals 4, often blotched at the base. Stamens 8, equal in length;
filaments filiform; anthers narrow. Ovary 4-celled, 4-angled; stigma disk-like, 4-toothed;
ovules numerous. Capsules linear, 4-angled, 4-celled, sessile. Seeds longitudinally grooved.
A monotypic genus of temperate North America.
496
ONAGRACEAE.
[Vol. II.
Meriolix serrulata
Tooth-leaved Primrose.
(Nutt.) Walp.
(Fig. 2602.)
OEnothcra serrulata Nutt. Gen. i: 246. 1818.
Meriolix serrulata Walp. Repert. 2; 79. 1843.
Erect, simple or branched, canescent or glabrate,
4'-i8' bigh. Leaves linear-oblong or lanceolate,
acute or acutish at the apex, narrowed at the base
and usually sessile, sharply dentate or denticulate,
I '-3' long, ^''-j/' wide; flowers yellow, axillary,
broad; calyx-lobes ovate, acuminate, some-
what reflexed, the tube funnelform, silvery canes-
cent, shorter than or equalling the ovarj'; petals ob-
ovate, crenulate; stigma discoid; capsule sessile,
linear-cylindric, silvery canescent, 8^^-15'' long,
about i" thick, slightly grooved longitudinally.
In dry soil, Manitoba and Minnesota to Texas and
New Mexico. May-July.
Meriolix serrulata spinulosa (T. &G.) Small, Bull. Torr.
Club, 23: 187. 1896.
OEnothera serrulata var. spinulosa T. & G. Fl. N. A. i: 502. 1840.
More robust than the species. Leaves usually more spiny-toothed; flowers l'-2' broad; petals
with a dark blotch at the base. Saskatchewan, south to Missouri and Texas.
18. GAURA I,. Sp. PI. 347, 1753.
Annual biennial or perennial herbs, somewhat woody at the base, with alternate nar-
row sessile leaves, and white pink or red flowers in terminal spikes or racemes. Calyx us-
ually pubescent, its tube narrow, prolonged beyond the ovary, deciduous, 4-lobed (rarely
3-lobed), the lobes reflexed. Petals 4 (rarely 3), clawed, unequal. Stamens usually 8, de-
clined; filaments filiform, each with a small scale at the base. Ovary i-celled; united
styles filiform, declined; stigma 4-lobed, surrounded by a cup-like border; ovules usually 4,
pendulous. Fruit nut-like, ribbed or angled, indehiscent or nearly so, 1-4 seeded. Seeds
unappendaged. [Greek, proud, some species being showy.]
About 18 species, natives of North America and Mexico.
Fruit sessile or very nearly so; flowers spicate.
Flowers 1 5^"-2" broad; stigma little exserted beyond its cup. i. G. parvijlora.
Flowers 4"-5" broad; stigma exserted beyond its cup.
Flowers red, turning scarlet; fruit canescent. 2. G. coccinea.
Flowers white, turning pink; fruit villous. 3. G. biennis.
Fruit pedicelled; flowers racemose.
Fruit about 3" long, the body nearly as thick as long. 4. G. Michanxii.
Fruit 5"-7" long, the body much longer than thick.
Leaves mostly glabrous; fruit 7" long, glabrous, its stout pedicel club-shaped.
5. G. sinuata.
Leaves densely villous; fruit 5" long, pubescent, its slender pedicel nearly filiform.
6. G. villosa.
I. Gaura parviflora Dougl. Small-
flowered Gaura. (Fig. 2603. )
Gaura parviflora Dougl.; Hook. Fl. Bor. Am.
i; 208. 1832.
Erect, branched, villous-pubescent with
whitish hairs, 2°-5° high. Leaves ovate-
lanceolate, acute or acuminate at the apex,
repand-denticulate, narrowed at the base,
softly pubescent, iJ^'-4' long, 4"-i8''' wide;
spikes elongated, usually densely flowered;
flowers sessile, pink, \yz"-i" broad, the
ovar}^ and calyx-tube slender; fruit sessile,
narrowed at the base, 4-nerved, obtusely
4-angled, glabrous or nearly so, 3"-4" long.
In dry soil, Nebraska and Missouri to Louisi-
ana, Texas and Mexico, west to Oregon, Utah
and New Mexico. May-Aug.
Vor<. II.] EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMII.Y.
2. Gaura coccinea Pursh. Scarlet Gaura.
(Fig. 2604.)
Gatira coccinea Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 733. 1814.
Erect or ascending, much branched, canescent,
pubescent or glabrate, b'-2° high. Leaves oblong,
lanceolate, or linear-oblong, denticulate, repand or
entire, acute or obtuse at the apex, narrowed at the
base, long, 2"-\" wide; flowers'sessile, red,
turning scarlet, i^"-^" broad; fruit sessile, terete be-
low, 4-sided and narrowed above, canescent, 2,"-^^"
long.
Prairies and dry soil, Manitoba and Minnesota to Ne-
braska and Texas, west to Montana, Utah, Arizona, and
in Mexico. May-Aug.
497
3. Gaura biennis L. Biennial Gaura.
(Fig. 2605.)
Gaura biennis L. Sp. PI. 347. 1753.
Erect, much branched, villous or downy-pu-
bescent, 2°-5° high. Leaves lanceolate or ob-
long-lanceolate, acute or acuminate at each end,
pubescent or finally glabrate above, remotely
denticulate, long, 1"-^" wide; spikes
slender; flowers sessile, white, turning pink,
i/'-^" broad; fruit sessile, narrowed at each
end, 4-ribbed, villous pubescent, 2>"~\" long.
In dry soil, Quebec and Ontario to Minnesota,
south to Georgia, Nebraska and Arkansas. Ascends
to 2200 ft. in Virginia. July-Sept.
4. Gaura Michauxii Spach. Michaux' Gaura. (Fig. 2606.)
Gatira Michauxii Spach, Nouv. Ann. Mus.
Par. 4: 379. 1835.
Gauj-a filipes Spach, loc. cit. 379. 1835.
Erect, glabrous or nearly so, panicu-
lately branched above, 2°-6° high. Leaves
linear or linear-oblong, acute or acutish
at both ends, or obtuse at the apex, sinu-
ate or denticulate, long, ly^''-^"
wide; racemes usually short and loosely
flowered, long-peduncled; flowers pedi-
celled, white, turning reddish,
broad; fruit ovoid, 4-angled above, i''-^/'
long, borne on a pedicel of nearly or
quite its own length.
In dry fields, Virginia to Illinois and Kan-
sas, south to Florida and Louisiana. July-
Aug.
498 ONAGRACEAE. [Vol. II.
5. Gaura sinuata Nutt. Wavy -leaved Gaura. (Fig. 2607.)
Gaura sinuata Nutt.; Ser. in DC. Prodr. 3:
44. 1828.
Perennial, erect or decumbent, glabrous,
or rarely sparingly villous. Stem branched
at the base or throughout, i°-3° tall, usu-
ally naked above ; leaves oblanceolate to
lanceolate, or nearly linear, sinuate-
toothed, 1^-3' long, acute, on winged
petioles or nearly sessile; calyx slightly
pubescent, its tube above the ovary fun-
nelform, long, several times shorter
than the linear segments; petals oblong-
obovate, d/'-^" long; stamens shorter
than the petals; fruit about ■]" long,
glabrous, 4-ridged and 4-grooved above
the stout club-shaped pedicel.
In dry soil, Kansas to Arkansas and Texas.
May-July.
6. Gaura villosa Torr. Woolly Gaura. (Fig. 2608.)
Gaura villosa Torr. Ann. I,yc. N. Y. 2: 200.
1827.
Perennial, erect or nearly so, canescent
or villous. Stems i°-3° tall, simple or
much branched, often naked above;
leaves varying from lanceolate to oblan-
ceolate or sometimes nearly linear, I'-j/
long, sinuate-toothed or pinnatifid, acute
or acuminate, sessile; calyx canescent,
its tube above the ovary funnelform,
\"-2" long, several times shorter than
the linear acute segments; petals oblong-
obovate, i"-']" long; stamens shorter
than the petals; fruit about 5" long,
sparingly pubescent, the body sharply
4-angled, abruptly narrowed into a slen-
der filiform pedicel.
In dry soil, Kansas to Arkansas and Texas.
June-Sept.
19. STENOSIPHON Spach, Nouv. Ann. Mus. Par. 4: 326. 1835.
Erect perennial herbs, with slender upright branches, alternate sessile narrow leaves,
and white sessile flowers in narrow terminal spikes. Calyx-tube filiform, much prolonged
beyond the ovary, 4-lobed. Petals 4, clawed, unequal. Stamens 8, declined, not appendaged
by scales at the base; filaments filiform. Ovary i-celled; united styles slender; stigma
4-lobed, subtended by a cup-like border as in Gaura; ovules commonly 4. Fruit 8-ribbed,
indehiscent, i-celled, i-seeded. Seed pendulous. [Greek, referring to the slender calyx-
tube.]
A monotypic genus of the south-central United States.
Vol,. II.]
I. Stenosiphon linifolium
(Nutt.) Britton. Flax-leaved
Stenosiphon. (Fig. 2609.)
Gaura linifolia Nutt. in Long's Exp. 2:
100. 1823.
Slenosiphon virgalus Spach, Nouv. Ann.
Mus. Par. 4: 326. 1835.
Slenosiphon lini/oHum Britton, Mem.
Terr. Club, 5 : 236. 1894.
Erect, slender, glabrous, 2°-5° high.
I,eaves sessile, lanceolate, linear-lan-
ceolate or linear, acuminate or acute at
the apex, narrowed or rounded at the
base, entire, i'-2' long, the upper ones
much smaller; spikes dense, narrow,
sometimes 1° long in fruit; flowers
white, 4'^-6'' broad; calyx-tube very
slender, 4''-5'^ long; fruit ovoid, pu-
bescent, long, very much
shorter than the linear-subulate bracts.
Prairies, Kansas and Colorado to the
Indian Territory and Texas. June-July.
EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY.
499
20. CIRCAEA Sp. PI. 9. 1753.
Low slender perennial herbs, with opposite petioled dentate leaves, and small white per-
fect flowers in terminal and lateral racemes. Calyx-tube hairy, slightly prolonged beyond
the ovary, its limb 2-parted. Petals 2, obcordate, inserted on the perigynous disk. Stamens
2, alternate with the petals; filaments filiform. Ovary 1-2-celled; united styles filiform;
stigma capitate; ovules usually i in each cavity. Fruit obovoid, small, indehiscent, densely
bristly with hooked hairs, 1-2-celled. [Named for Circe, the enchantress.]
About 5 species, natives of the northern hemisphere. Besides the following, another occurs
on the Pacific Coast.
Plant i°-2° high; leaves ovate; hairs of the fruit stiff. I. C. Lutetiana.
Plant 3' -8' high; leaves cordate; hairs of the fruit weak. 2. C. alpina.
I. Circaea Lutetiana L. Enchanter's Nightshade. (Fig. 2610.)
Circaea Luteliana L. Sp. PI. 9. 1753.
Erect, branching, finely pubes-
cent, at least above; stem swollen
at the nodes, i°-2° high. Leaves
slender-petioled, ovate, acuminate
at the apex, rounded or rarely
slightly cordate at the base, re-
motely denticulate, 2'-^' long; pedi-
cels 2."-^" long, slender, spread-
ing in flower, reflexed in fruit;
bracts deciduous ; flowers about lyi"
broad; fruit broadly obovoid, nearly
2" long, densely covered with stiff"
hooked hairs.
In woods, Nova Scotia to western
Ontario, south to Georgia, Nebraska
and Missouri. Also in Europe and
Asia. Ascends to 2000 ft. in Virginia.
Called also Bindweed Nightshade.
June-Aug.
500 ONAGRACEAE. [Vol. II.
2. Circaea alpina L,. Smaller
Enchanter's Nightshade.
(Fig. 261 1.)
Circaea alpina L. Sp. PI. 9. 1753.
Smaller, s'-S' high, simple or branched, weak,
glabrate, or pubescent above. Leaves ovate,
slender-petioled, acute or acuminate at the
apex, more or less cordate at the base, coarsely
dentate, I'-i' long; flowers about \" broad;
pedicels i^^'-a''' long, reflexed in fruit; fruit
narrowly obovoid, about \" long, covered with
weak soft hooked hairs.
In cold moist woods, Labrador to Alaska, south
to Georgia, Indiana, Michigan and Minnesota.
Also in Europe and Asia. Leaves thin, somewhat
shining. Ascends to 6300 ft. in North Carolina.
July-Sept.
Family 88. TRAPACEAE Dumort, Fl. Belg. 90. 1827.
Water-nut Family.
Aquatic herbs, with opposite pinnatifid submerged leaves, and clustered
rhombic-ovate dentate floating ones with inflated petioles. Flowers perfect,
axillary, solitary, short-peduncled. Calyx-tube short, the limb 4-parted, the
lobes persistent. Petals 4, sessile, inserted on the perigynous disk. Stamens
4, inserted with the petals; filaments subulate-filiform. Ovary 2-celled, conic
above; style subulate; ovule i in each cavity. Fruit coriaceous or bony, large,
2-4-spinose or swollen at the middle, i-celled, i-seeded, indehiscent. Seed in-
verted.
A single genus of 3 species, natives of Europe, tropical Asia and Africa.
I. TRAPA L. Sp. PI. 120. 1753.
Characters of the family. [Latin, from Calcitrapa, the Caltrop.]
I. Trapa natans L,. Swimming
Water-nut. Water-Chestnut.
Water- Caltrop. (Fig. 2612.)
Trapa nalans L. Sp. PI. 120. 1753.
Rooting in the mud at the bottom of lakes
or slow streams; stem often several feet long.
Submerged leaves approximate, pectinately
dissected, 1'-^' long; floating leaves in a
rosette sometimes 1° broad, their blades
rhombic-ovate, sharply dentate above, broad-
ly cuneate and entire below, about i' wide,
glabrous and shining above, the conspicuous
veins of the lower surface beset with short
stiff hairs; petioles of the floating leaves 2'-
6' long, inflated and spongy; flowers white,
about 3" broad; fruit i'-2' long, armed with
4 somewhat recurved spines.
Naturalized in ponds, eastern Massachusetts,
and near Schenectady, N. Y. Native of Europe.
Called also Sanghara-nut. Seed mealy, edible.
June-July.
Family 89. HALORAGIDACEAE Kl. & Garcke, Bot. Erg. Wald. 151. 1852.
Water-milfoil Family.
Perennial or rarely annual herbs, mainly aquatic, with alternate or verticil-
late leaves, the submerged ones often pectinate-pinnatifid. Flowers perfect, or
monoecious, or dioecious, axillary, in interrupted spikes, solitary or clustered.
Vot. II.]
WATER-MILFOII. FAMILY.
501
Calyx-tube adnate to the ovar}', its limb entire or 2-4-lobed. Petals small,
2-4, or none. Stamens 1-8. Ovary ovoid-oblong, or short-cylindric, 2-8-ribbed
or winged, 1-4-celled; styles 1-4; stigmas papillose or plumose. Fruit a nutlet,
or drupe, compressed, angular, ribbed or winged, indehiscent, of 2-4 i-seeded
carpels. Endosperm fleshy; cotyledons minute.
Eight genera and about loo species, of wide geographic distribution.
Stamen i; ovary i -celled. i. Hippuris.
Stamens 2-8; ovary 3-4-celled.
Fruit 3-angled or 4-angled. 2. Proserpinaca.
Fruit of 4 carpels. 3. Myriophylliim.
I. HIPPURIS I,. Sp. PI. 4. 1753.
Aquatic herbs, with simple erect stems, and verticillate simple entire leaves. Flowers
small, axillary, perfect, or sometimes neutral or pistillate only. Limb of the calyx minute,
entire. Petals none. Stamen i, inserted on the margin of the calyx. Style filiform, stig-
matic its whole length, lying in a groove of the anther. Fruit a small i-celled i-seeded
drupe. [Greek, mare's-tail.]
Three known species, natives of the north temperate and arctic zone and of southern South
America. Besides the 2 following, the third occurs in northwestern arctic America.
1. H. vulgaris.
2. H. tetraphylla.
Leaves linear or lanceolate, in verticils of 5-12.
Leaves obovate, oblong, or oblanceolate, in verticils of 4-6.
I. Hippuris vulgaris L. Bottle Brush.
Mare's-tail. Joint-weed, (Fig. 2613.)
Hippuris vulgaris L. Sp. PI. 4. 1753.
Stem slender, glabrous, 8'-2o' high. Leaves linear
or lanceolate, acute, sessile, y2"-\i" long, \"-2" wide,
in crowded verticils of 6-12, more or less sphacelate at
the apex; stamen with a short thick filament, and com-
paratively large 2-celled anther, dehiscent by lateral slits;
seeds ovoid, hollow in the interior; stigma persistent.
Swamps and bogs, Labrador and Greenland to Alaska, south
to Maine, the shores of Lake Superior, and in the Rocky
Mountains to New Mexico, and on the Pacific Coast to Cali-
fornia. Also in Patagonia, and in Europe and Asia. Summer.
English names, Cat's-tail, Paddock-pipes, Knotgrass.
2. Hippuris tetraphylla L,.f. Four-leaved Mare's-
tail. (Fig. 2614.)
Hippuris tetraphylla L- f. Suppl. 81. 1781.
Hippuris marilinia Hell. Dissert. Hippur. pi. i. 1786.
Smaller than the preceding species. Stem 4'-i5'' high;
leaves obovate or oblanceolate, entire, in verticils of 4-6, not
sphacelate at the apex or but slightly so, ii/'-l" long.
Labrador and Quebec to Hudson Bay and Alaska. Also in north-
ern Europe and Asia. Summer.
2. PROSERPINACA L. Sp. PI. 88. 1753.
Aquatic herbs, with simple stems decumbent at the base. Leaves alternate, lanceolate,
dentate or pectinate-pinnatifid. Flowers perfect. Tube of the calyx adnate to the trique-
trous ovary, the limb 3-4-parted. Petals none. Stamens 3-4. Styles 3-4, cylindric or
conic-subulate, stigmatic above the middle. Fruit bony, 3-4-angled, 3-4-celled, with i seed
in each cavity. [Middle Latin, forward -creeping.]
Two known species, natives of eastern North America, extending to the West Indies.
502
HALORAGIDACEAE.
[Vol. II.
Etnersed leaves linear-lanceolate to oblong, serrate; fruit sharply angled.
Leaves all pectinate-pinnatifid; fruit obtusely angled.
1. P. palustris.
2. P. pectitiata.
I. Proserpinaca palustris Mermaid-weed. (Fig. 2615,)
Proserpinaca palttslris L. Sp. PI. 88. 1753.
Glabrous, simple or sometimes branched,
8'-2o' high. Emersed leaves oblong or linear-
lanceolate, \o"-2' long, wide, sharply
serrate, the submerged ones pectinate or pec-
tinate-pinnatifid into stiff linear acute seg-
ments which are often serrulate, bearing a
minute black spine in their axils; flowers
solitary or several together, sessile in the
axils of the emersed leaves; fruit about 1"
long and 1" thick, sharply 3-angled, the faces
concave, smooth or rugose.
In swamps, New Brunswick to Lake Huron,
south to Florida, Iowa and Central America.
Also in Cuba. July.
2. Proserpinaca pectinata Lam. Cut-leaved
Mermaid-weed. (Fig. 2616.)
Proserpinaca pectinata Lam. Tabl. Encycl. pi. 50. f. i. 1: 214.
1791.
Proserpinaca pectinacea T. & G. Fl. N. A. i: 528. 1840.
Resembling the preceding species, but usually smaller.
Leaves all pectinate or pinnatifid, the segments shorter
and rarely serrulate, more subulate, or capillary; calyx-
lobes broader; fruit smaller, about lYz" long by \" thick,
the faces flat or slightly convex, often wrinkled or some-
what tuberculate, the angles obtuse.
In sandy swamps near the coast, ea.stern Massachusetts to
Florida, west to Louisiana. Summer.
3. MYRIOPHYLLUM L. Sp. PL 992. 1753.
Aquatic herbs, with verticillate or alternate leaves, the emersed ones entire, dentate or
pectinate, the submerged ones pinnatifid into capillary segments, and axillary commonly
monoecious 2-bracted flowers, often interruptedly spicate. Upper flowers generally staminate
with a very short calyx-tube, its limb 2-4-lobed, or none; petals 2-4; stamens 4-8. Intermedi-
ate flowers often perfect. Lower flowers pistillate, the calyx more or less deeply 4-grooved
and with 4 minute lobes, or none; ovary 2-4-celled; ovule i in each cavity, pendulous;
styles 4, short, often plumose. Fruit splitting at maturity into 4 bony i-seeded indehiscent
carpels which are smooth, angled or tuberculate on the back. [Greek, myriad-leaved.]
About 20 species, of wide geographic distribution. In addition to the following, another occurs
in the western United States. The plants flower in summer.
Carpels smooth.
Flowers in emersed spikes.
Floral leaves shorter than the flowers.
Flowers in whorls.
Flowers alternate, or the lower sub-verticillate.
Floral leaves longer than the flowers, pinnatifid.
Floral leaves reduced to minute bracts.
Flowers on both emersed and submersed stems.
Flowers only on submersed stems.
Carpels rough or tuberculate.
Flowers on emersed spikes.
Floral leaves ovate or lanceolate, serrate.
Floral leaves linear, pectinate.
Flowers on submersed stems.
1. M. spicatum.
3. M. alternijlorum.
2. M. verticillatum.
4. M. tenellunt.
5. M. hnmile.
9. M. pi'oserpiyiacoides.
6. M. Iieterophyllum.
7. M. pinnatum.
8. M. Farwellii.
Vol. II.]
WATER-MILFOIL FAMILY.
503
I. Myriophyllum spicatum L. Spiked
Water-Milfoil. (Fig. 2617.)
Myriophyllum spicatum L. Sp. PI. 992. 1753.
Submerged leaves in whorls of 4's and 5's, dissected
into capillary divisions. Floral leaves ovate, entire or
serrate, usually shorter than the flowers, or sometimes
none; spike 1^-3' long; petals 4, deciduous; stamens 8;
fruit about \" long and lYz" thick; carpels rounded on
the back, with a deep wide groove between them,
smooth, or very rarely slightly rugose.
In deep water, Newfoundland to Manitoba and the North-
west Territory, south to Florida, Iowa, Utah and California.
Also in Europe and Asia.
2. Myriophyllum verticillatum ly. Whorled
Water-Milfoil. (Fig. 2618.)
Myriophyllum verticillalum L. Sp. PI. 992. 1753.
Submerged leaves in crowded whorls of 3's and 4's, the
capillary divisions very slender, sometimes finer than those
of M. spicatum, about 10 pairs, x'-iYz' long, often mi-
nutely scabrate. Floral leaves pectinate or pectinate-
pinnatifid, much longer than the flowers; spike 2'-6'
long; petals of the staminate flowers 4, purplish; stamens
8; fruit \"-\yz" long, and about \" thick, somewhat
gibbous at the base.
In both deep and shallow water, Quebec and Ontario to
Florida, west to Minnesota and California. Also in Europe
and Asia.
Milfoil.
3. Myriophyllum alterniflorum DC. Loose-flowered Water-
(Fig. 2619.)
Myriophyllum alterniflorum DC. Fl. France, Suppl. 529.
1815.
Submerged leaves usually in whorls of 3-5, occasionally
scattered, the pinnate divisions capillary, 2>"~h" long.
Spikes short, \'~2' long, numerous or several on the
branching stems; uppermost floral leaves ovate or linear,
entire or minutely toothed, smaller than the flowers,
early deciduous; petals of the staminate flowers 4, longer
than the stamens, pale rose-color, deciduous; stamens 8;
fruit nearly \" long, slightly less than \" thick; carpels
rounded on the back, with a deep groove between them.
In deep water. Lake Memphremagog, Quebec, near the
United States boundary; Lake Temiscouata, Quebec; north
to Newfoundland and Greenland. Common in Europe.
4. Myriophyllum tenellum Bigel. Slender
Water-Milfoil. (Fig. 2620.)
Myriophyllum tenellum Bigel. Fl. Bost. Ed. 2, 346. 1824.
Stems slender, scape-like, nearly leafless, simple, erect,
lyi'-S' or rarely 12' high. Rhizome creeping, sending
up many sterile stems; flowers alternate, solitary; upper-
most bracts obovate, often longer than the flowers, the
lower oblong, often shorter, the lowest minute or none;
petals 4, purplish, longer than the stamens; stamens 4;
fruit long and about as thick at the top, sometimes
enlarged at the base; carpels rounded or obtusely angled
on the back, separated by a shallow groove.
Sandy bottoms of ponds and streams, Newfoundland to
New Jersey and Pennsylvania, west to Michigan.
504
HALORAGIDACEAE.
[Vol. II.
5. Myriophyllum humile (Raf. ) Morong. Low Water- Milfoil. (Fig. 2621.)
Burshia humilis Raf. Med. Rep. (II.) 5: 361. 1808.
Myriophyllum anibiguiim Nutt. Gen. 2: 212. 1818.
Myriophylhim h unit I e Morong, Bull. Torr. Club, 18: 242. 1891.
Typical form terrestrial, I'-i^'' high, rooting in mud
on shores. Leaves linear, entire or pectinate. Floating
forms with stems often 12' long, branched, with'all or
most of the leaves pectinate into capillary segments;
these produce the typical form if they take root; petals
4, purplish; stamens 4; fruit usually less than i'' long
and about as thick at base, its carpels smooth, or rarely
slightly roughened, separated by a shallow groove.
In ponds, Massachusetts and Rhode Island to Maryland and
Illinois. Variable in appearance, but the variations are
manifestly only conditions of the plant dependent upon its
environment.
6. Myriophyllum heterophyllum Michx. Vari-
ous-leaved Water-Milfoil. (Fig, 2622.)
Myriophyllum heterophyllum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. a: 191. 1803.
Floral leaves in whorls of 3's to 5's, linear, ovate or
lanceolate, serrate or rarely entire, much longer than the
flowers. Submerged leaves subverticillate or scattered,
crowded, pectinate-pinnatifid, about \o" long, the divisions
6-10 pairs, capillary; flowering spike elongated (sometimes
18' long); petals 4; stamens 4, rarely 6; fruit \" long, and
slightly longer than thick; carpels 2-keeled on the back,
usually slightly scabrous.
In ponds, Ontario and New York to Florida, west to Minnesota,
Texas and Mexico.
7, Myriophyllum pinnatum (Walt. ) B.S.P.
Pinnate Water-Milfoil. (Fig. 2623.)
Potamogeton pinnatum Walt. Fl. Car. 90. 1788.
Mvriophyllum scabratum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 190. 1803.
Myriophyllum pinnatutn B.S.P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 16. 1888.
Leaves in whorls of 3's-5's, or sometimes scattered,
the floral ones linear, serrate or pectinate, 2yi"-6'^
long, gradually passing into the submerged ones which
are crowded, pinnately dissected, the divisions few and
capillary; spikes 4^-8' long; petals purplish; stamens
4, very rarely 6; carpels strongly 2-keeled and sca-
brous on the back, separated by deep grooves; mature
fruit about i" long and somewhat more than yi" thick.
In ponds, Rhode Island to Florida, west to Missouri,
Louisiana, Texas, and south to Panama.
8. Myriophyllum Farwellii Morong. Far-
well's Water-Milfoil. (Fig. 2624.)
M. Farwellii Morong-, Bull. Torr. Club, 18: 146. 1891.
Dioecious (?) Specimens with submerged leaves
only, in whorls of 3's-6's, or scattered, narrow, pin-
nately parted, the divisions finely capillary in 5-7 op-
posite or subopposite pairs, with minute black spines
in the axils; petals 4, purplish, oblong; pistillate flow-
ers only seen; styles 4, short; stamens 4, minute,
abortive; fruit about 1" long and yi" thick; carpels
crossed longitudinally by 3-4 rough tuberculate or
slightly toothed ridges, 2 on the back and commonly
I on each margin ; groove between the carpels shallow.
In still water, Maine to Michigan.
Vol. II.]
WATER-MILFOIL FAMILY.
9. Myriophyllum proserpinacoides Gill.
(Fig. 2625.)
Myriophyllum proserpinacoides Gill.; Hook. Bot. Misc.
3: 313. 1833.
Dioecious. Leaves all alike and submerged, glabrous,
somewhat glaucous, pectinate-pinnatifid in crowded
whorls of 4's and 5's, l"-\o" long; segments capillary or
sometimes linear-spatulate, 20-25 in number, about
1%" long, minutely cuspidate; pistillate flowers axil-
lary, about Yi." high, without petals; stigmas 4, white,
plumose; young carpels glabrous; small white hair-like
bracts are borne at the bases of the leaves and among
the flowers.
In Hopkins' Pond, near Haddonfield, N. J. (S. N. Rhoads,
1890). Apparently established. Introduced first into the
tanks for aquatic plants at Mr. E. D. Sturtevant's nursery,
at Bordentown, N. J. Native of Chili. Staminate flowers
not seen, and the plant referred to this species with some
hesitation.
Family 90. ARALIACEAE Vent. Tabl. 3 : 2. 1799.
Ginseng Family.
Herbs, shrubs or trees, with alternate or verticillate (rarely opposite) leaves,
and perfect or polygamous flowers in umbels, heads, racemes or panicles.
Calyx-tube adnata to the ovary, its limb truncate or toothed. Petals usually 5,
valvate or slightly imbricate, sometimes cohering together, inserted on the mar-
gin of the calyx. Stamens as many as the petals and alternate with them
(rarely more), inserted on the epigynous disk; filaments filiform or short;
anthers ovoid or oblong, introrse. Ovary inferior, i-several-celled; styles as
many as the cavities of the ovary; ovules i in each cavity, pendulous, anatropous.
Fruit a berry or drupe. Seeds flattened, or somewhat 3-angled, the testa thin;
endosperm copious, fleshy; embryo small, near the hilum; cotyledons ovate or
oblong.
About 52 genera and 450 species, widely distributed in temperate and tropical regions.
Herbs, shrubs or trees; leaves alternate, decompound; styles 5. i. Aralia.
Herbs; leaves verticillate, digi lately compound; styles 2-3. 2. Panax.
I. ARALIA h. Sp. PI. 273. 1753.
Perennial herbs, shrubs or trees, with alternate pinnately or ternately decompound
leaves, and small mostly perfect flowers, in racemose corymbose or paniculate umbels.
Flowers white or greenish. Petioles sheathing at the base. Stipules none or inconspicuous.
Pedicels jointed below the flowers. Calyx truncate or 5-toothed. Petals 5, spreading,
obtuse, or with short inflexed points, valvate or slightly imbricate. Stamens 5. Disk de-
pressed. Ovary 5-celled; styles 5. Fruit a small berry enclosing about 5 seeds.
About 27 species, natives of North America and Asia. Besides the following, 2 others occur in
the western and southwestern United States.
Umbels numerous, panicled or racemose.
Spiny shrub or tree; leaflets thick, ovate. i. A. spinosa.
Branching unarmed herb; leaflets thin, large, cordate. 2. A. racemosa.
Umbels 2-7, terminal or corymbose.
Plant glabrate ; leaf and peduncle arising from the rootstock. 3. A. nudicaulis.
Plant bristly or hispid; stem leafy, erect. 4. A. hispida.
ARALIACEAE.
[Vol. II.
I. Aralia spinosa t,. Hercules' Club.
Angelica or Spikenard Tree. (Fig. 2626.)
Aralia spinosa h. Sp. PI. 273. 1753.
A shrub or tree, reaching a maximum height
of about 40° and trunk diameter of 12', but usu-
ally much smaller. Stem, branches and petioles
spiny; leaves long-petioled, bipinuate, usually
with a leaflet at the base of each pinna; leaflets
ovate, thick, acute or acuminate, stalked, serrate,
dark green above, glaucous and sometimes
slightly pubescent beneath, i'-4'' long; umbels
very numerous, in terminal compound panicles;
involucels of several short bractlets; peduncles
and pedicels pubescent; flowers white, 2" broad;
pedicels 3"-4'' long in fruit; fruit ovoid, black,
5-lobed, about 3'' long; styles distinct.
In low grounds and along streams, southern New
York to Florida, west to Indiana, Missouri and
Texas. Freely planted for ornament, and sometimes
escaping from cultivation further north. June-Aug.
Also called Wild Orange, and Toothache-tree.
2. Aralia racemosa L. American
Spikenard. Indian-root. (Fig. 2627.)
Aralia racemosa L. Sp. PI. 273. 1753.
Herbaceous, divergently much branched, un-
armed, 3°-6° high, glabrous or slightly pubes-
cent. Roots large and thick, aromatic; leaves
ternately or rarely quinately compound, the di-
visions pinnate; leaflets broadly ovate or orbicu-
lar, thin, acuminate at the apex, cordate at the
base, 2'-6' long, sharply and doubly serrate,
sometimes pubescent on the veins beneath; um-
bels numerous, racemose-paniculate; peduncles
and pedicels puberulent; involucels of a few sub-
ulate bractlets; flowers greenish, about \" broad ;
fruit nearly globular, dark purple or reddish-
brown, about 3'' in diameter; styles united below.
In rich woods, New Brunswick to Georgia, west
to Minnesota and Missouri. Called also Spignet.
July-Aug.
3. Aralia nudicaulis L. Wild or Vir-
ginian Sarsaparilla. (Fig. 2628.)
Aralia nudicaulis L. Sp. PI. 274. 1753.
Acaulescent or nearly so. Rootstock long; leaf
usually solitary, arising with the peduncle from
the very short stem, both sheathed at the base
by dry thin ovate or orbicular scales; petioles
erect, 6''-i2'' long; primary divisions of the leaf
ternate, slender-stalked, pinnately 3-5-foliolate;
leaflets sessile or short-stalked, oval or ovate,
acuminate at the apex, rounded or narrowed at the
base, finely serrate, 2^-5' long, often pubescent
on the veins beneath; peduncle usually shorter
than the petiole; umbels commonly 3, simple;
involucre none; pedicels slender, glabrous;
flowers greenish, broad; fruit globose, pur-
plish-black, about 3" long; s-lobed when dry.
In woods, Newfoundland to Manitoba, North
Carolina and Missouri. Called also Small Spike-
nard, Rabbit-root. May-June.
Aralia nudicaulis prolifera A. C. Apgar, Bull. Torr. Club, 14: 166. 1887.
Leaves more divided and umbels compound. Perhaps a mere form. Western New Jersey.
Vol. II.]
GINSENG FAMILY.
507
I. Panax quinquefolium
Aralia nudicaulis elongata Nash, Bull. Torr. Club, 20:
374- 1893.
I^eaflets longer and narrower, coarsely serrate,
paler beneath. Catskill Mountains.
4. Aralia hispida Vent. Bristly Sarsa-
parilla. Wild Elder. (Fig. 2629.)
Aralia hispida Vent. Hort. Cels, pi. 41. 1800.
Erect, leafy, i°-3° high, the stem and petioles
more or less hispid with slender bristles. Leaves
petioled, or the upper nearly sessile, bipinnate;
leaflets ovate or oval, acute at the apex, nar-
rowed or rounded at the base, glabrous or pu-
bescent on the veins beneath, sharply and ir-
regularly serrate, i'-2' long; umbels several,
slender-peduncled, simple, corymbo-racemose
at the summit of the stem; pedicels glabrous;
flowers white, i" broad; fruit dark purple, 3"-
4" in diameter, strongly 5-lobed when dry.
In rocky or sandy woods, and clearings, New-
foundland and Labrador to North Carolina, west to Ontario, Minnesota and Indiana. June-July.
2. PANAX I,. Sp. PI. 1058. 1753.
Erect perennial herbs, from globose or elongated aromatic roots, with a verticil of digi-
tately compound leaves at the summit of the stem. Umbel solitary, terminal, simple.
Flowers greenish or white, polygamous. Calyx-limb obscurely 5-toothed. Petals 5, spread-
ing. Stamens 5, alternate with the petals. Styles 2-3. Fruit a small drupe-like some-
what flattened berry, enclosing 2-3 seeds. [Greek, all-healing.]
About 7 species, natives of eastern North America and central and eastern Asia.
Leaflets 5, ovate or obovate, stalked, acuminate. i. P. quinquefolium.
Leaflets 3-5, oval, to oblanceolate, sessile, obtuse. 2. P. trifolium.
L. Ginseng. (Fig. 2630.)
Panax quinquefolium L. Sp. PI. 1058. 1753.
Ginsetig quinquefolium Wood, Bot. & Flor.
142. 1873.
Glabrous, 8^-15'' high. Root fusiform,
deep, simple or branched. Petioles ij^'-4'
long; leaflets 5 (rarely 6-7), stalked, thin,
ovate or obovate, acuminate at the apex,
rounded or narrowed at the base, 2'-^' long,
x'-i' wide, irregularly dentate; peduncle
slender, long; umbel 6-2o flowered;
pedicels 2>"-^" long in fruit; flowers green-
ish yellow, about \" broad; styles usually 2;
fruit flattened, somewhat didymous, bright
crimson, 5'' broad.
In rich woods, Quebec to Alabama, Minne-
sota, Nebraska and Missouri. July-Aug.
2. Panax trifolium L. Dwarf Ginseng or
Ground-nut. (Fig. 2631.)
Panax trifolium L. Sp. PI. 1059. 1753-
Oinseng trifoliuvi Wood, Bot. & Flor. 142. 1873.
Glabrous, 3^-8' high. Root globose, deep, about Yz' in
diameter, pungent to the taste; petioles Yz'-i' long; leaflets
3-5, oval to oblanceolate, sessile, obtuse, usually narrowed at
the base, Yz' long, 3''-8'^ wide, dentate or serrate; pedun-
cles \'-2.Y' long; pedicels \"-\Yi" long in fruit; flowers
•white, often monoecious, about \" broad; styles, usually 3;
fruit mostly 3-angled (or when with 2 styles, didymous), yel-
low, about 2" broad.
In moist woods and thickets, Nova Scotia to Georgia, west to
Ontario, Minnesota, Iowa and Illinois. April-June.
508 UMBEI.LIFERAE. [Vol. II.
Family 91. UMBELLIFERAE B. Juss. Hort. Trian. 1759.*
Carrot Family.
Herbs, with alternate decompound compound or sometimes simple leaves,
the petioles often dilated at the base, the stems often hollow. Stipules none, or
rarely present and minute. Flowers small, white, yellow, greenish, blue or
purple, generally in compound or simple umbels, rarely in heads or capitate
clusters, often polygamous. Umbels and umbellets commonly involucrate or
involucellate. Calyx-tube wholly adnate to the ovary, its margin truncate or
5-toothed, the teeth seldom conspicuous. Petals 5, in.serted on the margin of
the calyx, usually with an inflexed tip, often emarginate or 2-lobed, those of
the outer flowers sometimes larger than those of the inner. Stamens 5, inserted
on the epigynous disk; filaments filiform; anthers versatile. Ovary inferior,
2-celled; styles 2, filiform, distinct, straight, or recurved after flowering, persist-
ent, often borne on a conic or depressed stylopodium; ovules i in each cavity,
pendulous, anatropous. Fruit dry, composed of 2 carpels (mericarps), which
generally separate from each other at maturity along the plane of their contigu-
ous faces (the commissure). Fruit either flattened laterally (at right angles to
the commissure), or dorsally (parallel to the commissure), or nearly terete (not
flattened). Carpels after parting from each other supported on the summit of a
slender axis (the carpophore), each with 5 primary ribs in their pericarps (rarely
ribless), and in some genera with 4 additional secondary ones, the ribs or some
of them often winged. Pericarp membranous or corky-thickened, usuall}' con-
taining oil-tubes between the ribs, or under the ribs and on the commissural
sides, sometimes irregularly scattered, sometimes none. Seeds i in each carpel,
usually adnate to the pericarp, their inner faces flat or concave; seed-coat thin;
endosperm cartilaginous; embryo small, placed near the hilum; cotyledons
ovate, oblong or linear.
About 170 genera and 1600 species, of wide geographic distribution, not abundant in tropical re-
gions. The mature fruit is necessary for the certain determination of most of the genera and many of
of the species, the i3owers being very much alike in all, and the leaves exhibiting great diversity in
the same genus. The family is also known as Ammiaceae. The following key is wholly artificial.
Leaves simple, undivided, sometimes slightly lobed.
Leaves narrow, mostly spiny-toothed; flowers in dense heads. 18. Eiyngium.
Leaves ovate and perfoliate in our species; flowers yellow. 27. Bupletirnvi.
Leaves orbicular or ovate, slender-petioled, often peltate.
Ribs of the fruit simple; leaves i at a node. 42. Hydrocotyle.
Ribs anastomosing; leaves tufted at the nodes. _ 43. Centella.
Leaves reduced to hollow jointed petioles or phyllodia.
Umbels simple, few-flowered; plant low. 16. Liliaeopsis.
Umbels compound; plant tall. 5. Oxypolis.
-Jf Leaves, or some of them, pinnate, ternate, digitate, decompound or deeply lobed.
Flowers in sessile or short-stalked capitate clusters opposite the leaves. 2. Caucalis.
Flowers in simple umbels; leaves pedately lobed. 42. Hydrocotyle^
Flowers in dense peduncled heads; leaves sometimes bristly. 18. Eryngium.
Flowers in more or less compound umbels.
Flowers white, greenish or pink.
Fruit, or its beak, bristly, papillose or tuberculate.
Leaves digitately 3-7-parted or lobed. 19. Sanicula.
Leaves pinnately or ternately decompound or dissected.
Fruit linear, ribbed, long-attenuate at the base. 29. Washing Ionia.
Fruit linear, with a beak much longer than the body. 30. Scandix.
Fruit ovoid, small, tuberculate or bristly.
Carpels flattened dorsally.
Seed-face concave. 23. Apiastrum.
Seed-face flat. 20. Ammoselinum.
Carpels terete, or slightly flattened laterally. 38. Spermolepis.
Fruit with 4 strong bristly wings.
Fruit dorsally flattened; calyx-teeth obsolete. i. Daucus.
Fruit laterallj- flattened ; calyx-teeth prominent. 2. Caucalis.
Fruit smooth, ribbed or winged, rarelj' pubescent.
Fruit winged, at least on the lateral ribs, dorsally flattened.
Plants acaulescent, or nearly so; leaves bipinnate or dissected. 10. Peucedanmn .
Plants tall, leafy-stemmed.
Leaves simply ternate or pinnate.
Leaf-segments ovate-lanceolate to oblong. 5. Oxypolis.
Leaf-segments very broad. 8. Iniperaloria.
Leaves ternately or pinnately compound; segments broad.
Segments ovate or oval, not cordate. 3. Angelica.
Segments large, cordate, pubescent. 6. Heraclettm.
Leaves 2-3-pinnately decompound; segments narrow. 4. Conioselinum.
*Text prepared with the assistance of Dr. J. N. Rose.
Vor<. II.]
CARROT FAMILY.
509
Fruit wiiigred or wingless, not flattened either dorsally or laterally.
All its ribs winged 11. Cymoplei us.
Ribs distinct, but not winged.
Leaves finely dissected; segments narrow. 14. AEthusa.
Leaf-segments broad.
Fruit with numerous oil-tubes between the ribs. 13. Ligusticum.
Fruit with solitary oil-tubes between the ribs. 15. Coelopleuruni.
Leaves entire, or with a few narrow segments. 17. Cynosciadium.
Fruit laterally flattened.
Fruit linear or linear-oblong.
Leaves 3-foliolate,
Leaves decompound or finely dissected.
Fruit long-beaked, smooth, ribless.
Fruit short-beaked or beakless, ribbed.
Fruit ovoid or oval.
Umbels opposite the leaves.
Umbels terminal or axillary.
Leaves finely dissected into filiform segments.
Ribs of the fruit equal, prominent. 39. Ptilimnium.
Lateral ribs much thickened. 33. Apium.
Ribs filiform, inconspicuous. 35. Carum.
Leaves pinnate or decompound; segments linear to ovate-oblong.
Plants acaulescent, or nearly so.
Calyx-teeth obsolete; fruit nearly orbicular.
Calyx-teeth prominent; fruit oblong.
Plants leafy-stemmed.
Oil-tubes of the fruit none.
Leaves biternate with broad segments.
Leaves decompound into small pinnatifid segments.
31. Conium.
Oil-tubes solitary between the ribs; leaves pinnate.
36. Cicuta.
Oil-tubes numerous.
Leaves pinnately compound; segments linear.
25. Eulophus.
Leaves pinnate; the segments sometimes pinnatifid.
Tall native marsh perennials.
Oil-tubes 1-3 in the intervals between the prominent
ribs. 32. Siuin.
Oil-tubes numerous and close together along inner side
of the pericarp; ribs filiform. 40. Berula.
Introduced plant of dry ground, 22. Pimpinella.
Flowers yellow or purple.
Fruit dorsally flattened.
Plants acaulescent; leaves finel}' dissected. 10. Peucedanum.
Plants leafy-stemmed.
Leaves pinnate; segments ovate; fruit with thin lateral wings. 7. Pastinaca.
Leaves pinnately compound; fruit-wings thick and corky. 9. Polytaenia.
Fruit not flattened; ribs or some of them winged. 12. Thaspium.
Fruit laterally flattened; leaves decompound (except in Zizia).
Leaf-segments oval or ovate, entire. 22. Pimpinella.
Leaf-segments crenate, lobed or incised.
Leaf-segments broad, crenate or dentate. 34. Zizia.
Leaf-segments deeply incised.
Plant native, western ; ribs of the fruit filiform. 24. Musineon.
Plant sparingly escaped from cultivation; ribs prominent. 33. Apium.
37. Deringa.
26. Anthriscus.
28. Chaerophyllum.
33. Apium.
44. Erigenia.
24. Musineoti.
41. AEgopodiuin.
Leaf -segments filiform; fruit prominently ribbed.
21. Foeniculum.
I. DAUCUS L. Sp. PI. 242. 1753.
Biennial or annual, mostly hispid-pubescent herbs, with pinnately decompound finely
divided leaves, and compound umbels of white or reddish flowers. Involucre of several
foliaceous pinnately parted bracts in our species. Involucels of numerous entire or toothed
bracts. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Petals obovate, the apex inflexed, those of the outer flowers
often dilated and 2-lobed. Stylopodium depressed or none. Umbels very concave in fruit.
Fruit oblong, somewhat flattened dorsally. Primary ribs 5, slender. Secondary ribs 4,
winged, each bearing a row of barbed prickles. Oil-tubes solitary under the secondary ribs,
and 2 on the commissural side of each carpel. [The ancient Greek name.]
About 25 species, of wide geographic distribution. Besides the following, another occurs in
the southwestern United States.
UMBELUFERAE.
[Vol. II.
I. Daucus Carota L.
Wild Carrot. (Fig. 2632.)
Dajtais Carola L,. Sp. PI. 242. 1753.
Hispid, usually biennial, erect,
i°-3° high, the root fleshy, deep,
conic. Lower and basal leaves
2-3-pinnate, the segments linear
or lanceolate, dentate, lobed or
pinnatifid; upper leaves smaller,
less divided; bracts of the invo-
lucre parted into linear or filiform
lobes; umbels broad; rays
numerous, crowded, Yz'-i' long,
the inner ones shorter than the
outer; pedicels very slender, \"-
2" long in fruit; flowers white,
the central one of each umbel
often purple, that of each umbel -
let occasionally so, all rarely
pinkish; fruit \y^"-2" long,
bristly on the winged ribs.
In fields and waste places, very common throughout our area, often a pernicious weed. Natu-
ralized from Europe, and native also of Asia. The original of the cultivated Carrot. Called also-
Bird's- or Crow's-nest and Oueen Anne's I,ace. June-Sept.
2. CAUCALIS L. Sp. PI. 240. 1753.
Annual, hispid or pubescent herbs, with pinnately decompound leaves, and compound
umbels of white or reddish flowers. Calyx-teeth prominent, acute. Bracts of the involucre
few and small or none. Involucels of several or numerous narrow bracts. Petals cuneate
or obovate with an inflexed point, mostly 2-lobed. Stylopodium thick, conic. Fruit ovoid
or oblong, laterally flattened. Primary ribs 5, filiform. Secondary ribs 4, winged, each
bearing a row of barbed or hooked bristles or tubercles. Oil-tubes solitary under the secon-
dary ribs, 2 on the commissural side. [The Greek name.]
About 20 species, natives of the northern hemisphere,
a native species occurs in western North America.
Umbels sessile or short-stalked, capitate, opposite the leaves.
Umbels compound, peduncled; rays slender.
I. Caucalis nodosa (I,. ) Huds. Knotted
Hedge-Parsley. (Fig. 2633.)
Tordylium nodosum L. Sp. PI. 240. 1753.
Caucalis nodosa Huds. Fl. Angl. Ed. 2, 114. 1778.
Torilis nodosa Gaertn. Fruct. & Sem. i: 82. pi. 20. f. 6.
1788.
Decumbent and spreading, branched at the base,
the branches 6'-i2' long. Leaves bipinnate, the
segments linear-oblong, acute, entire or dentate;
umbels sessile, or short-stalked, forming small capi-
tate clusters opposite the leaves at the nodes; rays
1-3, very short; fruit sessile, ovoid, about i^^' long,
the outer with barbed prickles on the secondary
ribs, the inner with tubercles.
In waste places and on ballast, Philadelphia, Mar>'-
land and Iowa. Also in the southern States, California,
the West Indies, and South America. Adventive from
Europe. May-Aug.
Besides the following introduced ones,
C. nodosa.
C. Antliriscus,
511
(Fig. 2634.)
Vol. II.] CARROT FAMILY.
2. Caucalis Anthriscus (ly.) Huds. Erect Hedge-Parsley.
Tordylium Anthrisctis'L,. Sp. PI. 240. 1753.
Caucalis Anthriscus Huds. Fl. Angl. Ed. 2,
114. 1778.
Torilis Anthriscus Gmel. Fl. Bad. i: 615.
1806.
Erect, rather slender, 2°-3° high.
Leaves bipinnate, or the uppermost sim-
ply pinnate, the segments lanceolate, ob-
tuse, dentate or pinnatifid; umbels slcn-
der-peduncled, i'-2' long; pedicels
2" long in fruit; rays 3-8, slender, about
1/2,' long; fruit ovoid-oblong densely
bristly on the secondary ribs, \yz"-'z"
long.
In waste places, New Jersey to the District
of Columbia, western New York and Ohio.
Adventive from Europe. Called also Rough-
er Hemlock-Chervil, Scabby Head, Rough-
Cicely. July-Sept.
3. ANGELICA L. Sp. PI. 250. 1753.
[Archangelica Hoffm. Gen. Umb. 166. 1814.]
Tall erect perennial branching herbs, with compound leaves and large umbels of white
flowers (in our species). Involucre none, or of a few small bracts. Involucels of several
small bracts, or sometimes wanting. Calyx-teeth obsolete or small. Petals with an in-
flexed tip. Stylopodium depressed. Fruit ovate or oval, dorsally compressed, pubescent or
glabrous. Dorsal and intermediate ribs prominent, approximate, the lateral ones broadly
winged. Oil-tubes solitary or several in the intervals, 2-10 on the commissural side. Seed-
face flat or somewhat concave. [Named for its supposed healing virtues.]
About 30 species, natives of the northern hemisphere and New Zealand. Besides the follow-
ing, some 13 others occur in the southern and western parts of North America.
Umbels glabrous, or nearly so; leaf-segments acute or acutish.
Oil-tubes I (rarely 2-3) in the intervals; wings broader than the carpels, i. A. Curlisii.
Oil-tubes numerous and contiguous; wings narrower than the carpels. 2. A. atropurpurea.
Umbels densely tomentose ; leaf-segments obtuse. 3. A. villosa.
I. Angelica Curtisii Buckl. Curtis'
Angelica. (Fig. 2635.)
Angelica Curtisii Buckl. Am. Journ. Sci. 45:
173- 1843.
Glabrous, or the umbels and upper part of
the stem slightly pubescent, 2°-2,)4° high.
Leaves biternate, the divisions pinnate,
the lower long-stalked, the upper mostly re-
duced to inflated petioles; segments rather
thin, sometimes slightly pubescent on the
veins beneath, ovate, acute or acuminate,
sharply and irregularly dentate or incised,
2'-4' long; umbels 3^-6' broad, 9-25-rayed;
rays rather stout, i>^'-3' long; pedicels
slender, 4"-6" long; fruit oval, glabrous,
2"-j/' long, emarginate at the base, the lat-
eral wings broader than the carpel; oil- tubes
commonly solitary in the intervals.
In woods, central Pennsylvania, south along
the Alleghanies to North Carolina, where it as-
cends to 6400 ft. Aug. -Sept.
512
UMBELLIFERAE.
[Vol. II.
2. Angelica atropurpurea L. Great or
Purple-stemmed Angelica. ( Fig. 2636. )
Angelica alropurpmea L. Sp. PI. 251. 1753.
Angelica triquinala Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 167. \?>o\
Archangelica atropurpurea Hoffm. Umbel. 161. 1814.
Stout, 4°-6° high, glabrous throughout, or the umbel
slightly rough-hairy. Lower leaves often 2° wide,
biternate and the divisions pinnate, the upper ones
smaller, all with very broad dilated petioles; segments
oval or ovate, acute or acutish, rather thin, sharply
serrate and often incised, i j4'-2' long; umbels some-
times 10' broad, 9-25-rayed, the rays long;
pedicels very slender, ^"-W long; fruit broadly oval,
Z"-^" long, slightly emarginate at the base, the lat-
eral wings narrower than the carpels; oil-tubes numer-
ous and contiguous.
In swamps and moist ground, Labrador to Minnesota,
south to Delaware and Illinois. June-July.
3. Angelica villosa (Walt.) B.S.P. Pu-
bescent Angelica. (Fig. 2637.)
Ferula villosa Walt. Fl. Car. 115. 1788.
Angelica liirsuta Muhl. Cat. Ed. 2, 30. 1818.
Angelica villosa B.S.P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 22. 1888.
Rather slender, 2°-6° high, the umbels and up-
per part of the stem densely tomentose-canescent.
Lower leaves ternate or biternate, often 1° long,
the divisions pinnate, the segments thick, oval,
equally and rather finely dentate, obtuse or ob-
tusish, long, upper leaves mostly reduced
to sheathing petioles; umbels I'-i,' broad, 7-30-
rayed; rays slender, Y'-iyi' long; pedicels about
2" long; fruit broadly oval, emarginate at the
base, 3'' long, finely pubescent; lateral wings
about as broad as the carpels; oil-tubes generally
3-6 in the intervals.
In dry soil, Connecticut to Florida, Minnesota and
Tennessee. Ascends to 3200 ft. in Virginia. July-Aug.
4. CONIOSELINUM Hoffm. Umb. Add. 28. 1814.
Erect perennial glabrous branching herbs, with pinnately decompound leaves, and com-
pound umbels of white flowers. Involucre none, or of a few short bracts. Involucels of
several narrowly linear bracts. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Petals with an infolded tip. Stylo-
podium depressed-conic. Fruit oval or oblong, dorsally flattened. Carpels with prominent
approximate dorsal and intermediate ribs, the lateral ones broadly winged and conspicuous.
Oil-tubes mostly 2-3 in the intervals, and 4-8 on the commissural side. Seed-face slightly
concave, its back strongly convex. [Greek, hemlock-parsley.]
Besides the following, some 3 others occur in western North America.
I. Conioselinum Chinense (L.) B.S.P.
Hemlock-Parsley. (Fig. 2638.)
Athamanta Chinetisis X,. Sp. PI. 245. 1753.
Selinum Canadense Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 165. 1803.
Conioselimun (?) Canadense T. & G. Fl. N. A. 1:619.
1840.
Conioselinum C/iinenseB.S.F. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 22. 1888.
Stem terete, striate, 2°-5° high. Lower leaves
long-petioled, the upper nearly sessile, all decom-
pound into linear-oblong acutish segments; petioles
sheathing; umbels terminal and axillary, 2'-3^
broad, 9-16-rayed; rays rather slender, i^'-2^'
long; pedicels very slender, i''-^," long; fruit
prominently ribbed, broadly oval, about 1" long.
In cold swamps, Labrador to southern New York,
south in the mountains to North Carolina, west to On-
tario, Minnesota and Indiana. Ascends to 5000 ft. in
North Carolina. Aug.-Sept.
Vol. II.]
CARROT FAMILY.
513
5. OXYPOLIS Raf. Neogen. 2. 1825.
[TiEDEMANNiA DC. Mem. Omb. 51. 1829.]
[Archemora DC. Mem. Omb. 52. 1829.]
Erect perennial glabrous marsh herbs, from clustered tuberous roots, with pinnate or
ternate leaves, or iu one species the leaves reduced to hollow jointed phyllodia, and com-
pound umbels of white flowers. Involucre none, or of a few linear bracts. Involucels of
several small bracts, or none. Calyx- teeth acute. Stylopodium thick, conic. Fruit gla-
brous, dorsally compressed, oval or obovate; dorsal and intermediate ribs slender, the lateral
ones winged, strongly nerved along the inner margin of the wing, the carpels appearing as
if equally 5-ribbed. Oil-tubes solitary in the intervals, 2-6 on the commissural side. Seed-
face nearly flat.
Four known species, natives of North America.
Leaves all reduced to hollow usually jointed phyllodia. i. O. filiformis.
Leaves pinnate; leaflets linear or lanceolate. 2. O. rigida.
I. Oxypolis filiformis (Walt.) Britton.
Oxypolis. (Fig. 2639.)
OEnanIhe filiformis WaXi. Fl. Car. 113. 1788.
OEnanihe teretifolia Muhl. Cat. 31. 1813.
Ttedemannia lere/ifolia DC. '^em.Omh. $x. pi. 12. 1829.
Oxypolis filiformis Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 239. 1894.
Stem hollow, 2°-6° high. Leaves reduced to linear
hollow usually jointed acute phyllodia i'-i8' long; in-
volucre of several linear-subulate bracts; umbels
broad, 6-15-rayed; rays slender, yi'-i' long; pedicels
long ; fruit oval, or slightly obovate, 2^-3'^
long; oil-tubes large, i in each interval, 2-4 on the
commissural side.
In ponds and swamps, southern Virg^inia to Florida,
west to Louisiana. Aug.-Sept. Plants collected in Dela-
ware, referred to this species, differin having broadly oval
corky-winged fruit, an inconspicuous disk, slender conic
stylopodium and smaller oil-tubes. They may represent a
different genus.
2. Oxypolis rigidus (I,.) Britton. Cow-
bane. Hemlock, or Water Drop-
wort. (Fig. 2640.)
Sium rigidum L. Sp. PI. 251. 1753.
Archemora rigida DC. Mem. Omb. 52. 1829.
T. rigida Coult. & Rose, Bot. Gaz. 12:74. 1887.
O. rigidus Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 239. 1894.
Rather slender, 2°-6° high. Leaves petioled,
simply pinnate, the lower often 1° long or
more, the uppermost much reduced ; leaflets
thick, ovate-lanceolate, lanceolate or oblong, en-
tire, or remotely dentate, lYz'-j,' long, 3''-! 2''''
wide; involucre of 1-4 bracts, or none; umbels
2'-4' broad, 7-25-rayed; rays slender, i'-4'long;
pedicels 1"-^" long; fruit oval, ly^''-^^" long,
\y2"-2" broad; oil-tubes small, i in each in-
terval, 4-6 on the commissural side.
In swamps, New York to Florida, west to Wis-
consin, Minnesota, Missouri and Louisiana. Very variable in leaf-form and size of fruit. Aug. -Sept.
Oxypolis rigidus longifolius (Pursh) Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 239. 1894.
Sium longifolium Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 194. 1814.
OEnanihe ambigua Nutt. Gen. i: 189. 1818.
Leaflets elongated-linear, entire, wide; fruit smaller. New Jersey to South Carolina and
Tennessee. ,
6. HERACLEUM L. Sp. PI. 249. 1753.
Erect, usually pubescent perennial herbs, with ternately compound leaves, and com-
pound umbels of white flowers. Bracts of the involucre few and deciduous, or none. In-
volucels of numerous linear bracts. Calyx-teeth obsolete or small. Petals cuneate, or
clawed, those of the outer flowers dilated and obcordate or 2-lobed. Stylopodium thick,
conic. Fruit much flattened dorsally, broadly oval, obovate, or orbicular; dorsal and inter-
mediate ribs filiform, the lateral ones broadly winged and the wings nerved near the outer
margin; oil-tubes extending only to about the middle of the carpels, conspicuous, i in each
interval, 2-4 on the commissural side. [Greek, to Hercules.]
About 60 species, natives of the northern hemisphere, only the following in North America.
33
514 UMBELLIFEREAE. [Vol. II.
I. Heracleum lanatum Michx.
Cow- Parsnip. (Fig. 2641.)
Heracleum lanatum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i:
166. 1803.
Very stout, tomentose-pubescent, 4°- 8°
high, the stem ridged, often 2' thick at the
base. Leaves petioled, ternately divided,
very pubescent beneath, the segments
broadly ovate, or orbicular, cordate, stalked,
lobed and sharply serrate, rather thin, 3^-6''
broad; petioles much inflated; umbels 6''-
12' broad, 8-30-rayed, the rays stout, 2'-^'
long; pedicels 2>"-9" long in fruit; fruit
broadly oval, or obovate, d/'-d" long,
broad, finely pubescent, emarginateat
the summit.
In moist ground, Labrador and Newfound-
land to Alaska, south to North Carolina, Mis-
souri, Utah and California. Called also
Master-wort. June-July.
7. PASTINACA I,. Sp. PI. 262. 1753.
Tall erect mostly biennial branching herbs, with thick roots, pinnate leaves, and com-
pound umbels of yellow flowers. Involucre and involucels commonly none. Calyx-teeth
obsolete. St5'lopodium depressed. Fruit oval, glabrous, much flattened dorsally; dorsal
and intermediate ribs filiform, the lateral winged, those of the two carpels contiguous and
forming a broad margin to the fruit; oil-tubes solitary in the intervals and 2-4 on the com-
missural side. Seed very flat. [Latin pastus, food.]
About 7 species, natives of Europe and Asia.
I. Pastinaca sativa I,. "Wild Parsnip. Madnep. Tank. (Fig. 2642.)
Paslinaca saliva L- Sp. PI. 262. 1753.
Peucedanum sativum S. Wats. Bot. King's
Exp. 128. 1871.
Biennial or rarely annual, glabrous,
or somewhat downy-pubescent, 2°-5°
high, the root long, conic, fleshy.
Lower and basal leaves petioled, pin-
nate, often long, the segments
rather thin, ovate or oval, obtuse, sessile,
lobed or incised and sharply dentate,
1^-3' long; upper leaves generally much
reduced; umbels several or numerous,
2^-6' broad, 7-15-rayed, the rays slen-
der, Yz'-^' long; pedicels very slender,
j/'-d" long in fruit; fruit broadly oval,
2yz"-'^yz" long, 2'^-y broad, the dor-
sal and intermediate ribs not prominent
but the oil-tubes conspicuous.
Roadsides and waste places, a very com-
mon weed in nearly all parts of our area.
Naturalized from Europe. June-Sept.
8. IMPERATORIA L. Sp. PI. 259. 1753.
Tall perennial herbs, with large ternately divided or 2-pinnate leaves, sheathing petioles,
and compound umbels of white flowers. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Petals ovate, mostly emar-
ginate. Fruit much flattened dorsally, broadly oval, to nearly orbicular, the lateral ribs
broadly winged all around, the intermediate and dorsal ribs slender, wingless; oil-tubes soli-
tary in the intervals and 2 on the commissural side. Styles and stylopodium short. Seed-
face flat. [Named for its supposed forceful medicinal properties.]
About 10 species, natives of the Old World.
Vol,. II.]
CARROT FAMILY.
515
I. Imperatoria Ostruthium I,. Mas-
terwort. Felon-grass. Pellitory of
Spain. (Fig. 2643.)
Imperatoria Ostruthium L- Sp. PI. 259. 1753.
Glabrous, or sparingly pubescent; stem stout,
hollow, erect, 2°-5° tall. Leaves ternately di-
vided into very broad stalked segments which
are often 3-parted nearly or quite to the base,
sharply and unequally serrate and often incised,
the segments of the long-petioled lower leaves
often 5' broad; rays of the umbels and pedicels
very nunjerous, slender; involucre none, or of i
or 2 lanceolate bracts; involucel-bracts few, nar-
row, deciduous; fruit broadly oval, about 7." long.
In fields, Pocono plateau of Pennsylvania and
Michigan. Reported from Newfoundland. Natu-
ralized or adventive from Europe. Called also
Broad-leaved Hog's Fennel. May-July.
g. POLYTAENIA DC. Mem. Omb. 53. pi. 13. 1829. .
Perennial, nearly glabrous herbs, with pinnately decompound leaves, and compound
umbels of yellow flowers. Involucre none, or rarely of 1-2 linear bracts. Involucels of a
few subulate deciduous bracts. Calyx-teeth prominent, triangular. Petals obovate-cuneate,
with a long incurved tip. Stylopodium none. Fruit oval or obovate, much flattened dor-
sally, thick and corky; dorsal and intermediate ribs obscure, the lateral ones with thick
wings which form a broad margin to the fruit, and are nerved toward the outer margin; oil-
tubes 12-18, contiguous, with numerous smaller ones irregularly disposed in the thick peri-
carp. Seed flat. [Greek, many-fillets, or oil-tubes.]
A monotypic genus of central North America.
Polytaenia Nuttallii DC. Polytaenia.
(Fig. 2644.)
Polytae7iia Nuttallii DC. Mem. Omb. 53. pi. ij. 1829.
Stem slightly scabrous, leafy, i°-3° high; roots
fusiform. Leaves petioled, or the uppermost
smaller and sessile, pinnate, the segments deeply
pinnatifid or parted, i'-3' long, the lobes ovate, ob-
long or obovate, dentate or entire; umbels 6-12-
rayed, 1^-2^^ broad; rays scabrous, Yz'-iyi' long;
pedicels finely pubescent, \"-2" long; fruit gla-
brous, 3'^-5" long, ■2y2."-iy2" broad, y^" thick,
the margins obtuse, the central part of both car-
pels depressed when dry.
Dry soil, Michigan and Wisconsin to Tennessee,
Texas and Louisiana. April-May.
10. PEUCEDANUM L. Sp. PI. 245. 1753.
Perennial herbs, acaulescent or nearly so, from thick fusiform or tuberous roots, with
ternate, pinnate, or in our species bipinnate or finely dissected leaves, and compound umbels
of white or yellow flowers. Involucre none. Involucels of several or numerous bracts.
Calyx-teeth mostly obsolete. Stylopodium depressed or none. Fruit oval, oblong or or-
bicular, glabrous or«pubescent, dorsally compressed. Carpels with filiform dorsal and inter-
mediate ribs, the lateral ones broadly winged; oil-tubes 1-4 (rarely more) in the intervals,
2-10 on the commissural side. Seed-face flat or slightly concave. [Name Greek.]
About 125 species, of wide geographic distribution. In addition to the following, about 47
others occur in western North America.
Flowers white or pinkish.
Flowers yellow.
Fruit glabrous; involucel-bracts united.
Plant pubescent.
Plant glabrous.
Fruit finely pubescent; involucel-bracts linear, distinct.
I. P. nudicaule.
2. P. foeniculaceum.
3. P. Kingii.
4. P. villosum.
5i6
UMBELLIFEREAE.
[Vol. II.
I. Peucedanum nudicaule (Pursh) Nutt. White-flowered Parsley.
(Fig. 2645.)
Smyrnium nudicaule Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept.
196. 1814..
Peucedanum nudicaule 'S^ivAX.; T. & G. Fl. N.
1:627. 1840.
Finely pubescent, or nearly glabrous, the
leaves and peduncles jf-W high. Root
elongated, often swollen in places. Leaves
bipinuate, the segments oblong or ovate,
generally pinnatifid into linear or linear-
oblong obtusish lobes; bracts of the involu-
cels lanceolate, scarious-margiued; umbel
4-8-rayed, the rays unequal, Yi'-^Yi' long
in fruit; pedicels i'^-3"long; flowers white
or pinkish; fruit broadly oval or orbicular,
glabrous, i''-^^" long, the lateral wings
narrower than the carpel, the dorsal and in-
termediate ones inconspicuous; oil-tubes
generally solitary in the intervals.
In drj' soil. Manitoba to Minnesota and Kan-
sas, west to the Northwest Territory and New
Mexico. March-May.
Fennel-leaved Parsley. (Fig. 2646.)
2. Peucedanum foeniculaceum Nutt.
Fei tila foeniculacea Nutt. Gen. i: 183. 1818.
Peucedanum foeniciilaceum Nutt.; T. & G.
Fl. N. A. i: 627. 1840.
Tomentose-pubescent, or nearly gla-
brous; peduncles ^'-\o' high, usually ex-
ceeding the leaves. Roots stout and
deep; leaves very finely dissected into
short, linear or filiform acute lobes and
segments, the primary divisions ternate
or pinnate; petioles strongly sheathing at
the base; umbels unequally 3-12-rayed,
the rays long; bractlets of the
involucels tomentose, united for more than
half their length, withering; flowers yel-
low; pedicels 2'^-4" long in fruit; fruit
broadly oval, glabrous, about 3'' long,
the lateral wings narrower than the car-
pel, dorsal and intermediate ones rather
prominent; oil-tubes 1-3 in the intervals.
Prairies, Northwest Territory to Kansas,
Missouri and Texas. March-April.
3. Peucedanum Kingii S. Wats.
King's Parsley. (Fig. 2647.)
Peucedanum gt-aveolens S. Wats. Bot. King's Exp.
128. 1871. Not A ne/hru7n graveolens Li-
Peiicedattuin Kingii S. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 22:
474- 1887.
Glabrous, acaulescent, scape striate, 6'-2o'
high, as long as the leaves or somewhat longer.
Leaves all basal, long-petioled, pinnately or 2-
pinnately divided into narrowly linear segments
yi" wide or less; umbel unequally 4-20-rayed;
rays ^'-i^' long; involucels of several lanceo-
late partly united bracts; flowers yellow; calyx-
teeth short; fruit oblong, glabrous, 4"-6'^ long,
nearly 2'^ wide, the carpels with narrow lateral
wings, the dorsal and intermediate ribs also
somewhat winged; oil-tubes 3-6 in the intervals,
and 6-10 on the commissural side.
Western Nebraska to Utah. June-Aug. Perhaps
not properl5' referred to this genus.
Voi,. II.]
CARROT FAMII.Y.
4. Peucedanum villosum Nutt. Hairy
Parsley. ■ (Fig. 2648. )
Peucedanum villosum Nutt.; S. Wats. Bot. King's Exp.
131. 1871.
Tomentose-pubescent; peduncles 3^-8' long, ex-
ceeding the leaves. Roots long and deep; leaves
very finely dissected into narrowly oblong obtuse
lobes and segments, the primary divisions mostly
ternate; umbel 4-10-rayed, the rays ^'^-lo" long in
fruit; bracts of the involucels lanceolate, tomentose,
or finely pubescent, separate or nearly so ; flowers
yellow; fruit oval, finely pubescent, ^"-2,]^'^ long,
about 2%" broad, the lateral wings narrower than the
carpel, the dorsal and intermediate ribs prominent;
oil-tubes 3-4 in the intervals.
Prairies and dry soil, Nebraska to the Northwest Ter-
ritory, west to New Mexico and California. April-May.
II. CYMOPTERUS Raf. Journ. Phys. 89: 100. 1819.
Perennial subscapose glabrous herbs, from thick roots, with pinnately decompound leaves,
and white flowers (in our species) in peduncled umbels. Involucre of several bracts or none.
Involucels of i to numerous bracts. Calyx-teeth rather prominent. Petals inflexed at the
apex. Stylopodium depressed or wanting. Fruit globose, ovoid or ellipsoid, flattened
laterally or not at all. Carpels dorsally flattened, with 3-5 flat equal wings ; oil-tubes
several or solitary in the intervals. [Greek, wave-winged, referring to the fruit]
About 13 species, natives of western and central North America.
Involucre none. i. C. acaulis.
Involucre prominent. 2. C. viontanns.
I. Cymopterus acaulis (Pursh) Rydberg. Plains Cymopterus. (Fig. 2649.)
Seliyium acaule Pursh, Fl. Am, Sept. 732. 1814.
Cymopterus glovieraius Raf. Journ. Phys. 89: 100. i8iq.
Cymopterus acaulis Rydberg, Bot. Surv. Neb. 3: 38.
1894.
Low, the stem seldom over \' high. Leaves erect
or ascending, bright green, 3^-8' long, slender-
petioled, pinnate or bipinnate into linear-oblong
obtuse entire or lobed segments; umbels slender-
peduncled, capitate, \' or less broad, several rayed;
rays \"-7.yz" long; pedicels very short; involucre
none; involucel of a single palmately-lobed bractlet;
fruit broadly oval, about ■x," in diameter when
mature; oil-tubes 4-5 in the intervals; seed face
nearly flat.
In dry soil, Minnesota and Wisconsin to Arkansas,
west to the Northwest Territory, British Columbia and
Colorado. April-May.
2. Cymopterus montanus T. & G. Moun-
tain Cymopterus. (Fig. 2650.)
Cymopterus montanus T. & G. Fl. N. A. i: 624. 1840.
Similar to the preceding species but somewhat
glaucous, or very slightly pubescent. Leaves i'-6'
high, stout-petioled, pinnate, or bipinnate, the seg-
ments oblong, obtuse, entire, toothed, or lobed; pe-
duncles stout, i'-6' high; involucre and involucels
of broad membraneous somewhat united veined
bracts; umbels \'-2' broad in fruit; rays several,
long; pedicels V-'z" long; fruit ellipsoid,
■x,"-b" long, the carpels broadly 3-5 winged; oil-
tubes 1-3 in the intervals.
Dry soil, western Nebraska and Wyoming to Texas.
March-April.
518
UMBELLIFEREAE.
[Vol. II.
12. THASPIUM Nutt. Gen. i: 196. 1818.
Perennial herbs, with ternate or ternately compound leaves, or the basal ones some-
times undivided, and compound umbels of yellow or purple flowers. Involucre none, or
of 1-3 bracts. Involucels of several small bracts. Calyx-teeth prominent, acute. Stylopo-
dium none. Style slender. Fruit ovoid or oblong, glabrous or nearly so, scarcely flattened.
Carpels somewhat dorsally flattened, the ribs or at least some of them strongly winged;
oil-tubes solitary in the intervals. Seed- face flat. [Name from the island Thapsus.]
About 3 species, natives of eastern North America.
Leaves mostly ternate; segments crenate, thickish. i. T. Irifoliatum.
Leaves mostly biternate; segments incised or lobed, rather thin.
Segments ovate, incised. 2. T. barbinode.
Segments pinnatifid into oblong lobes. 3. T. pinnatifidum.
I. Thaspium trifoliatum (L.) Britton. Pur-
ple Meadow-Parsnip. (Fig. 2651.)
Thapsia trifoliata L. Sp. PI. 262. 1753.
Smyrnium atropurpureum Desr. in Lam. IJncycl. 3: 667.
1789.
Thaspium atropurpureum Nutt. Gen. i: ig6. 1818.
T. trifolialum Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 240. 1894.
Glabrous throughout ; stems erect, more or less
branched, i°-2° high. Upper stem-leaves short-peti-
oled, ternate, or rarely biternate, the segments ovate
or ovate-lanceolate, long, crenate-dentate all
around; basal leaves long-petioled, sometimes undi-
vided; umbels broad; petals dark purple; fruit
nearly 2" long, all the ribs usually winged.
In woods, Rhode Island to New Jersey, Tennessee and
Illinois. Purple Alexanders. June-July.
Thaspium trifohatum aureum ( Nutt. ) Britton, Mem. Torr.
Club, 5: 240. 1894.
Thaspium aureum Nutt. Gen. i: 196. 1818.
Flowers yellow. Range of the type. Golden Alexanders.
2. Thaspium barbinode (Michx. ) Nutt
(Fig. 2652.)
Smyrnium barbinode Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i:
167. 1803.
Thaspium barbinode Nutt. Gen. i: 196. 1818.
Erect, divergently branched, 2°-4° high,
pubescent at the joints and sometimes also
on the young shoots and rays of the umbels.
Leaves more or less petioled, mostly bipin-
nate (the upper often simply pinnate and
the basal 3-pinnate); segments ovate, acute
at both ends, or rounded at the base, rather
thin, incised-serrate or cleft, i'-2' long;
umbels i'-2' broad; flowers light yellow;
fruit nearly t," long, usually glabrous, 7 of
the ribs commonly broadly winged.
Along streams, Ontario to Minnesota, south
to Florida, Kentucky and Arkansas. Ascends
to 4200 ft. in North Carolina. May-June.
Hairy-jointed Meadow-Parsnip.
T. barbinode angustifolium Coult. & Rose, Bot. Gaz. 12: 137. 1887.
Leaf-segments more sharply cleft into narrower lobes; fruit
puberulent. Pennsylvania to West Virginia and Illinois.
3. Thaspium pinnatifidum (Buckl. ) A. Gray.
Cut-leaved Meadow-Parsnip. (Fig. 2653.)
Zizia pinnalifida Buckl. Am. Joum. Sci. 45: 175. 1843.
Thaspium U'alleri Shuttlw. ; A. Gray, PI. Wright, i: 79. 1850.
Thaspium pinnalifiduvi A. Gray, Man. Ed, 2, 155. 1856.
Divergently branched, 2°-4° high, more pubescent than
the preceding species. Leaves distant, ternately pinnatifid
into numerous oblong or linear-oblong lobes, the basal ones
long-petioled and very large ; flowers light yellow ; fruit
'i-V^i" -2)/i" long, puberulent, all the ribs winged, but 7 of
the wings broader than the other 3.
In woods and copses, Kentucky to North Carolina and Ten-
nessee. June.
Vol. II.]
CARROT FAMILY.
519
13. LIGUSTICUM L. Sp. PL 250. 1753.
Perennial glabrous usually branching herbs, with aromatic roots, ternately compound
leaves, and large compound umbels of white flowers. Involucre of several narrow mostly
deciduous bracts. Involucels of numerous linear bracts. Calyx- teeth obsolete. Stylopo-
dium conic. Fruit oblong or ovoid, scarcely flattened. Carpels dorsally compressed, the
ribs prominent, acute, separated by broad intervals; oil-tubes 2-6 in the intervals. Seed-
face flat or slightly concave. [Named from Liguria, where Lovage abounds.]
About 20 species, natives of the northern hemisphere. Besides the following-, some 7 others
occur in western North America.
Leaves thin; fruit ovoid; southern species. i. L. Canadense.
Leaves fleshy; fruit oblong; northern sea-coast species. 2. L. Scoticum.
I. Ligusticum Canadense (L.) Britton. Nondo, Angelico. (Fig. 2654.)
Ferula Canadensis L. Sp. PI. 247. 1753.
Ligusticum actaeifolium Michx. Fl. Bor. Am.
i: 166. 1803.
Ligusticum Canadense Britton, Mem. Torr.
Club, 5: 240. 1894.
Stout, erect, much branched above, 2°-6°
high. Leaves thin, those of the stem ses-
sile or nearly so, the lower and basal petioled,
often 1° wide, their primary divisions ternate,
the secondary ternate or pinnate; segments
ovate, or oval, 1^-5' long, acute at the apex,
rounded at the base, coarsely and sharply
serrate, or those of the uppermost leaves
linear-lanceolate and entire; umbels mostly
twice compound, sometimes 10' broad; bracts
of the involucre 2-6, linear; bracts of the
involucels several; pedicels long in
fruit; fruit ovoid, 2"-2," long with promi-
nent slightly winged ribs; oil-tubes 3-4 in
the intervals; seed angled on the back.
In nch woods, southern Pennsylvania to
Georgia, Missouri and Kentucky. Ascends to
4000 ft. in North Carolina. June-Aug.
2. Ligusticum Scoticum L.
Scotch Lovage. Sea Parsley.
(Fig. 2655.)
Ligusticum Scoticum L- Sp. PI. 250. 1753.
Stem simple, or rarely slightly branched,
io'-3° high. Leaves mostly biternate,
the segments thick and fleshy, broadly
obovate or oval, \'-d/ long, shining, ob-
tuse or acute at the apex, narrowed or
the terminal one rounded at the base,
dentate with blunt or sharp teeth; um-
bels 2^-4' broad in fruit, the rays i'-'^'
long; pedicels 2"-^" long; fruit oblong,
7)"-^" long, the ribs prominent and some-
what winged; seed rounded on the back.
Along salt marshes, Connecticut to Labra-
dor and the lower St. Lawrence river. Also
on the Pacific coast and the shores of north-
ern Europe and Asia. The plant of the New
England coast has more acute leaf-segments
than the typical form. July-Aug.
14. AETHUSA L. Sp. PI. 256. 1753.
Annual glabrous herbs, with pinnately dissected leaves, and compound umbels, both
terminal and opposite the leaves. Involucre none, or of a single bract. Bracts of the involu-
cels 1-5, setaceous, turned to one side. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Petals inflexed at the apex.
Stylopodium broad, thick. Fruit globose-ovoid, glabrous. Carpels dorsally compressed,
the ribs prominent, corky, acute, nearly equal; oil-tubes solitary in the intervals. Seed-face
flat. [Greek, burning, from the sharp taste.]
A monotypic genus of Europe and Asia.
520
UMBELLIFEREAE.
I. AEthusa Cynapium L,.
Parsley. (Fig. 2656.)
[Vol. II.
Fool's
AEthusa Cynapium L. Sp. PI. 256. 1753.
Erect, leafy, dichotomously branched, rather
slender, i°-2>^° high. Leaves 2-3-pinnate, the
lower slender-petioled, the upper nearly sessile;
petiole-bases dilated; ultimate segments linear,
acutish; umbels long-peduncled, 2'-^,' broad in
fruit, 8-i2-rayed; rays Yz'-iyi' long; pedicels
i//-^// long; bractlets of the involucels 2-4,
linear, turned downward; fruit about lyi" long,
somewhat longer than broad.
In waste places. Nova Scotia to New Jersey, west
to Minnesota. Poisonous. Adventive from Europe.
Called also False or Dog's Parsley, Dog-poison,
and Fool's Cicely. June-Sept.
15. COELOPLEURUM Ledeb. Fl. Ross. 2: 361. 1844.
Stout and tall maritime perennials, with large 2-3-ternate leaves, inflated petioles, and
compound umbels of greenish white flowers. Involucre of a few linear deciduous bracts,
or none. Involucels of numerous linear bracts. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Petals with an in-
flexed apex. Stylopodium depressed. Fruit oblong, scarcely flattened; dorsal and inter-
mediate ribs prominent, corky-thickened, the lateral ones slightly broader, acute but not
winged; oil-tubes solitary in the intervals, 1-2 under each rib and 2-4 on the commissural
side. Seed loose in the pericarp, its face flat or slightly concave. [Greek, hollow-ribbed.]
Two species, one widely distributed in the northern hemisphere, the other on our northwestern
coast.
I. Coelopleurum Gmelini (DC.) Ledeb.
Sea-coast Angelica. (Fig, 2657.)
Angelica Archangelica Schrank, Denks. Regens.
Bot. Gesell. i: Abth. 2, 13. 1818. Not L. 1753.
Archangelica Gmelini DC. Prodr. 4: 170. 1830.
Archangelica peregrina Nutt.; T. & G. Fl. N. A.
i: 622. 1840.
Coelopleurum Gmelini'L,e.A&\i. Fl. Ross. 2:361. 1844.
Stout, branching, 2°-3° high, glabrous below,
the umbels and upper part of the stem puberu-
lent. Lower leaves large, 2-3-ternate, the seg-
ments thin, ovate, acute or acuminate, sharply
and irregularly dentate and incised, i>^'-2^'
long; umbels 3^-5'' broad, io-25-rayed; rays
\'-2' long; pedicels slender, 2>"~^" long; fruit
oblong or nearly globose, T-Yz" -^lYz" long, the
lateral ribs scarcely stronger than the others.
Sea-coast, Greenland to Massachusetts, on the
lower St. Lawrence river and the Pacific coast.
Also on the coasts of eastern Asia. Summer.
16. LILAEOPSIS Greene, Pittonia, 2: 192. 1891.
[Crantzia Nutt. Gen. 1 : 177. 1818. Not Scop. 1777.]
Small creeping glabrous perennial marsh herbs, the leaves reduced to linear teretefsep-
tate hollow petioles, with simple umbels of white flowers. Bracts of the involucre several,
small. Calyx-teeth acute. Petals concave, acute, incurved at the apex. Stylopodium conic.
Fruit glabrous, globular, somewhat flattened lateralh-. Carpels nearly terete, the dorsaljand
intermediate ribs filiform, the lateral ones much larger and corky-thickened, the commissural
faces each with a corky longitudinal projection; oil-tubes solitary in the intervals. Seed
terete. [Greek, resembling the genus Lilaea.'\
A genus of wide geographic distribution, usually regarded as monotypic, but probablj- consist-
ing of several species.
Vol,. II.]
CARROT FAMILY.
521
I. Lilaeopsis lineata (Michx..) Greene,
lyilaeopsis. (Fig. 2658.)
Hydrocoiyle Clwiensis I,. Sp. PI. 339. 1753?
Hydrocotyle lineata Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 162. 1803.
Crantzia lineata Nutt. Gen. i: 178. 1818.
Lilaeopsis lineata Greene, Pittonia, 2: 192. 1891.
Creeping, rooting in the mud, 2'-^' long. Petioles
linear-spatulate, very obtuse, generally long but
sometimes much longer, about ^Yz" thick, hollow,
distinctly jointed by transverse partitions; peduncles
somewhat exceeding the leaves; umbels 5-10-rayed,
the rays long; fruit about \" long.
In salt and brackish marshes, and on muddy river-
shores, Massachusetts to Florida, west to Mississippi.
June-Aug.
17. CYNOSCIADIUM DC. Mem. Omb. 44. pi. 11. 1829.
Glabrous slender branching annuals, the lower and basal leaves mostly linear and entire,
tho^e of the stem mainly divided into few linear segments. Involucres and involucels of
several subulate or narrowly linear bracts, sometimes deciduous. Flowers small, white, in
terminal and lateral compound umbels. Calyx-teeth short, persistent. Fruit ovoid, or ob-
long, nearly terete, glabrous, strongly ribbed, the lateral ribs the larger; oil-tubes solitary in
the intervals and 2 on the commissural side of each carpel. Seed-face flat. Stylopodium
conic. [Greek, dog-celery.]
Two known species, natives of the southern United States.
1. Cynosciadium pinnatum DC. Pinnate
Cynosciadium. (Fig. 2659.)
Cynosciadium pinnatum DC. Mem. Omb. 45. pi. 11.
f. B. 1829.
Stem erect, or assurgent, i°-2° high. Lower and
basal leaves petioled, the blade elongated-linear,
entire, acuminate or acute at each end, 1^-3' long,
I yi.'-'s' wide; stem-leaves pinnately divided nearly
to the midvein into 3-9 narrowly linear entire seg-
ments, the terminal segment much larger than the
lateral ones, or some of them entire; bracts of the
involucres ■2."--i," long; umbels 4-10-rayed; rays
very slender, Yz'-xYz' long; fruit about 1" long,
less than \" wide, tipped by the conic stylopodium
and crowned by the ovate calyx-teeth.
In wet soil, Missouri to the Indian Territory and
Texas. May-Aug.
18. ERYNGIUM L. Sp. PI. 232. 1753.
Herbs, with spiny-toothed lobed dentate or sometimes dissected, rarely entire leaves,
and dense bracted heads or spikes of small white or blue sessile flowers, subtended by bract-
lets. Calyx-teeth rigid, pungent, or acute. Petals erect, the apex emarginate with a long
inflexed point. Disk expanded. Styles slender. Fruit obovoid or ovoid, scaly or tubercu-
late, somewhat flattened laterally. Carpels nearly terete, their ribs obsolete or none, the
oil-tubes usually 5. [Greek, a kind of thistle.]
About 150 species, of wide geographic distribution in tropical and temperate regions. Besides
the following, about 18 others occur in the southern and western parts of North America.
Plants erect, tall; stem-leaves spiny or bristly-margined.
Leaves elongated-linear, parallel-veined. i. E. aquaticum.
Leaves elongated-linear, reticulate-veined. 2. E. Virginianum.
Stem-leaves palmately incised-pinnatifid. 3. E. Leavenworthii.
Plants prostrate, slender; leaves unarmed. 4. E. prostratum.
522
UMBELLIFEREAE.
[Vol. II.
I. Eryngium aquaticum L. Rattlesnake-
master. Button Snakeroot. (Fig. 2660. )
Eryngium aquaticum L. Sp. PI. 232. 1753.
Eryngiiitu yiiccaefolium Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 164.
1803.
Stout, 2°-6° high, glabrous; stem striate, simple,
or branched above. Leaves elongated-linear, acum-
inate at the apex, mostly clasping at the base,
finely parallel-veined, the lower sometimes 3° long
and lyi' wide, the upper smaller, all with bristly
margins; heads stout-peduncled, globose-ovoid,
(i"-\o" long, longer than the ovate or lanceolate
cuspidate bracts; bractlets similar to the bracts but
smaller; calyx-lobes ovate, acute; fruit scaly, about
\" long.
In wet soil or upland, pine-barrens of New Jersey to
Illinois and Minnesota, south to Florida, Missouri and
Texas. June-Sept.
2. Eryngium Virginianum I^am.
Virginian Eryngo. (Fig. 2661.)
E. Virginianum Lam. Encycl. 4: 759. 1797.
Stem slender, erect, glabrous, branched
above, striate, i°-3° high. Upper stem-
leaves linear, acuminate, sessile and clasp-
ing at the base, 2'-8' long, spiny-toothed
or rarely laciniate, reticulate-veined; basal
and lower leaves long-petioled, the blade
linear-oblong, often obtuse, entire, or re-
motely denticulate; heads subglobose, \"-
7" long, equalling or shorter than the lan-
ceolate spiny-toothed or entire reflexed
bracts; bractlets usually 3-cuspidate with
the middle cusp longest; calyx-lobes lan-
ceolate, cuspidate; fruit scaly.
In marshes near the coast, New Jersey to
Florida, west to Texas. July-Sept.
3. Eryngium Leavenworthii T. & G.
Leavenworth's Eryngo. (Fig. 2662.)
Eryngium Leavenuwthii T. & G. Fl. N. A.
1840.
: 604.
Stout, glabrous, i°-3° high, branched above.
Stem-leaves sessile, or somewhat clasping at the
base, palmately pinnatifid into narrow spiny-
toothed segments; basal and lowest leaves ob-
lanceolale, mostly obtuse, spinose-denticulate;
heads peduncled, ovoid-oblong, y'-i' long,
nearl}' \' thick, equalling or longer than the
spinose bracts; bractlets 3-7-cuspidate, those of
the upper part of the heads large and resem-
bling the bracts; calyx-lobes pinnatifid, longer
than the fruit.
In dry soil, Kansas, to Texas. July-Oct.
Vol. II.]
CARROT FAMILY.
523
4. Eryngium prostratum Nutt. Pros-
trate Eryngo. (Fig. 2663.)
Eryngium inlegrifolium Walt. Fl. Car. 112. 1788?
Eryngium prostratum Nutt.; DC. Prodr. 4: 92.
1830.
Prostrate, diffusely branclied, rooting from the
nodes, the branches very slender, sometimes 18'
long. Lower and basal leaves slender-petioled,
oval or oblong, mostly obtuse, entire, or crenate-
dentate; stem-leaves smaller, often clustered at
the nodes, ovate, few-toothed, or entire or some
of them 3-parted; heads ovoid-oblong, dense,
about 3'^ long, mostly shorter than the lanceo-
late reflexed bracts; bractlets very small; fruit
about yi,^' long, tuberculate.
In low grounds, Kentucky to Missouri, south to
Florida and Texas. Summer.
19. SANICULA I^. Sp. PI, 235. 70. 1753.
Perennial or biennial mostly glabrous herbs, with alternate palmately 3-7-foliolate or pin-
natifid leaves and small yellowish white or purplish flowers in compound generally few-
rayed umbels. Umbellets globose. Involucre foliaceous; involucels small. Calyx-lobes
membranous, mostly persistent. Petals obovate, or narrower, incurved at the apex, emar-
ginate. Disk flat. Fruit somewhat flattened laterally, subglobose, covered with hooked
bristles in our species. Carpels not ribbed; oil-tubes usually 5. [From the Latin, to heal.]
About 20 species, natives of the north temperate zone, South America and South Africa. Be-
sides the following, about lo others occur in the southern and western parts of the United States.
Perennial ; some staminate flowers in separate heads ; styles longer than the bristles.
Petals and anthers greenish white; calyx-segments lanceolate, cuspidate; fruit 3" long.
I. 5. Marylandica.
Petals and anthers yellow; calyx-lobes ovate, obtuse; fruit \ long, or less. 2. gregaria.
# ^ Biennial; staminate flowers never in separate heads; styles shorter than the bristles.
Leaves 3-5-divided; pedicels of staminate flowers i" long; fruit less than 2" long. 3. S. Canadensis.
Leaves 3-foliolate; pedicels of staminate flowers 2" long; fruit 3" long, or more. 4. S. trifoliata.
I. Sanicula Marylandica L. Sanicle.
Black Snake-root.
(Fig. 2664.)
Sanicula Marylandica L. Sp. PI. 235. 1753.
Rather stout, ij4°-4° high, usually simple,
topped by a 2-4-rayed umbel. Leaves firm,
bluish green, the basal long petioled, the up-
per sessile, 5-7-parted; segments \ %'-()' long,
obovate to oblanceolate, irregularly serrate or
dentate, often incised; involucral leaves much
smaller, 3-cleft; involucel-bracts small, rarely
i'' long; pedicels of staminate flowers 2"
long; calyx I'^long, parted into subulate seg-
ments; petals greenish white, little exceeding
the calyx; anther greenish white; fruit ses-
sile, ovoid, 3''' long, the slender recurved
styles longer than the stout bristles; oil-tubes
5, large; seed furrowed dorsally.
In rich woods, Newfoundland to the Rocky
Mountains, south to Georgia. May-July.
524
UMBELLIFEREAE.
[Vol. II.
2. Sanicula gregaria Bicknell.
Clustered Snake-root. (Fig. 2665.)
Sanicula gregaria Bicknell, Bull. Torr. Club, 22:
354- 1895-
Stems erect, weak, usually clustered, i°-3°
high, umbellate-branched, the branches slen-
der. Leaves thin, bright green, s-divided; seg-
ments stalked, obovate-cuneate to lanceolate,
acute or acuminate, doubly serrate with bristle-
tipped teeth, sharply incised, mostly less than 3'
long; basal leaves numerous, those of the stem
only 1-2, petioled; involucral leaves large, 3-
parted, those of the involucre foliaceous; pedi-
cels of staminate flowers long, 3 or 4
times the length of the minute campanulate
calj'x; calyx-lobes ovate, obtuse; petals yellow-
ish, much surpassing the calyx; anthers bright
yellow; fruit stipitate, broadly obovoid, iVz"
long, the slender styles recurved; bristles
weak, very small; oil-tubes 5, small; seed not
furrowed.
In moist woods and thickets, southern New
York to Virginia, Kansas and Nebraska. May-
June.
3. Sanicula Canadensis L. Short-styled
Snake-root. (Fig. 2666.)
Sanimla Canadensis L. Sp. PI. 235. 1753.
Sanicula Marylandica var. Canadensis Torr. Fl. U.
S. 302. 1824.
Rather dull green; i°-4° high, widely branched,
the branches forked, the umbellate fruit-bearing
rays only i"-5^^1ong. Stem leafy; leaves petioled,
3-5-divided; segments cuneate-obovate to narrowly
oblong, acute, mucronate-serrate, or incised, often
small, but sometimes 3^' long; involucral leaves
small; those of the involucel bract-like; staminate
flowers few, on pedicels \" long or less; calyx Yz"
long, parted into linear-lanceolate acute lobes which
exceed the minute white petals; fruit short-stipitate,
subglobose, \"-\yz" long; the bristles slender;
styles short, included; oil-tubes 5; seed dorsally
furrowed.
In dry woodlands, Massachusetts to Florida, Ne-
braska and Texas. June-Aug.
4. Sanicula trifoliata Bicknell. Large-
fruited Snake-root. (Fig. 2667.)
5. trifoliata Bicknell, Bull. Torr. Club, 22: 359. 1895.
Stem slender, i°-2^° high, the branches
alternate, the lower often nearly erect, simple,
or forked into numerous branchlets; umbels of
3-5 often irregular rays 4"-i2'' long, leaves
rather bright green, thin, slender-petioled, 3-
divided, the lateral segments often cleft; seg-
ments stalked, broadly ovate, or obovate, or the
lateral ones rhomboid, acute, coarsely doubly
serrate, or incised, the teeth spinulose-cuspidate;
staminate flowers few, on slender pedicels about
2" long; calyx Yz" long, its linear rigid lobes
incurved, subulate; petals white, about half as
long as the calyx; styles short, included; fruit
2," long, or more; larger oil-tubes 2, with numer-
ous minute ones; seed not sulcate.
In hilly woods, Connecticut to Ontario, south-
eastern New York and Indiana. June-July.
Vol,. II.] CARROT FAMILY. 525
20. AMMOSELINUM T. & G. Pac. R. R. Rep. 2: 165. 1855.
Low branching annuals, with ternately divided finely dissected leaves, the ultimate leaf-
segments linear, spatulate, or oblong, and small white flowers in terminal sessile or pedun-
cled slender-rayed umbels. Involucels of a few linear or dissected bracts. Calyx-teeth obso-
lete. Fruit ovate to oval, laterally flattened, strongly ribbed, the ribs tuberculate or spinu-
lose-tuberculate; pericarp very thick and dense; oil-tubes solitary in the intervals, and 2 on
the commissural side. Styles and conic stylopodium short. [Greek, sand-parsley.]
Two known species, natives of the southwestern United States and Mexico.
I. Ammoselinum Popei T. & G.
Pope's Sand-parsley. (Fig. 2668.)
Ammoselinum Popei T. & G. Pac. R. R. Rep. 2:
165- 1855-
Apium Popei A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 7: 343.
1868.
A diffusely branched herb, 6'-i5' high, the
angled branches, rays of the umbels and pedi-
cels rough. Lower leaves slender-petioled,
the upper sessile, or nearly so, all dissected
into linear obtuse or acutish segments about
wide; involucre usually of i dissected leaf
or more; involucel-bracts few, entire, or dis-
sected; longer rays of the umbels 1' long in
fruit, or less, the shorter ones often i-flowered;
fruit ovate, ■2'^-2%.'' long, narrowed above,
i'' wide, or a little more, the ribs rather
strongly tubercled, or even spinulose.
In sandy soil, western Kansas to Texas, Mex-
ico and Arizona. April-May.
21. FOENICULUM Adans. Fam. PI. 2: loi. 1763.
Erect biennial or perennial glabrous herbs, with pinnately decompound leaves, the seg-
ments linear or capillary, and compound umbels of yellow flowers. Involucre and involu-
cels none. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Petals obtuse or slightly retuse at the apex. Stylopodium
large, conic. Fruit linear-oblong, glabrous, terete or nearly so. Carpels half-terete, dor-
sally^ flattened, prominently ribbed; oil-tubes solitary in the intervals. Seed-face flat, or
slightly concave. [Latin, diminutive of foenum, hay, from its odor.]
About 4 species, natives of the Old World.
I. Foeniculum Foeniculum (L.) Karst. Fennel. (Fig. 2669.)
Anethruvi Foeniculum L. Sp. PI.
263. 1753-
Foeniculum vulgare Gaertn.
Fruct. & Sem. i : 105. 1788.
Foeniculum Foeniculum Karst.
Deutsch. Fl. 837. 1880-83.
Perennial, branched, 2°-4°
high. Leaves very finely dis-
sected into capillary segments;
petioles broad, clasping; umbels
large, 9-25-rayed, the rays
rather stout, somewhat glau-
cous, 1^-3' long in fruit; pedi-
cels long, slender; fruit
about ■x>" long.
In waste places. New Jersey and
Pennsylvania to Virg^inia and
Louisiana, escaped from gardens.
Adventive from Europe. Called
also Dill, Finkel, Spingel. July-
Sept.
i26
UMBELLIFEREAE.
[Vol. II.
22. PIMPINELLA L. Sp. PI. 263. 1753.
Glabrous, perennial herbs, with compound leaves and compound umbels of yellow or
white flowers. Involucre and involucels none in our species. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Petals
in flexed at the apex. Stylopodium thick, broadly conic. Fruit ovate, or oblong, sometimes
broader than long, more or less compressed. Carpels obscurely 5-angled with slender equal
distant ribs; oil-tubes numerous, 2-6 in the intervals. Seed-face flat or slightly convex,
[Latin; perhaps from bipinnula, /. e., bipinnate.]
About 75 species, natives of the northern hemisphere and South Africa. Besides the following,
another is said to occur in the western United States.
Leaves temately compound, the segments entire; flowers yellow. i. P. integerrima.
Leaves pinnate, the segments incised; flowers white. 2. P. Saxifraga.
I. Pimpinella integerrima (L,. ) A. Gray.
Yellow Pimpernel. (Fig. 2670.)
Smyrnium integerrimum L. Sp. PI. 263.
1753-
Zizia integerrima DC. Rap. PI. Jard
Geneve, 3: 7. 1830.
Piynpinella integerrima A. Gray, Proc.
Am. Acad. 7: 345. 1868.
Erect, branched, glabrous, somewhat
glaucous, i°-3° high, slender. Leaves
2-3-ternate, the upper with short dilated
petioles, the lower long-petioled; seg-
ments ovate, oval, or lanceolate, obtuse,
or acutish and often mucronulate at the
apex, entire, (3"-\2" long; umbels slen-
der-peduncled; rays 10-20, I'-i,' long in
fruit; flowers yellow; pedicels slender;
fruit oval, glabrous, about 2." long.
In rocky or sandy soil, Quebec to North
Carolina, west to Ontario, Minnesota and-
Mississippi. Ascends 4000 ft. North Caro-
lina. May-June.
2. Pimpinella Saxifraga L.
Bennet. Pimpernel. Burnet
Saxifrage. (Fig. 2671.)
Pimpinella Saxifraga L. Sp. PI. 163. 1753.
Erect, glabrous, i°-2° high, somewhat
branched. Leaves pinnate; segments of
the lower 9-19, sharply serrate, or incised,
ovate, or nearly orbicular, 8"-i2" long;
upper leaves shorter-petioled and of fewer
segments cut into narrower lobes; flow-
ers white; umbels slender-peduncled, 7-
20-rayed; rays slender, I'-iyi' long in
fruit; fruit oval.
In waste places, eastern Pennsylvania and
northwestern New Jersej' at several locali-
ties in the valley of the Delaware, and in
Ohio. Adventive from Europe. June-Oct.
23. APIASTRUM Nutt.; T. & G. Fl. N. A. i: 643. 1840.
Annual glabrous slender much branched herbs, with petioled finely dissected leaves, the
leaf-segments linear or filiform. Flowers very small, white, in terminal or axillary compound
unequal-rayed umbels. Involucre none; involucels of a few small bracts, or none. Calyx-
teeth obsolete. Fruit ovate, or suborbicular, laterally flattened, tubercled, not ribbed; peri-
carp thin; oil-tubes few, not clustered, 2 on the commissural side. Seed-face concave.
Stylopodium very small. [Greek, false celery.]
Two known species, the following, and one in California.
527
Vol,. II.] CARROT FAMILY.
I. Apiastrum patens (Nutt. ) Coult. & Rose.
Spreading Apiastrum. (Fig. 2672.)
Leplocaulis patens 'HM.Vt.; DC. Prodr. 4: 107. 1830.
Apium patens S. Wats. Bibl. Index, i: 413. 1878.
Apiastrum patens CovXt. & Rose, Rev. 110. 1888.
Erect, slender, i°-2° high, divergently branched above.
Stem-leaves short-petioled, biternately dissected into
narrowly linear or filiform segments; umbels terminal, or
axillary, yi'-iyi' broad; rays 3^'-6" long; pedicels lyi''-
2" long in fruit; fruit ovate, slightly more than yz^'long,
more or less tuberculate, usually densely so.
Nebraska and Missouri to Texas and New Mexico. ' June.
24. MUSINEON Raf. Journ. Phys. 91: 71. 1820.
[Adorium Raf. Neog. 3. 1825.]
[MuSENiUM Nutt.; T. & G. Fl. N. A. i: 642. 1840.]
Low perennial resiniferous herbs, branching or acaulescent, with pinnately decompound
leaves, and compound umbels of yellow or white flowers. Involucre none. Bracts of the
involucels few, narrow. Calyx-teeth ovate. Petals clawed, the apex long and infolded.
Stylopodium small, depressed. Fruit ovate or ovate-oblong, slightly compressed laterally,
smooth or nearly so in our species (roughened in M. trachyspermmn. ) Carpels somewhat
5-angled, the ribs filiform, equal; oil-tubes usually 3 in the intervals, the middle one
usually largest. Seed-face concave. [A name of fennel.]
Three known species, natives of northwestern and central North America.
Stem leafy, branching; fruit about 2" long. i. A. divaricatum.
Plant acaulescent, tufted; fruit about i" long. 2. A. tenuifolium.
I. Musineon divaricatum (Pursh) Nutt.
Leafy Musineon. (Fig. 2673.)
Seseli divaricatum Pursh, Fl. Amer. Sept. 732. 1814.
Musenium divaricatum Nutt.; T. & G. Fl. N. A. i:
642. 1840.
Adorium divaricatum Rydberg, Bot. Surv. Neb. 3:
37. 1894.
Decumbent or ascending, branched, glabrous, 6'-
12' high. Leaves bipinnatifid, petioled, 2'-6'long,
the rachis narrowly winged, the segments oblong
or ovate, acutish, 3-5-dentate; umbels mostly long-
peduncled, \'-2]/z' broad, 8-25-rayed; rays rather
stout, 3''-i2'' long; pedicels about long in
fruit; flowers yellow; fruit smooth, or very nearly
.so, about 2" long.
Prairies, Manitoba and the Upper Missouri region to
the Northwest Territory and Oregon. May-June.
2. Musineon tenuifolium Nutt. Scapose
Musineon. (Fig. 2674.)
Musenium tenuifolittm Nutt.; T. & G. Fl. N. A. 1: 642. 1840.
Adoriujn tenuifolium Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 264. 1891.
Acaulescent from a woody root, tufted, glabrous, 2^-6'
high, pale and somewhat glaucous. Leaves petioled, de-
compound into linear acute incised segments; esc apequla-
ling or slightly exceeding the leaves; umbel broad,
5-18-rayed; rays 2''-^'' long; flowers greenish white (?);
pedicels %"-2" long in fruit; fruit oblong, nearly smooth,
about \" long and yi" thick, its ribs rather prominent when
dry.
In dry rocky places, Nebraska, and in the Rocky Mountains.
June-July.
528 UMBELLIFEREAE. [Vol. II.
25. EULOPHUS Nutt.; DC. Mon. Omb. 69. pi. 2. 1829.
Perennial slender glabrous branching herbs, from deep tuberous roots, with ternately
compound leaves, and long-peduncled compound umbels of white or pink flowers. Invo-
lucre generally of i bract, sometimes none. Involucels of several bracts. Calyx-teeth
usually prominent. Petals obovate, the tip inflexed. Stylopodium conic. Styles recurved.
Fruit glabrous, linear to oblong in our species; ribs filiform, with 1-5 oil-tubes in the inter-
vals. Seed-face concave. [Greek, well-plumed; application not apparent.]
About 5 species, natives of North America. Besides the following, 4 others occur in the western
United States.
I. Eulophus Americanus Nutt. East-
ern Eulophus. (Fig. 2675.)
Eulophus Americanus Nutt. ; DC. Mem. Omb. 69. pi.
2. 1829.
Erect, 3°-5° high. Basal and lower leaves
large, long-petioled, ternately compound into
linear acute or obtusish segments; upper leaves
similar, smaller and shorter-petioled; petioles
sheathing at the base; umbels terminal,
broad, the rays 6-12, very slender, long;
involucre of 1-2 bracts, or none; involucels of
several narrowly lanceolate acuminate bracts;
pedicels almost filiform, long in fruit;
flowers whitish (?); fruit oblong, i"-'^" long.
In dry soil. Ohio and Illinois to Missouri, Tennes-
see and Arkansas. July.
26. ANTHRISCUS Hoffm. Gen. Umb. 38. 1814.
Annual or biennial herbs, with ternately or pinnately decompound leaves, and compound
umbels of white flowers. Involucre commonly none; involucels of numerous bracts.
Calyx-teeth obsolete or minute. Apex of the petals inflexed. Stylopodium conic or de-
pressed. Fruit linear in our species, beaked, laterally compressed, smooth in our species.
Carpels nearly terete, ribless except at the beak; oil-tubes none. Seed-face channeled.
[Greek name of this or some allied plant]
About 10 species, natives of warm and temperate regions of the Old World.
I. Anthriscus Cerefolium (L.) Hoffm.
Garden Chervil or Beaked-Parsley.
(Fig. 2676.)
Scandix Cerefoliitm L. Sp. PI. 368. 1753-
Chaerophylhim sativum Lam. Encycl. i: 684. 1783.
Anthriscus Cerefolium Hoffm. Gen. Umb. 41. 1814.
Annual, glabrous, or finelj- pubescent above, much
branched, i^°-2° high. Basal and lower leaves
slender-petioled, the upper smaller, nearly sessile, all
ternately decompound into small segments; umbels
numerous, rather short-peduncled, 3-6-rayed, the
rays divergent, ^•2'-!^' long in fruit; pedicels stout,
1"-%," long; bractlets of the involucels linear-
lanceolate, acuminate, about \" long; fruit linear,
3" long, glabrous and ribless, tipped with a ribbed
beak of one-third its own length.
Roadsides and woodlands in eastern and southern
Pennsylvania. Naturalized from Europe. May-June.
Anthriscus sylvestris (L. ) Hoffm., Wild Beaked-Parsley, or Wild Chervil, a tall annual with
decompound leaves, and glabrous beakless fruit, has been found as a waif on Staten Island, and in
ballast about the seaports.
Anthriscus Anthriscus (L.) Karst. {A. vulgaris Pers. ) Bur-Chervil, readilj' recognized by its short-
beaked muricate fruit, has laeen found as a waif in Nova Scotia, according to Macoun.
Voi<. II.] CARROT FAMILY. 529
27. BUPLEURUM I,. Sp. PI. 236. 1753.
Annual or perennial herbs, with simple entire clasping or perfoliate leaves, and compound
umbels of yellow or greenish-yellow flowers. Involucre none in our species. Involucels of
5 ovate mucrouate bracts. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Petals broad, the apex inflexed or infolded.
Stylopodium conic. Styles short. Fruit oblong or oval, somewhat compressed laterally.
Carpels angled, with slender equal ribs; oil-tubes none in our species. Seed-face concave.
[Greek, ox-ribbed, referring to the leaves.]
About 65 species of wide geographic distribution. Besides the following another occurs in
the Rocky Mountains and northwestern America.
I. Bupleurum rotundifolium L,.
Hare's Ear. Thorough-wax or
-wort. Modesty. (Fig. 2677.)
Bupleurum rotundifolium 1,. Sp. PI. 236.
1753-
Annual, erect, rather stiff, branching,
glabrous, pale, i°-2°high. Leaves broadly
ovate, or oval, mostly obtuse, mucronate,
i''-!^' long, perfoliate, or the lowest nar-
rowed into a petiole; umbels terminal, 3-6-
rayed, the rays seldom over 4^' long; bracts
of the involucels about as long as the rays,
yellowish; fruit glabrous, about long.
In cultivated fields, New York to North
Carolina, west to South Dakota, Missouri
and Arkansas. Also in the southwest. Nat-
uralized from Europe. July-Aug.
28. CHAEROPHYLLUM I,. Sp. PI. 258. 1753.
Herbs, our species annuals, with ternately or pinnately decompound leaves and small
compound umbels of white flowers. Involucre none or rarely of 1-2 bracts. Involucels of
numerous small bractlets. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Petals inflexed at the apex. Stylopo-
dium small, conic. Fruit oblong or linear-oblong, glabrous or pubescent, flattened laterally.
Carpels 5-angled, slightly flattened dorsally, the ribs slender, equal, obtuse; oil-tubes soli-
tary in the intervals. Seed-face channeled. [Greek, pleasant leaf, from the fragrance.]
About 30 species, natives of the warmer parts of the north temperate zone and northern Africa.
The following are the only known North American species.
Fruit not beaked, its ribs slender, narrower than the intervals between them. i. C. procumbens.
Fruit beaked, its prominent ribs mostly as broad as the intervals. 2. C. Teinturieri.
I. Chaerophyllum procumbens (I,.) Crantz. Spreading Chervil.
(Fig. 2678.)
Scandix procumbens L. Sp. PI. 257. 1753.
C. procumbens Crantz, Class. Umb. 77. 1767.
Much branched, more or less pubescent,
slender, spreading, ascending or erect, (>'-2a'
high. Lower leaves slender-petioled, ternately
decompound, the divisions ovate, pinnatifid,
the ultimate segments obtuse; upper leaves
smaller, nearly sessile; umbels 2-6-rayed; rays
long in fruit; flowers few in the umbellets;
bracts of the involucels ovate; fruit glabrous,
linear-oblong, 2"-2yz" long, narrowed but not
beaked at the summit, the ribs narrower than
the intervals between them.
In moist ground, New York and southern Ontario
to Michigan, south to North Carolina and Kansas.
April-June.
Chaerophyllum procumbens Shortii T. & G. FL N. A.
1:637. 1840.
Fruit broader, ovate-oblong, pubescent, blunt, or
scarcely narrowed at the summit. Pennsylvania to
Kentucky, Louisiana and Arkansas.
34
530
UMBELLI FERAE.
[Vol. II.
2. Chaerophyllum Teinturieri Hook. Teinturier's Chervil. (Fig. 2679.)
Chaerophyllum Teinlurieri Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. i:
47- 1835-
Chaerophylhim procunihensv&x. Teinturieri Q.. & R. Bot.
Gaz. 12: 160. 1887.
Similar to the preceding species, more or less pu-
bescent, much branched, often taller. Ultimate leaf-
segments acute or obtuse; rays of the umbels i'-}/
long; fruit 2>"-A" long, less than \" wide, glabrous,
or pubescent, narrowed above into a distinct beak, its
prominent ribs as broad as the intervals between them,
or broader.
In dry soil, southern Virginia to Tennessee and Mis-
souri, south to Florida and Texas. Perhaps intergrades
with the preceding species. March-May.
29. WASHINGTONIA Raf. Am. Month.
Mag. 2: 176. 1818.
[OsMORRHiZA Raf loc. cit. i8i8.]
Perennial herbs from fleshy clustered thickish roots,
with decompound leaves, and loose few-rayed umbels
of white flowers. Involucre and involuccls of few narrow bracts, or none. Calyx-teeth ob-
solete. Petals incurved at the apex. Stylopodium small, conic. Fruit narrow, linear or
oblong-linear, short-beaked, compressed, more or less bristly along the ribs, attenuated at
the base. Carpels 5-ang\ilar, slightly flattened dorsally, the ribs acute and nearly equal;
oil-tubes obsolete or none. [In honor of George Washington.]
About 15 species, natives of North America, eastern Asia and western South America. Besides
the following about 8 others occur on the west coast and in the Rocky Mountains.
Pubescent; style and stylopodium K" long or less.
Style with stylopodium M" long; involucel-bracts mostly present. i. W. Clayioni.
Stj'lopodium M" long; involucel-bracts few or none. 3. W. divaricata.
Glabrate; style and stylopodium I " long. 2. IV. longislylis.
I. Washingtonia Claytoni (Michx. ) Britton
(Fig. 2680.)
Myrrhis CI ay /oni Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 170. 1803.
Osmorrliiza brevisiylis DC. Prodr. 4: 232. 1830.
O. Claytoni Clarke in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 2: 690. 1879.
Erect, rather stout, at length widely branched
above, i^°-3° high, villous-pubescent throughout,
especially when young. Lower leaves long-petioled,
large, sometimes 1'^ wide, ternately decompound, the
segments ovate or oval, incised-dentate; upper leaves
nearly sessile, less compound; umbels long-peduncled,
2-6-rayed; rays divaricate, y'-t.' long in fruit; iuvolu-
cels of several subulate bracts; pedicels z"'"^" long;
fruit about 6" long, about \" wide; style and stylo-
podium Yi." long, the stylopodium slender-conic.
In woods, Nova Scotia to Minnesota, North Carolina, Illi-
nois and Nebraska. Ascends 4000 ft. in Virginia. May-June.
Woolly Sweet- Cicely.
2, Washingtonia longistylis (Torr.)
Britton. Smoother Sweet-Cicely.
(Fig. 2681.)
Myrrhis longistylis Torr. Fl. U. S. 310. 1824.
Osmorrliiza longistylis DC. Prodr. '4: 232. 1830.
Similar to the preceding species but only
slightly pubescent, the stems and petioles at
length quite glabrous; styles in fruit about \"
long; bracts of the involucels lanceolate, 2>"~\"
long, persistent.
In woods. Nova Scotia to Ontario, the Northwest
Territorj' and Dakota, south to Alabama, Tennessee
and Kansas. Ascends to 4200 ft. in North Carolina.
Roots with a more spicy taste and stronger odor of
anise than those of W. Claytoni. May-June.
Vol. II.]
CARROT FAMILY,
3, Washingtonia divaricata Brit-
ton. "Western Sweet Cicely.
(Fig. 2682.)
Osmorrhiza divaricata Nutt. ; T. & G. Fl. N. A.
1: 639. Name only. 1840.
Foliage pubescent; stem slender, 2°-3° high,
■widely branched above; leaf-segments thin,
ovate, acute, or acuminate, coarsely toothed
and usually incised, Yz'-^yi,' long; umbels
long-peduncled, 3-6-rayed, the very slender
divaricate rays 2' -i/ long in fruit; involucels
of 1-3 subulate bracts, or commonly none;
pedicels very slender, i"-x' long; fruit about
W long, \" wide or rather more, beaked;
style and stylopodium only long, the
stylopodium slender-conic.
Manitoba to South Dakota, British Columbia
and California. May-June.
30. SCANDIX L. Sp. PI. 256. 1753.
Annual herbs, with pinnately dissected leaves, the lobes very narrow. Flowers white, in
compound several-rayed (rarely i-rayed) umbels. Involucre none, or rarely of i bract. In-
volucels of several entire lobed or dissected bracts. Calyx-teeth minute or obsolete. Petals
mostly unequal, the outer larger. Fruit linear, or linear-oblong, flattened laterally, pro-
longed into a beak mostly much longer than the body; primary ribs prominent; secondary
ribs none; oil-tubes solitary, or wanting. Seed-face sulcate. Stylopodium short. [Greek
name of the plant.]
About 10 species, natives of the Old World.
I. Scandix Pecten-Veneris I^.
Venus'- or lyady's-comb. Shep-
herd's-needle. (Fig. 2683.)
Scandix Peclen- Veneris I<. Sp. PI. 256. 1753.
Pubescent, stem high, branched, the
branches ascending. Leaves 2-3-pinnately
dissected, the lobes acute, less than yi" wide;
lower leaves long-petioled; involucre none; in-
volucels of several lanceolate bracts sometimes
2-3-lobed at the apex; flowers very nearly ses-
sile; fruiting carpels long, strongly
ribbed, terminated by a straight flat beak
■zyi' long, about \" wide, its edges with stiflF
ascending hairs.
In waste places, northern New Jersey and in
ballast about the sea-ports. Fugitive from Eu-
rope or Asia. May-July. Old English names,
Pink or Adam's Needles, Beggar's-, Crake- or
Crow-needles, Devil's Darning Needle?, Hedge-
hog, Needle-Cliervil, Poukenel.
31. CONIUM L. Sp. PI. 243. 1753.
Tall biennial glabrous herbs, with spotted stems, pinnately decompound leaves, and
small white flowers in compound many-rayed umbels. Involucre and involucels of ovate
acuminate bracts. Calyx-teeth obsolete; petals obcordate, or entire with a short indexed
point; fruit broadly ovate, glabrous, somewhat flattened laterally. Carpels strongly wavy-
ribbed; large oil-tubes none, but a layer of oil-secreting tissue next the deeply concave
seed. [Greek, hemlock.]
Two species, one of them native of Europe and Asia, the other of Africa.
532
UMBELLIFERAE.
[Vol.. II.
I. Conium maculatum L. Poison
Hemlock. (Fig. 2684.)
Conium maculatum L. Sp. PI. 24.^. 1753.
Erect, much-branched, 2°-5° high. Lower
and basal leaves petioled, the upper sessile or
nearly so, all pinnately dissected, the leaflets
ovate in outline, thin, the ultimate segments
dentate, or incised; petioles dilated and sheath-
ing at the base; umbels i'-3' broad, the rays
slender, x'-i%' long; pedicels filiform, 2"-y
long in fruit; flowers about 1" broad; fruit x}^''
long, about wide, its ribs very prominent
when dry.
In waste places, Quebec and Ontario to Dela-
ware, Indiana and Michigan. Also in California and
Mexico. Naturalized from Europe. St. Bennet's
Herb, Cashes, Wode -whistle. June-July.
32. SIUM L. Sp. PI. 251. 1753.
Perennial marsh herbs, with simply pinnate stem-leaves, the lower and basal ones often
pinnatisected, and compound large umbels of white flowers. Involucre and involucels of
numerous narrow bracts. Calyx-teeth minute. Petals inflexed at the apex Stylopodium
conic or depressed. Styles short. Fruit ovate or oval, somewhat compressed. Carpels
with prominent ribs; oil-tubes 1-3 in the intervals. Seed-face flat. [Greek name of a
marsh plant.]
About 8 species, natives of the north temperate zone and South Africa. The following are the
only ones known to occur in the United States.
Plant stout, 2°-6° high; leaf-segments 7-17. i. .S. cicutaefolium.
Plant weak, i "-3° high; leaf-segments 3-7. 2. .S". Carsoni.
I. Sium cicutaefolium Gmel.
Sium cicutaefolium Gmel. Syst. 2: 482. 1791.
5. lineare Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 167. 1803.
Sium latifolium of American authors, not
of Linn.
Erect, stout, branched, 2°-6° high.
Lower leaves long-petioled, the upper-
most nearly sessile; petioles sheathing at
the base; leaf-segments 7-17, linear, or
lanceolate, xYz'-^' long, \y2"-\2" wide,
acuminate at the apex, sharply serrate, or
the lowermost pectinately dissected; um-
bels 2'-3' broad, 8-20-rayed; rays Yz'-iYz'
long; fruit ovate, compressed, about xYz"
long, the ribs prominent; oil-tubes 1-3 in
the intervals.
In swamps, Nova Scotia to British Colum-
bia, south to Florida, Louisiana and Califor-
nia. Very variable in leaf-form. Jul3'-0ct.
Hemlock Water-Parsnip
2. Sium Carsoni Durand. Carson's
Water-Parsnip. (Fig. 2686.)
Sium Carsoni Durand; A. Gray. Man. Ed. 5,
196. 1867.
Stem slender, weak, i°-2° long. Leaf seg-
ments 3-7, those of the upper leaves linear,
or lanceolate, acute, or acuminate, i'-2'long,
\Y2"-2i" wide, sharply serrate; lower leaves
often floating and very thin, the segments
broader and laciniate, or dissected; umbels
\'-2' broad, 7-15-rayed; rays (>"-i2" long in
fruit; fruit somewhat smaller than that of
the preceding species.
In streams, Massachusetts and Rhode Island
to Pennsylvania. July-Aug.
Vol. II.]
CARROT FAMILY.
533
33. APIUM U Sp. PI. 264. 1753.
Annual or perennial glabrous herbs, with pinnate or pinnately compound leaves, and
white or greenish-yellow flowers in compound umbels. Involucre and involucels present in
some species, wanting in others. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Petals ovate, mostly inflexed at
the apex. Stylopodium depressed, or short-conic. Fruit ovate, or broader than long, smooth,
or tuberculate. Carpels mostly with prominent ribs, somewhat 5-angled; oil-tubes mostly
solitary in the intervals, 2 on the commissural side. Seed terete, or nearly so. [Latin name
of these or some similar plants. ]
About 15 species, of wide geographic distribution. Besides the following, 2 or 3 others occur
in the southern and western United States.
Leaf-segments broad.
Flowers yellow. I. A. Pelroselinum.
Flowers white. 2. A. graveolens.
Leaf-segments very narrow. 3. A. lepiophyllum.
I. Apium Petroselinum I^. Common or Garden Parsley.
(Fig. 2687.)
Apium Petroselinum L. Sp. PI. 264.
1753-
Petroselinum sativum Hoffm. Gen. Umb.
177. 1814.
Erect, usually biennial, i°-3° high,
much branched, glabrous. Leaves bi-
pinnate, triangular in outline, the seg-
ments ovate, dentate, or incised, or
those of the upper leaves linear-oblong
and entire; umbels peduncled, i'-2^'
broad, axillary and terminal, 15-20-
rayed; rays 5^^-12^'' long; pedicels
about \yz" long; involucre of 2-4
linear bracts; bractlets of the involu-
cels subulate; flowers greenish yellow;
fruit ovate, glabrous, about 2" long,
the ribs rather prominent when dry.
Maryland to Ontario, escaped from cul-
tivation. Introduced from Europe. Na-
tive of the Mediterranean region.
Leaves of some cultivated forms crisped.
Summer.
Ache.
2. Apium graveolens I,. Celery.
Smallage. (Fig. 2688.)
Apium graveolens L. Sp. PI. 264. 1753.
Glabrous, stem erect, i°-3° high, several-
leaved. Leaves pinnate, the basal and
lower ones long-petioled, the upper short-
petioled, or nearly sessile; leaf segments 3
or 5, stalked, or sessile, thin, broadly ovate
to oval, coarsely toothed and often incised;
yz'-\y2' long; umbels opposite the leaves,
and terminal, 3-7-rayed; involucre and in-
volucels small, or none; flowers very small,
white, very short-pedicelled; fruit oval,
scarcely Yt." long, the ribs somewhat
winged; oil-tubes mostly solitary in the
intervals and 2 on the commissural side.
In waste places, escaped from cultivation
in southeastern Virginia, and naturalized in
salt marshes on the coast of California. Also
in ballast about the seaports. Native of Eu-
rope. Old English names Ache, Marsh Par-
sley, Mile. May-July.
534
UMBELLIFERAE.
[Vol, II.
3. Apium leptophyllum (DC.) F. Muell.
Fine-leaved Marsh Parsley. (Fig. 2689.)
Si'son Animi L. Sp. PI. 252. 1753?
Heliosciaditnn leplophylhim DC. Prodr. 4: 105. 1830.
Apiiim leptophyllum F. Muell. Benth. Fl. Austral.'s:
372. 1866.
A. AmmiVrha.n in Mart. Fl. Bras. 11: Part i, 341. 1879.
Erect or diffuse, slender, much branched, ^'-24^
high. Leaves ternately pinnatisect, the lower
slender-petioled, the uppermost nearly sessile, the
ultimate segments narrow, often incised; umbels
Yi'-iyz' broad, sessile, or peduncled, opposite the
leaves; flowers white; fruit ovate, glabrous, about
\" long, the ribs equal and prominent.
In moist grounds, New Jersey; "St. Louis, Mo."
(Nuttall). Common in the southern States. Widely
distributed in tropical America and the Old World.
June-Aug.
34. ZIZIA Koch. Nov. Act. Caes. Leop. Acad. 12: 129. 1825.
Perennial mostly glabrous herbs, with ternate or ternately compound leaves, or the basal
ones undivided as in T/iaspium, and compound umbels of yellow flowers, the central fruit of
each umbellet sessile. Involucre none; involucels of several small bracts. Calyx-teeth
prominent. Stylopodium none. Styles elongated. Fruit ovoid, or oblong, glabrous, or nearly
so, somewhat compressed, the ribs filiform, not winged ; oil-tubes solitary in the intervals,
with a small one under each rib. Seed-face flat. [In honor of I. B. Ziz, a Rhenish botanist.]
Three species, mainly distinguished from the Thaspia by their wingless fruit.
Basal leaves 2-3-ternately compound.
Rays of the umbel numerous, stout; fruit 2" long.
Rays of the umbel 2-12, slender: fruit about i" long.
Basal leaves cordate, undivided; fruit about \ Vz" long.
I. Zizia aurea (L. ) Koch. Early or
Golden Meadow-Parsnip. (Fig. 2690.)
Sniyrniuni aureum L. Sp. PI. 262. 1753.
Z. aurea Koch, Nov. Act. Caes. Leop. 12: 129. 1825.
Tliaspiwn aureum var. apterum A. Gray, Man.
Ed. 2, 156. 1856.
Erect, glabrous, branched, i°-2}i° high.
Basal and lower leaves long-petioled, 2-3-ter-
nately compound, the segments ovate, or
ovate-lanceolate, acute, or obtusish at the
apex, i'-2' long, sharply serrate; upper
leaves shorter-petioled, ternate; rays of the
umbels 9-25, stout, ascending, i'-2' long;
fruit oblong, nearly 2'^ long, about i^^' wide.
In fields, meadows, and swamps, New Bruns-
wick to Ontario, South Dakota, Florida and
Texas. April-June.
2. Zizia Bebbii (Coult. & Rose) Brit-
ton. Bebb's Zizia. (Fig. 2691.)
Zi:ia aurea var. Bebbii Coult. & Rose, Bot. Gaz.
12: 138. 1887.
Zizia Bebbii Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 2: 35. 1890.
Slender, ascending, simple or branched, i°-
2° high. Basal and lower leaves slender-pet-
ioled, 2-3-ternate, the segments ovate, oblong,
or oval, mostly obtuse, Yz'-i' long, sharply
serrate; stem-leaves ternate, orbiternate, short-
petioled, or sessile, their segments lanceolate,
general!}' narrower than those of the preced-
ing species; rays of the umbel 2-12, slender,
divergent, I'-y long; fruit oval, or broader
than long, about long, often 1'+'' wide.
In mountain woods, Virginia and West Vir-
ginia to North Carolina and Georgia. May.
Vol. II.]
CARROT FAMILY.
535
3. Zizia cordata (Walt.) DC.
Heart-leaved Alexanders.
(Fig. 2692.)
Smyrnium cordatum Walt. Fl. Car. 114.
1788.
Zizia cordata DC. Prodr. 4: 100. 1830.
Thaspium irifoliatmn var. apierum A.
Gray, Man. Ed. 2, 156. 1856.
Stout, erect, branched, glabrous, or
somewhat pubescent, 2°-3° high. Basal
and lower leaves long-petioled, broadly
ovate, or orbicular, undivided, deeply cor-
date at the base, sometimes 6' long, cre-
nate all around; stem-leaves shorter-pet-
ioled, ternate, or rarely quinate, the seg-
ments ovate, or oval, crenate, or lobed;
rays of the umbel 7-16, ascending, \'-2'
long; fruit ovate, or oval, about i^^''
long, and \" wide.
In woods, Connecticut to Minnesota and
the Northwest Territory, south to Georgia,
Missouri, Wyoming and Oregon. Ascends
to 3500 ft. in Virginia. May-June.
35. CARUM L. Sp. PI. 263. 1753.
Glabrous herbs, with pinnate or ternately pinnatifid leaves, and small white or yellowish
flowers in terminal compound umbels. Calyx-teeth minute. Petals inflexed at the apex.
Stylopodium conic; fruit ovate, or oblong, somewhat compressed, glabrous. Carpels somewhat
5-angled, the ribs filiform, or inconspicuous; oil-tubes solitary in the intervals and 2 on the
commissural side. Seed dorsally flattened, its face flat or slightly concave. [Greek, caraway.]
About 50 species, natives of temperate and warm regions. Besides the following, about 4
others occur in western North America.
I. Carum Carui L. Caraway.
Carvies. (Fig. 2693.)
Carum Carui I,. Sp. PI. 263. 1753.
Biennial or sometimes perennial, erect,
branching, i°-2° high. Lower and basal
leaves long-petioled, the uppermost nearly
sessile, all pinnatisected into linear or
filiform segments; bases of the petioles
widely dilated; involucre of 1-3 linear
bracts, or none; involucels commonly
none; umbels 1^-2^' broad, 7-10-rayed;
rays long in fruit; fruit oblong,
usually slightly curved, about 1" long,
the ribs conspicuous when mature.
Occasional in waste places, Newfoundland
to South Dakota, Pennsylvania and Colorado.
Adventive from Europe. May-July.
36. CICUTA L. Sp. PI. 255. 1753.
Erect tall perennial glabrous herbs, with pinnate or pinnately compound leaves, and
compound terminal umbels of white flowers. Involucre of few bracts, or none; involucels
many-bracted. Calyx-teeth acute. Petals broad, the apex inflexed. Stylopodium short-
conic; fruit ovate, or oblong, glabrous, slightly flattened laterally. Ribs corky, the lateral
ones strongest; oil-tubes solitary in the intervals, 2 on the commissural side. Seed nearly
terete. [The ancient Latin name.]
About 8 species, natives of the north temperate zone and Mexico. Besides the following about
4 others occur in western North America.
Leaf-segments lanceolate.
Leaf-segments narrowly linear.
1. C. maculata.
2. C. bulbifera.
536
UMBELLIFERAE.
[Vol.. II.
I. Cicuta maculata I^. Water Hemlock
Musquash Root. (Fig. 2694.)
Cicjiia maculaia 1,. Sp. PI. 256. 1753.
CiciUa vtrosa var. viaculata Coult. & Rose,
Rev. Umb. 130. 1888.
Stout, erect, branching, 3°-6° high, the
stem marked with purple lines. Roots
several, fleshy, tuberiform, ovoid, or oblong;
leaves petioled, bipinnate, or tripinnate, the
lower often 1° long, and on long petioles, the
upper smaller; leaf-segments lanceolate, or
lance-oblong, coarsely and sharply serrate,
i'-5' long, their veins apparentlj- ending in
the notches; umbellets many-flowered; pedi-
cels unequal, "i''-^" long in fruit; fruit ovate,
or oval, \"-\yz" long.
In swamps and low grounds, New Brunswick
to Manitoba, south to Florida and New Mexico.
Poisonous. Called also Spotted Cowbane, and
Beaver-poison. June-Aug. ^
2. Cicuta bulbifera I,. Bulb-bearing
Water Hemlock. (Fig. 2695.)
Cicuta bulbifera L. Sp. PI. 255. 1753.
Erect, slender, much branched, i°-3>^°
high. Roots few, fleshy, tuberiform. Leaves
petioled, 2-3 pinnate, the upper ones less
divided, smaller, and bearing numerous
clustered bulblets in their axils; leaf-seg-
ments linear, sparingly serrate with distant
teeth, Yi'-iYz' long; fruit broadly ovate,
slightly more than \" long, seldom formed
along the southern range of the species.
In swamps, Nova Scotia to Delaware, west to
Manitoba, Indiana and Iowa. Ascends to 2600 ft.
in the Catskills. July-Sept.
37. DERINGA Adans. Fam. PI. 2: 498. 1763.
[Cryptotaenia DC. Mem. Omb. 42. 1829.]
Perennial glabrous herbs, with 3-divided leaves, and compound irregular umbels of
white flowers. Involucre and involucels none. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Petals inflexed at the
apex. Stylopodium conic; fruit oblong, laterally compressed, glabrous. Carpels nearly terete,
the ribs equal, obtuse; oil-tubes solitary in the intervals and also beneath each rib. Seed-
face flat or nearly so. [Said to be named for Deering or Bering.]
A monotypic genus of eastern North America and Japan.
I. Deringa Canadensis (L,. )
Kuntze. Honewort. (Fig. 2696.)
Sison Canadense I,. Sp. PI. 252. 1753.
C. Canadensis DC. Mem. Omb. 42. 1829.
D. Cafiadetisis Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 266. 1891.
Erect, rather slender, freely branching,
i°-3° high. Lower and basal leaves long-
petioled, 3-divided, the segments thin, ovate,
acute or acuminate at the apex, sharply
and irregularly serrate, incised, or some-
times lobed, 1^-4^ long, the lateral ones
nearly sessile and oblique at the base, the
terminal one abruptly narrowed into a
margined incised stalk; upper leaves nearly
sessile; umbels 4-10-rayed; fruit narrowed
at both ends, ^''-t/' long, often curved.
In woods, New Brunswick to Minnesota,
south to Georgia and Texas. Ascends to 4200
ft. in North Carolina. June-July.
Vol. II.]
CARROT FAMILY.
537
38. SPERMOLEPIS Raf. Neog. 2. 1825.
[IvEPTOCAULis Nutt. ; DC. Mem. Omb. 39. 1829.]
Glabrous slender erect branching annuals, the branches often nearly filiform, with finely-
dissected petioled leaves the leaf-segments very narrowly linear. Flowers very small, white,
in compound unequal-rayed umbels. Involucre none; involucels of a few small narrow
bracts, or none. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit ovate, laterally flattened, tuberculate or
bristly; ribs prominent, or obsolete; pericarp thick; oil-tubes solitary in the intervals or also
under the ribs, 2 on the commissural side. Stylopodium short, conic.
Two species, natives of the southern United States.
Fruit tubercled. I. S. divaricatus.
Fruit covered with hooked bristles. 2. 5'. echinatus.
I. Spermolepis divaricatus (Walt.) Britton.
(Fig. 2697.)
Daucus divaricatus 'WaXX.. Fl. Car. 114. 1788.
Leptocaulis divaricatus DC. Mem. Omb. 39.
pi. 10. 1829.
Apiumdivaricatum'WooA, Bot.&Fl. 140. 1870.
Spermolepis divaricatus IJritton, Mem. Terr.
Club, 5; 244. 1894.
Similar to Apiastrum patens (fig. 2672) but
more slender and still more widely branch-
ing. Rays of the umbels almost filiform,
Yz'-iYz' long, divaricate; flowers about yi,"
broad; pedicels filiform, j/'-d" long; fruit
ovate, densely tuberculate, yi" long; the
ribs rather prominent.
Kansas to Texas, North Carolina and Florida.
Also in ballast at Philadelphia. April-May.
Rough-fruited Spermolepis.
2. Spermolepis echinatus
(Nutt.) Britton. Bristly-fruited
Spermolepis. (Fig. 2698.)
Leptocaulis echinatus Nutt.; DC. Prodr. 4:
107. 1830.
Apium echinatum S. Wats. Bibl. Index, i:
412. 1878.
Resembling the preceding species, but
lower, seldom over 1° high, the branches
ascending or sometimes spreading. Rays
of the umbel very slender, long, or
less; fruit about Yz" long, covered with
spreading hooked bristles, the ribs obso-
lete, the commissure narrow.
Alabama to Missouri, Texas and Califor-
nia. April-May.
39. PTILIMNIUM Raf. Neog. 2. 1825.
[DiscoPLEURA DC. Mem. Omb. 38. 1829.]
Annual erect glabrous branching herbs, with pinnately or ternately dissected leaves, and
compound umbels of white flowers. Bracts of the involucre several, filiform or dissected
in our species. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Petals obovate, the apex inflexed. Stylopodium
conic; fruit ovate, slightly compressed, glabrous. Carpels dorsally compressed, the dorsal
and intermediate ribs prominent, slender, the lateral ones very thick and corky; oil- tubes
solitary in the intervals. Seed-face flat. [Greek, referring to the finely divided.leaves.]
About 4 species. Besides the following-, another occurs in Texas and one in the East Indies.
Involucral bracts mostly pinnate; fruit K" long. i. P. capillaceum.
Involucral bracts short, entire; fruit long. 2. P. Nuttallii.
538
UMBELLIFERAE.
[Vol. II.
Ptilimnium capillaceum (Michx.) HoUick.
(Fig. 2699.)
Mock Bishop- weed.
Arnmi majHs\Wa.\t.F\. Car. 11^. 1788. NotL,.
A. capillaceum Michx. Fl. Bor.Am. i: 164. 1803.
D. capillacea DC. Mem. Omb. 38. 1829.
Ptilimnium capillaceum Hollick, Trans. N. Y.
Acad. 13: 20. 1893.
Slender, i°-2°higli, the branches ascend-
ing or sometimes divaricate. Leaves finely
dissected into filiform segments, the upper
sessile, the lower more or less petioled; in-
volucral bracts or some of them piunately
parted; involucels of several linear bracts;
umbels 2^-4' broad, 5-20-rayed, the rays i'-
2' long; pedicels 2"-^'' long; fruit ovate,
acute, long.
In wet soil, especially brackish meadows,
along the coast, Massachusetts to Florida, ex-
tending west to Texas, June-Oct. Called also
Herb William, Wood-nep, Bole- or Bull-wort.
2. Ptilimnium Nuttallii (DC.) Britton.
Nuttall's Mock Bishop-weed. (Fig. 2700. )
Peucedanum verticillaium Raf. Fl. Ludov. 8i. 1817 ?
Discopleura NiUtallii DC. Mem. Omb. 38. 1829.
Discopleura capillacea var. Nultallii Coult. & Rose,
Bot. Gaz. 12: 292. 1887.
Ptilimnium Nuitallii Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5:
244. 1894.
Similar to the preceding species, but generally
stouter, 2°-3° high, the branches nearly erect.
Umbels 7-25-rayed; bracts of the involucre lin-
ear, entire, short, those of the involucels minute;
fruit nearly orbicular, obtusish, about long.
In swamps, Illinois to Arkansas, Louisiana and
Texas. May-Sept.
40. BERULA Hoffm.; Bess. Enmn. PI. Volh. 44. 1821.
A glabrous aquatic or marsh perennial, with pinnate leaves, serrate or sometimes incised
leaf-segments, and terminal compound umbels of white flowers. Involucre and involucels
of several narrow bracts. Calyx-teeth very small. Stylopodium conic; styles short. Fruit
subglobose, slightly flattened laterallj\ glabrous, the ribs very slender, the pericarp thick
and corky; oil-tubes numerous and close together along the inner side of the pericarp. Seed-
face flat. [Latin name of the water cress.]
A monotypic genus of the north temperate zone.
I. Berula erecta (Huds.) Coville. Cut-
leaved Water Parsnip. (Fig. 2701.)
Sitim erectum Huds. Fl. Angl. 103. 1762.
Siuvi angustifolium L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 1872. 1763.
Berula angustifolia Mert. & Koch, Deutsch. Flora,
2: 433. 1826.
B. erecta Coville, Contr. Nat. Herb. 4: 115. 1893.
Erect, rather stout, much branched, 6'-3° high.
Leaflets 7-19, ovate, oval, or linear-oblong,
deeply serrate, laciniate, or lobed, long,
2"-^" wide, those of the upper leaves com-
monly more laciniate than those of the lower;
umbels numerous, short-peduncled, 10-20 ra5'ed;
rays^'-2>^'longin fruit; pedicels i^'^-3'^ long;
fruit less than \" long, nearly orbicular, some-
what cordate at the base, the ribs inconspicuous.
In swamps and streams, southern Ontario to
British Columbia, south to Massachusetts (?) Illi-
nois, Nebraska; in the Rocky Mountains to New
Mexico and to California. Also in Europe and
Asia. Called also Lesser or Narrow-leaved Water-
Parsnip. July-Sept.
Vol.. II.]
CARROT FAMILY.
539
41. AEGOPODIUM L. Sp. PI. 265. 1753.
Perennial herbs, with 1-2-ternate leaves, and compound umbels of white flowers. Bracts
of the involucre and involucels none, or rarely few and early deciduous. Calyx-teeth obso-
lete. Petals inflexed at the apex. Stylopodium thick, conic. Fruit ovate-oblong, glabrous,
somewhat compressed. Carpels obscurely 5-angled, the ribs slender, equal, distant; oil-tubes
none. [Greek, goat- foot.]
One or perhaps two species, natives of temperate Kurope and Asia.
I. AEgopodium Podagraria L. Goutweed. Goutwort. Herb-Gerard.
(Fig. 2702.)
AEgopodiuvi Podagra7'ia I<. Sp. PI.
265. 1753-
Erect, branched, glabrous, i^°-2>^°
high. Basal and lower leaves long-
petioled, biternate, the primary divi-
sionsstalked, the segments ovate, acute,
or acuminate at the apex, rounded, or
cordate and often oblique at the base,
sharply serrulate, i><'-3' long; upper
leaves similar but smaller and usually
simply ternate; umbels long-pedun-
cled, i>^'-2>^' broad, 9-25-rayed; rays
\' long in fruit or more; pedicels 2"-
i," long; fruit about 2" long, scarcely
1" wide, the styles deflected.
In waste places, Massachusetts to New
Jersey, Pennsylvania and Delaware. Ad-
ventive from Europe. "Wild or English
Masterwort, Ax-Ash- or Aise-weed, Dwarf
or Bishop's Elder, Bishop's weed. June-
Aug-.
42. HYDROCOTYLE L. Sp. PI. 234. 1753.
Perennial herbs, prostrate and commonly rooting at the joints, with palmately lobed or
veined, often peltate leaves, the bases of the petioles with 2 scale-like stipules, and small
white flowers in peduncled or sessile simple or proliferous umbels opposite the leaves.
Bracts of the involucre few and small, or none. Calyx-teeth minute. Petals entire. Disk
flat. Fruit laterally compressed, orbicular or broader than high. Carpels with 5 primary
ribs, the lateral ones usually curved; no large oil-tubes, but an oil-bearing layer of tissue
beneath the epidermis. [Greek, water-cup.]
About 75 species of wide distribution. Besides the following another occurs in the Southwest
and on the Pacific Coast. The species are known as Marsh-, or Water- Pennywort, or Water-cup.
Leaves nearly orbicular, peltate.
Umbels simple, rarely slightly proliferous; pedicels slender. I. H. umbellata.
Umbels, at least some of them, proliferous; pedicels, or some of them, short.
Fruit notched at each end. 2. H. Canbyi.
Fruit not notched at either end. 3. H. verticillata.
Leaves nearly orbicular, cordate, or reniform, not peltate.
Leaves 5-9-lobed; umbels nearly sessile.
Leaves 3-7-cleft; umbels long-peduncled.
4. H. Americana.
5. H. rammculoides.
I. Hydrocotyle umbellata L. Umbellate or
Many-flowered Marsh-Pennywort.
(Fig. 2703.)
Hydrocotyle umbellata L. Sp. PI. 234. 1753.
Glabrous, stem creeping, several inches long, the
subterranean branches tuberiferous. Petioles slender,
erect, or ascending, I'-S'long; leaves peltate, orbicular,
or broader than long, sometimes cordate at the base,
Yz'-^' wide, crenately 7-11-lobed, the lobes broad,
not deep, mostly crenulate; psduncles elongated;
umbels simple or rarely with a proliferous extension;
pedicels slender, 2"-^" long; mature fruit notched at
both ends, \"-iy2." broad, not quite as long; interme-
diate ribs corky-thickened; dorsal rib obtuse.
In swamps and low grounds, eastern Massachusetts to
Florida and the West Indies, Minnesota,Texas and Mexico.
Also in South America and South Africa. June-Sept.
540
UMBELLIFERAE.
[Vol. II.
2. Hydrocotyle Canbyi C. & R. Can-
by's Marsh-Pennywort. (Fig. 2704.)
Hydrocotyle umbellata var. ambif;tia A. Gra3', Man.
Ed. 5, 190. 1867. Not H. ambigtia Pursh, 1814.
Hydrocotyle Canbyi Coult. & Rose, Bot. Gaz. 12:
103. 1887.
Stems creeping, sometimes 12' long, the sub-
terranean branches tuberiferous. Petioles short,
or elongated; leaves peltate, orbicular or nearly
so, Yz'-iy^' wide, with 7-1 1 shallow broad
mostly crenulate lobes; peduncles elongated;
inflorescence mostly proliferous, rarely simply
umbellate; verticils 3-io flowered; pedicels \"-
2" long, or some of them rarely 4" long; fruit
about \" long and 1" broad, slightly notched
at both ends when mature, much flattened, the
intermediate ribs corky-thickened, the dorsal
one very obtuse.
In moist ground. New Jersey to Florida. Ap-
pearing in some respects intermediate between the
preceding species and the next. June-Sept.
3. Hydrocotyle verticillata Thunb.
Whorled Marsh-Pennywort.
(Fig. 2705.)
Hydrocotyle verticillata Thunb. Diss. 2: 415. pi.
3- 1798-
Hydrocotyle interrupta Muhl. Cat. 30. 1813.
Similar to the two preceding species. In-
florescence always proliferous, \'-7.' long;
verticils 2-6-flowered; pedicels very short,
usually less than Yz" long; fruit about \"
long, xYz"-'!" broad, rounded or truncate at
each end, not notched; intermediate ribs of
the carpels filiform, not corky-thickened, the
dorsal one acute.
In moist soil, Massachusetts to Florida,
mainly near the coast, west to Texas and southern
California, and in Central and South America.
June-Sept.
4. Hydrocotyle Americana L.
American Marsh-Pennywort.
(Fig. 2706.)
Hydrocotyle Aviericana L. Sp. PI. 234.. 1753.
Stems filiform, creeping, often bearing
small tubers; petioles rather short, seldom
over 2' long; leaves membranous, reniform,
not peltate, deeply cordate, wide, with
9-13 shallow crenulate lobes; umbels ses-
sile or very nearly so at the nodes, 1-5-
flowered; pedicels less than \" long; fruit
slightly more than Yz" broad and nearly as
high, the ribs all filiform.
In wet places, Nova Scotia to Ontario and
Minnesota, south to southern New York, Penn-
sylvania, and in the mountains to North Caro-
lina. Ascends to 3000 ft. in Virginia. June-Sept.
CARROT FAMILY.
Vol.. II.]
5. Hydrocotyle ranunculoides I,, f.
Floating Marsh-Pennj'wort. (Fig. 2707.)
Hydrocotyle ranunculoides I,, f. Suppl. 177. 1781.
Hydrocotyle natans T. & G. Fl. N. A. i: 599. 1840.
Stem usually floating, sometimes creeping on
shores, rather stout, abundantly rooting from the
nodes, branched, 6^-24' long. Petioles elongated,
weak; leaves reniform, i'-2' wide, not peltate, 3-7-
cleft, deeply cordate at the base, the lobes crenate;
peduncles i'-3' long, much shorter than the
petioles, recurved in mature fruit; umbels simple,
5-10-flowered; fruit nearly orbicular, about lyi"
broad, the ribs obscure and filiform.
In ponds and swamps, eastern Pennsylvania to
Florida, near the coast, west to Texas and on the
Pacific Coast from Oregon to Lower California. Also
in Central and South America, Abyssinia and Italy.
June-Sept.
43. CENTELLA L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 1393. 1763.
Perennial herbs (some African species shrubby), ours with prostrate stems rooting and
sending up tufts of long-petioled leaves at the nodes, together with 1-3 long-rayed umbellets
of small white flowers, the true umbel sessile. Petiole-bases sheathing. Bracts of the invo-
lucels 2-4, mostly prominent. Calyx-teeth none. Disk flat, or slightly concave. Styles
filiform. Fruit somewhat flattened laterally, orbicular, reniform, orobcordate, rather promi-
nently ribbed, the ribs mostly anastomosing; oil-tubes none. [Latin, diminutive of centrum,
a prickle.]
About 20 species, of wide distribution, most abundant in South Africa. The following is the
only one occurring in North America.
I. Centella Asiatica (L. ) Urban. Ovate-
leaved Marsli-Penn3^wort. (Fig. 2708.)
Hydrocotyle Asiatica L. Sp. PI. 234. 1753.
Hydrocotyle repanda Pers. Syn. i: 302. 1805.
Centella Asiatica Urban in Mart. Fl. Bras. 11: Part, i,
287. 1879.
Stem creeping, glabrous or somewhat pubescent,
long. Petioles 3^-12' long, sometimes pubes-
cent; blades ovate, rather thick, very obtuse and
rounded at the apex, broadly cordate at the base,
not peltate, long, 9^^-15'^ wide, repand-den-
tate; pedicels much shorter than the leaves, _^'-2^
long; umbels capitate, 2-4-flowered, subtended by
2 ovate bracts; flowers nearly sessile; fruit 2''-2^^^
broad, about \yz" high, prominently ribbed and
reticulated when mature.
In wet grounds, Maryland to Florida, west to Texas.
Also in tropical America, Asia, Africa and Australia.
June-Sept.
44. ERIGENIA Nutt. Gen. i: 187. 1818.
Low glabrous nearly acaulescent perennial herbs, arising from a deep tuber, with ter-
nately decompound leaves, usually a single-leaved involucre, and small umbels of white
flowers. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Petals flat, obovate or spatulate, entire. Fruit nearly or-
bicular, notched at both ends, glabrous. Carpels incurved at top and bottom, with 5 slender
ribs and 1-3 small oil-tubes in the inters^als. [Greek, spring-born.]
A monotypic genus of central North America.
542
CORNACEAE.
[Vol. II.
I. Erigenia bulbosa (Michx.) Nutt.
Harbinger of Spring. (Fig. 2709.)
Sison bulbosum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 169. 1803.
Erigenia bulbosa Nutt. Gen. 1: 188. 1818.
Stem scapose, 2>'~9' iiigti. bearing a leaf in-
volucrate to the umbel. Basal leaves 2-4,
petioled, ternately divided into thin oblong
obtuse segments, the involucral one similar,
smaller, short-petioled; petioles much dilated
and sheathing at the base; umbels mostly com-
pound, of 1-4 slender rays; involucels spatu-
late or sometimes foliaceous; pedicels very
short in flower, i"-2%'' long in fruit; fruit
about i'' long and i%" broad.
Ontario to western Pennsylvania, the District of
Columbia and Alabama, west to Minnesota, Kan-
sas and Missouri. Feb. -April.
Family 92. CORNACEAE Link. Handb. 2: 2. 1831.
Dog-Wood F.\mily.
Shrubs or trees, with simple opposite, verticillate or alternate, usually entire
leaves, and regular perfect polygamous or dioecious flowers in cymes, heads or
rarely solitary. Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary, its limb 4-5-dentate, or none.
Petals generallj' 4 or 5, sometimes wanting, valvate or imbricate, spreading, in-
serted at the base of the epigynous disc. Stamens as many as the petals or more
numerous, inserted with them; filaments subulate or flat. Ovary inferior,
i-2-celled in our species; style i, short or elongated; ovules i in each cavit}-,
pendulous, anatropous. Fruit a drupe, the stone 1-2-celled, 1-2-seeded. Seeds
oblong; embryo nearly as long as the endosperm; cotyledons foliaceous.
About 16 genera and 85 species, most abundant in the northern hemisphere.
Flowers perfect, 4-parted; ovary 2-celled. i. Cornus.
Flowers polygamous or dioecious; petals minute or none; ovary i-celled. 2. Nyssa.
I. CORNUS L. Sp. PI. 117. 1753.
Shrubs or trees, with simple mostl}' entire opposite verticillate or rarelj' alternate leaves,
and small white greenish or purple flowers, in C3-mes, or heads, the latter involucrate with
large white bracts in our species. Calyx-tube top-shaped or campanulate, its limb minutely
4-toothed. Petals 4, valvate. Stamens 4. Ovary 2-celled; stigma truncate or capitate; ovules
I in' each cavity. Drupe ovoid or globular, the stone 2-celled and 2-seeded. [Greek, horn,
from the toughness of the wood,]
About 25 species, natives of the north temperate zone, Mexico and Peru. Besides the follow-
ing, 7 others occur in western North America.
Flowers capitate, with an involucre of 4-6 large white bracts.
Low herbaceous shrubs; rootstocks slender.
Upper leaves verticillate; flowers greenish. I. C. Canadensis.
Leaves all opposite; flowers purple. 2. C. Suecica.
Tree or large shrub; flowers greenish. 3. C. florida.
T -t ** Flowers cymose, not involucrate.
Leaves opposite. ' '
Leaves downy-pubescent beneath, at least when young; (sometimes glabrate in No. 5).
Leaves broadly ovate or orbicular; fruit blue. 4. C. circinala.
Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate.
Fruit blue; stone pointed at the base.
Fruit white; stone globose, more or less broader than high.
Fruit white; stone compressed, much broader than high.
Leaves glabrate, or minutely pubescent beneath.
Leaves ovate, short-pointed; twigs purple. 8. C. sloloni/era.
Leaves ovate-lanceolate, acuminate.
Fruit white ; twigs grey. 9. C. cattdidissima.
Fruit pale blue; twigs reddish. 10. C. stricta.
Leaves alternate, clustered at the ends of the flowering branches. 11. C. aller7iifolia.
C. Amonutn.
C. asperi/olia.
C. Baileyi.
Vol. II.]
DOGWOOD FAMILY.
543
I. Cornus Canadensis L. Low or Dwarf Cornel
(Fig. 2710.)
Cornus Canadensis L. Sp. PI. 117. 1753.
Herbaceous, woody only at the base, flower-
ing stems erect, scaly, 3^-9' higb. Rootstock
nearly horizontal; leaves verticillate at the sum-
mit of the stem, or sometimes i or 2 pairs of
opposite ones below, sessile, oval, ovate, or obo-
vate, pinnately veined, glabrous or minutely
appressed-pubescent, acute at each end, entire,
i''-3' long; peduncle slender, ^^-i)4^ long; in-
volucral bracts 4-6, white, petaloid, ovate, 4^'-
9'' long; flowers greenish, capitate; petals ovate,
one of them with a subulate appendage; fruit
globose, bright red, about 3'^ in diameter; stone
smooth, globose, slightly longer than broad.
In low woods, Newfoundland to Alaska, New
Jersey, Ohio, Indiana, Minnesota, Colorado and
California. Rarely the upper leaves are opposite.
Ascends to 5100 ft. in the Adirondacks. May-July.
Bunch-berry.
2. Cornus Suecica L. Northern Dwarf Cornel.
(Fig. 27 II.)
Cornus Suecica I,. Sp. PI. 118. 1753.
Flowering stems 2^-10' high, sometimes branched above.
Rootstock horizontal. Leaves 3-6 pairs, all opposite, sessile,
ovate, or oval, acute or obtusish at the apex, mostly rounded
at the base, entire, minutely appressed-pubescent above, the
upper Yz'-iYz' long, the lower smaller, the veins all arising
from near the base; involucral bracts usually 4, ovate, 2)"-i>"
long, obtusish; flowers dark purple, capitate; fruit globose,
red, 3"-4'' in diameter; stone flattened, slightly channeled
on each side, about as broad as long.
In cold, wet woods, Labrador, Newfoundland and Quebec
through Arctic America to Alaska. Also in northern Europe
and Asia. July-Aug.
3. Cornus florida L. Flowering
Dogwood. (Fig. 2712.)
Cornus florida L. Sp. PI. 117. 1753.
A small tree, or large shrub, with very
rough bark and spreading branches,
reaching a maximum height of about
40° and trunk diameter of Leaves
petioled, ovate, or oval, rarely obovate,
entire, pale and slightly pubescent on
the veins beneath, dark green and gla-
brous, or minutely pubescent above, 3^-
6' long, acute at the apex, usually nar-
rowed at the base; petioles 3''-io''' long;
bracts of the involucre white or pink-
ish (rarely rose-red), very conspicuous,
obovate, obcordate, or emarginate,
strongly parallel-veined, i'-2%' long;
flowers greenish-yellow, capitate; fruit ovoid, scarlet, 5^'-6^' long, crowned with the persis-
tent calyx; stone smooth, channeled, ovoid, 3'''-4'''' long.
In woods, Maine and Ontario to Florida, Kentucky, Missouri and Texas. Ascends to 4400 ft.
in Virginia. Wood hard, brown; weight per cubic foot 50 lbs. Leaves bright red in autumn.
Fruit often persistent over winter. Called also Arrow-wood, Box-wood, Cornelian Tree. April-
June.
544
CORNACEAE.
[Vol,. II.
4. Cornus circinata L'Her. Round-leaved Cornel or Dogwood.
Cornus rugosa Lam. Encycl. 2: 115. 1786?
C. circinata L'Her. Cornus, 7. pi. 3. 1788.
A shrub, 3°-io° high, the twigs warty,
green and glabrous. Leaves petioled,
entire, broadly ovate, orbicular, or even
wider than long, acute, or short-acuminate
at the apex, mostly rounded or truncate
at the base, pale and densely soft-pubes-
cent beneath, slightly pubescent above,
2''-6' long; petioles z"-^" loi^gl flowers
white in rather dense cymes i^'-2^^
broad, the pedicels usually somewhat
pubescent; petals ovate; fruit globose,
light blue, about lYz" in diameter; stone
subglobose, somewhat ridged, sometimes
broader than high.
In shady, often rocky situations, Nova
Scotia to Manitoba, south to Virginia, Illi-
nois and Iowa, and Missouri (according to
Tracy). May-June.
(Fig. 2713.)
6. Cornus asperifolia Michx.
Rough-leaved Cornel or Dogwood.
(Fig. 2715.)
C. asperifolia Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 93. 1803.
Cormis Drumniondii C. A. Mej'er, Mem. Acad.
Petersb. (VI). 5: 210. 1845.
A shrub, 3°-i5° high, the twigs reddish
brown, the youngest very rough-pubescent.
Leaves very slender-petioled, ovate-oval, or
elliptic, acuminate at the apex, mostly ob-
tuse at the base, pale and woolly-pubescent
beneath, densely rough-pubescent above,
lYi'-^' long; petioles and rays of the cyme
rough-pubescent; cymes rather loosely-flow-
ered, broad; petals white, oblong-
lanceolate; fruit globose, white, about 2," in
diameter; stone slightly furrowed, little com-
pressed, often oblique, more or less broader
than high.
In wet ground, or near streams, southern
Ontario to Florida, west to Iowa, Kansas and
Texas. The southeastern plant ( C. asperifolia)
maybe distinct from the western (C Drum-
mondii. ) May-June.
5. Cornus Amonum Mill. Silky
Cornel. Kinnikinnik. (Fig. 2714.)
C. Arnomiin Mill. Gard. Diet. Ed. 8, No. 5. 1768.
Cornus sericea L. Mant. 2: 199. 1771.
A shrub, 3°-io° high, with purplish twigs,
the youngest commonly pubescent. Leaves
petioled, ovate, oval, or ovate-lanceolate,
acuminate at the apex, narrowed or rounded
at the base, usually finely pubescent with
brownish hairs beneath, glabrous or min-
utely appressed-pubescent above, I'-S' long;
flowers white, in rather compact flat cymes
iK^~2>^'broad; petals narrowly oblong; fruit
globose, light blue, 3''-3/4'' in diameter,
stone oblique, ridged, narrowed or pointed at
base, sometimes slightly broader than long.
In low woods and along streams, New Bruns-
wick to Ontario and Dakota, Florida, Nebraska
and Texas. Swamp Dogwood. May-July.
Vol,. II.]
DOGWOOD FAMILY.
■545
7. Cornus Baileyi Coult. & Evans.
Bailey's Cornel or Dogwood.
(Fig. 2716.)
Cornus Baileyi Coult. & Evans, Bot. Gaz. 15: 37.
1890.
A shrub with reddish twigs, much resembling
the preceding species. Leaves slender- petioled,
ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate at
the apex, narrowed or rounded at the base, gla-
brate, or with finely appressed soft pubescence
above, rather densely woolly-pubescent beneath,
i'-5' long; petals white, ovate-oblong; cymes
compact, I '-2' broad, the rays pubescent; fruit
white, about 3^'' in diameter; stone flattened,
slightly oblique, channeled on the edge, much
broader than high.
Lake shores and in moist ground, Presque Isle,
Pennsylvania to Minnesota and the Northwest Ter-
ritory, Wyoming (and Nebraska?). May-June.
8. Cornus stolonifera Michx.
Red-osier Cornel or Dogwood. (Fig. 2717.)
C. alba Lam. Encycl. 2: 115. 1786. Not L- 1767.
C. stolonifera Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 92. 1803.
A shrub, 3°-i5° high, usually stolonifer-
ous, the twigs glabrous and bright reddish
purple, or the youngest finely appressed-pu-
bescent. Leaves slender-petioled, ovate,
ovate-lanceolate or oval, acute or short-
acuminate at the apex, rounded or narrowed
at the base, finely appressed-pubescent
above, white or whitish and sparingly pubes-
cent beneath, or sometimes glabrous on both
sides, I'-S' long; cymes i'-2' broad, flat-
topped, usually minutely appressed-pubes-
cent; petals white, ovate-oblong; fruit white
or whitish, globose, 2>"-A" if diameter, the
stone very variable in shape, either higher
than broad or broader than high.
In moist soil, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia
to British Columbia, south to Virginia, Ken-
tucky, Nebraska, Arizona and California. As-
cends to 2400 ft. in the Adirondacks. June-July.
g. Cornus candidissima Marsh. Pan-
icled Cornel or Dogwood . ( Fig. 2718.)
Cornus candidissima Marsh, Arb. Am. 35. 1785.
(ror«7<j/ia«/«^/a/a L'Her. Cornus, 9. pi. 15. 1788.
A shrub, 6°-i5° high, with gray smooth
twigs, even the youngest glabrous or nearly so.
Leaves petioled, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate,
long-acuminate at the apex, acute at the base,
minutely appressed-pubescent on both sides,
pale beneath, i^'-4' long; cymes loosely
flowered, somewhat paniculate, the rays mostly
glabrous; petals white, lanceolate; fruit glo-
bose, or slightly depressed, white, about 3" in
diameter; stone subglobose, slightly furrowed,
or somewhat broader than high.
In rich soil, Maine (and Ontario?) to North
Carolina, west to Minnesota and Nebraska. May-
June.
35
CORNACEAE.
10. Cornus stricta L,am.
nel or Dogwood. (Fig.
[Vol. II.
Stiff Cor-
2719.)
Conms stricla Lam. Encycl. 2: 116. 1786.
Cornus fastigiata Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 92.
1803.
A shrub, 8°-i5° high, resembling the pre-
ceding species, the twigs purplish or reddish
brown. Leaves petioled, ovate or ovate-lan-
ceolate, acute or acuminate at the apex, nar-
rowed or sometimes rounded at the base,
sparingly and finely appressed-pubescent on
both sides, i yi'-^' long, the margins often
minutely denticulate, green above and be-
neath; cymes rather loosely flowered, ly^'-
^Yz' broad, their rays nearly or quite gla-
brous; petals white, ovate-lanceolate, or ob-
long; fruit pale blue, about 3" in diameter;
stone globose, nearly smooth.
In swamps, Virginia to Georgia and Florida.
April-May.
II. Cornus alternifolia L.f.
Alternate-leaved Cornel or Dogwood.
(Fig. 2720.)
Cornus aUernifolia L. f. Suppl. 125. 1781.
A shrub, or small tree, with smooth greenish
bark, reaching a maximum height of about 30°
and trunk diameter of 8^. Leaves slender-
petioled, alternate, often clustered near the ends
of the branches, oval or ovate, acuminate at
the apex, narrowed or sometimes rounded at
the base, long, pale and appressed-pubes-
cent beneath, glabrate above, the margins mi-
nutely denticulate; petioles ^''-i^'long; cymes
broad, pubescent; petals white, or cream-
color, lanceolate; fruit globular, or slightly de-
pressed, blue, about d," in diameter; stone some-
what obovoid, channeled, scarcely flattened.
In woods, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick to
Georgia, west to Ontario, Minnesota and Alabama.
Ascends to 2500 ft. in Virginia. Wood hard, reddish
brown; weight per cubic foot 42 lbs. May-July.
2. NYSSA L. Sp. PI. 1058. 1753.
Trees or shrubs, with alternate petioled entire or dentate leaves. Flowers small, green-
ish, polygamo-dioecious, in capitate clusters, short racemes, or the fertile ones sometimes
solitary, borne at the summit of slender axillary peduncles, appearing with the leaves.
Staminate flowers numerous, the calyx small, 5-parted, the petals minute and fleshy, or
none; stamens 5-15; filaments slender; disk entire or lobed; pistil none or rudimentary.
Pistillate flowers 2-14, or solitary, bracted; calyx-limb 5-toothed, or truncate; petals minute
and fleshy, or none; stamens several, or commonly abortive; ovary i-celled, with i pendu-
lous ovule; style slender, recurved, stigmatic along one side near the apex. Drupe ovoid or
oval, the stone bony, compressed, ridged or terete, i-seeded. [Name of a water nymph.]
About 7 species, natives of eastern North America, eastern and central Asia. Besides the fol-
lowing, another occurs in the southern States.
Leaves usually entire; pistillate flowers 2-14; fruit 3"-7" long.
Leaves mostly acute or acuminate; stone little flattened. i. N. sylvalica.
Leaves mostly obtuse; stone much flattened. 2. TV. biflora.
Leaves usually dentate ; pistillate flower solitary; fruit 8" -15" long. 3. N. aquatica.
Vol. II.]
DOGWOOD FAMILY.
547
I. Nyssa sylvatica Marsh. Pepperidge. Sour Gum. Tupelo. (Fig, 2721.)
Nyssa sylvatica Marsh. Arb. Am. 97. 1785.
Nyssa mtiliiflora Wang. Holz. 46. pi. 16. 1787.
A large tree, with rough bark, reaching a
maximum height of 110° and trunk diameter
of 5°; branches horizontal, especially when
the tree is young. Leaves obovate or oval,
acute, acuminate, or obtuse at the apex,
usually narrowed at the base, entire, glabrous
and shining above, more or less pubescent
beneath, 2^-4'' long; petioles A"-l" long;
staminate flowers in compound capitate clus-
ters; pistillate flowers larger, 2-14 together;
fruit ovoid, nearly black, a"-i" long, acid;
stone ovoid, more or less flattened and ridged.
In rich soil, most abundant in swamps, Maine
and Ontario to Florida, Michigan and Texas.
Leaves crimson in autumn, rarely angulate-
toothed on young trees. Wood soft, tough,
light yellow; weight per cubic foot 40 lbs.
Called also Black Gum. April-June.
2. Nyssa biflora Walt.
Southern Tupelo. Water Tupelo. (Fig. 2722.)
Nyssa biflora Walt. Fl. Car. 253. 1788.
Nyssa sylvatica var. biflora Sargent, Sylva, 5: 76.
pi. 218. 1893.
Similar to the preceding species, the base
swollen. Leaves mostly smaller and narrower,
oval, oblong or obovate, entire, obtuse, or some-
times acute at the apex, narrowed or rounded
at the base, 1^-5' long, rarely more than i^''
wide, glabrous when mature, sometimes loosely
pubescent when young; staminate flowers in
compound or simple cymes; pistillate flowers
only 1-3 together; fruit oval, or subglobose,
long, acid; stone oval or oblong, dis-
tinctly flattened and furrowed.
In swamps and along ponds, New Jersey (ac-
cording to Coulter and Evans ) ; Virginia to Florida
and Alabama. April-May. Perhaps intergrades
with the preceding species. Opinions differ as to
whether the name aquatica belongs more properly
to this species or the following, both having been
included in one species by Linnaeus.
Large Tupelo.
(Fig. 2723.)
1753-
pi. 27. f. 57.
1787.
3. Nyssa aquatica L.
Cotton or Tupelo Gum,
Nyssa aquatica L. Sp. PI. 1058.
Nyssa uniflora Wang. Am. 83.
A large tree, reaching a maximum height of
about 100° and trunk diameter of 4°. Leaves slen-
der-petioled, ovate or oval, angular-dentate, or en-
tire, acute, or acuminate at the apex, rounded,
often cordate, sometimes narrowed at the base,
downy-pubescent beneath, especially when young,
becoming glabrate on both sides, 3'-io' long; stam-
inate flowers in compound capitate clusters; pis-
tillate flower larger, solitary ; fruit oval, dark blue
when ripe, W-\^" long; stone narrowly obovate,
flattened, spongy, with several sharp longitudinal
ridges.
In swamps, southern Virginia to Florida, west to Illi-
nois, Missouri and Te.xas. Wood soft, tough, light brown,
or nearly white; weight per cubic foot 29 lbs. April.
548
CLETHRACEAE.
[Vol,. II.
Series 2. Gamopetalae.
Petals partly or wholly united, rarely separate or wanting.
This series is also known as Sympetalae and has been called Monopetalae. The coherence of
the petals is sometimes very slight or they are quite separate, as in Clethraceae, Pyrolaceae, some
Ericaceae, Primulaceae, Styracaceae, Asclepiadaceae, Oleaceae, Curcurbitaceae and Galax in
Diapensiaceae. From this condition the coherence varies through all stages to the tubular or fun-
nelform corollas of some Convolvulaceae, Caprifoliaceae and Compositae. In American species
of Fi-a.rinus (Oleaceae) and in Glaux (Primulaceae), there is no corolla.
Family i. CLETHRACEAE Klotsch, Linnaea, 24: 12. 1851.
White-Alder Family.
Shrubs or trees, more or less stellate-canescent, with alternate deciduous
serrate or serrulate petioled leaves, in our species, and rather small white frag-
rant flowers in terminal solitary or clustered narrow usually elongated racemes.
Calyx 5-cleft or 5-parted, persistent, the segments imbricated. Petals 5, slightly
united at the base, obovate, oblong, or obcordate, imbricated, deciduous. Sta-
mens 10; filaments slender; anthers sagittate, inverted in anthesis, the sacs
opening b}^ large apical pores; pollen-grains simple. Disk obsolete. Ovary
3-angled or 3-lobed, 3-celled, pubescent; ovules numerous; style slender; stig-
mas 3 in our species. Capsule subglobose, or 3-lobed, 3-celled, loculicidally
3-valved, the valves at length 2-cleft.
The family consists only of the following genus, comprising about 30 species, natives of eastern
North America, Japan, Mexico and South America.
I. CLETHRA L. Sp. PI. 396. 1753.
Characters of the family. [Greek, alder, from the resemblauce of the foliage.]
The following are the only species known in North America.
1. C. alnifolia.
2. C. acuminata.
I. Clethra alnifolia L. Sweet
Pepperbush. White Alder.
(Fig. 2724.)
Clethra alnifolia L. Sp. PL 396. 1753.
A shrub, 3°-io° high, the twigs mi-
mutely canescent. Leaves obovate, ob-
tuse or acute at the apex, narrowed or
cuneate at the base, sharply serrate, at
least beyond the middle, glabrous or
very nearly so and green on both sides,
long; petioles i"-6" long; bracts
short, deciduous; pedicels, calyx and
capsule canescent; calyx-lobes oblong,
obtuse, nerved; flowers about \" broad,
of spicy fragrance; filaments glabrous;
style longer than the stamens; capsule
subglobose, about lyi" in diameter
about the length of the calyx.
In swamps and wet woods, or sometimes
in drj- soil, Maine to northern New Jersey
and Florida, mostlj' near the coast. July
Aug.
Leaves obovate, acute or obtuse; filaments glabrous.
Leaves oval or ovate, acuminate; filaments hirsute.
Vol,. II.]
WHITE-ALDER FAMILY.
549
2. Clethra acuminata Michx.
Mountain Sweet Pepperbush.
(Fig. 2725.)
Clethra acuminala Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 260.
1803.
A tall shrub or small tree, similar to the pre-
ceding species. Leaves oval, oblong, or ovate,
acuminate at the apex, narrowed or rounded at
the base, green above, pale and sometimes pu-
bescent beneath, closely serrulate with very
sharp-pointed teeth, 2'-"]' long, sometimes 3>^'
wide; petioles 4''-i2" long; racemes spreading
or recurved, solitary, or 2-3 together, 2'-8'
long, the rachis, pedicels and calyx densely
pubescent or canescent; bracts longer than the
flowers, caducous; filaments and bases of the
petals hirsute.
In mountain woods, Virginia and West Virginia
to Georgia. Ascends to 4500 ft. in North Caro-
lina. July-Aug.
Family 2. PYROLACEAE Agardli, CI. PI. 18. 1825.
WiNTERGREEN FAMILY.
Low mostly evergreen perennials, with branched rootstocks. Leaves petioled.
Flowers perfect, nearly regular, racemose, solitary or corymbose, white or pink.
Calyx 4-5-lobed. Corolla very deeply 4-5-parted, or of 5 petals. Stamens twice
as many as the divisions of the corolla, the anthers introrse in the bud, inverted
at anthesis, opening by pores or short slits; pollen-grains in 4's. Ovary super-
ior, 4-5-celled; style short or slender, often declined; stigma 5-lobed, or
5-crenate; ovules very numerous, anatropous. Fruit a loculicidally dehiscent
capsule. Seeds very numerous, minute, the loose cellular coat much larger
than the almost undifferentiated embryo.
Three genera and about 20 species, natives of the northern hemisphere.
Flowers racemose; leaves basal. i. Pyrola.
Flowers solitary or corymbose; leaves opposite or whorled.
Stem leafy at base ; flower solitary; style long. 2. Moneses.
Stem horizontal; branches erect, leafy; style very short. 3. Chimaphila.
I. PYROLA L. Sp. PI. 396. 1753.
Low glabrous herbs, acaulescent or nearly so, stoloniferous, perennial. Leaves basal,
persistent (one northwestern species leafless). Flowers nodding, or in one species ascend-
ing, white, yellowish, pink, or purple, racemose, on erect bracted scapes. Calyx 5-parted,
persistent. Petals 5, concave, sessile, deciduous. Stamens 10, declined, or straight and
connivent; filaments subulate, glabrous; anthers erect in the bud, emarginate or 2-beaked
at the base, mostly reversed at flowering, each sac opening by a basal but apparently apical
pore. Ovary 5-celled; style straight or declined, filiform, or thickened at the summit; stigma
5-lobed. Disk usually obsolete, rarely present and lo-lobed. Capsule subglobose, 5-lobed,
5-celled, loculicidally 5-valved from the base, the valves cobwebby on the margins when open-
ing, the apex and base intruded. [Latin, diminutive of Pyrus, pear, from the similar leaves.]
About 15 species, natives of the northern hemisphere. Besides the following, 3 othei* occur
in western North America.
Style and stamens declined (slightly so in no. 6).
Petals very obtuse; leaves rounded at the apex.
Leaves rounded, truncate or narrowed at the base.
Flowers white or greenish white; plants of dry woods.
Calyx-lobes oblong or lanceolate; leaves shining.
Calyx-lobes ovate or triangular, short; leaves dull.
Blades orbicular, coriaceous, mostly shorter than petioles.
Blades oval, membranous, longer than their petioles.
Flowers pink or purple; bog plant.
Leaves reniform, cordate; flowers pink.
Petals and leaves acute, the latter small.
Style straight; stamens connivent.
Style short; disk none; raceme regular. 7. P. minor.
Style elongated; disk lo-lobed; flowers in a i-sided raceme. 8. P. secmida.
1. P. roliiiidifolia.
2. P. chlorantha.
3. P. elliptica.
4. P. uliginosa.
5. P. asarifolia.
6. P. oxypetala.
550
PYROLACEAE.
[Voi,. II.
Scape 3
Labrador to
I. Pyrola rotundifolia L. Round-leaved
Wintergreen. (Fig. 2726.)
Pyrola rolundifolia L. Sp. PI. 396. 1753.
Scape 6'-2o' high, 6-20- flowered. Leaf-blades
orbicular or oval, spreading, obtuse, coriaceous,
shining above, creuulate, narrowed, rounded,
truncate or rarely subcordate at the base,
'i-Yz'-'i,' long, usually slightly longer than wide,
often shorter than their narrowly margined
petioles; flowers white, nodding, very fragrant,
7"-9'' broad; pedicels 2"-3" long, mostly longer
than their bracts; calyx-lobes oblong or lanceo-
late, about one-third the length of the obtuse
petals; stamens and style declined-ascending;
style exserted; capsule i"-'}/' in diameter.
In drj' woods, Nova Scotia to Minnesota, south to
Georgia and Ohio. Ascends to 3000 feet in North
Carolina. Also in Europe. Called also False,
Larger, or Pear-leaved Wintergreen, and Indian or
Canker Lettuce. June-JulJ^
Pyrola rotundifolia pumila Hornem. Plantel, Ed. 3, i: 463. 1821.
-6' high; leaves seldom i' long; calyx-lobes oblong, mostly obtuse. Greenland and
the Northwest Territory. Perhaps a distinct species.
2. Pyrola chlorantha Svv. Greenish-
flowered Wintergreen. (Fig. 2727.)
p. chlorantha Sw. Act. Holm. 1810: 190. pi. 5. 1810.
Scape 4'-i2' high, 3-10-flowered. Blades or-
bicular, or broadly oval, mostly obtuse at both
ends, but sometimes narrowed at the base, coria-
ceous, dull, obscurely crenulate, or entire, Yz'-x'
long, shorter than or equalling their petioles;
flowers nodding, slightly odorous, greenish
white, ^"-l" broad; pedicels 1"-'}," long, mostly
longer than their bracts; calyx-lobes ovate, or
triangular-ovate, acute or obtuse, about one-
fourth the length of the obtuse petals; stamens
and style declined-ascending; anther-sacs short-
beaked; style exserted; capsule about ■x," in
diameter.
In dry woods, Labrador to British Columbia, south
to the District of Columbia, Illinois, Nebraska and
Colorado. Also in Europe. June-July.
3. Pyrola elliptica Nutt. Shin-leaf.
(Fig. 2728.)
Pyrola elliptica Nutt. Gen. i: 273. 1818.
Scape 5'-io' high, 7-15-flowered. Blades
broadly oval, or elliptic, thin or membranous,
dark green, obtuse, but usually mucronulate
at the apex, narrowed or rounded at the base,
plicate-crenulate with very low teeth, iK''-3''
long, almost always longer than their petioles;
flowers greenish white, nodding, (y"-^" broad,
very fragrant; pedicels longer than or equalling
their bracts; calyx-lobes ovate-triangular,
acute or acuminate, about one-fourth as long as
the obtuse petals; stamens and style declined-
ascending; anther-sacs scarcely beaked; style
somewhat exserted; capsule about 2>" in di-
ameter.
In rich, mostly dry woods, Nova Scotia to Brit-
ish Columbia, south to the District of Columbia,
Illinois, Michigan and in the Rocky Mountains to
New Mexico. June-Aug.
Vol.. II.]
WINTERGREEN FAMILY.
551
4, Pyrola uliginosa Torr. Bog Wintergreen. (Fig
Pyrola ulighiosa Torr. Fl. N. Y. i : 453. pi. 60. 1843.
Pyrola roiimdifolia var. uliginosa A. Gray, Man.
Ed. 2, 259. 1856.
Scape 6^-15' high, 7-15-flowered. Blades
broadly oval, or orbicular, dull, rather thick,
obscurely crenulate, obtuse at both ends, some-
times truncate at the base, equalling or shorter
than their petioles; bracts shorter than or
equalling the pedicels; flowers purple, 5"-8''
broad; calyx-lobes oblong or ovate-lanceolate,
acute or obtuse, one-fourth to one-third the
length of the obtuse petals; stamens and style
declined-ascending; anther-sacs beaked; style
slightly exserted; capsule about 2^^' in diame-
ter.
In swamps and bogs, Nova Scotia to British Co-
lumbia, south to New England, central New York,
Michigan and in the Rocky Mountains to Colorado.
Apparently also in Japan. June.
5. Pyrola asarifolia Michx.
lyiver-leaf Wintergreen. (Fig, 2730.)
Pyrola asarifolia Michx. Fl. Bor.Am. i: 251. 1803.
Pyrola rotundifolia var. asarifolia Hook. Fl.
Bor. Am. 2: 46. 1834.
Similar to the preceding species. Blades
reniform, usually wider than long, coriaceous,
shining above, obtuse at the apex, cordate at
the base, crenulate, I'-i^z' long, usually
shorter than their narrowly margined peti-
oles; flowers racemose, nodding, purple, or
rose, broad; calyx-lobes triangular-
lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or acum-
inate, about one-third the length of the ob-
tuse petals; stamens and style decurved-as-
cending; anther- sacs slightly beaked; style
exserted; capsule about 2>" ii diameter.
In wet woods and swamps, New Brunswick to
the Northwest Territory, south to Massachusetts,
northern New York, Minnesota, and in the Rocky
Mountains to Colorado. June-July.
6. Pyrola oxypetala Austin. Sharp-petaled
Wintergreen. (Fig. 2731.)
Pyrola oxypetala Austin; A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 302. 1867.
Scape slender, 7^-9' high, about 9-flowered. Blades
ovate, coriaceous, dull, acute or acutish at the apex, nar-
rowed at the base, obscurely crenulate, ^''-lo" long,
shorter than their petioles; flowers racemose, ascending,
greenish, i,"-^" broad; bracts shorter than their pedi-
cels; calyx-lobes triangular-ovate, acute, about one-third
the length of the elliptic-lanceolate acuminate connivent
petals; stamens and styles slightly declined; anther-sacs
slightly horned.
Hills, Deposit, Delaware Co., N. Y. (C. F. Austin, i860).
The only station known. June.
552
PYROI^ACEAE.
[Vot. II.
7. Pyrola minor L. Lesser Win tergreen. (Fig. 2732.)
Pyrola minor L. Sp. PI. 396. 1753.
Leaf-blades rather thin, broadly oval, or nearly
orbicular, dark green, crenulate, obtuse but some-
times mucronate at the apex, rounded, slightly
narrowed, or subcordate at the base, 9"-i8" long;
flowers racemose, nodding, white or pinkish, 3"-
i," broad ; pedicels \"-7.yz" long, equalling or
longer than the bracts; calyx-lobes mostly trian-
gular-ovate and acute; style straight, included;
stamens not declined, connivent around the pistil;
petals oval or orbicular, obtuse; capsule about lYz"
in diameter.
In woods, Greenland and Labrador to Alaska, south
to northern New England, western Ontario and Oregon,
south in the Rocky Mountains to New Mexico. Also
in Europe and Asia. Called also Wood Lily. June-
Aug.
8. Pyrola seciinda L.
sided Win tergreen.
Serrated or One-
(Fig. 2733.)
Pyrola secunda L- Sp. PI. 396. 1753.
Scapes usually several together from the much-
branched rootstock, slender, 4''-io' high. Blades
ovate, or often oval, mostly thin, acute, or rarely
obtuse at the apex, rounded or narrowed at the
base, crenulate-serrulate, 9^-2'' long, longer than
their petioles; flowers many, in a dense one-sided
raceme, at first erect, soon drooping, greenish
white, 2>"~A" broad; pedicels short; calyx-lobes
ovate, obtuse, or obtusish, very short; petals oval,
obtuse, with a pair of tubercles at the base, cam-
panulate-connivent; style straight, exserted; sta-
mens not declined, connivent around the pistil;
capsule about 2" in diameter.
In woods and thickets, Labrador to Alaska, south to the District of Columbia, Pennsylvania, Mich-
igan, along the Rocky Mountains to Mexico and to California. Ascends to 3000 ft. in the Adiron-
dacks. Also in Europe and Asia. June-July.
Pyrola secunda pviinila Paine, Cat. Plants Oneida Co., N. Y. 135, is a low northern form, the scape
2' -4 high, 3-8-flowered, the leaves orbicular or broadly oval, M'-i' long.
2. MONESES Salisb.; S. F. Gray, Arr. Brit. Plants, 2: 403. 1821.
A low perennial glabrous herb, with a decumbent leafy base, petioled evergreen crenu-
late leaves, opposite, or verticillate in 3's, and a solitary drooping white or pink flower at
the summit of a slender sca])e. Calyx 4-5-parted, persistent. Petals 4-5, spreading,
broadly ovate or orbicular, sessile. Stamens 8 or 10, similar to those of Pyrola. Disk
obsolete. Ovary globose, 4-5-celled; style straight, club-shaped at the summit; stigma
4-5-lobed; ovules very numerous in each cavitj'. Capsule subglobose, 4-5-lobed, 4-5-celled,
locnlicidally 4-5-valved from the summit, the valves glabrous on the margins. Seeds
numerous, minute, the testa reticulated, produced at each end. [Greek, single-delight, from
the single flower.]
A monot5^ic genus of the cooler parts of the northern hemisphere.
Vol. II.] WINTERGREEN FAMILY. 553
I. Moneses uniflora (L. ) A. Gray. One- flowered Wintergreen. (Fig. 2734.)
Pyrola uniflora I,. Sp. PI. 397. 1753.
Moneses grandiflora S. F. Gray, Arr. Brit. PI. 2:
403. 1821.
Moneses uniflora A. Gray, Man. 273. 1848.
Stem bearing 1-3 pairs or whorls of leaves
at the base, continued above into a bracted or
naked scape 2'-(}' high. Blades orbicular or
ovate, obtuse at the apex, narrowed, rounded
or sometimes subcordate at the base, rather
thin, \"-\2" long, longer than or equalling
their petioles; flowers i>"-\o" broad; calyx-
lobes ovate, obtuse, about one-fifth the length
of the petals; capsule erect, diame-
ter, about as long as the persistent style and
conspicuously lobed stigma.
In woods, Labrador to Alaska, south to Con-
necticut, Pennsylvania, Michigan, in the Rocky
Mountains to Colorado and to Oregon. Ascends
to 4000 ft. in the Adirondacks. Also in Europe
and Asia. June-Aug.
3. CHIMAPHILA Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 279. 1814.
Perennial herbs, with decumbent stems, ascending leafy branches, the leaves opposite,
or verticillate, coriaceous, evergreen, short-petioled and serrate, and spreading or nodding
white or purplish flowers in terminal corymbs. Pedicels mostly bracteolate. Calyx 5-cleft,
or 5-parted, persistent. Petals 5, concave, nearly orbicular, sessile, spreading or recurved.
Stamens 10, similar to those of Pyrola, the filaments usually somewhat pubescent. Ovary
globose, 5-lobed, 5-celled; ovules numerous in the cavities; style very short, obconic; stigma
large, orbicular, 5-crenate. Capsule erect, globose, 5-lobed, 5-celled, locuHcidally 5-valved
from the top, the valves not woolly on the margins. Seeds numerous, minute, the testa
reticulated, produced at each end. [Greek, winter-loving, from its evergreen leaves.]
About 6 species, natives of North America, Mexico and northeastern Asia. Besides the follow-
ing another occurs on our Pacific Coast.
1. C. niar.ulata.
2. C. umbellata.
Leaves lanceolate, mottled with white.
Leaves spatulate or cuneate-oblanceolate, bright green.
I. Chimaphila maculata (L.) Pursh.
Spotted Wintergreen. (Fig. 2735.)
Pyrola maculala L. Sp. PI. 396. 1753-
Chimaphila maculala Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 300.
1814.
Stem extensively trailing, creeping or hori-
zontally subterranean, sending up both sterile
and flowering branches s'-io' high. Leaves
lanceolate, ovate- lanceolate, or the lower much
shorter and ovate, acute or acuminate at the
apex, rounded or narrowed at the base, sharply
serrate with rather distant teeth, dark green
and mottled with white along the veins, i'-3'
long, wide below the middle; flowers
few, corymbose or umbellate, white or pinkish,
W-\o" broad; peduncle and pedicels puberu-
lent; filaments villous at the middle; capsules
erect, depressed-globose, about i," in diameter.
In dry woods, Maine and Ontario to Minnesota,
south to Georgia and Mississippi. Ascends to
4200 ft. in North Carolina. June-Aug.
554
PYROLACEAE.
[Vol.. II.
2. Chimaphila umbellata (L.) Nutt. Pip-
sissewa. Prince's Pine. (Fig. 2736.)
Pyrola umbellata L. Sp. PI. 396. 1753.
Chimaphila corymbosa Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 300. 1814.
Chimaphila umbellata Nutt. Gen. i: 274. 1818.
Similar to the preceding species, the branches com-
monly stouter, sometimes 1° high and usually more
leafly. Leaves spatulate or cuneate-oblanceolate, ob-
tuse or acutish at the apex, sharply serrate, bright
green and shining, not mottled, i'-2]4' long, 3"-i2"
wide above the middle; flowers several, umbellate or
subcorymbose, white or pinkish, commonly smaller
than those of the preceding species, usually marked
by a deep pink ring; filaments ciliate; capsule
in diameter.
In dry woods, Nova Scotia to British Columbia, south to
Georgia, Mexico and California. Also in Europe and
Asia. June-Aug-.
Family 3. MONOTROPACEAE Lindl. Nat. Syst. Ed. 2, 219. 1836.
Indian-Pipe Family.
Humus-planls or saprophytes, with mostly simple, leafless bracted scapes,
and solitary or clustered perfect regular flowers. Calyx 2-6-parted, free from
the ovarj^; sepals erect, connate at the base, imbricated, deciduous. Corolla
gamopetalous or polypetalous (wanting in the California Al/otropa); lobes or
petals 3-6. Stamens 6-12, hypogynous; filaments distinct, or united at base;
anthers 2-celled or confluently i -celled, attached to the filaments by their backs
or bases; pollen-grains simple. Disk obsolete or 8-12-lobed. Ovary superior,
4-6-lobed, i-6-celled; style short or elongated; stigma capitate or peltate;
ovules numerous, anatropous. Capsule 4-6-lobed, or terete, i-6-celled, loculi-
cidally 4-6-valved, many-seeded. Seeds minute, the testa reticulated.
About 9 genera and 12 species, mostly of the northern hemisphere, most abundant in North
America.
Corolla gamopetalous, persistent.
Corolla globose-ovoid; anthers 2-awned. 1. Plerospora.
Corolla campanulate; anthers awnless. 2. Monolropsis.
Corolla polj'petalous, deciduous.
Flower solitary. 3. Monotropa.
Flowers racemose. 4. Hypopitys.
I. PTEROSPORA Nutt. Gen. i: 269. 1818.
Scape slender, glandular-pubescent, from a thick base of matted fibrous roots. Flowers
and capsules racemose, pendulous. Calyx deeply 5-parted. Corolla gamopetalous, globose-
ovoid, with 5 reflexed lobes. Stamens 10, included; filaments subulate, glabrous; anthers
introrse, horizontal in the bud, the sacs longitudinally dehiscent, each with a deflexed awn
at the base. Disk none. Ovary subglobose, 5-lobed, 5-celled; style short, columnar; stigma
capitate, 5-lobed. Capsule depressed globose, 5-lobed, 5-celled, 5-valved, the apex and base
intruded. Seeds horizontal, globose-ovoid, with a terminal reticulated wing. [Greek,
wing-seeded.]
A monotypic genus of temperate North America.
I. Pterospora Andromedea Nutt. Giant
Bird's-nest. Pine Drops. (Fig. 2737.)
Plerospora Andromedea Nutt. Gen. i: 269. 1818.
Monotropa procet-atorr.; Eaton, Man. Ed. 2, 324 1818.
Roots very astringent, forming a rounded mass some-
times 2' in diameter. Scape purplish or brown, 6'-^%°
high, bracted, grooved, densely covered with viscid
hairs. Bracts lanceolate, or linear, very numerous and
crowded at the base; flowers numerous, racemose, white,
2"-^" broad; pedicels at first spreading, soon recurved,
3"-io'^ long, viscid; sepals oblong, about one-half the
length of the corolla; capsule 4''-6" in diameter.
In rich woods, Quebec and New Hampshire to Pennsylva-
nia, west to British Columbia and California, south in the
Rocky Mountains to Arizona. Called also Albany Beech-
drops. June-Aug.
Vol,. II.]
INDIAN-PIPE FAMILY.
555
2. MONOTROPSIS Schwein.; Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. i: 478. 181 7.
[ScHWEiNiTziA Nutt. Gen. 2: Add. 3. 1818.]
Scape slender, bracted; plant glabrous throughout. Sepals 5, oblong to linear. Corolla
gamopetalous, oblong-campanulate, persistent, 5-saccate at the base, 5-lobed, the lobes not
reflexed. Stamens 10, included; filaments subulate, glabrous; anthers horizontal in the bud,
introrse, the sacs confluent, opening by large terminal pores, awnless. Disk 10-crenate.
Ovary globose, 5-celled; style short, thick; stigma discoid, 5-angled. Capsule ovoid, 5-
celled. Seeds very numerous. [Greek, resembling Monotropa.'\
Two species, natives of southeastern North America.
I. Monotropsis odorata Ell. Sweet
Pine-sap. Carolina Beech-drops.
(Fig. 2738.)
Monotropsis odorata Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 1:479.
1817.
Schweinitzia CaroUniana Don, Gen. Syst. 3: 867.
1834.
Schweinitzia odorata DC. Prodr. 7: 780. 1839.
Plant light purplish brown; scapes usually
several in a cluster, high. Bracts numer-
ous, ovate-oblong, obtuse, appressed, ■2"-\"
long; flowers few (usually 6-8), pink, densely
spicate, fragrant, 2-bracteolate at the base,
spreading or erect, the spike at first recurved,
becoming erect, long; sepals mostl}' ob-
long-lanceolate, acute, about as long as the
corolla and the bractlets.
In woods, Maryland to North Carolina. Very
rare. Feb.-May.
3. MONOTROPA E. Sp. PI. 387. 1753.
Scapose succulent white yellowish or red bracted herbs, with a solitary nodding flower,
the'capsule becoming erect. Sepals 2-4, deciduous. Petals 5 or 6, oblong, somewhat dilated
at apex, erect, not saccate at the base, tardily deciduous. Stamens 10-12; filaments subu-
late-filiform; anthers short, peltate, horizontal, opening at first by 2 transverse chinks, be-
coming transversely 2-valved. Disk io-12-toothed, confluent with the base of the ovary.
Ovary 5-celled; style short, thick; stigma funnelform, its margin obscurely crenate, not
ciliate. Capsule 5-celled, 5-valved, many- seeded. Seeds minute, the testa produced at each
end. [Greek, once-turned.]
Two species, natives of North America, Mexico, Colombia, Japan and the Himalayas. The
following is the only one known in North America.
I. Monotropa uniflora E. Indian
Pipe. (Fig. 2739.)
Monotropa uniflora L,. Sp. PI. 387. 1753.
Scapes white, glabrous, usually clustered, \'~
\o' high from a mass of matted brittle roots,
turning dark in drying. Flower terminal, in-
odorous, nodding, oblong-campanulate, yi'-i'
long, the fruit becoming erect ; petals 4-5
(rarely 6), puberulent within, white, rather
longer than the usually 10 stamens; filaments
pubescent; ovary ovoid, acute, narrowed into
the short style; capsule erect, obtusely angled,
5'^-8'' bigb, 4''-5'^ in diameter.
In moist rich woods, Anticosti to Florida, west
to Washington and California, almost throughout
temperate and warm North America. Ascends to
4200 ft. in North Carolina. Also in Japan and the
Himalayas. Whole plant occasionally pink or red.
Called also American Ice-plant, Ghost-flower,
Corpse-plant. June-Aug.
556
MONOTROPACEAE.
[Vol. II.
4. HYPOPITYS Adans. Fam. PI. 2: 443. 1763.
Scapes slender, pubescent at least above, bearing numerous white yellowish or red
flowers in a nodding one-sided raceme which soon becomes erect. Roots a dense mass of
fleshy fibres. Terminal flower usually 5-parted, the lateral ones 3-4-parted. Sepals com-
monly as many as the petals. Petals saccate at the base. Stamens 6-10; filaments subu-
late-filiform; anthers horizontal, the 2 sacs becoming confluent, opening by 2 unequal
valves, the larger one spreading or reflexed, the smaller erect. Disk confluent with the base
of the ovary, 8-io-toothed. Ovary 3-5-celled; style slen-
der; stigma funnelform, its margin glandular-ciliate.
Capsule 3-5-celled, 3-5-valved, erect. [Greek, referring
to its growth under firs.]
A monotypic genus of the north temperate zone.
I. Hypopitys Hypopitys (L.) Small. Pine-
sap. False Beech-drops. (Fig. 2740.)
Monotropa Hypopitys L. Sp. PI. 387. 1753.
Hypopitys Monotropa Crantz, Inst. 2: 467. 1766.
Hypopitys Hypopitys Small, Mem. Torr. Club, 4: 137. 1894.
Plants usually slightly fragrant; scapes mostly clus-
tered, 4^-12' high. Bracts ovate-lanceolate, densely
imbricated at the base, scattered above; raceme 3-15-
flowered, I'-S' long; pedicels bracteolate or naked, 3"-
10" long; flowers oblong-campanulate, long,
white, yellowish to pink, more or less bracteolate at the
base, the bractlets closely resembling the sepals; fila-
ments pubescent; capsule globose-oblong, if'-'if' high.
In dry woods, Anticosti to Florida, British Columbia and
Arizona. Also in Europe and Asia. Called also Bird's-nest.
June-Oct.
Family 4. ERICACEAE DC. Fl. Franc. 3: 675. 1805.
Heath Family.
Shrubs, perennial herbs, or trees, with simple exstipulate leaves, and mostly
perfect, gamopetalous or polypetalous flowers. Calyx inferior, free from the
ovary, 4-5-parted or 4-5-cleft, mostly persistent. Corolla regular, or rarely
somewhat 2-lipped and irregular, usually 4-5-toothed, -lobed or -parted. Sta-
mens hypogynous, usually as many or twice as many as the corolla-lobes, teeth
or petals; filaments mostly separate; anthers 2-celled, attached to the filaments
by the back or base, the sacs often prolonged upwardly into tubes, dehiscent by
terminal pores or chinks, or longitudinally, often awned. Disk crenate, lobed,
or none. Ovary 2-5 -celled; style elongated or short ; stigma peltate or capitate;
ovtiles usually numerous, anatropous. Fruit a capsule, berry or drupe. Seeds
usually numerous and minute, or sometimes only i in each cavity; endosperm
fleshy; embryo central; cotyledons short; radicle terete.
About 55 genera and 1050 species, of very wide geographic distribution.
# Fruit a septicidal capsule; corolla deciduous; anthers unappendaged.
Corolla of separate petals. i. Ledum.
Corolla gamopetalous (polypetalous in no. 6).
Corolla somewhat irregular (except in no. 5); seeds flat, winged.
Corolla funnelform to canipanulate ; stamens exserted.
Corolla funnelform, slightly 2-lipped; leaves deciduous. 2. Azalea.
Corolla 2-lipped, lower lip divided to the base; leaves deciduous. 3. Rliodora.
Corolla campanulate ; leaves evergreen. 4. Rhododendron.
Corolla urn-shaped; stamens not exserted. 5. Menziesia.
Corolla regular; seeds angled, or rounded.
Corolla polypetalous. 6. Dendrium.
Corolla gamopetalous.
Stamens 5; capsule 2-3-celled. 7. Chamaecistiis.
Stamens 10; capsule 5-celled.
Corolla saucer-shaped, lo-saccate. 8. Kalniia.
Corolla ovoid. 9. Phyllodoce.
* * Fruit a loculicidal capsule, berry or drupe ; corolla deciduous ; anthers often awned.
t Fruit a dry capsule; calyx not accrescent, mostly small.
Low heath -like shrubs; leaves subulate, very small. 10. Cassiope.
Shrubs, or trees; leaves linear to broadly oval.
Anther-sacs opening by a terminal pore or chink.
Sepals or calyx-lobes imbricated, at least in the bud.
Capsule dehiscent into a single layer of 5 valves. 11. Leucotlioe.
Capsule dehiscent into 2 layers, the outer 5-valved, the inner lo-valved.
12. Chainaedaphne.
Vol,. II.]
HEATH FAMILY.
557
13. Pieris.
14. Andromeda.
15. Xolisma.
Sepals or calyx-lobes valvate, or separate, in the bud.
Anthers 2-awned on the back.
Corolla urn-shaped or cylindric; leaves not glaucous.
Corolla globose; leaves narrow, glaucous beneath.
Anthers awnless.
Anther-sacs longitudinally dehiscent.
Corolla ovoid-cylindric, 5-toothed; tall shrub or tree. 16. Oxydendron.
Corolla salverform, 5-lobed; trailing shrub. 17. Epigaea.
t t Fruit a drupe, or a capsule enclosed by the fleshy accrescent calyx.
Fruit consisting of the fleshy calyx surrounding the capsule. 18. Gaultheria.
Fruit a drupe with 4 or 5 nutlets.
Nutlets coalescent; leaves persistent. 19. Arctosiaphylos.
Nutlets separate ; leaves deciduous. 20. Mairania.
^5- * Fruit a septicidal capsule; corolla withering-persistent; anthers appendaged.
21. Calluna.
I. LEDUM I,. Sp. PI. 391. 1753.
Erect branching evergreen resinous shrubs, with scaly buds, the foliage fragrant when
crushed. Leaves alternate, thick, short-petioled, oblong or linear, revolute-margined.
Flowers white, numerous in terminal umbels or corymbs. Pedicels bracted at the base, the
bracts scarious, deciduous. Calyx small or minute, 5-toothed, persistent. Petals 5, obovate
or oval, obtuse, spreading, imbricated. Stamens 5 or 10 (rarely 5 to 7), exserted; filaments
filiform; anthers small, attached by their backs to the filaments, globose-didymous, awnless,
the sacs opening by terminal pores. Disk annular, 8-io-lobed. Ovary ovoid, scaly, 5-
celled; ovules numerous; style filiform; stigma 5-lobed. Capsule oblong, 5-celled, septici-
dally 5-valved from the base. [Greek, ledon, the plant now called Cistus Ledon.'\
Three species, natives of the north temperate and sub-arctic zones. Besides the following, an-
other occurs on the Pacific coast.
Leaves linear, i"-2" wide; stamens 10. I. L. paluslre.
Leaves oblong, 3"-8" wide; stamens 5-7. 2. L. Groenlandicum.
I. Ledum palustre L. Narrow-leaved
Labrador Tea. (Fig. 2741.)
Ledum palustre 1^. Sp. PI. 391. 1753.
A shrub, 6^-2° high, the twigs rusty-tomentose.
Leaves linear, obtuse, dark green and somewhat
rugose above, densely tomentose with brown wool
beneath, strongly revolute-margined, Y^'-xyi' long,
wide; flowers 2>"~S" broad; pedicels very pu-
bescent, (i"-i2" long in fruit; stamens 10; capsule
oblong or oval, scurfy, about 1" high and i" in
diameter, nodding; calyx-teeth less than yi." long,
ovate, obtusish.
In bogs, Newfoundland to Alaska. Also in northern
Europe and Asia. Called also Marsh Tea, Wild Rose-
mary. Yields the Ledum oil. Summer.
2. Ledum Groenlandicum OEder.
Labrador Tea. (Fig. 2742.)
Ledum Groenlandicum OEder, Fl. Dan. pi.
567. IT] I.
Ledum latifolium Alt. Hort. Kew. 2: 65. 1789.
A shrub, i°-4° high, similar to the pre-
ceding species, the twigs densely tomentose.
Leaves oblong, obtuse, 1^-2' long,
wide, green and slightly rugose above,
densely brown-tomentose beneath, strongly
revolute-margined; flowers a/'-'^" broad.
pedicels
//
umbellate or short-corymbose;
brown-canescent or tomentose, io"-i2
long and recurved in fruit; stamens 5-7;
capsule oblong, canescent, nodding, 3'^-
2,Yz" long, \"~\y2" in diameter.
In bogs and swamps, Greenland to British
Columbia, south to Massachusetts, New Jersey,
Pennsylvania and Wisconsin. May-June.
558
ERICACEAE.
[Vol. II.
2. AZALEA L. Sp. PI. 150. 1753.
Erect mostly tall branching shrubs, with alternate thin deciduous leaves. Flowers
large, white, purple, yellow, pink, or orange, in terminal umbels developed from cone-like
scaly buds. Calyx small or minute, 5-parted. Corolla funnelform, the tube mostly nar-
row, the limb nearly regularly 5-lobed or somewhat 2-lipped. Stamens 5 (rarely 10), ex-
serted, usually declined; anthers awnless, attached to the filaments by their backs, the cells
opening by terminal pores; style slender, declined, exserted. Ovary 5-celled; ovules numer-
ous in the cavities. Capsule oblong or linear-oblong, 5-celled, septicidally 5-valved from the
summit, many-seeded. [Greek, dry, from its habitat.]
About 40 species, natives of North America and Asia. Besides the following', 2 others occur on
the Pacific coast.
Flowers expanding before or with the leaves.
Flowers pink or white.
Leaves strigose on the midrib beneath; corolla-tube hirsute. i. A. nudiflora.
Leaves canescent beneath ; corolla-tube glandular. 2. A. canescens.
Flowers orange, yellow or red; leaves canescent beneath. 3. A. lutea.
Flowers expanding later than the leaves.
Leaves shining, glabrous beneath. 4. A. arborescens.
Leaves strigose on the midrib beneath. 5. A. viscosa.
I. Azalea nudiflora I,. "Wild Honeysuckle. Pinkster-flower. Purple or
Pink Azalea. (Fig. 2743.)
Azalea nudiflora L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 214. 1762.
Rhododendron nudiflorum Torr. Fl. N. & Mid. U.
S. 424. 1824.
A shrub, 2°-6° high, branched above, often
simple below, the twigs glabrous, or with stiflF
hairs. Leaves oblong or obovate, acute at both
ends, short-petioled, hairy on the midrib and
sometimes on the lateral veins beneath, glabrous
or with a few scattered hairs above when old,
sometimes canescent on the lower surface when
unfolding, 2^-4^ long, the margins ciliolate;
pedicels strigose, long; flowers pink to
nearly white, expanding before or with the
leaves, faintly odorous, the limb somewhat 2-
lipped, xYz'-i' broad, shorter than the narrow
tube, which is pilose-pubescent and little or not
at all glandular; stamens much exserted; cap-
sule linear-oblong, strigose, S'^-g" long, erect.
In dry sandy or rocky woods and thickets, Maine
to Illinois, south to Florida and Texas. Ascends to
3000 ft. in Virginia. Reported from Canada. Its
fungus is called Honeysuckle- or Swamp-Apple.
April-May.
2. Azalea canescens Michx. Moun-
tain Azalea. (Fig. 2744. )
Azalea ca7iescens Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i : 150. 1803.
Rhododendron canescens Porter, Bull. Torr. Club,
16: 220. 1889.
A branching shrub, 4°-i5° high, the twigs
glabrous or sparingly pubescent. Leaves oval,
elliptic or sometimes obovate, wider and
shorter than those of the preceding species,
permanently more or less soft-canescent and
pale beneath and stiff-hairy or pubescent on
the veins, varying to nearly glabrous, the
margins ciliolate-serrulate; pedicels glandular;
flowers rose-color to white, very fragrant, ex-
panding with or before the leaves; corolla limb
often 2' broad, about equalling the rather
stout, densely glandular but scarcely viscid
tube; stamens slightly exserted; capsule linear-
oblong, narrowed above, glandular, 6''-S'''long.
In woods, Massachusetts to the Catskill and
Shawungunk Mountains, New York, Pocono
plateau of Pennsylvania, south, especiallj- along the
AlleghanieSjto Floridaand Louisiana. April-May.
Vol. II.]
HEATH FAMILY.
559
3. Azalea lutea L. Flame Azalea. (Fig. 2745.)
Azalea lulea I,. Sp. PI. 150. 1753.
A. calendiilacea Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 151. 1803.
Rhododendron calendulaceum Torr. Fl. N. & Mid.
U. S. 425. 1824.
A shrub, 4°-i5° bigh, similar to the preceding
species, the twigs mostly glabrous. Leaves obo-
vate or oval, permanently more or less canescent
or tomentose beneath, glabrous, or with some
scattered hairs above, the margins ciliolate-ser-
rulate; pedicels short, pilose or glandular; flowers
orange-yellow or red, very showy, slightly fra-
grant, expanding before or with the leaves; corolla-
tube about the length of the nearly regular limb,
glandular-pilose, the limb often 2' broad; stamens
long-exserted; capsule linear-oblong, about 8"
high, erect, more or less pubescent.
In dry woods, southern New York, and the
mountains of Pennsylvania to Georgia, nearer the
coast in North Carolina. Fine in cultivation. May-
June.
4. Azalea arborescens Pursh. Smooth
or Tree Azalea. (Fig. 2746.)
Azalea arborescens Pursh. Fl. Am. Sept. 152. 1814.
Rhododendron arborescens Torr. Fl. N. & Mid. U. S.
425. 1824.
A shrub, 8°-20° high, glabrous or nearly so
throughout. Leaves obovate, oblanceolate or oval,
acute at both ends or sometimes abruptly acuminate
at the apex, manifestly petioled, firm, bright green
and shining above, light green beneath, I'-i/ long,
fragrant in drying, the margins ciliate; flowers
white, or tinged with pink, very fragrant, the limb
nearly regular, \Yz'-2' broad, about as long as the
slender glandular tube; pedicels short, glandular;
stamens and style red, long-exserted; capsule ob-
long, densely glandular, 6"-8" long.
In woods, southern Pennsylvania to North Carolina.
Ascends to 2,500 ft. in North Carolina. June-July.
5. Azalea viscosa L. Swamp Pink or
Honeysuckle. White Azalea. (Fig. 2747.)
Azalea viscosa L- Sp. PI. 151. 1753.
Rhododendron viscosum Torr. Fl. N. & Mid. U. S.
424. 1824.
A shrub, 4°-8° high, usually much branched,
the twigs hairy. Leaves obovatc-oblong to
oblanceolate, 2^-4' long, very short-petioled,
obtuse and mucronulate or acute at the apex,
narrowed at the base, glabrous or with a few
scattered hairs above, more or less bristly
hairy on the veins beneath, ciliolate, green on
both sides; flowers white, fragrant, later than
the leaves; pedicels glandular; corolla 1/4''-
2' long, the limb i'-2' broad, more or less
2-lipped, much shorter than the slender, very
viscid, densely glandular tube; capsule
high, glandular-bristly.
In swamps, Maine to Ohio, south to Florida and
Texas. Clammy Azalea. June-Julj\
Azalea viscosa hispida (Pursh) Britton, Mem. Torr.
Club, 5: 248. 1894.
Azalea hispida Pursh. Fl. Am. Sept. 154. 1814.
Pedicels bristly-hispid; flowers at least the limb, pink; leaves glaucescent beneath; shrub 6°-
15° high. Borders of ponds, Shawangunk Mountains to Pennsylvania and Montauk Point, N. Y
56o
ERICACEAE.
[Vol,. II.
Azalea viscosa glauca Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 151. 1803.
Leaves white -glaucous beneath, i'-2' long, shrub i°-6° high. Massachusetts to Virginia.
Azalea viscosa nitida (Pursh) Britten, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 248. 1894.
Azalea nitida Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 153. 1814.
Leaves about i' long, bright green on both sides; low shrub. Massachusetts to Virginia.
3. RHODORA L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 561. 1762.
A branching shrub, with deciduous oval or oblong short-petioled alternate leaves. Flow- '
ers, umbellate or short-corymbose, short-pedicelled, rose-colored, purple, or nearly white, from
terminal scaly buds. Calyx minute. Corolla 2-lipped, the upper lip unequally 2-3-lobed, the
lower divided to the base, the segments recurved. Stamens 10, about equalling the corolla;
anthers awnless, attached by their backs to the filaments. Ovary 5-celled; ovules numer-
ous in the cavities; style slender, slightly exserted; stigma capitate. Capsule linear-oblong,
5-celled, septicidally 5-valved from the summit, many-seeded. [From the Greek, rhodon,
a rose.]
A monotypic genus of northeastern North America.
I. Rhodora Canadensis L. Rhodora.
(Fig. 2748.)
Rhodora Canadensis "L,. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 561. 1762.
Rhododendron Rhodora Don, Gen. Syst. 3:848. 1834.
Rhododendron Canadense B.S.P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 33.
1888.
A shrub, i°-3° high, the branches slender, as-
cending or erect, the twigs sparingly strigose.
Leaves oval, obtuse and mucronulate at the apex,
narrowed at the base, entire, dark green and gla-
brous, or nearly so, above, light green or pale and
glaucous and slightly pubescent, at least on the
veins beneath, I'-a' long, 2>"~'l" wide; flowers ex-
panding with or before the leaves; pedicels verj'
short, stiff, hairy; corolla I'-iyi' broad; lower lip
divided into two linear-oblong obtuse segments;
capsule oblong, puberulent, glaucous, z"-']" high.
In bogs and on wet hillsides, Newfoundland to New
Jersey, west to Quebec, central New York and Penn-
sylvania. May.
4. RHODODENDRON L. Sp. PI. 392. 1753.
Branching shrubs, with alternate persistent coriaceous leaves. Flowers large, or middle-
sized, purple, rose-colored or white, corymbose or umbellate, from scaly cone-like buds.
Calyx small, or minute, 5-lobed or 5-parted. Corolla campanulate, 5-lobed, nearly regular.
Stamens 5-10 (usually 10), little exserted, declined or equally spreading. Anthers awnless,
attached by their backs to the filaments, the sacs opening bj' terminal pores. Style slender;
stigma capitate or 5-20-lobed; ovules numerous. Capsule short or elongated, mostly woody,
septicidally dehiscent, 5-20 valved from the summit. Seeds numerous. [Greek, rose-tree.]
About 100 species, natives of the northern hemisphere, most abundant in Asia. Besides the
following some 5 others occur in the southern and western parts of North America.
Arctic-alpine shrub, 4'-! 2' high; leaves small, lepidote. i. R. Lapponicuin.
Tall shrubs or low trees; leaves large, glabrous.
Leaves usually acute at both ends; calyx-lobes oblong, obtuse. 2. R. maximum.
Leaves mostly obtuse at both ends; calyx-lobes short, acute. 3. R. Catawbiense.
I, Rhododendron Lapponicum (I,.) Wahl,
Lapland Rose Bay. (Fig. 2749.)
Azalea Lapponica L. Sp. PI. 151. 1753.
Rhododendron Lapponicum Wahl. Fl. Suec. 249. 1824.
Low, depressed or prostrate, branched, 2'-i2' high.
Leaves oval, elliptic or oblong, obtuse and mucronulate
at the apex, narrowed or rounded at the base, long,
■i"-if' wide, densely covered with brownish scales on
both sides, short-petioled; flowers few in the umbels, on
short pedicels with scurfy scales; calyx-lobes oblong,
obtuse, pubescent; corolla purple, s-lobed, ']"-()" broad,
the lobes oblong, obtuse; capsule ovoid-oblong, 2"-^"
high.
Summits of the higher mountains of New England and the
Adirondacks of New York; Quebec and Labrador to Green-
land, west through arctic America to Alaska. Also in north-
ern Europe and Asia. Summer.
Vol. II.]
HEATH FAMILY.
561
2. Rhododendron maximum I,.
Great Laurel. Rose Bay. (Fig. 2750.)
Rhododendron maximum !<. Sp. PI. 392. 1753.
A tall shrub, or sometimes a tree, with
maximum height of about 40° and trunk
diameter of 1°. Leaves oblong, lanceolate-
oblong or broadly oblanceolate, dark green
on both sides, acute or abruptly short-acumi-
nate at the apex, narrowed to a mostly acute
base, 4'-7' long, i'-2^' wide, glabrous,
drooping in winter; petioles stout, Yz'-i'
long; pedicels glandular, viscid-pubescent,
\'-2' long; corolla i%'-2' broad, about
long, rather deeply 5-cleft into oval obtuse
lobes, rose-color, varying to white, sprinkled
with yellowish or orange spots within ; calyx-
lobes oblong, obtuse; capsule oblong, puberu-
lent, S"-"]'^ Wgh.
In low woods and along streams, Nova Scotia,
Ontario and Ohio to Georgia, chiefly along the
mountains, often forming almost impenetrable
thickets. Wood hard, strong, light brown;
weight per cubic foot 39 lbs. June-Julj'.
3. Rhododendron Catawbiense
Michx. Mountain Rose Bay. Catawba
or Carolina Rhododendron. (Fig. 2751.)
Rhododendron Catawbiense Michx. Fl. Bor. Am.
1:258. 1803.
A shrub, 3°-2o° high. Leaves oval or broadly
oblong, mostly rounded or obtuse at both
ends, sometimes narrowed at the base, mu-
cronate, 3^-5' long, wide, dark green
above, pale or glaucous beneath; petioles
stout, yi'-iYz' long, pubescent when young;
pedicels rather stout, pubescent, becoming
glabrous; corolla lilac-purple, lYz'-i' long,
I'-iYz' broad, 5-lobed, the lobes broad and
rounded; calyx-lobes triangular-ovate, acute
or acuminate, short; capsule linear-oblong,
puberulent, %"-io" high.
Mountain summits, Virginia and West Vir-
ginia to Georgia. May-June.
5. MENZIESIA J. E. Smith, Icon. Ined. 3. pi. 56. 1791
Erect branching shrubs, with alternate membranous entire deciduous leaves, and small
nodding greenish purple slender-pedicelled flowers, in terminal corymbs or umbels, devel-
oped from scaly buds. Calyx 4-toothed or 4-parted, persistent. Corolla urceolate-cylindric,
or nearly globose, 4-toothed or 4-lobed. Stamens 8, included; filaments subulate, flattish,
slightly dilated below; anthers linear-oblong, awnless, attached by their backs to the fila-
ments, the sacs opening by terminal pores or chinks. Disk obscurely 8-crenate. Ovary
mostly 4-celled; ovules numerous; style filiform; stigma 4-lobed or 4-toothed. Capsule sub-
globose or ovoid, 4-celled, septicidally 4-valved, many-seeded. Seeds slender, the testa
membranous, prolonged at both ends. Parts of the flower rarely in 5's. [Named in honor
of Archibald Menzies, surgeon and naturalist, died 1842.]
About 7 species, natives of North America and Japan. Besides the following, 2 others occur in
the northwestern parts of North America.
Filaments glabrous; seeds pointed at each end. i. M. pilosa.
Filaments pubescent below; seeds long-appendaged at each end. 2. M. glabella.
36
562
I.
ERICACEAE.
[Vol.. II.
Menziesia pilosa (Michx.) Pers.
Alleghany Menziesia. (Fig. 2752.)
Azalea pilosa Michx. in Lam. Journ. Nat. Hist, l: 410. 1792.
Menziesia pilosa Pers. Syn. i: 420. 1805.
Menziesia globularis Salisb. Parad. Lond. 44. 1806.
M. ferruginea var. globularis Sims, Bot. Mag. pi. 1571. 1813.
A shrub, 2°-6° high, the twigs more or less chaffy and
with stiff hairs. Leaves oval, oblong or obovate, thin, obtuse
or acutish and glandular-mucronulate at the apex, narrowed
at the base, rough-hairy above, pale, glaucescent and some-
times chaffy on the veins beneath, 1^-2' long, the margins
ciliate; petioles 2"-^" long, pubescent; flowers few in the
umbels, drooping; pedicels filiform, glandular, yi'-\' long;
calyx-lobes short and broad, hirsute-ciliate; corolla urn-
shaped or globose-ovoid, t."-'}," long; filaments glabrous;
capsule ovoid, about 1" high, erect, glandular-bristly; seeds
pointed at each end.
In mountain woods, Pennsylvania to Georgia. May-June.
2. Menziesia glabella A. Gray. Smooth
Menziesia. (Fig. 2753.)
Menziesia glabella A. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. A. 2: Part i, 39. 1878.
Similar to the preceding species. Leaves obovate, obtuse
and glandular-mucronulate at the apex, pale, glaucous and
glabrous or very nearly so beneath, sparingly pubescent above,
()"-\%" long, the margins ciliolate; flowers 1-5 in the um-
bels, spreading, becoming erect; pedicels long, glan-
dular; calyx-lobes short and broad, ciliate and pubescent;
corolla urn-shaped, about 2'' long; filaments pubescent be-
low; capsule oblong or obovoid, erect, about 2" high, gla-
brous; seeds long-appendaged at each end.
Minnesota Point, Lake Superior, west to Oregon and British
Columbia. May-June.
6. DENDRIUM Desv. Journ. Bot. (II.) i: 36. 1813.
[Leiophyi^lum Pers. Syn. i: 477. 1805. Not Ehrh. 1780.]
A glabrous evergreen shrub, with coriaceous entire small mostly opposite leaves, and
numerous small white or pinkish flowers, in terminal corymbs. Bracts coriaceous, persist-
ent. Calyx 5-parted, the segments rigid, oblong-lanceolate, acute, persistent. Petals 5, ses-
sile, ovate to obovate, spreading. Stamens 10, exserted; filaments filiform, glabrous; anthers
small, globose didymous, attached by their backs to the filaments, awnless, the sacs opening
longitudinally. Disk lo-lobed. Ovary 2-5-celled; ovules numerous; style slender, straight ;
stigma simple, truncate. Capsule ovoid, septicidally 2-5-valved from the top. [Greek, a tree.]
A small genus of eastern North America.
I. Dendrium buxifolium (Berg.) Desv. Sand
Myrtle. (Fig. 2754.)
Ledum buxi/olium Berg. Act. Upsal. 1777: pi. J,/, i. 1777.
Dendrium buxifolittm Desv. Journ. Bot. (II) 1:36. 1813.
Leiophyllum buxifolium Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. i: 483. 1819-20.
A low shrub with box-like foliage, widely branching,
4''-i8' bigh. Leaves crowded, oblong or oval, thick,
obtuse, dark green and shining above, lighter and black-
dotted beneath, short-petioled, somewhat revolute-mar-
gined, z"-!" long, the midrib prominent, the lateral
veins obscure; flowers several or numerous in short corymbs,
about 1" broad; anthers purple; pedicels filiform, 3"-5''
long in fruit; capsule acute, slightly over \" high, gla-
brous, puberulent, or roughened with short processes.
In dry, sandy pine-barrens, New Jersey to Florida. The
same or a related species on the higher mountains of North
Carolina. April-June.
Vol. II.]
HEATH FAMILY.
563
7. CHAMAECISTUS OEder, Fl. Dan. pi. 9. 1761.
[LoiSELEURiA Desv. Journ. Bot. (II) 1: 35. 1813.]
A low glabrous depressed straggling branched shrub, with small linear-oblong petioled
obtuse entire coriaceous and evergreen leaves, and small solitary or few flowers on terminal
erect pedicels. Calyx 5-parted, the segments ovate-lanceolate, persistent. Corolla broadly
campanulate, with 5 obtuse imbricated lobes. Stamens 5, included; filaments slender, adnate
to the corolla; anthers globose-didymous, dorsally attached to the filaments, longitudinally
dehiscent. Disk obscurely 5-lobed. Ovary globose, 2-3-celled; style short, straight; stigma
capitate; ovules numerous. Capsule subglobose, 2-3-celled, septicidally 2-3-valved, the
valves 2-cleft. Seeds ovoid, the testa granular. [Greek, ground cistus-]
A tnonotypic genus of the colder parts of the northern hemisphere.
I. Chamaecistus procumbens (L.) Kuntze.
Alpine or Trailing Azalea. (Fig. 2755.)
Azalea procumbens L. Sp. PI. 151. 1753.
Loiseleuria procumbens Desv. Joum. Bot. (II) i: 35. 1813.
C. serpyllifolia S. F. Gray, Bot. Arr. Brit. PI. 2: 401. 1821.
Chamaecistus procumbens Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 388. 1891.
Tufted, much branched, diffuse, branches 2^-4' long.
Leaves mostly opposite, rather crowded, dark green
above, paler beneath, 2^'-^'' long, the midrib very promi-
nent on the lower side, the margins strongly revolute;
petioles long or less; flowers 1-5 from terminal coria-
ceous buds; pedicels ^/'-i/' long; corolla pink or white,
about 1" high, longer than the purplish sepals; capsule
about \" in diameter.
Summits of the White Mountains, N. H.; Mt. Albert,
Quebec; Labrador to arctic America and Alaska. Also in
northern Europe and Asia. July-Aug.
8. KALMIA L. Sp. PI. 391. 1753.
Erect branching shrubs, with entire evergreen coriaceous leaves, alternate, opposite, or
verticillate in 3's. Flowers in umbels or corymbs, or solitary, or 2-3 together in the axils.
Calyx 5-parted or 5-divided, the segments imbricated in the bud. Corolla saucer-shaped,
the limb strongly lo-keeled in the bud, 5-lobed, with 10 pouches below the limb, the keels
extending from the pouches to the lobes and sinuses. Stamens 10, shorter than the corolla;
anthers oblong, awnless, the sacs opening by large terminal pores; filaments erect in the
bud, soon curving outward, placing the anthers in the pouches of the corolla, straightening
elastically when the flower is fully expanded. Disk lo-crenate. Ovary 5-celled; ovules
nimierous; style slender; stigma depressed-capitellate. Capsule subglobose, obscurely 5-
lobed, 5-celled, septicidally 5-valved from the summit. Seeds small, subglobose. [Dedi-
cated by Linnaeus to his pupil, Peter Kalm, 1715-1779, who travelled in America.]
Six known species, 5 of eastern North America, the other Cuban.
Flowers in mostly compound umbels or corymbs; twigs terete.
Leaves oblong, mostly obtuse; flowers 3"-5" broad. i. K. anguslifolia.
Leaves elliptic or oval, acute at both ends; flowers 8"-i2" broad. 2. K. lati/olia.
Flowers in simple terminal umbels; twigs 2-edged. 3. K. glauca.
Flowers mostly solitary in the axils; leaves and twigs hirsute. 4. K. hirsuta.
I. Kalmia angustifolia L,. Sheep-laurel,
lyambkill. Wicky. (Fig, 2756.)
Kalmia angustifolia L- Sp. PI. 391. 1753-
A shrub, 6^-3° high, with few nearly erect branch-
es, and terete twigs. Leaves oblong or oblong-lan-
ceolate, mostly opposite, or verticillate in 3's, obtuse
or sometimes acute at the apex, narrowed at the
base, petioled, glabrous, dark green above, light
green beneath, \'-7.yi,' long, 3''-io'' wide; young
twigs and petioles often slightly glandular; flowers
3"-5" broad, purple or crimson, numerous in lateral
compound or simple corymbs; pedicels filiform,
slightly glandular-canescent, (^"-12" long, recurved
in fruit; sepals ovate, acute, canescent, persistent;
capsule depressed-globose, 5-lobed, canescent,
\yz"-2" in diameter, the apex impressed; filiform
style long-persistent.
In moist soil, in swamps or on hillsides, Newfound-
land to Hudson Bay, south to Georgia. Called also
Calf-kill and Sheep-poison. June-July.
564
ERICACEAE.
[Vol. II.
2. Kalmia latifolia L. American or Moun-
tain Laurel. Calico-busb (Fig. 2757.)
Kalmia latifolia L. Sp. PI. 391. 1753.
A shrub with very stiff branches and terete twigs,
often forming dense thickets, io°-2o° high, rarely
becoming a tree with a maximum height of about
40° and trunk diameter of 18'. Leaves alternate,
or some of them opposite, or rarely verticillate in
3's, petioled, glabrous, oval or elliptic, acute at
both ends, flat, green on both sides, persistent,
2'-5' long, Yz'-xYi' wide; flowers ()"-\2" broad,
pink to white, numerous and showy in compound
terminal corymbs; pedicels bracted and 2-bracteo-
late at the base, slender, Yz'-iyi' long, densely
glandular, erect, even in fruit; sepals and corolla
glandular; capsule depressed-globose, 5-lobed,
glandular, 2"-2i" in diameter; calyx and filiform
style long-persistent, the latter falling when the
capsule begins to open.
In woods, preferring sandy or rocky soil. New Bruns-
wick, Ontario, Ohio, to Florida and Louisiana. Wood
very hard, brown ; weight per cubic foot 44 lbs. Called
also Clamoun, Spoonwood, Broad-leaved Kalmia, Ivy-
bush. May-June.
Kalmia latifolia myrtifolia Rand, Rhodod. 125. 1876.
Low, compactly much branched, seldom over 3° high; leaves not over i^' long and 3"-4"
wide. Massachusetts.
3. Kalmia glaiica Ait. Pale or Swamp Laurel.
Kahnia glauca Ait. Hort. Kew. 2: 64. pi. S. i8ii.
A glabrous shrub, 6'-2° high, with erect or as-
cending branches, the twigs 2-edged. Leaves op-
posite or sometimes in 3's, very nearly sessile, ob-
long or linear-oblong; mostly obtuse at the apex,
narrowed at the base, green above, white-glaucous
beneath, yz'-2' long, 2''-6" wide, the margins
revokite, often strongly so; flowers in simple um-
bels terminating the branches, few (1-13), purple,
Z"-^" broad; pedicels filiform, Yz'-iYz' long,
erect, even in fruit; sepals ovate', scarious-margined,
acutish or obtuse, persistent; capsule depressed-glo-
bose, glabrous, about T-Yz" in diameter.
In bogs, Newfoundland to Hudson Bay and Alaska,
south to northern New Jersej', Pennsylvania, Michi-
gan, in the Rocky Mountains to Colorado, and in the
Sierra Nevada to California. vSummer.
4. Kalmia hirsuta Walt. Hairy Laurel.
(Fig. 2759.)
Kalmia hirsttia Walt. Fl. Car. 138. 1788.
A branching shrub, i°-2° high, the branches as-
cending, hirsute. Leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate,
very nearly sessile, flat, or the margins slightly revo-
lute, villous-hirsute, acute or obtusish, becoming
glabrate in age, dark green above, lighter beneath,
^"-(i" long; flowers solitary, or rarely 2-3 together
in the axils, rose-purple, z"-<^" broad; pedicels very
slender, nearly or quite glabrous; sepals ovate-lan-
ceolate, acute, or lanceolate, hirsute or ciliate, longer
than the capsule, at length deciduous; capsule de-
pressed, about lYi." diameter, glabrous.
In moist pine-barrens, eastern Virginia to Florida.
May-Aug.
Vol. II.] HEATH FAMILY. 565
9. PHYLLdDOCE Salisb. Parad. Lond. pi. 36. 1806.
Low branching more or less glandular shrubs, with small crowded linear obtuse coria-
ceous evergreen leaves. Flowers long-pedicelled, nodding, mostly pink, blue or purple, in ter-
minal umbels. Pedicels bracted at the base. Calyx 5-parted, persistent. Corolla ovoid, con-
tracted at the throat, 5-toothed. Stamens 10, included; iilaments filiform; anthers attached to
the filaments by their backs, oblong, obtuse, awnless, the sacs dehiscent by terminal oblique
chinks. Disk obscurely lobed. Ovary 5 -celled; ovules numerous; style filiform, included;
stigma obscurely 5-lobed, or capitate. Capsule subglobose or globose-oblong, septicidally 5-
valved to about the middle. Seeds minute, the testa coriaceous. [Greek, a sea nymph.]
Three species, natives of arctic and alpine regions of the northern hemisphere. Besides the
following, two others occur in northwest America.
I. Phyllodoce coerulea (L. ) Gren.& Godr.
Mountain Heath. (Fig. 2760.)
Andromeda coerulea I,. Sp. PI. 393. 1753.
A. iaxifolia Pall. Fl. Ross, l: 54 pi. 72. f. 2. 1784.
Phyllodoce coerulea Gren. & Godr. Fl. France 2: 434.
1850.
Menziesia Iaxifolia Wood, First Lessons, 185. 1856.
Bryanthus iaxifolius A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 7: 368.
1868.
A shrub high, the branches ascending.
Leaves yew-like, 'i"-^" long, less than \" wide,
articulated with the branches, crowded above; the
margins acutish, scabrous or serrulate-ciliolate;
pedicels erect, very glandular, ^"-W long in
flower, elongating in fruit, solitary or 2-6 at the
ends of the branches; corolla \"-^" long, about 2"
in diameter, pink or purple, heath-like; sepals
lanceolate, acuminate, glandular; capsule erect,
about 1" high.
Summits of the higher mountains of Maine and New
Hampshire; Mt. Albert, Quebec; Labrador and through
arctic America to Alaska. Also in northern and al-
pine Europe and Asia. July-Aug.
ID. CASSIOPE D. Don, Edinb. New Phil. Journ. 17: 157. 1834.
Low tufted branching heath-like evergreen shrubs, with small sessile densely imbricated
or crowded, entire apparently veinless leaves, and terminal or axillary solitary peduncled
white or pink nodding flowers. Sepals 4 or 5, imbricated at least in the bud, not bracted at
the base, persistent, or at length deciduous. Corolla campanulate, 4-5-lobed or 4-5 parted,
the lobes spreading or recurved. Stamens 8-10, included; filaments subulate, glabrous, an-
thers attached to the filaments near the apex, the sacs opening by large terminal pores and
tipped with a recurved awn. Disk lo-crenate. Ovary 4-5-celled; ovules numerous; stigma
simple. Capsule globose or ovoid, 4-5-valved, each valve 2-cleft at the apex. Seeds minute,
numerous. [Name from Cassiope, mother of Andromeda.]
About 10 species, natives of the colder parts of the northern hemisphere. Besides the following,
3 others occur in the northwestern parts of North America.
Peduncle terminal; corolla 5-cleft; leaves subulate, crowded. i. C. hypnoides.
Peduncles lateral; corolla 5-lobed; leaves thick, 4- ranked. 2. C. tetragona.
I. Cassiope hypnoides (L,.) D. Don, Moss-plant. Cassiope. (Fig. 2761.)
Andromeda hypnoides L. Sp. PI. 393. 1753.
Cassiope hynoides D. Don, Edinb. New Phil.
Journ. 17: 157. 1834.
Densely tufted, glabrous, usually much
branched, i'-3' high. Leaves linear-sub-
ulate, densely crowded and imbricated,
somewhat spreading or appressed, acute,
flat above, convex beneath, long;
flowers solitary, terminating the branches,
broad; peduncles very slender;
erect, 4^^-12^' long; corolla deeply 5-cleft,
nearly white; style conic; capsule globose,
about \ y2." in diameter, 2-3 times as long
as the ovate calyx-lobes.
Summits of the higher mountains of New
England and the Adirondacks of New York; Quebec and Labrador to arctic America. Also in arctic
Europe and Asia. Plant with the aspect of a moss. Summer.
566
ERICACEAE).
[Vol. II.
2. Cassiope tetragona (L.) D. Don.
Four-angled Cassiope. (Fig. 2762.)
Andromeda tetragona L. Sp. PI. 393. 1753.
Cassiope tetragona D. Don, Edinb. New Phil. Journ. 17:
158. 1834.
Tufted, much-branched, 4'-i2' high, the branches
ascending or erect. Leaves imbricated in 4 rows,
making the branches appear 4-sided, thick, ovate
or ovate-oblong, closely appressed, channeled on
the back, concave or nearly flat on the inner
(upper) surface, acute or the lower obtuse, usually
puberulent when young, long; peduncles
several or numerous, lateral, ascending or erect,
slender, 5'^-i2'' long; flowers broad; corolla
5-lobed; style slender, slightly thickened below;
capsule nearly globular, in diameter.
lyabrador, Greenland and Hudson Bay to Alaska and
Oregon. Also in arctic Asia. Summer.
II. LEUCOTHOE D. Don, Edinb. New Phil. Journ. 17: 159. 1834.
Shrubs, mostly tall, with alternate petioled entire or serrulate deciduous or persistent
leaves, and small usually white bracted flowers in terminal or axillary racemes, jointed with
their pedicels, or the pedicels jointed with the rachis. Sepals 5, distinct, imbricated, at
least in the bud. Corolla cylindric or ovoid-urceolate, 5-toothed. Stamens 10, included;
filaments subulate; anthers attached to the filaments near their bases, oblong, the sacs open-
ing by terminal pores, obtuse, 2-mucronate or 1-2-awned at the apex. Disk lo-lobed. Ovary
5-celled; style slender; stigma capitate or 5-lobed; ovules numerous. Capsule depressed-
globose, often 5 lobed, loculicidally 5-valved, the valves membranous, entire. Seeds numer-
ous, minute, pendulous or spreading. [Name mythological.]
About 35 species, natives of North and South America and eastern Asia. Besides the following,
another occurs in the southeastern States and one in California.
Racemes in the axils of persistent leaves of the previous season.
Shoots puberulent; petioles 2"-4" long; sepals imbricated in flower. i.
Shoots glabrous; petioles 4"-8" long; sepals not imbricated in flower. 2.
Racemes terminating the branches; flowers appearing with or before the leaves.
Racemes mostly recurved: capsule 5-lobed. 3.
Racemes erect or spreading; capsule not lobed. 4.
L. axillaris.
L. Catesbaei.
L. recurva.
L. racemosa.
I. Leucothoe axillaris (Lam.) D. Don. Downy Leucothoe. (Fig. 2763.)
Andromeda axillaris Lam. Encycl. l: 157. 1783.
Leucothoe axillaris D. Don, Edinb. New Phil.
Journ. 17: 159. 1834.
A shrub, 2°-5° high, the twigs puberulent,
at least when young. Leaves coriaceous,
evergreen, oval to oblong-lanceolate, glabrous
and dark green above, paler and sparsely be-
set with minute hairs beneath, acute or acu-
minate at the apex, narrowed or rarely
rounded at the base, serrulate, at least near
the apex, 2'-6' long, wide; petioles
usually pubescent; 2''-4'' long; racemes
many-flowered, dense, catkin-like when ex-
panding, sessile in the axils of the persistent
leaves; bracts ovate, concave, borne near the
base of the short pedicels; sepals imbricated
even when expanded ; anthers awnless; corolla
nearly cylindric, about 3" long; stigma de-
pressed, 5-rayed.
In moist woods, Virginia to Florida and Ala-
bama, near the coast. April.
Vol.. II.]
HEATH FAMILY.
567
2. Leucothoe Catesbaei (Walt.) A. Gray.
Andromeda Ca/esbaei Walt. Fl. Car. 137. 1788.
Andromeda spifiulosa Pursli, Fl. Am. Sept. 293. 1814.
L. spinulosa G. Don, Gard. Diet. 3: 832. 1834.
Leucothoe Catesbaei A. Gray, Man. Ed. 2, 252. 1856.
A shrub, 3^-6° high, similar to the preceding
species, the twigs glabrous. Leaves lanceolate or
ovate-lanceolate, coriaceous and evergreen, acuminate
at the apex, mostly rounded at the base, sharply
serrulate with bristle-pointed teeth nearly all around,
"if'-d' long, 9"-i8" wide ; petioles \"-W long; racemes
dense, axillary, many-flowered, catkin-like when ex-
panding; bracts borne at the bases of the short peti-
oles; sepals not at all or scarcely imbricated when
the flower is expanded; corolla narrowly cylindric,
about lYz" long; capsule depressed, strongly 5-lobed,
about 2" in diameter.
I "Along streams,Virginia to East Tennessee and Georgia.
April.
Catesby's lyeucothoe. (Fig. 2764.)
3. Leucothoe recurva (Buckl.) A. Gray.
Mountain Leucothoe. (Fig. 2765.)
Andromeda recurva Buckl. Amer. Joum. Sci. 45: 172.
1843.
Leucothoe recurva A. Gray, Man. Ed. 2, 252. 1856.
A widely branched shrub, 2°-io° high, similar to
the following species. Leaves thin, deciduous, ovate
or oval, often acuminate, pubescent on the veins be-
neath, I'-i/ long; racemes terminating the branches,
unfolding before the leaves, recurved, solitary or
clustered; calyx 2-bracteolate, the bracts persistent;
corolla about 2>" long; anther- sacs i-awned; capsule
much depressed, strongly 5-lobed, about 2" in diam-
eter and \" high; seeds broadly winged.
In dry woods, mountains of Virginia to Alabama.
April-May.
Swamp Leucothoe. (Fig. 2766.)
4. Leucothoe racemosa (L.) A. Gray.
Andromeda racemosa L,. Sp. PI. 394. 1753.
Leucothoe spicata G. Don, Gard. Diet. 3: 832. 1834.
Leucothoe racemosa A. Gray, Man. Ed. 2, 252. 1856.
A shrub, 5°-i2° high, with erect or divergent
branches, terminal racemes, and glabrous or
puberulent twigs. Leaves oblong to ovate,
mostly acute at each end, thin, deciduous, short-
petioled, glabrous, or with some short hairs
above, pubescent, at least on the veins beneath,
serrulate, 1^-3' long, ^^''-I'wide; racemes soli-
tary or clustered; flowers appearing with or be-
fore the leaves; calyx 2-bracteolate at the base,
the bractlets firm, persistent; sepals much im-
bricated; pedicels about 1" long, jointed with
therachis; corolla nearly cylindric, 3''-4'^long;
anther-sacs 2-awned; style slender; stigma
capitate; capsule depressed-globose, slightly
grooved, ^Yi" in diameter; seeds smooth, wing-
less.
In swamps and moist thickets, Massachusetts to
Pennsylvania, Florida and Louisiana, mostly near
the coast. April-June.
12. ANDROMEDA L. Sp. PI. 393. 1753.
A glabrous branching or rarely simple shrub. Leaves coriaceous, linear or oblong, en-
tire, revolute-margined, evergreen, short-petioled, white-glaucous beneath. Flowers small,
568
ERICACEAE.
[Vot. II.
white, drooping, in terminal umbels. Calyx deeply 5-parted, persistent, the lobes not im-
bricated. Corolla globose-urceolate, 5-toothed, the teeth recurved. Stamens 10, included;
filaments bearded; anthers attached to the filaments at about the middle, ovate, obtuse, the
sacs opening by large terminal pores, each with a reflexed awn. Disk lo-lobed. Ovary 5-
celled; style columnar; stigma simple; ovules numerous. Capsule subglobose, s-angled,
loculicidally 5-valved, many-seeded, the top intruded. Seeds oval, spreading in all direc-
tions, the testa smooth, coriaceous, shining. [Named for Andromeda of mythology.]
A monotypic genus of the north temperate and subarctic zone.
I. Andromeda Polifolia L,. Wild Rosemary.
Marsh Holy Rose. Moorwort. (Fig. 2767.)
Andromeda Polifolia 1,. Sp. PI. 393. 1753.
A shrub, i°-3° high, usually little branched, the
foliage acid. Leaves linear, linear-oblong or lanceo-
late-oblong, sometimes slightly spatulate, acute or ob-
tusish, mucronulate, narrowed at the base, dark green
above, prominently white-glaucous beneath, V-^y^.'
long, wide, the margins strong^ re volute;
petioles about \" long; umbels few-flowered, terminal;
bracts small, ovate, persistent; pedicels long;
calyx-lobes triangular-ovate, acute; corolla i"--x," in
diameter; capsule about 2" in diameter, about as long
as the persistent style.
In bogs, Labrador and Newfoundland through arctic
America to Alaska, south to northern New Jersey, Penn-
sylvania, Michigan and British Columbia. Also in north-
ern Europe and Asia. May-June.
13. PiERIS D. Don, Edinb. New Phil. Journ. 17: 159. 1834.
Shrubs or small trees. Leaves alternate, persistent or tardily deciduous, petioled, entire or
serrulate. Flowers mostly white, in terminal or axillary bracted racemes or umbels, the ped-
icels commonly 1-3-bracteolate. Calyx deeply 5-parted, the lobes ovate, acute, valvate in
the bud, soon spreading, persistent. Corolla urceolate-cylindric, 5-toothed, the teeth re-
curved. Stamens 10, included; filaments narrow, often pubescent or ciliate, 2-toothed or 2-
spurred at or below the apex, or unappendaged; anthers oblong or ovoid, the sacs opening
by large terminal oval pores, each with a slender awn on its back at the junction with the
filament, or awnless. Disk 10-lobed. Ovary 5-celled; ovules numerous; style columnar;
stigma truncate. Capsule globose or ovoid, 5-angled, 5-celled. Seeds numerous, linear-ob-
long, not winged, clavate or falcate, the testa smooth, membranous. [Name from one of the
Muses.]
About 12 species, natives of eastern North America, Cuba, eastern Asia and the Himalayas.
Leaves coriaceous, evergreen, serrulate; flowers racemose. i. P. floribunda.
Leaves coriaceous, evergreen, entire; flowers in axillary umbels. 2. P. nitida.
Leaves membranous, deciduous, entire; flowers in lateral umbels. 3. P. Mariana.
I. Pieris floribunda (Pursh) Benth. &
Hook. Mountain Fetter-bush. (Fig. 2768. )
Andromeda floribunda Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 293. 1814.
Portuna floribunda Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II)
8: 268. 1843.
Pieris floribunda Benth. & Hook. Gen. PI. 2: 588. 1876.
A shrub, 2°-6° high, with nearly erect bristly or
strigose-pubescent very leafy branches. Leaves
oblong to ovate lanceolate, coriaceous, persistent,
evergreen, serrulate and bristly-ciliate, glabrous
above, black-dotted beneath, acute or acuminate at
the apex, usually rounded or obtuse at the base,
^M'-'h' long, Yz'-i' wide; petioles 2^-4" long,
very bristly, at least when young; flowers white, in
terminal clustered slender dense racemes, drooping,
about 3^'' long; cal}'x-segments ovate-lanceolate,
acute, valvate in the 5-angled bud; corolla slightly
5-angled, 5-saccate at the base; filaments unappen-
daged; capsule globose-ovoid, about 1" high, longer
than the slender style; seeds linear-oblong, the testa
loose and cellular.
Mountains of Virginia to Georgia. May.
Vol.. II.]
HEATH FAMILY.
569
2. Pieris nitida (Bartr.) Benth.
Andromeda niiida Bartr. ; Marsh. Arb. Araer.
8. 1788.
Pieris nitida Benth. & Hook. Gen. PI. 2: 588.
1876.
A glabrous shrub, 2°-6° high, the
branches slender, ascending or erect, leafy,
acutely angled, sparingly black-dotted.
Leaves short-petioled, coriaceous, ever-
green, oblong, oval, oblong lanceolate, or
obovate, acuminate or acute at the apex,
narrowed at the base, somewhat black-
dotted beneath, the margins entire, revo-
lute, bordered by an intra-marginal nerve;
flowers in axillary umbels, nodding or
spreading; pedicels 2"-\" long; calyx-
segments ovate-lanceolate, rigid, purplish,
valvate in the bud, soon spreading; corolla
white or red, ovoid-cylindric, narrowed at
the throat, long; filaments 2-spurred;
style thickened above the middle; capsule
globose, about as long as the calyx-seg-
ments; seeds club-shaped.
In wet woods, southeastern Virginia to
Florida and Louisiana. Also in Cuba. April-
May.
3. Pieris Mariana (L.) Benth.
& Hook. Fetter-bush. (Fig. 2769. )
& Hook. Stagger-bush. (Fig. 2770.)
Andromeda Mariana L. Sp. PI. 393. 1753.
Pieris Mariana Benth. & Hook. Gen. PI. 2: 588.
1876.
A shrub, i°-4° high, the branches nearly
erect, slender, glabrous or nearly so, black-
dotted. Leaves membranous, tardily decidu-
ous, oval or oblong, glabrous above, sparingly
pubescent on the veins and black-dotted
beneath, acute or obtuse, narrowed or some-
times obtuse at the base, entire, 2^-3' long,
the margins slightly revolute; flowers nod-
ding in lateral umbels on the nearly leafless
branches of the preceding season, forming an
elongated compound inflorescence; calyx-
segments lanceolate, acuminate, almost folia-
ceous, deciduous; corolla ovoid-cylindric,
white, or faintly pink, 5''-6" long; filaments
pubescent on the outer side, usually with 2
setose appendages below the summit; capsule
ovoid-pyramidal, \y2"-i" high, truncate,
about as long as the sepals; seeds club-shaped.
In sandy soil, Rhode Island to Florida,
mostly near the coast. Also in Tennessee and
Arkansas (according to Gray). May-July.
14. XOLISMA Raf. Am. Month. Mag. 4: 193. 1819.
[Lyonia Nutt. Gen. 1: 266. 1818. Not Raf., 1808, nor Ell., 1817.]
Tall shrubs, or small trees, with terete twigs, alternate short-petioled leaves, and small
mostly white flowers in terminal or axillary, usually panicled racemes or clusters. Calyx 4-
5-lobed or 4-5-cleft, the lobes not imbricated, valvate. Corolla globose, or urceolate, pu-
bescent, 4-5-toothed, the teeth recurved. Stamens 8-10, included; filaments flat, incurved,
pubescent; anthers attached to the filaments near their bases, truncate, not awned, the sacs
opening by large terminal pores. Disk 8-io-lobed. Ovary 4-5-celled; style columnar;
stigma truncate; ovules nimierous, pendulous, attached to the upper part of the placentae.
Capsule globose or ovoid, 4-5-angled, loculicidally 4-5-valved, its apex intruded. Seeds
numerous, elongated, the testa membranous, loose, reticulated. [Name unexplained.]
About 10 species, natives of eastern North America, the West Indies and Mexico. Besides the
following, another occurs in the southern United States.
570
ERICACEAE.
[Vol.. II.
I, Xolisma ligustrina (L.) Britton. Privet Andromeda. (Fig. 2771.)
Vaccitiium Ugtistrinum L. Sp. PI. 351. 1753.
Andromeda ligustrina Muhl. Cat. 43. 1813.
Lyonia ligustrina DC. Prodr. 7: 599. 1839.
Xolisma ligustrina Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 4: 135.
1894.
A much branched shrub, 3°-i2° high, the twigs pu-
berulent or glabrous. Leaves obovate, oblong, oval
or ovate, deciduous, minutely serrulate or entire,
acute at each end or abruptly acuminate at the apex,
usually quite glabrous above, more or less pubescent,
at least on the veins, or glabrous beneath, i'-2}i' long;
racemes numerous, mostly leafless, in terminal pani-
cles or clusters, many-flowered; bracts small, caducous,
pedicels single or clustered, long, pubescent;
calyx-lobes triangular-ovate, acute; corolla nearly glob-
ular, in diameter; capsule depressed-globose,
obtusely 5-angled, about lyi" in diameter.
In swamps and wet soil, Canada (according to Pursh),
New England and New York to Florida, west to
Tennessee and Arkansas. A southeastern form has almost
coriaceous leaves. May-July.
15. CHAMAEDAPHNE Moench. Meth. 457. 1794.
[Cassandra D. Don, Edinb. New Phil. Journ. 17: 158. 1834.]
An erect shrub, with stiff slender terete branches, alternate coriaceous evergreen short-
petioled narrow leaves, and white short-pedicelled secund flowers, solitary in the axils of the
small upper leaves, forming terminal leafy racemes. Calyx of 5 distinct imbricated per-
sistent sepals, bracted at the base. Corolla oblong-cylindric, narrowed at the throat, 5-
toothed, the teeth recurved. Stamens 10, included; filaments subulate, glabrous; anther-
sacs tapering upward into tubular beaks, not awned, opening by terminal pores. Disk 10-
toothed. Ovary 5-celled, 5-grooved; stigma simple. Capsule depressed-globose, the epicarp
5-valved, separating at length from the lo-valved endocarp. [Greek, ground or low Daphne.]
A monotypic genus of the north temperate zone.
I. Chamaedaphne calyculata (L.)
Moench. lyeather-leaf. Dwarf Cassandra.
(Fig. 2772.)
Andromeda calyculata L. Sp. PI. 394. 1753.
Chamaedaphne calyculata Moench, Meth. 457. 1794.
Cassandra calyculata D. Don, Edinb. New Phil. Journ.
17: 158. 1834.
A branching shrub, 2°-4° high. Leaves oblong
or oblanceolate, thick, coriaceous, obtuse or acute,
narrowed at the base, densely covered on both sides
with minute round scurfy scales, at least when
young, Yz'-iYz' long, the margins obscurely denti-
culate; upper leaves gradually smaller, the upper-
most reduced to floral bracts; pedicels V long
or less; corolla about long; capsule depressed-
globose, 2" in diameter, about twice as long as the
ovate sepals.
In bogs and swamps, Newfoundland to Alaska,
south to southern New Jersey, Georgia, Illinois, Michi-
gan and British Columbia. Also in northern Europe
and Asia. April-June.
16. OXYDENDRUM DC. Prodr. 7: 601. 1839.
A tree, with alternate petioled deciduous sour leaves, and very numerous white flowers,
in terminal panicled racemes. Pedicels 2-bracteolate at or above the middle. Sepals 5,
slightly imbricated in the bud, early expanded, persistent. Corolla ovoid-cylindric, mi-
nutely canescent, narrowed at the throat, tardily expanding, 5-toothed. Stamens 10, about
as long as the corolla; filaments wider than the linear anthers; anther-sacs opening by long
chinks. Ovary ovoid, 5-celled; ovules numerous, near the base of the cavities; style colum-
nar; stigma simple. Disk lo-toothed. Capsule ovoid-pyramidal, 5-angled, 5-valved. Seeds
ascending or erect, elongated, the testa reticulated, loose and extended at each end beyond
the linear nucleus. [Greek, sour-tree.]
A monotypic genus of southeastern North America.
Vol.. II.]
HEATH FAMILY,
I. Oxydendrum arboreum (L,.) DC.
Sour-wood. Sorrel-tree. (Fig. 2773.)
Andromeda arborea L. Sp. PI. 394- 1753-
Oxyde7idrjim arboreum DC. Prodr. 7: 601. 1839.
A smooth-barked tree, reaching a maximum
height of about 60° and a trunk diameter of 15^.
Leaves oblong, oval or oval-lanceolate, sharply-
serrulate, or entire, green and glabrous on both
sides, finely reticulate-veined, acuminate at the
apex, mostly narrowed at the base, 4'-6' long,
1^-3' wide; racemes numerous, long and slender,
erect or curving, panicled at the ends of the
branches, the rachis and short pedicels canes-
cent; flowers zyz"-T," long; capsule I'^-i" long,
canescent, tipped by the persistent style, the
pedicels curving.
In woods, Ohio, Pennsylvania and Maryland to
Alabama and Florida, both in the mountains and
towards the coast. Wood hard, reddish-brown;
weight per cubic foot 46 lbs. Elk-tree. June-July.
17. EPIGAEA L. Sp. PI. 395. 1753.
Prostrate slightly woody more or less hirsute branching shrubs, with alternate petioled
coriaceous evergreen entire leaves. Flowers rather large, perfect, heteromorphous or dioe-
cious, bracted, sessile, white or pink, fragrant, clustered at the ends of the branches. Sepals
5, oblong, persistent, dry, much imbricated. Corolla salverform, the limb 5-lobed (rarely
4or6-lobed). Stamens 10, about as long as the corolla-tube and attached to its base; filaments
filiform; anthers linear-oblong, attached to the filaments below the middle. Disk lo-lobed.
Ovary ovoid, hirsute, 5-lobed, 5-celled; ovules numerous; style columnar; stigma 5-lobed.
Capsule depressed-globose, hirsute, slightly 5-lobed, at length loculicidally 5-valved. Seeds
oval, the testa close and reticulated. [Greek, on the earth.]
Two species, the following of eastern North America, the other of Japan.
I. Epigaea repens L. Trailing Arbutus.
Mayflower. Ground Laurel.
(Fig. 2774.)
Epigaea repens L. Sp. PI. 395. 1753.
Spreading on the ground, twigs hirsute, branches
6'-i5' long. Leaves oval or nearly orbicular,
thick, acute or obtuse and mucronulate at the
apex, cordate or rounded at the base, mostly gla-
brous above, more or less hirsute beneath, g^een
both sides, 1^-3' long, Yz'-iYz' wide; petioles hir-
sute, %'~2' long; flowers few or several in the
clusters, long, and nearly as broad when ex-
panded; corolla- tube somewhat longer than the
sepals.
In sandy or rocky woods, especially under ever-
green trees, Newfoundland to the Northwest Terri-
tory, south to Florida, Kentucky and Michigan.
Often forms large patches. March-May.
18. GAULTHERIA L. Sp. PI. 395. 1753.
Low or tall shrubs, with alternate coriaceous persistent evergreen leaves, and small
axillary, solitary or racemose, white red or pink flowers. Calyx 5-parted or 5-cleft, per-
sistent. Corolla urn-shaped or campanulate, 5-toothed or 5-lobed, the lobes recurved or
spreading. Stamens 10, included, inserted at the base of the corolla; filaments dilated above
the base; anther- sacs opening by a terminal pore, commonly awned. Stigma obtuse, entire.
Disk lo-toothed. Ovary 5-celled, 5-lobed. Calyx becoming fleshy and at length surround-
ing the capsule, forming a berry-like fruit. [Named after Dr. Gaultier, of Quebec]
About 100 species, mostly of the Andes of South America, a few North American and Asiatic.
Besides the following 3 others occur on the Pacific Coast.
572
ERICACEAE.
[Vol. II.
I. Gaultheria procumbens I^. Spring or Creeping Wintergreen. Checker-
berry. (Fig. 2775.)
Gaultheria procumbens L. Sp. PI. 395. 1753.
Nearly glabrous throughout, aromatic; stems
slender, creeping or subterranean; branches erect,
2'-6' high. Leaves mostly clustered at the ends of
the branches, oval, oblong or obovate, obtuse or
acute, narrowed at the base, short-petioled, the
margins slightly revolute and serrate with low
bristle-tipped teeth, dark green and shining above,
pale beneath, long; flowers usually solitary in
the axils, on recurved peduncles 7."-i/' long, 2-
bracteolate under the calyx; corolla ovoid-urceolate,
white, 5-toothed, t."-"}," long; fruit depressed-glo-
bose, slightly 5-lobed, bright red, in diame-
ter, mealy, very spicy in flavor.
In woods, especially under everg^reen trees, New-
foundland to Manitoba, south to southern New Jersey,
Georgia and Michigan. June-Sept. Fruit ripe late in
the autumn, remaining on the t)lant until spring. Other
names are Box-, Ground-, Tea-, or Partridge -berry^
Deer-, Hill-, Spice-berry, Ivory Plum, Mountain Tea. '
19. ARCTOSTAPHYLOS Adans. Fam. PI. 2: 165. 1763.
Erect or spreading, low or tall shrubs (some western species small trees). Leaves alter-
nate, petioled, firm or coriaceous, persistent, evergreen. Flowers small, nodding, pedicelled,
white or pink, in terminal racemes, panicles or clusters. Calyx 4-5-parted, persistent.
Corolla globose, ovoid, urceolate or oblong-campanulate, 4-5-lobed, the lobes recurved, im-
bricated in the bud. Stamens 10, rarely 8, included; filaments short, subulate; anthers
short, erect, introrse, with 2 recurved awns on the back, the sacs opening by a terminal
pore. Disk 8-io-lobed. Ovary 4-10-celled; ovules solitary in the cavities; style slender.
Fruit a drupe, with 4-10 seed-like nutlets coherent into a solid stone. [Greek, bear-berry.]
About 20 species, the following of the northern hemisphere, the others of western North America.
I. Arctostaphylos Uva-Ursi (L. ) Spreng.
Red Bearberry. Kinnikinic. (Fig. 2776.)
Arbutus Uva-Ursi "L,. Sp. PI. 395. 1753.
Arctostaphylos Uva- Ursi Spreng. Syst. 2: 287. 1825.
Trailing or spreading on the ground, branched;
branches 6'-24' long, the twigs puberulent. Leaves
spatulate, coriaceous, obtuse, entire, evergreen, gla-
brous or minutely puberulent toward the base, yi'-'^'
long, 2"-s" wide, finely reticulate-veined; petioles
about 1" long, puberulent; flowers few in short ra-
cemes; pedicels long; corolla ovoid, constricted
at the throat, white, about 1" long; drupe globose,
red, glabrous, insipid, rather dry, 2,"-^" in diameter,
usually containing 5 coalescent nutlets, each i-nerved
on the back.
In dry, sandy or rocky soil, Labrador and arctic America
to Alaska, south to southern New Jersey, Pennsylvania,
Illinois, Michigan, Nebraska, Colorado and California.
Also in Northern Europe and Asia. May-June. Called
also Fox- or Meal-berrj-, Bear's Grape, Barren Myrtle or
Bilberry.
20. MAIRANIA Neck. Elem. i: 219. 1790.
[Arctous Niedenzu, EngL Bot. Jahrb. 11: 141. 1890.]
A low shrub, with shreddy bark, alternate thin deciduous leaves clustered toward the
ends of the branches, and small white clustered pedicelled flowers. Calyx 4-5-parted.
Corolla 4-5-toothed, the short teeth spreading or recurved. Stamens 8 or lo, included; an-
ther-sacs with 2 recurved dorsal awns. Ovary 4-5-celled; ovules i in each cavity. Drupe
globose, with 4 or 5 separate i-seeded nutlets.
A monotypic genus of the arctic zone and high mountain summits.
Vol,. II.]
HEATH FAMILY.
573
I. Mairania alpina (L.) Desv. Alpine or Black Bearberr^^ (Fig. 2777.)
Arbtttiis alpina L. Sp. PI. 395. 1753.
Mairania alpina Desv. Journ. Bot. (II) i: 37. 1813.
Arclostaphylos alpina Spreng. Syst. 2: 287. 1825.
ArcioiiS alpina Niedenzu, Engl. Bot. Jahrb. 11: 141. 1890.
Tufted or depressed-prostrate; branches 2'-^' high, the
twigs glabrous or very nearly so. Leaves obovate, crenu-
late, conspicuously reticulate- veined, cihate at least when
young, Yz'-i' long, 2)"-7" wide; flowers few, appearing
from scaly buds before or with the leaves; corolla white,
ovoid, constricted at the throat; drupe black (or bright
red, according to Macoun), juicy, j/'-^" in diameter.
Summits of the higher mountains of New England; Que-
bec to Newfoundland, Alaska and British Columbia. Also in
northern Europe and Asia. Summer.
21. CALLUNA Salisb. Trans. Linn. Soc. 6:
317. 1802.
A low much branched evergreen shrub, with minute
linear opposite crowded and imbricated leaves, and small
white or pink flowers, in terminal one-sided dense spike-
like racemes. Sepals 4, scarious, concave, obtuse, longer
than and concealing the corolla. Corolla campanulate
when expanded, 4-parted, slightly twisted, persistent, becoming scarious. Stamens 8, distinct;
filaments short; anthers oblong, attached to the filaments by their backs, opening by a longi-
tudinal slit, each sac with a dorsal reflexed appendage. Disk 8 lobed. Ovary depressed-
globose, 8-angled; style slender; stigma capitel-
late. Capsule somewhat 4-sided, 4-celled, sep-
ticidally 4-valved, few-seeded. Seeds ovoid,
pendulous, not winged. [Greek.]
A monotypic genus of Europe and Asia.
I. Calluna vulgaris (L.) Salisb. Ling.
Heather. Moor. Besom. (Fig. 2778.)
Erica vulgaris L. Sp. PI. 352. 1753.
C. J'z</^arw Salisb. Trans. Linn Soc. 6:317. 1802.
A straggling shrub, the branches ascending,
3'-i5' high, the twigs puberulent or glabrous.
Leaves sessile, about yi" long, very numerous,
imbricated in 4 rows, usually 2-auricled at the
base, 3-angled, grooved on the back, glabrous,
ciliate or canescent; calyx with 4 small bracts
at the base; corolla about Tyi" long, nearly con-
cealed by the 4 scarious pink or white sepals.
Sandy or rocky soil, Newfoundland to New Jersey.
Naturalized or adventive from Europe. July-Sept.
Erica cinerea L , the Scotch Heath, found at one
spot on Nantucket Island, has an ovoid 4-toothed
corolla, much longer than the calyx (about 3" long )
and linear leaves, mostly verticillate in 3's.
Erica Tetralix L., the Cross-leaved Heath, also on
Nantucket, has a similar corolla and linear leaves
verticillate in 4's. Both are waifs from Europe.
Family 5. VACCINIACEAE Lindl. Veg. Kingd. 757. 1847.
Huckleberry Family.
Erect or prostrate shrubs, or small trees, with alternate simple leaves, and
small clustered or solitary perfect flowers, the pedicels commonly bracted.
Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary, the limb 4-5 -lobed or 4-5-cleft. Corolla gamo-
petalous, 4-5-lobed, or rarely divided into separate petals, deciduous, globose,
campanulate, urceolate, or tubular. Stamens twice as many as the corolla-lobes,
epigynous, or inserted at the base of the corolla; filaments usually flattened,
mostly short; anthers dorsally attached, 2 -celled, the connective entire or
2-awned. Ovary inferior, 2-10-celled, crowned by the epigynous disk; style
filiform; stigma simple, or minutely 4-5-lobed or 4-5-dentate; ovules solitary, or
several in each cavity, anatropous. Fruit a berry or drupe in our genera, glo-
bose; cells I -several-seeded, or the drupe containing several nutlets. Seeds com-
pressed; testa bony; endosperm fleshy; embrj^o central; radicle near the hilum.
574
VACCINIACEAE.
[Vol. II.
About 20 genera and 300 species of wide distribution, many South American species epiphytic
QtTT Tr»_n^il l^i^l • fruit a K^rt-rr-l i b-f* Hriin^ TirifVi Tr» nnfl^ifc t /~ln \i1 ti c^n /-^ n
Ovary lo-celled; fruit a berry-like drupe with 10 nutlets.
Ovary 4-5-celled; fruit a many-seeded berry.
Corolla campanulate, cylindric, subglobose or urceolate.
Erect shrubs; ovary entirely inferior; berries normally not white.
Low trailing shrub; ovary half inferior; berry snow-white.
Corolla deeply 4-cleft or 4-divided, the lobes reflexed.
I. Gaylussacia.
2. Vaccinium.
3. Chiogenes.
4. Oxycoccus.
I. GAYLUSSACIA H.B.K. Nov. Gen. 3: 275. pi. 25J. 1818.
[ADN.'i.RiA Raf. Fl. Ludov. 56. 1817 ?]
Branching shrubs, with alternate entire or serrate leaves, and small white or pink flow-
ers in lateral bracted racemes. Pedicels mostly 2-bracteolate. Calyx-tube short, obconic, or
turbinate, the limb 5-lobed or 5-toothed, persistent. Corolla urn-shaped, or tubular-campanu-
late, the tube terete or 5-angled, the limb 5-lobed, the lobes erect or recurved. Stamens 10,
equal, usually included; filaments short and distinct; anther-sacs tapering upward into tubes,
awnless, opening by terminal pores or chinks. Fruit a berry-like drupe with 10 seed-like
nutlets, each containing a single seed. [Named for the celebrated chemist, Gay-Lussac]
About 40 American species. Besides the following, another occurs in the southern Alleghanies.
Leaves pale and glaucous beneath, resinous; fruit blue with a bloom. i. G. frondosa.
Leaves green both sides, resinous; fruit black.
Bracts small, deciduous, mostly shorter than the pedicels. 2. G. resinosa.
Bracts oval, large, persistent, longer than the pedicels. 3. G. dutnosa.
Leaves thick, evergrreen, serrate, not resinous; bracts scale-like. 4. G. brachycera.
I. Gaylussacia frondosa (L,. ) T. & G.
Blue Tangle. Tangleberry. Dangle-
berry. (Fig. 2779.)
Vaccinium frondosum L. Sp. PI. 351. 1753-
G. frondosa T. & G. ; Torr. Fl. N. Y. l: 449. 1843.
An erect shrub, 2°-4° high, with numerous spread-
ing or ascending slender gray branches. Leaves
oval to obovate, obtuse or retuse, entire, i>2'-2^''
long when mature, entire, usually thin, the lower
surface glabrous or pubescent, pale or glaucous, and
sprinkled with resinous globules, the upper surface
green, usually glabrous; petioles about \" long;
flowers few, greenish pink in loose racemes; bracts
linear-oblong, shorter than the filiform mostlj' 2-
bracteolate pedicels, deciduous; corolla globose-
campanulate, lyi," long; filaments glabrous, shorter
than the anthers; fruit globose, dark blue with a
glaucous bloom, about \" in diameter, sweet.
In moist woods, New Hampshire to Florida, Ohio, and
Louisiana. May-June. Fruit ripe July-Aug.
2. Gaylussacia resinosa (Ait.) T. & G.
Black or High-bush Huckleberry.
(Fig. 2780.)
Vacciniiun resinosum Ait. Hort. Kew. 2: 12. 1789.
G. resinosa T. & G.; Torr. Fl. N. Y. i: 449. 1843.
A shrub, i°-3° high, with ascending or erect
stiff grayish branches, the young shoots commonly
pubescent. Leaves oval or oblong, rarely ob-
ovate, obtuse or acutish, entire, very resinous
when young, mucronulate, glabrous or very
nearly so and green on both sides, firm, i'-2' long;
petioles about 1" long; flowers few, pink or red,
in short one-sided racemes; bracts small, decidu-
ous, shorter than or equalling the usually 2-bracte-
olate pedicels; corolla ovoid-conic, 5-angled, be-
coming campanulate-cylindric, 2"-2yz" long; fila-
ments ciliate; fruit black without bloom (rarely
white), about 3" in diameter, sweet but seedy.
In woods and thickets, preferring sandy soil, New-
foundland to Georgia, Manitoba, Wisconsin and Ken-
tucky. May-June. Fruit ripe July-Aug.
Vol.. II.]
HUCKLEBERRY FAMILY.
575
3. Gaylussacia dumosa (Andr.) T. & G.
Dwarf or Bush Huckleberry. (Fig. 2781.)
Vaccinium dumosum Andr. Bot. Rep. 2: 112. 1799.
G. dumosa T. & G.; A. Gray, Man. 259. 1848.
A branching shrub, i°-2°high, from a horizontal
or ascending base, the branches nearly erect,
usually leafless below, the young twigs pubescent
or hirsute, glandular. Leaves oblong-obovate or
oblanceolate, obtuse, mucronate, entire, firm or
coriaceous, green both sides, shining when old,
sparingly pubescent or glabrous, resinous,
long, sessile or nearly so; flowers white, pink or red,
in rather loose racemes; bracts oval, foliaceous, per-
sistent, pubescent, equalling or longer than the
slender pubescent 2-bracteolate pedicels ; corolla
campanulate, i"-iyi," long; filaments pubescent;
calyx puberulent; fruit black, without bloom,
in diameter, watery and rather insipid.
In sandy swamps, Newfoundland to Florida, North
Carolina and Louisiana. May-June. Fruit July-Aug.
Gaylussacia dumosa hirtella (Ait.) A. Gray, Man. 259. 1848.
Vaccinium hirlellum Ait. f. Hort. Kew. Ed. 2, 3: 357. 181 1.
Pedicels and calyx hirsute. Virginia to Florida and Lou-
isiana.
4. Gaylussacia brachycera (Michx.) A. Gray,
Box-Huckleberry. (Fig. 2782.)
Vaccinium brachycerum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 234. 1803.
Vaccinium biixifolium Salisb. Parad. Lond. pi. 4. 1806.
Gaylussacia brachycera A. Gray, Man. 259. 1848.
A low branching shrub, high, from a horizontal
or ascending base, the branches erect, angular, the twigs
glabrous or very nearly so. Leaves thick, very coriace-
ous, glabrous, not resinous, persistent, evergreen, oval or
oblong, obtuse or acutish, Yz'-x' long, serrate with low
teeth, the margins somewhat revolute; petioles \" long or
jess; flowers few, white or pink in short racemes; bracts
and bractlets scale-like, caducous; pedicels very short;
corolla cylindric-ovoid, about 1" long; filaments ciliate;
fruit (according to A. Wood) light blue.
In dry woods, Delaware and Pennsylvania to Virginia. May.
2. VACCINIUM I,. Sp. PI. 349. 1753.
Branching shrubs (some species small trees) with alternate often coriaceous leaves, and
small white pink or red flowers, in terminal or lateral racemes or clusters, or rarely solitary
in the axils. Calyx-tube globose, hemispheric or turbinate, not angled, adnate to the ovary,
the limb 4-5-toothed or 4-5-lobed, persistent. Corolla urn-shaped, campanulate or cylindric,
rarely subglobose, its limb 4-5-toothed or 4-5-lobed. Stamens twice as many as the lobes
of the corolla, distinct, the filaments short or elongated; anthers awned or awnless, upwardly
prolonged into tubes, opening by terminal pores or chinks. Ovary 4-5-celled, or 8-10-
celled by false partitions; ovules several or numerous in each cavity; style straight; stigma
small. Fruit a many-seeded berr}'. [Latin, blueberry.]
About 125 species of wide geographic distribution. Besides the following some 11 others occur
in southern and western North America.
Corolla ovoid, globose, urn-shaped or cylindric, 4-5-toothed.
Flowers soHtary,'or 2-4 together, on drooping pedicels; low shrubs.
Most or all the flowers 4-parted and stamens 8.
Flowers all or nearly all 5-parted, and stamens 10.
Shrub 3' -6' high; leaves obovate or cuneate.
Shrubs i°-i2° high; leaves oval or oblong; northern species.
Leaves serrulate, green both sides; berry purple-black.
Leaves entire or nearly do, pale beneath ; berry blue with bloom.
Flowers fascicled or racemose, short-pedicelled; leaves deciduous.
Corolla cylindric or nearly so, 2-3 times as long as thick.
Flowers appearing before the leaves; berry black.
Flowers appearing with the leaves; berry blue with a bloom.
Corolla um-shaped, oblong or oblong-cylindric, 1-2 times as long as thick.
Leaves not glaucous; glabrous or pubescent beneath.
Leaves mostly entire, pubescent beneath.
Shrub 3°-i5° high; leaves oval, large; fruit black. 7. V. atrococcum.
2. V.
uliginosum.
caespitosum.
V. tnembranaceum.
V. ovalifolium.
V. virgaium.
V. corymbosum.
576
VACCINIACEAE.
[Vol. II.
Shrub 6'-2° high; leaves oblong, small; fruit blue. 8
Leaves serrulate, nearly or quite glabrous; low shrub; fruit blue. 9
Leaves pale and glaucous beneath, mostly glabrous both sides.
Fruit black; shrub 6'-i8' high; leaves oblong or oblanceolate. 10. V. iiigrii}n.
Fruit blue; shrubs i°-6° high; leaves oblong, oval, obovate.
Leaves firm, mostly entire, berry about 3" in diameter. 11.
Leaves thin, sharply serrulate; berry 4" -6" in diameter. 12.
-X- Corolla open-campanulate, 4-5-lobed.
Flowers 4-parted; leaves small, coriaceous, persistent; low shrub.
Flowers 5-parted ; leaves large, thin, deciduous; tall shrubs.
Flower not jointed with its pedicel; anthers exserted. 14. V. stamineuvi.
Flower jointed with its pedicel; anthers included; berry black. 15. V. arboreum.
V. Canadense.
V. Pennsylvanicum.
V. vacillans.
V. pallidum.
13. V. Vitis-Idaea.
I. Vaccinium uliginosum L. Great Bilberry.
Bog Whortleberry. Bleaberry. (Fig. 2783.)
Vaccinium uliginostitii L. Sp. PI. 350. 1753.
A stiff much-branched shrub, 6'-24' higt. Leaves
thick when mature, glabrous or nearly so on both sides,
dull, pale or glaucous beneath, obovate, oblong, or oval,
obtuse, or refuse, narrowed at the base, entire, nearly
sessile, finely reticulate-veined, ^''-12" long; flowers 2-4
together, or sometimes solitarj' near the ends of the
branches, mostly shorter than the drooping pedicels;
calyx 4-lobed (sometimes 5-lobed); corolla pink, ovoid
or urn-shaped, 4-5-toothed; stamens 8-10; berry blue with
a bloom, about 3'^ in diameter, sweet.
Summits of the mountains of New England and the Adiron-
dacks, mainly above timber-line; Labrador, Quebec and
shores of Lake Superior, to Alaska. Also in northern Europe
and Asia. June-July. F'ruit ripe July-Aug.
2. Vaccinium caespitosum Michx. Dwarf
Bilberry. (Fig. 2784.)
Vaccinium caespitosum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1; 234. 1803.
A shrub, 3^-7' high, much branched, nearly glabrous
throughout. Leaves obovate or oblong-cuneate, obtuse
or acute, 6"-i2" long, green and shining both sides,
nearly sessile, serrulate with close bluntish teeth; flow-
ers mostly solitary in the axils and longer than their
drooping pedicels; calyx slightly 5-toothed (rarely 4-
toothed); corolla obovoid or obovoid-oblong, pink or
white, 5-toothed or rarely 4-toothed; stamens 10, rarely
8; berry blue with a bloom, sweet, about 3'' in diameter.
Upper Stillwater, Maine, at 100 feet altitude; summits of
the White Mountains; New Brunswick to Labrador, west
through subarctic America to Alaska, south in the Rocky
Mountains to Colorado. June-July. Fruit ripe Aug.
3. Vaccinium membranaceum Dougl.
Thin-leaved Bilberry. (Fig. 2785.)
Vaccinium myrtilloides Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 32.
1834. Not Miclix. 1803.
Vaccinitim membranaceum Dougl.; Hook. Fl. Bor.
Am. 2: 32. As synonj'm. 1834.
A branching shrub, i°-5° high, nearly gla-
brous throughout, the twigs slightly angled.
Leaves oval, oblong or ovate, thin or mem-
branous, green both sides, not shining, acutish
to acuminate, short-petioled, sharply and finely
serrulate, i'-2' long; flowers mostly solitary in
the axils, their recurved pedicels becoming erect
in fruit; calyx-limb entire or slightly toothed;
corolla depressed-globose or globose-urceolate,
greenish or purplish, mostly 5-toothed; stamens
mostly ]o; berry dark purple, rather acid.
In moist woods, northern Michigan; Oregon and
British Columbia. June-July. Fruit ripe July-Aug.
Vol.. II.]
HUCKLEBERRY FAMILY.
577
4. Vaccinium ovalifolium J. E. Smith.
Tall or Oval-leaved Bilberry. (Fig. 2786. )
Vaccinium ovalifoliiim J. E. Smith in Rees'
Cyclop. No. 2. 1817.
A straggling branched shrub, 3°-i2° high,
the branches slender; twigs glabrous, jointed,
sharply angled. Leaves oval, short-petioled,
glabrous on both sides, green above, pale and
glaucous beneath, rounded at both ends, or
somewhat narrowed at the base, thin, some-
times mucronulate, entire or very nearly so, \'-
1' long; flowers commonly solitary in the axils,
on rather short recurved pedicels; calyx-limb
slightly toothed; corolla globose-ovoid; stamens
10; berry blue with a bloom, i^"-^" in diameter.
Woods, Quebec to Michigan, Oregon and Alaska.
Also in Japan. June-July. Fruit ripe July-Aug.
5. Vaccinium virgatum Ait. Southern
Black Huckleberry. (Fig. 2787.)
Vaccinium virgatum Ait. Hort. Kew. 2: 12. 1789.
A shrub, 3°-i2° high, the branches slender,
green, the young twigs puberulent. Leaves
narrowly oval-oblong, broadest at the middle,
mucronate, short-petioled, entire, green and gla-
brous above, pale or glaucous beneath, veins
pubescent, thick when old, i'-2^' long, yi'-Y'
wide, the ends narrowed; flowers in short ra-
cemes or clusters, appearing before the leaves,
equalling or longer than their pedicels; bracts
and bractlets small, deciduous; calyx 5-lobed;
corolla nearly cylindric, loiig> ^"-t-Vz"
thick, white or light pink; stamens 10; berry black, with or without bloom, 2'^-3^^in diameter.
In swamps, southern Virginia to Florida and Louisiana. April-May. Fruit ripe in July.
Vaccinium virgatum tenellum (Ait.) A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 2: Part i, 22. 1878.
Vaccinium tenellum Ait. Hort. Kew. 2: 12. 1789.
Low, mostly less than 2° high; leaves smaller, narrower, long; flowers white, or nearly
so, 2"-3" long. Probablya distinct species. Southern Virginia to Arkansas, Florida and Alabama.
6. Vaccinium corymbosum High-bush or Tall Blueberry. (Fig. 2788.)
Vaccinium corymbosum L. Sp. PI. 350. 175.^.
V. amoenum Ait. Hort. Kew. 2: 12. 1789.
A shrub, 6°-i5° high; branches stiff; twigs
terete, minutely warty, greenish -brown, pu-
berulent, or glabrous. Leaves oval or oblong,
mostly acute at each end, usually entire, some-
times ciliate, green and glabrous above, paler
and often pubescent at least on the veins be-
neath, short-petioled, i'-},' long, yz'-\]A'
wide; flowers in short racemes, appearing
with the leaves, equalling or longer than their
pedicels; bracts oblong or oval, deciduous;
calyx 5-lobed; corolla cylindric, or slightly
constricted at the throat, white or faintly
pink, 2>"-^" long, \yi"-2," thick, 5-toothed
(rarely 5-lobed) ; stamens 10; berry blue with
a bloom, 2>"~^" in diameter, pleasantly acid.
In swamps, thickets and woods, Newfoundland
to Virginia, west to Minnesota and Louisiana.
Maj'-June. Fruit ripe July-Aug. Called also
Swamp Blueberry. The late market blueberry.
37
578
VACCINIACEAE.
[Voi,. II.
7. Vaccinium atrococcum (A. Gray) Heller. Black Blueberry
(Fig. 2789.)
Vaccinium disomorphiim Bigel. Fl. Bost. Ed. 2,
151. 1824. Not Michx. 1803.
Vaccinium coiymbosum var. atrococcum A.
Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 292. 1867.
V.atrococcum Heller,Bull.Torr.Club,2i: 24. 1894.
A branching shrub with shreddy bark,
3°-io° high, similar to the two preceding
species, the branches green, minutely warty,
the young twigs pubescent. Leaves oval or
oblong, dark green above, light green and
densely pubescent beneath even when old,
entire, usually acute at both ends, mucron-
ate, thick, lYz'-"}/ long, Yz'-iYi' wide; flow-
ers in short racemes, appearing with the
leaves, about the length of their slender pedi-
cels; bracts and bractlets caducous; calyx 5-
lobed; corolla short-cylindric or ovoid, pink
or red, z"-^," long, about i^^' thick, 5-
toothed, constricted at throat; berry black,
without bloom, sweet, t,"-^" in diameter.
In .swamps and wet woods, New Brunswick
and Ontario to New Jersey and Pennsylvania.
May-June. Fruit ripe July-Aug.
8. Vaccinium Canadense Richards.
Canada Blueberry. (Fig. 2790.)
V. Canadense Richards. App. Frank. Journ. 2, 12. 1823
A low pubescent branching shrub, 6'-2° high.
Leaves oblong, oblong-lanceolate or narrowly ellip- f ^1
tic, pubescent, at least beneath, entire, acute at
the apex, narrowed at the base, I'-iJ^'long, i/'-W
wide; flowers few in the clusters, which are some-
times numerous on naked branches, appearing with
the leaves; pedicels usually shorter than the flow-
ers; corolla oblong- cam panulate, greenish white,
about 2" long and lyi." thick; berry blue with a
bloom (rarely white), sweet, iyz"-2)" in diameter.
In moist places, Labrador to the Northwest Territory,
south in the mountains to Virginia, and to Illinois and
Michigan. May-June. Fruit ripe July-Aug.
9. Vaccinium Pennsylvanicum Lam.
Dwarf, Sugar or Low-bush Blue-
berry. (Fig. 2791.)
V. Pennsylvanicum Lam. Encycl. l: 74. 1783.
A low branching shrub, 6'-2° high, similar to
the preceding species, but with green warty
branches and nearly or quite glabrous through-
out. Leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate, green
and glabrous on both sides or slightly pubescent
on the veins beneath, sharply serrulate, acute at
both ends, <:)"-\W long, 2/'-^" wide; flowers
few in the clusters, longer than the very short
pedicels; corolla oblong-campanulate, slightly
constricted at the throat, ■i"-2yz" long, about
^Yz" thick, white or pinkish; berry blue with a
bloom, very sweet, 2>"~h" i^i diameter.
In dry, rocky or sandy soil, Newfoundland to the Northwest Territory, south to southern New
Jersey, Illinois and Michigan. May-June. Fruit ripe June-Julj-. The early market blueberrj-.
Vaccinium Pennsylvanicum angustifolium (Ait.) A. Gray, Man. 261. 1848.
Vaccinium angusUfoliiim .\it. Hort. Kew. 2: 11. 1789.
Leaves narrower, wide. Summits of the White Mountains, and the Adirondacks;
Quebec to the north shore of Lake Superior and arctic America.
Vol. II.]
HUCKLEBERRY FAMILY.
579
10. Vaccinium nigrum (Wood) Britton.
Low Black Blueberry. (Fig. 2792. )
Vaccinium Pennsylvanicum var.
Bot. & Flor. 199. 1873.
V. nigrtim Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, $: 252.
nigrum Wood,
1894.
Similar to V. Pennsylvanicum and often grow-
ing with it, d'-ii' high, the twigs glabrous.
Leaves oblong, oblauceolate or obovate, acute
at the apex, narrowed or rounded at the base,
finely serrulate, very nearly sessile, long,
2,"-(>" wide, glabrous on both sides, green above,
pale and glaucous beneath; flowers few in the
clusters, longer than their pedicels; corolla glo-
bose-ovoid, very little constricted at the throat,
white or cream color, about 1" long, i^^^ thick;
berry black, without bloom, about 2," in diameter.
In dry rocky soil, Massachusetts to New Jersey,
Pennsylvania and Michigan. Blooms earlier than
V. Pennsylvanicum. May. Fruit ripe in July.
Vaccinium vacillans
Blue Huckleberry.
Low Blueberry.
2793-)
V. vacillans Kalm; Torr. Fl. N. Y. i: 444. 1843.
A stiff branching shrub, 6'-4° high, with
glabrous yellowish-green warty branches
and twigs. Leaves obovate, oval, or broadly
oblong, acute or obtuse and usually mucron-
ulate, narrowed or rounded at the base, firm,
glabrous on both sides, entire, or sparingly
serrulate, pale, glaucous and finely reticu-
late-veined beneath, i'-2}i' long, yi'-i^'
wide; flowers several or few in the clusters
which are sometimes racemose on naked
branches, longer than or equalling their
pedicels; corolla oblong-cylindric, somewhat
constricted at the throat, pink, 2"--i," long,
\yz"-2" thick; berry blue with a bloom,
sweet, •z"-2>yT." in diameter.
In dry soil, Maine (?) and New Hampshire to
Ontario and Michigan, south to North Carolina
and Missouri. May-June. Fruit ripe July-Aug.
12. Vaccinium pallidum Ait. Pale or Mountain Blueberry. (Fig. 2794.)
V. pallidum Ait. Hort. Kew. 2: 10. 1789.
Vacciyiium corymbosum var. pallidum A. Gray,
Man. Ed. 5, 292. 1867.
A branching shrub, 2°-8° high, with gla-
brous green warty twigs. Leaves oval, ovate
or oblong, rather thin when mature, acute
or acuminate, narrowed or rounded at the
base, short-petioled, glabrous and light green
above, pale and slightly glaucous or some-
times pubescent on the veins beneath, serru-
late, i'-^/ long; flowers several or numerous
in the clusters, about equalling their slender
pedicels; corolla oblong-cylindric to urceo-
late, slightly constricted at the throat, green-
ish-pink, '2."-2yz" long, xy^"-'!" thick;
berry blue, \"-()" in diameter, delicious.
In woods, mountains of Virginia to South
Carolina. Fruit superior to all other blue-
berries. May-June. Berries ripe July-Aug.
58o
VACCINIACEAE.
[Vol. II.
13. Vaccinium Vitis-Idaea L,, Mountain Cranberry.
(Fig. 2795.)
Wind- or Cow-berry.
Vacciniuvi Vitis-Idaea L. Sp. PI. 351. 1753.
A low evergreen shrub, with creeping stems, the
branches erect, terete, 3'-8' high, puberuleut or
glabrous. Leaves thick, coriaceous, persistent,
crowded, green and somewhat shining above, paler
and black-dotted beneath, quite glabrous, or min-
utely ciliate toward the base, obovate or oval,
short-petioled, entire or sparingly serrulate, 3"-8'''
long, the margins revolute; flowers in short termi-
nal secund racemes or clusters, nodding, longer
than their pedicels; bracts reddish, short-oblong,
tardily deciduous; bractlets2; calyx-limb 4-toothed;
corolla white or pink, open-campanulate, 4-lobed;
stamens 8; berries dark red, acid, 4^^-5'' in diameter.
In rocky places, Essex Co., Mass., coast of Maine,
higher mountains of New England to Labrador and
arctic America, west to Lake Superior, British Colum-
bia and Alaska. Ascends to 5300 ft. in the Adirondacks.
Also in northern Europe and Asia. Fruit used as a sub-
stitute for cranberries. June-July. Other English
names are Flowering Box, Ling- or Wine-berry, Red
Whortleberry. Fruit ripe Aug.-Sept.
14. Vaccinium stamineum I,. Deer-
berry. Buckberry. (Fig. 2796.)
Vaccinium stamineum L. Sp. PI. 350. 1753.
A divergently branched shrub, 2°-5° high, with
pubescent or glabrous twigs. Leaves oval, oblong
or rarely obovate, acute or sometimes acuminate
at the apex, petioled, entire, firm, green above,
pale and glaucous or slightly pubescent beneath,
long, Yz'-^Yz wide; flowers very numerous
in graceful leafy-bracted racemes, jointed with their
spreading or pendulous filiform pedicels; corolla
open-campanulate, purplish or yellowish green,
deeply 5-cleft, i"-'^" long, 3''-5'' broad; anthers
and style exserted; bracts usually persistent; berry
globose or pear-shaped, green or yellow, in
diameter, inedible.
In dry woods and thickets, Maine to southern On-
tario and Minnesota, south to Florida, Kentucky and
Louisiana. Squaw Huckleberry. April-June.
15. Vaccinium arboreum Marsh. Farkle-
berry. (Fig. 2797.)
Vaccinium aboreuvi Marsh. Arb. Amer. 157. 1785.
A divergently branched shrub or small tree,
reaching a maximum height of about 30°, and
trunk diameter of 9', the twigs glabrous or slightl5'
pubescent. Leaves obovate or oval, obtuse or acute
and mucronulate at the apex, narrowed at the base,
sliort-petioled, shining and bright green above,
duller, and sometimes sparingly pubescent beneath,
entire or glandular-denticulate, coriaceous,
long, Yz'-^' wide; flowers pendulous in leafy-
bracted racemes, slender-pedicelled; corolla white;
canipanulate, 5-lobed; anthers included; style ex-
serted; bracts persistent; berry globose, black,
about 2," in diameter, inedible.
In dry sandy soil, North Carolina to Kentucky,
southern Illinois and Indian Territory, south to Florida
and Texas. Wood hard, reddish brown, weight per
cubic foot 47 lbs. Called also Sparklebeny. May-June.
Vol. II.]
HUCKIvEBERRY FAMILY.
581
3. CHIOGENES Salisb. Trans. Hort. Soc. Lond. 2: 94. 1815.
Creeping prostrate evergreen branching shrubs, with alternate 2-ranked oval or ovate
small leaves, and solitary axillary small white flowers, on short recurved peduncles. Calyx-
tube adnate to the lower half of the ovary, 2-bracted at the base, its limb 4-cleft. Corolla
short-cam panulate, 4-cleft, its lobes rounded. Stamens 8, included; filaments short, nearly
orbicular, roughish; anthers not awned nor prolonged into tubes, each sac 2-cuspidate at
the apex and opening by a slit down to the middle. Ovary 4-celled, surmounted by the 8-
lobed disk; style short. Berry globose to oval, snow-white, many-seeded, rather mealy.
[Greek, snow-born, in allusion to the berries.]
A monotypic genus of North America and Japan.
I. Chiogenes hispidula (L.) T. & G.
Creeping Snowberry. (Fig. 2798.)
Vaccinhim hispidulum I,. Sp. PI. 352. 1753.
C. serpyllifolia Salisb. Trans. Hort. Soc. 2: 94. 1815.
Chiogenes hispidula T. & G. ; Terr. Fl. N. Y. 1: 450. 1843.
Chiogenes Japonica A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 2: Part i, 26. 1878.
Branches strigose-pubescent, very slender, 3'-i2' long.
Leaves coriaceous, persistent, oval, ovate, or slightly ob-
ovate, short- petioled, acute at the apex, rounded or nar-
rowed at the base, dark green, glabrous above, entire,
sprinkled with appressed stiff brownish hairs beneath and
on the revolute margins, 7."-^" long; flowers few, solitary,
axillary, nodding, about 1" long; berry aromatic, usually
minutely bristly, crowned by the 4 calyx-teeth, becoming
almost wholly inferior, about 2/' in diameter.
In cold wet woods and bogs, Newfoundland to British Co-
lumbia, south to North Carolina and Michigan. Ascends to
5200 ft. in New Hampshire. May-June. Fruit ripe Aug.-
Sept. Flavor of Sweet Birch.
4. OXYCOCCUS Hill, British Herbal, 324. 1756.
[ScHOLi^ERA Roth, Tent. Fl. Germ, i: 170. 1788.]
Glabrous, or slightly pubescent, trailing or erect shrubs, with alternate nearly sessile
leaves, and axillary or terminal, solitary or few, pendulous or cernuous, slender-peduncled
red or pink flowers. Calyx-tube nearly hemispheric, adnate to the ovary, the limb 4-5-cleft,
persistent. Corolla long-conic in the bud, 4-5-parted or 4-5-divided into separate or nearly
separate petals, these narrow and revolute. Stamens 8 or 10, the filaments distinct; anthers
connivent into a cone, long-exserted when the flower is expanded, upwardly prolonged into
hollow tubes dehiscent by a pore at the apex. Ovary 4-5-celled; style slender or filiform.
Fruit an oblong or globose many-seeded juicy red berry. [Greek, sour berry.]
Four species, natives of the northern hemisphere.
Trailing bog shrubs; leaves evergreen, entire; flowers i-6 from terminal buds.
Leaves ovate, acute, 2"-4" long; berry globose. i. O. Oxycoccus.
Leaves oval or oblong, obtuse, 3"-7" long; berry ovoid or oblong. 2. O. macrocarpa.
Erect mountain shrub; leaves deciduous, serrulate; flowers solitary, axillary. 3. O. erythrocarpa.
Oxycoccus Oxycoccus (L,.) MacM. Small
or European Cranberry. (Fig. 2799.)
Vacciniuvi Oxycoccus L- Sp. PI. 351. I753-
Oxycoccus paluslris Ve.rs. Syn. 1:419. 1805.
Schollera Oxycoccus Roth, Fl. Germ. 1: 170. 1788.
O. Oxycoccus MacM. Bull. Torr. Club, 19: 15. 1892.
Stems very slender, creeping, rooting at the
nodes, i>'-i%' long. Branches ascending or
erect, \'-(s' high; leaves thick, evergreen, ovate,
entire, acutish at the apex, rounded or cordate
at the base, dark green above, white beneath,
7."-\" long, wide, the margins revolute;
flowers 1-6, mostly umbellate, rarely racemose,
from terminal scaly buds, nodding, on erect
mostly 2-bracteolate filiform pedicels; corolla
pink, about \" broad, divided nearly to the
base; filaments puberulent, about half the
length of the anthers; berry globose, in
diameter, acid, often spotted when young.
In cold bogs, Labrador to Alaska, New Jersey,
Michigan and British Columbia. Also in Europe and
Asia. May-July. Fruit ripe Aug-Sept. Also called
Bog- or Marsh-wort, Moss-, Bog-, Fen- or Moor-berry.
582 VACCINIACEAE. [Vot. II.
2. Oxycoccus macrocarpus (Ait.) Pers.
Large or American Cranberry. (Fig. 2800.)
Vacchiium macrocarpon Ait. Hort. Kew. 2: 13. pi. 7. 1789.
Oxycoccus macrocarpus Pers. Sj-n. i: 419. 1805.
Similar to the preceding species, but stouter and
larger, the branches often 8' long. Leaves oval, ob-
long, or sometimes slightly obovate, obtuse at both
ends, entire, long, i"-}," wide, white or pale
beneath, the margins revolute; flowers several in
terminal somewhat racemose clusters, nodding on
erect usually 2-bracteolate pedicels; corolla light
pink, broad, divided very nearly to the base;
filaments puberulent, about one-third the length of
the anthers; berry ovoid, oblong or nearly globose,
acid, 4"-9" long.
In bogs, Newfoundland to the Northwest Territory,
south to North Carolina, West Virginia, Michigan and
Minnesota. June-Aug. Fruit ripe Sept. -Oct.
3. Oxycoccus erythrocarpus (Michx.) Pers.
Southern Mountain Cranberry. (Fig. 2801.)
Vac. erythrocarpon Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 227. 1803.
Oxycoccus erylhrocarpus Vers. Syn. 1:419. 1805.
A divergently branched shrub, i°-6° high, the
twigs pubescent or glabrous. Leaves thin, green both
sides, paler beneath than above, reticulate-veined,
ovate, ovate-lanceolate, or ovate-oblong, acuminate at
the apex, rounded, subcordate or the terminal ones
narrowed at the base, finely serrulate with bristle-
pointed teeth, flat, 1^-3' long, wide; flowers
solitary in the axils; peduncles pendulous, filiform,
usually minutely 2-bracteolate at the base and less
than one-half as long as the leaves; corolla deeplj-
4-parted, red, about 5" broad; filaments villous, about
one-fourth the length of the anthers; berry globose,
dark red when ripe, acid, 2"~2>" diameter.
In woods, mountains of Virginia to Georgia. June-
July. Fruit ripe July-Sept.
Family 6. DIAPENSIACEAE Link. Handb. i: 595. 1829.
UiAPENSiA Family.
Low tufted shrubs, or perennial scapose herbs, with alternate or basal sim-
ple exstipulate leaves, and small white pink or purple gamopetalous or polypet-
alous perfect and regular flowers, solitary in the axils, or racemose at the
summit of scapes. Calyx 5 -parted, persistent; sepals imbricated in the bud.
Corolla 5-lobed, 5-cleft, or 5-parted, deciduous. Stamens 5, inserted on the
throat of the corolla and alternate with its lobes, or connate, sometimes with as
many alternating staminodia; anther-sacs longitudinalh' or transversely dehis-
cent; pollen-grains simple. Disk none. Ovary free from the calyx, superior,
3-celled; style mostly stout, persistent; stigma 3-lobed; ovules few or numerous
in the cavities, anatropous or amphitropous. Capsule 3-celled, loculicidally 3-
valved. Seeds minute, the testa loose or close; endosperm fleshy; embryo
terete; cotyledons short; radicle elongated.
Six genera and about 8 species, natives of the northern hemisphere.
Low tufted evergreen shrubs; corolla gamopetalous.
Tufted arctic-alpine shrub; flowers terminal, peduncled. I. Diapensia.
Trailing shrub; flowers solitarj-, sessile. 2. Pvxidanthera.
Tall scapose perennial herb; flowers spicate-racemose; petals separate. 3. Galax.
I. DIAPENSIA L. Sp. PI. 141. 1753.
Densely tufted glabrous low evergreen shrubs, with thick rather flesh}- imbricated nar-
row leaves, and solitary terminal erect peduncled white or pink flowers. Calyx 2-4-bracted
at the base, the sepals oval, obtuse, somewhat rigid. Corolla campanulate, tardily decidu-
ous, 5-lobed, the lobes obtuse. Stamens 5, inserted at the sinuses of the corolla; filaments
Vol. II.]
DIAPENSIA FAMILY.
583
short and broad; anther-cells pointed, divergent, obliquely 2-valved; staminodia none.
Style slender; ovules numerous in the cells, anatropous. Seeds oblong-cubic, the testa
close, reticulated. [Greek, by fives, alluding to the stamens and corolla-lobes.]
Two species, i of wide distribution in the colder parts of the northern hemisphere, the other
Himalayan.
I. Diapensia Lapponica L,, Diapensia.
(Fig. 2802.)
Diapensia Laj>ponica L- Sp. PI. 141. 1753.
Glabrous, forming dense cushion-like tufts; stems
simple or branched, erect or ascending, 1^-3' high.
Leaves crowded below, thick, spatulate, sessile, obtuse
or acutish, often curved, entire, 2)''-6" long, about 1"
wide, the margins usually revolute; peduncles rather
stout, becoming i'-2' long in fruit; sepals and bracts
oval; corolla usually white, long, its tube about
the length of the sepals and of its oval or oblong
obtuse lobes; capsule ovoid, i''-^," high.
Summits of the Adirondack Mountains, and of the
mountains of New England; Mt. Albert, Quebec; Labra-
dor and arctic America. Also in northern and alpine Eu-
rope and Asia. June-July.
2. PYXIDANTHERA Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 152. pi. 17. 1803.
A creeping tufted much branched evergreen shrub, with small narrow alternate imbri-
cated leaves, and numerous white or pinkish sessile flowers, solitary at the ends of the
branches. Calj'x bracted at the base, the sepals oblong, ciliate. Corolla short-campanulate,
5 lobed, tardily deciduous. Stamens inserted at the sinuses of the corolla; filaments broad
and thick; anthers 2- celled, the sacs globose, transversely 2-valved, the lower valve cuspi-
date; staminodia none. Style columnar. Seeds globose-oblong, amphitropous, the testa
black, cancellate. [Greek, box-anther.]
A monotypic genus of eastern North America.
I. Pyxidanthera barbulata Michx. Pyxie. Flowering Moss. (Fig. 2803.)
Pyxidanlhera barbulata Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 152-
pi. 17. 1803.
Diapensia barbxdata Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. i: 229. 1817.
Glabrous, or sparingly pubescent, very leafy,
growing in mats or large patches on the ground,
the main branches sometimes 1° long. Leaves ses-
sile, linear, lanceolate or linear-oblong, acuminate
or subulate-tipped, entire, pubescent at the base
when young, 1"-^" long, about i" wide, densely
imbricated toward the ends of the branches, more
scattered below; flowers usually very numerous,
2"-2)" broad, mostly white; corolla-lobes cuneate-
obovate, obtuse, refuse or eroded; capsule about i"
high, globose, sessile, surrounded by the upper
leaves.
In dry sandy pine-barrens, southern New Jersey and
in North Carolina. Called also Pine-barren Beauty.
Flowers sometimes pinkish. March-May.
3. GALAX 1,. Sp. PI. 200. 1753.
An acaulescent perennial herb, with orbicular cordate crenate-dentate long-petioled basal
leaves, and numerous small white flowers, spicate racemose at the ends of tall mostly naked
slender scapes. Calyx minutely 2-bracteolate at the base, 5-parted, the sepals nerveless.
Corolla 5-divided, the petals oblong, entire, adnate to the bases of the monadelphous sta-
mens. Stamen-tube lo-lobed at the summit, the lobes which are opposite the petals petaloid
(staminodia), those alternate with the petals antheriferous; anthers nearly sessile, granular
on the back, i-celled, transversely 2-valved. Style very short. Seeds ovoid, the testa loose.
[Greek, milk; name not characteristic of this genus.]
A monotypic genus of southeastern North America.
PRIMULACEAE.
[Vol. II.
I. Galax aphylla I^. Galax. Galaxy.
Beetle- weed. (Fig. 2804.)
Galax aphylla L. Sp. PI. 200. 1753.
Scape high, terete, with red scaly bracts at the
base and many red fibrous roots. Leaves orbicular, or
broadly ovate, deeply cordate at the base with a rather
narrovF sinus, persistent, crenate-dentate or doubly den-
ticulate with mucronulate or rounded teeth, shining,
commonlj' shorter than their slender petioles, i'-'^' in
diameter; spike-like raceme dense, narrow, 1'-^' long;
flowers \yz"-2" broad, spreading; bractlets deciduous;
capsule ovoid, acute, erect, very short-pedicelled, i'^
long, slightly exceeding the lanceolate acutish sepals.
In dry woods, especially in the mountains, Virginia to
Georgia. Ascends to 4500 ft. in North Carolina. Leaves
bright green, shining. May-July.
Family 7. PRIMULACEAE Vent. Tabl. 2: 285. 1799.
Primrose Family.
Herb.s, with alternate opposite verticillate or basal leaves, and perfect regular
flowers, in terminal or. axillary racemes, spikes, umbels or corymbs, or solitary
in the axils or at the summit of a scape. Calyx free from the ovar}' (adnate to
its lower part in Saviohis'), 4-9-parted or cleft (usually 5-parted), persistent or
rarely deciduous. Corolla gamopetalous in our species (wanting in Glaux),
4-9-lobed or cleft (usually 5-cleft), rotate, funnelform, salverform or campanu-
late, deciduous. Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes and opposite them,
hypogynous or rarely perigynous, inserted on the tube or base of the corolla;
filaments distinct, or connate at the base; anthers introrse, attached by their
backs to the filaments, 2-celled, the sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Disk obso-
lete, or none. Ovary superior (partly inferior in Samolus), i-celled; placenta
central, free ; ovules anatropous, or mostly amphitropous ; style i ; stigma
simple, capitate, entire. Capsule i-celled, 2-6-valved ; rarely circumscissile
or indehiscent, the valves erect or recurved, entire or 2-cleft. Seeds few or
several, the testa adherent to the fleshy or horny copious endosperm; embryo
small, straight; cotyledons obtuse.
About 28 genera and 350 species of wide distribution in the northern hemisphere, a few in
southern south America and South Africa.
* Lobes or segments of the corolla erect or spreading, not reflexed.
Lobes of the corolla imbricated, at least in the bud.
Ovary wholly superior.
Terrestrial scapose plants; leaves not pinnatifid.
Corolla-tube longer than the calyx; style slender.
Corolla-tube shorter than the calyx; style short.
Aquatic leafy-stemmed plant; leaves finely pinnatifid.
Ovary adnate to the calyx.
Lobes of the corolla convolute or valvate, at least in the bud;
Capsule longitudinally dehiscent.
Corolla rotate, or rarely sliort-funnelform,
Stem leafy throughout; flowers yellow.
Staminodia none; corolla-lobes convolute; flowers axillary or racemed.
5. Lysimachia.
Staminodia 5; each corolla-lobe curved around its stamen. 6. Steii onema.
Staminodia 5, tooth-like; flowers in axillary spike-like racemes or heads.
7. Naiunburgia.
Leaves whorled at the top of the stem; flowers white. 8. Trienlalis.
Corolla none; flowers minute, solitary in the axils. 9. Glaux.
Capsule circumscissile; flowers axillary.
Corolla longer than the calyx; stamens borne on its base. 10. AnagalUs.
Corolla shorter than the calyx; stamens borne on its tube. 11. Centuncvlus.
* * Segments of the corolla reflexed; plants scapose. 12. Dodecalheon.
1. Primula.
2. Androsace.
3. Holtonia.
4. Samolus.
(corolla wanting in no. 9).
I. PRIMULA L. Sp. PI. 142. 1753.
Perennial scapose herbs, with basal leaves, and small or large white red purple or yellow
dimorphous flowers, umbellate, or in involucrate or bracted racemose whorls at the sum-
mit of a scape. Calyx tubular, funnelform or campauulate, persistent, often angled,
5-lobed, the lobes imbricated, erect or spreading. Corolla funnelform or salverform, the
tube longer than the calyx in our species, the limb 5-cleft, the lobes imbricated, entire,
Vol. II.]
PRIMROSE FAMILY.
585
emarginate or 2-cleft. Stamens 5, inserted on the tube or at the throat of the corolla, in-
cluded; filaments very short; anthers oblong, obtuse. Ovary superior, globose or ovoid;
ovules numerous, amphitropous; style filiform; stigma capitate. Capsule oblong, ovoid or
globose, 5-valved at the summit, many-seeded. Seeds peltate, the testa punctate. [Diminu-
tive of the Latin primus, first, from the early blossoms.]
About 150 species, mostly of the northern hemisphere, a few in Java and at the Straits of Ma-
gellan. Besides the following, some 10 others occur in western and northwestern North America.
Leaves almost always white -mealy beneath; scape 4'-i8' high.
Leaves green both sides; scape i'-6' high.
Leaves spatulate or obovate, denticulate.
Leaves oval or lance-ovate, entire.
I. Primula farinosa L. Bird's-eye or
Mealy Primrose. (Fig. 2805.)
Primula farinosa L. Sp. PI. 143. 1753-
Leaves spatulate or oblong, obtuse at the apex,
narrowed or somewhat cuneate at the base, taper-
ing into petioles, or sessile, usually white-mealy
beneath at least when young, green above, 1^-4'
long, T."-^" wide, the margins crenulate-dentic-
ulate; scape 4^-18'' high, 3-20-flowered; flowers
umbellate; bracts of the involucre acute or acum-
inate; pedicels 2" -12'' long; calyx-lobes acute,
often mealy; corolla pink or lilac, usually with a
yellowish eye, the tube slightly longer than the
calyx, the lobes cuneate, retuse or obcordate, 2''-
3" long; capsule narrowly oblong, erect, about
5'' long, longer than the calyx.
In moist places, Maine and Quebec to Greenland,
west to the north shore of Lake Superior, the North-
west Territory and Alaska. Also in Europe and
Asia. Summer.
I. P. farinosa.
P. Mistissinica.
P. Egaliksensis.
2. Primula Mistassinica Michx. Mistassini
or Dwarf Canadian Primrose. (Fig. 2806.)
Primula Mistassinica Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 124. 1803.
Similar to the preceding species, but smaller; scape
very slender, i'-6' high. Leaves spatulate or obovate,
green on both sides (rarely slightly mealy beneath),
denticulate or repand, obtuse at the apex, narrowed or
cuneate at the base, petioled or sessile, )4^-i}4^ loag,
I ^^^-5'' wide; flowers 2-8, umbellate; bracts of the in-
volucre acute or acuminate; pedicels 2'^-i2'' long;
corolla pink, or pale purple, with or without a yellow
eye, the tube longer than the calyx; corolla-lobes obcor-
date, i>^''-2^'' long; capsule narrowly oblong, erect,
2'A''-4^^ high.
On wet banks, Maine to Greenland, west to central New
York, Michigan and the Northwest Territory. Intergrades
with the preceding species. Occurs also in northern Europe.
Summer.
3. Primula Egaliksensis Hornem. Greenland
Primrose. (Fig. 2807.)
Primtila Egaliksensis Hornem. Fl. Dan. pi. 1511. 1814.
Leaves green both sides, oval or lance-ovate, entire, or
slightly undulate, obtuse or obtusish at the apex, y^'-V
long, narrowed into petioles of about their own length;
scape very slender, 2'-k' high; umbels 2-6-flowered;
bracts of the involucre lanceolate, acuminate; pedicels
short, elongating in fruit; calyx-teeth short, acute; corolla-
lobes i"-2" long, much shorter than the tube, obovate,
sometimes cleft to the middle; capsule erect, about 2,"
high, longer than the calyx.
Northern Labrador (Turner, according to A. Gray) and
Greenland. Summer,
586 PRIMULACEAE. [Vol. II.
2. ANDROSACE L. Sp. PI. 141. 1753.
Low annual or perennial herbs, our species scapose, with tufted small basal leaves, and
terminal umbellate involucrate small white or pink flowers. Calyx persistent, 5-lobed, -cleft
or -parted, the lobes erect in flower, sometimes spreading in fruit. Corolla salverform or
funnelform, the tube short, not longer than the calyx, the limb 5-lobed, the lobes imbricated.
Stamens 5, included, inserted on the tube of the corolla; filaments very short; anthers short,
oblong, obtuse. Ovary superior, turbinate or globose; ovules few, or numerous, amphitrop-
ous; style short; stigma capitellate. Capsule turbinate, ovoid or globose, 5-valved from the
apex, few-many-seeded. [Greek, man's shield, from the shape of the leaf in some species.]
About 50 species, natives of the northern hemisphere. Besides the following, 4 others occur
in western and northwestern North America.
I. Androsace occidentalis Pursh.
Androsace. (Fig. 2808.)
And7-osace occtdenialis Pmsh, Fl. Am. Sept. 137. 1814.
Annual, minutely pubescent, or glabrate; scapes
filiform, solitarj' or numerous from fibrous roots, erect'
or ascending, or diffuse, i'-3' long. Leaves oblong or
spatulate, obtuse, entire, sessile, 3"-8" long; bracts of
the involucre similar to the leaves but much smaller,
long; pedicels several or numerous, filiform,
n"-^" long in flower, often becoming \' long in fruit;
cal^'x-tube obpyramidal in fruit, the lobes ovate or tri-
angular-lanceolate, acute, as long as or longer than the
tube, green, becoming foliaceous; corolla very small,
white, shorter than the calyx; calyx longer than the
several-seeded capsule.
In dry soil, Minnesota and Illinois to Kansas and
Arkansas, west to the Northwest Territory, Utah and New
Mexico. April-June.
3. HOTTONIA L. Sp. PI. 145. 1753.
Aquatic glabrous herbs, rooting in the mud, or floating, with large pinnatifid submersed
crowded leaves, and small white or purplish flowers, racemose-verticillate on bracted hollow
erect emersed peduncles. Calyx deeplj' 5-parted, the lobes linear, imbricated, persistent.
Corolla salver-form, the tube short, the limb 5-parted, the lobes spreading, imbricated at least
in the bud. Stamens 5, included, inserted on the tube of the corolla; filaments short;
anthers oblong. Ovary ovoid; style filiform; stigma minute, capitate; ovules numerous,
anatropous. Capsule subglobose, 5-valved. Seeds ellipsoid, numerous. [Dedicated to
Peter Hotton, 1648-1709, professor at Leyden.]
Two species, the following of eastern North America, the other of Europe and eastern Asia.
I. Hottonia inflata Ell. American
Featherfoil. (Fig. 2809.)
Holtonia inflata Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. i: 231. 1817.
Stem entirely submerged, spongy, densely
leafy, branched, sometimes 2° long. Leaves
sessile, or nearly so, ovate or oblong in out-
line, divided very nearly to the rachis into
narrowly linear entire segments >^'-2' long,
wide; peduncles several in a cluster
at the ends of the stem and branches, partly
emersed, hollow, jointed, constricted at the
joints, 3'-8' high, the lower joint 2^-4' long,
sometimes \' thick, the others successively
smaller; pedicels 2"-i2" long; flowers
long in verticils of 2-10 at the joints, sub-
tended by linear bracts; corolla white, shorter
than the calyx; capsule globose, about xyi"
in diameter.
In shallow stagnant ponds, Massachusetts to
central New York, south to Florida and Louis-
iana. ]une-Aug. Called also Water-feather,
Water-\'iolet, Water- Yarrow.
Vol. II.]
PRIMROSE FAMILY.
587
4. SAMOLUS L. Sp. PI. 171. 1753.
Perennial glabrous herbs, with alternate entire leaves, or the basal ones rosulate. Flow-
ers small, white, in terminal racemes or panicles in our species. Calyx persistent, its tube
adnate to the ovary below, its limb 5-cleft. Corolla perigynous, subcampanulate, 5-lobed or
5-parted, the lobes obtuse, imbricated, at least in the bud. Stamens 5, inserted on the tube
of the corolla, opposite its lobes, alternating with as many staminodia (these wanting in 5".
ebracteatiis)^ filaments short; anthers cordate. Ovary partly inferior; ovules numerous, amphi-
tropous. Capsule globose or ovoid, 5-valved from the summit. Seeds minute. [Name Celtic]
About 10 species, of wide distribution, most abundant in South Africa and Australasia. Besides
the following another occurs in the southern United States.
I. Samolus floribundus H.B.K. Water Pimpernel. Brookweed. (Fig. 2810.)
Santolus floribundus H.B.K. Nov. Gen. 2: 224. 1817.
5. Valerandi var. Arnericanus A. Gray, Man. Ed. 2, 274. 1856.
Erect or ascending, branched, at least at the base,
6'-i8' high. Leaves membranous, 1^-3' long,
wide, obovate, obtuse at the apex, narrowed at the base
into petioles, the basal often in a rosulate tuft, the upper-
most smaller and sometimes sessile; flowers commonly
numerous, less than i" broad, in loose elongated pani-
cled racemes; pedicels filiform, spreading, ^"-12" long,
bracteolate near the middle; calyx-lobes acute, shorter
than the corolla; capsule in diameter, the 5
apical valves spreading at maturity.
In swamps and brooks, often in brackish soil, New Bruns-
wick to Florida, west to British Columbia, Texas and Cali-
fornia. Also in Mexico and South America. May-Sept.
Samolus Valerandi L., of Europe and Asia, a smaller plant
with mostly simple racemes and larger flowers and capsules,
has been found in ballast about Philadelphia.
5. LYSIMACHIA I,. Sp. PI. 146. 1753.
Herbs, mostly perennial, with leafy stems. Leaves entire, often glandular-punctate;
flowers in our species yellow, solitary in the axils, or racemose, corymbose or paniculate.
Calyx 5-7-parted or 5-7-divided, persistent, free from the ovary. Corolla rotate or campanu-
late, 5-7-parted, the tube very short, the lobes convolute at least in the bud. Stamens 5-7,
inserted on the throat of the corolla; filaments separate, or connate at the base; anthers
oblong or oval; staminodia none. Ovary globose or ovoid; ovules few or several; style
filiform; stigma obtuse. Capsule ovoid or globose, 2-5-valved, few or several-seeded.
[Greek, loose-strife.]
About 70 species, mostlj' natives of the northern hemisphere, a few in Africa and Australia.
Besides the following, 2 others occur in the southern United States.
Leaves verticillate in 3's-7's, or some of them rarely opposite.
Corolla rotate-campanulate, pure yellow, 6" -12" broad.
Flowers in terminal panicles; corolla-lobes glabrous. i.
Flowers axillary ; corolla-lobes glandular-ciliolate. 2.
Corolla rotate, 4"-8" broad, its lobes dark-streaked. 3.
Leaves opposite, or some of them rarely alternate.
Flowers in a terminal virgate raceme; stem erect. 4.
Flowers axillary, solitary; stem creeping. 5.
I. Lysimachia vulgaris L. Golden or Yel-
low IvOosestrife. (Fig. 281 1.)
Lysimachia vulgaris L. Sp. PI. 146. 1753.
Densely downy-pubescent; stem erect, branched, 2°-
3K° high. Leaves verticillate in 3's or 4's, or some of
them opposite, short-petioled, ovate-lanceolate or
ovate, acute or acuminate at the apex, mostly nar-
rowed at the base, 2^-4' long, Y-i'-xyz' wide; flowers
6'^-io" broad, in terminal leafy panicles or compound
corymbs; pedicels 2"-6" long; sepals lanceolate or
triangular-lanceolate, acute or acuminate; corolla yel-
low, rotate-campanulate, deeply parted, the segments
glabrous; filaments monadelphous to about the mid-
dle, glandular; capsule about 1}^" in diameter, shorter
than the sepals.
In fields and along roadsides, Maine to southern New
York and Pennsylvania. Naturalized from Europe. Na-
tive also of Asia. Called also Willow-wort. June-Aug.
L. vulgaris.
L. punctata.
L. quadi-i/olia.
L. terrestris.
L. Nummularia.
PRIMULACEAE.
[Vol,, il.
2. Lysimachia punctata L. Spotted
Loosestrife. (Fig. 2812.)
Lysimachia punctata 1,. Sp. PI. 147. 1753.
Resembles the preceding species, usually
densely pubescent, sometimes glabrate; stem
simple or branched, 2°-3° high. Leaves
verticillate in 3's or 4's or some of them op-
posite, oval or ovate-lanceolate, acute or ob-
tuse at the apex, rounded or narrowed at the
base, short-petioled, i'-}/ long, Yz'-iYi'
wide, usually proportionately shorter and
broader than those of L. vulgaris; flowers
crowded in the upper axils or racemose-
verticillate, yellow, W-\o" broad; pedicels
2i"-'io" long; sepals lanceolate or oblong-
lanceolate, acute or obtusish; corolla-seg-
ments glandular-ciliolate; filaments mona-
delphous at the base.
In waste places, Nova Scotia to southern New
Jersey. Adventive from Europe. June-July.
3. Lysimachia quadrifolia L. Cross-
wort. Whorled Loosestrife. (Fig. 2813.)
Lysimachia quadrifolia L. Sp. PI. 147. 1753.
Pubescent, or glabrate, stem simple or rarely
branched, slender, erect, i°-3° high. Leaves
verticillate in 3's-7's (commonly in 4's or 5's),
or some, or very rarely all of them opposite,
short-petioled or sessile, lanceolate, oblong or
ovate, acute or acuminate at the apex, V-if
long, 3'^-!^' wide, usually black-punctate, the
uppermost sometimes very small; flowers axil-
lary, 2>"~^" broad, borne on filiform spreading
peduncles long; sepals narrowly lan-
ceolate, acute or acuminate; corolla glabrous,
dark-streaked or spotted; filaments monadel-
phous below ; capsule nearly as long as the sepals.
In thickets, New Brunswick to Minnesota, south
to Georgia and Wisconsin. June-Aug.
4. Lysimachia terrestris (L.) B.S.P.
Bulb-bearing Loosestrife. (Fig. 2814.)
Viscum lerresire L. Sp. PI. 1023. 1753.
Lysimachia stricta Ait. Hort. Kew. i: 199. 1789.
Lysimachia stricta var. producta A. Gray, Syn. PI.
2: Part I, 63. 1878.
L. terrestris B.S.P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 34. 1888.
Glabrous; stem erect, simple or branched,
8'-2° high, often bearing after flowering long
bulblets (suppressed branches) in the axils.
Leaves opposite or some of them rarely alter-
nate, lanceolate or oblong lanceolate, acute or
acuminate at both ends, short-petioled, or sessile,
usually black-punctate, 1^-3' long, 2"-S" wide;
flowers 2)"-^" broad, in terminal bracted
mostly elongated racemes; or some of them
solitary or 2-3 together in the upper axils;
pedicels slender or filiform, 5"-9" long; sepals
ovate or lanceolate, acute; corolla rotate, deeply
parted, yellow with purple streaks or dots; fila-
ments monadelphous below, glandular; capsule
about I Yz" in diameter, nearly as long as sepals.
In swamps and moist thickets, Newfoundland and Manitoba, south to Georgia and .Arkansas.
The plant sometimes produces no flowers, but bears the peculiar bulblets freely in the axils in the
autumn, and in this condition was mistaken by Linnaeus for a terrestrial mistletoe. Julj'-Sept.
VOL.'.II.] PRIMROSE FAMILY. 589
5. Lysimachia Nummularia L.
Moneywort. Creeping Loosestrife.
(Fig., 2815.)
Lysimachia Nummularia I,. Sp. PI. 148. 1753.
Glabrous; stems creeping, sometimes 2° long,
often rooting at the nodes. Leaves opposite,
orbicular or broadly oval, obtuse at both ends
or truncate or cordate at the base, manifestly
petioled, >^'-i'long, sparingly black-punctate;
flowers solitary in the axils, W-ii" broad;
sepals cordate-ovate to lanceolate, acute, half as
long as the rotate deeply 5-lobed yellow and
dark-dotted corolla; filaments glandular, mon-
adelphous at the base; capsule shorter than
the sepals.
In moist places, Newfoundland to New Jer-
sey, Pennsylvania and Indiana. Naturalized from
Europe. June-Aug. Lower leaves sometimes
narrowed at the base. Also called Creeping-
Jenny, and Herb-twopence.
6. STEIRONEMA Raf. Ann. Gen. Phys. 7: 192. 1820.
Perennial leafy herbs, with opposite or verticillate simple entire leaves, and axillary
slender-peduncled nodding or spreading yellow flowers. Calyx 5-parted, persistent, the
segments valvate in the bud. Corolla rotate, deeply 5-parted, with no proper tube, the lobes
cuspidate or erose-denticulate, each separately involute or convolute around its stamen.
Stamens 5; filaments distinct, or united into a ring at the very base, granulose-glandular;
anthers linear, becoming curved; staminodia 5, subulate, alternate with the stamens.
Ovary globose; ovules few or numerous. Capsule 5-valved, several-many-seeded. Seeds
margined or angled. [Greek, sterile threads, from the abortive stamens.]
About five species, natives of North America.
Leaves membranous, pinnately veined.
Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate.
Stem erect; flowers 6" -12" broad.
Petioles strongly ciliate ; capsule longer than the calyx. i. S. ciliatum.
Petioles not ciliate, or slightly so at base; capsule not longer than the calyx.
2. .S". tonsum.
Stem reclined; flowers 3"-4" broad; leaves not ciliate; petioles naked. 3. .S". radicans.
Leaves lanceolate, oblong or linear; stem erect. 4. S. lanceolatum.
Leaves firm, linear, i-nerved, the lateral veins obscure. 5. 5". qiiadriflorum:
I. Steironema ciliatum (L.) Raf.
Fringed Loosestrife.
(Fig. 2816.)
Lysimachia ciliata L. Sp. PI. 147. 1753.
Sleironema ciliatum Raf. Ann. Gen. Phj^s. 7: 192.
1820.
Stems erect, simple or branched, slender,
mostly glabrous, i°-4° high. Leaves membra-
nous, ovate, ovate-oblong, or ovate-lanceolate,
pinnately veined, acute or acuininate at the
apex, obtuse, truncate or cordate at the base,
2'-6' long, Yz'-J)' wide, the margins ciliolate;
petioles ciliate, ^i'-Yz' long; peduncles filiform,
Yz'-^' long; calyx-segments lanceolate, acumi-
nate, shorter than the erose-denticulate com-
monly mucronate corolla-segments; flowers
6"-i2" broad; capsule longer than the calyx.
In moist thickets, Nova Scotia to British Colum-
bia, south to Georgia, Alabama, Nebraska, New
Mexico and Arizona. Ascends to 6300 ft. in North
Carolina. Naturalized in Europe. June-Aug.
590
PRIMULACEAE.
[Vol. II.
2. Steironema tonsum (Wood)Bick-
nell. Southern Loosestrife. (Fig. 28 17.)
L. ciliata var. loiisa Wood, Class-book, 505. 1863.
Steironema intermedium Kearney, Bull. Torr.
Club, 21 : 263. 1894.
Stem erect, i°-2° high, slender, obtusely
4-angled, glabrous below, minutely glandu-
lar-puberulent above. Leaves 2^-3' long,
io'^-2o'' wide, ovate to ovate-lauceolate,
acute at the apex, obtuse or subcordate at the
base, minutely ciliolate, otherwise glabrous,
the upper much smaller; petioles slender,
glabrous, or ciliate only at the base; panicle
open, leafy; pedicels slender, 2-6 times as
long as the flowers; calyx-segments lanceo-
late, very acute; corolla 9"-io" broad, its seg-
ments cuspidate; capsule shorter than calyx.
On dry rocks, Virginia to Tennessee and Ala-
bama. June-July.
3. Steironema radicans (Hook.) A.
Gray, Trailing Loosestrife. (Fig. 2818.)
L. radicans Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. i: 177. 1836.
5^. radicans h.. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 12: 63. 1876.
Stem weak, at first erect, soon decumbent
or reclined and often rooting at the joints,
very slender, glabrous, much branched, i°-3°
long. Leaves membranous, pinnately veined,
lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, acute or acumi-
nate at the apex, rounded or narrowed, but not
cordate at the base, I'-i^' long, wide;
margins not ciliolate; petioles naked or very
sparingly ciliolate, long; peduncles
filiform, Yz'-i' long; calyx-segments ovate or
lanceolate, acuminate, about equalling the
erose-denticulate corolla-segments; flowers
broad; capsule about one-half as long
as the calyx.
In swamps, Virginia and West Virginia to Ar-
kansas and Louisiana. June-Aug.
4. Steironema lanceolatum (Walt.)
A. Gray. Lance-leaved Loose-
strife. (Fig. 2819.)
Lysimachia lanceolata Walt. Fl. Car. 92. 1788.
L. hybrida Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 126. 1803.
Steironema lanceolatum A. Gray, Proc. Am.
Acad. 12: 63. 1876.
Stem erect, slender, glabrous, simple or
branched, 6''-3° high. Leaves lanceolate, lin-
ear or oblong-lanceolate, petioled or nearlj*
sessile, membranous, pinnately veined, acute
or acuminate at the apex, usually narrowed
at the base, long, 2''-io" wide, the mar-
gins naked or ciliate; lower leaves shorter, of-
ten oblong or nearly orbicular; petioles 1"-%"
long, naked or ciliate; peduncles slender or
filiform, long; calyx segments lanceo-
late, acute or acuminate, nearly as long as or
exceeding the erose and cuspidate -pointed
corolla-segments; flowers broad; cap-
sule nearly as long as the calyx-segments.
In moist soil, Maine to Minnesota, south to
Florida, Louisiana and Arizona. June-Aug.
PRIMROSE FAMILY.
591
Prairie Moneywort. Linear-
Voi.. II.]
5. Steironema quadriflorum (Sims) Hitchc.
leaved Loosestrife. (Fig. 2820.)
L. quadriflora Sims, Bot. Mag. pi. 660. 1803.
L. longifolia Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 135. 1814.
Steironema longifoliiim A. Gray, Proc. Am.
Acad. 12: 63. 1876.
Steironema quadriflorum Hitchc. Trans. St.
Louis Acad. 5: 506. 1891.
Stem erect, strict, glabrous, simple or little
branched, 4-sided, io'-24' high. vStem-leaves
all but the lowest sessile or very nearly so,
firm, narrowly linear, i-nerved, the lateral
veins obscure, acute or acuminate at both
ends, i'-4'long, i''-2^'' wide, usually with
smaller ones fascicled in the axils, glabrous,
the margins slightly rcvolute; basal leaves
oblong or linear-oblong, shorter, slender-
petioled, acute or obtuse; peduncles filiform,
Yz'-iYz' long; calyx-segments lanceolate,
acute, shorter than the cuspidate and
slightly erose corolla-segments; flowers 8'^-
12'' broad, often somewhat clustered in 4's
at the ends of the branches.
Along streams and lakes, West Virginia to
western New York, Ontario, Kentucky, Iowa and
Manitoba. June-July.
7. NAUMBURGIA Moench, Meth. Suppl. 23. 1802.
An erect perennial leafy herb, with slender rootstocks, opposite sessile lanceolate en-
tire leaves, the lower much smaller or reduced to scales, and small yellow flowers in axil-
lary peduncled spike-like racemes or heads. Calyx 5-7-divided, the sepals linear, slightly
imbricated. Corolla deeply 5-7-parted, the tube exceedingly short, the segments narrow.
Stamens 5-7, exserted; filaments slender, glabrous, slightly united at the base, alternating
with as many small tooth-like staminodia at each sinus of the corolla. Ovary globose-ovoid;
ovules few or several; style slender, equalling or exceeding the stamens; stigma capitate.
Capsule 5-7-valved, few-seeded. Seeds not margined, somewhat angled.
A monotypic genus of the north temperate zone.
I. Naumburgia thyrsiflora (L.) Duby.
Tufted Loosestrife. (Fig. 2821.)
Lysimachia thyrsiflora I,- Sp. PI. 147. I753-
Naumburgia giittala'Motnch, Meth. Suppl. 23. 1802.
Naumburgia thyrsiflora Duby, in DC. Prodr. 8: 60. 1844.
Glabrous or somewhat pubescent; stems simple, erect,
u J often tufted, i°-2>^° high. Leaves 2^-4' long, 4'^-io''
wide, the upper lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acute
or acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the base, the
lower smaller, the lowest reduced to ovate scales or
these deciduous; peduncles solitary in the axils, rather
stout, ^'-ij^' long; racemes dense, oblong or ovoid,
Yz'-x' long, spike-like; pedicels very short; flowers
2"-2," broad; sepals usually spotted; corolla-segments
yellow with black spots; style very slender; anthers
oblong; capsule globose, black-spotted, when mature
slightly longer than the sepals, shorter than the style.
In swamps, Nova Scotia to Alaska, south to southern
New York, Pennsylvania, Missouri and Oregon. Also in
Europe and Asia. May-July.
8. TRIENTALIS L. Sp. PI. 344. 1753.
Glabrous low perennial herbs, with simple slender erect stems, and lanceolate ovate or
oblong leaves mostly clustered in a verticil at the summit. Flowers few or solitarj', terminal,
slender-peduncled, small, white or pink, deeply 5-9- (mostly 7-) parted. Sepals narrow, per-
sistent, spreading. Corolla rotate, its tube almost none, its segments convolute in the bud,
acute or acuminate, entire; filaments united into a narrow ring at the base; anthers linear,
recurved after anthesis, Staminodia none. Ovary globose; ovules numerous; style filiform.
Capsule globose, 5-valved, many-seeded. Seeds trigonous or spherical. [Latin, one-third
of a foot, referring to the height of the plant.]
Two species, of the northern hemisphere. The other occurs in northwestern America.
592 PRIMULACEAE. [Vol. II.
1. Trientalis Americana Pursh. Star-
flower. Chickweed Wiutergreen.
(Fig. 2822.)
Trientalis Americana Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 256.
1814.
Rootstock horizontal or creeping, sending up
simple stem-like branches s'-g' high, which
are naked or scalj- below, the leaves all in a
verticil of 5-10 at the summit. Leaves mem-
branous, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acu-
minate at both ends, sessile or short-petioled,
minutely crenulate, i Yz'-i,' long, wide;
pedicels filiform, erect, \'-2' long; sepals nar-
rowly lanceolate or subulate, cuspidate, about
one-half as long as the oblong or somewhat
obovate corolla-segments; flowers 4''-6" broad;
capsule shorter than the sepals.
In damp woods and thickets, Labrador to the
Northwest Territory, south to southern New Jersey,
Virginia, Illinois and Michigan. Maj'-June.
9. GLAUX L. Sp. PI. 207. 1753.
A small succulent perennial leaf}- herb, with opposite entire obtuse small fleshy leaves,
and minute dimorphous nearly sessile axillar}' pink or white flowers. Calyx 5-parted, the lobes
petaloid, imbricated in the bud, about equalling the campanulate tube. Corolla none. Sta-
mens 5, inserted at the base of the calj-x and alternate with its lobes; filaments subulate-fili-
form; anthers cordate, attached \>y their backs to the filaments. Ovarj- superior, ovoid, glan-
dular; ovules few; style filiform; stigma capitellate. Capsule globose-ovoid, beaked, 5-valved
at the top, few-seeded. Seeds ellipsoid. [Greek, sea-green.]
A monotypic genus of salt marshes, sea-beaches and other saline situations in the northern
hemisphere.
1. Glaux maritima L. Sea Milkwort.
Black Saltwort. (Fig. 2823.)
Glaux maritima L. Sp. PI. 207. 1753.
Perennial by slender rootstocks, glabrous, pale
or glaucous, simple or branched, erect or diffuse,
high. Leaves oval, oblong or linear-oblong,
rarely somewhat spatulate, sessile, 2"-6" long,
\"-2^" wide, the lower usually smaller than the
upper; flowers about 1%" broad, solitary and very
nearly sessile in the axils, usually numerous; calyx-
lobes oval, pink, purplish or white; stamens either
shorter than the style or exceeding it; capsule
nearly enclosed by the calyx, but free from and
about equalling it.
In salt marshes and on sea-beaches, New Jersey to
Newfoundland: in saline or subsaline soil from Minne-
sota and Manitoba to the Northwest Territory, south to
Nebraska and Nevada; on the Pacific Coast from Cali-
fornia to .Alaska. Also in Europe and Asia. Called
also Sea Trifoly. June-Aug.
ID. ANAGALLIS L. Sp. PI. 148. 1753.
Annual or perennial, diffuse or erect, branching mostly glabrous herbs, with opposite or
verticillate (rarelj' alternate) sessile or short-petioled leaves, entire or nearly so, and small
axillary peduncled red blue white or pink flowers. Calyx 5-parted, the lobes lanceolate or
subulate, spreading, persistent. Corolla deeply 5-parted, rotate, the segments entire or erose,
convolute in the bud, longer than the calyx. Stamens 5, inserted at the base of the corolla,
filaments subulate, or filiform, puberulent, or pubescent, distinct, or united into a narrow ring
at the base; anthers oblong, obtuse. Ovary globose, ovules numerous; stigma obtuse. Capsule
globose, circumscissile, many-seeded. Seeds minute, flat on the back. [Greek, delightful.]
About 15 species, mostly of the Old World, i native in southern South America. The following
European and Asiatic species is widely distributed as a weed.
Vol,. II.]
PRIMROSE FAMILY.
593
I. Anagallis arvensis L. Red or Scarlet
Pimpernel. Poor Man's or Shep-
herd's Weather-glass. (Fig. 2824.)
Anagallis arvensis L. Sp. PI. 148. 1753.
Annual, diffuse, usually much branched;
branches 4^-12' long, 4-sided. Leaves ovate or
oval, membranous, opposite or rarely in 3's,
sessile or somewhat clasping, obtuse or acutish,
■^"-lo" long, black-dotted beneath; peduncles
filiform, Yz'-iYz' long, recurved in fruit; calyx-
lobes keeled, rather rigid, slightly shorter than
the crenate glandular-ciliate corolla-segments;
flowers scarlet, sometimes white, usually with a
darker center, ^''-^i/' broad, opening only in
bright weather; capsule glabrous, about ■i" in
diameter.
In waste places, Newfoundland to Florida, west
to Minnesota, Texas and Mexico, and on the Pacific
Coast. Naturalized from Europe. Called also Red
Chickweed, Burnet Rose, and Shepherd's Clock.
May-Aug.
Anagallis arvensis coeriilea (Lam.) Ledeb. Fl. Ross. 3:30. 1846.
Anagallis coerulea Lam. Fl. Fr. 2: 285. 1778.
Flowers blue ; corolla-segments glabrous. Reported as sparingly occurring in waste places.
Probably a distinct species.
11. CENTUNCULUS I^. Sp. PI. ii6. 1753.
Low annual glabrous erect simple or branched herbs, with alternate small entire sessile
or short-petioled leaves, or the lower opposite, and minute solitary axillary flowers. Calyx
4-5-parted, persistent, the lobes longer than the corolla. Corolla 4-5-cleft, marcescent, the
tube subglobose, the lobes entire, acute, spreading. Stamens 4-5, inserted on the throat of
the corolla; filaments short, distinct; anthers ovate or cordate, obtuse; stigma capitate.
Ovules numerous, amphitropous. Capsule globose, circum-
scissile, many-seeded. Seeds minute, flat on the back.
[Latin, diminutive of cento, a patch.]
Three species, of wide geographic distribution. In addition
to the following, another occurs in Florida.
I. Centunculus minimus L. Chaflfweed. False
Pimpernel. (Fig. 2825.)
Centunculus minimus "Li. Sy. PI. ii6. 1753.
Simple or branched, very slender, i'-6' high. Leaves
spatulate, obovate or oblong, short-petioled, obtuse or acut-
ish, long, x"-2" wide; flowers sessile or very nearly
so in the axils, shorter than the leaves, mostly 4-parted,
i"-2" broad; calyx-lobes linear or linear-lanceolate, acumi-
nate; corolla pink; capsule shorter than the calyx.
In moist soil, Illinois and Minnesota to British Columbia,
south to Florida, Texas and Mexico. Also in Europe and South
America. April-Sept.
12. DODECATHEON Sp. PI. 144. 1753.
Glabrous scapose perennial herbs, with entire or repand basal leaves. Flowers large or
middle-sized in involucrate umbels terminating scapes. Calyx deeply 5-lobed, persistent,
the lobes at first reflexed. Corolla 5-parted, the lobes reflexed, slightly unequal, imbricated,
the tube very short, thickened at the throat. Stamens 5, inserted on the throat of the
corolla; filaments short, flat, monadelphous, connivent into a cone, exserted; anthers linear
or lanceolate, connivent, attached by their bases to the filaments. Ovary ovoid or subglo-
bose, superior; ovules numerous, amphitropous; style filiform, exserted; stigma simple.
Capsule oblong or cylindric, erect, 5-6-valved at the apex or splitting to the base. Seeds
numerous, minute; the testa punctate. [Greek, twelve gods; name used by Theophrastus
for some different plant.]
About 10 species, natives of North America and northeastern Asia. Besides the following,
some 8 others occur in western and northwestern North America.
38
594 PRIMULACEAE. [Vol.. II.
I. Dodecatheon Meadia L. Shooting Star.
American Cowslip. Pride-of-Ohio. (Fig. 2826.)
Dodecatheon Meadia 1,. Sp. PI. 144. 1753.
Perennial by a stout rootstock; roots fibrous; scape
erect, 8'-2° high. Leaves oblong or oblanceolate, ob-
tuse or obtusish at the apex, narrowed into margined
petioles, entire or toothed, 3'-i2' long, Yz'-if wide;
flowers few, seveial or numerous in the umbels, g"-
long; bracts of the involucre lanceolate or linear,
acute; pedicels recurved in flower, erect in fruit, un-
equal, the outer ones sometimes 4' long; calyx-lobes
triangular-lanceolate, acute; corolla purple, pink or
white; anthers 2>"~A" long; capsule narrowly ovoid,
erect, 5-valved above, high.
On moist cliffs and prairies, Pennsylvania to Manitoba,
south to Georgia and Texas. April-May.
Dodecatheon Meadia Frenchii Vasey; Wats. & Coult. in
A. Gray, Man. Ed. 6, 735 b. 1891.
Leaves ovate or elliptic, base abruptly contracted or
cordate. Illinois to Arkansas; southern Pennsylvania ?
Family 8. PLUMBAGINACEAE Lindl. Nat. Syst. Ed. 2, 269. 1836.
Plumbago Family.
Perennial mostly acaulescent erect herbs, with basal tufted leaves (stem
climbing and leafy in Plumbago') , and small perfect and regular clustered flow-
ers. Calyx inferior, gamosepalous, tubular or funnelform, 5-toothed, plaited at
the sinuses, the tube 5-15-ribbed. Corolla of 5 hypogynous clawed segments,
connate at the base or united into a tube, convolute or imbricated in the bud.
Stamens 5, opposite the corolla-segments, hypogynous; filaments separate, or
united at the base; anthers 2 -celled, attached by their laacks to the filaments,
the sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Disk none. Ovary superior, i -celled; ovule
solitary, anatropous, pendulous, the funiculus arising from the base of the cav-
ity; styles 5, separate or united. Fruit a utricle or achene, enclosed by the
calyx, rarely a dehiscent capsule. Seed solitary; testa membranous; endosperm
mealy, or none; embryo straight; cotyledons entire.
About 10 genera and 350 species, of wide geographic distribution, mostly in saline situations.
Inflorescence cymose-paniculate : flowers in one-sided spikes. i. Limoniuin.
Flowers in a dense terminal head. 2. Staiice.
I. LIMONIUM Adans. Fam. PI. 2: 283. 1763.
[Statice Willd. Sp. PI. i: 1552. 1798.]
Herbs, mostly with flat basal leaves, and numerous very small flowers cymose-paniculate
on the branches of bracted scapes, in 1-3-flowered bracteolate clusters, forming one-sided
spikes. Calyx campanulate or tubular, the limb scarious, 5-toothed, the tube usually 10-
ribbed. Petals 5, clawed. Stamens adnate to the bases of the petals. Styles 5, separate in
our species, stigmatic along the inner side. Fruit a utricle. [Ancient name of the wild beet.]
About 120 species. Besides the following, i occurs on the South Atlantic and i on the Pacific Coast.
I. Limonium Carolinianum (Walt.) Britton. Sea Lavender. Marsh
Rosemary. Canker-root. (Fig. 2827.)
Statice Caroliniana Walt. Fl. Car. ii8. 1788.
Statice Limonium var. Carolinianum A. Gray, Man. Ed. 2,
270. 1856.
L. Caroliniajium Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 255. 1894.
Glabrous, fleshy, rootstock thick, fusiform or branched,
scape terete, striate, slender, paniculately branched above,
i°-2° high. Leaves oblanceolate, obtuse or acutish and
mucronulate at the apex, narrowed into margined peti-
oles, entire, or slightly undulate, 3'-io' long, Yz'-tYz'
wide, shorter than the scapes, the midvein prominent,
the lateral veins very obscure; flowers erect, usually soli-
tary in the sessile secund bracteolate clusters, about 2'^
high; calyx 5-toothed, sometimes with as many minute
intermediate teeth in the sinuses; corolla pale purple;
petals spatulate; ovary oblong or ovoid; styles filiform.
On salt meadows, Labrador to Florida and Texas. Called
also Lavender-thrift, and Ink-root. July-Oct.
Vol. II.] PLUMBAGO FAMILY. 595
2. STATICE ly. Sp. PI. 274. 1753.
[Armeria Willd. Enum. 333. 1809.]
Tufted acaulescent fleshy herbs, with slender mostly naked scapes, basal persistent rosu-
late narrow leaves with no diff"erentiation into blade and petiole, and rather small short-pedi-
celled or sessile flowers, in dense terminal glomerate heads, subtended by scarious bracts
and bractlets, the lower bracts forming a kind of involucre to the head, the two lowest
reflexed and more or less united into a sheath. Calyx funnelform, lo-ribbed, 5-toothed, ob-
lique at the base or decurrent on the pedicel, scarious. Petals 5, distinct, or more or less
coherent. Filaments adnate to the bases of the petals. Styles united at the base, pubescent
below the middle, longitudinally stigmatic above. Utricle 5-pointed at the summit, rarely
dehiscent. [Greek, standing.]
About 20 species, natives of Europe, north Africa, western Asia, northern North America and
southern South America. The following is the only one known in North America.
I. Statice Armeria L. Thrift. Sea Pink.
lyadies' Cushion. (Fig. 2828.) <Ji
Statice Armeria L. Sp. PI. 274. 1753.
Armeria vulgaris V\[\\\A. 'Enum. 2i?)2i- 1809.
Scape glabrous or somewhat pubescent, 4^-18'' high.
Leaves narrowly linear, acute or obtuse, flatfish, ob-
scurely i-nerved, entire, numerous in a radial tuft, 1^-3''
long, y2"-\yz" wide; bracts scarious and obtuse, the 2
lower ones forming a sheath 2/'-\o" long; head of flowers
in diameter; calyx-base decurrent on the very short
pedicel, pubescent at least on the stronger nerves; corolla
pink, purple or white, i"--!/' broad; petals obtuse or
cuspidate.
Along the sea-coast and on mountains, Labrador to Alaska,
south on the Pacific Coast to California. Also in Europe,
northern Asia, and apparently the same species at the Strait
of Magellan. Summer. Called also Sea-thrift, Sea-gilli-
flower, Sea-grass, Red-root.
Family 9. SAPOTACEAE Reichenb. Consp. 135. 1828.
Sapodilla Family.
Shrubs or trees, mostly with a milky juice. Leaves alternate, simple, entire,
pinnately-veined, mostly coriaceous and exstipulate. Flowers small, regular
and perfect, in axillary clusters. Calyx inferior, polysepalous, the sepals usu-
ally 4-7, much imbricated. Corolla gamopetalous, the tube campanulate or
urceoiate, 4-7-lobed, the lobes imbricated in the bud, sometimes with as many
or twice as many lobe-like appendages borne on the throat. Stamens as many
as the proper lobes of the corolla and inserted on its tube; staminodia usually
present, alternate with the corolla-lobes ; filaments mostly short, subulate;
anthers attached by their bases to the filaments, or versatile, 2-celled, the sacs
longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary superior, 2-5-celled, or rarely many-celled;
ovules solitary in each cavity, anatropous or amphitropous; style conic or subu-
late; stigma simple. Fruit a fleshy berry, commonly r -celled and i -seeded,
sometimes several-seeded. Seed large, the testa bony or crustaceous; embryo
straight; endosperm fleshy, or none.
About 35 genera and 400 species, mostly of tropical regions in both the Old World and the New.
Besides the following, 4 other genera occur in south Florida.
I, BUMELIA Sw. Prodr, 49. 1788.
Shrubs or trees, often spiny, with very hard wood, alternate coriaceous or membranous
leaves, sometimes clustered at the nodes, and small pedicelled white flowers, fascicled in
the axils. Calyx very deeply 5-parted, the segments much imbricated, unequal. Corolla
5-lobed, with a pair of lobe-like appendages at each sinus, its tube short. Stamens 5, in-
serted near the base of the corolla-tube; filaments filiform; anthers sagittate. Staminodia
5, petaloid, alternate with the stamens. Ovary 5-celled; style filiform. Berry globose or
ellipsoid, small, the pericarp fleshy; enclosing a single erect seed. Seed shining, the hilum
at the base. [Greek, ox [large] ash.]
About 30 species, natives of America. Besides the following, some 10 others occur in the
southern and southwestern United States.
Foliage, pedicels and calyx glabrous or very nearly so. i. B. lycioides.
Foliage, pedicels and calyx tomentose-pubescent. 2. B. lanuginosa.
SAPOTACEAE.
[Voi,. II.
I. Bumelia lycioides (L.) Pers. Southern
Buckthorn. (Fig. 2829.)
Side7 0xylon lycioides I,. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 279. 1762.
Bumelia lycioides Pers. Syn. i: 237. 1805.
A shrub or small tree with maximum height of
about 40° and trunk diameter of about 6', the
bark graj', the twigs commonly spiny. Leaves
rather firm, tardily deciduous, glabrous on both
sides; finelj' reticulate-veined, oblong, elliptic, or
oblanceolate, acute or acuminate at both ends,
rarely obtuse at the apex, 2^-5' long, j4f'-i j^' wide;
petioles 2"-6" long; flowers about i^i" broad,
numerous in the dense axillary clusters; pedicels
about the length of the petioles, glabrous; calyx-
segments obtuse, glabrous; staminodia ovate, boat-
shaped, entire; berry subglobose, black, 4''-5'' long.
Ill moist thickets, Virginia to Illinois and Missouri,
south to Florida and Texas. Wood hard, yellowish-
brown; weight about 46 lbs. per cubic foot. June-Aug.
2. Bumelia lanuginosa (Michx.) Pers.
Wooll}^ Buckthorn. (Fig. 2830.)
Sideroxylon lanugijiosum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i:
122. 1803.
Bumelia lanuginosa Pers. Syn. i: 237. 1805.
A shrub or tree, sometimes reaching a height of
60° and a trunk diameter of 3°, the twigs usually
spiny. Leaves persistent, rather coriaceous, glab-
rous above, densely tomentose-pubescent be-
neath, oblanceolate, obovate or oblong, usually
obtuse at the apex, narrowed or cuneate at the
base, lYz'-}/ long, ^i'-i' wide; petioles
long; flowers 3-18 in the fascicles, about i^"
broad; pedicels tomentose, longer than the
petioles; cal3-x-segments ovate, tomentose, ob-
tusish; staminodia ovate, obscurely toothed;
berry oval, black, long.
In woc)ds and thickets,Illinois to Texas, Georgia and
Florida. Wood soft, weak, yellowish-brown; weight
per cubic foot 41 lbs. Shittim-wood. June-July.
Family lo. EBENACEAE Vent. Tabl. 2: 443. 1779.
Ebony Family.
Trees or shrubs with verj' hard wood, alternate entire exstipulate leaves, and
dioecious polygamous or rarely perfect regular flowers, solitarj- or cymose in the
axils. Calyx inferior, 3-7-lobed, commonly accrescent and persistent. Corolla
gamopetalous, deciduous, 3-7-lobed, the lobes usually convolute in the bud.
Stamens 2-3 times as many as the lobes of the corolla in the sterile flowers, and
inserted on its tube, usuallj^ some imperfect ones in the pistillate flowers; fila-
ments short; anthers introrse, narrow, erect. Disk none. Ovarj' superior,
several-celled, in the staminate flowers rudimentary or none; ovules 1-3 in each
cavity, stispended; styles 2-8, distinct, or united below; stigmas terminal, some-
times 2-parted. Fruit a berry, containing several seeds, or but one. Seeds ob-
long, compressed or globose, the testa bonj^, endosperm copious, cartilaginous;
embryo small, usually straight; cotyledons large, foliaceous.
About 6 genera and 275 species, mostly of tropical distribution.
I. DIOSPYROS L. Sp. PI. 1057. 1753-
Trees or shrubs, with broad leaves and lateral cymose racemose or solitar}- flowers, the
pistillate commonly solitary, the staminate usually clustered. Calyx 4-6-cleft, enlarging in
fruit. Corolla urceolate in our species, 4-6-lobed. Stamens 8-20 in the sterile flowers, few
or none in the pistillate ones. Styles 2-6 in the pistillate flowers; ovar}' globose or ovoid,
its cavities twice as many as the styles. Ovary rudimentary in the sterile flowers. Berry
large, pulpy, containing 4-12 flat oblong hard seeds. [Greek, Zeus' wheat.]
About 160 species, abundant in Asia. Besides the following, another occurs in the southwest.
Voi,. II.] EBONY FAMILY. 597
I. Diospyros Virginiana L,.
Persimmon. Date-Plum. (Fig. 2831.)
Diospyros Virginiana L. Sp. PI. 1057. 1753.
A tree -with maximum height of about 100°
and trunk diameter of 2°, usually much smaller;
bark hard, dark, furrowed. Leaves ovate or
Oval, deciduous, pubescent when young, becom-
ing glabrous, acute or acuminate, narrowed,
rounded or subcordate at the base, dark green
above, pale beneath, 2'-^' long; petioles 3'^-io'^
long, loosely jointed with the twigs, the leaves
falling away in drying; flowers mostly 4-parted;
corolla greenish yellow; stamens of the sterile
flowers about 16, those of the pistillate 8 or
fewer; fruit globose, about 1' long, reddish yel-
low and sweet when ripe, astringent when
green, ripening after frost in the northern states.
In fields and woods, Rhode Island and southern
New York to Kansas, Florida and Texas. Wood
hard, strong, dark brown; weight per cubic foot 49
lbs. May-June. Fruit ripe Sept.-Nov.
Family II. SYMPLOCACEAE Miers; Lindl. Veg. Kingd. Ed. 3, 593. 1853.
Sweet-Leaf Family.
Trees or shrubs, with entire or dentate broad leaves, and small or middle-
sized regular mostly yellow and perfect flowers, in lateral or axillary clusters.
Calyx-tube completely or partly adnate to the ovary, its limb 5-lobed, the lobes
imbricated in the bud. Corolla 5-parted, sometimes very nearly to the base,
the segments imbricated. Disk none. Stamens numerous in several series, in-
serted on the base or tube of the corolla; filaments filiform, usually slightly
united in clusters at the base of each corolla-segment; anthers innate, laterally
dehiscent. Ovary 2-5-celled, inferior or partly superior; ovules commonly 2 in
each cavity, pendulous; style and stigma one. Fruit a small mostly nearly dry
drupe, usually with i oblong seed; embryo straight; endosperm fleshy.
Only the following genus, comprising about 175 species, natives of America, Asia and Austral-
asia, most abundant in South America. The following is the only known North American species.
I. SYMPLOCOS L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 747. 1763.
Characters of the family. [Greek, connected, referring to the stamens.]
I. Symplocos tinctoria (L.) L'Her. Sweet-leaf. Horse-sugar. (Fig. 2832.)
Hopea tincloria L. Mant. 105. 1767.
S. tinctoria L'Her. Trans. Linn. Soc. i: 176. 1791.
A shrub or small tree, sometimes attaining
a height of 35° and a trunk diameter of 9'.
Leaves rather coriaceous, oblong or slightly
obovate, acute or acuminate at both ends,
crenate-serrate with low teeth or repand,
short-petioled, puberulent or pubescent on
both sides when young, glabrous or nearly
so above and dark green when old, pale and
persistently pubescent beneath, 3^-6' long,
wide, deciduous at the northern range
of the species, persistent at the south, turning
yellowish -green in drying; flowers bright yel-
low, fragrant, i/'-d" broad, in sessile scaly-
bracted clusters, appearing at the North be-
fore the leaves; corolla almost polypetalous,
its segments oblong, obtuse, each bearing a
cluster of stamens; drupe dry, nut-like, ob-
long, long, pubescent, crowned with
the small calyx lobes.
Woods and thickets, Delaware to Florida and
Louisiana. Wood'soft, weak, pale red or white;
weight per cubic foot 33 lbs. March-April.
598 STYRACACEAE. [Vol. II.
Family 12. STYRACACEAE A. DC. Prodr. 8: 244. 1844.
Storax Family.
Trees or shrubs, with alternate exstipulate leaves. Flowers regular, per-
fect, or rarely polj'gamo-dioecious, clustered, sometimes appearing before the
leaves. Pubescence mostlj' stellate. Calyx more or less adnate to the ovary,
4-8-toothed, or entire. Corolla gamopetalous or polypetalous, the lobes or
petals 4-8. Stamens twice as manj' as the lobes of the corolla or petals, or
more, inserted on its tube or base, arranged in i series, the filaments monadel-
phous or 4-5-adelphous; anthers mostly introrse. Disk none. Ovary partly
superior, 2-5-celled; ovules solitary or few in each cavity, anatropous; style
slender; stigma simple or 2-5-lobed. Fruit a berry or drupe, or often nearly
dr}', winged in some genera, i-seeded, or 2-5-celled with a seed in each cavity.
Endosperm copious, fleshy; embryo usually straight; cotyledons flat.
About 7 genera and 75 species, mostly tropical, most abundant in South America.
Calyx superior, its tube obconic; fruit 2-4-winged. i. Mohrodendron.
Calyx nearly inferior, its tube campanulate; fruit globose or oblong. 2. Sty rax.
I. MOHRODENDRON Britton, Gard. & For. 6: 463. 1893.
[Halesia Ellis; L. Syst. Ed. 10. 2: 1044. 1759. Not. P. Br. 1756.]
Small trees or shrubs, more or less stellate-pubescent, with membranous deciduous
denticulate or dentate petioled leaves, and large white slender-pedicelled drooping bell-
shaped flowers, in lateral fascicles or short racemes, appearing with or before the leaves.
Calyx-tube obconic orobpyramidal, 4-5-ribbed, adnate to the ovary, the limb short, 4-toothed,
Corolla campanulate, 4-5-cleft or 4-5-parted nearly to the base. Stamens 8-16; filaments
flat, more or less monadelphous, slightly adnate to the corolla; anthers oblong. Ovary 2-4-
celled; ovules about 4 in each cavity, the lower ascending, the upper pendulous. Fruit dry,
oblong, 2-4-winged longitudinally, 1-4-celled, tipped with the style and the minute cal5'x-
teeth. [In honor of Chas. Mohr, botanist of the Geological Survey of Alabama.]
About 3 species, natives of southeastern North America.
I. Mohrodendron Carolinum (L.) Britton.
Silver-bell or Snow-drop Tree. ( Fig. 2833. )
Halesia teiraplera L,. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 636. 1762.
Halesia Carolina I,. Syst. Ed. 10, 1044. 1759.
Mohrodendron Carolinum Britton, Gard. & For. 6:
463. 1893.
A small tree with maximum height of about 45°
and trunk diameter of about 20'. Leaves oval,
ovate or ovate-oblong, denticulate, acuminate at
the apex, mostly narrowed at the base, dark green
and glabrous above when old, pale green and stel-
late-pubescent beneath, 2^-6' long, i'-'^' wide;
flowers in lateral fascicles of 1-5 appearing with
the leaves; pedicels filiform, Yz'-iY^' long; calyx
at flowering time about 2" long; corolla 6"-<)"
long; ovary 4-celled; fruit oblong-ellipsoid, 4-
winged, 1^-1%' long, usually longer than its pedi-
cel, several times longer than the persistent style.
In woods and along streams, Virginia to Illinois,
south to Florida and Alabama. Wood soft, light brown ;
weight per cubic foot 35 lbs. Calico-wood. March-April.
2. STYRAX L. Sp. PI. 444. 1753.
Shrubs or small trees, with alternate leaves, deciduous in our species, and rather large
mostly white drooping flowers, in lateral or terminal fascicles or leafy racemes, appearing
before or with the leaves. Calyx persistent, nearly inferior, its tube campanulate, adnate
to the lower part of the ovary, its limb minutely 5-tootlied. Corolla 5-parted or 5-divided,
the segments or petals imbricate, convolute or valvate in the bud. Stamens twice as many
as the corolla lobes or petals (rarely fewer); filaments flat, monadelphous below or rarely
separate, inserted on the base of the corolla; anthers linear. Ovary nearly superior, mostly
3-celled at the base; ovules several in each cavity, ascending; stigma 3-toothed, 3-lobed or
capitate. Fruit globose or oblong, nearly dry, coriaceous or crustaceous, commonly only
i-seeded, 3-valved at the summit. [Greek name of Storax.]
About 70 species, natives of .\merica, Asia and southern Europe. Besides the following, 2
others occur in the southern and western United States.
Vol. II.]
STORAX FAMILY.
599
Smooth Storax. (Fig. 2834.)
Foliage and inflorescence glabrous; calyx glandular-scurfy.
Lower surfaces of the leaves and inflorescence canescent or tomentose.
Leaves oblong or oval, i'-2^^' long.
Leaves obovate or oval, 2' -6' long.
I. Styrax Americana lyam
Sty rax Americana Lam. Encycl. 1 : 82. 1783.
A shrub, 4°-io° high, the foliage gla-
brous or very nearly so throughout.
Leaves green on both sides, oblong, oval
or obovate, acute or obtuse at the apex,
narrowed at the base, entire, or toothed,
I'-T,' long, Yz'-iyi' wide; petioles 2''-^''
long, often scurfy when young; flowers
few in the mostly short racemes or
sometimes solitary, long, about the
length of their pedicels; calyx and pedi-
cels glandular-dotted; petals oblong-lan-
ceolate, acute, puberulent on the outer
surface or glabrous, valvate or but slightly
overlapping in the bud; fruit subglo-
bose, puberulent, about 2," in diameter.
In moist thickets and along streams, Vir-
ginia to Florida, west to Arkansas and
Louisiana. March-April.
1. S'. Americana.
2. .S". pulverjilenla.
3. S. grandifolia.
2. Styrax pulverulenta Michx.
Downy Storax. (Fig. 2835.)
Slyrax pulverulenta Michx. Fl. Bor. Am.
2:41. 1803.
Similar to the preceding species, but
the lower surfaces of the leaves, the calyx
and pedicels are densely stellate-pubes-
cent or scurfy. Leaves oval or oblong,
usually acute at each end and denticulate,
short-petioled, i'-2^' long, pale beneath;
flowers in short terminal racemes and of-
ten in pairs in the axils, ^''-T" long, usu-
ally longer than their pedicels; petals
oblong-lanceolate, acute, puberulent on
both sides or only on the exterior, convo-
lute or imbricated in the bud; fruit glo-
bose, puberulent, about 3" in diameter.
In moist pine-barrens, Virginia to Florida
and Texas. March-April.
3. Styrax grandifolia Ait. Large-
leaved Storax. (Fig. 2836.)
Styrax grandifolia Ait. Hort. Kew. 2: 75. 1789.
A shrub, 5°-i2° high. Leaves obovate or
oval, dentate, denticulate or entire, short-
petioled, tomentose or canescent and pale be-
neath, green and glabrous above, 2'-6'long, or
on young shoots much larger; flowers ^"-W
long, longer than their pedicels, mostly several
in loose sometimes elongated racemes; rachis,
pedicels and calyx stellate-tomentose; petals
oblong, acutish, imbricated or convolute in the
bud, puberulent without and often also within;
fruit obovoid, puberulent, about 4" long.
In woods, Virginia to Florida and Georgia.
March-May.
6oo
OLEACEAE.
[Vol. II.
Family 13. OLEACEAE Lindl. Nat. Syst. 1830.
Olive Family.
Trees or shrubs (a few genera almost herbaceous) with opposite or rarely al-
ternate simple or pinnate exstipulate entire or dentate leaves and regular per-
fect polygamous or dioecious, 2-4-parted flowers in terminal or axillarj^ panicles,
cymes or fascicles. Calyx inferior, free from the ovar}^ usually small, some-
times none. Corolla gamopetalous, polj^petalous, or none. Stamens 2-4,
inserted on the corolla; filaments usually short, separate; anthers mostly large,
ovate, oblong or linear, 2-celled, the sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary
superior, 2-celled; ovules few in each cavity, anatropous or amphitropous; style
usually short or none, rarely elongated. Fruit a capsule, samara, berrj' or
drupe. Seeds erect or pendulous; endosperm fleshy, horny or wanting; embryo
straight, rather large; cotyledons flat, or plano-convex; radicle usually short.
About 21 genera and 500 species, of wide distribution in temperate and tropical regions.
Fruit a loculicidal capsule; leaves simple; flowers complete. i. Syritiga.
Fruit a samara; leaves pinnate; flowers dioecious. 2. Fraxinus.
Fruit a drupe or berry; leaves simple. _
Flowers dioecious, apetalous, from catkin-like scaly buds. 3. Adelia.
Flowers complete, polypetalous, paniculate; petals linear. 4. Chionanlhiis.
Flowers complete, gamopetalous, paniculate. 5. Ligustrum.
I. SYRINGA L. Sp. PI. 9. 1753.
Shrubs with opposite entire (rarely pinnatifid) leaves, and complete gamopetalous flow-
ers, in dense terminal panicles or thyrses. Calyx campanulate, mostly 4-toothed, persistent.
Corolla salverform, the tube cylindric, the limb 4-lobed, the lobes induplicate-valvate. Sta-
mens 2, inserted near the summit of the corolla-tube; filaments short or slender; anthers
ovate or oblong. Ovary 2-celled; ovules 2 in each cavity, pendulous; style elongated; stigma
2-cleft. Capsule narrowly oblong, somewhat com-
pressed, coriaceous, loculicidally 2-valved from above,
the valves concave. Seeds pendulous, compressed,
obliquely winged. [Greek, a pipe, or tube.]
About 12 species, natives of Asia and eastern Europe.
1. Syringa vulgaris Lilac. (Fig. 2837.)
Syringa vulgaris L. Sp. PI. 9. 1753.
A glabrous shrub, io°-25° high with terete branches.
Leaves ovate, entire, deciduous, green on both sides,
acuminate at the apex, truncate or subcordate at the
base, 1'-^' long, wide; petioles yi'-V long;
flowers lilac or white, very numerous, ^"-"i" long,
broad, in large terminal thyrses; calyx about
\" long; corolla-tube about \" in diameter; ultimate
pedicels short; capsule 8^^-12'' long, 1" thick.
Escaped f rom gardens to roadsides in New Jersey, south-
eastern New York, and Pennsylvania. Native of eastern
Europe. Old names, Pipe-tree, Pipe-privets, Blue-pipe,
Blue-ash, Roman Willow. Flowers fragrant. April-May.
2. FRAXINUS L. Sp. PI. 1057. 1753.
Trees, with opposite and in all our species odd-pinnate leaves, and small dioecious or
polygamous (rarely perfect) greenish fasciculate or racemose-fasciculate flowers, appearing
before or with the leaves from the axils of those of the previous season. Calyx small, 4-cleft,
irregularly toothed, entire or none. Petals none or 2-4, separate, or united in pairs at the
base, induplicate-valvate. Stamens 2 (rarely 3 or 4), inserted on the base of the petals or
hypogynous; filaments short or elongated; anthers ovate, oblong or linear. Ovules 2 in
each cavity of the ovary, pendulous; stigma 2-cleft. Fruit a flat samara, winged at the apex
onl}' or all around, usually i-seeded. Seed oblong, pendulous. [The ancient Latin name.]
About 40 species. Besides the following, 6 others occur in the southern and western states.
Lateral leaflets stalked; calyx present in the fertile flowers.
Body of the samara terete or nearly so, the wing chiefly terminal.
Wing almost entirely terminal; leaves pale beneath. i. F. Americana.
Wing manifestly extending down on the sides of the body.
Foliage, twigs and pedicels glabrous or verj' nearly so. 2. F. lanceolata.
Foliage, young twigs and pedicels velvety-pubescent. 3. F. Pennsylvanica.
Body of the samara flat, the wing extending all around it.
Twigs terete; leaflets 5-7; samara elliptic or spatulate. 4. F. CaroUniana.
Twigs 4-sided; leaflets 7-1 1; samara oblong or cuneate. 5. F. quadrangulata.
Lateral leaflets sessile; calyx none; samara winged all around. 6. F. nigra.
Vol,. II.]
OLIVE FAMILY.
White
60 1
I. Fraxinus Americana L.
Ash. (Fig. 2838.)
Fraxtnus Americana L Sp. PI. 1057. 1753.
A large forest tree, reaching a maximum height
of about 130° and a trunk diameter of 6°. Twigs,
petioles and rachis of the leaves glabrous; leaf-
lets 5-9 (commonly 7), ovate, ovate-lanceolate,
oblong or rarely slightly obovate, stalked, entire
or denticulate, dark green above, pale or light
green and often pubescent beneath, 3'-5' long,
i'-2' wide, acuminate or acute at the apex,
mostly rounded at the base; flowers dioecious
(rarely monoecious), the calyx of the pistillate
present and persistent; anthers linear-oblong;
samara i'-2' long, its body terete, not margined,
winged only from near the summit, one-fourth
to one-half the length of the linear-oblong or
lanceolate wing.
In rich woods, Nova Scotia to Minnesota, south to
Florida, Kansas and Texas. Wood heavy, hard,
strong, brown ; weight per cubic foot 41 lbs. April-June.
Fraxinus Americana profunda Bush, Ann. Rep. Mo. Bot. Gard. 5: 147. 1894.
Leaflets densely pubescent beneath; samara 2'-2'A' long, the wing more decurrent.
Probably a distinct species.
2. Fraxinus lanceolata Borck,
Ash. (Fig. 2839.)
southern Missouri.
Swamps,
Green
Fraxitius lanceolata Borck. Handb. Forst. Bot. i:
826. 1800.
Fraxinus viridis Michx. f. Hist. Arb. Am. 3: 115.
pi. 10. 1813.
A tree with maximum height of about 65° and
trunk diameter of 3°, glabrous or very nearly so
throughout. Leaflets 5-9, stalked, entire or
denticulate, ovate or oblong- lanceolate, acumi-
nate or acute at the apex, mostly narrowed at
the base, green on both sides, 2' -6' long, \'-2'
wide; flowers dioecious, the calyx of the pistil-
late persistent; anthers linear-oblong; samara
i'-2' long, very similar to that of the preceding
species, the usually spatulate and proportion-
ately slightly longer wing sometimes decurrent
on the sides of the body to below the middle.
Moist soil, Vermont to the Northwest Territory,
Florida, Utah and Arizona. Wood hard, strong,
brown; weight per cubic foot 44 lbs. April-May.
3. Fraxinus Pennsylvanica Marsh.
Red Ash. (Fig. 2840.)
Fraxinus Pentisylvanica Marsh. Arb. Am. 51. 1785.
Fraxinus pubescens Lam. Fncycl. 2: 548. 1786.
A tree with maximum height of about 80° and
trunk diameter of 4°. Twigs, petioles, rachis
petiolules and lower surfaces of the leaves vel-
vety-pubescent; leaflets 5-9, stalked, ovate, ovate-
lanceolate or oblong, acuminate or acute at the
apex, mostly narrowed at the base, usually denticu-
late, 3'-6' long, \'-2' wide; flowers dioecious, the
calyx of the pistillate ones present and persistent;
anthers linear-oblong; samara i'-2^' loug. its
body linear, margined above by the decurrent
linear or spatulate wing, and about equalling it.
In moist soil, New Brunswick to South Dakota, Flor-
ida, Alabama, and Missouri. Wood heavy, strong,
brown; weight per cubic fooc 39 lbs. April-May.
6o2
OLEACEAE.
[Vol. II.
5, Fraxinus quadrangulata Michx.
Blue Ash. (Fig. 2842.)
Fraxinus quadrangulata Michx. Fl. Bor. Am.
2: 255. 1803.
A large forest tree, sometimes becoming
110° high, the trunk reaching 3° in diameter,
the twigs 4-sided, the foliage glabrous, or
sparingly pubescent when young. Leaflets
7-1 1, ovate, oblong or lanceolate, acuminate
at the apex, rounded or narrowed at the base,
short-stalked {2"-2,"), green on both sides,
sharplj- serrate or serrulate, 3'-5' long, i'-2'
wide; flowers dioecious, the calyx of the pis-
tillate ones deciduous or sometimes obsolete;
anthers linear-oblong; samara linear-oblong
or cuneate, i'-2' long, 2>"~l" wide, winged
all around, parallel-nerved, the body extend-
ing more than half-way to the apex.
In woods, Ontario, Minnesota and Michigan
to Alabama, west to Iowa and Arkansas. Wood
hea\-y, hard, not strong, yellowish brown;
weight per cubic ft. 47 lbs. March- April.
4. Fraxinus Caroliniana Mill. Water
Ash. (Fig. 2841.)
F. Caroliniana Mill. Diet, Ed. 8, no. 6. 1768.
F. platycarpa Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 256. 1803.
A small tree, rarely over 40° high, the trunk
reaching about 1° in diameter, with terete
twigs and glabrous or slightly pubescent
foliage. Leaflets 5-7 (rarely 9), ovate, ovate-
lanceolate or oblong, acuminate or acute at
the apex, narrowed, or the lower ones rounded
at the base, long-stalked (4'''-8" ), sharply ser-
rate, serrulate or sometimes entire, 2'-^' long,
Yz'-xYz' wide; flowers dioecious, the calyx of
the pistillate persistent; anthers linear-oblong;
samara long, wide, elliptic or
spatulate, the body linear, flat, broadly winged
all around, extending more than half way to
the apex of the fruit, the wing pinnately
veined; samaras sometimes 3-angled.
In swamps and wet soil, southeastern Virginia
to Florida, west to Arkansas and Texas. Also in
Cuba. Wood light, soft, weak, yellowish white;
weight per cubic foot 22 lbs. March-April.
6. Fraxinus nigra
Ash. Hoop Ash.
Marsh. Black
(Fig. 2843.)
Fraxinus nigra Marsh. Arb. Am. 51. 1785.
Fraxinus sainbucifolia Lam. Encycl. 2: 549. 1786.
A swamp tree, reaching a maximum height
of about 100° and trunk diameter of 3°, the
twigs terete, the foliage glabrous, except the
midrib of the lower surfaces of the leaflets.
Leaflets 7-11, sessile, green on both sides, ob-
long-lanceolate, long-acuminate at the apex,
narrowed or rounded at the base, sharply ser-
rate or serrulate, 3^-6' long, 9"-i8" wide; flow-
ers dioecious; calyx none; anthers short-oblong;
samara oblong or linear-oblong, parallel-neri'ed,
x'-iYz' long, 3"-4'' wide, the body flat, winged
all around, extending to or beyond the middle.
In swamps and wet woods, Newfoundland to
Manitoba, south to Virginia and Arkansas. Wood
heavy, soft, not strong, dark brown; weight per cubic
foot 39 lbs. Lateral leaflets sessile. April-May.
Called also Water ash.
Vol,. II.] OLIVE FAMILY. 603
3. ADELIA P. Br. Civ. & Nat. Hist. Jam. 361. 1756.
[FoRESTiERA Poir. in Lam. Encycl. Suppl. 2: 664. 1811.]
Shrubs with opposite simple serrulate or entire deciduous or persistent leaves (punctate
in some southern species), and small yellow or greenish dioecious or polygamous flowers,
fascicled, short-racemose or paniculate from scaly buds produced at the axils of the preced-
ing season, appearing before or with the leaves. Cal3-x wanting, obsolete, or minute and 4-
toothed or 4-parted. Corolla wanting, or of i or 2 small deciduous petals. Stamens 2-4;
anthers ovate or oblong. Ovary ovoid, 2-celled; ovules 2 in each cell, pendulous; style
slender; stigma 2-lobed. Fruit an oblong or subglobose drupe with i or rarely 2 seeds.
[Greek, inconspicuous, perhaps referring to the flowers.]
About 15 species, natives of America. Besides the following, about 7 others occur in the
southern and southwestern United States.
I. Adelia acuminata Miclix. Adelia.
(Fig. 2844.)
Adelia acuminata Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 225. pi.
48. 1803.
Forestiera acuminata Poir. in Lam. Encycl. Suppl.
2:664. 181 1.
A shrub or small tree, sometimes reaching a
height of 30° and a trunk diameter of 8', the
branches somewhat spiny, the foliage glabrous.
Leaves ovate, lanceolate or oblong, acuminate
or acute at both ends, finely denticulate, i'-4'
long, Yz'-i' wide; petioles slender, 4"-i2"long;
staminate flowers fascicled; pistillate flowers
short-paniculate; calyx obsolete; drupe nar-
rowly oblong when mature, about yi' long,
•when young fusiform and often curved.
River-banks, Illinois to Georgia, west to Missouri,
Arkansas and Texas. Wood heavy, soft, not strong,
yellowish brown; weight per cubic foot 40 lbs.
March- April.
4. CHIONANTHUS L. Sp. PI. 8. 1753.
Shrubs or small trees, with opposite simple entire leaves, and complete conspicuous
white flowers, in large loose panicles from the axils of the upper leaves of the preceding
season. Calyx small, 4-cleft or 4-parted, inferior, persistent. Corolla of 4 linear petals,
slightly united at the very base, their margins slightly induplicate in the bud. Stamens 2
(rarely 3), inserted on the base of the corolla; filaments very short. Ovules 2 in each
cavity of the ovary, pendulous; style short; stigma thick, emarginate or slightly 2-lobed.
Fruit an oblong or ovoid usually i -seeded drupe. [Greek, snow-blossom.]
About 3 species, the following of southeastern North America, the others Chinese.
I. Chionanthus Virginica L. Fringe-tree. (Fig. 2845.)
Chionanthus Virginica L. Sp. PI. 8. 1753.
A shrub, or small tree, reaching a maximum
height of about 35° and trunk diameter of about
8', the young twigs, petioles and lower surfaces
of the leaves pubescent, or sometimes glabrate.
Leaves oval, oblong or some of them obovate,
rather thick, acute, short-acuminate to obtuse
at the apex, narrowed at the base, 3'-6'' long,
wide; the blade more or less decurrent on
the petiole; panicles drooping, sometimes 10'
long, usually with some sessile oblong leaflike
bracts, its branches and the pedicels very slen-
der; petals i' long or more, 1" wide or less;
drupe oblong or globose-oblong, nearly black,
5 "-8'' long, the pulp thin.
In moist thickets, Delaware and southern Penn-
sylvania to Florida and Texas. Ascends to 2500 ft.
in North Carolina. Wood heavy, hard, light brown;
weight per cubic foot 40 lbs. Called also Old-man's
Beard. May-June.
6o4
OLEACEAE.
[Vol. II.
5. LIGUSTRUM L. Sp. PI. 7. 1753.
Shrubs or small trees, with opposite entire simple leaves, and small white complete
flowers in terminal thyrses or panicles. Calyx small, truncate or 4-toothed, inferior.
Corolla gamopetalous, funnelform, its tube mostly short, the limb 4-lobed, the lobes indu-
plicate-valvate in the bud. Stamens 2, inserted on the tube of the corolla; filaments short.
Ovary 2-celled; ovules 2 in each cavity, pendulous; style short or slender; stigma thickened.
Fruit a 1-3-seeded mostly globose berry. [The
classical Latin name.]
About 35 species, natives of the Old World.
I. Ligustrum vulgare L. Privet.
Prim. (Fig. 2846.)
Ligustrtim vulgare L. Sp. PI. 7. 1753.
A shrub, 6°-io° high, the branches long and
slender. Leaves firm, tardily deciduous,
glabrous, lanceolate or oblong, acute or ob-
tuse at the apex, narrowed at the base, short-
petioled, 9^-2' long, 2>"~l" wide, obscurely
veined; panicles dense, short, minutely pubes-
cent; flowers white, about 2/' broad; pedicels
ver}- short; stamens included; berries globose,
black, 2"~2," in diameter.
In thickets and along roadsides, escaped from
cultivation, Ontario and western New York to
Pennsylvania and North Carolina. Native of
Europe and .\sia. Used for hedges. June-July.
Old English names, Primwort, Print, Skedge,
Skedgwith.
Family 14. LOGANIACEAE Dumort. Anal. Fam. 21. 1829.
LoGAXi.\ Family.
Herbs, shrubs, vines or some tropical genera trees, with opposite or verticil-
late simple stipulate leaves, or the leaf-bases connected by a stipular line or
membrane, and regular perfect 4-5-parted mostly cymose or spicate flowers.
Calj^x inferior, the tube campanulate, sometimes short or none, the segments
imbricated, at least in the bud. Corolla gamopetalous, funnelform, campanu-
late, or rarely rotate. Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla, alternate
with them, inserted on the tube or throat; anthers 2-celled, the sacs longitudin-
all}' dehiscent; pollen-grains simple. Disk usually none. Ovary superior, 2-
celled (rarely 3-5-celled); style simple, 2-5-cleft or 2-divided, rarely 4-cleft;
ovules numerous or few in each cavity, anatropous or amphitropous. Fruit a
2-valved capsule in our species. Seeds winged or wingless; embryo small,
usually straight; endosperm copious; cotj'ledons narrow or foliaceous; radicle
terete or conic.
About 30 genera and 400 species, widely distributed in warm and tropical regions.
Style 4-cleft; woody vine: flowers large, yellow. i. Gelsemium.
Style simple, 2-lobed or 2-divided with a common stigma; herbs.
Corolla-lobes valvate; capsule didymous or 2-lobed; leaves broad.
Style simple, jointed; spike simple. 2. Spigelia.
Style 2-divided below; spikes cymose. 3. Cynoctonuni.
Corolla-lobes imbricate; capsule subglobose; leaves linear. 4. Polypremum.
I. GELSEMIUM Juss. Gen. 150. 1789.
Glabrous twining woody vines; leaves opposite, or rarely ternate, their bases connected
by a stipular line; flowers large, yellow, in axillary and terminal nearly sessile cymes, the
pedicels scaly-bracteolate. Calyx deeply 5 parted, the segments dry, imbricated. Corolla
funnelform, with 5 broad lobes imbricated in the bud. Stamens 5, inserted on the tube of
the corolla; anthers linear-oblong. Ovary oblong, 2-celled; style slender or filiform, 4-cleft,
the lobes stigmatic along the inner side ; ovules numerous in each cavity, on linear placentae.
Capsule elliptic, flattened contrary to the partition, septicidally dehiscent, the valves boat-
shaped, 2-cleft at the summit; seeds several in each cell, flattened, winged. [From the
Italian Gelsomino, the Jessamine.]
Two known species, the following of the southeastern United States, the other of eastern Asia.
Vol,. II.] LOGANIA FAMILY. 605
I. Gelsemium sempervirens (L.) Ait.f.
Yellow Jessamine. Carolina
Jasmine. (Fig. 2847.)
Dignonia sempervirens L. Sp. PI. 623. I753-
G. nitidtim Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 120. 1803.
G. setupervirens Ait. f. Hort. Kew. 2: 64. 1811.
Stem slender, climbing or trailing, sometimes
20° long. Leaves lanceolate, oblong-lanceolate
or ovate-lanceolate, entire, short-petioled, per-
sistent, evergreen, 1^2^-3' long, ^"-12" wide;
cymes i-5-flowered; pedicels short; bractlets
several, dry, oblong or lanceolate, long;
flowers dimorphous; sepals oblong, obtuse;
corolla bright yellow, long; stigmas in
one form short and anthers exserted, in the
other form longer and anthers included; capsule
flat, channeled on both sides, \"-']" long,
cuspidate; seeds very flat, broadly winged at
the summit.
In woods and thickets, eastern Virginia to Flor-
ida, Texas, Mexico and Guatemala, mostly near
the coast. March-Oct. Called also Carolina Wild
Woodbine, and Evening Trumpet-flower.
2. SPIGELIA L. Sp. PI. 149. 1753.
Herbs, with opposite membranous entire pinnately veined leaves, small stipules, or the
leaf-bases connected by a stipular line, and red yellow or purple flowers in scorpioid cymes
or unilateral spikes, or terminal and in the forks of the branches. Calyx deeply 5-parted.
Corolla 5-lobed, the lobes valvate, the tube finely 15-nerved. Stamens 5, inserted on the
corolla-tube; anthers 2-lobed at the base. Ovules numerous, on peltate placentae; style
filiform, jointed near the middle, papillose above; stigma obtuse. Capsule didymous, 2-
celled, somewhat flattened contrary to the dissepiment, circumscissile above the persistent
base, the 2 carpels becoming 2-valved. Seeds peltate, not winged. [Named for Adrian
von der Spigel, 1558-1625, physician.]
About 35 species, all American. Besides the following, 4 others occur in the southern States.
I. Spigelia Marylandica I^, Indian or
Carolina Pink. (Fig. 2848.)
Lonicera Marylandica L. Sp. PI. 175. 1753.
Spigelia Marylandica L,. Syst. Ed. 12, 734. 1767.
Perennial, stem 4-angled, glabrous or very nearly
so, simple, or branched at the base, erect, i°-2°
high. Leaves sessile, ovate, or ovate-lanceolate,
acute or acuminate at the apex, rounded or nar-
rowed at the base, 2'-4' long, ^'-2' wide, sparingly
pubescent on the veins beneath; flowers in a soli-
tary (rarely 2-3) terminal i-sided peduncled spike;
corolla scarlet outside, yellow within, x'-2' long,
narrowed below, its lobes lanceolate, about 2>"
long; calyx-segments subulate, as long as the co-
rolla-lobes or shorter; style jointed below the
middle, exserted or included.
In woods, New Jersey (according to A. Gray) to
Wisconsin, south' to Florida and Texas. Maj'-July.
Called also Pink-root and Worm-grass.
3. CYNOCTONUM J. G. Gmel. Syst. 2: 443. 1791.
[MiTREOLA R. Br. Prodr. Fl. Nov. HoU. i: 450. 1810.]
Herbs, our species annual, with opposite entire membranous leaves, and minute stipules,
or the leaf-bases connected by a stipular line. Flowers small, whitish, in one-sided spikes
forming terminal or axillary cymes. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla urn-shaped, 5-lobed, the
lobes valvate in the bud. Stamens 5, included; filaments short; anthers cordate. Ovules
numerous, on peltate placentae; style short, 2-divided below, united above by the common
stigma, the divisions becoming separate. Capsule 2-lobed at the summit; carpels divaricate,
dehiscent along the inner side. Seeds numerous, small, tuberculate. [Greek, dog-killing.]
About 5 species, natives of warm and tropical regions.
6o6
LOGANIACEAE.
[Vol. II.
I. Cynoctonum Mitreola (L.) Britton.
Mitrewort. (Fig. 2849.)
Ophiorhiza Mitreola L. Sp. PI. 150. 1753.
Anonyvws petiolala Walt. Fl. Car. 108. 1788.
Cynoctonum petiolatum Gmel. Syst. 2: 443. 1791.
Mitreola petiolata T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2: 45. 1841.
Cynoctonum Mitreola Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5:
258. 1894.
Stem simple, or branched near the base, or
sometimes also above, glabrous, slender, erect,
terete, i°-2° high. Leaves lanceolate or ovate,
petioled, 1^-3' long, 3"-:' wide, acute at both
ends, glabrous; cj-mes terminal and often also in
the upper axils, slender-peduncled, the divisions
slender, simple or forked; flowers about i" broad,
numerous, sessile or very nearly so; capsule
deeply 2-lobed, compressed, the lobes at length
widely diverging, acute, dehiscent by a slit in the
ventral suture near the summit.
In wet or moist soil, Virginia to Florida, Texas and
Mexico. Also in the West Indies. June-Sept.
4. POLYPREMUM L. Sp. PI. iii. 1753.
A glabrous diffusely brauched annual herb, with opposite linear-subulate leaves, their
bases connected hy a stipular membrane, and small white flowers in terminal bracted
cymes. Calyx deeply 4-parted (rarely 5-parted), the segments subulate, scarious-margined.
Corolla campanulate, bearded in the throat, shorter than the calyx, 4-lobed (rarely 5 -lobed),
the lobes imbricated in the bud. Stamens 4 (rarely 5), inserted on the corolla, included;
filaments short; anthers ovoid-globose. Ovules numerous in each cavity of the ovary, on
oblong placentae; style short; stigma capitate or obscurely 2-lobed. Capsule globose-ovoid,
slightly compressed, didymous, loculicidally 2-valved, the carpels at length septicidal. Seeds
minute, smooth. [Greek, many-stemmed.]
A monotype, abundant in the warmer parts of America.
I. Polypremum procumbens I,. Poly-
premum. (Fig. 2850.)
Polypremum procitmbens \,. Sp. PI. iii. i753-
Stems tufted, somewhat rigid, 4-angled, spreading
on the ground, ascending or erect, usually much
branched, 2'-i2' long. Leaves narrowly linear, Yz'-
xyi' long, yz"-\" wide, acute, sessile, minutely rough-
toothed on the margins, often with smaller ones fas-
cicled in their axils; flowers solitary, sessile in the
forks of the cymes and along their branches, leafy-
bracted, the bracts similar to the upper leaves; corolla
i" or less long; capsule crustaceous, didymous, about
\" in diameter, slightly 2-lobed, the lobes obtuse.
In dry sandy soil, New Jersey and Pennsylvania to Flor-
ida, Kentucky, the Indian Territory, Texas and Mexico.
Also in the West Indies. Occurs in cultivated iields as a
weed. Probably adventive in the North. May-Sept.
Family 15.
GENTIANACEAE Dumort. Anal. Fam.
Gentian Family.
Bitter mostly quite glabrous herbs, with opposite (rarely verticillate) ex-
stipulate entire leaves, reduced to scales in Bartofiia, and regular perfect flowers
in terminal or axillary clusters, or solitary at the ends of the stem or branches.
Calyx inferior, persistent, 4-12-lobed, -toothed or -divided (of 2 sepals in Ob-
olaria), the lobes imbricated or not meeting in the bud. Corolla gamopetalous,
funnelforra, campanulate, club-shaped or rotate, often marcescent, 4-12-lobed
or -parted, the lobes convolute or imbricated in the bud. Stamens as many as
the lobes of the corolla, alternate with them, inserted on the tube or throat; an-
thers 2-celled, longitudinally dehiscent; filaments filiform, or dilated at the base.
Disk none, or inconspicuous. Ovary superior in our genera, i -celled or partlj-
2-celled; ovules numerous, anatropous or amphitropous; style simple, or none;
Vol.. II.]
GENTIAN FAMILY.
607
stigma entire, or 2-lobed, or 2-cleft. Capsule mostly dehiscent by 2 valves.
Seeds globose, angular or compressed; endosperm fleshy, copious; embryo
small, terete or conic.
About 65 genera and 600 species, widely distributed, most abundant in temperate regions.
Leaves normal; corolla-lobes convolute in the bud.
Style filiform; anthers usually twisting or recurving when old.
Corolla salver-form.
Corolla rotate.
Corolla campanulate-funnelform.
Style short, stout or none; anthers remaining straight.
Corolla without nectariferous pits, glands or scales.
Corolla funnelform, campanulate or clavate.
Corolla rotate.
1-2 nectariferous pits, glands or scales at the base of each corolla-lobe
Corolla rotate, a fringed gland at each lobe.
Corolla campanulate, spurred at the base.
Leaves, at least those of the stem, reduced to scales; corolla-lobes imbricated in the bud.
Calyx of 4 lanceolate sepals; leaves all reduced to scales. 8. Bar Ionia.
Calyx of 2 foliaceous spatulate sepals; upper leaves normal. 9. Obolaria.
1. Erylhraea.
2. Sabbalia.
3. Eusloma.
Centiana.
Pleurogyne.
6. Frasera.
7. Tetraf;onanthxis,
1. E. spicata.
2. E. Centaurium.
E. pulchella.
E. exaltata.
I. ERYTHRAEA Neck. Elem. 2: lo. 1790.
Herbs, mostly annual or biennial, with sessile or amplexicaul leaves, and small or mid-
dle sized commonly numerous pink white or yellow flowers in cymes or spikes. Calyx
tubular, 5-4-lobed or -divided, the lobes or segments narrow, keeled. Corolla salverform,
5-4-lobed, the tube long or short, the lobes spreading, contorted, convolute in the bud.
Stamens 5 or 4, inserted on the corolla-tube; filaments short-filiform; anthers linear or ob-
long, becoming spirally twisted. Ovary i-celled, the placentae sometimes intruded; style
filiform; stigma 2-lobed. Capsule oblong-ovoid or fusiform, 2-valved. Seed-coat reticulated.
[Greek, red, the color of the flowers.]
About 25 species, natives of the Old World and western North and South America. Besides
the following, about 8 others occur in the western and southwestern parts of the United States.
Flowers spicate-racemose.
Flowers cymose or cymose-paniculate.
Basal leaves tufted.
No tuft of basal leaves.
Flowers cymose-paniculate, numerous.
Flowers few, cymose; western.
I. Erythraea spicata (L. ) Pers. Spiked
Centaury. (Fig. 2851.)
Gentiana spicata L. Sp. PI. 230. 1753.
Erylhraea spicata Pers. Syn. i: 283. 1805.
Annual, glabrous, erect, strict, usually branched, 6'-
18' high. Leaves oblong or lanceolate-oblong, sessile,
obtusish at the apex, clasping at the base, Yz'-iyi' long,
7."-i" wide; flowers pink, sessile, distant and spicate-
racemose on the mostl}' simple and leafless branches,
about W long; tube of the corolla somewhat longer than
the subulate calyx-segments, 2-3 times as long as the
linear-oblong lobes; capsule a/'-^" long.
Coast of Nantucket, and at Portsmouth, Va. Naturalized
from Europe. May-Sept.
2. Erythraea Centaurium (L. ) Pers. Lesser
Centaury. Bitter-herb. Bloodwort. (Fig. 2852.)
Gentiana Centaurium L. Sp. PI. 229. 1753.
Erythraea Centaurium Pers. Syn. i: 283. 1805.
Annual, glabrous, erect, usually branched, 6^-15' high.
Leaves oblong, apex obtuse, the base narrowed; the lower
forming a basal tuft, i^-2_^^ long, 2/'-^" wide; stem
leaves smaller, distant, rounded at the sessile or slightly
clasping base; flowers numerous, (>"-%" long, nearly ses-
sile, in compound terminal mostly dense bracteolate
cymes; corolla-lobes obtuse, 2^"-3'' long, about as long
as the calyx-segments and one-third to one-half as long
as the corolla-tube; stigmas oval.
In waste places, Nova Scotia and Quebec to Illinois.
Naturalized from Europe. Called also Earth-gall. June-Sept.
6o8
GENTIANACEAE.
[Voi,. II.
3. Erythraea pulchella (S\v. ) Fries.
Branching Centaury. (Fig. 2853.)
Gentiana pulchella Sw. Act. Holm 1783: 84. / S, 9. 1783,
Gcntiana ramossissima Vill. Hist. PI. Dauph. 2: 530. 1787.
Erytliraea ramossissima Pers. Syn. 1: 283. 1805.
Erylliraea pulchella Fries, Novit. 74. 1828.
Annual, glabrous, much branched, 3'-8' high.
Leaves oval, ovate or lanceolate, the lower mostly ob-
tuse, z"-'^" long, the upper usually acutish or acute
and smaller; no basal tuft of leaves; flowers pink,
cymose-paniculate, all or nearly all of them pedicelled,
^"-d" long; tube of the corolla times longer
than the calyx-segments, its lobes oblong, obtuse,
\yi"-'2." long; stigma oval.
In fields and waste places, southern New York to Penn-
sylvania and Maryland; also in the West Indies. Natural-
ized from Europe. June-Sept.
4. Erythraea exaltata (Griseb.) Coville. Tall
or Western Centaury. (Fig. 2854.)
Cicendia exaltata Griseb. in Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 69.
pi. 157. 1834.
Erythraea Douglasii K. Gray, Bot. Cal. i: 480. 1876.
Erythraea exaltata Coville, Contr. Nat. Herb. 4: 150. 1893.
Annual, erect, glabrous, branched, 6'-i8' high, the
branches few, erect, slender. Leaves oblong or linear-
oblong, sessile, mostly acute at both ends, 5''-io"long,
distant, the basal not tufted; flowers few, terminal and
axillary, all slender-pedicelled, 6"-W' long; tube of the
corolla about one-third longer than the calyx-segments,
the lobes oblong, obtuse, iy2"-2" long.
In sandy soil, western Nebraska to Wj'oming, Washing-
ton, Arizona and California. May-Sept.
Erythraea calycosa Buckl., a Texan species differing
from this in its broader larger obtuse corolla lobes, has
been found as a waif in Missouri.
2. SABBATIA Adans. Fam. PI. 2: 503. 1763.
Annual or biennial erect usually branched glabrous herbs, with opposite or sometimes
verticillate sessile or rarely petioled or clasping leaves, and rather large terminal and solitary
or cymose pink rose or white flowers. Calyx 4-12-parted or -divided, the tube campanulate,
sometimes very short, the lobes or segments usually narrow. Corolla rotate, deeply 4-12-
parted. Stamens 4-12, inserted on the short tube of the corolla; filaments filiform, short;
anthers linear or oblong, curved, revolute or coiled in anthesis. Ovarj' i-celled, the pla-
centae intruded; style 2-cleft or 2-parted, its lobes filiform, stigmatic along their inner sides.
Capsule ovoid or globose, 2-valved, many-seeded. Seeds small, reticulated. [In honor of
L. Sabbati, an Italian botanist.]
About 14 species, natives of eastern North America and Mexico. Besides the following, some
5 others occur in the southern United States.
Flowers normally 4-5-parted, sometimes 6-7-parted.
Branches opposite.
Style 2-parted to below the middle or nearly to the base; flowers white.
Leaves lanceolate or ovate, acute; flowers 8"-i2" broad.
Leaves linear-oblong or lanceolate, obtuse; flowers 6" -9" broad.
Style 2-cleft to about the middle; flowers normally pink.
Leaves linear-lanceolate, sessile; stem slightlj' 4-angled.
I<eaves ovate, cordate-clasping; stem strongly 4-angled.
Branches alternate, the lower sometimes opposite in nos. 5 and 6.
Calyx-segments foliaceous, longer than the corolla.
Calyx-segments linear or lanceolate, not longer than the corolla.
Calyx-tube conspicuouslj' 5-ribbed; flowers i'-2' broad.
Calyx-tube scarcely ribbed; flowers I'-iJ-i' broad.
Calyx shorter than the corolla; stj-le 2-parted.
Flower pink with a yellow eye (rarely white); corolla-segments obovate.
7. S. slellaris.
Flowers white, very numerous; corolla-segments spatulate or oblanceolate.
8. 5. Elliottii.
Calyx-segments filiform, as long as the corolla; style 2-cleft. 9. S. campanulata.
Flowers normally 8-12 parted, iV^' -2%' broad. 10. S. dodecandra.
1. lanceolata.
2. 5. paniculata.
S. anguslifolia.
S. angularis.
5. S. calycina.
6. 5". campestris.
Vol. II.]
GENTIAN FAMILY
I. Sabbatia lanceolata (Walt.) T.&G.
Lance-leaved Sabbatia. (Fig. 2855.)
Cliironia lanceolata Walt. Fl. Car. 95. 1788.
5'. lanceolata T. & G.; A. Gray, Man. 356. 1848.
Stem branched above, or simple, slender,
somewhat 4-angled, or terete below, i°-3° high,
the branches all opposite. Leaves lanceolate to
ovate, acute, or the lower sometimes obtuse,
3-5-nerved, i'-2' long, or the lowest shorter,
the uppermost reduced to narrow bracts; flow-
ers white, fading yellowish, ^"-y'i" broad,
usually numerous in bracteolate corymbed
cymes; pedicels slender, ■z"--]" long; calyx-
lobes filiform-linear, much shorter than the
corolla; corolla-segments oblong or slightly ob-
ovate; anthers recurved; style 2-parted; capsule
ovoid, about high.
In pine-barren swamps, New Jersey to Florida.
May-Sept.
3. Sabbatia angustifolia (Michx.)
Britton. Narrow-leaved Sabbatia.
(Fig. 2857.)
Cliironia angularis var. angustifolia Michx. Fl.
Bor. Am. 1: 146. 1803.
S. brachiata Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. i: 284. 1817.
Stem slender, branched above, slightl)- 4-
angled, i°-2° high, the branches all opposite.
Leaves linear, linear-oblong, or linear-lanceo-
late, obtuse, or the upper acute, sessile,
long, the uppermost small and bract-like;
flowers pink with a yellowish or greenish
eye, few in the racemed or short-corymbed
cymes, or solitary at the ends of the branches,
about \' broad; calyx-lobes linear, usually
more than one-half the length of the corolla;
corolla-segments obovate-oblong; style 2-cleft
to about the middle; capsule oblong, 3"-4''
high.
In dry or moist soil, Indiana to Louisiana, east
to North Carolina and Florida. May-Sept.
2. Sabbatia paniculata (Michx.)
Pursh. Branching Sabbatia.
(Fig. 2856.)
C. paniculata Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. l: 146. 1803.
.S. paniculata Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 138. 1814.
Stem usually freely branching, 4-angled,
i°-2_J^° high, the branches all opposite.
Leaves linear, linear-oblong, or lanceolate,
obtuse, Yz'-iYz' long, the lower commonly
shorter and broader, the uppermost small
and bract-like; flowers white, d"-^" broad,
usually very numerous in corymbed cymes;
pedicels mostly short, the central flowers of
the cymes often nearly sessile; calyx-lobes
linear, not more than one-half the length of
the corolla; corolla-segments spatulate-ob-
long; anthers recurved or coiled; style 2-
parted; capsule oblong, about 2," high.
In dry or moist soil, Virginia to Florida.
May- Sept.
39
6io
GENTIANACEAE.
[Vol. II.
4. Sabbatia angularis (I,.) Pursh.
Bitter-bloom. Rose-Pink. Square-
stemmed Sabbatia. (Fig. 2858.)
Chironia angularis L. Sp. PI. 190. 1753.
angularis Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 137. 1814.
Stem usually rather stout and much
branched, sharply 4-angled, 2°-3° high, the
branches all opposite or the lowest rarely alter-
nate. Leaves ovate, acute at the apex, cor-
date-clasping at the base, <)"-i9i" long, or the
lower oblong and obtuse, those of the branches
smaller; flowers rose-pink, with a central
greenish star, occasionally white, broad,
usually solitary at the ends of the branches;
calyx-lobes linear, one-half the length of the
corolla, or less; corolla-segments obovate; style
2-cleft; capsule oblong, about 2," high.
In rich soil, often in thickets, New York and
Pennsylvania to western Ontario and Michigan,
south to Florida, the Indian Territory and Louisi-
ana. July-Aug. Flowers fragrant.
5. Sabbatia calycina (Lam.) Heller.
Coast Sabbatia. (Fig. 2859.)
Geniiana calycina Lam. Encyl. 2: 638. 1786.
C. calycosa Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 146. 1803.
Sabbatia calycosa Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 138. 1814.
S. calycina Heller, Bull. Torr. Club, 21. 24. 1894.
Stem somewhat 4-angled, freely branched,
6'-i2' high, the branches alternate, or the
lowest sometimes opposite. Leaves oblong
or some of them slightly obovate, obtuse or
acute, 3-nerved, i'-2' long, narrowed to the
sessile base or the lower into petioles; flow-
ers usually few, solitary at the ends of the
branches or peduncles, I'-iy^' broad; calyx-
lobes linear or spatulate, leaf-like, longer
than the spatulate segments of the pink
rose-purple or whitish corolla; style 2-parted,
capsule ovoid-oblong, Z"~A^' high-
In moist soil, Virginia to Florida, near the
coast. Also in Cuba. June-Aug.
6. Sabbatia campestris Nutt. Prairie
Sabbatia. (Fig. 2860.)
Sabbafia campestris Nutt. Trans. Amer. Phil.
Soc. (IL) 5: 197. 1833-37.
Stem 4-angled, branched, 6'-i5' high, the
branches alternate or dichotomous, or the
lowest opposite. Leaves ovate, oblong or
lanceolate, mostly obtuse at the apex, sessile
or slightly clasping and subcordate at the
base, yi'-i' long; flowers solitar}' at the ends
of the branches and peduncles, i'-2' broad;
peduncles i'-2' long; calyx 5-ribbed or almost
5-winged, its lobes lanceolate, acute, 6"-i2"
long, about as long as the obovate lilac corolla-
segments, becoming rather rigid in fruit; stj'le
2-cleft; capsule oblong, 2)"~A" liigli-
On prairies, Missouri and Kansas to Texas, j
Vol. II.]
GENTIAN FAMILY.
6ii
7. Sabbatia stellaris Pursh
Sabbalia stellaris Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i; 137.
Cliironia stellata Muhl. Cat. Ed. 2, 23. 181S.
Stem nearly terete, or slightly 4-angled,
usually much branched, 6'-2° high, the branches
alternate. Leaves lanceolate-oblong to linear,
sessile, ^2^-2' long, 2"-^" wide, or the lowest
smaller, somewhat obovate and obtuse, the
uppermost narrowly linear and bract-like;
flowers broad, usually numerous, soli-
tary at the ends of the branches or slender
peduncles; calyx not ribbed, its lobes narrowly
linear, shorter than or nearly equalling the ob-
long or obovate corolla-segments; corolla pink
to white with a yellowish starry eye bordered
with red; style 2-cleft to below the middle;
capsule about 2^" high.
In salt-meadows, coast of Maine to Florida.
Called also Rose-of-Plymouth. July-Sept.
Sea or Marsh Pink
1814.
8. Sabbatia Elliottii Steud. Elliott's
Sabbatia, (Fig. 2862.)
Sweriia difformis I,. Sp. PI. 226. 1753?
Sabbatia paniculata Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. i:
282. 1817. Not Pursh, 1814.
S. Elliottii Steud. Nomencl. Ed. 2, 2: 489. 1841.
Stem paniculately branched, terete or
slightly ridged, i°-2° high, the branches
alternate. Lower leaves obovate or lanceo-
late-oblong, obtuse, (>"-<^" long, the upper
and those of the branches narrowly linear
or subulate; flowers very numerous, white,
solitary at the ends of the branches and
short peduncles, \' broad or less; calyx not
ribbed, its lobes subulate-linear, one-half as
long as the spatulate or oblanceolate seg-
ments of the corolla, or less; style 2-parted;
capsule about lyi" high.
In pine-barrens, North Carolina to Florida.
Doubtfully reported from Virginia, but probably
occurs there. July-Sept.
9, Sabbatia campanulata (L,. ) Torr.
Slender Marsh Pink. (Fig. 2863.)
Chironia campanulata 1,. Sp. PI. 190. 1753.
Cliironia gracilis Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i : 146. 1803.
Sabbatia gracilis SaAish. Parad. Lond. pi. 32. 1806.
Sabbatia campanulata Torn Fl. U. S. i: 217. 1824.
Similar to the preceding species. Stem usually
very slender and much branched, i°-2° high,
the branches alternate. Leaves linear, or linear-
lanceolate, I'-iyi' long, sessile, acute, or the
lowest much shorter, obtuse, oblong or oblan-
ceolate, sometimes narrowed into short petioles,
the uppermost almost filiform; flowers pink
with a yellow eye, about i' broad, solitary at
the ends of the branches and peduncles, mostly
5-parted; calyx-lobes iiliform-linear, equalling
the oblong-obovate corolla-segments, or some-
what shorter; style 2-cleft to about the middle;
capsule obovoid, about 2}4." high.
In salt marshes and along brackish rivers, rarely
in fresh-water swamps, Nantucket to Florida and
Louisiana. Also in Cuba. May-Aug.
6l2
GENTIANACEAE.
[Voi,. II.
10. Sabbatia dodecandra (L.) B.S.P.
Large Marsh Pink. (Fig. 2864.)
Chi) onia dodecandra L,. Sp. PI. 190. 1753.
Chironia chloroides Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 147. 1803.
Sabbalia chloroides Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 138. 1814.
Sabbatia dodecandra B.S.P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 36. 1888.
Stem i°-2° high, little branched or simple, terete
or nearly so, the branches alternate. Basal leaves
spatulate, obtuse, i/^'-3' long; stem leaves lanceo-
late or oblong-lanceolate, acute, the uppermost
usually narrowly linear; flowers few, pink, some-
times white, solitary at the ends of the branches
or peduncles, '-2^^ broad; calyx-lobes narrowly
linear, about one-half as long as the 9-12 spatulate-
obovate corolla-segments; anthers coiled; style
deeply 2-cleft, its divisions clavate; capsule globose-
oval, 2," high.
In sandy borders of ponds and along salt marshes,
Massachusetts to Florida and Alabama, near the coast.
July-Sept.
3. EUSTOMA Salisb. Parad. Lond. //. j/. 1806.
Erect usually branched glaucous annual herbs, with opposite sessile or clasping entire
leaves. Flowers large, blue, purple or white, long-peduncled, axillary and terminal, solitary
or paniculate. Calyx deeply 5-6-cleft, the lobes lanceolate, acuminate, keeled. Corolla
broadly campanulate, deeply 5-6-lobed, the lobes oblong or obovate, usually erose-denticu-
late, convolute in the bud. Stamens 5-6, inserted on the throat of the corolla; filaments
filiform; anthers oblong, versatile, at length recurved, or remaining nearly straight. Ovary
i-celled; style filiform; stigma 2-lamellate. Capsule oblong or ovoid, 2-valved. Seeds small,
numerous, foveolate. [Greek, open-mouth, referring to the corolla.]
Two species, natives of the southern United States,
Mexico and the West Indies.
I. Eustoma Russellianum (I,.) Griseb.
Russell's Eustoma. (Fig. 2865.)
lAsianthvs RzissellianusYloo\.. Bot. pi. 3626. 1839.
Lisianihus glaucifolius Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc.
(II.) 5: 197. 1833-37. Not Jacq. 1786.
E. Rtissellianutn Griseb. in DC. Prodr. 9: 51. 1845.
Stem terete, rather stout, i°-2^° high. Leaves
oblong or ovate-oblong, 3-5-nerved, the upper
usually acute at the apex, cordate-clasping at the
base, i}i'-2>' long, the lower usually obtuse at the
apex and narrowed to a sessile or slightly auricled
base; peduncles i'-4' long, stout, bracted at the
base, the bracts lanceolate-subulate, small; flowers
2^-3^ broad; calyx-lobes long-acuminate, shorter
than the purple corolla; corolla-lobes obovate, about
4 times as long as the tube; style slender; anthers
remaining nearly straight; capsule oblong, pointed.
On prairies, Nebraska to Louisiana, Texas and
Mexico. May-Aug.
4. GENTIANA L. Sp. PI. 227. 1753.
Erect mostly perennial and glabrous herbs, with opposite or rarely verticillate, entire
sessile or short- petioled leaves. Flowers blue, purple, yellow or white, solitary or clustered,
terminal or axillary. Calyx tubular, 4-7- (usually 5-) cleft. Corolla tubular, clavate, cam-
panulate, salverform or funnelform (rotate in some exotic species), 4-7-lobed, often with
membranous plaits in the sinuses, the lobes entire or fimbriate. Stamens as many as the
lobes of the corolla and inserted on its tube, included; anthers connate into a tube, or
separate, not recurved or coiled. Ovary i-celled; ovules very numerous; style short or none;
stigma cleft into 2 lamellae. Capsule sessile or stipitate, 2-valved. Seeds numerous,
sometimes covering the whole inner wall of the capsule, wingless or winged. [Named for
King Gentius of Illyria.]
About 300 'species, mostly natives of the north temperate and arctic zones and the Andes of
South America. Besides the following, some 30 others occur in the western parts of North America.
Vol. II.]
GENTIAN FAMILY.
613
I. G. venlricosa.
G. crinila.
G. del ansa.
4. G. acuta.
5. G. propinqua.
6. G. quinquefolia.
* Corolla without plaits or teeth in the sinuses.
Corolla-lobes fringed or serrate; flowers i'-3' long.
Corolla enclosed in the swollen wing-angled calyx.
Corolla conspicuously longer than the wingless calyx.
Corolla-lobes fringed all around their summits; leaves lanceolate.
Corolla-lobes fringed mainly on the margins; leaves linear.
Corolla-lobes with entire or rarely denticulate margins; flowers 6"-i2" long.
Corolla-lobes fimbriate-crested at the base, acute.
Corolla-lobes naked, subulate-acuminate.
Calyx-lobes unequal; flowers mostly 4-parted.
Calyx-lobes equal; flowers 5-parted.
^ ^ Corolla with membranous toothed or lobed plaits in the sinuses.
Margins of leaves and calyx-lobes scabrous or ciliate; seeds winged.
Anthers separate, or merely connivent.
Stems usually clustered ; calyx-lobes unequal; corolla narrowly funnelform. 7. G. affinis.
Stems mostly solitary; calyx-lobes equal; corolla campanulate-funnelform. 8. G. puberula.
Anthers cohering in a ring or short tube.
Corolla-lobes distinct, longer than or equalling the plaits.
Flowers 1-4; corolla campanulate-funnelform, its lobes 2-3 times as long as the plaits.
9. G. Ellioliii.
Flowers several or numerous; corolla club-shaped, its lobes not much longer than the
plaits. 10. G. Saponaria.
Corolla-lobes none or minute, the plaits very broad. 11. G. Andrewsii.
Margins of leaves and calyx-lobes smooth or nearly so.
Flowers clustered, sessile, 2-bracteolate under the calyx.
Corolla-lobes ovate, twice as long as the plaits; leaves broad, acuminate; seeds winged.
12. G. flavida.
Corolla-lobes rounded, little longer than the plaits; leaves narrow; seeds winged.
13. G. linearis.
Corolla-lobes ovate, acute, much longer than the broad plaits; leaves broad; seeds winged.
14. G. rubricaulis.
Corolla-lobes triangular-lanceolate ; leaves obovate; seeds wingless. 15. G. villosa.
Flowers solitary, peduncled, not bracteolate; leaves linear. 16. G. Porphyria.
I. Gentiana ventricdsa Griseb, Swollen
Gentian. (Fig. 2866.)
Genliana venlricosa Griseb. in Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 65.
pi. 152. 1834.
Annual; stem strict, terete, branched above, about
1° high. Basal leaves obovate, small, those of the
stem ovate-oblong, obtuse or acute at the apex, rounded
or subcordate at the base, \' long, 4'^-6" wide; flowers
few, solitary at the ends of stout peduncles, 4-parted;
calyx inflated, ovoid, about high, thick,
wing-angled, enclosing the corolla; corolla-lobes ob-
long, obtuse, lacerate-serrate; ovary elliptic-oblong.
Grand Rapids of Saskatchewan, between Cumberland
House and Hudson Bay (Drummond). Not recently
collected.
2. Gentiana crinita Froel. Fringed
Gentian. (Fig. 2867.)
Genliana crinita Froel. Gen. 112. 1796.
Annual; stem leafy, usually branched, i°-3°
high, the branches erect, somewhat 4-angled.
Basal and lower leaves obovate, obtuse, the
upper lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate,
long, acute or acuminate at the apex, sessile
by a rounded or subcordate base; flowers
mostly 4-parted, several or numerous, about
2' high, solitary at the ends of the usu-
ally elongated peduncles; calyx-lobes lan-
ceolate, acuminate, their midribs decurrent
on the angles of the tube; corolla bright blue,
rarely white, narrowly campanulate, its lobes
obovate, rounded, conspicuously fringed all
around their summits, scarcely fringed on the
sides, spreading when mature; capsule spindle-shaped, stipitate; seeds scaly-hispid.
In moist woods and meadows, Quebec to Minnesota, south to Georgia and Iowa. Sept. -Oct.
6 14 GENTIANACEAE.
Gentiana detonsa Rottb. Smaller Fringed Gentian
[Vol. II.
(Fig. 2868.)
Gentiana detonsa Rottb. Act. Hafn. 10: 254. pi. i.
1770.
Gentiana serrata Gunner. Fl. Norv. 2: loi. 1772.
Annual; similar to the' preceding species but
smaller; stem simple, or'little branched,
high. Basal and lower leaves spatulate, obtuse,
the upper linear or linear-lanceolate, i''-2^'
long, 2"-4" wide; flowers 1-6, solitary at the
ends of elongated erect peduncles, mostlj' 4-
parted, about i^' high; calyx-lobes lanceolate,
acuminate, their midribs decurrent on the tube;
corolla narrowly campanulate, its lobes spatu-
late-oblong, strongly fringed on both sides, en-
tire or somewhat fimbriate or toothed around
the apex; capsule short-stipitate; seeds scaly-
hispid.
In wet places, Newfoundland to Alaska, south to
Anticosti, western New York, Minnesota, in the
Rocky Mountains to Arizona and in the Sierra
Nevada. Also in northern Europe and Asia.
July-Sept.
4. Gentiana acuta Michx. Northern Gentian.
Gentiana acuta Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. I: 177. 1803.
Gentiana Amarella var. acuta Herder, Act. Hort.
Petrop. i: 428. 1872.
Annual; stem leafy, slightly wing-angled, simple
or branched, 6'-20'' high. Basal and lower leaves
spatulate or obovate, obtuse, the upper lanceolate,
acuminate or acute at the apex, rounded or subcor-
date at the base, sessile, or somewhat clasping, ^'-2'
long; flowers numerous, racemose-spicate,
high, the pedicels 2"-6" long, leafy-bracted at the
base; calyx deeply 5-parted (rarely 4-parted), its
lobes lanceolate; corolla tubular-campanulate, 5-
lobed (rarely 4-lobed), blue, its lobes lanceolate,
acute, each with a fimbriate crown at the base; cap-
sule sessile.
In moist or wet places, Labrador to Alaska, Quebec,
IMinnesota, south in the Rocky Mountains to Arizona
and Mexico, and in the Sierra Nevada. Also in Europe
and Asia. Perhaps not specifically distinct from the
0\AWox\d G. Amarella. Felwort. Summer.
5. Gentiana propinqua Richards. Four-
parted Gentian. (Fig. 2870.)
Gentiana pi-opinqua Richards. Frank. Journ. 734. 1823.
Stems slender, usually branched from the base and
sometimes also above, slightly wing-angled, 2''-7'' high.
Basal leaves spatulate, obtuse, the upper distant, oblong
or lanceolate, yz'-\yz' long, acute or obtusish at the
apex, rounded at the slightly clasping base, obscurely
3 nerved; flowers few or several, solitary on slender
peduncles, mostly 4-parted, W-\o" high; calyx 4-
cleft, 2 of the lobes oblong, the others linear-lanceo-
late; corolla blue or bluish, glandular within at the
base, its lobes cfvate-lanceolate, entire or denticu-
late; capsule linear, at length a little longer than
the corolla.
Labrador to Alaska and British Columbia. Summer.
Vor,. II.]
GENTIAN FAMILY.
615
6. Gentiana quinquefolia L,. Stiff Gentian.
Gentiana quinquefolia L. Sp. PI. 230. 1753.
Gentiana qxiinqiieflora L,am. Encycl. 2: 643. 1786.
Annual; stem ridged, usually branched, 2^-2°
high, quadrangular. Basal leaves spatulate, obtuse,
those of the stem ovate, acute at the apex, clasping
and subcordate or rounded at the base, 3-7-nerved,
Yz'-i' long; flowers in clusters of 1-7 at the ends
of the branches, or also axillary; pedicels slender,
■2"--]" long; calyx one-fourth to one-third the
length of the corolla, its lobes narrow, or sometimes
foliaceous, acute; corolla tubular-funnelform, blue,
its lobes triangular, very acute, entire, not crested at
the base; capsule stipitate; seeds globose, wingless.
In dry or moist soil, Maine and Ontario to Michigan,
south to Florida and Missouri. Ascends to 6300 ft. in
North Carolina. Aug.-Oct.
Gentiana quinquefolia occidentaUs (A. Gray) A. S. Hitch-
cock, Trans. St. Louis Acad. 5: 508. 1891.
Gentiana quinquefiora var. occidenlalis h.. Gray, Man,
359. 1848.
Usually taller and paniculately branched; corolla
more broadly funnelform; calyx-lobes foliaceous, reach-
ing- to the middle of the corolla. Ohio to Minnesota,
south to Tennessee and Louisiana.
Ague- weed.
(Fig. 2871.)
7. Gentiana affinis Griseb. Oblong-leaved
Gentian. (Fig. 2872.)
Gentiana affitiis Griseb. in Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 56. 1834.
Perennial; stems clustered from deep roots, min-
utely puberulent, simple, 6'-i8' high. Leaves linear-
oblong to lanceolate-oblong, obtuse or acutish,
rounded or narrowed at the base, firm, roughish-mar-
gined, indistinctly nerved, Yz'-iYz' long, the florsll
smaller; flowers few, numerous, or rarely single, 5-
parted, sessile and solitary or clustered in the axils
of the upper leaves, about x' high, not bracted under
the calyx; calyx-lobes linear or subulate, unequal,
the longer about equalling the tube, the smaller some-
times minute ; corolla narrowly funnelform, blue, its
lobes ovate, acute or mucronate, entire, spreading,
with laciniate appendages in the sinuses ; anthers
separate; seeds broadly winged.
In moist soil, Minnesota to British Columbia, south in
the Rocky Mountains to New Mexico, and in the Sierra
Nevada. Aug. -Oct.
8. Gentiana puberula Michx. Downy
Gentian. (Fig. 2873.)
Gentiana puberula Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 176. 1803.
Perennial; stems usually solitary, leafy, 8'-i8'
high, minutely puberulent, or glabrous, nearly
terete. Leaves firm, lanceolate, or the lower ob-
long, roughish-margined, indistinctly nerved, pale
beneath, narrowed or rounded at the base, i'-3'
long; flowers sessile or nearly so in the upper
axils, rarely solitary and terminal, 2-bracteolate
under the calyx, i>^'-2' high; calyx-lobes linear-
lanceolate, equal, about as long as the tube, rough;
corolla campanulate-funnelform, 2-3-times as long
as the calyx, its lobes ovate, entire, spreading,
much longer than the cleft or laciniate appendages;
anthers at first connivent, soon separate; seeds ob-
long, broadly winged.
On prairies, Ohio to the NorthwestJJTerritory, Geor-
gia and Kansas. Aug.-Oct.
6i6
GENTIANACEAE.
[Vol. II.
9. Gentiana EUiottii Chapm. Elliott's Gentian. (Fig. 2874.)
Gentiana Catesbaei Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. i: 339.
1817. Not Walt. 1788.
Gentiana EUiottii Chapm. Fl. S. States, 356. i860.
Gentiana scaberrima Kusnezow, Act. Hort. Petrop.
13: 59- 1893.
Perennial; roots a cluster of thick fibres;
stems slender, leafy, terete, minutely rough-
puberulent, simple, 8'-2° high. Leaves ovate
or ovate-lanceolate, acute or acutish at the apex,
rounded at the base, thin, roughish-margined,
x'-i' long, 3-nerved, or the lower much smaller
and obtuse; flowers 1-4, terminal, or rarely i or
2 in the upper axils, about 1' long, sessile, 2-
bracteolate under the calyx; calyx-lobes oblong
or lanceolate, foliaceous, longer than the tube;
corolla campanulate-funnelform, blue, its lobes
ovate, obtuse, sometimes mucronate, entire,
2,"-t^" long, about twice as long as the fimbriate
or toothed appendages; anthers cohering in a
tube; seeds oblong, broadly winged.
In moist soil, Virginia to Florida. Sept.-Oct.
10. Gentiana Saponaria I,. Soap-
wort Gentian. (Fig. 2875.)
Gentiana Saponaria L. Sp. PI. 228. 1753.
Gentiana Catesbaei Walt. Fl. Car. 109. 1788.
Perennial; stem erect or ascending, terete,
slender, simple or with short erect axillary
branches, glabrous, or minutely rough-puber-
ulent above, i°-2}4° high, leafy. Leaves
lanceolate, ovate-lanceolate or oblong,
usually acute at both ends, 3-5-nerved,
roughish-margined, 2^-4' long, the lowest
obovate and smaller; flowers 1^-2' high, in
sessile terminal and usually also axillary
clusters of 1-5, 2-bracteolate under the calyx;
calyx-lobes oblong or spatulate, ciliolate;
corolla blue, club-shaped, its lobes erect, ob-
tuse, equalling or longer than the cleft or
lacerate appendages; anthers cohering in a
tube; capsule stipitate; seeds broadly winged.
In wet soil, Ontario to Minnesota, Florida and
Louisiana. Aug. -Oct.
II. Gentiana Andre wsii Griseb. Closed
or Blind Gentian. (Fig. 2876.)
Gentiana alba Muhl. Cat. Ed. 2, 29. 1818?
Gentiana Andreicsii Griseb. in Hook. Fl. Bor. Am.
2:55. 1834. ^
Perennial; similar to the preceding species,
stout, glabrous, i°-2° high, simple, leafy. Leaves
ovate to lanceolate, 3-7-nerved, acuminate at the
apex, narrowed or sometimes rounded at the
base, 2'-4' long, rough-margined, the lowest ob-
long or obovate, smaller; flowers I'-iYz' high in
a terminal sessile cluster and commonly i or 2 in
the upper axils, 2-bracteolate under the calyx;
calyx-lobes lanceolate or ovate, ciliolate, usually
spreading; corolla oblong, club-shaped, blue, oroc-
casionalh' white, nearly or quite closed, its lobes
obsolete, the intervening appendages very broad,
light colored, opposite the stamens; anthers coher-
ingin atube ; capsulestipitate ; seedsoblong, winged-
In moist soil, Quebec to the Northwest Territory,
Georgia and Missouri. Aug.-Oct.
Vol. II.]
GENTIAN FAMILY
12. Gentiana flavida A. Gray. Yel-
lowish Gentian. (Fig. 2877.)
Gentiana flavida A. Gray, Am. Journ. Sci. (II.)
1:80. 1846.
G. alba A. Gray, Man. 360. 1848. Not Muhl. 1818.
Pereunial; stem stout, terete, glabrous, sim-
ple, erect or ascending, i°-3° high. Leaves
ovate-lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, smooth-
margined, acuminate at the apex, subcordate,
clasping or rounded at the base, 2'-5' long,
1^-2' wide; flowers several or numerous in a
sessile terminal cluster and sometimes i or 2
in the upper axils, j}4^-2' high, 2-bracteo-
late under the calyx; calyx-lobes ovate, acute,
smooth or minutely rough-margined, shorter
than the tube; corolla campanulate-funnel-
form, open, greenish or yellowish white, its
lobes ovate, acute or obtuse, twice as long as the
erose-denticulate appendages; anthers coher-
ing in a tube; capsule stipitate; seeds winged.
In moist soil, Ontario to Virginia, Minnesota
and Kentucky. Aug. -Oct.
13. Gentiana linearis Froel. Narrow-
leaved Gentian. (Fig. 2878.)
Gentiana linearis Froel. Gent. 37. 1796.
Gentiana Saponaria var. linearis Griseb. in Hook.
Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 55. 1834.
Perennial; glabrous throughout; stem slender,
terete, simple, 6'-2° high, leafy. Leaves linear
or linear-lanceolate, smooth-margined, acute at
both ends, 3-nerved, ^Y^'-},' long, 2"-^" wide;
flowers \'-\^^' high in a terminal cluster of 1-5
and sometimes also in the upper axils; calyx-
lobes linear or lanceolate, shorter than the tube;
corolla erect, blue, oblong-funnelform, open, its
lobes erect, rounded, \"-2" long, slightly
longer than the entire or 1-2-toothed appen-
dages; anthers coherent in a tube, or at length
distinct; capsule stipitate; seeds winged.
In bogs and on mountains, New Brunswick and
Ontario to Maryland. Ascends to 5000 ft. in the
Adirondacks. Aug. -Sept.
14. Gentiana rubricaulis Schwein.
Red-stemmed Gentian. (Fig. 2879.)
Gentiana rubricaulis Schwein. in Keating's Narr.
Long's Exp. 2: 384. 1824.
Gentiana linearis var. lanceolata A. Gray, Syn. Fl.
2: Part I, 123. 1878.
Gentiana linearis var. lalifolia A. Gray, Proc. Am.
Acad. 22; 309. 1887.
Perennial; glabrous; stem terete, i°-2° high.
Leaves rather distant, lanceolate or ovate-lan-
ceolate, acuminate, rounded at the base, smooth-
margined, 2'--x/ long, the lower narrower and
obtuse; flowers about ij^' high in a sessile
terminal cluster, 2-bracteolate under the calyx;
calyx-lobes unequal, the larger about as long
as the tube; corolla greenish blue or bright blue,
club-shaped, its lobes ovate, acute or acutish,
much longer than the broad 1-2-toothed appen-
dages; anthers coherent, or at length distinct;
seeds oblong, winged.
In wet soil, New Brunswick to central New York,
western Ontario and Minnesota. Aug.-Sept.
GENTIANACEAE.
[Vol. II.
15. Gentiana villosa L. Striped Gentian.
(Fig. 2880.)
Gentiana villosa L. Sp. PI. 228. 1753.
Genliana ochroleiica Froel. Gent. 35. 1796.
Perennial, glabrous or nearly so; stem simple, slen-
der, terete, 6'-i8' high. Leaves obovate, obtuse or
the upper acute, narrowed at the base, faintly 5-
nerved, 1^-3' long, the lower much smaller; flowers
several in a terminal sessile cluster and sometimes also
in the upper axils, nearly 1' long, 2-bracteolate under
the calyx; calyx-lobes unequal, linear, longer than
the tube; corolla greenish white, striped within, ob-
ong-funnelform, open, its lobes triangular-ovate or
ovate-lanceolate, erect, much longer than the oblique
entire or 1-2-toothed appendages; seeds oval, wingless.
In shaded places, southern New Jersey and Pennsylva-
nia to Florida and Louisiana. Sept. -Nov.
16. Gentiana Porphyrio J. F. Gmel. One-
flowered Gentian. (Fig. 2881.)
Getitiana purpurea Walt. Fl. Car. log. 1788. Not L- 1753.
Ge?itiana Porphyria J. F. Gmel. Syst. 2: 462. 1791.
Genliana atigusti/olia Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 177. 1803.
Perennial, glabrous; stem erect or ascending, simple or
branched, 6'-i8' high. Leaves linear, firm, acute or
blunt at the apex, i'-2' long, \"-2" wide, or the upper
and lower shorter; flowers solitary at the ends of the
stem or branches, short-peduncled, about 1' high; calyx-
lobes linear, longer than the tube; corolla funnelform,
bright blue, sometimes brown-dotted within, its lobes
ovate, acutish, spreading, s"-7" long, three times as long
as the conspicuously laciniate appendages, or more;
seeds oblong, wingless.
In moist pine barrens, southern New Jersey to Florida.
Aug.-Oct.
5. PLEUROGYNE Eschol. Linnaea, i: 187. 1825.
Slender usually branched annual glabrous herbs, with opposite- leaves, and rather large
flowers in terminal narrow racemes or panicles, or solitary at the ends of the slender pedun-
cles. Calyx deeply 4-5-parted; segments narrow, often unequal. Corolla rotate, 4-5-parted;
lobes ovate or lanceolate, convolute, acute, with a pair of narrow appendages at the base.
Stamens 4 or 5, inserted on the corolla-tube; filaments slender or filiform; anthers ovate,
sagittate, straight. Ovary i-celled; ovules numerous; style none; stigma decurrent along
the sutures of the ovary. Capsule 2-valved. Seeds small and numerous. [Greek, referring
to the lateral stigmatic surfaces.]
About 7 species, of the colder parts of the northern hemisphere, the following in North America.
Leaves linear or lanceolate; sepals linear, i. P. rotata.
Leaves spatulate or lanceolate; sepals ovate to lanceolate.
2. P. Carinlhiaca.
I. Pleurogyne rotata (L.) Griseb. Pleurogyne.
(Fig. 2882.)
Swerlia rolata L. Sp. PI. 226. i7,';3.
Pleurogyne rotala Griseb. Gent. 309. 1839.
Stem erect, usually 6'-i5' high, sometimes lower, sim-
ple, or with nearly erect branches. Leaves linear to lan-
ceolate, Yi'-^' long, wide, or the basal spatulate
or oblong, shorter and sometimes broader; sepals nar-
rowly linear, or linear-lanceolate, about the length of the
lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate corolla-segments which
are \"-(>" long; capsule narrowly oblong.
Greenland and Labrador to Alaska, south in the Rocky
Mountains to Colorado. Also in Europe and Asia. Summer.
GENTIAN FAMILY. 619
2. Pleurogyne Carinthiaca (Wulf.) Griseb.
Smaller Pleurogyne. (Fig. 2883.)
Swerlia Carinthiaca Wulf.; Jacq. Misc. 2: 53. 1781.
Pleurogyne Carinthiaca Griseb. Gent. 310. 1839.
Similar to the preceding species, but mostly smaller
and more slender, rarely over 6' high, the stems or
branches i-few -flowered; leaves spatulate, ovate, oblong,
or lanceolate, -xf'-^" long; sepals ovate to lanceolate,
shorter than the corolla-segments or at length equal-
ling them, these 2/'-^" long, ovate, and acute; capsule
ovoid-oblong.
Eastern Quebec. The American plant was separated from
the European by Dr. Gray as var. pusilla.
6. FRASERA Walt. Fl. Car. 87. 1788,
Perennial or biennial erect glabrous mostly tall herbs, with opposite or verticillate leaves,
and rather large white yellowish or bluish flowers, in terminal cymose panicles or thyrses.
Calyx 4-parted, the segments narrow. Corolla rotate, 4-parted, the lobes convolute in the
bud, each bearing i or 2 fimbriate or fringed glands within. Stamens 4, inserted on the
base of the short corolla-tube; filaments subulate or filiform, sometimes united at the base;
anthers oblong, versatile. Ovary ovoid, i-celled; style slender or short, but distinct; stigma
2-lobed or nearly entire. Capsule ovoid, coriaceous, somewhat compressed, 2-valved, few-
deeded. Seeds flattened, smooth, margined or narrowly winged. [In honor of John Fraser,
a botanical collector.]
Eight species, natives of North America, all
but the following far western.
I. Frasera Carolinensis Walt. Ameri-
can Columbo. (Fig, 2884.)
Frasera Carolinensis Walt. Fl. Car. 87. 1788.
Stem 3°-4° high, stout. Leaves mostly ver-
ticillate in 4's, those of the stem lanceolate or
oblong, acute or acutish, 3'-6' long, the basal
ones spatulate or oblanceolate, usually much
larger, the uppermost small and bract-like; in-
florescence thyrsoid-paniculate, large, often 2°
long; flowers slender- pedicelled, about i' broad;
corolla yellowish white with brown-purple dots,
its lobes broadly oblong, bearing a large circu-
lar long-fringed gland at or below the middle;
style 2''-3" long; stigma 2-lobed; capsulemuch
compressed, 6'^-8'^ high, longer than the calyx.
In dry soil, western New York and Ontario to
"Wisconsin, south to Georgia and Kentucky. June-
Aug.
7. TETRAGONANTHUS S. G. Gmel. Fl. Sib. 4: 114. 1769.
[Halenia Borck. in Roem. Archiv, i: 25. 1796.]
Annual or perennial usually tufted glabrous herbs, with opposite leaves, and middle-
sized white yellowish purple or blue flowers in terminal and axillary often panicled cymes.
Calyx deeply 4-cleft or 4-parted, the segments lanceolate or oblong. Corolla campanulate,
4-5-cleft, the lobes convolute in the bud, each with a hollow spur or projection below, which
is glandular at the bottom within. Stamens 4 or 5, inserted near the base of the corolla; fila-
ments filiform or subulate; anthers oblong, versatile. Ovary i-celled, the placentae more
or less intruded; ovules numerous; style very short, sometimes none; stigma 2-lobed. Cap-
sule ovoid or oblong, 2-valved. Seeds globose-ovoid, smooth. [Greek, alluding to the
four-parted flowers.]
About 30 species, natives of mountainous regions of North America, South America and Asia.
Besides the following, another occurs in the southwestern United States.
Vol,. II.]
620
GENTIANACEAE.
[Vol.. II.
I. Tetragonanthus deflexus (J.E.Smith)
Kuntze. Spurred Gentian. (Fig. 2885.)
Sivertia deflexa J. E. Smith in Rees' Cyclop, no. 8. 1816.
Halenia deflexa Griseb. in Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 67.
pi. 155. 1834.
Telragonanthiis deflexus Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 431.
1891.
Annual; stem simple or branched, slender, erect,
6'-2o' high. Basal leaves obovate or spatulate, ob-
tuse, narrowed into petioles; stem-leaves ovate or
lanceolate, acute, sessile, 3-5-nerved, i'-2' long,
the uppermost much smaller; calyx-segments lan-
ceolate or spatulate, acute or acuminate; corolla
purplish or white, about \" high, its lobes ovate,
acute, the spurs deflexed or descending, one-fourth
to one-half the length of the corolla; capsule nar-
rowly oblong, long, about twice as long as
the calyx.
In moist woods and thickets, Labrador to Massachu-
setts and southern New York, west to Michigan and
the Indian Territory. July-Aug.
Tetragonanthus deflexus Brentonianus (Griseb.) Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 261. 1894.
Halenia Brentoniana Griseb. in Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 68. 1834.
Low, 3' -8' high; spurs shorter and thicker. Newfoundland to Anticosti.
8. OBOLARIA L. Sp. PI. 632. 1753.
A low glabrous perennial herb, the stem simple or branched, the lower leaves reduced
to opposite scales, the upper foliaceous, subtending the racemose-spicate or thyrsoid white
or purplish flowers. Calyx of 2 spatulate sepals. Corolla oblong-campanulate, 4-cleft, the
lobes imbricated, at least in the bud. Stamens 4, inserted in the sinuses of the corolla; fila-
ments slightly longer than the ovate sagittate anthers. Ovary i-celled, with 4 internal
placental projections; ovules numerous; style distinct; stigma 2-lamellate. Capsule ovoid,
2-valved or irregularly bursting. Seeds minute, covering the whole interior of the capsule.
[Greek, obolus, a coin, alluding to the thick round leaves.]
A monotypic genus of eastern North America.
I. Obolaria Virginica L. Pennywort.
(Fig. 2886.)
Obolaj-ia Virginica L. Sp. PI. 632. 1753.
Stems 3'-6' high from a perennial root of thick fleshy
fibres, bearing 2-6 pairs of thick small obtuse scales in
place of leaves. Floral leaves broadly obovate-cuneate,
obtuse, purplish, i/'-d" long; flowers sessile or nearly so
in the axils, in clusters of 1-4 (usually 3), and terminal;
corolla about 5" long, cleft to about the middle, the
lobes oblong, obtuse, entire, or denticulate; stamens in-
cluded; capsule 2yz" long.
In rich woods and thickets, New Jersey to Georgia, west to
Illinois and Texas. Ascends to 2600 ft. in Virginia. April-May.
9. BARTONIA Muhl.; Willd. Neue Sclirift. Ges. Nat. Fr. Berlin, 3: 444. 1801.
Slender or filiform erect glabrous annual or biennial herbs, the leaves reduced to min-
ute opposite subulate scales, or some of them alternate, and small white or yellowish race-
mose or paniculate flowers, or these rarely solitary and terminal. Calyx deeply 4-parted,
the segments lanceolate, acuminate, keeled. Corolla campanulate, deeply 4-cleft, the lobes
imbricated in the bud. Stamens 4, inserted at the sinuses of corolla; filaments slender,
much longer than the ovate sagittate anthers. Ovary i-celled, the placentae intruded;
ovules numerous; style very short or none; stigma 2-lobed. Capsule ovoid-oblong, acute,
2-valved. Seeds minute, covering the whole inner surface of the capsule. [In honor of
Professor Benjamin Smith Barton, 1766-1S15, of Philadelphia.]
Two species, natives of eastern North America.
Corolla yellowish, I K"-2" long, its lobes oblong. i. B. Virginica.
Corolla white, 3"-4" long, its lobes spatulate. 2. B. verna.
Vol. II.]
GENTIAN FAMILY.
621
Bartonia Virginica (L.) B.S.P. Yellow Bar tonia. (Fig. 2887.)
Sagina Virt^inica L. Sp. PI. 128. 1753.
B. lenella Willd. Neue Schrift. Ges. Nat. Fr. Berlin, 3: 445. 1801.
Barionia Virginica B.S.P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 36. 1888.
Stem rather stiff, almost iiliform, 4^-15' high, simple, or
with few erect branches above, 5-angled, yellowish green,
sometimes twisted. Subulate scales i"-2" long, appressed,
the basal pairs close together, the upper distant; flowers
mostly opposite, peduncled; pedicels ascending or erect, 2^'-
d" long; corolla greenish yellow, \yz"-2" long, its lobes ob-
long, acutish or obtuse, somewhat exceeding the calyx;
stamens included; ovary 4-sided; capsule about \ yz" long.
In moist soil, Newfoundland to Florida, west to Michigan and
Louisiana. July-Sept.
Bartonia Moseri (Steud. & Hochst. ) Rob. & Schrenk, a plant
very similar to this species, but with alternate leaf-scales and
corolla twice as long as the calyx, reported to range from Louis-
iana to Newfoundland, may perhaps be distinct, but it is little
known. Plants of B. Virginica with alternate leaf-scales are
sometimes collected with the typical opposite-scaled form.
2. Bartonia verna (Michx.) Muhl.
Bartonia. (Fig. 2888.)
White
Centaiirella verna Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 97. pi. 12. f. i. 1803.
Bartonia verna Muhl. Cat. 16. 1813.
Stem thicker and less rigid than that of the preceding
species, usually simple, 2^-15' high, racemosely or corym-
bosely i-several-flowered. Bracts distant, appressed, some
of them commonly alternate; flowers solitary at the ends of
the elongated erect peduncles, long; peduncles some-
times 2' long; corolla white, its lobes spatulate or obovate,
obtuse, about 3 times the length of the calyx; ovary com-
pressed; capsule about 2^'^ high.
In swamps, southern Virginia to Florida and Louisiana.
^larch-May.
Family 16. MENYANTHACEAE G. Don, Gard. Diet. 4: 167. 1837.
BUCKBEAN FaMII^Y.
Perennial aquatic or marsh herbs, with basal or alternate entire crenate or
3-foliolate leaves, and clustered regular perfect flowers. Calyx inferior, deeply
5-parted, persistent. Corolla funnelform to rotate, 5-lobed or 5-cleft, the lobes
induplicate-valvate, at least in the bud. Stamens 5, borne on the corolla, and
alternate with its lobes; filaments mostly short; anther- sacs longitudinally de-
hiscent; pollen-grains 3-angled. Ovary i -celled, the 2 placentae sometimes
intruded; style long, short or none. Fruit a capsule, or indehiscent.
Five genera and about 35 species, widely distributed.
Leaves 3-foliolate; swamp plant. i. Menyanthes.
Leaves simple, entire, cordate, floating. 2. Linmanthemiim .
I. MENYANTHES L. Sp. PI. 145. 1753.
A perennial glabrous marsh herb, with creeping rootstocks, alternate long-petioled
3-foliolate basal leaves, and white or purplish flowers, racemose or panicled on long lateral
scapes or peduncles. Calyx 5-parted, the segments oblong or lanceolate. Corolla short-
funnelform, 5-cleft, its lobes induplicate-valvate, fimbriate or bearded within, spreading.
Stamens 5, inserted on the tube of the corolla; filaments filiform; anthers sagittate. Disk
of 5 hypogynous glands. Ovary i-celled; style subulate; stigma 2-lamellate. Capsule oval,
indehiscent or finally rupturing. Seeds few, compressed-globose, shining. [Greek, perhaps
month-flower; a name used by Theophrastus. ]
A monotypic genus of the cooler parts of the northern hemisphere.
622 MENYANTHACEAE. [Vol. II.
I. Menyanthes trifoliata L. Buckbean. Marsh or Bean Trefoil. Bog-bean.
(Fig. 2889.)
Menyanthes irifoliata I,. Sp. PI. 145. 1753.
Rootstock thick, scaly, sometimes 1° loug,
marked by the scars of bases of former petioles.
Leaves 3-foliolate; petioles sheathing at the base,
I'-io' long; leaflets oblong or obovate, entire,
obtuse at the apex, narrowed to the sessile base,
pinnately veined, i yi'-j/ long; raceme borne on
a long scape-like naked peduncle, arising from
the rootstock, 10-20-fiowered; pedicels stout,
long, bracteolate at the base; flowers
^"-(3" long; calyx shorter than the white or
purplish corolla, which is bearded with white
hairs within; stamens shorter than the corolla
and style exserted, or longer and style nearly
included; capsule ovoid, obtuse, about \" long.
In bogs, Greenland to Alaska, south to Long
Island, Pennsylvania, Minnesota and California.
Also in Europe and Asia. May-July.
2. LIMNANTHEMUM S. G. Gmelin, Nov. Act. Acad. Petrop. 14: 527.
pi. ly. f. 2. 1769.
Aquatic perennial herbs, with slender rootstocks. Leaves floating, petioled, ovate or or-
bicular, deeply cordate, entire or repand, or the primary ones different; flowers yellow, or
white, umbellate at the summit of filiform stems at the bases of the petioles, or axillary, often
accompanied by a cluster of thick elongated root-like tubers. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla
nearly rotate, deeply 5-cleft, the lobes induplicate-valvate in the bud, sometimes fimbriate
on the margins. Stamens 5, inserted on the base of the corolla; filaments short; anthers
sagittate, versatile. Ovary i-celled; style short or none; stigma 2-lamellate. Capsule ovoid
or oblong, indehiscent or irregularly bursting. Seeds numerous or few, smooth or rough.
[Greek, pool-blossom.]
About 20 species, widely distributed in temperate and tropical reg-ions. The following are the
only ones known to occur in North America.
Flowers accompanied by tufts of root-like tubers; native species.
Floating leaves i'-2 long; flowers 3"-6" broad, yellow; seeds smooth. i. L. lacnnosum.
Floating leaves 2' -6' long; flowers 6"-io" broad, white; seeds rough. 2. L. aqtialicuin.
Flowers not accompanied by tufts of tubers; flowers bright yellow, i' broad, or more; introduced
species. 3. L. nympliaeoides.
I. Limnanthemum lacundsum (Vent.)
Griseb. Floating Heart. (Fig. 2890.)
Villarsia lacunosa Vent. Choix des Plantes, 9. 1803.
Limnanthemum lacunosum Griseb. Gent. 347. 1839.
Rootstock buried in the mud, the roots long and
fibrous. Primary leaves membranous, submerged,
short-petioled ; stems (stolons) filiform, greatly elon-
gated, sometimes 10° long, bearing a short-petioled
floating leaf, an umbel of flowers and a cluster of nar-
row tubers at its summit, or some of the floating
leaves on petioles as long as the stems; floating leaves
ovate-orbicular, purplish beneath, i'-2' long, the basal
sinus narrow or broad; pedicels slender; tubers linear-
conic, Yi'-x' long; flowers yellow, 3"-6" broad; style
none; capsule ovoid, covered by the connivent calyx-
segments; seeds numerous, smooth.
In ponds, Nova Scotia to Florida, west to Ontario, Min-
nesota and Louisiana. July-Aug.
Vol,. II.]
BUCKBEAN FAMILY.
623
2. Limnanthemum aquaticum (Walt.) Britton. Larger Floating Heart.
(Fig. 2891.)
Anonymos aquattcaWaXt. Fl. Car. 109. 1788.
Villarsia aquatica Gmel. Syst. i: 447. 1791.
Menyanthes irachysperma Michx. Fl. Bor. Am.
i: 126. 1803.
Limnanthemum trachyspermum A. Gray, Man.
Ed. 5, 390. 1867.
Limnanthemum aquaticum Britton, Trans. N.
Y. Acad. Sci. 9: 12. 1889.
Similar to the preceding species but stouter
and larger. Floating leaves cordate-orbicular,
thick, entire or repand, 2'-6' long, spongy,
and with the petioles and stolons densely
covered with minute pits; primary leaves
spatulate; pedicels slender, \'-2,' long; tubers
linear-oblong, thicker; corolla white, (>"-\o"
broad; style none; seeds rough; capsule longer
than the calyx.
In ponds, southern New Jersey and Delaware
to Florida and Texas. Tubers apparently less
abundant than in L. lacunosum. May-Aug.
Limnanthemum nymphaeoides (L.) Hoffm. & Link.
Floating Heart. (Fig. 2892.)
Water Lily
Menyanthes nymphaeoides L. Sp. PI. 145.
1753-
Limnanthemum nymphaeoides Hoffm. &.
Link, Fl. Port, i: 344. 1809.
Stems long, creeping or buried in the
mud, ascending to the surface of the water,
branched, the upper nodes bearing a
petioled leaf and a cluster of flowers, or the
upper internodes very short and their
leaves apparently opposite. Petioles stout,
mostly longer than the ovate-orbicular
firm blades, which are I'-i/ broad; pedi-
cels stout, becoming 3'-6' long, not ac-
companied by tufts of tubers; flowers bright
yellow, \' in diameter, or more; corolla
segments short-fringed.
Naturalized in ponds, District of Columbia.
Native of Europe and Asia. May-July.
Index of Latin Names.
[Classes and Families in small capitals; genera in heavy face; synonyms in ilalics.'\
Abutilon
Abutilon
A vicennae
Acacia
brachyloba
filicina
filiculoides
ACERACEAE
Acer
barbatum
dasycarpum
Drummondii
eriocarpxi7n
glabrum
montanum
Negnndo
nigfrum
Pennsylvanicuni
. platanoides
Pseudo-Platanus
rubrum
saccharinum
saccharum
spicatum
striatum
tripartitum
Achryanthes
dicliotoma
Aconitum
Noveboracense
paniculatum
reclinatutn
uncinatum
Actaea
alba
argiita
raceniosa
rubra
" dissecta
spicata vars.
Acuan
lUinoensis
leptolobus
Adelia
acuminata
Adlumia
cirrhosa
fungosa
Adnaria
Adonis
annua
autuvinalis
Adorium
divaricatum
leiiuifoliiim
AEgopodium
Podagraria
AEschynomene
hispid a
Virginica
AEsculus
arguta
Hava
" piirpurascens
glabra
Hippocastanutn
liybrida
422
422
422
254
255
254
254
396
397
398
397
398
397
399
399
400
398 I
399
400 I
400
397
397-8
398
399
399
399
39
60
61
61
61
61
55
56
55
56
55
55
55-6
255
255
255
603
603
105
105
105
574
^9
89
527
527
539
539
311
312
312
400
401
401
401
401
400
401
AEsculus
lutea
octandra
Pavia
AEthusa
Cynapium
Agrimonia
Brittoniana
Eupatoria
hirsuta
microcarpa
mollis
parviflora
pumila
rostellata
striata
Agrostemma
Coronaria
Githago
Ailanthus
glandulosa
Alchemilla
alpina
arvensis
vulgaris
AUiaria
AUiaria
Alsine
aquatica
borealis
" alpestris
crassifolia
fontinalis
graminea
Holostea
humifusa
longifolia
longipes
" Edwardsii
" peduncularis
media
Michaiixii
pubera
uliginosa
Althaea
officinalis
401
401
402
519
520
225
227
226-7
226
226
227
226-7
226
226
226
7
16
7
354
355
224
225
225
225
115
115
20
20
24
24
24
24
23
22
21
22
23
23
23
21
33
22
21
415
415
Alyssum 138, 152
alyssoides 153
arcticum 138
calycinum 153
incanum 154
viaritimuni 153
Amelanchier 237
alni folia 239
Botryapium 238
Canadensis 237
" oblongifolia 238
oligocarpa 239
rotundifolia 238
spicata 238
Ammannia 468
auriculata 469
coccinea 469
hiimilis 469-70
Koehnei 469
latifolia 469
ramosior 470
Ammania
M 'right it
Ammiaceae
Ammi
capillaceum
niajus
Ammodenia
peploides
Ammoselinum
Popei
Amorpha
canescens
fruticosa
microphylla
nana
Ampelopsis
arborea
cordata
heterophylla
quinqiiefolia
" vilacea
Veitchii
Amphicarpa
monoica
Pitcheri
Amygdalus
Persica
A X ACARDI ACEAE
Anagallis
arvensis
coerulea
coerulea
Andromeda
arborea
calyculata
coerulea
fioribunda
hypnoides
ligustriiia
Mariana
Polifolia
taxifolia
tetragona
see Leucothoe
see Pieris
Androsace
occidentalis
Anemone
Canadensis
Caroliniana
cylindrica
dichotoma
Hepatica
Hiidsoniana
lancifolia
multifida
nemorosa
nudicaulis
Nuttalliana
parviflora
Pe n n sylva n ica
quinquefolia
Richardsonii
ihalictroides
trifolia
Virginiana
469
508
538
538
35
36
525
525
286
287
286
286
286
412
412
412
412
413
413
413
334
334
253
254
385
592
593
593
593
567
571
570
565
568
565
570
569
568
565
566
566-7
568^
586
62
64
62
63
64
65
63
65
63
64
74
67
62
64
64
64
66
65
63
A nemonella
thalictroides
66
A ne thrum
Foeniculum
525
Angelica
5"
A rchangelica
520
atropurpurea
512
Curtisii
5"
hirsuta
512
triquinala
512
villosa
512
Annona
triloba
49
488
Anogra
( OEnothera i
Q part)
488
albicaulis
coronopifolia
488
pallida
489
Anonaceae
49
Anonymos
aquatica
623
bracteata
. 313
petiolata
603, 606
rotundifolia
268
Anthriscus
Anthriscus
528
Cerefolium
528
sylvestris
528
vulgaris
Anychia
528
38, 40
argyrocoma
38
Canadensis
40
capillacea
40
dichotoma
40
Aphakics
arvensis
225
Aphora
humilis
365
mercurialina
364
Apiastrum
526
patens
527
Apios
334
Apios
335
tuberosa
335
Apium
525, 533
Ammi
534
divaricatum
537
echinatiim
537
graveolens
533
leptophyllum
534
patens
527
Petroselinum
533
Popei
525
Aquiiegia
57
brevistyla
58
Canadensis
58
flaviflora
58
vulgaris
58
Arabis
116, 146
alpina
148
brachycarpa
150
biilbosa
131
Canadensis
149
con finis
150
dentata
148
Douglassii
130
glabra
150
Vol. II.]
INDEX OF LATIN NAMES.
625
Arabis
hirsuta
Holboellii
humifusa
laevigata
" laciniata
" Burkei
Ludoviciana
lyrata
patens
perfoliala
petraea
relrofracta
149
150
147
149
149
149
147
147
148
150
116
150
Asimina
triloba
Astilbe
biternata
decafidra
49
49
169
170
170
rhornboideapurp. 130
Thaliana 146
Virginica 147
Araliaceae 505
Aralia 505
hispida 507
nudicaulis 506
" prolifera 506
quinquefolia 507
racemosa 506
spinosa 506
trifolia 507
Arbulus
alpina 573
Uva- Ursi 572
Archangelica
atropurpurea 512
Gmelini 520
A rchemora
rigida 513
Arctostaphylos 572
alpitia 573
Uva-Ursi 572
Arenaria 30
biflora 32
Catiadensis 2sl
Caroliniana 33
ciliata 31
Fendleri 32
Groenlandica 34
hirta 33
Hookeri 32
humifusa 31
lateriflora 35
macropliylla 35
Michauxii 33
patula 34
peploides 36
Pitclieri 34
rubra 2>7
" marina 37
Sajanensis 32
serpyllifolia 31
squarrosa 33
stricta 33
Texana 34
thymifolia 21
verna 33
Arctous
alpina 573
Argemone loi
alba 101
albiflora loi
intermedia loi
Mexicana loi
Argyrothamnia
humilis 365
mercurialina 364
Aionia 236
alnifolia 239
arbutifolia 236
nigra 237
A rmeria
vulgaris 595
Aruncus 197
Aruncus 197
Sylvester 197
Ascyrum 428
Crux- A ndreae
428, 434
hypericoides 428
stans 428
Astragalus 263, 296
(inc. Phaca in part)
aboriginoruni 303
adsurgens 299
alpinus 304
bisulcatus 300
caespilosus 306
campestris 308
Canadensis 298
carnosus 263, 297
Carolinianus 298
caryocarpus 297
Cooperi 305
crassicarpus 297
distortus 303
Drumniondii 299
elatiocarpus 301
elegans 303
elongatus 302
flexuosus 302
frigidus var. Ameri-
ca nus 304
gracilis 302
hyalinus 306
Hypoglottis 2Q9
Kentrophyta 306
lotiflorus 301
■melanocarpus 301
Mexicanus 297
microlobus 302
Missouriensis 301
moUissimus 298
multiflorus 305
pectinatus 300
pictus var. filifol. 305
Plattensis 297
racemosus 300
Robbinsii 304
" Jesupi 304
sericoleucus 307
Shortianus 301
tenellus 305
Tennesseensis 298
trichocalyx 297
triphyllus 306
Athamanta
Chinensis 512
Atragene 71
Americana 71
Azalea 557
^^Rhododendron in
part)
arborescens 559
calendulacea 559
canescens 558
hispida 559
Lapponica 560
lutea 559
7iitida 560
nudi flora 558
pilosa 562
procumbens 563
viscosa 559
" glauca 560
Balsaminaceae 403
Baptisia 264, 265
alba 267
australis 265
bracteata 266
leucantha 267
leucophaea 265-6
mollis 264
tinctoria 266
villosa 266
Barbarea 121
Barbarea 122
praecox
stricta
vulgaris
" arcuala
122
122
122
122
Bartonia
Moseri
ienella
verna
Virginica
Bartonia Pursh.
see Mentzelia
Batrachium
divaricatum
hederaceum
trichophyllum
" caespitosiis
Be hen
vulgaris
Benzoin
Benzoin
melissaefolium
Berberidaceae
Berberis
Aqui folium
Canadensis
repens
Sinensis
vulgaris
Berchemia
scandens
volubilis
Bergia
Texana
Berteroa
incana
Berula
anguslifolia
ere eta
BicucuUa
Canadensis
CucuUaria
eximia
Bignonia
senipervirens
Boyktnia
aconitifolia
humilis
Brachylobus
hispidus
Bradburya
Virginiana
Brasenia
pel tat a
purpurea
Brassica
alba
arvensis
campestris
juncea
Napus
nigra
Sinapistrum
Braya
humilis
Bryanthus
taxifolius
Buda
borealis
marina
minor
rubra
Bulliarda
aquatica
Bumelia
densiflora
lanuginosa
lycioides
Bunias
edenttila
Bupleurum
rotundifolium
Bursa
Bursa-pastoris
pasloris
Burshia
humilis
Butneria
fertilis
florida
BuxACEAE 384
621 Cabomba 41
621 Caroliniana 41
621 Cactaceae 460
621 Cactus 461
ferox 464
458 fragilis 464
83 humifusus 463
84 mamillaris 462
84 Missouriensis 462
84 " similis 462
84 Opuntia 463
9 viviparus 462
9 Caesalpinaceae 256
98 Caesalpinia
98 Fa I carta 259
98 Jamesii 259
89 Cakile 117
89 Americana 117
90 edentula 117
90 Calceolaria 456
90 verticillata 456
90 Callirrhoe 418
90 alceoides 418
404 digitata 418
404 involucrata 419
404 triangnlata 419
438 Callitrichaceae 381
438 Callitriche 381, 470
153 Austini 382
154 j autumnalis 382, 470
538 bifida 382
538 heterophylla 382
538 palustris 382
103 terrestre 382
104 verna 382
104 vernalis 382
104 Calluna 573
1 vulgaris 573
605 I Caltha 51
flabellifolia 51
177 natans 52
470 [ palustris 51
i Calycanthaceae 94
125 Calycanthus 95
332 ! fertilis 95
333 I floridus 95
42 I glaucus 95
42 j laevigatus 95
42 Calycocarpum 93
1 17-8 ' Lyoni 93
117 Camelina 139
119 sativa 139
119 Capnoides 105-7
118 aureum 106
119 " occidentalis 107
118 crystallinum 107
119 curvisiliquum 107
flavulum 106
116 micranthum 106
montanum 107
565 sempervirens 105
Cap sella
37 Bursa-pastoris 139
37 elliptica 138
37 Cardamine 1 27
37 arenicola 129
bellidifolia 130
164 bulbosa 131
595 Clematitis 130
596 Douglassii 130
596 flexuosa 129
596 hirsuta 128
" sylvatica 129
117 Ludoviciana 147
529 parvi flora 129
529 purpurea 130
138 Pennsylvanica 128
139 " Brittoniana 128
139 pratensis 128
rhoniboidea 131
504 rotundifolia 131
95 spathulata 147
95 uniflora 135
95 Virginica 129, 147
40
626
INDEX OF LATIN NAMES.
[Vol. II.
Cardamine
see Den tan a
132-3
C aidiosp ennum
403
Halicacabum
403
Carum
535
Carui
535
Cassandra
calycula ta
57°
Cassia
257
Chamaecrista
250
robusta
250
fasctctilata
23O
^larylandica
250
nictitans
257
obtusijolia
250
occi den talis
259
Tora
25*^
505
hypnoides
tetragon a
500
Castalia
44
L,6ibe)'gii
45
odorata
44
* rosea
44
Ptidica
44
pygniaea
45
tetragon a
45
tuberosa
44
510
Anthnscus
511
nodosa
510
Caulophyllum
91
thalictroide s
91 1
Ceanothus
407
Aniencanus
407
ovalts
407
o vat us
407
" pubescens
407
CcDatua
93
Carolina
94
Celastraceae
393
Cclastrus
395
scandens
396
Centaiirella
vcf'fia
.
021
541
Asiatica
541
Centrosema
Virgiiiianittn
333
Ccntunculus
593
minimus
593
Ccr^stium
25
alpinum
27
aquaticum
20
arvense
27
brachypodum
" compactum
26
27
cerastioides
28
FischeHa n u m
27
glomei'atunt
25
qtiaiernelltim
29
longipedunculat'm 26
tiutaris
26
oblongifoliu m
27
semidecandrum
25
trigytium
28
triviale
26
velutinum
27
viscosum
25. 26
vulgatum
25. 26
Cerasus
demissa
253
Mahaleb
252
Pen nsylva7i ica
252
pumila
250
serotina
253
" montana
253
Virgimana
252
Cercis
256
Canadensis
257
Cercocarpus
223
parviflorus
223
Cereus
caespUosus
461
viridiflorus
460
Chacrophyllum
520
procumbens
" Shortii
529
529
sativum
528
Xeinturieri
530
Chamaecistus
563
procumbens
503
scypylli^oltCL
503
570
calyculata
570
V/UctUldcllCIlUlll
40U
ang^stif oliuni
401
latifoliuni
40 1
Chelidonium
102-3
dipliylht yn
102
Gld uct it in
103
maj us
103
Cliimapliila
553
cotytiibosu
554
maculata
553
umbellata
554
Chimonanthus
95
Chiogenes
5»i
bispidula
Japontca
-Qt
scj'pylttjol td
5° I
Chionanthus
603
Virginica
603
Chironia
see Sabbatia
OOQ— 12
Chrysosplenium
f Qt
altemifolium
lol
Americanum
181
oppositifol iu m
181
Cicendia
exaltata
608
Cicuta
535
bulbifera
536
maculata
536
virosa lar. mac. 536
Cimicifuga
56
Americana
57
cordifolia
57
palmata
72
racemosa
56
" dissecta
56 1
Circaea
499
alpina
500
Lutetiana
499
Cissus
A mpelopsis
412
slans
412
CiSTACEAE
439
Cistus
Canadensis
440
Cladrastis
264
fragrans
264
lutea
264
iinctoria
264
Claytonia
2
Caroliniana
3
Chamissoi
lanceolata
3 1
perfoliata
4
Virginica
3
Clematis
67
Addisonii
69
Catesbyana
67
crispa
68
cor data
68
cylindrica
68
Fremontii
70
hirsutissima
67
lignsticifolia
68
ochroleuca
69
ovata
69, 70
Pitcheri
68
Scottii
70
sericea
69
Simsii
68
verticillaris
71
Virginiana
67
Viorna
69
vnomioides
69
Cleome
155
Cleome
dodcca H d ra
157
in tegrifolia
155
lutea
T f ^
I 30
pinnata
109
pun gens
155
serrulata
155
spinosa
155
Cleomella
150
angusti folia
157
^ L 1. 1 xl k. -T. 1^
04"
Clethra
54*>
acuminata
549
alni folia
54°
LUtona
333
Mariana
333
Virgin^ana
dypeola
333
153
alyssoides
153
7na7'i it^na
153
CoccuIhs
93
Cayolinus
94
Coniosdinum
512
Canadeuse
5J2
Cliinense
512
Coptis
53
tri folia
54
Coclileana 1 1
3. 114
y3 vfnovacta
127
Cof'onopns
113
oblongifoha
115
officinalis
115
Coelopleurum
520
Gmelini
520
Comaxum
217
fyagav I oides
or A
palustre
217
Coniuin
531
maculatum
532
Coronia
303
Conradii
304
CORNACEAE
542
Comus
542
alba
545
altemifolia
546
Amonum
544
da pel llUilcL
544
Baileyi
545
Canadensis
543
candidissinia
545
circinata
544
fastigtata
340
Drummondii
544
fiorida
543
Pantculata
545
ftigosa
544
sericea
544
stoloni f era
545
stn eta
540
Suecica
543
Coronopus
113
Coronopus
"3
didymus
113
Coronilla
310
varia
310
Corydalts
Canadensis
104
glauca
105
sctr ^AUiiUiiics
io5~7
Cotinus
388
u-imeyicanus
389
cotinoides
389
Cotoneaster
245
Pyracantha
245
292
liispidula
293
Virginiana
" holosericea
292
293
Crantzia
lineata
521
Crassulaceae
163
Crataegus
239
apiifolia
242
arborescens
242
242
ilaUCllaLd
242
oliga ndra
\.\J\ UdLd
241
OAA
0.\ 1
Jl ex isp i n a
0\A
gla n d H losa
macracantlia
^■\o
mollis
243
Oxyacantlia
241
y)/7 /^^/ 7/7
2/tt f C 11 K/i 1 1*
244
OA T
U UU^ LdLd
241
cane see ns
241
ra ca 7iiha
245
7'a cent osa
rotundifolia
243
opdLUUldLd
240
subz' i I losa
243
tomentosa
244
uniflora
244
Vailiae
245
242
nitiaa
242
Crxstavta
cue C t flCUi
421
Cii statclla
To Ttl 1
J aUJ ColX
j\yj
U UiML fO
268
rotundifolia
0^
ZkjO
od^ 1 CLdllS
268
OTJaltS
268
C rot OH
362
363
glandulosus
362
monanthogynus
3&3
Texensis
363
Crotonopsis
364
•j6ti
3"4
108
Cry plot a en t a
03"
/ Vt il /I /I t> it Ct C
Cube 11 um
J.^6
concolor
456
Cn ciibalns
Fiphfiti
J-> CliC fir
y
niz'etis
Q
slellalus
9
It L/HCiM
petiolata
4/3
4/3
Cy mopteru s
0^1
acaulis
0* /
glo?neral Jt s
517
0*/
CynoctOQuni
605
606
pelt ola I w nt
606
Cynos cia di um
521
pinnatum
521
CVRILLACEAE
389
Cyrilla
389
racemiflora
389
Cyrtorhjrncha
85
Cymoalaria
86
ranunculina
85
Cytdsus 265, 271
rhombtfohus
265
scoparius
271
Dale a
287
alopecuroides
288
lanuginosa
288
laxijlora
287
parvijiora
302
violacea
290
see Parosela
287-8
see Kuhnistera
289-91
Dalibarda
205
Vol. II.]
INDEX OF LATIN NAMES.
627
Dalibaida
fragarioides 218
repens 205
violaeoides 205
Daphne 465
Mezereum 465
Darlingtonia 255
Daiisca
hirta 386
Daucus 509
Carota 510
divaricalns 537
Decodon 470
aquaiicus 471
verticillatus 471
Pecumaria 185
barbata 185
Delphinium 59
Ajacis 59
azureum 60
Carolinianum 60
Consolida 59
exaltatum 59
tricorne 60
urceolatum 59
Dendrium 562
buxiflorum 562
Dentaria 131
diphylla 132-3
heterophylla 133
laciniata 132-3
maxima 132
Deringa 536
Canadensis 536
Descurainia
Harlwegiana 145
incisa 145
pinnata 145
Sophia 144
Desmanihus
brachylobus 255
leplolobus 255
Desmodium
see Meibomia 313-20
acuminatum 314
Canadetise hirsut.Tiij
" longifolia 317
ciliare 321
cuspidalum 317
lineatum 315
Dianthus 18
Armeria 19
barbatus 20
deltoides 19
prolifer 19
Saxifraga 17
DiAPENSIACEAE 582
Diapensia 582
barbulata 583
Lapponica 583
Dicentra
see BicucuUa 104
Diclytra
see BicucuUa 104
Didiplis 470
diandra 470
linearis 470
Dielytra
CucuUaria 104
Diospyros 596
Virginiana 597
Diphylleia 91
cymosa 91
Diplotaxis 119
muralis 120
tenuifolia 120
Dirca 466
occidentalis 466
palustris 466
Discopleura 537
capillacea 538
Nutlallii 538
Ditaxis 364
humilis 365
mercurialina 364
Dodecatheon
Meadia
" Frenchii
Dolichos
Catjang
polysiachyus
regularis
Sinensis-
Draba
alpina
androsacea
arabisans
aurea
brachycarpa
Caroliniana
confusa
cuneifolia
Fladnizensis
hispidula
incana
micranlha
nemorosa
nivalis
ramosissima
verna
Droseraceae
Drosera
A mericana
A nglica
filiformis
intermedia
linearis
593
594
594
340
338
335
340
140
144
141
142
143
143
141
142
141
141
141
142
141
143
142
142
140
160
161
161
162
162
161
162
longifolia 161, 162
rotundifolia 161, 162
tenuifolia 162
Drupaceae 246
Dryas 222
cliamaedrifolia 222
Drummondii 223
integrifolia 222
octopetala 222, 223
tenella 222
Duchesnea 207
Indica 208
Ebenaceae 596
Echinocactus 461
Simpsoni 461
Echinocereus 460
caespitosus 461
viridiflorus 460
Elatinaceae 437
Elatine 437
Americana 437
brachysperma 438
triandra 438
Eleagnaceae 466
Eleagnus 466
argentea 467-8
Canadensis 467
Elodea
campanulata 436
petiolata 437
Virginica 436
Empetraceae 383
Empetrum 383
Conradii 384
nigrum 383
Enemion
biternalum 54
Epigaea 571
repens 571
Epilobium 481-5
adenocaulon 484
alpinum 482
" majus 485
anagallidifolium 482
angtistifolium 481
coloratum 484
glandulosum 484
hirsutum 482
Hornemanni 485
lactiflorum 482
latifolium 481
lineare 483
molle 483
Epilobium
oliga nthiim
palustre
paniculatum
spicatum
strictum
Eranthis
hyemalis
Ericaceae
Erica
cinerea
Tetralix
vulgaris
Erigenia
bulbosa
Erodium
cicutarium
moschatum
Erophila
vulgaris
Ervum
hirsutum
Lens
multiflorum
tetraspermum
Eryngium
aquaticum
integrifolium
Leavenworthii
prostratum
Virginianum
yuccae/olium
Erysimum 115,
Alliaria
Arkansanum
asperum
Barbarea
cheiranthoides
inconspicuum
lanceolatum
officinale
parviflorum
pinnatum
praecox
syrticolum
Erythraea
calycosa
Centaurium
Douglasii
exaltata
pulchella
ramosissima
spicata
Eulophus
Americanus
Euonymus
Americanus
atropurpureus
Europaeus
obovatus
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbia
arenaria
commutata
coroUata
cuphosperma
Cyparissias
Darlingtonii
dentata
dictyosperma
Esula
Fendleri
Geyeri
glyptosperma
Helioscopia
heterophylla
hexagona
humistrata
hypericifolia
Ipecacuanhae
Lathy ris
lata
maculata
marginata
montana robusta
483
483
484
481
483
53
53
556
573
573
573
573
541
542
344
344
344
140
328
328
329
305
32»
521
522
523
522
523
522
522
151
115
152
152
122
151
151
152
116
151
145
122
152
607
6q8
607
608
608
608
608
607
528
528
393
394
394
395
394
361
369
371
380
375
376
378
376
379
380
374
372
373
379
377
375
373
375
377
377
374
373
376
381
Euphorbia
Nicaeensis
nutans
Nuttallii
humistrata
obtusata
Ohiotica
Peplus
petaloidea
platyphylla
polygonifolia
Preslii
robusta
serpens
serpyllifolia
strictospora
zygo phylloides
Eustoma
Russellianum
Falcata
comosa
Pitcheri
Ferula
Canadensis
foeniculacea
villosa
Ficaria
Ficaria 85
ranunculoides
Floerkea
proserpinacoides
Foeniculum
Foeniculum
vulgare
Forestiera
acuminata
Fothergilla
alnifolta
Carolina
Gardeni
Fragaria
Americana
Canadensis
Indica
rubens
vesca
Virginiana
" Illinoensis
Frangula
Caroliniana
Frasera
Carolinensis
Fraxinus
Americana
Caroliniana
lanceolata
nigra
Pennsylvanica
piatycarpa
pubescens
quadrangulata
sambucifolia
viridis
Fumaria
CucuUaria
eximia
fungosa
officinalis
parvi flora
sempervtrens
Galactia
glabella
mollis
pilosa
regularis
volubilis
Galax
aphylla
Galega
see Cracca
Gfdpinsia
Hartwegi
Gamopetalae
Gaulthetia
procumbens
380
375
371
373
378
380
379
371
378
371
375
381
372
372
374
371
612
612
333
334
334
519
516
512
85
103
85
385
385
525
525
525
603
192
192
192
192
206
207
206
208
209
207
206
206
406
619
619
600
601
602
601
601
601
602
601
602
602
601
ic
104
104
105
108
108
105
335
335
336
336
335
336
583
584
292
292-3
495
495
548
571
572
104, 108
628
INDEX OF LATIX NAMES.
tVOL. II.
Gaura 496
biennis 497
coccinea 497
Jill pes 497
linifolia 499
Michauxii 497
parviflora 496
sinuata 498
villosa 498
Gaurella 493
guttulata 494
Gaylussacia 574
brachycera 575
dumosa 575
" hirtella 575
frondosa 574
resinosa 574
Gelsemium 604
nittdum 605
sempervirens 605
Genista 270
tinctoria 271
Gentianaceae 606
Gentiana 612
acuta 614
affinis 615
alba 616-7
Amarella var. 614
Andrewsii 616
angnsH/olia 618
Catesbaei 616
Centaiirium (xrj
crinita 612
detonsa 614
Elliottii 616
flavida 617
Grayi 617
linearis 617
" lanceolata 617
" latifolia 617
ochroleiica 618
Porphyrio 615
propinqua 614
puberula 615
pulchella 608
purpurea 618
quinquefolia 615
" occidentalis 615
quinqueflora 615
ramossissima 608
rubricaulis 617
Saponaria 616
scaberrima 616
serrata 614
spicata 607
ventricosa 613
villosa 618
Geraniaceae 340
Geranium 340
Bicknellii 343
Carolinianum 342
cicutariiim 344
columbinum 342
dissectum 343
maculatum 341
molle 344
pusillum 343
Robertianum 341
rotundifolium 342
Sibiricum 341
Geum 209, 218
album 220
Canadense 220
Canadense 221
Carolinianum 220
ciliatum 219
flavum 221
macrophyllum 221
Peckii 219
radiatum 219
" Peckii 219
rivale 219
strictum 221
triflorum 219
urbanum 221
Geum I
vernuni 220 '
Virginianum 220
Gillenia \cfj
slipulacea 198
trifoliata 198
Ginseng
quinque/oliuin 507
Irifolium 507
Glaucium 102
Glaucium 103
liiteuin 103
Glaux 592
maritima 592
Gleditsia 260
aquatica 260
monosperma 260
triacanthos 260
Glycine
Apios 335
comosa 334
frutescens 294
monoica 334
toinenlosa 336
umbellata 339
Glycyrrhiza 310
lepidota 310
Gordonia 427
Lasianthus 427
Grossulariaceae 187
Guilandina \
dioica 261
Gymnocladus 260
Canadensis 261 ,
dioica 261 '
Gypsophila 16
muralis 16
paniculata 17
Halenia
Brentoniana 620
deflexa 620
Halesia ]
Carolina 598
tetraptera 598
Haloragidaceae 500
Hamamelidaceae 192
Hamamelis 192, 193
Virginiana 193
" Carolina 192
Hartmannia 492
speciosa 492
Hedera
quinquefolia 413
Hedysarum 311
acuminatum 314
alpinum var.Am.2,i\
Americanum 311
boreale 311
ciliare 321
lineatum 315
Mackenzii 311
pedunculalum 285
Viiginictim 312
I'ohibile 336
see Meibomia 314-20
" Lespedeza 322-4
Heliantbemum 439
Canadense 440
corymbosum 440
majus 439
Heliosciadium
leptophyllum 534
Helleborus 52-53
hyemalis 53
orientalis 52
irif alius 54
viridis 53
Hendecandra
Tex en sis 363
Hepatica 65
acuta 66
aculiloba 66
Hepatica 65
triloba 65
Heracleum 513
Heracleum
lanatum 514
Hesperis 123, 154
pinnatifida 123
matron alis 154
Heuchera 1 78
Americana 179
hispida 180
" hirsuticaulis 180
pubescens 179
Richardsottii 180
Rugelii 178
villosa 179
Hexaphoma
petiolaris 176
Hibiscus 424
lasiocarpus 425
militaris 425
Moscheutos 424
roseus 424
Syriacus 426
Trionum 425
Virginicus 424-5
Hippocastanaceae
Hippuris
maritima
tetraphylla
vulgaris
Hofhnanseggia
Falcaria
Jamesii
stricta
Holosteum
umbellatum
Homalobus
caespitosus
niontanus
multiflorus
tenellus
Hotikenya
peploides
Hopea
tinctoria
Hosa cilia
Pursliia7ia
Hottonia
inflata
Hudsonia
ericoides
tomentosa
Hutchinsia
procumbens
Hydrangea
arborescens
" Kanawhana
nivea
radiata
vulgaris
Hydrastis
Canadensis
Carolinensis
Hydrocotyle 521,
ambigua
Americana
Asiatica
Canbyi
Chinejisis
inteniipta
lineal a
na/ans
ranunculoides
re panda
umbellata
" ambigua
verticillata
Hydropeltis
puj-purea
Hymenolobus
divaricalus
Hypericaceae
Hjrpericum 427,
adpressum
angulosum
Ascyron
400
501
501
501
501
259
259
259
259
28
28
305
306
306
305
305
36
597
280
586
586
440
4+1
441
138
138
184
184
184
185
185
184
50
50
72
539
540
540
541
540
521
540
521
541
541
541
539
540
540
42
138
427
429
431
432
429
Hypericum
boreale
ca »i panu latum
Canadense
corymbosum
densiflorum
dolabriforme
Drummondii
ellipticum
galioides
graveolens
g^mnanthum
Kalmianum
Lasiantlius
maculatum
majus
mutilum
nudicaule
perforatum
peiiolatum
prolificum
pyra mi datum
Sa rot lira
sphaerocarpum
virgatum
" ovalifolium
Virginicum
Hypopitys
Hypopitys
Monotropa
Ilex
434
436
435
433
430
432
435
432
431
433
434
430
427
433
435
434
436
433
437
430
429
436
431
432
432
436
556
556
556
390
Amelanchier var. 392
Cassine
Dahoon
decidua
glabra
laevigata
mollis
montana
monticola
opaca
verticillata
" padifolia
■ tenuifolia
vomitoria
ILICACEAE
Ilicioides
mucronata
Impatiens
aurea
biflora
fulva
pallida
Imperatona
Ostruthium
Indigofera
leptosepala
lodanthus
liesperidoides
\ pinnatifidus
lonidium
lineare
polygalae/olium
Isnardia
palustris
Isopyrum
biternatum
trifolium
Itea
Virginica
Jackson ia
tracliysperma
Jatropha
stimulosa
Jeffersonia
Dartonis
\ binala
I diphylla
I Jussiaea
brachycarpa
decurreus
diffusa
391
391
392
391
393
392
392
392
390
392
393
393
391
390
393
393
403
404
403
403
404
514
515
292
292
123
123
123
456
456
476
476
54
54
54
187
187
repens
Kallstroemia
158
368
369
92
92
92
92
478-«o
478
480
480
480
352
352
Vol,. II.]
INDEX OF LATIN NAMES.
629
Kalmia
563
Lcplocaulis
Linum
Lythrum
471
angustifolia
563
divaricatus
537
medium
349
alatuni
472
glauca
564
echinalus
537
peren ne
349
Hyssopifolia
471
hirsuta
564
patens
527
rigidum
351
Ken nedya nnm
472
latifolia
564
Leptogloitis
Lespedeza
255
simplex
350
lineare
472
" myrtifoHa
564
321
striatum
350
petiolatum
473
Kentrophyta
angustifolia
324
sulcatum
350
Salicaria
473
viontana
306
capitata var. seric. 324
usitatissimum
348
verticillatura
471
viridis
306
489
frutescens
323-4
Virginianum
349
Vulneraria
472
Kneiffia
hirta, and var.
324
Liquidambar
193
Magnoliaceae
47
iOEnolhera in part)
leptostachya
325
Styraciflua
193
Magnolia
47
Alleni
490
longifolia
Nuttallii
324
Liriodendron
49
acuminata
48
fruticosa
491
322
Tulipifera
49
auriculala
47
" pilosella
491
polystacliya
324
Lisian thus
Fraseri
glauca
491
procumbens
322
glaucifolius
612
glauca
48
linearis
490
repens
321
Riisselhantis
612
macrophylla
47
linifolia
489
reticulata
323
Lit sea
tripetala
48
longipedicellata
490
striata
325
geniculala
97
Umbrella
48
pumila
491
Stuvei, and vars
323
LOASACEAE
458
Virginiana
48
Koniga
153
violacea
322
Lobularia
153
Malionia
maritima
153
" angustifolia
323
Loeflingia
38
repens
90
Kosteletzyka
423
Virginica
323
Texana
38
Blaliania
572
Virginica
424
Lechea
441
LOGANIACEAE
604
alpina
573
Krameriaceae
261
intermedia
444
Loiseleuria
Malachodendron
Krameria
261
juniperina
444
procumbens
563
oi'atum
427
secundiflora
261
Leggettii
443
Lonicera
Malapoenna
97
Kraunhia
293
major 439, 442
Maryland! ca
605
geniculata
97
fnitescens
294
maritima
443
Lotus
279
Malus
234
Kuhnistera
289
minor
442-3
Americanus
280
angustifolia
234
Candida 280, 200
Novae-Caesareae 442
corniculatus
280
coronaria
235
" occideiilalis
290
racemulosa
442
sericeus
280
loensis
235
compacta
289
stricta
444
Ludwigia
477
Malus
236
foliosa
29 1
tenuifolia
443
alata
478
Soulardi
235
multiflora
290
ihymifolia
442-3
alternifolia
479
Malvaceae
415
oligophylla
290
villosa
442
" linearifolia
479
Malva
416
purpurea
290
Leon t ice
arcuata
477
Alcea
417
tenuifolia
291
thaiictroides
91
cylindrica
478
Caroliniana
423
villosa
291
Lepargyiaea
467
468
decurrens
480
coccinea
421
Lathjnus 326, 329
argentea
glandulosa
478
crispa
417
decaphyllus
33'
Canadensis
467
hirtella
479
involucrata
419
glaucifolitis
332
Totundifolia
467
linearis
479
moschata
417
lineafis
326
Lesquerella
136
palustris
476
rotundifolia 416, 417
maritimus
330
arctica
138
polycarpa
478
sylvestris
416
myrtifolius
" macranthus
331
" Purshii
138
rudis
477
triangulala
419
331
argentea
137
sphaevocarpa
477
verticillata
417
ochroleucus
332
Engelmanni
137
Ludwigiantha
476
Malvastrum
420
ornatus
331
globosa
136
arcuata
477
angustum
420
palustris
330
gracilis
137
Lunaiia
133
coccineum
421
polyniorphus
331
Ludoviciana
137
annua
134
Malveopsis
pratensis
.332
ovalifolia
137
biennis
134
hispida
420
venosus
330
spathulata
136
rediviva
1.33
Mamillaria
Lauraceae
95
Leucothoe
566
Lupinus
268
Nuttallii
462
La 7c rus
axillaris
566
argenteus and var. 269
see Cactus
462
Benzoin
98
Catesbaei
567
decumbens
269
Meconopsii
Borbonia
96
racemosa
567
ornatus var. glab. 269
diphylla
102
Cai-olitiensis var
96
recurva
567
perennis and var.
269
Medicago
271
geniculala
97
98
spicata
567
Plattensis
269
Arabica
273
melissaefolia
spinulosa
567
pusillus
270
denticulata
272
Sassafras
97
Ligusticum
5r9
Lychnis
13
lupulina
272
Lavauxia
493
actaeifolium
519
affinis
15
maculata
273
brachycarpa
493
Canadense
519
alba
13
sativa
272
triloba
493
Scoticum
519
alpina
7
Virginica
323
" Watsonii
493
Ligustrum
604
apetala
15
Megapterium
494
Leavenworthia
134
vulgare
604
Chalcedonica
14
Fremontii
495
Michauxii
135
Lilaeopsis
520
Coronaria
16
Missouriense
494
torulosa
135
lineata
521
dioica
14
Meibomia
.313
uni flora
135
LlMNANTHACEAE
385
diuriia
14
(inc. Desmodium and
Ledum
557
Limnanthemum
622
Drummondi
15
Hedysarum in part. )
buxifoHum
562
aquaticum
623
Flos-cuculi
14
angustifolia
318
Groenlandicum
557
lacunosum
622
Githago
7
arenicola
315
latifoUum
557
nymphaeoides
623
vespertina
13
bracteosa
317
palustre
557
trachysperm Ji m
623
Lyonia
Canadensis
320
Leiophyll u m
Limonium
594
ligustrina
570
canescf ns and var
317
buxi/olium
562
Carolinianuni
591
Lysimachia
587
Dillenii
319
Lepidium
1 10
Lindera
hybrida
590
Floridana
318
apetalum
112
Benzoin
98
longifolia
591
glabella
316
campestre
III
melissaefolia
Nummularia
589
grandiflora
314
didymum
113
LiNACEAE
348
punctata
588
Illinoensis
319
Draba
III
Linum
348
quadri folia
588
laevigata
318
intermedittm
112
Boottii
350
stricta
588
longifolia
317
inedium
112
catharticum
351
terrestris
588
Marylandica
320
procurubens
138
diffusiim
350
tliyrsifiora
591
Michauxii
315
ruderale 1 1 1
112
Floridanum
350
vulgaris
587
nudi flora
314
sativum
112
humile
348
see Steironema 58
9-90
468
obtusa
321
Virginicum
112
Lewisii
349
Lythraceae
ochroleuca
315
630
INDEX OF LATIN NAMES.
[Vol. II.
Meibomia
Montia
paniculata vars.
318
fontana
4
pauciflora
314
Morongia
255
rhombifolia
318
angustata
256
rigida
320
uncinata
256
rolundifolia
3t5
Musenion
sessilifolia
310
see Musineon
527
stricta
316
Musineon
527
viridiflora
319
divaricatum
527
Melastomaceae
473
tenuifolium
527
Melilotus
273
trachyspermum
527
alba
273
JMyagrum
Indica
274
argent eum
137
officinalis
274
paniculatum
140
vulgaris
273
sativum
139
Mexispermaceae 93
Myosuius
71
Slenispeimum
93, 94
minimus
71
Canadense
94
Sliortii
71
Carolinum
94
Myriophyllum
502
Lyoni
93
alterniflorum
503
Kentzella
458
avibiguinn
Karvvellii
504
(Bartonia Pursh)
504
albicaulis
459
heterophyllum
504
aurea
458
humile
504
decapetala
459
nudum
503
laevicaulis
459
pinnatum
504
nuda
458
proserpinacoides
505
oligosperma
458
scabratum
504
ornata
459
spicatum
503
Menyanthaceae 621
tenellum
503
Menyanthes 42, 621
verticillatum
503
nvmphaeoides 42, 623
Myrrhis
pel tat a
42
Claytoni
530
trachvsperma
623
longistylis
530
trifoliata
622
Napaea
419
Menziesia
561
dioica
420
ferruginea var
562
hermaphrodita
422
glabella
562
Nasturtium
globularis
pilosa
562
amphibium
127
562
A rmoracia
121
taxifolia
565
ctirvisiliqua
126
Merimea
hispidum
125
Tex ana
438
lacustre
127
Meriolix
495
natansvar.Amer. 127
serrulata var.
496
obtusum
124
Mespilus
officinale
126
Azarolus
240
palustre
125
corni folia
241
hispidum
125
hyemalis
244
sessiliflorum
126
see Amelanchier
237-9
siniiatum
124
Aronia
236-7
sphaerocarpum
125
Crataegus
241-3
sylvesti'e
124
MiMOSACEAE
254
terrestre
125
Mimosa
Naumbergia
591
filiculoides
254
guttata
591
Illinoensis
255
thyrsiflora
591
Intsia
256
Neckeria
105
Mitella
180
Negundo
diphylla
180
aceroides
400
nuda
181
Negundo
400
Mitreola
605
Neillia
petiolala
606
opulifolia
195
Modiola
423
Nelumbium
Caroliniana
423
luteum
45
multifida
423
sped 0 sum
46
Moehringia
35
Nelumbo
45
lateriflora
35
lute a
45
macrophylla
35
Nelumbo
46
Moenchia
28-29
nucifera
46
t erecta
29
Nemopanthes
393
Mohrodendron
598
Canadensis
393
Carolinum
598
fasicularis
393
Moneses
552
Neobeckia
grandijiora
553
aqiiatica
127
uniflora
553
Nesaea
MOXOPETALAE
548
verticillata
471
MOXTROPACEAE
554
Neslia
139
Monotropa
555
paniculata
140
Hypopitys
556
Notaphoebe
96
procera
554
Borbonia
uniflora
555
Nuphar
Monotropsis
555
see Nymphaea
42-3
odorata
555
Nuttallia
MoDtia
2-4
digit at a
418
Chatnissonis
3
invohicrala
419
Nymphaeaceae
Njonphaea
advena
Fletcheri
Kalmiana
lutea var. Kalm
micropbylla
Nelumbo
odorata
" rosea
" minor
reniformis
rubrodisca
sagittaefolia
tetragona
luberosa
Nyssa
aquatica
bi flora
multiflora
sylvatica
uniJio)'a
Oakesia
Obolaria
Virginica
Oenanthe
ambigua
filiformis
teretifolia
OEnothera
brachycarpa
caespitosa
canescens
clitysantha
Fretnonlii
grandijiora
guttulata
Hartwegi
humifusa
laciniata
" grandis
lavendiila efol ia
macrocarpa
minima
M isso u riensis
muricata
Nut t aim
pinnatifida
rhombipetala
serrulata
" spinulosa
sinuata
grandis
scapigera
speciosa
triloba
" parviflora
see Anogra
" Kneifiia
" Onagra
Oleaceae
Onagraceae
Onagra
( OEnothera in part)
biennis 48
" grandiflora
cruciata
Oakesiana
Ononis
repens
Ophiorhiza
Mitreola
Opuntia
arborescens
Camanchica
fragilis
humifusa
viesacantha
Missouriensis
Opuntia
polyacantha
Rafinesquii
tortispina
vulgaris
Opulaster
41
42
42
43
43
43
43
46
44
44
44
44
43
43
45
44
546
547
547
547
547
547
383
620
620
513
513
„ 513
485-96
493
492
494
491
495
486-7
494
495
487
487
487
495
494
487
494
487
496
496
487
487
492
492
493
493
489-91
485-6
600
475
485
485
486
274
274
606
462
465
464
464
463
463
464
463
464
463
463
463
195
Opulaster
opulifolius
Orophaca
caespitosa
sericea
Osmorrhiza
brevistylis
see Washingtonia
OXALIDACEAE
Oxalls
Acetosella
comiculata
cymosa
filipes
grandis
recurva
stricta
violacea
Oxycoccus
erythrocarpus
macrocarpus
Oxycoccus
palustris
Oxydendron
arboreuni
Oxygraphis
Cymbalaria
alpina
Oxypolis
filiformis
rigidus
longifolius
Oxytropis
podocarpa
sericea
see Spiesia
Pachylophus
caespitosa
Pachy podium
integrifol iu ni
Pachysandra
procumbens
Pachystima
Canbyi
Myrsinites
Panax
quinquefolium
trifolium
Papaveraceae
Papaver
alpinum
Argemone
dubium
?iiidicaule
Rhoeas
somniferum
Papilionaceae
Pamassia
asarifolia
Caroliniana
grandi folia
Kotzebuei
palustris
parviflora
Paronychia
argyrocoma
dichotoma
Jamesii and var.
sessiliflora
Parosela
aurea
Dalea
enneandra
lanata
Parsonsia
petiolata
Parthenocissus
quinquefolia
laciniata
tricuspidata
vitacea
Passifloraceae
Passiflora
incarnata
lutea
19s
306
306
307
530
530
344
345
345
346
347
346
347
347
346
345
581
582
5«2
581
581
570
571
86
86
86
513
513
513
513
307
309
307-9
492
492
no
384
384
395
395
395
507
507
507
98
99
100
100
100
100
99
262
182
184
182
182
183
183
183
38
38
39
39
39
287
288
288
287
288
473
473
413
413
413
413
413
457
457
457
457
Vol. II.]
INDEX OF LATIN NAMES.
631
Pastinaca 514
sativa 514
Penthorum 168
sedoides 169
Peplis
Americana 437
diandra 470
Persea 96
Borbonia 96
Carolinensis 96
" palustris vars. 96
pubescens 96
Pelalostemon
macrostachyiis 289
violaceus 290
see Kuhnistera 289-91
Peucedanum 515
foeniculaceum 516
graiieolens 516
Kingii 516
nudicaule 516
sativum 514
verticillatum 538
villosum 517
Phaca 298-304
Americana 304
argophylla 306
astragalina 304
bi sulcata 300
elongata 302
frigida var. Am. 304
long^ifolia 305
neglecta 305
parviflora 302
villosa 298
see Astragalus 300-4
Orophaca 306-7
Phaseolus 338-9
angulosus 338
diversifolius 338
leiospermus 339
perennis 338
polystachyus 338
see Strophostyles 338-9
Philadelphus
coronarius
grandiflorus
inodorus
Phyllanthus
Carolinensis
obovatus
Phyllodoce
coerulea
Physaria
didymocarpa
Physocarpa
Pieris
floribunda
Mariana
nitida
Pimpinella
integerrima
Saxifraga
Pisum
hiaritimum
Platanaceae
Platanus
occidentalis
Pleurogjme
Carinthiaca
rotata
Plumbaginaceae
Podalyria
bracteata
mollis
Podophyllum
diphyllum
peltatum
Podostemaceae
Podostemon
Ceratophyllum
Polanisia
graveolens
trachysperma
Polygalaceae
185
186
361
362
362
565
565
135
135
195
568
568
569
569
526
526
526
330
194
194
194
618
619
618
594
266
264
92
92
92
163
163
163
157
157
158!
355 !
Polygala 355
acutiflora 356
alba 360
ambigua 358
brevifolia 357
coiymbosa 356
cruciata 357
Curtissii 359
cymosa 356
fastigiata 359
incarnata 358
lutea 356
Mariana 359
Nuttallii 359
paucifolia 361
polygama 360
ramosa 356
sanguinea 358-9
Senega and var. 360
tenuifolia 360
tmiflora 361
verticillata 357
viridescens 358
Polypremum 604
procutnbens 604
Poly taenia 515
Nuttallii 515
Pomaceae 232
Pomaria
glandulosa 259
Porteranthus 197
stipulatus 198
trifoliatus 198
Portulacaceae I
Portulaca 4
grandiflora 6
oleracea 5
pilosa 5
retusa 5
Port una
floribii7ida 568
Potamogeton
pinnatum 504
Potentilla 208
agrimonioides 209
Anserina 216
argentea 209
arguta 209
bipinnatifida 214
Canadensis 216
" pumila 2i6
collina 209
effusa 214
Egedii 216
emarginata 211
frigida 21 1
fruticosa 215
intermedia 2ro
Hippiana 213, 214
hirsuta 212
intermedia 210
leucocarpa 212
leucophylla 213
littoralis 214
mactUata 209
millegrana 212
minima 211
Monspeliensis 210,212
multifida 215
nana 211
nemoralis 216
Nicolletii 213
nivea 210
Norvegica 212
palustris 217
paradoxa 213
Pennsylvanica 214
" strigosa 214
pentandra 212
pilosa 210
procumbens 217
recta 210
reptans 216
rivalis 213
Robbinsiana 211
Potentilla
rubens
Sa I isb rugen sis
simplex
supina
tridentata
Poterium
Canadense
Sanguisorba
Primulaceae
Primula
Egaliksensis
farinosa
Mistassinica
Prinos, see Ilex
Proserpinaca
palustris
pectinacea
pectinata
Prunus
Allegbaniensis
Americana
angustifolia
Avium
Besseyi
cerast/era
Cerasus
Chicasa
cuneata
demissa
gracilis
Gravesii
hortulana
" Mineri
insititia
Mahaleb
maritima
mollis
montana
nigra
Pennsylvanica
pumila
serotina
" Smallii
sphaerocarpa
spinosa
Virginiana
Watsoni
Pseudacacia
odorata
Psoralea
argophylla
aurea
collina
cryptocarpa
cuspidata
Da lea
digitata
esculenta
floribunda
hypogaea
incajia
lanceolata
linearifolia
longifolia
macrorhiza
melilotoides
micrantha
obtusiloba
Onobrychis
pedunculata
stipulata
tenuiflora
Ptelea
trifoliata
Pterospora
Andromedea
PtiUmnium
capillaceum
Nuttallii
Pulsatilla
hirsutissima
Pyrolaceae
Pyrola
asarifolia
209
209
216
213
215
228
228
584
584
584
585
585
39 f -3
501
502
502
502
246
248
247
248
251
251
249
251
248
250
253
249
249
247
247
250
252
249
247
253
247
252
250
253
253
249
250
252
248
294
280
283
288
283
284
284
288
283
284
282
284
283
281
282
305
284
285
285
285
285
281
354
354
554
554
537
538
538
66
67
549
549
Pyrola
chlorantha
elliptica
maculata
minor
oxypetala
rotundifolia
" pumila
secunda
" pumila
uliginosa
umbellata
uniflora
Pyrus
arbutifolia
Botryapium
communis
mgra
see Sorbus
Malus
Psnddanthera
barbulata
Queria
Canadensis
capillacea
Quinaria
Ranunculaceae
Ranunculus
abortivus
acris
affinis
alismaefolius
AUeghaniensis
ambigens
aquatilis vars.
arvensis
bulbosus
cardiophyllus
circinatus
Cymbalaria
delphinifolius
" terrestris
divaricatus
fascicularis
Ficaria
filiformis
Flammula var.
reptans 75
" intermedins 76
Harveyi
hederaceus
hispidus
hyperboreus
lacustris
Lapponicus
limosus
Macounii
micranthus
Missouriensis
miiltifidus
" repens
muricatus
nivalis
Nuttallii
oblongifolius
obtusiusculus
ovalis
281 ! parviflorus
282 i parvulus
pedatifidus
Pennsylvanicus
Philonotis
Purshii
pusillus
pygmaeus
ranunculinus
recurvatus
repens
reptans
" intermedins
rhomboideus
sceleratus
septentrionalis
trichophyllus
550
550
553
552
551
550
550
552
552
551
554
553
233- 8
236
238
234
237
233
234- 6
583
583
40
40
413
50
72
77, 78
79, 80
77
76
78
76
84
83
80
77
84
86
73
73
84
82
85
75
551 ! Raphanus
77
84
I 81
74
73
74
73
80
78
74
73
73
83
76
85
75
76
77
82
82
77
80
82
73
75
76
85
79
80, 81
75
76
77
Z9
81
84
120, 140
632
INDEX OF LATIM NAMES.
[Vol,. II.
Raphanus
Kaphanistrum
sativus
Rapistrum
rugosum
Resedaceae
Reseda
alba
lutea
Luteola
odorata
Rhamnaceae
Rhamnus
alnifolia
Caroliniana
cathartica
Frangula
lanceolata
Rhexia
aristosa
ciliosa
Mariana
peliolala
Virginica
Rhodiola
rosea
Rhododendion
Ca7iadensis
Catawbiensis
Lapponicum
maximum
Rhodora
see Azalea
Rhodora
Canadensis
Rhus
aromatica
Canadensis
copallina
cotinoides
glabra
hirta
radicans
Toxicodendron
trilobata
iyphina
venenata
Vernix
Rhjmchosia
erecta
latifolia
reniformis
simplicifolia
tomentosa
" monophylla
" vohtbilis
Ribes
aureum
" chrysococcum
albinervium
cereum
Cynosbati
floridum
gracile
Grossularia
hirtellum
Hudsonianum
lacustre
nigrum
oxyacanthoides
189,
Pen nsyl va n icum
prostratum
rotundifolium
rubrum
" subglandulos.
setosum
Uva-crispa
Ricinus
communis
Rotala
ramosior
Robertsonia
micranlh idifolia
Robinia
121
121
140
140
158
158
159
159
158
159
405
405
406
406
405
406
405
474
475
475
474
475
474
165
559-61
560
561
560
561
559
558-60
559
559
385
387
387
386
389
387
386
388
388
387
386
388
388
■336
337
337
337
337
336
337
336
187
192
192
191
191
188
191
188
189
189
190
190
190
190
191
190
189
191
191
188
189
368
368
470
470
174
294
Robinia
hispid a
Pseudacacia
viscosa
Roripa
Americana
Armoracia
curvisiliqua
hispida
Nasturtium
obtusa
palustris
sessiliflora
sinuata
sphaerocarpa
sylvestris
Rosaceae
Rosa
acicularis
.\rkansana
blanda
canina
Carolina
cinnamomea
eglanteria
Etigelman ni
Fendleri
humilis
" villosa
lucida
micrantha
nitida
parviflora
rubiginosa
Sayi
setigera
Woodsii
Rubus
AUeghaniensis
Americanus
arcticus
Baileyanus
Canadensis
" roribaccus
Chamaemorus
cuneifolius
Dalibarda
frondosus
frnlicosus
hispidus
" suberecia
Idaeiis vars.
tnvisus
laciniatus
Millspaughii
montanus
neglectus
Nutkanus
obovalis
occidentalis
odoratus
parviflorus
parvifolius
saxalilis vars.
setosus
strigosus
Irijiorus
trivialis
villosus vars
Rutaceae
Sabbatia
(inc. Chironia)
angularis
angustifolia
brachial a
calycina
calycosa
campanulata
campestris
chloroides
dodecandra
Elliottii
gracilis
lanceolata
paniculata
295
294
295
123
127 i
127
126
125 1
126 1
124 \
125
126
124
125
124
194
228
230
230
229
232
231
232
232
230
230
231
231
231
232
231
231
232
230
229
230
198
202
201
200
204
205
205
200
203
205
202
202
203
204
200-1
204-5
202
203
202
201
199
203
201
199
199
203
201
204
200
201
204
202-205
352
Sabbatia
stellaris 611
Sagina 29
apetala 29, 30
decumbens 30
" Smithii 30
erecta 29
foniinalis 24
Liiitiaei 30
nodosa 30
procumbens 29
saginoides 30
subulata 30
Virginica 621
Salpingia 495
Samolus 587
floribundus 587
Valerandi var.
Americana 587
608
610
609
609
610
610
611
610
612
612
611
611
609
609-11
Sanguinaiia
Canadensis
Sanguisorba
Canadensis
Sanguisorba
Sanicula
Canadensis
gregaria
Marylandica
tnfoliata
Sapindaceae
Sapindus
acuminatus
marginatus
Saponaria
Sapotaceae
Saponaria
officinalis
Vaccaria
Sarothamnus
SCO pa rius
Sarothra
Drurnmondii
gentianoides
Sarracexiace.\e
Sanacenia
flava
lielerophylla
purpurea var.
Sassafras
officinale
Sassafras
S.\xifragace.\e
Saxifraga
aconili/olia
aizoides
Aizoon
caespitosa
Caroliniana
cernua
comosa
erosa
foliolosa
Forbesii
Geum
Grayana
Hirculus
loi
102
228
228
228
523
524
524
523
524
402
402
402
402
402
595
17
18
18
271
435-6
435
436
159
159
160
160
160
97
97
97
169
170
177
171
173
173
175
172
175
174
175
173
176
175
171
leu cant kemifolia 176
Michauxii
micranthidifolia
nivalis
oppositifolia
Pennsylvanica
rivularis
stellaris and var.
Siillivantii
tricuspidata
Virginiensis
Scandix
Cerefoliuin
Pecten-Veneris
Schollera
see Oxycoccus
Schrankia
angiislata
uncinata
176
174
174
171
173
172
175
177
172
174
528, 531
528
531
581-2
256
256
Sclmieinilzia
Caroliniana
odorala
Scleranthus
annuus
Sedum
acre
Nevii
pulchellum
refiexum
Rhodiola
roseum
sparsiflorum
stenopetalum
telephioides
Telephium
ternatum
Torreyi
Selenia
aurea
Seli?i7im
acatile
Canadense
Sempervivum
tectorum
Senebiera
Cojonopus
didyma
Sesban
macrocarpa
Sesbania
Seseli
divaricatum
Sheperdia
argentea
Canadensis
Sibbaldia
procumbens
Sida
Abutilon
alceoides
Elliottii
hermaphrodita
hispida
Xapaea
spinosa
Sideroxylon
lanuginosum
lyciodes
Silene
acaulis
alba
Anglica
antirrhina
" divaricata
Armeria
Caroliniana
Cucubalus
dichotoma
Drximmondi
Gallica
inflata
Menziesii
nivea
noctiflora
nociurna
nutans
ovata
Pen nsylva n ica
racemosa
regia
rotundifolia
stellata
Virginica
vulgaris
Simarubaceae
Sinapis
alba
arvensis
juncea
nigra
Sison
Ammi
Canadense
418,
555
555
40
41
164
166
168
167
167
165
165
166
166
165
165
167
166
134
134
517
512
168
168
"3
113
295
296
295
527
467
217
217
421
422
418-
421
422
420
422
421
596
596
8
&
9
12
II
II
II
II
9
12
15
12
9
13
. 9
12
12
9
8
II
12
10
10
8
10
9
354
117
117
119
118
118
534-6
534
536
Sis}anbrium 115, 124, 144
Vol. II.]
INDEX OF LATIN NAMES.
633
Sisymbrium
AUiaria
altissimum
brachycarpon
canescens
denlalum
humifusnm
humiie
murale
officinale
Pannonimm
Sinapisli'uni
temiifoliuvi
Thalianum
see Roripa
' ■ Sophia
Sium 513, 532-8
angustifolium 538
Carsoni
cicutaefolium
erect urn
lalifolium
linear e
longifolium
rigid urn
Smyrniiim
atropiirpureiim 518
aureum
barbinode
cor da turn
integerrim u m
nudicaule
Solea
concolor
Sophia
Hartwegiana
incisa
pinnata
Sophia
Sophora
ausiralis
sericea
iincloria
villosa
SoTbus
Americana
Aucuparia
microcarpa
sambucifolia
Spartiutn
scoparium
Spergula
arvensis
decumbens
nodosa
saginoides
Spergularia
media
rubra
salina
Spennolepis
divaricatus
echinatus
Sphaeralcea
acerifolia
rivularis
Spiesia
arctica
Belli
campestris
infiata
Ivamberti
" sericea
multiceps
splendens
Spigelia
Marylandica
Spiraea
Aruncus
115
116
145
145
148
147
116
120
116
116
116
120
146
124-6
144
532
532
538
532
532
513
513
534
518
535
526
516
456
144
145
145
145
144
263
265
263
266
266
233
233
233
233
233
271
30. 36
36
30
30
30
37
37
37
537
537
537
422
423
423
307
308
309
308
307
309
3"9
308
309
605
605
170, 195
170, 197
belulifolia var. 196
corymbosa
opulifolia
salici folia
sorbifolia
tomentosa
196
196, 224
197
196
Spiraea
stipiilata
Irifoliata
Virginiana
see Ulmaria
Stanleya
pinnata
pinnatifida
Staph Y LEACEAE
Staphylea
trifolia
Statice
Armeria
Caroliniana
Limoninm var.
vulgaris
Steironema
ciliatum
intermedium
lanceolatum
longifolium
quadriflorum
radicans
tonsum
Stellaria
alpestris
aqua I tea
biflora
borealis
cerastioides
crassi/olia
Edwardsii
fontinalis
Friesiana
graminea
Groenla 7idica
Holostea
humifusa
longifolia
longipes
media
peduncularis
pubera
uliginosa
Stenophragma
Thaliana
Stenosiphon
linifolium
virgatus
Stillingia
sylvatica
Strophostyles
angutosa
helvola
" Missouriensis
pauciflora
peduncularis
umbellata
Stuartia
Malachodendron
pentagyna
Virginica
Sty lip us
vermis
Stylophorum
diphyllum
Stylosanthes
biflora
elatior
racemosa
Styraceae
Styrax
Americana
grandifolia
pulverulenta
Subularia
aquatica
SuUivantia
Ohionis
Sullivantii
Swertia
Carinthiaca
difformis
deflexa
rotata
198
198
197
224
109
109
109
396
396
396
595
595
594
594
595
589
589
590
590
591
591
590
590
24
20
32
24
28
24
23
24
22
22, 23
34
22
21
22
23
21
23
22
2r
146
146
498
499
499
369
369
338
338
339
339
339 I
339
426 I
426
427
426
220
102
102
312
312
312
285
598
598
599
599
599
no
no
177
177
177
619
611
620
618
S YM PETA LAE
54°
Symplocaceae
597
Symplocos
597
tinctoria
597
Syndesmon
DO
thalictroides
DO
Synnga
600
vulgaris
600
Xalinum
I
calycinum
2
parviflorum
2
teretifolium
I
Tephrosia
holosericea
293
see Cracca
292-3
Tetragonanthus
619
deflexus and var. 620
Tetranthera
geniculata
97
Thalictrum
66, 86
alpinum
86
anemonoides
66
campestre
88
clavatum
87
coriaceum
87
88
Cornuti
dioicum
87
88
polygamum
purpurascens
88
" ceriferuvi
88
venulosum
88
T/iapsia
trifoliata
Thaspium
at^opurpureum
aureum
" apterum
barbinode
518
518, 534
518
518
534
518
' angustifolium 518
pinnatifidum
trifoliatum
" apterum
Walteri
Theaceae
Thelypodium
integrifolium
pinnatifidum
Thermia
rliOmbifolia
Thermopsis
mollis
rhombifoHa
Therofon
aconitifolium
napelloides
Thlaspi
arvense
Bursa-pastoris
campestre
perfoliatum
Thymeleaceae
Tiarella
biternata
cordifolia
Tiedemannia
rigid a
tereiifolia
TiLIACEAE
Tilia
alba
Americana
" Walteri
Canadensis
Europaea
glabra
lieterophylla
pubescens
Tillaea
aquatica
simplex
Tissa
Canadensis
marina
rubra
salina
5i»
518
535
518
426
no
no
123
265
264
264
265
176
177
177
113
114
139
III
n4
465
170, 177
170
178
513
513
413
413
414
414
414
414
414
414
414
414
164
164
164
36-7
37
37
37
37
Tordylitim
Anthriscus
nodosum
Torilis
Anthriscus
nodosa
Tormentilla
repta ns
Toxicodendron
crenatum
pinnatum
vulgare
Tragi a
cordata
innocua
macrocarpa
nepetaefolia
ramosa
slylaris
urens
Trapaceae
Trapa
natans
Trautvetteria
Carolinensis
palmata
Triadenum
petiolatum
Virginicum
Tribulus
maximus
terrestris
Trientalis
Americana
Trifolium
agrarium
arvense
Beckwithii
biflorum
Carolinianum
dubium
erectum
hybridum
incarnatum
medium
minus
pratense
procumbens
reflexum
repens
simplicifolium
stoloniferum
Virginicum
Trigonella
Americana
TroUius
Americanus
laxus
" albiflorus
Tunica
Saxifraga
Turrit is
see Arabia
Ulex
Europaeus
Ulmaria
palustris
rubra
Ulmaria
Umbelliferae
Vaccaria
Vaccaria
vulgaris
Vacciniaceae
Vaccinium
amoenum
arboreum
atrococcum
buxifolium
caespitosum
Canadense
corymbosum
disomorphum
hirtellum
hispidulum
5"
510
511
510
216
387
366
368
367
368
367
367
367
367
500
500
500
72
72
72
436
437
436
352
352
352
591
592
274
275
276
277
312
279
275
337
278
276
277
275
276
275
278
279
337
278
277
280
52
52
52
52
17
17
149-50
270
270
223
224
224
224
508
18
18
18
573
575
577
589
578
575
576
578
577
578
575
581
634
INDEX OF LATIN NAMES.
[Vol. II.
Vaccinium
ligustrinunt 570
membranaceum 576
mucronatitm 393
viyrlilloides 576
nigrum 579
ovalifolium 577
pallidum 579
Pennsylvanicum 578
" angrustifolium 578
stamineum 580
tenellum 577
uliginosum 576
vacillans 579
virgatum 577
Vitis-Idaea 580
see Gaylussacia 574-6
Oxycoccus 581-2
Vesicaria
argenlea 137
arctica 138
didymocarpa 135
globosa 136
gracilis 137
Shortii 136
Vicia 325
{ Lathy r Its in part)
Americana 326
angustifolia 329
Caroliniana 327
Cracca 326
hirsuta 328
linearis 326
Ludoviciana 327
micrantha 327
Mitchelli 328
parvijlora 327
Vicia
sativa
328
Sepium
329
tetrasperma
328
truncata
326
Vigna
339
Catjang
340
Sinensis
340
ViOLACEAE
445
Villarsia
aqualica
623
lacunosa
622
Viola
446-56
amoena
450
arenaria
454
arvensis
455
Atlantica
446
blanda
450
" palustriformis 450
Canadensis
453
canina var.
454
concolor
456
cucuUala
447
hastata
452
delphinifolia
447
Labradorica
454
lanceolata
451
Muhlenbergii
454
mitlticatilis
454
Nuttallii
452
obliqua
447
odorata
449
ovata
448
palmata
446
palustris
450
pedatifida
447
pedata
449
Viola
" bicolor
primulaefolia
pubescens
renifolia
rostrata
rotundifolia
sagittata
scabriuscula
Selkirkii
sororia
striata
tenella
tricolor and var.
verticillata
villosa
Virgilia
lulea
Viscaria
alpina
Visciini
terreslre
VlTACE.\E
Vitis
aestivalis
" canescens
arborea
Baileyana
bicolor
bipinnata
cinerea
cordifolia
indivisa
Labrusca
palmata
quinquefolia
449
451
452
451
455
449
448
453
450
448
453
455
455
456
447
264
7
7
588
407
408
409
409
412
411
409
412
409
410
412
408-9
410
413
Vitis
riparia 410
rotundifolia 411
rupestris 411
Virginiana 411
vulpina 410, 411
Waldsteinia 218
fragarioides 218
Washingtonia 530-1
{ Osmorrliizd)
Clayton i 530
divaricata 531
longistylis 530
Wistaria
( Wisteria')
frutescens 294
speciosa 294
Xanthorrhiza 54
apiifolia 55
simplicissima 55
Xanthoxylum 353
Americanum 353
Carolinianum 353
Clava-Herculis 353
Zizia 534
aurea 534
Bebbii 534
cordata 535
integer rima 526
pinnatifida 518
Xolisma 569
ligrustrina 570
Zomia 312
bracteata 313
tetraphylla 313
Zygophyllaceae 351
Index of English Names.
Aaron's Rod
Acacia
Bastard
False
Prairie
Rose
Three-thorned
Aconite
Winter
Aconite Saxifrage
Ache
Adam's Needle
Adder's Flower
Adder's Meat
Adelia
Agrimony
Ague-tree
Ague-weed
165
254
294
294
254
295
260
61
53
177
533
531
14
22
603
226-7
615
AiLANTHUs Family
271
Ailanthus
Aise-weed
Alder, Berry
Black
Dwarf
Alexanders
Heart-leaved
Alfalfa
Alfilaria
All-bone
Alleghany Vine
Alligator-tree
Alleluia
Allspice, Carolina
Wild
Alsike
Althaea, Shrubby
Alum-root
Alyssum
Hoary
Sweet
Yellow
Amber
Ammannia
Ampelopsis
Andromeda
Privet
Androsace
Anemone, Canada
Carolina
Cut-leaved
False Rue
Long-fruited
Mountain
Northern
Richardson's
Rue
Tall
Angelica
Sea- coast
Angelica-tree
Angelico
Angleberries
Apiastrum
Apple Family
Apple
Hog
Apple
Honeysuckle
May
Prairie
Swamp
Arbutus, Trailing
Argentill
Arrow-beam
Arrow-wood
Ash, Black
Blue
Green
Hoop
Mountain
Ox
Poison
Prickly
Red
Sea
558
92
284
558
571
225
395
406, 543
602
599.
354
355
539
406
406
406
518
535
272
344
22
105
193
345
95
278 I
426
179. 341
152
154
153
153
433
469
412
568-71
570 :
576 \
64
62
63
54 1
63'
62 !
64:
66
63
511-2
520
506
519
332
527
232-45 I
236
92 :
602
601
602
233
596
388
353
601
353
Southern Prickly 353
Wafer 354
Water 602
White 601
Ash-weed 539
Astilbe 170
Avens 219-23
Cream-colored 221
Large-leaved 221
Long-plumed Purple
219
Mountain 219, 222-3
Purple 219
Rough 220
Spring 220
Water 219
White 220
Yellow 221
Yellow Mountain 219
Awlwort, Water no
Axeseed
Axewort
Axweed
Azalea
Alpine
Clammy
Flame
Mountain
Pink
Purple
Smooth
Trailing
Tree
White
Bachelor's Button
Baldmoney
Balloon Vine
Balsam
Balsam-flower
Baneberrj'
Bannal
310
310
539
558-63
563
559
559
558
558
558
559
563
559
559
356
513
403
403
274
55-6
271
Bay
Red
Rose
Swamp
Sweet
Tan
White
Beach Pea
Bean, Black-eyed
China
Water
Bean-trefoil
Bean, Wild
Kidney
Pink
Small
Trailing
Bean Vine
Bear-berry
Bear's Bilberry
Bear's Grape
Beaver-poison
Beaver-tree
96
560-1
9^
48
427
48
330
340
340
45
622
338
338
339
339
338
338
572-3
572
572
536
48
Blackberry
Bailey's
Bristly
High Bush
Hispid
Knee-high
Low Bush
Low-running
Millspaugh's
Mountain
Running Swamp
Sand
Black-cap
Black-eyed Susan
Black Grass
Black-Gum
Black-seed
Black Snakeroot
Bladder-Campion
Bladder Ketmia
Bladderxut
Family
Bladder-nut
202-5
204
204
202
203
203
204
205
203
202
203
203
201
425
272
547
272
524
9
425
396
396
Beech-drops, Albany 554 I Bladder-pod, Arctic 138
Barberry Family 89
Barberry 90
Bartonia 621
Bass-wood 414
Bay 48, 96, 427
Dwarf 465
Loblolly 427
Carolina 555
False 556
Beef-suet Tree 468
Beetle-weed 584
Bee-tree 414
Beggar's-needle 531
Behen 9
Benjamin-bush 98
Bennet-Pimpernel 527
Benzoin-gum 98
Bergia, Texas 438
Berry-alder 406
Besom 271, 573
Biddy's Eyes 455
Bilberry, Bear's 572
Dwarf 576
Great 576
Oval-leaved 577
Tall 577
Thin-leaved 576
Bilsted 193
Bird's-bread 166
Bird's-foot Trefoil 280
Bird's-nest 510, 556
Giant 554
Bishop's Cap 180-1
Bishop's Elder 539
Bishop-weed 539
Mock 538
Bitter-bloom 610
Bitter-cress 128-130
Hairj- 128
Meadow 1 28
Mountain 130
Pennsylvania 128
Sand 129
Small-flowered 1 29
Wood 1 29
Bitter-herb 607
Bitter-sweet, Shrubby
or Climbing 396
False 396
Black alder 392
Double 135
Low 136
Oval-leaved 137
Silvery 137
Short's 136
Slender 137
Bleaberry 576
Bleeding-heart, Wild
104
4
80
102
228, 606
Blinks
Blister-flowers
Blood-root
Bloodwort
Bloomfell
Blueberry
Black
Canada
Dwarf
High-bush
Low
Low Black
Low-bush
Mountain
Pale
Sugar
Swamp
Tall
Blue-pipe
Blue-tangle
Bog-bean
Bogberry
Bogwort
Bokhara-clover
Bole-wort
Bongay
Bottle Brush
Bouncing-Bet
Bowman's-root
Box Family
Box, Flowering
Box-berry
Box Elder
Box-wood
280
577-9
578
578
578
577
577
579
578
579
579
578
577
600
574
622
581
581
273
538
400
501
18
198
384
580
572
400
543
636
INDEX OF ENGLISH NAMES.
[Vol. II.
Bramble 200
Bread-root 284
Breakstone 225
Bridewort 224
Brier, Sweet, Wild 232
Brook-weed 587
Broom, Base 271
Dyer's 271
Green 271
Indigo 266
Scotch 271
Sweet 311
Thorn, or Prickly 270
Yellow 266
Broom Crowberry 384
Bruise-wort 18
Buck-bean Family 621
Buck-bean 622
Buckberry 580
Buckeye Family 400
Buckeye 401-2
Buck's-horn 113
Buck-thorn Family
404
Buckthorn 250, 405
Alder
Alder-leaved
Carolina
Lance-leaved
Southern
Woolly
Buffalo-berry
Bugbane
American
False
Bullace
Bull-wort
Bunchberry
Bunch Pink
Burnet
Burnet Rose
Burning Bush
Burnut, Ground
Burren Myrtle
Bush-Clover
Creeping
Hairy
Japan
Narrow-leaved
Nuttall's
Prairie
Round-headed
Slender
Stuve's
Trailing
Wand-like
Buttercup
See Crowfoot
Arctic
Bristly
Bulbous
Creeping
Early
Figwort
Hairy
Harvey's
Hispid
Lapland
Macoun's
Marsh
Meadow
Missouri
Northern
Nuttall's
Pigmy
Pursh's
Snow
Swamp
Tall
Tufted
Butter-flowers
Butterfly-Pea
Button -ball
Button Snakeroot
Button-wood
406
406
406
405
596
596
467-8
57
72
250
538
543
20
228
593
394
352
572
322
321
324
325
324
322
325
324
323
323
322
323
73-85
74
80
80
81
82
85
82
77
8x
74
80
81
79
74
77
85
76
73
76
8i
Z9
82
80
333
194
522
194
Cabomba
Cactus F'amily'
Cactus, Comanche
Missouri
Nipple
Purple
Simpson's
Twisted-spined
Calfkill
Calico- bush
Calico-wood
Caltrop Family
Caltrop, Greater
Land
Water
Campion, Bladder
Meadow-
Moss
Red
Red Alpine
Rose
Starry
Western White
White
Canby's Mountain
Lover
Cancer-root
Canker-blooms
Canker Lettuce
Canker-root
Canker-Rose 99.
Caper Family
Caper, Wild
Caper-bush
Caraway
Carrot Family
Carrot, Wild
Carvies
Case-weed
Cashes
Cassandra, Dwarf
Cassena
Cassiope
Castor-bean
Castor-oil Plant
Catch-fly, Dover
English
Forked
Lobel's
Night-flowering
Nodding
Nottingham
Round-leaved
Royal
Sleepy
Small-flowered
Sweet William
Cat's Faces
Cat-gut
Cat-peas
Cat's-clover
Cat's-milk
Cats-tail
Cat-tree
Cat-whin
Celandine, Greater
Lesser
Celandine Poppy
Celery, Wild
Centaury
Cercocarpus
Cereus
Chaerophj'llum
Chadlock
Chaff-weed
Charlock 119,
Checkerberry
Cheeses, Cheese Flower
416
Dutch, Doll, Fairy
416
Cheese-bowl 99
Cheese-cake 416
Cherry
Appalachian 250
41
460
464
462
462
462
461
463
563
564
598
351
352
352
501
9
14
8
14
7
16
8
9
13
395
594
232
550
54
232
154
377
377
535
508
510
535
139
532
570
59'
565-6
368
368
9
12
12
II
12
9
9
10
10
II
12
1 1
455
292
326
280
379
502
395
232
103
85
102
533
607-8
223
460-1
529
119
593
121
5;
Cherry
Bessey's
Cabinet
Choke
Crab
Dwarf
Egrriot
Gean
Mahaleb
Mazard
Perfumed
Pigeon or Pin
Rum
Sand
Sour
Sweet
Western Sand
Western Wild
Wild
Wild Black
Wild Red
Chervil, Bur
Garden
Hemlock
Needle
Rough
Spreading
Teinturier's
Wild
Chestnut, Water
251
253
252
251
250
251
251
252
251
252
252
253
250
251
251
251
253
251
253
252
528
528
5"
531
511
529
530
528
500
Chickweed, AUbone 22
Alpine
Blinking
Common
Field
Forked
Great
Jagged
Low
Marsh
Mouse-ear
Nodding
Red
Sea
Short-stalked
Silver
Slender-forked
Starwort
Water
Water Mouse-ear
China-tree, Wild
Chinese Sumac
Chittam-wood
Choke-berry
Choke-Cherry
Choke-Pear
Chowley
Churnstaff
Cicely, Fool's
Rough
Sweet
Cinquefoil
Arctic
Branched
Bushy
Coast
Cut-leaved
Diffuse
Downy
Five-stamened
Glandular
Hoary
Low
Nicollet's
Northern
Marsh
Prairie
Purple
Robbin's
Rough
Rough-fruited
Shrubby
Silvery
Snowy
Tall
27
4
21
27
40
22
28
21
2'
25-8
26
593
36
26
38
40
28
4
20
402
355
389
236-7
252
234
340
379
510
5"
530-31
209-17
211
214
213
214
215
212
210
212
209
209
21 1
213
209
217
214
217
211
212
210
215
209
210
209
Cinquefoil
Three-toothed 215
Wood 216
Woolly 213
Clammy-weed 157-8
Clamour 564
Claytonia 3-4
Clematis 67-70
Addison Brown's 69
Fremont's 70
Marsh 68
Mountain 70
Scott's 70
Silky 69
Sim's 68
Cleome 155-6
Cleomella 157
Climath 388
Climbing Bittersweet
396
Climbing Fumitory 105
Cloud-berry 200
Clover 272-80
Alsatian 278
Alsike 278
Beckwith's 277
Bokhara 273
Brazilian 272
Buffalo 278
Bur 273
Burgundy 272
Bush 321-5
Carnation 276
Cabul 273
Carolina 279
Cat's 280
Chilian 272
Crimson 276
Dutch 279
Hare's-foot 276
Hart's 274
Heart 273
Honeysuckle 276, 279
Hop 272, 275
Italian 276
Japan 325
King's 274
Least Hop 275
Low Hop 275
Meadow 276
Old-field 276
Pin 344
Prostrate Mountain
277
Prairie 289-91
Purple 276
Pussy 276
Rabbit-foot 276
Red 276
Running Buffalo 278
Smaller Hop 275
Snail 272
Spotted 272
Stone 276
Swedish 278
Sweet 273-4
Tree 273
White 279
Yellow 275
Zig-zag 277
Codlings-and-Cream 482
Cohosh 55
Black 56
Blue 91
Coffee
Magdad 259
Negro 259
Coffee-nut 261
Coffee Senna 259
Coffee-tree
Kentucky 261
Columbine 58
Columbo, American 619
Conquerors 400
Cool wort 178
Vol. II.] INDEX OF ENGLISH NAMES.
637
Copal-balsam 193
Copahii 193
Corn- Campion 7
-Cockle 7
-Kale 119
-Poppy 99
-Rose 7, 99
-Spurry 36
Cornelian Tree 543
Cornel 542
Alternate-leaved 546
Bailey's 545
Dwarf 543
Low 543
Northern Dwarf 543
Panicled 545
Red-osier 545
Rough-leaved 544
Round-leaved 544
Silky 544
Stiff 546
Coronilla 310
Corpse-Plant 555
Corydalis 105-7
Cotton-Gum 547
Cowbane 513
Spotted 536
Cowbell 9
Cowberry 217, 580
Cow-cress 1 1 1
Cow-grass 277
Cow-herb 18
Cow-lily 42
Cow Parsnip 514
Cowslip 51
American 594 [
Crab Apple 234-5
Crab Tree 235
Crake-berry 383
Crake-needles 531
Crambling Rocket 159
Cranberry 580-2 i
Crane's-bill 341-4 !
Bicknell's 343
Carolina 342
Culver-foot 344
Cut-leaved 343 1
Dove's-foot 344
Long-stalked 342
Pigeon 's-foot 344
Round-leaved 342
Siberian 341
Small-flowered 343
Spotted 341
Starlights 344
Wild 341
Crazy-weed,
Colorado 309
Stemless 309
Woolly 298
Creeping Jack 166
Creeping-jenny 589
Creeping Snowberry
581
Cress (see Peppergrass)
1 10-12
130
114
122
1 28-30
131
III
126
122
III
112
III
Alpine
Bastard
Belle-Isle
Bitter 122,
Bulbous
Cow
Curved-fruited
Early Winter
Field
Garden
Golden
Hoary
Mouse-ear
Penny
Purple
Rock
Rocket
Round-fruited
112
III
146
114
130
147-50
122
25
Cress, Swine's
Thale
Town
Wall
Wart
Water
Winter
Yellow
Crinkle-root
Cristatella, James'
Cross-of-Jerusalem
113
146
112
146
113
124-131
122
122-24
132
156
14
Crosswort 588
Croton 362-3
Crotonopsis 364
Crowberry Family
383
Crowberry 383-4
Crow-flower 14
Crowfoot Family 50
Crowfoot 77-82
79
83
79
79
Celery-leaved
Corn
Ditch
Hooked
Ivy-leaved
Kidney-leaved 78
Mountain 78
Prairie 77
Rock 78
Seaside 86
Small-flowered 82
Spiny-fruited 83
Water 73, 84
Crown-of-the-field 7
Crow-needles
Crow's-nest
Crow-pea
Crow-peas
Crowtoes
Cuckoo-flower
Cuckoo's-meat
Cucumber-tree
Culver-foot
Cuphea, Clammy
Cupseed
Currant, Black
Buffalo
Fetid
Golden
Missouri
Northern Black
Red
Squaw
White-flowered
Wild Black
Cushion Pink
Custard-apple
Family
Cymopterus
Cynosciadium
Cyrilla Family
Dalibarda
Damask Violet
Dame's Gilliflower
Dame's Rocket
Dame's Violet
Dangleberry
Daphne
Date Plum
Decumaria
Deerberry
Deer-grass
Devil's Darning-
Needles 531
Dewberry 204-5
Dew-cup 225
Dew-plant 161-2
Diapensia Family^ 582
531
510
383
329
280
14, 128
345
47-8
344
473
93
190
192
190
192
192
190
191
191
191
49
517
521
389
205
154
154
154
154
574
465
597
185
580
572,
474-5
Sessile-flowered 126
Diapensia
Dill
Ditaxis
Dogberry
Tree
Dog- Parsley
Dog-poison
583
526
364-5
58, 233
236
519
520
Dog-Rose 232
Dogwood Family 542
Dogwood
(see Cornel) 513-6
False 399
Flowering 543
Poison 388
Striped 399
Swamp 354, 388, 544
Dove's-foot 344
Draba (see Whitlow-
grass) 140-4
Dragon's Blood 341
Dropwort, Water 513
Dryas 219-23
Duck's-foot 225
Dutchman's Breeches
104
Dyer's Broom 271
Dyer's Rocket 158
-Broom 271
-Green-weed 271
-Mignonette 158
-Weed 158
-Whin 271
Dye-weed 271
Earth -gall 607
Ebony Family 596
Eglantine 232
Egriot 251
Elder,
Bishop's 539
Box 400
Dwarf 539
Poison 388
Wild 508
Elk-tree 571
Elk-wood 48
Enchanter's Night-
shade 499-500
Erysimum
Eryngo
Eulophus
Eustoma
Evening- Lychnis
Evening-Primrose
Family' 475
Evening-Primrose
Common 486
Cut-leaved
Oakes'
Prairie
Rhombic
Seaside
Sinuate-leaved
Small-flowered
White-stemmed
Evening Trumpet-
flower
Everlasting Pea
Faitour's Grass
False Beech-drops
-Bitter-sweet
-Bugbane
-Flax
-Goat's beard
False Indigo
Blue
Fragrant
False Loosestrife
False Mallow
False Mermaid
Family
False Mermaid
False Mitrewort
Fame-flower
Fancy
Farkleberry
Featherfoil 586
Fellon-wort, -grass 515
Felwort 614
Fenberry 581
Fennel 525
Hog's 515
Water 382
151-2
522-3
528
612
13
486
488
487
487
487
485
489
605
230
380
555
396
72
139
170
286
265
286
476
420-1
385
385
178
I
455
580
Fetter-bush 568-9
Fever-bush 98, 392
Fever- twig 396
Fiddle-grass 482
Figwort Buttercup 85
Finkel 525
Fire-grass 225
Fire Pink 10
Fire-weed 481
Five-Finger 216
Flamy 455
Flax Family 348
Flax 348-55
Cathartic 351
Dwarf 351
Fairy 351
False 139
Florida Yellow 350
Grooved Yellow 350
Large-flowered 351
Lewis' Wild 349
Mountain 351, 360
Purging 351
Ridged Yellow 355
Stiff Yellow 349
Yellow 349-51
Flixweed 144
Floating Heart 622-3
Flower-of-an-Hour 425
Flowering Box 580
Flowering Dogwood 543
Flowering Moss 583
Flowering Wintergreen
361
Fool's Parsley 520
Fothergilla 192
Fox-berry 572
Fox-grape 408, 411
Fringe, Mountain 105
Fringe-tree 602
Frostweed 439-40
Frostwort 440
FuUer's-herb 18
Fumitory, Climbing 105
Hedge 108
Furze 270
Galax, Galaxy 584
Garden Gate 455
Garlic, Hedge 115
Garlic Mustard 115
Gaura 496-8
Gay-wings 361
Gentian Family 605
Gentian 612-617
Blind 615
Closed 615
Downy 614
Elliott's 615
Four-parted 613
Fringed 612
Narrow-leaved 616
Northern 613
Oblong-leaved 614
One-flowered 617
Red-stemmed 616
Smaller Fringed 613
Soapwort 615
Spurred 6ig
Stiff 614
Striped 617
Swollen 612
Yellowish 616
Geranium Family 340
i Geranium 341-4
Ghost-flower 555
Gillyflower, Dame's 154
Night-scented 184
Queen's 154
Rogue's 154
Sea 594
Winter 154
Ginseng Family 505
Ginseng 507
Globe-flower 52
Goat's Beard 197
638
INDEX OF ENGLISH NAMES.
[Vol. II.
Goat's Beard,
False 170
Goat-foot 539
Goat's-rue 292-3
Gold Chain 166
Goldcups 80
Golden Alexanders 518
-Currant 192
-Meadow-Parsnip 534
-Moss 166
-Saxifrage 181
-Seal 50
Gold-of-Pleasure 139
Gold- thread 54
Gooseberry Family
187
Gooseberry, Bristly 188
Eastern Wild 189
Garden 189
Hawthorne 189
Missouri 188
Northern 189
Swamp 190
Wild 188
Goose-grass 216
Goose-tansy 216
Gorse 270
Goutweed,Goutwort 539
Grape Family
Grape, Bailey's
Bear's
Blue
Bullace
Catawba
Chicken
Concord
Downy
False
Fox
Frost
Isabella
Missouri
Plum
Possum
Riverside
Sand
Scuppernong
Small
Southern Fox
Sugar
Summer
Sweet-scented
Winter
Grass, Black
Cow
Deer
Faitour's
Fire
Goose
Felon
Marl
Orange
Pin
Poverty
Scurvy
Star
Wart
Whitlow
Worm
408,
407
411
572
409
411
408
410
408
409
413
, 411
410
408
410
408
410
4x0
411
411
409
411
411
409
410
409, 410
272
277
474
380
225
216
515
277
236
344
441
122
381
379
140-4
605
115
Grass-of-Pamassus
182-4
Grass Poly 471
Green-weed or wood 271
Ground-berry
Ground Bur-nut
Ground-nut
Dwarf
Ground Pine
Ground Plum
Gum, Black
Cotton
Red
Sour
Star-leaved
Sweet
572
352
335
507
436
297
547
547
193
547
193
193
Gum, Tupelo 547
Gjrpsophyll 16-17
Hagweed 271
Harbinger of Spring 542
Hare's-ear 529
Hardback 196, 215
Hart's-thorn 205
Haw (see Thorn) 240-6
Parsley 242
Pear 244
Red 242
Scarlet 242
Small-fruited 240
Summer 244
Vail's 245
Yellow 244
Hawthorne 241
Hathorne 241
Headache 99
Heart-Clover 273
Heart leaf 273
Heart-Pea 403
Heart-seed 403
Heart-Trefoil 273
Heart's-ease 455
Heartwort 274
Heath Family 556
Heath, Blackberried 383
Cross-leaved 573
Mountain 565
Scotch 573
Heathberry 383
Heather 573
Beach 441
False 441
Monox 383
Hedge-garlic 115
Hedgehog 531
Hedgehog-thistle 461
Hedge-Mustard 116
Fine-leaved 144
Hedge-Parsley 510-11
Hedge -thorn 241
Hedysarum 311
Hellebore 53
Hemlock, Poison 532
Water 536
Hemlock-Chervil 511
Hemlock Parsley 512
Herb-Christopher 55
Herb-Gerard 539
Herb Ivy 113
Herb-John 433
Herb Robert 341
Herb-Sophia 144
Herb-twopence 589
Herb-Trinity 455
Herb-William 538
Hercules' Club 506
Heron 's-bill 344
Heuchera, Downy 179
Hairy 179
Rough 180
Rugel's 178
Hillberry 572
Hoffmanseggia 259
Hog Apple 92
Hog Peanut 334
Hog's Fennel 515
Hogwort 363
Holly Family 390
Holly, American 390
Dahoon 391
Large-leaved 392
Meadow 392
Mountain 393
Swamp 392
Wild 393
Holy-Rose, Marsh 568
Homewort 168
Honesty 134
Honewort 536
Honey Locust 260
Honey-Lotus 273
Honey-stalks 279
Honeysuckle
276, 279, 280
j Dwarf 542
Ground 280
Swamp 559
Wild 558
Honeysuckle Apple 558
Honey-sweet 224
Hoopkoop-plant 325
I Hop-Clover 275-6
Hop-tree, Three-leaved
354
Hop-trefoil 275
HoRxwoRT Family 46
Hornwort 46
Horse-blob 51
! Horse-Chestnut 400
; Horsefly-weed 266
I Horseradish 127
Horse-sugar 597
House-leek 168
Dwarf 167
Little 166
I Huckleberry
Family 573
Huckleberry, Black 574
Blue 579
Box 575
Bush 575
Dwarf 575
High-bush 574
Southern Black 577
Squaw 580
Hudsonia 441
Hunger-flower 142
Hunger-weed 83
Huntsman's Cup 160
Hutchinsia 138
Hydrangea 184-5
Ice-plant, American 555
Idoanthus 123
Indian Arrow 394
Indian Bread-root 284
Indian Cup 160
Indian Fig 463
Indian Lettuce, 550, 619
Indian Paint, Red, 102
Yellow 51
Indian Physic 198
Indian Pink 605
Indian-Pipe Family
554
Indian-Pipe 555
Indian-root 506
Indigo, Wild 265-7
False 265
Indigo Broom 266
Indigo, False or
Bastard 286
Fragrant 286
Blue 265
Indigo Plant 292
Inkberry 391
Ink-root 594
Ipecac, American, 198
Wild 377
Ironwood, Southern 389
Isabella-wood 96
Itea 187
Ivory Plum 571
Ivy, American 41^
Climbing 388
Poison 388
Three-leaved 388
Ivy Bush 564
Jack-by-the-Hedge 115
Jasmine, Carolina 605
Jessamine, Yellow 605
Jewel-weed Family
403
Jewel-weed 403-4
Joint-vetch 312
Joint-weed 501
Jointed Charlock 121
Johnny Jump-up 455
Johnny Jumper 455
Judas-tree, Amer. 257
June-berry 237-9
Jussiaea 480
Jute, American 422
Kale, Corn or Field 119
Kalmia 564
Ketmia, Bladder 425
Kidney-bean Tree 294
King Cups 80
Kings's-clover 274
King's Crown 274
Kinnikinnik 544, 572
Knap 276
Knawel 41
Knight's-spur 59
Knot-berry 200
Knot-grass 501
German 41
Koniga, Seaside 153
Kosteletzkya 424
Krameria Family 261
Krameria
Labrador Tea
Ladies' Smock
Ladies' Sorrel
Lady's Comb
-Cushion
-Delight
-Laurel
-Mantle
Lamb-kill
Lamb-sucklings
Lark-heal
Larkspur
Laurel Family'
Laurel, American
Great
Ground
Hairy
Lady
Mountain
Pale
Sheep
Spurge
Swamp
Laurel Magnolia
Lavender-thri ft
Lead-plant
Leather-flower
Leather-leaf
Leather-wood
Southern
Leavenwortliia
Lemon, Wild
Ledum-oil
Lentil
Lesquerella
Lettuce, Canker
Indian
Spanish
Leucothoe
Licorice, Wild
Lilac
Lilaeopsis
Lily, Cow
Pond
White Water
Wood
Yellow Pond
Lime Tree
Lin
Linden Family
Linden, American
Ling
Wire
Ling-berry
Linseed
Lint
Fairy
Lint-bells
Lion's-foot
Little Good
Live-forever
Live-long
261
557
128
346
531
595
455
465
225
563
279
59
59-60
95
564
561
571
564
465
564
564
563
465
48, 564
48
594
287
69
570
466
389
134-5
92
557
329
135
550
550
4
566-7
310
600
521
42
42-44
44-45
552
42-44
414
348
413
414
573
3f3
580
348
348
35'
348
225
379
165
165
Vol,. II.]
INDEX OF ENGLISH NAMES.
639
L,iver-leaf 65-6
Liverwort, Noble 65
LoASA Family 458
Loco-weed, Colorado
309
Stemless 309
Woolly 298
Loco-vetch, Colorado
309
Locust, Black 294
Bristly 295
Clammy 295
Honey or Sweet 260
Moss 295
Swamp or Water 260
Yellow 294
Loeflingia, Texan 38
Logania Family 604
Long-purples 473
Loosestrife Family
468
Loosestrife
Bulb-bearing 588
Creeping 589
False 476
Fringed 589
Golden 587
Hyssop 471
Kennedy's 472
Lance-leaved 570
Linear-leaved 472, 591
Purple 473
Southern 590
Spiked 473
Spotted 588
Swamp 471
Trailing 590
Tufted 591
Whorled 588
Yellow 587
Wing-angled 472
Lotus, American 45
Honey 273
Indian 46
Lovage, Scotch 519
Love-in-Idleness 455
Lucerne 271-2
Ludwigia 477-9
Ludwigiantha 477
Lupine 269-70
Lychnis, Arctic 15
Evening 13
Nodding 15
Scarlet 14
Madnep 514
Madwort 152
Magnolia Family 47
Mag^nolia, Fraser's 47
Great-leaved 47
Laurel 48
Mountain 48
Mahaleb (Cherry) 252
Mahonia, Trailing 90
Mallow Family 415
Mallow
Bristly-fruited 423
Common 416
Curled 417
Dwarf 416
European 417
False 420-1
Glade 420
Globe 423
High 416
Indian 422
Low 416
Marsh 415
Musk 417
Poppy 418-19
Rose 424-5
Running 416
Venice 425
Virginia 422
Whorled 417
Mandrake, Wild 92
Maple Family 396
Maple 397-400
Ash-leaved 400
Bird's-eye 398
Black Sugar 398
Curled 398
Drummond's 398
Dwarf 399
Goose-foot 399
Mountain 399
Norway 400
Red 397
Rock 398
Rocky Mountain 399
Scarlet 397
Silver 397
Soft 397
Striped 399
Sugar, 398, 400
Swamp 397
Sycamore 400
Water 397
White 397
Mare's-tail 501
Marigold, Marsh 51-2
Marl-grass 277
Marsh Holy Rose 568
-Mallow 415
-Marigold 51-2
-Milkwort 357
-Parsley 533-4
-Pennywort 539-41
-Pink 611-12
-Rosemary 594
-Tea 575
-Trefoil 622
Marshlocks, Purple 217
Marshwort 581
Masterwort 514, 539
Maul 416
May 241
May Apple 92
May-blob 51
May Bush 241
May-Cherry 237
Mayflower 571
May-pops 457
Meadow-Beauty
Family 473
Meadow-Beauty 474-5
Meadow-gowan 51
Meadow-Parsnip 518
Early 534
Golden 534
Meadow-Pink 14
Meadow-Queen 224
Meadow-Rue 86-8
Mead-sweet 224
Meadow-sweet 224
American 196
Meadow-wort 224
Meal-berry 572
Medic 271-3
Black or Hop 272
Purple 272
Toothed 272
Spotted 273
Melilot 273-4
Melilot-trefoil 272
Mentzelia 458-9
Menziesia 625
Mercury, Three-seeded
365-6
Mermaid-weed 502
Mexican Poppy 100
Mezereon Family 465
Mezereon 465
Midsummer-men 165
Mignonette Family
158
Mignonette 158-9
Mile 533
Milk Pea 335-6
Milk Purslane 373
Milk- Vetch 297-307
Milk-Vetch
Alpine
Arctic
Ascending
Bent
Carolina
Cooper's
Drummond's
Flexile
Hoary
Indian
Long-leaved
Loose-flowered
Low
Missouri
Narrow-leaved
Notched-leaved
Platte
Pretty
Prickly
304
304
299
303
298
305
299
302
307
303
305
305
301
301
300
302
297
303
306
Mountain —
-Fetter-bush
-Flax
-Fringe
-Heath
-Laurel
-Lover
-Raspberry
-Spurge
-Tea
568
351.360
105
565
564
395
200
384
572
Purple 299
Racemose 300
Robbins 304
Sessile-flowered 306
Short's 301
Slender 302
Tennessee 298
Tufted 306
Two-grooved 300
Milkwort Family
355-61
Milkwort
Cross-leaved 357
Curtiss' 359
Field 358
Fringed 361
Loose-spiked 358
Low Pine -barren 356
Marsh 357
Maryland 359
Nuttall's 359
Orange 356
Pink 358
Purple 358
Racemed 360
Sea 391
Short-leaved 357
Tall Pine-barren 356
White 360
Whorled 357
Mimosa Family 254
Mimosa 255
Mistletoe 588
Mitrewort 180, 181, 606
False 178
Mithridate Mustard iii
Mock Bishop's-weed
538
Mock Orange 185-6
Modesty 529
Moehringia 35
Mole-plant or -tree 377
Moneywort 589
Prairie 591
Monkey's Face 455
Monkshood 61
Montia 4
Moonseed Family 93
Moonseed 94
Moor 573
Moor-berry 581
Moorwort 568
Moose-wood 399, 466
Moss-berry 581
Moss-Campion 8
Moss, Flowering 583
Moss-plant 565
Mother's-heart 139
Mountain Ash 233
Mountain Avens 222-3
Yellow 219
Mountain Blackberry
202
-Bramble 200
-Cranberry 582
Mouse-ear Chickweed
25-28
Water 20
Mouse-ear Cress 146
Mouse-ear, Spring 25
Mouse-milk 379
Mouse-tail 71
Mud-purslane 437
Mullen Pink 16
Musquash-root 536
Musineon 527
Mustard Family 108
Mustard, Black 118
Garlic 115
Hedge 116, 144
Indian 118
Mithridate iii
Tansy 145
Tower 150
Treacle 151
White 117
Wild 119
Wormseed 151
Myagrum 139
Myrtle, Burren 572
Sand 562
Nailwort 39
Napoleons 276
Navew, Wild 119
Needle-Chervil 531
Nelumbo, American 45
Neslia 140
Nettle, Spurge 369
New Jersey "Tea 407
Nightshade
Bindweed 499
Enchanter's 499-500
Ninebark 195
Nit-weed 436
Nondo 519
Nonesuch 272
Oak, Poison 388
Old Maid's Pink 18
Old Maid's Bonnets 269
Old-Man's Beard 603
Oleaster Family 466
Olive Family 600
Olive Spurge 465
Opuntia 464-5
Orange, Mock 185-6
Wild 506
Orange-grass 436
Orange-root 50
Orpine Family 163
Orpine 165
American 165
Oxalis 345-7
Oxypolis 513
Oxytrope 307-9
Paddock-pipes 501
Padelion 225
Palma Christi 368
Pansy 455
Papaw, North Amer. 49
Papoose Root 91
Paradise Plant 465
Parosela 287-8
Parsley 516-17
Beaked 528
Common 533
Dog's 520
False, or Fool's 520
Garden 533
Hemlock 512
Marsh 533-4
640
INDEX TO ENGLISH NAMES.
[Voi,. II.
Parsley, Sand 525
Sea 3(9
Parsley, Breakstone 225
Parsley-Piert 225
Parsley-vlix 225
Parsnip, Cow 514
Meadow 534
Water 532, 538
■U-ild 514
Partridge-berry 572
Partridge-pea 258
Pasque Flower 67
Passiox-flower
Family 457
Passion-flower 457
Pea Family 262
Pea, Beach 330 i
Butterfly 333 ]
Cat 326 j
Cow 340
Craw, or Mouse 332
Crow 329, 383
Everlasting- 329
Heart 403
Hoary 292
Meadow 332
Milk 335-6
Myrtle-leaved Marsh
331 1
Partridge 258
Sea or Seaside 330
Seaside Everlasting
330
Scurfy 280
Sensitive 257-8
Veiny 330
Wild 269
Wild, Sweet 292
Pea-nut 313
Hng, or Wild 334
Pitcher's 334
Peach 254
Pear, Choke 234
Swamp Sugar 238
Pearlwort 29-30
Pea-vine 326
Pebble-vetch 328
Peg-wood 395
Pellas 416
Pellitory of Spain 515
Pencil-flower 312
Penny-cress 114
Pennyjohn 433
Pennywort 620
Marsh 539-41
Pepperbush
Sweet 548-9
Pepper-grass 1 10-12
Apetalous 112
Garden 112
Golden 112
Narrow-leaved in
Roadside 1 1 1
Town 112
Wild 112
Pepperidge 547
Pepperidge-bush 90
Pepper-root 131-33
Pepper- vine 412
Pepper-wood 353
Pepperwort no
(See Peppergrass)
Persimmon 597
Peucedanum 515
Pheasant's-eye 89
Phlox, Yellow 152
Phyllanthus 362
Pick-cheese 416
Pigeon-foot 344
Pigmy-weed 164
Pilewort 85
Pimpernel, Bennet, 526
False 593
Red, or Scarlet SQ3
Water 587
Pimpemelle 228
Pimpinel, Yellow 526
Pin-clover 344
Pin-grass 344
Pincushion Shrub 395
Pine-barren Beauty 583
Pine, Ground 436
Prince's 554
Pine-drops 554
Pine-sap 555-6
Pine-weed 436
PixK Family 6
Pink, Bunch 20
Carolina 605
Cushion 8
Deptford 19
Drummond's 15
Fire 10
Hedge 18
Indian 605
Maiden 19
Marsh 610-12
Meadow 14
Menzies 13
Mullein 16
Old Maid's 18
Proliferous 19
Rose 610
Saxifrage 17
Sea 611
Swamp 559
Wild II
Pink Needles 344, 531
Pink-root 605
Pinkster-flower 558
Pinweed 442-4
Pipe-privets 600
Pipe-tree 600
Pipsissewa 554
Pitcher-Plant
Family 159
Pitcher-plant 160
Pleurogyne 618, 619
Plaxe-tree Family
Plane-tree
Plum Family
Plum, Beach
Bullace
Canada
Chickasaw
Date
Grave's Beach
Ground
Hog
Horse
Ivory
Larger.Ground
Low
Porter's
Sand
Watson's
Wild Goose
Wild Red or Y
194
194
246
249
250
247
248
597
249
297
248
247
572
297
249
248
248
248
247
ellow
247
Plum-Grape 408
Plumbago Family 594
Poison-Ash 388
-Dogwood 388
-Elder 388
-Hemlock 532
-Ivy 388
-Oak 388
-Sumac 388
Polyprenum 606
Polytaenia 515
Pomme Blanche 284
Pond Lib' 42-4
Arrow-leaved 43
Red-disked 43
White 44
Yellow 42-3
Pond Spice 97
Poor- Man's Pepper 111
-Weather-glass 593
Poplar, Yellow 49
Poppy Family 98
Poppy 9, 99-103
Arctic 100
Celandine 102
Com 99
Field 99
Frothy 9
Garden 99
Mexican loi
Opium 99
Pale 100
Prickly loi
Red 99
Rough-fruited 100
Sea 103
Smooth-fruited 100
Spattling 9
White Prickly loi
Yellow 102
Yellow Horned 103
Poppy-Mallow 418-19
Portulaca 5-6
Poukenel 531
Poverty Grass 441
Powder-horn 26
Prairie Apple 284
Turnip 284
Prairie Clover 289-91
Prairie Rose 229
Prairie Weed 215
Pricket 166
Prickly Ash 353
Prickly Pear 463
Prick-timber 395
Prick-wood 395
Pride-of-Ohio 594
Prim 604
Primrose Family 584
Primrose 492, 585
(see Even'g-Primrose)
Bird's-eye 585
Dwarf Canadian 585
Fremont's 495
Greenland 585
Hartweg's 495
Mealy 585
Missouri 585
Mistassini 585
Scapose 492
Short-podded 493
Showy 492
Spotted 494
Three-lobed 493
Tooth-leaved 496
Primrose-Willow 480
Prim wort 604
Prince's Pine 554
Print 604
Privet 604
Psoralea 281-5
Black-dotted 282
Digitate 283
Few-flowered 281
Lance-leaved 281
Large-bracted 284
Large-stipuled 285
Many-flowered 282
Narrow-leaved 282
Nebraska 283
Sainfoin 285
Silver-leaf 283
Small-flowered 281
Puccoon, Red 102
PuRSLAX-E Family i
Purslane, Pussley 5
Marsh 476
Milk 373
Mud 427
Notched 5
Sea 36
Water 470, 476
Pyracanth 245
Pyramid 619
Pyxie 583
Quaker- Lady 196
Queen Anne's Lace 510
Queen's Delight 369
Queen-of-the-Meadow
196
Queen-of-the-Prairie
224
Queen's Gillyflower 154
Queen's-root 369
Quick-beam 233
Quickset 241
Quince-star 245
Rabbit-berry 468
Rabbit-root 506
Radish, Wild 121
I Garden 121
Ragged Robin 14
, Rape 119, 121
Raspberry 199-201
I Arctic 200
Black, Black-cap 201
Carolina 201
Cuthbert 200
Dwarf 201
Gladstone 201
Gregg 201
Hansen 200
Hilborn 201
Purple, Wild 201
Purple-flowering 199
Mountain 200
Virginia 199
White-flowering 199
Wild Red 200
Rattle-box 268, 479
Rattlesnake Herb 55
Rattlesnake-master 522
Red Bay 96
-Bud 257
-Gum 193
-Indian Paint 102
-Puccoon 102
-Robin 341
-Root 594, 407
-Shanks 341
-Weed 99
Rheumatism Root 92
Rhineberry 405
Rhododendron 561
Rhodora 560
Rhynchosia 336-7
River- WEED Family
163
River-weed 163
Rock-cress 147-150
Low or Northern 116
Rock Rose Family
439
Rock Rose 439-40
Rocket, Crambling 159
Dame's 154
False 123
Purple 123
Sand 120
Sea 117
Wall 120
Yellow 122
Rocket Cress 122
Rogue's Gilliflower 154
Roman Willow 600
Rosa-solis 161
Rose Family 194
Rose 229-232
Arkansas 230
Burnet 593
Canker 232, 99
Corn 7, 99
Climbing 229
Cinnamon 232
Dog 232
Low 231
ISIarsh Holy 568
Meadow 229
Michigan 229
1 North-eastern 231
Vol. II.]
INDEX TO ENGLISH NAMES.
641
Rose
Pasture
Prairie
Prickly
Rosin
Smooth
Snowdon
Sun
Swamp
Wind
Woods'
Rock
Rose Bay
Ground
Lapland
Mountain
Rose Campion
Rose Mallow
231
229
230
433
229
165
439
231
100
230
439-40
561
480
560
561
16
424-5
Rosemary, Marsh 594
Wild 557, 568
Rose-of- Plymouth 6ii
Rose-of-Sharon 426
Rose Pink 610
Rosewort, Roseroot 165
Rosin Rose 433
Rotala 470
Round Dock 416
Rowan Tree 233
Rue Anemone, False 54
Rue Family 352
Sabbatia 609-611
Branching 609
Coast 610
Elliott's 6n
Lance -leaved 609
Narrow-leaved 609
Prairie 610
Square-stemmed 610
Sainfoin Psoralea 285
St. Andrew's Cross 428
St. Bennett's Herb 532
St. James'-weed 139
St. John's Wort
Family 427
St. John's Wort 429
Bed-straw 431
Bushy 430
Canadian 435
Clasping-leaved 434
Common 433
Copper-colored 432
Corymbed 433
Creeping 431
Dense-flowered 430
Drummond's 435
Dwarf 434
Elliptic-leaved 432
Giant 429
Great 429
Kalm's 430
Larger Canadian 435
Larger Marsh 437
Marsh 436
Mountain 433
Northern 434
Pale 432
Round-podded 431
Shrubby 430
Spotted 433
Small-flowered 434
Straggling 432
Virgate 432
St. Peter's Wort 428
Salmon-berry 199
Salt-of-Lemons 345
Saltwort, Black 592
Sand Myrtle 562
Sand-Parsley 525
Sand-spurry 37
Sandweed 36
Sandwort 31-7
Arctic 32
Blunt-leaved 35
Fendler's 32
Fringed 31
Sandwort, Hooker's 32
Large-leaved 35
Mountain 34
Pine-barren 33
Pitcher's 34
Purple 37
Rock 33
Sea beach 36
Seaside 37
Texas 34
Thyme-leaved 31
Vernal 33
Sanghara-nut 500
Sanicle 523
American 179
Sapodilla Family 595
Sarsaparilla 506-7
Sassafras, Swamp 48
Sassafras-tree 97
Satin-flower 133
Satin-pod 133
Sauce-alone 115
Saxifrage F.\mily 169
Saxifrage 171-77
Aconite 177
Alpine-brook 172
Bulbous 172
Burnet 526
Clustered Alpine 174
Drooping 172
Early 174
Foliose 175
Golden 181
Gray's 175
Kidney-leaved 176
Lettuce 174
Livelong 173
Michaux's 176
Mountain 171
Nodding 172
Pennsylvania 173
Purple 171
Sengreen 171
Starry 175
Swamp 173
Three-toothed 172
Tufted 173
Yellow-Marsh 171
Yellow Mountain 171
Scabby-head 511
Scarlet Lightning 14
Scotch-cap 201
Scurfy-pea 280
Scurvy-grass 115,122
Sea-Chickweed 36
-Gillyflower 595
-Lavender 594
-Milkwort 592
-Parsley 519
-Pea 330
-Pink 595
-Purslane 36
-Rocket 117
-Thrifty 595
-Trifoly 592
Sea-grass 59 5
Seed-box 479
Selenia 134
Seneca Snakeroot 360
Sengreen 168
-Saxifrage 171
Senn,\ Family 256
Senna, American 258
Coffee 259
Low 258
Wild 258
Sensitive -brier 256
Sensitive Pea 257-8
Sensitive Plant, Wild
257
Bastard 3x2
Sensitive Joint- Vetch
312
Service-berry 237-9
Service Tree, Amer. 233
Sefban 296
Shad-bush 238
Shamrock
272, 275, 279, 345
Sheep-foot 280
Sheep's Gowan 279
Sheep-Laurel 563
Sheep-poison 563
Sheepweed 18
Shepherd's Clock 593
Shepherd's Needle 531
Shepherd's Purse 139
Shepherd's Weather
Glass 593
Shin-leaf 550
Shittim-wood 596
Shoe-strings 287
Shooting Star 595
Shrub Yellow-root 55
Shrubby Althaea 426
Shrubby-trefoil 354
Sibbaldia 217
Sickle-pod 149
Sida 421
Side-saddle Flower 160
Silver-bell Tree 598
Silver-berry 467
Silver-chain 294
Silver-chickweed 38
Silverhead 38
Silver-leaf 369, 403, 468
Silver-weed 216
Sisymbrium, Tall 116
Skedge, Skedg^with 604
Skiver-wood 395
Skunk-bush 387
Sloe 250
Smallage 533
Smoke-tree, Wild 389
Snakeroot 523-4
Black 56, 523
Button 522
Heart-leaved 57
Samson's 285
Seneca 360
Snapweed 403-4
Snow-ball, Wild 407
Snowberry, Creeping
581
Snow-blossom 603
Snowden Rose 165
Snowdrop Tree 598
Soapberry Family 402
Soapberry 402
Soapwort 18
Soldiers 473
Soldier's Cap 104
Sophora, Silky 263
Sorrel, Ladies' 346
Sorrel-tree 571
Sour Gum 547
Sour-trefoil 345
Sour-wood 571
Spanish Lettuce 4
Sparkleberry 580
Spatter-dock 42
Spattling Poppy 9
Spearwort 75-6
Spermolepis 537
Spice -berry 572
Spice-bush 98
Spider-flower 155
Spignet _ 506
Spikenard, American
506
Small 506
Spikenard-tree 506
Spindle-tree 395
Spingel 525
Spiraea 196-7
Spoonwood 564
Spotted Cowbane 536
Spring Beauty 3
Spring Mouse-ear 25
Spring-wort 377
Spurge Family 361-81
Spurge 371-81
Alleghany Mt. ' 384
Angled 375
Blooming 375
Blotched 373
Blunt-leaved 378
Broad-leaved 378
Caper 377
Cypress 381
Darlington's 378
Fendler's 374
Flowering 375
Hairy Spreading 373
Hoary 374
Geyer's 372
Ipecac 377
Knotweed 371
Large Spotted 375
Leafy 380
Myrtle 377
Narrow-seeded 374
Nicaean 380
Petty 379
Prairie 371
Quack Salver's 381
Reticulate-seeded 379
Ridge-seeded 373
Round-leaved
Spreading 372
Rocky Mountain 381
Seaside 371
Spotted 373
Sun 379
Thyme-leaved 372
Tinted 380
Toothed 376
Upright Spotted 375
Various-leaved 377
White-flowered 371
White-margined 376
Warty 376
Spurge Laurel 465
Spurge Nettle 369
Spurge Olive 465
Spurry 36-7
Squirrel Corn 104
Staff-tree Family
393
Staff-tree 396
Staff-vine 396
Stagger-bush 569
Stanleya 109
Star-flower 592
Star-grass 381
Star-leafed Gum "193
Starlights 344
Star-Ouince 245
Starry Campion 8
Starwort, Bog 21
Greater 22
Lesser 23
Mountain 34
Water 382
Steeple-bush 196
Stenosiphon 499
Stitchwort, Bog 21
Fleshy 24
Greater 22
Lesser 23
Long-leaved 22
Long-stalked 23
Marsh 21
Northern 24
Water 24
Stonecrop, Biting 166
Crooked Yellow 167
Ditch 169
Mossy 166
Narrow-petaled 166
Nevius' 168
Reflexed 167
Torrey's 166
Virginia 169
Wild 167
41
642
INDEX TO ENGLISH NAMES.
[Vol.. II.
Storax Family 598
Storax 599
Stork's-bill 344
Strangle-tare 328
Strawberry 206-7
American Wood 207
Barren 218
Dry 218
European Wood 207
Indian 208
Northern Wild 206
Scarlet 206
Virginia 206
Wild 216
Yellow 208
Strawberry Bush 394
Strawbkrry-shrub
Family 94
Strawberry-shrub 95
Stuartia 426-7
Stub -wort 345
Su:kles 276
Suckling, Yellow 275
Lamb 279
Sug-ar Maple 398
Sugar-pear, Swamp 238
Sugar-tree 398
Sullivantia 177
Sumac Family 385
Sumac, Black 386
Chinese 355
Dwarf 386
Fragrant 387
Ill-scented 387
Mountain 386
Poison 388
Scarlet 387
Staghorn 386
Sweet-scented 387
Upland 386
Sundew Family 160
Sundew 161-2
Sundrops, Allen's 490
Common 491
Glaucous 491
Long-stemmed 490
Narrow-leaved 490
Small 491
Thread-leaved 489
Sunplant 6
Sun-rose 439
Sun-weed 379
Supple-Jack 404
Swallow-wort 103
Swamp-Apple 558
Swamp Bay 96
Swamp-Dogweed 350
-Honeysuckle 559
-Laurel 48
-Loosestrife 471
-Pink 559
-Sassafras 48
-Sugar-pear 238
-Willow-herb 471
Swamp-wood 466
Sweating-weed 425
Sweet Bay 48
Sweet Birch 581
Sweet Brier 232
Sweet-broom 311
Sweet Cicely 530-31
Sweet Clover 273-4
Sweet Gum 193
SwEST-LiiAF Family
597
Sweet-leaf 597
Sweet-Pea, Wild 292
Sweet Pepper-bush
548-9
Sweet-scented Shrub 95
Sweet William 20
Swine Cress 113
Sycamore 194
Syringa 185-6
Talinum 2
Tangleberry 574
Tar-fitch, Yellow 332
Tar-weed 473
Tare, Common 328
Hairy 328
Lentil 328
Smooth 328
Strangle 328
Tine 328
Wild 329
Tank 514
Tansy, Goose 216
Wild 216
Tansy- Mustard 145
Tea Family 426
Tea, Appalachian 391
Carolina 391
Labrador 557
Marsh 557
Mountain 572
New Jersey 407
South Sea 391
Teaberry 189, 572
Tetter-wort 103
Thale-cress 146
Thaspium 517
Thelypodium 110
Thermopsis 264-5
Thimble-berry 201
Thimble-weed 63
Thistle, Hedgehog 461
Thorn 240, 250
(See Haw, 240-5)
Black 250
Buck 250
Cockspur 240
Evergreen 245
Fire 245
Dwarf 244
Glandular 243
Haw 240
Hay 241
Hedge 241
Large-fruited 241
Long-spined 243
May 241
Newcastle 240
Parsley-leaved 242
Pear 244
Red-fruited 243
Scarlet 242
Southern 242
Washington 241
White 241
Thread-foot 163
Three-leaved Ivy 388
Three-seeded Mercury
^ . 365-6
Thrift 595
Thorowax, or -wort 529
Thunder-plant 168
Tick-seed 313
Tick-trefoil 313-21
Canadian 320
Cream-flowered 315
Dillen's 319
Few-flowered 314
Hairy Small-leaved
321
Hoar;^ 317
Illinois 319
Large-bracted 317
Long-leaved 317
Naked-flowered 314
Panicled 318
Pointed-leaved 314
Prostrate 315
Rhomb-leaved 318
Rigid 320
vSand 315
Sessile-leaved 316
Showy 320
Smooth 318
Smooth small-leaved
320
Tick-trefoil
Stiff 316
Trailing 316
Velvet-leaved 319
Tine-grass 326
Tine-tare 328
Tithymall 380
Tom Thumb 332
Toothache-tree 353, 506
Toothroot 131
Toothwort 1 32-3
Toper's Plant ' 228
Tormentil, Trailing 216
Touch-me-not 403-4
Tow-cok 340
Tower Mustard 150
Tragia 367-8
Trailing Arbutus 571
-Mahonia 90
-Tormentil 216
Treacle-Mustard 151
Tread-softly 369
Tree-of-Heaven 355
Trefoil
(See Clover, 272)
Bean 622
Bird's-foot 280
Black 272
Great 272
Heart 273
Hop 275
Marsh 622
Melilot 272
Shrubby 354
Sour 345
Spanish 272
Wild 275
Trifoly, Sea 592
Trumpet-fl o wer.
Evening 605
Trumpet-leaf 160
Trumpets 160
Tulip Tree 49
Tunica 17
Tupelo 547
Water 547
Turmeric-root 51
Turnip 119
Prairie 284
Turnsole 379
Twin-leaf 92
Umbrella-leaf 91
Umbrella-tree 47-8
Velvet-leaf 422
Venus' Comb 531
Vetch, American 326
Blue 326
Bush 329
Carolina 327
Common 328
Cow 326
Hairy 328
Milk 297-307
Narrow-leaved, Am.
326
Louisiana 327
Pebble 328
Sensitive Joint 312
Slender 328
Smaller Common 329
Small-flowered 327
Tufted 326
Vetchling, Cream-
colored 332
Marsh 330
Prairie 331
Showy 33 1
Yellowl 332
Vine, Wild 408
Pepper 412
Vinegar Tree 386-7
Violet Family 445-56
Violet 446-56
American Dog 454
Arrow-leaved 448
Violet
Bird's-foot
Blue
Canada
Coast
Dame's
449
446-8
453
446
154
Dog, American 454
Early Blue 446
English 449
Green 456
Hairy Yellow 452
Halberd-leaved,
Yellow 452
Hooded Blue 447
Kidney-leaved 451
Lance-leaved 451
Long-spurred 455
March 449
Marsh 450
Meadow Blue 447
Nuttall's 452
Ovate-leaved 448
Pale 453
Prairie 447
Primrose-leaved 451
Prostrate Blue 454
Round-leaved 449
Sand 454
Selkirk's 450
Smoothish Yellow 453
Southern Wood 447
Striped 453
Sweet 449
Sweet White 4 so
Water 586
Whorl-leaved, Nod-
ding 456
Woolly-blue 448
Virginia Creeper 413
Virginia Willow 187
Virgin's Bower,
Purple 71
Virginia 67
Western 68
Wafer-ash 354
Walioo 394, 414
Wall-cress 146
(see Rock-cress)
Wall-flower, Western
152
Wall-pepper 166
Wall Rocket 120
Wankapin 45
Wart-cress 111-13
Wart-grass 379
Wart-weed 379
Water Awlwort 110
-Bean 45
-Blinks 4
-Blob 51
-Cabbage 44
-Caltrop 500
-Carpet i8i
-Chestnut 500
-Chickweed 4
-Chinkapin 45
Water-cress 126
American 131
Creeping Yellow 124
Lake 127
Marsh 125
Round-leaved 131
Yellow 125
Water-Crowfoot,
White 84
Yellow 73
Water-cup 539
-Dragon 51
-Dropwort 513
-Feather 586
-Fennel 382
-Hemlock 536
Water-Lily Family
41
Water-Lily, Great 45
Voi<. II.]
INDEX TO ENGLISH NAMES.
643
Water-Lily
Sweet-scented 44
Tuberous 44
White 44-5
Water-Milfoil
Family 500
Water-Milfoil 503-5
Water-nut Family
500
Water-nut, Swimming
500
Water-Nymph 44
Water-Parsley 533-4
Water-Parsnip 532
Carson's 532
Cut-leaved 538
Hemlock 532
Lesser 538
Narrow-leaved 538
Water-Pennywort
539-41
-Pimpernel 587
-Purslane 470, 476
-Shield 41-2
Water-Stakwort
Family 381
Water-Starwort 382
-Targ:et 42
-Tupelo 547
-Violet 586
Waterwort Family
Waterwort
Water- Yarrow
Wax-weed, Blue
Wax-work
Waythorne
Weather-glass
Weld
Whin
Cat
Dyer's
Whistle-wood
437
427-8
586
473
396
405
593
158
270
232
271
414
White-Alder Fam'ily
548
White-Alder 548
White Bay 48
White Thorn 241
White-wood 49, 409, 414
Whitlow-grass 140-4
Alpine 144
Arctic 141-2
Branching 142
Carolina 141
Golden 143
Hoary 142
Short-fruited 143
Twisted 142
Vernal 140
Wedge -leaved 141
Wood 143
Whitlow-wort 38-9
Whortleberry, Bog 576
Red 580
Wicky 563
Widow's Cross 167
Wild Bean 338-9
Wild Allspice ' 98
-Bleeding-heart 104
-Brier 232
-Indigo 265-7
Lemon 92
-Liquorice 310
-Lupin 269
-Navew 119
-Orange 506
-Pea 269
-Pink II
-Radish 121
-Tansy 216
Willow, Primrose 480
Roman 600
Virginia 187
Willow Herb
Alpine 482
Broad-leaved 481
Downy 483
Willow Herb
Great 481
Great Hairy 482
Hornemann's 485
Linear-leaved 483
Marsh 483
Night 486
Northern 484
Panicled 484
Purple -leaved 4S4
Pimpernel 4S2
Soft 483
Spiked 473, 481
Swamp 471, 483
Virginia 187
Willow- wort 587
Wind-flower 64
Red 63
Wind-rose 100
Wine-berrs' 580
Wing-seed 354
Winterberry 39i"3
Fvergreen 391
Smooth 393
Virginia 392
Winter-cress 122
Wintergreen
Family 549
Wintergreen 550-3
Bog 551
Chickweed 592
Creeping 572
False 550
Flowering 361
Greenish-flower'd 550
Larger 550
Lesser 552
Liver-leaf 551
One-flowered 553
One-sided 552
Pear-leaved 550
Round-leaved 550
Serrated 552
Sharp-petaled 551
Wintergreen
Spotted 553
Spring 572
Wire-ling 383
Wistaria, American 294
Witch-Hazel Family
192
Witch-Hazel 193
Witch-wood 395
Woad- waxen 271
Wode-whistle 532
Wolf's-bane, Trailing'
61
Wolf's-milk 379
Woodbine 413
Carolina Wild 605
Wood-Lily 552
Wood-nep 538
Wood-sorrel Family
Wood-sorrel
Wood-sower or
Worm-grass
Worm-sfeed
Wymote
Yarrow, Water
Yaupon
Yellow Cress
-Indian Paint
-Jessamine
-Phlox
-Pond-Lily
-Poplar
-Puccoon
-Rocket
Yellow-Root
Shrub
Yellow-Seed
-Weed
-Wood
Youth -wort
Zizia, Bebb's
Zornia
344
345-7
-sour
345
605
151
415
586
391
124-5
51
605
152
42-3
49
51
122
51
55
III
158
264
161
534
313
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