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AN ILLUSTRATED GUIDE TO THE
FLOWERING PLANTS
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LINNAEA BOREALIS
Natural Size
This interesting and almost universally distributed little plant was
selected by the Dutch botanist Gronovius, with the concurrence of Linnaeus,
to be named in honor of the great Carl von Linnaeus, father of modern
botany and indeed of modern systematic natural history.
AN ILLUSTRATED GUIDE
tO. THE
FLOWERING PLANTS
OF
THE MIDDLE ATLANTIC AND
NEW ENGLAND STATES
(EXCEPTING THE GRASSES AND SEDGES)
THE DESCRIPTIVE TEXT WRITTEN IN FAMILIAR LANGUAGE
BY
GEORGE T. STEVENS, M.D., Ph.D.
WITH MORE THAN 17800 ILLUSTRATIONS
FROM DRAWINGS BY THE AUTHOR
NEW YORK
DODD, MEAD AND COMPANY
1910
CopyRIGHT, 1910, By
GEORGE T. STEVENS —
Published, June, 1910.
PREFACE
The purpose of this book is to furnish a practically complete
handbook containing descriptions of the native flowering plants of
the Northeastern United States, including not only the showy
herbs but also the trees, shrubs and weeds growing native in that
region and to adapt the work to the convenience and assistance of
the very large and ever growing class of educated people who are
interested in the study of this most attractive branch of natural
history but who, by reason of unfamiliarity with the technical
terms which have been in universal use for handbooks of botany,
have absolutely no adequate aid in the prosecution of an agreeable
and refining pursuit. While aiming to render the work available
to the non-technical student, the arrangements and descriptions
are intended to conform to the requirements of the technical bot-
anist to the extent of furnishing a convenient handbook.
That there is a distinct and urgent demand for such a work is
recognized not only by the cultured general public but also by pro-
fessional botanists.
In reply to the question recently published in a botanical jour-
nal, “ Why does not the subject of botany more often create a last-
ing interest?” a distinguished professor in one of our great uni-
versities replies: “ All our botanical courses and our text books
are too technical . . . they are written by technical
botanists who have forgotten that they were ever young them-
selves.”
The classification adopted in this work is, in the main, that of
Professor Adolph Engler in his Sillabus der Pflanzenfamilien, con-
» ceded to be the latest. and highest authority on this subject, yet, in
8 a few instances in the interest of a more simplified arrangement,
© I have followed the classification of Professor Eichler.
€
By introducing the modern Orders as well as the Families of
Splants I have hoped to familiarize the student with their natural
G ‘relations, thus furnishing the observing beginner something of in-
2
es
“finitely greater value than the empty knowledge of the names of a
? B iew plants. By thus giving a correct impression of the developmen-
~~ tal or evolutionary relations between the different species, the be-
“ ginner is soon prepared to recognize as an acquaintance and friend
‘
—
PREFACE
the plant which he or she meets for the first time. Its specific, or,
if the term may be used, its baptismal name may have to be sought
in the genealogical record, the handbook, but the student already
knows its family and its relations to the family by its general
character.
In the preparation of the work I have made use of my very large
private herbarium, a collection which has been the work of.many
years, but I have had constantly before me the works of the latest
German, French and English authorities and I have as constantly
consulted the American works of Professor Wood, Dr. Asa Gray
and that by Messrs. Britton and Brown. Indeed, without the aid
of this last named invaluable work the preparation of this book
would have been difficult. For numerous data, including locality,
season of blooming and other necessary knowledge, I am greatly
indebted to this authority. In the final revision of the manu-
script the New Gray Manual has been freely consulted.
The illustrations have been drawn by myself, mostly from the
fresh living plants, but a small number of the drawings I have been
obliged to make from the dried specimens in my herbarium. These
drawings illustrate a very large proportion of our native plants,
including nearly every species that the amateur is likely to meet.
The book includes two parts. The first part is an outline of
structural botany intended to be sufficient to enable a beginner to
use with advantage the second and main part.
The work has been the occupation of the hours of recreation
from professional labor, a relaxation from the exacting demands
of every-day routine of surgical practice and of the writing of
professional books and papers, occupations which have filled the
larger measure of the time at my disposal. It has, however, been
an agreeable task to turn from the severe tension of professional
pursuits to the refreshing attractions of this delightful branch of
natural science.
I am indebted to Prof. Charles H. Peck, the New York State
Botanist, for his kindness in carefully examining the manuscript
before it was placed in the hands of the printer and to the pub-
lishers for the excellent manner in which the book has been brought
out.
GrorcE T. STevEns.
New York,
1910,
CONTENTS
PAGE
i oi: tg RI Sage ce a ec eT daeity ts RiP |
Surtiine OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY . . . 2 « « % 3
See ATIEAD: ORDERS (2. c c0. 2 eeu. eee pee! 88
PaeAmEIEICIAL Ky TO.THE FAMILINS® . . . 2). -. Wd
METEOR BP UORA Fe ele ah we eee ey Wass od Ged eh PL
EXPLANATION OF ABBREVIATIONS OF NAMES OF AUTHORITIES 1705
Semin PROHMNICAT, NAMES. ... 2 i «. .. o's 2 FOF
InDEX oF Common NAMES SO GE EN Lee oe ny
PART I
AN OUTLINE OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY
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AN OUTLINE OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY
Ir we consider the characters of a plant from the point of view
of its internal and ultimate structure we are occupied with its
Internal Morphology, an important and necessary study, which
reveals a great variety of interesting facts all worthy of the atten-
tion of the student of nature.
So also if we examine the different phenomena which contribute
to the development and growth of the plant, the branch of study
known as Vegetable Physiology, we are engaged in inquiries relat-
ing to the actions and influences which contribute to the functions
of growth and of reproduction and to the form of the plant in
its various stages. In this branch of investigation we ‘study the
influence of light, of heat, of moisture and of many physical and
chemical forces. This branch of botanical study is also most inter-
esting and important, and both it and the study of internal mor-
phology are essential to a well rounded knowledge of botany.
Necessary as are these branches of study to one who would
acquire a full conception of the science of botany, a familiarity
with them is not essential to the student who seeks principally to
recognise the various plants which he may encounter in his excur-
sions through fields and forests or along lakes or streams or who
desires to form a collection of plants for study or amusement.
In the following pages it is the purpose to present only those
facts respecting the Hxternal Morphology which will serve as aids
to the student in determining the names and places in classifica-
tion of the flowering plants which are found in the region selected.
While space does not admit here of a consideration of the two
first mentioned branches of the study of botany and while it admits
of only an outline of that branch necessary to aid in the determina-
tion of names and of classification of plants, the student should be
impressed with the importance of a wider knowledge of the science
of vegetable life than that which can be acquired by the superficial
acquaintance of plants which one may encounter or collect.
Books treating of both internal and external structural botany
and of vegetable physiology are to be found in which the science
is treated, some from an elementary standpoint, others from a most
technical point of view.
4 OUTLINE OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY
It is to such works that the student should resort according to
the degree to which he would carry his study in order that his
acquaintance with the vegetable world may become an intimate one
of greatest interest.
ORGANS OF VEGETATION
The organs of vegetation consist of the root, the stem and the
leaves, with those modifications of leaves consisting of the organs
destined to reproduce the species, the spore in non-flowering plants
and the flower and fruit of flowering plants.
THE ROOT
The root is that part of the plant usually growing downward,
whose office it is, especially, to absorb from its surrounding medium,
most commonly the soil, the moisture and some other materials
. Fic. 1
from which the plant derives certain elements of its nourishment.
The root also, in a great majority of cases, serves to fix the plant
in a position favorable to its existence and growth. It differs from
the stem in not bearing leaves.
Some plants, notably many species of the orchid group in tropical
and semi-tropical climates and some trees, as for example the man-
grove, are supplied with aerial roots. Some of these roots growing
in the open air cling to the branches of trees, while other aerial
roots hang as long, more or less fleshy, pendants or cords exposed
to the winds. Other aerial roots, arising irregularly in the course
of the stem, as for example, those from. the stem of the ivy (Fig. 2);
and which have for their purpose, in general, the support of weak
climbing stems, are known as adventitous roots. Such roots grow-
OUTLINE OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY 5
ing at regular intervals, as at the leaf axils, are lateral roots
(Fig. 2).
ica 2
Still other plants have roots swimming free in water on the sur-
face of which the body of the plant floats.
Many plants of the non-flowering class are devoid of roots, but
with rare exceptions, as, for example, the floating grains constitut-
ing the plants of Wolffa, flowering plants are
provided with roots, terrestrial, aerial or
aquatic.
Although the roots of a plant have their
origin in the radicle of the em-
bryo they may exist in large
numbers having the appear-
ance of arising from as many
distinct origins, but at the
very base of the stem. Thus,
among the plants of the great
grass family, a group of roots
seems to spring from the same
Fic. 3—Fibrous rootslevel and to proceed downward
of grass. 2
with few or no branches. In
fact these numerous roots have sprung from the
radicle all at nearly the same level and have so
far monopolized its structure that they prac-
tically, though not theoretically, arise from the
base of the stem. Roots of this kind, arising in
numbers from apparently the same level are
known as compound or fibrous roots, a form
common among plants with parallel-veined
leaves—(monocotyledonous plants) (Fig. 3). In
ease of plants with net-veined leaves—dicotyle-
donous plants)—the axis usually extends downward as a tap root.
Fic. 4
6 OUTLINE OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY
This tap root may continue as the principal axis, taking often the
form which we see in the beet or carrot (Fig. 4), in which case it
is said to be a fleshy root, or it may maintain a more slender form.
In many cases roots become reservoirs of nutrient materials, in
which cases they are thickened and fleshy, as in
the case of the sweet potato, the peony and others
(Fig. 5). These are tuberous roots, which differ
from the tubers like the common potato in that
this last uniformly bears buds or eyes, and is
therefore a part of a modified stem. In the ma-
jority of plants whose leaves are net-veined,
branches diverge from the tap root which may
equal or exceed it in size and importance and the
root then divides like the branches of a tree, in
which case it is said to be ramose.
This is the form assumed by most.
shrubs and trees and by a great num-
ber of herbs.
rot of Apion” ~—-« If we examine a young root more in
detail we find that at its very extremity
it is terminated by a little cap. This cap may be seen Fis. 6-Two
plants of
without the aid of a glass in the little thread hanging Lemna about
three times
from the body of the duckmeat, Lemna (Fig. 6), which enlscaee
floats at the surface of the water. The of the oe
cap varies in length and in comparative TD eee
thickness, but is always present and is 19°t spay
Mei 7 which is
the advancing organ in the process of ord tee
rrowth. Ab i c= ticeable in
g ove the cap, with some ex pe gaat
ceptions, appears a more or less ex- plant than
tend . : E in most
ended ring of fine hairs, the pilose _ others.
portion of the root (Fig. 7). It is by way of
these hairs and not by way of the cap that such
nutritive material as is taken from the soil, the
water or the air, through the root is introduced
into the circulation of the plant. As the root
Kia. Mouue ees in length these hairs disappear above
Morning Glory. and new ones appear, maintaini » Ti i
eer gg ea ppear, maintaining the ring in
cotyledons or about a constant distance from the terminal cap.
“seed leaves” is f . ; :
aes the eehaatl Above the ring of hairs the root assumes a
i lumule , s9TANeA aa :
‘Along. the course Siooth appearance. In the case of the roots of
of the branching net-veinec Tht ‘ Ss 1 ¥ ' .
roots the “ pilose ed leaved plants the young rootlet ap
portion” is shown. pears to enter the root by an opening, as there is
OUTLINE OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY 7
seen at the point of union a ring raised more or less above the sur-
face of the root at that point.
The part just below the stem is known as the caudex (a Fig. 7).
UNDERGROUND STEMS (ROOTSTOCKS, CORMS, BULBS, TUBERS )
There are certain modifications of the stem which by reason of
their position, mostly under the soil, the absence of green coloring
matter and by their appearance, are, by those who have not con-
sidered their nature sufficiently, regarded as roots.
Although these forms are technically modified stems and not
roots, we may consider them in this place as, to some extent, inter-
mediate forms.
If we were to draw from the soft soil a stalk of the common
quack grass we would observe at its foot a white cylindrical exten-
sion of the size of the stalk and that at intervals there spring fasci-
cles of roots and also, if we have not broken the cylinder, that it is
Fic. 8 Tic. 9 Fic. 10
Fic. 8—Rootstock of Solomon’s Seal, showing the “seals”? from which arise the
branches or aerial stems and the scars marking the point of growth of last year’s
aerial stems,
Fic. 9—Corm of Jack-in-the-Pulpit.
Fic. 1o—Bulb of Wild Onion.
terminated, not by the cap which terminates a root, but by a bud,
in which it resembles a stem. Its course is horizontal beneath the
soil and it may at intervals send up several stalks. This white
cylinder is simply a subterranean stem modified by its position for
the performance of its office. It is technically a rhizome, but in
familiar language a rootstock. Such rootstocks are found in case
of the iris, Solomon’s Seal (Fig. 8), wild azalea and a great many
other plants,
4
8 OUTLINE OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY
Another form of modified stem is the corm (Fig. 9). It is a
solid, rounded mass at the foot of the stem, often flattened, as it is
in case of the Jack-in-the-pulpit. It resembles a bulb in form, but
differs from it in structure.
The bulb, which occupies a position at the foot of the stem simi-
lar to that of the corm, consists of a compact mass of scales from
the midst of which proceeds a stem (Fig. 10). Both the corm and
the bulb give out roots from their base.
A tuber is an expansion of an underground stem in which is
stored nutrient material which may be, after the dying down of the
aerial part of ‘the plant, supplied to the young buds which have
been formed on the surface of the tuber. The common white
potatoe is the best example of such a tuber, its eyes being in fact
so many buds which sprout in the spring and:are fed by the starchy
material of the tuber.
Other forms of modified stems, runners, stolons and suckers are
less underground forms than those above described and will be
mentioned in connection with the stem. ;
THE STEM
As the root is usually the descending axis of the plant, so the
stem is ordinarily the ascending axis, though, as we have seen
above, the modified stem, the rootstock, the tuberous root, etc., are
buried beneath the soil.
With exceptions of a few minute species all flowering plants are
furnished with a stem, although in the case of those improperly
said to be stemless—acaulescent—the stem is extremely short, con-
sisting only of a narrow ring above the caudex of the root.
Thus the stem may vary in extent from the simple ring above the -
root to the height of a giant sequoia.
The young stems of most plants bear, at more or less irregular
intervals, leaves and buds. ‘If we examine the young twig of a
birch we notice that the distance between the leaves diminishes
toward the outer extremity until at the end we find a terminal bud
which is, in fact, a collection of rudimentary leaves often covered
by scales, themselves modified leaves, at the point at which the
future growth is to take place. At the axil of each leaf and just
above we notice a small top-shaped body, a lateral bud. It is
destined to put forth as a branch at a future time. The future
branches, of which these lateral buds are the promise, will them-
OUTLINE OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY 9
selves bear leaves and other buds. When a bud is formed not
terminal nor at a leaf axil it is an evtra awillary bud, or if in
irregular order or at intermediate points, it is an adventive bud.
The leaves usually arise from the stem in a certain fixed order,
depending upon the species of plant, or the order of arrangement
governed by a general law. In case of the presence of adventive
buds or branches the orderly disposition of the leaves may be mate-
rially disturbed.
The points, or more exactly, the transverse
planes, marking the insertion of the leaves are
called nodes. These nodes are very clearly
shown in the stems of grasses. The space com-
prised between two successive nodes is an inter-
node (Fig. 11).
Upon the relative positions of axillary and
terminal buds depend the divisions of the stem.
A true bifurcation or forking from exactly op-
posite buds is rare, especially in case of the
higher plants, but a false bifurcation from buds
situated in close proximity is much more com-
eg ae Fic. 11 — Diagram
Naturally the character of the divisions or indicating the rela-
bifurcations will determine the general form or tne bade ose
port of the plant. If the terminal bud con- **7°¢es
tinues to hold a considerable lead, the lateral buds sending out
branches in their order the plant will assume a comparatively
regular spire-top form such as we observe in case of the fir tree.
But if a bud close to the terminal bud sends out a branch about
equalling the latter and if the process is repeated indefinitely we
have a widely branching stem, the rounded or flat top, such as is
shown by the apple tree.
The stem may be cylindric, as it is in many grasses, triangular
as in some sedges, fluted, quadrangular or flattened.
From the stem may arise imperfectly developed branches, woody
and sharp, which are spines or thorns, these differ from the more
superficial prickles, such as are found on the stem of the rose and
many other plants, and which arise entirely from the bark. The
stem is also modified to form tendrils, as we find them on the vine
of the grape, though some tendrils are modified leaf-forms, as we
find them in many species of the pea family, as well as in some
other plants.
10 OUTLINE OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY
The stems of flowering plants may be divided into two classes
upon which divisions are in large measure founded the two great
groups of plants known as Hndogenous and Exogenous plants.
In the first of these groups, endogens, including the grasses,
palms, liliaceous and many other plants, the accretion of growth
is from within the stem. This latter does not become thicker as it
extends in height. This statement will not appear correct when
one remembers that the stalk of Indian corn is nearly or quite an
inch in diameter at maturity, while in its early stage it has only
a fraction of that diameter. This is not because the diameter of
the first sprout has materially increased, but that successive joints
or nodes have arisen from the root, each of greater diameter than
the one preceding it. This form of growth may be observed in the
grasses, rushes and all of the plants known as monocotyledonous
plants. On the other hand, in another great group of plants, the
exogens, the growth of the stem is from within outward. The
stem of the ordinary tree of temperate climates increases in diame-
ter in proportion to its growth, the accretion being made externally.
This is true of most of the species of herbs growing in the same
climate. In the stem of the endogen there is no distinction of
bark, wood and pith, but in the stem of the exogen this distinction
is clear, at least in the very young plant. The distinction of the
bark from the wood is evident throughout the growth of the plant.
Upon the character and size of the stem depend the division of
plants into herbs, shrubs and trees.
Plants, the stems of which do not become woody and which die
down to the ground at the close of the season, or after flowering,
are known as herbs, while those the stems of which become woody
or which are persistent from year to year, are, if of small size
when of mature growth, shrubs, but if the plant reaches or exceeds
about twenty feet when fully grown it is a tree.
While in the greatest number of species of plants the stem rises
from the ground, standing erect or nearly so by its own strength,
* upright stems, there are others
Be Tis which have too little strength
*: thus to rise independently.
Their length is usually out of
= proportion to their diameter
to enable them to stand up-
Pia. 12 right without assistance. Some
of these are procumbent stems which creep along the ground like
the weak stem of the common blue veronica (Fig. 12), its head
OUTLINE OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY 11
ascending at length, neither quite erect nor prostrate like its proxi-
mate part; or like
the strawberry (Fig.
13), which sends
out long slender, al-
most horizontal
stems, known as run-
ners, each of which
at length puts forth
a cluster of leaves
and a fasciculus of
roots which find their
way beneath the soil and then push out another or several run-
ners from this new station. Runners less slender, such as those
from the common antennaria, are
called stolons (Fig. 14). A somewhat
different form of prostrate stem is that
of the creeping loosestrife (Lysim-
achia), which lies flat upon the ground
and throws out its fascicles of rootlets
at the leaf-nodes (Fig. 15).
Some of the stems of many shrubs
and even of some trees droop, touching
the soil at length and, taking root, give
rise to new plants in this manner. The
drooping stems of the black raspberry are examples of this form of
stem among shrubs, those of the banyan among trees.
But these weak stems
do not in all cases run
along the ground nor
droop to take root like
those just mentioned.
Some of these weak
stems are held in more
or less upright positions by means of tendrils, which may proceed
directly from the stem as modified branches, as in case of the
grape vine, or which are modified leaf stalks, as we find them in
case of the clematis, the pea, etc., or the stem may be held by
prickers, as in case of galiums. Still other weak stems wind about
more erect plants or other bodies, of which the hop, the bindweed,
the convolulus and many trailing vines are examples (Fig. 16).
12
OUTLINE OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY
THE LEAF
In general the leaf is the digestive organ of the higher plants,
for the principal food of plants is carbonic acid which, within the
Y
Fic. 16
leaf, is converted into starch with elements which are
supplied from the roots. That it contributes to the
beauty and interest of the plant is an obvious fact.
Of its color and of its physiology we need not here
speak, but of the forms which the leaf assumes and of
the arrangement of the leaves it is necessary to take
note, since on these forms and on these arrangements
we must base many of the comparisons between dif-
ferent groups of plants.
In most of the orders of plants usually known as
the lower orders leaves are not found, and even in a
few of the plants which come under our observation
as flowering plants, the leaves may be only rudimen-
tary, yet we may regard the leaf as an essential organ
of the class of plants which is to be described in this work.
We may take the leaf of the buttercup as a study of the leaf
structure (Fig. 17).
We find then, first, the broad expanse,
the blade; second, the slender, yet
thicker, somewhat cylindric organ, the
petiole, or leaf-stalk, and third, and
finally, the base of the petiole, which, in
case of the buttercup, nearly or quite
surrounds the stem to which it is closely
attached.
These three parts constitute the typi-
cal leaf, but not all leaves are typical.
In the case of many leaves, for example,
the broadened base of the leaf stem is
wanting and the petiole is attached to
the stem by a narrow base, which may or
may not be somewhat more expanded
than the column of the petiole. Again,
the petiole may be almost completely
absent and the leaf blade is apparently
attached directly to the stem without the
intervention of the petiole. The leaf is
then said to be sessile, as flowers are
Fic. 17—Leaf of Ranuncu-
Jus acris—a, the blade; b, the
petiole or leaf-stalk; c, the
base,
said to be sessile when there is no pedicle or flower stem.
OUTLINE OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY 13
So the leaf may consist of the blade and the base without the
petiole, as we see it in the long and narrow blade of grass with its
base clasping the stem without an intermediate part representing a
petiole.
Beyond these three very general forms there are various other
modifications such as the formation of a hollow tube by the petiole,
as in the Sarracenia, or of the simple awl-like or needle-like forms
of the pine leaves or the thread-like leaves of many aquatic plants,
and in some plants the form and general structure of the leaf is
modified according to the medium in which it exists. Thus some
species of Sagittaria have thread-like leaves which are entirely
submersed, living wholly below the surface of the water ; broad,
rounded blades floating upon the surface of water and sharply
angled arrow-like leaves which rise above the water’s surface. .
Many instances of this polymorphism might be mentioned, the
modifications being due primarily to the adaptation of the leaf
to divers circumstances.
A great, and in classification, a very important, division in the
general structure of leaves is that which distinguishes the so-called
parallel-veined leaves from the net-veined leaves.
With the former, the parallel-veined leaf, is commonly associated
the seed of a single cotyledon or lobe; while with the net-veined leaf
is usually associated the two-lobed or dicotyledoned seed and upon
these characters are founded the first great division in the class of
flowering plants, the monocotyledonous and the dicotyledonous
angiosperms, that is, the one-lobed and the two-lobed sub-groups of
the class of plants having the ovules within an enclosing ovary.
These striking characteristics in the construction of the leaves
permit us, in a great majority of cases, to judge without further
consideration whether a given plant belongs to one or the other of
these two great groups.
Exceptions, as to most rules, occur here, for there are plants
with net-veined leaves belonging to the great group of monocoty-
ledons, for example; the trilliums, which are members of the lily
family, have net veins. Then also a few plants belonging to the
group of dicotyledons have apparently parallel veins.
Notwithstanding the few exceptions it becomes easy after a little
observation to determine with which of the great sub-classes we
have to do.
Returning to our ‘buttercup leaf, we find that not only do the
veins of the blade diverge and cross among themselves, but that
the blade is deeply cut into several segments or lobes and that
starting from the point of attachment of the petiole there radiate,
14 OUTLINE OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY
fan-like, as many strong ribs or veins as there are lobes to the leaf,
and that these radiating veins send out a network of smaller veins.
If we compare this with the leaf of the elm (Fig.
18), we see that in the latter a strong rib or vein
runs from end to end through the center of the leaf,
while other smaller veins diverge on either side and
at fairly regular distances, like the barbs of a
feather. Because, in case of the ranunculus leaf
and others constructed on a similar plan, the veins
radiate something like the fingers of the hand when
spread out, such leaves are said to be palmately
veined, while in the case of the elm leaf and others
constructed on the feather plan they are said to be
pin. Purnately veined or feather veined.
RiGee Loo —
nately veined Jf we compare our ranunculus leaf and the elm
leai of Elm. : : .
leaf with a leaf from the common plantain which
grows so freely about country dooryards and in waste places we
observe that in case of the elm and the buttercup the borders are
not continuous, one being broken by very deep interruptions, the
other only by the depth of the sharp teeth. On the other hand, the
borders of the plantain leaf are continuous. Such a border is said
to be entire, while the others are interrupted. It is somewhat rare
to find blades of the palmate or feather-veined leaves with entire
borders, though the entire border is characteristic of the parallel-
veined leaf.
As it is well known, the leaf blade assumes many forms, most of
which have a resemblance to familiar objects, for example: to the
outline of an egg; of an arrow-head; of a spatula, etc., and dia-
grams representing several of these forms are given in the plate
opposite the table which is to follow.
Compound Leaves
The leaf, as we have thus far examined it, has only the three
elements which were at first mentioned, namely, the blade, the
petiole and the base. Such a leaf is known as a simple leaf. But
we often find leaves which are apparently more complex; for exam-
ple, the leaf of the horse-chestnut is composed of five separate
blades radiating from a stout common leaf-stalk or petiole. ‘This
OUTLINE OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY 15
petiole is not a branch or twig of the tree from which five leaves
might arise, for when the leaf is ripe in autumn this common
petiole looses its hold upon the stem and it and its five blades fall
to the ground together. The petiole and the five blades then con-
stitute a single leaf and the five blades are not five leaves, but so
many leaflets of a compound leaf. Another example of compound
leaf is found in that of the locust tree, where the petiole proceeds
as a main stem, on each side of which is a series of oval or rounded
leaflets, the petiole terminating as the midvein of an odd leaflet.
These rounded blades are no more separate leaves than are the
radiating blades of the horse-chestnut, but are elements of the
compound leaf. In the case of the radiating leaflets the arrange-
ment is known as a palmately compound leaf ; while in the case
where the secondary petioles branch from the main leaf-stalk like
the barbs of a feather it is a pinnately compound leaf. Hence it
will be seen that similar terms are used both for the simple and
compound leaf and this is a fact which the amateur should not
fail to comprehend, that while the terms of science may not be
familiar the true scientist employs the least number of new terms
that it is possible to use in the necessary description and classifica-
tion of his object.
We find many other examples of compound leaves, as in the
clover with its three leaflets, most of the potentillas with their
palmate five leaflets and many species of the pea family, with their
pinnate double rows of leaflets.
STIPULES
At the base of the leaf-stalk or of the blade of many leaves are
found leaf-like appendages having often the color and general
character of a leaf but differing usually in form and size from the
leaf itself. Such appendages are found at the foot of the petiole
of a rose leaf, where, starting from the very base of the petiole it
extends along its column as a sort of fringed collar.
The stipules constitute a very important feature of the leaf from
the point of view of the determination of different species, for a
great many leaves are without stipules, while some have very con-
spicuous ones. About the bud of the magnolia two large brown
stipules form a thick protecting cover, which falls as the leaf ex-
16 OUTLINE OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY
pands. About the stem of the polygons the stipules take the form
of tall collars while in the pea family the stipules in some species
exceed the leaf in size and among the pondweeds it is often a long
grass-like appendage.
Referring to the diagrams on the succeeding page, we find a
number of forms which, while each may not precisely represent
all the leaves which are classed as belonging to that particular
Fic. 19—Stipules Fic. 20—Stipules Fic. 21—Stipules
of Rose leaf. of Clover. of Viola arenaria.
form, are all sufficiently typical to indicate the class of the leaf-
blade which might be under observation, provided the leaf under
consideration is not compound.
We may conveniently arrange them in the following table:
TABLE OF SIMPLE FEATHER VEINED LEAF-FORMS
I
‘A single principal vein traverses the main axis of the leaf.
The tissues intervening between the veinlets fully or mainly
developed . . . . Feather Veined Forms. Pinnate-Veined
The middle veinlet exceeds the others in length, the veinlets
above and below becoming gradually shorter.
The breadth of the widest part is:
About equal to the length of the leaf (Fig. 1) . Orbicular
About @ to £ the: length (Wig. 2))). 3°) 3) ae Oval
About 4 the length (Mig. 8)... % 4... ) <a ee
About + to 4 the length (Fig. 4) . 6 oy 6) a OER
The veinlets of the lower third exceed the other side veinlets,
which become gradually shorter above and below.
The breadth of the widest part is:
Nearly or quite equal to the length (Fig. 6) . . Deltoid
About % the length, egg-shaped (Fig. 7) . . « . Ovate
About 4 the length or less, lance-shaped (Fig. 8) Lanceolate
17
OUTLINE OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY
24
23
18 OUTLINE OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY
The side veinlets all very short (Fig. 5) . . . +. ne Ur:
The veinlets of the upper third exceed the others, which become
gradually shorter above and below.
The widest part is:
About 4 the length, pear-shaped; inversely egg-shaped
(Fig. 9) re re errr ee i tis ete ely |) OWRD TE
About 4 the length, inversely eee (Fig. 10)
ae ye ‘ Oblanceolate
About 4 “that of ihe. leneth or less. spatula-formed
Chis Jd). 1 . . . NSpatutate
The lower veinlets nenaeude See Suny ard beyond the gen-
eral outline or conspicuously backward,
The apex sharp, the two sides of the base rounded. Heart-
Shaped (Fig. 12) . - « Cordate
The apex sharp, the eeneral ‘shape freneniar the two pos-
terior triangular lobes pointing backward, not outward.
Arrow-head-shaped (Fig. 18) . . . . « «~. Saguttaie
General form triangular, but the lower nace of the leaf sud-
denly widening into two lateral triangular lobes. Halberd-
shaped. (hig 14) ee . « Hastate
The leaf blade of various forms, ‘the posterior lobes pro-
truding backward and inward. JHar-shaped (Fig. 16)
. « » AUuniciionr
The cancion veners ‘directed eae anit ipatew ard and then
inward, the leaf blade enclosing the stem (Fig. 17) Perfoliate
The veinlets of each of two opposite leaves projecting back-
ward, the two leaf blades uniting around the stem (Tig.
chs) aemupee ees - » Connate
The middle veinlet ‘dhorter thar the width of ‘the leaf blade,
the base heart-shaped. Kidney-formed” (fig. 15) . Reniform
II
There is a single principal vein, but the intervening tissue between
the veinlets may be so irregularly developed as to give to the
blade the appearance of haying been deeply cut into lobes and
sinuses. Such forms are known as pinnated leaves.
1. The tissue sharply cut between the veinlets about 4 way to
the midvein. fFeather-cleft . . . . Pinnatifid
A pinnatifid leaf with rounded lobes and sinuses like that of
the White Oak (Fig. 29) . . . NSinuate
With its lobes or segments pointing backw ard (F ig. - 81) Runcinate
The terminal segment large, broad and rounded. JLyre-
shaped (Fig. 30) . . Puree a ee
2. The tissues between the veinlets cut out nearly to the midvein,
the leaf is said to be (Fig. 82) . . . . . Pinnately Parted
III
Three or more principal veins radiate from the leaf stem and trav-
erse the leaf blade. . .. . . 6 « « « «+ Palmate veined
OUTLINE OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY 19
1. The general outline of the leaf nearly or quite complete.
General form rounded, broader than long, the posterior parts
extending into two rounded lobes, anti med (Fig. 15)
Reniform
Several principal veins radiating in all directions, the leaf
stem inserted in the midst of the blade. Shield-shaped
GHIiSmECO en aaitee it Ces iaal st | Sane em ea la te bo) Peltate
2. General outline cut into deep divisions by deficiency of tissue
between the principal veins, forming separate leaflets (Fig.
35) SC Close acl gens. sh A) eee alumate-leaved
Brincipaly VEINS o CHIgseas)) 6 8. = « - ees Lovlovate
Principal veins eaGHior o4) 25 % . 2 Weems se tve-loped
In these pinnately cleft leaves the intervening tissue is somewhat
or largely wanting but in certain leaves this absence of intervening
tissue is carried to the extent that the segments or lobes appear
like quite perfect and independent leaves. An important difference
will however be observed between such a group of apparently per-
fect leaves and a really perfect leaf.
If we separate by force a perfect leaf at the base of the leaf-stalk
from the branch, it falls as a single blade as it does also in autumn
by ripening. But if we separate the base of the leaf-stalk of one
of these groups the whole group falls as did in the other case the
single leaf blade.
These groups of leaflets, all attached to a common leaf-stalk or
petiole are known as Compound Leaves and a few forms are shown
by the following table.
If the number of leaflets is reduced to two the leaf is . . Binate
If there are three leaflets arranged in a palmate form the leaf is
Aaldesconpe ternate (Hig; 33)) 2°. 2 = ce ZOOlULe
If there are more than three leaflets, all arising at the end of the
leaf stem, as in that of the Horse Chestnut, it is Hand-shaped
(CNIS 687: ar ‘ »- . . . Palmately Compound
But if the leaflets are eR er ae each side of a common leaf-
stalk or petiole the leaf is (Fig. 35) - . Pinnately Compound
If the number of leaflets is exactly the same on each side of the
leaf stem and there is not an odd one at the end, the leaf is
SMCMIES Li ts) Goss sh He) ‘s) cro) eh oe @ 4) Osis w VEN Pinnate
But if there is an odd leaf at the end it is « e« »« Odd Pinnate
In the description of plants the point or apex of the leaf often
forms an important feature for differentiation.
20 OUTLINE OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY
When the point ends with an acute angle long drawn out, it is
CRIS ASE)! Soe OS a oe ACP
If the angle is sharp but not long and tapering it is (Fig. 87) Acute
But if the point is rounded it is) (Wig)738) 5... 93. = Obie
If terminated by a nearly straight edge, as though cut off, it is
CRIg. (89) 6 5 eh at Se Re eee ncn te eer eC etre ae
A leaf notched at the apex is (Fig. 40) ee Emarginate
If terminated by a hard bristly point it is (Fig. 41) . Mucronate
41
The leaf margins are also important in differentiation. The
margin is said to be:
When it is divided into sharp teeth like those of a saw (Fig. 19)
. Serrate
OUTLINE OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY 21
When these teeth are also serrate the Bee is (Fig. 20)
Doubly Serrate
Ge the merein3 is formed of teeth ith concave outlines as at Fig.
CIAIC ISM 3 |e eee een LL) CIULIDEG,
When the margin is Deomelcne as ae Fig. 99, it. ISS ys! ello) LEEITe
When the border is formed of rounded teeth with convex outline
tesa (Mes 24) ee em Onenatie
The diminutive terms peraeulite and cremate. are used in place
of dentate and crenate when the teeth are very small.
ARRANGEMENT OF LEAVES.
The disposition of the leaves upon the stem constitutes that part
of botanical science technically known as Phyllotaxy, but to the
non-technical it is the Arrangement of Leaves.
Every part of botanical science is of great interest to one who
intelligently investigates it and this science of Phyllotaxy is one
which richly repays the investigator. But in this place we can
only refer to the conspicuous facts of three forms of arrangement.
They are:
Ist. Alternate, when the leaves are inserted singly at each node of
the stem, In each case the insertion may appear to be first on one
side of the stem and next on the exact opposite side. More frequently
they appear to be inserted in a spiral line and this, as a matter of fact,
is the real insertion, even when the leaves appear first on one then on
the opposite side.
2d. They are said to be opposite when they are inserted in pairs, one
exactly opposite the other on the stem.
3d. They are in whorls or verticils, whorled or verticillate, when
three or more are inserted at the same node, forming a whorl about
the stem.
Upon some stems leaves which are in fact alternate are so
closely disposed that it is difficult to see their alternate arrange-
ment. In such case the leaves are said to be scattered.
THE FLOWER
To the ordinary observer a flower is that gracefully formed group
of colored petals and stamens surrounded at its base by a rosette
of green bracts, which by its vivid hues, attractive shape and
pleasant perfume seems to constitute the crowning glory of a plant.
A more exact and perhaps a more useful conception of a flower
is that which defines it as an organ essential to the inception and
the perfection of the seed and therefore to the perpetuation of the
plant species.
In this sense the flower may not consist of gracefully formed
22 OUTLINE OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY
and brightly colored parts. It may indeed consist of a single
stamen lodged against the stem in the axil of a leaf or of a pistil
unprotected by any envelope. In such a case the grace and brilli-
ancy of the flower as it is usually thought of, is absent but at
least one of the two essential elements necessary to the perpetuation
of the species is present and in the view of the botanist this con-
stitutes a flower.
A flower, then, consists of a more or less complicated apparatus
essential to the inception and perfection of the seed.
Two elements are absolutely essential to this process of repro-
duction of what are known as the higher plants, flowering plants.
One is found in the pistil, at the base of which, or constituting
the whole of which, is the ovary in which is found the ovule or
ovules or, eventually, the developed seed.
The other element is seen in the stamen which furnishes the
pollen which must be applied to the pistil in order to fertilize it
and without which the ovules can not develop into seeds.
The transference of this pollen from the stamen to the pistil
may be affected by the wind, by water, by insects or by other
agencies.
Hither of these elements, as we have seen, may be found alone,
unaccompanied by the other element or by the conspicuous parts
usually regarded as the flower. The flexible “ pussy” of a willow
consists of a great number of single flowers, each consisting of a
pair of stamens at the base of which there is a single colorless
Fie. 22 Fic, 23 Fig. 24 Fig. 25
bract, or if the catkin is made up of ‘pistillate flowers each flower
consists of a single pistil with its bract (Figs. 22 and 23). But
individuals of either kind, pistils or stamens, may unite in a group
of considerable numbers or again, pistils and stamens may grow
together in the same group (Fig. 24). There may be a single
stamen and a single pistil or a single pistil with several stamens
or there may be several of each in association within the same flower.
Examples in which many staminate flowers are found in one
group and many pistillate flowers in another are found in the
OUTLINE OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY 23
willows and poplars. If the “pussies” of the willows are exam-
ined with a little care it will be seen that the soft gray fur of a
catkin from one tree covers only staminate flowers while the less
smooth catkin from another tree covers exclusively pistillate
flowers.
An excellent example of a plant having both staminate and
pistillate flowers, each in separate groups is found in the common
Maize or Indian Corn.t In this case the tall “ tassel ” terminates
the stalk and spreads into many almost horizontal branches each
bearing a great number of staminate flowers. Below, at the side of
the stalk, is a husky envelope from which protrudes a bundle of
long slender filaments constituting the “silk.” Each of these
green filaments is the extended portion of a pistillate flower, or
more exactly, of two such flowers for in this case two pistils unite
as one. When these silky filaments have arrived at the proper
stage for fertilization or pollination the wind wafts some of the
pollen grains from the tassel of the plant or from a neighboring
plant which falls upon the silky filaments and thus each fiber
becomes pollinated and the conditions of growth of the individual
seeds are supplied when each filament has been subjected to the
action of the pollen.
Examples of extremely simple flowers in which both stamens
and pistils are found in the same group,? are found in some of
the aquatic plants such as the Zanichella (Fig. 26) of the fresh
ponds where one or two pistils are situated at the axil of a leaf
between two stamens. This simple arrangement constitutes the
entire flower and indeed all the elements necessary to the develop-
ment of the seed.
When the flower is thus destitute of any floral envelope, naked,?
it is usually the case that the pollination is effected by the agency
of the wind or by water.
In the more conspicuous flowers that which gives them their
character as blooms, the ornamental part, is the perianth.
1Linnaeus called plants having groups of staminate flowers only on one plant and
pistillate flowers only on another of the same species Dioeceous (living in two
houses), but when such separate groups are found on the same plant he called the
plant Monoeceous (one house). Jussieu, a later botanist, called plants having sta-
mens in one flower and pistils in another Diclinous and those having the stamens
and pistils grouped in the same flower Monoclinous.
When diclinous and monoclinous flowers are found on the same plant the plant
said to be Polygamous. Flowers having both stamens and pistils are Hermaphro-
ite.
2 Such flowers are, in the technical sense perfect, because they contain both the
elements for the perfection of the seed. They are not, however, complete, because
they do not have the appendages of the higher orders of flowers, the calyx and
corolla. t
8 Flowers without a calyx or a corolla are apetalous or, more technically achlamyde-
ous, words which in the technical works on systematic botany are important and
not unfrequently used.
24 OUTLINE OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY
When this is complete it consists of two circles of organs (Fig.
28). The outer one which is generally, though not always, green
called the calyx, is almost always divided, either partly or com-
pletely, into several parts known as sepals. These green sepals are
well seen in the case of the rose where each becomes more or less
sub-divided and thus more ornamental. The inner circle of the
perianth is known as the corolla and when this consists of several
divisions the parts are called petals.
In many flowers the petals remain distinct from each other* while
in other cases the petals are united showing but a single expansion
since all the members are blended at their edges as we see the union
in the harebell or in the convolvulus.
The petals of a flower are in most cases symmetrical as are other
27
Fic. 26—Part of a stem of Zanichella. The naked flowers are seen at the leaf
axils.
Fic. 27—An incomplete flower, Clematis. The petals are nearly suppressed while
the sepals are large and colored.
Fic. 28—A complete flower, Buttercup, with calyx, corolla, stamens and pistils.
Fic. 29—An irregular flower (Salvia).
parts of the same flower. For example, the petals of the buttercup
or of the apple blossom are all alike, one as long and as broad as
the other and the sepals of the calyx are, in these blooms, similarly
symmetrical (Fig. 28). Such flowers are called regular.®
But the parts of the flowers are not always thus symmetrical, for
example, the petals of the sweet pea flower differ among themselves
in size and shape, so also the parts of the larkspur and of the
cypripedium flowers are not all alike. Such flowers are irregular
(Fig. 29.)
Flowers may be perfect in the sense that they include both the
stamens and the pistils yet they may not be complete in the sense
*Flowers, the corolla of which is composed of separate and distinct petals, are
known as polypetalous or better, as choripetalous flowers, while flowers, the corollas
each of which consists of a single member, made by the union of several petals, are
monopetalous or more correctly gamopetalous.
5 When the petals are thus symmetrical the flower is technically homochlamedous
or, in tamiliar language, regular. When the parts are unsymmetrical the flower is
heterochlamedous, or, irregular,
OUTLINE OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY 25
that they do not have the envelopes which we have called the
perianth, the calyx and the corolla, the organs which, as has been
remarked above, are, by the casual observer regarded as the flower.
But when all these parts are present, calyx, corolla, stamens and
pistils we have not only a perfect but a complete flower.
The calyx or outer circle of the perianth has ordinarily the color
of leaves and appears as a little star-shaped circlet or cup-like
receptacle at the base of the flower or extending upon the corolla
enfolding it to a greater or less extent. (Fig 28.)
In some cases, however, the calyx is not green like the leaves
but takes on the vivid colors which we are accustomed to find
associated with the petals. In some instances the calyx may re-
semble the existing petals with which such sepals are generally
alternate as in the case of the lily where the sepals are petaloid,
alternate with the real petals and resembling them in size, form
and color, the three sepals and the three petals uniting in an
apparent bell-shaped corolla.
But the calyx may so far usurp the place of the corolla as to
30. Polypetalous flower of Chickweed, with 5 sepals, 5 petals and 10 stamens.
31. Apetalous flower of Thalictrum, with 5 sepals, no petals and many stamens.
32. Choripetalous flower of Ranunculus.
33- Gamopetalous flower of Convolvulus.
entirely supplant it and assume the color, the delicacy of texture
and the brilliancy of hue of the suppressed corolla. In the flower
of the clematis (Fig 27) we have an instance of this usurpation
in which the petals are so nearly suppressed that they appear only
as rudimentary bodies while the sepals spread out as a broad white
or purple crown. The shining yellow cup of the swamp marigold
or american cowslip is another familiar instance for the usurpation
of the function of the corolla by the calyx. The calyx is not sup-
planted by the corolla and when there is but a single envelope in
the perianth we know that it is the calyx. In the flower of the
columbine we have ten members of the perianth all colored. The
five petals resemble little cornucopias while the five sepals have
more nearly the ordinary form of petals.
The calyx, like the corolla, may be unsymmetrical and like the
petals of the corolla the sepals may be concresently united into a
single tube. (Fig. 29.)
26 OUTLINE OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY
These external organs, corolla and calyx, are largely protective
to the essential organs but they have, especially the corolla has,
an important function aside from the protective one, that of
attracting insects or birds and it is this function which undoubt-
edly lends to the flower its charm of form, hue and perfume.
When the several petals of a flower are distinct, one from the
other to the base as we see them in the buttercup (Fig. 28) the
corolla is said to be dialypetalous, i. e., separate petaled and the
sepals being thus distinct the calyx is dialysepalous; or the corolla
is said to be polypetalous, i. e. many petaled, and the calyx poly-
sepalous. ‘This arrangement of distinct petals is by no means
constant and we see the parts of the corolla more or less united,
from those corollas in which there ‘is a faint union at the base to
those in which, like the blue bell, the petals are all united to form
a single envelope. The corolla of which the petals are thus joined,
is said to be gamopetalous or monopetalous. (Fig. 33). In the
great family of composite flowers, asters, thistles, etc., the heads
are made up of from few to many of these gamopetalous flowers
crowded into colonies, the whole having the appearance of a single
flower.
The great majority of showy flowers are entomophilous, that is,
they are attractive to insects. The primary source of this attraction
is a series of small sacs or glands secreting a sweet liquid or semi-
liquid substance called nectar. These nectar sacs may be situated
at the base of the pistil, at that of the stamen, in the inner extrem-
ity of the pistils or even at the base of the sepals. In the violet
it is hidden at the end of the spur. Nectaries are indeed sometimes
situated outside the flowers but they are always enticements to the
insects which are induced to visit the flower. (Fig. 34.)
It is from the nectar that the perfume of the flower largely pro-
ceeds and it is this nectar in which certain insects as well as hum-
ming birds delight as an article of food.
It is not always enough that the flower exhales a perfume which
is pleasant and enticing to the insect, the wind or other agencies
might prevent the perfume reaching the sensitive organs of smell
but there is added a display which is attractive to the sight. Hence
the fine colors and even probably the varied and beautiful forms
of the corolla are provided as additional attractions to these winged
visitors.
The instrumentality of these visitors in the fertilization of the
flower will be seen as we proceed.
The various elements of the flower are arranged with a certain
degree of uniformity even in the most irregular forms,
OUTLINE OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY 27
Selecting a well known “regular” flower as an illustration of
the typical arrangement we may examine the blossom of the
common buttercup when the petals are fully expanded.
In the very center are several greenish bodies, arranged about
the receptacle, which represent the pistils. They are attached to
this receptacle which is the summit of the axis of the little stem of
the flower, the peduncle. (Fig. 32).
When there is but a single pistil in a typically regular flower
it springs from the very central point of this axis which is often
concave at the summit as we see it at Fig. 35. About this little
group of carpels of the buttercup, stand, at regular intervals a
row of stamens and beyond this another and still another row.
These rows appear to be perfect but if we were to shave them all
off at a level just above their origin at the receptacle and should
examine this surface by the aid of a magnifying glass of moderate
power we would find that there is in fact only a single row of
36 37
Fic. 34—Nectary at base of a Buttercup.petal—a, view in front; b, longitudinal
section.
Fic. 35—A typically regular flower.
Fic. 36—Diagram of arrangement of stamens in Ranunculus.
Fic. 37—Diagram of: arrangement of stamens in Columbine.
stamens arranged in a spiral and that this spiral line goes around
the carpels three times as we see it in the diagram, Fig. 36, where
the shaded curved lines represent the insertion ofthe petals and
the small points that of the stamens.
This arrangement is not universal nor even always found in
the flowers of plants belonging to the same family as the buttercups.
For example, the stamens of the columbine, which is a member of
the great Ranunculus family, to which the buttercups belong, are
arranged in about ten rows radiating from the central group of
earpels. (Fig. 37). In flowers of other families there may be a
single row of five, six, or more or less stamens or in still others,
especially in flowers which are “irregular” the stamens may all
be moved to one side or, as in orchids, consolidated and attached,
to the pistil.
Returning to our buttercup flower, beyond the spiral row of
stamens we find the five petals, their inner borders being attached
to the receptacle in a row just outside the ranks of the stamens.
At the base of each of the petals is a little sac, the nectary, which
28 OUTLINE OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY
is more distinctly shown in the buttercup petal than it is in many
flowers. (Fig. 34.)
These five petals appear at first to be arranged in a circular
line, each occupying an equal space in the circle, but if we shave
the flower as before and examine with care we find that they over
ride one another in a broken spiral as seen in the diagram, Fig. 36.
As in the case of the arrangement of the stamens, this disposition
of the petals may not hold for other flowers although it is typical
of many. In the flowers of the lily, for example, three petals
occupy each a portion of a circle while the three other petaloid
members of the bell, in fact sepals, occupy a circle beyond these.
As also in case of stamens, in “irregular” flowers the petals
may assume positions not at all typical. Thus, in the flower of
the sweet pea three of the petals are situated much to one side,
while a fourth, which is in fact a union of two, occupies much of
the other side.
Leaving the petals and examining our buttercup flower further
we find inserted into the base of the receptacle, in a ring outside
the petals, the five green sepals. (Figs. 28, 32.) These are ar-
ranged about the base of the receptacle in much the same order as
the petals, one overlapping the other to a certain extent, but alter-
nating with the petals.
Thus we have the four elements of the complete flower arranged
in four series from within outward in the order, the pistil, the
stamens, the petals and the sepals; the petals forming the corolla,
the sepals the calyx. |
But while these four sets of organs ‘are generally in this order
they are not always thus disposed, for in certain cases the stamens
are inserted, not in‘a circular group next to the pistil but upon the
base of the petals and again, they may find this insertion upon
the calyx. So also the calyx and corolla may seem to arise, not
from below the base of the pistil but from above the rounded base.
Such peculiarities are important as characteristics in the classi-
fication and description of the flower and should be carefully
observed.
When the whorls of stamens and petals are arranged below the
pistil and free from it they are technically said to be hypogynous.
(Fig. 38), and as this term is much used in botanical works it is
a good one to remember as is also the term epigynous (Fig. 40)
which is applied when the calyx, corolla and stamens seem to grow
at the summit of the rounded base of the pistil, the ovary, as is
the case with the rose where the ovary forms a gracefully oval base
OUTLINE OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY 29
to the remainder of the flower. When the petals and the stamens
are united with the calyx at its base, appearing to rise from it,
whether the calyx adheres or not to the ovary the flower is said to
be perigynous (Fig. 39.)
These few technical words are introduced here because they
occur so frequently in botanical literature and the characters are
so important from the point of view of describing the flower that
the student of plants even if he proposes to interest himself only
as an amateur should carry these terms in his mind.
Before leaving the description of the flower we must not fail
to call attention to some characteristics of the inner whorls, the
pistils and the stamens. On a knowledge of these characteristics
much depends in the identification of a plant by means of its
flower.
THE PISTIL,
The pistil or pistils occupy, as we have seen, the central portion
of the typical flower. (Fig. 42.) At the basal part of each pistil
is the distended portion containing the ovules, destined to become
the seeds, and this distended portion is known as the ovary. This
wih
39
Fic. 38—Diagram of a flower in which the corolla and stamens are hypogynous,
i. e., situated below the ovary.
Fic. 39—Diagram of a flower in which, although the corolla is inserted below the
ovary, the stamens are inserted on the corolla, above the ovary. The stamens are
perigynous.
1G. 40—Corolla and stamens inserted above the ovary, epigynous.
ovary may consist of a single enclosure or carpel or it may be par-
titioned into several compartments or cells.
The ovules are found in these compartmens or cells as they are
called but the part of the cell to which they may be attached differs
‘in different plants. Thus, in our buttercup the single ovule is at-
tached to the side of the single cell of the carpel. (Fig. 41.)
In other flowers a column rises through the center of the ovary
and about this the ovules are arranged. In still others, the ovules
are attached to the partitions which divide ‘the ovary into com-
partments and in still other cases they are attached to the ridges
which represent unfinished partitions. The adjoining figures
illustrate some of the methods of arrangement of the ovules and
the character of the cells or locules of the ovaries. (Figs. 43, 44.)
30 OUTLINE OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY
The parts of the flower are regarded as modified leaf-forms and
the ovary is not an exception. If we suppose a leaf folded once
with its borders united we have a conception of an ovary of a
single carpel, from the united borders of which may arise a single
ovule or several ovules. If two or more such folded leaves are
combined to form an ovary we have an ovary -of several carpels
which may be permanently separated by the infoldings of the
elemental leaves which will form so many partitions or, should
these infoldings not extend to the center or should, in the course
of the process of formation, some part of the infolding borders
fail of development the partition will be only partially or not at
all formed and the compound carpel may show only some partial
indications of partitions and when although the original borders
may have united, parts of the folds are wanting there may remain
y rae,
LS &
ll
a b,
4] 42 43 44
Fic. 41—Carpel of Buttercup—a, shell of carpel; b, seed.
Fic. 42—A pistil—a, ovary; b, style; c, stigma.
Fic. 43—Diagram of attachments of ovules to placentas on the wall of the ovary.
These placentas are known as parietal placentas.
Fic. 44—Attachments of the ovule around a central column, The points of at-
tachments are central placentas.
a central column in the cavity of the ovary with only the peri-
pheral indications of the typical structure.
Rising from the rounded ovary is found, in a majority of the
more typical flowers, a column which, in botany, is known as the
style. There may be a single style which may arise from an ovary
of a single locule or from one in which several locules are united
or there may arise several styles from a number of carpels. The
style differs in length and in comparative thickness in different
flowers as in the case of the long and slender style of the tiger
lily and in the short and thick one of the buttercup. Although,
in its typical form it is a rounded and regular column it assumes
other forms as in the orchid in which it is flattened and bears
the stamen on its side or as we have seen it in the silk of the Indian
corn where it is a long drawn out filament. Many other flowers
may be found which afford an interesting study of this organ for
each form of the pistil as a whole is designed so as best to promote
the function of the organ, which is an adjunct to the process of
OUTLINE OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY 3h
perfection of the seed. In some cases the style appears to be
wanting as in the case of the poppy in the flower of which the
broad capital, the stigma, of which we are presently to speak, rests
directly upon the globe-shaped ovary.
Culminating the style as its terminal is a glandular, somewhat
spongy appurtenance known as the stigma and which is destined
to receive the pollen grains which must fertilize the ovules. This
stigma is porous and the style is not as it appears from a super-
ficial glance a solid column, but it encloses a canal or several canals
leading to the ovary and through the pores of this stigma and
through these canals of the style the pollen grains or the extensions
of these grains find their way to the ovules. The stigma to a
single style may be divided into several parts, for the style may
branch at its summit into two or more divisions and on each of
these divisions is found a stigma.
THE STAMENS.
The stamens, forming a ring outside the pistil and in some
measure protective of it are designed as the source of supply of
pollen grains. Like the pistil the stamens may assume various
Fic. 45—A few forms of stamens—a, Anther; b, Filament.
forms but the typical stamen arises as a filament terminated by
an organ which appears to be differentiated from itself and to be
attached to it, sometimes firmly and sometimes very slightly. at
the end of the filament. This is the anther of which more will be
said as we proceed.
These stamen filaments are more or less numerous in different
flowers but in one great class of flowering plants, the class in which
the leaves are parallel veined or nearly so, (the lily family, the
rushes, ete.) they are usually three in number or in multiples of
three. In another great class which includes many of those plants
with net veined leaves, the stamens are generally five or multiples
of five, less frequently four. If we strip the petals from a flower
of cranesbill geranium, so common in our woods in early spring,
we shall find ten stamens alternately in two rows the filaments of
32 OUTLINE OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY
the inner row being much longer than those of the outer row. In
other flowers the stamens may number twenty or more. Eyen
when found in these large numbers the arrangement in rows can
generally be made out and the multiples of five are also generally
to be observed. (Fig. 45.)
Notable exceptions to the general arrangement occur some of
which will be mentioned when the architecture of the flower is
considered.
The terminal body attached to the stamen is the anther. If we
examine one of the anthers which dangle from the long stamens
of the tiger lily we shall see that it is an elongated elliptic body
along which, from end to end, extends a groove on the side opposite
the attachment of the stamen. This groove is so deeply cut in
some anthers that it almost or completely divides the anther into
two which are connected by a narrow band of connective tissue.
Again, each of the two divisions has a lesser groove, generally, as
in the case of our lily, running longitudinally, and again, the two
main divisions of the anther may be divided by a deep transverse
groove, making four lobes of a single anther, each with its lesser
longitudinal or transverse groove. In instances far less common
the anther may be divided into sinuous lobes or into lobes which
are transverse to the axis of the filament or it may take other forms
which are quite atypical. Whatever form is found in the anther
of an individual plant, as for example, that of our lily, it is the
common form for that species and no important modification of
form is found in the anthers of flowers from the same species of
plants.
The anther is the pollen carrier and the secondary grooves form,
when the pollen is mature, the openings through which the pollen
grains escape. For as the grains enlarge the anther bursts open
at these secondary grooves and the pollen lies exposed in such a
way that the wind, the foot or the head of an insect or some other
instrumentality may reach it and carry it to a neighboring pistil.
In the case of our lily the anther is seen to swing lightly from
the slender point of the somewhat strong filament but if we look
at a stamen of a water lily we see the anther attached by its back
along the course of the flattened filament and again in some flowers
the anther is fixed solidly as a capital at the summit of the filament.
THE POLLEN.
We may now examine the pollen which is the essential product
1 Collectively the stamens are called the androecium, as collectively the carpels
and pistils are called the gynoecium.
OUTLINE OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY 33
of the anther and the substance without the application of which
to the pistil the ovules do not become seeds.
The yellow dust constituting the pollen when viewed by the
unaided eye appears like other dust with no especial individuality
of form. But if we place some grains of it under the lenses of a
moderately magnifying microscope we see at once that each grain
is a beautiful organized structure, though there are comparative
grades of beauty in the grains of pollen from different flowers and
it is interesting to note that the forms of greatest beauty are not
always from the most attractive flowers. (Fig. 46.)
Generally rounded but sometimes spindle-shaped or cubical its
surface may be elegantly facetted, delicately lined, covered with
small points or smooth and glistening. Usually the grains are
dry with little inclination to cohere to each other but in exceptional
cases they are more or less glued together in little masses such as
are found in the flowers of the milkweed and orchids so that when
any part of the pollen is removed from its bed the whole mass
SITs,
Fic. 46—Some forms of Pollen Grains.—a. Phlox; b. Monarda; c. Marigold; d.
Lily—all magnified about 500 times.
clings to the object which removes it. The grains may also be
comparatively heavy or comparatively light. In some of the pines,
for example, the pollen grains are supplied with little air vesicles
which serve as balloons and enable the grains to float at long dis-
tances in the air.
When the pollen grain is brought into immediate relation with
the stigma it begins to grow into an elongated fibril which pene-
trates the spongy substance of the stigma and finds its way down
the channeled pistil till it comes in contact with the ovules which
at once take on a new form of life and develop into perfect seeds.
Naturally the amount of pollen produced by individual plants
will depend largely upon the probable waste that must occur in the
process of transmission to the stigmas of other flowers than the
one which bears the pollen. Hence we find a greater abundance
of pollen produced by wind fertilized plants than by those in which
the process of fertilization is carried on by the aid of insects. In
34 OUTLINE OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY
some of these wind fertilized plants the amount of pollen is almost
incredible. The cone bearing plants, pines, spruces, etc., must pro-
duce such an infinite number of these floating bodies as to insure
the falling of great numbers upon distantly removed cones in
such a way that they must remain attached to the stigmas.
ARCHITECTURE OF THE FLOWER.
Notwithstanding the great variety of forms of flowers a close
comparison indicates that, in the main, flowers are constituted on
a few general and pretty uniform plans and that the variations
of form depend, not so much on the adoption of new plans as on
the modification of the few general plans.
We have examined the various elements of a flower, pistil,
stamens, corolla and calyx and we have found that the first two of
this group of organs are essential while the others are protective
or useful as auxiliaries.
Botanists have adopted certain diagramatie figures to express in
graphic form the relations of these floral organs in the architectural
structure of the flower. For example: if we would express the number
and relative position of the members of a flower of the Iris family,
a diagram something after the manner of that at Fig. 47 would be
employed. At the center is found the thrée-rayed figure enclosed by
a thin line. The three rays are lobed at their extremities. This cen-
tral figure represents the column to which are attached the two rows
ot ovules in each of the three cells of the ovary. The ovary with its
closed cells is represented by the heavy line just beyond the center.
3eyond the line representing the ovary is seen a dotted line with three
small crosses. The dotted line indicates the circle in which three sta-
mens would be found were they developed, but since they are unde-
veloped the crosses indicate the points at which they would have been
found had they been developed.
Beyond this is another dotted line in which are three scolloped fig-
ures and these figures represent the actual, fully developed, three sta-
mens of the iris. Beyond the circle for the stamens we find a circle
represented by three heavy lines and another circle of three parts not
shaded. It is customary to represent the inner of these two circles by
solid lines, the other by shaded lines. They represent, the inner circle,
the petals, the outer, the sepals. In this case both circles represent
colored organs. Below this circular part of the diagram is seen an-
other heavy curved line which represents a bract at the base of the
flower and, as the flower of iris is not always terminal we see at the
upper side of the diagram the line representing another bract and a
small circle, which represents the stem.
In expressing the arrangement of a flower with five sepals, five
petals, five stamens and a pistil with a five-celled ovary the diagram
Fig. 48 would be used.
In each of these cases the diagram is drawn without reference to
OUTLINE OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY 35
the level of the origin of these members and, as will be seen, in each
case the members are not only regularly but typically disposed since
we have, in the case of the Iris, three members of each of the four
whorls, while at the inner whorl, the fifth, the ovules are shown as
two for each cell of the ovary or, for each border of the folded leaf
of which the cell is supposed to be formed. In the other case the
members are five in each of the whorls and, like the first, the members
of one whorl alternate with those of the adjoining one and are sym-
metrically placed,
But while the general plan may remain, many modifications of it
may occur, for example: the five members in the whorl of stamens
may be doubled or multiplied several times. On the other hand, some
one or more of the members of one or more of these whorls may be
suppressed or, as frequently, it is merged with a neighboring member.
Thus, in the case of the lily, there are two rows of stamens of three
each, while as we see in our diagram of the iris there is but one row
of developed stamens while another row, indicated by the crosses, re-
mains undeveloped. Also a single member of one or of several of the
whorls may be suppressed as it happens in the great mustard family
where we have four sepals, four petals, four long and two short sta-
mens and one pistil composed of two united carpels.
Besides the multiplying of the whorls in some cases and the sup-
pression of the whole or a part in other cases we find frequent in-
stances in which the members of some or of several of the whorls have
been moved toward one side of the peduncle and as a result we have
a one-sided flower as in case of the pea.
This, like other parts of the delightful study of botany would Be
an interesting topic to pursue much more in detail were the space
available.
ARRANGEMENT OF FLOWERS.
The arrangement of flowers on the flower stem constitutes one
of the means of identifying the different species of the plant.
When the single flower finds itself the sole occupant of an
isolated portion of the stem it is said to be solitary as it is in case
of the violet or the tulip but very frequently the flowers are disposed
36 OUTLINE OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY
in groups which may be simple or quite complicated. We speak
of such a group as the inflorescence.
In the inflorescence of many plants there are found members
which do not answer exactly to leaves and are not properly a part
of the flower, they are bracts, often found at the base of the im-
mediate flower stem or at the base of the flower itself. We have
an example of the first in the fringy collar below the radiating
pedicles in the flower cluster of the wild carrot and of the other
in the green organs below the head of the china aster. These
bracts sometimes take unusual forms, as that at the base of the
small cluster of flowers of the linden, and from which the cluster
appears to grow. These bracts often fill an important part in the
arrangement of clusters of flowers though many clusters are
without bracts,
Coming to the most common arrangement of flower clusters we
may conveniently arrange them in the form of a table:
I. Flowers arranged along the plant stem without flower stems ©
Or with very, Short ones; 3) 24 eye ee ee te cents
II. Arranged along the plant stem on short flower stems, but
which are gradually somewhat longer toward the base
A Raceme
Ill. A similar arrangement, but each flower stem branching into
two or more . . . . . A Compound Raceme or Panicle
IV. Flowers on flower stems branching from nearly the same
point and reaching about the same level . A Simple Corymb
VY. Flowers borne on branched divisions of a corymb
A Compound Corymb
VI. and VII. Flowers on somewhat long flower stems all from
the same point and radiating like the rods of an umbrella
to a common level or rounded (Figs. VI and VII) An Umbel
VIII. The flower stems of an umbel branched to form secondary
WMIbeIS) |.) Ge we tC es (A COMMON es
IX. A spike more or less surrounded on at least one side by a
RDMUNG Avec! hte Sele.) peso ho! fasta! eck Gey Geen Semen yan
X. The flowers arranged more or less compactly on a receptacle
and surrounded by bracts 2.0. °. 5% tg a eee
XI, Inflorescence on a succession of new axes, the primary,
secondary, etc., axes each terminated by a flower . A Cyme
XII. A cyme in which the inflorescence coils upon itself
toa ee en ee | AY Soonpoids Oae
XIII. Arrangement similar to a panicle, but the branches one-
SIGER: oo ice a) FE a ee iii ee COIL Oak ames
OUTLINE OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY 37
ARRANGEMENT OF FLOWERS
VI
XI Xl Xl
THE FRUIT,
As the ovules, under the fertilizing influence of the pollen
advance toward maturity, they and the immediate envelopes which
enclose them become modified and are known as the fruit.
While in fact the maturing seed with its immediate protecting
membranes is the fruit, popularly the fleshy or pulpy modification
of some accessory part is regarded as the fruit. Thus, in the
strawberry the little hard shining bodies are the real fruit while
38 OUTLINE OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY
the delicious pulpy substance which gives value for us to the berry
is a modification of the floral receptacle, and the rich substance
of the apple is another example of the excessive growth of the
receptacle on which the seeds first rested and then were enveloped
by it.
The forms which the fruit may take during the process of
ripening are important elements in the determination of the species
of plants and are often employed in the differential descriptions.
The following table will serve to show some, but not all, of the
principal forms of fruit.
1. Simple Fruits
This division includes fruits which have a dry envelope in contrast
with the fleshy fruits.
a. Fruits in which the carpels at maturity are burst by the in-
ternal pressure of the seed, but which have no regular seam
which opens when the seed is ripe.
Pericarp (surrounding of the seeds) not a winged fruit.
Fruit of a single cell and enclosing a single seed, Example:
buttercup, anemone, fruit of ee flowers (Fig. 49 and
15 0)) a a Se s ). vAn Aenene
Fruit in which 2 De 3, or 4 peneaees are , united into one is known
respectively as, Diachene, Triachene, ete.
Pericarp developed at the borders into a broad, spreading wing
or wings. Example: maple, ash, ete. (Fig. 51) . . <A Samara
b. Fruits in which the carpels, at maturity open at a regular
seam or, technically, a dehiscence.
Fruits which consist of a single carpel or of several carpels not
joined together, the dehiscence of which is in the direction
of the axis of the carpel.
Opening by a single seam. Example: columbine, larkspur
(Guar ayy Chor Ss) 9 9G 96 NA SG ato oo te - « A Follkele
Opening by two seams, 7 oe the pea " (Fig, 54)
o * « « » '« A Pod orshegume
Yr ruit a ‘compound ovary more or less hard mn woody and which
opens at the side or top (Fig. 55 and 56) A Capsule or Casket
An ovary of two elongated carpels hich are joined, side by
side, and which open from bottom to top leaving a partition
between the two valves (Fig. 57) . . « « « AlSalegie
A silicle is a short silique. These forms are characteristic of
the family of crucifers.
An ovary of one or more carpels opening transversely, a cap-
sule like a little cup with a lid (Fig. 58) . A Pyzis or Bow
2. Fleshy Fruits
Fruit in which the seed is immediately surrounded by a _ strong
membraneous or woody wall.
a. The seeds each (usually 5) surrounded by a tough membrane-
ous or cartilaginous wall, Example: apple, pear, ete. (Fig.
GO) fig ere (gre tim ba teh cd RO. a) ig Us sg te ey aw ny ec ee
.
OUTLINE OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY 39
Fruit ForRMS
FIGURES
49. Cluster of achenes of buttercup. 58. Pyxis of “ four o’clock.”
so. A single achene from the group. 59. Berry of gooseberry.
51. Samara of maple. 60. Pome.
52. Follicles of columbine. 61. Drupe.
53- A single follicle half open. 62. Cone.
54. Pod of pea. 63. Husk oi horse chestnut, showing two
55- Capsule of violet, open. nuts.
56. Capsule of silene showing the 64. Hip of rose.
complete capsule and a section, 65. Compound fruit of strawberry.
57. Silique of mustard, 66. Compound fruit of raspberry.
40 OUTLINE OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY
b. A small fruit with a membraneous covering which includes a
soft pulp in which lie the seeds. Example: currant, goose-
berry, blueberry (Fig. 59) . . . . Al Benray
The orange and lemon would come under ‘this group.
c. A compound ovary of carpels with a strong, rather thick
envelope containing a pulp in which are distributed the seeds.
Example: melon, cucumber .. . - . A Gourd or Pepo
d. <A fruit in which the seed is protected by a hard, woody wall,
a nut, or stone.
The stone covered by a fleshy succulent es Example:
cherry, (pluni = Chie. 6i))en eee ae AMD rine
The stone not covered by a fleshy layer Ciaample: oak,
chestnut (EUg.: 6B))h 25) Fae iS ere cn
3. Aggregated Fruits ,
Many small seed bodies included on the surface of a pulpy or dry
convex receptacle .. ~ «a 92 « « “Mailipleskranits
The receptacle pulpy. Example: strawberry (Figs. 65, 66).
The receptacle dry. Example: potentillas, roses (Fig. 64).
4. Compound Fruits
Include the cones of the Pine family, Fig. 62, and some other forms
not common with us.
THE SEED.
The ovule, when it has been fertilized through the influence of
the pollen, takes on a new form of growth in which there is the
beginning of the prospective plant, the embryo.
In the ovules of plants belonging to the great division to which
the grasses, sedges, palms and lilies belong—the monocotyledons—
the embryo is formed at the base of a single lobe or cotyledon of
the developing seed (Fig. 70), while in the grand division to which
most of the plants with net-veined leaves belong—the dicotyledons
—the embryo is formed between two lobes or cotyledons (Fig. 67).
The presence then of one or of two cotyledons or lobes in the
seeds, constitutes the distinguishing feature characterizing the two
great types of plants whose seeds are enclosed in an ovary. In the
group of cone-bearing trees, pines, spruces and the like, the coty-
ledons are not uniform in number, there being from three to
several cotyledons in the single seed. Fig. 71 shows a young pine
with the expanding cotyledons, numbering eleven, in a verticel.
At the summit, still holding the cotyledonous leaves together at
their extremities is seen the tegument of the seed, not yet cast off.
As the plantlet pushes upward a new whorl of leaves will appear
and later other whorls.
Even in the‘ class of monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants
there are occasional exceptions in the numbers of cotyledons, for
the seeds of the pond-weeds, for example, among the first great
OUTLINE OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY 41
class may have more than one cotyledon, while exceptions, like the
seed of the African Kola tree, in which there may be from one to
several cotyledons, occasionally occur in the other class.
These cotyledons with the enveloping tegument and the embryo
comprise the essential elements of the seed.
Commencing our examination with the tegument we find that
not only does it invest the seed, but that while apparently a single
organ it consists, in fact, of several layers of each to which names
are given,1
To the outer membrane or layer which is commonly smooth, as
we see it on the grain of corn or wheat, may occur various modifica-
tions which are devices for the dissemination or protection of the
seeds. These modifications may be in the form of appendages such
as hairs, hooks, bristles or wings.
The ovule is held in relation to the ovary by a little connective
organ, the funiculus, and the point at which this little pene of
union is attached to the ovule or seed is marked,
when the latter separates from the ovary, by a spot
known as the chalaza.
The essential part of the seed is, of course, the
embryo, which is, in fact, the rudimentary young
plant, and it is to this that all other parts of the
seed are subsidiary. ‘Thus, the cotyledons store up
nutriment which will be required by the embryo
during the early stages of its development until it
can draw its nourishment from the soil or other
environment.
The embryo consists of a radicle which is des-
tined to form the root and of a plumule, the rudi-
ment of the stem and leaves (Fig. 67). The coty-
ledons occupy, as a rule, much the largest portion
of the seed and form, in dicotyledonous plants, the
first pair of leaves which are often thick and fleshy fre. 67— Gaty:
(Figs. 67 and 68), while the single cotyledon of the agp cease
grain of corn forms, in germination (Fig. 70) a bryo between,
storage body which does not rise above the surface
of the soil and does not assume a green color, as do the cotyledons
of the bean, the maple or the oak.
While the nutrient material is often stored in the cotyledons, a
reservoir of nutritious matter is sometimes found in an independent
body known as the albumen, which varies in its nature and position.
+The outer layer of the integument is the testa, the second is the mesosperm and
the third the endosperm,
42 OUTLINE OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY
The embryo, which lies at the base of the single cotyledon of the
grain of wheat and almost straight between the lobes of the bean
may curve around the albumen mass in the seeds of certain plants
and from the fact of the encircling of the albumen by the embryo
of such plants, as for example, the Corn Cockle, and many other
plants of the pink family, this feature is an important element in
the classification of the plants. In still other seeds the albuminous
mass completely encloses the embryo.
It is unnecessary here to discuss the processes attending the
Fic. 68 Fie. 69 Fic. 70 Fie. 71
germination of the seed beyond mentioning some of the more obvi-
ous phenomena. Under the influence of the air, of moisture and
of a certain degree of heat the parts enclosed within the mem-
braneous or woody coverings swell and break through the outer wall
by separating its parts at certain seams or joints, or tearing it in
an irregular manner. Thus the young plant commences an inde-
pendent existence.
The plumule of a seed which has been buried in the soil pushes
toward the ‘light and air while the radicle. penetrates even deeper
into the soil. At this stage the cotyledon may, as it usually does
in case of plants of the dicotyledonous class, cling.one to one side
of the little stem, the other to the other side and as the stem pushes
upward they appear above ground as the two first leaves as we see
them in the fleshy seed leaves of the bean (Fig. 67). As the expan-
sion of the plumule proceeds the characteristic leaves of the plant
appear as we see them in the young maple shown at Fig. 68. At
Fig. 69 we see a young oak, one of the cotyledons of which has not
yet thrown off the shell of the acorn.
OUTLINE OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY 43
The single cotyledon of the monocotyledonous class does not
usually rise above the soil as do those of the other great class, but
remains hidden where the moisture of the soil can aid it in its
nourishment of the new plant. At Fig. 70 is shown the young
plant of maize, the shell and cotyledon remaining near the branch-
ing and descending radicle.
In the seed of the pines there are several cotyledons, and they
rise in a little spindle-shaped structure formed of a number of
symmetrically curved ribs, lifting the shell of the seed at their
summit like a little cap, as we see it at Fig. 71. At length the
cap is thrown off and from the midst of the group of cotyledon
rays arises whorl after whorl of needle-like leaves.
THE NAMES OF PLANTS
To the amateur the names of plants are a source of difficulty
and often of perplexity. The common name of an individual plant
usually differs not only in words, but in meaning, so far as it has
a meaning, in different languages. Even in the same language
there are often many names for the same plant in different local-
ities and the same name is often applied to plants widely different
in character and appearance.
Hence, for an English-speaking person to know the common
names of the plants growing in his or her vicinity might be of
little advantage, since in another locality these common names
might be differently applied or other names might be used for the
same species.
This unfortunate state of confusion existed when Linnaeus, the
great systematizer, not only of botany, but of other branches of
natural science, adopted a system of giving to each plant two
names which, in some sense, compare with the names which we
apply among ourselves; for example, we say, James Monroe; Mon-
roe referring to a group of persons and James to an individual.
In plant naming we use the two names much in the same way;
thus, we say: Viola tricolor: Viola being the name of a group
which is called a Genus, while the qualifying or specific name tri-
color refers to the three colors found in the flower of this species
and is its specific name.
A rule which is now almost universally accepted requires that
the Genus or the Species shall bear the name given it by the person
first describing the Genus or Species. Thus, although many species
of violets were known before Linnaeus, he first applied the name in
dt OUTLINE OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY
the system now current; hence Viola remains in all countries the
name of a group of plants having many common characteristics,
while the specific name tricolor, also given by the same great botan-
ist, remains the name for this particular species.
Tn writing this name botanists are accustomed to follow it by the
name or the initial letter of the authority giving the name; thus,
Viola tricolor, I. But another species of Viola described and
named by the botanist De Candolle is Viola arenaria, DC.
A plant which has been assigned to a Genus, not the one to which
it was originally assigned, retains the specific name given by the
first authority whose name follows in brackets and the name of the
later authority follows this: thus, Ranunculus Cymbalaria, Pursh,
is now Oxygraphis Cymbalaria (Pursh), Prantl.
It must be acknowledged, even by those who do not like to charge
their memories with unfamiliar names, that this general system is
most important and even necessary, yet it is unfortunate that so
many men of learning have, in the naming of the plants which they
have described, forgotten that simplicity and euphony should char-
acterize the nomenclature of objects of interest.
It is an interesting and most fortunate fact that the great
Linnaeus, who introduced and established the double-name system
and who gave their names to a vast number of plants, was a true
lover of them and made it a rule to employ the simplest terms that
he could find for his specific names; the terms which he used as
generic names were, in a great number of cases, those which had
already been employed for one or other plant of the group before
he introduced his nomenclature, so that he was not always responsi-
ble for these generic names, but even here, when he was at liberty
to choose, he selected the most euphonic or the most familiar name.
Thus the generic name Viola was not originally used by Linnaeus,
but was selected by him from several applied to the same group;
then, to specify a particular form of Viola he gave the specific
name tricolor, an easy name to remember and one in euphony with
the generic term. Through all the vast lists of these specific names
given by this great man the character of simplicity will be observed
and it will be noticed also that these simple terms are repeated
over and over. » This systematic effort at simplicity, it is unfor-
tunately necessary to add, has not always been imitated by botanists
of lesser fame.
OUTLINE OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY 45
CLASSIFICATION OF PLANTS
When we observe a considerable number of plants we may find
among them striking differences in manner of growth, in compara-
tive size and in the form of leaves and flowers as well as in other
details. But on further observation we may find in this diversified
collection a number of groups, the individuals of which can only,
with difficulty, be distinguished from each other, or which are
quite indistinguishable from a slight examination. Observing still
further we may see that some of these groups, the individuals of
which are alike, strongly resemble some other groups, while the
individuals of one group differ in some important respects from
individuals of the other groups. We may carry these comparisons
to several degrees of approximate resemblance and we may find
that of the diversified collection, which at first seemed to possess
no organization, we may separate the individuals into several more
or less approximately related groups.
Taking those first, the individuals of which resemble each other
more than they resemble any others in the collection, we would
have the first of our series of groups. Selecting next from these
first groups the groups which most strongly resemble each other,
that is, which have the greatest number of common characteristics,
we would have a second grouping which, with perhaps many com-
mon features, would still include some differences. Still carefully
observing we might still arrange this secondary group into a more
general assemblage.
This is what has been done in the classification of plants. In
respect to the first group, the group in which the individuals so
strongly resemble each other that, given the name of one individual
we call all the others by the same name, it has been found that
from the seed of one of these individuals we may obtain a plant
just like the parent plant and like the other individuals of the
original group.
Such a group of individuals, from the seeds of which may be
produced succeeding generations of similar plants, is known as a
Species.
We need not then further define a Species than by saying that
it is a group of individuals resembling each other more than they
resemble individuals of any other group and that from the seed or
from cuttings may be produced other generations similar to the
first.
Our second grouping would include plants which, although hav-
46 OUTLINE OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY
ing characteristics common to all, would have less resemblances
among the individuals than we find in the Species and if the seed
of one member of the group were planted it would not produce a
plant which would resemble all the members, but only members
exactly like that which produced the seed.
This secondary grouping is known as a Genus (meaning race,
stock). It is the second step in our classification and the second
easiest, for there are usually found between the species of a genus
very obvious connecting features.
But on much closer scrutiny we may collect these Genera into
other groups with evident general resemblances shown either in
general appearance or by the comparative study of one or more
classes of organs. It is, in fact, by this latter method principally
that this third grouping is determined and the groups are called
Families.
Even these Families may be united into larger groups and we
have Orders, and the collection of Orders leads us to Classes, and
these Classes finally form Divisions.
Thus, the mushrooms, which are without flowers and without
seeds, belong to one Division, while the violet, with its flower and
its seed, belongs to another Division; and of the flowering and
seeded plants we have the large group of plants with parallel veined
leaves whose ovules have a single lobe, belonging to one Class, while
the plants with net-veined leaves and two-lobed ovules belong to
another Class.
We may then arrange our groups of plants, from the most gen-
eral to the most specific groups, as follows:
Divisions. ‘Classes. Orders. Families. Genera. Species.
It is found convenient in some cases to subdivide some of these
groups, when the subdivisions are known as Sub-Classes, Sub-
Families, etc., or, in the case of Species, as Varieties.
In treatises and text-books during most of the nineteenth century
it was the custom to arrange the sequence of Families according
to a prevailing view of the perfection of the development of the
plants from highest to lowest ; commencing with what were regarded
as the most fully developed, the plants of the Ranunculus Family,
and proceeding towards those less completely organized.
This system of arrangement has, within the past few years, given
way to the much more natural and more reasonable arrangement of
finding the sequence of the Families in the gradual evolution of
the organs of the plants. This system has not simply reversed
the order of arrangement with which many of us have become fa-
OUTLINE OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY 47
miliar; investigation has changed the comparative rank of many
Families so that the newer arrangement differs not only in the
reversal of the sequences, but in a more or less general rearrange-
ment.
Again, the text-books universally known in this country during
the last half century and more, those of Gray and Wood, like others
less generally used, employed the term Order for the grouping
next higher than that of the Genus. The term Family is now used
where Gray and Wood and their contemporaries used the term
Order and this latter term is employed for a group of Families.
Thus we have, in the main, returned to the method of classifica-
tion of Antoine Laurent de Jussieu which was published in 1789,
but with modifications such as more recent investigations have
suggested.
The arrangement most generally accepted at present is that of
Dr. Adolph Engler,t which system, with few modifications, has
been followed in this work.
The system is based upon the principle of development from the
more simple to the more complex. Yet it is not always practicable
to follow in a direct line such an evolutionary principle, since evolu-
tion has progressed along different lines. Hence, one line is fol-
lowed to its highest point of development. For example, along the
line of monocotyledonous plants the Orchid Family represents the
highest degree of development. It is more highly specialized than
many plants of the Class of Dicotyledons, yet because, on the whole,
this latter Class contains the most complex organizations, the
whole of the Class takes rank above the whole of the Class of
Monocotyledons, including the Orchids.
This system of arrangement reveals the beauty of the principle
of development in the Plant Kingdom and by the gradual modifi-
cations which contribute to the characters of the successive Families
the student is presented with a panorama of the history of the
plant world which not only charms by the beauty of its symmetry,
but enables him with much greater facility to comprehend and
remember the relationship of the groups which he studies than was
possible by the former system.
SOME OF THE CHARACTERS OF PLANTS USED AS
THE BASES OF CLASSIFICATION
Evidently in order to form a practical system of classification of
1Dr. Engler is Professor of Botany and Director of the Botanical Gardens and
Museums of Berlin.
48 OUTLINE OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY
plants certain characters must be chosen which are common to one
group and which are absent from another.
Thus we may commence with the individuals which are most
alike and proceed toward those which have the least number of
common characteristics or we may commence with those having
but few characters in common and proceed to those in which most
of the characters are common.
The system which we may adopt may be an artificial one, such,
for example, as the tlistinction between trees and herbs, water
plants and land plants and other such characters. The beautiful
system of Linnaeus which served so long as an almost indispensable
aid in the study of plants was an artificial one based, for flowering
plants, in great part, upon the number and relations of the stamens
and pistils. Even now this system is perhaps the most convenient
for the determination of the species.
It has, however, in later times, given way to the system known
as the natural method which has infinitely greater scientific value.
It is in fact based, so far as our knowledge extends, upon the theory
of genealogical descent, determined by the analogy of characters.
To this we have referred in the preceding section.
It would be impracticable in this place to indicate every element
in such a great system, but for our present purpose we may con-
sider the first great division in the plant kingdom as that which
places all plants propagated by seeds in one class and those which
are perpetuated without seeds in another.
The plants included in this work belong to a single Grand Divi-
sion of the Vegetable Kingdom. They are Hmbryo-bearing Plants
(technically) Hmbryophyta.
This Grand Division is also called the Division of Flower-Bearing
Plants. It is characterized by the fact that the succeeding gener-
ations are developed from true seeds which contain in themselves
an embryo stem which terminates at one extremity in what is known
as the plumule, the embryonic first leaf or leaves, and at the other
extremity as the radicle or embryonic rootlet.
The seed containing the embryo is always developed while con-
nected with the parent plant.
Ferns, true mosses, mushrooms and other non-flowering plants
are propagated by a different form of generation. ‘The non-flower-
ing species of higher development are propagated by spores which
differ from seeds in being less specialized and apparently less
elevated in the scale of development. In the lowest orders propa-
gation is by simple division of the cell constituting the plant or by
the formation within the parent cell of a group of similar cells
OUTLINE OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY 49
which are set free by the bursting of the wall of the parent cell.
This separating the seed-bearing from the non-seed bearing plants
constitutes a natural and to a great extent a definite division.
Taking now the plants which are developed from seeds we find
certain very general features which are characteristic of large
groups. Thus, in a great class of seed-bearing plants the seeds are
borne within a closed cavity; for example, the seeds of the pea-vine
are enclosed within the pod, those of the rose within the rounded
red fruit and those of the portulaca in a round capsule. On the
other hand, if we examine one of the “cones” from a pine tree
we find, on separating the more or less woody scales of which it is
composed, the seeds lying between these scales not enclosed in a
protecting chamber. This character prevails with all the species
of pines, spruces and the like and seems to be an extremely old
form of seed growth, for it is frequently found among the fossils
of the carboniferous age.
This contrast between plants bearing seeds in an enclosed cham-
ber and those plants bearing seeds not enclosed has been taken
by botanists as the first line of division, and we have the First
Division of embryo-bearing plants consisting of those with the
seeds not enclosed, naked seeded, and a Second Division, including
all those whose seeds are enclosed within a chamber and these two
great divisions include all the embryo-bearing plants. Hence we
have reached the first step in Classification.
Although the Gymnosperms are divided into a number of groups
all of the species in our northeastern States belong to a single class,
the Coniferae.
A difference in the construction of the seeds leads to two great
classes among the Angiosperms or plants whose seeds are protected
within an ovary.
If a grain of wheat, or a seed from some other grassy plant, and
a garden bean or pea are placed in water for a few hours the outer
covering or integument can then be easily removed, when it will be
seen that the two kinds of seeds act quite differently, that in case of
the bean or pea the seed easily divides into two principal lobes
between which lies a small leaf-like object, the embryo, while in the
case of the wheat kernel no such division occurs, but the embryo
lies curled at the base of the single lobe. The two larger parts in
the case of the bean and the one principal mass in the case of the
wheat are the lobes, or technically the cotyledons, which are
masses of nutriment stored up for the ‘support of the embryo
until it can draw its own subsistence from the soil.
The single lobe, with the embryo attached, the single cotyledon
50 OUTLINE OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY
of the wheat seed represents for the whole class to which the grains,
grasses, lilies, ete., belong, as the two lobes or cotyledons of the
bean represent the structure of the seeds of the other class.
Upon these facts then we may commence the formation of a
table of classification as follows.
First GRAND Divistion.—CRYPTOGAMS
This is not the more technical division for, in more recent times
that division of the vegetable kingdom which has been long distin-
guished by this term has been divided into several groups, which in-
clude the Green Algae, Diatoms, Stoneworts, Fungi, Mosses, Fern-like
plants and others. Since none of these classes are included in this
work it is unnecessary to specify these divisions. The character which
divides all these so-called lower forms of vegetation from those with
which we shall be occupied is the absence of flowers and of seeds.
They were called in the Linnean system of classification Cryptogams
(cryptos, hidden), because the manner of fertilization was not under-
stood.
SEconp GRAND Divistion.—PHANEROGAMIA or BMBRYOPHYTA
This great division includes all plants having stamens and pistils
and bearing seeds. The term Phanerogamia (phaneros, visible), re-
fers to the manifest organs of reproduction, the pistils and stamens,
while the term Embryophyta signifies an embryo bearer. The division
is divided into two subdivisions.
FIRST SUBDIVISION.—GYMNOSPERMS
Characterized by the naked ovules (gynnos, naked), that is, ovules
not enclosed in an ovary.
SECOND SUBDIVISION.—ANGIOSPERMS
The subdivision characterized by the fact that the ovules are pro-
tected within an ovary.
The subdivision ANGIOSPERMS is divided into two great classes.
CLASS I.—MONOCOTYLEDONS
Plants whose seeds have but a single lobe.
CLASS II.—DICOTYLEDONS
Plants whose seeds have two (rarely more) lobes.
These classes are again divided as we have seen in the preceding
section into orders, these orders into families and these families
into genera and then species.
In the extended table at page 57 will be found characters gen-
erally sufficient to lead us to the Order in which we may find a
given plant growing native in our region.
OUTLINE OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY 51
COLLECTING, DRYING AND MOUNTING OF PLANTS
Many intelligent people believe that they have a genuine love for
plants, yet they take a seeming pride in the fact that they know
little or nothing of their natural relations or even their names,
with few exceptions.
It is impossible to have any true appreciation of any class of
objects or beings of which we have only the most superficial knowl-
edge.
The pleasure experienced by one who has gained some acquaint-
ance with a group of plants when such an one encounters a mem-
ber of the group, which he or she has not met before, and the
enjoyment of one who is prepared to make comparisons between the
different species which may be encountered in a morning’s walk,
quite surpasses the indifferent satisfaction of one who is pleased
only by the color and form of a flower, while the body of the plant
is almost or completely disregarded.
Fortunately something beyond a vague undefined enjoyment of
plants is now desired by a much larger class of people than was
formerly interested in them.
If the technical names of the common plants met with in our
excursions through the fields and groves areslearned, one soon be-
comes interested in finding that these names express relations
between individuals of different aspect, which would otherwise be
unsuspected. A knowledge of the common names is quite insuffi-
cient to enable the casual observer to detect these relations. An
illustration of this statement might be found in the case of two
species of Cornus common in our region. The excursionist meets
with a little plant two to four inches high with a white flower
succeeded by a bunch of red berries. He knows the plant as the
“Bunch berry.” Extending the walk, a tree twenty or thirty feet
high is met with ; it is adorned with hundreds of large white
flowers with green centers. The tree is the dogwood. In these
names there are no suggestions of any relation between the little
dwarf plant and the flower-bedecked tree. Should the excursionist,
however, learn that the name of each is Cornus, he would be inter-
ested to search for the resemblance and he would soon find that
the “ flower ” in each case is a group of flowers arranged in very
similar fashion, and that there is in fact a striking resemblance
between the little herb and the spreading tree.
Such relations and resemblances are to be observed on every
52 OUTLINE OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY
hand and mainly by the use of technical names are these resem-
blances and relations suggested.
The corollary of this is that in order to enjoy the plants and
flowers which we meet we should possess a knowledge of botany at
least to the extent of recognizing common plants by their technical
names.
To one who would like to have a knowledge of the plants of his
or her immediate locality an herbarium is important, not to say
essential. One cannot always find a growing specimen which has
already been identified with which to compare a newly found speci-
men. The exercise which will soonest fix the name, character and
relations of a plant in mind is the act of preparing it for and
preserving it in an herbarium.
An herbarium is a collection of dried plants arranged according
to a system of classification.
When the beginner thinks of the great number of plants which
would constitute a complete herbarium he is in danger of discour-
agement, but it is to be remembered that no herbarium is complete,
even the greatest. A collection of the plants of a certain locality,
a county, a town or even a lesser area is valuable according to its
completeness for the given region and the amateur who will make
a thorough collection of the plants growing in his town or even in
his school district will be a contributor not only to his own enjoy-
ment and to his own intellectual culture, but to science as well.
Hence the collection should begin in the best way, and the best
way is, after all, the easiest way.
First, the botanist or the amateur plant-lover should be provided
with a receptacle for the specimens to be taken home from his
or her excursions. The most convenient receptacle is a tin box
made for the purpose and sold by dealers and known as a vasculum
or botanist’s box. In absence of the conventional botanist’s box
any closed tin box may serve, such, for example, as those in which
certain biscuits are sold at the grocers. Cardboard boxes are
scarcely a protection and they absorb the moisture from the plant
as blotting paper absorbs ink. People who send flowers by mail in
cardboard boxes usually waste the stamps they use, while the friend
to whom the flowers are consigned receives a crushed box with
wilted flowers. A tin box with a fairly close cover will preserve
plants quite fresh during several days, often more than a week.
Plants for preservation or for study should be placed at once in
the closed box in order to preserve their freshness. A few speci-
mens of a single species are better than many. Small plants
should be taken with the roots. Larger plants should always show
characteristic leaves and portions of stem. ‘he beginner should
OUTLINE OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY 53
always commence with a collection of the commonest plants. If
one waits for rare or beautiful specimens the collection will grow
slowly and will be imperfect and unsatisfactory.
The specimens which are to be preserved must go into the press.
The form and materials for a press should next be considered.
The purpose is to dry the specimens in the best manner, and in
the least practical time.
A press may be made of two thin boards, a few newspapers and
a pair of straps with buckles. Dealers supply much better presses
at a low cost, which are made of thin slats fastened to cross-bars,
the two sides enclosing the drying papers, straps with buckles being
used to produce the pressure which should be sufficient to flatten
the specimens, but not enough to crush them. Such presses permit
of more rapid drying than those made of boards. A temporary
press may be made of a number of layers of newspapers laid upon
the floor or a table over which a board is laid upon which is placed
a weight. Drying papers are sold by dealers, but by far the most
convenient papers are ordinary newspapers, not calendered. While
for some purposes they are not equal to prepared dryers they are
always at hand. Many persons press small plants between the
leaves of illustrated magazines. As these magazines are made up
largely of highly calendered paper absorption is prevented and the
specimens turn black or the leaves drop off. Experience will soon
help the beginniner to know about how much paper should lie
between the different specimens, but one rule might be stated.
If a very considerable number of plants is to go into the press
more layers should lie between the different specimens than would
be required for a few.
The plant to be preserved should, after being identified, be laid
carefully between the drying papers in such a way as to show the
leaves, stem, root, when practical, the flowers and fruit, if the fruit
and flower are both on the same plant at the same time. If not
there should finally be a specimen each for flower and for fruit.
As the specimen is placed between the sheets there should always
be placed with it a slip of paper with the name of the plant, the
date when collected, the locality and, generally, the kind of soil
in which it grew. This slip should be carefully preserved in con-
nection with the specimen until the latter is finally mounted on the
herbarium sheet when the record should be transferred to it also.
Ranunculus acris. UL.
Englewood, N. J.,
May 15, 1909.
Found in moist meadows, or dryer soil.
54 OUTLINE OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY
Placing the press in the open air in the sunlight will hasten the
drying, or at the seaside or in damp weather the press may be
placed near a stove. When the specimen is dried it is ready for
the herbarium. The mounting papers should if possible be of the
standard size, 104 x 164 inches. If it is inconvenient to have such |
papers the specimens may be kept in folders of fragments of news-
papers or sheets of thin wrapping paper or they may be transferred
temporarily to sheets of paper of any size by using fasteners which
will permit of the final removal of the specimen to standard size
paper, care being always taken that the record follows it.
When a considerable number of specimens have been properly
dried and mounted they should be placed in folders of manilla
paper, each folder to receive the plants of a genus, the name of
the genus to appear on the lower left hand corner. Should a genus
contain many species and these perhaps some varieties, thinner
folders may be used within the genus holders to separate the
species, especially when it is desirable to preserve several speci-
mens of the same species to illustrate the growth of the plant under
different circumstances of soil or climate. It is a mistake to
mount the specimens in a book.
Finally, should the collection become large the genus folders
should be arranged in a cabinet according to their families.
It is better to keep specimens gathered in widely different locali-
ties, for example, those collected in the Northern States and those
from the Southern States in separate collections unless the collec-
tion has become so important that it fully represents this broad
extent of country.
PART II
SPECIAL FLORA OF THE MIDDLE
ATLANTIC AND NEW ENGLAND
STATES
FLORA
GROUPING OF FLOWERING PLANTS
Among the plants familiar to us are found some which do not
produce seeds, that is, seeds in the sense that the grains of wheat
or of mustard are seeds, each containing the embryo of a future
plant. Such plants as ferns, mosses, mushrooms and a great num-
ber of less conspicuous forms do not produce seeds of this kind,
and, therefore, since a flower is a collection of organs essential to
the evolution of the seed, these plants which are not reproduced
from seeds have no occasion for flowers and consequently do not
produce them.
Plants producing neither flowers nor seeds constitute a great
group by themselves, while those commonly known as “the higher
plants ” constitute another well defined group.
This latter group, characterized by the production of flowers and
seeds is known as the Grand Division of Flowering Plants. 'Tech-
nically the Grand Division is known as Embryophyta, the word
meaning Hmbryo-plants or Phanerogamia, meaning plants having
manifest flowers.
In the introductory part of this work more detailed information
regarding the principles of grouping in this Grand Division will
be found. This should be carefully studied.
The following table includes the Sub-divisions, Classes and
Orders of this primary plant series so far as the orders are repre-
sented by native plants in our area.
The word Order as employed in the table and throughout this
work is applied to a larger group than that to which it was applied
in text-books a few years ago. The groups then known as orders
are now known as families and an order, as the term is now used,
may include several families.
THE GRAND DIVISION OF FLOWERING PLANTS
(EMBRYOPHATA, PHANEROGAMIA)
Plants which produce seeds. They are provided with fully devel-
oped or with rudimentary stamens and pistils which are the essen-
tial elements of flowers. They are grouped into two Sub-divisions
1 This grand or primary division is also known as Phanerogamia, meaning visible
flowers, while the primary series, not endowed with such flowers is known as Crypto-
gama, or hidden flowers.
57
58 KEY TO NATURAL ORDERS
Sus-Division I—GYMNOSPERMAE'—Nakep-Seepep PLANTS
(Page 81)
Plants whose seeds are not enclosed in protective seed vessels. There
are several Classes of Gymnosperms, only one of which is represented
in our region, though the Ginko tree, which is somewhat extensively
planted as an ornamental tree, is a member of one of these classes,
not, however, growing as a native tree with us. Our native plants with
this peculiarity of naked seeds are all included in a single group.
CLAss—CONIFERAE—CongeE-BEARING PLANTS
(Page 81)
The plants of this class are included in the Pine and Yew families.
They are trees or shrubs with needle-shaped or scale-like leaves and
are mostly evergreen. The seeds are borne on the face of a scale, a
number of scales forming a cone.
A yast majority of our flowering plants, however, haye their seeds
concealed in some form of closed envelope as is the case with the pea
in its pod, the smal] seeds of the larkspur in their dry follicle or the
seeds of the apple, enclosed by the tough parchment-like walls which
are themselves surrounded by the pulp, those of the squash covered in
by the pulp and the tough thick shell. Plants whose seeds are thus
enclosed constitute the second great Sub-division.
Suz-Division JI—ANGIOSPERMAE 2—Puants witH EN-
CLOSED SEEDS
(Page 89)
Plants whose ovules or seeds are enclosed in a protective seed ves-
sel, the ovary.
This second Sub-division is divided into two classes, each charac-
terized by the manner of growth of the stem and by the number of
lobes constituting the seeds.
Below are seen three figures representing the naked seeds of the Pine
family and three examples of enclosed seeds.
Fic. 1,
1. A scale from the cone of a pine with two winged seeds lying upon its surface.
2. A cone of hemlock. 3. A single scale from a hemlock cone with its two winged
seeds. The protection for the ovules thus lying upon the surface of a scale is from
an overlying scale, the ovule resting between the two, 4. A pod of wild mustard,
the three lower seeds are exposed by cutting parts of the pod. 5. Three follicles
of monks-hood, the seeds of one follicle exposed. 6. Section of an apple, showing
the membraneous core, which constitutes the immediate envelope for the seeds.
4Gymnos, naked; sperma, seed,
2 Aggeion, a vessel.
KEY TO NATURAL ORDERS 59
Crass I—MONOCOTYLEDONS—PLANTS wiITH SINGLE LOBED OvVULES
The seeds have a single lobe or cotyledon constituting a rudimentary
leaf. The leaves of plants of this class are, in general, parallel-
veined, and in the stem there is no distinction of pith, wood and bark.
The flower of most of the land plants of this class and of the more
highly developed of its aquatics, has its parts in 3’s (petals 3 or 6,
sepals 3 and stamens 3 or 6). In the submersed aquatics and in some
other water plants of the class, also in some of the grass-like plants,
the parts of the flower are in 2’s or 4’s or very rarely in 5’s.
ORDERS OF MONOCOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS IN OUR AREA
OrpeR I—PANDANALES—Cat-Tart ORDER
(Page 90)
Herbs growing in marshes or other wet places. The flowers are
arranged on the fleshy terminal of the stem in the form known as a
spadix, but without the leaf-like sheath characteristic of the Arum
family. The envelope about the floral elements (perianth) is com-
posed of bristles or chaffy scales and the flowers bearing stamens and
those bearing pistils are in different groups, one above the other. The
flowers are arranged in long cylindric groups or in rounded heads.
7 8 9 10.
7. Pistillate flower of Cat-tail. 8. Cat-tail. 9. Bur-reed, 10. Pistillate flower of
Bur-reed.
OrpveR II—HHELOBIAE 1—WatTerR ork MarsH PLANTS
(Page 93)
Plants wholly or partly submersed in water or partly floating. In
some families the perianth (flower envelope) is wanting or incomplete,
while in others it is present and conspicuous. The perianth has never
more than 4 segments in a single series and it is only in the very
inconspicuous flowers that there are so many. The more conspicuous
flowers have a calyx of 3 sepals and a corolla of the same number of
petals. The stamens number from 1 to many.
a LE ft
: SKS ‘
12. 13. nae ie oa
it
4 and 12 Pondweeds. 13. Ruppia. _ 14. Arrowgrass. 15. Duckweed, 16. Arrows
ead.
OrpeR III—GLUMIFLORAE—G.LuMacrous PLANTS
(Page 109)
Flowers bearing glumes of dry husks, which take the place of the
.) Helos, marsh; bios, life,
60 KEY TO NATURAL ORDERS
petals of other flowers. The class includes grasses and sedges, These
are not included in this work.
Orpen IV—SPATHIFLORAE—Spap1x-FLOWERED PLANTS
(Page 109)
Flowers are borne on a fleshy, club-like receptacle (a spadix), which
is usually surrounded by a broad leaf-like sheath, sometimes highly
colored (A spathe).
17. Calla. 18. Arisaema. 19. Acorus. 20. Orontium. 21. Peltandra.
OrpER V—FARINOSAE—PLANTS wiTH MEALY SEEDS
(Page 112)
Flowers regular or nearly so (except in Commelina), the several
earpels united into a single ovary. The flower parts are mostly in
3’s or 6’s. Ovary situated above the corolla and calyx. Differs struc-
turally from the following order in that the embryo is placed at the
end of the seed opposite the point of attachment of the seed to the
ovary.
22. 23.
25.
22. Xyris. 23. Pipewort. 24. Day-flower. 25. Spiderwort.
OrpvER VI—LILIFLORAE—Prants with Liniacrous FLOWERS
(Page 117)
Flowers generally conspicuous and symmetrical. The flower parts
always in 3’s; petals 6, stamens 6 or 8, pistil 1 with a 3-celled ovary.
26. 27. 28. 20. 30.) 13% Bz.
33-
26. Lily, 27. Onion. 28. Veratrum. 29. Bellwort. 30. Hyacinth, 31, False Lily-
of-the-Valley. 32. Trillium. 33. Smilax.
OrpeR VII—ORCHIDACEAE—PLANTS WITH ORCHIDACEOUS FLOWERS
(Page 146)
Leaves with parallel veins or veins spreading in elliptical lines.
Flowers usually unsymmetrical, stamens growing in union with the
pistil within the flower envelope.
34- 35- 36. 37: 38. 39 40,
34. Cypripedium. 35. Orchis spectabilis. 36. Orchis orbicularis. 37. White bog
orchis. 38. Fringed orchis. 39. Pogonia. 40. Calypso.
KEY TO NATURAL ORDERS 61
Crass II—DICOTYLEDONS—P tants witH TWIN-LOBED OVULES
(Page 164)
The seeds have 2 lobes or cotyledons. The leaves are, almost al-
ways, net-veined, and the distinction of pith, wood and bark is evident.
The flower parts or members are very rarely in 3’s, but usually in 5’s
or less frequently in 4’s.
SUB-CLASSES, GROUPS AND ORDERS OF DICOTYLEDONOUS
PLANTS IN OUR AREA
SUB-CLASS I—CHORIPETALAE
(Page 166)
Petals separate (examples: Buttercup, Pink, Violet). This natural
Sub-Class is here divided into two more or less natural groups, for
notwithstanding the sub-class is composed of plants, the flowers of
which are assumed technically to have divided petals there is, in fact,
a great group in which the petals are undeveloped or in which the
floral envelope is of a very rudimentary character. We shall then
assume the groups:
1. Flowers without petals .. . . . Ist. Group, APETALAE
2. Flowers with several petals or colored sepals. 2d. Group,
5 POLYPETALAE
GROUP I.—ORDERS OF APETALOUS CHORIPETALAE
OrDER I—JULIFLORALES—CaAtTKIN-BEARING TREES AND HERBS
Page 166)
Flowers grouped in large numbers in catkin-like inflorescence or
in fascicles. Flowers without corolla and often without calyx. Trees,
shrubs and herbs,
40. 41. 42. 43. 44. ae 46. 47. 48, 49. 50.
40. Staminate catkin of Willow. . Single flower. 42. Pistillate catkin of Wil-
low. 43. Staminate catkin of Boular y baa Pistillate catkin of Poplar. 45. Pistillate
eatkin of Hornbeam. 46. Single pistillate flower. 47. Staminate cluster of Elm.
48. Winged seed of Elm. 49. Catkin of Nettle. 50. Catkin of Hop.
OrpdER II—SANTALES—TuHE MISTLETOE ORDER
(Page 196)
Plants, (ours) all parasites; calyx present, sometimes colored, co-
rolla absent, flowers not in catkins, Ovary 1-celled, below the sepals.
PA Me pe
51. Mistletoe. 52. Flower ae Wild Giinger. 53. Sages of Dutchman’s Pipe.
62 KEY TO NATURAL ORDERS
Orper III—POLYGONALES—THE BucKWHEAT ORDER
(Page 200)
Our species, herbs, mostly in wet places. Flowers in general, regu-
lar, the parts mostly in 8s. Ovary 1-celled, 1-seeded, the seed arising
from the base of the ovary. Leaves alternate, subtended by a collaret
or sheathing stipule, technically an ocred.
bP ex
: 56. 57s 58. 59. 60.
54. Single joint and leaf of Polygonum. 55. Catkin of Polygonum. 56. Leaf of
Buckwheat. 57. Spike of flowers of Dock. 58. Winged seed of Dock. :
of Door Weed. 60. Spray of Bind Weed. ; : So Spray
OrvER IV—CHENOPODIINEAE—Pic WEED ORDER
(Page 210)
Our species always herbs, mostly weeds in cultivated grounds, (The
beet and spinach are valuable cultivated species.) Flowers always
with the members equal, but these are generally very small and incon-
spicuous, rarely colored and the corolla is nearly always absent. Ovary
1-cellel, l-seeled. Leaves without stipules or collaret.
64. 65. 66. 67. 68:
64. Summit of Pig Weed. 65. Transverse section of seed of Pig Weed. 66,
Flower of same. 67. Summit of Orache. 68. Seed of Orache. 69. Summit of
Slender Glasswort. 70. Spray of Dondia, 71. Section of seed of same. 72. Flower
of — Weed. 73. Flower of Pink. 74. Flower of Carpet Weed. 75. Flower of
ychnis.
70. 71. 72s 73+ 74) 75,
OrDER V—PHYTOLACCINEAE—PokKE Root ORDER
(Page 221)
A single, rather coarse plant, in our area, with flowers in a long
nearly cylindric cluster, Individual flowers regular, stamens as many
or more than the parts of the calyx. Corolla wanting, the calyx white
or colored.
GROUP II—ORDERS OF POLYPETALOUS CHORIPETALAB
In this group the flowers have, as a rule, both calyx and corolla fully
developed, the corolla consisting of several petals distinct and separate
from each other. Examples: Buttercup, Wild Rose, Poppy. In a few
species in the Order Caryophyllineae, a few in the Order Ranales, and
a very few in other Orders the petals are undeveloped,
Orper I—PORTULACINEAE—OrDER OF PURSLANES
(Page 223)
Flowers with calyx and corolla, the former of 2 (or more) sepals,
the latter of 4 or 5 (or more) petals, Stamens as many as the petals
and opposite to them or sometimes more or less. Ovary of 1 cell with
many ovules arising from the base. Fruit a capsule, opening as a lid
KEY TO NATURAL ORDERS 63
at the top or by 3 teeth at top. Floral receptacle concave and the ovary
above the petals and stamens,
OrvER II—CARYOPHYLLINEAE—PInNK OrpDER
(Page 224)
Flowers generally with both calyx and corolla, the latter of several
distinct petals, mostly 5. In Paronichia and in certain species of some
other genera the corolla is undeveloped or only rudimentary. Ovary
of 1 cell, above the stamens and corolla, many seeded, the ovules arising
from the central column. Leaves always opposite and without teeth
or lobes and without stipules.
OrpER III—RANALES—Orper or PoLycARPES
(Page 240)
Flowers with several petals or in a few exceptional cases without
apparent petals, regular or irregular. Stamens usually numerous more
than the petals. Stamens and petals below the ovary, which consists
of 1 or more, frequently several, seed vessels (carpels) which, in gen-
eral, are free from each other (example, those of the Buttercup).
The parts of the flower are usually inserted in a spiral line. The
Order includes Families differing widely in appearance, but which are
united by these general characteristics.
76. Flower of Water Lily. 77. Spray of Hornwort. 78. Section of flower of
Ranunculus. 79. Flower oi Columbine. 80. Flower of Larkspur. 81. Flower clus-
ter of Barberry. 82. Flower of Mandrake. 83. Menispermum. 84. Leaf and fruit
of Sassafras. 85. Flower of Tulip Tree.
OrvER IV—RHOEADALES—TuHE Porpy OrpDER
(Page 268)
Flowers with double perianth, the petals usually 4, the sepals 2 or
4, sometimes 8. The parts of the perianth are always independent.
The receptacle is, with few exceptions, convex; stamens 4 or more.
Seed caskets (carpels) 2 or more, which ordinarily grow together, form-
ing a single ovary as in the Poppy.
or ae,
Dar &
86. 87. 88. 89. 90. gl. 95,
86. “Head” of Poppy. 87. Fruit of Celandine. 88. Flower of Bicucula. 89.
Flower of Cardimine. 90. Stamens and pistil of Cardimine. gt. Pod (silique), of
Tower Mustard, opened. 92. Pod (silicle), of Shepherd’s Purse. 93- Pod (silicle),
of Penny Cress. 94. Flower of Cleome. 95. Flower of Mignonette,
OrpER V—SARRACENIALES—Orper or THE PircHeR PLANTS
(Page 291)
Seed caskets (carpels) 2 or more united into one. Ovaries above the
stamens, corolla usually of 5 petals. Leaves all at the base. In Sar-
64 KEY TO NATURAL ORDERS
racenia the leaf stalk is transformed into a hollow tube. Insectivorous
plants growing in swamps, secreting a viscid substance which aids in
the capture of insects.
98. 99.
98. Flower of Pitcher Plant. 99. Leaf of Droscera.
OrpER VI—ROSALES—Orper or THE ROSE ALLIANCE
(Page 292)
Seed caskets (carpels) of variable number, free from each other or
growing together. Petals and sepals usually 5. Stamens more numer-
ous or of the same number. Flowers symmetrical or not. Receptacle con-
cave. Leaves simple or compound. The stamens are usually inserted on
the calyx a short distance from the ovary or at the top of the ovary.
(aii
“_—
&
101. 102. 103 104. 105. 106. 107. 108, 109.
too. Schematic section of Rose hip. tor. Fruit of Gooseberry. 102. Fruit of
Cherry. 103. Section of Apple. 104. Fruit of Strawberry. 105. Fruit of Black-
berry. 106. Flower of Wild Vetch. 107. Flower of Clover. 108. Pod of Wild
Vetch. 109. Flower of Sensitive Pea.
OrvER VII—GERANIALES—OrprrR oF THE GERANIUMS
(Page 364)
Ovary superior to and free from the calyx. Stamens few, aS many as
the sepals and opposite them or fewer when the corolla is irregular.
The ovules are pendulous, the raphe or ridge toward the axis of the
ovary.
(PT BOSe we &F
110. Iiile I12. 114. I15. 116, 117. 118. 119. 120.
110, Fruit of Geranium. 111. The same aiter the bursting of the ovary. 112. Sec-
tion of flower of Oxalis. 113. Flower of Flax. 114. Fruit of Flax. 11s. Cluster
of fruit of Prickly Ash. 116. Cluster of flowers of Polygala. 117. Flower of Poly-
gala, 118. Flower of Acoylpha. 119. Flower of Euphorbia. 110. Summit of Cali-
triche.
OrvEerR VIII—SAPINDALES—OrprEr oF THE MAPLES
(Page 380)
The characteristics which differentiate this order from the preced-
ing is the fact that the ovules are pendulous with the ridge or raphe
turned away from the axis of the ovary.
I21. 122. 123. 124. 125. 126. 127. 128. 129.
121. Spray of Empetrum. 122. Cluster of flowers of Sumac. 123. Berries of
Holly, 124. Flowers of Euonymus. 125. Leaf of Staphylea. 126. Fruit (key) of
Maple. 127. Flower of Jewel Weed. 128. Flowers of Buckthorn. 129. Grapes.
KEY TO NATURAL ORDERS 65
OrDER IX—RHAMNALES—OrpDER OF THE BUCKTHORN
(Page 394)
Shrubs, trees or vines. Ovary superior and free from the calyx.
Stamens as many as the divisions of the calyx and alternate with them.
When petals are present the stamens are opposite to them. Ovules
not peduious.
OrpER X—MALVALES—OrpDER OF THE MALLOWS
(Page 396)
Trees, shrubs or herbs with distinct petals and, usually, numerous
stamens. Carpels united into a compound ovary, which is free from
the calyx and above it. Sepals, in the bud, meeting but not overlapping.
Oyule bearing surface forming a central column within the capsule.
130. Taw 132:
130, Leaf and fruit of Linden. 131. Flower of Mallow. 132. Fruit of Mallow.
OrDER XI—PARIETALES—Orper oF THE VIOLETS
(Page 400)
Herbs, rarely trees or shrubs, ours all small herbs. Sepals overlap-
ping each other in bud or are longitudinally rolled. Ovyules generally
attached to the sides of the capsule or rarely to central axis.
pie 134. 135. 136. 138.
133. Flower of Hypericum. 134. Spray of Water-wort, 125. Flower of Frost-
weed. 136. Fruit of Pin-weed. 137. Flower of Violet. 138. Flower of Yellow
Passion + Flower,
OrpeR XII—OPUNTIALES—Orper or THE CAcTI
(Page 417)
Fleshy and generally, spiny plants. Ovary inferior to the calyx and
attached to it. Sepals and petals numerous, indefinite in number.
Orpek XIII—THYMELEALES—Orprer or THE MoosE Woop
(Page 417)
In our area, all shrubs, not fleshy or spiny. Calyx extending up-
wards upon the ovary and attached to it. In our species petals are
wanting. Ovary of a single cell with a single ovule.
66 KEY TO NATURAL ORDERS
ORDER XIV—MYRTALES—ORrpDER OF THE MyRTLES
(Page 418)
Calyx attached to the ovary or the latter is free. Ovules are numer-
ous. Petals present except in one family of aquatic plants.
139. 140. I4I. 142. 143. 144 145. 146.
139. Buffalo Berry. 140. Lythrum. 141. Flower of Rhexia. 142. Flower of
Ludwigin. _143. Flower of Epilobium, 144. Flower of Evening Primrose. 145.
Flower of Enchanters Nightshade. 146. Spray of Myriophyllum.
OrDER XV—UMBELLALES—Orper or THE CARROT
(Page 434)
Herbs, shrubs or trees. Flowers in umbels or umbel-like heads.
Ovary surrounded by the calyx, each cell of the ovary containing a
Single ovule. Stamens equal in number with the petals and alternate
with them.
150. eX.
147.
147. Umbel of Aralia. 148. Umbel of Wild Carrot. 149. Umbel of Bupl
150. Hydrocotyle. 141. Umbel of Cornus, 4 ee
(For Key to the Orders of Sub-Class Il—Sympetalous or
Monopetalous Exogens—See Page 456.)
AN ARTIFICIAL KEY TO THE FAMILIES
OF PLANTS INCLUDED IN THIS WORK
(Numerals in parentheses refer to corresponding numbers of the small
cuts. )
1. Ovules lying naked, usually between the scales of a cone or a
berry-like body or on a fleshy disk. (1, 2, 3)
5) © LTE «wh ee Oe Sees CLtass CONIFERAEK, 2
1. Ovules developed in a closed cavity (an ovary). (4, 5)
wie). Biehl Rae ores) es eee Crass ANGIOSPERMAE 3
2. Seeds (ovules) in a cone-like (1) body or in a 3-seeded berry
a! ay Ses ae ic RS mee Cm PINACEAE. Pg. 82
2. Seeds (ovules) on a fleshy disk. (3) . . . TAXACEAE. Pg. 82
3. Leaves mostly parallel-veined; flower non usually in 3’s;
stem without pith, (6, 7). . ay}
3. Leaves net-veined; flower parts mostly i in 5? Ss or 4’ 33 ae in 3 S83
stems with pith, at least when young. (8, 9, 10) . . . 25
6. 8 9. 10
CLASS 1
MONOCOTYLEDONS
Peptstemise Ot Aquatic: @.0 i.) 2. cvlteY cea yay ls Me ape aed
Aquatic Plants
4. Aquatic plants, floating or submersed . . : eens) Lie) eS
4. Aquatic plants, not floating nor wholly submersed eo at Coe
67
68 ARTIFICIAL KEY TO FAMILIES
5. Small green disks floating on the surface of water, usually with
thread-like roots extending downward in the water
<i te eR te AREA Ofc LEMNACEAE. Pg. 93
5) Plants with true leaves and stem, “9 esse = +) = = eee
6. Flowers without white or colored perianth, arranged along a
fleshy, club-like fae or in few flowered umbels. (11,
U2) ioe a . . NAtADACEAE. Pg. 94
6. Flowers with w vhite or colored perianth — Le Oe eee
14.
7. Perianth adherent to the surface of the ovary. (15, 16)
Ay VALLISNERIACEAE, Pg. 108
7. Perianth not adherent to the ovary, flowers subtended by a
small leaf-like sheath, one or few in heads abs :
Heteranthera in PONTEDERIACEAE. Roe
SF eriagth of-bristiles; hairs: or scales ¢ 7. .° esa, 5 ° = ese ee
8. Flowers with minute perianth or none . . tie
8. Perianth of well-developed and conspicuous parts tPA © ice
9. Perianth of bristles or hairs, flowers in compact cylinders.
AT) was. * es 0 eens) ee eee ee PHA CRA Rae ce Oma ee
Beeeantih wok racaias: oY ues eh tS ee eee ec
10. Perianth of one or more very small scales, flowers in dense
Betass) CTS) 19s. : - «© . NSPARGANIACEAE, (Po. °92
10. Perianth of 6 husk- like scales, green or brown, rush-like
plants. (22) ek wee Coe eee. JUNCACEAE. Pg. 118
20.
11. Flowers without perianth, on a fleshy spike (spadix), usually
surrounded by or subtended by a leaf-like bract. (21)
ETO bare A on BP tee ARACEAE. Pg. 109
11. Plants with rush-like cylindric leaves and flower stems.
Flowers in slender spikes, perianth herbaceous. (19)
- . TRIGLOCHINEAE, Pg. 102
ARTIFICIAL KEY TO FAMILIES 69
11. Plants with basal leaves, often wholly submersed. Flowers
in dense round heads. (14) . . . CERBIOCAULACEAE.. Pg. 113
22.
12. Flowers white; petals 3; sepals 3; flowers usually in succes-
sive whorls on the stem. (13) . . . ALISMACEAE. Pg. 103
12. Flowers blue, in a thick spike which is subtended by a leaf-
hike sheath; (23)2). 4 ..) % «' PonTEpEREAGEsn, Pes 1G
12. Flowers yellow, in elongated heads. (26) . Xyripaceag. Pg. 112
Terrestrial Plants
13. Flowers without perianth, on an elongated fleshy receptacle
subtended by a leaf-like sheath. (27) . . ARAcEAE. Pg. 109
13. Flowers with perianth of dry scales; grass-like plants.
(21) oh Pea en eae OrDER GLUMALES
(The Glumales are not included in this work.)
ioeberianthenoby om Seales: Ge . «© « ss «a sh i a Glee
24.
14. Flowers regular or irregular, blue, the flower or cluster sub-
tended by a leaf-like sheath. (24, 25) ComMMeELINAcEAE. Pg. 114
14. Flowers or clusters not subtended by a leaf-like sheath . . 15
15. Stamens and pistils free from each other . . .. . . . 16
15. Stamens and pistils united. (28, 29) . . Orcuipacear. Pg. 146
eee ee ete eh elt wand cos mea yiceee gle 68S io alin
aeewoody yines: (30) . ... . =). +. SMaAckAR, Ps, 146
MSbeOne. GA ets Oy ty), sia que 3. = ee ee
ER CTAG hire Pt ys ee ae op can on ae eel ony GF aon,
28.
18. Perianth of unequal parts. (31) . . . . Irmacear. Pg. 142
18. Perianth of equal parts. (33) . . . Harmoporacear. Pg. 141
70 ARTIFICIAL KEY TO FAMILIES
19. Veinlets of leaves in form of a net-work. (32)
Sy) Neg) Trillium, in CONVALLARIACEAE. Pg. 138
A9sVeilets, not. in’ form! of ja, Det=-worke-ae mene ern care
20. Flowers in umbels, leaves and stem arising from a bulb . . 21
POs blowers Not in mpels! ois) .smeec ae oiare Onan CH teem nn oe
21. Perianth adherent to the ovary . . . AMARILLIDACEAE. Pg, 141
21. Perianth not adherent to the ovary. (34) . Ariiacear. Pg. 130
22. Climbing vines. (35) . ... .- + » DIOSCORIACEAE.. Pg. 142
. 22, Plants not vines . : 5 ae fr oe es
23. Styles 3, distinct. (36) . . . . +. MELANTHACEAE. Pg. 125
23. Style 1 em os aatew Os 24
24. Fruit a fleshy berry. (37) . . . . CONVALLARIACEAE, Pg. 134
24. Fruit a capsule splitting lengthwise. (38) . LitiAcear. Pg. 124
36. 37
CLASS II
DICOTYLEDONS, OR EXOGENS
a. FLOWERS WITHOUT PETALS, 25
6. FLOWERS WITH SEVERAL PETALS, 54. c. FLOWERS WITH UNITED
PETALS, 119
Sh rrees, @hrubs or indershrubs . 9. 2 2) 3 ewes = ee
GIs TSIGid tte Ue Rae RE oR ER a ac ee
Trees, shrubs and undershrubs
26. Flowers in catkins or catkin-like heads. (39, 40) . . . . 27
26. Flowers not in catkins nor eatkin-like heads . 33
27. Leaves compound, feather-formed (pinnate). (41)
St! LEE cor eT hae JUGLANDACEAE. Pg. 178
P7eTcaves simple (ae). cP ia ake Lt NE, TE gies ee
28. Parasitic shrubs, on other trees; fruit a berry
Ph oS ee ghee A SPAN SY, ane LORANTHACEAE. Pg. 198
zg. Trees and shrubs, not parasitic. . . . - - . +. + 2
ARTIFICIAL KEY TO FAMILIES 71
Sereap milky Gwe see. 6 06 MORACEARL Pe. 194
Boe NOUL TTC ys ky (Kale ey el eee ee Sl 80
Boe dig Ot present. “(43) 2 . 3. 6. © 6 « © «fe! « o pou
MARYS SD LCSCM te g(a) he hice” cal) a ude we ce sa Se Ras Ge, eee PO
31. Ovary of 1 cell, with 1 seed. (45) . . . Myricacear. Pg. 177
31. Ovary folliculate, many seeded. (46) . . SaALIcACcEAE. Pg. 167
32. Both pistillate and staminate flowers in catkins
: BETULACEAE. Pg. 180
32. Pistillate flowers subtended by an “ involucre, which becomes
a bur or acup at maturity . . . . . . FAGACEAE. Pg. 185
40. 41. 42.
33. Fruit a key (Samara) . we Megan” hha Ree coe cong ge CRG
33. Fruit a rounded bur-like head
: Liquidamber in HAMAMELIDACEAE. Pg. 306
33. Fruit : a drupe or berry. ‘ a deo)
33. Fruit a single seeded achene with a plumose ‘sll,
Clematis in RANUNCULACEAE. Pg. 248
34. Fruit a double key. (47) . . . . . +. ACERACEAR, Pg. 389
Peet: 2. Kingler keys -(48) of eke Me a le ee ee Oe Se
35. Leaves simple .. . aves wie, 's, ULMACHAR, > “Pe ioe
35. Leaves of several leaflets He Froginus in OLEACEAE. Pg 485
Bea VeSE CAIGCETERGG) 5) a's dre, “a ator ee lel ys cee (a Pham ad 37
36. Leaves opposite . . . WShepherdia in ELAEAGANACEAE, Pg. 418
3/7. Calyx 4- or 5-parted . . . « ww, « » THYMELEACEAE. Pg. 417
eee OR paTcemers Ci is0) ke LP re SON ole a is Pe aed es
os. Stamens 40r5 ... . . «. «. ‘+ » MSANTALACEAE, Pg. 198
emmecamens: (9) 6 isi les (atl Soe ey Woes, 1 BAURACEARY (Pas 266
Flowers without Petals, Herbs
soweaves alternate or all from the root. . . « ... . « 40
MEPEEIUCSMOUPORUS vo. ie fae Ma) ied a hme eR ke he te 7 Pei ee
40. Plant entirely aquatic, leaves dissected, the segments thread-
like: + . a, Gard Vek BA
40. Plants terrestrial, eed not dissected, not thread: like Poe kone ae
41. Leaves alternate . . . . . . . . PODOSTEMACEAE. Pg. 295
41. Leaves in whorls . « « i : . CERATOPHYLLACEAE. Pg. 243
42. Stipules present, sheathing the "stem above the joints.
(ee osiaees es os oe oe POLYEONACKAR, | Py 200
os SUES CEM TEV 0) BOR ae oe ar i a ma
ARTIFICIAL KEY TO FAMILIES
Flowers white or pink, in long slender catkin-like spikes or
spikes with small flowers 44
43. Flowers never white, sna in rounded ; masses or - clusters ¢ or
in spikes : 45
43. Flowers neither in close masses nor in spikes 46
44. Fruit, 4 fleshy carpels . . . . . . +. SAURURACEAE, Pg. 166
44. Fruit a dark purple berry . . . . . PHYTOLACCACEAE. Pg. 221
45. Calyx green or colored, minute . . . CHENOPODEACEAE, Pg. 211
45. Calyx of dry scales or husks, and surrounded by dry, often
colored bracts. . . . . . . +. AMARANTHACEAE. Pg. 218
46. Calyx attached to the whole extent of the ovary. (50)
ce ss gee iT Wein te. UP ARISTOLOCHIACEAE. Pg. 199
46. Calyx not attached to the ovary . 47
47. Fruit a 3-lobed capsule. (51) . . . . EUPHORBIACEAE. Pg. 374
47. Fruit an indefinite number of 1-celled carpels.
Some species of RANUNCULACEAE. Pg. 246
48. Plants entirely aquatic . 49
48. Plants terrestrial 50
49. Leaves opposite . . . . . . . +. CALLITRICHACEAE, Pg. 379
49. Leaves in whorls. . . . . . . . HALORAGIDACEAE. Pg. 431
52
50. Leaves with stipules, (52) 51
50. Leaves without stipules 52
51. Twining vine or a plant with leaves of 5 leaflets from a com-
mon point of insertion PART OF URTICACEAE Pg. 194
51. Plants not twining and leaves not divided into leaflets
URTICACEAE. Pg. 194
52. Fruit a 3-celled capsule ? 53
52. Fruit usually a 1-celled capsule.
. Species in CARYOPHYLLACEAE. Pg. 225
53. Capsule pendulous. (51) . . . . . EupnHorpiacear, Pg. 374
53. Capsule not pendulous . . . . . «. « ~ AIZOACEAE, Pg, 221
b. FLOWERS WITH SEVERAL PETALS. POLYPETALAE
54. Trees, shrubs, woody vines . . «. . +. + «+ + ~ 55 and 60
SEG Be arr Ome rae a” « CZ
ee Se
ARTIFICIAL KEY TO FAMILIES 73
a. Woody Vines
55. Fruit a number of single-seeded achenes, each with a plumose
tail; sepals 4, resembling petals. (53)
: Clematis in RANUNCULACEAD. Pg. 248
RCCL AMU DOLE cs tls, es he as hae eh oe | ie! Me 8 EG
56. Leaves of 3 leaflets . . Rhus radicans in ANICARDIACEAE. Pg. 384
aeeeraves never Of 3 leaflets. 9. 6s woe be tee SS LS
EEARREHG TS OTL Mes 7s Pal hea, tap na esas. 14. Le MiG BBS
57. Stamens 12 or more. (54) . . .». MENISPERMACEAE, Pg. 266
58. Throat of calyx crowned with a double or’ triple fringe.
(EID) “eae? | on catalan Seale PASSIFLORACEAE, Pg. 416
me earodt ol calyx not fringed. . 2 . -s 6 » 6 = $ « = 09
59. Stamens alternate with the petals.
eo ee et CU Cle) CO Oelasivus in CemASTRACHAE,. Pg. 588
59. Stamens opposite to the petals . . . . . VITACEAE. Pg. 395
b. Trees and shrubs
BOmmcAVeSTOpPOSsit@race i ai, is ne lat 8) nace, aw eile) |. eee tOn
SOmbecaves, alternates a 2. <0 8 < SS 20 By bas Tee ie egeGt
Leaves opposite
Cuenta aCa SUL. 4: bE gy a ek ee tee Baer CEs ao OS
RMN Dee DOREY. MGS ty) x) ce ke) we a ae eee Neate ots
61. Fruit a disk-shaped fleshy pod . . . . CELASTRACEAE. Pg. 386
61. Fruit of 3 inflated carpels . . . . . STAPHYLEACEAE. Pg. 388
61. Fruit a double key (samara). (47) . . . ACERACEAR. Pg. 389
62. Fruit a membraneous 2-celled capsule.
~, 2 aoa ae Hydrangea in SAXIFRAGACEAE. Pg. 302
62. Fruit a globose leathery nut-like capsule. (56)
. HIPPOCASTANACEAE. Pg. 390
63. Flowers in elongated clusters . . . . BERBERIDACEAE, Pg. 264
63. Flowers in umbel-like clusters. (57) . . . CORNACEAE. Pg. 450
9
Ps AY) Feet rigs
ARNE fe los
Gane UE
56 57
Leaves alternate
er sie COFMPOUNGY 5546 ns) Bae ce | asl ee ew. ae OS
SMPEIOTESASTIUDION 55. Macy, su. veut: GMa a 8 Mee es TO
Baeauice: milky . . . = « ». » » = ANACARDIACHEAR, Pe. 382
eee RETA aria! My kh elo a! 0, We Fagin. ~ oe es, 6S
66. Leaves compound, fruit a Key (48) or stems armed with
large prickles (not thorns) . ~. «oo - ROUTACEAR, VPp. 370
66. Fruit not a Key and stems not armed with prickles on the bark 67
74
ARTIFICIAL KEY TO FAMILIES
67. Flowers irregular
67.
68.
68.
69.
69.
70.
70.
71.
71.
7
72.
Fe.
73.
74.
74.
1D.
75.
76.
76.
76.
76.
77
77.
78.
78.
79.
79.
Flowers regular .
lowers yellows 8.) 6s. | 50s . . CAESALPINACEAE.
lowers swhitey 9. 0: «7% Robinia in PAPILIONACEAE.
Fruit a twisted key . . . . . « . SIMARUBACEAE.
HTOp ENOL RA KCyaee es. rk 2 ee 7 JROSAGHAKS
Flowers irregular. . . .. .. .. . . CAESALPINACEAE.
Flowers regular .
Leaves with mostly permanent stipules .
Leaves without stipules or with small ones which fall early
Fruit a pendulous head of several nutlets. (59)
ee OE i Na ake eee os PLATANACEAE,
Fruit not a pendulous head of nutlets . . . ROSACEAE,
Stamens few . :
Stamens usually more than 12
Stamens 2 to 4, calyx segments 3. (60) . EMPETRACEAE.
Stamens 4 or 5, calyx segments more than 3
Stamens alternate with the petals Waguctl Be. Jive ee
Stamens opposite to the petals . . ., . RHAMNACEAE.
Fruit a l-celled globular berry . . . GROSSULARIACEAE.
Fruit a fleshy pod, splitting in the meridians.
CELASTRACEAE,
Fruit : a barny Jike drupe with several hard nutlets.
et ILICACEAE,
Fruit : a woody 2-beaked capsule ... . HAMAMELIDACEAE.
Stamens united in 5 sets, flowers from a broad spatula-
formed: bractew:@ei une oe 2 or
Stamens distinct
Stamens arising below the base of the ovary
Stamens arising at or above the base of the ovary
Fruit of many earpels borne on an elongated receptacle.
(61) ee . . » . « MAGNOLIACEAE.
Fruit a large fleshy pod. (62) . . . . ANONACEAE.
59: 60. 61. 62.
ARTIFICIAL KEY TO FAMILIES 75
80. Pistil 1, fruit fleshy, enclosing a single hard bony nut, a
MIURCMIROS IE Clk calito =< «sia bP am) a vss) 4 DBUPACEAR,, | Pot 332.
SESH aPSCVCIAN gc bs AS os fe ee oe, ae OU ey OD ee tel
81. Fruit of several carpels not pulpy . . . . RosaceaE. Pg. 306
81. Fruit a fleshy pulp enclosing leathery carpels. (64)
Pe Sf BOs PoMACEAE. Pg. 328
Sowiieaves alternate or at the base . . : . « @ 2 | = #83
SCAN CHOODDOSLUG! 5 Os Gg us) ely aj ce te 4, ue ey oe OS
Leaves alternate or basal
PRC Werban eC Wiak | Sve wy Vs ee) ak ee hy GS) ae ee Ie
MoaMCEN TIRCOMIAD ss Ne cP oe ER a) ee
BAesiamens, NOG. auOre, than l2 “5 5 sl. (5, 6 yh mF RSD
SL, Suigieivernts), ania “Wel Wig) Po Womoy woe wD Gr po Ste C mila © Gi
85. Climbing or trailing vines . . . . . MENISPERMACEAE. Pg. 266
PPP Gt VICHY, cane) oo ye ne 4 | 8 Douce Ee lang eee
Se.isap milky.“ (51); . . .° . « . *. EUPHORBIACEAE, Ps. 374
BEAD EMWALEDY opm lek Re Sp ae METS 87
87. Petals-3. (65)>.- . . . « «= « «+ LiMNANTHACEAE. Pg. 382)
Beepecusis 4 rarely Ziyi. swt! OWeMe le pe les : 88
Peeeecumis thore, than 4). wl ae pceetiye, ess wee) es wl oe
Pearls aquatics (66)... . . @ «J. "~ DRAPAGCKEAR. De, 4e8
PPP IAPS HOU AGUATLC “<=. +) | cw we iste a ah) Mee tatu OS oe ees
63- 64. 65- 66. 67.
89. Stamens 6 of equal lengths. (67) . . CAPPARADACEAE. Pg. 288
89. Stamens 6 of unequal lengths. (68) . . . CRUCIFERAE. Pg. 272
soemstamenss 2, 4 0r §& . . « .«. «=. « » + QONAGRACKEAR, Pr 422
SomRIOwers in UMmbels; Ga. ee eee ates, Se ay fe i BS
SO MEOWEerS NObwn Wmpels se. Sh Si el Maths SE Seek am | OS
91. Styles 5, fruit a berry. (70) . . . . +. ARALIACEAE, Pg. 434
91. Styles 2, fruit 2 dry carpels. (69) . . UMBELLIFERAE. Pg. 436
92. Stamens arising below the ovary and free from it (hypo-
CTO) G TAL) ee at ES. ic Wee” SAL ee ia el Wires, ieee eg ters
92. Stamens arising from the ovary, either near its base or from
TUSOSUINIMUG MALT) os tae tore tee tas Nee tgs ow) st OM Pd 44
‘
76 ARTIFICIAL KEY TO FAMILIES
93. Stamens 6 . . . . . . +. « . » BERBBERIDACEAE. Pg. 262
93. Stamens 5. . MOU ec ier oer res 2
93. Stamens 10 or 12 4 Sees? : oo! fee ee: en
94. The long capsule splitting from below into 5 or when
mipes (Cs2)afon -- . . .» GERANIACEAE. Pg. 364
24. Capsulo oval, round or columnar, not splitting from below,
UC) in Cerne a a) 5 One Neiiy Noun Ete, Sint
68.
95. Calyx adherent to the ovary. . Lythrum of LyTHRACEAE. Pg. 421
So.moalyx free from the ovary .... . .. as; & <<) =) eee
96. Leaves all from the root. (74) . . . . DRoseRaceaAr. Pg. 291
96. dueaves mostly from the stem =<). =) 2 «9. = “gee
97. Fleshy herbs. , . - +» + «- + » +» CBASSULACEAE.-. Pe .2Z96
97. Herbs not fleshy . . . . . . . . SAXIFRAGACEAE, Pg. 297
Leaves alternate
Stamens numerous
98. Leaves floating on water, shield-shaped. (75)
ES oe ge get ee 2 ee eee . NYMPHAEACEAE. Pg. 242
98. Leaves not shield-shaped or floating . . . . . =... 99
99. Stems of jointed fleshy masses withcut leaves.
CacTACEAE. Pg. 417
99. Stems not fleshy, leaves present. . . . . . . =. =. . 100
100. Plants with milky,sap ... . (Part of) PAPAVERACEAE. Pg. 269
a00, Plants with watery sap . ‘si. i. wh o % mie) 3) eee
101. Leaves hollow, pitcher-form. (76) . . SARRACENIACEAE. Pg. 291
101. Leaves not hollow or pitcher-formed . . ae a ae
102. Stamens united at base es a central column around the
“TEES (760 ee aan . . » MatvacEaE. Pg. 398
102. Stamens free, attached to the ovary. (78) . RosSacEaE. Pg. 306
102. Stamens free, arising below the ovary . . . . . «. «. 108
i &
iA I'S YY
| WZ S
74: 75° 76. 77° 78.
103. Carpels numerous . . . . . . ». RANUNCULACEAE. Pg. 246.
103, Carpel 1-. -. -. 2 « 2 ‘e ‘© ‘© «© «© « CISTACEAR, Pg. 406
ARTIFICIAL KEY TO FAMILIES a
Leaves opposite
104. Flowers regular . CE Mas ier ly oot Daye me ee sg (5
meeeblowers? \itteemlar, t6 6 4, a ee a ew he © me
105. Aquatic weeds, usually fully’ submersed THatoracIpACEAE. Pg. 431
105. Plants terrestrial or at least not fully submersed . . . 106
106. Stem and leaves usually fleshy . . . PORTULACACEAE. Pg. 223
Adee stem and leaves:not fleshy): sii. . Sa a a Oe
fmeposiys adherent to theovary . . ~~ <s 7. © «© ante
jen Galyx free“drom, the ovary . .. <0 2) med eb) See ey Oe
108. Leaves distinctly 3-nerved . . . . .- MELASTOMACEAE, Pg. 422
108. Leaves not 3-nerved . .. . . . . « . ONAGRACEAE. Pg. 422
109. Stamens and pistils not in the same flower. Plants often
with milky juice . . . . . EupHoRBIACEAE. Pg. 374
109. Stamens and pistils in the same e flower Sees Me erie els) |4{(9)
110. Fruit a 5-celled berry-like Poe . .« . » ABALIACEAE, Pg. 434
110. Fruit not berry-like . . Pe Re eC Ei CE A Se nil
111. Stems swelling at the nodes: (81) : CARYOPHYLLACEAE. Pg. 225
fovieecems not swellings’ at-nodes. ..y —;. gtr veil eenett ia ome 12
112. Stamens numerous. (82) . . . . . HYPERICACEAE. Pg. 402
tease bamens now more than 12%) \.° oe ie) tes a Lee tw bs, me
Mic. Leaves lobed © . % 29 3 fs. ©. «. “GERANIACEAE, Pe. 364
Wao. eaves entiraé : ... .:+.+.+s *. +. *. *LivrHRaceAn, Pe. 420
87.
78 ARTIFICIAL KEY TO FAMILIES
Flowers with several petals
Irregular
MiteMeErGCS:s cis a «+ w+ es #4 0 Wt lay EELIPPOCASTAINAG HAUT
114. Herbs
115. Stamens 20 or more .. . . . . RANUNCULACEAE,
115. Stamens not more than 12 .
416. Calyx of 2 sepals. . . . =. . « . PAPAVERACEAE,
iiow@alyx of 38 sepals) = oe . . . BALSAMINACEAE.,
116. Calyx of more than 3 divisions
117. Fruit a pod (legume, example, Pea)
CAESALPINACEAE, Pg. 336, or PAPILIONACEAE.
117. Fruit a 1 capsule ae A gene
118. Capsule splitting into 3 equal Ore, (83) . VIOLACEAE.
118. Capsule splitting at the margin. . . . POLYGALACEAE.
118. Capsule opening at the top. . . . . . # RESEDACEAE.
GAMOPETALAE
vu. Flowers with the petals partly or wholly united.
119. Herbs ..
119. Trees or shrubs
120. Leaves alternate
120. Leaves opposite
121. Lofty tree, stamens more than 10. . . . EBENACEAE.
121. Shrubs, stamens 10 or less than 10 .
122. Petals united only at the base (84). Fruit a capsule
. . CLETHRACEAE.
122. Petals distinctly united, fruit a “eapsule, drupe or berry
123. Calyx below the ovary. (85) . . ares
123. a attached to the eae its fayieroas abage He (86)
A - . . WACCINIACEAE.
124. Small, moss-like plants + s « 2 « 2° DYSPeNSIACEAR.
124. Shrubs . . oi xeis toy Seer 20 hol BL ey mE RTO AGHA:
125. Calyx above the ovary. . . . . . CAPRIFOLIACEAE.
125. Calyx below the ovary
126. Stamens 2 or 4 . . . Paulownia in ScroruLARIACEAE.
aeoowotamens 6 . .« « « « « .= 0) wal BIGONDAGHAR:
127. Climbing vines with ee and juicy stems furnished with
MendrHs «2. « . . CUCURBITACEAR.
127. Climbing vines, or more or less erect herbs, with juicy
stems, not furnished with tendrils .
127. Creeping vine with twin flowers . . . CAPRIFOLIACEAE.
127. More or less crect herbs .
28. Plants with leaves and bell-shaped flowers.
CONVOLVULACEAE.
Pg. 500
ARTIFICIAL KEY TO FAMILIES 79
128. Plants without leaves, parasitic vines with small star-like
flowers in dense clusters. (87) . . . CuscuTAcrar. Pg. 503
eo mHerbsewibbamilicyanyce: 4° 9. 4 ws oe ks oO
Petters: With Watery, JUICG ~. 0 38 69 Eke ea et aS
130. Styles united, pollen grains not in waxy masses, ovary su-
perior to the calyx . . . - . .« APOCYNACEAE, Pe2493
130. Styles not united, pollen in waxy masses, ovary superior
to the calyx. (88) . . . . . . ASCLEPIADACEAE, Pg, 494
130. Style 1, ovary inferior to the calyx. (89)
5. le poli SAL eect ame Rte tc CAMPANULACEAE, Pg. 605
iameUvarve siperior to the calyx es 3. 0: » So a fee ee
iaierany interior tor the, calys 5%. oa te 1D
132. Stamens twice as many as the lobes of the corolla. (90)
PYROLACEAE. Pg. 458
to)
132. Stamens not ae as Sarre as ‘the lobes of the corolla’ . 2 “133
133. Parasitic plants without green leaves . . . . . . . 134
133. Plants with green leaves, not.parasitic . . . . . . . 135
134. Corolla regular. (91). ©. -. ©. . . MONOTROPACEAE. Pe. 460
134. Corolla irregular. (92) . . . . . OROBANCHACEAE. Pg. 574
fas. eamens tree irom the corolla. . . s . « . . « 4 186
aao-ocamnens borne on thercorolla <. . 2. =<) 2 “4 el os 2482
136. Style 1, fruit a capsule. (93) . PRIMULACEAE. Pg. 477
136. Styles 5, fruit a bladder-like, 1- seeded: sae. :
3 Se! Sai thaet Cauee amen : PLUMBAGINACEAE. Pg. 482
meee ronla neOmlar 6S.) 2 intow INS ee Lee | See enon). Ae ee
Se COFOMG ATTOCRUIAT cos)", ius, or Coan Um te) oS) ey, « EY) eee
Pema 2 CISbINCL «foo Os. 2s Wine Al eos lio, Sinus. ‘ws loS
MON LIN aL tek A Ns een Re Red ety pm a Ay Pm iale ot Pe SA)
139. Leaves with stipules, at least a line connecting their bases.
LOGANIACEAE. Pg. 485
ommeveaves-withdub stipulds S- 2 a fos ee A
gt. 92. 93. 94-
140. Leaves opposite or in whorls . . . . GENTIANACEAE. Pg. 486
140. Leaves all at the base, aquatic or marsh plants.
MENYANTHACEAE, Pg. 493
141. Ovary 1, deeply 4-lobed .. . . . . . Boracrnacear. Pg. 508
PibeOvarylsnoualobed : 2.64 35.1 <¢ © » > Me. . >. 142
80 ARTIFICIAL KEY ‘lO FAMILIES
442. Styles 3. 1. ww ew eS CP OUEMONTACHAR SP eee
Lcr-OO Sh CC Si. SMe meee a tN eh PS
143. Calyx deeply cleft . . . . . . Hypropnynnacrar, Pg. 507
143. Calyx not deeply cleft . . . . . . . SOLANACEAE. Pg. 545
144, Aquatic plants with dissected leaves, (95)
(OEY BAS ° ames eo hr 1 LENTIBULARIACEAE. Pg. 571
aaa- Lerrestrial plants... 2. §.- « .) « 5 & «6 |o90) Gn
145. Ovary of 4 cells, a single ovule in each cell. . . . . . 146
fas. Ovary of 1 or 2'cells’s «12 not 4) 3o oS 3
146. Ovary not lobed . . . « « « «© « «» VERBENACHEAR, Pe one
146. Ovary 4-lobed. (94) 2. « «1 5 «© « « 5 DABIATARS (Eee
147. Ovary l-celled, l-seeded . . . PU rer wo es. 1S
147. Ovary 2-celled, 2-seeded in each cell. (96) ACANTHACEAE. Pg. 576
147. Ovary 2-celled, many seeded . . . . SCROFULARIACEAE. Pg. 550
148. Leaves all at the base. . . . . « /PLANTAGINACEAE. Pg. 579
148. Leaves on the stem. (97) . . . . .« DPHRYMACEAE. Pg. 578
149. Flowers in heads subtended by an involucre . . . . . 153
149. Flowers not in heads subtended by an involuere . . . . 150
150. Ovary I-seeded . . . +. « « VALERIANACEAE, Pg. 598
150. Ovary with more than 1 seed ot UCAS chs = | See
150. Ovary forming a drupe of several hard nutlets,
oy te . CAPRIFOLIACEAE. Pg. 592
151. Ovary with very numerous small seeds CAMPANULACEAE. Pg. 605
Abie Ovary. with few, (1° ito) 5) "seeds. ue ete leanne ret tanner
152. Leaves with stipules . . . . . . +. +. RUBIACEAE. Pg. 580
152. Leaves without stipules. . . . . . CAPRIFOLIACEAE, Pg. 590
153. Flowers all expanded into rays. (98) . CrcHoRIACEAE. Pg. 610
fog. «Plowers not. all rays .) 3 fo) sews) Lee eee
Pbk OES
154. Stamens distinct .. . ae,
154. Stamens united into a tube ‘around the style. (100)
aie iba el el! ee ne ComposiTAE. Pg. 629
155. Stamens 2 to4. . ... « « « « « DIPSACACEAE. Pg. 602
155. Stamens 5. (99) . . . . . . « .~. -AMBROSIACEAE. Pg. 628
GYMNOSPERMAE 81
SUB-DIVISION I—EMBRYO BEARING PLANTS
EXAMPLES OF FLOWERS OF GYMNOSPERMS
1. A Cone of Pinus rigida with the scales separated to permit the escape of the
seeds. 2, a single scale from the cone showing at a the thin covers of the
seeds, the location of which is shown at the base. 3, staminate flowers of a
pine. 4, a spray oi' White Cedar with the small modified cones. 5, a berry
of the pistillate flower of Dwarf Yew which is, in fact, a modified cone.
6, the staminate flower of Yew.
GYMNOSPERMAE. Naked Seeded Plants.
A principal characteristic is the absence of an ovary or seed
casket. The embryo is developed from a thin flat scale which is
protected by the woody scales lying on each side of it (1), or
within a fleshy fruit resembling a berry (5), but which is in
fact a modification of one or more of the scales at the apex of a
scaly cone while some of the lower scales may still be seen encir-
cling the base of the drupe. In the first form the group of woody
or leathery scales arranged spirally around a long axis forms the
cone familiar as the fruit of the family of pines. In the second
the berry-like fruit is that characteristic of the yew and the juni-
per. In either case, whether the fertile flowers are in the form of
a cone or of a drupe, the pollen flowers are scaly cones or cat-
kins (3).
The pollen and the ovules are not borne upon’the same flowers.
In our species the pollen bearing and the ovule bearing cones are
found on the same plant (monoecious).
Of this sub-division there is, in our region, but one class.
Class—CONIFERAE. Cone Bearing Trees or Shrubs
All the cone bearers are trees or shrubs and with a single ex-
82 CONIFERAE
ception (the larch) they are evergreens. The leaves are either
needle-formed or are flattened, scale-like, which overlap each
other like little tiles (imbricate). The pollen flowers and the
fertile flowers are in separate groups. There is no floral en-
velope and the scale which bears the ovule, like that on which the
pollen lies, is naked. There is neither style nor stigma.
The class of cone bearers is, so far as we know, one of the oldest
of all the classes of true seed bearing plants. Fossil remains of
such trees are found in very ancient geological formations.
In the class of cone bearers there are two families.
Mruit aged berry ... . : . . « « TAZACEAS
Fruit a cone of woody or ethers eis or a brown or
ERC MENTNY eititie es. 15 Cont | Ga.) re). S) pak des PINACEAE
Famity I.— TAXACEAE. THE Yew Famity
The red, one seeded berry-like fruit (Fig. 5, page 81) is con-
spicuous among the dark green, flat, needle-shaped leaves which
are about an inch in length and arranged in opposite rows, one
on each side of the stem. The pollen bearing cones are very small
and inconspicuous (Fig. 6, page 81), with numerous (6 to 8)
pollen sacs, while the disk-formed or hemispherical fruit is con-
spicuous and attractive. The juice is not resinous.
TAXUS, L.
Characters of the Family.
T. baccata, (L.) AMERICAN YEW. (T. canadensis, Willd.) <A low,
spreading shrub with evergreen prickly leaves, which are dark shining
green. Berries bright red. In rich shaay >:aces.
Famity Il.— PINACEAE. Tur Pine Famity
Trees and shrubs with resinous juice. The cones bearing pollen
and the seed-bearing cones are on the same tree. ‘Those with pol-
len consist of an elongated floral axis bearing stamens arranged
spirally. he fruit bearers are the ordinary cones, more conspicu-
ous and permanent. At the base of each scale of the fruit cone are
two or more ovules.
yo
PINE FAMILY 83
The leaves are,
1st. Needle-shaped (pine, spruces, balsams and junipers).
2d. Flat, scale-like leaves overlapping each other (white and
red cedars).
Fruit berry-like,
Berry brown or blue’. . . . . Juniperus
Fruit a cone composed of leathery or aie scales.
Leaves in small bundles or fasciculi.
Palimemimcancumn: ot Joe |.) 98 es He oP. el Barine
Evergreen Ss oo tet eee | oe RIES
Leaves Bhecwed furde: on fe stem:
Needle-shaped leaves spreading in all directions.
Leaves prismatic, more or less 4-sided . . . Picea
Leaves flattened, not prismatic . . . . . Abies
Needle-shaped leaves spreading on opposite sides Tsuga
Leaves flattened and overlapping each other, not
needle-shaped.
Two rows of leaves keeled, stem appearing flat-
HOMECE ess, ticks, s,s wm Sue Uae, pom See
Four rows of leaves keeled, stem rounded Chamaecyparis
The family is divided into two tribes, Cupressineae and
Abietineae.
Trine I.— CUPRESSINEAE. Tuer Cypress TRIBE
The leaves are opposite or in whorls, not in bundles, and the
scales of the cones are few compared with those in the next tribe.
1. JUNIPERUS, L.
Leaves awl-shaped, in our species arranged in whorls of about three
leaves each, or scale-like and overlapping. Fruit a false berry containing
1 to 3 hard seeds. Berry embraced below by a few scales. Pollen bearing
cones small, oval or globular, in the axils of the leaves near the extremity
.of the stem and usually on a different plant from the fruit bearer.
1. J. communis, L. (Fig. 8, pl. 1). Common Junreer. A small
tree or shrub, aromatic, leaves needle-shaped, prickly, 1/2 to 2/3 in. long.
Berries turning from greenish the first year to dark brown or bluish-
brown the second year. On dry hillsides southeast portion of our region
and southward. Not common in our area.
2. J. nana, Willd. Low JUvUNIPER. (J. communis, var. depressa,
Pursh.) A low shrub spreading in a broad circular patch, sometimes 8
or 10 ft. in diameter and about 2 ft. high. Leaves and fruit resemble
those of the erect species, No. 1. Barren hillsides. Common.
3. J. virginiana, L. (Fig. 7, p. 1.) Rep Cepar. A tree, generally,
in our region less than 40 ft. high. Leaves somewhat flattened, short,
$4 PINACEAE
overlapping, in four ranks. Ends of the leaves sometimes spiny. Berries
round or oval, light blue or greenish-blue. Dry hillsides. Common.
4. J. sabina, L. Surussy Rep Cepar. (J. sabina, var. procumbens,
Pursh.) A low trailing shrub, often resembling a vine. Similar to red
cedar in leaves and fruit. In northern sections of our region, mostly on
sea coast.
a. THUSA, L.
Cones leathery or woody with but few (6 to 8) scales, ovoid, green or
reddish-brown attached to extremities of the twigs. Leaves in four ranks
elasping and overlapping each other, the lateral leaf keeled, giving the
leaf-enveloped stem a broad flattened appearance.
T. occidentalis, L. (Fig. 5, pl. 1.) Wuire Cepar. Arsor ViTar, A
tree often of large dimensions, branching extensively. Growing mostly
in swamps. All parts aromatic.
3. CHAMAECYPARIS, Spach.
Trees similar to Thuja, with very small leaves in 4 ranks, forming a
rounded leaf-encireled stem. Cones globose, with small knobs on the sur-
face of the scales.
C. thyoides, (L.) BSP. (Fig. 4, pl. 1.) Sournern Wuire Cepar.
A tree, cone-like in form, generally in swamps. Young leaves bluish-green.
Cones about } in. diameter, bluish, knobby. Swamps, principally in
southern part of our area.
TrisE II.— ABIETINEAE. Tue Pine TRIBE
Trees and shrubs with resinous juice. The leaves, all prismatic
and needle-shaped, are arranged in spirals around the stem. This
arrangement holds whether the leaves are grouped in bundles or
are inserted separately. In the first instance the groups are ar-
ranged spirally, in the second the individual leaves are so
arranged.
1. LARIX, Adams
Tall tree with spreading branches. Leaves in fascicles of 20 or more,
without sheath but growing directly from a knobby, woody support (sup-
pressed branch); leaves deciduous.
L. laricina,(Du Roi) Koch. (Fig. 6, pl. 1.) Laron. TAMARACK, Tree
attaining a height of over 50 ft. It is our only species of the pine family
with deciduous leaves. These grow in thick, diverging clusters, which in
the spring are of a light and brilliant green color, } in. to 1 in. long.
Each leaf of the fascicle starts in the axil of a minute scale. The brown
cones are borne at the base of young branches. In swamps. Leaves ap-
pear in May.
L. decidua, (Mill), the European species, with longer leaves, often
cultivated in our region.
a. PINUS, L.
The young branches have short scaly leaves, in the axils of which spring
85
és oo
f ata
me ON AN
Ne
i
\4
&
PratE 1
1. Picea mariana. 2. Tsuga canadensis. 8. Abies balsamea. 4. Chamae-
cyparis thyoides. 5. Thuja occidentalis. 6. Larix laricina. 7. Juniperus
Virginiana. 8. J. communis.
86 PINACEAE
the fascicles (bundles) of the more ordinary needle-formed leaves. These
last spring from short, woody pedicels (short branchlets) and each group
is surrounded at the base by a fibrous sheath. The scale leaves fall as the
others attain their growth. The bundles contain each from 2 to 5 leaves,
the number depending on the species. Both pollen flowers and ovules in
cones, the first smaller than the others and situated more terminally.
The pines are mostly large trees with branches in whorls at regular
intervals. The number of leaves in the bundles aids us in determining the
species.
Leaves in fascicles of 2’s.
Weavesea to 6 in. Jone . «. « << -« «ws ol) ‘iMcumecD ietnateuts cmt etn Ul Amv eRLnt Ste
Leaves 2 to 24 in. long Petes o> Ako G4 Le eee
Beaves about x in. Jong, stout and thick |. 2%) «= see 2. aivaricar
Leaves in fascicles of 2’s or 3’s.
Leaves 24 to 4 in, long, stout and rigid <2. 3) ao ©. = ee puncens
Leaves 3 to 5 in. long, slender and flexible.
(ones? pyramidal or iconic) |. <= i ei anata CoA een atten
ones; globose sor short ‘oval: ., <) i) je cilen ne SEES stn ne) eee eeneonare
Weaves), (6 to-8 an. long S .. 4 & “<a ren tou ie Minteunte mains nme ee ercasien
Peaveso in fascicles, (Of “578°. 6 «) ‘co. © ‘© «| (ol) Nolmiley nclisEamnN Sat mES>LOUZES
1. P. resinosa, Ait. (Fig. 2, pl. 2.) Canapran PinE. Rep PINE.
A very large tree. Cones oval with a rounded base, 13 to 2 in. long,
near the ends of the branches. Bark reddish, flaky. Common in the
northern half of our area,
2. P. virginiana, Mill. (Fig. 3, pl. 2.) Jersey Pine. Scrus PINs.
(P. inops, Ait.) Usually a small tree (20 to 30 ft. high), ungraceful in
form, bark rough. Pollen cones 1/3 in. long, terminal; ovule cones at
base of young branches, oval, 1 to 2 in. long, curved, scales with slender
prickles. Rare north of Long Island. (Wadhams, N. Y., also Jay,
N. Y.—G. T. 8.)
3. P. divaricata, (Ait.) Gord. (Fig. 4, pl. 2.) Lasrapor PINE.
Scrusp Pine. Gray Pine. (P. Banksiana, Lamb.) Sometimes a very
tall tree, sometimes a tree of medium height, but often short and scrubby.
Bark rough. Leaves may vary from # to 2 in. long, curved, diverged, with
sharp points. Sheaths of fascicles quite short. Cones, long oval, the
scales with minute prickles. Sandy soil, forming extensive forests,
northern N. Y. and W. New England.
4. P. pungens, Michx. Tarte Mounratn Pine. Large tree. Leaves
mostly in 2’s, sheath of leaves 5/12 to 8/12 in. long. Cones oval, scales
with awl-like spines at extremities which curve downward. Mountains
in southern part of our area and further south.
5. P. echinata, Mill. Yetrrow Pine. Very large forest tree. Cones
pyramidal, about 2 in. long, extremities of scales of cone with small,
straight spines, which do not curve downward. Southern part of our area
and southward.
6. P. rigida, Mill. (Fig. 5, pl. 2.) Pitcnu Prine. A forest tree 50
to 80 ft. high. Leaves stout and stiff. Cones ovoid to globular, 1 to 2 in.
long. Scales wedge-shaped, each with a recurved spine. Common, espe-
cially in what are known as “ Pine Barrens.”
7. P. Taeda,L. Op Fietp Pine. Large forest tree in the southern
states, only rarely in the southern section of our region. Pollen cones
87
PINE FAMILY
PLATE 2
resinosa. 3. P. virginiana. 4. P. divaricata.
1. Pinus strobus. 2. P.
5. P. rigida.
88 PINACEAE
terminal, long, almost cylindric. Fertile cones 6 to 10 in. long, 2 in.
thick. Scales large with a ridge running transversely, a recurved point
at its center.
8. P. strobus, L. (Fig. 1, pl. 2.) Wuire Pine. One of the largest
of the pines. Formerly very common throughout our region. Young trees
still quite common. Leaves more slender than either of the foregoing
species, light green, 3 to 5 in. long. Cones cylindric, 3 to 5 in, long,
without prickles on the scales.
9. P. sylvestris, L. Scorcn Pine. Cultivated species, at some points
naturalized in our region. Leaves in 2’s.
3. PICEA, Link.
Trees with rough bark, leaves all needle-formed, 1/3 to 2/3 in. long, not
included in a sheath but each leaf is separately inserted. The spiral
manner of insertion of the leaves gives the appearance of a cylindric
brush to the leafy branch, the 4-angled leaves spreading in all directions.
They are borne upon small woody projections which, when the leaves are
fallen, give to the branch a rasp-like surface. The cones are oval or
eylindrie with thin scales, which have none of the ridges or points seen
upon the scales of pines. Tree cone-shaped, with spiry summit.
l. P. canadensis, (Mill.) BSP. Wuire Spruce. Cones nodding,
cylindric, about 2 in. long, with short foot-stalks. Edges of scales not
notched or toothed. Twigs not downy, whitish-green. N. Y. and north-
ward.
2. P. rubra, Link. Rep Spruce. Cones long oval becoming some-
what acute at apex. Scales only slightly toothed and with striations on
the surface. Leaves very acute, light green, twigs sparingly downy. In
our area generally.
3. P. mariana, (Mill.) BSP. (Fig. 1, pl. 1.) Brack Spruce. Cones
oval or almost spherical, blunt at apex, without foot-stalk, 1 to 2 in.
long. Edges of the scales jagged. Twigs downy, brown.
Var. P. mariana brevifolia, Peck, is a slender tree which on high
mountains is reduced to a small shrub with leaves + to 4 in. long. Scales
with irregularly notched tips. Swamps and bogs in the northern part of
our area.
4. ‘TSUGA, Carr.
Trees with slender, very flexible branches with flat leaves, 4 in. long,
which although actually arranged spirally appear as though in two ranks
one on each side of the stem. Staminate cones about 1/5 in. long, in the
axils of the leaves. Ovule bearing cones terminal, 4 in. long. Throughout
our area.
T. canadensis, (L.) Carr. (Fig. 2, pl. 1.) Hemtiock. A large forest
tree, with flat leaves and reddish-brown cones about 4 in. long. Through-
out our area.
5. ABIES, Juss.
Trees with smooth bark on which are found “balsam blisters.” These
trees assume a beautiful pyramidal form and are the most ornamental
of the coniferae of our region. The leaves are flat, scattered, longer than
those of the spruces and of a rich, dark green color. Fertile cones cy-
lindrie.
1. A. balsamea, (L.) Mill. (Fig. 3, pl. 1.) Sinere Barsam Fir,
MONOCOTYLEDONS 89
Leaves spreading, but appearing nearly as though in 2 rows on opposite
sides of the stem. Dark green above, light bluish-green below. Through-
out our area.
SUB-DIVISION II—ANGIOSPERMAE
The ovules in this great division are concealed in a cavity known
as the ovary. (Fig. 1, below.)
The flower consists essentially of a pistil, at the base of which
is the ovary containing the ovules and one or two or more stamens
bearing anthers on which are developed the pollen grains destined
to fertilize the ovules. The pistil and stamens may occupy dif-
ferent flowers. Flower receptacles bearing these two essential ele-
ments separately may grow upon the same plant, in which case
they are said to be monoecious, or the pistillate flowers may oc-
cupy one plant the staminate another, in which case they are said
to be dioecious.
When the pistils and stamens are found on the same receptacle
the flower is said to be a perfect flower and this is the form pre-
vailing in the great majority of plants of this great division.
Plants of this sub-division are divided into two classes.
1, showing the numerous cotyledons of pine. 2, a grain of wheat showing
the position of the embryo at the base. 3, a grain showing the development
of the young plant. 4, the two cotyledons of a garden bean with the embryo
between them. 5, a leaf oi grass, showing the parallel veins of the mono-
cotyledons, 6, a leaf of Asarum, showing the net veins of the dicotyledons.
Class I—MONOCOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS
Plants with Single-Lobed Ovules
The embryo has a single seed lobe (cotyledon) (Figs. 2 and 3,
above). Leaves generally parallel-veined (or nerved) (Fig. 5),
enfolding one another at the base (sheathing). Rarely the leaves
are net-veined.
90 TYPHACEAE
Flower, as a rule, 3 parted in its various divisions, thus, the
perianth consists of 3+3 parts, all of which may have the appear-
ance of petals, but which structurally may be regarded as being
3 petals and 3 sepals. There are two rows of stamens, one row of
which may not be fully developed. Although there is usually but
one pistil, it divides at the base into an ovary of 3 divisions. Most
of the plants of the first two orders vary in several respects from
the prevailing type.
Order I—PANDANALES. Naked Flowering Plants
Flowers without a proper floral envelope. Stamens and pistils
in different groups. These groups consist either in dense cylin-
dric spikes or in ball-shaped masses. Instead of a floral envelope
each staminate and each pistillate flower composing the dense
mass of a spike is surrounded by a few hairs (in Typhaceae) or by
small scales (in Sparganiaceae). They are all marsh plants with
creeping root-stalks and grow in clusters.
Flowers arranged in dense cylindric masses. . TYPHACEAE
Flowers arranged in rounded heads. . . SPARGANIACEAE
Famity I.— TYPHACEAE. Car Tart FAMILY
Tall marsh plants with very long linear leaves and tall flower
stalks bearing at the summit two cylindric flower masses, the more
slender cylinder containing the staminate flowers above, the
thicker and more conspicuous, the pistillate flowers, below.
TYPHA, 'L.
Cylinder of pistillate flowers 5 to 8 in. long, that of the staminate
about the same length. Flowers immensely numerous. ‘The bristles,
which alone represent the floral envelope, enclose, in staminate flowers,
groups of 2 to 7 stamens each, One (rarely more) pistil may also be
enclosed by a single set of bristles.
l. T. latifolia, L. (Fig. 2, pl. 3.) Broap-Leavep Cat Tat. The
slender straight stems are from 5 to 8 ft. high, leaves as high or higher.
The flower cylinders become dark velvety brown. The staminate cylinder
extends down to and is in contact with the other, but the division may
be distinctly seen. Marshes throughout the country.
2. T. angustifolia, L. (Fig. 1, pl. 3.) NARROW-LEAVED CAT TAIL.
BUR-REED FAMILY
91
rE REFCIY
AHHH Ay
4
en
J a0 » wast
i ear
cn Peer
Cf RY TPES
Hl
PLATE 3
1. Typha angustifolia. 2. T. latifolia. 3. Sparganium euryearpum. 4. S,
simplex. 5. S. minimum, 6, Heteranthera dubia. 7. H. reniformis.
92 SPARGANIACEAE
Stem more slender than the last and generally higher. The cylinder of
staminate flowers does not extend down to the other cylinder, but there
is between the two a space of naked stem, of from 1 to 3 inches. Sit-
uations similar to No. l.
Famity II].—SPARGANIACEAE. Buor-reep FAMILY
Marsh plants with long linear leaves and tall flower stem usually
branching near the summit and bearing several globe-formed heads,
the heads nearest the summit being much smaller than those be-
low. The upper are the staminate flowers, the others the pistillate.
Immediately below each of the larger balls a long slender leafy
bract starts, which is related to the spathe of the arum family.
Each ball of pistillate flowers represents a collection of many seed-
carpels.
SPARGANIUM, (Tourn.) L.
Has the characters described above.
1. §. eurycarpum, Engelm. (Fig. 3, pl. 3.) Broap Fruitep Bur-
REED. Stem 3 to 8 ft. high; 2 to 4 pistillate heads on each stem, each
usually on a short flower stalk; 5 or more smaller staminate heads above
the pistillate. The extremity of the pistil divides in two parts (stigmas).
2. §. androcladum, Engelm. BraNcHING Bur-REED. Pistillate heads
3 to 7, plant more branching than No. 1, and smaller, 1 to 2 ft. high.
Pistil extremity (stigma) single.
3. §. americanum, Nutt. AMERICAN BUR-REED. Resembles No. 2, but
is not branching. The lower flower heads on short stems. Low grounds.
Summer.
4. §. simplex, Hudson. (Fig. 4, pl. 3.) Srtmpre STEMMED BUR-REED.
Stem 2 to 24 in. high, not branching. Pistillate and staminate heads on
a straight stem. Generally erect. Lower flower heads without stems.
5. §. minimum, Fries. (Fig. 5, pl. 3.) SMALL Bur-REED, A slender
floating species. From a few in. to 2 ft. high, with pelucid floating leaves.
Generally, one staminate and about two pistillate heads.
6. §. lucidum, Fernald & Eames. Plant 30 to 36 in. high, the leaves
much overtopping the inflorescence. Pistillate flower heads only at the
axils and on short stems. Fruit lustrous. Muddy shores, Mass. and
south.
7. §. angustifolium, Michx. Slender, 12 to 36 in. high, growing in
ponds and slow streams. Leaves very long and narrow. Heads of pis-
tillate flowers somewhat above the axils and lower ones on short stems.
New England and west.
8. §. fluctuans, (Morong.) Robinson. Plant 15 to 40 in. high. Leaves
narrow and long. Flower heads on branches, each af 2 or 3 branches
bearing 3 to 5 heads. Margins of cool lakes, usually at a depth of 20 or
30 inches.
DUCKWEED FAMILY 93
Order IIL.—HELOBIAE. Water Plants
While all the plants of this order are fluvial the order does not
by any means include all aquatic plants.
The flowers may be destitute of floral envelopes or may have
very imperfect perianths, or have perfectly developed and showy
flowers, as in the Sagittaria. The stamens vary from one to many,
the pistils also are indefinite in number.
The characteristics of plants included in this order are therefore
so varied that they must be found in the characteristics of the
different families.
SYNOPSIS OF THE FAMILIES OF THE ORDER HELOBIAE
- Small rounded green bodies floating on the surface of pools
. LEMNACEAE
Plants Pibmevsed 6 or aoenan “nei se inconspicuous green-
ish flowers. Submersed plants with upper leaves some-
times floating, lower leaves alternate. Flowers situated
on a fleshy cylinder, in a small axillary group or on a
grooved receptacle, perianth wanting or consisting of 4
fleshy segments. Leaves sheathing at base. Flowers in
axils of oe ve flowers with double perianth
- . . NATADACEAE
Pinte with ae im thee ae with aerial stems and more
or less conspicuous flowers. Perianth segments 6; sta-
mens 6. Marsh plants with half-rounded, deeply-grooved
leaves with membraneous sheaths at the base, not en-
tirely submersed, flowers in Moe spikes terminally on tall
flower stems . . . . Ree TRIGLOCHINEAE
Marsh herbs commonly not aici submersed, but usually
growing in water, with sheathing leaves, with flowers on
a tall aerial spike and with the perianth (calyx and co-
Bola) aie F's. yy!) 9s See 4 on. 2, AESMACEAR
Submersed herbs with ee arising from a spadix (a fleshy
cylinder), but not surrounded by or resting upon a spathe
(a leaf-like envelope) . . .°. . VALLISNERIACEAE
Famity I.—LEMNACEAE. DucKweep FAMILY.
Minute swimming plants, small green scales floating on the sur-
face of still pools. The vegetative apparatus is reduced to a small
94 NAIADACEAE
disk less specialized than a leaf (a thallus). The rootlet is a
floating thread extending from the under side of the green disk
downward about an inch. From one side of the disk grows the
minute flower, or, technically, flowers, for the minute group con-
sists of two stamens and a pistil which, although in close relation
are not considered as in the same receptacle. These are surrounded
by a green envelope which is regarded as a spathe, hence these
plants have been classified as closely related to the Arums.
In the genus Wol/fia, minute floating bodies, there is no root-
like appendage.
1. LEMNA, L.
Characters included above, with the root-like appendages.
1. L. trisulca, L. (Fig. 3, pl. 6.) Ivy-LEAveD DucKweep. Fronds
in form of a snow shoe, often more than 3 in. long. Ponds, ditches, ete.
2. L. perpusilla, Torr. Minute DvucKWEED. Seale or frond about
1/10 in. long, pear-shaped, with 3 nerves on the surface, purplish be-
neath. Ponds, lakes, ete.
3. L. minor, L. (Fig. 4, pl. 6.) Lesser DucKweEED. Nearly round,
more or less 3-nerved, about 4 in. diameter, several sticking together.
Common in stagnant pools.
4. L. cyclostasa, (EIl.) Chev. VaupiviA DucKWEED. Oval with one
extremity pointed, 1/12 in. diameter. No nerves on surface.
5. L. polyrhiza, L. (Fig. 2, pl. 6.) GREATER DucKWEED. Disk
rounded or oblong, 7 to 12 nerved. MRootlets in a cluster of 5 to 11.
(This plant is assigned te a genus Spirodella, 8. polyrhiza, by Schleiden.)
2. WOLFFIA, Horkel.
In our region, minute flowering plants, the smallest of flowering plants,
small grains which can only be distinguished from the lower, non-flower-
ing plants, by the aid of a strong magnifying glass. There is no root-
like thread, the plant is not flattened like Lemna, but more or less glob-
ular.
1. W. columbiana, Karst. (Fig. 11, pl. 6.) Plant nearly spherical,
about 1/50 in. diameter. Not dotted. Floating near the surface of
stagnant waters.
2. W. punctata, Griseb. (W. brasiliensis, Eng!m.) Plant oblong,
about 1/50 in. long, with brown dots above and below. Floating in simi-
lar situations to No. 1.
Famity I].—NAIADACEAE. Ponpweep FAMILY
Plants of fresh or salt water, entirely immersed except that the
flowers may appear above water, and the upper leaves may float.
Upper leaves usually in pairs, the lower generally alternate, and in
2 rows. Flowers usually small, inconspicuous, in lengthened
PONDWEED FAMILY 95
groups, the corolla absent or of various forms. The stamens con-
sist of the anthers only, being without filaments or with only the
rudiments of filaments. The stamens and pistil may occupy the
same flower or separate flowers.
Flowers on fleshy spikes. Perianth, when present, 4-parted.
Eoundein? tres water. (L.'s « “Potamogeton
Flowers without perianth, on a long-grooved receptacle which
is nearly hidden by the grass-like leaf. Marine plant
: : St veoh Se ee : Zostera
Flowers hee iihant mocinatth fruit arranged in a false umbel
surmounting a tall spiral fruit stalk . . . . Ruppia
Flowers naked, pear-shaped, green, in small radiating groups
inthe axils of the leaves..... |)» #40. aanmiehellia
Margins of leaves spiny-toothed. Pistillate and staminate
flowers on different plants. Pistil solitary, naked . Naias
1. POTAMOGETON, L.
Aquatic plants mostly in shallow pools or streams of fresh water, with
inconspicuous, greenish or sometimes dull reddish masses of flowers ar-
ranged on a fleshy pediceled spike, perianth 4-parted, stamens 4; ovaries
4; leaves all submersed or, the uppermost spreading into a long narrow
or a rounded oval expanse, floating on the surface of the water. Lower
leaves alternate, upper generally opposite. Lower leaves quite thin, mem-
braneous; the floating leaves leathery and firm in structure. Stipules
thin and generally resembling the membraneous leaves, they are, in some
species, several inches in length.
Group 1: Upper leaves floating on the surface of the water and differing
from the submersed leaves in form and texture.
This group is again divided into two sections.
Sec. 1. Floating leaves more or less heart-shaped at base, sometimes but
slightly so.
1. P. natans, L. (Fig. 1, pl. 4.) Common PonpWEED. Stem 2 to
4 ft. long; floating leaves 2 to 4 in. long, half as wide, on long leaf stems
which are as thick as the main stem. Leaves elliptic or ovate, obtuse,
tipped with an abrupt point at outer extremity. The nutlet has a deep
impression down the middle. Leaf wings (stipules) very long (4 to 6
in.) ; spike of flowers 1 to 2 in. long, dull green, protruding above the
surface of the water. Common in still ponds and borders of lakes and
streams.
2. P. Oakesianus, Robbins. (Fig. 1, pl. 5.) OAKEs’s PONDWEED.
Stems more slender than those of No. 1. Leaf stems thicker than the
main stem. No groove on the side of the nutlet. Leaves elliptic, very
96 NAIADACEAE
slightly heart-shaped at base, about 4 as large as those of P. natans.
Still waters, most of our area.
3. P. pulcher, Tuckerm. Spotrep PonpwEeEp. Floating leaves large,
3 to 5 in. long, 1 to 3 in. wide, oval, generally heart-shaped at base.
Leaf stalks rather short. Flower stalk longer and spotted. Submersed
leaves of two kinds, the upper lance, almost ribbon-shaped, 3 to 8 in.
long, thin, pelucid, the lower broader, thicker and on a leaf stalk. Fruit
3 ridged. Lakes and ponds, north to south in our area.
Sec. 2. Floating leaves not heart-shaped.
A. Submersed leaves expanded to somewhat broad leaf blades.
4. P. amplifolius, Tuckerm. (Fig. 2, pl. 4.) LARGE-LEAVED Ponp-
WEED. Floating leaves (not always present) oval or broadly elliptic,
rounded at base 2 to 4 in. long. Submersed leaves broader and longer
(4 to 8 in. long), with short leaf stalks, Stipules very long, grass-like.
Lakes, especially in northern half of our area.
5. P. alpinus, Balbis. (Fig. 5, pl. 4.) Nortuern Ponpweep. Float-
ing leaves 2 to 5 in. long, often absent, lance-shaped, with apex broadest
narrowing to a very short leaf-stalk. Submersed leaves much the same
form, but with almost no leaf-stalks. Stipules broad, obtuse at free
extremity. Flower stem 2 to 8 in. long, spike of flowers 1 to 13 in. long.
Fruit reddish. Ponds and borders of streams, our area.
Var. Faxoni, Morong. Faxon’s Ponpweep. Floating leaves rather
shorter and broader than No. 6, and with very blunt points. Submersed
leaves broader and with leaf-stalk 4 to 1 in. long. Creeks entering Lake
Champlain from the east.
6. P. lonchites, Tuckerm. LOoNG-LEAVED PONDWEED. (P. americanus,
C. & S.) Floating leaves thin, opposite, elliptic, blunt or somewhat acute
at apex, 2 to 6 in. long with long leaf stalks. Submersed leaves long,
ribbon-like, wavy, acute at each end with leaf stalk 1 to 4 in. long.
Stipules acute, 1 to 4 in. long. Fruit with 3 distinct ridges on the back.
Ponds and streams.
B. Submersed leaves narrowed to grass-like blades, not thread-like.
7. P. heterophyllus, Schreb. Vartous-LEAVeD PoNnpweep. Stems
very long and slender. Floating leaves 1 to 2 in. long, broad, elliptic,
sometimes approaching to heart-shaped at base, pointed at apex. Leaf
stalks 1 to 4 in. long. Submersed leaves narrow lance-shaped or linear,
acute at both ends, rather stiff, no leaf stalk. Stipules long, broad at
base, obtuse at outer extremity. A very variable species as the name
indicates. Common,
8. P. spathulaeformis, Morong. SPATULATE-LEAVED PoNDWEED. Float-
ing leaves broadly elliptic or ovate, with the external extremity broadest,
apex sharp pointed. Submersed leaves lance-shaped broader at outer ex-
tremity and tapering to a short leaf stalk, stipules obtuse. Mystic Pond,
Medford Pond, Mass. (said to be hybrid of P. heterophyllus and P. Zizii).
9. P. Nuttallii, Cham. & Sch. (Fig. 3, pl. 4.) Nurrari’s Ponpwerp.
(P. epiphydrus, Raf.) Floating leaves oblong, 1 to 4 in. long, tapering
PONDWEED FAMILY 97
PLATE 4
1. Potamogeton natans. 2. P. amplifolius. 3. P. Nuttallii. 4. P. lucens.
5. P. alpinus. 6. P. perfoliatus
98 NAIADACEAE
toward the base and blending into the short leaf stem. Lower floating
leaves gradually modified until they pass to the form of the submersed
leaves. Submersed leaves pear-shaped or elliptic and generally with
nerves diverging from the base. Ponds and streams, through our area.
C. Upper leaves elliptic, lower leaves thread-like.
10. P. hybridus, Michx. RAFINESQUE’S PONDWEED. (P. diversi-
folius, Raf.) Floating leaves elliptic, sometimes narrowed to lance-
shaped, about 1 in. long, 4 as wide. Submersed leaves 3 or 4 in. long,
thread-like, stipules obtuse, less than 4 as long as submersed leaves.
Spikes of flowers at surface of water, 4 in. long, those in the axils of
submersed leaves with about 4 flowers on a flower stalk } in. long, dif-
fering in this respect from No. 9. Still waters, throughout our area.
11. P, dimorphus, Raf. (Fig. 8, pl. 5.) Sprran PonpweEep. (P.
spirillus, Tuckerm.) Stem 6 in. to 2 ft. long. Floating leaves 2/3 to
1 in. long, 4 as wide. Leaf stalk about as long as leaf. Near the float-
ing leaves are the cylindric flower spikes on stems 4 to 1 in. long, while
in the axils of the submersed leaves the small rounded flower masses are
without flower stalks. Ponds and ditches, our area.
12. P. Vaseyi, Robbins. Vasry’s PoNDWEED. Floating leaves 1 to
4 pairs, opposite, on fruit-bearing stems, } to 4 in, long, more than 4 as
wide, stipules long and narrow. Flower spikes only on the stem of floating
leaves. Eastern Mass. and westward.
D. Floating leaves both elliptic and very narrow grass-like.
13. BP. lateralis, Morong. OprosITE-LEAVED PoNDWEED. Stem thread-
like, branching, the branches with floating leaves have no flower spikes.
Floating leaves elliptic, obtuse, 1/3 in. long, 4 as wide as linear. Sub-
mersed branches with very narrow linear leaves bearing flower groups on
flower stalks 1 to 2 in. long, flower spike with about 4 flowers. Lakes and
streams, Eastern Mass. and westward.
Groupe 2. Leaves all submersed or exceptionally a few floating.
A. Leaves broad, rounded or heart-shaped at base, clasping the stem
14. BP. perfoliatus, L. (Fig. 6, pl. 4.) CLASPING-LEAVED PONDWEED.
Leaves broadly oval or rounded, nearly or quite as broad as long, cordate
and clasping the stem, upper leaves opposite, lower alternate, Ponds
and streams, our area.
Var. P. lanceolatus, with longer lance-shaped leaves. Lake Champlain
and northward.
15. P. Richardsonii, (Benn.) Rybd. Leaves long, lance-shaped, base
heart-shaped and clasping the stem, wavy, pale bright green. Quiet
waters, New England and N. Y.
B. Leaves broad lance-shaped not clasping at base.
16. P. bupleuroides, Fernald. Leaves nearly orbicular to lance-
shaped, obtuse at apex, flat not ecrisped, Stipules inconspicuous, not
usually developed. Fruit rounded, somewhat 3-keeled, Brackish waters.
PONDWEED FAMILY 99
17. P. angustifolius, Berchtold & Prest. Resembles P. lucens, but is
smaller and whereas all the leaves of P. lucens are submersed the upper
leaves of this form are sometimes floating on the surface. The fruit of
this species is 3-keeled while that of P. lucens is roundish and scarcely
keeled. Lakes, Vt., Conn., and N. Y.
18. P.lucens, L. (Fig. 4, pl. 4.) Swuintna Ponpweep. Leaves 3
to 4 in. long, 1 in. broad, lance-shaped or the uppermost oval, often shin-
ing. Leaf stalks short, flower stalk often 4 to 6 in. long. Through our
area.
Var. P. lucens connecticutensis, Robbins; leaves crisped, not shining.
Conn. and N. Y., rare.
19. P. Zizii, Roth. Z1z’s PonpweEp. Smaller than P. lucens, but
much like it. Branched at base. Floating leaves elliptic, 2 to 4 in. long
with long leaf-stalks. Submersed leaves long, lance-shaped, wavy, the
surface shining, on long leaf-stalks. Flowers on stems thicker than the
general stem. Flower spikes 1 to 2 in. long. Lakes and streams
throughout our region.
20. P. praelongus, Wulf. WHITE-STEMMED PoNDWEED. Very long
stem, leaves broader at base and half clasping the stem. Stems white.
Some leaves 12 to 14 in. long.
21. P. mysticus, Morong. Mystic PoNpWEED. Plant slender, upper
leaves lance-ovate, opposite, 1 to 14 in. long, 1/12 to 4 in. wide. Lower
leaves alternate, longer than the upper. No leaf stalks. Stipules gen-
erally small. Spikes with 4 to 6 flowers. Ponds in Mass.
22. P. crispus, L. (Hilger plo) CURLED-LEAVED PONDWEED.
Leaves oblong, rounded at summit, wavy, half clasping at base, 2 to 4
in. long, 1/3 as wide. Spikes with few more or less scattered flowers.
Fresh or sometimes brackish water, Mass. and southward.
C. Leaves very narrow, grass-like or thread-like.
23. P. obtusifolius, Mertens & Koch. BLUNT-LEAVED PONDWEED.
Leaves very narrow grass-like, 3-veined, 2 to 3 in. long, 1/20 to 3/20 in.
wide, very obtuse at extremity. Stipules rather long and also very
obtuse. Spike 5 to 8 flowered. Fruit not keeled. Our region, in still
waters.
24. P, zosteraefolius, Schum. (Fig. 9, pl. 5.) Een Grass Ponp-
WEED. Leaves similar to No, 23, but often much longer and less obtuse
at extremity. Indefinitely veined. Fruit keeled. Stipules falling early.
Still or running waters, N. J. and northward.
25. P. Hillii, Morong. HiLL’s Ponpwerep. Leaves narrow. grass-like
1 to 3 in. long, pointed at free extremity. Ponds, Eastern N. Y., west-
ward.
26. P. foliosus, Raf. Leary Ponpwerep. Stem thread-like; leaves
very narrow 1 to 2 in. long, sharp pointed; stipules obtuse; fruit dis-
tinctly keeled. Ponds and streams, our region.
27. BP. Friesii, Rubrecht. Fries’s Ponpweep. Stems 2 to 4 ft. long.
Plant resembles No. 23 but stipules are acute. Still waters, N. Y. and
westward,
100 NAIADACEAE
28. P. rutilus, Wolfg. SrenpER PoNnpwEED. Stems almost thread-
like, 1 to 2 ft. long; leaves about 1 in. long, very slender grass-like and
narrowing all the way to a sharp point. Most northern parts of our
area.
29. P, interruptus, Kitaibel. INTERRUPTED PONDWEED. Leaves
erassy, in clusters sheathed by the stipules. Flowers on interrupted
spikes.
30. P. Robbinsii, Oakes. Rogssrn’s Ponpweep. Stems rigid, much
branching; leaves rigid, in 2 opposite rows closely investing the stem,
3 to 5 in. long, acute at outer extremity; stipules sheathing the stem,
but at length free, very acute. Flowers very few in interrupted spikes.
Lakes and ponds, N. J. and northward.
D. Leaves all thread-like.
31. P. pectinatus, L. (Fig. 2, pl. 5.) FENNEL-LEAVED PONDWEED.
Spikes on long flower stalks with interrupted rounded spikes of flowers.
Stem much branching. Stipules in contact with leaves half the length
of the former. Some obscure raised lines on the back of the seed. Fresh
or salt waters, our area.
32. P. filiformis, Pers. (Fig. 7, pl. 5.) FiILtrorM PoNDWEEp. Stems
thread-like, 3 to 20 ft. long; leaves 2 to 12 in. long. Differing from No.
31 by absence of the lines on back of seed. Ponds, western N. Y.
33. P. gemmiparus, Morong. CaprmLLARy PonpWeEp. The stipules
are lance-shaped, acute at outer, broad at inner extremity. Ponds, east-
ern Mass. and R. I.
34. P. pusillus, L. SmaL~L PonpweEp. Resembles Nos. 31 and 32
but flower groups are small rounded masses, each spike containing from
3 to 8 flowers in a nearly globular mass. Ponds, lakes and streams,
our area.
35. BP. strictifolius. Leaves much more rigid than those of P. pusillus,
the edges turned back. In other respects strongly resembles P. pusillus.
36. P. confervoides, Reichb. AtGA-L1kE PonpWEED. Stems very slen-
der, thread-like, 6 to 18 in. high. Leaves thread-like or flat bristle-
formed, about 1 in. long, the point very fine, l-nerved or nerveless.
Stipules nearly or quite + in. long, blunt. Flower stem long and erect.
Flowers in short spikes or heads, about } in. long. In cold mountain
ponds throughout most of our region.
2. ZANNICHELLIA, Mitchell
Submersed water plant with creeping roots, slender stems and thread-
like leaves each broadened to a sheathing base, In the axils of the leaves
spring the naked flowers which consist each of a single stamen and a
group of 4 or less or more pistils, which expand toward the base into
oval-shaped ovaries. Fruit directly on the receptacle or on a very short
pedicel.
Z. palustris, L. (Fig. 3, pl. 5.) Zannicnernia. Stems thread-like;
leaves 1 to 3 in. long. Fruits 2 to 5 in a cluster. Fresh water, pools
and ditches throughout our area. -
PONDWEED FAMILY 101
PLATE 5
1. Potamogeton Oakesianus. 2. P. pectinatus. 3. Zannichellia palustris.
4, Potamogeton crispus. 5. Naias gracillima. 6. Ruppia maritima. 7. Pota-
mogeton filiformis. 8. P. dimorphus. 9. P. zosteraefolius. 10. Naias
marina.
102 TRIGLOCHINEAE
3. ZOSTERA, L.
Submersed water plant in salt water. Stems creeping; leaves narrow
linear, often 2 to 3 ft. long. The flowers are naked, arranged in 2 rows
of about 10 to 20 in each row, on a long receptacle, which arises at the
axil of the sheathing leaf, and which is nearly enclosed by it. Each
flower consists of an anther or of a pistil. These alternate in the 2
rows, each being sessile.
Z. marina, L. (Fig. 9, pl. 6.) Een Grass. Leaves 1 to 6 ft. long,
less than + in. wide, 3 to 7 nerved. Flower mass 1 to 23 in. long. Along
the Atlantic coast.
4. RUPPEA, i
Submersed plants in salt water with creeping roots and thread-like,
much branching. stems. Leaves alternate, thread-like, their bases ex-
panding to a membraneous sheath. From the axil of this sheath arises
the flower stalk which, at first, is partly enclosed by the membraneous -
sheath, but as the fruit matures the flower stalk becomes a long thread-
like spirally-wound peduncle bearing an umbel-like cluster of hard seeds.
The flower consists of 2 anthers attached directly to the receptacle, each
so nearly divided in halves that they appear like 4 anthers. These en-
close several (generally 4) pistils, which are also sessile.
R. maritima, L. (Fig. 6, pl. 5.) Dircn Grass. MaAriTIME Ruppia.
Stem 2 to 3 ft. long; leaves 1 to 3 in. long; the slender spiral fruit stalk
about 1 ft. long. The only species within our limits. Common along
the Atlantic coast.
5. NAIAS, L.
Slender branching submersed plants with leaves generally in whorls
(3 to 5). Margins of the leaves toothed. Pistillate and staminate
flowers on different receptacles, sometimes on different plants. Stami-
nate flower with a eylindric calyx, entire or with 4 diverging points.
The inner perianth is pelucid, adhering to the single stamen. Capsule
1-seeded.
1. N. marina, L. (Fig. 10, pl. 5.) Larcr Naras. Stem stout, with
whorls of about 3 leaves, which are about 1 in. long by 1/12 broad,
deeply toothed on the margin with spiny teeth. Several such teeth on
the back of the central nerve. Lakes, marshes and salt springs, western
N. Y. and westward.
2. N. flexilis, Willd. (Fig. 6, pl. 6.) StenperR Natas. Leaves in
pairs, narrower than No. 1, acute at outer extremity somewhat sheath-
ing at base. Few teeth on margin. Lakes, ponds and streams, all of our
area.
3. N. gracillima, Morong. (Fig. 5, pl. 5.) THREAD-LIKE NAIAs.
Stem thread-like, branching. Leaves thread-like but minutely notched
on margins, in 2’s or in verticles of 3 to 5. Ponds, pools. Local in Mass.,
N. Y., N. J., and southward.
Famity IIJ].—TRIGLOCHINEAE. Arrow Grass FAMILY
Plants growing in marshes. Leaves half cylindric, stem naked,
with broad membraneous sheath at base, Flowers small, green or
ARROW GRASS FAMILY 103
yellowish-green, with 4 to 6 segments to the perianth, on a tall,
slender, round scape, arranged in spindle-shaped cluster (raceme).
Stamens 6 or 4. Carpels 6 or 3.
1. TRIGLOCHIN, L.
Characters as above.
1. T. palustris, L. Marsu.Arrow Grass. Leaves linear, 5 to 12
in. long, tapering to sharp point. The naked flower scape 8 to 20 in.
high. Flowers erect on the scape, nearly 4 in. long and 1/16 in. wide.
Segments of perianth 6. Anthers 6. Fruit of 3 carpels joined, linear
club-shaped. In marshes. New York and northward.
2. T. maritima, L. (Fig. 5, pl. 6.) Seasme Arrow Grass. A
large species 3 to 2 ft. high. Flower stem much longer than leaves.
Raceme often 15 in. or more in length. Fruit ovate or ovoid, of 6 united
carpels. Salt marshes and lake shores. New Jersey and northward.
2. SCHEUCHZERIA, L.
Marsh plant with leafy stem. Leaves half round below, grass like
above, with broad membraneous sheath at base. Flower stem with long
leafy bracts, each flower growing from the axil of a bract. Flowers
greenish, perianth of 6 segments. Stamens 6, ovaries 3, radiating.
iS. palustris, L. (Fig. 8, pl. 6.) ScurucuzEr1a. A rush-like plant
8 in. to 1 ft. high. Leaves 4 to 6 in. long. The sheath of the basal
leaves is often 4 in. long. Bays throughout our area.
Famity IV.—ALISMACEAE. Water PLANTAIN FAMILY
Marsh or aquatic plants with showy flowers borne in whorls on
scape-like stems, which arise at the root, with sheathing leaves,
also arising from the root, and with flowers with stamens and pis-
tils on the same flower or on different flowers on the same stem.
Petals 3, white, sepals 3, green. Stamens 6 or more. Ovaries
numerous. ‘The leaves are found on long leaf-stalks and are
strongly marked by the nerves which arise and terminate at the
ends of the leaf. The blade of the leaf is in some species reduced
to a grass-like or strap-shaped extension of the leaf-stalk.
1. ALISMA, L.
Flowers numerous, small, white or rosy, in elongated clusters con-
sisting of several whorls, arranged on the scape which arises from the
root. Flowers with both stamens and pistils. Leaves all from the root.
1. A, Plantago-aquatica, L. (Fig. 5, pl. 7.) Water PLANTAIN.
Leaves all at the base, spreading, broad egg-shaped with 5 to 7 nearly
parallel or elliptically arranged nerves. Leaf stalk longer than the leaf.
Flowers on a stem 6 to 30 in. tall, arranged in a loose pyramidal cluster
composed of numerous smaller fan-shaped clusters of whorls, each made
up of 3 to 10 flowers on slender individual flower stalks an inch or more
in length. Swampy places or shallow water, Common, June-October,
104 ALISMACEAE
2. A. tenellum, Mart. Dwarr WatTER PLANTAIN. (Helianthium
tenellum, Britton. Hchinodorus tennellus, Buchenau.) Leaves lance-
shaped, on long leaf-stalks all basal. Flower stem naked, bearing at
summit a spreading whorl or umbel of 2 to 8 white flowers on unequal
flower stalks. Muddy places. Mass. southward and westward. April-
August.
3. A. Geyeri, Torr. Leaves linear-lance-shaped to elliptic, overtop-
ping the shorter flower scapes. Whorls of flowers several, the cluster
more diffuse than that of No. 1. Individual flower stems thick, strongly
divergent in fruit. Petals rose color at the margins with a yellow spot
at base. Locally, N. Y. and westward.
2. LOPHOTOCARPUS, Durand
Aquatic herbs with leaves and flowers resembling sagittaria and hardly
distinguished from it. In this genus the flowers are all perfect, 7. e,,
stamens and pistils are on the same receptacle. In sagittaria the stamens
and pistils are in different flowers.
l. L. calycinus, J. G. Smith. Lopnotocarpus. Leaves lance-arrow
or halberd-shaped. Flower stem decumbent. Plants with habits and ap-
pearance of sagittaria. Swamps and muddy bottoms, our area. July-
September.
2. L. spongiosus, (Engelm.) J. G. Smith. Sponey SaGIrraria.
Submersed aquatic with thick spongy stem-like leaves which are 4 to 12
in. high, sometimes expanding to an arrow-shaped leaf-blade, 2 to 4 in.
long, with or without diverging acute lobes half as long as the leaf-stalks,
at length decumbent. New Brunswick south to Virginia. July-August.
3. L. spathulatus, J. G. Smith. SpATULA-LEAVED SAGITTARIA. Small
aquatie with stem-like leaves, without leaf-blades. These bladeless leaves
1 to 24 in. high. Flower stem usually shorter than the leaves, 1 or 2
flowered. Stamens 6 to 9. On sandy beaches within influence of the tide.
Newburyport, Mass.
3. SAGITTARIA, L.
Water plants growing in muddy borders of ponds and streams. Leaves
and flowers aerial. Leaves all at base, varying from the extreme arrow-
head form to long lance-shape or even to long leaf stalks without blade.
Flowers on a spike in whorls of 3’s, each whorl subtended by a whorl of
3 bracts; upper flower whorls consisting of staminate, the lower of
pistillate flowers. Corolla of 3 broad white petals, calyx of 3 green
sepals. Carpels on a convex receptacle. The beak at the extremity of the
carpel forms an important feature for identification of some variable
species.
Leaves arrow-shaped (sagittate), with the posterior lobes at least } as long as the
blade.
Bracts below the pistillate (lower) flowers as long as the individual flower stems.
Beak at extremity of fruit more than } the length of the fruit
itself . Jeera ewe as la? 9:8. hele Set OR BSROS Ent
3eak less than } length of frait oF ain - « SO» anifoka
Bracts below pistillate flowers shorter than the flower stems.
Leaves broad a. bal ot. at te ous GRE ROIREE
Leaves very narrow, not always | arrow- -shaped « « » »« &, EBagelmannia
WATER PLANTAIN FAMILY 105
PLATE 6
1, Elodea canadensis. 2. Lemna polyrhiza. 3. L. trisulea. 4. L. minor.
5. Triglochin maritima. 6. Naias flexilis. 7. Sagittaria Engelmannia.
8. Scheuchzeria palustris. 9. Zostera marina. 10. Vallisneria spiralis.
11. Wolffia columbiana,
106 ALISMACEAE
Leaves not generally arrow-shaped.
Flowers with very short or with no individual flower stems . SS. heterophylla
Flowers with rather long flower stems.
Leaves reduced to short rounded stems generally without leaf-blade S. teres
Leaves more or less grass-like.
eaves’ lance-shaped)) 7). 9s) tee wees) ee ona) ety Ss eran
Leaves linear, _
Flowers white . a ts. & «) Suesagpilata
Petals with a rose-colored spot at base : sor et cc? (oti See
1. §. longirostra, (Micheli.) J. G. Smith. (Fig. 1, pl. 7.) Lone-
BEAKED ARROW-HEAD. Plant 1 to 3 ft. tall. Leaves on leaf stalks longer
than themselves, often broad, spreading at base to 2 receding lobes, acute
at apex and at the ends of the lobes. Flower scape at base 6-angled,
longer than leaves, very erect; at upper 1/3 about 2 whorls of pistillate
and 2 to 4 whorls of staminate flowers, each subtended by 3 bracts,
longer than the flower pedicel. The white petals greater in breadth than
length. Fruit with a stout beak, nearly erect. This is a common species
in this country and it is also native in Europe. Its leaves are ex-
tremely variable in form and hence the species is known also as SN. varia-
bilis. The drawing, Fig. 1, pl. 7, shows the very narrow form of the
leaf, the blade is, however, sometimes several inches across. Margins
of lakes and ponds and in swamps. July-September.
2. §. arifolia, Nutt. (Fig. 2, pl. 7.) ARUM-LEAVED SaGITTARIA.
Leaf wings about 4 the length of blade. Flowers arranged as in No. 1.
Leaf stalks bend outward. Fruit with a very small beak less than 1/10
length of fruit. Situations similar to No. 1. August-September.
3. §. Engelmannia, J. G. Smith. (Fig. 7, pl. 6.) ENcrELMann’s
ARROW-HEAD. Stem quite slender, leaves very narrow, basal lobes being
linear, about 4 as long as the blade. The bracts below the pistillate
flowers about 1/3 the length of the flower pedicels. The fruit (achene)
is terminated by a beak, nearly 4 its own length, which points directly
upward. Situations similar to No. 1. August-September.
4. §. latifolia, Willd. (Fig. 3, pl. 7.) BRoap-LEAVED ARROW-HEAD.
Variable in size and form. Flower scape from 6 in. to 2 ft. tall. Leaves
often very broad, but also sometimes quite narrow. Lobes 1/4 to 1/3 as
long as blade. The beak at the summit of the fruit points obliquely or
almost horizontally.
5. §. heterophylla, Pursh. (Fig. 4, pl. 7.) SrssmLe-rrurTep ARRow-
HEAD. (S. rigida, Pursh.) Plant from } to 2 ft. high. Leaves variable,
from broad linear, almost grass-like, to lance-shaped or elliptic or ovate,
about as high as flower stalk. Pistillate (lower) flowers with very short
pedicel (sessile), staminate flowers above, on long pedicels. Fruit with
an upright beak } length of the fruit itself.
6. §. graminea, Michx. GRaAss-LEAVED SAGITTARIA. Leaves linear,
lance-shaped or elliptic. The pistillate flowers on pedicels as long as or
longer than those of the upper staminate flowers. Ponds, our area,
7. §. Eatoni, J. E. Smith. Eaton’s Sacirrarta, Aquatic with mostly
bladeless leaves or rarely with these leaf-stems expanding to a linear
lance-shaped blade. Flower stem 4 to 8 in. high, weak, bearing 1, 2 or
rarely 3 whorls of flowers. Lowest whorl with 2 fertile and 1 staminate
flower.. Pedicels of fertile flowers about 4 in, long. In new edition of
107
WATER PLANTAIN FAMILY
2S
Ze =:
PLATE 7
latifolia. 4. S. hetero-
1, Sagittaria longirostra. 2. S. arifolia. 3. S.
phylla. 5. Alisma Plantago-aquatica, 6. Enlarged flower of A, Plantago
aquatica,
108 VALLISNERIACEAE
Gray regarded as a form of S. graminea. On sandy shores between high
and low tide, Newburyport, Mass.
8. §. teres, S. Watts. SLeNpER SaciTTartA. Leaves reduced to short
rounded leaf stalks without blades or bracts. Flower stalk slender } to
13 ft. high; few flowered. Ponds, Mass. and southward.
9. §. subulata, (L.) Buchenare. Susputate SaciTrartaA. Leaves
simply leaf stalks or with narrow lanceolate blades. Flower stalk very
slender 1/6 to 4 ft. high. Bracts below flower whorls united to their
extremities or nearly so. Conn., southward.
Famity V.—VALLISNERIACEAE. Tapr-crass FAMILY
Submersed aquatic herbs, with regular flowers which terminate
a long thread-like peduncle, which arises from a spathe or in-
volucre. Flowers tubular, 3- or 6-parted at summit. Pistillate
and staminate flowers on the same or on different plants. Stamens
3 to 12, separate or in union. Fruit ripening under water.
1. VALLISNERIA, L.
Submersed. Leaves long, grass-like with 5 parallel nerves including the
marginal. Pistillate flowers white, with 3 lobes, on a long thread-like
pedicel starting near the root and extending to the surface of the water
when expanded. After fertilization the long pedicel becomes spiral and
draws the flower below the surface. Fruit much elongated. Staminate
flowers on short scape on a conic receptacle.
V. spiralis, L. (Fig. 10, pl. 6.) Lake Grass. Erez Grass. In still
waters throughout our region.
2. ELODEA, Michx. (Philotria, Raf.)
Submersed plant with many whorls of 3 or 4 short awl-shaped or
elliptic leaves. Much branching. Flowers white, 6-parted at summit, on
a long white thread-like pedicel (6 to 12 in.), which arises from a tubular
“spathe” but little thicker than itself and which generally terminates a
branch. The tiny white flower floats on the surface of the water, the
remainder of the plant submersed. Staminate flowers without the long
pedicel, breaking off and rising to surface of water to shed the pollen.
E. canadensis, Michx. (Fig. 1, pl. 6.) DircH Moss. In quiet ponds
and lakes, throughout our area. May-Aug.
3. LIMNOBIUM, Richard. (Hydrocharis, Bosc.)
Water herbs spreading by stolons with broad egg-shaped or _heart-
shaped leaves which arise in fascicled groups at the stolon nodes. Flowers
white on flower stalks shorter than the leaves. Pistillate and staminate
flowers on same plant. Perianth 6 parted, segments unequal. Staminate
flowers in a spathe, 2 to 4. Fruit berry-like.
L. Spongia, (Bose.) Richard. Froa-pir. Leaves round or somewhat
egg-shaped, 1 to 2 in. long, nearly or quite as wide, 5 to 7 nerved. Flowers
and leaves arising from the nodes of the runners. In shallow still water,
our area. July-Aug.
ARUM FAMILY 109
Order IIIL.—GLUMIFLORAE. Glumaceous Flowered Plants
The order Glumiflorae includes the great families of grasses and
sedges. The inflorescence is characterized by the dry, scale-like
bracts, which are known as glumes. These glumaceous plants
number, in our region, more than 400 species. Though of much
interest as including some of the most valuable plants, the study
of them is, to some extent, a speciality. Owing to the great num-
ber of the species and with the view of limiting the extent of this
work, these families are omitted.
Order IV.—SPATHIFLORAE. Order of the Arums
The order includes, in our region, only one family, Araceae.
Famity I.— ARACEAE. Arum FaAmiIty
Herbs bearing a fleshy spike which supports a large number of
flowers, which are destitute of a perianth (a spadix). The spadix
is enclosed by a sheath-like organ, the spathe. In Acorus the
sheath appears like a continuation of the grass-like stem and does
not wholly enclose the spadix. When the flowers are perfect, that
is, when stamen and pistil are included in the same flower, the
fleshy spike is surrounded by flowers which are alike on all parts
of the receptacle. When some of the flowers are staminate and
others are pistillate the former are on the upper part of the spadix,
the latter below. The stamens are without filaments or with very
short ones, and the styles are wanting to the pistils or are very
short.
Leaves divided into 3 or more segments . . . . Arisaema
Leaves arrow-head shaped . . . oe) 2 Se beltandra
Leaves egg-shaped, heart-shaped at base.
Spathe (flower envelope) white . . . . . . Calla
Spathe brown to yellow . . . . . . Symplocarpus
Memestciinticn. 2c) “li he Va ae) “Orontvam
Meemesmlone.. orase-like: 6. se Acorns
1. ARISAEMA, Martius. (Arum, L.)
Stem arising from an acrid, flattened, fleshy, bulb-like mass, a@ corm.
Flower and leaf stems from the same base. Spadix consists of a column,
110 ARACEAE
the upper part of which bears staminate flowers, the lower, pistillate.
The column is enclosed by a sheath, generally striped in green and dark
purple (the spathe). Fruit a fleshy oval berry, red when ripe. A number
of such berries surround the fleshy, club-like mass.
1. A. triphyllum, Torr. (Fig. 1, pl. 8.) JACK-IN-THE-PULPIT. (Arum
triphyllum, L.) One or two leaf stems, each bearing 3 leaflets, the stem
and leaf 3 to 3 ft. high. Flower stem shorter than stems bearing leaves.
The green- or purple-striped sheath curves over the spadix. Found com-
monly in moist woods. April-June.
Var. A. pusillum, Peck. SMALL JACK-IN-THE-PULPIT. Similar to No.
1, but smaller and more slender, 14 in. high or less, spathe striped below;
hood deep brown or nearly black. Open soggy bogs, New York. May-July.
Var. A. Stewardsonii, Britton. FLUTED SpaTHED INDIAN TuRNIP. Simi-
lar to No. 1, but spathe is distinctly fluted and leaves are shining on both
sides. Spathe about as long as the stem from which it springs. Wet
woods, growing among sphagnum, Penn. to Vermont. July.
2. A. Dracontium, (L.) Schott. (Fig. 7, pl. 8.) GREEN DRacon.
Leaf stem bears 5 to 17 leaflets, the stem and leaflets much exceeding the
flower scape in height, the leaflets 3 to 10 in. long. Sheath greenish or
whitish, not curving over the spadix, which tapers to a long, slender
appendix. Moist shady places, our area. May-June.
z. PELTANDRA, Raf.
Large, undivided, arrow-shaped, shining, green leaves on long sheathing
stalks, native of bogs. Flower column (spadix) slender and tapering,
closely enveloped by the long green sheath (spathe). As the fruit is
perfected the long flower stems bend toward the ground in goose neck
fashion and the extremity of the sheath as well as the column fall off.
P. virginica, (L.) Kunth, (Fig. 1, pl. 9.) Green Arrow ARUM.
In swamps and bogs throughout our region.
3. CALLA, L.
Low herb with heart-shaped or rounded leaves, in swamps or in borders
of sluggish streams. Flower column much shorter than the sheath, which
is white within and greenish on the outside. Leaf stem 2 to 6 in. long,
leaf blades 2 to 6 in. long and nearly as wide. Berries in a cylindric
group around the fleshy spadix, each involucre conic, red, few seeded.
C. palustris, L. (Fig. 6, pl. 8.) Warer Arum. Resembles the culti-
vated calla, but is more or less creeping, and the central column is much
thicker and longer in proportion to the white sheath. Bogs throughout
our area.
4. SYMPLOCARPUS, Salisb. (Spathyema, Raf.)
Leaves large, heart-shaped or nearly oval. Whole plant fetid. Flower
column oval, surrounded by a purplish-brown sheath, 3 to 6 in. high and
4 as wide.
S. foetidus, (L.) Nutt. (Fig. 4, pl. 9.) Skunk Cappace. The un-
attractive flower appears very early in the spring (Feb. to April), pre-
ceding the large leaves, these become from 1 to 3 ft. long and 4 as wide.
In swamps and wet soil, our area. Feb.-April.
ARUM FAMILY 111
PLATE 8
1. Arisaema triphyllum. la, Corm of A. triphyllum. 2. Commelina com-
munis. 3. C. virginica. 4. C. hirtella (leaf and sheath). 5. Tradescantia
Virginiana. 6. Calla palustris. 7. Arisaema Dracontium.
112 XYRIDACEAE
5. ORONTIUM, L.
Water plant: with elliptic leaves. Flower column (spadix) tall, cylin-
dric. The sheath (spathe) at first covers the column, then recedes, and
in many cases falls.
O. aquaticum, L. (Fig. 2, pl. 9.) Gotpen Crus. Leaves often float-
ing in water, 3 to 12 in. long, 4 as wide; entire, with veins nearly parallel.
Swamps and ponds, southeast part of our area and southward. April-
May.
6. ACORUS, L.
Long, aromatic, creeping rootstalks and grass- or flag-like leaves; grow-
ing in wet places. Flower column appearing to start from the side of a
bayonet-like leaf.
A. Calamus, L. (Fig. 3, pl. 9.) Sweer Frac. CaLamus Root.
Leaves 2 to 6 ft. high, 1 in. or less broad. Flower stem triangular or
somewhat rounded. Swamps and along streams, common. May-July.
Order V.—FARINOSAE. Order of the Spiderworts
A small order including herbaceous plants, mostly aquatic, but
including the family Commelinaceae, the plants of which are
found in rich moist soil. Flowers with 3 or 6 stamens and 1 to 3
ovaries. Petals 3 or rarely 2; sepals 3. Flowers, except Commeli-
naceae, are nearly or quite regular; the petals and sepals are below
the ovary. Flowers generally not individually conspicuous, but in
some families forming heads or spikes, which are quite showy.
The order is specially characterized by the technical fact that
the embryo arises at the end of the ovule opposite to the point of
attachment of the ovule to the ovary.
Flowers yellow, in chaffy heads . . . . . XYRIDACEAE
Flowers white or dull lead color in globose heads
. . » . « ERIOCAULACEAE
Flowers blue.
Plants not aquatic . . . . . . COMMELINACEAE
Aquatic plants . . . . . . . PONTEDERIACEAE
Famity I.—XYRIDACEAE. YELLOW-rYED Grass FAMILY
Marsh plants with grass-like tufted leaves and with twisted,
angular flower stalks, bearing chaffy terminal heads with yellow
YELLOW-EYED GRASS FAMILY 113
flowers. Petals 5; sepals 3; fertile stamens 3 inserted on the
corolla (3 aborted stamens), capsule many-seeded.
AIS
Characters, those of the Family.
Scape with ap conspicuous) bulb) at base!) 2) ss. .0 ts is) oe) we) rentcola
Scape not arising from a conspicuous bulb.
Heads nearly globose.
hes twouside sepals; without v wines os yr en el) Give 6s) aes Xe herwosa
The two side sepals winged.
scape” (decidedly, fattened’ jaja) Vas = 6 «| os) Xn, Carolimiana
Scapemmot distinctly, flattenedias) s.nan nen ic) ents pk Ontana
Heads cylindric or oblong.
Keel lot aterall sepals: fringed) V) 5) vo aie ey er et fe en) es ten bata
Keelmotlateralsepals) not) fringed su) -) weuteen ae) els) eee unalone
1. X. flexuosa, Muhl. (Fig. 8, pl. 9.) SLENDER YELLOW-EYED GRASS.
Heads globose, + in. high; leaves narrowly linear. The 2 side sepals
without wings. The flower scape only slightly or not at all twisted, 4 to
18 in. high, expanding to a bulb at base. Expanded flower about { in.
diameter. Swamps and wet places. July-Sept.
2. X. montana, H. Ries. NorTHerN YELLOW-EYED GRASS. Two side
sepals with wings, flower scape only slightly twisted, not bulbous at base,
heads oblong. Smaller than No. 1, but much resembling it. White Moun-
tains. In cold bogs. July-Aug.
3. X. fimbriata, Ell. (Fig. 6, pl. 9.) FRINGED YELLOW-EYED GRASS.
Scape stout, 2 to 4 ft. high, angled, heads cylindric, 4 to 1 in. long.
Lateral sepals narrow and twice as long as the subtending chaffy bract
and distinctly fringed. Wet pine barrens, New Jersey.
4, XX. caroliniana, Walt. CaRoLINA YELLOW-EYED Grass. Scape de-
cidedly flattened, 6 in. to 2 ft. high. Lateral sepals winged, obscurely
fringed above, these lateral sepals shorter than the chaffy bract, sub-
tending them. Swamps mostly near the coast.
5. X. arenicola, Small. (Fig. 7, pl. 9.) Twistep YELLOW-EYED GRASS.
(X. torta, Kunth.) Scape much twisted, arising from a bulbous base.
Leaves also spiral twisted. Heads narrow oblong. Lateral sepals ex-
ceeding the bract and slightly fringed. Dry pine barrens, New Jersey.
May-Aug.
6. X. Smalliana, Nash. Concpon’s YELLOW-EYED Grass. (X. Cong-
dont, Small.) Larger than X. caroliniana, the stem 16 to 22 in. high.
Leaves about 3/8 in. broad at base, the longer ones as long as the flower
stem. Bracts forming the head numerous with irregularly notched bor-
ders. Lateral sepals } in. long. ‘Low grounds, Mass. to New Jersey.
Aug.-Sept.
Famity II.—ERIOCAULACEAE. Pirewort FAmILy
Plants growing in bogs and in water. Leaves tufted, grass-like,
springing directly from the root. Flower stem longer than the
leaves, sometimes very long, angular and twisted. Flowers in
rounded heads, each individual flower subtended by a thin dry
bract. Pistillate and staminate flowers in the same head or occa-
114 COMMELINACEAE
sionally all the staminate flowers on one plant, the pistillate on
another. Stamens equal in number or twice the number of the
sepals.
1. ERIOCAULON, L.
Leaves short, grass-like. Flower stem with a sheathing bract at -the
base. Flowers in white or dull lead-colored rounded heads, Flowers bear-
ing stamens nearly tubular, of 2 segments at the summit, united below.
Stamens 4 to 6. The staminate flowers generally exterior to the pistil-
late. Calyx of 2 or 3 sealy sepals. Corolla tubular, spreading above and
divided at summit into 2 or 3 segments. Stamens twice as many as
the segments. Bracts bearded. é
l. E. articulatum, (Huds.) Morong. (Fig. 9, pl. 9.) SEVEN-ANGLED
Pirewort. (#. septangulare, With.). Leaves as long as the sheaths of
the flower scapes. Flower scapes twisted, 7-angled. When growing in
water the heads reach the surface, hence the scape may be 2 to 10 ft.
long; when on the muddy bank 1 or more inches high. Our area.
2. E, Parkeri, Robinson. Parker’s Pirpewort. Growing in tufts,
smooth, flower stem 2} to 5 in. high. Leaves linear-lanceolate, about 4
in. wide, 13 to 2} in. long. Differs from No. 1 in that the head of the
latter is said to be “ellipsoid,” while this species has heads said to be
“campanulate” in fruit and the flowers of the present species are erect
while the outer ones of No. 1 are spreading. In tidal mud, near Camden,
New Jersey. Sept.-Oct.
3. E. compressum,Lam. FLATTENED PipEwortT. Leaf blades sharp-
pointed, shorter than the sheaths of the flower stem, the latter slender and
flattened, 10- to 12-angled, 3 to 3 ft. long. Shallow water, south New
Jersey and southward.
4. E. decangulare, L. (Fig. 5, pl. 9.) TEN-ANGLED Prpewort. ‘Leaf
blades blunt-pointed, much longer than the sheath of the flower scape,
rather broad, grass-like, 6 to 20 in. long, often 4 in. wide. Flower stem
1 to 3 ft. tall. Swamps, south New Jersey and southward.
Famity II]—COMMELINACEAE. Spiperwort FAMILY
Generally somewhat succulent plants, annual or perennial by
their roots. Leaves alternate, always sheathing the stem at the
base. Flowers blue, generally several, subtended by a leaf-like
spathe (Commelina) or leafy bracts (T’radescantia). Sepals 3;
petals 3, unequal; stamens 6.
1. COMMELINA, L.
Weak, semi-prostrate, juicy herbs, with base of leaves encircling the
stem. Flowers } in. broad, enclosed below by a heart-shaped folded leaf
or spathe. Sepals or petals unequal. Of the 6 stamens 3 are usually
sterile and smaller than the others. Flowers all summer.
1. C. communis, L. (Fig. 2, pl. 8.) CREEPING Day FLower. (C.
nudiflora, L.?). Leaves and stem light green, semi-prostrate, often rooting
ARUM AND PIPEWORT FAMILIES 115
PLATE 9
1. Peltandra virginica. 2. Orontium aquaticum. 3. Acorus Calamus.
4. Symplocarpus foetidus. 5. Eriocaulon decangulare, 6. Xyris fimbriata.
7. X. arenicola, 8. X. flexuosa. 9. Eriocaulon articulatum. 10. Pontederia
116 PONTEDERIACEAE
at the nodes. Leaves lance-shaped or oval lance-shaped, 4+ to } in. wide,
their sheathing bases not fringed with hairs or very slightly ciliate, and
of the color of the leaf or with whitish veins; the margins of the spathe
not united. In moist places, southern part of our area.
2. C. hirtella, Vahl. (Fig. 4, pl. 8.) Brarpep Day FrLower. Simi-
lar to No. 1, leaves broader and sheaths bearded on the edges with a fringe
of rather stiff hairs. Penna. and southward.
3. C. virginica, L. (Fig. 3, pl. 8.) Vircinta Day Fiower. A larger
species, 14 to 3 ft. high and with flowers 1 in. broad. N. Y. and southward.
2. TRADESCANTIA, L.
Branching herbs with long, narrow leaves, almost grass-like, and regular
flowers. Petals blue, 3 in number; sepals 3, stamens 6, all alike. The
loose cluster of a few flowers is subtended by long leafy bracts.
1. T. virginiana, L. (Fig. 5, pl. 8.) Sprperwort. Stem and leaves
smooth, light green, stem 4 to 3 ft. tall. Leaves linear, channeled. Woods
and thickets. Conn., and southward.
2. T. pilosa, Lehm. ZiczAc Sprperwort. Resembles No. 1, but the
whole plant is more or less hairy. Stem zigzag. Southern Penna. and
southward. June-Aug.
Famity IV.—PONTEDERIACEAE. PIcKEREL-WEED FAMILY
Aquatic plants, herbs with flower-stem bearing clusters of blue
irregular flowers subtended by a leaf-like spathe. Leaves broad
or linear. Flowers of 6 unequal petals, with 3 or 6 stamens in-
serted in the tube of the corolla. Pistil 1, the head being 3-lobed.
Many flowers forming a nearly cylindric spike . . Pontederia
A few flowers in a loose cluster subtended by a spathe Heteranthera
1. PONTEDERIA, L.
Perianth tubular with 2 lips of 3 divisions each, the lower lip more
spreading than the upper. Leaves thick, heart-shaped. Flower stalk
stout.
P. cordata,L. (Fig. 10, pl. 9.) PrcKxeren Weep. Leaves _heart-
arrow-shaped. Flower spike densely flowered, forming a cylindric spike
from 1 to 3 in. long. Found in shallow borders of ponds and streams
where the thick creeping rootstalks form a net-work in the muddy bot-
tom. July-Aug.
2. HETERANTHERA, R. & P.
Perianth spreading with 6 nearly equal segments. Flower clusters with
few flowers, subtended by a spathe. Stamens 3, inserted in the throat
of the perianth. Creeping and floating herbs with various forms of leaves,
RUSH FAMILY 117
1. H. reniformis,R. & P. (Fig. 7, pl. 3.) Mup Prantain. Leaves
kidney-formed. Flowers 2 to 5 in a cluster, white or pale blue. Mud in
shallow borders of ponds and streams. Conn., westward.
2. H. dubia, (Jacq.) MacM. (Fig. 6, pl. 3.) Water Star Grass.
Leaves grass-like. One flower only arising from the spathe, yellow. In
still water or in the muddy borders of streams. In our whole region.
Order VI.—LILIIFLORAE. Order of Lily-like Flowers
Perianth (except in Iris and Trillium) of 6 similar parts,
usually all colored. In Juncaceae the parts are dry, greenish or
brown, scales or glumes, and in Muscari, Aletris and a few others
the divisions are more or less united. The divisions are arranged
in an outer and an inner row, the outer in fact representing the
calyx. In Trillium the segments of the outer row are green sepals.
The divisions are, however. in other genera generally structurally
similar and all have the appearance of petals. The anthers face
toward the inside of the flower.
In the Iris and Bloodwort families 3 stamens are suppressed
and in the Iris itself 3 petals are less in size than the other 3, while
the 3 styles are so expanded and colored as to resemble petals.
There are, therefore, with the exceptions mentioned, 6 petals, and
in all our species, 6 stamens and 1 or 3 pistils, the latter surmount-
ing an ovary divided into 3 cells, the ovary being situated above
the stamens and perianth in some families and below in others.
In general the leaves are long and narrow with parallel veins.
In most of the berry-bearing species the leaves are broadened and
in the plants with twining or woody stems the leaves are decidedly
broad, often oval or even round. This fact holds also with
Trillium.
The order is an extensive one, including Rushes, the onion-like
Alliums, the Hyacinths, Smilax and other tribes besides the true
Lilies.
1. Flowers with dry, chaffy perianth (glumes) similar to that
of the grasses, sedges, etc., but with the general structure
of Liluflorae . . . . . RusH Famity JUNCACEAE
118 J UNCACEAE
2. Flowers not with chaffy perianth, perianth colored.
Flowers with 6 stamens.
Ovary situated above the perianth.
Fruit a capsule.
Capsule splitting at the partitions.
BuncH FiLowrer Famiry MELANTHACEAE
Capsule splitting between the partitions.
Flowers in loose clusters or solitary.
: : Lity Famity LILITACEAE
Tioga in rounded umbels. Tribe ALLIOIDEAE
Fruit a fleshy berry.
Vines climbing by tendril.
Sminax Famity SMILACEAE
Titer iets we perfect flowers CONVALLARIACEAE
Ovary situated below the perianth.
Erect herbs. AMARYLLIS Famiry AMARYLLIDACEAE
Herbaceous vine . YAm Famity DIOSCOREACEAE
Flowers with 3 stamens.
Ovary situated wholly or partly below the perianth.
Stamens opposite the inner corolla segments.
Buoopwort Famity HAEMODORACEAE
Stamens opposite the outer.segments of the corolla.
. Ints Famitry IRIDACEAE
Famity I.—JUNCACEAE. Tur Rusu FAamIny
Grass-like herbs with small dry, greenish flowers much resem-
bling the grasses, but having the divisions of the lily order. The
perianth is of 6 parts, glume-like, in 2 series, all equal and regu-
lar. Stamens 6 (rarely 3); style 1; ovary 1-celled or 3-celled.
y 9); sty > :
Inflorescence in spreading or elongated clusters, often one-sided.
Capsule many-seeded . . . . . =. «© « - Juncus
Capsule 3-seeded . |. 1 ANI oe. eee
1. JUNCUS, L.
Plants principally inhabiting swamps or wet ground. Leaves grass-
like. Stamens 6 or 3. Capsule 1- or 3-celled. Seeds many. Flowers
usually on a long, cylindric scape, which to most people is mistaken for
the leaf. This long scape forms the rush that is used for various purposes.
RUSH FAMILY 119
A. Clusters of flowers apparently growing from the side of the scape.
1. J. effusus, L. (Fig. 1, pl. 10.) Common Rusu. Scape straight,
4 to 4 ft. high, growing in dense tufts. The cluster of green flowers
grows apparently on one side of the scape, which extends above it from
2 to several inches. The cluster is twice compound, the flowers sepa-
rate, not in heads, the cluster subtended by several bracts. A long leaf-
like bract sheaths the scape at base. The segments of the perianth are
green, lance-shaped, acute. Common in swamps and other wet places.
2. J. filiformis, L. (Fig. 8, pl. 10.) Tureap Rusu. Scape straight,
‘weak, very slender. The cluster of flowers is nearly simple, not twice
compound as in No. 1. The petals are shorter than the sepals, while in
No. 1 they are longer.
3. J. setaceus, Rostk. AWt-LEAvED Rusu. Scape 13 to 3 ft. high,
plant in dense tufts. The bract. or leaf sheathing the scape at base is
extended into a cylindric stem like the scape. Cluster of flowers com-
pound, with conspicuous bracts at the base of the secondary groups.
Sepals longer than petals and both narrow lance-shaped and acute at
apex. The apparent prolongation of the stem is really the involucral
leaf to the flower cluster. Marshes along the sea coast, Delaware, south-
ward.
4. J. Smithii, Coville. PENNSYLVANIA RusH. (J. gymnocarpus,
Englm.) Stem 1 to 2% ft. high; basal leaves reduced to clasping sheaths.
The loose cluster of flowers about an inch high, diffuse, the leaf below
the cluster 4 to 10 in. long. Parts of the perianth reaching only to the
middle of the capsule. The capsule broadly oval with a sharp point or
spine at the apex, brown and glistening. Swamps, mountains of Schuyl-
kill and Lebanon Counties, Penna. g
5. J. balticus, Willd. Bartic Rusu. Scape 1 to 3 ft. high, the plants
arising in dense rows from a stout rootstock. Flower cluster brown,
1 to 14 in. high, the parts of the perianth lance-shaped, acute, nearly
equal. Sandy shores, most of our region.
6. J. trifidus, L. (Fig. 7, pl. 10.) HicH~anp RusH. A small rush,
densely tufted; scape 4 to 12 in. high. Basal leaves sheathing the scape,
scarcely diverging as leaf blades. At from 1 to 3 in. below the small head
of flowers a single-stem leaf arises, which is from 3 to 5 in. long; very
narrow. Cluster of 1 to 3 flowers in the axil of a bract resembling the
leaf-stem, but rarely more than 2 in. long. Flowers dark brown. Stamens
6. On the high mountains of the Adirondack and White Mountain ranges.
Cd
7. J. Roemerianus, Scheele. Ra@Mmer’s Rusu. A large rush, growing
in salt marshes; scape stout, rigid, 1} to 4 ft. high, arising singly from
a horizontal rootstock. Basal leaves short, sheathing, or nearly as long
as the stem. Cluster of flowers diffuse, 2 to 6 in. high, with flowers in
heads of 5 to 8, dark brown, Stamens and pistils not always all on same
plant. Seeds without tails. Sepals sharp-pointed, the petals shorter.
Salt marshes, New Jersey and southward.
8. J. maritimus, Lam. (Fig. 5, pl. 10.) Sea Rusw. Resembles No.
6. Flower green, not dark brown as it is in that species and seeds are
tailed, Salt marshes at Coney Island, N. Y.
120 J UNCACEAE
B. Clusters of flowers terminal on the scape.
Flowers separate, not in heads.
9. J. bufonius,L. (Fig. 6, pl. 10.) Toap Rusu. Stem branching,
tufted, 3 to 8 in. high. Leaves from root and stem, the latter 1 to 2
in. long. Flowers terminal in forked clusters. Final clusters of 2 or 3
flowers. Parts of the perianth lance-shaped, sharp, the petals much
longer than the sepals, not equal among themselves. Common.
10. J. tenuis, Willd. (Fig. 10, pl. 10.) St tenner Rusu. Stems not
branched, wiry, 8 to 30 in. high. Leaves flat, thread-like, 3 the height
of stem. Flowers in a diffuse fan-shaped cluster, not in heads, sub-
tended by a bract much longer than the cluster. Parts of the perianth
green, spreading; pod globular. Common.
1l. J. secundus, Beaur. Srcunp RusH. Growing in tufts. Stem 6
to 16 in. high. Flowers in a one-sided cluster. Capsule oblong, 3-sided,
equaled by the perianth. Leaf at base of cluster about as long as the
cluster. Dry soil.
12. J. Dudleyi, Weigand. Dupiry’s Rusu. Stems 12 to 40 in. high.
Leaves basal, about one-half the length of the scape, narrowly linear, flat.
Inflorescence 1 to 2 in. high, the subtending leaf or bract exceeding it in
length. Cluster few flowered. Capsule ovoid, shorter than the perianth.
Me., Washington, Conn.
13. J. dichotomus, Ell. Forkep Rusu. Stems not branched, wiry,
1 to 3 ft. high. Leaves thread-like, rownd, channeled on one side, ex-
tending from Jong sheaths. Flowers in a forked cluster, each flower
separate. Pod round, as Jong as the sepals. This and the preceding
species closely resembling each other. Common in dry soil.
14. J. Gerardi, Lois. (Fig. 2, pl. 10.) Brack Grass. Stems 8 to
30 in. high, from creeping rootstocks. Basal leaves sheathing then spread-
ing, flat, narrow; stem leaves thread-like. Flowers in a forked cluster,
not in heads, each subordinate cluster subtended by a long bract. Pod as
long as the sepals, black; parts of the perianth obtuse. Style conspicuous,
3-branched at summit. Mostly in salt marshes,
15. J. Greenei, Oakes & Tuckerm. GRreEENE’S Rusu. Scapes wiry,
8 to 30 in. high. Leaves slender, round, grooved. Cluster forked; flowers
separate; bract at base of cluster very slender and several times longer
than the cluster. Flowers straw colored. Sepals shorter than the pod,
egg-shaped. Stamens 6. Near the sea coast, Maine, southward.
16. J. Vaseyi, Engelm. (Fig. 3, pl. 10.) Vasry’s Rusu. Resembles
No. 12, but sepals are as long as the pod and the bract is usually not
much longer than the flower cluster. Dry soil, throughout our area.
C. Clusters of flowers terminal.
Flowers in heads. Seeds tailed.
17. J. asper, Engelm. New Jersey Rusu. (J. Caesariensis, Co-
ville.) Stems rigid, 20 to 40 in. high, stout. Leaves of the stem long,
rounded, roughened. Cluster 1 to 4 in. high, subordinate clusters (heads),
2- to 3-flowered; parts of the perianth lance-shaped, sharp pointed, not
as long as the 3-sided lance-shaped capsule, which at length becomes
RUSH FAMILY 121
PLATE 10
1. Juncus effusus. 2. J. Gerardi. 3. J. Vaseyi. 4. J. canadensis. 5. J.
maritimus. 6. J. bufonius. 7. J. trifidus. 8. J. filiformis. 9. J. nodosus. 10.
J. tenuis. 11. Luzula spicata. 12, L. confusa. 13. L. pilosa. 14. L. cam-
pestris.
122 JUNCACEAE
black. Seeds tailed at both ends. Sandy swamps. Southern part of our
area. (New Jersey).
18. J. canadensis, Gay. (Fig. 4, pl. 10.) Canapa Rusu. Stems 1
to 4 ft. high, stout, with 2 to 4 stem leaves, which are erect and smooth.
Flower cluster in whorls, the heads containing from 3 to 40 flowers.
Parts of the perianth lance-shaped, acute, the inner row longer than the
outer. Stamens 3. Capsule 3-sided, lance-shaped, longer than the peri-
anth. Seeds tailed at each end. Common; quite variable.
19. J. marginatus, Rostk. GrRass-LEAVeED RusH. Growing in tufts.
Scape 6 to 30 in. tall, 2- to 4-leaved. Flowers in severai nearly spherical
heads on branching stems or one above another. Stamens 3; capsule ovoid,
as long as the perianth. Grassy places.
20. J. stygius, L. Moor Rusu. Not tufted. Stems 3 to 12 in. high;
1 to 3 leaves below. Flowers in 1 to 4 heads, each of 1 to 4 flowers.
The bract subtending the cluster or clusters, usually exceeding the clus-
ters in length. Capsule spindle-shaped, sharp-pointed, rather longer than
the perianth. Maine, northern New York.
Seeds acute, not tailed.
21. J. pelocarpus, Meyer. BRrowNIsH-rruITED RusH. (J. subtilis,
Meyer.) Stems slender, 3 to 20 in. high, with 1 to 5 leaves, which are
slender and rounded, Flower cluster of whorls of branches bearing very
small heads, 1 to 3 flowers, which aré reddish. Pod oblong, pointed,
longer than the perianth. Bract subtending the cluster shorter than the
cluster, Northern part of our area to southern New Jersey.
22. J. articulatus, L. Jomnrep RusH. Stems 8 to 20 in. high, with
1 or 2 leaves, which are rounded and slender. Cluster of several whorls
of branches, the branches carrying 1 or more heads each. Heads of 6
to 12 flowers. Perianth brown, its parts oblong. Pod deep brown ex-
ceeding the perianth. Seeds not tailed. Bract of base of cluster shorter
than cluster. Throughout our area.
23. J. militaris, Begel. Bayonet Rusu. Stems stout, 2 to 4 ft.
high, each bearing a single leaf or less frequently 2 rounded leaves, one
of which may be 2 to 34 ft. high, overtopping the flower cluster. At
base are dense fascicles of thread-like leaves from the nodes of the root-
stock. Cluster branching, with many heads, each containing from 5 to
12 or more brown flowers. Parts of the perianth acute, as long as the
cone-shaped capsule. In bogs and streams, northern New York.
24. J. nodosus, L. (Fig. 9, pl. 10.) KNorrep Rusu. Stem slender,
4 to 2 ft. high, with 2 or 3 stem leaves, the upper (the bract) over-
topping the cluster. Cluster of few or many heads; the heads nearly
spherical of & to 20 flowers. Capsule conical, very slender-pointed, the
parts of the involucre also narrow and slender-pointed, 1/2 or 2/3 as
long as the capsule. Wet sands.
25. J. Richardsonianus, Schult. Rricnarpson’s Rusu. In loose tufts.
Stems 6 to 20 in. high, 1- to 2-leaved. Clusters of rounded heads 2} to
8 in. high, branching, the branches somewhat parallel or spreading. Leaf
below the cluster about 4 as long as the cluster. Heads 3- to 12-ilowered.
Capsule ovoid-oblong, slightly exceeding the perianth, straw-colored or
brown, Throughout our area,
RUSH FAMILY 123
26. J. Torreyi, Coville. Torry’s Rusu. Stems 8 to 40 in, high, not in
tufts. Stem leaves 1 to 4. Heads round, 4 to 2 in. diameter, 1 to 20
in a cluster. Stamens 6. Capsule 3-sided with a long beak, exceeding the
perianth. Western New York, extending westward.
27. J. acuminatus, Michx. Snarp-rruirep Rusu. Stem 1 to 3 ft.
high, with 2 or 3 stem leaves, the lower 4 to 8 in. long. Cluster long,
with remote whorls of flower stems; heads 3 to 15 flowered. Stamens
3. Parts of the perianth narrow, awl-shaped, very sharp pointed, about
as long as the brown capsule. Throughout our area.
28. J. scirpoides, Lam. Scrrpus-Like RusH. Stem 1 to 3 ft. high,
slender, rigid, with about 2 rounded stem leaves. Cluster of 2 to 30
spherical pale green heads, the cluster sometimes 6 in. long. Parts of the
perianth narrow awl-shaped to bristle-like, nearly as long as the conical
capsule. Wet sandy soil, New York, southward.
LUZULA, DC. (Juncoides, Adams)
Perennial plants with some of the characteristics of the Rushes, but
with flat, grass-like leaves which are soft and often hairy, and with
flowers in umbels, spikes or diffuse clusters. Flowers, each subtended by
a bract. Capsule of 1 cell with 3 seeds; stamens 6. Plants usually found
in dry grounds.
1. L. pilosa, Coville. (Fig. 13, pl. 10.) Harry Woop RusH. (LU.
saltuensis, Fernald.) Stem erect, 2- to 4-leaved, 6 to 12 in. high. Leaf
blades grass-like, hairy; stem leaves shorter than those from the base.
Flowers in an umbel subtended by a bract 4 to 1 in. high, the thread-
like flower stems bearing each a single flower or rarely 2. Parts of the
perianth 6, triangular, narrowed at apex, longer than the toothed bract-
lets, brown, with a translucent margin. Capsule longer than the perianth
segments, pyramidal, surmounted by the 3-parted pistil. Found in a
considerable part of our area.
2. L. parviflora, (Ehrh.) Coville. SMmMaAtt-FLowERED Woop Rusu.
Stem 10 to 30 in. high, with 2 to 5 grass-like leaves, which are smooth.
Flowers small, in a cluster composed of 2 or more whorls of flower stems,
each of which may be terminated by a sort of umbel, the cluster 1 to 4
in. high, bracted at the base of each whorl and at the branchings. Flowers
borne singly on the thread-like branches of the cluster. Parts of the
perianth 6, narrowed at the apex, scarcely as long as the egg-shaped
capsule. Maine, New Hampshire, New York and westward.
3. L. spicata, (L.) Kuntze. (Fig. 11, pl. 10.) Sprxep Woop Rusu.
Stem 4 to 16 in. high, with 1 to 3 leaves; basal leaves forming a grassy
tuft. Flowers brown in a narrow interrupted spike, more or less nodding.
Parts of the perianth bristle-pointed; capsule egg-shaped, about as long
as the parts of the perianth. Found generally on the high mountains of
our area.
4. L. confusa, Lindb. (Fig. 12, pl. 10.) NortHern Woop RUSH.
(L. hyperborea, (R. Br.) Sheldon.) Plants 4 to 8 in. high. Leaves in
a small cluster at base and 1 or 2 on the stem. Flowers in an oblong
cluster or two clusters, dense, } in. or less in length. Parts of the peri-
anth brown. Higher mountains of our area,
124 LILIACEAE
5. L. campestris, (L.) DC. (Fig. 14, pl. 10.) Common Woop Rusu.
Stem 4 to 20 in. high, rising from a grassy tuft of leaves and bearing
1 or 2 stem leaves. Flowers in a terminal umbel, straw colored, the
parts of the perianth bristle-pointed, longer than the rounded capsule.
Common in dry woodlands.
Famity IJ.—LILIACEAE, Lity Famity
In our region, herbaceous plants or woody vines with flowers
in clusters of various forms. Flowers regular, with 6 segments of
the perianth, exceptionally united at base, in 2 rows, an outer
and an inner, the outer series in fact representing the calyx.
Stamens 6, the anthers mostly with their face inward. Fruit of
3 carpels; style with an entire summit or divided into 3 lobes.
Capsule usually splitting at the partitions.
A. Herbs not having twining or woody stems
Fruit not a round berry.
Ovary with few exceptions, situated above the perianth.
Flowers with 6 symmetrical petals, all uniformly colored
and not united.
Flowers solitary or in loose clusters, pistil not divided
in 3 parts . . . . Limy Tree. (5) MITiltouiege
Flowers few or solitary in more or less dense clusters.
Styles divided into 3 spreading lobes.
Flowers solitary. Genus Uvunarta (3).
. Buncn Frower Tripe. (2) Melanthioideae
Flowers in a rounded umbel. Style not divided. Stem
springing from a bulb. ONnton Trrpe. (4) Allioideae
Flowers with 6 petals all united at the base, forming a 6-
toothed bell or tube, Hyacintu Tripe. (1) Hyacinthineae
LILY FAMILY 125
Ovary situated below the perianth.
Erect herbs. . CoNvALLARIA TriBE. (7) Convallariineae
B. Plants with twining stems.
Stems woody . . . . . Sminax Trips. (8) Smilacoideae
TriBE I—MELANTHIOIDEAE. Buncu FLOWER TRIBE
Herbs springing from a rootstock or less frequently from a bulb. Leaves
all from the root or arising from the stem. Perianth of 6 equal parts,
separate or slightly connected at the base. Flowers generally in length-
ened clusters (spikes, racemes, panicles, I, II, III, p. 36, Part I), in
Uvularia solitary. Ovary superior to the stamens and perianth and free
from both. Stamens 6, inserted, not directly on the receptacle, but at the
base of the segments of the perianth. Styles 3, sometimes quite short,
the 3 divisions of the ovary closely connected, but not completely united
as they are in the Lily and other flowers of the Lily family. The di-
visions are, however, always free at the summit. Fruit a 3-parted cap-
sule, splitting longitudinally through the partitions.
Flowers in more or less elongated clusters.
HOW EES PUEPlLEr rs. set Aah lot Mem eu Sal Val ilies rents Helonias
Flowers greenish or white.
Leaves narrow, grass-like.
Flowers each with an involucre of 3 bracts . . . £Tofieldia
Flowers without an involucre.
Segments of the perianth with 2 glands or protuberances
at base.
Segments without a claw . . . . . Zygadenus
Segments with a claw . . . . . . Melanthium
Segments of corolla without glands.
All the flowers with stamens and pistils.
Flower stems quite leafy . . . Xerophyllum
. Flower stems with a few short leaves.
Basal leaves not over 1/10 in. broad
ey Fits SURE mane Ua Narthecium
Basal leaves 1/6 in. to more than 1 in.
broad AP sae. ihe oe OO an Amianthium
Some of the flowers with only one set of the above
organs EDS aNy sit AeA edge PRS y seen cena tn Stenanthium
Leaves broad.
Leaves oval or egg-shaped . -. . . . . Weratrum
Leaves broader at outer extremity than inner (spatula-
formed). Flowers mostly either staminate only or
pIstillapegcOnlyaeee ee iene nse al Chamaelirium
LaGWerh SOMLARVs \VOHOW) 5) al 8) a Ok ee pie aie Uvularia
126 LILIACEAE
1. TOFIELDIA, Huds. (Tofield, an English botanist)
Perennial plants with narrow flower clusters, each terminal to a long and
slender flower-stem (spike, raceme, I, Il, p. 36, Part I). Leaves narrow,
grass-like and mostly at the base. Flowers with both stamens and pis-
tils, white or green, spreading, each subtended by a small, scale-like 3-
parted involucre. At base of each flower stem is a small, green, leaf-
like bract below the calyx. Segments of the perianth without claws.
Stamens bearing anthers which look inward. Capsule 3-angular and
separable into 3 parts, each part with many seeds.
1. T. glutinosa, (Michx.) Pers. GLutTinous TorretprA. Stem 6 to
20 in. high, covered with soft, viscid hairs. The flower pedicels very
glutinous and clustered in 3’s. Seed with a long tail at each end. Cap-
sule oblong.
2. T. racemosa, (Walt.) BSP. (Fig. 5, pl. 11.) Vuiscip Tortenpra.
Stems very viscid, downy, somewhat taller than No. 1. Flowers clustered
in 3’s. Seed with a short tail at each end, in an oval capsule. Swamps,
southern New Jersey and southward.
2. NARTHECIUM, (Moehring), Juss. (Abama, Adams)
Perennial herbs with the general appearance of Tofieldia. Flowers
small, greenish-yellow. Segments of perianth 6, linear-lance-shaped. No
involucre at base of flower as there is in Tofieldia. Seeds appendaged at
end. Capsule oblong-cylindric. Stalk less viscid than that of Tofieldia.
Stamens covered with white hairs.
N. americanum, Ker, AMeErRIcAN Boa AspHopeL. Stem 8 to 20 in.
tall, not hairy, wiry. Basal leaves 3 to 8 in. long. Flower cluster 1
to 2 in. long. Rare, swamps in southern New Jersey.
3. HELONIAS, L.
Perennial herbs in bogs. Leaves evergreen, broadly spatula-formed or
inversely lance-shaped, all from the base. Stem surmounted by a some-
what narrow bunch (raceme) of purple flowers. Perianth of 6 parts.
Seed with a white tail at each end. Capsule broadly egg-shaped.
H. bullata, L. (Fig. 2, pl. 11.) Swamp Pink. Stem 1 to 2 ft. high,
with few or no bracts. Southern New York, New Jersey and Penna.
Rare.
4. XEROPHYLLUM, Michx.
Tall perennial herbs with woody rootstock, very slender linear leaves
and with very numerous showy white flowers in a slender cluster (II,
p. 36, Part I). Petals without glands at base, widely spreading; sepals
white resembling petals, oval. Stamen filaments dilated at middle. Cap-
sule oval, or nearly globular, 3-grooved. The summits of the 3 styles
turn outward. Each of the 3 lobes of the capsule with 2 seeds.
X. asphodeloides, (L.) Nutt. Turkry-Bearp, Stem 24 to 5 ft. high,
many leaves below with few above. Leaves from the base 1 ft. or more
in length and 1/12 of an inch broad. In pine barrens of New Jersey and
southward. May-July.
LILY FAMILY 127
NN
Wie ()
Wie
S75
LOSS
PLATE 11
1. Veratrum viride. 2. Helonias bullata, 3. Amianthium muscaetoxicum.
4, Chamaelirium luteum. 5. Tofieldia racemosa. 6. Melanthium virginicum.
128 LILIACEAE
5. CHAMAELIRIUM, Willd.
Herb, from thick tubrous rootstock. Stem tall and smooth. Staminate
and pistillate flowers growing on different plants, each class of flowers
in a linear cluster (spike I, p. 36), the petals spatula-formed, white,
with a single central nerve. Leaves at the base, spatula-formed (Fig.
11, p. 17, Part I), those of the stem few and lJance-shaped. Seeds winged
at each end. The plants with pistillate flowers are usually taller than
those with staminate flowers.
1. C. luteum, (L.) A. Gray. (Fig. 4, pl. 11.) Buazrne Star. Plant
13 to 2 ft. high, leafy; basal leaves 2 to 8 in. long, spatula-formed. Low
grounds, New England and south.
2. C. obovale, Small. Similar to No. 1, but the capsule of No. 1
is oblong on a slender pedicel, that of C. obovale is obversely egg-shaped,
on a stout pedicel. Mass., northward. Spring.
6. AMIANTHIUM, Gray (Chrosperma, Raf.)
Tall smooth herb, starting from a bulb, with many long, linear, blunt
pointed leaves from the base and only a few short leaves on the flower
stem. Flowers all with stamens and pistils, white, in slender elongated
clusters (II, p. 36, Part I). Petals without claws or glands, oval, obtuse
and spreading. Ovary 3-lobed, ovoid.
A. muscaetoxicum, (Walt.) Gray. (Fig. 3, pl. 11.) Fry-porson.
Stem 14 to 4 ft. high. Cluster of flowers dense; seeds fleshy, red. Leaves
keeled, grass-like, about 3 in. broad. In southern part of our region.
7. STENANTHIUM, (Gray) Kunth.
Plants resembling Amianthium, the terminal cluster of greenish-white
flowers less compact and broader below (panicle). Segments of the
perianth narrow and long. Leaves grass-like, keeled. Some of the
flowers are perfect, bearing both stamens and pistils, others only one set
of these organs.
S. robustum, 8. Wats. Srour Srenantnium. (S. gramineum, (Ker.)
Kunth.). Stem leafy, 3 to 5 ft. high. Leaves 1 ft. long or more, the upper
reduced to bracts. Flower cluster pyramidal, compound (panicle). Moist
soil, southern Penna. July-Sept. ;
8. ZYGADENUS, Michx.
Smooth perennial herbs, in our species from a bulb, with nearly naked
stems and grass-like leaves. Petals each with 1 or 2 glands at base.
Seeds angled. Flowers greenish-white, in a loose spike or raceme (I, II,
p- 36, Part I) from 6 to 12 in. long. Flowers generally bearing both
stamens and pistils, greenish, yellowish or whites Capsule 3 lobed,
3-celled.
l. Z. chloranthus, Richards. GLaucus ZyaapeNus. (Z. elegans,
Pursh.?). Plant covered with a whitened bloom. Bulb about 1 in. long,
about 4 in. broad; leaves grass-like. Gland at base of petals distinctly
heart-shaped. ‘The flower cluster only moderately spreading (Ii, ps 36)
2. Z. leimanthoides, A. Gray. PINE-BARREN ZYGADENUS. Flower
LILY FAMILY 129
cluster quite spreading (III, p. 36, Part I). The gland at base of petals
only a yellow spot. Flowers about } in. broad. Swamps, wet soil.
9. MELANTHIUM, L.
Perennial herbs, tall, leafy, with greenish flowers in a long loose termi-
nal pyramidal cluster (panicle, III, p. 24, Part I). Leaves broad-linear.
Flowers simply staminate or simply pistillate on the same plant or
both classes of organs in the same flower, greenish-white or cream color.
Perianth of 6 spreading, oblong or somewhat heart-shapéd segments raised
on slender claws with or without 2 glands at base. Capsule conical;
seeds flat, broadly winged.
“1. Mz. virginicum, L. (Fig. 6, pl. 11.) BuNncH-rLower. Stems 2 to
5 ft. high. Leaves somewhat broadly linear-lanceolate. Cluster pyramidal.
Petals oblong, the outline not indented. June-Aug.
2. M. latifolium, Desr. CrispepD BuNncu-FLowEeR. Leaves broader
toward the outer extremity. Petals nearly rounded and with undulating
outline. June-Aug.
Io. VERATRUM, (Tourn.) L.
Perennial herb with tall leafy stem springing from a thickened root-
stock (poisonous). Leaves alternate, mostly broad oval, passing to lance-
shaped, marked by strong parallel veins and longitudinal foldings.
Flowers in a loose pyramidal cluster (panicle) at the summit of the
stem. These are mostly perfect or some may be staminate only and
others pistillate only. Stamens not arising from the segments of the
perianth, but from the receptacle, nearly erect at first, then spreading.
V. viride, Ait. (Fig. 1, pl. 11.) AmericAN WHITE HELLEBORE.
InDIAN Poke. Stem from 2 to 8 ft. high; flowers yellowish-green in the
axils of bracts, forming a large pyramidal cluster. Wet places through-
out our region. May-July.
iz. UVULARIA, L.
Perennial erect herbs from rootstocks. Stems smooth, forking, leafy
above with clasping scales below. Flowers large, drooping, solitary at
the extremities of branches or rarely 2 at end of the same branch. Peri-
anth narrow bell-shaped, 1 to 13 in. Jong. Stamen filaments thread-like,
the anthers quite long. Ovary 3 angled, ovoid.
Leaves completely surrounding the stem.
MEAVeSHUOW IVlE DELEAL HMM ciy sill sm ll Sinisa aul sitll sesmlanCla Necanainore
Leaves smooth beneath . SP CEG oNMeW riot ve U. perfoliata
Leaves not completely surrounding the stem . .. ... . U, Ssessilifoha
l. U. perfoliata, L. (Fig. 5, pl. 12.) Perroxiate BELLwort. Stem
and leaves smooth, light green. Stem forked above the middle, 6 to 18 in.
high, often with a few leaves below the fork. Leaves penetrated by the
stem. Flowers pale yellow, an inch or more long, drooping. Ovary with 3
somewhat obtuse angles. Moist woods. May-June.
2. U. grandiflora, J. E. Smith. Larcr-rLowerepD BeLtLwort. Stem
penetrating the leaves which are downy beneath and oval or egg-shaped.
Flowers larger than in the preceding species. Growing in similar situa-
tions. April-June.
130 LILIACEAE
3. U. sessilifolia, L. (Fig. 6, pl. 12.) Sessme-LeEaAvep BeLiwort.
(Oakesia sessilifolia, Wats.) Leaves narrowly oval or lance-shaped, not
penetrated by the stem but half clasping it, 1 to 3 in. long. Flowers
greenish-yellow. Ovary with 3 winged angles. Moist woods. May-June.
TriseE IJ.—ALLIOIDEAE. On1on Trips
Only a single species, Allium, native in our territory.
ALLIUM, L.
Herbs with a characteristic garlicky odor with leaves and flower stem
springing from a bulb. Leaves mostly narrow and flat or hollow eylindrie
tubes. Less frequently broader lance-shaped. Flowers terminal on an
erect, generally cylindric, scape, in a rounded umbel which sometimes con-
tains also small bulblets. Perianth of 6 segments, all colored. Seeds
angular, black.
Eeaves’ broads. lanceolate; <<. 74) (eye ews Ue: fe” (gs Nee tle ee One
Leaves linear, flat.
Heads containing both flowers and bulblets . . . A. canadense
Heads with flowers only, heads nodding, stamens nearly twice the
length: iotmeperanthic) is peat.) ie ycrciee eh nau ce fale ee tee nm Caer
Leaves hollow tubes.
Stamens, at least the inner 3, with a prolonged tooth or spine
at each side extending above the anther ... . A. vineale
Stamens simple, not furnished with spines . ... . ak Schoenoprasum
1. A. tricoccum, Ait. Witp Leek. Leaves 6 to 12 in. long, disap-
pearing before the flowers are developed. Flower stalk 4 to 14 ft. high.
The two bracts subtending the umbel as long or longer than the pedicels
of the flowers; falling early. Flowers white, filaments of the stamens
flattened, as long as the petals. June-July.
2. A. Schoenoprasum, L. Curves. Leaves as long as the flower
stem, permanent. Bracts of the umbel broad, often partly enclosing the
umbel after the opening of the flowers. Flowers forming a dense head,
rose-colored, the flower longer than the pedicel. Stamens shorter than the
petals. Moist soil, often cultivated. June-Aug.
3. A. cernuum, Roth. Nopptnc Wuire Onion. Stem 4-angled, 1
to 2 ft. high, leaves about as long, flat. Bracts below the umbel small
and falling early. Flower umbel nodding. Rather dry localities, New
York and westward. July-Aug.
4. A. vineale, L. Witp Garric. Stem 1 to 3 ft. high, leaves few
and shorter than the stem, cylindric, hollow. Umbel containing flowers
or bulblets or both. Fields, Connecticut and westward. June-July.
5. A. canadense, L. Merapow Gartic. Stem 1 to 2 ft. high; leaves
linear, flat, shorter than flower stem; umbel bracts conspicuous, white,
acute at apex. Flowers pink or white, often replaced by bulblets. Moist
fields, throughout our area. May-June.
Trise IJI.—LILIOIDEAE. Trur Lity TRIBE
Flowers of the typical construction of the order; 6 petals, 6 stamens,
1 pistil, ovary of 3 cells, above the stamens and free from them; stamens
LILY FAMILY 131
t fb EE
Mi ! = Jo = N
4 Yy \
iy) \
i g =" \
i)
; PLATE 12
1. Maianthemum canadense. 2. Smilacina racemosa. 3. Polygonatum
biflorum. 4. P. commutatum. 5. Uvularia perfoliata. 6. U. sessilifolia.
132 LILIACEAE
having anthers which face toward the inside of the flower. Stem spring-
ing from a bulb or rootstock bearing one or several flowers in a loose
group.
eaves numerous-on the stem) oj) 5-0. | «eer Lilium
Leaves 2 at lower part of stem . .... . Erythronium
Leaves all from the bulb . . .-. . -. « . QOrnithogalam
1. LILIUM, L.
Tall herbs with leafy stems, bearing at or toward the summit one or
several large showy bell-shaped flowers of 6 colored, petaloid, segments.
Stamens generally shorter than the long, graceful style. Seed capsule
sub-triangular. :
1. L. philadelphicum, L. (Fig. 2, pl. 13.) Rep or Woop Lity.
Stem very erect, 1 to 3 ft. tall, with one or more large deep orange
flowers at the summit, erect or nearly so. Leaves lance-shaped, 1 to 4
in. long, in whorls, 3 to 8 leaves in each whorl. Petals with dark purple
dots, spreading above. A plant of much elegance in dry woods and
thickets. June-July.
2. L. canadense, L. (Fig. 3, pl. 13.) Wirtp YeLiow Liry. Leaves
in whorls; stem much taller than No. 1. (2 to 5 ft.), and bearing a
pyramidal cluster of yellow or orange bell-shaped drooping flowers, the
petals of which are turned back or spread outward. Leaves lance-shaped
with the veins beneath covered with hairs. Edges of leaves also rough-
ened. In moist meadows. Throughout our range, June-July.
3. L. superbum, L. (Fig. 1, pl. 13.) Turk’s Cap Lity. Stem 38 to
8 ft. high. Leaves in whorls or the upper alternate, the edges and under
veins of the leaves smooth. Flowers orange or orange-yellow, purple-
spotted, notably darker in color than No, 2. Wet meadows and marshes,
throughout our region.
4. L, tigrinum, Andr. Ticer Liry. Stem tall, dark purple with
dark bulblets in the axils of the alternate leaves. Flowers similar but
larger than those of No. 3. An elegant lily, escaped from cultivation.
2. ERYTHRONIUM, L.
Low herbaceous plants arising from a dilated root base resembling
a bulb in form. Leaves 2, opposite, at the lower half of the stem, broad
lance-form. Flower solitary, nodding, bell-shaped. Perianth of 6 seg-
ments; stamens 6; ovary 3 celled.
1. E. americanum, Ker. (Fig. 4, pl. 13.) YeLLow AppER’s TONGUE,
Stem 6 to 12 in. high. Leaves 3 to 8 in. long, ¢ to 1 in. wide, dark
green, usually mottled with brown. Flowers yellow. In wet shady places.
Common. March-May.
2. E. albidum, Nutt. Wuire Apper’s toneve. Similar to No. 1,
with white or purple flowers, In similar situations. March-May.
3. ORNITHOGALUM, L.
Low herbs arising from bulbs. Leaves all from the bulb; flower stem
LILY FAMILY
PLATE 13
1. Lilium superbum. 2. L. philadelphieum. 3. L. canadense. 4.°Eryth-
ronium americanum, 5. Muscari racemosum, 6. Ornithogalum umbellatum.
134 LILIACEAE
leafless, smooth, bearing a loose broad cluster of white flowers. (Ville:
36, Part I.)
O. umbellatum, L. (Fig. 6, pl. 13.) Star or BeruHLeneMm. Seg-
ments of perianth green beneath, spreading, opening in sunshine. Nat-
uralized. In fields and meadows. May-June.
Trine [V.—HYACINTHINEAE. Tur HyacintH TRIBE
Bulbous or fibrous rooted herbs. Flowers with 6 stamens, a single style
and a 3-celled ovary. Perianth segments united to form a globose or tubu-
lar bell.
Flowers globose or not spreading at the outer borders . Muscari
Flowers tubular, spreading at their outer borders . . Aletris
1. MUSCARI, Mill.
Leaves fleshy, arising from the bulb. Flower stem bearing a grape-like
cluster of globose or oblong flowers.
1. M. botryoides, (L.) Mill. Grape HyactntH. Flower stem 4 to
10 in. high, about equalling the leaves. Flowers dark blue or purple,
globose.
2. M. racemosum, (L.) Mill. (Fig. 5, pl. 13.) Srarcn Grape
HyactntH. Flowers ovate or oblong. Contracted at outer border, Es-
caped from gardens.
2. ALETRIS, L.
Herbs with slender flower stem and spreading rosette of yellowish-
green leaves at base. Flowers tubular, spreading at the outer extremity,
each with 6 lobes; arranged in a slender spike, 1 to 3 ft. high, the 6
stamens inserted on the segments of the united perianth, the tall style
somewhat deeply divided, outer surface of perianth roughened. Ovary
3 celled rounded or ovoid.
1. A. farinosa, L. (Fig. 5, pl. 16.) Star Grass. Coxtc Root.
Flowers white, spike of flowers 3 to 12 in. long, each flower subtended
by a bract longer than the flower pedicel. May-July.
2. A. aurea, Walt. Yettow Cortc Roor. Similar to No. 1 but with
yellow flowers. In the southern part of our region. July-Aug.
Trips V.—CONVALLARIINAE. Lity or tHe VALLEY TRIBE
Perennial plants, herbs and woody vines arising from rootstocks, leaves
all from the root or from the stem. Fruit, except in Trillium, a rounded
fleshy berry. Leaves broad with parallel veins. In Trillium and Aspara-
gus the arrangement of the veins is exceptional, being net-veined in the
former and the leaf scale-like or needle-shaped in the latter. Perianth of
6 segments (Maianthemum 4 segments) usually free, but in a few species
united, forming a tubular flower. Flowers in lengthened clusters, in pairs
LILY FAMILY 135
or single. Ovaries, except in Maianthemum, 3-celled above the perianth
and free from it.
Herbs without Woody Stems
Teeaves small, needle-formed . . . . . »« . . = . Asparagus
Leaves broad, but parallel veined.
Perianth segments 4, stamens 4 . . . . . . Maianthemum
Perianth of 6 segments free, stamens 6.
Flowers in an umbel.
eaves: tromeahey. Toot) S228) 2h) tes) 3, Clintonia
Leaves in a whorl of more than 3 about the stem . Medeola
Flowers in a lengthened cluster (raceme) . . . Smilacina
Flowers in pairs.
Blower@pair terminals: .) =... > + >> . Disporum
Flowers along the course of the stem (or sometimes single).
Wlower sepments; iree 2. . « &@ &* « “Streptopus
Flower segments united, tubular . . . Polygonatum
Leaves broad, veins not parallel.
Perianth of 3 colored and 3 green segments . . . . Trillium
1. ASPARAGUS, L.
Rootstock perennial, stem slender, branching with many short needle-
like leaves (or branchlets) arising in groups. The earlier leaves are
seale-like with broad insertions and it is in the axils of these scale-like
leaves that the needle formed leaves arise. Flowers numerous along the
branches of the stem, bell-shaped, segments deeply divided but joined at
the base. Berry red when ripe.
A. officinalis, L. Escaped from gardens, naturalized in places in our
region.
2. CLINTONIA, Raf.
Herbs, growing in shade with spreading roots, few leaves, all from the
root and a slender scape or flower stem bearing an umbel-like cluster of
bell-shaped flowers. Ovary 2-celled.
1. C. borealis, (Ait.) Raf. (Fig. 5, pl. 14.) Yettow C1rinTonia.
Flower stem covered with fine soft hairs, 6 to 15 in. high. Flowers, 2 to
5 in the umbel, yellow. Common.
2. C. umbellulata, (Michx.) Torr. Wuuite Cirnronta. Stem more
hairy and leaves broader. Flowers 12 to 30 in the uwmbel, white. Rich
woods; New York and southward.
3. SMILACINA, Desf. (Vagnera, Adams)
Slender horizontal rootstocks. Leafy stems with loose many flowered
136 LILIACEAE
clusters at the summit. Leaves alternate. Flowers white or greenish-
white.
1. §. racemosa, (L.) Desf. (Fig. 2, pl. 12.) Faust SprkEeNnarp.
Flower cluster branching (panicle); leaves oval, strongly veined. Berry
red, dotted. Common. May-July.
2. §. stellata, (L.) Desf. STar-FLOWERED Sotomon’s SEAL. Stem
10 to 18 in. high; flower cluster not branching (raceme). Leaves
numerous, oval lance-shaped. Berry red. Moist soil. Common. May-
June.
3. §. trifolia, (L.) Desf. THREE-LEAVED Sotomon’s SEAL. Stem 2
to 15 in. high. Flower cluster simple, not branching. Leaves 3, oval
lance-shaped. Bogs, in most of our region. May-June.
4. MAIANTHEMUM, Wiggers (Unifolium, Greene)
Small plants springing from slender rootstocks with shining alternate
leaves (1, 2 or 3). Flowers in an oval terminal cluster, white, suc-
ceeded by berries which, when ripe, are pale red. Petals only 4; ovary
of 2 cells; pistil about as long as the ovary.
M. canadense, Desf. (Fig. 1, pl. 12.) Two-Leavep SoLomon’s SEAL.
Witp Lity or THE VALLEY. A very frequent little plant in borders of
woods, often forming extensive beds. Stem 1 to 6 in. high, angular. Leaves
heart-shaped, 14 to 2 in. long, half as wide, generally blunt at outer ex-
tremity. Flower cluster of 20 or more small white flowers.
5. DISPORUM, Salisb.
Herbs resembling Uvularia but with hairy stem and leaves and with
flowers erect in pairs. Leaves ovate, with long tapering points, without
leaf stems, rarely clasping; segments of perianth 6, slender; stamens 6,
below the ovary and free from it.. Flowers greenish-yellow or white.
Berry ovoid.
D. lanuginosum, (Michx.) Nichols. Hatry DisporuM. Plant 1} to
2 ft. high, with an abundance of soft hairs. Flowers bell-shaped, nearly
erect. In shady places, western New York and westward.
6. STREPTOPUS, Michx.
Herbs arising from rootstocks. Branching, with alternate leaves which
clasp the stem. Flowers solitary or in pairs, from the leaf axils, bell-
shaped, with 6 slender segments. Stamens 6, opposite the petals and below
the ovary. Pistil 1, slender. Berry roundish.
1. §. amplexifolius, (L.) DC. CLAspING-LEAVED TwisTED STALK.
Flowers greenish, drooping. Borders of leaves smooth, pale green on the
under side, darker above. Leaves 2 to 3 in. long, $ as wide, Plant 1 to
2 ft. high. In moist woods throughout our region. May-June.
2. §. roseus, Michx. (Fig. 3, pl. 14.) Rose Twist Foot. Margins
of leaves roughened and hairy. Leaves equally green on both sides. Plant
about the size of No. 1. Common. May-June.
7. POLYGONATUM, Adams
Perianth segments united into a bell-shaped tube, 6 parted at the border,
LILY FAMILY 137
PLATE 14
1. Trillium grandiflorum. 2. T. erectum. 3. Streptopus roseus. 4. Med-
eola virginiana. 5. Clintonia borealis,
138 LILIACEAE
Herbs arising from a horizontal rootstock. Stems not branching, slender.
Leaves without leaf stalks, alternate, ovate or lance-shaped, with slender
points. Flowers in pairs, or 3 or 4 from a common stalk, the common
flower stalks arising at the axils of the leaves. Berry dark blue.
1. P. biflorum, (Walt.) Ell. (Fig. 3, pl. 12.) Hatry SoLomon’s
Seat. Plant hairy, } to 3 ft. high. Common. In woods and shady places.
April-July.
2. P. commutatum, (R. & S.) Dietr. (Fig. 4, pl. 12.) SmoorH
SoLomon’s SEAL. Plant entirely smooth, 1 to 8 ft. high. In moist woods,
New Hampshire, Rhode Island and southward. May-July.
8. MEDEOLA, L.
Slender, erect herb arising from a tubrous root, without branches, stem
surrounded, at about the middle, by a whorl of about 6 or more leaves
and terminated above by another whorl of 3 to 5 leaves which are sur-
rounded by several greenish-yellow flowers. Perianth of 6 re-curving seg-
ments; stamens 6, slender and conspicuous; styles 3, dark red, much
longer than the segments of the perianth and spreading. Berry globose.
M. virginiana, L. (Fig. 4, pl. 14.) INnp1AN CucumBer Root. Plant
from 1 to 24 ft. high. The 3 or 4 flowers may rise above the upper whorl
or droop between its leaves. Moist rich woods. Common. May-June.
g. TRILLIUM, L.
Herbs arising from tubrous roots or short rootstocks, with simple stems
surmounted by a whorl of 3 broad leaves and a single flower. Flower of
6 segments, 3 green, 3 colored. Stamens 6; ovary 3-angled and 3-celled.
Leaves on leaf-stalks.
Plant "eetow 611. sbigh v0 4, 8 0c sie co ee rene Ses T. nivale
Plant 8 to 24 in. high . aint acl hank oes, Ue at ee
Leaves without leaf a5 or with very ” short ‘ones.
Petals broadest at outer extremity . . . . . . «. ~. JT. grandiflorum
Petals broadest at inner extremity.
Pedicel of flower not more than 14 in. long . . . . . T. cernuum
Pedicel of flower more than 17 in. long . .. . . . TJ. erectum
1. T. grandiflorum, (Michx.) Salisb. (Fig. 1, pl. 14.) Larae-
FLOWERED WAKE-ROBIN. Petals broadest at outer extremity, white or
light rose with greenish veins, and much longer than the green sepals.
Flower nearly erect, larger and less spreading than the other species.
Stem 8 to 18 in. high. Somewhat common. In moist woods or lowlands.
May-June.
2. T. erectum, L. (Fig. 2, pl. 14.) ILL-ScENTED WAKE-ROBIN.
Petals broadest at inner extremity, and scarcely exceeding the green
sepals in length or even shorter, an inch long and twice as wide as the
sepals, spreading to a wheel-formed flower. Flower nodding on a nearly
erect peduncle, dark purple. Stem a foot or more high. Common in
moist woods. April-June.
3. T. cernuum, L. Noppinc WaKeE-RoBIN. Leaves more rounded than
either of the other species. Petals white, rather longer than the green
sepals, lance-shaped. Flowers spreading with petals rolled back, Stem
10 to 15 in, high,
LILY FAMILY 139
ERRATA
Page 138, 15th line
For surrounded read surmounted.
PLATE 15
1. Smilax glauca. 2. S. rotundifolia, 3. S. tamnifolia, 4. 8. Walteri. 5.
Dioscorea villosa.
138 LILIACEAE
Herbs arising from a horizontal rootstock. Stems not branching, slender.
Leaves without leaf stalks, alternate, ovate or lance-shaped, with slender
points. Flowers in pairs, or 3 or 4 from a common stalk, the common
flower stalks arising at the axils of the leaves. Berry dark blue.
1. P. biflorum, (Walt.) Ell. (Fig. 3, pl. 12.) Harry SoLomon’s
SeaL. Plant hairy, 3 to 3 ft. high. Common. In woods and shady places.
April-July.
2. P, commutatum, (R. & S.) Dietr. (Fig. 4, pl. 12.) Smoors
SoLtoMon’s SgAt. Plant entirely smooth, 1 to 8 ft. high. In moist woods,
New Hampshire, Rhode Island and southward. May-July.
RIN iy
= atom
Q.- TR ear
Herbs arising from tubrous roots or short rootstocks, with simp. —
surmounted by a whorl of 3 broad leaves and a single flower. Flower of
6 segments, 3 green, 3 colored. Stamens 6; ovary 3-angled and 3-celled.
Leaves on leaf-stalks.
Plant eatowo tin, shigh 27 > 5) ie. cl) ee foe RST el ot ire ta eteae eo
Plant 8 to 24 in. high . of we fw 6 6 dre CERO
Leaves without leaf stalls” or with very " short ‘ones.
Petals broadest at outer extremity . - « « « « 2, grandusram
Petals broadest at inner extremity.
Pedicel of flower not more than 14 in. long . . . . . T. cernuum
Pedicel of flower more than 1} in. long . .. . . . Zs erectum
1. T. grandiflorum, (Michx.) Salisb. (Fig. 1, pl. 14.) Larer-
FLOWERED WAKE-ROBIN. Petals broadest at outer extremity, white or
light rose with greenish veins, and much longer than the green sepals.
Flower nearly erect, larger and less spreading than the other species.
Stem 8 to 18 in. high. Somewhat common. In moist woods or lowlands.
May-June.
2. T. erectum, L. (Fig. 2, pl. 14.) Itt-ScENTED WAKE-ROBIN.
Petals broadest at inner extremity, and scarcely exceeding the green
sepals in length or even shorter, an inch long and twice as wide as the
sepals, spreading to a wheel-formed flower. Flower nodding on a nearly
erect peduncle, dark purple. Stem a foot or more high. Common in
moist woods. April-June.
3. T. cernuum, L. Noppina WAKE-RoBIN. Leaves more rounded than
either of the other species. Petals white, rather longer than the green
sepals, lance-shaped. Flowers spreading with petals rolled back, Stem
10 to 16 in, high,
-
LILY FAMILY 139
PLATE 15
1. Smilax glauca. 2. 8. rotundifolia, 3. 8. tamnifolia, 4. 8. Walteri. 5.
Dioscorea villosa.
140 LILIACEAE
4. T. undulatum, Willd. Parnrep WAKE-RoBIN. Leaves with leaf
stalks and with long narrow points. Petals lance-shaped or lance ovate,
nearly equal at the extremities, edges wavy, longer than the green sepals.
Flowers on nearly erect flower stems (pedicels) white, beautifully marked
with pink veins which distinctly color the throat. Stem 8 to 12 in. high.
Common in woods. April-June.
5. T. nivale, Beck. Earty WAKE-ROBIN. Plant 2 to 6 in. high.
Leaves on leaf-stalks, the blade 1 to 2 in. long, broadly oval. Flower
on a flower stem 1 in. long, bent or curved beneath the leaves. Petals
white, oblong or oval. Woods, Penna. and southward. March-May.
Trise VI.—SMILACOIDEAE. Smitax TRIBE
Woody or, in Nos. 1 and 2, herbaceous vines, climbing by ten-
drils, arising from large tubrous rootstocks. Pistillate and
staminate flowers on different plants, in rounded umbels, generally
on long pedicels. Segments of the perianth 6, small, white;
stamens inserted at the base of the perianth segments. Berry
globular, 3-celled, with 1 or 2 seeds in each cell.
One family, SMILACEAE, and only one genus.
SMILAX, L.
Which has the characters named above.
Herbaceous, annual plants . . . . . . «. « S. herbacea and S. tamnifolia
Woody perennial vines.
Stems all armed with prickles . . S. glauca, S. rotundifolia and S. hispida
Smaller stems without prickles.
Leaves shield-shaped en ee eae ees Go} Sa lees 2
Leaves lance-shaped Bist dei ww lat ee ce aha are) a
Leaves oval-heart-shape a Mee ew ae, ey ey ka
Ibeavyes) egg-shaped) 2°. 36) « «© « © «© «© «sh% & Se PSENdO-ching
Herbaceous Annual Plants
1. §. herbacea, L. Carrion Frower. Stem round or slightly angled,
very smooth, green, bushy, with slender branches. Leaves oblong-egg-
shaped, 7-nerved. Flower stems longer than leaf stems. Woods and
thickets of our area. April-June.
2. §. tamnifolia, Michx. (Fig. 3, pl. 15.) HALBERD-LEAVED SMILAX.
Climbing or erect, smooth light green. Leaves heart-shield-shaped,
5-nerved. Flower stems much longer than leaf stems. Southern New
Jersey and Penna., and southward. May-July.
Stems woody, perennial
Stems armed with many prickles.
3. S. glauca, Walt. (Fig. 1, pl. 15.) GLAUCUS-LEAVED GREENBRIAR.
Stem round or the smaller branches slightly 4-angled. Leaves broadly
ovate or rarely heart-shaped at base, thick, 3-nerved. Leaf stems bearing
tendrils. Flower stems considerably longer than leaf stems, Dry soil,
eastern Mass. and southward. May-June,
LILY FAMILY 141
4. §. rotundifolia, L. (Fig. 2, pl. 15.) ComMon GREENBRIAR. Stem
stout, round. Leaves round-egg-shaped, often broader than long. Points
of leaves sharp, borders smooth, 5-nerved. Flower stems not longer than
leaf stems. Woods and thickets of our area. April-June.
5. §. bona-nox, L. Bristty GREENBRIAR. Stem round or slightly
angular, branchlets angular, with many prickles. Leaves ‘deltoid-heart-
shaped, 5-nerved, often with prickles along the leaf borders. Flower-
stem longer than leaf-stem. Southern two-thirds of our area and south-
ward. April-July.
6. S. hispida, Muhl. H1spm GRreenpriaR. Stem climbing, covered
below by a dense growth of soft bristly prickles, main stem round, the
branches somewhat angular. Leaf stems about 4 in. long; leaves thin,
egg-shaped, sharply pointed at apex, obtuse or somewhat heart-shaped
at base, 7-veined. Stem of flower-cluster from 2 to 5 in. long. Berries
bluish-black. Moist thickets, rare. Conn. southward. May-July.
§ Stems without prickles or with prickles only on main stems.
7. §. laurifolia, L. LAvREL-LEAVED GREENBRIAR. Stem round, high
climbing, prickles only on main stems or rarely on small branchlets.
Leaves narrow lance-shaped, broader at outer third than at inner third.
Leaves generally 3-nerved, leaf stems very short. Flower stems + to 1
in. long. In southern part of our region. March-Sept.
8. §. Walteri, Pursh. (Fig. 4, pl. 15.) WaAttTer’s GREENBRIAR.
Stem angled. Leaves egg-shaped, heart-shaped, obtuse at apex, 3-nerved.
New Jersey and southward. March-Aug.
9. §. pseudo-china, L. LONG-STALKED GREENBRIAR. Rootstock tu-
brous. Stem climbing, without prickles or with few. Leaves egg-shaped,
somewhat heart-shaped at base, 5-veined; leaf stem flattened. Flower stem
nearly as long as the leaves. Berries black. Rare. Dry or sandy soil.
New Jersey and southward. March-Aug.
Famity II].—HAEMODORACEAE. Broopwort FAmMILy
General characteristics of the Lily family, but with only 3
stamens, which are opposite the 3 inner segments of the perianth.
Perianth situated partly or wholly above the ovary which is 3
celled. Perennial herb with erect stems and narrow, ¢grass-like
leaves. .
1. LACHNANTHES, Ell. (Gyrotheca, Salisb.)
A stout herb with fibrous, perennial roots 14 to 2 ft. high, woolly or
hairy above. Flowers in a head or loose rounded cluster, yellow. Calyx
segments long, narrow and pointed, as long as the yellowish petals.
L. tinctoria, (Walt.) Ell. Rep Roor. Flowers 15 to 20 in a terminal
umbel-like cluster, covered with woolly hairs. Found in swamps and wet
places, Mass. and southward. July-Sept.
Famity IV.—AMARYLLIDACEAE. Amaryuuis Faminy
Perennial herbs with grass-like leaves. Flowers showy in um-
142 DIOSCOREACEAE
bel-like clusters, yellow or white. Perianth segments 6, adherent
to the ovary. Stamens, in our species, 6. Ovary 3-celled, each
cell with many seeds.
1. HYPOXIS:
Low herbs arising from short rootstocks not unlike bulbs. Leaves all
from the rootstock, grass-like. Flowers star-shaped, green on the out-
side, yellow within, the few-flowered cluster terminal to a naked scape.
Below the flower cluster are 2 lance-shaped bracts.
1. H. hirsuta, (L.) Coville. (Fig. 4, pl. 16.) Star Grass. Leaves
all from the root. Flower stem generally not as long as the grass-like
leaves. Whole plant hairy. Flowers 2 to 6 in the group. Stem 3 to 10
in. high. Dry woods throughout our region. May-Oct.
2, LOPHIOLA, Ker.
Erect herb arising from a slender rootstock. Leaves grass-like, mostly
from the root but found sparingly on the flower stem. The spreading
cluster is compound, a dozen to 20 flowers in the group, the flower branch-
lets being subtended by 2 lance-shaped bracts. Capsule ovoid.
1. L. americana, (Pursh.) A. Wood. lLopniota. GoLpEN CREST
FLower. Perianth segments woolly. Stem 1 to 2 ft. high, when young
covered with whitish woolly hairs. Root leaves smooth, narrow and
long, those from the stem shorter. Flowers yellow within and woolly,
greenish on the outside. Bogs, New Jersey and southward. June-Aug.
FAMILY V.—DIOSCOREACEAE. Yam FAMILY
Twining shrubs with alternate heart-shaped leaves. Staminate
and pistillate flowers on different plants or the two kinds on the
same plant. Perianth of 6 segments, adherent to the ovary. In
the staminate flowers the stamens are inserted into the base of the
perianth segments. Both kinds of flowers in long slender clus-
ters. Leaves at lower part of stem in whorls of 4s; above, alter-
nate, each with about 9 conspicuous nerves. Styles 3, ovary
3-celled, winged.
1. DIOSCOREA, L.
A twining vine in woods and thickets, mostly clinging to trees. Leaves
egg-shaped, with slender pointed outer extremities, on long slender leaf
stalk.
D. villosa, L. (Fig. 5, pl. 15.) Witp Yam-root. Mostly in the
southern part of our region. June-July.
Famity VI.—IRIDACEAE. Iris Famity
Perennial herbs, in wet or moist grounds. Leaves linear, erect,
in two ranks. Perianth of 6 segments, in Gemmingia and Sisy-
Tinchium alike, in Iris the 3 inner segments smaller than the
IRIS FAMILY 143
others. Flowers subtended by conspicuous leaf-like bracts.
Stamens 3, opposite the outer segments of the perianth.
Segments of perianth in two unequal series . . . . Iris
Segments of perianth equal.
Flowers orange BME) ee bela s ae Ven ay GenEMIn ong)
Ma wercnDitte . asics 4a (Me ware Ga SISyriichium
Tt. ERs, £:
Three inner segments of the perianth curved outward, narrower than
the others. Outer segments more erect but curved inward. The 3 di-
visions of the style are flattened and colored, resembling petals, the stigmas
being on the under (outer) side of the generally 2 lipped style.
SRERDCOMOMIT wip lence so st Se eu cov wlhunss gierehcuent ty eM cas I, verna
Sei Bewey Gool, Wie so eo oa) Go cy 8 Go sO oF oa ie lacustris
Stems from 1 to 2 ft, high.
Moyne SellOny 5 5 MG oO 6 so my GF io 46 of deen oF Go dG Paihia anG
Flowers blue.
Leaves sword-shaped . & 96, "OG G6 6 Gg) Bo VE GbraTaa irr
Leaves narrow, grass- like.
Flower pedicel shorter than the bracts subtending it . J. Hookeri
Flower pedicel much Ione eee ak levies WR I
ftanor more high) 3) 3 - . JL. prismatica
ele versicolor, iy (Hig: 3; ‘i 16.) ee BLuE Frac. Stems
1 to 3 ft. high. Leaves shorter than the stem, $ to 1 in. wide. Bract
longer than the flower stem. Flowers blue, with yellow, green and white.
The common blue flag along borders of springs and in moist places, May-
July.
2. I. pseudacorus, L. YELLow Frac. Leaves sword-like. Stems 13
to 3 ft. high. The only native or naturalized species with yellow flowers.
Not common. Marshy places. Introduced from Europe. May-July.
3. I. Hookeri, Penny. Hooker’s Biur Frac. (JI. setosa, Pall.).
Leaves grass-like, mostly from the base. Seed capsules nearly egg-shaped
with 3 obtuse lobes. The bracts below the flowers are as long or longer
than the pedicel of the flower. Stem 10 to 20 in. high. Banks of
streams, throughout our area. May-July.
4. I. verna, L. Dwarr Iris. Stem 1 to 3 in. high, usually 1-flow-
ered. Leaves narrowly linear. Flowers violet-blue or rarely white.
Shaded hillsides, S. Penna. and southward. April-May.
5. I. prismatica, Pursh. SLENDER BLue Frac. Leaves grass-like;
plant slender. Flowers solitary or two together, the flower on a long
delicate flower pedicel. Capsule acute at each end. Mostly along the
eastern coast. May-July.
6. I. lacustris, Nutt. Dwarr Lake Iris. One of the smallest of the
genus native in our region. Stem about 5 or 6 in. high. Flowers 1 to
13 in. long. Leaves as long or longer than the flower stem. A local
species on the shores of Lake Huron and Lake Superior. May.
2. GEMMINGIA, Fabricius
An introduced erect herb, perennial, with leaves resembling the Iris
144 IRIDACEAE
and with a broad loose terminal cluster of flowers with equal spreading,
orange, purple-mottled, flowers, the petals and sepals nearly or quite
equal. Stamens 6, inserted at the base of the perianth segments.
1. G. chinensis, (L.) Kuntze. BLacksrerry Lity. Stem 1 to 5 ft.
tall. Fruit many knob-like protrusions, resembling in form and ap-
pearance a blackberry. In southern part of our region. June-July.
3. SISYRINCHIUM, L.
Herbs arising from rootstocks. The three branches of the style thread-
like. Leaves grass-like. Segments of perianth 6, equal, the petals widest
at outer extremity; stamens 6. From the midvein of each petal extends
a delicate spine-like projection. Flowers wheel-formed. Below the little
umbel of flowers are two leaf-like bracts which form a sort of spathe.
From this spathe arise by delicate pedicels the two, three, or more star-
like flowers.
Bracts below the flowers very unequal.
The long bract generally bright purple . . . . . . S. mucronatum
The long bract not purple . te © «© » «© We (ANGUS OlUME
Bracts below the flowers nearly or quite equal.
Leaves from 1/10 to 1/5:in. wide.
Stem wings notched . af Se VER show Broth 6 a maraly (oi OO ILE CUT CEL IRENES
Stem wings not notched J 2 ee ol te ss we On RTGMINOSES
Leaves from 1/40 to 1/20 in. wide . . «8 «6 « «© “Sn Guanimouns
1. §S. graminoides, Lamark. Strout BLur-Eyep Grass. A common
species in damp grassy soil. Flower stem somewhat flattened, branching,
one branch shorter than the other. Leaves broad grass-like. Plant 8 to
20 in. high.
2. §. atlanticum, Bicknell. (Fig. 2, pl. 16.) EASTERN BLUE-EYED
Grass. Less common than No, 1. Stem and leaves very narrow, whole
plant slender. Stem branching, 8 to 24 in. high. Generally growing in
tufts. Umbel often many flowered. In moist fields throughout our region,
but mostly in the Eastern part. May-June.
3. §. angustifolium, Mill. (Fig. 1, pl. 16.) Porntep BLUE-EYED
Grass.. Stem flat, two edged. Leaves about 1/12 in. wide and from 3 to
16 in. high. Umbel few flowered, subtended by a long bract which ex-
tends considerably above the flowers and a second very inconspicuous
bract. In moist meadows. Common. June-Aug.
4. §. mucronatum, Michx. Micuavux’s Biur-ryep Grass. Growing
more in tufts than the last; stem and leaves much more delicate and
slender, from ‘thread-like to 1/15 in. wide. Stems with very narrow wings
on margins. Leaves often as long as flower stems. The outer long bract
at the base of the umbel 4 to 24 in. long, often bright purple; the inner
bract about 1 in. or less in length. Flowers deep violet-blue. Meadows
and fields, New Jersey and westward. May-June.
5. §. intermedium, Bicknell. INTERMEDIATE BLUE-EYED GRASS. Grow-
ing in tufts, stems 4 to 16 in. high, slender, simple or branched above
into two long flower stems. Leaves nearly 1/8 in. wide. Stem very flat,
the wings very finely notched. Flower stem usually shorter than the leaf
situated just below the branching (2 to 3} in. long). Outer bract below
the little umbel of flowers tapering to a very slender point, 1 to 24 in.
long, usually purple. Flowers 2 to 6, pale blue. Southern New Jersey
and southward. May-June. ;
IRIS FAMILY
PLATE 16
1. Sisyrinchium angustifolium. 2. S. atlanticum.
4. Hypoxis hirsuta. 5. Aletris farinosa.
3. Iris versicolor.
146 ORCHIDACEAE
Order VII.—ORCHIDACEAE. Orchidaceous Plants
Of this order there is, in our region, only one family.
ORCHIDACEAE. Orcuip FAmtIty |
Among the Monocotyledonous plants the orchid family is pe-
culiar in being that in which the flowers are always irregular.
The perianth is of two rows of flower leaves, an outer, the calyx,
of 3 segments which are alike or very nearly so and an inner, the
corolla, also of 3 generally very unequal parts. The two side
segments are nearly alike, but the middle or upper one is unlike
the others and generally forms a lip, simple or fringed, or a boat-
like pouch, and is often extended into a long spur. This upper
segment, by the twisting of the ovary or of the flower pedicel
may become the lower one. This upper lip differs from the other
segments, not only in form and size but it is often strikingly in
contrast in its color. Of the stamens, only one is, as a rule, de-
veloped, but in Cypripedium two are fertile. The stamen or the
two stamens grow in union with the pistil, forming what is known
as the column. This arrangement brings the pollen bearing an-
ther directly over or behind the stigma. The ovary is, contrary
to the general rule with monocotyledonous plants, entirely in-
ferior to all the parts of the flower, is elongated and in nearly all
cases twisted, the torsion in general being 180°, while in some
foreign species the rotation is fully 360°.
In Cypripedium the bending of the flower stalk serves the same
purpose as does the torsion of the ovary in other genera. The
one-celled ovary is divided by three deep partitions to which are
attached the very numerous small seeds. Orchidaceous plants are
all perennial, the bulb for the succeeding year forming at the side
of the bulb of the current year. Leaves generally from the stem
and alternate but sometimes all from the root or opposite on the
stem or even in whorls on the stem, they are parallel nerved.
Flowers in a slender spike or loose broadened cluster or, less fre-
quently, solitary.
There are over 5000 known species of orchidaceous plants, the
great majority of which are found in tropical climates, the most
of these latter being air plants, finding their homes on the branches
of trees and deriving their nourishment largely through the long
trailing aerial roots. In our region all the species are plants
having their roots in the soil or in wet mosses.
ORCHIS FAMILY 147
Flowers with two fertile anthers resting each on a lateral
projection from the common column, the odd, center sta-
men (which answers to the fertile stamen of other orchids)
spread into a petal-like expansion . . . . Cypripedium
Lip extended into a spur.
Flower with one fertile stamen. Pollen in masses drawn
out and forming a little stalk (caudicle) which is con-
nected with a glutinous adhesive substance known as
a “ gland.”
The glands enclosed in a hood or pouch which opens
diethe moth ofthe spur, + 447) 2-3) a Orehis
Glands not enclosed in a pouch . . . Habenaria
Pollen masses waxy, terminal to the column. Slender
herb arising from a solid bulb. Spur slender, 2 or 3
times as long as the flower. Flowers greenish in a
loose lengthened cluster . . . . . . Tipularia
Lip not extended into a spur.
Pollen masses not drawn out to form the little stalk,
grains more or less powdery, but cohering in 4 or 5 deli-
cate masses and attached to the summit of the anther.
Leaves 2, opposite. The pair of green leaves near
middle of stem. Lip of flower split . . Listera
The pair of shining leaves near the base of the
stem. Sepals and petals linear . Liparis
Leaves along the stem, mostly below. Flowers
in twisted spikes ... . . . . Spiranthes
Leaves in rosette at base of stem, often blotched
with white, not reticulated; lip entire, round-
TSE ee ve wees, Pon Ot... 8) ee RIDA ets
Stem very leafy, flowers in a long slender clus-
ter; anther? hooded) * <5. 29=3;) =. 2 -Serapias
Leaves mostly reduced to sheaths; flower soli-
LALY 9), (DUUPIC 4c) Saracen ee Li) aidphl) Arethusa
Leaves broad grass-like; flowers several in a
loose cluster, pink purple. Lip crested with
long yellow hairs : Calopogon
Flowers few or solitary. Leaves few, alternate
or in a whorl. Anther attached to the back
Ob the column.» o 9, «2 .« «2, «, « @Pogonia
148 ORCHIDACEAE
Leaf single.
Oval, with a single flower having a double,
bearded’ Jip’:) 2 Gh) (s+... St * ee
Leaf broadly oval clasping the stem with sev-
eral scales below. Flowers greenish Microstylis
Grass-like, with a long cluster of yellow-brown
flowers’ °°) SUR ss. Ure ant ee
Plants without leaves or with inconspicuous ones.
Flowers dull, roots coralloid . . . Corallorrhiza
1. ‘CYPRIPEDIOM, 1.
Plants with terminal nodding flowers. Two stamens fertile. Stigma
in 3 lobes. Lip developed into a large inflated pouch or sac. Leaves from
the stem or from the root, large, many nerved.
stent) not jleaty, ) leaves idirectly, “from root (i Yay) yin et le et oc Te
Stem leafy.
Flowers yellow.
Lipps ito)’2 ins long’ 3 7 sis. epi tel iets oP me earn orn reoetal OMNm na CEES
Tip (9) to; ttin} long i. 5) hee otk) vaccum inte ee Gemma tern 7 ean
Flowers purple.
Petals as long or longer than the lip . . . . . . C. arietinum
Petals shorter than the lip.
Stemi to’ 2-ft: high’). ic. ic? he.) Mey fey ie, ven) pe Gens earn
tenon tors) Ans HIghes 6 <8 - « « .» C. candidum
1. C. arietinum, R. Br. (Fig. 4, pl. 17.) Ram’s Heap. Stems 8 to
12 in. high, often in clusters. Leaves broad elliptic, petals linear, green-
ish-brown; lip red with white veins, somewhat downy, the apex prolonged
into a spur. Lateral sepals not united. In damp woods, most of our
region. May-Aug.
2. C. acaule, Ait. (Fig. 2, pl. 17.) Mocassin FrLower. Flower
scape 10 to 14 in. high. Leaves from the base of stem, opposite, broad
elliptic, strongly nerved. Flower 2 in. long. Petals not as long as the
pouch-like lip. Lateral sepals more or less united. An exquisite flower.
In damp woods. May-June.
3. C. spectabile, Salish. (Fig. 3, pl. 17.) Snowy Lapy’s Siipper.
(C. reginae, Walt.). Stem leafy, 2 ft. high; leaves broad lance-ovate,
strongly veined. Sepals broad, blunt at end, not as long as the lip. Lip
purplish white with many red veins. The most showy of our Cypripe-
diums. In wet meadows and swamps. June-Sept.
4. C. candidum, Willd. SMALL Wuite Lapy’s Sriiprer. Stem with
3 or 4 broad lance-shaped leaves, 6 to 12 in. high. Sepals and petals
longer than the lip. Lip white with purple veins within. Flower rather
less than an inch long. Woods and swamps. May-July.
5. C. hirsutum, Mill. (Fig. 1, pl. 17.) Larak YELLow Lapy’s Siie-
PER. Stem leafy, 1 to 2 ft. high, hairy; leaves oval or broad lance-
shaped. Flowers large, lip 1 to 2 in. long, greenish-yellow with purple
stripes. Sepals long, twisted, narrow lance-shaped. Woods and thickets
throughout our region, May-July.
6. C. parviflorum, Salisb. Smart Lapy’s Stripper. Stems very leafy,
about as tall as No. 5, flower smaller; lip 4 to 1} in. long, bright yellow
ORCHIS FAMILY 149
PLATE 17
1. Cypripedium hirsutum. 2. C. acaule. 3. C. spectabile. 4, C. arietinum.
5. Aplectrum spicatum,.
150 ORCHIDACEAE
with purple spots within. Sepals long egg-shaped to lance-egg-shaped.
Woods and thickets. May-July.
2. ORCHIS, L
Perennial, from fleshy roots. Leaves, in our species, 1 or 2 from base
of stem. Flower stem leafless with a narrow spike of exquisite purple
flowers. Lip spurred. Pollen in two masses, related to each other by
the slender elastic threads.
1. O. spectabilis, L. (Fig. 1, pl. 18.) Snowy Orcuis. (Galeorchis
spectabilis, (L.) Rydb.). Stem 4 to 12 in. high, but rarely more than 6
in., 4-angled with 1 or 2 lance-shaped bracts. Leaves 2, opposite, rarely
more, broad oval, spreading, about as long as flower stem. Flowers 3 to
6, showy, rose-white or somewhat violet, lip not lobed. Throughout our
region in rich, generally piny, woods. April-June. :
2. O. rotundifolia, Banks. (Fig. 2, pl. 18.) SMALL ROUND-LEAVED
Orcuip. Stem more slender than No. 1, about as high. Leaf single, from
base of stem, broadly oval or nearly orbicular. Flower stem with few
flowers. Lip white or light purple with purple spots, three lobes, the end
one notched. In damp woods mostly in northern part of our area. July-
August.
3. HABENARIA, Willd.
Plants differing from the orchids only in some, to the amateur, rather
obscure features. Mostly with leafy stems. Flowers in long narrow
clusters (spikes) or in loose clusters (racemes). Lip entire, 3 lobed or
fimbriated. The two glands to which are attached the delicate threads
(or caudicles) connected with the pollen masses are not enclosed in a
pouch but lie quite naked, The petals are usually smaller than the sepals.
Color of flowers, purple, white, green or yellow.
Flowers Greenish-yellow
One leat ats base. of \stemy 9 Ys, sete) “ei ee. ia seme ele de, he a RTS
Two leaves at base of stem.
Flower stem with one or more leaf-like bracts . . . . . H. orbiculata
Flower scape without bracts . . eer mere res leis Vejanig >
Stem leafy, bracts about as long as the flowers.
Lip not divided in 3 lobes, border entire.
Upper sepal finely notched . ete 8 te ete. Sw eee
Lip with a tooth at each side of the SS aoe aaa: ° H. flava
Stem leafy, bracts much longer than the flowers . . . . . . H. bracteata
Stemi “with one Meat ati base) is) ci Vale) bo) 2) Go Yeeeah) > seuss COLO; eereee
Flowers Yellow or Orange
DMp: mots fringed. 5) bss) she) poh eem am) ale on aetna a Ls” 60 Chl nee
Lip fringed.
Spur longer /than. ‘the, ovdtyis 2 =) =) s! me aell tk) (nl « |s\ cel yneneenerame
Spur shorter than ovary.
Lip itt. 9g) (divisions) ap) Gayle 0) mel toy eis\ emo ists | Ge) ls eet eee
Lip not 3 parted 3 ah biel. 2.) 00 Meesinnln oe ass ewe ire
Flowers White
Lip not fringed.
Wot: very “fragrant. <2: « (%\ Spas Sar) Geico) eo et a) ca) Ate
Lip fringed.
Very Spiga: ae ee ee Sh ey eam tla fie le
3-parted . ere ere MereeE se) Samer alee rs pn cee H. leucophaea
Not 3-parted- Taree ears are rie ns ESS a H. blephariglottis
Flowers Purple
Segments of the lip deeply fringed.
Lip ¢.to 124m; proadts 2° « “ws 04 <a sept eieel Esiy aco fe “ELD Pere
Lip 4 to.) in, broad... Gs « seas Coie ibe ss | 6. Shea peeonee
Segments of lip toothed, not fringed , . «© « « » « « e« dd. peramoens
ORCHIS FAMILY 151
PLATE 18
1. Orchis spectabilis. 2. O, rotundifolia. 3, Habenaria orbiculata, 4. 1gt
bracteata. 5. H. dilatata.
152 ORCHIDACEAE
1. H. orbiculata, (Pursh.) Torr. (Fig. 3, pl. 18.) Larcge Rounp-
LEAVED ORCHIS. Stem slender 1 to 2 ft. high, bearing a long loose clus-
ter of green flowers and one or more leafy bracts. Leaves large, shining,
3 to 6 in. long and nearly round, lying flat on the ground. Spur longer
than the long twisted ovary. In rich damp woods throughout our area.
July-Aug.
2. H. Hookeri, Torr. HooKker’s Orcuts. Scape only about half as
high as No. 1 and leaves also smaller and less spreading. Flowers yel-
lowish-green, spur 1 in. long. In most respects strongly resembling No.
1, but the green bracts on the stem are wanting. In situations similar
to No. 1. June-Sept.
3. H. obtusata, (Pursh.) Richards. (Fig. 4, pl. 19.) Sma
NorTHERN Boc Orcuis. Stem 4 to 10 in. high, slender, 4-angled. The
single leaf arising from base of stem ovate, widest toward apex. Lip
narrow lance-shaped and as long as the spur. Bogs, generally distributed
in our area. July-Sept.
4. H. hyperborea, (L.) R. Br. Tart Leary GREEN Orcuis. (Lim-
norchis media, Rydb.). Stem 1 to 3 ft. high, leafy. Lance-shaped or
broad lance-shaped 2 to 12 in. long. Spike of numerous flowers very
narrow; flowers greenish-yellow, the bracts, one subtending each flower,
are longer than the flower. Spur as long as the slightly indented lip.
Swamps and damp woods. May-Aug.
5. H. dilatata, (Pursh.) Gray. (Fig. 5, pl. 18.) Tarn WuitEe Boe
Orcuis. Slender stem 8 in. to 2 ft. high. Leaves lance-shaped to grass-
like. Spike of flowers narrow, long. Bracts below the flowers about as
long as or shorter than the white flowers. Lip linear and ending in an
obtuse point. Swamps and wet woods. June-Sept.
6. H. fragrans, A. Gray. FRAGRANT OrcuIs (Limnorchis fragrans,
Rydb.). Resembles No. 5. Lip narrowly linear, dilated at the base,
shorter than the spur. Flowers small, white, very fragrant. Bogs,
Willoughby mountains, Vermont. July.
7. H. integra, (Nutt.) Spreng. Smart SournerN Orcuis. Stem 1
to 2 ft. high; leaves lanceolate to grass-like, about 3; spike of flowers
short (1 to 3 in.), with numerous orange-yellow flowers. Lip ovate,
longer than the sepals, spur longer than the sepals. Wet places, New
Jersey and southward. July.
8. H. bracteata, (Willd.) R. Br. (Fig. 4, pl. 18.) Lona-Bractep
Orcuis. Stem 4 to 2 ft. high. Leaves oblong, obtuse at apex or some-
what sharp pointed. Lip somewhat 3-toothed at outer end. Bracts below
the flowers lance-shaped and three times as long as the greenish flowers.
Petals very narrow, twice as long as the white spur. Woods and mea-
dows. May-Sept.
9. H. clavellata, (Michx.) Spreng. (Fig. 7, pl. 19.) Smarty Green
Woop Orcuis. Stem 4 to 1% ft. high, with only a single leaf, which is
near the base, and with several leaf-like bracts along the stem above. The
larger single leaf, widest toward the apex, 2 to 6 in. long. Bracts below
the flowers not so long as the ovary. Flower spike 4 to 2 in. long, with
numerous small greenish flowers. Moist woods. July-Aug.
10. H. flava, (L.) A. Gray. (Fig. 5, pl. 19.) Smart Pate GREEN
Orcuis. Stem 1 to 2 ft. high. Leaves oblong to lance-shaped, sharp
ORCHIS FAMILY 153
—s
mye
BY)
if
PLATE 19
I. Habenaria lacera. 2. H. cristata. 3. H. fimbriata. 4. H. obtusuta.
5. H. flava. 6. H. psycodes. 7. H. bracteata. 8. H. ciliaris.
154 ORCHIDACEAE
pointed or obtuse at outer extremity. Bracts below the flowers longer than
the yellowish-brown flowers, the lips of which are 3-toothed, rather longer
than the petals and with a tubercle at the base. Moist soil. June-July.
11. H. cristata,, (Michx.) R. Br. (Fig. 2, pl. 19.) Crestep YELLOW
OrcHIs. Stem 1 to 2 ft. high, slender; leaves lance-shaped to grass-like.
Flowers in a somewhat dense spike 2 to 4 in. long. Lip rather longer
than the roundish sepals. Spur 4 as long as the ovary. Flowers orange.
Swamps, New Jersey and south.
12. H. ciliaris, (L.) R. Br. (Fig. 8, pl. 19.) Yarrow (giyem
Orcuis. Stem about 2 ft. high. Leaves lance-shaped, pointed at extremity.
Flower spike with many yellow flowers. Sepals rounded, } to 4 in. long,
petals not as long, toothed. Lip not lobed, oblong, the border profusely
fringed. Spur very slender, more than an inch long. Wet meadows. July-
Aug. e
13. H. blephariglottis, (Willd.) Torr. Wutre Frincep OrcHIS.
Stem 1 to 2 ft. high. Leaves lance-shaped. Spikes with many white
flowers. Lip long and narrow with copious, sometimes sparse, fringe.
Spur 1 in. long. Swamps. July-Aug.
14. H. lacera, (Michx.) R. Br. (Fig. 1, pl. 19.) RaecEep ORcHIS.
Slender stem 1 to 2 ft. high. Leaves lance-shaped to linear about 6 in.
long, upper smaller. Flower spike with many greenish-yellow flowers.
Petals obtuse. Spur about as long as the lip. Lip divided into 3 seg-
ments, each fringed at the end by long thread-like segments. Wet meadows
and woods. June-July.
15. H. leucophaea, (Nutt.) A. Gray. WHITE PRAIRIE OrcHIS. Stout
angled stem 1 to 24 ft. high. Leaves lance-shaped, tapering and sharp
pointed. Flower parts much like No. 13 but spur twice as long as the
lip and flowers white. Moist fields. June-July.
16. H. fimbriata, A. Gray. (Fig. 3, pl. 19.) Larce PurrLe FRINGED
Orcuis. FIMpBriatEp OrcHIS. (H. grandiflora, Torr.). Stem 15 in. to
3 ft. tall, angled. Leaves oval, broad lance-shaped or narrow, 2 to 6 in.
long; extremely obtuse. Segments of lip fan-shaped, broader than in
Nos. 13 and 14. Ends bordered with thread-like fringes; the petals
pointed, notched. Spur as long as or slightly longer than the ovary,
eurved. Cluster of lilac flowers 3 to 15 in. long, forming an extremely
showy and beautiful florescence. Moist and shady places. June-Aug.
17. H. psycodes, (L.) A. Gray. (Fig. 6, pl. 19.) SMALLER PURPLE
FRINGED OrcHIS. Stem more slender than No. 15, not angled, 1 to 3 ft.
high. Leaves lance-shaped to oval, with sharp points. Spike 2 to 6 in.
long with many lilac flowers. Lip fringed as in No. 15, but fringe is
noticeably shorter and side segments less broad. Petals erect with deli-
cately fringed border. Spur 14 times as long as the ovary. Wet meadows,
July-Aug.
18. H. peramoena, A. Gray. FRINcELESS PurPLe Orcuis. Stem 1
to 24 ft. high, leafy. Leaves lance-shaped to linear, the longer ones
4 to 8 in. in length. Spike of flowers 3 to 7 in. long, of numerous violet-
purple showy flowers. Lip segments with very short fringe, or row of
fine teeth, middle lobe notched in center. Spur longer than ovary. Moist
meadows. July-Aug.
ORCHIS FAMILY 155
4. POGONIA, Juss.
Flowers solitary or few, always conspicuous compared to the delicate
plant. The segments of the flower distinctly separate. Lip without
spur, fringed along the border or deeply notched at outer extremity.
Column bearing the stigma and anthers erect and prolonged.
1. P. ophioglossoides, (L.) Ker. (Fig. 4, pl. 20.) Rosk Poconta.
Stem delicate, 8 to 15 in. high, with single leaf or rarely 2 or 3 broad
lance-shaped leaves, a leaf-like bract also at base of flower. Where single,
the leaf is near the middle of the stem, 4 to 3 in. long, without leaf-
stalk. A leaf sometimes also arises by a long leaf-stalk from the base
of the stem. Petals and sepals leaning to side, elliptic or oval, 1/2 to 2/3
in. long, beautifully shaded light purple. The lip has a conspicuous
fringe about the border, and on the inner surface a crest or beard, it
is longer than the petals. One of the prettiest of the orchis family in
our region. In wet meadows and swamps. June-July.
2. P. trianthophora, BSP. Noppinc Poconta. (Triphora triantho-
phora, (Sw.) Rydb.). Stem 3 to 8 in. high. Leaves, broad ovate, + to %
in. long without leaf-stalks, 3 to 8 and alternate. Flowers 1 to 5 or
more on rather long flower stems. Lip not quite as long as the petals
and sepals, broad and somewhat irregularly notched. Petals elliptic.
Flowers, 1 in. long, purple, drooping when expanded. In rich woods.
Aug.-Sept.
3. P. divaricata, (L.) R. Br. (Fig. 3, pl. 20.) Spreapine Poconta.
Stem 1 to 2 ft. high, with one leaf near the middle and a leaf-like bract
just below the single flower. Leaf without leaf-stalk, clasping the stem,
2 to 4 in. long and 4 to 4 in. wide, blunt at outer end. Petals and
sepals long lance-shaped, the former | in. the latter 14 in. long. Lip
broad with a prolonged middle or two short lateral lobes. Flowers rather
dark purple. In swamps. Southern part of our region. Southern New
Jersey, southward. July.
4. P, verticillata, (Willd.) Nutt. Wuorrtep Poconta. (Jsotria ver-
ticillata, (Willd.) Raf.). Stem about 1 ft. high. Leaves 5 in a whorl
at summit of stem, broad oval. Single greenish-yellow flower, on a slen-
der flower stem, nodding. Sepals very narrow and more than twice the
length of the petals, which are about } in. long. The sepals are dark
purple, the petals yellowish. Lip with a 3-lobed extremity and a crest
of hairs in the inner side. Moist woods. May-June.
5. P. affinis, Austin. SMALLER WuorLep Poconta. (Jsotria_ ver-
ticillata, (Willd.) Raf.). Stem about 10 in. high; leaves in a whorl at
summit, resembling No. 4. Flowers greenish-yellow. Sepals only about
equal in length with the petals. Moist woods, rare. Connecticut, south-
ern New York and New Jersey. June.
5. ARETHUSA, L.
Of the two known species ours is an exquisite low herb found usually
in bogs. The sheathed stem arises from a small bulb and is terminated
by a single or rarely by two, large, richly colored, rose-purple flowers.
The solitary leaf is at first concealed by a sheath of the stem but at
the time of the opening of the flower it expands and protrudes. Sepals
156 ORCHIDACEAE
and petals are nearly equal, adhering below, in the form of a hood above.
The broad lip curves upward, outward and downward, broadest at the
summit, crested with hairs down the face. The column is adherent to
the lip and becomes petal-like and expanded at the apex. The anther is
terminal and lid-shaped. Capsule ellipsoid, erect, angular.
A. bulbosa, L. (Fig. 2, pl. 20.) ARreTHusa, Plant 5 to 10 in. high;
flower solitary or rarely 2 flowers from the same scape. In bogs through-
out our region. May-June.
6. SERAPIAS, L. (Epipactis, R. Br.)
Tall herbs with leafy stems. Leaves alternate, clasping the stem.
Flowers in a long narrow cluster (raceme), with bracts below the indi-
vidual flowers. Lip with a sac at the base, without a spur, free, broad,
the upper portion petal-like. Segments of the perianth all separate.
E. viridiflora, Reichb. HELLEBORINE. Stem 1 to 2 ft. high, with soft
hairs above. Leaves egg-shaped, clasping the stem, 1 to 3 in. long.
Flowers greenish to purple. Petals narrow, lance-shaped. Lip lobed,
wavy. Introduced from Europe. July.
7. SPIRANTHES, Richard (Gyrostachys, Pers.)
Herbs with slender stems, the flower spike spiral. Leaves few, mostly
at the base, generally narrow lance-shaped. The small white flowers
are arranged in from 1 to 3 rows which wind, more or less, about the
stem. Lip without a spur, broad compared with the other floral seg-
ments which are quite narrow, the border wavy. The 3 upper segments
of the corolla are often united.
Flowers in 3 ranks which are only slightly twisted.
The 3 upper segments converge and overlie each other forming a sort
of hood; spike dense . - « « S. Romanzofiiana
The segments separate, they do not form | a hood.
Leaves lance-shaped .. . - .« « « S. plantaginea
Leaves linear. eer Mer Pir rem ce
Flowers in a single rank, the spike much twisted, not dense.
Stem leafy, leaves grass-like . . S. praecox
Stem not leafy, the basal leaves withering before flowering time.
Root a single spindle-shaped tuber . . S. simplex
Stem not leafy, 2 basal leaves more prominent than those ofS.
simplex. Root of several tubers . . eee Tee hn) 8, oe
1. §. Romanzoffiana, Cham. Hoopep Lapy’s Tresses. Stem 6 to
15 in. high, leafy below, above, leaves reduced to bracts, the larger leaves
below ranging from rather broad lanceolate to narrow linear, 3 to 8 in.
long. Spike of flowers 1 to 4 in. long with bracts at the base of and
shorter than the flowers. The three upper segments converge and overlie
each other, to a greater or less extent, forming a sort of hood. Moist
cold soil in all our area, July-Aug.
2. §. plantaginea, Raf. Wupe-Leavep Lapy’s Tresses. (8S. lucida,
Ames.) Stem 4 to 9 or more in. high, smooth and naked except at lower
part. Leaves oblong or lance-shaped 1 to 5 in. long, + to ~ in. wide, all
close to the base and all distinctly 3-nerved. Spike 1 to 3 in. long,
narrow. The outer flower segments do not unite with the upper inner
segments and are narrow lance-shaped. The upper segment of the outer
row somewhat united with the two upper petals. Face of lip pale yel-
low. Moist soil, common, June-Aug.
ORCHIS FAMILY 157
PLATE 20
1. Spiranthes gracilis. 2. Arethusa bulbosa. 3. Pogonia divaricata.
4. P. ophioglossoides. 5. Spiranthes cernua. 6. Calopogon pulchellus. 7. Epi-
pactis pubescens.
158 ORCHIDACEAE
3. §S. cernua, (L.) Richard. (Fig. 5, pl. 20.) Nopprna Lapy’s
Tresses. Stem leafy at base, bracted above, 6 to 20 in. high. Leaves
3 to 14 in. long, narrow lance-shaped, not distinctly 3-nerved. Spike of
flowers 2 to 10 in. long. Flowers sometimes hairy, nodding. Lateral
sepals not turned up or connected with the upper petals. Moist soil,
common. June-Aug.
4. §. praecox, (Walt.) Wats. and Coulter. Grass-LEAVED Lapy’s
TrEssEsS. Stem 10 to 30 in. high, hairy above. Leaves long, grass-like
growing from the base and upward. Flowers in a linear spike, somewhat
densely crowded. Lip smooth beneath. Moist soil, New Jersey and
southward. June-Aug.
_ 5. §. vernalis, Engelm. and Gray. Earty Lapy’s Tresses. Similar
to No. 4 but lip downy beneath. Mass., southward.
6. §. gracilis, (Bigel.) Beck. (Fig. 1, pl. 20.) Stenper Lapy’s
TressES. Stem extremely slender, 5 to 25 in. high. Leaves, oblong or
ovate, the outer and broadest, all in a cluster on the ground, mostly disap-
pearing at flowering time. A few very narrow, acute bracts on the stem.
Spike of flowers, about 1 to 3 in. long, slender, the flowers run nearly
in a straight row a part of the length of the spike, then twist to another
side of the stem, running again in a nearly straight line, then again
shifting. Woods and shady places. Common. July-Sept.
7. §. simplex, A. Gray. Lirrir Lapy’s Tresses. A smaller species,
stem 5 to 9 in. high. Leaves all at the base, ovate or oblong, disappear-
ing at flowering time; very delicate bracts (2 - 3) along the stem.
Flowers small and nearly in a straight row on one side of the very
delicate stem. Dry soil, Mass., southward. Aug.-Sept.
8. LISTERA, R. Br.
Small herbs growing in wet places; a pair of opposite leaves near
the middle of the stem. Sepals and petals spreading or turned backward.
Lip 2-lobed, drooping and longer than the other segments. Flowers small
in a slender spike, greenish or purplish.
Leaves oval, base of lip with a triangular tooth at each side at the base
J. gen eee ee SCL See Ca se Ge . convallarioidas
Leaves heart-shaped at base. Lip twice as long as the petals, linear, not
toothed at base... . Eas ee ee il yns VE ee ee a Rieti
Leaves oval. Lip not linear but about 1/3 as broad as long, with basal ear-
Ike? JODER ne fa. ee, ce ane, ei Pe. he” Oe eee Scruton nrS Grea (ee Santee ene aeceae
Leaves kidney-formed; lip broadly 2-lobed at apex . . . . . . L. Smallit
Leaves oval; lip 4 to 8 times as long as petals, split . . . . . JL. australis
1. L. convallarioides, (Sw.) Torr. Broap-tippep Twaysiape. Stem
4 to 10 in. high, with delicate hairs on the upper half. Leaves oval or
nearly round. Lip twice as long as the petals, broad generally, with a
tooth at each side of the base, and at the apex 2 lobes separated by a
broad notch. Flowers white. Damp woods. June-Aug.
2. L. cordata, (L.) R. Br. (Fig. 1, pl..21.) Heart-reEavep Tway-
BLADE. Plant much resembling No. 1, but leaves heart-shaped at base,
and flowers purplish or purple-brown. June-Aug.
3. L. australis, Lindl. (Fig. 2, pl. 21.) Sournern Twaysrape. Size
and general aspect of No. 1. Leaves ovate; lip 3 times as long as the
petals and deeply cleft. Flowers white. Swamps. New York, New Jer-
sey and southward, June-Aug.
ORCHIS FAMILY 4 159
4. L. Smallii, Weigand. SmaAtt’s TwaysiapE. Stem slender, 6 to 8
in. high; leaves at or below the middle of the stem, egg-shaped to kidney-
formed, abruptly pointed. The elongated cluster of flowers loose. Sepals
and petals lance-shaped, longer than the ovary. Lip large, 4 in. long,
wedge-shaped, 2-lobed at the apex and with prominent lateral teeth at
the base. Damp woods, mountains of Penna. and southward. June-Aug.
5. L. auriculata, Weigand. AvricLeD TwayBLADE. Slender, 4 to 7
in. high. Leaves large 14 to 2 in. long, oval or elliptic egg-shaped, borne
above the middle of the stem. Cluster many flowered. Lip 2-cleft, } to
1/3 as broad as long, slightly hairy. Cedar swamps, New Hampshire and
Maine. July.
g. EPIPACTIS, (Haller) Boehm. (Peramium, Salisb., Goodyera,
Rewer)
Low herbs with leaves clustered at base of stem and with pointed
bracts on the stem. Flowers in narrow spike. Upper sepal and two
petals united in sort of hood. Lateral sepals free.
lowers, onwone' side. of the spike . << « »« s » »« « » « « « «.&8. Yepens
ipwercminean Spitaleispikew i) tc) “co ast \iellis) “c Meml cr en et enim Ue aitesselata
Flowers all around the stem.
ipmucarlywroundy is) | emitey ci) lel Ney si she ist set ey Mtoue sn “Eee, ptebescems
Lip long and grooved .. . stehettc ttre, Lick Jas Mismeeeye. Menziesis
1. E. repens, (L.) Crantz. Lesser RATTLESNAKE PLANTAIN. Stem
6 to 12 in. high. Leaves in a cluster at base, ovate, the upper surface
beautifully marked with white reticulations, on dark back ground, reticu-
lations do not follow the main nerves which are nearly parallel. Flowers
small, greenish-white. June-July.
Var. P. repens ophioides, Fernald, the leaf blotches are whiter than in
EH. repens. This form represents the species in our area. Woods.
2. E. pubescens, (Willd.) Eaton. (Fig. 7, pl. 20.) Downy RatTir-
SNAKE PLANTAIN. Stem 6 to 20 in. high, densely covered with delicate
hairs. Leaves oval with leaf-stalks which are nearly or quite wanting
in No, 1. Reticulations similar to No. 1. The lip which is nearly round
is strongly saccate. Dry woods. Common. July-Aug.
3. E. Menziesii, (Lindl.) Morong. MeENzIrS RATTLESNAKE PLAN-
TAIN. (HH. decipiens, (Hook.) Ames.) Stem 9 to 12 in. high. Leaves
much like No. 2. Lip long, trough-like, narrowed toward the outer ex-
tremity but spreading at the apex. Dry woods, northern part of our
area.
4. E. tesselata, (Lodd.) Eaton. CHECKERED RATTLESNAKE PLAN-
-TAIN. Leaves dark green with pale blotches or no blotches. Spike of
flowers 23 to 3 in. long, spiral. Flowers greenish-white; lip forming a
sac. Woods, Mass. and northward. July-Aug.
to. MICROSTYLIS, (Nutt.) Eaton. (Achroanthes, Raf.)
Low herbs arising from solid bulbs with somewhat the general aspect
of Listera but with a single broad elliptic leaf below the middle of the
stem. Flowers white or greenish-white in a narrow spike. Lip broad,
about as long as the petals.
160 ORCHIDACEAE
1. M. monophyllos, (L.) Lindl. (Fig. 4, pl. 21.) Wautre Apprr’s
Moutu. Stem slender, 4 to 6 in. high. The single leaf sheathing the
stem, The very slender spike of small white flowers about 4 the length
of the stem. The flower stalk-shorter than the flower, each with a small
bract. Lip heart-shaped with the apex contracted to a narrow point.
In woods and wet places, throughout our area. July.
2. M. unifolia, (Michx.) BSP. (Fig. 7, pl. 21.) Green ADDER’S
Mourn. Stem 6 to 10 in. high, it and the leaves much like No. 1. Spike
of flowers short, not 1/3 the length of the stem and much broader than
that of No. 1. The flower pedicel longer than the flower. Lip broad, al-
most fan-shaped, 3-lobed at apex. Cold wet ground, not frequent. July.
ir. LIPARIS, Rich. (Leptorchis, Thouars)
Low herbs arising from solid bulbs with naked stem and two broad
leaves at base. Flowers in rather broad spikes. Sepals and petals nar-
row and nearly equal; lip broad, often with 2 tubercles near the base.
1. L. liliifolia, (L.) Richard. (Fig. 8, pl. 21.) Large TwayBLapE,
Stem 4 to 10 in. high; leaves broad elliptic or oval. Spike of 5 to 15
showy flowers, the linear petals and sepals white or greenish-white, the
lip purple-brown. Flower stalk nearly an inch long. Lip broad oval,
as long as the petals. Woods and thickets. May-July.
2. L. Loeselii, (L.) Richard. (Fig. 9, pl. 21.) FEN Orcnis. Stem
2 to 8 in. high; leaves oval. Spike few flowered (3-6). Petals and
sepals linear, unequal; lip wedge-shaped, often in 3 lobes at apex, the
middle lobe longest. Sepals and petals greenish-white, lip yellowish-
green. Wet places. June.
12, CALYPSO, Salisb.
A small herb arising from a solid bulb, with stem 3 to 6 in. high and
with a single leaf at the base of the stem and a single flower at its
summit. Stem with 2 or more sheathing bracts. The sepals and petals
nearly equal, the lip large and inflated.
C. bulbosa, (L.) Oakes. (Fig, 3, pl. 21.) Catypso. Flower showy;
leaf nearly round but somewhat pointed at apex. Flower purple, pink
and yellow, somewhat resembling the flower of Cypripedium. Rare in our
region, but found oceasionally in woods. May-June.
13. CORALLORRHIZA, R. Br.
Plants mostly without green coloring. Stem and scales brown or
purplish. Flowers in loose terminal spike. Lip 1 to 3 ridged, projecting
backward as a spur which grows fast to the ovary or which is entirely
suppressed. Petals and sepals nearly equal. Roots of coralloid branch-
ing masses.
Small spur or little sac or depression of lip at summit of ovary.
Lip egg-shaped with 2 conspicuous lateral teeth near the base C. trifida
Lip inversely egg-shaped, wavy or with minute teeth at the borders.
odontorhiza
Lip broadly egg-shaped, white with crimson spots . . . C. Wéisteriana
Lip in general outline egg-shaped, with a conspicuous rounded lobe
at each side near the base. . «+ «© « «© «© e © « « C. maculata
No spur or sac to the lip. <
Lip egg-shaped, with wavy border . .« »« « «© « « « «+ C. striata
ORCHIS FAMILY 161
Coat
a, A
PLATE 21
1. Listera cordata. 2. L. australis. 3. Calypso bulbosa. 4. Microstylis
monophyllos. 5. Corallorrhiza odontorhiza. 6. C. trifida. 7. Microstylis uni-
folia, 8. Liparis liliifolia. 9. L. Loeselii.
162 ORCHIDACEAE
l. C. trifida, Chatelain. (Fig. 6, pl. 21.) Earty Corat Roor.
Stem brown, 4 to 12 in. high. Flower scape 1 to 3 in. with few (5 to
10) dull purple flowers which are drooping. Petals and sepals nearly
equal; lip shorter than the petals, with a tooth on each side near the
base and a double notch at the apex, no spur except a small protuber-
ance. Flower stalk very short or absent. Damp woods. Rare. June.
2. C. odontorhiza, (Willd.) Nutt. (Fig. 5, pl. 21.) SmMALL-rLow-
ERED CORAL-RooT. Stem 9 to 14 in. high, purplish. Flower scape with
6 to 20 purplish drooping flowers, quite small, on flower stalks about
% as long as the flowers. Sepals and petals nearly equal, 4 in. long,
marked with purplish lines. Lip broadly oval, as long as the petals,
wavy but not notched at the apex, Ovary oval, drooping. Spur absent
or represented by a small sac connected with the ovary. Woods. July-
September.
3. C. Wisteriana. Conrad. WISTER’s CoraL-root. Stem 8 to 16 in.
high, not as slender as No. 2. Flower spike with 6 to 18 drooping
flowers, each about 4 in. long with slender flower stalks 1/6 as long as
the flowers. Petals and sepals about equal. Lip longer than petals,
broadly oval with very slight indentation at apex and with purplish
dots on the upper surface. Woods. Feby.-May.
4. C. maculata, Raf. Larce Corat-root. (C. multiflora, Butt.).
Stem 8 to 20 in. high; flower spike 2 to 8 in. long with from 10 to 30
nearly erect brownish-purple flowers. Petals and sepals unequal. Lip
much shorter than the lateral sepals, broad, almost quadri-lateral with
3 distinct lobes. Spur present but adherent to the ovary. Woods. July-
September.
5. C. striata, Lindl. Srrieep Corat-root. Stems 6 to 20 in. high;
flower spike 2 to 6 in. long. Flowers larger than either of the pre-
ceding species, purple. Petals, sepals and lip about the same length.
Spur none. Lip oval without lobes or notches, narrowed at the base.
14. TIPULARIA, Nutt.
Herb. arising from a large solid bulb, with a single broad leaf on a
slender stalk which arises, in autumn, directly from the bulb. Leaf
purplish beneath; the flower scape, arising also from the bulb, appears
in the following summer, bearing a number of small greenish flowers.
Sepals and petals nearly alike, but the latter narrow; lip slightly longer
and with 3 lobes. Spur about 3 times as long as the flower and very
slender.
T. discolor, (Pursh.) Nutt. Crane-rry Orcnts. (7. wunifolia,
(Muhl.) BSP. Flower stem 15 to 20 in. high. Flower spike 5 to 10
in. long. Flowers green, tinged with purple. In woods. July-Aug.
15. CALOPOGON, R. Br. (Limodorum, L.)
Herb arising from a bulb with a long grass-like leaf and a naked
flower scape on which are from 3 to 15 showy flowers. The ovary
(which is in these orchidaceous plants the flower stalk), does not twist
and the lip is therefore on the upper or inner side of the flower. It is
conspicuously bearded on its upper side.
ORCHIS FAMILY 163
C. pulchellus, (Sw.) R. Br. (Fig. 6, pl. 20.) Grass Pink. Cato-
PoGON. (Limodorum tuberosum, (?)). Flower seape 12 to 20 in. high,
leaf 8 to 12 in. long, } to # in. wide. Flowers exquisite pink-purple, 1 in.
broad, a small bract below each flower. Petals and sepals nearly alike, lip
broad at apex, 2-lobed. The column (combined anther and stigma) is
about as long as the lip. Face of the lip light with yellow or rose-colored
hairs. In mossy bogs throughout our area, June-July.
16. APLECTRUM, Nutt.
Herb arising from a solid bulb-like corm, which is filled with a glutinous
substance. In the autumn it sends up a Jarge oval leaf and in the fol-
lowing spring or summer a scape which bears a number of dingy dull
yellowish-brown flowers, sprinkled with purple, each about an inch broad.
A. spicatum, BSP. (Fig. 5, pl. 17.) ApAmM Anp Eve. Putty Root.
(A. hyemale, (Muhl.) Torr.). Stem 12 in. or more high. Flowers in a
loose spike. Petals longer than the lip which is somewhat 3-lobed. Rich
mould in woods. May-June.
164 DICOTYLEDONS
GROUPS AND ORDERS OF THE SUB-CLASS
CHORIPETALS, OF THE CLASS DICOTY-
LEDONS, DIVISION OF ANGIOSPERMS.
Class II.—DICOTYLEDONS
Embryo with two lobes (see page 50). Leaves generally net-
veined. In a few cases, by abortion of a cotyledon, there is an
apparent condition of monocotyledonism. In a number of in-
stances also the leaves are constructed nearly on the parallel-
veined plan.
Dicotyledons are divided into two great sub-classes. In the
flowers of the first sub-class the petals are separate as in the
case of the buttercups, violets, pinks, etc., while in the flowers of
the second sub-class the petals are so united that, in general, they
appear as a single envelope as in the case of the hare bells, the
mints, the huckleberry tribe and others.
Curiously, a large group in which no petals are to be seen, be-
longs to the first sub-class, since it is assumed that although the
petals are little or not at all apparent they are technically present
_but suppressed.
The first sub-class, CHORIPETALAE,* then, is composed of two
GROUPS, in a certain sense artificial, but convenient for our pur-
pose:
Plants whose flowers have no apparent petals and, gen-
erally, only very rudimentary envelopes. 1st Group.
MPN ete aee eee )s ) APETALAE
Plants whose flowers have, generally, several petals or
colored sepals which are distinctly petaloid. 2d
jroup . |. ww Ge ee ae > 6) VOL
In the second sub-class GAMOPETALAR, the petals are united, but
in a few exceptional cases nearly or quite separated.
* Gr. Choris, asunder: petalon, a petal.
APETALAE 165
ORDERS OF THE GROUP APETALAE
1. Flowers in catkins or in various groups resembling catkins.
Flowers without corolla and usually without calyx
- Orver I. JULIFLORES
Herb with nodding spike resembling a catkin
SuB-OrpER Piperales
Flowers in true aments or catkins, calyx none
Sus-Orper Amentaceae
Flowers in catkins, a calyx usually present
Sus-OrpEer Fagales
Flowers in groups of various forms, each flower bear-
ing stamens alone or pistils alone, leaves with-
out stipules . . . . . Sus-Orper Urticales
2. Flowers not in catkins, calyx present, plants all para-
eiesee 1 4. Se ee te ORDER EI SSANTALALES
3. Flowers not in catkins, calyx present, ovules arranged
around a central column of the single celled ovary.
Sah a small part of this Order is apetalous.)
OrpdErR III. CENTROSPERMAE
(For the continuation of the Synopsis of the Orders of Chori-
petalae see the beginning of the Group Polypetalae.)
While the apetalous Orders and Sub-Orders are usually re-
garded as an artificial group, it is doubtless true that they differ
materially from the typical Choripetalae and that the herbs and
trees belonging to this group are more primitive in respect to the
flower than those belonging to groups with more specialized
flowers. The flowers of this group are not’ only of very simple
structure but in most cases the stamens are borne on one tree or
plant while the pistils are borne on another.
166 APETALAE
Sub-Class I. CHORIPETALAE
Plants With Free Petals or With no Apparent Petals
Group I. APETALAE. Flowers without petals
Flowers without a corolla, often with no floral envelope, or with
a very simple one. The group includes all the plants of the Order
Juliflorae, the Order Hysterophytes and all but two Families in
the Order Centrospermae. The special characters are shown in
the descriptions of the Orders and Families.
Order I—JULIFLORALES. Catkin-Bearing Trees and
Herbs
Flowers individually quite inconspicuous, wanting the corolla
and most frequently the calyx except in a rudimentary form.
Flowers grouped in large numbers in catkin-like inflorescence or
in fascicles. Stamens opposite to the divisions of the calyx, when
a calyx is present.
The Order Juliflorales is divided into three Sub-Orders:
1st. Sub-Order, of which we have but a single species Piperales
2d. Sub-Order, the true catkin bearers, all trees and
shrubsa-uiese ew © te oe i ak Ce eee
3d. Sub-Order, the nettle group, all herbs except
Ulta? iste 2 + OR re ee
Sus-Orper I.—PIPERALES. Prirrerapes
Our only species an herb with long nodding spikes of flowers
which bear both stamens and pistils, differing in this from cat-
kins. The flowers have neither calyx nor corolla. Fruit a berry.
Famity I.—SAURURACEAE. Lizarp Tait FAMILY
The characters of the family are included in the description of
those of the Genus Saururus,
WILLOW FAMILY 167
SAURURUS. L.
Flowers without a perianth or with a very rudimentary one. Stamens
and pistils in the same flower; stamens 6 or 8 or less, long and white,
giving to the spindle-shaped cluster of flowers the appearance of a fully
developed spike of pure white flowers. Pistil of 2 or more ovary cells
at base.
S. cernuus, L. (Fig. 1, pl. 22.) Lizarp’s Tarn. Herb, 2 to 3 ft. high,
branching. Leaves egg-shaped, heart-shaped at base, with 5 to 9 dis-
tinct, nearly parallel veins; 2 to 6 in. long, 2 to 3% in. wide, tapering
at apex to a slender point. Spike of white flowers dense, 5 or 6 in. long,
on a common flower-stem considerably longer. Swamps and wet borders
of ponds or streams, southern half of our area and in central and western
New York. June-Aug.
Sus-Orper I].—AMENTACEAE. Ament or CATKIN BrEaRERs *
Stamens and pistils in different flower groups. ‘Trees and
shrubs. Inflorescence of staminate flowers always in catkins;
pistillate flowers generally catkin-like. Flowers without a perianth
or with a very rudimentary one. Leaves always well developed
and always alternate.
Trees with compound leaves . . . . . . Juglandaceae
Trees with simple leaves. .
Pistillate and staminate clusters on different trees Salicaceae
Pistillate and staminate clusters on the same tree.
Ovary 1-celled, 1-ovuled and 1-seeded in fruit Myricaceae
Famity I.—SALICACEAE. Wittow Faminy
Flowers all in catkins. Catkins with pistillate flowers not on
the same tree with those with staminate flowers. A single flower
consists of a cluster of stamens or cluster of pistils in the axil of
a bract which is entire, tooth-like, or slit into strips. No perianth
except a paddle-like projection in case of the willows and a some-
what cup-shaped disk at the base in poplars. Stamens, in willows
2 to 5, in poplars numerous. Some willows have permanent
stipules to the leaves, others and the poplars have stipules which
fall before the leaf acquires its growth. Fruit a pod (usually
several attached to the axis of the catkin) with numerous seeds
each furnished with a silky down.
* A catkin or ament consists of a group of apetalous flowers, each flower springing
from the axil of a scale and all arranged spirally on an undividing stem or axis.
The flowers of an individual group or catkin consist, generally, exclusively either
of staminate or of pistillate flowers. The axis or stem of the catkin is not, for
the staminate group, a complete continuation of the branch from which it grows, but
is attached in the manner of a leaf and falls when its purpose is served, The
staminate catkins are usually flexible, drooping dangles, while the pistillate aments
are frequently erect,
168 SALICACEAE
Bracts at base of flowers not slit or divided . . . . Salix
Bracts at base of flowers divided . . . . . . Populus
1. SALIX, (Tourn.) L.
Trees or shrubs, mostly along streams. Long slender flexible branches
with, in most species, long narrow sharp pointed leaves, sharply toothed,
or nearly entire. The aments—*‘ pussys”—appear in early spring before
the leaves.
1. Catkins on short leafy branches; leaves all lance-shaped
Stamens more than 2 in each axil
Trees from 15 to 50 or more ft. high.
Leaves very finely and closely notched around the entire border.
Leaves linear lance-shaped -
- S. Wheeleri
heaves) namow.llance-shapedi mate. wes cneeemeees 1 fs ney ena ees S. nigra
ieeaves» broad. Jance-shaped i 20 alist eee) i) bs a ne re amygdaloides
eaves) Ovate-lance-shaned os) .) ct pcunieeiewiccieeten fon Mou s) Caicos S. lucida
Leaves elliptic lance-shaped . . . «© . ow ae 6S Serissima
Stamens 2 only in cere dei
Tall tree with reddish-green pies seh se, pe ee Lak. aug top Eo ae
Tall tree with yellow twigs . ecietan sm ke a (Siepaiba
Tall tree with -very long slender green twigs A Ba? babylonica
Leaves with distinct teeth (1/20 to 1/1o in. apart). Branching shrub, 2 to
io ft. high.
Leaves marrow lance-shaped . . ieee Lace ac S. longifolia
Leaves broad lance-shaped or oblong he. Helo ic Fics eee glaucophylla
2. Catkins lateral on the branches or at ithe terminals
Stamens 2 in each axil
Small trees or shrubs 6 to 18 it. high.
Leaves narrow lance-shaped, broadest near the apex . . . . . S. purpurea
Leaves elliptic or lance-ovate.
HMainya aDOVeN lye ye . S. Bebbiana
Smooth green above, nearly “white “beneath, ‘teeth minute. or none S. discolor
Leaves oblong, firm, borders distinctly toothed, young branches densely hairy.
Bracts not as long as the individual flower pedicels . . . . S._eriocephala
Leaves as above, young branches not hairy, bracts as above . . S. prinoides
Bracts longer than the flower pedicels . . . . . «. - «+ S._squamata
Leaves) rather broad) lance-shaped) <* ns Uac) eeu so ce, a) a ee See
Shrubs 2 to 1o ft. high.
Leaves lance-shaped, scarcely notched.
Twigs not very hairy.
Leaves grayish, hairy beneath . ate 6 «© Ss miss
_ Leaves silvery with silky hairs beneath » see swe OS, Se
Twigs very hairy, leaves oval . . . . = « « « « Se adenopnyia
eaves: narrow. egg-shaped =) Js) 20 6 9s =) 5 « Sa eunpoceeee
Leaves heart-shaped at base . Se ees se) ey e's) 8 Se Care
Leaves elliptic or broad lance- -shaped, tapering at ‘base <- «© w*« « Os PAVNoponE
Leaves ovate or oval, rounded at base . . oe 0 6 De Valsamiirera
Shrub 2 to 5 ft. igh
Leaves narrow lance-shaped or elliptic, white beneath . . . . . S. candida
Shrubs 6 in. to 2 ft. high.
Leaves: dance-etiaped: 2c oS petit tele, toe Wie) el ee. bel see oe) | oe
Leaves narrow elliptic, broadest toward the apex . . . . . S. argyrocarpa
Leaves elliptic, tapering equally at both ends . . . . . . S. myrtilloides
Shrubs less than 1 ft. high.
Leaves pear-shaped, broadest toward apex . . . . . . «. « « S. Uvu-ursi
Geavea: ‘orbicilars sh su ae se. wl er we a ion cs, ey ge) 0
1. §. nigra, Marsh. (Fig. 1, pl. 23.) Brack Wirtow. Usually a
small tree, 15 to 30 ft. high, but rarely reaching a much greater height.
Leaves narrow lance-shaped, tapering sharply at both ends. Branches
pale yellow; leaves deep green above, somewhat lighter below; leaf-
WILLOW FAMILY 169
PLATE 22
1. Saururus cernuus. 2. Salix lucida. 3. 8. cordata, 4. S, Bebbiana. 5. S.
Uva-ursi 6. 6. herbacea.
170 SALICACEAE
stalk rather short; stipules small and falling early; capsule ovoid, rather
longer than its pedicel. Stamens 3 to 7, Along the banks of streams
and lakes. Common.
2. §. amygdaloides, Anders. (Fig. 1, pl. 23a.) PrEAcH-LEAVED WIL-
tow. ‘Tree, usually small but sometimes attaining a height of 70 ft.
Leaves broad lance-shaped, tapering to a long delicate point at apex and
to a more blunt point at base, pale beneath, dark green above, on a long
leaf-stalk. Stipules very small and falling early. Capsule egg-shaped.
Central and western New York, on banks of lakes and streams.
3. §. lucida, Muhl. (Fig. 2, pl. 22.) Sninine Wittow. Shrub, 5 to
15 ft. high, rarely higher, with green or yellowish-brown, shining twigs.
Leaves smooth and glossy on both sides, egg-shaped to lance-shaped;
stipules small, oblong. Basal third of leaf an in. wide, tapering to a long
slender point at apex, while at the base the taper is more abrupt. Stamens
about 5. Along banks of streams. Common.
4. §. serissima, (Bailey). Fernald. (Fig. 2, pl. 23a.) Late Fruit-
ine Wittow. Shrub, 13 ft., or less, high, with smooth shining brown
twigs. Leaves elliptic-lance-shaped or lance-shaped, 4 to 4 in. long, 3 to
13 in. wide, finely toothed, tapering to a slender point. Leaf-stalks 4 in.
long, or less. Catkins borne at ends of short, leafy branches, the eatkin
stem and scales densely white silky. Staminate catkins nearly an in. long,
loosely flowered. Bogs and wet meadows, Mass., New Jersey and New
York. May-June.
5. §S. Wheeleri, (Bowlee.) Rydb. WHEELER’s WiLLow. A low shrub
with silky twigs and linear lance-shaped leaves 3 in. long or more, } in.
wide, densely white silky on both sides. Catkins borne at ends of short
leafy branches. Sandy beaches, New York and northward. June-July.
Stamens 2 only, catkins on short branches (Figs. 1 and 2, pl. 23)
6. §. fragilis, L. (Fig. 3, pl. 23a.) Crack WILLow. BritTLE WIL-
Low. ‘Tree, 60 to 80 ft. high; twigs reddish green. Leaves lance-shaped,
broad at basal third, green and shining, tapering to a long slender point
at apex. Serrations fine. Capsule conic on a short pedicel. Escaped from
cultivation, mostly in the southern section of our region.
7. §S. alba, L. (Fig. 2, pl. 23.) Wuirr Wittow. Large tree with
yellow twigs and very narrow lance-shaped, finely toothed leaves which
taper to a slender point at both ends, green above or ashy gray, paler
or silky white beneath. Stipules, when present, ovate lance-shapéd.
Capsule somewhat conic without a pedicel. Branches not drooping.
Moist soil, frequent along borders of streams, common.
8. §. babylonica, L. Werrina WitLtow. A very large tree with
long drooping and flexible green twigs. An ornamental tree well known
and of well marked characteristics.
Stamens 2 in each awxil; borders of leaves remotely notched
9. §. longifolia, Muhl. (Fig. 3, pl. 23.) River-BANK Wittow. (8S.
fluviatilis, Nutt.). Shrub, 2 to 10 ft. high, trunks growing in clumps.
Leaves very narrow, 23 to 4 in. long, with remote teeth. Leaf-stalks
very short. River banks, common.
10, §, glaucophylla, Bebb, (Fig, 4, pl. 23a.) Broap-teavep WIL-
WILLOW FAMILY
Zab?
wt =
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\ pies
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G
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<
rep,
Vee
WES
PLATE 23
1. Salix nigra, 2, S. alba. 3. S. longifolia, 4, S. sericea.
171
172 SALICACEAE
tow. Shrub about as high as the last. Leaves dark green, shining above,
whitish below, broad lance-shaped, 23 in. long, toothed; stipules ear-shaped,
rather large, persistent. Catkins leafy at base. Dry soil, Maine and
northward.
ll. §S. purpurea, L. (Fig. 5, pl. 23a.) Purpre WiLtLow. A small
tree, escaped from cultivation and seen only rarely as a naturalized
species. Twigs flexible, long, purple. Leaves lance-shaped but broadest
toward the apex. The stamens may be 2 in each axil or their different
filaments may be so united as to form a single stamen. The capsules in
the pistillate flowers are sessile, 7. e., they have no pedicel or an extremely
short one.
12. §. Bebbiana, Sarg. (Fig. 4, pl. 22.) Brss’s Wittow. (VN.
rostrata, Richards.) Small tree or shrub, 8 to 15 ft. Twigs covered
with soft down. Leaves egg-shaped, or generally broadest toward the
apex (pear-shaped), 2 to 3 in. long, dull green above, blue or white be-
low; borders scarcely notched but uneven, upper surface rather deeply
and irregularly reticulated between the principal veins. Pistillate flowers,
the pedicel of the capsule as long as the capsule itself. Moist or dry
soil, common.
13. §. discolor, Muhl. (Fig. 6, pl. 23a.) GLaucus WILLow. Pussy
WILLow. Generally a shrub, but sometimes a small tree. Twigs dark
reddish purple with silky hairs. Leaves broad lance-shaped or oblong,
often broadest toward the apex, 3 to 5 in. long; notches remote; bright
green above, smooth and nearly white beneath. Catkins appear much
earlier than the leaves. The pedicel of the capsule of pistillate flower
about 4 to 4 as long as the capsule and style together. Capsule downy.
Borders of streams, common.
14. §. eriocephala, Michx. Pussy WitLow. Leaves firm, oblong, the
borders distinctly toothed; young branches densely hairy. Catkins short
and dense. Wet places, New England to Penna. and westward.
15. §. prinoides, Pursh. CHESTNUT OAK WILLOW. Resembles the
last but young branches are not hairy and catkins are long and loose.
New York to Virginia.
16. §. squamata, Rydb. Lona-BracTtED WILLow. Resembles SN. erio-
cephala but young branches are less hairy, bracts at base of individual
flowers are longer than the flower pedicel. New Jersey and Pennsylvania.
17. §. sericea, Marsh. (Fig. 4, pl. 23.) Smxy Wittow. Shrub,
rarely 10 ft. high, but sometimes about 12 ft. Twigs slender, with fine
silky hairs. Leaves 2 to 4 in. long, narrow lance-shaped, tapering at
both ends but somewhat broader toward the base than toward the apex.
Notches fine and even. Pedicel of capsule less than } as long as capsule
and style. Capsule downy. Wet places, borders of streams.
18. §. humilis, Marsh. (Fig. 7, pl. 23a.) Prarrir Wittow. Shrub
3 to 8 ft. high, with rather broad lance-shaped leaves, the lower even egg-
shaped, in general broadest toward the apex, 2 to 4 in. long; borders only
slightly toothed, upper surface dull green, lower gray with hairs. Pedicel
of capsule about 4 as long as capsule and style. Dry soil.
19. §. viminalis, L. (Fig. 8, pl. 23a.) Oster Wittow. Shrub, often
cultivated in rows in low grounds for basket work. Introduced and only
WILLOW FAMILY 173
f
Le
13 ©
PLATE 23a
1. Salix amygdaloides. 2. S. serissima. 3. S. fragilis. 4. S. glaucophylla.
5. S. purpurea. 6. S. discolor. 7. S. humilis. 8. S. viminalis. 9. 8, adeno-
phylla. 10. S. balsamifera. 11. S. candida. 12. 8. tristis. 13. S. myrtil-
loides. 14. S. argyrocarpa. 15. S. coactilis. 16. S. phyllicifolia.
~
174 SALICACEAE
rarely escaped. Twigs very slender, green, flexible. Leaves linear Jance-
shaped, tapering about equally toward both ends; 3 to 6 in. long; borders
scarcely toothed or notched, smooth, dark green above, silver white and
silky beneath. Pedicel of capsule wanting or very short.
20. §. adenophylla, Hook. (Fig. 9, pl. 23a.) Furry WiLLow. Shrub
3 to 9 ft. high, with broadly lance-shaped or egg-shaped leaves. The twigs,
leaves and stipules clothed, even when the leaves are fully grown, with a
dense covering of long silky hairs. Leaves 1 to 2 in. long, sharply pointed
at apex, rounded at base, with close and fine serrations at the borders.
Stipules heart-shaped at base, conspicuous. Catkins long, densely flow-
ered. Lake and river shores, throughout our region.
21. §. cordata, Muhl. (Fig. 3, pl. 22.) HEART-LEAVED WILLOW.
Shrub 5 ft. or more high, rarely 10 or 12 ft. high. Leaves broad lance-
shaped, often heart-shaped at base, 13 to 3 in, long, sparingly or not at
all notched, both upper and lower surface nearly green. Pedicel of
capsule less than } the length of capsule and style. In wet soil, common.
22. §. phylicifolia, L. (Fig. 16, pl. 23a.) TEA-LEAVED WILLOW.
Shrub, 1 to 10 ft. high; leaves broad lance-shaped or elliptic, tapering
nearly alike at both ends; smooth both sides, the lower lighter in color
than the upper, 14 to 3 in. long. Pedicel of capsule very short. Moist
ravines toward the summit of the White Mountains.
23. §S. balsamifera, Barratt. (Fig. 10, pl. 23a.) Batsam WILLow.
Shrub with egg-shaped leaves rounded or somewhat heart-shaped at base,
2 to 3 in. long. Pedicel of capsule about as long as capsule and style.
Swamps in the northern section of our region.
24. §. candida, Fluegge. (Fig. 11, pl. 23a.) Hoary WitLow. Small
shrub, 2 to 5 ft. high. Young twigs white, hairy, later becoming red or
purple. Leaves with smooth borders or sparingly toothed, narrow or
elliptic-lance-shaped, persistently white and silky beneath, green and some-
what silky above, 2 to 4 in. long. Pedicel of capsule very short. In
swamps, most of our area.
25. §. tristis, Ait. (Fig. 12, pl. 23a.) Sacre WitLtow. Shrub 1 to 2
ft. high. Twigs hairy. Leaves lance-shaped, broadest toward apex; bor-
ders smooth, white silky beneath, light green above, 1 to 2 in. long. Cat-
kins with few flowers. Pedicel of capsule about 4 the length of capsule
and style. Dry soil, our area.
26. §. coactilis, Fernald. (Fig. 15, pl. 23a.) Large shrub with
coarse branchlets, the younger downy. Leaves oblong or narrow egg-
shaped, remotely toothed, with lustrous reddish-white down at first, later
velvety. Stipules half-egg-shaped, persistent. Banks of Penobscot river,
Maine.
27. S.argyrocarpa, Anders. (Fig. 14, pl. 23a.) Srtver WILtLow.
Diffuse shrub, 4 to 2 ft. high. Twigs shining. Leaves 1 to 2 in. long, ob-
long and widest toward the apex, white silky beneath, bright green above.
Catkins few flowered. Pedicel as long as the silvery capsule and the style.
On the White Mountains.
28. §. myrtilloides, L. (Fig. 13, pl. 23a.) Boa Wittow. Shrub 1
to 3 ft. high. Twigs brown. Leaves elliptic or egg-shaped, 1 to 2 in. long,
tapering nearly equally toward each end. Apex obtuse or somewhat
WILLOW FAMILY 175
Y
Lyf
IE
AC
ZOLy,
ZB
PLATE 24
1. Populus heterophylla. 2. P. balsamifera. 3. P. alba. 4, P. grandi-
dentata. 5. P. tremuloides. 6. P. deltoides.
176 SALICACEAE
pointed, border without notches or teeth, bright green above, pale beneath.
Pedicel of capsule more than 4 as long as capsule and style. Bogs,
throughout our area.
29. §. herbacea, L. (Fig. 6, pl. 22.) Dwarr WItLtLow. Prostrate
matted shrub with rounded leaves and catkins with few flowers. Height
from 1 to 6 in. On the summits of the White Mountains.
One stamen only in the axil of the bract or rarely two
30. §. Uva-ursi, Pursh. (Fig. 5, pl. 22.) Brarserry Wittow. A
prostrate herb-like shrub, generally less than 6 in. high, with crooked
stems and egg-shaped or elliptic leaves, which are generally less than
3 in. long and 3 or 1/3 as wide, broadest toward apex, slightly toothed.
Catkins on lateral leafy bases, the pistillate becoming quite long. On
the summits of the White Mountains and Adirondacks.
z. POPULUS, L.
Pistillate and staminate catkins on different trees. Each staminate
group containing from 8 to 30 stamens. Bract at base of stamens slit.
Buds without hairs, scaly, resinous. Leaves on long slender leaf-stalks, »
broad, heart-shaped or oval. Catkins long and drooping. Large trees
with soft wood.
Leaves permanently covered beneath by a dense, white, silky coat . . P. alba
Leaves usually only when young covered beneath by a dense silky coat :
ete <8 e. -, « Pe ‘heteropinm
Leaves never covered by dense white coat.
Leaves narrowly egg-shaped, with rounded leaf-stalks . . P. balsamifera
Leaves broadly egg-shaped, with leaf-stalks flattened laterally.
Borders coarsely and deeply toothed . P. grandidentata
Borders finely toothed, leaves short- pointed at. the apex P. tremuloides
Leaves with long and slender points.
Bases) often’ rounded) 47. os ac eel siete telnet ite P. nigra
Bases generally rounded out . . . . « «2 « = e« P. deltoides
1. P. alba, L. (Fig. 3, pl. 24.) Wutre Poprar. SILVER-LEAF Pop-
LAR. Large tree. Leaves somewhat obliquely 4-sided (rhombic) with
deep sinuous cuttings. Under surface of leaves permanently covered
by a dense, white, silky coat. March-May.
2. P. heterophylla, L. (Fig. 1, pl. 24.) Swamp or Downy Poprar,
Large tree. Leaves egg-shaped with, usually, a somewhat heart-shaped
base. When young the leaves are covered beneath by a white silky coat
which usually disappears as the leaf matures. In moist places mostly
in the southern half of our area. April-May.
3. P. balsamifera, L. (Fig. 2, pl. 24.) BatsamM Porrar. Large
tree. Buds large and varnished, shining, resinous. Leaves broadly egg-
shaped, finely notched at borders, smooth, shining above and beneath.
Leaf-stalks round.
Var. P. balsamifera candicans, Gray, is the Balm of Gilead tree common
in cultivation. P. balsamifera is found throughout our area. April.
4. P. grandidentata, Michx. (Fig. 4, pl. 24.) Laror Toornrep ASPEN.
Leaves rounded-egg-shaped, sharply tapering at apex, with very conspieu-
ous, irregular teeth. Bark rather smooth, greenish. Leaves at ex-
tremities of branches only. Rich woods throughout our region. April.
5. P. tremuloides, Michx. (Fig. 5, pl. 24.) AMERICAN ASPEN.
Wuite Portar. Leaves rounded, heart-shaped at base, sharply tapering
BAYBERRY FAMILY 177
at apex. Teeth not large. Leaf-stalks longer than the leaves and _flat-
tened laterally. A slender tree, very common throughout our area.
March-May.
6. P. nigra, L. Buiack Poprar. Leaves almost triangular (deltoid),
tapering to a slender point at the apex. When young the leaves are .
somewhat silky. Base of leaf bluntly rounded, sometimes rounded in.
A large tree, naturalized, found in the Hudson and Delaware Valleys.
April-May.
7. P. deltoides, Marsh. (Fig. 6, pl. 24.) Cortonwoop. Leaves
broadly triangular (deltoid), abruptly pointed at apex, generally rounded
out at the base. Leaf-stalk about as long as the leaf-blade. Along
streams, throughout our region. March-May.
P. pyramidalis, Rosier. LOMBARDY POPLAR, with its broad, deltoid leaves
and erect branches, is found wild occasionally.
Famity I].—MYRICACEAE. Bayperry Faminy
Shrubs with alternate leaves which are aromatic. Catkins,
small and erect, both pistillate and staminate flowers found on
the same plant or one form only on a single plant. In the aments
a single flower only is found at the axil of a bract. Staminate
flower consists, usually, of 4 to 6 stamens, the filaments somewhat
united. ach pistillate flower subtended by 2 to several bractlets.
Ovary 1-celled; fruit a small berry-like nut.
t MYRICA, L;
Shrubs with pear-shaped leaves, broadest at the apex, or with linear
lance-shaped leaves. After the fall of the catkins the branches of some
species bear an abundance of whitish, waxy, berry-like nuts.
1. M. Gale, L. (Fig. 7, pl. 25.) Swrer Garr. Leaves pear-
shaped, about 4 times as long as broad. Toward the apex the leaves are
notched while the basal half of the border is generally smooth. Com-
mon at the borders of streams, ponds and swamps. April-May.
2. M. carolinensis, Mill. (Fig. 8, pl. 25.) WaxBeErry. Shrub,
rather larger than the preceding (2 to 8 ft. high). Leaves similar to
No. 1, but without teeth at the borders. Berries very numerous, light
grayish-white, waxy to the touch. In early times in this country these
berries furnished an important supply of wax to the settlers. In sandy
soil, moist or dry. April-May.
3. M. asplenifolia, L. (Fig. 5, pl. 25.) Swerer Fern. (Comptonia
perigrina, Coulter.) Shrub, 1 to 2 ft. high, very leafy, the leaves and
stems decidedly aromatic. Leaves linear-lance-shaped, the borders cut
into a number of shallow lobes giving the leaves a fern-like appearance.
Stipules half heart-shaped. The pistillate aments at the leaf axils have
a bur-like appearance, the staminate aments dangle from the ends of the
branches. Dry hillsides and sterile soil, frequent in our region.
178 JUGLANDACEAE
Famity IIJ.—JUGLANDACEAE. Watnut Famity
Trees, the leaves of which are alternate and each consisting of
several leaflets (compound leaves). Stipules none. Flowers in
simple catkins or, in case of the pistillate flowers, solitary or in
a group of several at the end of a shoot of the season. Perianth
formed on the typical plan of 4 lobes for the pistillate flowers and
3 to 6 for the staminate ones.
Fruit a hard nut, rounded or egg-shaped, the woody husk or
case enclosing a hard nut within which is the oily meat or seed.
Staminate catkins single . : . . . « « SUglame
Staminate catkins im 38 . . . « » © » « © Oanm
1, JUGLANS, L.
Compound, pinnate, leaves, the leaflets arranged opposite along the
main leaf stalk, except the terminal leaflet which is alone. Staminate
flowers in long drooping cylindric catkins, which hang singly. Fertile
flowers in small cluster or solitary.
l. J. cinerea, L. (Fig. 3, pl. 25.) Burrernur. Leaflets 7 to 16
pairs with an odd one, narrow egg-shaped or oblong lance-shaped; pointed
at apex, notched borders, rounded at base; smooth above, soft hairy
beneath. Fruit a long egg-shaped nut, the woody case being roughened
by irregular deep ridges, the kernel double and irregular. Nut occurs
singly or in groups of 2 to 4. A broad tree well known for its oily
nuts. Bark light gray, not rough. April-May.
2. J. nigra,L. (Fig. 1, pl. 25.) Buack WaLnut. Leaflets 7 to 11
pairs and an odd one, resembling those of former species but more taper-
ing at apex and somewhat heart-shaped at base. Smooth above, some-
what downy beneath. Fruit spherical, outer husk roughly dotted, woody
shell corrugated. Bark brown, rough. <A large tree. April-May.
2. CARYA, Nutt. (Hicoria, Raf.)
Trees, often very large (80 to 120 ft. high), with pinnately compound
leaves, resembling the former genus. The staminate catkins which, in
Juglans are single, are in Carya in clusters of 3's. Fruit spherical to
oblong, consisting of a woody husk, a hard shell within this and an
irregular kernel or seed within the shell of the nut. The number of
leaflets varies in different species, being few in Nos. 5 and 6, and numer-
ous (7 to 13) in the other species.
1. C. cordiformis, (Wang.) K. Koch. Brrrer Nur. Swamp Hick-
ory. Leaflets 7 to 9, 3 to 6 in, long. Fruit sub-globose, husk narrowly
6 ridged, splitting tardily into 4 valves. Nut not angled, white, 1 in.
long. ‘Kernel bitter. Moist woods, swamps, throughout our region.
2. C. ovata, Mill. (Fig. 4, pl. 25.) Smac-parK Hickory. Bark
shaggy. Leaflets 5, rarely 7, oblong, 4 to 6 in. long. Fruit sub-globose
1} to 24 in. long. Husk splitting early into 4 valves; nut white, angular,
pointed. Kernel sweet. New England and westward.
179
WALNUT FAMILY
PLATE 25
7. Myrica Gale, with pistillate
glans cinerea. 4. Carya ovata. 5.
n
i=)
ov
S
=
j=)
bags
2
mM
ace
—
ia
tov]
eee
aan
3 :
a A
8 by8
Ph
HS 35
SO sa
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7
aan Te
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Be
ASS
mete
Be es
Ser
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on
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A te
m5
ss
a oO
180 BETULACEAE
3. C. laciniosa, Michx. (Fig. 6, pl. 25.) Bra Smac-Bark. KING
Nut. Bark less shaggy. Leaflets, 7 to 9 (rarely 5), 8 in. long by 5 in.
wide. Fruit 2 to 3 in. long, oblong, splitting early. Nut angular, large
(1} to 2 in. long), pointed at both ends, yellowish-white. Kernel sweet.
Central New York, Penna., and southward.
4, C. alba,L. (Fig. 2, pl. 25.) Wire Heart Hickory. MOCKER
Nur. Bark not shaggy but rough. Leaflets 7 to 9, persistently covered
with soft hairs. Fruit globose 14 to 3% in. long, husk very thick and
hard. Nut globose, not compressed at sides, 4 ridged, angled, pointed
at summit. JXernel sweet. East Mass., northward and westward.
5. C. microcarpa, Nutt. SMALL-rRUITED Hickory. Bark close but
rough. Leaflets 5 to 7, oblong, 34 to 5 in. long, not hairy. Fruit small
(Jess than 1 in. long), globose, husk thin, splitting imperfectly toward the
base. Nut globose, small, slightly compressed, not angular. Kernel
sweet. East Mass., and southward.
6. C. glabra, Mill. Pic Nut. Brown Hickory. Bark close, not
shaggy. Leaflets 5 to 7, oblong, widest at apex. Fruit top-shaped, the
apex pointed. Nut brown, sharp pointed, thick shelled. Kernel bitter.
Throughout our area.
Sus-Orper II].—FAGALES. THe Breecu Trine
Trees or shrubs with simple alternate leaves, the borders of
which are generally notched or lobed, with leaf stems. Flowers
of two forms almost always on the same tree. The staminate
flowers always in catkins, in Castanea and the oaks they are ar-
ranged in interrupted clusters on the catkin. In Fagus they are
in a single cluster. The stamens are arranged in groups of 1 to
20 in the axil of a bract or attached to the receptacle. The pis-
tillate flowers in catkins in Betulaceae, in small groups in Fa-
gaceae. Fruit a nut.
Pistillate flowers in a.short more or less erect catkin or when
not in a catkin the involucre at the base of the group
without spines, consisting of leaf-like, generally divided,
DEAGS see ek oa ee Fe
Pistillate flowers never in catkins, the pistillate involucre
forming a small cup containing one or more flowers
er er ry ee
Famity I—BETULACEAE, Tur Brron Famtty
The birches and alders have the pistillate flowers in short erect
catkins. In Carpinus and Ostrya they are arranged in a leafy
181
BEECH FAMILY
= ah)
ZU
PLATE 26
1. Carpinus caroliniana. la. Single
virginiana. 3. Castanea dentata. 4. C
(re
Sa
Re
m &
Os
ao
5 4
BS
has
wees
Had
wes
2.8
Ags
=o
ro)
aes
»~
oO MR
o 5
a
eae
°
cana. 6. Fagus americana. 6a. Cluster of staminate
182 BETULACEAE
hop-like group of bracts, while in Corylus the bracts form a much
divided fringe-like collar which encloses the oval nut.
Pistillate flowers not in catkins.
Bract of the involucre halberd-shaped . . . Carpinus
Bract of the involucre pointed, oval . . . . Ostrya
Bracts of the involucre much incised . . . . Corylus
Pistillate flowers in catkins.
Scales of pistillate flowers falling early . . . Betula
Seales persistent, . . .-.: S :) 2 2. oe
1. CARPINUS, L.
Small tree with smooth gray bark and very compact wood. Stems fur-
rowed. Staminate catkins long, drooping and scaly. Pistillate, two
flowers to each leaf-like bract, the latter in a spiral around a pro-
longed stem. Nut small ovoid.
C. caroliniana, Walt. (Fig. 1, pl. 26.) AmeErrIcAN HoRNBEAM. BLUE
Beecu. A small tree, generally growing under the protecting cover of
larger trees. Leaves long ovate with sharp notches, the teeth extending
to the spine. Terminal spine very acute. In shady and damp places,
throughout our area. April-May.
2. OSTRYA, Scop.
Small tree, in general resembling the hornbeam. The leaves are less
prolonged and the cluster of fertile flowers and fruit resembles an
elongated hop flower.
O. virginiana, (Mills.) Willd. (Fig. 2, pl. 26.) Hor Horneseam.
Tronwoop, Staminate flowers scaly, the scales extending to the branch.
Nut oblong ovoid, small. In dryer places than Carpinus.
3. CORYLUSSL:
Shrubs with broad leaves, staminate flowers in a scaly catkin, scales
reaching the branch, expanding before the leaves. Pistillate flowers in
small groups also appearing before the leaves. The involucre surround-
ing the seed becomes a strong rough envelope to the seed or nut.
1. C. americana, Walt. (Fig. 5, pl. 26.) Hazex Nur. Leaves
broad, rounded, with rather fine serrations. The involucre large and
spreading with deeply lacinated borders. Throughout our area.
2. C. rostrata, Ait. (Fig. 4, pl. 26.) Braxep HazeL Nut. Leaves
less round than the previous species, extremity narrowly pointed, ser-
rations coarse. The involucre of the nut contracts to a long narrow
neck and is covered with hairs. Throughout our area.
4; BETULA, EL.
Trees and shrubs, outer bark generally in layers of horizontal fibers.
Bark and young twigs aromatie. Both kinds of flowers expand before
the leaves. Staminate catkins drooping, each scale covering 3 flowers.
BIRCH FAMILY 183
PLATE 27
1. Betula lenta. 2. B. populifolia. 3. B, nigra, 4. B. glandulosa. 6. Alnus
crispa. 6. A, rugosa.
184 BETULACEAE
Pistillate catkins erect or spreading, scales each covering 3 flowers in
the axis.
Trees.
Bark white or yellowish-white.
Leaves deltoid.
Green ot eu Sg sp een Te es, Sow ea ten a Bn Sento
Bluish-green. >... <2. net Sena fol We Ws on we ete B. coerulea
heaves” egg-shaped “<) 7 S)emmeinaem oo =) eee ‘B. papyrifera
Bark brown or greenish-brown.
Pistillate catkin with a stem . . Sree ce i IE er;
Pistillate catkin stemless or nearly sO.
Bark dark brown . . é - » « Bs dents
Bark yellowish or greenish- brown.
‘Twigs not! «silky va ueciee eS ae Se ees B. lutea
Twigs (dite wm Silkyeus: cremmie) ce fo. Seneetien alleghaniensis
Shrubs.
Young branchlets dotted with wart-like plands - « « «© « SB. glandulosa
Young branchlets not glandular ses © « » Bug
1. B. populifolia, Marsh. (Fig. 2, pl. 27.) American WHITE
Bircu. Tree, from 15 to 30 ft. high. Bark smooth and white. Twigs
brown. Leaves triangular with the free point very slender. Smooth and
shining both sides, tremulous. Mostly in damp places but grows in dry
soil, most of our area.
2. B. coerulea, Blanchard. Buiue Bircw. Larger than No. 1.
Foliage bluish-green; young shoots warty. Leaves egg-shaped to del-
toid on long leaf-stalks, irregularly and sharply toothed; base of leaf
nearly straight across, apex tapering to a long narrow point, both sur-
faces smooth. Woods, Vermont. May.
3. B. papyrifera, Marsh. Paper or Canoe Bircnw. Tree, 50 to 65
ft. high; bark white, splitting into layers. Leaves egg-shaped to heart-
shaped, free point less tapering than in No. 1, pale above, somewhat
dotted below, double serrations with petiole about 1/3 length of leaf.
Rich woods and wet places, throughout our range.
4., B. nigra, L. (Fig. 3, pl. 27.) River Biron. Rep Bircu. Tree,
50 to 75 ft. high; bark greenish-brown, peeling in very thin layers.
Leaves rhombie ovate, tapering at each end, serrations irregular, the
larger serrations including several of the smaller, smooth and deep green
above, light below. Banks of streams and lakes, east Mass., southward.
5. B. lenta, L. (Fig. 1, pl. 27.) CHEerRy Biron. Sweet Brrca.
Biack Biren. Tree 50 to 70 ft. high; bark dark brown, not separating
into layers like No. 3. Twigs very aromatic. Leaves egg-shaped, some-
times heart-shaped; doubly serrate, serrations generally regular, bright
green above, veins beneath dull green. Rich woods, our range.
6. B. lutea, Michx. YeLrow Bircu. Gray Biren. Tallest of the
birches. Bark yellowish or gray; not always separable into layers;
twigs less aromatic than No. 4; leaves ovate or long-ovate, generally
with tapering points, dull green above, downy on the veins beneath.
Rich moist woods, our range.
7. B. alleghaniensis, Britton. SournerN YerLLow Bircn. Resem-
bles B. lutea. Young twigs downy with long hairs. Leaves egg-shaped,
tapering, 5 in. long, coarsely and sharply toothed, heart- shaped at base
or rounded, dark green above, yellow-green and more or less downy be-
neath, especially on the veins. Leaf-stalks downy 4 in. long. Stamen
bearing catkins about 24 in. long. Mass., northward,
BIRCH FAMILY 185
8. B. pumila, L. Low Bircn. Shrub, 2 to 15 ft. high. Young twigs
and leaves quite downy; leaves pear-shaped, or round, serrations coarse,
single and regular. In bogs.
9. B. glandulosa, Michx. (Fig. 4, pl. 27.) Dwarr Bircn. A pros-
trate or erect shrubby plant, 1 to 2 ft. high. On elevations of White
Mountains, 4 to 6 inches. Leaves orbicular or somewhat egg-shaped.
Smooth and dark green both sides. Branchlets dotted with glands. Found
on high mountains in New York, Maine, New Hampshire, ete.
5. ALNUS, Gaertn.
Small trees or shrubs. Like the birches, the catkins of the staminate
flowers are Jong and pendulous, while those of the pistillate flowers are
erect, both kinds expand before or with the leaves. The bark is dark
brown, in old trees grayish. Leaves alternate, egg-shaped, toothed, dark
green.
Flowers appearing with the leaves.
IGASS “GOR Ginga Ua els Eoegoemei ce olga SS co Sa lowes 6 oe7h Seow)
Twigs downy. p
Weavesmbluntytatm both ends <4) es icii teen mtenEsL rte utc An aOLILS
Flowers appearing before the leaves. :
ieaAvesmbLoadest sate DaScwers fe)! goo 1s) ie tele ie) CRE Ton ts) Wal teumtyecarc
eaves broadest wate outer-half 9 < i % ya teehee sl dete ose (Aas nugosa
Leaves acute at both ends . . . «© « « « « « A. Noveboracensis
1. A. crispa, Pursh. (Fig. 5, pl. 27.) GREEN on MouNnTAIN ALDER.
(A. Alnobetula, Koch.?). Low shrub, 2 to 8 ft. high. Leaves oval or
egg-shaped, when young more or less downy, teeth small and regular, in
single series, when older the upper surface dark green and lower light
green with pubescence on veins. Leaves and catkins expand together.
On high mountains and along cold streams. New York and New Eng-
land and southward.
2. A. mollis, Fernald. Hatry Green Axper. More downy than No.
1, the under surface of leaves often densely hairy. Otherwise in general
similar to No. 1. New York, westward and northward. May-June.
3. A. incana, Willd. Specktep or Hoary Axper. Shrub, or small
tree, 8 to 25 ft. high. Leaves more broadly oval than No. 1, dentation
generally double, dark green above, whitish beneath. Borders of streams
and swamps.
4. A. rugosa, Koch. (Fig. 6, pl. 27.) Smoora Atper. (A. ser-
rulata, Willd.). Shrub or tree reaching height of 30 ft. or more. Leaves
tapering at base, broad at upper third and rounded at apex, serrations
double, deep green above and below. Forms thick masses of growth along
streams or in wet soil.
5. A. Noveboracensis, Britton. New York Atper. Shrub or small
tree. Young twigs and leaf-stalks densely downy. Leaves oblong to
pear-shaped, acute at both ends, 43 in. long or less, sharply and irregu-
larly toothed, densely downy on the veins beneath. Woods and thickets
near the coast, southeastern New York.
Famity I].—FAGACEAE. Tur Beecu FAMILY
Trees and shrubs with alternate leaves and with small flowers,
186 FAGACEAE
the staminate on drooping catkins or in heads, the pistillate en-
closed in a little leafy perianth which finally becomes the bur in
Fagus and Castanea and the cup in Quercus. Fruit, one or more
nuts, each enclosed in a woody shell.
Fruit surrounded by a prickly bur.
Nuts. triangular i) ee pense. y7-eilies. 9a
Nuts rounded 9253" = Bee eo a nS er rr
Fruit subtended by a woody cup . .. . . . Quercus
t, FAGUS, L.
Trees with smooth light gray bark, widely branching. Leaves alter-
nate. Staminate flowers on a slender peduncle, only the terminal flower
being developed. Pistillate flowers, two together, surrounded by an
involucre which, at maturity is composed of 4 valves, which open to per-
mit the falling of the fruit.
F. americana, Sweet. (Fig. 6, pl. 26.) AMERICAN BrecH. (F.
grandifolia, Ehrh.). A handsome forest tree with rounded aborescence,
leaves long egg-shaped with conspicuous and regular serrations. The
bur contains two 3-angled nuts which are pleasant to the taste. Through-
out our area. April-May.
2. CASTANEA, Hill
Tall, profusely branching tree, with long egg-shaped leaves with coarse
serrations. Staminate flowers in pendulous interrupted catkins. Pistil-
late flowers 3 to 5 together in a little cup which becomes at maturity
the prickly bur.
1. C. dentata, (Marsh.) Borkh. (Fig. 3, pl. 26.) AMERICAN
CuestnutT. A forest tree, sometimes 100 ft. high. Leaves 5 to 12 in.
long. Nuts 1 or more in each bur. In most of our region. June-July.
2. C. pumila, (L.) Mill. Cuinquapin. A tree usually not as large
as No. 1, and sometimes a shrub. Leaves 3 to 6 in. long, sharply toothed,
the teeth narrow, almost spiny. The staminate catkin is continuous,
not interrupted at lower part as is the case with that of C. dentata.
Bur smaller than that of No. 1. New Jersey, Penna., and south, June.
3. QUERCUS, L.
Trees and shrubs with leaves deeply lobed or entire. The flowers ap-
pear before the leaves, the staminate in drooping catkins with inter-
rupted groups of stamens, each group containing from 5 to 9 members
(Fig. 8, pl. 28). Pistillate flowers solitary, each surrounded by an
oblong involucre or calyx. The inner bracts of the involucre unite to
form a cup in which is developed the oval-shaped nut or acorn.
Trees
Leaves not lobed or conspicuously toothed.
Hairy gray beneath . ey fa ve ee er) Grd a Se en ee he
Not hairy gray beneath . 4 Sew ie Geet ont! a, ee NCSC
Leaves not lobed, but with deep serrations.
Leaves lance- -shaped, about 4 times as long as broad . . Q. Muhlenbergit
BEECH FAMILY 187
PLATE 28
1. Quercus palustris. 2. Q, macrocarpa. 3. Q. ilicifolia. 4. Q. alba.
5. Q. rubra. 6. Q. stellata. 7. Catkin of Quercus. 8, Stamens, 9. A pistillate
flower.
188 FAGACEAE
Leaves egg-shaped or pear-shaped.
Cup deep i Ve 2) greg: >) © oc) ee
Cup: shallow: \.=) ber, oe way Oe cs, Niemen Q. Michauxrit
Leaves pear-shaped, cup Shallow ac) 2) - «© « «)« "co “0; Alexanderi
Leaves all deeply lobed.
Leaves tipped, each with a conspicuous bristle.
Dull green above, pale beneath ~. < . . <3 « « « » | Qnusgpra
Shining above, green beneath.
Cup covering ~ the nut . . . . . « « « Q. palusins
Cup covering 4 the nut . s of 3.06 (se, (Ol eGaermen
Cup covering more than 4 the. nut.
Inner bark orange . . « « « « Os wel
Inner bark gray or réddish : Q. borealis
Leaves green above, gray beneath, lobes lance- -shaped — - Q. falcata
Leaves green above, gray beneath, lobes triangular . . Q. ilicifolia
Leaves green above, brown beneath . . . . . Qs marylandica
Leaves not tipped with bristles.
Deep green. beneath . =. <<: Kp fils) %) © fo ue OUmECUrD
Dark “brown. ibeneath) =. %i)Gacsmecsee «fs « « ls me QpmmNnenemem
White and silky beneath.
Acorn nearly covered by cup . « « .« OF sivrata
Acorn 2/3 covered, border oi cup fringed _ : Q. macrocarpa
Acorn 4 covered by cup, leaves not usually deeply lobed Q. bicolor
Shrub
Leaves. oval, ‘coarsely ctoothed 2) 3) 2) "Gen fonts ¥s) ee sl) of) (on QO Rms
1. Q. rubra, L. (Fig. 5, pl. 28.) Rep Oax. Tall forest tree.
Leaves in general outline oval but cut into lobes by deep rounded sinuses,
the lobes triangular. Main lobes number about 5. Cup, saucer-shaped,
arising from a short stalk, covering about 1/3 of the acorn. Bark dark
gray. Common.
Var. borealis, Michx. Gray OAK. Large tree with leaves similar to
those of Q. rubra. Cup hemispheric, on a short stem covering 4 the nut,
its bracts triangular. Leaves deeply 7 to 13 lobed, lustrous deep green
above, dull, paler beneath. Penna., New York and northward.
2. Q. palustris,Muench. (Fig. 1, pl. 28.) Swamp Oax. Pin Oak.
Tall forest tree, growing mostly in moist or wet places. Cup shallow
saucer-shaped, covering about 4+ or less of the mature acorn. Leaves in
general outline broadest at outer third, with very deep sinuses which are
quite broad, main lobes about 5, each terminated by several sharp points.
Bark dark gray. Low grounds, Mass., southward.
3. Q. coccinea, Muench. (Fig. 1, pl. 29.) Scarrter OAK. Tall tree,
cup top-shaped and covering more than 4 the somewhat elongated acorn.
Leaves in outline oval. Sinuses very deep and more angular than in the
preceding species; lobes sharply angled, about as many as in No. 1 and
No, 2. Bark gray, inner bark reddish. Dry soil in our area.
4. Q. velutina, Lam. (Fig. 6, pl. 29.) Brack OAK. QUERCITRON.
Tall forest tree, cup less top-shaped than No, 3 and covering only 3 the
mature acorn. Leaves with rounded sinuses, lobes about 7 often extend-
ing to the middle. Bark dark gray, inner bark reddish or orange.
5. Q. falcata, Michx. (Fig. 2, pl. 29.) Spanisn Oak. (Q. digitata,
(Marsh.) Sudw.). Tall tree. Leaves with sharp lobes and angular
sinuses. Lobes about 7 but often reduced to 4 or 3; dark green and
smooth above, silky gray beneath. Acorn globular, cup nearly half sur-
rounding it. Bark dark brown. New Jersey and southward. Rare in
our region.
6. Q. ilicifolia, Wang. (Fig. 3, pl. 28.) Berar or Scrup OAK.
(Q. nana, Sarg.). Shrub or small tree, often growing in dense thickets.
BEECH FAMILY 189
PLATE 29
1. Quercus coccinea. 2. Q. falcata. 3. Q. marylandica. 4. Q. phellos. 5. Q.
lyrata. 6. Q. velutina. 7. Q. prinus. 8. Q. bicolor. 9. Q. Michauxii. 10. Q.
prinoides. Il. Q. Muhlenbergii. 12. Q. imbricaria.
190 FAGACEAE
Leaves about 5 lobed, sometimes less, often more. Lobes sharp, sinuses
angular, but variable; when mature, dark green above, with silvery silki-
ness beneath. Bark dark brown, scaly. Maine and westward.
7. Q. marylandica, Muench. (Fig. 3, pl. 29.) Brack Jack. Bar-
REN OAK. Moderately tall or small tree. Leaves much broadest at the
free extremity; lobes rounded shallow and generally 3, confined to the
free extremity. Cup covering 1/3 the acorn. Branches irregular; bark
almost black, scaly. Long Island and westward.
8. Q. phellos, L. (Fig. 4, pl. 29.) Wittow Oak. One of two oaks
native in our region whose leaves are neither lobed or serrated. A
moderately high tree with long narrow leaves with smooth edges; the
basal extremity acute and the free extremity generally so. Surface of
leaves above deep shining green, below lighter. Acorns quite small. Long
Island and southward.
9. Q. imbricaria, Michx. (Fig. 12, pl. 29.) Sninere Oak. A tall
tree with lance-shaped leaves with smooth margins and bristle points.
The under surface of the leaves gray with silky hairs which are perma-
ment. Central Penna., and southward.
10. Q. alba, L. (Fig. 4, pl. 28.) Wuirr Oax. One of the largest
of the oaks. Leaves deeply cut into narrow but rounded lobes without
spines or bristles, the sinuses generally very deep; lobes about 6, dark
green above, rather lighter below. Cup shallow covering about 1/5 the
acorn. Bark light gray with shallow fissures. Throughout our area.
11. Q. stellata, Wang. (Fig. 6, pl. 28.) Post on Iron Oak. (Q.
minor, Sarg.). Sometimes a shrub, sometimes a moderately tall tree.
Leaves deeply divided by rounded sinuses, the lobes, about 5, about as
broad as, or even broader at the outer extremities, than at the inner;
bristles absent. Dark shining green above, silky brown beneath. Cup
covering about 3 the acorn. Mass., southern New York, westward and
southward.
12. Q.lyrata, Walt. (Fig. 5, pl. 29.) Swamp Oak. Overcup OAK.
Post Oak. Tall tree. Leaves with about 5 lobes, the deep and broad
sinuses near the center giving the leaf a peculiar construction there which
is characteristic. Surface of leaves bright green above, densely silky and
white below. Cup covering 2/3 of the nut which is broad and flat. New
Jersey and southward.
13. Q. macrocarpa, Michx. (Fig. 2, pl. 28.) Mossy Cup Oak. Bur
Oak. Tall tree. Leaves with about 7 rounded lobes with generally shal-
low sinuses, deep green above, silky gray beneath. Cup with coarse scales
and with a distinct fringe at its border composed of the bristly tips of
the upper layer. Bark gray, in flakes or scales. Throughout most of our .
area.
14. Q. bicolor, Willd. (Fig. 8, pl. 29.) Swamp Wuirre Oak. (Q.
platanoides, Sudw.) Large tree. Leaves, in general form, ovate with free
extremity broadest. Lobes rounded, about 7 in number, the sinuses gen-
enerally quite shallow, the stem end decidedly tapering. Bright yellowish-
green above, pale green to white, silky beneath. Bark gray, flaky. Acorn
narrow, cup covering the lower half. Generally in our area.
15. Q. Muhlenbergii, Englm. (Fig. 11, pl. 29.) CHESTNUT OR YEL-
ELM FAMILY 191
Low OAK. (Q. acuminata, Sarg.). Tree resembling the chestnut in size
and appearance of trunk. Leaves not lobed but with very coarse ser-
rations, lance-shaped or broad lance-shaped. Most of our region.
16. Q. Alexanderi, Britton. ALEXANDER’s OAK. Similar to the last;
leaves pear-shaped. Cup cup-shaped, short stalked or not stalked. Ver-
mont and westward.
17. Q. prinus,L. (Fig. 7, pl. 29.) Rock CHESTNUT OAK. CHIN-
QUAPIN. Large tree with ovate leaves broadest at outer third. Ser-
rations coarse. Bark dark brown in broad ridges. Maine.
18. Q. prinoides, Willd. (Fig. 10, pl. 29.) Scrus CHEestNut OAK.
Shrub, from 2 to 12 ft. high; leaves resembling those of No. 14 but
smaller (about 23 to 5 in. long, 2 to 3 wide), silky gray beneath. Maine
and southward.
19. Q. Michauxii, Nutt. (Fig. 9, pl. 29.) Basket Oak. Leaves
oval with regular dentations, usually more or less silky beneath; acorn
with a shallow cup, bordered by a stiff fringe, the acorn twice as high as
the cup. Only in the most southern part of our area. (Del.).
Sus-Orper IV.—URTICALES. Tue Nerrie ALLIANCE
This section contains plants of widely different general aspect,
some being among the highest of our trees, some shrubs, the great
majority herbs with inconspicuous greenish flowers. The leaves
in all cases have stipules (appendages at the base of the leaf stalk)
but in all the trees and shrubs these appendages fall away with the
early development of the leaves. In the herbaceous plants they
are permanent. The flowers, like those of other plants of the
great order of Juliflores are without petals, are small, greenish or
yellow-green, with various forms of clusters. Ovary formed of
1 or 2 carpels, one of which is usually sterile, with the calyx-like
envelope below.
reed with watery sap = 0.00. ). «. ULMACEAE
iirees vith’ milky sap 2. 265%. w «w+ MORACEAE
Be as ca ke Gg ee cae ye UE LOAC RAS
Famity I.—ULMACEAE. Eitm Famity
The family of Elms contains some of our loftiest and most
beautiful trees. The species of the family are characterized by the
inconspicuous flowers, the two forms of which may be upon the
same tree or some of the flowers may contain both stamens and
pistils. They occur along the course of the twig, not at its ex-
tremity, forming little tufts (Fig. 5, pl. 30), or the pistillate (es-
pecially in Celtis) may be solitary. Stamens as many as the lobes
192 ULMACEAE
of the envelope. Ovary 1-celled, above the envelope. Fruit a dry
nut-like winged body.
Flowers opening before the appearance of leaves. . . Ulmus
Flowers opening after the appearance of the leaves . Celtis
17 ULMUS, L.
Leaves alternate, with oval, sharply notched leaves, which are unequal
on the two sides of the midvein. Staminate flowers in tufts of reddish-
brown, small, bell-shaped (Fig. 5, pl. 30). Seeds in samaras or dry, flat,
ovoid, winged encasements which float in the wind or drop at the foot of
the tree (Fig. 4, pl. 30).
Flowers without pedicels (sessile on the stem) . . .« « « « « « Uz. fulva
Flowers on pedicels.
Bark of twigs smooth PP ae Or rine Suc te OLS U. americana
Bark of twigs with corky wings or ridges . . . . . . U. racemosa
1. U. fulva, Michx. Stiepery Erm. Rep Erm. A tree 45 to 60 ft.
high; leaves oval or ovate, one side much shorter than the other, ser-
rations double, the apex slender tapering, upper surface very rough with
short papillae, under surface downy, length 5 to 7 in. by 2 to 3 in. broad.
The roughness of the leaves of this elm is felt whether the hand passes
from stem to point or in the opposite direction. Those of No. 2 feel
rough only in passing the hand from apex to stem. New England and
westward.
2. U. americana, L. (Figs. 4 and 5, pl. 30.) AMERICAN ELM.
Wuite Erm. The more common species. Leaves similar to No. 1 but
on the whole smaller, rough only one way. Common.
3. U. racemosa, Thomas. Cork Erm. Rock Exim. Leaves similar
to those of Nos. 1 and 2 but the serrations are finer and the base of the
leaf is more rounded. Corky ridges often appear on twigs which are
more than a year old. New England and westward.
2. CELTIS, L.
While the leaves of the elms have a single main vein extending through
the center from which feather veins run from each side with much
regularity, in Celtis the leaves have 3 main veins with lesser veins
coursing in various directions. Flowers greenish, the staminate in clus-
ters of several flowers, the pistillate solitary or 2 or 3 together. Calyx
of 4 to 6 segments. Fruit a globular berry.
1. C. occidentalis, L. (Fig. 6, pl. 30.) AMERICAN NETTLE TREE.
Hackperry. ‘Tree resembling an elm with sweet fruit. Leaves egg-
shaped with reticulate veinings from 3 main veins; serrations single,
coarse. Staminate flowers numerous on drooping pedicels; pistillate
usually solitary. Some of the flowers have both stamens and pistils.
Var. C. occidentalis crassifolia, Lam. Hackserry. Tree or shrub with
downy twigs and egg-shaped leaves which are rough above. Otherwise
much like 0. occidentalis. New York and southward.
ELM FAMILY 193
ZZ
aa Za)
a QT
GZ
Z
PLATE 30
1. Phoradendron flavescens. 2. Aristolochia Serpentaria. 3. Asarum cana-
dense. 4. Ulmus americana. 5. Staminate flowers of U. americana.
6. Celtis occidentalis. 7. Morus alba.
194 MORACEAE
Famity Il.— MORACEAE. Mutperry FAMILY
Trees and shrubs with alternate, dentate leaves which are often
lobed. Stamens and pistils in different flowers, both kinds on
the same tree or on different trees. Stamen bearing flowers on
a long, pendulous spike arising from the leaf axils, each flower
4-parted with 4 stamens. Pistillate flowers also in pendulous
clusters, the ovary becoming succulent and sweet, the aggregation
constituting the berry. Juice milky.
z. MORUS, L.
The Genus has the characters of the family.
1. M. rubra, L. Rep Mutperry. Leaves broad, egg-shaped, some-
what heart-shaped at base, rough above, silky beneath, with a principal
nerve and about 4 secondary nerves with lesser nerves forming reticula-
tions. Fruit an elongated dark purple sweet pleasant berry.
2. M. alba, L. (Fig. 7, pl. 30.) Wurire Muserry. Leaves similar
to No. 1, but smaller and more heart-shaped at base, often lobed, smooth
and shining. Fruit drooping, white or pinkish. (Escaped from culti-
vation. It is the tree the leaves of which are used for feeding silk
worms).
2. BROUSSONETIA, L’Her.
Tree or shrub with milky juice. Leaves alternate, broad, with con-
spicuous serrations and generally with deep sinuses dividing the leaf into
3 irregular lobes. Sometimes the sinus is only on one side, in other
eases it is absent, Fruit globular.
B. papyrifera, (L.) Vent. Paper Mutperry. Leaves rough above,
silky beneath, irregularly lobed or without lobes. Fruit red globular
berries. Escaped from cultivation.
Famity IIJ.—URTICACEAE. Nerrte FAamMIty
Herbs with permanent stipules and with the stamens and pis-
tils in different flowers, on different plants or on the same plant.
Leaves opposite or alternate, flowers green; the staminate with as
many stamens as the lobes of the calyx and vis-a-vis to them, in
loose clusters, inflorescence about a single axis, or more closely
crowded in a catkin-like spike or into an erect fillet. Pistillate
flowers with a single ovary, in catkins, with leafy bracts or in
spikes without bracts.
eine Vile ie A a eT Humulus
Leaves with radiant lobes . . ies « ~ OS
Leaves simple, undivided but odiieaie
NETTLE FAMILY 195
Herbs with stinging hairs.
' MenvecrOppostic: va, ists. Ye ls Ae she. ck OTECR
Meanestraliciiaher 50.8 8S) Ge ) 2.) s duaportes
Herbs without stinging hairs.
Leaves opposite.
Pistillate: calyx 3) parted’. Ges. .. Pilea
Pistillate calyx 2 to 4 parted . . Boehmeria
Teeaves alternate”. cf "ay Goo.) 3 an, Parietaria
1. URTICA, L.
Herbs, 1 to 6 ft. tall, with opposite simple leaves, stem and leaves
covered with stinging hairs. Flowers minute, green, in long hanging
clusters at the axils of the leaves. Staminate flowers (sometimes on same
plant with the pistillate and sometimes on same group) with 4 stamens
and a 4 parted calyx. The calyx of the pistillate flower also 4 parted but
2 parts are larger than the other pair. Nos. 1 and 2, perennial; No. 3,
annual.
1. U. dioica, L. (Fig. 6, pl. 31.) Srineine Nerrre. Great NETTLE.
Leaves ovate with rounded or heart-shaped base, 5 to 7 veined, 1 to 3 in.
wide, tapering at apex, serrations very deep, very bristly with stinging
-hairs. Not as common as No. 2. Found in waste places and roadsides.
2. U. gracilis, Ait. (Fig. 4, pl. 31.) Stenper Nettie. Leaves slen-
der-ovate to lanceolate. Stinging hairs less profuse than No. 1. Apex
tapering, base rounded, rarely heart-shaped, 3 to 6 in. long, 1 to 1% in.
wide. Plant 2 to 6 ft. high. Common.
3. U. urens, L. (Fig. 8, pl. 31.) Smartt Nettie. Leaves elliptic
or egg-shaped, very coarsely and deeply serrate, mostly 3 nerved. Stinging
hairs more sparingly provided than in No. 1 or No. 2. Two flower clus-
ters in each leaf axil. Plant from 8 in. to 18 in. high. In waste places.
4. U. Lyallii, Wats. Lyati’s Nettie. Similar to U. gracilis, but
the leaves broader, the surface somewhat bristly, sometimes quite downy,
usually heart-shaped at base. Teeth fewer and coarser than in U. gracilis.
Waste places, New Foundland south to Conn., and western New York.
2. LAPORTEA, Gaud. (Urticastrum, Fabr.)
Perennial plants with stinging hairs. Flowers small, green, in loose
branching and spreading clusters. Staminate flowers, sepals 5; stamens
5. Pistillate flowers, calyx 4-parted, the inner pair of segments larger
than the others, surrounding an ovary.
L. canadensis, (L.) Gaud. (Fig. 9, pl. 31.) Woop NETTLE.
(Urticastrum divaricatum, Kuntze.) Leaves, usually very large (3 to 7
in. long, 2 to 5 in. broad), thin, ovate, with spreading feather veins;
serrations sharp and conspicuous. Flowers in large loose clusters larger
than the leaf steams. Found in rich woods of our area.
3- PILEA, Lindley (Adicea, Raf.)
Herbs without stings, with opposite leaves. Flowers of both kinds on
196 URTICACEAE
a single plant or the two kinds on different plants. Stamens 3 or 4;
calyx 3- or 4-parted; pistillate calyx 3-parted. Leaves ovate, pointed at
each end, 3 nerved.
P. pumila, (L.) Gray. (Fig. 7, pl. 31.) CLEARWEED. RICHWEED.
Succulent, half transparent stems 3 in. to 2 ft. high. Leaves egg-shaped,
coarsely and deeply toothed, pointed at base or apex. Flower clusters,
two in axil of a leaf, much shorter than leaf stalk. Moist places; fre-
quent.
¥
4. BOEHMERIA, Jacq.
Flowers of both kinds or only of one kind on a single plant, collected
in spikes of globular clusters, or, the lower spikes non-continuous. Leaves
opposite, 3 nerved. Staminate flowers, stamens 4. Calyx generally
4-parted; calyx of pistillate flowers tubular or 4-toothed.
B. cylindrica, (L.) Sw. (Fig. 10, pl. 31.) Witp Fatse Nettie. A
coarse weed in low places, 2 to 3 ft. high. Leaves ovate, opposite on
long leaf stalks, coarsely dentate. Flower spikes from leaf axils, the
upper spikes leafy at top. Moist places; frequent.
5. PARIETARIA, L.
Herbs with alternate 3-nerved leaves, with dense axillary clusters of
greenish flowers, Staminate and pistillate in the same groups, surrounded
by leafy bracts; stamens 4; calyx of both kinds of flowers 4-parted.
P. pennsylvanica, Muhl. (Fig. 5, pl. 31.) PENNSYLVANIA PARIE-
TARIA. Stem weak, delicate, leaves broadly lanceolate, 3-nerved, without
indentations, tapering at each end, apex rather blunt; flowers in a rounded
group. In dry shady places.
6. HUMULUS, L.
A twining vine, often 25 ft. or more in length. Leaves opposite, 3 or
more lobed, rough; staminate flowers in loose branching clusters, yellow-
ish-green; pistillate flowers in catkin-like, rounded or elongated clusters
of yellowish-green bracts inclosing each a single ovary.
H. Lupulus, L. (Fig. 1, pl. 31.) Hor. Extensively cultivated, but
found wild in thickets and along streams.
7. CANNABIS, Tourn.
Erect herb with opposite leaves divided in long finger-like lobes.
Stipules persistent; clusters of greenish flowers axillary; the staminate
in loose branching clusters, the pistillate in spikes; pistillate flowers,
each surounded by a leafy bract.
C. sativa, L. (Figs. 2 and 3, pl. 31.) Hemp. Very erect herb, 3 to
6 ft. tall, branching; the leaves consisting of from 5 to 7 long leaflets
joined at the base. In waste places, and cultivated for its fibers.
Order II.—SANTALES
This small order, containing two families, each with very few
species, includes plants which are parasitic or half parasitic. Be-
yond this there are few common characteristics between the two
NETTLE FAMILY 197
PLATE 31
1. Humulus Lupulus. 2. Cannabis sativa. 3. Pistillate flowers of C.
sativa. 4. Urtica gracilis. 5. Parietaria pennsylvanica. 6. Urtica dioica.
7. Pilea pumila. 8. Urtica urens. 9. Laportea canadensis. 10. Boehmeria
cylindrica.
198 LORANTHACEAE SANTALACEAE
families. The flowers in all have a simple and single perianth
which closely surrounds the ovary and on which are borne the
stamens.
In the Family Loranthaceae all the species are parasitic.
In the Family Aristolochiaceae the species are of plants which
find their home at the roots of decaying trees and are in some
measure parasitic.
Parasites on trees; fruit a berry. Famity I. LORANTHACEAE
Plants not parasitic. . . . . Faminy IJ]. SANTALACEAE
Parasites on roots or shrubs; fruit a nut.
oe) Pe Psa Famity III. ARISTOLOCHIACEAE
Famity I.—LORANTHACEAE. Mistietror FAmMILy
Plants growing on trees as parasites, nourishing themselves
through roots which penetrate the bark of the supporting tree.
They have opposite leaves but these in Arceuthobium are reduced
to thickened scales. Flowers at the end of the branches or in the
leaf axils, generally in clusters. They have no colored perianth.
Fruit a berry with a single seed.
Leaves foliaceus .. “Sets 0 se ee ee Phoradendron
eaves seale-like "= Eee se eee Arceuthobium
1. ARCEUTHOBIUM, Bieb. (Razoumofskya, Hoffm.’
Small plants, parasitic on the conifers, branches 4 angled, opposite
leaves scale-like. Berry globose, fleshy, on a short stem.
A. pusillum, Peck. SMaALt Mistietor, Plant from 3 to 1 in. long,
greenish-brown, leaf scales rounded; staminate and pistillate flowers on
different plants which may grow from the same tree or from different
trees. On twigs of spruce trees. Adirondack region, White Mountain
and Pocono regions.
2. PHORADENDRON, Nutt.
Leaves leathery, flowers in jointed clusters, staminate and pistillate
on different plants. Berry pulpy. Yellowish-green plants growing on
other trees.
P. flavescens, (Pursh.) Nutt. (Fig. 1, pl. 30.) AMeErIcAN MISTLE-
TOE. Irregularly branching; leaves oblong, thick and leathery. Berries
in clusters. New Jersey, southward and westward.
Famity IJ—SANTALACEAE. Sanpatwoop Faminy
Herbs and shrubs with alternate leaves (opposite in some
foreign species) which have entire borders and are without stipules.
Flowers in clusters or solitary, terminal or from the leaf axils,
each flower with stamens and pistils, or flowers with one of these
SANDALWOOLD FAMILY 199
elements only, both kinds of flowers on the same plant or on
different plants, mostly greenish. Calyx adherent to the base of
the ovary, 3 to 6 lobed; petals none. Stamens as many as the
lobes of the calyx. Fruit a drupe or nut; seed one.
COMANDRA, Nutt.
Characters as above.
l. C. livida, Richards. NorrHern ComMAnprA. Stem slender, simple,
4 to 12 in. high. Leaves oval, rounded at apex, tapering at base. Flowers
in small clusters at the leaf axils, from a slender common flower stem
about 1 in. long, 1 to 5 flowers in the group. Drupe globose. Vermont
and northward. June-July.
2. C. umbellata, Nutt. BastTarp Toap-FLAx. Stem 6 to 18 in. high,
leafy, branched. Leaves oblong or broad lance-shaped, pale green, acute
or nearly acute at each end, without leaf-stalks. Flowers in umbel-like
clusters, a number of these small clusters arising from as many leaf
axils. Calyx greenish-white. Through the extent of our area. April-
July.
Famity IIJ.—ARISTOLOCHIACEAE. Birtuwort FAMILY
Low herbs, twining vines and, beyond our area, sometimes shrubs,
with leaves from the root or alternate on a stem. Stipules ab-
sent; flowers from the axils of the leaves, usually solitary but ex-
ceptionally in clusters, greenish or purplish. Petals none, the calyx
tube adhering to the ovary and dividing above the latter into 3
more or less spreading lobes. In some species beyond our limits
the lobes are 6 or irregular. Stamens 6 or 12 inserted on the
short and fleshy style.
Low herbs, not vines, leaves from the root . . Asarum
Twining vines or nearly erect herbs, with irregular
flowers; leaves from the stem . . . . Aristolochia
1. ASARUM, L.
Herbs with, generally, two broad heart-shaped leaves starting from the
root and borne on long leaf-stalks, between which springs the singie
flower. Root branching, aromatic. Calyx bell-shaped, adherent to the
ovary, dividing into 3 lobes. Stamens 12, also adherent to the ovary.
1. A. canadense, L. (Fig. 3, pl. 30.) Win Gincer. Leaves broad
kidney-shaped at base, with fine silky or downy pubescence. Between
the two long leaf-stalks arises the slender flower stalk, bearing the
brownish-purple, bell-shaped flower, the 3 divisions of the calyx extend-
ing into long slender, tapering points. Generally at the base of trees
where some, at least, of the wood is decaying. April-May.
Var, reflecum, (Bicknell.) Robinson, Snort Losep Winp GurInceEr,
200 ARISTOLOCHIACEAE
Flowers smaller than the typical form and lobes of the calyx early re-
flexed. Conn., and southward. April-May.
2, ARISTOLOCHIA, L.
Erect herb or twining vines with alternate leaves on leaf-stalks, egg-
shaped, base heart-shaped, apex tapering. Flowers irregular. Stamens
6, style 3 to 6 parted.
1. A. Serpentaria, L. (Fig. 2, pl. 30.) Vircinta Snake Root.
Leaves egg-shaped or broad lanceolate with heart-shaped base, 13 to 5
in. long, alternate. Flowers from a pedicel arising from the root and
which bears scaly bracts. The calyx tube elongated and curved like an
S, the mouth broadly open. Rare in our region. June-July.
2. A. Clematitis, L. Brrrawort. European species, escaped from
cultivation, naturalized near Flushing, Troy, and Utica, N. Y., with
straight calyx tube and clustered flowers.
3. A. macrophylla, Lam. DutcuMman’s Pipe. A twining vine mostly
cultivated. Leaves broad, kidney-shaped, densely downy. Flower in the
form of a pipe. Rich woods, southern Penna.
Order III.—POLYGONALES. Order of the Sorrelworts
Flowers without corollas, the perianth consisting of a regular
enyelope which is not adherent to the ovary. Stamens generally
equal in number to the divisions of the green or colored calyx,
rarely double the number or less or more. Ovary one, surmounted
by a pistil which divides into 2 or 3 stigmas. Fruit a dry 3-angled
seed or a compressed one with wings. Stamens and pistils in the
same flowers or in different flowers. Only one family.
Famity. POLYGONACEAE. Buckwuerat FaMILy
Herbaceous plants erect or twining, with alternate leaves. Calyx
green, colored or white, divided in 3 to 6 parts; seed carpels 2 or
3. In our species the joints at the leaf-stalks are always sur-
rounded by a long sheathing collaret extending on the stem above
the insertion of the leaf stalk. There is no true stipule. These
collarets are known as ocreae. Flowers in elongated terminal clus-
ters or more compressed clusters in the leaf axils.
Calyx in 4 parts, stamens 6 . . 4. 5's. a « «
Calyx in 6 parts . i de eS pe Pees} vn? cs
Calyx in 4 or 5 parts; stamens 5 to 9.
Pedicels of flowers solitary and closely jointed § Polygonella
Pedicels several in a group.
Fruit ordinarily enveloped by the perianth Polygonum
Fruit larger than the perianth . . . Fagopyrum
BUCKWHEAT FAMILY 201
1. RUMEX, L.
Erect herbs, annual or perennial. Stems branching, grooved; leaves in
some of the species mostly grouped about the root, in others alternate
along the stem. Calyx of 6 sepals, the 3 inner ones conspicuously larger
than the others in fruit; stamens 6, opposite the sepals; pistil divided
into 3 parts with tufted or stellate summits (stigmas). Flowers in great
numbers disposed along the stems in groups, these groups branching,
simple or in whorls. The fertile and sterile flowers are found on different
plants or in separate groups on the same plant or mingled in the same
groups.
Leaves arrow-head- or halberd-shaped; stems and leaves sour to the taste, low
herbs.
Sepals of the fruit-hull not longer than the fruit.
Exterior sepals below the fruit, erect . of eel tan A cetoselia
Exterior sepals below the fruit, turned down . .- R. Acetosa
Sepals of the fruit-hull several times longer than the fruit R. hastatulus
Leaves not arrow-head- or halberd-shaped.
Leaves not heart-shaped at base.
Margins of leaves not wavy.
Fruit-hull wings diamond-shaped . . . . . R. salicifolius
Fruit-hull wings club-shaped . . . . . . R._ verticillatus
Fruit-hull wings heart-shaped . . . . . - R. altissimus
Margins of leaves wavy.
Seeds swings: scarcely toothed 5) 2) ssn <)) stun R. Patientia
Seediawines) toothed) sci) leer ne) el bee ie en orttanaice
Leaves heart-shaped at base.
Flowers in a dense almost uninterrupted spike . . MR. persicarioides
Flowers in loose interrupted spikes.
Seed wee iBeatueheped not toothed. Lear borders wavy.
. ames Net c= comes ee R. crispus
Seed wings spatula- formed | 5 . R. sanguineus
Seed wings arrow-head-shaped with long” spines R. obtusifolius
§ Leaves mostly clustered about base, halberd-shaped; leaves and stem
acid
1. R. Acetosella, L. (Fig. 3, pl. 32.) Fiero Sorret. SHEEP Sor-
REL. Leaves narrow, the base lobes spreading, 1 to 4 in. long, usually
broader at or above the middle than elsewhere except the lobes. Upper
leaves lance-shaped, not lobed. Flowers crowded in erect, somewhat
branching clusters. Fruit longer than the greenish perianth. Common
in dry fields.
2. R. hastatulus, Muhl. EncrenMann’s Sorret. Base lobes of leaves
usually less conspicuous than in No. 1, but sometimes more, leaves 1 to 5
in. long; stem leaves linear; collaret silvery; perianth greenish, as long or
longer than the fruit. Sea coasts, southern section of our region. March
to August.
3. R. Acetosa, L. (Fig. 11, pl. 32.) Sorrer. Sour Dock. Lobes
extending backward almost parallel with the leaf stalk; lower leaves
with long leaf-stalks, upper with none, Flower clusters more crowded
than in No. 1, or No. 2. Exterior sepals turned backward. Introduced.
§$§ Leaves neither halberd-shaped nor heart-shaped at base. Borders not
wavy
4. R, salicifolius, Weinm. (Fig. 5, pl. 32.) Pate Dock. WILLow-
LEAVED Dock. (R. americanus, Meisn.) Plant erect or spreading, 1 to
3 ft. high. Leaves narrow lance-shaped, acute at each end; panicle of
flowers interrupted, at least at lower part, clusters dense, of pale green
202° POLYGON ACEAE
flowers. Fruit, smooth, shining, dark red, winged or triangular, not
heart-shaped. Swamps. In bloom from May to September.
5. R. verticillatus, L. (Fig. 10, pl. 32.) Swamp Dock. Leaves ob-
long, lance-shaped, acute at each end, 2 to 12 in. long. Flower cluster
a tall spike, densely crowded with whorls of green flowers, 10 to 30
flowers each; and leafless. Leaves with long stalks; wings of fruit,
diamond-shaped. Plant 2 to 5 ft. high. In swamps. May to July.
6. R. altissimus, Wood. (Fig. 8, pl. 32.) Tart Dock. PEAcH-
LEAVED Dock. Leaves narrow elliptic, acute each end, 2 to 10 in. long.
Flower panicles leafless with interrupted dense clusters of light green
flowers. Wings of fruit triangular, cordate at base. Plants 3 to 4 ft.
high. Swamps and moist places. April-June.
+ Leaves as in §§, but with wavy borders
7. R. Patientia, L. (Figs. 1 and 6, pl. 32.) Patrence Dock. Lower
leaves broad lance-shaped, 4 to 16 in. long, borders wavy; flower panicle
of dense whorls of green flowers. Seed wings broad, nearly orbicular or
kidney-shaped, cordate, obscurely toothed at margin. Plant 3 to 5 ft. tall.
8. R. britannica, L. (Fig. 13, pl. 32.) Great Water Dock.. Leaves
broad lance-shaped, 1 to 2 ft. long, somewhat wavy margined. Flower
panicle nearly leafless. Fruit wings broadly triangular, cordate, the
margins distinctly toothed. Swamps and wet places. July-August.
££ Leaves cordate at base. Flower panicles more or less interrupted
® R. crispus, L. (Fig. 9, pl. 32.) Curtep Dock. YELLOW Dock.
Leaves lance-shaped, 6 to 12 in. long, margins strongly wavy. Flowers
in long wand-like panicles, leafless above; seed wings heart-shaped. Plant
3 to 4 ft. high. Fields and waste cultivated grounds.
10. R. sanguineus, L. (Fig. 4, 12, pl. 32.) Broopy Dock. RED-VEINED
Dock. Leaves lance-shaped or oblong, often fiddle-shaped; 1 to 5 in. long;
panicle of flowers leafless; whorls at some distance from each other.
Seed wings club-shaped. Plant 1 to 3 ft. high. Waste cultivated grounds.
May to August.
ll. R. obtusifolius, L. (Figs. 2 and 7, pl. 32.) Fippte Dock.
Stem somewhat rough. Leaves broad ovate, heart-shaped at base, blunt
at apex, 6 to 14 in. long, wavy margined. Whorls, few flowered and dis-
tant, seed wings halberd-shaped with conspicuous spines or awl-shaped
teeth. Plant 1 to 3 ft. high. In waste places. June to August.
tt Flowers in a dense uninterrupted panicle
12. R. persicarioides, L. (Fig. 14, pl. 32.) Gotpen Dock. Leaves
narrow lance-shaped, blunt or even slightly cordate at base, more or less
wavy. Plant erect or prostrate, 1 to 3 ft. high. Flowers in a dense
uninterrupted spike. Seed wings with 4 or 5 long spine-like bristles.
Sandy shores. July to Oct.
2. FAGOPYRUM, Tourn.
Annual herb, widely cultivated, most of the plants found wild are
from seeds escaped from cultivated fields. Leaves alternate, deltoid or
halberd-shaped, Collaret (ocrea) cylindric, The 5 divisions of the calyx
BUCKWHEAT FAMILY
PLATE 32
1. Rumex Patientia. 2. R. obtusifolius. 3. R. Acetosella. 4. R. san-
guineus. 5. R. salicifolius. 6. Fruit of R. Patientia. 7. Fruit of R. obtusi-
folius. 8. Fruit of R. altissimus. 9. Fruit of R. crispus. 10. Fruit of R.
verticillatus. 11. Fruit of R. Acetosa. 12. Fruit of R. sanguineus. 13.
Fruit of R. britannica. 14. Fruit of R. persicarioides,
204 POLYGONACEAE
white or greenish-white or rosy, resembling petals, stamens 8; ovary
1 celled, with a 3-parted style and a stellate stigma.
1. F. esculentum, Moench. Buckwueat. (fF. Fagopyrum, Karst.)
Flowers in dense clusters, terminal to the branches of the loose inflores-
cence. Seed much longer than the perianth, its borders not winged.
2. F. tartaricum, (L.) Gaertn. Tarrary BucKWHEAT. Leaves simi-
lar to-No. 1, but broader and more arrow-shaped. Flowers smaller.
Seed winged, the borders of the wings wavy or lobed.
3. POLYGONUM, L.
This family includes several somewhat distinct groups of plants, all
of which are, in our region, herbs, erect, prostrate or twining. The
flowers generally include both stamens and pistils and the corolla is
wanting. The divisions of the calyx, generally 5, which are nearly equal,
are often colored or white, producing the apparent effect of a corolla.
Stamens vary from 5 to 8. Fruit a dry hard grain, enclosed in some
species by the calyx as a seed hull, while in other cases it projects above
the hull, the seed being partly uncovered. The ocrea or collaret at the
nodes mentioned as characteristic of the Order Polygonales, is in this
genus peculiarly conspicuous.
1st, GRouP.—THE PERSICARIAE
Erect or prostrate herbs, not twining. Flowers in terminal, elongated clusters.
1. Flowers surrounding the axis stem in dense, crowded clusters
Flower clusters single.
Plant found on mountain summits . . .. . P. viviparum
Flower clusters generally one, sometimes two. " Aquatic plants.
Plants smooth. . Leaves elliptic . . . P. amphibium
Leaves egg-shaped, but with long tapering apex P. Muhlenbergit
Plant distinctly hairy, generally aquatic . . . . P. Hartwrightiu
Flower clusters several.
Herbs, generally less than 3 ft. high.
Clusters) drooping 3. . © «© « « » «» |, « aulapathpouue
Clusters erect.
Plant? hairy! 5) cs os Min.) fey) wy el eo lee OP Medea train emmnNOer Teno
Plant not hairy.
Collaret ponepicony fined oe . P.. persicaria
Collaret not fringed 4 NERS Te pennsylvanicum
Herb: 3° to. %8 feet high’ (5) 6. ter cu 6, aces is) ek poe neuen Petts Era
2. Flowers arranged on the long axis stem in loose interrupted series
THE Water PEPPERS
Collaret long, hairy and fringed with long bristles. oa es lance-shaped
Pe ah ore, nae Hob asta fo eee hydropiperoides
Collaret long, not hairy, fringed with short bristles.
Stamiens:4t0)'6) d= Ss jie hem re? Lie ile, eae: EPAPER) Sot) eon ein eae
Stamens 8 i. See cw. os) a
Collaret hairy and fringed, leaves broad eee: ‘shaped,
Apex of leaves tapering . . - «© « « « P. virginianum
Apex of Jeaves blunt © « s « (eu sceB se © 6 we iu) CreeCneR
2p. GRouP
Prostrate, or, less frequently, erect herbs with flowers all in the axils of the leaves.
THE KNOTGRASSES
Stem leafy to the end; plant prostrate.
Leaves as long as, or usually longer than, the internodes.
Leaves rolled!) at) themamargins i.) «stesso P. maritimum
Leaves not rolled at margins . 0 6 «2 PL prone
Internodes as long as or longer than the leaves _ Pere ee. i
Piant erect; leaves’ broad). < %. >. So. eR qe lO te) ee eee
BUCKWHEAT FAMILY 20
oO
Leaves at extremity of stem much reduced and transformed to bracts.
Stem round. Plant yellowish-green . . . . . P. ramosissimum
Stem angular.
Flower and fruit directed upward .°. . . . P, tenue
Flower and fruit directed downward . .. . oe Douglasu
3p. GROUP
Herbs climbing by twining stems or by recurved prickles.
Twining stems, unarmed by prickles. -
Seed hull not winged at the angles, or obscurely winged.
Collaretenno tee biastlysmem mettre Meecn es un) Ueiei-tet em COMUOLUELES:
Collaret bristly . . oo Ge oe ua ee IER rele
Seed hull conspicuously winged “at the angles.
Meavess ovate condatel at abasel mentee os) sis) ee) scandens
Leaves narrow, arrow-head shaped . Sn IE QTE.
Leaves triangular, slightly cordate at base so . 8 o Va dumetorum
Leaves egg-shaped, stem prickly . P. arifolium
A. Erect or prostrate herbs. Flowers in “elongated. terminal clusters
1. P. pennsylvanicum, L. (Fig. 5, pl. 33.) PENNSYLVANIAN PERSsI-
CARIA. Plant less erect and less high than No. 5, the clusters of flowers
erect or nearly so, bright rose color, spikes often blunt at summit.
Leaves long lance-shaped. Moist soil. July-Sept.
2. P. viviparum, L. (Fig. 6, pl. 33.) ALprne Bistorr. <A small
plant found on the heights of mountains in New England. Slender, 4 to
8 in. high; collaret conspicuous; flowers crowded, flesh colored, some-
times replaced by small red bulblets (hence the name, viviparum). Lowest
leaves oblong with more or less heart-shaped base and blunt apex; upper
leaves narrow, lance-shaped.
3. P. amphibium. L. (Fig. 7, pl. 33.) Water Persicaria. Aquatic;
leaves broad, elliptic, thick, rather blunt at each end; generally floating;
roots springing from the nodes. Flowers bright pink or rose color.
Ponds and lakes, northern New Jersey and northward.
4. P. Hartwrightii, Gray. Hartwricnt’s Persicarta. (New KEdi-
tion, Gray, var. of P. amphibium.) Much like No. 2, but-is rough with
hairs, at least on the collaret. Grows in mud or floats on water. Swamps
and wet places, generally distributed.
5. P. Muhlenbergii, (Meisn.) Wats. Swamp Persicarta. (P.
emersum, (Michx.) Britton.) Plant 1 to 3 ft. high; leaves long, egg-
shaped, the apex prolonged and tapering. Swamps and wet places, gen-
erally distributed.
6. P. lapathifolium, L. (Fig. 3, pl. 33.) Dock-LEAvED PERSICARIA.
PALE PersiIcarIA. Plant larger than most of those of the genus and
more ornamental, from 1 to 4 ft. high, often in dense masses. Leaves
lance-shaped, acute at each end, the apex long and tapering. Clusters
of flowers dense, gracefully drooping, white or rose color. Wet places.
New England and westward.
Var. incarnatum, Watson, the leaves longer and broader and the spikes
long, drooping, linear, several in a cluster. Still another variety, incanum,
found in the northern and western sections of our region, is a much
smaller plant with smaller leaves and which are covered with a white
silkiness beneath, tapering at each end and especially at apex. Ditches
and way-side places. Very common.
7. P. persicaria, L. Lapy’s THums. Plant 6 to 20 in. high; leaves
narrow lance-shaped, tapering at each end; the collaret fringed with
short bristles. Group of flowers oval or oblong. Leaves conspicuously
206 POLYGONACEAE
marked with dark spots, often a rather large spot, triangular or other
formed, near the central part. Waste places. Common.
8. P. Careyi, Olney. Carey’s Prrsicarta. Plant hairy; clusters of
flowers long and curved, less dense than the preceding species. Leaves
narrow lance-shaped, tapering at both ends. Shady swamps, mostly in
eastern part of our area.
9. P. orientale, L. Prince’s FeaTueR. Plant 3 to 8 ft. tall, often
grown in gardens but to some extent naturalized in waste places. Leaves
3 to 12 in. long, broad egg-shaped with tapering apex. Clusters of fowers
dense, large, bright rose color.
10. P. hydropiperoides, Michx. Wirp Water Pepper. Plant 1 to
3 ft. high, much branching; leaves narrowly lance-shaped to linear;
collarets conspicuously long and hairy with long bristly borders. Flowers
arranged on long slender stems in loose series, nearly white. Swamps
and wet places. Common.
11. P, Hydropiper, L. (Fig. 2, pl. 33.) Warer PEPPER. SMART
Weep. Plant 1 to 2 ft. high, smooth. Leaves lance-shaped, sometimes
linear, tapering at apex. Flowers arranged as in No. 10. Collarets not
hairy and bordered by short bristles. Wet places. Generally distributed.
12. P. acre, HBK. (Fig. 4, pl. 33.) Dorrep WATER PEPPER. WATER
Smart WEED. (P. punctatum, Ell.) Plant 2 to 5 ft. high, smooth.
Leaves narrow lance-shaped, acute at each end. With conspicuous spots
on the surface. Flowers greenish-white or tinged with pink. Collaret
fringed. Wet places; common.
13. P. virginianum, L. (Fig. 1, pl. 33.) Virernta KNotweep. Plant
3 to 4 ft. high, growing mostly in woods and shady places. Leaves broad
egg-shaped with tapering apex, the upper often narrow, all on short leaf-
stalks. Sheaths hairy, fringed. Flowers arranged on a long slender
stem, sparse. Flower stem usually occupying 4 the height of the plant
or more. Rich soil; common.
14. P. aviculare, L. (Fig. 7, pl. 34.) Door Weep. JKNoT-GRASS.
Plant very common in neglected door yards, generally prostrate, bluish-
green. Leaves oblong or lance-shaped, mostly acute at each end 1/4 to
2/3 in. long, with very short or no leaf-stalk; interval between the joints
rather longer than the leaves. Flowers very small, green, with white
borders. Yards and waste places; common.
15. P. littorale, Link. (Fig. 10, pl. 34.) Store Knotweep. Simi-
lar to No. 13, but leaves mostly blunt and somewhat broader. Common
on shores and in waste places.
16. P. maritimum, L. Srastpe Knotweep. Leaves fleshy, narrower
and shorter than Nos. 13 and 14, the margins generally rolled; nodes at
very short intervals; sheaths torn by the swelling of the joints. Sands
along the seashore.
17. P. Rayi, Babingt. Ray’s Knotweep, Plant 3 to 24 in. long,
prostrate, bluish-green; leaves longer and broader than either of the three
preceding. Naturalized, found in waste places.
18. P, Fowleri, Robinson. Vow rer’s Knotweep. Differs from P.
Rayi chiefly in the more obtuse leaves, the oblong calyx lobes and the
BUCKWHEAT FAMILY
PLATE 33
2. P. Hydropiper. 3. P. lapathifolium. 4. P.
1. Polygonum virginianum.
7. P. amphibium,
acre. 5. P. pennsylvanicum. 6. P. viviparum.
208 POLYGONACEAE
smaller more gradually narrowed fruit. Sandy shores, Maine and north-
ward. Aug.-Sept.
19. P. erectum, L. (Fig. 5, pl. 34.) Erect Knotweep. Plant
4 to 2 ft. high. Leaves oval or oblong, apex acute or somewhat obtuse;
joints large with 1 or 2 greenish flowers in the leaf axils. Mostly in
rich soil.
20. P. exsertum, Small. (Fig. 4, pl. 34.) Lona Fruirep KNOTWEED.
Plant about 2 ft. high, slender but erect; leaves similar to P. aviculare,
ete. The sheaths at the nodes divided into long silvery points. The
3-angled seed projects much beyond the hull, hence the name. Brackish
marshes, Maine to New York.
B. Leaves of extremity of stem reduced and transformed to bracts.
Plants mostly erect
21. P. ramosissimum, Michx. Busny Knotweep. Plant erect, often
3 or 4 ft. high, yellowish-green. Leaves similar to preceding species,
inter-nodes usually shorter than leaves. Collaret fringed in long coarse
points which arise from lacerations, Saline soil, coast from Maine to
New Jersey.
22. P. tenue, Michx. (Fig. 2, pl. 34.) SLENDER KNoTwEeEpD. Stem
slender, angled, $ to 1 ft. high, smooth; leaves linear, from + to 1 in.
long with a lateral impression or fold on either side of the mid-vein.
Flowers green in axils of leaves, pointing upward. Dry soil; generally
distributed.
23. P. Douglasii, Green. Dovucias’s Knotweep. Similar to No. 20,
but leaves broader and without the folds. The flowers at the leaf axils
point downward. Northern New York and Vermont.
C. Leaves arrow-shaped, egg-shaped or halberd-shaped. All heart-shaped
at base. Plants climbers or trailers
24. P. convolvulus,L. (Fig. 8, pl. 34.) Brack Binpweep. Stem
somewhat angular; leaves egg-shaped or arrow-head-shaped, upper ones
lance-shaped, tapering at apex. The angles of the seed hull either with-
out wings or very slightly winged. Flowers in pendulous spreading
clusters at leaf axils, green. The plant trailing or twining. Common in
waste grounds,
25. P. cilinode, Michx. (Fig. 12, pl. 34.) Frrneczp BiLack Brnp-
WEED. Leaves broad egg-shaped or spear head-shaped; collarets fringed
with depressed bristles, not at border but near the base. Clusters of
flowers on stems only slightly spreading or branching. Plant generally
twining or trailing over stone fences, ete.
Var. erectum, Peck. Rocky places; generally distributed.
26. P. scandens, L. (Fig. 6, pl. 34.) Crimpine FaLtsE BucKWHEAT.
Vine, sometimes 20 ft. high, smooth. Leaves egg-shaped, heart-shaped
at base, sharp pointed. Seed hull conspicuously winged at the angles,
the wings with entire borders. Fruiting calyx about 4 in. long. Woods
and thickets. Common. The form P. dumetorum, L., fruiting calyx about
} in. long, occasional in our region and very similar to P. scandens.
27. P. dumetorum, L. (Fig. 9, pl. 34.) Crestep Fase Buck-
WHEAT. (VP. cristatum, Engelm. and Gray.) Vine similar to No, 24,
BUCKWHEAT FAMILY 209
\
1 Vi
PLATE 34
1. Polygonella articulata. 2. Polygonum tenue. 3. P. arifolium. 4. P.
exsertum. 5. P. erectum. 6. P. scandens. 7. P. avieulare. 8. P. convolvulus
9. P, dumetorum. 10. P. littorale. 11. P. sagittatum. 12. P. cilinode.
210 CHENOPODIACEAE
but leaves broad triangular with depression at base. Margin of wings
of seed hull irregularly notched. Shady woods, New York and southward.
28. P. sagittatum, L. (Fig. 11, pl. 34.) ARRow-LEAvVED TEAR
THUMB. Stem slender, 4-angled, the plant reclining upon other plants
and clinging to them by recurved prickles. Leaves narrow arrow-head-
form, heart-shaped at base; leaf-stalk short. Wet or moist soil; com-
mon.
29. P. arifolium, L. (Fig. 3, pl. 34.) /HaLBerp-LEAvVED TEAR
THuMB. Stem 4-angled, armed with recurved prickles, climbing by these.
Leaves broad egg-shaped with spreading wings at base, on long leaf-
stalks, Flowers few in an elongated cluster. Moist soil. Common.
4. OXYRIA, Hill.
A few alpine species with round kidney-form leaves on long leaf-
stalks mostly from the root. Flowers on a scape arising from the base,
small, greenish, clustered in a rather loose narrow and elongated group
(raceme). Calyx of 4 divisions; stamens 8; fruit a thin, flattened, lens-
shaped body extending beyond the calyx and surrounded by a broad wing.
O. digyna, Hill. Mounrarin Sorrer. High regions of the White
Mountains and far north and west. July-Sept.
5. POLYGONELLA, Michx.
Herbs with branched conspicuously jointed stems and narrow leaves.
Flowers on jointed flower stems. Calyx 5-parted, colored. The 3 inner
segments investing the fruit and becoming larger than the others and
often developing wings at the angles. Stamens 8; style 3-parted. Fruit
a 3-angled dry nut similar to the fruit of Polygonum.
P. articulata, (L.) Meisn. (Fig. 1, pl. 34.) Coast JOINTWEED.
Plant 4 to 15 in. high; stem wiry, slender, branching. Leaves linear.
Flowers in slender diffuse clusters on flower stalks closely jointed.
Flowers very small, rose color. Sandy coasts and inland sandy places.
Order IV.—CHENOPODIINEAE. The Order of the Pig-
weeds
Herbaceous plants, some with fleshy stems and leaves. Leaves
alternate (except in Salicornia, in our region), smooth or covered
with hairs. The. flowers are, in general, small, inconspicuous,
green, crowded in glomerate masses or in spikes, but sometimes
solitary and moderately conspicuous, while in one instance the
glomerate masses are brightly colored. Among the Amaranths
some species have colored bracts. In some families the flowers
are perfect, having the stamens and pistils in the same envelope;
in other families the stamens and pistils occupy different flowers
and sometimes different plants. The corolla is always wanting;
calyx generally divided in 5 parts, but in Salicornia and some
GOOSEFOOT FAMILY 211
species of Amaranths, 2 or more. The stamens are ordinarily as
many as the parts of the calyx and opposite to them. In general
there are 2 carpels (divisions of the pistil). The fruit is a small,
hard, dry seed (achene) which is persistently enveloped by the
perianth. It becomes in many instances an important indicator
of the genus by the form which the embryo takes in the seed. If
cut longitudinally the embryo may be seen in the form of a horse-
shoe or in that of a complete ring or as a spiral.
Flowers without membraneous bracts . . CHENOPODIACEAE
Flowers with dry membraneous bracts . AMARANTHACEAE
Famity I—CHENOPODIACEAE. Goosrroort Famity
Flowers without bracts, minute, greenish. Stamens generally
as many as the divisions of the calyx and inserted opposite to them
or on their base. Calyx persistent and enclosing the fruit.
Flowers in glomerate masses.
Leaves net-veined, spreading.
Stamens and pistils in same flower.
Calyx 5-parted.
Flower groups axillary and terminal
Rae SM Wiehe Se. ae henopoditmn
Flower groups only axillary . . . Roubieva
Callivexe si Sr DATES 7 isn. Gameleph ad | cae osh sesh py DEE TLIN
Stamens and pistils in different flowers . Atriplex
Leaves linear, plant not fleshy . . . . . # Kochia
Leaves aborted or fleshy and linear.
Flowers glomerate, fleshy herbs, leaves reduced to
Scales) s/s. Sl Gate viaeliin, bisa Meo Ta ey HO MLICOR ALE
Fleshy herbs, leaves linear, rounded . Suaeda
Flowers not in glomerate masses.
Fleshy herbs, leaves terminated by prickles Salsola
I. CHENOPODIUM, L.
Herbs with alternate leaves on lon@ leaf stems with small green
flowers arranged in glomerate masses, without bracts, the glomerules in
the axils of the leaves, and mostly in terminal groups. Calyx generally
5-parted. Stamens 1 to 5.
(The leaves used here in differentiating the species are those which are
most typical, those from about the middle of the plant and possibly the
general appearance of a group and not of an individual leaf.)
| CHENOPODIACEAE
Leaves white, mealy.
Rhomboid . ee ter es Maree 5) eee Ses) BAe (C5, Gi lex ri:
Lance-egg-shaped, “the borders’ toothed . sk ew we tas le | oi Gna
Ege-shaped, the borders ‘entire, .)) 0s Ve se cfs) en sre Come en
Lance-shaped)*.' <: 4) “s,s “swe ie ee eso) -7e a) eee Gc umaenconnnaamre
Elliptic =. al, APRAT Os, aw ce eae - « « C. polyspermum
Leaves green, not mealy.
Narrow, pencrally) lance- rehidped cys, Pollo ye, “el eel giel | vs Ewa CINE OS ERraDaETe
Rhombic . . ee ee en ee Teh oC! rie
Feather-formed by deep sinuses. a Ps) fe ep yw e tel tok eat CREDO RS
Oblong or broad lance-shaped . . . .. . © » « C. ambrosioides
Egg-shaped . . AG RS hs, A - « « « C. anthelminticum
Triangular or nearly ‘so.
Border not toothed or notched . . . . . «. C. Bonus Henricus
Border with rt to 4 long teeth . . - © « « GC. ybmaun
Border with a number of indentations or sharp serrations.
Base of leaf convex, more or less rounded out . . C. murale
Base of leaf concave, more or less depressed inward C. urbicum
All annual except No. 10
1, C. album, L. (Fig. 3, pl. 35.) WuHitTe GoosEroot. PIGWEED.
Plant smooth; 1 to 10 ft. high. Whole plant more or less mealy-white.
Leaves, rhomboid with sinuate dentations on the two sides; upper leaves
narrow to lance-shaped. Stem with alternate green and white or purplish
and green stripes. Flowers in compact glomerules which are arranged
in loose, leafy, clusters axillary and terminal. Calyx, with keels at the
angles, completely enveloping the fruit. Seeds shining black. Embryo
completely annular. A common weed in cultivated and waste places.
2. C. glaucum, L. (Fig. 9, pl. 35.) OAK-LEAVED GoosrEroor. Plant
smooth 4 to 14 ft. high, prostrate or erect. Plant white, mealy. Leaves
oblong to lance-shaped with deep indentations; teeth rounded, about 4
on each side; green above, bluish-white beneath: Upper leaves narrow
and entire. Seed globose, sharp edged, only partly enveloped by calyx,
embryo annular. Like the former species a common weed.
3. C. vulvaria, L. Srinxine Gooseroor. Similar to No. 2, but
leaves are egg-shaped and the margins are without lobes or teeth. In
situations similar to the last.
4. C. leptophyllum, (Moq.) Nutt. (Fig. 5, pl. 35.) | Narrow-
LEAVED GoosEFooT. Plant densely mealy, erect, 4 to 2 ft. high. Leaves
narrow lance-shaped with entire borders, 4 to 1 in. long. Glomerules
closely packed about the stem. Sea shore, Connecticut to New Jersey.
Shores of Lake Erie.
5. C. polyspermum, L. (Fig. 4, pl. 35.) MANyY-SEEDED GOOSEFOOT.
Plant smooth, low, spreading or sometimes erect. Leaves elliptic or
egg-shaped, green, no mealiness. Clusters of flowers leafy; calyx partly
exposing the fruit. Weed, not very common.
6. C. Boscianum, Moq. (Fig. 1, pl. 35.) Bosco’s Goosrroot. Plant
slender, erect (about 2 ft. high), smooth, not mealy or only slightly so.
Leaves mostly lance-shaped, tapering at each end, the borders not in-
dented, green on both sides, Flowers in loose leafy clusters on slender
branches. Calyx nearly covering seed. Woods and thickets, New York,
New Jersey and south.
7. C. urbicum, L. Upricur Goosrroot. City Goosrroor. Plant
erect, 1 to 3 ft. high. Stem striated, green and white. Leaves triangular
with irregular triangular teeth. Flower clusters leafless or nearly so, tall
and spike-like, the flower groups crowded against the stem, . Common.
GOOSEFOOT FAMILY 213
PLATE 35
1. Chenopodium Boscianum. 2. C. rubrum. 3. C. album. 4. C. polysper:
mum. 5. C. leptophyllum. 6. C. anthelminticum. 7. C. Bonus Henricus. 8.
_C. ambrosioides. 9. C. glaucum. 10. C. murale. 11. C. hybridum.
214 CHENOPODIACEAE
8. C. murale, L. (Fig. 10, pl. 35.) NETTLE-LEAVED GOOSEFOOT.
lant with an offensive odor, leaves thin, shining green, rhombic to egg-
shaped, apex acute, margins sharply and deeply toothed, clusters of flowers
loose and spreading. Seeds not shining, acute at borders. Waste places;
common.
9 C. hybridum, L. (Fig. 11, pl. 35.) MapLe-LEAvVED GoosEroorT,
Plant bright green, 2 to 4 ft. high. Leaves triangular with long taper
point and 1 to 3 triangular or lance points on margin of each side.
Clusters of flowers leafless. Calyx leaving fruit exposed. Woods and
thickets. Common.
10. C. rubrum, L. (Fig. 2, pl. 35.) Rep GoosEroot. Somewhat
fleshy, 1 to 23 ft. high, stems becoming mostly red or with red and green
stripes. Leaves shining, green or red, rhombic, deeply and sharply
toothed, base pointed, apex acute; upper leaves lance-shaped. Flower
clusters scattered in axillary and terminal leafy spikes often the whole
length of stem. Calyx lobes rather fleshy, and nearly or quite covering
the seed. Saline soil; along the sea coasts.
11. C. Bonus Henricus, L. (Fig. 7, pl. 35.) Goop Kine HENpy.
PERENNIAL GoosEFooTt. Stem ridged 1 to 23 ft. high. Leaves large,
triangular, margins entire, green or slightly mealy. Flower groups rather
dense, crowding closely around the stems, which are not freely branching,
clusters leafless. Naturalized. Not very common. In waste places.
12. C. Botrys, L. FEraTneER GERANIUM. JERUSALEM OAK. Plant
4 to 2 ft. high, with a strong odor; stem silky and glandular, somewhat
hairy; leaves with long stems, oblong but cut by deep sinuses into a
feather-formed leaf, the lobes rounded and toothed. Flowers in small
groups loosely arranged in clusters only slightly leafy. Calyx partially
enclosing fruit. Waste places throughout our area.
13. C. ambrosioides, L. (Fig. 8, pl. 35.) Mexican Tea. Plant
2 to 3 ft. high, strong scented, much branching. Leaves 1 to 34 in. long,
with very short leaf-stalk, ovate, margins sinuous. Glomerules, small
axillary masses in long narrow very leafy clusters, these clusters de-
scending far upon the stem. Calyx completely enclosing the fruit. In
waste places.
14. C. anthelminticum, L. (Fig. 6, pl. 35.) WorMseep. Plant re-
sembling No, 12, but leaves strongly toothed and clusters of glomerules
‘more elongated, less leafy. Upper leaves very narrow. Waste places.
Naturalized from Europe.
2. ROUBIEVA, Mog.
A perennial plant of somewhat offensive odor, prostrate, much branched,
with glomerules of very small flowers only in the leaf axils, Flowers
with stamens only or pistils only or with both. Calyx 3- to 5-parted,
enclosing the fruit; stamens 5, within the calyx.
R. multifida, (L.) Mog. (Fig. 2, pl. 36.) CuT-LEAVED GOOSEFOOT.
Leaves small, lance-shaped, deeply cut at margins into linear or lance-
shaped lobes, about 2 on each side, apex acute. Flowers 1 to 5 in a group,
situated at the leaf axils. In waste places. Naturalized. June-Sept.
215
GOOSEFOOT FAMILY
PLATE 36
1. Blitum capitatum. 2. Roubieva multifida. 3. Atriplex arenaria. 4. A.
rosea. 5. A. hastata. 6. A. patula. 7. Salicornia herbacea. 8. S. mucronata.
9. S. ambigua. 10. Suaeda maritima 11. 8, americana,
216 CHENOPODIACEAE
3. BLITUM, L.
Plant strongly resembling the Chenopodiums with flowers bearing sta-
mens or pistils or both. Calyx fleshy and turning bright red at maturity
giving to the rounded flower groups, which are arranged in long, erect,
interrupted clusters, the appearance of bright berries attached to the
stem, Stamens 1 to 5.
B. capitatum, L. (Fig. 1, pl. 36.) Srrawserry Brite. Stem leafy
below, but leafless above where the glomerules of flowers appear. Leaves
triangular or spear-shaped, the base slightly concave, the other margins
wavy indented. Leaf stems about as long as the leaves. Mostly in
waste places. June-Aug.
4, ATRIPLEX, 1:
Plants resembling the Chenopodiums. Flowers bearing stamens or
pistils, mostly the two forms on different plants, but often on the same;
rarely also flowers with both stamens and pistils. Calyx of staminate
flowers 3- to 5-parted, the parts united at the base; that of pistillate
flowers of 2 sepals which completely enclose the fruit, and which are
more or less united and which are leafy bract-like. Embryo completely
annular. Leaves alternate, rarely opposite.
Leaves long, narrow with plane margins or with one conspicuous tooth or more
on each side . Eee he en aa oe el, Gare
Leaves triangular, the bases arching in 5 ~ -« »« A. Kastata
Leaves egg-shaped or triangular, bases ‘arching out oe “ders. “Aloser
Leaves oblong, margins plane .... . . ~ « @.. arenars
1. A. patula, L. (Fig. 6, pl. 36.) Spreapinc OrAcue. Stems very
much branched at base, the lowest branches spreading, Leaves alternate,
narrow lance-shaped, with one or more conspicuous teeth on each margin
or without teeth, the upper leaves linear. All the leaves tapering at the
base, the upper nearly or quite without leaf-stalks, the lower with
moderately long stalks. Flowers in glomerules along a branching stem.
Waste places, July-Aug.
2. A. bastata, G:. sf Fig. 6, pl. 36.) HALBERD-LEAVED OrAcHE. Stem
erect, branching, rigid. Lower branches spreading. Leaves on slender
stems, opposite, sometimes alternate, triangular with the bases arching
in. The margins somewhat sinuous or toothed, Upper leaves narrow,
margins entire. Calyx segments triangular, with or without teeth. Salt
marshes and waste places. Aug.-Oct.
3. A. rosea, L. (Fig. 4, pl. 36.) Rep Oracne. Stem erect or pros-
trate, mealy. Leaves egg-shaped or rhomboid with the base arching out-
ward, often turning red. Upper leaves narrow lance-shaped and gen-
erally toothed. Leaf margins sinuate or toothed. Calyx of fruiting
flowers rhomboid with conspicuous teeth and with several tubercles on
the sides. Glomerules arranged as in the preceding species. Waste
places, sea coasts, occasionally inland.
4. A, arenaria, Nutt. (Fig. 3, pl. 36.) Sra-Beacn ATRIPLEX. Mealy,
whitish, stem prostrate much branched; leaves oblong, margins without
teeth. Fruiting flower, calyx triangular, toothed with tubercles on sides.
Sandy sea beaches, Mass., southward,
GOOSEFOOT FAMILY 217
5. KOCHIA, Roth.
Flowers with both stamens and pistils or with staminate and pistillate
flowers separate but on the same plant. The herbaceous perianth cup-
shaped, of 5 divisions. Stamens 5, pistils 2, which are united at the base.
Fruit dry and hard, covered by the 5-parted calyx.
K. Scoparia, (L.) Roth. Kocnta. An herbaceous or shrubby plant,
stiff, erect, with linear leaves pointed at the end; branches long, flowers
in the leaf axils. Introduced from Europe, where it is sometimes culti-
vated for making brushes, brooms, ete.
6. SALICORNIA, L.
Low fleshy plants growing in salt marshes; leafless or with the leaves
reduced to small scales. Stem round; branches opposite. The stem
articulated, the inconspicuous flowers partly buried in the nodes. Flowers
mostly of 4 toothed, fleshy, sometimes winged divisions. Generally a
single stamen, pistils 2. Fruit dry.
Annual
1. §. herbacea, L. (Fig. 7, pi. 36.) SLENDER GLasswort. (8.
europaca, L.). Stems quite slender, the flower bearing spikes being at
most only slightly more than one line in diameter, simple or freely
branched. The scales very inconspicuous and rounded at the ends. Sta-
mens of the middle flower protrude beyond the scale higher than do those
of the two flowers at its sides. The plant remains green or turns red in
autumn. Salt marshy places along the coast.
2. §. mucronata, Bigel. (Fig. 8, pl. 36.) Pornrep-scALeD GLAss-
worr. (8S. Bigelovii, Torr.). Stems much stouter than those of No. 1.
Scales conspicuous and pointed at the extremities. At maturity the
whole plant turns red. Plant 3 to 15 in. high. Salt marshes.
Perennial
3. §S. ambigua, Michx. (Fig. 9, pl. 36.) Woopy Grasswort. Plant
arising from a woody rootstock; erect or reclining; scales pointed, short.
Salt marshes along the sea coast.
7. SUAEDA, Forskal. (Dondia, Adams)
Flowers without footstalks, in the axils of the thick, almost rounded
fleshy leaves, with both stamens and pistils. Perianth consisting of the
fleshy calyx, which is in 5 divisions and which surrounds the fruit. Sta-
mens 5, pistils 2 or 3. Plant of the sea-side.
1. §. americana, (Pers.)- Fernald. (Fig. 11, pl. 36.) Tarn Sra-
Buicut. Plant 1 to 2 ft. high, erect or rarely prostrate, much branched
or nearly simple; dark green without whitish bloom. Leaves of the
stem linear, sharp pointed, 4 to 14 in. long, somewhat 3-angled. Salt
marshes, common.
2. S. maritima, (L.) Dumort. (Fig. 10, pl. 36.) Low Sera-Bricut.
Plant 5 to 12 in. high, light green and covered with whitish bloom.
Leaves 4 to 1 in. long, half round, not as sharp at extremity as those of
No. 1. Salt marshes along the coast.
218 AMARANTHACEAE
3. §. Richii, Fernald. Ricu’s Suarpa. Stems procumbent, forming
mats. Leaves dark green, nearly cylindric, obtuse. Salt marshes and .
wet sand. Maine.
8 SALSOLA, L.
Herbs with branching stems and stiff awl-shaped prickly leaves in the
axils of which the solitary flowers appear, directly on the main stems.
Flowers with two fleshy bracts, calyx of 5 parts, stamens mostly 5,
styles 2.
1, §. Kali, L. (Fig. 6, pl. 37.) Saztwort. A coarse dull green,
diffusely branching plant at the seaside. The branches more or less
ascending or nearly prostrate. Leaves alternate, prickly; flowers solitary
in axils of leaves, the divisions forming a violet colored rosette.
2. §. Tragus, L. (Fig. 5, pl. 37.) Russian TuHIsTLeE. Stem more
slender than No. 1, leaves similar but less fleshy. Grows in cultivated
fields. Introduced.
Famity I].—AMARANTHACEAE. AmarantH FAMILY
Herbaceous plants, weeds, with simple leaves without stipules
and with the greenish or white flowers generally in more or less
densely crowded terminal heads or in lesser clusters in the axils
of the leaves. Flowers with both stamens and pistils or with
these organs in separate flowers in the same plant or with stamens
on one plant and pistils on another. Petals absent; calyx dry
herbaceous with 5 divisions, or absent. Flowers partly or wholly
surrounded by dry persistent bracts, commonly 3. These bracts
in some cases brightly colored.
Flowers with stamens and pistils, or, if these organs are in
ape flowers, both kinds on the same plant. Calyx of
oF IN ISTOTG a foi) atin yas . . Amaranthus
sian and pistillate flowers not on ite same plant; pis-
tillate flowers without calyx . . . . « « « «» OI
1, AMARANTHUS, L
Coarse herbaceous weeds in waste grounds and gardens. ‘Leaves sim-
ple, alternate, oval or rhomboid, indented. Stamens 5 or rarely less,
either in the same flower with the pistils or in separate flowers gen-
erally on the same plant. Pistils 2 or 3. Flowers small, green or
purplish, with three bracts.
Flowers in terminal spikes and axillary scien
Clusters in thick dense spikes . “6 ce, © is~ 6 aeernUiee
Clusters in slender spikes.
Leaves pointed at apex.
Dry spines at base of leaves . . . «© «© « + « A. spinosus
Leaves without spines at base . . oe ee re, hae i ee
Leaves rounded and dented at apex P A, lividus
Leaves rounded, not dented at apex, flowers in interrupted spikes.
oy a WE ae ee 9 4) PE CeO NOOAG ay? Ge
AMARANTH FAMILY 219
PLATE 37
1. Amaranthus retroflexus. 2. Phytolacca decandra. 3. Mollugo verticil-
lata. 4. Claytonia virginica. 5. Salsola Tragus. 6. S. Kali. 7. Acnida can-
nabina. 8 Claytonia caroliniana. 9, Amaranthus graecizans,
220 AMARANTHACEAE
Flower clusters in the axils of leaves.
Leaves broadest at apex, with anions erent, aes a pa oe at apex.
Stem prostrate . . . A. blitoides
Stem erect 2) ~ Se ie” OA oe Aiea amare gic I. 2b Sane a graccizans
Leaves broadest at base. :
Borders indented airs oe) we se 6 Alogi
Borders smooth, indentation at apex Me, Cee ele LS
1. A. retroflexus, L. (Fig. 1, pl. 37.) RovucuH PicwrErp. A common
coarse weed in gardens with stout branching stem and long slender stalked
leaves which are egg-shaped, rhombic or irregular, generally pointed at
apex and less pointed at base. The leaf margins are smooth or undulate.
Plant more or less covered by soft hairs. Flowers in compact spikes
without leaves. Found mostly in cultivated grounds.
2. A. hybridus, L. Srenper Picweep. Similar to No. 1, but more
slender. The flower spikes are longer and less thick, leaves less rough
and of a deeper, dull green, or dark purple. Found, like No. 1, in
cultivated grounds.
3. A. spinosus, L. Spiny AMARANTH. Plant smooth. Leaves egg-
shaped or ovate-rhombie on long slender leaf stalks. At the base of the
leaf stalk and of the small branches start two narrow, dry spines. The
upper clusters of flowers form cylindric spikes and are staminate, while
the pistillate flowers are in globular clusters below. Flowers incon-
spicuous, yellowish-green. Waste grounds. Naturalized.
4. A, blitoides, S. Wats. Prostrate AMARANTH. Plant prostrate,
smooth, pale green. Leaves broadly rounded at apex, narrow and pointed
at base. Flowers in leafy clusters in the leaf axils. On railroad ballast
in our area.
5. A. graecizans, L. (Fig. 9, pl. 37.) TumsBre Weep. Smooth,
pale green; stem 4 to 2 ft. high, much branched and whitish. Leaves
similar to No. 4, 7. ¢., obversely egg-shaped or spatulate, with a fine
spine at the apex. Flowers surrounded by dry spiny bracts in small axil-
lary groups. Common in waste grounds.
6. A. lividus, L. PurpLisH AMARANTH. Plant slender, 1 to 2 ft.
high, with purplish and somewhat succulent stem. Leaves egg-shaped
or rhomboid-ovate with apex obtuse and conspicuously indented. 'Termi-
nal slender spikes of staminate, lower rounded clusters of pistillate
flowers. Not very common, Eastern parts,
7. A, deflexus, L. Low Amarantu. Similar to No. 6, with leaves
less obtuse and not indented at apex. Waste places, eastern parts of our
area,
8. A. crispus, (L.) Braun. Crisp-LEAVED AMARANTH. Slender, pros-
trate, profusely branched, spreading as a mat 4 to 2 ft. in diameter over
the ground. Leaves oval or rhomboid with undulating borders. Clusters
of flowers small in the leaf axils. Stems hairy. Albany, New York City
and a few other localities.
9. A. pumilus, Raf. Coast AMARANTH. Low or prostrate, 3 to 8
in. high, with fleshy oval leaves or with leaves broader at apex. All
distinctly indented at apex. On sea beaches, Rhode Island and south-
ward,
2. ACNIDA, L.
Our species a tall succulent herb resembling the Amaranths. The
POKEWEED FAMILY 221
flowers, however, occur, the staminate on one and the pistillate on an-
other plant. The pistillate flowers have no floral envelope except the
dry bracts. Both forms are grouped in slender cylindric clusters similar
to those of the Amaranth.
A. cannabina, L. (Fig. 7, pl. 37.) Satt Marsa Water Hemp.
Plant 2 to 6 ft. tall, in swampy places. Leaves, lance-shaped to linear
with long not very sharp points at apex, narrowed at base. Leaf stalk
rather shorter than leaf. Salt marshes, New Hampshire and southward.
Order V.—PHYTOLACCINEAE
Herbs with simple alternate, opposite or verticillate leaves. In
our species all without stipules Flowers regular in form, with
both stamens and pistils. Number of stamens variable. Perianth
of 5 parted calyx, the sepals white or slightly colored. Ovary
of several cells composed of as many carpels, united to form a
fleshy berry or a capsule which splits either longitudinally or
transversely. :
Fruit a fleshy berry . . . . , PHYTOLACCACEAE
Heuthnacapsales. 98 <2 . . © » -, AIZOACEAE
Famity I.—PHYTOLACCACEAE. Pokrewrep FAMILY
The general characters of the family are those of the order,
with, in the family, a calyx which more or less resembles a corolla,
with 5 to 15 stamens and with fruit composed of several carpels
united.
PHYTOLACCA, (Tourn.) L.
The divisions of the white or pinkish calyx rounded and equal.
P. decandra, L. (Fig. 2, pl. 37.) Pokewrep. Plant 4 to 12 ft.
high, stem succulent, branching, the flowers shallow bell-shaped. Flowers
arranged along the flower stem as a raceme generally 4 to 6 in. long.
Stamens 10, shorter than the rounded sepals. Ovary of 10 cells which
form a ring constituting the fleshy berry which, when ripe, is dark
purple in color. The root is an acrid poison. Rich soil throughout our
region.
Famity IJ.—AIZOACEAE. Carper Weep FAMILY
In our region two species only, these are prostrate, spreading
herbs with opposite or verticillate leaves without stipules; flowers
222 AIZOACEAE
small, calyx of 5 sepals, petals absent. Fruit a capsule opening
by a circular transverse line or by lines up and down.
Capsule opening by a transverse line . . . Sesuvium
Capsule opening by a longitudinal line . . . Mollugo
1. SESUVIUM, L.
Prostrate fleshy herb at sea side with opposite spatula-shaped leaves,
broadest at apex, which is rounded and sometimes slightly indented.
Flowers without flower stems, springing at the leaf axils, small, pink or
purple; stamens 5; capsule 3 to 5 celled with many seeds. The capsule
opens by a circular line by which the cap separates from the cup-like
seed basket, , ;
S. maritimum, (Walt.) BSP. (Fig. 5, pl. 38.) Sea PuRSLANE.
Growing in sands by the sea shore. Long Island and southward.
2. MOLLUGO, L.
Herb, profusely branching with leaves inserted in whorls, of about 5
each, spatula-shaped, outer third broadest. Stipules absent. Flowers
growing in circles at the leaf whorls, of 5 sepals, white, small. A pros-
trate weed in cultivated grounds and waste places.
M. verticillata, L. (Fig. 3, pl. 37.) Carper Weep. Inpran CHIcK-
WEED. Prostrate, branching profusely, forming a mat. Flower pedicels
several at the axils of the leaves, each bearing a single white flower.
Roadsides and cultivated grounds.
PURSLANE FAMILY 223
Group II. POLYPETALAE. Flowers with Distinct Petals
While, among modern botanists the division Choripetalae in-
cludes both plants whose flowers have calyx and corolla and plants
whose flowers have no corolla, it is most convenient for the pur-
poses of this work to follow the older practice of dividing the
class into Apetalous and Polypetalous Exogens. In the preced-
ing orders of Exogens or Dicotyledons the corolla has been absent
or only in a rudimentary stage. In the remaining orders of
Choripetalae the petals are evident and distinctly separate, with
few exceptions.
Order I—PORTULACINEAE
The general characters of the order are found in those of the
single family.
Famity. PORTULACACEAE. Tur Purstane FAmMILy
This family is represented in our region by three genera, Clay-
tonia, Montia and Portulaca. They are all small herbs with weak
stems and more or less fleshy leaves which are always, in our
native species, opposite. The flowers are provided with both
calyx and corolla. The divisions of the former are but 2, of the
latter 5, which are regular or very nearly so. Stamens 5, opposite
the petals (Claytonia) or less in number (Montia) or variable in
number (Portulaca). The fruit is a capsule, opening, in Portu-
laca, like a lid, in Montia and Claytonia splitting at the sides
by 3 valves.
SS NINCT a SUL eu dah Nae Sh acre cage dear ae, he is OU
SEAMING. el Say ave ein sper. wns Gi Claytonia
SHAMS <O tG. EDDA = 4),cJuo. be oR! luets ous se Ortulaes
1. MONTIA, L.
Small annual spreading plant with opposite fleshy leaves. Flowers
small, funnel-shaped, white, of 5 petals and 2 sepals; flowers arranged
in groups or singly. Stamens 3, style 3-parted, capsule 3-valved with 3 |
seeds.
M. fontana, L. (Fig. 2, pl. 38.) WatTeR CHICKWEED. BLINKS.
Water Brinks. A densely tufted plant in springs and wet places,
224 PORTULACACEAE
Light green, spreading, prostrate or partly erect. Flowers mostly
terminal.
z CLAYTONIA, L.
Low weak stemmed plants with a pair of opposite leaves, exceptionally
2 or even 3 pairs. Sepals 2, petals 5, stamens 5, inserted at the base of
the petals, the style 3 parted at apex, capsule 3 to 6 sided. The bell-
shaped, pretty, purple veined flowers in a loose terminal cluster.
l. C. virginica, L. (Fig. 4, pl. 37.) Sprina Beauty. The weak
stem springing from a tuberous root. Leaves linear lance-shaped (3 to
7 in. long). Grows in moist open woods. Common. April-May.
2. C. caroliniana, Michx. (Fig. 8, pl. 37.) CaroLina Sprine
Beauty. Springing from a tuberous root. Leaves broader than No. I,
ovate-lanceolate or oblong. Principally along the Alleghanies. April-
May.
3, PORTULACA, L.
Prostrate spreading weed with opposite fleshly leaves, smooth, with
terminal inconspicuous yellow flowers. Sepals 2, petals 5, stamens 7 to
15, petals generally 5 inserted on the calyx. Styles united below, di-
vided above to 2 to 8. Seed box a capsule which often divides as a lid.
P. oleracea, L. PurRSLANE. PuRSLEY. Prostrate, freely branching.
Leaves fleshy, broad-ovate, clustered at the end of the stems. Flowers
without flower stems at the axils of the leaves. In cultivated grounds.
A troublesome weed.
(The portulaca of the flower gardens is P. grandiflora, Hook. It is
occasionally found escaped from cultivation.)
Order IIL—CARYOPHYLLINEAE
Flowers all regularly symmetrical, with calyx and corolla ex-
cept in Paronychia, Anychia and Scleranthus, in which genera
the corolla is wanting, as it is also in a few species of other genera.
Divisions of the calyx 4 or 5, the petals when present equal in
number to the calyx divisions. Sepals free or growing together
forming a calyx tube. Petals never growing together. Stamens
twice as many as the sepals or less than that number. ‘The stamen
filaments sometimes united with each other, more frequently free.
Ovary formed of 2 to 5 carpels, at maturity of a single cell.
Styles 2 to 5. Seeds several or many, attached to a central
column.
Herbs, annual or with perennial roots. Stems often swollen
at the nodes, leaves opposite, without stipules or, in a few species,
with membraneous stipulate appendages to the leaves.
PINK FAMILY 225
Famity. CARYOPHYLLACEAE. Tut Pink Famity
Sepals united to form a calyx tube . Trispe Silenoideae
Sepals distinct or united only at the base
Pl es oe eee) ee ee Rep. Alsinomdéae
Tribe SILENOIDEAE
Calyx segments united, with ribs at the commissures. Stamens and
petals situated, each in a circle below the ovary and free from it.
Styles distinct from each other.
Calyx ribs between the united sepals at least twice as many as the teeth.
Styles 5, alternate with the calyx teeth . . . . Agrostemma
Styles 5, opposite the calyx teeth.
Capsule with a single cell extending to the base . . Lychnis
Styles 3 or rarely 4 Srgiter Ch te) tees he eee) (we. Pei ene
Calyx ribs only 5.
Segments of calyx connected by a rather broad intermediary
membraneous band rth Se . . Gypsophila
Segments of the calyx not united by membraneous intermediary
band.
Petals with a lip-like SE: at the base of the spread-
ing blade ters . - +. + Saponaria
Petals without appendage.
Leafy bracts enclosing the base of the calyx . Dianthus
1. AGROSTEMMA, L.
Herl with narrow, grass-like leaves which are without leaf-stems.
Whole plant hairy. Flowers large, terminal, not grouped. Calyx divided
above, the long narrow divisions or teeth exceeding the length of the
rounded petals. The blades of the petals without appendages.
A. Githago, L. (Fig. 8, pl. 39.). Corn CockLE. Corn CAMPION.
Plant from | to 3 ft. high, quite erect, with few branches. Leaves quite
narrow, slightly united at the base with those opposite. Whole plant
hairy. Flowers red, from 13 to 23 in. broad. Found mostly in fields of
grain or in waste places. Introduced from Europe. Not common.
2. SILENE, L.
Herbs with annual or perennial roots. Leaves opposite or crowded,
generally long and narrow, with simple margins. Calyx tubular or much
inflated; teeth 5 with twice as many nerves or ridges. Base of the
flower without bracts. Petals 5, each with a lip-like appendage at the
throat of the flower. Stamens 10. Styles 3 or rarely 4.
226 CARYOPHYLLACEAE
Leaves crowded on the stem in moss-like tufts, plant of high mountains S. acaulis
Leaves in verticils, 4 leaves in a-whorl . . . «. « « - « « « we stellata
Leaves opposite, long and narrow.
Leaves mostly spatula-formed, at least the lower ones and rounded at
the apex.
Calyx much inflated.
Blowers’ numerous 0% met ete) ve, sss Seu oe SRO I ee
Flowers few . S. alba
Calyx tubular, if inflated, only “by” the ripening of the pod. Stem-
leaves viscidly hairy.
Retalseichimson) acrtesieremmcumted ites) bs) ame - SS. virginica
Petals pink . ie pennsylvanica
Stem and leaves smooth or nearly so. Flowers in loose clusters - S. nutans
Leaves narrow lance-shaped, pointed at apex.
Stem at the nodes glutinous.
Flowers, in loose clusters). . < « «*« «. » O-« Qntirrhina
Flowers in’ compact clusters 5 <. © <« « « « | Se) emenma
Stems and leaves viscid hairy.
Flowers in loose terminal clusters . . . . . S. mnoctiflora
Flowers in spike-like clusters.
Flowers small, petals not deeply toothed . S. angelica
Flowers large, petals deeply toothed . . S. dichotoma
Lentee acaulis, L. (Fig. 8, pl. 38.) Moss Campion. A dwarf
species growing on the White Mountains. Leaves linear, densely crowded
around the branching stems. Flowers without footstalks or with very
short ones, solitary at the summit of the stem. Petals purple or whitish-
purple. Flowers during the summer.
2. §. stellata, (L.) Ait. (Fig. 9, pl. 38.) Starry Campion. Roots
perennial. Stems 2 to 3 ft. high. Leaves in whorls of 4s, broader than
in other species, with sharp points. Calyx bell-shaped; petals white,
fringed at the borders. Flowers nearly an in. across, in loose clusters.
Woods of our region. June-Aug.
3. §. alba, Muhl. (Fig. 1, pl. 39.) WeresTeRN WHITE CAMPION.
Stem simple or somewhat branching, weak, smooth or nearly so. Leaves
lance-shaped, 3 to 5 in. long, 4% in. wide, tapering to a slender point.
Flowers few or solitary, white, about } in. broad, Calyx inflated, downy.
Petals wedge-shaped. Moist places, Penna., and west. June-July.
4. §. latifolia, (Mill.) Britton and Rendle. (Fig. 3, pl. 38.) Burap-
DER CAMPION. (NS. vulgaris, Garecke.) Stem and leaves smooth; joints
somewhat swollen, especially the lower ones. Lower leaves somewhat
spatula-formed, upper ones lance-shaped. Calyx nearly globular, muclt
inflated, with strongly marked nerves. Petals deeply 2-cleft, the lip in-
conspicuous, white. Flowers all summer.
5. S. nutans, L. (Fig. 7, pl. 39.) Nopprna Catcuriy. Root
perennial. Stem and leaves smooth or nearly so, Plant slender, erect,
with loose clusters of flowers at the summit. Lower leaves sometimes
broadest toward the apex, upper ones narrow, lance-shaped, with pointed
ends. Flowers white or pink, 1/2 to 2/3 in. broad, the petals deeply
2-cleft. Not common. Sparingly naturalized from Europe. June-Sept.
6. §. virginica, L. Fire Pink. Carcurry. Root perennial. Stem
12 to 20 in. high. Plant covered with viscid down. Lower leaves spatula-
formed, broadly rounded at apex. Upper leaves broadly lance-shaped.
Flowers few, loosely clustered, each flower on a foot-stalk about as long
as the calyx. Calyx eylindrie but with maturity of the capsule becom-
ing broader at the top. Petals narrow, with two short teeth, color deep
crimson. In southern part of our region, June-Aug.
227
PLATE 38
1. Silene pennsylvanica. 2. Montia fontana. 3. Silene latifolia. 4. S.
Armeria. 5. Sesuvium maritimum, 6. Lychnis alba. 7, Saponaria offici-
nalis, 8 Silene acaulis. 9. S. stellata.
228 CARYOPHYLLACEAE
7. §. pennsylvanica, Michx. (Fig. 1, pl. 38.) Wirp Pink. (8.
caroliniana, Walt.). Root perennial. Stem erect or prostrate, 4 to 16
in. high. Upper parts of the plant viscid, hairy, the lower less viscid
or even without that character. Basal leaves narrow and rounded at
apex. Stem leaves lance-shaped but not with very sharp points. Calyx
tubular, swelling with the ripening of the seeds. Petals wedge-shaped,
the outer border slightly notched. Flowers deep pink, conspicuous against
the gravelly soil in the early spring. Rocky places, mostly in woods,
southern half of our region. April-June.
8. §S. antirrhina, L. (Fig. 3, pl. 39.) Steepy Carcuriy. Root an-
nual. Stem slender and erect, generally smooth, branching above, 8 to
30 in. high. Lower leaves broader than those above but lance-shaped and
with sharp points. Flowers whitish pink, small, in a loose terminal
cluster. Calyx ovoid, the small petals each with a single notch at the
outer extremity. Fields and woods, most of our area. July-Sept.
9. §. Armeria, L. (Fig. 4, pl. 38.) Sweer Wirr11aM. LOoBEL’s
Catcurity. Root perennial. Stems erect, smooth. Leaves somewhat
egg-shaped, the lower with blunt, the upper with sharp points. Flowers
in flat crowded, terminal cluster, purple or pink. Calyx tubular, Es-
caped from gardens. June-July.
10. §. noctiflora, L. (Fig. 2, pl. 39.) Nicut-rLowERING CATCHFLY.
Root annual. Stem 1 to 3 ft. high, viscid, hairy. Lower leaves blunt,
upper ones sharp pointed, all broadly lance-shaped or somewhat egg-
shaped. Flowers few in a terminal cluster. Petals white or pinkish.
Flowers open at dusk and remain open till morning. Waste places, in-
troduced from Europe. July-Sept.
11. S. angelica, L. Enerish orn SMALL-FLOWERED CATCHFLY. (S.
gallica, L.). Annual. Plant 1 to 2 ft. high, the stem rough with rather
stiff hairs. Flowers small, white, with short foot-stalks, arranged along
the upper part of the stem. Calyx cylindric, hairy. Waste places, intro-
duced from Europe. April-July.
12. §. dichotoma, Ehrh. (Fig. 4, pl. 39.) Forxep Catcurriy. An-
nual, Stem 1 to 2 ft. high, branching, hairy. Leaves lance-shaped or
with the broadest part toward the apex, hairy. Petals white, each
deeply divided, with only a partially developed lip. Calyx hairy with 5
ribs. Flowers arranged along the upper parts of the much forked stem,
each flower with a very short foot-stalk. Fields and waste places, in-
troduced from Europe. June-Sept.
3. LYCHNIS, L.
Plants resembling the Silene. Calyx egg-shaped, tubular or inflated,
with commissural nerves. The flowers differ from those of Silene in
that in Lychnis there are 5 styles while in Silene there are but 3 or
rarely 4, The plants of this genus have, for the most part, perfect
flowers, that is, they have both stamens and pistils, but occasionally the
stamens and pistils occupy different flowers which are not upon the
same plant, that is, they are dioecious. All the species in our region
have been introduced from Europe.
PINK FAMILY 229
PLATE 39
1. Silene alba. 2. 8. noctiflora. 3. S. antirrhina. 4. 8. dichotoma. 5.
Lychnis dioica, 6. L. Flos-cuculi. 7. Silene nutans. 8. Agrostemma
Githago. _
230 CARYOPHYLLACEAE
Blowers: “white \n.'. 3... 3 ts: Ste veo Wr ay rere rece, MERC Sh) Weta i ode sey gre eae ean ed eg
Flowers red or purple, rarely white. :
lems: “Very™ .VisCidiussrs)| cen cece L. dioica
Stems not viscid or only slightly so.
Petals cut in two. lobes 20 2/5. 5 2. (20 OL. (ehalcedomen
Petals cut «in four “lobes. Gey es se ee) re
1. L. alba, Mill. (Fig. 6, pl. 38.) Wuire Campion. EvENING
Lycunis. Roots biennial. Stems 1 to 2 ft. high, hairy and viscid. Calyx
broadly egg-shaped, hairy. Petals with two lobes and with a conspicuous
lip appendage at the throat of the flower. Flowers white or with a tinge
of pink, opening toward evening and remaining open until the following
morning. Waste places; naturalized. Blooms through the summer.
2. L. dioica, L. (Fig. 5, pl. 39.) Rep Campion. Root biennial,
stem 1 to 2 ft. high; viscid, hairy. Lower leaves with long foot-stalks,
upper without foot-stalks, broad lance-shaped or oval. Petals indented,
forming two lobes. Flowers red or white. Calyx with erect narrow
teeth. Capsule globose. In waste places, roadside, etc. Blooms during
summer.
3. L. chalcedonica, L. Scartet Lycunis. Root perennial. Stems
with soft hairs, not viscid, 1 to 23 ft. high, erect. Leaves egg-shaped.
Petals 2 lobed. Flowers red, in hemispheric clusters. Escaped from
gardens locally. July-Sept.
4. L. Flos-cuculi, L. (Fig. 6, pl. 39.) Raccep Rosin. Cuckoo
FLOWER. Root perennial. Stems 1 to 2 ft. high, roughish above. Lower
leaves with foot-stalks, points rounded, upper without foot-stalks, apex
sharp pointed. Capsule teeth rolling outwards. Flowers rosy, blue or
white. Escaped from gardens. June-Sept.
4. GYPSOPHILA, L.
Slender annual plant with profusely branching stems and small flowers.
Leaves smooth, narrow. Flowers from the leaf axils. Calyx 5-toothed,
bell-shaped. Stamens 10. Styles 2.
G. muralis, L. Low Gyprsopnita. Annual. Stems about 6 in. high,
much branched, slender. Leaves small and very narrow. Flowers from
the leaf axils on long delicate foot-stalks. Flowers purplish. Waste
places. Introduced. June-Sept.
5. SAPONARIA, L.
Root perennial. Stem erect, with broad lance-shaped to oval leaves,
with 3 conspicuous veins. Flowers rather large in a crowded, or loose
conspicuous terminal cluster. Calyx ovoid or tubular with inconspicuous
nerves, teeth 5.
1. §. officinalis, L. (Fig. 7, pl. 38.) Bounctna Bet. Soapwort.
Plant growing in masses at roadsides and waste places. Flowers whitish-
pink in dense terminal clusters, sometimes double.
2. S. Vaccaria, L. Cow Here. (Vaccaria Vaccaria, (L.) Britton.)
Annual. Stem and leaves very smooth. Flowers in loose clusters, pale
red, petals without the lip-like appendage at throat of flower. Waste
places; from Europe. June-Aug.
PINK FAMILY 231
6. DIANTHUS, L.
Perennial or annual herbs with narrow grass-like leaves and generally
swollen joints. Calyx cylindric, at its base two leafy bracts sometimes
nearly enclosing the calyx. Stamens 10; styles 2. Capsule cylindric
opening at the summit dividing it into 4 or 5 teeth.
1. D. Armeria, L. Deprrorp Pink. Annual. Flower cluster inter-
spersed with long bract-like leaves which are as long as the calyx tube.
Leaves hairy. Flowers small, dark rose colored. Introduced from Europe.
July.
2. D. prolifer, L. Protirerous Pink. Annual. Slender stem and
leaves. Flowers small. Calyx surrounded by bracts which are rather
broad and less acutely pointed than those of No. 1. Not common.
3. D. deltoides, L. Martpen Pink. Lower leaves short and blunt
at summit, upper ones narrow and acute, rough at the edges. Striae on
the calyx extending its whole length. Flowers almost solitary, pink
or whitish. In waste places. Blocms during the summer.
Dianthus barbatus, L. (Sweet William) with flowers in a somewhat
crowded head is found occasionally growing wild, escaped from gardens.
Tribe ALSINOIDEAE
Divisions of the calyx not united at the base. Fruit capsules with as
many or with twice as many teeth as there are styles.
Flowers with petals
Leaves without stipules or stipular appendages.
Petals bifid.
Plant smooth, without hairs, capsule ovoid or oblong Stellaria
Plant more or less hairy, capsule cylindric . . Cerastium
Petals not bifid.
Petals and sepals 4, rarely 5. Styles as many as the sepals
and alternate with them seks oa stent {Cee ha chy No asin nel Gotan
Petals 5, styles fewer than the sepals,
Plants not fleshy.
Stamens UO ls ke Mone eee ie eC ates. fh eens Arenaria
Stamens 8 Se He ye cea Noe RM Menem! Kole hgtg teat
Plants fleshy eR RCHMMicTey hte Uuten} sean sy MATIN Odenia
Leaves with stipules or membraneous appendages.
REM R Ete NU OTIS es fom) a BAe Ute Wid be 8 Cece 88 ad ol pl Spergula
Leaves in pairs Spergularia
232 CARYOPHYLLACEAE
Flowers without petals
Leaves with membraneous stipules.
Sepals with a terminal prickle . . . . . . . Paronychia
Sepals without terminal prickles . . . . . . . Anychia
Leaves without membraneous stipules.
Sepals united at base. .° 2 2. 2 os ts shel 6s kere
1. STELLARIA, L. (Alsine, L.)
Perennials or annuals, generally tufted delicate herbs rarely more than
a few inches in height, erect or recumbent. Flowers single or in a sort
of irregular umbel; white; petals white, 4 or 5, deeply 2-notched, or
cleft, sometimes wanting. Stamens 10 or less. Styles commonly 3. Cap-
sule 1 celled, globose, dividing by twice as many valves as there are
styles.
Styleso5) sa Sha (Spach ae! cea vocete fet mole ten par, list peeicta: teas Witetanle) MeN nn Pa ACT Sar amr
Styles 3, rarely oe
Leaves mostly with footstalks . . - S. media
Leaves without footstalks or with very short ones at the base.
Leaves broad, breadth at least one-third the length.
Stems ‘hairy, at least in lines.
Leaves generally more than 4 in. long . . S. pubera
Leaves generally less than 4 in. long . . S. uliginosa
Stems) without hairs. oe er cbc eed cf) ci
Leaves narrow linear.
lowers single or rarely several in a group . . . S. longipes
Flowers in loose terminal clusters.
Leaves acute at each end. VFPetals longer than sepals.
Flowers usually less than 4 in. broad SS. longifolia
Flowers usually more than 4 in. broad S. Holostea
Leaves acute at each end. Petals shorter than the
sepals. eaCeee SS cet) Leo OS
Leaves acute. at apex, broad at base . . S. graminea
1. S. aquatica, (L.) Scop. (Fig. 6, pl. 40.) Warer Movuss-£ar
CHICKWEED. Stems angular, diffuse, 1 to 2 ft. long, recumbent or erect.
Leaves egg-shaped to slightly heart-shaped at base, acute at apex. Lower
leaves an inch or more in length with short footstalks. Flowers in termi-
nal loose clusters, sepals ovate, not as long as the petals. In wet places
in our area. Blooms from May to August.
2. §. humifusa, Rottb. Low CuHicKWrEEp. Stems 2 or 3 in. long,
without hairs, spreading, prostrate or partly erect. “Leaves fleshy, egg-
shaped or oblong, 1/6 to 1/4 in. long, rather obtuse or somewhat acute
at apex. Petals equal to or longer than the sepals. Wet places, mostly
salty marshes. Blooms all the summer.
3. §. uliginosa, Murr. Boa Srarwort. Marsa CHICKWEED. Stem
weak, 6 to 16 in. long, nearly erect or decumbent, 4-angled; leaves ob-
long or nearly lance-shaped, the lower with short footstalks, the upper
without. Flowers in groups of few flowers with short flower stems. In
brooks and springs, common. In bloom all summer.
4. §. media, (L.) Cyrill. (Fig. 1, pl. 40.) Common CnHIcKWEEp.
Stems weak, partly or wholly erect or decumbent. Along the stem runs
a line of hairs, otherwise stem smooth. Leaves broadly egg-shaped with
footstalks as long or longer than the leaves below, shorter or none above.
Flowers from the axils of the opposite leaves, small, white, on delicate
PINK FAMILY 233
PLATE 40
1. Stellaria media. 2. S. longifolia. 3. S. graminea, 4. S. longipes. 5. S.
pubera. 6. S. aquatica. 7. Cerastium viscosum. 8. C. arvense. 9. C, nutans.
10. C. vulgatum.
234 CARYOPHYLLACEAE
flower stems, or in terminal clusters; petals 2-parted; sepals acute and
longer than petals. Plant 4 to 15 in. high. Waste and cultivated places,
Common. Blooms all summer.
5. §. pubera, Michx. (Fig. 5, pl. 40.) Great CHICKWEED. Stems
somewhat weak, erect or decumbent, with two lines of hairs. Leaves
oblong, 4 to 14 in. long, narrowed at each end, without footstalks except
the lower ones. Flowers white, about 4 in. broad, in terminal leafy
groups. Flower stems more or less supplied with soft hairs, Petals
2 parted, longer than the sepals. Moist rocky places in southern part
of our region. Blooms May and June.
6. §. Holostea, L. Greater StitcHwort. Erect; rootstock creeping.
Stem 18 to 24 in. high. Leaves without leaf-stems, lance-shaped, tapering
to a long slender tip. Flowers showy, 1/2 to 2/3 in. broad, in terminal,
leafy, spreading (panicled) clusters. Flower pedicels rather slender.
Sepals 4 as long as the 2-cleft petals. Naturalized in a few localities;
at Train’s Meadow Road, Long Island and at Poland, Maine.
7. §. longifolia, Muhl. (Fig. 2, pl. 40.) LoNnG-LeAvep StitcHwort.
Stem weak, slender, the plant lying on or ascending by aid of grasses
or other plants, 8 to 18 in. high, branching freely, angles rough; leaves
linear, acute at each end, 1 to 24 in. long and about 1/10 as wide.
Flowers in a broadly spreading cluster on slender flower stems. Petals
longer than the sepals, Common in damp meadows. May-June.
8. §. graminea, L. (Fig. 3, pl. 40.) Lesser Stircuwort. Lrssrr
Srarwort. Stem similar to last but somewhat stouter. Leaves broader
at base or just above it. Flowers also similar to those of No. 7, but
larger. May-July.
9. §. longipes, Goldie. (Fig. 4, pl. 40.) Lone-sTaLKep STITcHwort.
Stem very slender, smooth and shining, Leaves lance-shaped, narrow,
broadest at or near the middle. Flowers few. Plant similar to Nos,
6 and 7. Moist places. Blooms all summer.
10. §. borealis, Bigel. Norrnern StircHwort. Stem similar to Nos.
7 and 8. Leaves narrow lance-shape, broadest near the middle. Flowers
few in loose terminal cluster. Petals shorter than sepals. In southern
part of our region. Wet places. All summer,
2. CERASTIUM, L.
Generally hairy herbs with white flowers in regularly forking terminal
groups. Petals all 2-cleft. Stamens nearly always 10. Styles 3 to 5
(generally 5). Seed capsule l-celled, many seeded.
Flower stem (pedicel) not longer than the sepals . . . «+ «+ + C. viscosum
Flower stem longer than the sepals.
Neaves jihear-oblonge . j« (5) «, «- « Aelix Be @ 0) &) ie) Se) COGRmNORmENm
Leaves oblong.
Petals not longer than the sepals . . . . + + «+ C. vulgatum
Petals longer than the sepals.
Leaves 1 to. 2 in. -lon@ 4 -<) ses 6 “© ow <« +) pG@emonencree
Leaves 4 to # in. long . «© «© «© © «© « « « C, alpinum
1. C. viscosum, L. (Fig. 7, pl. 40.) Movusr-rar Crickweep. Stems
nearly erect, clammy, 4 to 12 in. high. Leaves broad egg-shaped without
leaf stems; apex rounded, base tapering, quite hairy. The sharp pointed
hairy sepals longer than the petals or about the same length. Flower
PINK FAMILY 235
stem not longer than the sepals. Flowers in terminal groups. In moist
grassy places. Not common, May-June.
2. C. vulgatum, L. (Fig. 10, pl. 40.) Larcrr Movusk-karR CHICK-
WEED. Stems clammy. Leaves oblong, tapering at each end, without leaf-
stems, 4 to 1 in. long, half as wide. Flowers in loose terminal groups,
the pedicels longer than the sepals, mostly turning downward between
flowering and fruiting. Petals equal to or longer than the sepals. Fields
and woods, common. May-Sept.
3. C. nutans, Raf. (Fig. 9, pl. 40.) Noppinc CHICKWEED. POWDER
Horn. (C. longipedunculatum, Muhl.). Stems diffusely branched, clammy
or nearly destitute of hairs; 6 to 24 in. long. Leaves 1 to 2 in. long,
4 as wide; the middle and upper ones without leaf-stems, lower with
short leaf-stems. Flowers in loose terminal clusters. Petals about twice
the length of the sepals. Pods nodding and curved upward. Moist soil;
much of our area. May-July.
4. C. arvense, L. (Fig. 8, pl. 40.) Fretp CHICKWEED. Growing
in dense tufts, 4 to 10 in. high. Stems and leaves downy. Leaves linear
lance-shape; on the flowering stems the pairs are distant. Petals more
than twice the length of the calyx. Flowers terminal in groups of about
4, 4 to } in. broad. Dry rocky hills in all of our area. April-July.
Var. oblongifolium, Britt., (Fig. 13, pl. 41), Taller; leaves broader; pod
about twice as long as the calyx. New York and southwest.
5. C. alpinum, L. ALPINE CHICKWEED. Flowering stems erect, 2 to
6 in. high, sterile stems prostrate. Leaves broad lance-shaped, rather
obtuse at apex, 4 to } in. long and about 4 as broad, hairy. Flowers
terminal, about 2 to 4 in cluster. Petals twice as long as sepals. Scarcely
found south of Canadian line.
3. SAGINA, L.
Small matted herbs with thread-like or awl-like leaves, without stipules
and with small white or whitish flowers on very slender flower stems.
Petals not divided as in the two preceding genera and sometimes absent.
Petals and sepals equal in number when petals are present, sometimes
varying in the same species, 4 or 5. Stamens as many as the sepals.
Ovary with a single cell, many seeded. Styles as many as the sepals and
opposite to them.
Parts of the flower in 4’s.
Plante depressed team te eo) lice er erh outils) cr otek oe Se PrOCUMLENS,
Pl aritmeGLeCien see 2 > LY ce lle ce. bal boars) Mel at ewewan, Wom atl Pow oh See aperala
Parts of the flower in 5’s.
Retalsmioncers thant the sepals’ s: sis. meses, ay st) «be. a) te S. nodosa
Petals shorter than the sepals . . . Bie 1b 0) .0) 84S decumbens
1. S§. procumbens, L. PRocUMBENT Sanaa Growing in dense
mats, stems 1 to 3 in. high, semi-erect or lying on the ground, Leaves
thread-like, 1/12 to 1/4 in. long, the pairs joining at the stem. Flowers
1/12 in. broad, terminal or from the axils of the leaves, on thread-like
flower stems which are 6 to 8 times longer than the flower. Sepals gen-
erally longer than the petals. In moist places, in our area. May-Sept.
2. §S. apetala, Ard. SMALL-FLOWERED PEARLWoRT. Partly or wholly
erect, 1 to 4 in. high, stem very delicate. Leaves 1/12 to 4 in. long,
broadened at the stem and at the base sparingly hairy. Flowers on long
236 CARYOPHYLLACEAE
thread-like flower stems, without petals or with very minute ones. Sepals
generally 4. Dry soil in Mass., westward. June.
3. §S. nodosa, (L.) Fenzl. (Fig. 11, pl. 41.) KNorrep PEARLWoRT.
Growing in tufts, partly or wholly erect, 2 to 6 in. high. Leaves in pairs
or mostly, below, in 4’s, thread-form. Flowers 4 in, broad, the petals
much longer than the calyx, 1 or 2 to each stem. Wet sandy places.
Northern part of our area. June-Sept.
4. §. decumbens, (Ell.) T. and G. (Fig. 10, pl. 41.) D&EcUMBENT
PeARLWort. Tufted annual with stems decumbent or partly erect, 2 to
4 in. long. Leaves narrowly linear, sometimes bristle-tipped, about }
in. long. Flower stems thread-like 4 to 14 in. long; flowers about 1/12
in. broad. Sepals, petals and styles, each 5; stamens 5 or 10. Petals
equal to or shorter than the sepals. Dry soil, eastern Mass., south and
west.
4. ARENARIA, L.
Small tufted herbs, annual or perennial, Leaves opposite, without leaf
stems and flowers in terminal groups. Flowers always white, petals
rounded, not divided or notched at apex, or rarely with minute notch.
Sepals 5, styles 3, stamens 10.
Leaves egg-shaped, the intervals about ‘sant to or aces tue length of the
leaves . Opie Marais ct peac cance . serpyllifolia
Leaves awl- shaped.
Lower leaves sparingly overlapping . . . . . « »« « « « A. wverna
Lower leaves densely overlapping . ele a. ep) dS Ae COMG INES
Lower leaves in distinct whorl-like bundles . A. stricta
Interval between al the leat Bat eneeyes the length ‘of “the leaves
. a ous Fy . . . Ritts, nea torque groenlandica
eA: serpylifolie L. (Fig. 8, pl. 41.) THyME-LEAVED SANDWORT.
Stems 2 to 6 in. high, somewhat hairy, diffusely branched. Leaves egg-
shaped, without leaf-stems, 1/6 to 1/4 in. long, the intervals between the
pairs about equal or sometimes exceeding the length of the leaves. Flowers
in terminal loose clusters, small; sepals sharp pointed with 3 to 5 nerves.
In waste sandy or rocky places. June-Aug.
2. A. verna, L. Vernat Sanpwort. Stems 1 to 3 in. high, growing
in dense tufts. Leaves narrow awl-shaped, overlapping below but not
densely-so. Flowers numerous in loose clusters. Sepals sharp pointed
with 3 nerves. Petals somewhat exceeding the sepals in length.. Smug-
gler’s Notch, Vermont and northward. June-Sept.
3. A. caroliniana, Walt. (Fig. 6, pl. 41.) PINEBARREN SANDWORT.
Stems densely tufted, 4 to 6 in. high. Leaves of lower part of stem
densely overlapping, the upper portion of the stem without leaves or with
1 or 2 pairs. Flower clusters terminal, about 3 or 4 to a stem, 1/2 to
2/3 in. across. Sepals blunt, without nerves. Petals narrow, 3 or 4
times as long as the sepals, In sand, in the southern part of our area.
May-July.
4. A. stricta, Michx. (Fig. 4, pl. 41.) Rock Sanpwort, Stems
slender in dense tufts, 5 to 15 in. high. Leaves bristle-like with clusters
of 6 to 8 extra leaves in the axils forming a whorl-like fascicle. Flower
cluster diffuse, leafless except a few bracts at the divisions of the stems,
Petals rounded at apex, twice as long as the narrow and acute sepals.
5. A. groenlandica, (Retz.) Spreng. (Fig. 3, pl. 41.) Mounrarn
PINK FAMILY 237
PLATE 41
1. Ammodenia peploides, 2. Spergularia marina. 3. Arenaria groen-
landica. 4. A. stricta. 5 Scleranthus annuus. 6. Arenaria caroliniana. 7.
Moehringia lateriflora. 8. Arenaria serpyllifolia. 9. Spergularia rubra. 10.
Sagina decumbens. 11. 8. nodosa. 12. Spergula arvensis. 13. Cerastium
arvense var. oblongifolium,
238 CARYOPHYLLACEAE
Sanpwort. Mountain Starwort. Stems in dense tufts 3 to 6 in. high,
each dividing into a few (about 3) branches above, each slender branch
bearing a somewhat showy, white flower. The tuft presents a gay ap-
pearance. Leaves bristle-form, about 1/3 the length of the node between
the pairs. Flowers about 4 in. in diameter on thread-like foot stalks.
On high mountains, Adirondacks, Catskills and White Mountains. June-
Sept.
5. MOEHRINGIA, L.
Our species low herbs, perennial, with oblong or oval leaves, with no
leaf stalks or with a very short one, with small white flowers in a diffuse
lateral or terminal cluster. Sepals and petals 4 or 5. Stamens 8 or 10.
Capsule few-seeded, oblong or ellipsoid.
1. 'M. lateriflora, (L.) Fenzl. (Fig. 7, pl. 41.) BLUNT-LEAVED
Sanpwort. Stems covered with a fine down, 4 to 12 in. high, erect or
nearly so. Leaves oblong or oval 3 to 1 in. long, blunt at each end.
Clusters few flowered, lateral or terminal or flowers solitary, about }
in. broad, petals and sepals 4 or 5. Stamens 8 to 10. Petals and sepals
rounded at apex. Capsule nearly twice as long as the calyx. Moist
places, southern and central New York, New Jersey and southward. May-
June.
2. M. macrophylla, Hook. With narrower leaves and with pointed
sepals. N. Guildford and Durham, Conn., Vermont and northward.
6. AMMODENIA, J. G. Gmel.
Fleshy herbs at seaside. Leaves egg-shaped or oblong. Flowers small,
in the axils of the leaves or at the division of the stem. Petals small,
inconspicuous, 3 in number, rarely 4, Sepals equal in number to the
petals. Stamens 8 to 10. Styles 3.
A. peploides, (L.) Rupr. (Fig. 1, pl. 41.) Sea BEAcH SANDWoRT.
Stems tufted, 6 to 10 in. high, branching or simple. Leaves egg-shaped,
the apex sometimes broadest, clasping the stem at base. Flowers about
+ in. broad, in the leaf axils (usually only 1 flower to a pair of leaves),
at the branching of the stem or terminal. Sands of the sea shore. June-
July.
7. SPERGULA, L.
Branching herbs with bristle or awl-formed leaves with stipules.
Flowers in diffuse clusters, white. Stamens 5 to 10; styles 5; sepals and
petals 5.
S. arvensis, L. (Fig. 12, pl. 41.) Spurry. Corn Spurry. Stems 6
to 18 in. high, the whole plant hairy. Leaves with stipules, slender,
cylindric, awl-shaped, clustered in fascicles about the stem (20 or more
in a sort of whorl). Flowers white, } in. or more in diameter, in dif-
fuse clusters at summit of stem. Petals somewhat pointed at apex.
Sepals about as long or slightly longer than the petals. Mostly a weed
in fields and waste places. Common.
8 SPERGULARIA, J. & C. Presl. (Tissa, Adams, Buda, Adams)
Low herbs with bristle-like, mostly fleshy, leaves, opposite or in whorl-
like bundles, stipules at base of leaves. Flowers singly in the axils of
PINK FAMILY 239
the leaves or terminal, whitish or pink. Sepals 5; petals 5; stamens 2
to 10; styles 3 except No. 1. Found on or near the sea coast, in wet sand.
l. §. rubra, (L.) J. & C. Presl. (Fig. 9, pl. 41.) Sanpy Spurry.
PuRPLE SANDWoRT. Growing in dry soil, in waste places as a low, slen-
der, spreading weed, stems 2 to 6 in. long. Plant smooth or nearly so.
Leaves flattened, scarcely fleshy. Flowers bright pink, small, the petals
generally not exceeding the calyx.
2. §. marina, (L.) Griseb. (Fig. 2, pl. 41.) Satt-MarsH Sanp
Spurry. Grows in brackish sands, salt marshes along the New England
coast, spreading with numerous branches, stems 4 to 8 in. long; smooth
or with fine hairs. Leaves not in fascicles, bristle-form, rounded, quite
fleshy, with egg-shaped stipules at base. Flowers small, pink, the flower
stem about twice as long as the flower. Salt marshes on the coast, also
those at Salina, N. Y.
3. §. canadensis, (Pers.) Don. NorTHERN SAND Spurry. Plant
similar to No. 2, but with white flowers on flower stems three or four
times as long as the flowers. Muddy shores, R. I., Mass., and northward.
g. PARONYCHIA, Adams
Tufted herbs, sometimes woody at base, with opposite leaves and mem-
braneous, dry, silvery, leaf appendages (stipules). Flowers clustered
among dry membraneous bracts, without petals. Calyx of 5 divisions,
bristle-pointed. Stamens 5; style 2-cleft at summit.
P. argyrocoma, (Michx.) Nutt. (Fig. 7, pl. 43.) Sim~ver WHITLow-
wort. Growing in tufts in rocky, generally high, situations (White
Mts., etc.), stems 3 to 8 in. high, with silvery scale-like hairs. Flowers
in very dense clusters surrounded by dry silvery bracts. Rocky places,
Maine, White Mountain region and southward.
to. ANYCHIA, Michx.
Slender herbs not growing in tufts, with repeatedly forking stems and
small inconspicuous greenish flowers without petals in the axils of the
leaves. Leaves elliptic, smooth, opposite, with very small dry stipular
appendages. Calyx of 5 divisions, greenish without bristle points;
stamens 2 to 5; styles 2.
1. A. polygonoides, Raf. (Fig. 6, pl. 43.) ForKep CHICKWEED.
(A. dichotoma, Mich.) Stem and leaves downy, mostly prostrate or
partly erect, 3 to 10 in. long. Leaves very narrow, elliptic, rounded at
apex, about 1/6 in. long, without foot-stalks. In dry thickets and open
places, throughout our area.
2. A. canadensis, (L.) BSP. (Fig. 8, pl. 43.) SteNpDER ForKEpD
CHICKWEED. Resembling the last, but stem and leaves mostly without
hairs; plant 6 to 12 in. high and usually erect. Leaves 1/4 to 2/3 in.
long. Dry woods and open places.
11. SCLERANTHUS, L.
Low tufted herbs with forking stems. Leaves without stipulate ap-
pendages, narrow awl-shaped. Flowers green, without petals, at axils
240 RANALES
of leaves and in diffuse terminal clusters. Calyx deeply 5-lobed. Stamens
usually 5 opposite to and attached to the divisions of the calyx.
S. annuus, L. (Fig. 5, pl. 41.) Kyawert. German Knot Grass.
Stems 3 to 5 in. long, much branched, prostrate or partly erect, smooth
or with very soft hairs. Leaves mostly curving backward. Calyx tube
10-angled. Fields and waste places. Common,
Order III—RANALES. Order of the Buttercups. Polycarpes
The most characteristic feature of this large order, in which
plants of widely different appearance and habits are united, is
found in the carpels or fruits, each carpel being regarded as a sort
of modified leaf folded so as to contain the ovules. By referring
to the figures at the head of the Family Ranunculacee a general
idea of these carpels may be obtained. They are most frequently
independent, as in the buttercups, and in general they are quite
numerous but, e. g., in the barberry the number is reduced to one.
The insertion of the parts of the flower is for the most part
spirally around the base of the carpels, but in some instances,
as in the case of the common white water lily, the stamens and
petals are inserted into the sides of the consolidated group of
carpels which form a single globe-like fruit. In the greatest
number of genera the flowers are regular, that is, parts of the
same kind are alike as in the common buttercup, but in other
genera the flowers are quite irregular (Larkspur, Aconite).
Aquatic Plants.
With broad heart-shaped or shield-shaped leaves and con-
spicuous flowers . . . . . . NYMPHAEACEAE
With whorls of dissected leaves and flowers without floral
envelope . . . . . . . ##CERATOPHYLLACEAE
Trees.
With large conspicuous flowers.
Leaf buds covered by membraneous stipules
Ad ata ad ped Nes anal te MAGNOLIACEAE
Leaf buds naked, leaves without stipules ANONACEAE
Trees and shrubs with small, mostly inconspicuous flowers.
With thorny spines below leaf axils. Carpel one
. « & © «© » » © « 6). BERBERIDAGI OD
FAMILY
WATER LILY
)
PLATE 42
1. Castalia odorata. 2, Bransenia purpurea. 3. Nymphaea microphylla. 4.
advena. 5. Ceratophyllum demersum, 6. Nelumbo lutea.
IN.
242 NYMPHAEACEAE
Without thorny spines . . . . . LAURACEAE
Woody climber, leaves not compe . MENISPERMACEAE
Woody climber, leaves compound. Clematis in Ranunculaceae.
‘Herbs.
With several or many independent carpels, stamens
mostly more than 12 . .°. . RANUNCULACEAE
Famity I.—NYMPHAEACEAE. Water Lity FAmiIty
Aquatic herbs, the long creeping rootstocks of which are per-
ennial. The shield-shaped or large heart-shaped leaves float on
the surface of the water. Flowers solitary, regular, with both
stamens and pistils. Divisions of the calyx and corolla in some
species variable, passing from one form to the other. Stamens
more than 10, also passing by slight gradings into petals.
Leaves all oval, shield form with footstalks near the center
: . Brasenia
Fears all heart aed: deeply a at base
Flowers yellow . . . » . Nymphaea
Flowers white.
Brus. clobosé ... . 4 « <<) '=. 3\ one
Fruit an inverted cone . . . . . . =Nelumbo
1. BRASENIA, Schreb.
Submersed stems often several feet long, branching. Leaves on long
slender foot-stalks, oval, shield-form with the foot-stalks inserted near the
center. Floating, borders undivided, 2 to 4 in. long.
B. purpurea, (Michx.) Casp. (Fig. 2, pl. 42.) Water SHIELp.
Water Tarcer. (B. Schreberi, Gmel. B. peltata, Pursh.) Flowers dull
purple. The oval leaves floating in groups on the surface of ponds and
streams. Blooms through the summer.
2. NYMPHAEA, L. (Nuphar, Sibthorn and Smith)
Submersed stems rather stout. Leaves with deep sinus at base. Flowers
yellow, sepals 5, colored, petals small, in the cup of the colored calyx,
graduating into the stamens. Sepals, petals and stamens surrounding
the foot-stalk at base of the ovary. The compound ecarpels uniting into
a single pistil.
1. N. advena, Soland. (Fig. 4, pl. 42.) Larce Yettow Ponp Livy.
Leaves 5 to 12 in. long, 2/3 as wide. Flowers 14 to 3} in. diameter,
deep yellow. Disk at summit of pistil 12 to 25 rayed, yellow or pale
red. Common in still water, April-Sept.
2. N. hybrida, Peck. Rep Diskep Ponp Lity. Similar to No. 1, but
smaller and with the disk at summit of pistil bright red or crimson and
HORNWORT FAMILY 243
9 to 12 rayed. Intermediate between 1 and 3. Ponds, northern New
York. May-Sept.
3. N. microphylla. Pers. (Fig. 3, pl. 42.) Smart YrLttow Ponp
Lity. (N. Kalmiana, Sims.) Leaves 2 to 4 in. long, % as broad, some
leaves submersed. Flowers smaller than No. 1 or 2. Sepals 5. Lakes and
ponds in our area.
3. CASTALIA, Salisb.
Aquatic herbs with showy white flowers. Sepals 4. Petals many,
graduating into stamens. Stamens many. Petals and stamens arising
from surface of the rounded seed casket.
1. C. odorata, (Dryand.) Woodv. and Wood. (Fig. 1, pl. 42.)
SWEET-6CENTED WHITE WATER Lity. (Nymphaea odorata, Ait.) Leaves
orbicular with a deep narrow sinus, 4 to 12 in. in diameter. Flowers
white or tinged with pink, perfume adundant but pleasing. Ponds and
slow streams. June-Sept.
2. C. tuberosa, (Paine.) Greene. TuBEROUS WHITE WATER LILy.
Similar to No. 1, but without or nearly without perfume. Lake Cham-
plain and other northern lakes and ponds.
4. NELUMBO, (Tourn.) Adams
Resembling Castalia, but leaves with foot-stalks at or very near the
center and with petals and stamens arising below the seed casket, which
is in form of an inverted cone. The upper surface shows a number of
pits in which the seed carpels are lodged.
1. N. lutea, (Willd.) Pers. (Fig. 6, pl. 42.) American Lotus.
Leaves prominently ribbed. Plant and flower resembling Castalia, but
the petals are less uniform and the knobbed upper surface of the seed
casket is conspicuous in the midst of them. In Connecticut River and
in Jakes in southern New Jersey. Also in Sodus Bay, N. Y.
2. N. nucifera, Gaertn. InpIAN Lotus. (N. Nelumbo, (L.) Karst.)
Leaves rounded, standing above the surface of the water or floating, 2 to
3 ft. in diameter, the leaf-stalks 3 ft. or more in length. Flowers pink
or white, 4 to 10 in. broad on flower stems 3 to 6 ft. high. Introduced
into this country by Mr. Edmund D. Sturtevant. Now naturalized at
Bordentown, N. J. Cultivated in many parks. July-Aug.
Famity IJ.—CERATOPHYLLACEAE. Hornwort Famity
Submersed aquatics with finely dissected leaves in whorls.
Staminate and pistillate flowers separate, on the same or on dif-
ferent plants. Staminate flowers with numerous stamens sur-
rounded by an 8 to 12 parted colorless perianth, as is the pistil
in the pistillate flower.
CERATOPHYLLUM, L.
Herbs growing under water in ponds and other quiet waters, Leaves
very finely dissected.
C. demersum, L. (Fig. 5, pl. 42.) Hornworrt. Stems 2 to 8 ft.
244 MAGNOLIACEAE
long, depending on the depth of the water. Found commonly throughout
our region in still waters.
Famity IIJ].—MAGNOLIACEAE. Macnouia FAamIty
Trees with alternate undivided leaves which in bud are covered
by membraneous stipules which may fall as the leaves spread.
Flowers always large and showy on a convex or conical receptacle.
Parts of the perianth not united and always regular. Stamens
numerous, carpels (seed caskets) several and independent, ar-
ranged upon the elongated conical or cylindric receptacle.
1. MAGNOLIA. L.
Flowers large, white, or yellowish-green with 3 colored sepals and from
6 to 12 petals in 2 to 4 rows, smaller than the sepals. Fragrant. Seeds
fleshy which hang to the elongated receptacle by slender threads which
hold them in relation to the thin matrix till they are well ripened.
l. M. virginiana, L. (Fig. 1, pl. 43.) Lauren MaenortaA. SWEET
Bay. (M. glauca, L.). Tree 15 to 70 ft. high, rarely attaining the
height of the latter figure in our region. Leaves thick, broad, oval,
tapering at base, obtuse at apex or suddenly acute. Dark, shining green
above, light green and slightly hairy beneath. Flowers globe-shaped.
In swampy places, in the southern half of our region. May-June.
2. M. acuminata, L. (Fig. 5, pl. 43.) CucumBer Tree. A large
tree (60 to 90 ft. high). Leaves thin, broadly rounded at base, acute
at apex. Flowers smaller than No. 1, 2 in. high, bell-shaped, greenish-
yellow. Cone of fruit a long cylinder from which the common name of
the tree is derived. Southern New York, New Jersey and southward.
Other species of Magnolia are found in our parks and private grounds
which are native further south.
2. LIRIODENDRON, L.
Large forest tree with leaves in general form of a heptagon, 4 to 6
lobes. Flowers large, sepals 3, petals 6, the former turned backward, the
latter erect, seeds suspended by filaments.
L. Tulipifera, L. (Fig. 2, pl. 438.) Torre Tree, WuHITE Woop.
Leaves hectagonal or nearly orbicular, the apex abruptly terminated with
a notch at midvein. Flowers a delicate greenish-yellow, orange within.
In woods and along fences.
Famity IV.—ANONACEAE. Custarp APPLE FAMILY
The characters are sufficiently indicated in those of the genus below.
ASIMINA, Adams
Small tree with alternate leaves which are long and broadest
toward the apex (6 to 12 in. long by 2 or 3 in. broad). Flowers
1 to 2 in. across; sepals 3, as broad as long. Petals 6, arranged
MAGNOLIA FAMILY 245
PLATE 43
1. Magnolia virginiana. 2. Liriodendron Tulipifera. 3. Asimina_ triloba
(mature leaves). 4. A. triloba (young leaves and flower). 5. Magnolia
acuminata. 6. Anychia polygonoides. 7. Paronychia argyrocoma. 8. Any-
chia canadensis.
246 ANONACEAE RANUNCULACEAE
in 2 series. Stamens from 3 to 15. Carpels also from a few to
several. Only a single species in our region.
A. triloba, (L.) Dunal. (Figs. 3 and 4, pl. 43.) Norra AMERICAN
Paraw. Tree found only in the southern part of our region. Flowers
dull purple, petals 3 or 4 times as long as sepals.
1. Section of a flower of Buttercup showing the arrangement of calyx, petals,
stamens and the numerous carpels (achenes), which are arranged about the re-
ceptacle. 2. The cluster of achenes on the receptacle with a single stamen, which
is seen to arise from a ring at the foot oi! the receptacle. 3. A single achene cut
lengthwise to show the single seed. 4. A group of achenes of Hepatica above the
three bracts of the involucre. 5. Flower of Ranunculus bulbosus, showing the re-
flected sepals. 6. A group of follicles with a single stamen arising from the base
of the receptacle. 7. Leaf of Ranunculus bulbosus. 8. Leaf of R. acris. 9. A
follicle partly opened showing the double row of seeds. to. Section of a flower
of Thalictrum showing stamens, carpels and small sepals, much enlarged. 11. Clus-
ter of berries of Actea. 12. Flower of Myosurus.
FamMiIty V.—RANUNCULACEAE. Tur Crowroot Famity
(Numerals in brackets refer to figures above.)
A large and important family with a great variety of forms.
All of our species are herbs with the exception of those of Clem-
atis and Atragene, which are climbing vines and NXanthorrhiza
CROWFOOT FAMILY 247
which is a small shrub. Leaves alternate, except Clematis and
Atragene, with the base of the foot-stalk broad and often clasp-
. ing. In this family are found plants widely differing in ap-
pearance, but certain characteristics are common to all. The
flowers in most of the species are regular, but in some they are
quite irregular, as in the larkspur. So also the flowers of most
species are complete in having sepals, petals, stamens and _pistils,
yet some, as for example, the clematis species, have large colored
sepals while the petals are greatly reduced or are absent. In
Thalictrum the flower is still further modified, for here not only
is the corolla absent (10), but in some of the species the stamens
are found in the flowers of one plant and the pistils in those of
another. The seeds are contained in carpels which have the form
of achenes in which there is but a single seed in the casket; of
follicles when there are numerous seeds in the casket, while in a
few instances the seeds are enclosed in a fleshy berry (11). Sta-
mens numerous. Pistils numerous, few, or only one.
The carpels or seed caskets form a convenient means of divid-
ing the genera into groups and they should be studied with care.
Observe the difference between the entirely closed nut-like achene
(8) and the generally longer seed casket, the follicle (6), with
its line for splitting when the fruit is ripe (9).
FIRST GROUP
(References to figures in this Key are to those at the head of
Family Ranunculaceae.)
Seeds in achenes (see Fig. 1).
Achenes with long plumose tails . Clematis, Atragene
Achenes grouped around a tall spike (Fig. 12) | Myosurus
Achenes in rounded or slightly elongated heads (Fig. 2).
Flowers with only one envelope, but with a short whorl of
leaves resembling a calyx near the flower (Fig. 4). Hepatica
Whorl of stem leaves at some distance below the flower.
Plowersam. an umbel™. 8s). us Anemonella
Flowers not in an umbel . . . . +. £=Anemone
Leaves on flower stem, not in a whorl.
Blowers nmurierous se si es os oe Thalictrum
One-tlowered' “fo. a x Hydrastis
Flowers with two envelopes, calyx and corolla,
Herbs, flowers yellow.
248 RANUNCULACEAE
Head rounded or ae achenes ee 2)
SMOOTH. -t 2e Pe : : Ranunculus
Heads elongated, eae ea . . Oxygraphis
Herbs, flowers white . . . . . . .« Batrachiom
SECOND GROUP
Seeds in a follicle
(Figs. 6 and 9)
<1 1511 5 aa ee ka ae eae dae Sar sh etl Xanthorrhiza
Herbs.
Flowers yellow.
heaves amdivideds: 27. %i5%,) "5-4. © es Pare ie Caltha
Theaves: wdissected Aine os n.ci5yes0%) Oa Trollius
Flowers red and yellow . .. . . . . Aquilegia
Flowers blue.
Upper petal a long spur. . . . . Delphinium
Upper petal a hood . . . . . . . * ACOnIbam
Flowers white.
In a spike 6 ae ee
Solitary.
Flower stem: maked . . . . . . » |) “GOpiae
Flower stem leafy . . . . . . , ds0pyenee
THIRD GROUP
Seeds m berries (Hig. 1h) 2 25s) wy tm,
FIRST GROUP
(A.) Carpels one seeded. Flowers with a single envelope, a calyx colored
like a corolla
1. CLEMATIS, L.
Climbing woody vines and erect herbs. Leaves of the twiners opposite
on slender foot-stalks, simple or more frequently compound. Those of
No. 3 without foot-stalks. Flower of 4 conspicuous colored sepals, the
petals wanting. Achenes numerous, each with a long plumose tail.
Vines 10 to 20 ft. long.
Flowers white’. . . 6 5 © 5 «© @ 6 © « «© « « Gy Jetrpenene
Flowers purple . aM Ps EG ee ney ee C. viorna
Erect herbs with greenish “flowers a) Ge" aren oe al Preece eee C: ochroleuca
l. C. virginiana, L. (Fig. 1, pl. 46.) minnie Bower. A long
vine, common, clinging by its leaf stalks to shrubs, trees and fences and
bearing a profusion of white flower clusters, which are borne on long
flower stalks springing from the axils of the opposite compound leaves.
After the fall of the flowers the vine continues te be highly ornamental
CROWFOOT FAMILY . 249
oe
sz 2
Z= >
a
SS
o*>
= Her
PLATE 44
1. Aquilegia canadensis, 2. Caltha palustris. 3. Coptis trifolia. 4, He-
patica triloba. 5. Actaea rubra. 6. Cimicifuga racemosa.
250 RANUNCULACEAE
by virtue of the clusters of plumed seed caskets, which become nearly
or quite as conspicuous as the clusters of white flowers. July-Sept.
2. C. viorna, L. Learner Fiower. Flower purple, bell-shaped.
Rare, if found at all, in our region.
3. C. ochroleuca, Ait. (Fig. 3, pl. 46.) Erect Smxy Cremartis.
Erect, 1 to 2 ft. high. Leaves not compound, broadly egg-shaped and
without foot-stalks or with very short ones. Flower nodding, solitary,
bell-shaped, about 1 in. long. Color, yellowish-brown, Fields and copses,
in our region. May.
2. ATRAGENE, L.
Similar to Clematis, but differentiated by the presence of a few small
petals. The sepals very large, forming a showy flower.
A. americana. Sims. (Fig. 4, pl. 46.) PurpLe Vircin’s Bower.
(Clematis verticillaris, DC.) A climbing vine, 10 to 20 ft high, cling-
ing to shrubs and trees. Leaf stems forming a whorl about the main
stem. Leaflets on foot-stalks nearly as long as themselves. Flowers
solitary, 2 to 4 in. broad, of 4 large purple sepals on a long flower stem.
One or more flower stems from the same axil. Rocky hills, not common.
May-June.
3. HEPATICA, Hill
Leaves all from the base (radical) except the three small leaf-like
organs which are situated just below the flower and resemble a calyx
(Fig. 4, p. 396). The true leaves, which are somewhat triangular, or
broadly heart-shaped are three-lobed and rather thick and form a brown-
ish or dark green mat which spreads upon the surface of the ground
or over the dead leaves of the woods in which the plant best thrives.
Several hairy flower-stalks usually arise from the same root, each from
3 to 6 in. high, bearing a single blue, purple or whitish-purple flower
just above the calyx-like involucre of three stem-leaves. The hepatica
is one of the earliest and most attractive flowers of the spring.
l. H. triloba. Chaix. (Fig. 4, pl. 44.) Rounp-LEAvED HEPpATICA.
LIvERLEAF. Liverwort. With the lobes obtuse or rounded.
2. H. acutiloba, DC. Snarp-topep Hepatica. With lobes much more
acute than in H. triloba. In rich moist woods, April-May.
4. ANEMONE, L.
Herbs, erect, with leaves arising by a leaf-stalk directly from the base
and with leaves also on a separate flower stem. Flowers with 5 to 9
petal-like sepals, white, brownish-white or reddish, Pistil column very
short or its capital (stigma) in direct contact with the fruitlet. Pistils
and stamens numerous. Fruit, dry one-seeded cells in a cluster. Be-
low the flower, at some distance, is a whorl of 3 leaves, each leaf divided
(except in A. canadensis), into 3 separate leaflets, each of these leaflets
is deeply cut into 3 acute lobes. In A. canadensis the leaves are deeply
divided but not into separate parts. In all our species, except A. quinque-
folia, the flower stem divides at the main whorl of leaves into from 2 to
5 flower stalks, each bearing a single bud or flower and on some of these
secondary stalks may occur also a secondary, leaf whorl above which an-
other division of the stem may appear.
CROWFOOT FAMILY 251
PLATE 45
1. Anemone quinquefolia. 2. A. canadensis. 3. A. virginiana, 4. A. mul-
tifida. 4a. Head of fruit of A multifida. 5. Leaf and head of fruit of Ane-
mone cylindrica,
252 RANUNCULACEAE
The floral envelope consists of 5 or more petal-like sepals, greenish or
yellowish white, about 3 in. across, on naked stalks, 3 to 10 in. long.
Pistils not more than 20.
Flowering stem bearing a single flower.
Leaves ise)parted! ic) “cee soe uote iealy crete ies, Ue lieve wre? ils REESE eae
Leaves’ 3 sparted! 3) ch er ve, Vai een Meo phe, pisls SSC ROA, let Ve, nainmeet mmr nero
Flowering stem bearing more than one flower. . . . . . A. canadensis
Pistils generally more than 20 (30 to 50).
Flowers. red’ ©. 3° gs) SR we ist Sc er nieve wae) ei, GoW Prelit a) a eed ea
Flowers white or greenish-white.
Head’ of siruit oblong 3.) se) js eet a) eerste ee emer ern
Head of fruit cylindric.
Leaves of involucre egg-shaped . . . . . . A. cylindrica
Leaves of involucre lance-sshaped . . . . . . A, riparia
1. A. quinquefolia, L. (Fig. 1, pl. 45.) Winp Fiowrer. (A. nemo-
rosa, Michx.). Small, delicate plant with the leaf stems about as high
as the leaves, Flowering stem 4 to 9 in. high. Leaves divided into 5
leaflets, the terminal one being on an independent foot-stalk, the two
lateral ones on each side having a common foot-stalk. Borders of all
the leaves deeply notched. The flowering stem bears a whorl of 3 leaves
an inch or two below the solitary flower. The basal leaves appear later
than the flower stem and leaves. Flower about 1 in. broad, white or, on
the outside, somewhat purplish. In woods of our area. April-June.
2. A. trifolia, L. Mountain ANEMONE. Resembles No. 1, but is
usually larger and stouter and the lower leaves are divided into 3 leaflets
which are broad lance-shaped. Southern Penna., and southward. May.
3. A. canadensis, L. (Fig. 2, pl. 45.) CanapA ANEMONE. Plant
1 to 2 ft. high. Leaflets pale beneath, breadth of most of them greater
two or more branches which bear each a leaf whorl about which there
may spring one or more stems each bearing a flower. Leaves 3-parted by
sinuses extending half way or more toward the base. Borders notched.
Basal leaves on long foot-stalks. Pistils 12 to 20. Low grounds. Com-
mon. May-June.
4. A. multifida, Poir. (Fig. 4, pl. 45.) CurT-LEAvED ANEMONE. (A.
hudsoniana, Richards.) Plant silky hairy. Flowering stem 6 to 18 in.
high. Leaves from the base on long foot-stalks. Foot-stalks of the
whorl leaves short. Leaves cut into many linear segments. Flower of 5
to 9 reddish or greenish-red sepals. In the northern part of our region;
rare. June.
5. A. virginiana, L. (Fig. 3, pl. 45.) Tarn ANEMONE. Flowering
stem 2 to 3 ft. high. Whole plant hairy. Foot-stalks of the leaves of
the whorl nearly as long as the leaves themselves. Leaves 3-lobed, the
divisions of the whorl leaves less deep than those of the basal ones.
Breadth greater than length. Sepals generally 5, white or greenish-
white. The fruit head elongated but less cylindric than the next species.
Shady places. Common. June-Aug.
6. A. cylindrica, A. Gray. (Fig. 5, pl. 45.) Lona-Leavep ANEMONE.
Flowering stem 1 to 2 ft. high. Whole plant covered with silky hairs.
Leaves more deeply divided than in the last species. Flowers similar to
the last. Fruit head cylindric, often an inch or more long. Open places,
common. June-Aug.
7. A. riparia, Fernald. Resembles A. cylindrica but is less downy,
with thinner leaves, those of the flower stem forming the involucre, lance-
CROWFOOT FAMILY 253
PLATE 46
2. Anemonella thalictroides. 3. Clematis ochro-
ana, 5. Head of fruit of C. virginiana. 6. Myo:
1. Clematis virginiana.
leuca. 4. Atragene americ
gurus minimus.
254 RANUNCULACEAE
shaped. Head of fruit sub-cylindric. Maine, Conn., and southward.
June-Aug.
5. ANEMONELLA, Spach. (Syndesmon, Hoffmg.)
From a cluster of tubrous roots arises a stem 6 to 10 in. high sur-
mounted by a whorl of leaves, above which arises a loose umbel of white
flowers on long delicate foot-stalks. Later arise the stems of the basal
leaves which are ternately compound, the common foot-stalks 1 or 2 in.
long dividing into three branches, each bearing a rounded obtusely lobed
leaflet.
A. thalictroides, (L.) Hoffmg. (Fig. 2, pl. 46.) Ruz ANEMONE,
Flowering stem 4 to 9 in. high, smooth. Sepals white, about 5 or 7.
Flowers from 2 to 6 in the cluster. Common in open woods. Early
spring.
6. THALICTRUM, L.
Rather tall herbs, flowering from April to June. Stems 1 to 7 ft.
high. Leaves on the stem bearing the flowers and on one springing from
the root and which is flowerless. Leaves of the flowering stem on a main
leaf-stalk which divides into 3 branches, each branch again dividing into
3 parts from each of which spring 3 leailets, each leaflet is also to some
extent divided into 3 parts. The tall leaf-stallk which springs from the
root has a less regularly divided leaf-stalk. Flowers in conspicuous white
or greenish-yellow clusters. Individually the flowers are small (Fig. 10,
page 396). Petals are absent and the small sepals 5, rarely 4, in num-
ber, are white with a tinge of green. Stamens and pistils may occupy
the same flower or different flowers either on the same or different plants.
The stamens of the staminate flowers form rather conspicuous little tas-
sels of 20 or more stamens. The pistillate flowers are less conspicuous.
l. T. dioicum, L. (Fig. 2, pl. 47.) Earty Mrapow-RvuE. Smooth,
1 to 2 ft. high, somewhat hairy. At the first whorl of leaves sending
than the length, often heart-shaped at base, 3 or rarely 4 leaflets in a
group, each with 3 principal lobes with secondary sinuses or notches.
Flowers, pistillate and staminate on different plants, the latter green or
yellowish-green, dangling from the slender foot-stalks, the group forming
pretty green tassels. A very early flower in rocky woods. Usually
blooms in April.
2. T. revolutum, DC. (Fig. 3, pl. 47.) Purrrish Mrapow-RUve.
(T. purpurascens, Gray.) Stem 4 to 7 ft. high, purple, branching above.
Stem leaves with short or no foot-stalks. Leaflets longer than broad,
pear-shaped or nearly triangular, tapering at base and with about 2 deep
notches at summit or none. Some of the leaflets narrow egg-shaped.
Flowers with both stamens and pistils. Woods and copses, Mass., New
Jersey, and southward. June-Aug.
3. T. polygamum, Muhl. (Fig. 1, pl. 47.) Tart Merapow-Rve.
Stem green, 3 to 11 ft. high. Growing in open swamps or wet places.
Leaflets as broad as long with 3 lobes at summit, heart-shaped at base.
Flowers with both pistils and stamens. Common. June-July.
7. HYDRASTIS, Ellis.
Erect herb with deeply cut, broad, kidney-shaped leaves and solitary
CROWFOOT FAMILY 255
PLATE 47
1. Thalictrum polygamum. 2. T. dioicum. 2a. Pistillate flowers. 3. T.
revolutum, 4. Delphinium Consolida. 5. Flower of T. revolutum, enlarged.
256 RANUNCULACEAE
flower, with 3 sepals which fall as the flower expands. Petals none.
Stamens numerous, carpels several, forming a rounded bunch.
H. canadensis, L. ORANGE Root. GOLDEN SeAL. Basal leaf on stalk
separate from flower-bearing stem, 5 to 9 in. broad, heart-shaped at
base, at periphery cut by 3 to 5 deep sinuses, the various segments with
notched borders. Flowering stem with two smaller leaves similarly cut.
Flower greenish-white, the whole plant covered with soft hairs. Woods,
most of our area. April.
8. MYOSURUS, L.
A small plant found in moist places, its carpels arranged about a
spindle-shaped receptacle. Sepals 5 (sometimes none), petals yellowish.
Pistils many; stamens 5 to 25. Leaves linear.
M. minimus, L. (Fig. 6, pl. 46.) Mouse Tarr. : Plant 2 to 5 in.
high, the elongated seed receptacle occupying nearly or quite 3 the
length. Doubtful if found in our area, but has been reported in extreme
southern part.
B. Flowers with two envelopes, calyx and corolla
9. RANUNCULUS, L
Herbs, most of which have the leaves much divided (Figs. 7 and 8,
page 396). Flowers solitary or in loose clusters. Sepals 5, or rarely less,
falling off as the seeds develop. Petals 5 or more or less, sometimes
minute, flattened, with a small pit and a scale at the base (the former
to contain nectar). Seed carpels numerous in a rounded or elongated
group, smooth. Stem leaves alternate, the foot-stalks broad and clasp-
ing. Flowers all yellow, in our region.
Aquatic, with dissected leaves . - . «. R. delphinifolius
Terrestrial (Nos. 2 and 3 in ditches and muddy places).
Fruit in cylindric heads.
Plant nearly or quite destitute of hairs . . . . . R. sceleratus
Plant Maver y MIAN eee ss | fase sles ious oes Memes ba ea ’R. pennsylvanicus
Fruit in globose heads.
Plants creeping . . . . RR. reptans and R. repens
Plants not creeping; erect. or spreading.
Leaves’ grass-like - « « WR lasstcauks
Leaves undivided, egg- -shaped or ‘lance- shaped | a0 - R. pusillus
Lower leaves broadly rounded and _ heart-shaped, upper deeply
divided = si eaNlas R. micranthus
Summit of fruit armed with a hooked style R. alleghaniensis
Lower leaves egg-shaped but somewhat deeply lobed, upper leaves
divided. <\.. ojo ue, ek Mel Gey ei Wie! Jali lie’ Ge CaO OR saeaS
Lower leaves elliptic. eS R. arvensis
Leaves divided into 3 parts by ‘deep sinuses, the leaflets not on
elongated foot-stalks.
Lobes without deep secondary sinuses . . . . R. recurvatus
Lobes cut by deep secondary sinuses.
Plant usually 2 to 3 ft. high . . . . .. |] K. acris
Plant usually 6 to 15 in. high . . R. parvulus
Leaves 3-divided. one or all of the divisions on elongated foot-
stalks and these divisions 2- or 3-divided by- deep sinuses.
Sepals reflexed (lig. 5, pl. 396).
The terminal leaf division only on a lengthened foot-stalk
oP Yolptein lat Wael efi wn) te NR chy. a gle a CERO
Sepals spreading.
_ of the leaf divisions on a fengthened foot-stalk
. R. septentrionalis
” Leaflets with segments “mostly rounded at apex
° R. fascicularis
Leaflets with segments mostly “acute at apex R. hispidus
CROWFOOT FAMILY 257
PLATE 48
2. R. septentrionalis. 3. R. reptans. 4. R. aborti-
1. Ranunculus acris.
vus. 5. R. sceleratus.
258 RANUNCULACEAE
Aquatic Plants
l. R. delphinifolius, Torr. YELLow Water Crowroot. Stem partly
or entirely immersed. J.eaves divided into many segments, the sub-
mersed ones mostly of thread-like segments, the floating ones somewhat
broader and flattened, even rounded or kidney-shaped. Flowers yellow.
In ponds throughout our area. May-July.
Terrestrial Plants growing in marshes, ditches and wet places
2. R. pusillus, Poir. Low Sprrarwort. A low slender plant, 6 to
12 in. high. Lower leaves egg-shaped, mostly with very shallow den-
tations, on long foot-stalks.. Upper leaves narrow lance-shape on short
or no foot-stalks. Flowers small, yellow, usually with few petals or
with 5. In marshes, southern New York, New Jersey and south. April-
July.
3. R. laxicaulis, (T. and G.) Darby. (Fig. 2, pl. 50.) WaATEE
PLANTAIN SPEARWORT. (R. obtusiusculus, Raf.). Plant ascending or
nearly erect, smooth, 1 to 3 ft. high. Leaves grass-like, 3 to 6 in. long,
about 4 to } in. wide, not toothed or with very shallow indentations;
on broad foot-stalks which clasp the stem. Stems throwing out roots at
joints. Flowers yellow, rather conspicuous. Marshes and ditches, our
area. June-Aug.
Terrestrial Plants not peculiar to wet places. Heads of fruit cylindric
4. R. sceleratus, L. (Fig. 5, pl. 48.) CELERY-LEAVED CROWFOOT.
Stem 3 to 2 ft. high, smooth, sometimes quite thick. Lower leaves on
long foot-stalks more or less triangular, the two deep sinuses extending
4 way or more toward the base. Upper leaves without foot-stalks in 3
long narrow divisions, Flowers numerous, yellow, petals small, caly»
spreading. Fruit cluster elongated, oblong or cylindric. Swamps and
wet places. Common. April-Aug.
5. R. pennsylvanicus, L. f. (Fig. 4, pl. 49.) Bristity BUuTTERCUP.
Stem similar to No. 4, but bristling with hairs. Leaves 3-divided and on
short foot-stalks. All the segments narrow. Flowers yellow, petals rather
small, not exceeding the length of the reflexed sepals. June-Aug.
Heads of fruit globular. Lower leaves broadly rounded, heart-shaped
6. R. abortivus, L. (Fig. 4. pl. 48.) KipNry-LEaAveD CrRowFoorT.
A smooth plant in borders of woods and in moist places, 4 to 2 ft. high.
Lower leaves rounded, undivided except by wavy undulations, heart-
shaped at base, on long foot-stalks. Upper leaves without or with very
short foot-stalks, divided into 3 narrow segments, each either notched
or acute at apex. Flowers yellow, petals shorter than the divisions of
the calyx. Woods and moist grounds. April-June.
7. R. alleghaniensis, Britton. Closely resembles R. abortivus, but
stem has a whitish bloom and achenes have a recurved beak which is
not found in R. abortivus. Situations same as R. abortivus.
8. R. micranthus, Nutt. Rock Crowroot. Plant similar to the
preceding, but covered with hairs and lower leaves with sinuses extend-
259
FAMILY
CROW FOOT
PLAT 49
aris. 3. Batrachium divaricatum.
1. Ranunculus bulbosus. 2. R. fascicul
4 Ranunculus pennsylvanicus. 5. R. repens.
260 RANUNCULACEAE
ing half way to base. Rich woods, rocky places. Throughout our region.
April-May.
9. R. arvensis, L. (Fig. 6, pl. 50.) Corn Crowroot. Plant without
hairs or with few hairs; about 1 ft. high. Lower leaves on rather long
foot-stalks elliptic or more rounded. Upper leaves cut into wedge-
shaped or linear segments, these segments entire or notched at the edges.
Leaves at middle of stem on foot-stalks, those above without foot-stalks.
Flowers about 4 in. broad; segments of calyx not reflexed. Fruit covered
with prickles. Waste places, New Jersey and southward. Summer.
Lower leaves 3-parted nearly or quite to the base, divisions not on
elongated foot-stalks
10. R. recurvatus, Poir. (Fig. 4, pl. 50.) Hookep Crowroor. Stem
4 to 2 ft. high, hairy. Leaves broadly kidney-shaped with two deep
sinuses extending about half way to base. Lobes indented. Flowers not
large. Achenes with a strong hooked beak (Fig. 3, page 396). Common,
Mostly in woods.
ll. R. acris, L. (Fig. 1, pl. 48.) Tart, om Mrapow BUTTERCUP.
Stem 2 to 3 ft. high, somewhat hairy. Leaves deeply cut into 3 lobes
and these lobes again divided. Upper leaves, segments very narrow.
Flowers rather large. Sepals spreading. This is the very common but-
tercup of meadows. Blooms all summer.
12. R. parvulus, L. (Fig. 5, pl. 50.) Harry Burrercup. Stem
6 to 15 in. high. Whole plant hairy. Leaves 3-divided, the divisions
more or less deeply cleft or lobed, the upper leaves linear or divided.
Flowers about 1 in. broad; calyx reflexed. Head of fruit oblong. Waste
places, New Jersey and southward. All summer.
One leaflet on each of the 3 divisions of the leaf with an elongated foot-
stalk (Fig. 7, page 246). Only the terminal leaflet on a foot-stalk
13. R. bulbosus, L. (Fig. 1, pl. 49.) BuxLsous Butrercup. Stem
erect, with few branches, hairy, 4 to 14 ft. high. Leaves in 3 parts, the
terminal part on a foot-stalk, the other divisions directly on the leaf
stem. Each segment deeply indented. Flowers large, calyx reflected.
Root bulbous. In grassy fields, mostly in eastern section of our area.
May-June.
14. R. fascicularis, Muhl. (Fig. 2, pl. 49.) Earty BUTTERCUP.
TurtED Butrercur. Low, spreading. Stem and leaves hairy. Leaves
similar to No. 13, but leaflets less deeply indented. Calyx segments
spreading. Flowers rather large. In shady places and fields. New
York, New England and southward. May-June.
Each of the three leaflets on a foot-stalk
15. R. septentrionalis, Poir. (Fig. 2, pl. 48.) Marsn BUTTERCUP.
A branching plant, smooth or slightly hairy, 1 to 3 ft. high. Leaflets
of 3 distinct leaflets, each on a long foot-stalk and each deeply cut into
3 segments. Moist, shady places.
16. R. hispidus, Michx. (Fig. 1, pl. 50.) Hispip Burrercur.
Densely hairy, 4 to 2 ft. high, spreading. Leaflets, the terminal on a
CROWFOOT FAMILY 261
long foot-stalk, the lateral ones on quite short ones, each leaflet divided
into 2 or 3 segments by sinuses reaching 1/3 the distance to the base.
Upper leaves linear. Dry woods and thickets. March-May.
Creeping Plants
17. R. repens, L. (Fig. 5, pl. 49.) Creeprnc Buttercup. Plant
nearly smooth, spreading by runners, Leaves of 3 leaflets, the terminal
one on a foot-stalk.
18. R. reptans, L. (Fig. 3, pl. 48.) Creepinc SpeaRwort. A very
small plant, creeping by runners, rooting at the nodes. Leaves grass-
like, in a tuft, 1 to 2 in. high. Flowers solitary from the nodes. On
sandy shores, somewhat rare but in most of our area. May-Sept.
10. OXYGRAPHIS, Bunge.
Small herb resembling Ranunculus, the achene longitudinally striated,
Flowers small; leaves mostly from the root.
O. Cymbalaria, (Pursh.) Prantl. (Fig. 3, pl. 50.) SrasipE Crow-
Foot. (Ranunculus Cymbalaria, Pursh.). Low, about 2 to 6 ft. high.
Spreading by runners. Leaves mostly directly from the root, broadly
rounded, heart-shaped at base. Flowers small, singly or in clusters, on
a nearly naked flower stem; fruit cluster elongated. On wet sandy
shores. May-Aug.
tz. BATRACHIUM, S. F. Gray
Aquatic herbs with leaves alternate and finely dissected. Flowers
white. Achenes not ridged. Sepals and petals usually 5.
1. B. divaricatum, (Schrank.) Wimm. (Fig. 38, pl. 49.) STIFF
WATER Crowroor. (Ranunculus aquatilis, Gray.) Leaves all under
water, cut into thread-like divisions which, under water are spreading
but which collapse on being drawn from the water. Leaves mostly with-
out foot-stalks.
2. B. tricophyllum, (Chaix.) Bossch. Wuire WatTEeR CROwFOoT.
(Ranunculus aquatilis, L.). Similar to No. 1, but the dissected leaves,
at least the lower ones, have rather long foot-stalks and the leaves are
longer than those of No. 1.
3. B. longirostris, (Godr.) F. Schultz. Loneg-BeaAKkED WHITE WATER
Crowroot. Resembles No. 1, but the dissected leaves are on short leaf-
stems. The fruit (achene) has at its apex a beak nearly 1/16 in. long,
that of B. divaricatum being minute. In ponds and streams, New Eng-
land and westward. June-Aug.
SECOND GROUP
Seeds in a follicle (Fig. 9, page 396). Shrub
12 XANTHORRHIZA, L’Her.
Low shrub, with once or twice compound leaves each with about 5 leaf-
lets. Terminal leaflet broad and deeply 3-lobed. Side leaflets nearly egg-
shaped with lobed or nearly continuous border. Bark and long’ roots
deep yellow. Flowers in long drooping clusters (racemes), pistillate and
staminate on same stem, Petals small; color, brownish-purple. Stamens
262 RANUNCULACEAE
5 to 10. Carpels, originally follicles with more than one seed. As the
follicle matures one seed is suppressed.
X. apiifolia, L’Her. Smurus YeELLow Roor. Leaves clustered at the
top of the stem. Stems in clusters 1 to 2 ft. high. Southern section of
our region. April-May.
Herbs
Flowers yellow. Leaves undivided
13. CALTHA,; L.
Herbs with large kidney-shaped or fan-shaped leaves with somewhat
sinuate borders or with prominent teeth. Most of the leaves on foot-
stalks from the root. Leaves of flower stems similar to the basal ones,
the upper ones clasping the stem. Follicles numerous or few.
1. C. palustris, L. (Fig. 2, pl. 44.) Marsn Maricortp. Stem stout,
hollow, more or less furrowed. Flowers without petals but with yellow
sepals resembling petals. Leaves rounded, heart-shaped at base, margins
with quite low teeth. Plant found in swampy meadows. Early May.
Var. C. flabellifolia, Pursh. Mountain Marsu MaAricoup. Plant less
stout; leaves fan-shaped with broad sinuses at base. Teeth at margin
conspicuous. Pocono plateau, Pa., and northern New Jersey. June-July.
14. TROLLIUS, L.
Plant closely resembling Ranunculus, but usually stouter, 1 to 2 ft.
high. Leaves divided by several sinuses extending to the stem or only
part way to it. Flowers yellow, usually solitary with 5 sepals resembling
petals. Carpels 5 or numerous. Stamens numerous.
T. laxus, Salisb. AMERICAN GLop'-FLower. Slender, 1 to 2 ft. high.
Upper leaf without a foot-stalk. Sepals yellowish or purplish, 5 to 6;
petals minute. Follicles forming a head nearly or quite an ineh in
diameter, each follicle is tipped with a straight bristle 4 the length of
the follicle. Swamps. New Hampshire and New York. May-July.
15. COPTIS, Salisb.
Five or six sepals. Petals none or very small. Stamens 15 to 25. Seeds
in follicles, of which there are from 3 to 10 in a stellate group. Small
herbs with long creeping roots from which spring clusters of root leaves
(2 to 4) each 3 parted, in the midst of which arises the delicate naked
flower stem bearing a single flower.
C. trifolia, (L.) Salisb. (Fig. 3, pl. 44.) Gotprureap. Three nearly
equally divided kite-shaped leaflets, each slightly lobed at the summit
and notched along the outer 2/3 or 3/4 of the border. Sepals white. A
pretty star-shaped flower of early spring with shining leaves and golden
colored thread-like running roots. In woods throughout our area. May.
16. AQUILEGIA, L.
Petals and sepals colored alike. Flower usually nodding so that the
long tubular spurs of the petals point upward. The 5 ovate sepals form
a 5-pointed star, between the division of which the petals ascend. Petals
5, of horn-of-plenty form, each attached to the receptacle by the short
CROWFOOT FAMILY 263
lip of the opening. Pistils 5, developing 5 follicles (see Fig. 7, page 888).
Leaf stem divided into 3 secondary stems, each bearing a 3-parted leaf
with deeply lobed segments.
A. canadensis, L. (Fig. 1, pl. 44.) Witp Cotumepinge. Plant 1 to
2 ft. high, branching. Spur of the petals long, curving in at summit and
tipped by a slight rounded extremity. Petals red outside, yellow inside.
Sepals red. One of the most interesting of our native spring flowers.
Rocky places in woods throughout our region. May.
The garden Columbine, with blue or purple flowers, A. vulgaris, L., is
occasionally found in our area as an escape and to some extent nat-
uralized.
17, ACONITUM, L.
Tall plants with large radiately lobed leaves and with a tall spike of
irregular showy dark blue flowers. Sepals 5. the upper one hooded.
Petals 2, under cover of the hooded sepal. Pistils 3 to 5. Stamens many.
1. A. noveboracense, Gray. New York Monxksnoop. Plant 2 ft.
high, flowers on a tall spike, the arched helmet conspicuously beaked.
Leaves broad, deeply 5-parted with the segments deeply cut. Southern
New York,
2. A.uncinatum, L. (Fig. 7, pl. 50.) Wi~tp Monxsnoop. Stem
weak, sometimes climbing. Leaves 3 to 5 lobed, each lobe deeply cut.
Cluster few flowered. Helmet conic, slightly beaked. Woods, southern
Penna., and south. July-Sept.
18 DELPHINIUM, L.
Sepals 5, the upper long-spurred. Petals 4, blue, small, irregular, the
two upper ones forming spurs which are enclosed in the long spur of the
sepal. Carpels follicular, about 3. Showy plants with rounded deeply-
divided leaves and tall clusters of blue flowers.
1. D. exaltatum, Ait. Tarn Larkspur. (D. urceolatum, Jacq.). Two
to five ft. high. Flowers dark blue on a tall spike, not large. Pistil 1;
leaves 3-parted, the segments 2 or 3 cleft. In woods. Southern section
of our region. July-Aug.
2. D. tricorne, Michx. Dwarr Larkspur. Plant 1 to 3 ft. high.
Leaves deeply 3- to 5-parfed, each segment deeply cleft. Cluster of
flowers loose, only 4 or 5 in. high. Pistil 1. Western Pennsylvania.
April-June.
3. D. Consolida,-L. (Fig. 4, pl. 47.) Fretp Larkspur. Plant 1 to
24 ft. high. Leaves without leaf-stalks, finely dissected into linear seg-
ments. Flower with 3 pistils. Southern New Jersey and Penna. Nat-
uralized in a few places. Summer, :
4, D. Ajacis, L. Flowers more numerous than in No. 3. Pods downy,
those of D. Consolida are without down. Naturalized in places.
19. CIMICIFUGA, L.
Leaf-stalks twice or thrice 3-parted. Flowers white in long slender
wand-like clusters (racemes). Pistils 1 to 8. Stamens many, with white
filaments, The 4 or 5 small petals, falling as the flower opens, leave the
264 BERBERIDACEAE
cluster of white stamens as the conspicuous element of the flower. Fruit
a dry pod-like follicle.
1. C. racemosa, (L.) Nutt. (Fig. 6, pl. 44.) Bxack Conosu.
Biack SNAkKeEROOT. A tall handsome plant in rich woods, often 5 ft.
high or more, with very long and slender forked spikes of flowers. Pistil
1, rarely 2 or 3. Clusters of feathery white stamens. Southern New
England and southward, July.
2. C, americana, Michx. AMERICAN BuGBANE. Plant generally not
so Jarge as No. 1. Pistils 3 to 8, which develop into several more or less
star-like groups of short inflated follicles. Southern Pennsylvania, Wat-
kins, N. Y. <Aug.-Sept.
20. ACTAEA, L.
Erect branching herbs with 3-parted leaf stalks, each division fur-
nished with 3 to 5 leaflets. Upper leaves without leaf-stalks. Leaflets
generally more or less 3-lobed and more or less deeply notched. Flowers
in an ovate or oblong white cluster. Petals much shorter than the spread-
ing cluster of numerous stamens. Plants of both species from 1 to 2 ft.
high.
1. A. rubra, (Ait.) Willd. (Fig. 5, pl. 44.) Rep BAnrperry.
Flower cluster egg-shaped or almost rounded. Leaflets egg-shaped, deeply
notched at borders. Berries red when ripe. Common. May.
2. A. alba, (L.) Mill. Wuire Baneserry. Flower cluster more
elongated, oblong. Leaves also longer and narrower and more deeply
incised. Berries white. Rich woods. Common. May.
Famity VI.—BERBERIDACEAE. Barsperry FAMILY
Shrubs and herbs. Leaves of the shrubs in rosette-like groups,
those of the herbs solitary and springing directly from the root
or from the flowering stem. Shrubs with stipulate leaves, herbs
without stipules. Stamens equal in number to the petals or
double the number. Pistil 1. Fruit a berry.
1. BERBERIS, L.
Shrub with spiny leaves and with grape-like pendant clusters of yellow
flowers. Petals and sepals, each 6, exceptionally sepals exceed 6. Below
the flower are found 2 or 3 bract-like bodies,
B. vulgaris, L. (Fig. 1, pl. 51.) Barperry. Shrub 6 to 8 ft. high.
Leaves in close groups of about 3, in a rosette, not in a perfect whorl
but condensed. Below each of the groups of leaves are 3-forked spines
which are modified leaves. Leaves pear-shaped, sharply notched, the
serrations each terminated by a soft bristle. Fruit, an elongated berry,
red when ripe. Woods and thickets; naturalized. May-June.
2, CAULOPHYLLUM, Michx.
Herbs with thickened rootstock, the compound leaf arising from the
flowering stem. Calyx of 6 sepals, below which are 3 or 4 small scale-
like bracts. Stamens 6, Seeds in berries.
CROWFOOT FAMILY 265
PLATE 50
1. Ranunculus hispidus. 2. R, laxicaulis. 3. Oxygraphis Cymbalaria. 4.
Ranunculus recurvatus. 5 R. parvulus. 6. R. arvensis. 7. Aconitum unci-
natum,
266 MENISPERMACEAE
C. thalictroides, (L.) Michx. (Fig. 2, pl. 51.) Brure Conosn. Stem
1 to 3 ft. high, with 2 or more sheathing bracts at its origin. Stem other-
wise simple, at length giving off a stem for the 3-divided compound leaf,
each division of which has 5 leaflets. The flower branch has also a smaller
compound leaf of similar composition. Flowers small, in one or two grape-
like clusters, greenish-purple, succeeded by blue berries. Woods in our
area, and southward. April-May.
3. JEFFERSONIA, Barton
Smooth herbs with leaf stems directly from root and with a solitary
flower also from a slender basal stem. Sepals 4; petals 8; stamens 8.
Sepals falling early. Seed casket (capsule), a pear-shaped pod opening
by a sort of lid near the top, rather less than half the circumference
serving as hinge. Capsule many seeded.
J. diphylla, (L.) Pers. Twin Lear. Plant when in flower 6 to § in.
high, twice that in fruit. Leaves broad (bifid), each divided by a deep
sinus at each end, These divide the leaf into two almost completely sepa-
rated oval parts. Flowers about an inch broad, white. Woods, New
York, westward and southward. April-May.
4. PODOPHYLLUM, L.
Erect herbs with poisonous rootstocks and with two or three large,
deeply sinused leaves and from the flowering stem a solitary flower.
Petals 6 to 9; sepals 3; stamens 12 to 18; pistil an oval-shaped ovary
capped by a flat crown.
P. peltatum, L. (Fig. 5, pl. 51.) May Appie. Witp MANDRAKE.
Plant 12 to 20 in. high; leaves nearly a foot in diameter. The flower
springs from between the stems of the large leaves. Flowering stems
taller than those without flowers. Flower white, cup-shaped, about an
inch in diameter on a stem rather longer than the diameter of the flower.
Fruit an oval berry about as large as and resembling in shape an ordi-
nary plum, yellow when ripe. Throughout our region. May.
Famity VII.—MENISPERMACEAE. Moonsrep FAMILY
Our only representative a woody climbing vine with alternate,
lobed, leaves without stipules. Flowers in grape-like clusters,
staminate and pistillate on different plants. Fruit a fleshy drupe
with a stone-like seed.
MENISPERMUM, L.
Climber 6 to 12 ft. high. Leaves 4 to 8 in. wide, heart-shaped at base
and with several sharp-pointed lobes, or none, at the circumference,
Sepals 4 to 8, concealing the shorter petals, Stamens 12 to 24; pistils 2
to 4. Fruit rounded.
M. canadense, L. (Fig. 6, pl. 51.) CANADA Moonseep. Climbing
on trees or bushes in borders of woods and along streams. Lower leaves
broadly oval, upper somewhat lobed or scalloped. New England, west-
ward and southward. June-July.
BARBERRY FAMILY 267
PLATE 51
1. Berberis vulgaris. 2. Caulophyllum thalictroides. 3, Sassafras varii-|
folium, 4. Benzoin aestivale. 5. Podophyllum peltatum. 6 Menispermum
canadense, i
2658 LAURACEAE
Famity VIIL—LAURACEAE. Laure. FAmILy
Trees rich in aromatic glands. Leaves alternate, without
stipules. Flowers regular, small, in our only species the stami-
nate and pistillate on different plants, or at least on different
parts of the same plant, growing in a dense cluster surrounded
by an involucre of bracts.
1. SASSAFRAS, L.
Leaves divided in about 3 unequal lobes or egg-shaped and undivided,
Clusters of flowera at end of twigs. Perianth of 6 divisions, Stamens
%, The pistillate flowers hive 6 to 9 sterile stamens.
S. variifolium, (Salish.) Ktze. (Wig. 3, pl 51.) SAssArRAs TRIE.
(S. Sassafras, (1.) Karat.) Growing in woods, more especially in the
southern half of our section The tree is usually small but may attain
to the height of 125 feet, April-May.
2. BENZOIN, Fabric.
Shrub with alternate pear-shaped leaves and yellow flowers, the stami-
nate and pistillate forma on the same plant or on different plants. They
aro found in clusters with very short or no foot-stalks and are surrounded
by an involucre of seale-like bracts. Vlowers appearing before the leaves,
B. aestivale, (L.) Nees. (Vig. 4, pl. 51.) Sprome Busn. (B. Ben-
goin, (L.) Coulter.) Smooth shrub, 4 to 20 ft. high. Leaves mostly
pear-shaped, but some egg-shaped, Wlowers small, yellow, fragrant, In
moist woods, northern part of our area and westward.
Order IV.—RHOEADALES. Order of the Poppies
Our species all herbaceous plants, leaves without stipules. The
parts of the flower are, in general, arranged spirally; calyx,
corolla and stamens are all arranged below the ovary and are
free, that is, one group of these organs is not attached to another
and the members of one of the groups are not connected among
themselves. Wxeceptions are found in a partial concrescence of the
parts of the calyx in a few species. The ovary consists of two
or more carpels which, in the family Papaveraceae, are concres-
cent, with placental partitions between the cells. In the family
Cruciferae the ovary divides into two valves, generally elongated,
with a strong wall between the valves.
Plants with sticky, white or colored juice.
Sepals 2, falling with the development of the flower, Stamens
CUTIE Fe tiny |. gat? ee ee . PAPAVERACEAE
POPPY FAMILY 200
Plants with watery juice.
Sepals 4 or more, equal,
Ilowers symmetrical,
Stamens 6, unequal, 4 long, 2 short CRUCIFERAE
Stamens 6 to many, equal . CAPPARIDACEAE
Flowers unsymmetrical, .
Stamens 3 to many . . . . RESEDACEAE
Famity I.—PAPAVERACEAE, '1rm Poppy Faminy
Flowers regular; fruit a capsule consisting usually of several
conerescent carpels separated by their partitions into cells or of
an elongated pod. All the species have milky juice, Leaves
alternate or directly from the root, deeply lobed or finely dis
sected. Sepals 2 (in Argemone 3), dropping as the flower ex-
pands. Petals 4 to 6, or more, Stamens generally numerous,
below, and encircling the ovary.
1, PAPAVER, lL.
Smooth or hairy herbs with abundant milky sap. Leaves deeply eut
or lobed, Sepals 2, falling as the flower expands, Vetala 4 to 6, Capsule
plobe-formed with a broad flattened or convex cap-like cover, the stigma.
1. P. Rhoeas, lL. VFienn on Conn Porry, Erect, 1 to 3 ft. high,
hairy, lower leaves with Jeaf-stalks. Vlowers searlet, Capsule globose,
smooth, Introduced, This is the field poppy which sprinkles the oat
and wheat fields of Mngland and the continent with bright searlet
blossoms,
2. P. somniferum, l. (Vig. 3, pl. 52.) Ganpun Poppy, Escaped
from gardens; | to 3 ft, high, Wlower bluishewhite, Leaves clasping
by a heart-shaped base, Rare except in gardens, but in a few localities
apparently naturalized,
3. P. Argemone, lL. (Vig. 2, pl. 52.) Rovan-rnvurren Porry, A
slender plant occasionally found in waste grounds, Stem 1 to 2 ft. high,
covered with soft hairs. Leaves rather finely cut into feather-formed
segments, the lower on slender leaf-stalks, the upper without lealwtalkea.
Flower ved, usually with a dark center, A plant offen seen in grain
fields in Kurope, only sparingly introduced here,
2. ARGEMONE, L.
Smooth plants; milk yellow. Sepala 3; petals 6. Leaves apiny toothed;
flowers showy. Stamens numerous,
A. mexicana, L. (Fig. 1, pl. 52.) Mexican Porry. Stem 1 to 2
ft, high. Leaves long with many deep sinuses and prickles resembling
those of the thistle. In waste places. Introduced, June-Sept.
270 PAPAVERACEAE
3. SANGUINARIA, L.
Herb with leaf-stalk arising directly from root and flower also on
slender basal foot-stalk. Leaves light green, heart-shaped at base, rounded,
with a number of shallow scallops.
S. canadensis, L. (Fig. 4, pl. 52.) Biooproor. Flower scape slen-
der bearing a single white star-like flower. Root-stock bleeds a red
juice when broken. Shady places, rich soil. April-May.
4. CHELIDONIUM, L.
Branching herbs preferring shady places, with reddish-yellow, sticky
milk. Sepals 2; petals 4; stamens numerous. Capsule a lengthened
silique or pod dividing to the base.
C. majus, L. (Fig. 5, pl. 52.) CELANDINE. Grows usually in masses
in shady places. Leaves, in general outline oval but deeply lobed and
divided in feather-formed leaflets. Flowers bright yellow % in. across,
in a loose umbel-like cluster surmounting the tall stalk. Seed pod an
inch or more long. In cultivated grounds. Common. April-Sept.
Sus-Famity FUMARIACEAE
This sub-division of the family Papaveraceae is differentiated
by the modification of the flowers, which, in none of our species
are regular. The stamens are 4 to 6 and the single style at the
top forms a 4-lobed stigma. Leaves alternate without stipules.
’ Flowers with a spur at base of each division.
Climbing \\vime «cys See Rt ene on)
Hrect. herbs,- leaves’all “basal. 0 3 Dicentra
Flowers with only one division spurred.
Pod .one -seeded. 06.) wi) cl aes,
Pod several seeded’... 4% se) Corp
1. DICENTRA, Bernh. (Bicuculla, Adams)
Erect herbs with finely dissected ternately compound leaves. Flower
stem becoming taller than the leaves. Flower broadly heart-shaped with
a spur on each side. Pods many seeded.
1. D. Cucullaria, (L.) Bernh. (Fig. 1, pl. 653.) DurcHManN’s
Breecues. Leaf and flower stems arising from somewhat angular tubers
of reddish color, 5 to 10 in. high. Flowers as broad as long, white, the
spurs spreading, inner petals minutely crested. An interesting plant with
delicately colored, light green, finely divided leaves and a stem of nodding
2 spurred flowers. In rich woods, throughout our area, April-May.
2. D. canadensis, (Goldie.) Walp. (Fig. 3, pl. 53.) SQurmRREL
Corn. Plant with much the same general appearance as No, 1. The
spurs at base of flower are, however, much less spreading and more
rounded; the inner petals, only slightly crested in No. 1, are in this
POPPY FAMILY 271
PLATE 52
1. Argemone mexicana, 2. Papaver Argemone. 3. P. somniferum.
Sanguinaria canadensis. 5. Chelidonium majus.
4,
272 CRUCIFERAE
species conspicuously crested. Color, greenish-white tinged with purple,
In rich woods. Common. May-June.
3. D. eximia, (Ker.) Torr. Witp BLEepING HEART. Plant much
larger than the two preceding, and leaves much less divided. 1 to 2 ft.
high. Corolla oblong resembling that of No. 2, but larger and of a pink
color, arranged in clusters more or less compound. Western New York.
May-Aug.
2. ADLUMIA, Raf.
A delicate vine many feet in length climbing on shrubs, trees, ete.
Sepals 2, quite small; petals 4, united into a rather long oval sac with
resemblance to the flowers of Dicentra, but with short rounded spurs at
base, which is somewhat heart-shaped, while the tips of the petals are
only slightly spreading. Leaflets mostly in 3’s. Pods few seeded.
A. fungosa, (Ait.) Greene. (Fig. 4, pl. 53.) Mountain FRINGE.
The vine bears many clusters of pale pink flowers. Many of the leaf
stalks are prolonged into winding tendrils. Native in rocky hills. Often
cultivated. June-Aug.
3. CORYDALIS, Vent. (Capnoides, Adams)
Corolla spurred on one side only. Plants, in our region, erect with
compound leaves found on the flower stem. Flowers in terminal clusters
or in clusters springing from the stem opposite the nodes of the leaf
stalks. Petals 4. Stamens 6. Seed pod linear.
1. C. sempervirens, (L.) Pers. (Fig. 5, pl. 53. Pink CoryDALIs.
(C. glauca, Pursh.). Flowers with delicately alternating shades of red
and yellow. Stem light green, 1 to 2 ft. high. Leaves of about 5 leailets,
each leaflet with 3 deep and 3 or more shallow sinuses. Rocky places.
April-Sept.
2. C. aurea, Willd. (Fig. 6, pl. 53.) GoLpDEN CorypaLis. Very
smooth, light bluish-green, 6 to 15 in. high. Leaves 3-compound. Flowers
with one conspicuously long spur, bright golden-yellow. Woods. April-
May.
3. C. flavula, (Raf.) DC. Pate Coryparis. Stem slender, smooth,
pale green,.6 to 14 in, high. Leaves finely dissected. Flower yellow, with
a short spur
4. FUMARIA, L.
Much branched herbs, with finely dissected leaves and many small
flowers in long slender clusters. Calyx of 2 sepals, small scale-like. Petals
4, both pairs approaching, the inner pair coherent at apex, one of the
outer pair spurred. Stamens 6, in 2 groups.
F. officinalis, L. (Fig. 2, pl. 53.) Fumrirory. Stem smooth, very
leafy, 6 in. to 3 ft. long. Corolla flesh colored or crimson. Waste places,
only occasionally; about dwellings. Introduced from Europe.
Famity IJ.—CRUCIFERAE. Musrarp FAMILY
A large family of herbs with, generally, quite distinctive char-
acters. While this is true it is not always easy for the amateur
to distinguish the individual species.
POPPY FAMILY 273
ST his
FANNIN
PLATE 53
1. Dicentra cucullaria. 2, Fumaria officinalis. 3. Dicentra canadensis. 4
Adlumia fungosa. 5. Corydalis sempervirens. 6. C. aurea.
274 CRUCIFERAE
The corollas are all regular. All have 4 petals, equal and simi-
lar, forming a cruciform flower. The sepals are also 4, and equal. -
The stamens are 6 in number and, unlike the corolla, are unequal,
4 being longer than the remaining 2; in some species some of the
stamens are suppressed. Pistil 1, of 2 united carpels. The fruit
is almost always in a linear pod, a turn, or in short more or less
triangular, orbicular or oblong pod, a turn.
First Group
Fruit pod pear-shaped, triangular or oblong, distinctly flattened con-
trary to the partition. Flowers white.
Fruit-pod longer than broad.
Pod oval with a notch or with a slender style at the apex, or
With DO UnT Whi ake eee aaa el, Fe ae Lepidium
Pod pear-shaped or triangular; leaves clasping the stem by
broad ear-like appendages.
Leaves feather-formed (pinnate), with deep sinuses Capsella
Leaves not feather-formed, sinuses shallow or none Thlaspi
fod broader than long). . h\/4 620)... ee 6, Oe eromenee
SEcOoND GROUP
Fruit oval or globular, not flattened or only slightly so.
Flowers white or purple.
Fleshy plant growing in sand at sea side . . . . . Cakile
Aquatie plant with awl-shaped leaves, all basal . . Subularia
Plants not fleshy and leaves not awl-shaped nor all basal.
Leaves mostly in a whorl about the base, plants gen-
erally ‘less than 2 foot high) 98s) Draba
Leaves not mostly in whorl] at base, plants 1 ft. high or
13007 Ee Ci Me! Fic Cee meri, "SMe wel ( leyora dyer!
Flowers yellow.
Leaves clasping stem by a broad base.
Pods marked by distinct reticulations . . . . Neslia
Pods not reticulated . . . . . > +.» Camelia
Leaves not clasping stem by a broad ce:
Leaves small, spatula-formed, pod without a conspicu-
OUS “style “ave Gr oem ict cee State Alyssum
Leaves pinnate (2 aera eee
Tuirp GROUP
Fruit in linear pods (siliques, see page 38, Part I), generally in
length more than 4 times the diameter of the flower. Exception, No.
18, about twice the length of the diameter of the flower.
Flowers yellow.
Pods not jointed nor markedly constricted between the seeds.
Leaves, at least the lower ones, feather-formed.
MUSTARD FAMILY 275
Pods not hairy.
Pods) 4-ancledi picne. *.. 020) kw. Barbarea
Pods rounded, not 4-angled, term-
inated by a long beak . . Brassica
Pods) HHALG VEN THe kn comer oe eet ies Sinapis
ERRATA
Page 274, lines 6 and 7, should read :
The fruit is almost always a linear pod, a silique, or a short,
more or less triangular, orbicular or oblong pod, a silicle.
—— wees
Leaves broad, cordate or kidney-formed . . . Alliaria
Leaves feather-form (pinnate), lobed or ovate Cardamine
Leaves mostly in a whorl or rosette about the base, hairs when
present not forked.
Seed pods quite short but generally with several seeds Draba
Seed pods linear, hairs simple . . . . . . Arabis
Seed pods linear, hairs forked
Petals white . . . + . - -. Stenophragma
lowers! purples: <), s) 2 oes_ 5.) yy lesperis
The arrangement of these groups is based upon a few of the more
general characteristics and does not follow the more technical grouping.
FIRST GROUP
Fruit-pod pear-shaped, triangular or oblong, distinctly flattened contrary
to the partition.
Flowers white
1. LEPIDIUM, L.
Erect or diffused plants with pear-shaped, feather-formed or deeply
lobed leaves. Pods rounded or pear-shaped, flattened, with two seeds, one
in each valve of the pod or with only one seed. Stamens sometimes less
than 6. Flowers small or petals sometimes wanting.
Stem leaves arrow-formed, clasping with ear-like appendages.
Pods with a somewhat conspicuous slender style . . . . . L. Draba
Pods without the style ed Se nein Boing cert u's ar ee RIGO MUp estre
Stem leaves, pear-shaped, on long leaf stalks 50d bid ol to MoE iadetiae
Pods "distinctly pear-shaped . AG Far Ua er an alt be RG
Pods oval or orbicular.
With wings nat a vent Me elR me item Uae Hue Nc tape tenmlee | Nish sen Operanieny
Without wings FAS hy ishalbeha tees se) UAt a kai pela. Renae
Stem leaves teather-formed (pinnatifid).
274 CRUCIFERAE
The corollas are all regular. All have 4 petals, equal and simi-
lar, forming a cruciform flower. The sepals are also 4, and equal. -
The ‘Stamens are 6 in number and, unlike the corolla, are unequal,
“+ <-~Ieneon than the remaining 2; in some species some of the
“1 y Yat:
Leaves feauner~1ror cn yp
Leaves not feather-formed, sinuses shallow or none Thlaspi
Pod broader than long, 0s 4. 7 4 eG ee 6 ee A eremomee
SECOND GROUP
Fruit oval or globular, not flattened or only slightly so.
Flowers white or purple.
Fleshy plant growing in sand at sea side . . . . . Cakile
Aquatic plant with awl-shaped leaves, all basal . . Subularia
Plants not fleshy and leaves not awl-shaped nor all basal.
Leaves mostly in a whorl about the base, plants gen-
erally ess) than! 7a) toot hioh si a eee Draba
Leaves not mostly in whorl] at base, plants 1 ft. high or
MOTE: he Sy as Pete el ae i ets er nS Ren
Flowers yellow.
Leaves claspinge stem by a broad base.
Pods marked by distinct reticulations . . . . Neslia
Pods not reticulated . . i: . . . . -» Camelia
Leaves not clasping stem by a broad base.
Leaves small, Sia ahaa a pod without a conspicu-
OUB)S BUYING) i aeons Aye wah cy) Sah aay lait Alyssum
Leaves pinnate (2 Hedas b) by, Saas v2
Tuirp GROUP
Fruit in linear pods (siliques, see page 38, Part I), generally in
length more than 4 times the diameter of the flower. Exception, No.
18, about twice the length of the diameter of the flower.
Flowers yellow.
Pods not jointed nor markedly constricted between the seeds.
Leaves, at least the lower ones, feather-formed.
MUSTARD FAMILY 275
Pods not hairy.
Pods) 4-aneleds{) tsane, ).':. '\ ao Barbarea
Pods rounded, not 4-angled, term-
inated by a long beak . . Brassica
Pods hairy . APE Tis Sinapis
Leaves lance-shaped, not lobed . . . Erysimum
Flowers, yellow white or purple.
Seeds in single row in each valve.
Pods not constricted between the seeds . . Sisymbrium
Pods constricted between the seeds . . . . Raphanus
Seeds in two rows in each valve.
Pods generally an in. or more long . . . Diplotaxis
Podsslessithan dan long sly). Un Se ReEipa:
Flowers white or purple.
Leaves mostly on the stem, not in a whorl at base. Sisymbrium
Leaves in a whorl on the stem.
Leaves divided in 3 to 7 radiating divisions or leaflets
of et ARE EL Pedi SPT Me Me Ot ee coe a ae Dentaria
Leaves broad, cordate or kidney-formed . . . Alliaria
Leaves feather-form (pinnate), lobed or ovate Cardamine
Leaves mostly in a whorl or rosette about the base, hairs when
present not forked.
Seed pods quite short but generally with several seeds Draba
Seed pods linear, hairs simple’ . ... ;: . |. Arabis
Seed pods linear, hairs forked
Petals white . . . + . - . Stenophragma
Hlowers: (purples. 5 36 o.oo At lesperis
The arrangement of these groups is based upon a few of the more
general characteristics and does not follow the more technical grouping.
FIRST GROUP
Fruit-pod pear-shaped, triangular or oblong, distinctly flattened contrary
to the partition.
Flowers white
1. LEPIDIUM, L.
Erect or diffused plants with pear-shaped, feather-formed or deeply
lobed leaves. Pods rounded or pear-shaped, flattened, with two seeds, one
in each valve of the pod or with only one seed. Stamens sometimes less
than 6. Flowers small or petals sometimes wanting.
Stem leaves arrow-formed, clasping with ear-like appendages.
Pods with a somewhat conspicuous) yslender istylen).) 4 ee arabe
Pods without the style See rye | Cue com pesive
Stem leaves, pear-shaped, on long leaf Bales ae 16h ain . L, virginicum
Pods distinctly pear-shaped . Sid Modis vitae MoO MiR iodo oh vc ocp SALLORE
Pods oval or orbicular.
With wings ener a sits ho eteaee Tom Amy” Gewese de® Lick ow tlhe GPEtalumn
Without wings Maemo eh Peau ken bi. wish s ce umlesemnuaerale
Stem leaves teather-formed (pinnatifid).
276 CRUCIFERAE
l. L. Draba, L. Hoary Cress. Plant 10 to 12 in. high, hairy, stem
leaves arrow-formed, basal leaves elliptic. Seed pods oval or rounded,
flat, without wing-like appendages but with a distinct style at summit.
Fields, waste places; rare. Naturalized. May-July.
2. L. campestre, (L.) R. Br. FIELD oR Crow Cress. Stem leaves
similar to No. 1, basal rosette of pear-shaped leaves, rounded at apex.
Pod without a style, but thin wing-like appendage at sides and especially
at summit. Flowers and fruit pod crowded on fruit bearing stem. A
weed in cultivated ground, naturalized. April-June.
3. L. virginicum, L. (Fig. 1, pl. 54.) Wuitp Preprercrass. Stem
leaves elliptic, deeply notched, basal rosette of pear-shaped leaves, rounded
at apex, notched at borders, the leaf stalk feather-formed. Seed pod
nearly round with a notch at the summit and a narrow wing-like ap-
pendage on either side of it. A weed in cultivated fields and in waste
places. May-Nov.
4. L. sativum, L. GARDEN oR GOLDEN PEPPERGRASS, Stem about a
foot high, smooth, bright green. Leaves, at least the lower, feather-
formed, 3-parted, each division feather-formed. Upper leaves more or
less linear with deep sinuses cutting into narrow lobes. Seed pod with
narrow wing-like border. Waste places. Naturalized. May-Aug.
5. L. apetalum, Willd. ApreraLrous Prprrrcrass. Basal rosette of
featherformed leaves, upper nearly linear, more or less distantly notched.
Flowers small, petals quite small or wanting. Pods round, notched at
top with narrow wing-like border above. Naturalized. May-Aug.
6. L. ruderale, L. Narrow-LEAvED PepprercRAss. Similar to last,
but seed pod has no wing-like margin.
2. CAPSELLA, Med. Pfl. Gatt. (Bursa, Weber)
Stems spreading, one or more erect. Leaves mostly in a basal rosette,
those of the upper part of stem narrow, clasping, more or less arrow-
shaped. Those of the rosette lyrate, feather-formed, somewhat hairy.
Pod triangular or pear-shaped, several seeds in each cell.
C. Bursa-Pastoris, Med. Pfl. Gatt. (Fig. 6, pl. 54.) SHEPHERD’s
PursE. Very common in waste places.
3. THLASPI, L.
Plant 4 to 14 ft. high. Lower leaves with leaf stalks, pear-shaped,
upper stem leaves arrow-shaped without leaf-stalks, toothed or distantly
dentate. Pod round or pear-shaped.
T. arvense, L. Frerp Penny Cress. Pods nearly round, with a rather
deep sinus at apex and with a broad margin of wing-like expansion.
Flowers and pods crowded on a long slender stem. In waste places. June-
Aug
4. CORONOPUS, Gaertn.
Diffuse, 3 to 15 in. high. Leaves crowded, feather-formed. Flowers
in crowded clusters quite small. Stamens 2 to 4. Pods with the lateral
diameter greater than the longitudinal. Valves of the pod rough, de-
pressed at apen.
MUSTARD FAMILY 277
PLATE 54
um. 2. Barbarea vulgaris. 3. Sisymbrium officinale
akile edentula. 6. Capsella Bursa-Pastoris. 7. Erys-
inum cheiranthoides. 8. Roripa hispida.
1. Lepidium virginic
4. Brassica nigra. 5. C
278 CRUCIFERAE
1. C. didymus, (L.) J. E. Smith. Lesser Water Cress. Tufted,
spreading on the ground, slightly hairy. Flowers quite small. Nat-
uralized; in waste places.
2. C. procumbens, Gilbert. Swine’s Cress. (C. coronopus, (L.)
Karst.) Similar to No. 1. Pod with an elevated point at apex. Nat-
uralized; in waste places.
SECOND GROUP
Fruit oval or globular, not flattened or only slightly so
Flowers white or purple
5. CAKILE, Gertn.
Diffuse, smooth, fleshy, with purple or whitish-purple flowers. Pods
two jointed, the upper joint larger.
C. edentula, (Bigel.) Hook. (Fig. 5, pl. 54.) AmerIcAN SEA
Rocker. Very fleshy and branching. Leaves long and narrow, rounded
at apex, border sinuous or notched. Pod of two joints, each with a single
seed. Sands at the sea shore.
6. SUBULARIA, L.
Small aquatic plant. Leaves all basal and awl-shaped. Stem few
flowered. Pods oval or globose, seeds several.
S. aquatica, L. Warer Awiwort. Plants growing in tufts in shallow
water. Maine, New Hampshire, and northward.
7. BERTEROA, DC.
Herbs 1 to 2 ft. high, with forked hairs. Leaves narrow, not notched
or toothed. Flowers in long terminal clusters. Petals deeply 2-cleft.
Pod nearly globose or oval with a short style at apex.
B. incana, (L.) DC. (Fig. 1, pl. 55.) Hoary Atyssum. Pods very
numerous on short stiff spreading pedicels. In waste places. Introduced.
Flowers yellow
8 NESLIA, Desv.
Erect or branching, velvety, hairs stellate. Leaves of the rosette ob-
long, on long foot-stalks. Seed pod without wings.
N. paniculata, (L.) Desv. (Fig. 6, pl. 55.) Nesria. Plant 1 to
2 ft. high; stem leaves lance-shaped with broad arrow-shaped bases and
no leaf stalk. Flowers small, yellow. Pods round, distinctly reticulated.
Waste places. Introduced.
g. CAMELINA, Crantz.
Erect herb with soft hairs, simple or branched. Lower leaves with
leaf stalks, upper without. Those of the rosette lance-elliptic, those
of the stem lance-shaped, clasping the stem. Flowers small. Pod globose
with a prominent style at apex.
C. sativa, (L.) Crantz. Gotp or PLeasurE, Fatse FLAx. In fields,
especially in those in which flax has been grown. Introduced from
Europe. June-July.
MUSTARD FAMILY 279
10. ALYSSUM, L.
Stems branching, low, hairy, with small flowers. Pod orbicular, with
a small style at apex.
A. alyssoides, L. (Fig. 2, pl. 55.) YeLLow or SMALL ALYSSUM.
(A. calycinum, L.). Leaves, mostly on the flowering stems, small pear-
shaped, without teeth or notches. In waste places and fields. Naturalized.
THIRD GROUP
Fruit in linear pods, generally in length more than four times the
diameter of the flower.
Flowers yellow
Seeds in a single row in each valve of the pod.
11. BARBAREA, R. Br.
Erect branching herbs with angular stems and with leaves with entire
margins or with margins deeply lobed, forming distinct segments, or
feather-formed. Flowers somewhat conspicuous, petals twice as long as
the sepals. Pod long, linear, 4-angled.
od aetilhy gemeeel 6 5 6 6 6 6 6 0 Bb oo 6 po Gg Bh RGUS
Pods bluntly 4-angled.
Diverging strongly from stem . lee act ee el a Dem UMlcants:
Standing almost parallel with the’ stem a) awe) ee eo ls to seb erStItGLa
1. B. vulgaris, R. Br. (Fig. 2, pl. 54.) YeL~Low RocKeT oR CRESS.
(B. Barbarea, Mac M.). Stem 1 to 2 ft. high. Tufted at base. Lower
leaves so deeply lobed as to divide them into about 5 distinct leaflets,
the terminal one much larger than the others, ovate with rounded ex-
tremity and cordate base, the lateral leaflets also ovate and rounded at
apex. Upper leaves smooth margined or notched. Lower leaves on slen-
der foot-stalks, upper without foot-stalks. Seed pods diverging from the
stem. Naturalized. Common, in fields and waste places. April-July.
2. B. stricta, Andrz. Erect-rruirep WINTER Cress. Similar to No.
1, but the seed pods follow closely the direction of the stem. Naturalized.
In fields and waste places. April-July.
3. B. praecox, (J. E. Smith.) R. Br. Earry Winter Cress. BELLE
IsLE Cress. The segments of lower leaves generally more numerous than
in No. 1 or 2, and less rounded. Pods very long and sharply angled.
Naturalized. Situations similar to the above.
12. BRASSICA, L.
Herbs mostly with basal leaves deeply cut by sinuses (feather-formed),
- upper leaves toothed or entire. Pods nearly round, terminated by a long
beak. Seeds in a single row in each valve.
Wpper leaves clasping the stem’ < . =< « « « « « « «s SB. campestris
Upper leaves not clasping.
Pods nearly Frail Withe Sterne wep cpl cle Jolt oli bow oth va Oe era
Pods spreading.
Slendem a withmveryalonen peak) wie) san) fe -eieo ics) se) renee guencea
Rather thick peak, not -very, lounge.) cs) cs sn Ba aruensts
1. B. nigra, (L.) Koch. (Fig. 4, pl. 54.) Brack Musrarp. Plant
somewhat hairy, 2 to 7 ft. high. Upper leaves lance-formed, margins
280 CRUCIFERAE
entire or dentate. Lower leaves on long leaf-stalks, pear-shaped in general
outline, but deeply cut by sinuses into more or less feather-form Apex
broadly rounded. Flowers rather large, pods cylindric with 4 angles,
nearly parallel with the stem. Common in waste places.
2. B. juncea, (L.) Cosson, Inpian Musrarp. Plant smooth or
slightly hairy, 1 to 4 ft. high. Upper leaves without leaf-stalks, borders
mostly entire. Lower leaves on long foot-stalks, broad and cut by sinuses,
but less deeply, as a rule, than those in No. 1. Flowers similar to No. 1.
Seed pods slender, the beak being nearly or quite 1/3 as long as the re-
mainder of the pod. Pods more or less spreading. Naturalized. Common
in waste places and fields. June-Nov.
3. B. arvensis, (L.) BSP. Wirp Mustarp. Similar to last but
leaves egg-shaped and much less deeply cut by sinuses. Pods rather
thick, somewhat constricted between the seeds. Naturalized. Common,
May-Nov.
4. B. campestris, L. Turnip. The ruta-baga or turnip of the gar-
dens is occasionally found wild and sometimes persists in grounds in
which it has been cultivated.
13. SINAPIS, L.
Plant erect, branching, hairy. Lower leaves on long stalks, in general
outline pear-shaped, but deeply cut by sinuses, the terminal lobe broad,
rounded, toothed, the lateral lobes toothed, Upper leaves without leaf
stems but cut and toothed. Pods long, constricted between the seeds,
densely hairy. :
S. alba, L. Wuire Mustarp. Plant 1 to 2 ft. high, covered with
hairs which turn backward. WNaturalized. In waste places.
14. ERYSIMUM, L.
Erect herb with narrow lance-shaped leaves, with entire or slightly
dentate margins. Pods 4-angled, seeds in one row in each valve of the
pod.
E. cheiranthoides, L. (Fig. 7, pl. 54.) Wormsrep. TREACLE-MUS-
TARD. Plant 3 to 2 ft. high, branching. Leaves lance-formed, narrow,
tapering at. base, somewhat blunt at apex. Naturalized. In moist places.
June-Aug.
Flowers yellow, white or purple
Seeds in a single row in each valve of the pod.
15. SISYMBRIUM, L.
Tall erect herbs, sparingly branched, with feather-formed leaves.
Flowers yellow except in S. humile, in which they are white or pink.
Pod rather long (in No. 2, very long) and slender,
1. S. officinale, (L.) Scop. (Fig. 3, pl. 54.) Hepat MusrTarp.
Rather tall and stiff, branching below, not much branched above. The
long pods hug the stem, lying in almost their whole length against it.
Leaves rather long, in general form more or less triangular or arrow-
head-shaped, the lobes toward the inner end extending widely. Flowers
small.
MUSTARD FAMILY 281
PLATE 55
1, Berteroa incana. 2. Alyssum alyssoides. 3. Roripa palustris. 4. Car-
damine pennsylvanica. 5. C, bulbosa. 6. Neslia paniculata. 7. Diplotaxis
* tenuifolia. 8. Arabis lyrata, 9. A. hirsuta.
282 CRUCIFERAE
2. §. Sophia, L. Frtxweep. Hers Sopnta. (Sophia Sophia, Brit-
ton.) Herb 1 to 23 ft. high, hairy, with forked hairs. Stems slender,
branching. Leaves doubly feather-formed. Flowers small. Pods 1 to
2 in. long on slender foot-stalks. Naturalized. Waste places. June-
August.
3. §. altissimum, L. Tat Sisymprrum. Stem 2 to 4 ft. high, slen-
der, branching, not hairy or with few hairs. Leaves feather-formed.
Flowers small. Pods 2 to 4 in. long, very slender, spreading. Waste
places. Naturalized.
4. §. humile, Meyer. Low or Nortuern Rock Cress. Stem 4 to
10 in. high. Rosette of leaves lance-shaped with sinuses or dentate edges.
Stem leaves linear. Pod slender. Flowers white or pink. Rocky places;
mountains of Vermont, rare. July.
16. RAPHANUS, L.
Erect, branching. Leaves somewhat hairy, long, cut by deep sinuses.
Fruit pods not hairy, constricted between the pods, with a long style.
1. R. Raphanistrum, L. Witp Rapisu. Plant 1 to 23 ft. high,
somewhat hairy. Leaves lyre-shaped, rough; pod tapering at apex to a
long style, necklace shaped from the constrictions between the ceeds.
Naturalized. Fields.
2. R. sativus, L. GarpEN Rapisu. The garden radish with pale pur-
ple petal is sometimes found persistent in old fields.
17. DIPLOTAXIS, DC.
Plants smooth or nearly so. Leaves long, in general form lance-shaped
but cut by sinuses into feather-form. Pod long, somewhat flattened, beak
short or absent.
I. D. tenuifolia, (L.) DC. (Fig. 7, .pl. 55.) Warn Rocsen~ 2&
bushy plant 1 to 4 ft. high, with leaves cut almost to the mid-vein by
the numerous deep sinuses. The lower leaves 3 to 6 in. long, the lobes
generally narrow and the sinuses broad. Fruit pods long and slender on
slender foot-stalks about 1/3 the length of the pod. Stems leafy up to
the loose cluster of flowers. Introduced. Waste places. Summer.
2. D. muralis, (L.) DC. Sanp Rocker, Plant resembling No, 1.
The leaves of No. 1 are in general outline egg-shaped or long lanee-
shaped, broadest near the center or at the anterior third. The leaves
of this species are long and narrow the broadest part being near the
apex. The sinuses are much more shallow than those of No. 1, the lobes
being reduced almost to coarse teeth. The stem above is nearly or quite .
leafless.
18. RORIPA, Scop.
Very leafy, branching herbs with lobed or dissected leaves. Flowers
white in two of our species, yellow in all the others. Fruit pods short
in most of the species, sometimes elongated in a few. Seeds in two rows
in each valve of the pod.
Flowers white
Aquatic plants.
Leaves mostly . trifollate 06) ss me tt boas) eye oe! Pau TIGSPY ENE
Leaves dissected into thread-like divisions . . . . . .«. MR. americana
Fupnts: “not. strictly “aquatic? 5° 5) i) vin jew islet cn eu on Pete ee POE
MUSTARD FAMILY 283
Flowers yellow
Pods elongated.
Slender, not constricted between seeds . - S. sylvestris
About as long as the pedicel and constricted between seeds - R. palustris
Pods globose or ovoid «<<: « «= « 2 ; le ites ispida
3. R. armoracia, (L.) Rusby. Russpy’s Water Cress. Branch-
ing plant, floating or spreading and rooting at branches in brooks and
ditches. Leaves generally of 3 leaflets, but these may be in greater
number, from 5 to 9. Terminal leaflet Jargest. Brooks and streams.
Naturalized. April-Nov.
2. R. americana, (Gray) Britton. Aquatic, upper leaves oblong,
not. divided, immersed leaves pinnately divided and finely dissected.
Pods ovoid.
1. R. Nasturtium,(L.) Hitcheock. (Fig. 8, pl. 56.) Horse Rapisu.
Basal leaves feather-formed, oblong, very large, those of stem lance-form.
Roots long and large. Escaped from gardens. Moist grounds, along
streams, ete.
4. R. sylvestris, (L.) Bess. CREEPING YELLOW WATER CRESS.
Stems smooth, angular, from creeping root-stocks. Leaves variable, 3 to
5 in. long and deeply divided pinnately, the sinuses extending to mid-
vein. Flowers yellow, pod 3 in. long or less. Moist grounds, Nat-
uralized.
5. R. palustris, (L.) Bess. (Fig. 3, pl. 55.) Marsa WATER CREss.
Hairy plant 1 to 2 ft. high, with leaves deeply cut pinnately, the sinuses
less completely dividing into leaflets than No. 4. Terminal leaflet larger,
sometimes 6 in. long, Flowers 1/8 in. in diameter, yellow. Pods linear-
oblong, turgid, 2 to 6 times as long as thick. Wet places. Naturalized.
May-Aug.
6. R. hispida, (Desv.) Britton. (Fig. 8, pl. 54.) Hispip YELLow
Cress. Resembling No. 5, but generally stouter, 1 to 4 ft. high. All
parts covered with spreading hairs, pods ovoid or round. Naturalized.
Waste places. May-June.
Flowers white or purple
19. DENTARIA, L.
Herbs with 3- or 5-divided leaves; slender and rather long and flat seed
pod. Seeds in a single row in each valve, the seed stalks alternating on
opposite sides of the valves. Stems naked below, bearing above 2- or
3-parted or rarely 5-parted leaves and a cluster of whita or purple
flowers. Rootstocks rather fleshy and knotted, mostly horizontal.
1. D. laciniata, Muhl. (Fig. 3, pl. 56.) CUT-LEAVED TooTHWworRT,
PEPPER Root. Plant 8 to 15 in. high, root-stock markedly jointed. Stem
branching into 3 leaf-stalks and the flower stem. Leaflets each carrying
a leaf 2 to 5 in. broad, divided into 3 leaflets, these sometimes rather
deeply divided; teeth coarse. Other leaves start on long leaf-stalks di-
rectly from the root. Flowers nimerous, white or rose color. Woods.
April-June.
2. D. diphylla, Michx. (Fig. 4, pl. 56.) Two-LeAvep Tootuwort.
Plant about as high as No. 1; stem bearing two leaf-stalks, each 3-parted,
284 CRUCIFERAE
and a flower stalk, the leaflets broad-ovate, with coarse teeth. Root
leaves with the single 3-part division. Flowers white. Woods and
meadows. May.
3. D. maxima, Nutt. Larce Toornworr. Similar to No. 2, but
larger. Leaves generally.3 but there may be but 2, or there may be as
many as 7, each with 3 leaflets, the leaflets distinctly stalked. Flowers
purple.
4, D. incisifolia, Eames. CuT-LEAVED TootHwort. Stem leaves 2,
usually opposite. The 3 leaf divisions are without stalks. In other
respects the plant resembles No. 3. Sherman, Conn.
5. D. heterophylla, Nutt. Stenper TootHwort, Plant 10 to 14 in.
high, stem slender and stem leaves, of which there are 2, of 3 quite
narrow lance-shaped leaflets, remotely notched. The leaf from the root
has a long slender leaf-stalk and the leaflets are broad-ovate. Woods
in the southern part of our region. April-May.
zo. ALLIARIA, Adams
Branching herb with broad heart-shaped or rounded leaves with the
margins cut by deep and broad notches; flowers in a long cluster; seed
pods cylindric or nearly so.
A. officinalis, Andrz. Hepcrk Garuic. (A. Alliaria, (L.) Britton.)
Erect branching plant 1 to 3 ft. high. Smooth or with few soft hairs;
leaves broad, 2 to 7 in. wide, with conspicuous notches in the margin.
Flowers white. May-June.
21. CARDAMINE, L.
Herbs, usually smooth, stems mostly unbranched, Leaves compound
(pinnate) or simple. Flowers white or purplish-white, the petals each
with a claw at the throat. Pods long and slender, flattened, with the
seeds in a single row in each valve.
Leaves pinnately compound (feather-iormed).
Leaflets of lower leaves generally as broad as long.
Plant not hairy.
Flowers from 4 to # in, broad . . . . - C. pratensis
Flowers ve to 1/4 in. Bisa eH Beery x pennsylvanica
Plant hairy Sia eos Aco - C. hirsuta
Leaflets of lower leaves “generally narrow.
Leaflets usually more than 3 ese in addition to the terminal one
arenicola
Leaflets usually not exceeding 3 pairs but ‘more than one.
Seed pods nearly parallel with stem . .. . . parviflora
Seed pods decidedly spreading . . . . . . . C. flexuosa
Leaves not compound, but often conspiiaiiely lobed.
lants tufted, 2 to 5 in. high . J teeeeels sce) tee.) eke Pes icone pg RM
Plants usually 6 to 15 in. high.
Plants weak, rooting at the joints . . . « « « C. vrotundifoha
Plants erect.
Blowers) :purple: sey ie \ten ae) teste er 0! eno: Sar Game
Flowers white... « “6 #0 sits «©! « «« 4%) Goamowiooe
1. C. pratensis, L. (Fig. 1, pl. 56.) Mrapow Bitter Cress. All
the leaves pinnately compound (feather-formed), the lower ones on a
somewhat long leaf-stalk, the leaflets orbicular or broadly angular, The
upper leaves on shorter foot-stalks, the leaflets narrow, in about half
a dozen pairs. Flowers in a terminal cluster, white or purple, 1/2 to 3/4
in. broad. Wet meadows and swamps. April-May.
MUSTARD FAMILY 285
PLATE 56
1, Cardamine pratensis. 2. C. purpurea. 3. Dentaria laciniata. 4. D.
diphylla. 5. Draba caroliniana. 6. D. incana. 7. D verna. 8. Roripa armo-
racia.
286 CRUCIFERAE
2. C. hirsuta, L. (Fig. 8, pl. 57.) Harry Birrer Cress. Whole
plant hairy. Leaves nearly all basal, feather-formed, with usually about
5 leaflets, the terminal one orbicular or nearly so, the other more or less
oval or oblong. Stem leaves few, their segments linear. Flowers white,
pods erect, linear. Moist places, Penna., south and west. March-May.
3. C. pennsylvanica, Muhl. (Fig. 4, pl. 55.) PENNSYLVANIA BITTER
Cress. Stem 8 in. to 3 ft. high, leafy up to the clusters of flowers;
leaflets of lower leaves rounded, of upper narrow; terminal leaflet pear-
shaped with conspicuous notch on each side. Leaflets of all leaves from
4 to 8 pairs. Flowers small, white. Swamps and wet places. April.
June.
4. C. arenicola, Britton. Sanp Birrer Cress. Stem usually much
branched, 4 to 1 ft. high. Leaves compound of 4 or more pairs of linear
leaflets, the terminal one Jong and narrow. Flowers white, about 1/6 in.
across. Wet sandy soil. March-April.
5. C. parviflora, L. SMALL-FLOWERED BITTER Cress. Somewhat simi-
lar to No. 3, but leaflets less numerous, the stem less branching and
flowers smaller. Stem very slender. Dry rocky places. April-May.
6. C. flexuosa, With. Woop Birrrr Cress. Stem 6 to 15 in. high,
rather stout; lateral leaflets narrow but broadest toward apex, about
3 pairs, the terminal one pear-shaped or orbicular. Wet woods and
along streams. May-Aug.
7. C. bellidifolia, L. (Fig. 3, pl. 57.) Atpine Cress. A dwarf
species on the White Mountains and other elevations. Leaves ovate, the
lower on long, the upper on short foot-stalks. Flowers few, white. July.
8. C. purpurea, (Torr.) Britton. (Fig. 2, pl. 56.) PURPLE CREss.
Stem not branched, 6 to 15 in. high. Basal leaves orbicular, heart-
shaped, on long slender foot-stalks; upper, broad, with coarse toothed
borders and without foot-stalks. Flowers purple. Cold wet places. April-
May.
9. C. bulbosa, (Schreb.) BSP. (Fig. 5, pl. 55.) Bursous Cress.
Stems not branching, 4 to 14 ft. high. Lower leaves orbicular heart-
shaped on long slender foot-stalks. Upper, broad and dentate without
leaf-stalks. Flowers white. Wet places. April-June.
10. C. rotundifolia, Michx. Rounp-LEAveD WATER Cress. Stem weak,
often rooting at the joints and sending out runners. Leaves rounded,
somewhat angled; sometimes heart-shaped. Flowers white. In cold
springs in the southern part of our area.
22, DRABA, L.
Small herbs growing mostly in tufts; leaves and stems hairy with
forked hairs; stems generally with few or no leaves, the leaves, which
may be toothed or not, arranged in a rosette at the base. Flowers in
elongated or rounded clusters, small, and in our species, white. Pods
oval, or linear, flat, oblong, pointed at the apex, few to many seeded.
Seeds arranged in two rows in each valve.
Pétala io-cleftsevle ba: 5: oe) vee Xe REMI eer Us) hors ela meee
Petals not notched or cleft. i
Leaves elliptic, margin without teeth or notches . . D. caroliniana
Leaves oblong, margins with teeth . . . . - + + «+ Dz. incana
MUSTARD FAMILY 287
l. D. verna, L. (Fig. 7, pl. 56.) VERNAL WHITLow Grass. A low
spreading plant, 1 to 5 in. high, with stems naked from the rosette to
the flowers or fruit. Leaves of the basal rosette elliptic, numerous,
hairy. Flowers small on foot-stalks $ to 1 in. long. Fruit an oval or
oblong pod. Common in sandy places. Feb.-May.
2./D. caroliniana, Walt. (Fig. 5, pl. 56.) CaroLInAa WHITLOW
Grass. Plant about the size of the last. One or two pairs of leaves
extending upon the flower stem. Pods 1/3 to 2/3 in. long. March-June.
3. D. incana, L. (Fig. 6, pl. 56.) Twistep WHITLOW GRASS.
Leaves long, lance-shaped or with the apex broadest, remotely toothed
with rather conspicuous teeth. Small leaves extending up the flower
stem arranged alternately. In the Green Mountains and Adirondacks.
23. ARABIS, L
Plants usually rather small; hairy or smooth. Pods long and slender,
flattened. Flowers white or purple.
Basal leaves! mot inayrosette . 2 3 ss is = a) a POtens
Basal leaves in a rosette.
Leaves of rosette lyre- fopned
Pods erect). 1. ool vated): Tob uve rieme chute UrcMaieu ce NA ERT CEO
Pods drooping . A. canadensis
Leaves of rosette narrow “elliptic, deeply ‘or “not deeply dentate,
Plante vieryowhatty,. icine). leukten teiaatc hom erarmnon nner as A. hirsuta
Plant not very hairy . oA: brachycarpa
Leaves of rosette long, narrow and deeply toothed or cut by broad and
deep sinuses ce oO GM USS ilten ol zle gate
Leaves of rosette ege- shaped, dentate.
Upper stem leaves with entire margins . . . . . . A. laevigata
Upper ‘stem leaves) markedly, dentate) 3.) (5°) 2). 3 45 dentata
12 A. lyrata, L. (Fig. 8, pl. 55.) Lyrt-LEAvED Rock-cress. Slen-
der plants, in tufts, 4 to 12 in. high, Smooth or sometimes somewhat
hairy below. Basal leaves feather formed, upper narrow, with entire
margins and blunt apex.. Flowers few in a terminal cluster, white.
Pods long and very slender. Sandy places and rocky precipices. April-
Sept.
2. A. patens, Sulliv. Spreapine Rocxk-cress. Plant downy, 1 to 2
ft. high. Leaves alternate on the stem, without leaf-stalks and to some
extent auricled, the margins sharply toothed or nearly smooth. Flowers
white; pods an inch or more long. Eastern Penna., westward. Summer.
3. A. canadensis, L. SickLEe-pop. Stem not branching, 1 to 3 ft.
high; smooth or with soft hairs below. Basal leaves deeply dentate or
feather-formed, stem leaves, the lower rather broadly lance-shaped with
dentate margins, the upper ones narrow lance-shaped with entire margins.
Pods long and drooping. Flowers greenish-white. Woods. June-Aug.
4. A. hirsuta, (L.) Scop. (Fig. 9, pl. 55.) Hatry Rock-cress.
Stem scarcely branching, 1 to 2 ft. high; leaves of rosette deeply den-
tate or more or less lyrate. Stem leaves narrow lance-shaped, clasping
the stem, Whole plant quite hairy. Flowers greenish-white. Pods long
and slender. Sandy and rocky places. May-Sept.
5. A. brachycarpa, (T. and G.) Britton. Purrre Rock-cress.
Stem branched, 1 to 3 ft. high, smooth except at lower part. Basal
288 CRUCIFERAE
leaves narrow, broadest at apex, 1 to 3 in. long, margins notched. Stem
leaves quite narrow, about an inch long, clasping the stem at base.
Flowers white or pink, small. June-July.
6. A. glabra, (L.) Bernh. (Fig. 6, pl. 57.) TowrrR MustTarp.
Stem erect, rarely branching, smooth and light green above; 2 to 4 ft.
high. Basal leaves 2 to 10 in. long and } to ? in. wide, margins entire
or with prominent and unequal dentation. Leaves of the rosette hairy,
those of the stem more or less arrow-shaped, clasping the stem and mostly
without hairs. Flowers small yellowish-white in terminal cluster; pods
parallel with and close to the stem. Seeds in 2 rows. May-Aug.
7. A, laevigata, (Muhl.) Poir. (Fig. 4, pl. 57.) Smoorn Rock-
cRESS. Whole plant smooth and covered with whitish bloom. Basal
leaves broad lance-shaped with deep notches, 2 to 3 in. long. Upper leaves
narrow, clasping the stem, notched at the borders. Pods 3 to 4 in.
long, spreading and curved downward. Seeds in one row. Flowers green-
ish-white. Rocky woods. April-May.
8. A. dentata, T. and G. Toornep Rock-cress. Stem _ sparingly
branching, 1 to 2 ft. high, slender, plant hairy. Lower leaves egg-shaped
or pear-shaped, with margins coarsely toothed 2 to 4 in. long. Stem
leaves oblong, dentate, clasping at base. Flowers greenish-white, small.
Pods spreading. April-June.
24. STENOPHRAGMA, Celak.
An herb resembling Arabis. Covered with stiff forked hairs. Stem
branched, slender.
S. Thaliana, (L.) Celak. (Fig. 1, pl. 57.) Mousr-kar Cress. Plant
ranging from an inch to 16 in. high, with freely branching stem. Leaves
of the rosette spatula- or pear-formed, dentate; those of the stem broad
ovate without foot-stalks. Flowers small, white. Southern part of our
area. April-May.
25. HESPERIS, L.
Erect herbs with simple leaves and large clusters of purple or white
flowers. Pods (siliques), slender, linear, cylindric. Petals purple.
H. matronalis, L. (Fig. 2, pl, 57). Rocker. DAMer’s VioLeT. Stem 2
to 3 ft. high. Leaves lance-shaped, borders wavy. Flowers purple, each
nearly an inch broad. The Rocket of the gardens, naturalized in places.
Famity III].—CAPPARIDACEAE. Carrer FamiIty
The characteristics of this family are much the same as those
of the Crucifers. So nearly related are these two families that
it is not, in the case of every species, easy to distinguish the one
family from the other. An important difference is, however,
found in the fact that while in the flowers of the Crucifers there
are four long and two shorter stamens, in the Caper family the
stamens are equal or nearly so. The number of stamens in our
species is 6 as in the Crucifers, or more than six .
MUSTARD FAMILY 289
PLATE 57
1. Stenophragma Thaliana. 2. Hesperis matronalis
difolia. 4 Arabis laevigata. 5. A.
graveolens. 8. Cardamine hirsuta. 9. Cleome spinosa.
. 3. Cardamine belli-
virginica, 6. A. glabra. 7. Polanisia
290 RESEDACEAE
1. CLEOME, L.
Herbs or shrubs. Leaves compound, leaflets radiating, 3- or 7-foliate.
Calyx of 4 sepals; stamens 6, equal. Seed-pod elongated, like the silique
of mustard, many seeded.
C. spinosa, L. (Fig. 9, pl. 57.) Spiper Frowrer. Plant 2 to 4 ft.
high, erect. Stem and leaves furnished with soft hairs. Leaves divided
into 7 leaflets radiating from the common center. Lower leaves with
rather long leaf-stalks, upper with short leaf-stalks or none. Leaflets
lance-shaped. Above, the leaves become simple, not divided into leaflets,
egg-shaped or heart-shaped at base. Flowers of 4 purple or whitish
petals, each with a long, slender claw. The flower is about an in, broad.
The stamens are two or three times as long as the petals. Seed-pod 2 to
6 in. long. In the southern part of our area, New York and New Jersey.
2. POLANISIA, Raf.
Herbs with a disagreeable odor. Leaves divided into 3 radiating leaf-
lets. Flowers in clusters, small, white or yellowish. Stamens 9 to 12.
Pod cylindrie.
P. graveolens, Raf. (Fig. 7, pl. 57.) Ciammy Weep. Branching,
3 to 14 ft. high. Leaves 3-foliate (clover-formed); leaflets oblong,
obtuse, without teeth or notches. Flowers in terminal clusters, yellow-
ish-white. Stamens about 11. Pod 1 to 2 in. long. Sandy shores, our
area and southward. June-Aug.
Famity IV.—RESEDACEAE. MicNonertTe FAMILY
Annual or perennial herbs with unsymmetrical flowers, intro-
duced from Europe and only found growing wild in our region
in certain localities where the species have become naturalized in
waste places near sea-ports. Leaves alternate, either simple or
compound, feather-formed. Flowers in spikes; calyx of 4 to 7
parts and corolla of about as many. Stamens, in our species, 3.
RESEDA, L.
Characters as above.
Leaves entire . Bil fs she: el mha) fay’. Sea 5T ea, 0 eRe
Leaves compound (feather- Yormed).
etals greenish-yellow . Suet Tne eR MIAME ig cise,
Petals white! cove se: eh ce Ve ha ee Cen ie en eR
1. R. Luteola, L. (Fig. 7, pl. 58.) Dyrr’s Rocker, Yrertow WEEp.
Calyx and corolla each of 4 divisions, unequal. Plant 1 to 24 ft. high.
Leaves long, lance-shaped, often with shallow or even rather deep lobes,
especially of lower leaves, upper leaves generally with entire edges. Seed
capsule rounded. Introduced. In waste places on Long Island and
elsewhere.
2. R. lutea, L. Yertow Cur-reavep Mianonetrr. Plant erect or de-
cumbent. Leaves feather-formed, the divisions sometimes rather irregular, .
PITCHER PLANT FAMILY 291
often secondarily divided. Plant hairy, Calyx and corolla each 6-parted,
irregularly divided. Petals quite small, greenish-yellow. Introduced.
In waste places, in southern part of our area.
3. R. alba, L. Waite Curt-Leavep Micnonerre. Calyx and corolla
of 5 divisions each, petals with about 4 teeth, white. Plant smooth, 1 to
3 ft. high. Introduced in widely separated localities.
Order V-Z=SARRACENIALES. Order of Pitcher Plants
Insectivorous plants which secrete a viscid substance attractive
to insects and which aids in their capture. The leaves are all
basal and from the midst of this basal cluster of leaves arises a
slender flower stem bearing one or several nodding flowers. There
are 4 or 5 calyx. divisions arising below the ovary and 5 petals.
Stamens numerous. Fruit a capsule 3- to 5-celled.
Famity I.— SARRACENIACEAE. Pircurer Puanr Faminy
Characters those of the order, but all leaves are hollow, pitcher-
formed or trumpet-shaped.
1. SARRACENIA, L.
Perennial herbs growing in bogs. Leaves all at the base, hollow or
pitcher-shaped, with a wing at one side. Flowers solitary on a tall scape,
nodding; calyx of 5 sepals with 3 small bracts at base. Petals 5. The
extremity of the pistil spreads out as a broad shield-like plate covering
the ovary. Its 5 rays terminate below and constitute as many stigmas.
Fruit a capsule of 5 cells.
S. purpurea, L. (Fig. 5, pl. 58.) PrtcHerR PLantT. SimpE-sADDLE
FLower. This, the only species in our region, is one of the most curious
of our plants. It is found in peat bogs where it often grows in con-
siderable beds. The hollow leaves entice insects within their recesses
where, owing to the stiff hairs pointing downward and the viscid se-
cretions, may of the prisoners die. It is supposed that the juice from the
insects contribute toward the nutrition of the plant. The flower stem
is from 15 to 20 in. high. Flowers purple and yellow. Blooms in June.
Famity II.—DROSERACEAE. Sunpew Famity
Delicate herbs growing in mossy bogs. Leaves mostly in a
basal whorl covered, especially at the edges, with glandular hairs
and in the center with a viscid exudation. Flowers on a slender
scape, nodding, with 4 or 5 sepals and 5 petals. Stamens 4 to
numerous; pistils 3 to 5; ovary globose with the calyx attached
at. base.
292 DROSERACEAE
DROSERA, L.
Bog herbs with the characters of the Family as above.
Leaf blades round, fully as broad as long . - © © « D. rotundtfolia
Leaf blades spatula-formed, rounded at apex . - « « OD. intermedia
Leaf blades linear, but broader than the leaf-stalk . - « OD. longifolia
Leaf blades thread-like, not broader than the leaf-stalk - « D. fhformis
l. D. rotundifolia, L. (Fig. 1, pl. 58.) RouNnp-LEAVED SUNDEW.
Plants 4 to 10 in. high. Leaves nearly orbicular, depressed at center,
which is occupied by a viscid exudation, Leaf-stem and edges of leaves
thick set with glandular hairs. Flowers 4 to 12 ona slender scape with
quite short flower stems, white, about 1/6 in. broad. In swamps, through-
out our area. July-Aug.
2. D. intermedia, Hayne. (Fig. 2, pl. 58.) SPATULATE-LEAVED SUN-
DEW. Similar to No. I, but leaves are elongated, spatulate, rounded at
apex and narrowed at base. The plant is usually smaller than No. 1
and the color of leaves darker. Less common than No. 1, growing in
similar situations. July-August.
3. D. longifolia, L. (Fig. 3, pl. 58.) OBLoNG-LEAVED SUNDEW. Re-
sembles No. 2, but leaves are still more elongated, and while in Nos.
1 and 2 the leaves lie flat upon the surrounding moss or mud, in this
species the leaves are more nearly erect. Whole plant more delicate than
either of the preceding species. In bogs, less common than No. 1, bloom-
ing at about the same time.
4. D. filiformis, Raf. (Fig. 4, pl. 58.) THREAD-LEAVED SUNDEW.
Leaves narrowly linear, from 5 to 15 in. long, covered throughout with
hairs. Flower scape 8 to 20 in. high with a number of purple flowers
which are from 1/3 to 1 in. broad. Sand, near the eastern coast. July-
September.
Order VI—ROSALES. Order of the Rose Alliance
This large order unites within itself plants of widely divergent
habits and appearance. They include trees, shrubs and _ herbs.
Mostly they are land plants, but a few find their homes in swamps
and one, in our region, Podostemon, is an entirely submersed
aquatic.
The characteristics which join this greatly varied group into
an order are:
Ist. The presence of both sepals and petals, the latter of which
are distinct, that is, they are not united by their edges as they
are in such flowers as the blue-bell or morning glory, but are
separate as in the single rose. The sepals of the calyx are to
some extent confluent, but always show at least a partial division.
To this general law of characterization there are exceptions:
PITCHER PLANT FAMILY 293
4 PANS 7
ey sf
Wy hy DAW LRN 4
“3 ne \ S
an a
PLATE 58
1. Drosera rotundifolia. 2. D. intermedia. 3. D. longifolia. 4, D. fili-
formis. 5, Sarracenia purpurea. 6. Sedum acre. 7. Reseda Luteola. 8. Se-
dum ternatum. 9. Penthorum sedoides,
294 ROSALES
for example, the Podostemon has neither sepals nor petals, the
style and double stamen being partly surrounded at base by a
small spathe. In Liquidambar the pistillate flower has a small
confluent calyx but no corolla, and from the staminate flower
both calyx and corolla are absent. In Sanguisorba the petals,
and in Xanthoxylum the sepals are wanting.
2nd. The carpels (seed caskets), are solitary or several may be
united in one or collected in a group.
3d. The stamens do not, with very few exceptions, arise from a
ring just at the base of the ovary, but spring from the calyx or
around the summit of the ovary.
4th. Except Podostemon, which is a submersed aquatic, all are
land plants, though a few are found growing in mud or in
swamps.
5th. In the great majority of species of this order the stamens
and pistils are found in the same flower. In exceptional cases
the stamens and pistils occupy different flowers. Examples:
Hamamelis, Iiquidambar and Platanus. |
FAMILIES OF THE ORDER ROSALES
Submersed aquatic plant . . . . . . PODOSTEMACEAE
Trees, shrubs and herbs, land plants.
Fruit a simple or compound dry capsule.
. Stamens less than 20
Fleshy or succulent herbs, leaves without stipules;
ovaries as many as the divisions of the calyx. Sta-
mens inserted on the calyx . . CRASSULACEAE
Herbs or trees, not fleshy, ovaries 2, fewer than the
divisions of the calyx. Stamens inserted on the
Calpe Reh cite kk tee ON SAXIFRAGACEAE
Fruit a one-celled globular berry . GROSSULARIACEAE
Fruit contained in a rounded woody capsule.
Shrub with alternate undivided leaves, with flowers
appearing in late summer or in autumn, petals 4,
long, strap-like sepals 4. . HAMAMELIDACEAE
RIVER WEED FAMILY 295
Fruit a rounded bur-like head.
Tree with broad leaves and with fruit in globular
heads hanging by long peduncles. Stamens and
pistils in different flowers. Flowers without sepals
or with minute ones. . . . . PLATANACEAE
Fruit a legume, that is, a pod formed like that of a pea.
Flowers slightly irregular, but not in form of a pea
blossom. Stamen filaments united generally in 2
GLOUPEee so 2 ae as +, 2 CARSALPINACKAT
Flowers quite irregular, papilionaceous—having the
general shape of a pea blossom PAPILIONACEAE
Stamens more than 20
Stamens all free.
Fruit, follicles or achenes, 1. e., dry one-celled seed vessels with
several seeds, or a dry vessel with a single seed ROSACEAE
Fruit a drupe, v. ¢., like a plum or cherry, with a fleshy exte-
rior and woody stone within. . . . . . DRUPACEAE
Fruit a pome, 1. e., a fleshy fruit like the apple or pear
POMACEAE
(In the Hawthorns, Mountain Ash and Shad-berry the fruit
is small and less fleshy than the pear and apple.)
Famity I.—PODOSTEMACEAE. River Weep FaAmity
Only a single species in our region. A fresh water submersed
plant with the general appearance of the Naiads. ‘The leaves are
thread-formed, much divided. Flowers without perianth except
a small spathe-like envelope at base of the very simple flower
which consists of the ovary and of a rather long stamen filament
dividing toward the top into two stamens.
PODOSTEMON, Michx.
Characters as above.
1. P. ceratophyllum, Michx. (Fig. 1, pl, 59.) River WEED, THREAD
Foot. Plant submersed, dark green with thread-like leaves forming
dense fascicles. Flowers very small, inconspicuous, at axils of leaf
branches. In shallow streams, northern New York and _ southward
throughout the range. July-Sept.
296 CRASSULACEAE
Famity II.—CRASSULACEAE. OrpinrE FAmMILy
Fleshy or succulent herbs with alternate leaves and regular
flowers in terminal spreading clusters (cymes). Stipules none.
Calyx of 4 or 5 sepals. Petals equalling the number of sepals.
Stamens equal in number to petals or double the number, gen-
erally the latter. Seed caskets (carpels) opposite the petals and
of the same number. Fruit, dry seed caskets with several seeds
in each casket or follicle.
Minute herbs, stamens equal to number of sepals . . Tillaea
Very fleshy herbs; twice as many stamens as sepals. Leaves
emall, scale-like’ 2- 5 «..%, «© 96 (&! @> oes Ss. ee
Plant not very fleshy, leaves conspicuous, on leaf stalk.
Flowers in forked terminal clusters (cymes). Petals
usuallywanting .° . . s «sv 4) 2° 6 semen
1. TILLAEA, L.
Very small smooth plant growing in mud. Leaves opposite, Flowers
very small, one in a leaf axil. Petals 3 to 5. Calyx of 3 to 5 sepals.
Stamens 3 to 5.
T. aquatica, L. (Fig. 5, pl. 59.) Picmy Weep. Stem 3 to 3 in.
high. Leaves linear, opposite. In the axes of the leaves appear the small
rounded bud or flower, having calyx lobes, petals and carpels, each 4.
The petals are greenish. Muddy banks and streams, mostly near sea
coast. July-Sept.
2. SEDUM, L.
Smooth fleshy plants, generally escapes from gardens, Leaves alter-
nate. Flowers with stamens and pistils. Stamens twice as many as
the petals. Flowers generally in 5’s, exceptionally 4-parted. Stamens
8 or 10.
Flowers with 4 petals and 8 stamens.
Stamens and pistils on different plants . . . « +» « « « Ss roseum
Flowers with 5 petals and io stamens.
Stamens and pistils in the same flower.
Petals purple or white.
Leaves broad and flat, 1 to 2 in. long - . . S. purpureum
Leaves less than an inch long.
Flowers “white i . .« « © «© © «© o! «| «Ws peeGnnrnnuyE
Flowers pink = «5 «(% « « « -« %\\«. “VAS Bleghsouies
Flowers yellow.
Plant ‘z to 3 ins thigh « «) « «© «| w ‘| |e) ean
Plant) § to 15, in. high)». « « «) © «© «Ss enemure
1. §S. roseum, (L.) Scop. (Fig. 7, pl. 59.) Rosewort. Stems 5
to 10 in. high. Leaves oval without leaf-stalks, toothed, overlying each
other. Cluster of leaves terminal, dense, greenish-yellow, turning purple.
A northern species rare in our region, but extending into Maine and
further south.
2. §. purpureum, ‘Tausch. (Fig. 2, pl. 59. GaArpeNn Live-For-EveER,
ORPINE FAMILY 297
(S. Telephium, Gray.) Stems 1 to 2 ft. high. Leaves broad egg-shaped,
without leaf-stalks. Less densely crowded than No. 1. Plant light green.
Flowers purple. Escaped from gardens.
3. §. telephioides, Michx. AmerRICAN OrPINE. Similar to No. 1,
but more slender, Flowers pink; petals twice as long as sepals. Southern
Penna., and southward.
4. S. acre, L. (Fig. 6, pl. 58.) Mossy Sronecrop. Growing in
dense mossy tufts. Plant 1 to 3 in. high, with bright yellow blossoms.
Leaves short, thick, egg-shaped, about 1/12 in. long. Escaped from
gardens.
5. §. reflexum, L. (Fig. 6, pl. 59.) Crookep YeLLow SToNEcROoP.
Plant 8 to 15 in. high. Leaves lance-formed, crowded on the stem, } to
2 in. long. Flowers yellow in broadly spreading cluster. Escaped from
gardens. Rare.
6. §. ternatum, Michx. (Fig. 8, pl. 58.) Witp STonecror. Grow-
ing in mossy tufts. Stems 3 to 8 in. high. Leaves in verticles of 3 or
opposite in pairs, 4 to 1 in. long. Flower cluster of about 3 spreading
branches, thickly studded with purplish or white flowers. Rocky woods
in southern part of our region. April-June.
PENTHORUM, L.
Erect, only slightly succulent. Herbs with alternate leaves with foot-
stalks. Petals generally absent, when present 5. Calyx of 5 sepals,
stamens 10, carpels 5, united to the middle. Flowers in spreading clus-
ters, the branches one-sided and drooping (cymose).
P. sedoides, L. (Fig. 9, pl. 58.) DircH Sronrcrop. Leaves lance-
shaped, pointed at each end, with foot-stalks 4 to } in. long, finely
notched at borders. Wet places, borders of ponds, etc. July-October.
Faminty III.—SAXIFRAGACEAE. Saxirrace Famity
In our region nearly all small herbs; perennial. Leaves mostly
alternate or in whorls about the base; less frequently opposite.
Flowers with both stamens and pistils. Sepals 5, generally
free, but sometimes adherent to the ovary. Petals 5, rarely want-
ing. Stamens 10 in all our species. Styles 2, terminating below
in a two-celled capsule or a many-seeded casket, opening at the
side or, rarely, in a berry.
Herbs
Flowers in clusters or solitary and purple.
Petals with undivided borders.
Styles 2, ovary of 2 lobes, parted about half way up
Se ee te, | Pr ha! cn otk Oe ht SARL aey
Styles 2, ovary of 1 lobe.
meee riamreniea NO 62 ges wie lien Wein nent. <2 og Tiarella
Sigmenc. Oe tay FN.) ep. Benehera
298 SAXIFRAGACEAE
Petals: fringed. at ‘bortlersy iis Avyha Fes
Petals mostly absent. Plant aquatic . Chrysosplenium
Flowers not in clusters, white; scape bearing a single star-
shaped) flower) 2)... s/h ae PUR ee 0 2
Leaves opposite 2.) 40% 50s 30%) “oe eee
Leaves: ‘alternate: ... Sos 4s). ace (SY ok eR ee
1, SAXIFRAGA, L.
Herbs, perennial; leaves mostly basal, less frequently opposite and
scattered along the stem. Stipules none. In all of our species borders of
leaves furnished with sharp teeth. Flowers generally in loose, or crowded,
terminal clusters. Petals 5, sepals 5, stamens 10, inserted with the
petals. Ovary, generally superior to the calyx, 2-lobed above, joining
below.
Flowers purple, leaves opposite, over-lapping . .« « « « « « S. oppositifolia
Flowers yellow, or yellowish-green.
Leaves altemnate) alone. the: estemy va) 6 oh ene) yeh Ue) lee
Leaves mostly in a rosette at base.
Leaves) mostly Jess thanjan “ins Jong) 2 << 3 « « ») «) eubaneoom
Leaves more than 3 in. long . . « ce « « « Ss pennsyluanica
Flowers white.
« ©, Ss (aigonles
eaves (trilobates tsi te ey ol es) el | sh Vell ell eens) Se Remar
Leaves 5 to 12 in. long, less than 3} as broad . . . S. micranthidifolia
Leaves 1 to 3 in. long, about 4 as broad. . . S. virginiensis
Leaves usually less than an in. long, narrow, with toothed apex S. stellaris
l. S. oppositifolia, L. PurrLe, ok MounrTaAIN SAXxIFRAGE. Stems in
tufts, 6 to 8 in. long, creeping. Leaves crowded, overlapping, opposite,
small rather fleshy 1/12 to 1/6 in. long, oval. Flowers solitary, light
purple, showy, petals 5-veined. Wet rocks, Mt. Mansfield and Willoughby
Mountain, Vt., and further north.
2. §. aizoides, L. (Fig. 4, pl. 59.) Ye~ttow Mountain SAXIFRAGE.
Stems branched, in tufts, 2 to 6 in. high. Leaves scattered along the
flowering stem, linear, rather thick and fleshy; 1/3 to 2/3 in. long, with
occasional stiff hairs along the margin. Flowers yellow, conspicuous.
In the same location as No. 1.
3. §. rivularis, L. (Fig. 8, pl. 59.) Atprne Brook SAxrFraAGE. In
dense tufts, stems creeping, rooting at leaf nodes. Lower leaves kidney-
shaped with 3 to 5 deep lobes, upper leaves oval or lance-shaped. Flowers
few (1 to 5), white, + in. broad. Calyx lobes nearly as long as the
petals. Ovary with two widely diverging tips. Summits of White
Mountains and north.
4. §. Aizoon, Jacq. (Fig. 3, pl. 59.) Liverone Saxirrace, Stems
viscid, hairy, 6 to 10 in. high; leaves in a dense basal rosette, spatula-
shaped, with sharp white firm teeth at borders. A few small leaves along
the stem. Flowers in a spreading cluster, white with yellowish spots, about
} in, broad. Petals twice as long as sepals. Dry rocks, Mt. Mansfield,
Vt., and northward.
5. §. virginiensis, Michx. (Tig. 2, pl. 60.) Earty Saxrrrace. Stems
viscid, growing in tufts on wet rocks and moist places. Leaves mostly
at base in a rather dense rosette, egg-shaped with blunt teeth at borders.
bo
ve)
oO
SAXIFRAGE FAMILY
=
.
DATOS £
ve PL 5 a
ans a, Jes P
LE gin
PLATE 59
1. Podostemon ceratophyllum. 2, Sedum purpureum. 3. Saxifraga Ai-
zoon. 4. §. aizoides. 5. Tillaea aquatica. 6. Sedum reflexum. 7 S. roseum.
8. Saxifraga rivularis. 9. Chrysosplenium americanum. 10. Parnasia caro-
liniana. 11. Hydrangea arborescens. in fruit.
300 SAXIFRAGACEAE
Stem 4 to 12 in. high. Leaves 1 to 3 in. long, tapering at base to a
long leaf-stalk. Flowers white. Early spring, March to May.
6. §. micranthidifolia, (Haw.) BSP. Lerruce Saxirrace. Flower
scape somewhat viscid, 1 to 3 ft. high. Flowers small, white in a loose
pyramidal cluster. Leaves inversely lance-shaped or oval, from a few
in. to 1 ft. long. Coarsely toothed at margins. Bethlehem, Pa., and
southward. May-June.
7. §S. pennsylvanica, L. Tati orm Swamp Saxirrace. Plant 1 to 34
ft. high. Leaves mostly basal, broad lance-shaped, 5 to 8 in. long by
1 to 2 in. broad, tapering at base to short leaf stalk, borders toothed.
Flowers yellowish-green on tall scape with a few small leaves or none.
In wet places in all our range. May.
8. §. stellaris, L. Fortose SaxirraAce. (8S. comosa, Britton.) Slen-
der plant 2 to 6 in. high, with a rosette of lance-shaped leaves, broadest
at apex with about 3 teeth. Flowers few, white, some of them replaced
by small tufts of leaves. Mt. Katahdin, Maine, and northward. Summer.
2. TIARELLA, L.
Herbs, similar in many respects to Saaxifraga. There are, however, at
the base of the leaf-stalks, small stipules, and the ovary, which is 2-lobed
in Sawxifraga, has but a single lobe in Tiarella which is divided into 2
unequal valves. Leaves nearly all basal on long leaf-stalks, broadly
rounded and deeply 3-lobed to several lobed.
T. cordifolia, L. (Fig. 1, pl. 60.) CooLwort. Fase MITERWoRT.
Leaves basal, rounded, deeply 3- to 7-lobed. Flower scape 6 to 12 in.
high, with a long narrow cluster of about a dozen white flowers. Calyx
bell-shaped of 5 sepals; petals slightly longer than sepals. In moist
woods in early spring, throughout our range.
3. HEUCHERA, L.
Perennial herbs with rounded, heart-shaped leaves, principally from the
root. When leaves are found on the stem they are alternate. Calyx
bell-shaped, 5-cleft, the tube adhering to the ovary. Petals small, often
shorter than the sepals. Stamens 5; styles 2, slender; capsule 1-celled.
1. H. americana, L. (Fig. 5, pl. 60.) Atum Roor. Stem 2 to 3
ft. high, stout, hairy. Leaves all or nearly all from the base, on long
leaf-stalks, round or roundish with 5 to 9 rounded lobes and with blunt
teeth; the veinlets radiating from the stem insertion. Calyx broadly
bell-shaped; petals very small, greenish. Stamens extending much _be-
yond the calyx and petals. Dry woods, Conn., and southward. May-
August.
2. H. pubescens, Pursh. Downy Heucnrera. Plant much like the
preceding, more decidedly downy, the lobes of the leaves deeper. Petals
exceeding the calyx lobes, purplish. Stamens scarcely longer than the
petals, Mountains of Pennsylvania and southward. May-June.
¢
4. MITELLA, L.
Herbs with the general character of Saxifrage. Leaves mostly basal
but, in our species, the flower scape has, near the center, a pair of broad
SAXIFRAGE FAMILY 301
PLATE 60
1. Tiarella cordifolia. 2, Saxifraga virginiensis. 3. Mitella nuda. 4. M.
diphylla. 5. Heuchera americana.
302 SAXIFRAGACEAE
leaves (one or even both wanting in M. nuda). Petals fringed. Ovary
l-lobed, 1-valved.
1. M. diphylla, L. (Fig. 4, pl. 60.) Two-LeEavep Bisnop’s Cap.
MirErwort. Basal leaves broadly heart-shaped. Flowering stem 10 to
18 in. high, with a pair of broad leaves less than half way up. Flowers
clustered along the upper part of the slender stem. Petals white, two
or three times longer than the sepals, beautifully fringed. In rich woods.
Early spring. In all our range.
2. M. nuda, L. (Fig. 3, pl. 60.) Nakrp BisHop’s Cap. MITERWORT.
Flowering stem 3 to 7 in. high. Leaves all basal or with one small leaf
half way up the stem; rounded, heart-shaped at base, hairy. The hairy
flower stem bears about half a dozen white flowers, the petals being more
deeply cut and delicately fringed than No. 1. In similar situations as
No. 1. Blooms in early spring and also again in autumn.
5. CHRYSOSPLENIUM, L.
Low, creeping, rather fleshy herbs, growing in wet places. Leaves, in
our species, opposite, without stipules. Flowers minute, greenish, spring-
ing in the axils of the leaves. Petals wanting. Stamens 8 to 10. Ovary
of 1 cell, separating above into 2 lobes. Lobes of the calyx, which are
the conspicuous elements of the flower, yellowish-green.
C. americanum, Schwein. (Fig. 9, pl. 59.) WATER CARPET. GOLDEN
SAXIFRAGE, Stems 3 to 8 in. long, creeping, branched, smooth and shin-
ing. Lower leaves opposite, round or broadly ovate, with shallow notches
in margin. Flowers yellowish or purplish. In wet places, not common.
In the central part of our region. From the northern to southern part
of our area, Early spring.
6. PARNASSIA, L.
Smooth herbs, with basal leaves on long leaf stalks and with slender
flower stems bearing a single leaf near the middle. Leaves with 5 end-
to-end veins. Stem with a single terminal conspicuous white flower.
Ovary 1-lobed, 1-celled with short styles or none. Stamens 10 or more,
5 of which are fertile, the others without anthers.
P. caroliniana, Michx. (Fig. 10, pl. 59.) GRAss-or-PARNASSUS.
Flowering scape 8 to 24 in. high, with a broad heart-shaped leaf clasping
below the middle. Basal leaves on long slender leaf-stalks, somewhat
heart-shaped at base and decurrent on the leaf-stalk, 1 to 2 in. long,
nearly as wide. Flower white with several greenish veins 2/3 to 14 in.
in diameter; calyx segments 1/3 as long as petals, light green. In
swamps, brook-sides and wet meadows, throughout our area. June-
September.
7. HYDRANGEA, L.
Our species a shrub with opposite egg-shaped leaves and terminal
clusters of flowers. Leaves without stipules. The exterior flowers of the
spreading cluster are often sterile and without petals, but with large
and conspicuous calyx lobes. Calyx tube of fertile flowers hemispheric
with 8 or 10 ribs. Stamens 8 to 10. Petals generally 5, sometimes 4.
Ovary 2- to 4-lobed with 2 diverging styles. External to the ovary are
10 to 12 vertical ribs.
GOOSEBERRY FAMILY 303
H. arborescens, L. (Fig. 11, pl. 59.) Witp Hypranera. Shrub 2
to 10 ft. high. Leaves smooth, young twigs somewhat hairy. Leaves
ovate, sharp pointed with leaf-stalks about 1/6 as long as the leaves.
Flowers in a rounded, spreading cluster. Along streams, New York and
New Jersey and southward.
8. ITEA, L.
Shrub with alternate leaves. Flowers small, white, in narrow elongated
cluster. Calyx tube rounded. Sepals 5. Petals 5, much longer than
sepals. Stamens 5. Fruit capsule oblong, 2-lobed, spreading above into
two slightly diverging styles.
I. virginica, L. (Fig. 1, pl. 61.) Virernra Wittow. Shrub 4 to 10
ft. high. Leaves oblong, pointed with small serrations at borders, Wet
places in southern part of our area, New Jersey and Pennsylvania. May-
June.
Famity IV.—GROSSULARIACEAE. GoosEBERRY FAMILY
This family contains only the single genus, Ribes, gooseberries.
The species are all shrubs with alternate leaves which are, how-
ever, often in groups or fascicles. The leaves are broad and
generally deeply cut by sinuses which divide the blade into 3 or
4 lobes. At the base of the leaf stem are two small stipules. The
stems are, in some species, armed with sharp spines just below the
leaf axils, in other species the spines or sharp bristles are dis-
persed along the stem, while in some the stems are entirely desti-
tute of spines or of bristles. The flowers are, in some species,
solitary or in groups of 2 to 4, while in others they are numerous,
arranged along a main flower stem in a long slender cluster
(raceme). At the base of each small foot-stalk for the flower is
a small bract. The calyx has 4 or 5 sepals, sometimes colored;
petals 4 or 5, generally 5, inserted into the throat of the calyx;
they are small, usually less than the sepals. There are 5 stamens
and 3 styles which unite at base into a one-celled ovary. The
fruit is a berry containing several seeds.
RIBES, L
The only genus. The characters are those of the family.
Flowers few (1 to 4), in the leaf axils.
Berries covered with long bristles... . . « =. » « « kK. Cynosbats
Berries smooth or with few bristles.
Spines below the leaf clusters, slender and generally single, some-
times wanting.
Stamens not longer than the lobes of the calyx R. oxyacanthoides
Stamens longer than the lobes of the calyx R. rotundifolium
Spines at leaf axils stout, Henally. 3 (gether, peepee not bristly
. Grossularia
4
Flowers in long slender pendulous clusters.
Spines below leaf clusters, and bristles dispersed along stem RK. Jacustre
Spines absent.
Branches prostrate or spreading . . . . . R. prostratum
Branches erect. '
Calyx bell-shaped, fruit black . . . . . R. floridum
Calyx) cylindric) fruit red: - = «= « «. K: wulgare
304 HAMAMELIDACEAE
1. R. Cynosbati, L. (Fig. 2, pl. 61.) Wuitp Goosrprrry. Shrub;
branches with prickles at base of leaf clusters; leaves about 5-lobed;
flowers 1 to 3 at the leaf axils, succeeded by rather large ovate berries
with many rather long bristle-like prickles. Rocky woods, throughout
our area, April-June.
2. R. oxyacanthoides, L. (Fig. 3, pl. 61.) HAwtTHorn Gooseperry.
NoRTHERN GOOSEBERRY. Prickles at base of leaf groups, solitary or none;
bristles on stem dispersed or absent. Leaves deeply 5-lobed. Stamens
not longer than sepals. Berry smooth, reddish-purple or red. Through-
out all but the most southern part of our area.
3. R. rotundifolium, Michx. Eastern Witp Gooseperry. Similar
to No. 2, but stamens are distinctly longer than the long segments of the
calyx. Berry smooth. Rocky woods, in eastern border of our region.
May-July.
4. R. Grossularia, L. Garpen Goosreperry. (R. Uva-crispa, L.).
Three stout spines at base of leaf cluster. Leaves 3-lobed. Berry large,
smooth or with a few weak bristles: Escaped from gardens, along
roadsides,
5. R. lacustre, (Pers.) Poir. (Fig. 7, pl. 61.) Swamp GoosEBERRY.
Stem covered with prickles. Spines below leaf clusters several, generally
2 below each leaf cluster. Leaves deeply incised, the lobes angular, toothed.
Flowers 10 to 20, arranged in a pendulous cluster along a main flower
stalk, green. Fruit covered with long prickles. Disagreeable to taste.
In swampy places. May-June.
6. R. prostratum, L’Her. (Fig. 4, pl. 61.) Ferm Cusrant.
Branches prostrate or widely spreading. Stems without spines or prickles.
Leaf stems long and slender. Leaves 3- to 5-lobed. Flowers 10 to 20,
small, green. Fruit red, about the size of the garden currant and re-
sembling it, but covered with bristles. Taste disagreeable. On moun-
tains and in wet places. May-June.
7. R. floridum, L’Her. (Fig. 6, pl. 61.) Witp Biack CURRANT.
Branches erect, without prickles or spines; leaves 3- to 5-lobed, somewhat
dotted below. Flowers numerous, in pendulous clusters, the calyx cylin-
dric, bracts exceeding the length of the flower pedicels. Fruit black,
smooth, insipid. In woods, rather common. April-May.
8. R. vulgare, Lam. (Fig. 5, pl. 61.) Rep Currant. The garden
currant, sometimes growing wild. Fruit red, pleasantly acid.
Famity V.—HAMAMELIDACEAE. Witcn HazreLt FAMILY
In our region, a small tree or shrub, with alternate broad leaves
and with clusters of yellow flowers on the newer branches in the
late summer or autumn. Calyx small, greenish, of 4 sepals rolled
backward, corolla of 4 elongated strap-shaped yellow petals. Sta-
mens 4 or more. Fruit a 2-celled woody capsule.
1. HAMAMELIS, L.
Tall shrubs or small trees. The genus is sufficiently described under
our only species, below.
GOOSEBERRY FAMILY 305
PLATE 61
1. Itea virginica. 2. Ribes Cynosbati. 3. R. oxyacanthoides. 4. R, pros-
tratum. 5. R. vulgare. 6 R. floridum. 7. R. lacustre. 8. Platanus occiden-
talis. 9. Liquidambar Styraciflua. 10. Hamamelis virginiana,
306 PLATAN ACEAE
H. virginiana, L. (Fig. 10, pl. 61.) Witcn Hazer. Shrub or small
tree. Leaves on short leaf-stalks, broadly oval, somewhat heart-shaped
and unequal at base, covered, at least when young, with soft hairs; bor-
ders with rounded teeth. Flowers in clusters of several, making tufts
of yellow, the long narrow petals appearing like threads of yellow in
the tuft. They appear, as the leaves fall or earlier, at the axis of the
coming leaves. An interesting shrub in damp woods. Blooms Aug.-Dec.
2. LIQUIDAMBAR, L.
In our region, a tree with broad 5-fingered or 5-lobed leaves. Stamens
and pistils in different flowers which are in different groups on the same
tree. Stamens in staminate flowers numerous, calyx and corolla absent.
Pistillate flowers have a small calyx the sepals of which are confluent.
Petals none.
L. Styraciflua, L. (Fig. 9, pl. 61.) Swrer Gum. ALLIcATOR TREE.
A forest tree 60 ft. or more high. Trunk covered by deeply furrowed
bark, Leaves broader than long, divided into 5 deep, sharp pointed,
lobes. Fruit in a compact pendulous ball consisting of numerous cap-
sules each with 1 or 2 seeds. Connecticut, southern New York and
southward.
Famity VI.—PLATANACEAE. PLANE TREE FAMILY
Large tree with broad, lobed leaves and sheathing stipules,
bark falling in large scales. Stamens and pistils in different
groups of flowers on same tree; clusters of fertile flowers forming
at length a globose mass of capsules with many bristly projecting
points. Sterile flowers also in spherical masses which hang from a
thin pendulous stem, the globular masses forming at intervals.
The individual flowers have an insignificant calyx and corolla and
few stamens. Fruit a nutlet.
PLATANUS, L.
Characters of the family.
P. occidentalis, L. (Fig. 8, pl. 61.) Burron Woop. SycAMorRE.
Our largest tree, 80 to 130 ft. high. Bark falling in thin plates, exposing
the grayish-white new bark beneath. Leaves orbicular, angularly lobed,
points of lobes sharp. Heads of flowers hanging on long peduncles. Wet
woods and along streams. May.
Famity VII.— ROSACEAE. Rost FAMILY
A large family consisting of herbs, shrubs and trees. In all our
species the leaves, which are simple or compound, are alternate
and the flowers are all regular and contain both stamens and
pistils. In most species the leaves are subtended by stipules,
often quite conspicuous. Calyx of 5 sepals either free or attached
to the ovary. Petals 5, or, in a few cases, none. Stamens usually
ROSE FAMILY 307
numerous (more than 10). Seed carpels one to many, distinct,
ripening into one-seeded or several-seeded hard dry fruit.
Shrubs
Stamens numerous.
Ovaries naked, 1. e., not completely surrounded by the
calyx.
Leaves simple, not deeply lobed . . . . Spiraea
Leaves deeply 3-lobed (rarely 5-lobed). Flowers in
dense spherical cluster . . . . . Physocarpus
Leaves mostly trifoliate, rarely 5-foliate; flowers in
loose clusters’ ‘or ‘solitary =. ... |. . . Rubus
Ovaries enclosed in tube of calyx but free from it.
Leaves pinnate (1. e., leaflets arranged in pairs along
the central leaf stem except the terminal leaflet) Rosa
Peimenay omy yt Mf) a a Sippaldra
Herbs
Flowers green in rather dense heads . . . . Alchemilla
Flowers not green, not in dense heads or spikes.
Leaves not basal, nearly orbicular, not lobed, except at
eee Se Soe fe ee rok annie Bee) gab ara
Leaves all at base.
Flowers yellow
Bracts of calyx shorter than sepals . Waldsteinia
Bracts of calyx longer than the sepals . Duchesnea
Flowers white, plant sending out runners . Fragaria
Leaves along the stem as well as at base.
Flowers arranged in a long slender spike Agrimonia
Flowers in loose clusters or solitary.
Petals nearly as broad as long.
Fruit in a spongy receptacle . . Comarum
Fruit dry.
Carpels with tail-like appendages
Petals not more than 5. . Geum
Petals more than 5.. .,. . Dryas
Carpels without tail-like appendages
NC fees ents Potentilla
Carpels 2-ovuled; leaves pinnate
: : Filipendula
308 ROSACEAE
Petals 3 times as long as broad Gillenia
Flowers white in dense elongated heads or spikes;
flowers without petals . . . . . Sanguisorba
Flowers without petals, in slender spikes forming a
compound ‘cluster f. 3) #95 2 Jie, | ee
1. PHYSOCARPUS, Maxim.
Branching shrubs with alternate, broad, deeply lobed leaves. Flowers
in dense terminal rounded clusters, white. Calyx bell-shaped, with 5
sepals; petals 5, inserted in the throat of the calyx. Fruit 1 to 5 dry,
several seeded carpels inflated.
P. opulifolius, Maxim. (Fig. 2, pl. 62.) NineparK. (Opulaster
opulifolius, (L.) Kuntze. Spiraea opulifolia,, L.). A rare and beautiful
shrub, 3 to 10 ft. high. Leaves 1 to 2 in. long, roundish with 3 lobes
and notched borders. Bark loose, falling in strips. Stipules falling
early. Clusters of white flowers nearly spherical. River banks and
rocky hills of our region. June.
2. SPIRAEA, L.
Shrubs with alternate simple leaves without lobes. Sepals 5; petals
5; stamens 10 to 50. Fruit dry, several seeded carpels, 3 to 12. Flowers
in terminal clusters, white or rose color, not yellow.
Flowers in pyramidal cluster. hee
Twigs smooth, yellowish-brown; flowers white S. salicifolia
Twigs smooth, reddish-brown; flowers white or light pink . S. latifolia
Twigs hairy, flowers rose color 3. oe ey Sl stomentosn
Flowers in flattened cluster . . . : « 5 « os .cCOnvmbosn
l. §. salicifolia, L. (Fig. 1, pl. 62.) W1tLow-LEAvED Mrapow
Sweet. Erect shrub with smooth yellowish-brown twigs and elliptic, egg-
shaped or lance-shaped leaves on short leaf-stalks. Borders of. leaves
sharply toothed. Flowers in a pyramidal group, individual flowers 1/6
to 1/4 in. broad, white or pinkish-white. In moist grounds and on hill-
sides in southern section of our range. June-Aug.
2. §. latifolia, Borkh. Mrapow Sweet. Similar to No. 1, but twigs
are reddish or reddish-brown. Color of flowers as in No. 1. Common in
pastures, ete. June-Aug.
3. §. tomentosa. L. (Fig. 3, pl. 62.) Harpuack. STEEPLE BUSH.
Erect, slender shrub, generally with few or no branches. Stem covered
with soft hairs. Flowers in a tall conical cluster, purple or pink. In
old fields and pastures in our area. July-Sept.
4. §. corymbosa, Raf. Corympep Sprraga. Leaves broadly oval or
egg-shaped. Flowers in a spreading flattened cluster (corymb), white. |
Rocky places, New Jersey and south. May-June.
3. GILLENIA, Meench. (Porteranthus, Britton)
Erect herbs from a perennial root. Leaves 3-foliate with conspicous
stipules. Flowers white or pink with 5 long narrow petals inserted
into the throat of the calyx. Calyx tubular, of 5 sepals. Stamens 10
ROSE FAMILY 309
PLATE 62
1. Spiraea salicifolia. 2. Physocarpus opulifolius. 3.
4. Gillenia trifoliata, 5.
ratus,
Spiraea tomentosa.
G. stipulata. 6. Rubus Chamaemorus. 7. R. odo-
310 ROSACEAE
to 20, quite short. Seed carpels 5, united at base, each carpel with 2
to 4 seeds.
Stipules: linear, not lJeaf-like’(<:\).70 Anew fe’ fs rs, tive: Aten etretne Gr uneee eee
Stipules @ilarge, leaf-like!’ (5). 3 esa Be cc) ct roo) et net Gr
l. G. trifoliata, (L.) Moench. (Fig. 4, pl. 62.) Inpian Puysic.
BowMAn’s Roor. Plant 2 to 4 ft. high. Leaves 3-foliate; at the base,
where the leaflets unite at the stem, are 2 narrow lance-shaped stipules
without teeth. Flowers in loose terminal clusters, the ovary small, the
petals long, slender, spreading, white or pink. Pods reddish. Wood-
lands, southern part of our region, May-June.
2. G. stipulata, (Muhl.) Trel. (Fig. 5, pl. 62.) AmeErican IpEcac.
Resembles the last species, but at the base of the 3 leaflets, which have
a short leaf-stalk, is a pair of broad leaf-like stipules, giving the leaf
the appearance of having 5 leaflets. The stipules are toothed like the
leaflets. Flowers similar to No. 1, rose color. In the western part of
our region. June-July.
4. ARUNCUS, Adams
Herbs with flowers of two kinds, the staminate and pistillate on dif-
ferent plants, perennial. Flowers in long slender clusters (spikes) white,
the spikes forming a pyramidal compound cluster. Leaves compound,
doubly feather-formed. Stamens numerous; petals as many as the calyx
lobes, mostly 5; pistils usually 3. Seed casket (follicle), usually 2-seeded.
A. sylvester, Kosteletzky. Goar’s-BEarD. Stem erect, branched, 3 to
7 ft. high. Leaves doubly compound of 3 to many leaflets. Leaflets egg-
shaped, toothed, with or without leaf-stalks. Rich woods, mountains of
Penna., and south. May-July.
5. RUBUS, L.
Perennial shrubs, rarely herbs or trailing vines often armed with
prickles. Leaves mostly compound, usually of 3 or 5 leaflets, rarely of
more. Calyx 5-parted; corolla of 5 petals; stamens and pistils, each
numerous. Fruit a berry with many seeds, or an aggregation of small
drupes.
Leaves not consisting of several leaflets.
Flowers? purple 9 if). cova @ Wel we ie a eels, etl mete) Antenne OetreanS
Flowers white . . i a ees, eel cenehe| COME irae
Leaves consisting of 3 or more leaflets,
Fruit concave beneath and when ripe falling away from the dry receptacle.
Raspberries
Stem armed with prickles.
Fruit) dark) ‘purples 7") ys 5) ell cniinel) os tee eC eRe rerane
Prait light red’ od 8).ce> il ays ie awe ay he ae ee
Fruit dark red . sual. 6 pesueh elif: ve) eu tet eGR GrRiae
Stem not armed with prickles | eouren Bia tie tet cep \ "ie | at heh) Ctawea ny ene
Fruit not separating from the juicy receptacle.
Blackberries
Stems stout, erect or curved.
Stems 2 to 12 ft. high.
Lower surface of leaves covered with white down R. cuneifolius
Lower surface of leaves not white-downy.
Leaflets mostly in 3’s sc uel te cue jhe) eh witts, (POMBO SES
Leaflets mostly in 5’s.
Fruit cylindric . . . . . . . RK. alleghaniensis
Fruit oval or oblong . . . . « « AR, canadensis
Stems prostrate, mostly trailing.
ROSE FAMILY 311
Leaves generally of 5 leaflets, plant not Pailing:
Hairs tipped with glands ANH Senet ehbd es key SCLOSUS
Hairs. notieclandilarn, (va Wh) Osh Un) ul ceo iRes tericans:
Leaves generally of 3 leaflets.
Stems trailing.
Stemiibristly, iscarcely (prickly 92) jst.) 0) en «| ee easpidus
Stem prickly.
Leaflets somewhat downy beneath. Rounded or heart-shaped at
base . R. Baileyanus
Leaflets smooth, ‘both sides, not rounded or heart- shaped at base
villosus
(Many new species of ‘blackberries have recently been. proposed. Those described
below are established and recognized forms. Many of the others may be varieties
or hybrids.)
Raspberries
l. R. odoratus, L. (Fig. 7, pl. 62.) PURPLE-FLOWERING RASPBERRY.
An erect shrub, 3 to 5 ft. high, with broad 3- to 5-lobed leaves with small
stipules or none, and covered, especially along the veins of the lower side,
with hairs. At base the leaf is heart-shaped, often nearly or quite a
foot wide. Flowers in loose terminal clusters, each flower 1 to 2 in.
broad, purple, showy; calyx with a long slender appendage. Fruit red
when ripe, broad, thin and dish-shaped, sometimes called thimble berry
because the fruit fits over the end of the finger. Along the borders of
woods and in hedges. June-Aug.
2. R. Chamaemorus,L. (Fig. 6, pl. 62.) MounTAIN RASPBERRY.
CLOUDBERRY. Herbaceous, 3 to 10 in. high. Leaves rounded, 3- to 5-lobed;
borders finely toothed, 1 to 3 in. broad. Flower solitary, white, from 3 to
1 in. broad. Peat bogs and swamps. New England. June-July.
3. R. strigosus, Michx. (Fig. 1, pl. 63.) Witp Rep RASPBERRY.
Shrub, 3 to 6 ft. high. Stem covered with stiff bristles, older stems
armed with prickles. Leaflets 3 (rarely 5), rounded or heart-shaped
at base, pointed at apex; borders doubly notched. Under side of leaflets
whitish with fine hairs. Flowers in loose clusters, white. Fruit red.
In cultivation varieties with yellow or with white fruit occur, Along
fences, and in dry pastures. May-June.
4. R. neglectus, Peck. Purpre Wi~p RaspsBerry. Stem recurved
and rooting at the tip, smooth, but stems sparingly bristly and prickly.
Leaflets egg-shaped, sharply toothed. Inflorescence a flattened cluster,
rather compact. Flowers nearly 4 in. broad; petals white. Fruit nearly
hemispheric, dark red or purple. Dry rocky soil, New England to Penna.
June-July.
5. R. occidentalis, L. (Fig. 3, pl. 63.) Brack RASPBERRY. THIM-
BLEBERRY. Stems from 5 to 12 ft. high, not much branched, recurved
and armed with strong hooked prickles. Leaflets 3, ovate, pointed, cov-
ered, as are also the newer stems, with a whitish down. Flowers white,
petals shorter than the sepals, Fruit purple-black. Common in pastures.
6. R. triflorus, Richards. (Fig. 5, pl. 63.) Dwarr RASPBERRY.
Stems 6 to 12 in. high, generally trailing, without prickles or bristles.
Leaflets 3, broadly and somewhat angularly egg-shaped with double ser-
rations. Flowers few, white, petals recurved. Fruit red-purple, of a
few grains. Swamps, most of our region. May-July.
Blackberries
7. R. frondosus, Bigel. (Fig. 7, pl. 63.) High Biackserry. (R.
312 ROSACEAE
villosus, Gray.) Stems 3 to 10 ft. high, erect or recurved, armed with
strong curved prickles. Young branches and lower surface of leaves
covered with short hairs, Leaflets 3, rarely 5. Stipules at base of com-
mon leaf-stem linear; borders of leaves coarsely serrate. Flowers white
in terminal conic or pyramidal clusters. Fruit black, sweet and pulpy.
Dry soil, New England and southward. May-June.
8. R. alleghaniensis, Porter. (Fig. 8, pl. 63.) Mountain Brack-
BERRY. Similar to last, but stems more slender and leaflets, often 5,
generally narrower, while the fruit is quite narrow, cylindric, less pulpy
and of different flavor from the preceding species. Dry soil northern
New York to Penna., and southward. Aug.-Sept.
9. R. canadensis, L. MiLispaucn’s BiLackperry. (R. Millspaughii,
Britton.) Stem with few or no prickles. Berry shorter than either of
last two species. Adirondack and White Mountains.
10. R. cuneifolius, Pursh. (Fig. 4, pl. 63.) Sanp BLackperry.
Stems much branched, 1 to 3 ft. high, upright with strong straight or
recurved prickles. Young branches and under side of leaves whitish
downy. Leaflets generally 3, sometimes 5, deeply serrate at borders;
rounded at apex, the terminal one broadly wedge-shaped. Fruit black.
Sandy woods, in southern part of our area.
ll. R. hispidus, L. (Fig. 2, pl. 63.) Runninc Swamp BLACKBERRY.
Stems trailing, slender with many weak bristles. Branchlets ascending.
Leaflets 3, broad at apex, pointed at base. Fruit of a few grains, black.
In moist shaded places. June-July.
12. R. setosus, Bigel. (Fig. 9, pl. 63.) Bristty BLAcKBERRY.
Similar to last, but stems stouter and less trailing. Older branchlets
covered with stout reflexed bristles which are tipped with glands. Leaf-
lets generally in 5s, narrower and longer than those of No. 10. Fruit
small, sour. Northern New York and eastern Penna. July-Aug.
13. R. nigricans, Rydb, PrcK’s Dewserry. Stouter than Nos. 10
and 11, and more upright. Stems armed with fine priekles, which are
not tipped with glands. Leaves, the lower, at least, in 5s; both sur-
faces smooth; leaflets on short stalks.
14. R. Baileyanus, Britton. BAtmry’s BLAckBerry. Stems generally
trailing, 8 to 6 ft. long, armed with many prickers. Leaflets generally
3, broadly oval, downy; margins coarsely serrate. Flowers rather large,
white; fruit small. Woods and shady places, Maine to southern New
York and southward. May-June.
15. R. villosus, Ait. (Fig. 6, pl. 63.) Low Bu uacksperry. Dew-
Berry. (RR. procumbens, Muhl.). Stems trailing, 3 to 12 ft long, the
ascending branches 4 to 12 in. high. Trailing stem and erect branches
armed with prickers. Flowers white, rather large. Fruit black, juicy and
of fine flavor. Throughout our area.
6. DALIBARDA, L.
A low herb of the general appearance of a violet. Stem and leaves
downy. Leaves nearly orbicular with heart-shaped bases. Flower soli-
tary, white, with calyx of 5 or 6 parts, generally 3 longer than the others,
Petals 5; stamens numerous.
ROSE FAMILY 313
A A wy Leto
Rha 4 RO
WS aa 2 WATS Se O~
xs Vy} y Wes Wry ey
oe Wi Z See
. SSS JANN CPN
EP PO
H
= nS
AK WS =
PLATE 63
1. Rubus strigosus. 2. R. hispidus. 3. R. occidentalis. 4. R. cuneifolius.
5. R. triflorus. 6. R. villosus. 7. R. frondosus. 8. R. alleghaniensis. 9. R,
setosus.
314 ROSACEAE
D. repens, L. (Fig. 1, pl. 64.) Darimparpa. Stems creeping, send-
ing up tufts of leaves and naked scapes each terminated by a single
spreading flower. Borders of leaves serrated. At base of leaf-stalks are
found narrow stipules. Found in moist woods; most of our area.
7. FRAGARIA, L.
Herbs, with leaves and flower stalks springing from the root, propa-
gating largely by runners. Leaves of 3 leaflets, coarsely serrated, hairy,
as are the leaf stems. At base of leaf stems are narrow linear stipules.
Flowers white in loose terminal clusters. Stamens numerous. Fruit
a pulpy berry on a conical receptacle, red when ripe.
l. F. virginiana, Duchesne. (Fig. 3, pl. 64.) SrrAwserry. Leaves
in tufts; leaf stems hairy, 2 to 6 in. high. Fruit a juicy pulp in which
is imbedded many yellowish achenes or seeds. Form of fruit broad oval
or round, In all of our range.
2. F. canadensis, Michx. (Fig. 4, pl. 64.) NorTHeERN STRAWBERRY.
Plant more slender, less hairy than No. 1, fruit narrow cylindric, and
less juicy. Leaflets generally on leaf-stalks,
3. FE. Terrae-novae, Rydb. NEWFOUNDLAND STRAWBERRY. Leaflets
almost or entirely without leaf-stalks. Otherwise nearly like No. 2.
8. DUCHESNEA, J. E. Smith
An herb with general appearance of the strawberries, but with yellow
flowers and with red fruit much resembling the strawberry, but not
pulpy.
D. indica, (Andr.) Focke. (Fig. 2, pl. 64.) YELLow or INDIAN
STRAWBERRY. Introduced from India and found occasionally in waste
places. Southern part of our area.
g- POTENTILLA, L.
Herbs, rarely shrubs, generally with perennial roots, rarely annual.
Leaves, which are furnished with stipules, are compound of three or
more leaflets. Flowers white, yellow or purple, with both pistils and
stamens, the latter generally numerous, rarely 5 or 10. Calyx double,
that is, with 5 sepals and with 4 or 5 bracts below. Corolla of 5, rarely
of 4 petals. The seed carpels grouped upon a dry receptacle.
Ships eee of syle. is os, Mab) fon pom Oo PROT ei
Herbs (a few with woody stems at base).
Flowers white.
Leaflets 3. ie. wc \ies) toe epee ek ph ios <wo. . oe Neun vel Lia fmneirncar arenes
Leaflets’? tb. 4%: a. ues. wt va SOMey wl ws ey Rs a Sn
Flowers yellow.
Leaflets 3.
Plant 4 to 2 in, High. +. Ko % & «© «0s « Pe opburcwmes
Plant 4 to 24 ft, high « . «© « « » « « Ps monspeltenss
Leaflets 5, exceptionally 7.
Leaves silvery white beneath . . . . «© »« « « PP. argentea
Leaves green both sides.
Plants erect or nearly so.
Leaflets incised at border.
Flowers about 1/4 in. broad . . . P. intermedia
Flowers about 2/3 in. bro: ad A » &, vecta
Leaflets feather-formed, the incisions extending to the
mid-rib . . . 8 + « ee PL pennsylvaniea
Plant recumbent, trailing 5 atoet ecw, ely le. ee
Leaflets <utor 2) 3 ete) ee en Ue) 6 wi oie Orne
Leaflets 7 to 25. Plant recumbent, trailing . . . . P, Anserina
ROSE FAMILY
315
Su) ae a
4 SGA iE
» g
fh i IS ~~ & &.
i> Rg aS L wy
Mes <7 \ /
/ & SS :
NN SS 5
w
2 Les
y Ci Sess
\ Ns
Ne
ose |
PLATE 64
1. Dalibarda repens. 2. Duchesnea indica. 3. Fragaria virginiana. 4. F.
canadensis. 5, F.
americana. 6, Potentilla paradoxa. 7. P. Robbinsiana.
8. P. pennsylvanica.
316 ROSACEAE
1. P. arguta, Pursh. (Fig. 7, pl. 66.) Tati CINQUEFOIL. Stems
stout, erect, 1 to 4 ft. high, hairy. Leaves compound, of 7 to 11 leatlets,
borders coarsely serrate, broad oval or rhomboid; stipules membraneous.
Flowers in a rather close cluster, creamy-white, about 4 in. diameter.
Dry places. Maine to southern New Jersey. June-July.
2. P. argentea, L. (Fig. 4, pl. 65.) Simvery CrnqueEroIL., Small,
tufted, stem branching, 4 to 12 in. long, half prostrate, silvery-white,
as is also the under surface of the leaves. Leaflets 5, each deeply cut
into about 5 narrow segments. Flowers in loose terminal clusters, yel-
low, + to 2/3 in. diameter. In dry pastures, etc., in our area. May-Sept.
3. P. intermedia, L. (Fig. 3, pl. 66.) Downy CinqueroiL. Stems
leafy, much branched, 1 to 23 ft. long, partly prostrate, hairy. Leaves
of 3 to 5 leaflets, which are oblong or pear-shaped, with coarsely serrate
borders. Flowers numerous, in loose terminal clusters. Mass., New
York and New Jersey.
4, FP) recta, J: (Rig, <2; pl. (665) ROUGH-FRUITED CINQUEFOIL.
Erect, hairy, stems 1 to 2 ft. high, branching mostly in 2s at the top.
Leaflets narrow oblong or lance-shaped, 5, less often 7, spreading from
a common center, borders coarsely serrate; stipules rather conspicuous,
the lower ones Jeaf-like. Flowers in loose terminal cluster, each 1/3 to
+ in. broad, In waste places, New York and southward. June-Sept.
5. P. Robbinsiana, Oakes. (Vig. 7, pl. 64.) Ropprn’s CINQUEFOIL.
(P. frigida, Gray.) Dwarf, 4 to 2 in. high, growing in dense tufts; plant
silky. Leaves of 3 egg-shaped leaflets, coarsely toothed. Flowers small,
generally solitary, the sepals and adjoining bracts equal. White Moun-
tains, N. H.
6. P. monspeliensis, L. (Fig. 1, pl. 66.) RoucnH CINQuEFoIL. (P.
norvegica, L.). Stems 4 to 2 ft. high, rough-hairy. Leaflets 3; stipules
leaf-like. Flowers in close leafy terminal clusters. Calyx as large as,
sometimes larger, than the corolla, Petals falling quickly. Common in
dry soil. June-Sept.
7. P. paradoxa, Nutt. (Fig. 6, pl. 64.) Busny Cinquerom. Plant
bushy, 1 to 3 ft. high, decumbent or erect, soft downy. Leaves pinnately
compound with 6 to 11 leaflets, except the very upper ones which are
trifoliate; stipules conspicuous, egg-shaped or oval. Flowers scattered,
terminal to the branches or branchlets, yellow, } to 4 in. broad. New
York, shores of Great Lakes and southward. June-Sept.
8. P. pennsylvanica, L. (Fig. 8, pl. 64.) Coast CINQUEFOIL. ({P.
littoralis, Rydberg.) Stems erect or prostrate, 4 to 2 ft. high, slightly
hairy or smooth. Leaflets 5, sometimes 7, feather-form, incised to the
mid-rib. Flowers small, about $+ in. broad, in terminal clusters, Coast
of Maine and New Hampshire. June-July.
9. BP. fruticosa, L. (Fig. 3, pl. 65.) Snrusppy CrnqueFort. Low,
much branched shrubs growing in tufted groups. Stems 4 to 4 ft. high,
with shreddy bark. Leaflets 5 (or 7), narrow oblong, without serrations
at borders, silky, the margins rolling. Flowers yellow, about an inch
broad, terminal, In moist pastures, Maine to New Jersey. June-Sept.
10. P, tridentata, Soland. (Fig. 2, pl. 65.) Turer-TootHep CINn-
QUEFOIL, Stems 1 to 10 in. high, woody at base. Plants growing in
ROSE FAMILY 317
PLATE 65
1. Potentilla canadensis. 2. P. tridentata. 3. P. fruticosa. 4. P. argen-
tea. 5. P. monspeliensis. Var. norwegica. 6. P. Anserina.
318 ROSACEAE
tufts. Leaflets 3, oblong, broad at apex and terminated by 3 conspicuous
teeth. Flowers white, about 1/3 in. broad, few, in terminal cluster.
Rocky places, especially on high mountains. June-Aug.
1l. P. Anserina, L. (Fig. 6, pl. 65.) SttveR WeEEp. Goose Grass.
Stem slender, trailing, rooting at nodes. Leaflets many, silky. Flowers
yellow, about 1 in. broad, solitary. Moist places, throughout our area.
June-Sept.
12. P. canadensis, L. (Fig. 1, pl. 65.) Five-FINcerR. ComMMON
CINQUEFOIL. Stems slender, running on ground and spreading by run-
ners which are from a few inches to 2 ft. long. Leaflets 5 from a com-
mon center, toothed at borders. Common in fields and road-sides. April-
August.
1o. COMARUM, L.
A stout herb, nearly smooth, with purple flowers. General appearance
that of a Potentilla (P. palustris of Gray). Stamens and pistils numer-
ous.
C. palustre, L. (Fig. 4, pl. 66.) PuRpLe CINQUEFoIL. Mars FIVvE-
FINGER. (Potentilla palustris, (L.) Scop.). Prostrate herb with stems
4 to 2 ft. long, rooting along the stems. Leaves of 5, or more frequently
7 leaflets, which are oblong, but broader at apex than at base, sharply
toothed at borders, 1 to 3 in. long. Stipules broad, enfolding the leaf
stems. Flowers purple inside, about 1 in, broad. In swamps and peat
bogs, north to south as far as New Jersey. June-Aug.
11, SIBBALDIA, L.
Low, decumbent, shrubby plant found on summit of high mountains.
Leaves of 3 leaflets. Flowers with broad calyx of 5 divisions and with
small petals extending only about 4 the length of the calyx segments.
Stamens 5, pistils 5 or 10.
S. procumbens, L. (Fig. 5, pl. 66.) SipBALpDIA. Creeping, densely
tufted, woody stems. Leaflets 3, wedge-shaped. Flowers yellow, the
calyx much larger than corolla. Summits of White Mountains.
12, WALDSTEINIA, Willd.
Herb with appearance of strawberry. Leaves and flowering stem from
the root, 3 leaflets, each broadly wedge-shaped, with lobed and serrated
borders. Flowers of 5 yellow petals and 5 sepals, the calyx top- or in-
verted cone-shaped. Stamens numerous, inserted into the throat of the
calyx. Seed cases 2 to 6.
W. fragarioides, (Michx.) Tratt. (Fig. 6, pl. 66.) Barren Straw-
BERRY. Plant 4 to 6 in. high. The flower scape bearing 3 to 8 yellow
flowers Wooded hills, New England and westward. May-June.
13. GEUM, L.
Herbs. Pistils numerous, each carpel with one ovule; the seed casket
becoming dry fruit when ripe, the styles becoming hairy tails. Calyx
of 5 parts with 5 alternating small bracts. Leaves compound, feather-
formed, i. e., of several leaflets arranged along each side of the common
leaf stalk, the terminal leaflet being in most instances much larger than
ROSE FAMILY 319
a)
PLATE 66
1. Potentilla monspeliensis. 2. P. recta. 3. P. intermedia. 4. Comarum
palustre. 5. Sibbaldia procumbens. 6. Waldsteinia fragarioides. 7. Poten-
tilla arguta.
320 ROSACEAE
the lateral ones. Leaves attended by stipules. Stamens many. Petals
5, rounded, exceeding the divisions of the calyx.
Flowers white.
Plants silly, / pubescent: <6) i.) os) etter dey ot ys Medes er iat eur eta neo ants EET Ce an
Plants swith stifi: hairs) se) ey ei in) Ne uel Piten Mea on 0 Gremntie PATEa rr mRayNS
Flowers yellow.
Leaflets rarely more than 3, basal often of an individual leaf . G-: vernum
eaflets 3 to 7. Terminal one orbicular or kidney-formed . . G. Peckii
Terminal one generally elongated, flowers creamy-yellow . G. flavum
Leaflets numerous, the terminal large, rounded and deeply lobed
at si Wiss dieat NolWive Cat en iliked et tient ire hte ately ital leh bellseliinst S'NGralt lire Ce ta ea nae
Leaflets 5 to 7, terminal one egg-shaped, about 3 lobed . . . G. strictum
Flowers purple.
Flowers; nodding ey ei er ers) al e® Sa totet Le) ies no) oho cl A el ciarattaen Games rs
« MIOWEFS ELEOtr siriter oie wietike: or) weakens, to etc Meg volun MRLs i Qc vitae nas
Ik. G. rivale, L. (Fig. 1, pl. 68.) PurpLe AveNs. WATER AVENS.
Plant erect, 1 to 3 ft. high, hairy. Basal leaves compound, feather-
formed with the terminal leaflets much larger than the others. Flowers
few, nodding, petals and sepals purple. Seed caskets with plumed tails.
Moist grounds, Maine to Pennsylvania. May-July.
2. G, triflorum, Pursh. (Fig. 2, pl. 67.) LoNa-PLUMED PuRPLE
AvENS. (G. ciliatum, Pursh.). Plant erect, 4 to 14 ft. high; basal
leaves in tufts much divided, the terminal ones not large. Flowers erect,
light purple, plumes of the seed caskets 1 to 2 in. long. Dry soil.
Northern New York and New England. May-June.
3. G. Peckii, Pursh. (Fig. 5, pl. 67.) Yrrtow Mountain AVENS.
(G. radiatum, Michx.). Erect, 4 to 2 ft. high, branching at top, simple
below. Basal leaves of several leaflets, the terminal one very large (3 to
6 in. broad), nearly round, or kidney-shaped. Flowers yellow. White
Mountains and in Maine. July-Aug.
4. G. vernum, (Raf.) T. and G. (Fig. 4, pl. 67.) Sprine AveEns.
Erect, or ascending, 4 to 2 ft. high, slender, few leaved. Leaflets 3 to 5,
sometimes the leaf is simple. Leaflets all egg-shaped. Flowers yellow,
few. Calyx reflexed, bracts at base of calyx absent. Fruit head stalked
but not plumed. Shady places. New Jersey and southern New York.
April-June.
5. G. canadense, Jacq. (Fig. 1, pl. 67.) Wuite Avens. (G. al-
bum, Gmelin.) Erect, slender, 14 to 24 ft. high, sparingly covered with
soft hairs. Basal leaves of 3 to 5 leaflets or of a simple leaf. Of the
compound leaves the terminal leaflet is broadly egg-shaped or pear-
shaped. Flowers white, 2 in. broad; calyx lobes reflexed; receptacle
bristly. Shaded places. Generally distributed. June-Aug.
6. G. virginianum, L. (Fig. 3, pl. 68.) RougnH AvEeNns. Much
stouter than preceding species. Covered with stiff hairs. The reflexed
sepals exceed in length the white petals, Moist grounds, throughout
our area. May-July.
7. G. flavum, (Porter.) Bicknell. (Fig. 6, pl. 67.) CREAM CoLoRED
Avens. Erect, 1 to 3 ft. tall. Stem bristly below. Basal leaves some-
times of 3 leaflets, in other cases more. Stem leaves, lower ones often
5-parted, the terminal leaflet often elongated, upper leaflets egg- or
lance-shaped. Flowers cream-yellow, petals shorter than the reflexed
segments of the calyx. Woods. New York, southward. June-August.
8. G. macrophyllum, Willd. (Fig. 3, pl. 67.) Larar-Leavep
ROSE FAMILY 321
ae
A
SY
RY
a
}
;
Wy,
Wi
PLATE 67
triflorum. 3. G. macrophyllum. 4. G. vernum
1. Geum ecanadense. 2 G.
5. G. Peckii. 6. G. flavum.
322 ROSACEAE
Avens. Erect, 1 to 3 ft. high, bristly hairy. Stem simple, branched above.
Leaflets of basal leaves numerous, the terminal one very large and heart-
shaped at base with several lobes at margin. Lateral leaflets quite small.
Flowers yellow, petals exceeding the reflexed sepals. Receptacle nearly
naked. Low grounds. New England, New York and northward, May-
July.
9. G. strictum, Ait. (Fig. 2, pl. 68.) Yerrow Avens. Erect, 3 to
5 ft. high. Somewhat hairy. Leaflets of root leaves 5 to 7; terminal one
generally of 3 to 5 lobes, Flowers yellow; receptacle covered with soft
hairs. Low grounds, Maine to Penna. June-Aug.
14. DRYAS, L.
Low matted plant, found on the White Mountains by Prof. Peck.
Flowers white, rather large, solitary with 8 or 9 petals and many stamens
and seed heads, which have plumose tails.
D. integrifolia, Vahl. (Fig. 4, pl. 68.) EZNTIRE-LEAveD Dryas, Sum-
mit of White Mountains.
15. FILIPENDULA, (Tourn.) Hill. (Ulmaria, Hill)
Perennial herbs with compound feather-parted (pinnate) leaves and
with flowers in loose inverted pyramidal clusters. Petals 5; calyx 5-lobed;
stamens numerous; pistils 5 to 15; ovary with 2 ovules.
Leaflets hand-shaped . F. rubra
Leaflets on each side of the leaf stem, not lobed ‘except the terminal one
ake one . - . &. Ulmaria
1. F.-tubra, Hill. Guin pv wae Pa Herb, 2 to 8 ft. high,
smooth, Leaves sometimes 3 ft. long, compound, the leaflets, except the
terminal, on each side of the leaf stem, with stipules at the base, the leaf-
lets themselves hand-shaped compound, the borders sharply toothed.
Flowers in a loose cluster, pink or purple. Introduced. Escaped from
gardens in some parts of our area. June-July.
2. F. Ulmaria, (L.) Barnhart. Merapow-swreT. Stem 2 to 4 ft.
high. Plant resembles No. 1, but, except the terminal leaflet, which is
hand-shaped compound, the leaflets are egg-shaped. Flowers yellowish-
white. Also an escape from gardens. June-Aug.
16. ALCHEMILLA, L.
Low herb with rounded and Jobed leaves and small greenish flowers in
crowded clusters. Stipules conspicuous and leaf-like. Calyx inversely
conical of 4 or 5 lobes, petals wanting. Stamens 1 to 4.
A. vulgaris, L. (Fig. 6, pl. 69.) Lapy’s Mantir. Dew-cup. Stems
a few inches long, more or less reclining. Leaves round or kidney-shaped
with 5 or more distinct lobes; stipules toothed, Flowers small, many in
the rather crowded cluster. Calyx usually of 4 lobes. In grassy places,
roadsides, ete., mostly in northern part of our area and only occasional.
May-Sept.
17. AGRIMONIA, L.
Perennial herbs, all of ours 1 to 5 ft high, with compound feather-
formed leaves, the leaflets arranged on opposite sides of the leaf-stalk with
a terminal leaflet and with several small, apparently partly-developed
ROSE FAMILY
PLATE 68
strictum. 3. G.
virginianum. 4. Dryas integri-
1. Geum rivale. 2. G.
folia. 5. Agrimonia gryposepala.
324 ROSACEAE
leaflets interspersed among those fully formed. Stipules at base of leaf-
stalks conspicuous, deeply toothed. Flowers arranged along a slender
flower stem, small, yellow. Calyx 5-lobed; petals 5; stamens 5 to 15;
seed carpels 1 or 2, included in the tube of the calyx.
Ieesilets) (3 tON Se le Se se, eet eT Ris eae cat bxeniicl ve ian A eee OGHIIE
Leaflets, generally 7.
Elliptic or oblong
Pear-shaped Ae Woe
Egg-shaped or oblong
Leaflets generally more than 7.
Elliptic; "or “eze-shaped> an a ateree Uk ee ier ol) ol a ea eeerOntrarmE
Narrow, lance-shaped))) sci, ie ee prey isl iver yeh epi tar ats cASeeencii oie
2 2 @ 6 « Ae pgryposepaia
a iver Must 7 wig apes Viele RCL Sas CHROLETE
- <A. mollis
l. A. gryposepala, Wallr. (Tig. 5, pl. 68.) Tarn Harry AarimMony.
(A. EHupatoria, Gray’s Manual, 6th ed.). Leaflets 5 to 7, elliptic or ob-
long, pointed at each end, teeth coarse. Plant hairy with stiff hairs. .
Petals twice as long as sepals. Roots not tubrous. Flower scape long
with many yellow flowers. Woods and thickets, common. July-Sept.
2. A. striata, Michx. (Fig. 1, pl. 69.) Wooptanp Acrimony.. Leaf-
lets 5 to 7, oblong or pear-shaped. Plant with only a few hairs. Flower
scapes short, quite slender, with few small flowers. Roots tubrous. Woods
and thickets, Connecticut and southward. July-Sept.
3. A. mollis, (T. and G.) Britton. (Fig. 2, pl. 69.) Sorr Agri-
MONY. Plant with soft hairs. Leaflets narrowly oblong or pear-shaped
with a pale pubescence beneath. Roots tubrous. Flowers small on slen-
der spike. Woods and thickets, Connecticut, westward and southward.
July-Sept.
4. A. Brittoniana, Bicknell. Brirron’s Acrimony. Similar to last,
but roots are not tubrous, stem and leaves with stiffer hairs and leaflets
generally 9 to 11. Thickets and roadsides, northern New York and
southward. June-Sept.
5. A. parviflora, Soland. (Fig. 3, pl. 69.) MANy-FLOWERED AGrRI-
MONY. Stems covered with coarse brown hairs. Roots not tubrous. Leaf-
lets 11 to 17, narrow lance-shaped. Southern New York and southward.
July-Oct.
6. A. microcarpa, Wallr. SMAtt-rruirep Acrimony. (A. pumilla,
Muhl.).. Plant slender, 1 to 2 ft. high, with few branches. Stem hairy.
Leaves mostly of 3 leaflets, but often of 5 leaflets, small, elliptic, sharply
toothed. Flowers few, small. Dry soil, Penna., and southward, Aug.
18. SANGUISORBA, L.
Herbs with feather-formed compound leaves. Calyx of 4 lobes, petals
wanting, stamens 4 to many. Fruit a single nut-like seed enclosed in the
dry, angular calyx.
1. §. minor, Scop. (Fig. 4, pl. 69.) Satap Burnett. (S. Sangui-
sorba, Britton.) Slender, about 1 ft. high. Leaflets generally 11 to 13,
arranged along the leaf-stalk, rounded, toothed. Flowers in terminal
dense rounded clusters, greenish with a sprinkling of red. Occasional.
Introduced, from gardens, June-Sept.
2. §. canadensis, L. (Tig. 5, pl. 69.) Great AMERICAN Burnett.
Stem 1 to 6 ft. high. Smooth or with pubescence toward the base.
Leaflets 7 to 15, egg-shaped, rounded or heart-shaped at base, coarsely
ROSE FAMILY 325
PLATE 69
1. Agrimonia — striata. 2. A. mollis 3. A.
5. S. canadensis. 6. Alchemilla vulgaris.
parviflora. 4. Sanguisorba
minor.
326 ; ROSACEAE
toothed. Flowers in a conspicuous ecylindrie or pyramidal head, sepals
4, stamens 4, long, white; the long spike taking its color from these ex-
serted filaments. Bogs and wet meadows. July-Oct.
S. officinalis, L., and S. minor, Scop., the former with more dense spikes
than No. 1, which are brownish or purplish-red, the latter with globular
greenish heads, established in a few places.
1g. ROSA, L.
Shrubs with, usually, prickly stems and compound, feather-formed
leaves, subtended by stipules, which are united to the sides of the leaf-
stalk. Flowers solitary or, in our species, in loose clusters. Petals
5, spreading, calyx tube urn-shaped, contracted at the mouth. Stamens
numerous, inserted on the ring that lines the calyx tube, within which are
the numerous pistils.
Stems without prickles . o's; “we te “eel o Le ite ence are
Stems with both slender and ‘stiff prickles ans.” sev bixev’ Wes, fol to. hei 0 Nop aicemeeiannrin
Stems with stiff prickles only.
Prickles straight and slender . . © o+ Ri hums
Prickles recurved, short and slender, ” stipules narrow . . . R. carolina
eae | stout, recurved.
e:
af borders with single row of teeth . ... « « R. canina
Leaf borders with double row of teeth . . .. . R. rubiginosa
1. R. blanda, Ait. (Fig. 2, pl. 70.) Smoorn or Meavow Rose. Shrub
1 to 4 ft. high, growing in moist rocky places; stems wholly unarmed or
with very few (rarely many) prickles. Stipules broad, extending nearly
to the first pair of leaflets, not toothed. Leaflets 5 to 7, elliptic or nar-
rowly oblong. Serration simple. Flowers pink, 2 to 3 in. broad. Sepals
entire. Moist rocky places. June-July.
2. R. carolina,L. (Fig. 1, pl. 70.) Swamp Ross. Shrub often 8 ft.
high, growing in swamps. Stems usually straight and stout. Prickles,
below the stipules generally recurved, short, in pairs. Leaflets 5 to 9,
usually 7; narrowly oblong, pointed at the ends; usually silky beneath;
serrations of leaves simple. Flowers 2 to 3 in. broad, pink. Calyx lobes
simple. Wet grounds; swamps. June-Aug.
3. R. humilis, Marsh. (Fig. 5, pl. 70.) Low or Pasture ROosE.
Shrub, 4 to 3 ft. or more high. Stem slender, armed with straight, slen-
der prickles. Stipules long and narrow; leaflets mostly 7, narrowly ob-
long, pointed at ends; borders simply toothed, Flowers few or solitary,
2 to 3 in. broad, the petals dilated above and usually lobed. Sepals with
prickles and somewhat lobed. Dry soils.
Var. lucida, Ehrh. Leaves shining above and flowers more numerous.
Moist places. (Sometimes described as a species, R. virginiana, Mill.)
4. R. nitida, Willd. (Fig. 3, pl. 70.) NorrneasterNn Rose. Low
bushy shrub. Stems armed thickly with prickles; spines slender. Leaf-
lets 5 to 9. Stipules rather broad, Flowers few or solitary. Margins of
swamps. June-July.
5. R. canina, L. Doa Rosr. Wi Briar. Shrub, reaching height
of 10 ft. Stems armed with stout recurved prickles. Leaflets 5 to 7,
borders with simple serrations. Sepals, lobed at free extremities, Road-
sides and waste places. Naturalized. June-July.
6. R. rubiginosa, L. (Fig. 4, pl. 70.) EcorLantine. Sweet BRIAR.
Shrub, similar to last. Stems wand-like, curving, armed with strong re-
ROSE FAMILY 327
Pil sm dy Vegede
\ } <Sy
Vg Wi Reo] ss
i Vi Y + ; Wiss hee
WE BNO, FB
Vy iS Sr
MY Why, SS VA on “Al UB 7
jy MF
= LIPS =f
VEZ
eS
PLATE 70
1. Rosa carolina. 2 R. blanda. 3. R. nitida, 4. R. rubiginosa. 5. R.
humilis.
328 POMACEAE
eurved prickles. Leaflets with doubly serrated borders, resinous and very
aromatic beneath. Dry pastures. June-July,
Famity VIII.—POMACEAE, Appts Famity
Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, simple or compound (feather-
formed). Flowers regular, sepals and petals generally 5 each.
Stamens numerous (rarely few). Ovary 1- to 5-celled, most fre-
quently 5. Fruit consists of a wall or walls of stiff parchment-like
texture or of a more woody structure which encloses the seeds
and of a fleshy substance which envelopes the 5 or less seed caskets
and their contents.
Shrubs and trees armed with thorns . . . . . Crataegus
Shrubs and trees without thorns.
Leaves compound (feather-formed) . . . . . Sorbus
Leaves simple.
Fruit usually more than an inch in diameter.
Flowers usually white; flesh with gritty cells Pyrus
Flowers mostly pink; flesh without gritty cells
Be ao | lest Maka Sata le WD aR. clk cakes Nt ta
Fruit small, less than 4 in. in diameter.
Seed cells partially or completely doubled.
Small trees ... 9.) .. « . Amelanchrer
Seed cells not doubled.
Dow ‘shrubs. °.. Aee se Sp
1, SORBUS, FE:
Trees or shrubs, with compound leaves with about 10 to 16 leaflets
arranged on the sides of the leaf-stalk, and with an odd terminal leaflet.
Flowers in a compact, terminal, nearly flat cluster. Fruit small, berry-
like, red.
1. §. americana, Marsh. (Fig. 1, pl. 71.) AMERICAN MOUNTAIN
AsH. (Pyrus americana, (Marsh.) DC.). Small trees, reaching a height
of 50 ft. Leaflets 11 to 17, narrow, lance-shaped with tapering points,
without hairs, above or below, except when young. Berries as large as
peas, red when ripe. Swamps and mountain woods, mostly in northern
half of our area.
2. §. sambucifolia, (A. Gray.) Roem. WESTERN MountTAIN ASH.
(Pyrus stitchensis, (Roem.) Piker.) Leaflets 7 to 15, oblong or oval, to
lance-shaped; less tapering at points than those of No. 1, and usually
clothed with soft hairs beneath. Fruit larger than that of No. 1. North-
ern New England and northward.
2. PYRUS,, ©.
Trees, sometimes shrubs, with simple leaves. Flowers white or pink,
APPLE FAMILY 399
INN
y SS S W
Wa)
EX)
EN \ ay
iy
ie \ \ ee yy DP) Ly
Hird! SXF, NZ
wl ' IS NZ :
Sw wi ij; SS Gy
=
PLATE 71
1. Sorbus americana. 2. Aronia arbutifolia. 3. A. nigra. 4. Malus coro-
naria. 5. Pyrus communis. 6. Amelanchier spicata. 7. A. oligocarpa. 8.
A. rotundifolia. 9. A. canadensis.
330 POMACEAE
showy, in a flat or flattish cluster, the flower stalks of the outer rows
being longer than those at the center; the center flowers blooming first.
Calyx of 5 acute lobes, urn-shaped. Petals 5, stamens numerous, styles
usually 5, Fruit containing many grit-cells; not depressed where at-
tached to stem.
P. communis, L. (Fig. 5, pl. 71.) Pear. Tree well known in culti-
vation and found also wild, escaped from cultivation.
3. MALUS, Juss.
Trees and shrubs, with simple leaves; with umbel-like clusters of
flowers; fruit fleshy without grit-cells, depressed at stem attachment.
Leaves often heart-shaped at base . © Ve aes en IM Msylvestens
Leaves not heart-shaped, Benet near ly triangular = eo.) =) MS coronaire
Leaves narrowly oblong . . eet - w: s « MM. angusifoha
1. M. sylvestris, (L.) Mill, Nee (M. Malus, (L.). Britton.)
Leaves broad egg-shaped, more or less heart-shaped at base, or roanded,
point tapering, smooth above, silky hairy beneath. Fruit globose, de-
pressed at insertion of stem. In woods, escaped from cultivation. Southern
New York, New Jersey and Pennsylvania.
2. M. coronaria, (L.) Mill. (Fig. 4, pl. 71.) American Crap Ap-
PLE. A tree, smaller and more slender than the common apple. Leaves
broadly egg-shaped or triangular, with lobes toward the base. Borders
deeply serrated. Flowers white or rose color. Fruit 1 in. to 14 in.
diameter, globular, or the stem insertion slightly depressed. In thickets,
occasional throughout our area.
3. M. angustifolia, (Ait.) Michx. Narrow-LeEAvepD CRAB APPLE.
Small tree resembling No. 2, but leaves are narrow-oblong or lance-form.
, Fruit rather smaller than No, 2. Occasional in southern part of our area.
4. ARONIA, Pers.
Low shrubs with fruit resembling the huckleberry in size and form
and with leaves oblong or lance-shaped. Flowers in terminal compound
clusters. Calyx of 5 lobes; petals 5, spreading; stamens numerous; styles
3 to 5 united at base.
Brut ced) .Flower “cluster, hatrvs +45) Ssauee fede) Lice laemce ret. sete arbutifolia
Fruit black. Flower cluster not hairy . . . .:. .» . « « A. igre
l. A. arbutifolia, (L.) Ell. (Fig. 2, pl. 71.) Bes CHOKE BERRY.
Shrub, 1 to 4 ft. high; leaves oblong or inversely lance-shaped, silky be-
neath. Compound clusters of flowers silky. Flowers white or tinged
with red. Fruit 1/6 to 1/4 in. diameter, astringent. Swamps and damp
thickets. March-May.
2. A. nigra, (Willd.) Britton. (Fig. 3, pl. 71.) Brack CyHoKr
Berry. Leaves similar, but sometimes more and at other times less
pointed than those of No. 1. Compound eluster of white or reddish
flowers without hairs on the flower stems. Moist shady places. March-
June.
5. AMELANCHIER, Medic.
Shrubs or trees. Leaves simple; stems unarmed; flowers in clusters,
white. Calyx of 5 parts; corolla of 5 petals; stamens numerous; pistils
5, joined below. Fruit a berry with 10 seeds, when all mature.
APPLE FAMILY 331
1. A. canadensis, (L.) Medic. (Fig. 9, pl. 71.) Snap Busu. Serv-
Ick Berry. Tree, usually small and slender, but sometimes attaining a
considerable size. Leaves egg-shaped to oblong, usually heart-shaped at
base, borders sharply serrated, 1 to 3 in. long, not woolly beneath. Bracts
at base of flower stems purplish, silky, falling early. Flowers large, white,
in drooping graceful clusters. Fruit about } in. diameter, globose; on
long stems, crimson or purple, sweet. In dry woodlands. A handsome
tree when in bloom in early spring. Woods and swamps. March-May.
2. A. Botryapium, DC. Swap Busn. Tree similar to No. 1, rarely
30 ft. high. Leaves densely white-woolly beneath. Swamps. April-May.
3. A. spicata, (Lam.) Dec. (Fig. 6, pl. 71.) Low June Berry.
Stems 2 to 9 ft. high. Leaves 3 to 4 in. long. Flowers about half as
large as those of No. 1 or No. 2. Southern part of our area. Grows
among rocks, from long creeping roots. Blooms in May.
4. A. rotundifolia, (Michx.) Roem. (Fig. 8, pl. 71.) ROUND-LEAVED
JUNE Berry. Similar to No. 1, but leaves broad and rounded at both ends,
coarsely toothed at borders, sometimes heart-shaped at base, smooth on
both surfaces. Fruit similar to that of No. 1, but ripening after that
has fallen. Woods and thickets, New York and westward.
5. A. oligocarpa, (Michx.) Roem. (Fig. 7, pl. 71.) OBLONG-FRUITED
JUNE Berry. (A. arguta, Nutt.) Low shrub, 2 to 4 ft. high. Leaves
oblong, pointed at each end with fine serrations at borders, 1 to 2 in.
long. Flowers, only from 1 to 4, generally 2, in the cluster. Fruit pear-
shaped, dark purple, 1/4 to 1/3 in. long. Northern borders of our area.
May.
6. CRATAEGUS, L.
Trees or shrubs armed with woody thorns and with umbel-like clusters
of white or pink flowers. Leaves simple or deeply lobed. Calyx of 5
parts, short; petals 5, spreading; stamens numerous; pistils 1 to 5.
Ovary 1 to 5 celled with a single seed in each cell or when two they are
not alike. Fruit small, nearly globular, with thin fleshy parts and rather
large nutty seeds.
Leaves pear-shaped or oblong, not deeply lobed or incised.
Flowers in clusters.
eaves without, hairs’ “2° 4 2 0 « se en oe were « ee Gen Crus-Gallt
Leaves) silky beneath <= = 2 = s 5 « «= + « G punctate
Flowers single . C. uniflora
Leaves broad, nearly orbicular or broadly egg-shaped, with deeply incised or
lobed borders.
eaves: abrupt or vheart-shaped at base << 5 =<. <« « « «| » « « €. coccinea
Leaves acute at base.
Fruit pear-shaped.
Blower "stems jwithout) airs’ <9 3 =.=. 4. «| Gy rotundifolia
Flower stems hairy.
Fruit smooth Pues) op et cae I ees: EC. tomentosa
; Poaity Vhaityp Wee. os Mies; Bek is) Vereen at ce) ese ee (Ce emollis
Fruit globular . tat C. macracantha
Weavedaa- tom 7AlODEG: sy .c. | sume ee: ) few se ae os of ie om 4 7 ie C. Oxyacantha
1. C. Crus-Galli, L. (Fig. 3, pl. 72.) Cockspur THorn. Shrub or
small tree, with horizontal branches, growing in pastures and thickets.
Branches armed with thorns 2 to 4 in. long. Leaves dark shining green
above, broadest at apex (pear-shaped) and tapering to a short leaf stalk.
Serrations at borders except at basal third. Fruit globular, red, 1/3 in.
broad. Common in pastures. Blooms, May or June.
332 POMACEAE
2. C. punctata, Jacq. (Fig. 6, pl. 72.) Larar-rruitep THorn. Small
tree, similar to above, leaves generally broader, and thorns only about
% as long. Leaves, when young at least, hairy beneath. Fruit about 1
in. diameter, globose, red or yellow.
3. C. uniflora, Muench. (Fig. 4, pl. 72.) Dwarr TuHorn. Shrub, 3
to 8 ft. high, with slender thorns about 1 to 2 in. long. Leaves pear-
shaped, with serrate borders Fruit globose. Flowers with narrow lance-
shaped deeply incised calyx lobes, petals shorter than sepals; flowers not
generally in clusters but single or few. In southern part of our section.
4. C. coccinea, L. (Fig. 2, pl. 72.) Scarter Torn. Shrub or
small tree, with reddish branches and stout spines 14 to 2 in. long.
Leaves on slender leaf-stalks, broad and abrupt at base or somewhat
heart-shaped, borders serrate and deeply incised, point acute. Flowers
many in a cluster, each about an in. in diameter. Fruit red, globose.
Growing in thickets and pastures. Blooms in April or May.
5. C, rotundifolia, (Ehrh.) Borek. (Fig. 1, pl. 72.) GLANDULAR
THorRN. Small tree similar to above, with smaller leaves which are
tapering at base and rather smaller than No. 4. Flowers about the size
of No, 4. Fruit pear-shaped, red. Often grows with C. coccinea and
blooms later.
6. C. tomentosa, L. Prar THorn. Small tree much like the two
preceding. Thorns generally less numerous. Leaves serrated and deeply
incised and tapering to base, rather rounded at apex. The leaf-stalks and
larger prominent veins of leaves quite downy when young. Fruit oblong.
Less common than Nos. 4 and 5.
7. C. macracantha, Lodd. (Fig. 5, pl. 72.) Lone-sprinep THORN.
Similar to last three. Spines much larger, 2 to 5 in. long. Leaves re-
semble those of No. 6. Fruit hairy, rather larger than that of No. 4.
8. C. Oxyacantha, L. (Fig. 8, pl. 72.) Hawrnorn. Leaves 3- to
T-lobed. Clusters many flowered. Fruit small. Usually a shrub but
sometimes a tall tree. Sparingly escaped from cultivation, May.
9. C. mollis, (T. and G.) Scheele. (Fig. 7, pl. 72.) Rep-FRUITED
THorN. Resembles C. tomentosa, but fruit is quite hairy. Rarely in
northern section of our area. May.
Famity IX.—DRUPACEAE. Pium Famity
Trees and shrubs, bearing fleshy fruit enclosing a hard woody
“ stone,” which is irregularly grooved or smooth. Bark exuding
a clear gum. Leaves simple, alternate, with small stipules which
fall early. Flowers in flat or, less frequently, in elongated clusters.
Petals 5; sepals 5; stamens numerous; pistil 1.
1. PRUNUS. L.
Shrubs and trees with, mostly, edible fruit. Fruit a fleshy drupe or
stone fruit. Flowers white or purplish in clusters of various forms.
Petals 5; sepals 5; stamens numerous.
PLUM FAMILY 333
See
PLATE 72
1. Crataegus rotundifolia. 2. C. coccinea. 3. C. Crus-Galli. 4. C. uniflora
5. C, macracantha. 6, C. punctata. 7. C. mollis. 8. C. Oxycantha.
334 DRUPACEAE
Drupes smooth, with a bloom on the skin, stone more or less flattened.
PLUMS
Leaves egg-shaped.
Fruit red, leaves and calyx-lobes glandular . . . P. nigra
Fruit yellow, leaves and calyx-lobes not glandular P. americana
Leaves narrow, lance-shaped . . .. . . . . P. angustifolia
Shrubs.
Leaves Jance-shaped . . . « - «5 *« = « « P allezghanvensis
Weaves ‘elliptic: ..) “si 0 a Ry Oe Vs ace OE i ee te enracenas
Leaves rounded . iu eee Ae ts) CPA Gre eae
Leaves pear-shaped; branches thorny — 5 . P. spinosa
Drupes smooth, without bloom on the skin, stone smooth, “globular.
CHERRIES
Shrubs, 4 to 4 ft. high.
Stems prostrate or reclining; leaves pointed at each end . P. pumila
Stems erect; leaves rounded at ane’ a eee) lee barre 25 cuneata
suoveeN) ZY ike) aye AR Io G oa og a 6 < «© « « « « FP. wirgemonn
Trees 20 to 7o ft. high.
Brut) “black pis iseeciuec-y oo. ot joel fe nS P. serotina
BrGit sredt ie ee) Soe Loe wes Chee Bee a pennsylvanica
PLUMS
l. P. nigra, Ait. (Fig. 7, pl. 73.) Horst Prum. Tree, sometimes
30 ft. high, Leaves egg-shaped, rounded at base, tapering in a lengthened °
point at apex, about 1 in. broad. Fruit egg-shaped, about an in. long,
red. Woods and thickets. May.
2. P. americana, Marshall. (Fig. 9, pl. 73.) Witp YretLtow or Rep
PLuM. Tree, sometimes 35 ft. high, generally, however, about 15 to 20
ft. Branches somewhat thorny. Leaves directly or inversely egg-formed,
with the apex conspicuously taper-pointed, and the borders coarsely or
doubly serrate; base rounded. Fruit rounded, ? to 1 in. in diameter,
orange or red. Stone flattened. The pulp of the fruit has a pleasant
taste, the skin tough and acrid. Woods and river banks. Blooms April
to May.
3. P. angustifolia, Michx. Cuickasaw Prum. Tree or shrub, 8 to
15 ft. high. Branches searcely thorny. Leaves narrow lance-form with
both ends tapering, or less frequently with base somewhat rounded, ser-
rations not coarse, Fruit round, 4 to $ in. diameter, red. Stone nearly
globular. Southern part of our region only.
4. P. alleghaniensis, Porter. Porter’s PruM. Low straggling shrub
or small tree, seldom thorny. Leaves egg-shaped to lance-shaped with
sharp teeth at the margins; apex ‘slender tapering. Flowers in an
elongated cluster. Fruit globose or egg-shaped. Eastern Conn. Across
the Alleghany mountains to Pa, April.
5. P. maritima, Wang. (Fig. 8, pl. 73.) Bracn Prum. Shrub, 1
to 7 ft. high, straggling, growing on sandy sea beaches. Leaves egg-
shaped or pear-shaped. Fruit about 4 in. diameter, purple, sweet.
6. P. Gravesii, Small. (Fig. 10, pl. 73.) Gravr’s Breach PiuM.
Leaves round or slightly oval. Fruit smaller than No. 4. Rare. Groton,
Conn.
7. P. spinosa, L. (Tig. 4, pl. 73.) Stor, Buckrnorn. Although
not native is sometimes found along roadsides. Shrub, 2 to 10 ft. high.
It has egg-shaped leaves, pointed at each end, branches thorny. Flower
clusters consisting of one or two blossoms, Fruit nearly black.
PLUM FAMILY 335
PLATE 73
pumila. 3. P. pennsylvaniea. 4. P, spinosa.
cuneata. 7. P. nigra, 8. P. maritima. 9. P. americana.
1. Prunus virginiana. 2. P.
5. P. serotina. 6. P.
10. P. Gravesii.
336 DRUPACEAE
CHERRIES “
Fruit small, without bloom on the skin, red or nearly black. Stone
rounded or egg-shaped, destitute of margins.
8. P. pumila, L. (Fig. 2, pl. 73.) Dwarr CHErry. SAND CHERRY.
A dwarf shrub about 1 ft. high, though it may bloom at the height of
6 in. or grow to a height of 6 ft., the latter very rare. Stems and slender
branches smooth and often reclining. Leaves narrow, inversely lance-
shaped. but pointed at each end, pale beneath, deep green above; teeth
at borders except toward the base. Flowers few (2 to 4 in cluster) ;
fruit dark red or nearly black. Banks of streams and wet sandy places.
April-May.
9. P, cuneata, Raf. (Fig. 6, pl. 73.) APPALACHIAN CHERRY. A
small shrub similar to the last, but erect. Leaves rather broader and
distinctly rounded at apex. Wet or rocky places. New Hampshire,
westward and southward,
10. P. virginiana, L. (Fig. 1, pl. 73.) CHoke CuHerry. Shrub,
growing along fences, in fields or along river banks; generally from 5 to
7 ft. high, but more rarely 2 to 10 ft. Leaves broadly oval, pointed at
each end. Flowers in narrow elongated clusters, pendulous or nearly
erect, 20 or more in the cluster. The fruit, which hangs in long clusters
is nearly black when ripe, and has an astringent unpleasant taste. Blooms,
April-May.
11. P. pennsylvanica, L. (Fig. 3, pl. 73.) Witp Rep CuEerry. Pin
CHERRY. Tree, 20 to 35 ft., rarely shrubby. Bark smooth, reddish-brown.
Leaves oblong-egg-shaped or lance-shaped, tapering at each end or rounded
at base, shining above and below. Flowers white on long slender flower-
stalks in an umbel-like cluster. Fruit small, red, rather acid. Common
at borders of woods and as “second growth” tree. Blooms, April to June.
Fruit ripens in August.
12. P, serotina, Ehrh. (Fig. 5, pl. 73.) Wirp Brack CuHerry.
Large tree, sometimes 80 or 90 ft. high. Bark black and rough. Leaves
oval, tapering at each end and somewhat rounded at base, smooth and
shining above, unequally serrate, 3 to 5 in. long. Flowers rather small,
numerous, in long cylindric clusters. Fruit in grape-like clusters of
nearly black cherries with an agreeable taste. In woods and borders of
fields. Common. Blooms, May. Fruit ripe in August.
Besides those above described, a number of species of Prunus are found
occasionally in thickets or woods where they remain in deserted grounds
or have found a lodgment as escapes from cultivation.
Famity X.—CAESALPINACEAE. Senna FAmiIty
Herbs, shrubs or trees, with flowers of some species closely ap-
proaching the typical form of the pea flower, in others nearly
symmetrical and regular. Pod resembling the pod of the pea.
Leaves alternate, simple or, more generally, compound, feather-
formed with from 8 to many leaflets arranged along the leaf stem.
Trees.
SENNA FAMILY 337
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PLATE 74
1, Cassia nictitans. 2. C. Chamaecrista. 3. C. marylandica. 4. Cercis
canadensis. 5. Gymnocladus dioica. 6. Gleditsia triacanthos.
338 CAESALPINACEAE
With simple leaves <P s Go Sh OP oe
With compound feather-formed leaves.
Flowers greenish’ .°. . . . » «+» Glemiem
Flowers, white, showy. . . . . . Gymnocladus
Herbig se eae A on ge) oe IPG wane eee
1, CERCIS, L.
Small tree, with simple, broad leaves heart-shaped at base, and with
clusters of purple flowers which appear before the leaves. Corolla of 5
unequal petals, nearly pea-flower shaped. Stamens 10; pod like that of
the pea with several seeds.
C. canadensis, L. (Fig. 4, pl. 74.) Rep Bup. AMERICAN JUDAS
TreEE. Tree, usually 15 to 30 ft. high, but occasionally higher. In early
spring the purple blooms cover the tree before the leaves expand. South-
ern part of our area. April.
2. CASSIA, L.
Our species herbs with compound leaves, feather-formed with an equal
number of leaflets on each side of the leaf-stalk, no odd terminal leaflet.
Flowers yellow. Corolla of 5 petals only slightly pea-blossom-shaped or
almost regular. Seeds in an elongated pod, numerous.
1. C. nictitans, L. (Fig. 1, pl. 74.) Sensitive Pea. WILp SENSI-
TIVE PLant. A low annual, somewhat erect or spreading upon the
ground, much branching. Stipules long and narrow at base of common
leaf-stalk. Leaves sensitive. If a few leaflets are touched by the finger
they and those directly opposite close; if the touch is more rude or if
repeated, the whole leaf drops at the hinge-like connection with the stem.
Leaflets about 30, narrow lance-formed. Flowers solitary, or two or three
together between the leaf-stalks, but considering the plant as a whole,
flowers numerous, 1/6 to 1/4 in. diameter, Pod linear, an inch or more
in length. Mostly in dry sandy soil. July-October.
2. C. Chamaecrista, L. (Fig. 2, pl. 74.) Parrrince Pea. LarcE-
FLOWERING SENSITIVE PEA. Resembles No. 1, but is larger and flowers are
an inch to 14 in. broad. Petals spotted with purple; pod linear, 1} to 23
in. long. Leaves sensitive. Dry sandy soil. July-Sept.
3. C. marylandica, L. (Fig. 3, pl. 74.) Wrip ok AMERICAN SENNA.
Herb, 3 to 8 ft. high. Leaflets elliptic, 12 to 20, one or two inches long.
Flowers generally less than an inch broad, clustering at the base of the
leaves at the upper part of the plant. Moist places. July-August.
3. GLEDITSIA, L.
Large trees with conspicuous thorns, with leaves compound or doubly
compound, feather-formed, without the odd terminal leaflet. Flowers
greenish, some perfect, some imperfect, in slender elongated clusters.
Pod long, straight or twisted, many seeded.
G. triacanthos, L. (Fig. 6, pl. 74.) Honey Locust. Sweet Lo-
cust. TuReE-rHoRNED Acacia. A large tree with rough bark and with
PEA FAMILY 339
many stout branching thorns from the trunk. Pods linear, 1 to 1} ft.
long, twisted. Woods and along fences. May-July.
4. GYMNOCLADUS, Lam.
Tree with doubly feather-formed leaves with showy white, perfect or
imperfect flowers in clusters. Pods sickle formed.
G. dioica, (L.) Koch. (Fig. 5, pl. 74.) Kentucky Corres TREE.
Large tree with rough bark. Leaflets broadly egg-shaped, rounded at
base, 7 to 12, with or without the odd terminal leaflet. Rich woods.
Southern part of our area.
Famity XI.—PAPILIONACEAE. Pra FAmity
Herbs, shrubs, vines and trees. Flowers perfect (with stamens
and pistils), with the petals very unequal, the superior petal
(known as the “standard” or “banner”) more or less com-
pletely enclosing the two lateral ones and the two lower being more
or less united (known as the “keel”). Stamens 10, generally in
a group of 9, more or less united, with a single one free (dia-
delphous) but less frequently all united in a single bundle (mono-
delphous), or still less frequently all the stamens are free or sepa-
rate. Pistil 1. Fruit a pod similar to that of the pea (a legume)
with one, two or many seeds, dividing into two valves.
Leaves generally simple, not divided into leaflets.
Bouswhay shay cee te oN cg the ee! aR eG enists:
Rodssmuch inilated:.: £2) 3° 2-2. =” Crotalaria
Leaflets 3.
The three leaflets springing from a common center. (Tx-
ample, Clover.)
The two stipules similar to leaflets, giving appear-
SUC On oO leanleise Oo echt dt) a. ae oe MOLDS
The stipules differing from the leaflets.
Stamens 10, all distinct and equal, flowers yel-
ROW Aa! cists ie el eee yeiich © a oe ee SAD EISTS
Stamens 10, 1 distinct, 9 united in a group.
Pod (legume) sickle-shaped or spiral Medicago
Pod, egg-shaped or globose, not included in
the calyx; flowers in terminal, elongated
elnsterss:3.- sialsw sede fs, 2, Mebilotas
Pod included in the calyx; flowers in
rounded head “ay say a. = <4 | Trifolium
The 3 leaflets arranged as a pair and an odd one.
340 PAPILIONACEAE
Pods (legumes) not jointed.
One-séeded’ | a: ' 4)” SAVED SME eee
Several-seeded.
Calyx of 4 teeth. . .-. « . |) Galacha
Calyx of 5 teeth.
Flowers 1 to 4, pod 4 to 5 inches
Lome, cites se eievte: ae Centrosema
Flowers 1 to 3, pod about an inch
long 4.0 ie fs AG te) Se oe
Flowers small, in elongated clusters.
Vines, not hairy . . . Phaseolus
Vines, hairy . . . Amphicarpa
Flowers in small heads or umbels
Strophostyles
Pods two jointed, one-seeded, flowers yellow Stylosanthes
Pods (loments) of several joints and seeds numerous
. Desmodium
Leaflets 3 on the leaf of a single blade. . . . Cytisus
The leaflets consisting of stiff spines. . . . . . Ulex
Leaflets more than 3 (5 to 10), all arising from a common
GEMECR Ss is aos L . . . Lupinus
Leaflets more than 3, ere snameteiealle along both
sides of the leaf- stalk.
Number of leaflets equal on both sides, terminating
abruptly, or by a tendril.
Wings (side petals) attached to the keel (7. e.,
the united lower petals) . . . » Wieia
Wings nearly free. . . . . . | Jatin
Leaflets more than 3, arranged with an ede one at the ex-
tremity.
Mreeac je ha: ba PU ee pte et oe
Herbs.
Pods jointed.
Flowers purple, in an umbel . . Coronilla
Flowers purple, in an elongated cluster
Hedysarum
Flowers reddish-yellow, few in cluster or
solitary . . . . + + Aeschynomene
PEA FAMILY 341
Pods not jointed.
Stem erect, pod linear, flat . . . Cracca
Stem erect or decumbent, pod turgid,
oblong . Astragalus
Stem dwamine hve ee id oa. cna ADEOS
1. BAPTISIA, Vent.
Herbs with leaves of three leaflets, which arise apparently from the
same center (or rarely with simple, undivided leaves). Stipules leaf-
like, small, or none. Calyx of 4 or 5 parts cleft half way. Petals (of
our species) yellow and of nearly equal length, somewhat united. Sta-
mens 10, all distinct. Pods inflated, with generally, many seeds.
1. B. tinctoria, (L.) R. Br. (Fig. 1, pl. 75.) Wuitp Inpico. YELLOW
Broom. Clusters of flowers numerous, yellow, plant 3 to 4 ft. high, much
branched. Leaflets pear-shaped, the whole plant more or less covered
with a whitish bloom. Stipules very small and falling early. Pods egg-
shaped or nearly globose. Growing in dry or sandy soil. June-Sept.
2. B. australis, (L.) R. Br. Buiur Witp Inpico. Leaflets less blunt
than those of No. 1. Flowers blue. Otherwise much like B. tinctoria.
Western Penna., and westward. June-Aug.
2. CROTALARIA, L.
Herbs, with simple undivided leaves (in our region), and with yellow
flowers in loose, somewhat elongated clusters. Calyx 5-parted, stamens
9 united, 1 free. Pod oblong to globose, much inflated. Seeds several,
loose when ripe.
C. sagittalis, L. (Fig. 2, pl. 75.) Rarrre Box. Erect, branching,
generally less than 1 ft. high. Plant covered with silky pubescence.
Leaves simple, oval or oblong, 1 to 2 in. long, 1/3 as broad, with very
short leaf-stalks. Flowers solitary or 2 to 4 in loose cluster, yellow.
Pod oblong about 1 in. long, much inflated. June-Sept.
3. LUPINUS, L.
Herbs. Leaves of about 7 to 15 radiating leaflets. Flowers showy in
long spikes. Calyx 5-toothed, upper lip of 2 teeth, lower of 3, sometimes
without division. Stamens, 9 united, 1 free. Pod flattened, uneven,
constricted between the seeds.
L. perennis, L. (Fig. 4, pl. 75.) Common Lupine. Sometimes erect,
more frequently procumbent, spreading. Stems about a foot long, nearly
smooth. Leaflets 7 to 9, soft, downy on long leaf-stalks. Flowers in a
long slender spike, blue varying to white. Sandy hillsides and roadsides.
May-June.
4. GENISTA, L.
Shrubby plants, with simple leaves and clustered yellow flowers. Calyx
of 2 lips, the upper one 2-cleft, the lower with 3 teeth. Stamens, 9 united,
1 free. Pods flat with several seeds.
G, tinctoria, L. (Fig. 5, pl. 75.) DyEwrep. Woap WaxeNn.
342 PAPILIONACEAE
Branches round, the flowering ones erect, 1 to 2 ft. high. Leaves not
compound, lance-shaped, broadest at middle, without leaf-stalks, shining.
Flowers numerous, yellow, in loose terminal clusters. Dry hills, eastern
part of our region. Summer.
5. ULEX, L.
Shrubs with spiny branches, the leaves stiff, linear, spiny. Flowers
large, generally thickly distributed among the spiny leaves. Calyx di- ,
vided almost completely into 2 lips. Stamens united in a single group.
Pod egg-shaped or elongated.:
U. europaeus, L. (Fig. 3, pl. 75.) Furze. Gorse. Shrub, 2 to 6
ft. high, branching. Leaves spiny. Flowers yellow, appearing among the
spiny leaves. Escaped from cultivation in southern part of our area.
May-July.
6, ‘CYTISUS, 1.
Shrubs with 3-foliate leaves or leaves undivided, the stems often spiny.
Flowers showy, in clusters. Calyx divided to base into 2 lips. Stamens in
a single group. Pod, flat, oblong to linear, several seeded.
C. scoparius, (L.) Link. (Fig. 6, pl. 75.) Broom. Stiff, wiry
shrub, 3 to 5 ft. high, stem angular, erect, branching. Leaves trifoliate
or of a single blade, small. Flowers bright yellow about 1 in. long. Waste
places, introduced sparingly.
7. MEDICAGO, L.
Herbs, with trifoliate leaves, the leaflets arising from a common center.
Flowers small, yellow or violet, terminal or from the leaf axils. Leaf-
lets commonly slightly toothed, the veins terminating in the teeth, Calyx
of 5 nearly equal parts. Pods curved or twisted.
Flowers ‘blue. ‘or “yiolet* ~.5 2G hs oh tots) belRite iol ele el ite
Flowers yellow.
Stipules fringed at borders.
- M. sativa
Leaflets with a purple spot. 9. ¢. «5 4 «= 0 1) @iwapaoene
Leaflets without a purple ant ge dye) Me te RO Diet GARD = We) meena pas Ree
Stipules toothed, not fringed . se tw FS RC ee ee eee
1. M. sativa, L. (Fig. 1, pl. 76.) Atratra. Lucerne. Cultivated
for fodder in southern and western States. Much branched, erect or de-
cumbent, 1 to 13 ft. high. Leaflets inversely lance-shaped or wedge-
shaped, the middle one on rather longer leaf-stalk than the others.
Flowers blue, in elongated slender clusters. Fields and waste places.
Blooms all summer,
2. M. lupulina, L. (Fig. 7, pl. 75.) Brack Mepic. NonrEsucu.
Branches spreading, decumbent, 1 to 14 ft. long, downy. Leaflets wedge-
shaped or egg-shaped to nearly orbicular, toothed at apex. Flowers yel-
low, small, in dense oblong or eylindrie heads. Pods when ripe, black,
curved into a spiral, one-seeded, Fields and waste places. March-Dee.
3. M. hispida, Gaertn. Toornrep MeEptic. (M. denticulata, Willd.).
Leaflets larger than the last and decidedly wedge-shaped. Stipules large
and fringed at borders. Flowers small, yellow. The spiral pods elegantly
reticulated, the edges armed with curved prickles. Waste places, ete.,
mostly near sea-ports, Summer.
343
PEA FAMILY
PLATE 75
Crotalaria sagittalis. 3. Ulex europaeus. 4.
Lupinus perennis. 5. Genista tinctoria.
6. Cytisus scoparius. 7. Medicago
bridum.
1. Baptisia tinctoria. 2.
lupulina. 8. M, arabica. 9. Trifolhum hy
344 PAPILIONACEAE
4. M. arabica, All. (Fig. 8, pl. 75.) Sporrep Mepic, Leaflets in-
versely heart-shaped. Stipules similar to those of No. 3. Leaflets with
1 or more purple spots near the center. Pod with reticulations and with
marginal prickles. Waste places. All summer.
8 MELILOTUS, (Tourn.) Hill.
Tall herbs, with trifoliate leaves and with numerous small flowers in
long slender spikes. Calyx teeth 5, nearly equal. Pod ovoid with one or
more seeds. Plants very fragrant.
Blowers: white? a Sse pS ere: eb ise tos obec, mls let Veleuveru Be Unnicha te iain Minas CEES
Blowers) ‘yellow: 3. seo Ge 2: | (cp Wis ite (tice wel ce bom cities: vibes Reine mG ra ass
1. M. alba, Desv. (Fig. 5. pl. 76.) Wire Sweet Crover. Erect;
branching, with slender branches, 3 to 10 ft. high. Leaflets oblong or
inversely lance-shaped, notched or rounded at extremity. Flowers white.
Along roadsides and waste places. June-Nov.
2. M. officinalis, (L.) Lam. (Fig. 4, pl. 76.) |. Yernrow Sweer
CLoveR. Resembles No. 1, but leaflets are mostly rather broader and
flowers are yellow.
g. TRIFOLIUM, L.
Tufted or spreading herbs with (in our species) trifoliate leaves, the
leaflets usually toothed. Flowers small, in more or less dense heads.
Stamens, 9 united, 1 more or less free. Pod oblong or cylindric, 1 to 6
seeded, often included in the calyx.
Tiowers yellow.
Stipules long and narrow (length at least 3 times the breadth) T. agrarium
Stipules broad (length not more than twice the breadth).
Flowers in the head usually more than 20 . . . . . T. procumbens
Flowerstin’ head few (roto T2035 3 6s) We. ley) ua) Mean Cer
Flowers pink and purple.
Leaflets oval, with a pale spot on upper side . . . . . . T. pratense
Leaflets oblong, without the pale spot .. .. .-. «+. « « JT. medium
Leaflets pear-shaped or wedge-shaped . . . . «. . «. « YT. itncarnatum
Flowers white.
Calyx teeth long, silky, nearly hiding the peu white or ei! pink
corolla . 7 es . « ds aruvense
Calyx teeth not hiding “the corolla.
Planta to 2 ft. “high! <b. se | ie) eee tens Mon, seth onde erect) Eyecneneoer
Plant?6.to 12, in: mbigh 3; sys, si) ve) eller. Ate) tus) 2) “le nes melt near
Flowers yellow
1. T. agrarium, L. (Fig. 6, pl. 76.) Ye~ttow Ciover. Hop CLover.
Stems bending, ascending. Leaflets inversely ovate, finely notched at sum-
mit. Stipules narrowly lance-shaped, tapering to a sharp point. Flowers
bright yellow in dense heads, the flowers of Which are, as they mature,
turned back, calyx teeth not equal, the inferior being twice as long as
the superior. Along roadsides, in waste places. All summer.
2. T. procumbens, L. (Fig. 7, pl. 76.) Low or Hor Treror. Hop
CLOVER. Stems more spreading than No. 1 and more silky, 3 to 6 in.
long. Leaflets wedge-shaped, rounded and generally notched at apex.
Stipules egg-shaped, rather greater in length than breadth. Heads of 20
to 40 flowers, turned back when mature. Sandy fields and roadsides.
All summer.
3. T. dubium, Sibth. (Fig. 3, pl. 76.) Least Hor Crover. Stems
similar to last. Leaflets decidedly notched at apex. Flowers only 3 to
15 in head. Waste places. Summer.
PEA FAMILY 345
9
NVA Y
WG WY MZ
Fi fp 4 WY Vise
SW) g Yi () WS
a My, SN)! iz
Sg! Zz
Sy WZ, f
i ig yf Lo
Hy S
PLATE 76
1. Medicago sativa. 2. Trifolium incarnatum. 3. T. dubium. 4. Melilo-
tus officinalis. 5. M. alba. 6. Trifolium agrarium. 7. T. procumbens. 8. T.
repens.
346 PAPILIONACKAE
Flowers pink or purple
4. T.incarnatum, L. (Fig. 2, pl. 76.) Crimson CLover. Stems
erect, 4 to 3 ft. high, hairy. Leaflets wedge-shaped, hairy. Heads of
flowers on rather long stalks, oblong or long egg-shaped. Introduced.
Summer.
5. T. pratense, L. Rep Cuover. Erect or decumbent, stems 4 to”
2 ft. high, silky. Leaves on long or short leaf-stalks. Leaflets oblong,
often notched at apex, often with a pale spot near base. Stipules broad
with bristle points. Heads without much of a flower stalk, round or
oblong. Cultivated in fields and growing in rich soils commonly.
6. T. medium, L. Zic-Zac Cover. Resembles the last. Heads
longer and on a flower stem. Flowers of deeper color. Leaves without
central spot. Dry fields. Introduced. Summer.
Flowers white
7. T. arvense, L. (Fig. 1, pl. 83.) Rassrr Foot. StTone CLoven.
Plant velvety, branching, mostly procumbent. Leaflets oblong, narrow,
notched at summit. Flowers small, white or rosy. Nearly hidden by the
long silky calyx teeth. Heads eylindric. Fields, waste places. Summer,
8. T. repens, L. (Fig. 8, pl. 76.) Wire CLover. Stems prostrate,
rooting. Leaves on long leaf-stalks, leaflets inversely ovate or nearly
round, finely notched at borders and abruptly terminated by one or two
teeth at apex. Flowers white, sometimes rose. Common. Summer,
9. T. hybridum, L. (Fig. 9, pl. 75.) AtsaTiaAn Cover. A larger
plant than the last and more generally erect. Leaves on shorter leaf-
stalks; leaflets elliptic, borders notched; stipules oval with sharp points.
Heads globose; flowers white, later rose. Roadsides. Summer.
10. LOTUS, L. (Hosackia, Douglas)
Herbs, with (in our species) 3-foliate leaves and small reddish yellow
flowers in loose umbellate clusters (3 to 12 in cluster). Calyx teeth
equal or nearly so. Standard (two upper united petals) orbicular or
ovate; stamens, 9 united, 1 free. Pod linear, compressed, 1 to several
seeded.
L. corniculatus, L. (Fig. 1, pl. 77.) Brrn’s-roor Treror. Stems
slender, decumbent. Leaflets 3, but the two stipules, which are about
the size and shape of the leaflets, appear to make 5 leaflets. Flowers in
an umbel, corolla bright yellow, the standard frequently red or reddish.
Introduced, June-Sept.
11. CRACCA, L. (Tephrosia, Pers.)
Hairy herbs, with compound feather-formed leaves, with an odd num-
ber of leaflets; flowers white or purple in terminal or lateral clusters.
Leaflets (in our species) about 13 to 25, elliptic. Stamens all united or
one free. Pod linear, several seeded.
1. C. virginiana, L. (Fig. 2, pl. 77.) Goats Rug. Plant silky
with whitish hairs. Stem erect, not branching, 1 to 2 ft. high. Flowers
in clusters, large and often numerous, yellowish-white marked with pur-
ple. Dry sandy soil. June-July.
PEA FAMILY 347
yD
iy Es Ss. LES
‘4
GPIEA
as 4 (e v oe
QNe WY
PLATE 77
1, Lotus corniculatus. 2. Craeca virginiana. 3. Robinia Pseudacacia. 4.
Astragalus alpinus. 5. A. Robbinsii. 6. Aeschynomene virginica. 7. Hedy-
sarum boreale. 8. Coronilla varia,
348 PAPILIONACEAE
1z. ROBINIA, L.
Our species a tree with long pendant clusters of showy white flowers.
Leaves feather-formed; stipules small, sometimes spiny. Calyx teeth
slightly unequal. Standard large, rounded and turned backward. Pod
flat, linear, several seeded.
R. Pseudacacia, L. (Fig. 3, pl. 77.) Common Locust. Our com-
mon locust tree has rough bark and grows to height of 80 ft., but is
usually not more than from 30 to 50 ft. high. Pod 2 to 4 in. long.
Leaflets 8 to 12 pairs with an odd one at the end. Stipules are often
spiny. May-June.
13. ASTRAGALUS, L.
Herbs, leaves compound, mostly with an odd number of leaflets; purple,
white or yellow flowers in spikes, loose clusters or solitary. Stamens,
9 united, 1 free; calyx of 5 nearly equal teeth. Standard erect, ovate
or oblong, usually narrow, keel blunt; pod several seeded, generally
turgid.
1. A. Robbinsii, (Oakes.) A. Gray. (Fig. 5, pl. 77.) Ropsins’s
MiLkK VeEFcH. Nearly smooth, erect, + to 1 ft. high. Leaflets 9 to 25.
Flowers white or purplish, 4 to 3 in. long, in loose elongated or short
clusters. Rocky places, Maine and northern Vermont. June-July.
Var. A. Robbinsii Jesupi, Eggleston and Sheldon, has larger, darker
purple flowers, longer pod, and a flower-stalk longer than the calyx.
Localities as above.
‘2. A. alpinus, L. (Fig. 4, pl. 77.) Awprne Mitk VetcH. Plant
branching, decumbent or erect, 3 to 1 ft. high, smooth or slightly hairy.
Flowers violet-purple. Rocks, northern New England. June.
3. A. canadensis, L. CaroLtinA MILK VetTcH. (A. carolinianus,
L.}. Plant 1 to 4 ft. high. Leaflets 15 to 31. Stipules lance-shaped.
Flowers yellowish. Pod without stem, 2-celled. Shores of Lake Cham-
plain. (Brainerd.)
14. CORONILLA, L.
Herbs with several pairs of leaflets and an odd one. Flowers purple
or yellowish, in an umbel. Pod linear, jointed. Calyx teeth nearly equal.
Standard nearly orbicular.
C. varia, L. (Fig. 8, pl. 77.) Coroni~ta. Leaflets 6 to 7 pairs
and an odd one. Flower stalks longer than the compound leaves. Flowers
light purple (standard pink, wings white or purple). Plant 1 to 2 ft.
high, generally reclining on shrubs or other plants, Connecticut and
southern New York. Introduced. June-August.
15 HEDYSARUM, L.
Herbs with several pairs of leaflets and an odd one. Flowers showy
in axillary clusters. Calyx of 5 awl-shaped teeth, nearly equal. Stamens,
9 united, 1 free. Pod flattened and distinctly jointed.
H. boreale, Nutt. (Fig. 7, pl. 77.) Hepysarum. (H. americanum,
(Michx.) Britton.) Plant 4 to 24 ft. high, erect or somewhat decumbent.
Leaflets 13 to 21, oblong to lance-shaped, nearly smooth. Stipules sealy.
Flowers purple in a many-flowered cluster. Pods of 3 or 4 joints, smooth
PEA FAMILY 349
and marked with reticulations. Northern parts of our region. June-
July.
16. AESCHYNOMENE, L.
Herbs, resembling Hedysarum, with odd pinnate leaves and clusters of
yellow flowers. Stamens in two groups of 5 each. Pod on a lengthened
stalk, jointed.
A. virginica, (L.) BSP. (Fig. 6, pl. 77.) Sensivive Joint VETCH.
Erect, 2 to 5 ft. high, rough hairy. Leaves of 25 to 55 leaflets, which
are somewhat sensitive, closing when touched. Flowers few, reddish-
yellow with veined petals. Pod linear of 5 to 10 nearly square joints.
Southern part of our area, Aug.-Sept.
17, STYLOSANTHES, Swartz.
Low herbs, branching, with wiry stems and 3-foliate leaves. Stipules
sheathing and uniting with the leaf-stalk. Flowers smal}, yellow, in
terminal clusters. Calyx tube slender, bell-shaped, the 4 upper teeth
somewhat united. Standard (upper petal) orbicular. Stamens in two
groups, each of 5. Pod short, strongly reticulated.
S. biflora, (L.) Swartz. (Fig. 3, pl. 83.) PENcIL FLowrR. Grow-
ing in tufts, stems 3 to 2 ft. long, nearly erect or decumbent. Leaflets
lance-shaped. Clusters few flowered, yellow. Pine barrens, L. I. June-
September.
18. DESMODIUM, DC. (Meibomia, Adams)
Erect or trailing herbs, with (in our species), 3-foliate leaves, the
leaflets of which are arranged as a pair and an odd leaflet. Flowers
purple, usually small, in terminal or axillary clusters. Calyx small, its
divisions being more or less united as two lips. Upper petals (standard)
round or pear-shaped, side petals (wings) adherent to the keel by means
of a small transverse band. Stamens in 1 or 2 groups. Pod (loment)
flat, stalked, consisting of one to several joints. These joints roughened
by short hairs which aid in their dissemination.
Stamens 10 in a single group. Pods constricted on lower side,
Leaves and flowers on separate stalks . . . . . . . D. nudifiorum
Leaves and flowers on the same stalk.
Flower stalk long, with many flowers . . . . D. grandiflorum
Flower stalk bearing but few flowers . . . . . D. pauciforum
Stamens 9, united, 1 more or less free. Pods constricted above and below, though
scarcely on the upper margins in Nos. 5, 6 and 11.
Stems trailing or reclining.
Leaflets nearly orbicular . . . . . . . =. «. Dz, rotundifolium
Leaflets egg-shaped. =
Plant decidedly hairy, flowers nearly white . D. ochroleucum
Plant nearly smooth, flowers purple . . . . D. glabellum
Stems erect, not trailing nor decumbent.
Leaflets narrow, lance-shaped or linear.
Leaf stalk wanting or nearly so . . . . Dz. sessilifolium
Leaf stalk present.
Flowers in~elongated simple cluster . . D._ strictum
Flowers in a compound cluster . . . D. paniculatum
Leaflets egg-shaped,
Length more than 3 times the breadth.
Plantenctitemmbainy wails Wiens mlrars mn euteD canadense
Plant not hairy Ait Ls Sen - D. bracteosum
Length less than 3 times the breadth.
Joints of pod decidedly longer than broad, plant de-
cidedly hairy, leaflets abrupt at each end D,. canescens
Joints about as long as_ broad.
350 PAPILIONACEAE
Plant smooth, almost without hairs.
Leaflets an inch or more in length, not
velvety . D, laevigatum
Leaflets 1 to gk: in, long, velvety beneath
viridiforum
Leaflets less than an. in. in length
Sibi se 6 els tet. Ds.) Jenarslanmieur
Plant more or less hairy.
Leaflets rough to touch . . D. rigidum
Leaflets not rough to touch.
Oblong or oblong <ee snared D. Dillenit
Round ovate . . « . D. obtusum
1. D. nudiflorum, (L.) DC. (Fig. 1, pl. 78.) NAKED-FLOWERED
TICK-TREFOIL, This plant is easily recognized by its long naked, or al-
most naked flower stalk springing from the root and the leafy stem at
the summit of which all the leaves are crowded. The flower scape often
reaches a height of 2 ft. or more. Leaves of 3 broadly egg-shaped leaf-
lets. Flowers purple, not very numerous; pod 2 to 3 jointed. Common
in dry woods, July-August.
2. D. grandiflorum, (Walt.) DC. (Fig. 2, pl. 78.) PorntTep-
LEAVED TICK-TREFOIL. Plant 1 to 5 ft. high, erect; leaves crowded at top
from which arises the elongated flower stalk. Leaflets round-ovate with
long taper points. Flowers large, purple. Pod 2 to 3 jointed. Dry
woods. June-Sept.
3. D. pauciflorum, (Nutt.) DC. FEW-FLOWERED ‘TICK-TREFOIL.
Plant erect or more or less decumbent, 1 to 3 ft. high. Somewhat hairy.
Leaflets oval or egg-shaped, the end one rhomboid, silky, pale beneath.
Flowers few on a terminal, or axillary naked flower-stalk. Woods. July-
August.
4. D. rotundifolium, DC. (Fig. 4, pl. 78.) Prostrate TIcK-TRE-
FOIL. Stems prostrate, 2 to 6 ft. long, soft hairy; leaflets orbicular, the
odd one less rounded. Flowers purple; pods constricted nearly equally
at both margins, 3 to 5 joints. Dry rocky woods. July-Sept.
5. D. ochroleucum, M. A. Curtis. CREAM-FLOWERED TICK-TREFOIL.
Stems with scattered hairs, prostrate; leaflets smooth, egg-shaped, yellow-
ish-green. Flower stalks much elongated; flowers whitish. Pods 2 to 4
jointed, twisted. Woods in southern part of our area. Aug.-Sept.
6. D. glabellum, (Michx.) DC. Tramine Tick-TrEFoIL. Plant pro-
cumbent, stems sometimes 8 ft. long, smooth or nearly so. Leaflets egg-
shaped or oval, the terminal one somewhat rhomboid. Flower clusters
terminai or axillary, flowers purple. Pods 2 to 5 jointed, the joints
somewhat rough to the touch. Dry woods. Aug.-Sept.
7. D. sessilifolium, (Torr.) T. and G. (Fig. 6, pl. 78.) SrssILE-
LEAVED TICK-TREFOIL. Stems silky, 2 to 4 ft. high. Leaflets linear, ob-
tuse at each end, almost without leaf-stalk. Upper surface rough, lower
silky. Flowers small in long simple or,compound clusters. Dry soil in
eastern part of our region. July-Sept.
8. D. strictum, (Pursh.) DC. Strimr Tick-trerom. Erect, very
straight, 2 to 3 ft. high, silky. Leaflets narrow linear, 1 to 2 in. long,
obtuse at base, strongly reticulated, not hairy, smooth, on leaf stalks
which are } to 3 in. long. Joints of pod 1 to 3 (mostly 1). Flowers
small on slender scapes. July-Sept.
PEA FAMILY 3
PLATE 78
1. Desmodium nudiflorum. 2. D. grandiflorum. 3. D. canescens. 4.
rotundifolium. 5. D. marylandicum. 6, D. sessilifolium.
352 PAPILIONACEAE
9. D. canescens, (L.) DC. (Fig. 3, pl. 78.) Hoary Tick-TREFOIL.
Stems branching, densely hairy with soft downy hairs, 3 to 5 ft. high.
Leaflets egg-shaped, on leaf stalks about as long as the terminal leaflets,
rather rough above and below, the under side reticulated and whitish.
Flowers small on long hairy scapes. Pods of about 4 joints. Mass., and
southward. July-Sept.
10. D. bracteosum, (Michx.) DC. lLarce-BracTED TICK-TREFOIL.
Erect, straight, smooth below, somewhat silky on the flower stalk, 3 to
6 ft. high. Leaflets 2 to 8 in. long, egg-shaped with long slender points.
Flowers large, purple. Joints of pod 3 to 5. Thickets. Common. Aug.-
Sept.
1l. D. paniculatum, (L.) DC. Panicrep Tick-TREFoIL. Slender,
erect, 2 to 4 ft. high, nearly smooth. Leaflets linear or oblong, blunt at
each end, 3 to 5 in. long on short leaf-stalks. Small purple flowers in
compound clusters, the branches of the clusters being in many instances
at right angles to the main stem. Common. July-Sept.
12. D. laevigatum, (Nutt.) DC. Smoorn Tick-TREFor, Stems
erect, straight, smooth, 2 to 4 ft. high. Leaflets egg-shaped, 2 to 3 in.
long, on long leaf-stalks. Flowers in compound clusters. Joints of pod
4 or more. Aug.-Sept.
13. D. viridiflorum, (L.) Beck. VELVET-LEAVED TICK - TREFOIL.
Leaves rough above, velvety with long silky hairs beneath. Flowers pur-
ple. In form of leaf and general appearance otherwise like D. laevigatum. ©
Eastern Penna., southern New York, and westward. Aug.-Oct.
14. D. Dillenii, Darl. D1Lton’s Tick-TrEFoIL. Stem 2 to 3 ft. high,
erect, silky with hairs scattered. Leaflets oblong or somewhat egg-shaped,
blunt at both ends, 2 to 4 in. long, on leaf-stalks 1 to 2 in. long, pale
beneath. Flowers in compound clusters. Pods 2 to 4 jointed, the joints
nearly triangular. Common. June-Sept.
15. D. canadense, (L.) DC. (Fig. 11, pl. 79.) Snowy Tick-TRE-
OIL. Stem stout, erect, quite hairy, 2 to 8 ft. high. Leaflets oblong-
lance-shaped, blunt at base, blunt or somewhat sharp at apex. Flowers
large, in somewhat dense showy clusters. Common, July-Sept.
16. D. rigidum, (Ell.) DC. (Fig. 10, pl. 79.) Rierp Tick-TREFOIL.
Stems rigid, branched, somewhat whitish hairy, as is the lower surface
of the leaves. Height 2 to 3 ft. Leaflets long egg-shaped, blunt at each
end, hairy underneath and on edges. Flowers small, purplish, in com-
pound clusters. Pods 1 to 3 jointed. Common. July-Oct.
17. D. marylandicum, (L.) DC. (Fig. 5, pl. 78.) Smootn SmMAtt-
LEAVED TICK-TREFOIL. Erect, slender, nearly smooth, 2 to 3 ft. high.
Leaflets broad egg-shaped with rounded ends } to 4 in. long on a leaf-
stalk about the length of the lateral ones. Flowers quite small, purplish.
Pods 1 to 3 jomted. Common, July-Sept.
18. D. obtusum, (Muhl.) DC. Harry SMALL-LEAVED TICK-TREFOIL.
Much like the last, but covered with silky rather rough hairs. Leaves
crowded on short leaf-stalks, leaflets broad egg-shaped or round. Com-
mon. July-Oct,
19. LESPEDEZA, Michx.
Herbs, with 3-foliate leaves, with small stipules or without any. Flowers
PEA FAMILY 3
aX
Uy
Y
PLATE 79
1. Lespedeza angustifolia. 2. L. violacea. 3. L. Stuvei. 4. L. procumbens.
5. L. capitata. 6. L. virginica. 7. L, frutescens. 8, L. hirta. 9, L. Nuttallii
10. Desmodium rigidum. 11. D. canadense. .
354 PAPILIONACEAE —
often of two kinds (staminate and pistillate, and pistillate only), the
former with purplish corolla, the latter without petals or with minute
ones. Pods of a single, one-seeded joint, lens-shaped. Keel of the corolla
very obtuse.
All the flowers having stamens and pistils, corolla yellowish or whitish, flowers
in dense spikes or heads.
Leatlets: broadly oval or mearly-round 2. 2 2) 2 9. 2 © os (=) weaunmee
Leaflets oblong or narrowly oblong . . . .« .« « « « « &, captiaia
Leaflets linear ih “noi Noel Kor bbrer, ce Lcalw Nate Bon Wes Us a Pale ciulee LU aCe
Flowers purple, of 2 kinds, those which are perfect (stamens and pistils) but
seldom fertile. The smaller, pistillate only, with very small or no petals.
Plants trailing or procumbent;
Leaves covered with woolly hairs . . . . « «+«, « « EL. repens
Leaves not ‘very hairy...) % se) sn fed ee ie) Ue.) oP RO CHIE ES
Plants not trailing or procumbent;
Leaves) linear! .. 6) ls) es he. SER Cops ee) at, (oat cm ET
Leaves oblong;
Flower stalks slender, longer than the leaves;
Inflorescence in compact, elongated heads;
Plant not velvety above . . . . L. Nuttalli
Plant decidedly velvety above . . . L. Brittonii
Inflorescence loose clusters, few flowered . L. violacea
Flower stalks shorter than the leaves; :
Leaves downy on both sides . .. . . L. Stuvet
Leaves downy only on lower side . . L. frutescens
l. L. hirta, (L.) Ell. (Fig. 8, pl. 79.) Harry Busu-crover. Erect,
hairy, somewhat shrubby. Stems scarcely branching, 2 to 4 ft. high.
Leaf stalks not as long as leaves. Leaflets broadly oval or nearly round,
Clusters of flowers in elongated cylindric dense heads, All the flowers
perfect, reddish-white. Calyx teeth as long or longer than the lens-shaped
pod. Dry woods, New Jersey and southward. Aug.-Sept.
2. L. capitata, Michx. (Fig. 5, pl. 79.) RouND-HEADED BUSH-CLOVER.
Erect, hairy, half-shrubby, stems with few or no branches, 2 to 5 ft.
high. Leaves on short leaf-stalks, leaflets narrow, elliptic, 1 to 14 in.
long by } as wide, blunt at each end. Flower clusters of dense rounded
or oblong heads; flowers yellowish-white with a purple spot on the stand-
ard. Dry soils, New England and southward, Aug.-Sept.
3. L. angustifolia, (Pursh.) Ell. (Fig. 1, pl. 79.) NARrRow-LEAVED
Busu-cLover. Erect, simple or somewhat branched above, somewhat
downy,.2 to 3 ft. high. Leaves on very short leaf-stalks, leaflets narrow,
linear, 1 to 14 in. long, blunt at each end. Flower stems considerably
longer than the leaves, clusters rounded or somewhat cylindric, flowers
whitish. Calyx teeth longer than the pod. Dry sandy soil. Aug.-Sept.
4. L. repens, (L.) Bart. CREEPING BuUSH-CLOVER. Stem prostrate,
spreading, smooth or slightly hairy. Leaflets oval or pear-shaped, rounded
at apex, generally narrow at base. Flower stems thread-like, few flow-
ered, the lower flowers being without petals. Petalous flowers purple.
Dry soils. Aug.-Sept.
5. L. procumbens, Michx. (Fig. 4, pl. 79.) TRaArmLIna BuSH-CLOVER.
Stems procumbent, spreading, with silky hairs. Leaflets oval or nearly
round, upper surface with few or no hairs, lower surface pubescent.
Petalous flowers violet. Dry soils. Aug.-Sept.
6. L. Nuttallii, Darl. (Fig. 9, pl: 79.) NuTTaLy’s BUSH-CLOVER.
Erect. or somewhat reclining, downy, 2 to 3 ft. high. Leaflets oval to
rounded, obtuse at each end or aith a notch and a terminal bristle at
apex, smooth above, silky beneath. Flower stems mostly exceeding the
PEA FAMILY 355
leaves. Flower clusters in heads or somewhat cylindric spikes. Petal
bearing flowers violet-purple. Calyx teeth shorter than pod. Southern
portion of our area, Aug.-Sept.
7. L. Brittonii, Bicknell. Brirron’s Busu-cLtover. Stems partly
upright, wand-like, 15 to 40 in. long, with short flowering branches.
Plant densely velvety above, the upper surface of leaves smooth. Flower
branches short; terminal clusters spike-formed on slender stems. Lower
clusters few flowered. Corolla pinkish-purple, much longer than the calyx.
Pod egg-shaped to oblong, downy, about twice the length of the calyx
lobes. Bronxville, New York, also eastern Mass. Aug.-Sept.
8. L. violacea, (L.) Pers. (Fig. 2, pl. 79.) BusH-cLover. Erect,
usually much branched, with few hairs, 2 to 3 ft. high. Leaflets elliptic
or oval, blunt at each end, 4 to 2 in. long, on short leaf-stalks. Flowers
in loose clusters, violet-purple. Calyx teeth shorter than pod. Dry soil,
in all of our area. Aug.-Sept.
9. L. Stuvei, Nutt. (Fig. 3, pl. 79.) Sruver’s BusH-cLover. Stems
erect, branching or simple, very velvety, and very leafy, 2 to 4 ft. high.
Leaflets oval to rounded, blunt at each end, silky white beneath and
sometimes above. Flower stalks short, clusters terminal or axillary,
those with petals violet-purple. Calyx teeth shorter than the nearly
round pod. Dry soil, Vermont, Massachusetts and south and west. Aug.-
Sept.
10. L. frutescens, (L.) Britton. (Fig. 7, pl. 79.) WAND-LIKE
Busu-cLover. Similar to above, but less hairy and hairs shorter. Leaf-
lets smooth above, somewhat silky beneath. Upper flowers violet-purple.
Dry soil, our area, Aug.-Sept.
ll. L. virginica, (L.) Britton. (Fig. 6, pl. 79.) SLENDER BusH-
CLOVER. Erect, with a simple stem or somewhat branched above. Leaf-
lets linear with or without fine soft hairs. Flower clusters close to main
stem without lengthened flower-stalks, violet-purple. Dry soil, New Hamp-
shire, and southward. Aug.-Sept.
20. VICIA, L.
Climbing or trailing vines with feather-formed leaves, leaflets of an
even number, the leaf terminated by a tendril. Stipules conspicuous.
Flowers in axillary clusters, generally conspicuous, mostly blue or violet-
purple. Standard egg-shaped or oblong with a depression at the summit;
wings oblong, adhering to the curved keel. Stamens, 9 united, 1 free.
Style slender, curved, with a ring or tuft of hairs at summit or through-
out its extent. Pod 2-valved, 2 to several seeded.
Flowers on elongated flower-stems.
Leaflets about 4 as broad as long;
Stipules broad with conspicuous teeth . . . . . V. americana
Leaflets generally less than 4+ as broad as long.
Ends sharp or rounded.
Flowers in dense clusters, usually more than 20 . V. Cracca
Blowers, fron (8) tol2on in) cluster’ 206) 289) &) OM) carcliniana
Flowers 1 to 6 in cluster.
Leaflets rounded or pointed at both one V. tetrasperma
Leaflets abrupt at apex . . 7 « V. hirsuta
Flowers with very short or with no flower stems.
Leaflets abrupt at apex.
One-third as wide as long PM siesta cote aie) Keng Mo deo Mteueers Pe ok, SOLE:
One-half as wide as lone) Pl 20 ek! ae AP ven ee Lhatenn eas V. sepium
Leaflets sharp at apex . . ee lis ea os ee Ve, aneustifola
356 PAPILIONACEAE
1. V. Cracca, L. (Fig. 1, pl. 80.) Turrep Vetcu. Trailing vine
2 to 4 ft. long, with leaves of 9 to 12 pairs of leaflets and with flowers
overlapping in a rather dense one-sided cluster (20 to 40 flowers). Leaf-
lets linear, pointed at each end or somewhat rounded with a bristle-
point at apex. Flower clusters on long stalks from the axils of the
leaves. Stem square, somewhat downy as are also the leaflets. A slender
climber or trailer with blue or purple flowers. Dry soil, New Jersey and
northward, June-Aug.
2. V. americana, Muhl. (Fig. 1, pl. 81.) American Vetcn. Trail-
ing vine, 1 to 3 ft. long, nearly without hairs. Stipules broad with
several conspicuous teeth. Leaflets, 4 to 7 pairs, elliptic to egg-shaped
on the one hand or lance-shaped on the other, blunt at each end. Flowers
4 to 8, bluish-purple, the flower-stem shorter than the leaf-stalk. Pod
about an inch long, 4- to 7-seeded. Moist grounds, New York and south-
ward. May-August.
3. V. caroliniana, Walt. (Fig. 2, pl. 80.) Carorina VeTcH. Slen-
der vine, 4 to 6 ft. long, smooth. Leaflets 4 to 6 pairs, oblong or linear.
Flowers 8 to 20 in a cluster, the stem of which is generally somewhat
shorter than the leaf-stalks. Flowers nearly white or pale blue, the ban-
ner tipped with purple. Moist places, our area. May-July.
4. V. tetrasperma, (L.) Moench. (Fig. 4, pl. 80.) SLENDER
VetcH. Stem slender, clinging, smooth or nearly so. Leaflets 3 to 6
pairs, linear, obtuse or rather sharp at the ends. Stipules simple, nar-
row, spread at base. Flower stem slender, shorter or about equalling
the leaf-stalk, carrying from 1 to 6 pale blue or purple small flowers.
Calyx tube of 5 unequal teeth. Pod linear-oblong with 2 or 3 globular
seeds. Fields and waste places. May-Sept.
5. V. hirsuta, (L.) Koch. Harry VeETcH. Vine, somewhat hairy,
stem branching. Leaflets 8 to 10 pairs; individual leaflets having the
appearance of having been cut off at the end, a small bristle appearing
as the termination of the mid-vein. Flowers small, purplish. Pod some-
what velvety, oblong, dark, crimpled, 2-seeded, about 4 in. long. Fields
and waste places. May-Sept.
6. V. sepium, L. (Fig. 3, pl. 81.) Busma Vetcu. Wuitp Tare.
Leaflets 10 to 18, broad egg-shaped very blunt or depresed at apex.
Flowers few, without flower-stalks. Waste places, only in northern part
of our area. May-July.
7. V. sativa, L. (Fig. 3, pl. 80.) Common Vetcn. Stem flexible,
clinging by the leaf tendrils, more or less hairy, angular. Leaflets 4 to
7 pairs, inversely oval, the base narrowed, the apex rounded with a rather
deep notch at center and with a bristly point to the central vein. Flowers
large, bluish-purple, without leaf-stalks, or with very brief ones, gen-
erally 2 flowers at the leaf-axils. Pods solitary or in pairs, broad, strongly
veined, dark brown when ripe. Fields. Introduced from Europe where
it is cultivated for fodder. May-August.
8. V. angustifolia, Roth. (Fig. 2, pl. 81.) Smarter Common
Vetcu. Stems numerous, branching, partly erect, 1 to 2 ft. long. Stipules
simple or toothed, Leaflets 3 to 8 pairs, narrowly linear, 4 to 14 in. long.
Purple flowers without flower-stalks or with very short ones in upper
PEA FAMILY
PLATE 80
1. Vicia Cracea. 2. V. caroliniana. 3. V. sativa. 4. V. tetrasperma.
357
358 PAPILIONACEAE
leaf-axils. Pod linear, terminated by a recurved beak, somewhat hairy.
Mostly near the coast. April-July.
21. LATHYRUS, L.
Vines, mostly trailing, some species partly or wholly erect. Leaves
of an even number of leaflets, the leaf-stalk terminating by a tendril.
The nervules are usually nearly parallel with the central nerve. Flowers
in clusters or single, nearly like those of Vicia, often large. Stamens, 9
united, 1 free, or 10 united.
Leaflets broadly oval or elliptic.
Flowers purple.
Stipules broad hafberd-shaped, not divided at apex . L. maritimus
Stipules deeply divided from apex . . . «. - « «© JL. venosus
Leaflets narrow lance-shaped or somewhat egg-shaped.
Stems with wings at the angles . . 3 ee
Stems angled, but not winged.
Stipules broad, arrow-head-formed and divided . . L. myrtifolius
Flowers yellowish.
Stipules narrow, leai-like, lance-sshaped . . . . . « UL. pratensis
Stipulesmiproad atcamemae 1a eck qo OMe m nem a ke eu S. ochroleucus
cages ls tte te. des, pS EES
1. L. maritimus, (L.) Bigel. (Fig. 3, pl. 82.) Brac Pra. Nearly
erect, or decumbent, stout, stems about 1 ft. high, angled. Stipules very
conspicuous, halberd-shaped and nearly as large as the leaflets. Leatlets
elliptic or oval, 1 to 2 in. long, 1/3 to 1/2 as wide. Flowers showy,
purple, in thick clusters on flower-stalks rather shorter than the com-
pound leaves. Pod linear with a beak turned at a sharp angle. Sand
at seashores. May-August.
2. L. venosus, Muhl. (Fig. 7, pl. 81.) Verny Pra. Stem climbing,
nearly smooth or covered with soft hairs, 2 to 3 ft. high, strongly 4-
angled. Stipules very small and slender. Leaflets 4 to 6 pairs, broadly
elliptic or oval. Flowers purple about as large as those of No. 1, and
on a stem about as long as the compound leaf. Pod linear with a beak
not much bent. Southern part of our region. May-July.
3. L. palustris, L. (Fig. 4, pl. 82.) Marsn Vercuiine. Stems
slender, usually with wings at the angles, smooth or nearly so. Stipules
broad, split down the center. Leaflets 2 to 4 pairs, narrow lance-shaped,
about 1 to 2 in. long and 1/5 as wide. Flowers in loose clusters (2 to
6 in cluster), purple, each about 4 in. long. Pod narrow 13 to 24 in,
long. Moist places, northern part of our area. May-August.
4. L,. myrtifolius, Muhl. (Fig. 2, pl. 82.) MyrrLe-Leavep Marsiu
Pea. Stems slender, angled but not winged. ‘Stipules broad and _ long,
resembling leaflets. Leaflets 2 to 4 pairs, oval or oblong, 2/3 to 2 in.
long. Flowers purple, 2 to 9 in cluster. Pods long, the beak recurved.
Moist places, our area. May-July.
5. L. pratensis, L. (Fig. 5, pl. 81.) Meapow Pra. Climbing or
straggling, 1 to 3 ft. long. Leaves of a single pair of leatlets which are
linear or broad-linear, 4 to 1 in. long. Stipules of similar form and size
so that apparently there are 4 leaflets, the lower pair attached to the
stem. Flowers in a long slender cluster on a long flower stalk, yellow.
Maine to New York. June-Aug.
6. L. ochroleucus, Hook. (Fig. 6, pl. 81.) CREAM-coLoRED VETCH-
LING. Stem somewhat angled, climbing, 1 to 24 ft. high. Stipules broad,
PEA FAMILY 359
PLATE 81
1. Vicia americana. 2. V. angustifolia. 3. V. sepium. 4. Amphicarpa
monoica. 5. Lathyrus pratensis. 6. L. ochroleucus. 7. L. venosus. 8. Gal-
actia regularis.
360 PAPILIONACEAE
leaf-like. Leaflets 3 to 5 pairs, broadly oval or egg-shaped. Flowers
yellowish-white in clusters of 5 to 9, % in. long. Pod straight, beak
curved. Distributed through most of our area. May-July.
22. CENTROSEMA, DC. (Bradburya, Raf.)
Slender twining herb, with 3-foliate leaves, a pair and an odd one.
Both leaves and leaflets stipulate. Flowers in axillary clusters or solitary,
showy. Calyx short, bell-shaped, its teeth nearly equal. The large stand-
ard erect and rounded with a spur-shaped projection on the back toward
the base. Wings pear-shaped, keel broad and curved. Style bearded.
Pod long and slender, ‘flat with elengaved point. Stamens, 9 united, 1
more or less free.
C. virginianum, (L.) Benth. Spurrep ButTrerrty Pea. Somewhat
rough hairy, stem trailing 2 to 4 ft. long. Leaflets egg-shaped to oblong
or linear, shining. Flower stalks each bearing 1 to 4 showy violet hand-
some flowers about an inch long. Pods 4 to 5 in. long, very slender, with
a long awl-shaped point. Southern part of our area. July-August.
23.9 CE LLORTVAY te:
Climbing, erect or trailing herbs or more or less woody vines. Leaves
3-foliate, a pair and an odd one. Learlets with stipulate bracts. Calyx
tubular, 5-toothed. Flowers large, the standard rounded, erect with a
distinct depression at summit and with no spur at the back. Stamens,
9 united, 1 more or less free. Pod slender, flattened, knotty, several-
seeded.
C. mariana, L. (Fig. 6, pl. 83.) Butrtrerrtry Pea. Stem 1 to 3 ft.
high, reclining or partly erect, smooth. Leaflets oblong or very narrow
ego-shaped. Stipules awl-shaped. Flower stalk short, with 1 to 3 showy
pale blue flowers about 2 in. long. Southern part of our area. June-July.
24. AMPHICARPA, Ell. (Falcata, Gmel.)
Slender herbs, twining, the stem clothed with brown hairs. Leaves
3-foliate, the leaflets broad. Flowers small, white or violet, in simple
slender clusters (in our species). Flowers of two kinds, those of the:
upper branches having colored petals, those on lower branches solitary
without petals, but producing seed.
1. A. monoica, (L.) Ell. (Fig. 4, pl. 81.) Wiitp Pra-nut. Hoe
Prea-NuT. Leaflets 3, 4 to 2 in .long. Flower clusters simple and gen-
erally nodding; flowers purplish or white. Bracts at base of flowers
egg-shaped. Common. Aug.-Sept.
2. A. Pitcheri, (T. and G.) Pitcner’s Hoa Pea-nut. Leaflets 3,
2 to 4 in. long. Bracts below flowers orbicular. Western New York.
Aug.-Sept.
25. APIOS, Moench.
Twining vines climbing on trees and shrubs with leaves of 3 to 7
leaflets. Flowers in compact, short, often branching clusters, brownish-
purple or red. Calyx bell-shaped, somewhat 2-lipped. Standard very
broad and turned backward, the long keel twisted. Stamens, 9 united,
1 free. Pod linear.
PEA FAMILY
Ke PS
5 W Z-
\ AY) é
3 log
yj D>
ZS yf (
PLATE 82
athyrus myrtifolius, 3. L, maritimus. 4. L. pa-
lustris,
1, Apios tuberosa. 2, L
361
362 PAPILIONACEAE
A. tuberosa, (L.) Moench. (Fig. 1, pl. 82.) Grounp-NuT. A vine,
climbing on shrubs and trees often found along banks of streams. The
underground tubers are said to be edible. Flowers brownish-purple.
Moist grounds. July-Sept.
26. GALACTIA, P. Browne
Prostrate or twining herbs, with 3-foliate leaves and small stipules,
which fall early. Calyx 4-lobed, the lobes narrow and sharp at apex and
nearly equal in length. Standard orbicular, keel nearly straight, wings
narrow. Stamens, 9 united, 1 free. Pod straight linear, few seeded.
1. G. regularis, (L.) BSP. (Fig. 8, pl. 81.) Mirk Pea. Mostly”
prostrate, smooth. Leaflets elliptic, oblong, obtuse at each end, shining
above, somewhat hairy beneath, about 1 to 14 in. long. Flower cluster
from leaf axils on somewhat lengthened flower-stalks, the cluster about as
long as leaves. Flowers purple, greenish on the outside, rather large.
Dry soils, near the coast, southern New York, and southward. Aug.-Sept.
2. G. volubilis, (L.) Britton, Downy Mirx Pea. Generally twin-
ing, stem covered with silky hairs, several feet long. Leaflets similar in
form to No. 1. Silky and whitish beneath. Flower cluster generally ex-
tending beyond the leaves. Flowers smaller than those of No. 1. Dry
soils, southern part of our area. June-Aug.
27. PHASEOLUS, L.
Herbaceous twining or trailing plants, with 3-foliate leaves with stipules
which fall early. Flowers in clusters from the leaf axils. Calyx 5-
toothed or lobed, the upper two somewhat united. Standard orbicular,
keel spirally twisted. Pod sickle-shaped or nearly straight.
I. P. polystachyus, (L.) BSP. Fig. 5, pl. 83.) WitpoBeanm
BEAN VINE. (P. perennis, Walt.). Vine, often many feet long, climb-
ing and twining on other plants, often forming extensive masses of the
light green vine. Leaflets large, broadly egg-shaped, 14 to 3 in. long,
acute at apex, rounded at base. Flower clusters narrow, long, loose
flowered. Flowers light purple. Pod about 2 in. long, with compressed
dark purple seeds. Common. July-Sept.
2. P.helvolus, L. (Fig. 2, pl. 83.) Traminc Witp BEAN. (Stro-
phostyles helvola, Britton.) Stem slender, trailing, 2 to 8 ft. long, rather
rough-hairy. Leaflets egg-shaped, acute or obtuse at apex. Flower-stalk
much longer than the compound leaves. Flower clusters of few (2 to
6) flowers. Corolla greenish-purple. Keel not twisted, but slender and
curved. Sandy shores and river banks, eastern section of our area.
July-Oct.
28. STROPHOSTYLES, Ell.
Similar to Phaseolus, but keel of corolla is not spirally coiled, but is
strongly incurved.
S. umbellata, (Muhl.) Britton. (Fig. 4, pl. 83.) Pryxk Witp Bean.
tesembles Phaseolus helvolus, but the leaflets are often narrower and
often with one or more shallow lobes at border, Long Island and south-
ward. July-Sept.
PEA FAMILY 363
YY
By
:
PLATE 83
1. Trifolium arvense. 2. Phaseolus helvolus. 3. Stylosanthes biflora. 4.
Strophostyles umbellata. 5, Phaseolus polystachyus. 6, Clitoria mariana.
364 GERANIALES
Order VII.—GERANIALES. Order of the Geraniums
This order includes families differing so widely that they do
not appear related except to the expert. ‘There are, however, cer-
tain common characteristics. 'There are present the calyx and
corolla except in rare instances. The ovary is superior to and
free from the calyx and the divisions of the calyx (sepals) are,
in nearly all cases distinctly separate from each other to the base
or nearly to it. The stamens are few, usually 5 or 10 in flowers
in which the petals are all similar (flowers regular), but in flowers
in which the petals of the same flower are dissimilar the number
is reduced. The carpels (ovule bearing parts of the pistils) 5 or
less, are united, retaining, however, their dividing partitions, but
in Geranium these carpels separate when ripe. The ovules are
pendulous from the part of the carpel entering into the constitu-
tion of the central axis of the combined carpels, and the ridge
which connects the two ends of the ovule (the raphe) lies toward
this central aats.
Herbs.
With colored, showy flowers.
Flowers symmetrical.
Leaves with radiating lobes . . GERANIACEAE
Leaves 3-foliate . . . . . OXALIDACEAE
Leaves not lobed or divided . . . LINACEAE
Flowers unsymmetrical . . . . POLYGALACEAE
With mostly inconspicuous flowers, plants with milky juice
. EUPHORBIACEAE
Small aquatic plants with very slender stems, opposite
leaves and minute axillary flowers . CALLITRICHACEAE
Trees.
Leaves of not more than 13 leaflets. . . RUTACEAE
Leaves of from 13 to more than 40 leaflets SIMARUBACEAE
Famity I—GERANIACEAE. Geranium FAmIty ~
Iferbs, rarely shrubby, the stems of which often divide in pairs.
Leaves usually deeply lobed, nearly always with stipules at the
GERANIUM FAMILY 365
base of the leaf stalk. Flowers generally regular the calyx and
corolla each of 5 divisions. In some foreign species the calyx has
less than 5 sepals. Stamens 10, united at the base, 5 long and 5
short, in Geranium all fertile, in Hrodium 5 only fertile. Styles
5, adherent to a central column, the whole forming a slender beak.
Ovary free with 5 cells, the cells each with 2 ovules.
Stamens 10, all bearing anthers . . . . . Geranium
Stamens 10, 5 only bearing anthers . . . . Erodium
1. GERANIUM, L.
All of our species herbs, the stem swollen at the nodes, Leaves opposite
or alternate usually cut or lobed, our species all with stipules at foot of
leaf stalk. Flowers regular with 5 petals, 5 sepals, 10 stamens, 5 long
and 5 short, usually ripening at different times. Ovary 5-celled, terminat-
ing in a long beak. Fruit when mature of 5 one-seeded carpels. These
at maturity elastically separate from the central column, a thread-like
portion of the carpel to which the seed is attached coiling upward. (Tig.
la, pl. 84.)
HiGwersmeaerinDLOaAGm OL MNOLes shir cst) fee ie ey wl en Ge ecoulatiine
Flowers about 4 in. broad.
Leaves divided to the base into 3 epmpound leaflets, the middle one at
least with a stem . - G. Robertianum
Leaves cleft nearly to the base into 3 compound “divisions, the middle one
not on stem.
Flower stalks exceeding the leaves . . .- . . . += « G,. columbinum
Flower stalks not exceeding the leaves.
Beak of seed capsule 1 in. long . . . . . . . G. Bicknellu
Beak of seed capsule about 4 in. long . . . . . G. dissectum
Leaves cleft from 4 to # to the base.
Blower ‘stalle with a ‘single flower ©. - = = | = «= Ge (sibiricum
Flower stalk with 2 flowers.
Leaves nearly round, sinuses extending not more than half way to
DERE a 4 . . G. rotundifolinm
Sinuses extending more “than half! way ‘to base.
Flowers in compact clusters . - . G. carolinianum
Flowers in loose clusters, leaves rounded.
Garpelsahairye st. Bot Welesa ae lap ee ati eeGr pustihom
Carpels= noteshairym <.\fekocs sos Uy ee lata is G. molle
iMeaves\idividedssintoy 7 spartsy omelet) ee) Ween =) aie G pratense
1. G. maculatum, L. (Fig. 1, pl. 84.) Crane’s Birt. Stem 1 to
2 ft. high, erect, hairy; leaves about 5-parted nearly or quite 2/3 to base,
the basal ones on long leaf-stalks, more or less rounded, 3 to 6 in. wide.
Flowers in loose clusters at upper end of stem. Petals light purple;
sepals slender pointed. Common in woods. April-July.
2. G. Robertianum, L. (Fig. 3, pl. 84.) Hers Ropert, Annual
or biennial. Extensively branching, the branches prostrate or partly
erect, often covered with sticky hairs. Leaves deeply divided into lobes
which are distinct to the base, the lobes also deeply incised. Leaf-stalks
longer than the leaves. Flowers, 2 on a stalk exceeding the leaves;
petals red-purple, sepals velvety, awl-shaped. The plant has a strong and
rather unpleasant odor, Common in rocky woods. May-Oct.
3. G. carolinianum, L. (Fig. 2, pl. 84.) CARoLInaA CRANE’S-BILL.
Erect, diffusely branched, stems hairy, 6 to 15 in. high. Leaves divided
into about 5 to 7 lobes, the sinuses extending rather more than half way
366 OXILIDACEAE
to base; lobes also cleft into numerous divisions. Flower stalks rather
short, branched, each branch with 2 flowers. Sepals as long as the pale
purplish petals. Beak about 1 in. long. Barren soil, east Mass., westward
and southward. April-Aug.
4. G. Bicknellii, Britton. BmicKNELL’s CRANE’S-BILL. Similar to last,
but flower-stalks do not exceed the leaf-stalks. New York, New England
and northward. May-Sept.
(The following species, introduced, are more or less naturalized and are
found in limited localities in our area.)
5. G. dissectum, L. (Fig. 5, pl. 84.) CUT-LEAVED CRANE’S-BILL.
Petals not longer than the sepals. Sepals not curved outward. Flower-
stalks shorter than leaves, two flowered.
6. G. columbinum, L. (Fig. 8, pl. 84.) LonG-STALKED CRANE’S-BILL.
Slender, mostly prostrate; leaves 1 to 14 in. diameter. Sepals and petals >
of about the same length. Borders of sepals curved outward. Flower-
stalks longer than leaves.
7. G. pusillum, L. (Fig. 4, pl. 84.) SMALL-FLOWERED CRANE’S-
BILL. Stems procumbent, diffusely branching, with soft hairs. Petals
longer than sepals. Carpels not wrinkled. Stamens 5.
8. G. molle, L. (Fig. 9, pl. 84.) Dovn’s-roor CRANE’S-BILL.
Similar to last, but more hairy. Petals about twice as long as sepals,
Carpels transversely wrinkled. Stamens 10.
9. G. rotundifolium, L. (Fig. 7, pl. 84.) RouND-LEAVED CRANE’S-
BILL. Stems decumbent, slightly hairy. Leaves divided nearly to base;
lobes linear; general form rounded. Sepals velvety. Fruit and seeds
with long silky hairs tipped with purple glands.
10. G. sibiricum, L. (Fig. 6, pl. 84.) SrpeRIAN CRANE’S-BILL.
Stems decumbent, freely branched, silky. Leaves deeply 3-parted, divisions
strongly toothed. Flowers dull white, generally solitary.
ll. G. pratense, L. Spreaprnc CRANr’s-BILL. Leaves mostly T-
parted, the narrow lobes deeply cut. Flower stems downy. Corolla deep
purple. Maine and locally in Mass.
2. ERODIUM, L’Her.
Resembles Geranium, but leaves are, in our species, pinnate, 7. e., feather-
formed. Of the stamens 5 are perfect, the others sterile, greatly reduced
or wanting.
E. cicutarium, (L.) L’Her. Hemiock SrorK’s-BILL, HERON’S-BILL.
Growing in tufts. Hairy, low, spreading. Leaves of opposite leaflets
on an elongated axis, the leaflets deeply cut. Flowers purple, nearly 3
in. broad, The beak very long. Introduced. April-Sept.
Famity IIl.—OXALIDACEAE. Woop-sorreL FAMILY
Herbs, with 3-foliate leaves, 10 stamens, of which 5 are shorter
than the remaining 5 (rarely 15); 5 styles, more or less coherent.
Sepals 5; petals 5; symmetrical. Fruit a capsule with 5 valves.
Ovules several in each cavity. Leaves basal or alternate.
GERANIUM AND WOOD-SORREL FAMILIES 367
PLATE 84
1. Geranium maculatum. la. Pistil of G. maculatum, 2. G. carolinianum.
3. G. Robertianum. 4. G. pusillum. 5. G. dissectum. 6. G. sibiricum. 7.
G. rotundifolium. 8. G. columbinum. 9. G. molle. 10. Oxalis violacea. 11.
O. Acetosella, 12. O. stricta.
368 LINACEAE
r ‘OXALIS me
Characters as above.
Leaves and flower-stems directly from the rootstock.
Flower-stem one-flowered = . . = =» © « « « « « QO}. Acetoseila
Flower-stem several-flowered . oe a ed 2S a OSS aolocen
Leaves and flower-stems not from the rootstock.
Stipules conspicuous =. . 9. : 3 = = = « «= = (QO. ‘cormculoia
Stipules not conspicuous . .. . So ain te SS ees Oza
1. O. Acetosella, L. (Fig. 11, pl. 84.) Wuite Woop-sorreL. Herbs,
2 to 6 in. high; leaves all from the base. Rootstock creeping and scaly.
Flower stem from the root, one-flowered; petals white with reddish veins.
Moist woods. May-July.
2. ©: violacea, Us (Pig -10; pi. 84.) Vioret Woop-sorreL. Root
bulbous, scaly. Flower stems from root, with from 3 to 12 flowers,
which are rose-purple or nearly white. Rocky woods. May-June.
3. O. corniculata, IL. Yerrow Woop-sorret. Stems branching,
mostly precumbent, 1 to 6 in. long. Flowers yellow, 2 to 6 on a flower-
stem. Pods linear. Stipules conspicuous. Less common than No. 4.
Summer.
4. ©. stricta, L. (Fig. 12, pl. 84.) Upricut Woop-sorren. Stems
erect, stipules not conspicuous. Plant without hairs. Flowers yellow.
Common in woods and fields. April-Oct.
In addition to the above a considerable number of forms found in our
area are reported as species by Dr. Small.
Famity II].—LINACEAE. Fiax FAmMILy
Herbs (always in our area), with alternate or opposite leaves
which are simple, with borders entire, attached directly to the
stem (sessile) and without stipules. Flowers regular, symmetri-
cal, in our genus of 5 petals; sepals 5. Stamens 5 fertile, 5 sterile
or suppressed, the fertile alternate with the petals. Ovary mostly
of 5 cells.
In our area we have only one genus.
LINUM, L.
Which has the characters of the family, 7. e., sepals 5, petals 5, longer
than the calyx; stamens 5; styles 3 to 5. Seed capsule globular.
Mowers) #DIWE. 4 tycihiel) “ef Sa lsig ssi ae. Prey Ne oP eo atte. cio hl ont. 55 Oa
Flowers yellow. ;
Flowers about 4 in. broad, stem striped or angular . . L. virginianum
Flowers about 1/8 in. broad, stem not striped . L. medium
Flowers about } in. broad, branches sharply angled or winged L. striatum
Flowers 4 in. broad or more, stem angled with wings . . JL. sulcatum
1. L. usitatissimum, L. (Fig. 1, pl. 85.) Frax. Linseep. Stem
branching above, generally simple below, erect, about 12 to 20 in. high.
Flowers bell-shaped, large, in loose clusters, each flower on a slender
more or less elongated flower stalk. Sepals oval, sharply pointed. Found
occasionally spontaneous. Introduced. Summer,
2. L. virginianum, L. (Fig. 2, pl. 85.) StenpeR YELLOW FLAax.
FLAX FAMILY
PLATE 85
1. Linum usitatissimum. 2. L. virginianum. 3. L. medium. 4 L. stri-
atum. 5. Ptelea trifoliata. 6. Xanthoxylum americanum, |
369
370 RUTACEAE
Erect, 1 to 2 ft. high, lower part of stem simple, upper branching,
striped or somewhat angular. Branches all reaching nearly the same
height. Leaves oblong, without leaf-stalks. Flowering stems spreading .
or recurved. Flowers small, sepals ovate, pointed. Styles distinct. Dry
woods, our area. June-Aug.
3. L. medium, (Planch.) Britton. (Fig. 3, pl. 85.) Sairr YEL-
Low Frax. Similar to No. 2. but branches do not recurve, and stems
are never angular. Most of our area.
4. L. striatum, Walt. (Fig. 4, pl. 84.) Rincep YeEttow Fax.
Generally numerous stems together, all erect and branched above; leaves
generally opposite, lance-shaped. Stem and branches sharply angled with
about 4 wing-like angles, somewhat viscid. Wet grounds, Mass., and
southward. Summer.
5. L. sulcatum, Riddell. Groovep YELLow FLAx. Stem erect, sim-
ple, branching only at the upper part. Stem and branches winged or
grooved, at least above. Leaves alternate, lance-shaped, the upper ones
with glandular hairs along the borders, 3-nerved. In place of stipules
are dark glands. Most of our area.
Famity JV.—RUTACEAE. Rve Famitry
The members of this family in our area are trees and shrubs.
Flowers bearing stamens on one tree and pistils on another in
Xanthoxylum, staminate pistillate and perfect flowers on the same
tree in Ptelea. Sepals 4 or 5 or more, stamens twice as many as
sepals or equal in number. Petals 4 or 5. Pistils 2 to 5 generally
united. Fruit a capsule or a winged fruit (samara). Leaves of
our species compound, alternate or opposite and abounding with a
pungent or heavy aromatic volatile oil.
1. XANTHOXYLUM, L.
Staminate and pistillate flowers on different plants. Sepals 4 or 5 or
none, petals 4 or 5. Pistils 2 to 5, separate above, but united below.
Capsule thick and fleshy.
X. americanum, Mill. (Fig. 6, pl. 85.) Prickry Asn. TooTHacHeE
Tree. A small tree or more frequently a shrub, sometimes 25 ft. high,
the stems and often the leaf-stalks prickly. Leaves compound of about
4 pairs and an odd leaflet. Flowers in umbellate clusters in the axils of
the leaves, greenish, appearing before the leaves. Calyx none, petals
4 or 5. Woods, throughout our area. April-May.
2. PTELEA, L.
Fiowers perfect or staminate only or pistillate only. Petals and sta-
mens 3 to 5. Ovary of 2 cells, pistils 2 above. Fruit a 2-celled, 2-seeded,
broad-winged samara. Leaves 3-foliate; flowers greenish-white in com-
pound clusters,
P. trifoliata, L. (Fig. 5, pl. 85.) Turee-LeAvep Hor-rree. Rather
tall shrub, with 3-foliate leaves, the leaflets egg-shaped, pointed, 2 to 5
MILKWORT FAMILY 371
in. long, the group on a long leaf-stalk. Flowers in compound cluster,
greenish-white. Seeds, 2 in a broad winged fruit, the wings reticulated,
nearly round, about { in, in diameter. In southern part of our area.
Not common. June.
Famity V.—SIMARUBACEAE. ArLtAntruus FAMILY
Trees or shrubs. Flowers regular, with calyx and corolla, gen-
erally 5 sepals, 5 petals and twice as many stamens; staminate and
pistillate flowers separate. Carpels generally free or united above.
Fruit (in our species) winged. Leaves compound, without stipules.
AILANTHUS, Desf.
A. glandulosa, Desf. The only species in our region, the Ailanthus,
planted as a shade tree, grows to a height of from 40 to 90 ft. The com-
pound leaves are often 2 or 3 ft. long with from 6 to 20 pairs of leaflets
and an odd one.
Famity VI.—POLYGALACEAE. Mitxworr Famity
In our area, all herbs, with unsymmetrical flowers; calyx of 5
sepals and corolla usually of 3 petals; two of the sepals resembling
petals. Stamens generally 8, sometimes 6. Ovary of 2 cells.
Style simple. Fruit a capsule.
POLYGALA, Tourn.
Flowers generally showy, colored, quite irregular, in grape-like clus-
ters. Calyx of 5 sepals, the upper and the two lower small and greenish,
the two side sepals large and colored like petals. Three petals only are
developed, the anterior of which is much the largest and is covered by the
two posterior. The large petal is 3-lobed, the middle lobe being fringed
or tufted, the whole petal resembling the keel of a boat or in some
species it is spoon-like. Stamens 6 to 8. Fruit a 2-seeded pod.
Principal leaves mostly in whorls.
Flower heads in close contact with leaves . - FP. cruciata
Flower heads removed from leaves by elongated “flower stems.
Heads of flowers cylindric or rounded, blunt . . . P. brevifolia
Heads (spikes) slender aad spindle- formed Sal ia a IZ diane ne
Lower leaves only in a whorl. . SA Pa SPR oe an We Sarnia:
Leaves alternate.
Flowers orange-yellow SMAoMcet Distane bray s:| Venies aey WRN Yi cwmredl tee Ceuta
Flowers purple to white;
In spindle-shaped spikes or heads.
Leaves linear to narrow lance-shaped, not distant from each other,
flowers greenish or yellowish-purple . . ie Nuttallii
Leaves linear, quite distant from each other. Flowers" pink P. incarnata
Fiowers in rounded heads, blunt at top.
Bracts persistent OL ro som SL to ea We Ginna
BractsiG@ecidtOusy sj.) fe vey cel tee wed Ie ee le) Lee anarana
Flowers in elongated spikes.
Leaves linear . Si cue sai is Misn Lies Nel Voltaren apolvcame
Leaves lance- shaped Nene ch Hoss tat ery a's P. senega
Flowers: few; showy; in loose clusters. . . 1 « 6 « i. ’P. paucifolia
1. P. cruciata, L. (Fig. 11, pl. 86.) Cross-LEAvVED MiLKwort.
Marsu Mitxwort. Erect, 4 to 16 in. high, branching above, nearly or
372 POLYGALACEAE
quite simple below, stem somewhat winged at the angles, or square.
Leaves in whorls of 4, or a few scattered, linear obtuse at apex, 4 to 14
in. long, quite narrow (1/12 to 1/6 in. wide). Clusters of flowers con-
densed, oval, quite blunt above, on very short flower stalks,, the leaves
extending around and above the cluster. Flowers purple, greenish or
white. Wet grounds, our area. July-Sept.
2. P. brevifolia, Nutt. (Fig. 8, pl. 86.) SHort-LEAvVED MILKwortT.
Similar to No. 1; leaves in whorls of 4s but shorter; flower stem ex-
tending considerably above leaves. Wet sandy places, Rhode Island, Mass.,
and southward. June-Sept.
3. P. verticillata, L.* (Fig. 3, pl. 86.) WuHortep Mirxworr. Very
slender, 4 to 10 in. high, with many branches. Leaves in whorls of 4,
rarely more, narrow, sharp pointed, + to 1} in. long. Flowers in spindle-
shaped clusters on long flower-stalks. Flowers greenish-purple. Com-
mon in dry or moist fields. June-Nov.
4. P. ambigua, Nutt. (Fig. 4, pl. 86.) Loosr-sprkep MILKwort.
Resembles No. 3, but leaves, except the lower ones, which may be in one or
two whorls, are scattered along the stem. Flower groups more extended,
and slender, nearly cylindric. Dry soil, our area. June-Nov.
5. P. lutea, L. (Fig. 10, pl. 86.) ORANceE Mirkwort. Erect, few
branches except at top, leaves alternate, narrow spatulate; flowers in
rounded heads, yellow. In southern part of our area. June-Oct.
6. P. Nuttallii, T.G. (Fig. 5, pl. 86.) Nurravy’s Mirkwort. Stems
very slender, 4 to 6 in. high. Simple below, branching above. Leaves
scattered along the stem 4 to % in. long, very slender linear. Flowers in
spindle-shaped heads, greenish-purple. Dry soil. Aug.-Sept.
7. P. incarnata, L. (Fig. 9, pl. 86.) Pink Mizkwort. Erect, heads
of flowers spindle-shaped or more or less interrupted and cylindric. Leaves
narrow linear situated at long distances from each other. Dry soils,
southern part of our area. June-Oct.
8. P. polygama, Walt. (Vig. 6, pl. 86.) Brrrer Potyaara. Erect,
not branching, leafy, several stems from the same root, 4 to 20 in. high.
Leaves seattered, lance-shaped or linear, obtuse at end. Flowers in an
elongated spike (1 to 3 in.), rather loosely clustered, purple to light rose
or even white, with a tinge of rose, showy. Dry soil. June-July.
9 P. sanguinea, L. (Fig. 7, pl. 86.) Purere Mirxwort. (P.
viridescens, L.). Erect, branching aboye, 6 to 15 in. high. Leaves linear,
alternate, ? to 1} in. long. Heads of flowers rounded, blunt at top, red to
purplish-white. Moist meadows, wet grounds. July-Oct.
10. P. mariana, Mill. Mary“tanp Mirkwort. Resembles P. san-
guinea. The two little bracts at the base of each short flower stem in the
cluster of flowers are, in P. sanguinea persistent. In the present species
these bracts fall early. Flowers rose-purple. Southern New Jersey and
southward. July-Sept.
ll. P. senega, L. (Fig. 1, pl. 86.) Seneca SNAKEROooT. Erect,
smooth, scarcely branching, leafy 8 to 14 in. high. Leaves alternate, lance-
shaped tapering at each end, apex sharp. Flowers in rather close spike,
white. Rocky woods. May-June.
12. P. paucifolia, Willd. (lig. 2, pl. 86.) FrinaEp POLYGALA,
MILKWORT FAMILY
PLATE 86
1. Polygala senega. 2. P. paucifolia, 3. P. verticillata. 4. P.
5. P. Nuttallii. 6. P. polygama. 7. P. sanguinea, 8. P.
incarnata. 10. P. lutea. 11. P. cruciata,
ambigua
brevifolia. 9. P,
374 EUPHORBIACEAE
Stems simple, half prostrate or erect, 3 to 4 in. high. Leaves crowded,
egg-shaped or oblong 1 to 13 in. long, 4 as wide, the leaves below the
2
main cluster are reduced to scales or very small leaves. Flowers few,
showy rose-purple, the keel beautifully fringed. Another form of flowers
small, greenish, are found close to the ground or beneath the surface, In
rich grounds, often at foot of rocks. One of the most attractive of our
spring flowers. May.
Famity VII—EUPHORBIACEAE. Spurce Famity
In our region all herbs, with pistils and stamens in different
flowers, sometimes on the same plant in other cases on different
plants. Whole plant abounds in acrid milky juice. Leaves op-
posite or alternate. Flowers without petals or with. Stamens
few or numerous. In fertile flowers the ovary is composed of
from 2 to 9 or more carpels (mostly 3) fused to a central pro-
longation of the axis. An ovule or a pair of ovules may hang
from the summit of each cell of the ovary.
Flowers in spikes.
Staminate’ uppermost 2. “ . « «© «! 6 = (Grotam
Pistillate uppermost... . = = = os « \AMeaignie
Flowers in loose clusters.
Staminate flowers (2 or 3 in the loose group) above the
pistillate, which is generally solitary . . Crotonopsis
Staminate and pistillate flowers enclosed in the same
involucre (leafy bracts resembling a calyx), the ovary
generally, toward maturity, becoming exserted and
nodding on its little stalk. (Fig. 1. pl. 88.) Euphorbia
Flowers solitary, at leaf-axils . . . . . . #£Phyllanthus
t PHYLLANTHUS; L.
Herbs, with wiry stems and alternate, entire leaves. Staminate and
pistillate flowers separate, but on the same plant without flower stems.
Calyx 4- to 6-parted. Stamens usually 3, the filaments more or less
united. Capsule globe-formed.
P. carolinensis, Walt. (Fig. 6, pl. 87.) CaroLiInA PHYLLANTHUS.
Slender, 4 to 20 in. high. Leaves oblong or pear-shaped, + to $ in. long.
Calyx lobes 6, linear. Stamens and styles each, 3. Gravelly soil, eastern
Penna., west and south. May-Oct.
2. CROTON, L.
Inconspicuous weeds. Leaves, in our species, alternate. Flowers of
two kinds on the same flower stalk, the upper bearing stamens, the
lower pistils. Calyx of staminate flowers of 5 sepals. Petals usually
rudimentary. Stamens 5 or more. Pistillate flowers, calyx 5 to 10
sepals. Petals wanting. Ovary of 3 cells, each with one seed.
SPURGE FAMILY 315
PLATE 87
1. Acalypha ostryaefolia. 2. A. virginica. 3. A. gracilens. 4. Crotonopsis
linearis. 5. Croton capitatus 6. Phyllanthus carolinensis.
376 EUPHORBIACEAE
C. capitatus, Michx. (Fig. 5, pl. 87.) Caprrare Croton, Stem
densely woolly, leaves woolly on both sides, oblong-lance-shaped with
the base rounded or heart-shaped. Clusters of inconspicuous staminate
flowers just above the more dilated group of pistillate flowers. These
staminate flowers have 5 small petals and 10 or more stamens. Pistillate
flowers in a rounded group. Only in southern part of our area. May-
October.
3. CROTONOPSIS, Michx.
Herbs, with silky but shining leaves, leaves alternate (opposite in our
species). Calyx 5-parted. Petals, none. Stamens 5. Flowers in loose
branching clusters, staminate above.
C. linearis, Michx. (Fig. 4, pl. 87.) Croronorsis. Whole plant sil-
very from shining scales. Stem erect, branching in regular pairs, 12 to
18 in. high. Leaves 1 to 14 in. long, narrow lance-shaped or broader, to
narrow egg-shaped, on short leaf-stalks, opposite. Flowers very small in
terminal spikes or masses. Southern part of our area. July-Sept.
4. ACALYPHA, L.
Our species herbs, with pistils and stamens occupying different flowers
on the same plant. Stems erect and branching. Leaves alternate. The
staminate flowers in axillary spikes below the pistillate flowers with calyx
of 4 sepals. Pistillate flowers each subtended by a leafy bract, calyx of
4 or 5 sepals. Ovary 3-celled, styles 3; cells each with one seed.
1. A. ostryaefolia, Ridd. (Fig. 1, pl. 87.) Turee-sEEpED Mercury.
Stem branched, hairy, 1 to 2 ft. high; leaves on leaf-stalks about 4 length
of leaves or more; leaves egg-shaped, sharp pointed at apex, rounded or
heart-shaped at base, with toothed borders, 2 to 4 in. long. Staminate
flowers very small on somewhat lengthened spikes. Corolla absent. Plant
resembles a nettle, hence its name, Acalypha, an ancient name for the
nettle.
2. A. virginica, L. (Fig. 2, pl. 87.) VirGINIA THREE-SEEDED MER-
cury. Plant 1 to 2 ft. high becoming purple. Leaves egg-shaped, not
heart-shaped at base but somewhat tapered. Flowers of both kinds are
enclosed within a fringed leafy bract.
3. A. gracilens, A. Gray. (Fig. 3, pl. 87.) SLENDER THREE-SEEDED
Mercury. Leaves linear or lance-shaped. Stems very slender. The
staminate spike generally exceeds the fringed bract. Otherwise the plant
has characters of No. 2.
5. EUPHORBIA, L.
Herbs, with staminate and pistillate flowers on the same plant and
generally surrounded by the same involucre. These involucres are bell-
shaped, having 4 or 5 segments resembling petals which alternate with as
many gland-like teeth (Fig. 1, pl. 88). The involucres are subtended by
bracts which are often brightly colored. Stamens scattered over the
inner surface of the involucre; pistillate flower solitary, the ovary is
situated on a pedicel, which inereases until it lifts the ovary in general
outside the bell-shaped involuere, where it droops outward and downward,
Capsule 3-lobed.
SPURGE FAMILY 377
PLATE 88
1. A flower of Euphorbia Darlingtonii. 2. Euphorbia polygonifolia. 3.
E. maculata. 4. E, helioscopia. 5. K. Peplus. 6. E. Lathyris. 7. E. corol-
lata. 8. EK, nutans. 9. E, Ipecacuanhae. 10. E. Esula 11. E. lucida. 12. E.
Cyparissias.
378 EUPHORBIACEAE
Flowers in axils of the opposite leaves not in umbel-like clusters, usually one
only,
Plant prostrate. a.
Borders of leaves without fects «fe oe) lw te Bn Pelyconinorme
Borders of leaves with teeth.
Stem and leaves without hairs . . . . . E, glyptosperma
Stem and leaves hairy.
Involucres split on one side . . . . . E. humistrata
Involucre’ “not ‘split’ ..° 3 Ge) “= 9.9. s!) - 3 eons
Plant erect.
[Leaves:; notched. 6 ue ite, el ey oe ce las E. nutans
Leaves entire . ap E, “Ipecacuanhae
Flowers in umbel-like clusters subtended by a * whorl of leav es.
Appendages to involucre petal-like . ... +» « « « « «+ + &, corollata
No petal-like appendages. 5
Rays of the umbel 3 rarely more. Stem leaves with leaf
StalkSn ects ao Wen vel ie Sie ls) of 6’ "el? eh ee ee
Rays of the umbel 4 «Mee ee we tie a ie |e eee
Rays of the umbel 5 to 8.
Floral leaves broad heart-shaped.
Stem leaves elliptic lance-sshaped . . E. Darlingtonii
Stem leaves pear-shaped . . - EE, helioscopia
Stem leaves oblong, blunt at each end - « &. lucida
Stem leaves linear, sharp at both ends.
Whorl of leaves at base of umbel not repeated
aoghs he eee oee . « BB. Bula
Whorls 2 to several, one below the other on
main stem. © « « « « «© « J. cyParinns
1. E. polygonifolia, L. (Fig. 2, pl. 88.) Sra-sipe Spurce. Stems
spreading, prostrate, 3 to 8 in. long, lying flat upon the sand. Leaves
4 to ? in. long, opposite, very narrow with blunt ends, fleshy, borders
not serrated. Flowers, a single involucre at the axil of one of a pair of
leaves, seeds egg-shaped. Sandy shores. July-Sept.
2. E. glyptosperma, Engelm. RuipGE-SEEDED SpurGeE. Smooth, pros-
trate, spreading, stems 2 to 15 in. long. Leaves oblong or narrow,
broader at base, and generally very unequal there; blunt at each end,
borders with small serrations toward the blunt apex. Involucres often
clustered; seeds 4-angled. June-Oct.
3. E. maculata, L. (Fig. 3, pl. 88.) Mirxk Purstane. Hairy, both
leaves and stem. Stems prostrate, much branched, 2 to 15 in. long.
Leaves about 4 in. long, reddish, usually blotched with a brown-red spot
near center, oblique at base with small serrations toward the apex.
Flowers in dense leafy axillary clusters. Seeds ovate with 4 sharp angles
and 4 shallow grooves. Common, sandy places. June-Nov.
4. E. humistrata, Engelm. Harry Spreapinc Spurce. Resembles
No. 3, but leaves are less hairy beneath and color of leaves and stems
light green. Leaves about 1/3 to 1/2 in. long, oblong or oval. Invol-
ucres in lateral clusters, split on one side. Aug.-Oct.
5. E. nutans, Lag. (Fig. 8, pl. 88.) Larce or Upricut Sporrep
Spurce. Stems upright, simple or more generally branching above 4 to
2 ft. high. Leaves opposite, irregularly and unsymmetrically oblong,
slightly notched on the borders. Flowers white or red. Common in
sandy soil. May-Oct.
6. E. corollata, L. (Fig. 7, pl. 88.) Frowrertna Spurce. Erect,
1 to 3 ft. high, bright green, simple below, branched as an umbel above.
Leaves forming the whorl subtending the umbel, narrow, 3 to 6, those of
the stem narrow lance-shaped, alternate, those of the umbel also narrow
SPURGE FAMILY 379
lance-shaped or linear. Rays of the umbel 3 or more, Flowers (invol-
ucres) terminal with white petal-like divisions. Sandy soil. April-Oct.
7. E. Ipecacuanhae, L. (Tig. 9, pl. 88.) Witp Ipecac. Spreading
or erect, 4 to 10 in. high. Leaves opposite, varying from linear to orbicu-
lar, mostly oval. Involucre on a very long slender peduncle. Dry sandy
soil, south and east part of our region. May-Oct.
8. E. Lathyris, L. (Fig. 6, pl. 88.) Caper Spurcr. Erect, stout,
1 to 3 ft. high. Branched as an umbel above. Leaves of the whorl and
stem narrow lance-shaped or linear, those of the stem scattered, those of
the umbel broadly egg-shaped with sharp points. Introduced. May-Aug.
9. E. Darlingtonii, A. Gray. Daritneton’s Spurce. Stem stout,
erect, 1 to 5 ft. high, branching as an umbel at top. Rays of umbel 5 to
8. Leaves of whorl several, lance-shaped, those of stem also lance-shaped
tapering at each end, those of umbel broad heart-shaped or kidney-shaped.
(For the flower see Fig. 1, pl. 88.)
10. E. helioscopia, L. (Fig. 4, pl. 88.) Sun Spurce. Stem about
1 ft. high, often branched at base. Stem leaves spatulate, those of the
whorl inversely egg-shaped or nearly round as are those of the umbel.
Rays of the umbel 3 to 5, flowers yellowish. Introduced. June-Sept.
ll. E. Esula, L. (Fig. 10, pl. 88.) Leary Spurce. Stems 1 to 2
ft. high, branched above. Rays of umbel 4 to 8. Leaves of stem and whorl
linear, those of umbel broadly heart-shaped. Introduced. May-Oct.
12. E. lucida, Waldsl. and Kit. (Fig. 11, pl. 88.) Nicaran SpuRGE.
(H. nicaeensis, All.). Stem 1 to 13 ft. high. Rays of umbel 4 to 7. Stem
leaves linear or oblong, those of the whorl and of the umbel broad heart-
shaped or kidney-shaped. Flowers (involucres), yellowish. Introduced.
July-Sept.
13. E. Cyparissias, L. (Fig. 12, pl. 88.) Cypress Spurce. Stems
mostly erect, about 1 ft. high. Plant bright green, the involucres of the
umbel showing yellow. Grows in patches, escaped from gardens. Rays
of the umbel numerous. Whorls of linear leaves; leaves of the stem
thickly scattered, also linear; those of the umbel broadly egg-shaped.
Along roadsides where, for the most part, it has been thrown from gar-
dens. May-Sept.
14. E. Peplus, L. (Fig. 5, pl. 88.) Perry Spurcr. Plant 4 to 12
in. high: Leaves of the stem pear-shaped, on leaf-stalks. Seeds with 2
grooves on the back and with several pits on the inner face. New Jer-
sey, New York, and southward. June-Sept.
Famity VIII.—CALLITRICHACEAE. Water Starwort FAMILY
Small aquatic herbs, with opposite leaves which are simple, and
with entire (not serrated or notched) borders. Flowers solitary
in the axils of the leaves very minute, without corolla, but in some
species, with two colored bracts. Stamens and pistils generally
not in the same flowers, but on the same plant. Generally 1 sta-
men, exceptionally 2. Ovary of 4 cells. Styles 1. Stems very
slender. Leaves spatula-formed or linear.
380 CALLITRICHACEAE
CALLITRICHE, L.
Characters, those of the family.
Without colored bracts.
Terrestrial, growing in muds. «: fs) ee i oe eC meron
Aquatic, istibmersed’ Sis hicaiy.. “ac. Js,) cok Yoh pan ee) ne Comme enTatie
With colored bracts.
Aquatic, submersed or growing in mud. 2
Hrditenovale es, bee we el aieu ish le. e ace) cel me te, yee kn CoMmne Ree zea
Fruit pear-shaped =. . . . . » « « « « G. heteropnyiia
1. C. deflexa, A. Br. (Fig. 5, pl. 89.) TERRESTRIAL STaRworT. (C.
Austini, Engelm.). Plant forming tufts on moist soil, stem 4 to 2 in.
high. Leaves very small (about 1/10 in. long), spatula-formed, 3-nerved,
tapering at base. Fruit notched at each end. In wet soil. Summer.
2. C. palustris, L. (Fig. 6, pl. 89.) Vernan Water Srarwort.
Growing in mud or in the water. Stems 2 to 10 in. long, very slender.
Leaves of two sorts, the floating pear-shaped or spatula-formed, about
3 in. long, the submersed, linear of about the same length. Fruit borne
in the axils of the higher leaves, enclosed in two small bracts. Common
in stagnant waters. July-Sept.
3. C. heterophylla, Pursh. (Fig. 7, pl. 89.) Larce Warer Srar-
wort. Resembles No. 2. In No, 2 the fruit is higher than broad, thick-
est at base, without a visible pedicel, its lobes keeled, or acutely angled.
In this species the fruit is broader than high, its lobes obtusely angled.
In quiet waters. July-Sept.
4. C. autumnalis, L. (Fig. 8, pl. 89.) NorTuerN WATER STAR-
wort. (C. bifida, (L.) Morong.) Stem entirely submersed; leaves all
alike, linear or narrow lance-shaped, notched at the apex, somewhat clasp-
ing at the stem. In flowing waters. July-Sept.
Order VIII—SAPINDALES. Order of the Sapindales or
Soapberries
The plants of this order have the general characteristics of the
last (Geranium Order), except that the ovules are in an opposite
position, that is, with the ovules pendulous, but with the ridge
connecting the two ends (the raphe) away from the axis of the
ovary, or ascending from the base of the ovary and inverted. On
this somewhat obscure and quite technical character the classifica-
tion of this large group depends. ‘The families of the order in-
clude herbs, woody heath-like plants (empetraceae), shrubs and
trees.
Herbs.
Flowers regular or nearly so. . . LIMNANTHACEAE
Flowers very irregular. . . . . BALSAMINACEAE
Woody, heath-like, depressed plants . . . EMPETRACEAE
CROWBERRY FAMILY 381
Shrubs and trees.
Fruit of two long winged samaras; veins of the leaves
radiate from the end of the leaf-stem . . ACERACEAE
Fruit a much inflated, bladder-like capsule; veins of the
leaves diverging from a mid-vein . STAPHYLEACEAE
Fruit a berry-like drupe; veins of leaves diverging from a
mid-vein.
Flowers in terminal, generally dense clusters
. . ANACARDIACEAE
Flowers in axillary, generally few-flowered clusters;
leaves alternate. 3) a! oles 4 ERICACEAR
Fruit in a 2- to 5-celled pod, leaves opposite ‘CELASTRACEAE
Fruit a nut enclosed in a spiny bur-like capsule. Leaflets
radiating from the leaf-stem . . HIPPOCASTANACEAE
Fruit a 3-seeded berry, leaves pinnate. . SAPINDACEAE
Famity I—EMPETRACEAE. Crowserry FAMILY
Low spreading plants, with slender woody stems, which are
freely branching and covered with small narrow leaves. Flowers
inconspicuous, of two kinds, pistillate and staminate, both on the
same plant or the two on separate plants. Berry black or red with
several hard nutlets within.
1. EMPETRUM, L.
Our only species a branching and depressed woody plant with slender
stems and thickly scattered, small, linear leaves. Flowers having both
calyx and corolla or with calyx only; the pistils and stamens in different
flowers on the same plant or on different plants. Calyx of 2 or 3, usually
3, sepals. Stamens of the staminate flowers 3. Flowers toward the sum-
mit of the slender stem in the axils of the leaves. Corolla present.
E, nigrum, L. (Fig. 9, pl. 89.) Biack Crowserry. A small pros-
trate shrub growing on White Mountains and other elevated places and
on northern part of our coast.
2. COREMA, Don.
Corolla absent, flowers in terminal clusters. Otherwise resembling
Empetrum.
C. Conradii, Torr. (Fig. 10, pl. 89.) Conrap’s CrowsErry. Low
bushy tufted shrub, 1 ft. high. In pine barrens.
ANACARDIACEAE
o>
RD
bo
Famity II.—LIMNANTHACEAE. Fatse Mermaip FAMILY
Herbs, with alternate compound leaves, without stipules. Sta-
mens few (6 to 10), twice as many as the petals. Sepals and
petals equal in number. Carpels equal in number to the stamens,
uniting in a single style, which above, is cleft into as many stigmas
as there are carpels.
FLOERKEA, Willd.
Small plant with compound feather-formed leaves (about 2 pairs of
leaflets and an odd one), growing in marshes and on river and lake banks.
Sepals usually 3, longer than the 3 oblong petals.
F. proserpinacoides, Willd. (Fig. 4, pl. 89.) Farse Mermarp. A
small slender plant growing in marshes and on river banks. Stems about
1 ft. long prostrate or partly submersed. Leaves of 5 leaflets, those sub-
mersed of three leaflets or divisions. Flowers, in the leaf axils, white.
Fruit one or two globular carpels.
Faminty IIT—ANACARDIACEAE. Sumac Famity
Trees or shrubs, with resinous milky acrid juice, with alternate
compound leaves in our species; flowers which may be perfect, but
which often contain either stamens only or pistils only. Calyx,
and corolla usually each of 5 members. Stamens usually 10 or
twice the number of the sepals, but by suppression the number
may be reduced to 1. Ovary 1- to 4-celled, 1-seeded. Styles 1 to
3 but, when 1, divided into 3 stigmas at top. Fruit a pulpy berry-
like drupe with hard seed-coats. Of the family we have but one
genus.
RHUS, L. (Toxicodendron, Mill.)
Trees, shrubs and woody vines. Leaves mostly compound. Flowers
usually small, in dense clusters. Fruit small with a central strong seed.
Seed inverted on a stalk that rises from the base of the ovary.
Trees or shrubs.
Leaves of 3 leaflets . . oe siad ce! 6 oe Cb aa e st ole ~ eal Rea tee
Leaves of 9 to 21 leaflets.
Leaf-stalk between the leaflets wing-margined . . . . . . R. copallina
Leaf-stalk between the leaflets not winged.
Leaves’ and new branches velvety . . . «. «. « « « +» «© dhe eypnina
Leaves and new branches not velvety.
Leaflets. generally more ‘than’ x34. « & wo « Je wo itnegronee
Leaflets: from 9 tO 13.5. 6. “etre c) Gee Ok eather
WVOUY. VINE sy hw. a pul fe 6 el es Kem ph ee, Gn tat nC, mC
1. R. copallina, L. (Fig. 1, pl. 90.) Dwarr Sumac. Mountain
Sumac. Small tree or shrub. Branches and leaf-stalks silky. Leaves
of 4 to 10 pairs of leaflets with an odd one. The common leaf stalk
broadens, betweens the leaflets, into a wing on each side which differen-
tiates it from all the other species'of Rhus. It is usually a low shrub
or tree, but may rise to a height of 20 or even 30 ft. The cluster of flowers
SUMAC FAMILY 383
PLATE 89
1. Rhus glabra. 2. R. canadensis. 3. Aesculus glabra. 4. Floerkea_ pro-
serpinacoides, 5. Callitriche deflexa. 6. C. palustris. 7. C. heterophylla.
8. C. autumnalis 9. Empetrum nigrum. 10. Corema Conradii.
384 ILICACEAE
is dense and spindle-shaped of greenish flowers. Found throughout our
region on hillsides and in pastures. June-Aug.
2. R. typhina, L. (Fig. 2, pl. 90.) SracHorn Sumac. (R. hirta,
(L.) Sudw.). Branches and common leaf-stalks densely silky or velvety.
Leaves of 11 to 31 leaflets, the compound leaf being from 7 to 30 in. long.
Leaf-stalks not winged. A small tree generally 15 to 20 ft. high, but
often reaching a height of more than 30 ft. Common. June-Aug.
3. R. glabra, L. (Fig. 1, pl. 89.) Smoorn Uptanp Sumac. Shrub
or tree, 10 to 30 ft. high, with long compound leaves, leaflets from about
11 to about 31. Leaflets and leaf-stems smooth, lance-shaped, with ser-
rated edges, very acute at outer extremity, pale beneath. No wings on
the main leaf stem. Hillsides. June-August.
4. R. canadensis, Marsh. (Fig. 2, pl. 89.) (R. aromatica, Ait.).
Shrub, 3 to 8 ft. high. Leaves trifoliate. Leaflets ego-shaped or rhombic,
aromatic, with coarse teeth at edges. Flowers yellowish-green in dense
rounded or oblong masses, Flowers appearing before the leaves. Woods,
not common. March-April.
5. R. Vernix, L. (Fig. 3, pl. 90.) Porson Sumac. A shrub or small
graceful tree, very poisonous. Height from 6 to 25 ft. Leaflets 7 to 13,
smooth or when young somewhat downy, oval and without teeth. Flowers
green, in clusters much less dense than those of the preceding species.
Found in swamps. Is more poisonous than the following species.
6. R. toxicodendron, L. (Fig. 4, pl. 90.) Porson Ivy. (R. radi-
cans, L.). Climbing vine, adhering to rocks or trees by rootlets which
shoot from the stem. Often erect as a low bushy shrub. Leaves of 3
egg-shaped leaflets which have smooth edges. Flowers greenish. Along
fences and thickets or climbing trees.
A pernicious species which is too often permitted to grow to the detri-
ment of the health of many people, even when not poisoned by contact.
Many persons living in neighborhoods where this vine is tolerated become
ill from obscure nervous troubles, which are often considered as malarial
and the value of property is in such places reduced since the localities
acquire the reputation of being “ malarial.” This is especially the case
with many interesting localities along the Hudson River.
Famity IV.—ILICACEAE. Hotty Famity
Trees or shrubs, with small white flowers in the leaf axils, gen-
erally of 4 or 6 petals, 3 to 6 sepals and 4 to 6 stamens. Fruit
a berry-like drupe. Leaves alternate and simple.
Poems oval oroblong . .- « “. 4<) «tev s =) 5 rn
Petals Minear . wwe se A ee ee Ae,
t ILEX, i,
Shrubs or small trees, with alternate leaves and with flowers, several
or solitary, appearing at the leaf-axils. Petals, in our species, 4 to 6;
stamens as many as the petals (No. 5 has from 4 to 8 petals). Calyx
minute of 4 or 6 divisions. Fruit a round berry inclosing 4 or 6 small
nutlets. The flowers may enclose both stamens and pistils or stamens
may be found in one flower and pistils in another.
SUMAC FAMILY 385
=
SS
SD ff
Wa
A
PLATE 90
1, Rhus copallina. 2. R. typhina. 3. R. Vernix. 4. R. toxicodendron,
386 CELASTRACEAE
Leaves evergreen.
With ‘spiny. tipsat borders... © = «9s je %& +s 5 <=) eeeeuee
Wathout (spittystips. sve io) ce) cept) Moat ele En I. glabra
Leaves falling in autumn.
Flowers on short flower stalks.
Nutlets ribbed ae eb Sei Sey ead Soe in est eel em onrenEOn iE
Nutlets not ribbed.
‘Twigs not pray... -. « « «© Gu 0) se) & we eee wenticlians
Twigs gray 2. i Bre Oe SIS” Ay celica Ohare ena
Flowers on long flower didits << AVG 2 ae eee laevigata
1. I. opaca, Ait. (Fig. 2, pl. 91.) American Hotty. A tree, 20 to
40 ft. high, with evergreen glossy foliage, the leaves having wavy margins
with spiny tips. Flowers in axillary clusters of from 3 to 10, white, of
4 petals and 4 stamens. Fruit a round berry turning red when mature.
Moist woods, near the seacoast. April-June.
2. I. glabra, (L.) A. Gray. (Fig. 6, pl. 91.) Inkserry. Shrub, 2
to 3 ft. high, with evergreen spineless leaves which are inversely lance-
shaped or elliptic. Flowers, the pistillate generally single on rather long
peduncles, the staminate in groups of 3 to 6. Sandy ground, near the
coast. June,
3. I. monticola, A. Gray. (Fig. 8, pl. 91.) Larcr-Leavep Hotty.
Usually a shrub, but less commonly a tree with falling leaves, which are
thin, lance-shaped or oval lance-shaped, from 2 to 6 in. ‘long, with serrated
borders and with leaf-stems 1/4 to 1/3 the Iength of the leaves. Flower
pedicels very short and bear a single flower, but the staminate flowers
may grow in clusters while the pistillate are solitary. The nutlets within
the berry are ribbed. Woods. May.
4. I. verticillata, (L.) A. Gray. (Fig. 5, pl. 91.) Buack ALprEr.
Shrub, resembling the last. Leaves usually broader, thicker, more shin-
ing and of dark green color, Petals and stamens usually 6. Veins on
lower side of leaves downy. Flowers on very short pedicels. Nutlets
within the berry are not ribbed. In wet grounds. June-July.
5. I. bronxensis, Britton. Bronx Wrinter-Berry. Similar to No. 4,
but with light gray twigs, pear-shaped leaves and with larger orange-
red fruit. Swamps, Maine to New Jersey, and west.
6. I. laevigata, (Pursh.) A. Gray. (Fig. 4, pl. 91.) Smoorm WIN-
TER-BERRY. A shrub, usually rather smaller than the last, with similar
leaves. Petals and stamens 4 to 8 each. Flowers on long pedicels, usually
solitary, but the staminate growing 2 or more together in some cases.
Swamps. May-June.
2. ILICIOIDES, Dumont. (Nemopanthes, Raf.)
A smooth shrub with falling leaves, which are without serrations at
the borders and which have flowers bearing stamens, others bearing pistils
and yet others bearing both sets of organs. Petals 4 or 5 linear. Berries
on long stalks deeply grooved,
I. mucronata, (L.) Britton. Mountain Hotty. <A branching shrub
with gray bark resembling Ilex. Found in damp woods. May.
Famity V.—CELASTRACEAE. Starr Tree FAMILY
Shrubs or trees. Our species all shrubs, some of which are
climbing. Leaves simple and ours, except Celastrus, opposite.
STAFF TREE FAMILY 387
| \
1.
LS
va
PLATE 91
1. Celastrus scandens. 2. Ilex opaca, 3. I. monticola. 4. I. laevigata. 5.
I. verticillata. 6. I. glabra. 7. Euonymus americanus. 8. E. obovatus. 9.
Staphylea trifolia,
388 CELASTRACEAE
Petals 4 or 5, stamens as many and alternate with the petals.
Flowers usually with petals, sepals, stamens and pistils. Fruit a
rounded or more or less angular pod which splits at maturity.
The dominant characters are the regularity of the flowers and the
equality in numbers of petals and stamens.
1. EUONYMUS, L.
Erect shrubs, with opposite leaves and small axillary purple or greenish
flowers on rather long pedicels, which spring at the leaf-axils. Calyx of
4 or 5 divisions, flat and spreading. The dise on which the 5 stamens are
inserted is above the 4 or 5 (5 in our 2 species), petals which are rounded
and spreading into a flat greenish or purple corolla. The pistil is short
as are the stamens, The capsule or pod is more or less lobed or angular
and splits from below upward showing the seeds.
1. E. americanus, L. (Fig. 7, pl. 91.) Srrawserry Bus. Shrub,
2 to 5 ft. high, somewhat simple or branching. Leaves, almost without
leaf-stalks, lance-egg-shaped with finely toothed edges, the veins nearly
opposite and symmetrical, outer extremity acutely pointed. Flowers 1
or more on a single rather long pedicel, which is solitary in the leaf
axil, Petals greenish, generally 5; stamens of the same number alternate
with petals. Pod or berry rough, warty, bright red when ripe. When
the pod splits the seeds are seen adherent to the central column or aril,
which is bright scarlet.
2. E. obovatus, Nutt. (Fig. 8, pl. 91.) Runnine SrRAWBERRY BUSH.
A low trailing bush, rising about a foot from the ground. Leaves pear.
shaped. Flowers similar to the last, but smaller, 3 or 4 on the single
long pedicel. Low wet places. April-May.
3. E. atropurpureus, Jacq. Burnina Busu. Shrub, 6 to 14 ft. high,
with elliptic or long oval Jeaves the borders of which are finely ser-
rated, outer extremity sharp pointed. Length of leaf about 2 to 5 in.
Twigs 4-angled. Flowers purple, several on the single long pedicel aris-
ing at the leaf axil. Pods smooth, deeply lobed, crimson, very showy.
In copses and borders of woods. June.
2. CELASTRUS, L.
Our species a climbing woody vine, bearing an abundance of clusters
of orange capsules which remain during the winter and are very orna-
mental. Leaves alternate with small stipules which fall early. Petals
and stamens, each 5, which are inserted at the margin of a flattened
disk below which the petals are inserted. Flowers in elongated clusters
at the ends of the branches. Pod globose, orange-colored when ripe and
splitting into 3 valves which expose the scarlet seeds.
C. scandens, L. (Fig. 1, pl. 91.) Brrrersweer. The twining vine
which in the autumn adorns many of our tall trees with its clusters of
bright berries.
Famity VI.—STAPHYLEACEAE. Butapper-nut FAMILy
In our region only one representative, which is a shrub with
MAPLE FAMILY 389
opposite, 3-foliate leaves supplied with small stipules and droop-
ing clusters of whitish flowers from the leaf-axils. Stamens 5;
petals 5, alternate with the petals. Ovary of 2 or 3 parts, numer-
ous ovules. Pod a large membraneous inflated capsule of 3 cells,
each containing 1 to 4 hard seeds.
STAPHYLEA, L.
Characters as above.
S. trifolia, L. (Fig. 9, pl. 91.) American BiappErR Nut. A shrub,
6 to 12 ft. high, with smooth striped bark. Found in thickets. April-
May.
Famity VII.—ACERACEAE. Marie Faminy
Trees or shrubs, with opposite leaves. Flowers which are gen-
erally small in pendulous or spicate clusters may be perfect, having
both stamens and pistils or these organs may find their homes in
separate flowers, on the same plant or perfect and imperfect
flowers may be found on the same tree. There is usually a calyx
and a corolla, each of 5 divisions. Stamens 3 to 10. There are 2
carpels or dry seed capsules which are joined together and to
each of which is attached a winged appendage, a samara (see
Fig. 51, p. 39), the “ Maple Key.”
ACER, L.
Characteristics of the family.
Leaves simple and generally deeply lobed.
Flowers in lateral pendulous fan-shaped clusters, appearing before the
leaves.
Leaves silvery white beneath . . . . « « «© « A. saccharinum
eavesm culls winites beneath) 5) “<i i el) wNuei seis) ne ean eben
Deaves: pale) gteen! beneath .° « <« « .« « « « «, As Saccharum
Leaves full green both sides . . oleh unten ot EAL oorArE
Flowers in eléngated, more or i spicate clusters.
Clusters drooping nae tole re 3 - » A. pennsylvanicum
Clusters erect . »- « »« A. spicatum
Leaves compound, of 3 to 5 leaflets on a leaf- stem (pinnate) . « « A. Negundo
1. A. saccharinum, L. (Fig. 4, pl. 92.) SritveR Mapie. WHITE
Marte. Tree, 50 to 100 ft. high. Leaves deeply 5-lobed, the sinuses
acute and the lobes narrow with irregular teeth; at base the leaf is cut
almost squarely off or is slightly heart-shaped. Flowers appear before
the leaves, corolla absent. The samaras diverge and become nearly or
quite 2 in. long each, or often are unequally developed. Found in woods.
Flowers open February to April.
2. A. rubrum, L. (Fig. 1, pl. 92.) Rep Marre. Swamp Maptre.
Tree, generally of less height than No. 1. Twigs red or reddish. Leaves
2 to 6 in. long, 3- to 5-lobed, length exceeding width; the middle lobe
generally longer than the others. The sinuses are acute and the lobes
are irregularly and coarsely toothed. Flowers with both calyx and cor-
olla, the latter of 4 or 5 red petals. Stamens scarlet, 5 or 6 in number.
The key is scarlet borne on drooping stem 4 or 5 in, long. The wings
390 ACERACEAE
at first incurved but later diverging, forming a key from an inch to 2
inches across. Leaves turn brilliant crimson in early autumn. Found
along river banks and in swamps but often grows in dry places. Flowers,
March-April.
3. A. saccharum, Marsh. (Fig. 2, pl. 92.) Sucar Mapre. Tree,
similar to No, 1. Leaves 3 to 6 in. long, width greater than length, the
5 lobes separated by rounded sinuses. Base of leaf heart-shaped, margin
with few or no teeth except the extremities of the secondary lobes. Color
dark green above, light green beneath. Flowers appearing with the
leaves, greenish-yellow. Perfect or imperfect flowers in separate clusters;
corolla wanting. Stamens 7 or 8. Wings of the “key” diverging, each
from 3 to 1 in. long. The key hangs pendulous from a long and slender
footstalk. Flowers appear in May. Tree found in woody uplands. From
it is produced most of the maple sugar of the market. April-May.
4. A. nigrum, Michx. Brack Sucar Mapre. Tree similar to the
last. Leaves dark green both sides. Found in similar situations. Flowers
appear in May.
5. A. pennsylvanicum, L. (Fig. 3, pl. 92.) Srriep MAPIE.
WHISTLE Woop. Moose Woop. A small tree, mostly in damp and shady
woods. Height generally less than 30 ft. Leaves 5 to 8 in. long, rounded
or heart-shaped at base, free end of 3 sharp lobes; border sharply toothed.
Flowers yellow in long, narrow, drooping clusters, those bearing stamens
usually in different clusters from those bearing pistils. Calyx and
corolla present. The bark of this beautiful tree is of a dark green marked
with streaks of reddish-brown. When young striped with lighter lines.
In woods, most of our area.
6. A. spicatum, Lam. (Fig. 5, pl. 92.) Mountain Marre. A small
bushy tree, or more frequently a shrub. Leaves 3 to 5 in. long, rounded
or heart-shaped at base, terminated by 3 lobes, the larger of which are
often slightly divided into two. Flowers greenish-yellow in slender, erect
clusters 5 to 7 in. long. The keys are from 1} to 2 in. across, Rocky
woods, our area. Flowers in May.
7. A. Negundo, L. (Fig. 6, pl. 92.) Box Exper. Small tree, with
compound leaves of from 3 to 5 leaflets. These latter are from 2 to 4 in.
long, oval or egg-shaped, sharply pointedwat apex and generally rounded
at base. They are irregularly and coarsely toothed, the terminal one
often 3-lobed. The “keys” are similar to those of other maples, but the
wings are less diverging. Occasional in most of our area.
The Norway Mapte, Acer platinoides, with leaves more rounded than
the native sugar maples and with sinuses more shallow and color of
darker green, is common as a planted tree in parks and along streets of
cities and villages; and the Sycamore Mapte, A. pseudo-platanus, with
smaller leaves, with more rounded lobes is also extensively planted as
an ornamental tree. Neither are native species.
Famity VIII—HIPPOCASTANACEAE. Buckeye FAMILy
Trees and shrubs, with opposite compound leaves and conspicu-
ous flowers in large clusters. Flowers irregular. Stamens 5 to 8.
MAPLE FAMILY 391
PLATE 92
1. Acer rubrum. 2. A. saccharum. 3. A. pennsylvanicum. 4. A. sacchari-
num. 5. A. spicatum. 6. A. Negundo,
392 SAPINDACEAE
Ovary 3-celled. Fruit a leathery capsule studded with spines en-
closing 1 to 3 smooth roundish seeds.
AESCULUS, L.
Characters as above. P
1. A. Hippocastanum, IL. Horse Cuestnut. A large tree, ex-
tensively planted as an ornamental tree. Leaves opposite, compound, of
7 leaflets all springing from a common center. Each leaflet wedge-shaped
and notched along the borders. The two outer leaflets smaller than the
others. The showy, erect clusters of white (sometimes purple) towers
are conspicuous in parks and along roadsides in May and June.
2. A. glabra, Willd. (Fig. 3, pl. '89.) Onto BucKkeyE. Leaflets 5.
Otherwise much resembling No. 1, but with yellow flowers. Found in
southern Pennsylvania of our region.
Famity IX.—SAPINDACEAE. Soapperry FAMILY
Trees, shrubs or herbaceous vines, with alternate leaves, which
are usually compound. Flowers regular or slightly irregular.
Calyx division 4 or 5; petals 3 to 5. Stamens 5 to 10. A single
species in our region.
CARDIOSPERMUM, L.
Description included with the only species in our area.
C. Halicacabum, L. (Fig. 8, pl. 93.) Battoon Vine. HeEaArtT SEED.
A slender vine, climbing on shrubs and trees, 2 to 6 ft. long. Leaves
alternate and doubly compound, i. e., of 3 divisions, each of 3 wedge-
shaped or oval leaflets, these coarsely toothed. Flowers in small clusters,
the two lower footstalks of each cluster changed to tendrils. Divisions
of calyx 4, of which two are larger than the other two; petals also 4, with
similar disproportion between two pairs, white. Stamens 8, unequal. Fruit
a much inflated bladder-like capsule 1 in. long, containing black globose
seeds. Escaped from cultivation, occasional only.
Famity X.—BALSAMINACEAE. Jrwet Weep FAmIty
Annual herbs, with succulent stems, with simple alternate leaves
and very unsymmetrical flowers. Calyx of 3 sepals, unequal and
unlike; stamens 5; petals 5 or 3, two of them divided into unequal
and dissimildr lobes. Ovary compound, of 5 cells; pistil very short.
Fruit in our genus a cylindric capsule which bursts elastically on
pressure.
IMPATIENS, L.
Divisions of calyx colored like the corolla. Petals apparently 2, the
lower being united with the two lateral, Joints of stem swollen.
l. I. biflora, Walt. (Fig. 1, pl. 93.) Sporrep ToucH-MrE-NoT. JEWEL
Weep, Succulent herb, 2 to 5 ft. high, with ovate or elliptic leaves, the
JEWEL WEED FAMILY
393
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SS h WP
QIN YY Ss
= c ny,
rea) JRE
roe
WZ
PLATE 93
1. Impatiens biflora. 2. I. pallida, 3. Rhamnus eathartica. 4. R. alni-
folia. 5. R. Frangula. 6. Ceanothus americanus. 7 C. ovatus. 8. Cardio-
spermum Halicacabum. 9. Tilia americana.
394 RHAMNACEAE
edges of which are coarsely toothed. They are thin, pale and smooth.
Flowers orange-yellow mottled with brown, in pairs at extremities of
branches. The lower sepal forms a conical spur which is elongated and
eurved. Sac broader than long. In moist places, borders of streams
mostly. July-Oct.
2. I. pallida, Nutt. (Fig. 2, pl. 93.) Pate JeweEL WEED. ToucH-
ME-NOT. (J. aurea, Muhl.). Plant similar to preceding species, but
leaves larger and longer. Flowers pale yellow, with a few brown dots.
Spur short. Sac longer than broad. In situations similar to last.
Order IX.—RHAMNALES. Order of the Buckthorns
Shrubs, small trees or climbing vines, with or without thorns.
Leaves always simple, not lobed. Stamens as many as the divisions
of the calyx and alternate with them. When petals are present the
stamens are opposite them.
Famity I—RHAMNACEAE. Buckruorns
Leaves opposite or alternate, not lobed or compound. Stipules
present but small and falling early. Flowers in clusters either
terminal or from the axils, always small, regular of 4 or 5 sepals
and when petals are present they are of the same number and in-
serted on the calyx. Stamens of same number as sepals and alter-
nate with them. Fruit a dry berry-like drupe or a capsule. Seeds
solitary in the cells of the drupe or capsule.
Shrubs with axillary clusters of flowers . . . Rhamnus
Shrubs of herbaceous appearance with terminal umbels
Gi. MOWeLS.. a.) ms 3 a le + * Bee:
1. RHAMNUS, L.
Small shrubs with alternate leaves and clusters of small flowers in the
axils. Calyx of 4 or 5 divisions, petals inconspicuous or absent. Fruit
a berry-like drupe with from 2 to 4 hard seeds.
Leaves toothed at borders,
Tone and) Barrows eos) ses 6) ve er us) es, co) MRR a ecm irre
Egg-shaped.
Branches ‘thorny .. »« <« « »© » « « « % = ~« Ut. J GGENeNanE
Branches without thorns... . = - + « « « « _K. almfoha
Leaves without teeth at borders . . . . . + - - - « « eo RR. Frangula
Leaves with remote teeth . . . 6k Nala, cs, SRR. fe, SRR eanieo pernreae
1. R. cathartica, L. (Fig. 3, pl. 93.) Buckrnorn. Shrub with
thorny branches, cultivated for hedges. Leaves egg-shaped or broadly
elliptic. Flowers small, greenish, a few clustered in the axils. Calyx
divisions 4. Stamens of like number. Berries round, black. Escaped
from cultivation. May-June.
2. R. lanceolata, Pursh. Lance-teavep Bucxruorn. Tall erect
GRAPE FAMILY 395
shrub. Leaves 1 to 34 in. long, about } as wide, very finely toothed.
Flowers in the leaf-axils, a few in a cluster, greenish, mostly staminate
and pistillate on different plants. Moist soil. Penna., and westward.
May.
3. R. alnifolia, L’Her. (Fig. 4, pl. 93.) Dwarr ALper. ALDER-
LEAVED BuckTHORN. A low shrub, growing in clumps in swamps or wet
grounds, height 2 or 3 ft. Leaves oval or rounded at the base, 2 to 4
in. long with fine serrations at borders. Flowers small, yellow, at leaf
axils. Fruit black.
4. R. Frangula, L. (Fig. 5, pl. 93.) AtpeR Bucktuorn. Shrub re-
sembling the last, but with larger leaves, which are not serrated at
borders. Flowers at the axils borne on foot-stalks 4 in. long. Found in
bogs, Long Island and other points in southern part of our area. May-
June.
5. R. caroliniana, Walt. Carotina BucktTHorn. Tall shrub or
small tree, thornless, Leaves elliptic or oblong, 2 to 6 in. long. Flowers
at the leaf-axils on foot-stalks, all with stamens and pistils. Wet grounds,
New Jersey, and southward.
2. CEANOTHUS, L.
Low shrubby plants resembling herbs. Leaves alternate; flowers in
terminal, nearly umbellate, clusters. Calyx of 5 lobes. Corolla of 5
small hooded petals, white or yellowish-white. Fruit dry, 3-lobed.
1. C. americanus, L. (Fig. 6, pl. 93.) New JERSEY Tea. Rep Roor.
Stems 1 to 3 ft. high, slender, branching at top. Leaves oval with 3
prominent ribs running longitudinally. More or less covered with soft
hairs, especially above. Flowers in dense umbel-like clusters at summit
of naked flower branches. Dry woods. May-July.
2. C. ovatus, Desf. (Fig. 7, pl. 93.) Smatter Rep Root. Similar
to No. 1, but leaves smaller, less pointed at apex and less rounded at
base and without hairs or nearly so. Occasional, not common in our area.
May-July.
Famity II.— VITACEAE. Grape FAamIty
Vines climbing by tendrils. Rarely shrubs, but never in our
area. Leaves simple, alternate, broad, with the principal veins
starting from a common center at the extremity of the foot-stalk
or of 5 leaflets starting from a common center. Flowers small,
greenish, in elongated, conical clusters. Stamens 4 or 5, opposite
the petals. Stamens and pistils not always in the same flower and
sometimes not on the same plant. Fruit a grape berry.
iheaves:simple..6 2... . spre ANRC Ae Cs ac Wa
Leaves compound, of ital leaflets: 22 )eit oe Uy esata
396 VITACEAE
t. VITIS,L-
Characters as above.
Leaves decidedly downy beneath.
Generally 3-lobed with shallow sinuses . . . . . . . « JV. Jabrusca
Generally 5-lobed with deep sinuses . . .. . . . . » V. aestivahs
Leaves not downy.
Not lobed or only slightly lobed. «\'.% : = « . =. = ©» Vi. conawene
3-lobed, toward’ vapex §. 2.05 = sje ss sf Cs ol ere ree
3; to 5-lobed, lobes extending back | .. . . = © «© Mempozcormn
1. V. labrusca, L. (Fig. 2, pl..94.) Fox Grape. NortTHerRN PLUM
GRAPE. Leaves broad, generally 3-lobed at the apex and rounded or heart-
shaped at base. Decidedly downy beneath. Berries large, few, brownish-
purple. In thickets. This is the original of several varieties of culti-
vated grapes: Concord, Isabella, Catawba, etc.
2. V. aestivalis, L. (Fig. 1, pl. 94.) Smartt Grape. SUMMER
GRAPE. Leaves of about 5 lobes with deep sinuses; downy beneath. Ber-
ries small, deep blue. Clusters wanting opposite each third leaf. Thickets
and shady banks,
3. V. bicolor, Le Conte. (Fig. 4, pl. 94.) Wunrer Grave. Similar
to No. 2, but leaves not downy or with few hairs. Fruit dark blue, ripen-
ing after the frosts. New Hampshire, and southward.
4. V.vulpina, L. (Fig. 3, pl. 94.) Swret-sceNTED GRAPE. Leaves
smaller than either of the preceding species, heart-shaped at base, slightly
3-lobed at summit. Berries bluish-black, rather sweet. In situations
similar to those of other species.
5. V. cordifolia, Michx. (Fig. 5, pl. 94.) Frost Grape. Leaves
cordate, not lobed or only slightly so. Smooth and shining on both sides.
Berries black, ripening after frosts. In thickets and along streams.
2. CISSUS, L:
Climbing vines, the tendrils being, in our species, terminated by ex-
panding tips which adhere to supporting surfaces. Flowers much like
those of Vitis but in more expanding clusters.
C. Ampelopsis, Pers. (Fig. 6, pl. 94.) Virarnta CREEPER. (Parthe-
nocissus quinquefolia, Planch. Ampelopsis quinquefolia, Michx.). A
slender woody vine climbing upon trees. Leaves of 5 diverging leaflets.
Common in woods and thickets.
Order X.—MALVALES. Order of the Mallows
Leaves net veined, petals distinct, carpels united into a com-
pound ovary. Ovaries free from the calyx and above it. Stamens
numerous. Sepals, in bud, meeting at the edges, not overlapping.
Ovule bearing surface forming a central column within the cap-
sule.
Treas fi OS ww a a Oe . Bee
Herbs... .. & (t0 9)! ° Se Re
397
GRAPE FAMILY
PLATE 94
labrusea. 3. V. vulpina. 4. V. bicolor. 5. V.
Ye FEN
1. Vitis aestivalis. 2. V.
cordifolia, 6, Cissus Ampelopsis.
398 TILIACEAE
Famity I.—TILIACEAE. LiInprEn Famity
Trees, shrubs or herbs. In our area trees only. Leaves alternate
(rarely opposite) not compound. Stipules present but small and
falling early. Divisions of calyx generally 5, falling; petals of the
same number when present. Stamens numerous in several united
sets. Fruit a dry rounded berry or nutlet containing 1 or more
seeds.
TILIA, L.
Trees, with simple heart-shaped leaves, one side of which developes
larger than the other. Flowers yellowish, in clusters, the foot-stalks of
these clusters subtended by a broad bract to which the foot-stalk is also
to some extent attached.
1. T. americana, L. (Fig. 9, pl. 93.) Basswoop. AMERICAN LIN-
peN. A large tree with comparatively smooth bark. Leaves heart-shaped,
one side larger than the other, smooth on both sides or with hairs along
the under side of the nerves only. This is our common Basswood growing
in woods and fields throughout our area. Blooms May and June.
2. T. pubescens, Ait. Sournern Basswoop. Leaves rather smaller
than No. 1, and decidedly downy or densely woolly beneath. In southern
part of our area.
3. T. heterophylla, Vent. Wuire Basswoop. Leaves larger than
either of the above, White downy beneath. In New York, southern
Pennsylvania and south from there.
4. T. europaea, L. European Linpen. Has smaller and more regu-
lar leaves. Our native species have scales at the base of the petals. This
has none. Planted extensively as an ornamental tree.
5. T. Michauxii, Nutt. Micnaux’s Linpen. Resembles T. hetero-
phylla, but while in this the floral bract is recurrent along the flowering
stem to its base or nearly so, in 7. Michauaii it extends within 4 in. of
the end of the stem. Penna., and westward.
Famity II.—MALVACEAE. Mattow Famity
Herbs, in our area, elsewhere herbs and trees, with alternate
leaves with small falling stipules. Flowers regular, with both
stamens and pistils. Stamens numerous, forming a single set in
union which forms a column around the pistil, Ovary often lobed,
several seeded.
Columns of stamens bearing anthers only at top
invomere of 6 to S bractlets = sic) vo +. Bal os Althaea
Involucre of 3 distinct bracts.
Summit of pistil (stigma) linear. . . . . . WMalva
MALLOW FAMILY 399
Bracts of involucre absent. Summit of pistil a flattened
cap.
@arpele, each;-one. seeded... ea... 2.2) ce. 7 Sida
Carpels, each 3 to 9 seeded . . . . . Abutilon
Bracts of involucre incised, each forming 3 teeth Kosteletzkya
Columns of stamens bearing anthers along much of their lengths
Bracts of involucre numerous . . . . . . . Hibiscus
1. ALTHAEA, L.
Below calyx an involucre of 6 to 9 bracts which unite at base. Styles
numerous, the stamens forming a column about them. Petals 5; calyx of
5 sepals, Divisions of the ovary several, 1-seeded each.
A. officinalis, L. (Fig. 2, pl. 95.) Marsn Marrow. Leaves large,
somewhat 3-lobed, serrated at borders; downy on both sides. Flowers
large and showy, in axils of leaves. Pink. Abundant in salt marshes.
2. MALVA, L.
Herbs, leaves often deeply divided, Flowers generally conspicuous,
petals 5, calyx of 5 sepals with a 3-leaved involucre at the base. Pistils
numerous, the stigma running down the inner side. Fruit a depressed
disk-like body (“a cheese”), which, at maturity separates into many
l-seeded divisions.
1. M. sylvestris, L. (Fig. 3, pl. 95.) HicH Marrow. Stem erect,
2 to 3 ft. high; leaves rounded but somewhat divided into 7 lobes more
or less angular, hairy. Flowers reddish-purple crowded toward the sum-
mit of the stem. Frequent along way-sides, blooming through the sum-
mer. Sometimes called “pink cheeses.”
2. M. rotundifolia, L. (Fig. 5, pl. 95.) Dwarr or Common MAL-
Low. CHEESES. Stems spreading upon the ground, 4 to 10 in. long;
leaves heart-shaped at base, on very long foot-stalks. Flowers pale blue,
or whitish, at the leaf axils. Fruit a flattened, disk-like collection of
carpels. Common about cultivated grounds, door yards and way-sides.
3. M. verticillata, L. Wuorrtep Marrow. Flowers clustered in the
axils appearing to surround the stem. Rare except as an escape from
gardens,
4. M. moschata, L. (Fig. 4, pl. 95.) Musk Mattow. Stem 1 to
2 ft. high. Leaves 5-parted, the divisions again once or twice parted into
linear segments. Basal leaves round. Flowers 1 to 2 in. broad, rose-
pink, at the summit of the stem.
a0 SEDA. 1.
Herbs, with alternate leaves. Bracts at the base of the calyx wanting,
sepals and petals, each 5. Stigma (summit of pistil) a small head.
S. spinosa, L. (Fig. 8, pl. 95.) Prickty Sma. A weed 10 to 20
in. high. Leaves egg-shaped to oblong, serrate, downy, on leaf-stalks }
as long as the leaves. Flowers at the axils of the leaves, yellow, small.
Waste places. Summer.
400 MALVACEAE
4. ABUTILON, Gaertn.
Our only species an herb with broad heart-shaped leaves. Flowers at
the axils; the carpels each 2- to 9-seeded. Calyx with no bracts at base.
In general appearance like Sida.
A. Theophrasti, Medic. (Fig. 6, pl. 95.) Vetiver Lear. InpIAN
Matitow. (A. Abutilon, (L.) Rusby.) Plant 2 to 6 ft. high, whole plant
downy. Leaves rounded, heart-shaped, acute at apex, 4 to 12 in. wide, on
long leaf-stalks, Flowers yellow, 4 to 1 in. broad. Fruit about an in.
in diameter. In wet places. Aug.-Oct.
5. KOSTELETZKYA, Presl.
Our species an herb, downy, with angular leaves. At base of calyx
some small bracts, incised, forming linear segments. Stamens, all united
about the pistils which are 5 in number, and have capped summits.
K. virginica, (L.) A. Gray. (Fig. 7, pl. 95.) Vircrnta Koste-
LETZKYA. Plant 2 to 4 ft. high. Leaves 2 to 5 in. long, generally less
than 4 as wide. Point of leaves long and narrow, base rounded; at 1/3
distance from base to apex is a rather pronounced angle at each side.
Flowers pink, 14 to 24 in. broad. Southern New York and southwards.
In brackish marshes. August.
6. HIBISCUS, L.
Shrubs or herbs. In tropical regions sometimes trees. Leaves simple.
Flowers large and showy. The column of stamens which surrounds the
pistils bears anthers throughout much of its length. Calyx of 5 sepals
subtended by a fringe of linear bracts. Fruit a 5-celled pod with several
or many seeds in each cell.
1. H. Moscheutos, L. (Fig. 1, pl. 95.) Swamp Rose MALtow.
Leaves 3 to 7 in. long, egg-shaped or lance-shaped, rounded or heart-
shaped at base, slender tapered at apex, downy white beneath, smooth,
green above. The lower leaves often 3-lobed. Flowers 4 to 7 in. broad,
pink or white. Pod smooth. Salt marshes on the eastern coast. Aug.
Sept.
2. H. oculiroseus, Britton. Crimson-EyeE Rose Marrow. Corolla
white with a dark crimson center. Growing with H. Moscheutos and
blooming at the same time.
3. H. Trionum, L. Frower-or-aAn-Hovur. Plant, low, branching,
rather hairy, annual. Leaves much incised, the middle one of the 3 main
divisions much the longest. Flowers pale yellow with a purple center,
the edges of the petals also tinged with purple. Flowers open only a
few hours. Pods much inflated, 5-winged. Waste places. Introduced.
Aug.-Sept.
Order XI—PARIETALES. Order of the Violets
Generally herbs, rarely shrubs and still more rarely trees. Leaves
opposite, alternate or from the root. Flowers with stamens and
pistils, the former numerous or few. Petals 3 to 5, distinct. Sepals
or divisions of calyx overlap each other or are longitudinally rolled.
MALLOW FAMILY 401
I/2
eg,
: }
| Wi
Yy
W/ tA
IN!
Lf tLZ*
a (Za
|| PZ ——
“\ Hf
PLATE 95
1. Hibiscus Moscheutos. 2. Althaea officinalis. 3. Malva
M. moschata 5. M. rotundifolia. 6. Abutilon Theophrasti. 7. Kosteletzkya
virginica. 8. Sida spinosa.
sylvestris. 4.
402 HYPERICACEAE
The ovules are generally attached, not to a central column as in
the preceding order, but to the sides of the capsule, or rarely to
a central axis.
Herbs or shrubs with opposite leaves.
Plants from a few to many in. high, without stipules
Vee. | Sle cole Rae nmintee HYPERICACEAE
Minute marsh plants with stipules . . ELATINACEAE
Herbs (not climbing) with alternate leaves or leaves from the
root.
Flowers-regular . . . . .f. ,... ” CISTAREGE
Flowers irregular . . << . 3. « . . VWIQLAGHE
Climbing woody vines . . . . . . PASSIFLORACEAE
FamMity I.—HYPERICACEAE. Sr. JoHn’s-wort FAMILY
Herbs or shrubs, with opposite leaves, which are neither lobed
nor serrated at borders and with no stipules. Flowers regular,
ours all yellow. Stamens generally numerous, commonly collected
in 3 or more clusters or bundles. Petals in bud mostly rolled longi-
tudinally. Pod 1-celled.
Divisions of calyx 4, in 2 unequal pairs. . . . . Ascyrum
Divisions of calyx 5, all alike.
Stamens numerous. ... . . . « = —S¥penumuam
Stamens 10 or less, leaves scaly . . . . Sarothra
Stamens usually 9 or more, leaves not scaly . Elodea
1. ASCYRUM, L.
Low, somewhat shrubby, smooth plants, with opposite leaves without
serrations at borders. Petals 4, sepals 4, 2 of which are larger than the
other pair. Stamens numerous, scarcely collected in clusters.
1. A. stans, Michx. (Fig. 4, pl. 96.) Sr. PrtTrErR’s-wort. Stem
simple, 1 to 2 ft. high, but with a few branches at top. Leaves oval
without foot-stalks. Flowers about an in. broad, bright yellow, one to
three at summit of stem, showy. Dry soils. July-Aug.
2. A. hypericoides, L. (Vig. 6, pl. 96.) Sr. ANpREw’s Cross.
Stems much branched and partly decumbent. Leaves narrow oval or
egg-shaped. Flowers in the leaf axils along the stem, the petals scarcely .-
exceeding the sepals. Dry sandy soil. Eastern coast. July-Aug.
2. HYPERICUM, L.
Herbs or shrubs, with opposite leaves dotted with black points, without
serrations and with no stipules. Flowers regular, yellow, sepals and
petals each 5; stamens numerous, either distinct from each other or,
more commonly, collected in 3 to 5 clusters,
ST. JOHN’S-WORT FAMILY 403
Stamens 25 to 100, more or less united in groups.
Styles five.
Leaves egg-shaped or nearly oval.
Blower an ins on more: broad’s, %) «9... .. Hs Aseyron
Leaves oblong-linear, flower nearly an in. broad . . . . H. Kalmianum
Styles three, rarely four.
Plants shrubby, at least at base.
Leaves lance-shaped or oblong.
lowers pamwins broad sn sue 2 el vy) el edn proliiccum
lowers ins broad). yeu esme 5) be ew een densifiorum
Plants not shrubby.
Creeping at base, stem winged . . . - « A. adpressum
Creeping at base, stamens not in phalanxes a eH, (Bisselin
Erect, not creeping at base.
Leaves elliptic, styles united at base . . H. ellipticum
Leaves oblong or linear . . . . . . HA. perforatum
Leaves egg-shaped, obtuse . . . . . H. maculatum
Stamens 5 to 15. Flowers small. :
Clusters of flowers with leafy bracts . as.) et k-e eeeDOrede
Clusters of flowers with narrow awl- shaped bracts.
Weaves eap-shapedOoneovall iii) cau tenes) co) ern meoreen eee
eaves linear, ‘obtuse atvapex 2 = « «204. 9.) 3 Ais canadense
Leaves lJance-shaped, acute at. apex =< = 9. 21. - |. ‘« Hl. ‘majus
1. H. Ascyron, L. (Fig. 2, pl. 96.) Grant Sr. Jonn’s-wort. (H.
pyramidatum, Ait.) Plant, 2 to 6 ft. high. Leaves oblong egg-shaped
with rather blunt points, 2 to 5 in. long, clasping at base. Flowers
bright yellow about 1 in. broad. On dry hills also along banks of streams.
July-Aug.
2. H. Kalmianum, L. (Fig. 1, pl. 96.) Katm’s St. JoHn’s-worrt.
Shrubby, at least at base, 1 to 2 ft. high. Leaves narrow-oblong, obtuse
but with the mid-vein protruding as a stiff bristle; about 2 in. long,
4 in. wide at apex, narrowed at base; rather numerous. Branches 4-angled.
Clusters of flowers mostly terminal. Individual flowers about { in.
broad. Fruit capsule 5-celled, tipped with 5 styles.
3. H. prolificum, L. Snmrusey St. Jonn’s-wort. Shrubby, 2 to 4
ft. high. Leaves very numerous. oblong, narrow, rounded at tip, nar-
rowed to a short leaf-stalk at base, 1 to 3 in. long. Flowers yellow,
numerous, + to ? in. broad. Branches 2-edged. Sandy soil. July-Sept.
4. H. densiflorum, Pursh. Busuy St. JoHN’s-wort. Similar to No.
3, but branches, leaves and flowers smaller and crowded. July-Sept.
5. H. adpressum, Bart. Creepina St. Jonn’s-wort. Shrubby at
base, 1 to 2 ft. high. Leaves oblong-linear, 1 to 2 in. long, rounded at
tip, branches 2-winged. Flowers in terminal clusters, without leaves,
each about 4 in. broad. Styles 3 to 4.
6. H. Bissellii, Robinson. Brssett’s St. JoHn’s-wort. Resembles
H, adpressum, Stamens in the latter are separable into phalanxes, in
this not. Capsule of H. adpressum partly divided into 3 or 4 cells, this
has only 1 cell. Southington, Conn. July-Aug.
7. H. ellipticum, Hook. (Fig. 5, pl. 96.) ExLiiptic-LEavep Sr.
JOHN’S-worT. Smooth with 4-angled stem, 4 to 2 ft. high. Leaves thin,
rather broadly elliptic, rounded at tip, without leaf-stalk at base.
Flowers few, terminal, pale yellow, 4 in. broad. In marshy grounds and
along streams. July-Aug.
8. H. perforatum, L. (Fig. 7, pl. 96.) Common Sr. JoHn’s-wort.
Stems 1 to 2 ft. high, 2-winged, much branched. Leaves oblong, rounded
at tip, attached directly to stem, many shoots commonly springing from
404 HYPERICACEAE
leaf-axils, Leaves black dotted, generally broader at tip than at base.
Clusters of flowers nearly terminal, of many flowers, leafy. Common in
pastures, ete. July-Sept. ‘
9. H. maculatum, Walt. (Fig. 9, pl. 96.) Spotrep St. JoHN’s-
wort. (H. punctatum, Lam.). Shrubby at base, 1 to 3 ft. high. Leaves
oval, broadest at base, abundantly sprinkled with black dots, 1 to 3 in.
long. Flowers small, crowded; petals black dotted, much longer than the
sepals. Styles 3. Capsule 3-celled. Moist soil. July-Sept.
10. H. boreale, (Britton) Bicknell. (Fig. 11, pl. 96.) NorTHEerN
Sr. Joun’s-wort. Stems rounded or somewhat 4-angled, 1 to 13 ft. high.
Leaves elliptic, } to 1 in. long, 1/12 to 1/3 in. wide, commonly 3-nerved.
Clusters leafy, few flowered. Stamens few. Capsule purple, longer than
the sepals or petals. Wet soil. July-Sept.
11. H. mutilum, L. (Fig. 10, pl. 96.) Dwarr Sr. JoHN’s-wort.
Stems slender, 4 to 2 ft. high, abundantly branched, 4-angled. Leaves
oblong, clasping at base, somewhat rounded at tip, 5-nerved. Flower
clusters not leafy, but with awl-shaped bracts. Flowers small. A slender
species. Low grounds. | July-Sept.
12. H. majus, (A. Gray) Britton. Larcer CANADIAN ST. JOHN’S-
wort. Stems | to 3 ft. high, stouter than No. 12, branched above. Leaves
lance-shaped, clasping at base, tapering but rounded at tips, 5-nerved.
Moist soil. June-Sept.
13. H. canadense, L. (Fig. 8, pl. 96.) CANADIAN St. JOHN’S-worT.
Stems 4 to 14 ft. high, branching. Leaves linear, 4 to 2 in. long, rounded
at tip. Flower clusters with awl-like bracts. Flowers small. Low
grounds. July-Sept.
3. SAROTHRA, L. ‘
Small branching herb, with leaves reduced to scales. Flowers small,
yellow, along the stem in the axils of some of the scales. Petals 5;
sepals 5, stamens 5 to 10.
S. gentianoides, L. (Fig. 3, pl. 96.) ORraNcr-crass. (Hypericum
nudicaule, Walt.). Stems wiry, 3 to 9 in. high. In sandy fields. Com-
mon. June-Oct. ‘
4. ELODEA, Pursh. (Triadenum, Raf.)
Perennial herbs growing in marshes. Leaves opposite and without
lobes or teeth. Flowers in terminal clusters also in smaller clusters in
the leaf axils. Calyx of 5 divisions; petals 5; stamens 9 or more in
3 groups. Alternating with these stamen groups are three large glands
resembling petals. The presence of these glands forms the distinctive
feature of the flower of Hlodea.
l. EQ virginica, (L.) Nutt. (Fig. 3, pl. 97.) Marsn Sr. Joun’s-
wort. Opposite leaves oblong, blunt at each end and attached direcily
to the stem without intervention of leaf-stalk, dotted with black dots.
Flowers reddish-purple each about 4 in. broad. Swamps. July-Aug.
2. E. petiolata, Pursh. Lararr Marsn Sr. Jonn’s-wort. Plant -
usually larger than No. 1, and leaves attached to the stem by a short
leaf-stalk.
ST. JOHN’S-WORT FAMILY 405
PLATE 96
2, H. Ascyron (leaves). 3. Sarothra gentian-
stans. 5. Hypericum ellipticum. 6. Aseyrum hyper-
um perforatum, 8. H. canadense. 9. H. maculatum. 10.
H. mutilum. 11. H. boreale.
1. Hypericum Kalmianum.
oides. 4. Ascyrum
icoides. 7. Hyperic
406 CISTACEAE
Famity IJ].—ELATINACEAE. Water-wort FAMILY
Low herbs, with opposite leaves; in our species with undivided
borders; provided with small membraneous stipules between the
opposite leaves. Flowers of our species mainly solitary in the leaf
axils. Pod round, 2- to 4-celled.
ELATINE, L.
Divisions of calyx and of corolla 2 to 4. Stamens usually as many as
petals. Dwarf plants growing in mud or in water, often rooting at the
leaf nodes.
E. americana, (Pursh.) Arn. (Fig. 4, pl. 97.) WatTeR-wort. Mup
PuRSLANE. ‘Tufted, spreading, stems 1 to 14 in. long; leaves obtuse.
Flowers generally solitary in leaf-axils. Margins of ponds and sluggish
streams. Blooms all summer,
Famity IIJ.—CISTACEAE. Rock Rost Famity
Low, shrubby plants, mostly of herbaceous aspect with regular
flowers, but with the two outer sepals (when 5 sepals are present)
smaller than the others, resembling small bracts. Petals 3 to 5,
falling early. Stamens generally numerous, each free from the
others. Fruit capsule one-celled with 3 to 5 valves. Leaves simple,
not lobed or serrate, upper alternate, lower usually differing in
size and form from the stem leaves, usually opposite.
Petals five.
Flowers small yellow.
Style ‘long and slender’... . . .. . ° Hiwdsanig
Flowers large, yellow.
Style very short or none. . . . . Helianthemum
Petals three. Flowers small, greenish-purple . . . Lechea
rt HELIANTHEMUM, Tourn.
Woody herbs, with conspicuous yellow flowers, also, in our species, with
other flowers without petals and therefore inconspicuous. Petals of the
large yellow flowers falling on the day following the opening of the
flowers. Valves of the capsule 3. Stamens numerous.
1. H. majus, (L.). BSP. (Fig. 1, pl. 97.) Hoary Frostwexp.
Stems 1 to 2 ft. high, frosted with grayish-white hairs. Leaves oblong
lance-shaped, the main stem leaves alternate 4 to 14 in, long. Flowers
in a terminal cluster of 5 to 10, bright. yellow about an .inch broad.
Calyx hoary like the stem, the outer sepals nearly as long as the three
inner. Later there appear at the leaf axils branches bearing flowers
without petals. These apetalous flowers grow directly upon the stem or
with very short foot-stalks. Dry soils. June-July, P
ROCK ROSE FAMILY 407
NI
wy
tT
LESS
Gye
PLATE 97
canadense. 3. Elodea virginica, 4, Ela-
1. Helianthemum majus. 2. H.
tine americana. 5. Hudsonia ericoides. 6. H. tomentosa. 7. Lechea inter-
media, 8, L, minor, 9. L. juniperina. 10, L, racemulosa,
408 CISTACEAE
2. H.canadense, (L.) Michx. (Fig. 2, pl. 97.) Lone-BRANCHED
FrostwEep. Resembles the last, but the apetalous flowers are furnished
with foot-stalks longer than those of No. 1, and the branches bearing the
apetalous flowers overtop those which have borne the petalous flowers,
which is not the case with No, 1. Dry places. May-June.
3. H. corymbosum, Michx. PINE-BARREN FROST-WEED. All the
flowers are borne at summit of stem in a rather broad spreading cluster
(corymb). Pine barrens, New Jersey, and southward,
2, HUDSONIA, L.
Low, heath-like little shrubs, the stems covered with small scale-like
or minute awl-shaped, leaves. Flowers small, bright yellow, crowded
among the small leaves along the upper part of the branches. Petals 5,
sepals 3 subtended by 2 others much smaller, Stamens 9 to 30.
1. H. tomentosa, Nutt. (Fig. 6, pl. 97.) Woorty Hupsonta. FALsE
HEATHER. Low, tufted little shrub with scale-like leaves which are about
1/12 in. long overlapping one another. Flowers mostly toward the sum-
mit of the stem; the whole plant downy-grayish. Sands by the sea shore
and in pine barrens, May-July.
2. H. ericoides, L. (Fig. 5, pl. 97.) HeratTH-LIkE HupsoniA. Leaves
much more slender than No. 1, and more in circling clusters. Flowers
scattered along the whole length of stem. Dry sandy soil. May-June.
3. LECHEA, L.
Inconspicuous perennial herbs often shrubby at base. Flowers very
small, greenish-purple. Petals 5; sepals 5 or 3, of which when 5, the
outer 2 are very minute. Stamens 3 to 12.
Plant decidedly hairy.
Outer sepals distinctly longer than inner . . . . . . . . Le. minor
Outer sepals: not longer) than’ inner, < = 95 = 5 6 «ee cn ) meenenriose
Plant hairy only at base.
Plant shrubby a Pee - L. maritima
Plant not shrubby.
Branches spreading . . . ». « +» « « «.s « 2. vacemulosa
Branches nenely ELECE ey Helin ay ste Cys, el) ere iol ae juniperina
Whole plant hairy ; am bce . L.. SSertGie
Plant with few or no hairs.
Leaves narrowly linear.
Inner vsepalsmr-nerved) 5 (<) “a. -8 van ees) ie), an uee nse eh sneer rae
Inner sepals; -nerved . : @i. Wen ws. ee one eee
Leaves at the jbaseovall 5°. %.) (Wey te ce as ot eeu nen reer
1. L. villosa, Ell. Larcrr Pin-weep. Plant, erect, hairy, 1 to 2%
ft. high. Leaves of the stem elliptic, those from the basal shoots oval
or rounded. Flowers small, crowded. The outer sepals are shorter than
the inner or less frequently equal to them
2. L. minor, L. (Fig. 8, pl. 97.) THyME-LEAVED PIN-WEED. Less
hairy, in most other respects similar to No, 1. The outer sepals are longer
than the inner.
3. L. racemulosa. Michx. (Fig. 10, pl. 97.) Optona-rrurrep Pin-
WEED, Stem and stem leaves scarcely hairy, but stem and leaves of
basal shoots hairy. Upper stem leaves linear, those of basal shoots oval.
Flowering branches decidedly spreading; outer sepals shorter than inner.
Dry sandy soil. July-Aug.
ROCK ROSE FAMILY 409
4. L. maritima, Leggett. Bracnu Pin-weep. Shrubby, especially at
base from which spring many hairy shoots with oval leaves. Stem leaves
linear, blunt at the ends. Flowers much crowded, petals reddish; the
outer sepals shorter than the inner. Sea-shore and pine barrens. July-
August.
5. L. tenuifolia, Michx. Narrow-LEAvep PIN-weep, Slender, 4 to 10
in. high. Growing in dense tufts. Branches spreading. Leaves linear,
as are those of the basal shoots. Outer sepals equalling the inner. Petals
red or purple. Dry soil, eastern Mass., and westward. July-Aug.
6. L. Leggettii, Britt. and Hol. Lerccrrr’s Pin-weep. Resembles
the last but is higher; 1 to 2 ft. high. Outer sepals nearly equalling the
inner. Long Island, westward and southward. July-Aug.
7. L. intermedia, Leggett. (Fig. 7, pl. 97.) Larcr-poppEp PIN-
WEED. Plant, 1 to 2 ft. high. Leaves elliptic, smooth but basal shoots
hairy. Basal leaves oval. Outer and inner sepals about equal. Dry
places throughout most of our area. Aug.
8. L. juniperina, Bicknell. (Fig. 9. pl. 97.) Maine PIN-WEEp.
Growing in tufts, 4 to 2 ft. high. Very leafy, the leaves more or less in
whorls, the mid-vein with very short hairs which give to the plant a
grayish-hoary appearance. All branches short and so nearly erect that
the outline of the plant is slender. Coast of Maine. July-Sept.
9. L. stricta, Leggett. Busny PIN-wrerp. Very slender and straight,
densely branched, the branches nearly erect, covered with a fine, thin
down. Inflorescence spine-like. Open places, western New York, and
southward. July-Aug.
Famity IV.—VIOLACEAE. Vuiotet FAaminy
Herbs or shrubs, with mostly irregular flowers often of two
kinds, first those which open and are showy, second, those which
do not open, but are usually hidden beneath dead leaves or even
by the soft soil. These last are known as cleistogamous. They are
not fertilized by insects yet bear an abundance of seeds. The
leaves are furnished with stipules, are all basal or, when on a stem,
alternate. Petals 5, the lowest the largest; sepals 5, the latter
nearly equal. Ovary of 1 cell with many seeds, the capsule splits
into 3 wedge-like valves at maturity.
1. VIOLA, L.
Small herbs. Leaves all from the base or alternate on a stem, stipulate.
Flowers of two kinds. The closed form is known as cleistogamous. These
pollinate themselves, being furnished with abundance of pollen. The
larger lower petal of the open flower is spurred as are the 2 lower of the
5 stamens, Sepals not united, each free from the others.
§. Leaves and flowers all arising from the rootstock
Flowers blue.
Leaves heart-shaped or rounded, not deeply incised or parted.
Leaves and stems hairy.
Leaves spreading on the ground ... . . . FK; villosa:
[eaves erect: Mechs Wise ote ems o V. sororia
410 VIOLACEAE
Leaves and stems without hairs or with very few hairs.
Rootstock short thick and erect.
Capsule not 3-angled ot AN a a cette Re
Capsule 3-angled . . - . . Vi septentrionalis
Rootstock very slender, horizontal.
Spur of flower 2/3 an; lone =") 2) Sees cle
Spur of flower 1/12 in. long Sigs 0) on Ve npalesinin
Leaves deeply incised,
The middle lobe broad.
Leaves and stem smooth or with few hairs.
Leaves arrow-shaped_ . a ws) ke) dA oteeeneeere
Leaves egg-shaped in outline... - « Ve notabihs
Leaves and stem hairy.
Leaves as broad as long. . . . . . . V. palmate
leaves longer than ‘broad . © 5 «5. es Veeeooaee
All lobes narrow lance-shaped.
Flower scapes higher than the leaves . . . . . V. atlantica
Flower scapes about equal to leaves . . . . V. pedata
Flower scapes shorter than the leaves . . . . V. Mulfordae
Blowers “yellows .0 Meus, da iyontner titel tee euinen ice Waperen UC lite etm aeaen O DenTeTnyerIern
Flowers white.
Leaves nearly or quite orbicular.
Decidedly hairy) bys) 77.) bei ere oy st ree be) sin se, | t) to) ere I eee in ae
Smooth’ or ‘nearly. “Soviet te sre isis bine! e\) cn) fe Se en
Leaves ovate or oval . ah deat icy Pitehvs wate Sian eh tate ble” abieie Olam aa Pree aa
Leaves narrow lance- shaped oh lai iter Miss fGen, scala ie) pean Gout Poems
+. Leaves and flowers arising from stems above the rootstock
Fiowers blue or whitish.
Stipules not fringed or deeply incised . . . . . . . « V. canadensis
Stipules fringed.
Spur o7 flower shorter than the corolla.
Flowers never creamy-white . . . . . . . V. labradorica
Flowers varying to creamy-white . . . . . . . V. striata
Spur as long or longer than corolla.
Spur about as long as corolla, plant hafry . . . . . V. arenaria
Spur longer than corolla, plant not hairy . . . . . V. rostrata
Flowers yellow.
Leaves halberd-shaped . . Pr Dace ede Ie. ESE
Leaves broadly egg-shaped or nearly round.
LE t hn Aaa ae Tana Grenson Nec et ct Pecunia: muePe ed! gL ASSAD s
Not; haity os. 7 sie Ie, Wee, fey deduce” Sb bs ah oot ot ll to eG aia ane
§ Leaves and flowers all from the rootstock
Leaves not incised. Flowers blue
1. V. cucullata, Ait. (Fig. 4, pl. 98.) Hoopep Biue VioLeT. (TV.
obliqua, Hill.) Stems and leaves smooth or with few hairs. Rootstock
thick and short. Early in season of bloom flower scapes are usually
shorter than leaves, but later they usually much exceed the leaves. Leaf
blades vary from egg-shaped to orbicular, not deeply incised but with
coarse teeth at margins. Woods and meadows. April-June.
2. V. septentrionalis, Greene. Nortnern Biue Vioter. Similar to
V. cucullata, capsule of V. cucullata strongly 3-angled, that of the present
form not angled and plant extending more northward. Extending from
Ontario into northern New England.
3. V. villosa, Walt. Sournern Woop Vioret. Leaves rounded or
less frequently egg-shaped; downy, lying flat upon the ground. Petals
bearded, blue. Only in the southern part of our area. April-May.
4. V.sororia, Willd. (Fig. 2, pl. 98.) Wootty Biur Vioter. Root-
stock thick, generally oblique. Leaves heart-shaped, from egg-shaped to
orbicular, covered, as are the leaf-stalks and flower scapes, with long soft
hairs. Dry soils, mostly in southern part of our area, April-May.
VIOLET FAMILY
yy a
‘\) " 4) 2 A
\ si iy
ig Sa
Y
1b eee
AKERS
PLATE 98
- V. sororia. 3. V. pedata. 4. V. cucullata. 5. V. at-
lantica. 6. V. sagittata.
1. Viola palmata. 2
412 VIOLACEAE
5. V. palustris, L. (Fig. 3, pl. 99.) Marsn Viorer. Leaves kid-
ney-form, round or broadly egg-shaped. Not hairy. Rootstock slender.
Flower spur very short; petals slightly bearded. In wet grounds. Moun-
tains of New England and northward. May-July.
6. V. Selkirkii, Pursh. (Fig. 6, pl. 99.) SetKkrrK’s Viortet. Leaves
broadly egg-shaped to round, heart-shaped at base. Flower spur nearly
as long as the petals, blunt. Moist soil, woods, throughout our area.
April-May.
Leaves incised. Flowers blue
7. V. palmata, L. (Fig. 1, pl. 98.) Earty BLur Vioret. Downy;
rootstock thick, usually oblique. Flower scapes at first shorter than
leaves, later generally longer. Leaf-stalks generally much longer than
leaf-blades, the latter as broad or broader at base than the length, it is
incised at base, forming from a few to 11 or 13 lobes, the middle lobe
remaining broad and egg-shaped, while the lateral ones are narrow, often
with only shallow incisions. Division of calyx linear or narrow lance-
shaped. Lateral petals bearded. Hidden flowers numerous. In dry
woods, throughout our area. April-May.
8. V. Mulfordae, Pollard. Miss Mutrorp’s Vioter. Leaves and
flowers from the root-stock. Whole plant somewhat downy. Leaf blades
oblong or egg-shaped in general outline but the margin cut into several
lobes on each side. The lateral lobes lance-shaped, acute at apex, the
terminal lobe much larger, oblong to lance-oblong, the margins finely
toothed. Flower stems shorter than the leaves or at first somewhat longer
than the leaves. Flowers violet-purple about ? in, broad. Dry sandy
soil, Hempstead Plains, L. I. May.
9. V. atlantica, Britton. (Fig. 5, pl. 98.) Coast Vioter. Leaves
on long slender leaf-stalks, nearly or quite smooth. Leaves deeply in-
cised but middle lobe rather broadest, the others narrow and diverging.
The lower leaves are small, nearly or quite undivided, egg-shaped or club-
shaped.* Upper leaves 4 to 8 in. high, Flower scapes as high or higher.
Lateral petals bearded. Somewhat rare. Eastern Mass., and southward.
May-June.
10. V. notabilis, Bicknell. ELecaAnr Viotet. Flowers and _ leaves
from the root-stock, Leaves in outline broadly egg-shaped or oblong,
heart-shaped at base, obtuse or rounded at apex, divided at lower half
or third, several oblong obtuse lobes cut half way or less to the mid-rib,
the basal lobe broader and itself toothed or lobed. Flower stems generally
exceeding the leaves, becoming 8 to 10 in. high. Flowers very large, deep
purple. Southwestern Long Island, low grounds.
1l. V. sagittata, Ait. (Fig. 6, pl. 98.) ARROW-LEAVED VIOLET.
Leaves long, halberd-shaped. generally incised at base, smooth, hollowed
but not heart-shaped at base which is somewhat winged, the wings being
more or less lobed. Petals densely bearded, dark blue. Dry hills, through-
out our area, April-May.
In the form V. emarginata, Le Conte, the leaves are more nearly
triangular.
* According to the author’s specimens, by others not so specified.
VIOLET FAMILY 413
Lat yy \
SY
PLATE 99
1. Viola ovata. 2. V. blanda. 3. V. palustris. 4. V. rotundi
lanceolata. 6. V. Selkirkii. 7. V. primulaefolia.
folia. 5. V.
414 VIOLACEAE
12. V. ovata, Nutt. (Fig. 1, pl. 99.) OvaTA-LEAvED VIOLET. Leaves,
leaf-stalk and flower scapes hairy; long egg-shaped, rounded at apex, in-
cised, not winged at base. Southern part of our area. April-May.
13. V. pedata,L. (Fig. 3, pl. 98.) Brrp’s-roor VIoLET. Rootstock
short, thick, erect. Leaves parted nearly to leaf stem into 5 to 9 narrow
lobes which are smooth-bordered or somewhat toothed toward apex. All
parts smooth. One of our most beautiful violets. Color, lilae to dark
blue. Dry fields, somewhat prevalent. April-June.
Flowers yellow
14. V. rotundifolia, Michx. (Fig. 4, pl. 99.) RouNpD-LEAVED VIOLET.
Leaves smooth or slightly downy; broadly egg-shaped when young be-
coming nearly round at length; heart-shaped at base, the sinus. nearly
closed. Flower scapes short (2 to 4 in. high); flowers yellow. The plant
sends out many stolons later in the season as well as many hidden
(cleistogamous) flowers. Woods, in rich soil. April-May.
Flowers white
15. V. blanda, Willd. (Fig. 2, pl. 99.) Sweet WHITE VIOLET.
Leaves cordate at base, round, kidney-formed or broadly egg-shaped. All
parts except the flower scape usually smooth, the latter generally some-
what hairy. Flowers white, with purple veins. Wet places. April-May.
16. V.primulaefolia, L. (Fig. 7. pl. 99.) PRIMROSE-LEAVED VIOLET.
Leaves lance-egg-shaped, suddenly contracted at base, the edge of the
leaf following along the leaf-stalk. Flowers white, petals beardless. Long
stolons late in summer with many hidden (cleistogamous) flowers. Open
moist soil, New York. New England, and southward. April-May.
17. V. lanceolata, L. (Fig. 5, pl. 99.) LANCE-LEAVED VIOLET.
Leaves smooth, lance-shaped, tapering at base. Flowers white. Many
stolons late in season and many cleistogamous flowers. Moist meadows,
prevalent to some extent throughout our area. April-June.
18. V. renifolia, A. Gray. KipNey-LEAvep VioLeT. All parts of
plant hairy. Leaves broad, egg-shaped, kidney-shaped or round. More
or less heart-shaped at base. Flowers white. Stoloniferous. Woods and
fields, New York and westward. April-June.
Leaves and Flowers all springing from a stem
Flowers yellow
19. V. pubescens, Ait. (Fig. 1, pl. 100.) Harry Yettow VIOoLert.
Plant 5 to 20 in. high. Leaves broadly egg-shaped to round, toothed,
those at the base of stem having leaf-stalks longer than the blades, while
of the upper leaves the blades excel the leaf-stalks in length. The lower
leaves at blooming time are usually wanting. Stipules not fringed or
divided, egg-shaped or lance-shaped. Whole plant covered with soft hairs.
Flowers bright yellow. Woods. April-May.
20. V. scabriuscula, Schwein. (Fig. 5. pl. 100.) Smoorn YELLOw
Viotet. Resembles No. 16, but the hairy covering is nearly or quite
absent and the surface of the stem is rough. Lower leaves generally
present at blooming time. Stipules similar to those of No. 16. Flowers
yellow. Woods. April-May,
VIOLET FAMILY 415
Bd (my GR
BEN Ke LV A\)>
y “S73 = by,
es Se Si)
\S Ny
“op i an
PLATE 100
1. Viola pubescens. 2. V. rostrata. 3. V.
V. scabriuscula. 6. V. canadensis.
labradorica. 4. V- arenaria. 5.
416 VIOLACEAE
21. V. hastata, Michx. HALBERD-LEAVED VIOLET. Leaves halberd-
shaped or oblong with heart-shaped base, slightly toothed, apex acute,
stipules small, egg-shaped. Mountains of Penna. and southward. May.
Flowers blue
22. V.canadensis, L. (Fig. 6, pl. 100.) CANADIAN VioLET. Stems
4 to 14 in. high, Leaves egg-shaped, heart-shaped at base, apex sharp
pointed. Whole plant smooth or nearly so. Stipules not fringed or di-
vided, egg-shaped.
23. V. striata, Ait. PALE VIoLeT. STRIPED VIOLET. Similar in size and
general growth to No. 22. Leaves round or egg-shaped, the apex less
sharply pointed than No, 22. Stipules long, narrow, with sharp teeth at
borders. Flowers on long flower stalks, light blue to white. Spur 4 as
long as the corolla. Woods. May-July.
24. V.labradorica, Shrank. (Fig. 3, pl. 100.) American Dry
VIOLET. Stem weak, half reclining. Leaves from broadly egg-shaped to
kidney-form or round, finely toothed at borders; plant smooth. Stipules
lance-shaped with fringed borders. Flowers on long flower stems. spur
half as long as the corolla, obtuse at the end. Color pale purple. Wet
places. March-May.
25. V. arenaria, DC. (Fig. 4, pl. 100.) Sanp Vioret. Resembles
No. 24, but plant is covered with soft hairs. Color somewhat darker.
Stipules are longer and are deeply incised. Sandy soil, Maine and west-
ward. May-June.
26. V. rostrata, Pursh. (Fig. 2, pl. 100.) LoneG-spuRRED VIOLET.
Plant smooth, erect; leaves as in Nos. 24 and 25, Stipules fringed.
Petals bearded. Spur longer than the corolla. Moist woods, generally
distributed. June-July.
V. tricolor, L., and V. odorata, L.. are sometimes found in our region
as escapes from gardens.
2. HYBANTHUS, Jacq. .(Cubelium, Raf. Solea, Spring’)
Our species an erect leafy plant with rather inconspicuous greenish
flowers growing from the leaf axils. Sepals equal, narrow lance-shaped.
Petals nearly equal, the lower one 2-lobed and with a blunt spur. Sta-
mens uniting to form a sort of sheath about the ovary.
H. concolor, (Forst.) Raf. (Fig. 4, pl. 101.) Green ViIozLeT.
Plant slightly downy, 1 to 2 ft. high. Leaves alternate, lance-shaped, 3
to 43 in. long, 1/3 as wide. tips very slender and tapering. Flowers 2 o1
3 in the axils, on short flower-stems, greenish. Moist woods, northern
New York and southward. May-June.
Famity V.—PASSIFLORACEAE. Passton Frowrer FAMILY
Sepals more or less united, forming a tube from which project
5 points. The throat of the calyx is covered by rows of sterile
stamen filaments. Above these is the corolla. Fertile stamens 5.
Our single species is a climbing, tendril-bearing, vine.
CACTUS FAMILY 417
PASSIFLORA, L.
In our species leaves lobed, alternate. Flowers axillary, single or in
pairs on rather long flower stems. Petals greenish-yellow, longer than
the sepals. Fruit a berry with many seeds,
P. lutea, L. (Fig. 6, pl. 101.) Yrrtow Passion Frower, Vine, 3 to
10 ft. long, trailing or climbing. Leaves much broader than long, 3-lobed.
Flowers and tendrils from the axils. Flowers yellow. In southern part
of our area. May-July.
Order XII—OPUNTIALES. The Order of the Cacti
An order of fleshy, generally spiny plants of which we have but
a single species. Z'he ovary is inferior to the calyx and attached
to it. The flowers are regular with an indefinite number of petals
and stamens. ‘The stems are fleshy and the leaves often rudi-
mentary.
The Famity CACTACEAE is the only one of the order and in
our North Eastern States we have only a single Genus.
OPUNTIA, Mill.
With its succulent branching stems and spiny leaves. Flowers upon
the sides of the stem, with numerous petals. which are slightly united
at base. Stamens also numerous, Fruit a pear-shaped spiny berry.
O. vulgaris, Mill. (Fig. 7, pl. 101.) Eastern Prickty Pear. (0.
Opuntia. (L.) Coult.) Is our only species, growing on rocks and in dry
soil in the southern and eastern section of our region June-Aug.
Order XIII—THYMELEALES. Moose Wood Order
The species of this order are, in our area, all shrubs. The calyx
extends upward upon the ovary, covering it and adhering to it.
The flowers are without petals. The ovary has but a single ovule.
For other characters, see those of the two Families.
Wedves.ereen: <p. rw C&O go THY MELEACEAE
Leaves silver-scurfy . . +. . . . ELAEAGNACEAE
Famity IL—THYMELEACEAE. Moosr Woop FamiIty
Our only native species a small shrub. Flowers without petals.
Ovary with a single ovule. The inner bark is tough and fibrous,
the leaves without lobes and with entire borders are alternate.
Flowers with colored calyx, stamens and pistils, the calyx of 4
sepals. Fruit a hard, dry, ovoid drupe. Another species, an
418 ELAEAGNACEAE
escape from cultivation, occasionally found is the Daphne or
Spurge Laurel, a shrub of small size.
1, DIRCA, L.
With the characters above mentioned. The only species is:
D. palustris, L. (Fig. 1, pl. 101.) LEATHERWOOD. Moose Woop.
A shrub 2 to 6 ft. high, with tough yellow bark, oval leaves and small
yellow flowers. Stamens much longer than the yellow sepals. Fruit a
small oval red berry. The flowers appear in April, before the leaves.
The bark is used for withes and binders. Mostly in wet soil.
2. DAPHNE, L.
Small shrubs, with alternate leaves and purple or white flowers in clus-
ters, in our species encircling the stem at the inter-nodes of leaves. The
flower is without petals, the 4 spreading lobes of the calyx forming the
perianth. Stamens 8, arising from the calyx, usually included within the
tube of the calyx. Ovary 1-celled; style very short. Fruit an ovoid drupe.
D. Mezereum, L. (Fig. 3, pl. 101.) Spurce Laurer, A fragrant
shrub, 1 to 5 ft. high, with lance-shaped leaves and purple or white
flowers. Escaped from gardens. April-May.
Famity II.—ELAEAGNACEAE. OLEASTER FAMILY
Shrub, in our region, with a silvery scurf. Leaves with lobes
or teeth, opposite in our species, without stipules. Flowers spring-
ing at the leaf axils or at the nodes of the twigs of the preceding
season in small clusters. Corolla absent. The calyx divided into
4 sepals. Stamens few. Ovary 1-celled with a singe ovule. Seeds
erect. Our only Genus is:
SHEPHERDIA, Nutt. (Lepargyraea, Raf.)
With opposite leaves and small flowers. Staminate flowers with 8
stamens. Calyx tube investing the ovary but not adhering to it. Fruit
berry-like.
S. canadensis, (L.) Nutt. (Fig. 2, pl. 101.) CaNapIAN BUFFALO
3errY. A shrub, 4 to 8 ft. high, with elliptic leaves. smooth above,
covered below with hairs and silvery scales, An ornamental shrub grow-
ing on banks and along streams. April-June.
Order XIV.—MYRTALES. Order of the Myrtles
Herbs, shrubs or trees. Flowers, with rare exceptions, regular,
the calyx rising partly or completely above the ovary and adhering
to it or entirely free. Styles usually fused into one, ovaries with
many ovules, carpels 2. Petals present except in the small flowered
water plants of the family Haloragidaceae.
CLEASTER FAMILY ~ 419
PLATE 101
1. Direa palustris. 2. Shepherdia canadensis. 3. Daphne Mezereum. 4.
Hybanthus concolor. 5. Rotala ramosior. 6. Passiflora lutea. 7. Opuntia
vulgaris.
420 LYTHRACEAE
Ovary completely free or only partly inferior.
Anthers opening by a longitudinal split MELASTOMACEAE
Anthers opening by a pore at the summit LYTHRACEAE
Ovaries inferior to the calyx, the calyx adhering to it.
Water plants with finely divided leaves HALORAGIDACEAE
Water plants with broad floating leaves . .TRAPACEAE
Land plants or marsh plants . . . . ONAGRACEAE
Famity I.—LYTHRACEAE. Loosrestrire FAmMILy
Tn our region all herbs except Decodon. Leaves opposite, except
in Lythrum. Flowers regular or somewhat irregular. Ovary free
or more or less adherent to the calyx, 2- to several-celled.
Stipules none. Calyx of 4 or more lobes. Petals as many as
the principal lobes of the calyx, but sometimes absent. Anthers
attached to the filament of the stamen near the middle and open-
ing longitudinally.
Flowers regular.
Flowers Jarge, many .- 4 «.). 2 « % o QDGgae
Flowers small, few.
Capsule bursting at the partitions between the cells
Ae a en a ee ee S\N
Capsules bursting irregularly . . . . Ammannia
Calyx cylindric 0% cee toe Bie ee eee
‘Calyx tubular, swollen below . . . . . Cuphea
1. AMMANNIA, L.
Our plant an herb, 2 to 6 in. high, with opposite leaves, in the axils
of which are 1 to 3 inconspicuous flowers with bell-shaped calyx and 4
small purple petals which fall early. Stamens 4. Low herbs of no special
beauty. ‘
l. A. Koehnei, Britton. Kornnre’s AMMANNIA. Plant, rather more
than 1 ft. high, sometimes less; smooth. Leaves mostly lanee- or spatula-
shaped, with blunt extremities, the base of the upper ones clasping with
ear-like lobes at base. Flowers 1 to 3 in each upper axil, quite incon-
spicuous. In Hackensack marshes, New Jersey, and south. flowers all
summer,
2. A. coccinea, Rottb. LonG-teavep AMMANNTIA. Leaves sharp-
pointed at extremity, narrow lance-shaped. Swamps and muddy banks.
New Jersey, and southward. July-Sept.
2, ROTALA,. L.
Low inconspicuous herb, with opposite leaves and small axillary
flowers, generally solitary. Calyx 4-lobed with as many accessory teeth
between the lobes.
LOOSESTRIFE FAMILY 421
R. ramosior, (L.) Koehn. (Fig. 5, pl. 101.) Rorana. Leaves nar-
row, oblong, about an in. long. Flowers 1 in each axil Swamps July-
Sept.
3. DECODON, Gmel. (Lythrum, L.)
Herbaceous shrub, with leaves in whorls and with dense whorl-like
clusters of flowers at the axils. Calyx short, broadly bell-shaped with
5 to 7 lobes and as many slender accessory teeth, one at each sinus,
Petals 5, stamens 10, inserted on the calyx tube, alternately longer or
shorter,
D. verticillatus, Ell. (Fig. 5, pl. 102.) Swamp Loosestrire. WIL-
tow Here. Plant, 2 to 8 ft. high, growing at edges of streams and in
swamps. Stems 4- to 6-angled; leaves opposite or in whorls of about 4,
lance-shaped, 2 to 5 in. long and rather less than ¢ as wide. In the axils
of the upper whorls of leaves are clusters of purple flowers, each nearly
an inch broad of lance-shaped petals and with 10 stamens, which con-
siderably exceed the petals in length. July-Sept.
4. LYTHRUM, L.
Slender herbs, with 4-angled stems and opposite or alternate leaves and
purple or white flowers which are found at the axils or in terminal slen-
der clusters. Petals 4 to 6, usually 6. Stamens the same number as the
petals or double the number, inserted on the calyx. Capsule 2-celled.
lowers ine tall) slender) clusters) (3 9s 0 = ss ss, eevee, « des Sancarta
Flowers at the leaf axils.
Leaves opposite . . .
Leaves mostly alternate.
Weavess acute at, APEX! bs eh Gel «| ss! sc Re Ne Ee alatun
Reavesmrounded atm Apexi cme tetls misc cueMeN ERemmmE/aSSOPETOlEe
L. lineare
1. L. Hyssopifolia, L. (Fig. 7, pl. 102.) Hyssop Loosrstrirr.
Plant, 6 to 10 in. high; leaves oblong-linear, obtuse at apex, without
leaf-stalk, longer than the inconspicuous pale purple flowers. Marshes
along our coast. June-Sept.
2. L. alatum, Pursh. (Fig. 6, pl. 102.) Wrne-AncLep LoosestTRIFE.
Tall, slender, branches with winged edges or simply angled. Stem 1 to
4 ft. high. Leaves without leaf-stalks, alternate or the lowest opposite,
lance-shaped or oblong, acute or nearly so at the end, rounded at base.
Flowers deep purple, stamens of some of the flowers longer than the petals.
Low swampy grounds. June-Aug.
3. L. lineare, L. (Fig. 8, pl. 102.) Linrar-Leavep ‘LoosEstTRIFeE.
Stem tall, slender (2 to 4 ft. high). Leaves opposite, very narrowly
linear, an inch or less in length. Petals whitish-purple. In some flowers
the style is long, stamens short, in others stamens are long, style short.
Salt marshes. July-Sept.
4. L. Salicaria,L. (Fig. 4, pl. 102.) Sprkep Loosrstriren, Slender,
2 to 4 ft. high. Leaves opposite or in whorls of about 3, lance-shaped,
rounded or heart-shaped at base, sharp at apex, 2 to 3 in. long. Flowers
purple in a long narrow terminal cluster. In respect to the length of
stamens and style there are three forms. Swamps, wet meadows. June-
August.
422 MELASTOMACEAE
5. CUPHEA, Jacq. (Parsonsia, P. Br.)
An herb, with opposite leaves and showy flowers, in clusters or from
the axils. Calyx tubular, inflated, 12-ribbed, oblique at the mouth,
with 6 teeth and as many secondary ones. Petals 6. unequal. Stamens
11 or 12, in 2 sets; unequal. Ovary with a curved gland at base. Cap-
sule oblong, few seeded, included in the calyx.
C. petiolata, Rusby. (Fig. 9, pl. 102.) Brus Wax Weep. CLAMMY
Cupnuea. Petals ovate, purple. Leaves lance-shaped on leaf-stalks about
4 as long as the leaves. Dry fields. July-Oct.
Famity I]—MELASTOMACEAE. Merapow Brauty FAMILY
Herbaceous plants (or woody), with opposite leaves or leaves
in whorls. Leaves without stipules, 3- to 5-nerved. Flowers
regular, showy, with stamens and pistils. The anthers open by a
pore at the summit. In other respects similar to family Ona-
graceae.
RHEXIA, L.
Calyx tube 4-cleft, urn-shaped, adhering to the ovary below. Petals 4,
large. Stamens 8; style 1. Low perennial herbs with showy flowers.
Stem square with wing-like angles.
Leaves. oval-lance-shaped 5 «+ s\s «© «© © « « «© » 0: dts, Ineence
Iseaves’ ‘linear-oblong. je. 4. a es, im Seeley: Cel eb ceca esit De | apa tC amt Rn Cees
[iar ersoleerelbiy) Gs cre G0 He BeiG.so, Ge ap bs doe a) Gere wo cad. tiie nt
1. R. virginica, L. (Fig. 1, pl. 102.) Meapow Brauty. Flowers
bright purple; petals 4; stems and leaves downy. Sandy swamps. June-
Sept.
2. R. aristosa, Britton. (Fig. 3, pl. 102.) AWN-PETALED MEADOW
Beauty. Stem square; flowers bright purple; petals 4; stem and leaves
not downy. Sandy swamps. July-Aug.
3. R. mariana, L. (Fig. 2, pl. 102.) Marynanp Mrapow Beauty.
Leaves narrow, lance-shaped. Stem round; plant downy or hairy, 1 to
2 ft. high. Flowers pale purple of 4 petals. Swamps and pine barrens,
New Jersey and southward. June-Sept.
Famity III.—ONAGRACEAE. Everenina Pamenaed FAMILY
Herbs, rarely shrubs, with opposite or alternate leaves without
stipules; calyx tube adherent to the ovary and rising above it, 2- to
6-lobed. Petals usually 4, but may be more or less, or rarely ab-
sent. Stamens usually in 2 rows and twice as many as the petals.
Ovary usually 4-celled, styles united.
Petals and sepals, each 4.
Eeaves ‘opposite ss |S SRE ects
Leaves alternate.
MEADOW BEAUTY FAMILY 423
PLATE 102
1. Rhexia virginica. 2. R. mariana. 3. R. aristosa. 4. Lythrum salicaria.
5. Decodon verticillatus. 6. Lythrum alatum. 7. L. Hyssopifolia. 8. L.
lineare. 9. Cuphea petiolata.
424 ONAGRACEAE
Calyx tube not longer than the ovary.
Seeds without hairs. . . . . . # Judwigia
Seeds with silky hairs . . . . Chamaenerion
Calyx tube longer than the ovary.
Seeds with silky hairs . . . . . Epilobium
Seeds without hairs.
Flowers yellow.
Stamens of equal length.
Ovules, 2 rows in each of the 4 divisions of
the ovary lying horizontally and by com-
pression angled in the long axis . Onagra
Ovules in 1 row in each of the 4 divisions,
upright and not angular. Oenothera
Stamens of unequal length . . . . Koneiffia
Hlowers pink; 2. = 6 ©.» See
Petals.and sepals, each 2 6 3s » « 's «% « -s Gira
1. LUDWIGIA, L.
Herbs, with alternate leaves and with rather inconspicuous axillary
flowers. Lobes of the calyx 4, adherent to the ovary but not prolonged
beyond it. Petals 4, often wanting; stamens 4 inserted into the petals.
Ovary 4- or 5-celled. Capsule short or cylindrical, winged or ribbed.
Seeds very small.
Capsules nearly globe-formed.
Flowers small, without flower stalks, in the leaf-axils, with small greenish
petals or none.
Bractlets at base of capsule very small or none . . JL. sphaerocarpa
Bractlets at base of capsule as sa as Ceerad - « « JL. polycarpa
Capsules much longer than broad . . . . a ‘er «alt, 8) fen cc en am
Flowers showy.
Plant hairy . ay) server pete te mice: gece pbs) 2 Cre oo boca! heh aE ame
Plant’ not thairy 0% <\ es eye ie Ue) ys we | dee «Me rernanaiae
1. L. sphaerocarpa, Ell. (Fig. 10, pl. 103.) Gtope-rrurrep Lup-
WIGIA. Plant growing in swampy or wet places, 2 to 3 ft. high. Leaves
.lance-shaped or linear, some leaves with very small teeth at borders,
alternate, 2 to 4 in. long. Whole plant or at least upper part of it finely
downy. Bractlets at base of flowers minute or absent. Capsules globular.
Petals very minute or none. Calyx 4-parted, generally shorter than the
capsule. Swamps, eastern Mass., southern New York and southward.
July-Sept.
2. L. polycarpa, Short and Peter. (Fig. 9, pl. 103.) MANyY-FRUITED
Lupwicta. Plant growing in swamps, 1 to 3 ft. high, with runners at
base. Leaves narrowly lanceolate, borders not toothed, acute at each
end, without leaf-stalk, 2 to 4 in. long. Leaves of the runners spatula-
formed. Bractlets at base of flowers linear and conspicuous. Wet places.
July-Oct.
3. L. linearis, Walt. Lryear-Leavep Lupwicts. Plant, 1 to 2 ft.
EVENING PRIMROSE FAMILY 425
high, often with runners at base. Leaves very narrow lance-shaped,
tapering at base to a flower stalk, 1 to 2 in. long, without teeth. Flowers
in axils, petals pale yellow. Capsule a reversed 4-sided pyramid, longer
than the calyx lobes. Swamps, New York and southward. June-Sept.
4. L. hirtella, Raf. (Fig. 8, pl. 103.) Harry Lupwicta. Plant
erect, 1 to 2 ft. high, decidedly hairy with stiff hairs. Leaves oblong,
more or less egg-shaped, blunt at ends. Flower-stem in leaf-axil with 2
bracts. Petals showy, yellow, longer than the sepals. Pod 4-angled,
winged, nearly globular. Swamps, New Jersey and southward. June-
July.
5. L. alternifolia, L. (Fig. 7, pl. 103.) Seep Box. Erect, 2 to 3
ft. high, not hairy. Leaves lance-shaped, sharp at each end, 2 to 4 in.
long. Flower-stems at the axils, 2 bracted. Petals yellow, longer than
the purple sepals. Pod 4-angled, winged. Swamps, Mass., to northern
New York.
z. ISNARDIA, L.
General characters similar to those of Ludwigia, but leaves are opposite.
I. palustris, L. (Fig. 4, pl. 103.) Marsan PuRsLANE. (Ludwigia
palustris, Ell.) Plant, lying flat in the mud, floating or partly erect,
branching, 4 to 15 in. long. Leaves oval or spatula-formed, tapering at
base to a leaf-stalk 1/3 as long as the leaf. Flowers at the axils, small,
solitary, without bracts below the calyx. Pod oblong, 4-angled. Stem
and leaves reddish. Muddy ditches and swamps, generally distributed.
June-Nov.
3. CHAMAENERION, Adams. (Epilobium, L.)
A single species, in our region which has been more generally known
as the most conspicuous Epilobium. A showy herb with alternate leaves
and perfect irregular flowers in terminal pyramidal clusters. Calyx tube
adherent to the ovary, but not exceeding it in length, of 4 segments. Petals
4. Capsule 4-celled, 4-angled.
C. angustifolium, L. (Fig. 5, pl. 103.) Wirtow Hers. Simple, not
branching, erect, 2 to 8 ft. high. Leaves lance-shaped, 2 to 6 in. long.
Flowers purple, in a long pyramidal cluster, a small bract below each
flower. Petals 4, unequal, sepals 4, seeds with silky down. In recently
burned lands, along fences, a conspicuous herb in mid-summer. June-
Sept.
4. EPILOBIUM, L.
Our species all herbs, with alternate or opposite leaves and with flowers
in terminal clusters. Petals 4, sepals 4, the calyx tube adhering to the
ovary and produced beyond the latter. Stamens 8. Ovary of 4 cells,
capsules elongated, 4-angled. Seeds small, each with a tuft of silky hairs
attached. Flowers purple or less frequently white.
Plant densely hairy.
Iblowersmabodty sr pit prOad.. 5, is) fe) Wer uel puto) 2's) | ey pad Ucn “Inston
Flowers less than } in. broad . E. molle
Plant not hairy or with few hairs, lower leaves broadly ‘oval and d opposite ‘Bb. alpinum
eavesi nartowly linear 5s) s<) as c E: lineare
Leaves lance-shaped.
Without serrations at borders . . . . . . . E. palustre
Borders serrated.
Pods densely hairy . 2) ot) iene eeadenocaulon
Pods only slightly hairy | tet chin a noma E. coloratum
Pods free from hairs. . . . + + E. Hornemanni
426 ONAGRACEAE
l. E. hirsutum, L. (Fig. 6, pl. 103.) Harry WiLttow Hers. Plant,
stout, branching, 3 to 5 ft. high, densely hairy. Some of the leaves op-
‘posite, lance-shaped or oblong, sharply toothed, without leaf-stalks.
Flowers in terminal clusters or in the axils of the upper leaves, about an
inch broad, purple. Waste grounds. June-Sept.
2. E. alpinum, L. Atrine Wittow Hers. (Z£. lactiflorum, Haussk.)
Plant, from 6 to 12 in. high, not hairy. Lower leaves opposite, broadly
elliptic or oval, slightly toothed, obtuse at apex, tapering to a leaf-stalk
at base. A few of the upper leaves alternate and lance-shaped. Flowers
few from the upper axils, small, white. Adirondack and White moun-
tains. June-Sept.
3. E. palustre, L. Swamp WitLtow Hers. Plant, slender, about 1
ft. high, branched, with fine down; leaves lance-shaped, somewhat pointed
at apex, rounded at base, without leaf-stalks, nearly all opposite. Flowers
few, in upper axils, pink or whitish. Marshy places. White mountains
and north. June-Sept.
4. E. lineare, Muhl. (Fig. 2, pl. 103.) Linear-LEaveED WILLOW
Hers. (EH. densum, Raf.) Plant, 1 to 2 ft. high, slender, usually branched.
Leaves alternate or to some extent opposite, very narrow, 1 to 2 in. long
by 1/12 as wide, sharply pointed at each end. Flowers pale pink, numer-
ous. Bogs. July-Sept.
5. E. molle, Torr. Downy Wittow Hers. (#. strictum, Muhl. £.
densum, Raf.) Erect, 1 to 2 ft. high, somewhat densely covered with
soft whitish hairs. Leaves lance-shaped, broader than those of No, 4.
Flowers in upper axils, small, pink or whitish. Bogs, generally distributed.
July-Sept.
6. E. coloratum, (Muhl.) (Fig. 1, pl. 103.) PUuRPLE-LEAvED WILLOW
Hers. Tall, branching, 1 to 3 ft. high. Leaves rather large, lance-shaped,
distinctly toothed at borders, sharp pointed at apex, tapering at base,
with leaf-stalk. Above, plant slightly downy. Flowers numerous in
leafy clusters from the axils, pale purple. Wet places. July-Sept.
7. E. adenocaulon, Haussk. (Fig. 3, pl. 103.) NorrHern WILLOW
Hers. Differs little from No. 6, but leaves are less sharp at apex and the
long seed capsules are covered with a dense growth of soft hairs. Wet
places. July-Sept.
8. E. Hornemanni, Reichenb. HorNeEMANN’s WiLLow Hers. Plant,
not much branched, 4 to 14 ft. high; smooth. Leaves egg-shaped on
short leaf stalks, with few remote teeth. Flowers in the terminal leaf
axils, purple. White Mountains. July-Sept.
5. ONAGRA, Adams
Herbs, with erect stems, alternate leaves and yellow flowers which open
in the evening. They are arranged in long slender clusters. The calyx
is prolonged beyond the ovary and has 4 lance-shaped lobes. Petals 4.
Capsule long, 4-sided, 4-celled, the ovules in 2 rows in each cell, compressed
and angular.
Flowers small, petals narrow about 1/12 in. broad . . . . . . Oj cruciata
Flowers large, petals broad,
Capsules. an inch: long’... sp 2a Wilesy cae oa yee ee
Capsules more than an inch long . . . . . «© « « « O. Oakesiana
EVENING PRIMROSE FAMILY A27
PLATE 103
1. Epilobium coloratum. 2. E. lineare. 3. E. adenocaulon. 4. Isnardia
palustris. 5. Chamaenerion angustifolium. 6. Epilobium hirsutum. 7. Lud-
wigia alternifolia. 8. L. hirtella. 9. L. polycarpa. 10. L. sphaerocarpa.
428 ONAGRACEAE
1. O. biennis, (L.) Scop. (Fig. 5, pl. 104.) Eventne Primrose.
Stout, erect, 1 to 9 ft. high, slightly branching, with a few or many downy
hairs. Leaves lance-shaped to oblong, narrowed at base and somewhat
clasping, | to 6 in. long. Flowers bright yellow, opening in the evening,
about 2 in. broad. Calyx adherent to ovary and much longer than the
latter. Capsule hairy. In waste places. Common, June-Oct.
2. ©. cruciata, (Nutt.) Small. SMALL-FLOWERED EvENING PRIM-
ROSE. Similar to No. 1, but petals are lance-shaped and much smaller
than those of O. biennis. June-Oct.
3. O. Oakesiana, (A. Gray) Britton. OAaKeEs’s Eventna PRIMROSE.
Resembles No. 1, but is more slender, leaves generally narrower, and
plant not hairy or with few hairs. Flowers about 4 as broad as those of
No. 1. Capsule about 1/3 longer than that of No. 1. Dry waste places
in northern section of our area. June-Oct.
6. OENOTHERA, L.
Similar to Onagra, but seeds not compressed and not angular.
1. O. humifusa, Nutt. (Fig. 4, pl. 104.) Stasme Evenine Prim-
ROSE. Plant, ? to 13 ft. high, much branched, generally reclining, cov-
ered with a silvery down. Leaves narrow with wavy, somewhat toothed,
margins 4 to 2 in. long. Flowers yellow, from the leaf-axils, not numer-
ous, 1/2 to 2/3 in, across. Sea beaches, New Jersey and southward. .
June-Sept.
2. ©. laciniata, Hill. SmNUATE-LEAVED EveNING PRIMROSE. Plant,
about the size of the last. Leaves deeply waved, the sinuses reaching
nearly to mid-vein. Hairs not silvery and much less dense than in No, 1.
Sandy soil, New Jersey, Pennsylvania and westward. May-June.
7. KNEIFFIA, Spach.
Herbs, usually more slender than the species of Onagra. Leaves mostly
narrow, without teeth or with low teeth. Flowers yellow in terminal
clusters, petals 4, calyx segments 4. Stamens 8, the alternate ones longer.
Ovary 4-angled; pistil 4-cleft at summit. Seeds numerous, not angled.
Plants not covered with coarse hairs.
Leaves without teeth or divisions.
Plants: reclimitig. . ¢)50) Se ien core cet ieeeiien cee) te. S60 agence
Plants: ‘erect; So%) a) sdasge to Wal Vee vetoes, fat wat) | xt Simran
Leaves with toothed or wavy borders.
Foot-stalk of the capsule longer than the capsule . K. longipedicellata
Foot-stalk of the capsule shorter than the capsule.
Leaves broadest toward the apex . . . . . .« K. linearis
_ Leaves broadest toward base . . . . .- © - K. fruticosa
Plants covered ‘with coarse airs .»\.1-.0% Us Sermeree, fle + 0) wRROeRORORene
1. K. Alleni, Small. Atien’s Sunprors. Plant, reclining, much
branched, stems from 3 in. to 2 ft. long. Leaves inversely lance-shaped
without teeth; the whole plant covered with fine down. Flowers yellow
2/3 to 1 in. broad in more or less terminal clusters, Capsule 4-angled,
winged, nearly globe- or pear-shaped, on a foot-stalk longer than itself.
Sandy places on Long Island. June-Aug.
2. K, longipedicellata, Small. (Fig. 3, pl. 104.) Lona-stemMED
EVENING PRIMROSE FAMILY 429
PLATE 104
1. Kneiffia linearis. 2. K. pumila. 3. K.
humifusa. 5. Onagra biennis. 6. Gaura biennis.
longipedicellata. 4. Oenothera
7. Cireaea lutetiana. 8, C.
430 ONAGRACEAE
Sunprops. Slender, 1 to 23 ft. high, somewhat downy; stem red, not
much branched. Lower leaves spatula-shaped, upper narrow lance-shaped
with wavy borders, without leaf-stalks or with very short ones. Flowers
yellow, 1 to 2 in, broad in terminal clusters, Calyx hairy, of linear seg-
ments. Capsule pear-shaped with 4 wings, hairy, on a foorstals longer
than itself. Sandy soil. May-Aug.
3. K. linearis, (Michx.) Spach. (Fig. 1, pl. 104.) NARrow-LEAvVED
Sunprops. Plant, 3 to 2 ft. high, sometimes much branched above. Leaves
inversely lance-shaped, the upper ones quite narrow, with wavy borders.
Generally with few hairs. Flowers yellow, about 1 in. broad. Capsule
pear-shaped or elongated, winged, on foot-stalk not as long as itself.
Sandy soil. June-Sept.
' 4. K. pumila, (L.) Spach. (Fig. 2, pl. 104.) Smartxi Sunprops.
Plant, quite slender, generally about 8 to 10 in. high, but may reach
height of 2 ft.; covered with soft down. Leaves narrow lance-shaped,
blunt at apex, not wavy or toothed at borders. Lower leaves spatula-
formed. Flower from 1/3 to 1 in. broad, yellow, in a narrow leafy cluster.
Capsule pear-shaped, slightly winged. Dry fields. June-Aug.
5. K. pratensis, Small. Hatry Sunprors. Stem 15 to 30 in. high.
Whole plant covered with coarse spreading hairs. Leaves oblong-lance-
shaped, both sides hairy. Low grounds, Maine to Conn.
6. K. fruticosa, (L.) Raimann. Common Sunprops. Plant, 1 to
3 ft. high, usually much branched, downy. Leaves lance-shaped generally
wavy with low teeth. Flowers 1 to 2 in. broad in terminal loose cluster.
Capsule oblong with .conspicuous wings on a very short foot-stalk or
without one. Common in dry soil. June-Aug.
8. GAURA, L.
Herbs, somewhat woody at base with alternate narrow leaves and rose-
colored or white flowers. Calyx tubular, with 4 narrow sepals turned
backward. Stamens 8. Petals 4, unequal, narrow with a long narrow
claw extending down the calyx tube. Fruit nut-like with prominent ribs
or angles.
1. G. biennis, L. (Fig. 6, pl. 104.) BrennraL Gaura. Plant slen-
der, slightly downy, branching above; leaves lance-shaped, sharp pointed
at each end, wavy with remote teeth. Flowers in terminal clusters, rose-
colored or white. Dry soil. July-Sept.
2. Q. coccinea, Pursh. Scarier Gaura. Resembling the last, but
with scarlet flowers, established about Rochester, N. Y. July-Sept.
9. CIRCAEA, L.
Low, rather delicate herbs, ours growing in deep shades. Leaves op-
posite on slender leafstalks. . Flowers small, white, in long slender clus-
ters. Calyx tubular, its 2 lobes prolonged beyond the ovary. Petals 2,
stamens 2, alternate with the petals. Ovary 1- or 2-celled. Fruit small,
ovoid, bristly with hooked hairs.
1. C. lutetiana, L. (Fig. 7, pl. 104.) ENcHANTER’s NIGHTSHADE.
Plant, from 1 to 2 ft. high, very fine hairs. Leaves egg-shaped, wavy,
toothed, the stem swollen where the opposite leaves join it. Flowers
WATER MILFOIL FAMILY 431
white in a tall spike, each on a short foot-stalk. Damp woods. Com-
mon. June-Aug.
2. C. alpina, L. (Fig. 8, pl. 104.) SmMatiteR ENCHANTER’S NIGHT-
SHADE. Plant, 3 to 8 in. high. The leaves heart-shaped at base, teeth
more conspicuous than in No 1. Damp woods. July-Sept.
Famity IV.—TRAPACEAE. Water-nut FAMILY
Aquatic herbs, the submersed leaves of which are finely dis-
sected, feather-formed, those which float are rounded and deeply
indented. Of these last the leaf-stalks are inflated. Petals and
sepals, each 4; stamens 4. Fruit a large spiny nut.
1. TRAPA, L.
Characteristics as above.
T. natans, L. (Fig. 11, pl. 105.) Swimmine Water-nut. A large
leaved aquatic, which has been introduced in lakes and parks and which
has become naturalized in a few localities. June-July.
FamMity V.—HALORAGIDACEAE. Water MixLrort FAMILY
Our species all aquatic herbs. Calyx adherent to the ovary.
Leaves in whorls or opposite, or rarely alternate, often finely dis-
sected. Flowers with stamens and pistils or with those having one
set of these organs on one plant and those with the other on an-
other plant or with the two kinds of flowers on one plant. Petals
small or none, when present 2 to 4. Stamens 1 to 8. Ovary
oblong or cylindric, ribbed or angled.
meaamen Pt ovary i-celled’. . : 5 . «.-s » « Hippuris
Stamens 2 to 8; ovary 3- to 4-celled.
Fruit sharply angled . . . . . +. Proserpinaca
Fruit splitting into 4 carpels . . . . Myriophyllum
t. HIPPURIS:
Stems erect, not branching. Leaves simple, without serrations, arranged
in whorls. Flowers greenish, in the leaf axils, having a single stamen on
the margin of the calyx and a single style, which is longer than the
stamen. Petals absent. Fruit a small 1-celled drupe.
H. vulgaris, L. (Fig. 1, pl. 105.) Mare’s Tam. Jornt WEEp.
Plant, 1 to 2 ft. high. Leaves narrow linear, sharply pointed at the apex,
attached directly to the stem at base where about 6 or more are arranged
in a whorl. In borders of ponds and in marshes, in the northern part of
our area. Flowers found all summer.
z. PROSERPINACA, L.
Aquatic; stems not generally branching, reclining at base, finally erect.
432 HALORAGIDACEAE
Leaves alternate, toothed or finely dissected. Flowers in the leaf axils,
small, without petals. Stamens 3; pistils 3. Fruit long, 3- or 4-celled.
1. P. palustris, L. (Fig. 9, pl. 105.) Mrrmatp-wreep. Aquatic.
Plant from } to 2 ft. long. Leaves which float are narrow lance-shaped or
elliptic, with sharp serrations. Those submersed are finely feather-
formed. Common in swamps. June-July.
2. P. pectinata, Lam. (Fig. 10, pl. 105.) CuT-LEAVED MERMAID-
WEED. Aquatic. Leaves all finely feather-formed. Otherwise much like
the former species. Plant 5 to 10 in. long. Rare in our section. Swamps.
3. MYRIOPHYLLUM, L.
Aquatic herbs, with creeping roots; leaves in whorls or alternate and
with greenish flowers, Leaves, which are wholly under water, are dis-
sected into capillary segments, those above toothed or with smooth bor-
ders. The upper flowers are generally stamen bearers, those below are
pistillate. Petals none, calyx 4-toothed. Stamens 4 to 8. Some of the
flowers have both stamens and pistils. Fruit of 4 nut-like hard carpels,
which are coherent at their angles.
Flowers in narrow spikes above the submersed_ leaves.
Leaves of the flower spike very small; flowers in whorls . . M. spicatum
Leaves of the flower spike longer than the flowers and much dissected;
submersed leaves in dense whorls, stamens 8 . a MG verticillatum
Plant nearly leafless, the leaves being reduced to small bract- or hair-like
appendages, stamens 4 - « « MM. tenellum
Flowers on both submersed and emersed | parts ‘of ‘the plant.
Plant with a few scattered leaves, those of the upper part linear, those
of the lower part feather- formed, dissected; stamens 4 . M. humile
Leaves of flower bearing portion of stem in whorls of 4 or 5, not “thread-
like, with conspicuous teeth; stamens 4.
Flowers alternate Le ae tet wien fe Sau ee Mes pou ee ieee een cre
Floral leaves linear . - «© »« « M, scabratum
Floral leaves lance- shaped or egg- ‘shaped - . « M. heterophyllum
Flowers only on spikes which are submersed . ~ °°. «© « Wh Parbetin
1, M. spicatum, L. (Fig. 4, pl. 105.) Sprkep WATER-MILFOIL.
Plant, growing in deep water, the submersed leaves finely dissected into
capillary segments, in whorls of 4 or 5 leaves. At the summit is a long
spike with whorls of inconspicuous greenish flowers which are accompanied
or not by leaves reduced to bracts, which are shorter than the small
flowers. Stamens 8. In ponds and quiet waters.
2. M. alterniflorum, DC. Loose-rrowErRED WATER-MILFOIL. Sub-
mersed leaves finely feather-formed. Flowers alternate. Ponds, lakes and
streams, Mass. and Lake Champlain.
3. M. verticillatum, L. (Fig. 5, pl. 105.) Wuortep WATER-MILFOIL.
Plant of deep or shallow water. The arrangement of submersed leaves
similar to that of No. 1. The floral leaves are conspicuous and like those
under water are finely dissected. Stamens 8.
4. M. tenellum, Bigel. (Fig. 2, pl. 105.) SLENDER WATER-MILFOIL.
Plant, growing mostly at borders of ponds, 3 to 10 in. high, Stems nearly
leafless, or with very small capillary appendages. Flowers in a spike on
upper part of stem. Stamens 4.
5. M. humile, (Raf.) Morong. (Fig. 3, @ and Bb, pl. 105.) Low
Warer-MILrort. Plant of ponds and ditches. The form growing in mud,
out of water, Fig. 3, b., about 1 to 2 in, high, with the upper leaves,
WATER MILFOIL FAMILY 433
PLATE 105
1. Hippuris vulgaris. 2. Myriophyllum tenellum. 3a. M. humile, aquatic
form. 3b. M. humile, land form. 4. M. spicatum. 5. M. verticillatum. 6.
M. heterophyllum. 7. M. scabratum. 8. M. Farwellii. 9. Proserpinaca pa-
lustris. 10. P. pectinata, 11. Trapa natans.
434 ARALIACEAE
among which are found the small flowers, narrowly linear. The form
growing in water has finely dissected leaves. Fig. 3, a. Stamens 4.
6. M. heterophyllum, Michx. (Fig. 6, pl. 105.) VArious-LEAVED
WATER-MILFOIL. Plant of ponds and still waters. Stems stout. Lower
leaves dissected into fine capillary segments; the upper, floral leaves, egg-
shaped or lance-shaped with conspicuous teeth. Flowers with 4 stamens.
7. M. scabratum, Michx.. (Fig. 7, pl. 105.) PINNATE WATER-MIL-
FoI. (IM. pinnatum, (Walt.) BSP.) Resembles No. 5, but floral leaves
are linear, with conspicuous teeth.
8. M. Farwellii, Morong. (Fig. 8, pl. 105.) FARWELL’s WaATER-
MILFOIL. Leaves in whorls of 3s or 6s or scattered, narrow, feather-
parted, the divisions thread-like, in 5 to 7 opposite pairs with minute
black spines at the axils. Petals 4, oblong; styles 4. Still water. Maine,
westward.
Order XV.—UMBELLALES. Order of Umbelliferous
Plants
Herbs, shrubs or trees. Flowers in umbels or umbel-like heads.
Ovary surrounded by the calyx which is superior to it; each cell
of the ovary containing a single ovule. Calyx segments little de-
veloped or absent. Stamens free from each other and equal in
number with, the petals, alternate with them.
Stamens 5, flowers in umbels.
Fruit composed of 2 dry carpels, which separate at
matunty. . .°. . . « « UMBELEIP Eee
Fruit a fleshy berry . . . . . . ARALIACHAR
Stamens 4. Trees and shrubs. Flowers in heads or umbel-
like-groups © @ % ©. .0s.° #2! > 0 «Se si > CORE
Famity I.—ARALIACEAE. GINSENG Famity
Herbs, shrubs or trees, perennial. Leaves all compound. Flowers
small; stamens 5. Fruit a fleshy berry. Calyx tube surrounding
and adhering to the ovary, 5-toothed.
Leaves alternate | .+ =. ¢ 57° s8er ie ec.
Leaves in a whorl... 2. 2 4. (A, 2 "0? ar
1, ARALIA, L.
Herbs, shrubs or trees, with alternate compound leaves and small white
or greenish flowers in umbels or heads. Calyx of 5 divisions; petals 5;
stamens 5; ovary 5-celled.
tg ie a ee errr Te er, 5 Bal ee ems G5 ele
Herbs.
Umbel compound on a lengthened axis . . . . . . . A. racemosa
Umbels of about 3 secondary umbels . . . . . . . A. nudicaulis
Unibel of a single head’, (. 959% "i 8 hs. a te ema
GINSENG FAMILY 435
PLATE 106
_ 1, Panax trifolium. 2. Aralia nudicaulis. 3. A. hispida. 4. A. racemosa.
5. Panax quinquefolium.
436 UMBELLIFERAE
l. A. spinosa, L. Hercures’s CLus. ANGELICA TREE. Shrub or low
tree, with thick stem, with prickles on the branches. Leaves doubly com-
pound, of several pairs of egg-shaped, thick leaflets, with an odd one for
each division. River banks, in southern part of our region. June-Aug.
2. A. racemosa, L. (Fig. 4, pl. 106.) AMERICAN SpPIKENARD. A
large, much branched herb, with egg-shaped leaflets, which are heart-
shaped at base and slender pointed at apex. Umbel on an extended axis,
giving the cluster of flowers a more or less pyramidal shape. Flowers
greenish; fruit a dark purple or brown berry. Rich woods. July-Aug.
3. A. nudicaulis, L. (Fig. 2, pl. 106.) Wirp Sarsaparirta. Stem
divides before or almost immediately after leaving the ground into a leaf-
stem and a flower-stem. The former axis straight and slender about 1 ft.
high, when it divides into 3 branches, each bearing 3 or 5 leaflets, which
are oval or egg-shaped. The flower-stem is shorter and naked to the
summit where a three branched umbel is found, each branch of the umbel
bearing a small rounded umbel or head. In woods. Common. May-June.
4. A. hispida, Vent. (Fig. 3, pl. 106.) Wirtp Exper. A _ plant,
shrubby at base, more or less bristly, 1 to 2 ¢t. high. Leaves doubly
compound; leaflets egg-shaped, toothed at the edges. Umbels on long
slender flower-stems. Common about decaying stumps and rocky places.
July-Aug.
2 PANAX
Herbs or shrubs. Our species herbs, arising from a globose or spindle-
shaped root with a slender stem branching into 3 leaf-stalks at the top,
each bearing 5 or less leaflets, which are inversely lance-shaped, or in-
versely egg-shaped, and a single flower-stem bearing a rounded umbel
of a few white flowers. Stamens 5. Fruit a somewhat flattened berry.
1. P. trifolium, L. (Fig. 1, pl. 106.) Dwarr GINSENG. GROUND
Nut. Plant, 3 to 8 in. high, in moist woods. Leaflets 3 to 5, the lower
pair single, the upper ones inversely lance-shaped. Root globular. Wocds.
common. April-June.
2. P. quinquefolium, L. (Fig. 5, pl. 106.) Ginsene. A large plant,
8 to 15 in. high. Root spindle-shaped. Leaves inversely egg-shaped.
Rich woods, New England. April-May.
Famity II]—UMBELLIFERAE. Carrot or Parstey FAMILY
Herbs, with usually hollow stems and alternate leaves which,
in all but a few species, are compound. Leaf-stalks expanded,
often forming a sheath to the stem. Flowers in umbel, that is, the
flower stems of the cluster of flowers all spring from one point
and radiate like the rays of an umbrella. In general each primary
ray gives off a secondary group, which is known as an wmbellet, on
which are borne the flowers. The flowers are small and indi-
vidually inconspicuous, but the groups or umbels constitute showy
heads or clusters, as for example, those of the wild carrot. At the
base of the umbel in certain species there is found a whorl of bracts
CARROT FAMILY 437
which is known as the involucre, this involucre may be simple or
divided. In several species in which no involucre is found when
the umbel is mature some small bracts may be found at an earlier
stage, but these fall as the umbel approaches the mature state.
In other species while there is no whorl of bracts, involucre, at
the base of the primary umbel, there is an involucel at the base of
the umbellet. This involucel may be found also in connection with
the involucre. The small corolla has 5 petals; calyx 5-toothed,
adhering to the ovary; stamens 5; pistils 2. Fruit of 2 dry co-
hering carpels. The fruit is usually oval or rounded but is some-
times long and spindle-shaped and, in case of the Sanicles, the
fruit is covered with hooked spines forming a bur-like body.
Flowers white, or at least not yellow; seeds rounded or oval.
Leaves not compound.
Leaves long, narrow, with spiny teeth . . Eryngium
heaves “round? "7.0... 2). ok, Hydrecotyle
Leaves reduced to hollow leaf-stalks . . . Liliaeopsis
Leaves compound.
Involucre to main umbel present.
The bracts dissected or at least divided.
Leaves dissected.
Fruit flattened, ribs bearing bristly
Wang as are a ate et ee nass
Fruit oval, without bristles Ptilimnium
Bracts of the main umbel not finely divided or at
most only toothed or ternately cleft.
Leaves of 3 sets of trifoliate leaflets Ligusticum
Leaves of 3 to 5 leaflets radiating from a
Gominon) center a ia se, S Saniculs
Leaves of stem compound, feather-formed,
(once pinnate),
Involucre of linear bracts . . . Sium
Involucre of broad leaf-like bracts Berula
Leaves compound, doubly feather-formed.
Segments of leaflets narrowly linear Carum
Segments somewhat broad.
Stem: spotted...) 0.')'.. 2) Conium
Main umbel without involucre or with few small
bracts which fall early.
438 UMBELLIFERAE
Umbellets with involucels.
Segments of leaflets rather broad Conioselinum
Segments narrow linear. . . . Aethusa
Leaflets not dissected . . . . Cicuta
Fruit compressed . . . Angelica
Umbellets without involucels.
Fruit densely bristly . . Caucalis
Fruit not bristly.
Leaves finely dissected . . . . Apium
Leaves simply or doubly feather-formed
compound.
Fruit compressed. ‘Leaves not dis-
sected . . . . .. Ampelneq
Leaflets round deeply toothed Pimpinella
Leaflets lance-shaped . . . Oxypolis
Leaflets linear ~. . : = «. ‘GxetEe
Leaves of 3 broad leaflets (ternate).
Flower umbels regular . . Heracleum
Flower umbels irregular . Cryptotaenia
Leaves doubly ternate.
Sea coast plant . . . Coelopleurum
Inland plant . . . . .. Aegopodzmm
Fruit long spindle-shaped
Fruit less than an in. long.
Long tapering at base
ae Chaerophyllum
Blunt at base . . Osmorhiza
Fruit and appendage more than an
inch long... . . « “SORRGEm
Flowers Yellow
Leaves undivided, the stem appearing to penetrate the leaf
[VE RI tia aL ee ah Oe Bi, eee eS AE Bupleurum
Leaves feather-formed, of deeply lobed leaflets . . Pastinaca
Leaves ternately or bi-ternately divided.
Borders of leaflets notched.
Fruit laterally flattened. . . . i» «%) « J... eee
Fruit not flattened . . . . =. +. +. QThaspium
CARROT FAMILY 439
Borders of leaflets not notched . . . . . Pimpinella
Leaves of 3 to 7 radiating lobes. . . . . . ~~. # Sanicula
Flowers Purple
PPC VeRTAUNAPING ee ea os Mees, aMenla
weaves ternately divided ~. «9. . 9. © «os Thaspium
Flowers white. Seeds rounded or oval
Leaves not compound
1. ERYNGIUM, L.
Herbs, with spiny toothed elongated leaves. In our two species the
leaves are grass-like, with spines along both edges. Flowers are col-
lected in dense heads, below each of which is an involucre of conspicuous
bracts both at the base of the individual head and at the base of the
group of heads. Calyx lobes somewhat leafy; petals white or bluish.
1. E. aquaticum, L. (Fig. 6, pl. 109.) Burron SNAKE-RooT. Stem
2 to 6 ft. high. Leaves from 1 to 2 ft. long, about an in. wide, with
parallel veins and with the edges armed with spines. Heads rounded,
averaging about 4 in. diameter. Low grounds, New Jersey and westward.
July-Aug.
2. E. virginianum, Lam. (Fig. 5, pl. 109.) Vircinta Erynoo.
Stem 1 to 3 ft. high; leaves, the upper grass-like with spines at the
borders; 2 to 8 in. long. The basal leaves long and narrow on a leaf-
stalk. Heads about 4 in. diameter. Marshes near sea-coast, New Jersey
and southward. July-Sept.
By some authorities this is regarded as only a variety of H. aquaticum.
z. HYDROCOTYLE, L.
Marsh herbs, ours quite small, prostrate and rooting at joints. Leaves
of our species round with leaf-stem near the middle; whole plant smooth.
Flowers small, white in small heads, either simple or one head above
the other on the flower stem.
1. H. umbellata, L. (Fig. 4, pl. 111.) Marsa PEnnywort. Stem
creeping, several in. long, rooting at joints. Leaf-stem arising from the
creeping stem and above the small fasiculus of roots. Leaves round, veins
radiating from near the center. Flowers in small round heads or umbels
at the summit of the flower stem. Wet places, eastern Mass., and south-
ward. Nearly all summer.
2. H. Canbyi, C. and R. (Fig. 5, pl. 111.) Cansy’s PENNyworrt.
Resembles No. 1, but flowers are in several small heads, one above the
other on the flower stem. Flower stem considerably longer than leaves.
Wet grounds, New Jersey and southward. June-Sept.
3. H. verticillata, Thumb. (Fig. 6, pl. 111.) WHorrep Marsu
PENNYworT. Flower heads very small, one above the other; the flower
stem shorter than the leaves. Mass., and southward. June-Sept.
4. H. americana, L. (Fig. 7, pl. 111.) AmertcAN MarsH PENNY-
wort. Stems thread-like; leaf stem affixed near the border of the rounded
440 UMBELLIFERAE
heart-shaped leaves. Flowers on a very short flower stem, only from 1
to 5 very small flowers in the cluster. Wet places, throughout our area.
June-Sept.
3. LILAEOPSIS, Greene. (Crantzia, Nutt.)
Small creeping herbs, rooting at the joints, in the mud. Leaves simply
hollow cylindric stems. The few white flowers in small heads, with in-
volucre below the head.
L. lineata, (Michx.) Greene. (Fig. 6, pl. 107.) Litarorsis, Leaves
about 1 to 3 in. high, from the creeping root. In salt marshes. July-
Aug.
Leaves compound; seeds rounded. Involucre to main stem present. In-
volucre bracts finely dissected
4. DAUCUS.
Herbs, with more or less bristly hairs and with much-divided leaves
and with leaf-like bracts. of the involucre, which are divided into linear
or thread-like segments. Flowers white in compound umbels. Fruit oval
with 5 slender ribs which are winged, each rib bearing a single row of
barbed hairy prickles.
D. carota, L. Witp Carrot. Our wild carrot, now found too abundant
in meadows and fields as well as at roadsides. All summer.
5. PTILIMNIUM, Raf. (Discopleura, DC.)
Herbs, smooth, branching, annual. Leaves finely dissected. Involucre
of leaf-like bracts which are divided into thread-like segments. Flowers
white, in secondary umbels each with its involucel. Fruit egg-shaped,
ribs without bristles. Calyx teeth small or none.
P. capillaceum, (Michx.) MHollick. (Fig. 1, pl. 111.) Mock Bisnop-
WEED. Plant 1 to 2 ft. high, leaves dissected into thread-like segments.
Umbels compound with involucres and involucels. Wet soil. June-Oct.
Flowers white. Fruit rounded, involucre bracts not divided or at most
only toothed or ternately cleft
6; “LIGUSTICUM, L.
Plant smooth, with compound leaves. Umbels subtended by narrow
bracts or none. Leaves of our species of 3 divisions each terminated by
3 wedge-shaped, deeply notched leaflets, each leaflet from 1 to 4 in. long.
L. scothicum, L. (Fig. 10, pl. 111.) Sea Parsiey. Scorcu LovaGE.
Plant growing at seaside, 1 to 2 ft. high. Stem simple, or slightly branched
above. Leaflets wedge-shaped, mostly 3-lobed and deeply notched. Fruit
oblong. July-Aug.
7. SANICULA, L.
Plants smooth with alternate leaves, which are divided into 3 to 5
segments, which radiate from the leaf stem. Rays of umbel few, each
terminated by from 1 to 3 or more bur-like heads. Involucre leaf-like
of 2 or more broad greenish bracts, which in Nos. 1 and 3 are ternately
divided. Fruit globular, without ribs but thickly beset by hooked prickles.
l. §, marylandica, L. (Fig. 1, pl. 109.) Sanicre., Plant, 1 to 4
CARROT FAMILY 441
PLATE 107
1. Zizia cordata. 2. Z. aurea. 3. Apium leptophyllum. 4. Caucalis an-
thriscus. 5. Pimpinella integerrima. 6. Lilaeopsis lineata. 7. Angelica vil-
losa.
442 UMBELLIFERAE
ft. high. Leaves of 3 to 7 radiating lobes, the divisions sharply toothed.
Involucre of broad leaf-like bracts often ternately divided. Flowers
greenish-white. Several sterile flowers in each group on long pedicels.
In rich woods throughout our region, May-July.
2. §S. gregaria, Bicknell. (Fig. 2, pl. 109.) CiusTERED SANICLE.
Similar to No. 1, but plants thickly clustered and flowers yellow. Woods
and thickets, southern New York and southward. May-June.
3. §S. canadensis, L. (Fig. 4. pl. 109.) Suort-stytep SANICLE.
Similar to No. 1, but there are few sterile flowers and those on short
pedicels. Flowers white. Dry woods, Mass., southward. June-Aug.
4. §. trifoliata, Bicknell. (Fig. 3, pl. 109.) Large-rruirep SANICLE.
More slender than either of the other forms. 1 to 24 ft. high. Leaves
ternately divided as are the broad bracts of the umbel. Flowers white.
Woods, southern New York, Conn., and northward. June-July.
3S. “SIUM, LL.
Herbs of wet places, with feather-formed stem leaves, the lower leaves
being often dissected, and with compound umbels and umbellets having
involucres of narrow bracts. Flowers white. Fruit oval or egg-shaped,
compressed, prominently ribbed, not bristly.
S. cicutaefolium, Gmel. (Fig. 4, pl. 108.) Hemiock WaTER PARSNIP.
A stout plant in marshes, 2 to 6 ft. high. Leaf-stems sheathing at base,
the leaf consisting of from 7 to 17 linear leaflets, these sharply notched
at borders. The lowest leaves often finely dissected. In swamps and salt
marshes. July-Oct.
Var. S. Carsonii, Durand. Carson’s WATER Parsnip. More slender
than No. 1, 1 to 2 ft. high. Leaf of 3 to 7 linear or lance-shaped leaflets,
sharply toothed. In streams. July-Aug.
g- BERULA, Hoffm.
Smooth plant in marshes or in water. Leaves feather-formed, the
leaflets, about 15, more or less, often partly divided but ali with sharp
teeth. Fruit orbicular with smooth slender ribs.
B. erecta, (Huds.) MHoffm. (Fig. 9, pl. 111.) Cur-LeEaAvep Water
Parsnip. In swamps and streams, 1 to 2 ft. high, stout, branched. Leaf-
lets 7 to 19, oval, often partly divided, borders sharply notched. Umbels
with rather conspicuous involucres, umbellets with small narrow bracts.
Fruit orbicular with inconspicuous ribs, July-Sept.
io. CARUM, L.
Our species an herb, escaped from cultivation. Leaves feather-formed
or doubly feather-formed, the leaflets of thread-like segments. Involucre
for the main umbel. Leaf-stem clasping. Seeds aromatie.
C. carui, L. Caraway. ‘Plant, 1 to 2 ft, high. Involucre of 1 to 3
narrow bracts. Waste places. May-July.
11. CONIUM, L.
Tall smooth herb, in waste places, generally in rich soil. Stems branch-
ing, spotted. Leaves twice feather-formed, the segments deeply incised.
CARROT FAMILY 443
PLATE 108 :
1. Conium maculatum. 2. Cicuta maculata. 3. C. bulbifera. 4. Sium
cicutaefolium.
444 UMBELLIFERAE
Flowers small, white in many rayed umbels. The umbels and umbellets
supplied with involucrate bracts. Calyx teeth obscure or absent; petals
small. Fruit flattened, wavy ribbed. ,
C. maculatum, L. (Fig. 1, pl. 108.) Porson Hemiocx. Leaves finely
dissected, the divisions, however, not thread-like, but deeply notched nar-
row plates. In waste places throughout our area. June-July.
1, CAUCALIS, L.
Plants, in stems and foliage much resembling the carrot. Involucre
absent. Flower umbels of our species either in the form of a rather close
head or of an umbel with few rays. Calyx teeth 5, prominent. Flowers
white or tinged with pink. Fruit with prickles or hooks arranged along
the ribs.
1. C. nodosa, (L.) Hudson. Knorrep Hepck Parstey. Stem re-
clining, branched only at base. Leaves dissected into linear segments.
Flowers in heads opposite the leaves. Fruit long-oval armed with long
stiff hairs or prickles. Waste places. May-Aug.
2. C. anthriscus, (L.) Hudson. (Fig. 4, pl. 107.) Erecr Hepner
ParsLey. Plant, 2 to 3 ft. high, erect. Leaflets not so finely dissected
as in No, 1. Flowers in few rayed umbels. Fruit long-oval, very bristly.
Waste places, Philadelphia, etc. July-Sept.
13. CONIOSELINUM, Hoffm.
Tall slender herbs, without hairs, with finely dissected, doubly compound
leaves. Involucre to main umbel absent, or of a few bracts which fall
early. Involucels of secondary umbels present. Fruit oval, flattened,
ribs on the back prominent, those of the sides extended into wings. Calyx
teeth absent.
C. chinense, (L.) BSP. (Fig. 3, pl. 111.) Hrmiock PARSLEY.
Stem round, 2 to 5 ft. high, striped. The lower leaves on long leaf-stalks,
the upper with short stalks or none. Flower umbels 9 to 16 rayed, the
umbellets with a few narrow bracts. Wings of the seed nearly as broad
as the seed itself. Cold swamps, southern New York and northward.
Aug.-Oct.
14. AETHUSA, L.
Poisonous herbs, with much the appearance of the Carrot in respect
to stem and foliage. Umbels not flattened at tip like carrot, but more
or less rounded. The two bracts of the umbellet are narrow and long
and both turn in the same direction.
A. cynapium, lL. (Tig. 11, pl. 109.) Foor’s Parstey. Stem 1 to
2 ft. high. In waste grounds that have been cultivated. Waste places
throughout our area. June-Aug.
1. CICUTA, L.
Tall poisonous herbs, found iin swamps. Leaves doubly compound but
leaflets not dissected. Umbels of white flowers, involueres absent or
falling early. Involucels present, of many bracts. Fruit smooth, ribs
not prominent.
CARROT FAMILY 445
PLATE 109
1. Sanicula marylandica. 2. S. gregaria. 3. 8. trifoliata. 4. S. canaden-
sis, basal leaf. 5. Eryngium virginianum. 6. E. aquaticum. 7. Thaspium
trifoliatum. 8. Coelopleurum Gmelini. 9. Aegopodium
Chaerophyllum procumbens. 11. Aethusa cynapium.
Podagraria. 10.
446 UMBELLIFERAE
l. C. maculata, L. (Fig. 2, pl. 108.) Water Hemiock. Spotrep
CowBANE. Stem stout, 2 to 6 ft. high, streaked with purple and arising
from fleshy tuberous root-stocks. Leaves, doubly or trebly compound;
leaflets lance-shaped, 1 to 5 in. long coarsely toothed at margins. Umbels
of many rays, without bracts. Flowers white. Plant very poisonous in
all its parts.
2. C. bulbifera, L. (Fig. 3, pl. 108.) BuLs-Bearinc Water HeEm-
Lock. Plant much branched, 1 to 3 ft. high. Leaflets linear. The upper
leaves bear bulblets at the axis of the leaves. Swamps throughout our
area. July-Sept.
16. ANGELICA, L.
Stout, erect, branching herbs, with twice or thrice compound leaves
and large umbels of white or greenish flowers. Involucres absent or
scanty. Involucels of several small bracts. Umbels compound, of white
flowers; many rays. Calyx teeth absent. Fruit strongly flattened, the
primary ribs very prominent, the laterals forming distinct wings.
1. A. Curtisii, Buckley. Curris’s ANcELIcA. Erect, 2 to 34 ft. tall,
smooth; leaves doubly or trebly compound, the leaflets, 5 to 7, egg-shaped
and one sided with sharp irregular teeth at margins. Southern part of
our area. Aug.-Sept.
2. A. atropurpurea, L. (Fig. 5, pl. 110.) PurRpLe-STEMMED AN-
GELICA, A very stout plant, from 4 to 6 ft. high, with dark purple stem.
Leaves compound, the segments of from 5 to 7 leaflets which are lance-
or egg-shaped with sharp teeth at margins, River banks. June-July.
3. A. villosa, (Walt.) BSP. (Fig. 7, pl. 107.) Puspescent An-
GELICA. More slender than No. 1 or 2; 2 to 6 ft. high. The umbels and
upper part of the stem densely downy. Dry soil, Connecticut and south-
ward. July-Aug.
17. APIUM, L.
Annual and biennial smooth herbs. Leaves compound, divided in 3
main segments, which latter may be composed of broad or of narrow linear
elements. Umbels compound with no bracts or with few. Flowers white.
Fruit oval, laterally compressed.
A. leptophyllum, (DC.) F. Muell. (Fig. 3, pl. 107.) Frne-Leavep
Marst Parstey. Plant, 3 to 24 in. high, slender, branched. Leaves di-
‘vided in 3 parts, each subdivided into fine linear segments. Umbels of
inconspicuous white flowers. New Jersey and southward. June-Aug.
18. PIMPINELLA, L.
Smooth herbs, with leaves once or twice compound. Involucres and
involucels absent. Flowers white or yellow. Fruit 5-angled.
MIOWETR. WHITE. fee es Ps, 8 ko) eld be Speen “fap oe ie Rte” Ue ge nee
Blowers yellow sn teccre Gin joi 1S 9.5 ep is (ge) Tey nels Ie ed Maan Saye ee
l. P. saxifraga, L. Burnetr Saxirrace. Smooth, erect, 1 to 3 ft.
high. Leaves feather-formed, the leaflets, 9 to 19, egg-shaped or nearly
round, with very compound sharp teeth at the margins. Flowers white.
Waste places, southern part of our area, June-Oct.
2. P. integerrima, (L.) <A. Gray. (Fig. 5, pl. 107.) YEtLow Pim-
CARROT FAMILY 447
PERNELL. Smooth with a whitish bloom on stem and leaves; 1 to 3 ft.
high, branching. Leaflets lance- or egg-shaped, not dissected and with-
out marginal teeth. Rays of the umbel numerous. Flowers yellow. Rocky
or sandy soil, eastern Pennsylvania and in New Jersey. May-June.
19. OXYPOLIS, Raf. (Tiedemannia, DC.)
Erect aquatic herb, without hairs. Leaves simple feather-formed (in
our species). Rays of umbel few, compound, ours without involuere.
Flowers white. Calyx teeth 5. Fruit without bristles, ribbed, the lateral
ribs winged.
O. rigidus, (L.) Britton, (Fig. 6, pl. 110.) CowBanr. Plant grow-
ing in swamps, 2 to 5 ft. high. Leaves, the lower ones sometimes a foot
long of 3 to 9 narrow but thick leaflets, remotely toothed on the margins.
New York and southward. Aug.-Sept.
20. HERACLEUM, L..
Tall herb, leaves ternate, of broad leaflets each of which is deeply lobed.
Umbels of white flowers, the latter rather larger than those of most species
in this family. Petals heart-shaped or 2-lobed. Involucels of several nar-
row bracts.
H. lanatum, Michx. (Fig. 11, pl. 111.) Cow Parsnip. Plant 4 to
8 ft. high, woolly with grooved stem, which is thick and rigid. Leaves,
on leaf-stalks, divided into 3 large rounded or egg-shaped lobed leaflets,
which beside the deep lobes are sharply toothed at the margins. The
flowers, on large umbels are larger and individually more showy than
any of the family, bearing white flowers, in our region. Moist grounds,
throughout our area. June-July.
at. CRYPTOTAENIA, DC. (Deringa, Adams)
Erect plant, with 3-parted leaves and umbels of very unequal rays.
Fruit oblong, ecarpel with 5 ribs, calyx teeth absent. Involucre and in-
volucels absent.
C. canadensis, DC. (Fig. 2, pl. 110.) Hone Wort. Plant smooth, 1
to 2 ft. high. Leaves of 3 large ovate leaflets which are toothed at the
margins, the center leaflet generally only slightly lobed, the side leaflets
commonly deeply lobed. Fruit narrow at both ends. Flowers small,
white. Moist woods, throughout our area. June-July.
22. COELOPLEURUM, Ledeb.
Stout smooth herb, found at sea-coast with leaves once or twice 3-parted.
Leaves on leaf-stalks which are greatly inflated. Umbels large, involucre
absent or falling very early. Involucels of narrow bracts often decidu-
ous, never conspicuous. Fruit oblong to globose, the lateral ribs slightly
broadest. Flowers greenish-white.
C. Gmelini, (DC.) Ledeb. (Fig. 8, pl. 109.) Sra Coast ANGELICA.
Plant 1 to 3 ft. high. Leaflets ege-shaped, deeply toothed and often
lobed at margins. Fruit about 1/5 in. long. Sea coasts, Mass., and north-
ward. Summer.
448 UMBELLIFERAE
23. AEGOPODIUM, L.
Coast herb, with leaves once or twice 3-parted. Leaflets egg-shaped,
sharply toothed, umbels large: calyx teeth absent: Fruit egg-shaped,
smooth with thread-like ribs. Seed cylindric. ;
A. Podagraria, L. (Fig. 9, pl. 109.) GouTwrEp. Plant 1 to 23
ft. high. Found in waste places. June-Aug.
Fruit long, spindle-shaped
Flowers White
24. CHAEROPHYLLUM, L.
Herbs, with leaves twice 3-parted, the leaflets deeply incised, making
feather-formed segments Flowers white; calyx teeth absent. Fruit ob-
long to linear. Umbels of few rays, compound, the umbellets also few
rayed. Involucres absent, involucels of several small bracts.
C. procumbens, (L.) Crantz. (Fig. 10, pl. 109.) SpREADING
CuERVIL. Plant somewhat downy, 4 to 14 ft. high. Leaves on long leaf-
stalks. Flowers few in each umbel. Moist grounds, New York and south-
ward. April-June.
25. OSMORHIZA, Raf. (Washingtonia, Raf.)
Ours, downy herbs, with compound leaves and white flowers. Umbels
few rayed, involucres absent, involucels of a few bracts. Calyx teeth
absent. Fruit linear with short beak, 5-angled. Roots thick, aromatic.
l. W. Claytoni, (Michx.) Clarke. (Fig. 8, pl. 111.) WooLty
SWEET-CICELY. Somewhat stout, decidedly downy. Leaves twice 3-parted,
the central leaflet of each division more or less feather-formed, and all
the divisions more or less incised. Umbels 2 to 6 rayed. Fruit about
4 in. long. Woods, throughout our area. May-June.
2. W. longistylis, (Torr.) DC. Smoornrer Sweet-cicety. Much
less hairy than No, 1. Woods, common. May-June.
26. SCANDIX
Herbs, with finely dissected leaves and with few rayed umbels and white
flowers. Involucre absent or of a single bract, involucels present. Fruit
greatly elongated, the “beak” much longer than the body.
S. Pecten-Veneris, L. (Fig. 4, pl. 110.) Venus’s Comp, SHEpP-
HERDS’ NEEDLE. Plant 6 in. to 18 in. high, much branched. Leaves finely
dissected. Fruit with its beak 2 in. or more in length. Waste places.
Introduced, May-July.
Flowers Yellow
(Thaspium trifoliatum, Purple)’
27. BUPLEURUM, L.
Herb, with clasping leaves or with the stems apparently passing through
the leaves and with compound umbels of yellow flowers. Involucre ab-
sent, involucels of 5 conspicuous, rather broad bracts. Calyx teeth absent.
Fruit oblong; ribs slender.
CARROL FAMILY 449
SS
Oran RV
1h NON SY
SSN
PrLaTE 110 ‘
1. Pastinaca sativa. 2. Cryptotaenia canadensis. 3. Bupleurum rotundi-
folium. 4. Scandix Pecten-Veneris. 5. Angelica atropurpurea. 6° Oxypolis
rigidus.
450 UMBELLIFERAE
B. rotundifolium, L. (Fig. 3, pl. 110.) Hare’s Ear, Moopesry.
Plant 1 to 2 ft. high, common in cultivated grounds. July-Aug.
28. PASTINACA, L.
Tall, stout, smooth herb, with large feather-formed leaves, broad umbels
without involuecres or involucels and with yellow flowers. Fruit oval,
smooth, much flattened. Ribs very slender.
P. sativa, L. (Fig. 1, pl. 110.) Witp Parsnie. Plant 2 to 5 ft.
high; stem grooved. Leaflets about 3 pairs and an odd one, broadly egg-
shaped, or lobed; margins with coarse teeth. In waste lands. June-
Sept.
29. ZIZIA, Koch.
Herbs, smooth with at least the upper leaves once or twice 3-divided
or the basal leaves undivided. Umbels of yellow flowers without in-
volucre, the involucels consisting of a few small bracts. Fruit ovate or
oblong.
1. Z. aurea, Koch. (Fig. 2, pl. 107.) GotpEN ALEXANDERS. GOLDEN
Meapow Parsnip. Erect, 1 to 24 ft. high. Lower leaves on long leaf-
stalks, the very upper ones of three leaflets without leaf-stalk, the inter-
mediate on moderately long leaf-stalks twice 3-parted. Leaflets egg-
shaped, with sharply toothed margins. Rays of the umbel 12 to 25.
Flowers yellow. Wet fields, throughout our area. April-June.
2. Z. cordata, DC. (Fig. 1, pl. 107.) HEaART-LEAVED ALEXANDERS.
Branched, 1 to 3 ft. high. Lower leaves undivided, margins toothed, on
long leaf-stalks. Stem leaves 3 or 5 parted, with egg-shaped or lance-
shaped leaflets. Woods and moist places, southern New Jersey, New
York, Connecticut, and southward. May-June.
30. THASPIUM, Nutt.
Herbs, 2 to 5 ft. high, with 3-parted or twice ternate leaves. the leaf-
lets of which are sometimes lobed and always deeply toothed. The basal
leaves sometimes without division. Flowers in compound umbels without
involucre but with involucels of a few bracts. Color of flowers yellow
or purple. Fruit oval, the carpels ribbed and winged.
l. T. trifoliatum, (L.) Britton. (Fig. 7, pl. 109.) Purpre Mea-
pow Parsnip. Plant 1 to 2 ft. high. Basal leaves sometimes undivided,
upper ones once or twice 3-parted. Leaflets egg-shaped or lance-shaped,
with serrated margins. Petals dark purple. Rare, Rhode Island, New
Jersey, and southward, June-July.
2. T. barbinode, (Michx.) Nutt. Harry Jorytep Meapow Parsnip.
Erect, 2 to 4 feet, branched. At joints a tuft of hairs. Leaves once, twice
or thrice 3-parted, Leaflets egg-shaped to lance-shaped, sometimes lobed,
margins toothed. Flowers bright yellow. Banks of streams, throughout
our area. May-June.
Famity IIIL.—CORNACEAE. Doawoop FAmMILy
Shrubs or trees; one plant, Cornus canadensis, in our area,
small, herbaceous in appearance. Leaves without stipules, opposite
CARROT FAMILY 451
PuaTE 111
1. Ptilimnium capillaceum. 2. Imperatoria ostruthium. 3. Conioselinum
chinense. 4. Hydrocotyle umbellata. 5. H. Canbyi. 6. H. verticillata. 7.
H. americana. § Osmorhiza Claytoni. 9. Berula erecta. 10. Ligusticum
scothicum. 11. Heracleum lanatum.
452 CORN ACEAE
or rarely alternate. In all of our species the margins are entire.
Flowers in umbel and umbel-like clusters. They have generally
4 or 5 divisions of the calyx, which is joined to the ovary. Petals
also 4 or 5, alternate with the calyx teeth, or they may be absent.
Stamens equal in number with the petals when petals are present,
and opposite to them. Style 1. Ovary surrounded by the calyx,
which adheres to it, of 1 or 2 cells. Fruit a fleshy berry with 1 or
2 hard woody seeds.
tr CORNUS; L.
Leaves opposite or in a whorl or, in a single instance in our region,
alternate. Flowers with stamens and pistils, small, in heads or umbels.
When in heads the group of flowers is surrounded by an involucre of
broad white bracts which simulate petals.
Low herbaceous appearing plants, flowers greenish . . C. canadensis
Tree with greenish flowers in a head with 4 large petal- like bracts - C. florida
Shrubs with umbel-like clusters of flowers, without involucre.
leaves: “alternate” (6 w phen be. .ce dat ths ysl 1 cetron cctatesr nc, we me ComROL Leo aiaEraaEe
Leaves opposite.
Under surface of leaves covered with a woolly pubescence.
Leaves nearly round . . C. circinata
Leaves oval or nearly lance- shaped, fruit blue . C. Amonum
Leaves oval, the upper surface and the young branches
rough, fruit white . . C. asperifolia
Under surface of leaves smooth or with fine silky hairs. :
Young twigs red or bright Purple 6 os “et ise *s (Gs estolorera
Young twigs gray . . ai LS oe wen, ber BGS poniciaee
1. C. canadensis, L. (Fig. 4, pl. 112.) Buncn Berry. Dwarr
CorneL. A low herbaceous plant, woody only at the base. Leaves in a
whorl toward the summit of the stem with a pair or two pairs of small
opposite leaves below. The bracts of the involucre, resembling broad
petals are white and 4 in number. The real flowers are in the head, en-
closed by three bracts and are green. In fruit the plant bears a rounded
cluster of bright red berries. In damp woods, common. May-July.
2. C. florida, L. (Fig. 2, pl. 112.) FLowrrrna Docwoop. A slender
tree, with spreading branches, with opposite broadly egg-shaped leaves
without teeth at the margins and with tapering pointed tips. Flowers
greenish-yellow in a crowded head which is surrounded by the 4 large
and conspicuous white bracts of the involucre. In woods, generally dis-
tributed. April-June.
3. C. alternifolia, L. (Fig. 6, pl. 112.) ALTERNATE-LEAVED Doa-
woop. Small tree or shrub, with alternate leaves which are oval with
narrow pointed tips on slender leaf-stalks; the young twigs bright red-
dish-purple. Branches warty. Flowers white or cream color in umbel-
like clusters. Fruit globular, blue when ripe. Woods, common. May-
July.
4. C. circinata, L’Her. (Fig. 3, pl. 112.) Rounp-LEAvep DoGwoop.
Shrub, with opposite leaves which are broadly oval, nearly round, the tip
narrowed to a point, silky white beneath slightly downy above, 2 to 6
in. long. Branches warty. Flowers white in dense umbel-like clusters.
Fruit globular, light blue. Shady places, common, May-June.
5. C. Amonum, Mill. (Fig. 7, pl. 112.) Smxy Doewoop. (0.
DOGWOOD FAMILY 453
BE, Bee
PLATE 112
ia. 2. C. florida. 3. C. circinata. 4. CG. canadensis. 5.
C. paniculata. 6. C. alternifolia. 7. C. Amonum.
1. Cornus asperifol
454 CORNACEAE
sericea, L.) Branches purple, the smaller woolly. Leaves elliptic or egg-
shaped, densely silky with brownish hairs beneath. Flowers yellowish-
white, the umbellate clusters rather compact. Fruit dark blue. Woods,
and along streams. May-July.
6. C. asperifolia, Michx. (Fig. 1, pl. 112.) RouGu-LtEavep Doe-
woop. General appearance of the shrub similar to last. Leaves rough,
hairy above, downy beneath. Fruit globular, white. Wet places. May-
June.
7. C. stolonifera, Michx. Rep Oster. Shrub, often sending out run-
ners, which take root. Branches slender, the younger bright reddish-
purple. Leaves egg-shaped on slender leaf-stalks, with few soft hairs
above, whitish silky beneath. Berries bluish-white. Moist places. May-
June.
8. C. paniculata, L’Her. (Fig. 5, pl. 112.) Panictep Docawoop.
(C. candidissima, Marsh.) Branches gray, smooth. Leaves lance-shaped
or somewhat egg-shaped. Pale, silky beneath. Clusters of flowers pyra-
midal. Berries bluish-white.
2, INYSSA,. 2:
Our species large trees, with rough bark. Leaves alternate without
teeth at the margins. Flowers small, greenish, the stamens and pistils
on different flowers or different trees or perfect and imperfect flowers on
the same tree. Petals 5, minute and fleshy; stamens 10. Pistillate flowers
few in a group, staminate flowers numerous. Berry oval, one-seeded.
l. N. sylvatica, Marsh. Prprerace. Sour Gum. Large tree, with
rough bark. Leaves alternate, oval, smooth at margins, pointed at each
end. Berry nearly black. Swamps and rich soil. April-June.
2. N. biflora, Walt. SourHerN TupELo. Similar to No. 1. Leaves
mostly smaller, oval or pear-shaped, mostly obtuse at apex. Swamps and
along ponds. New Jersey and southward.
SYMPETALOUS EXOGENS 455
Sub-Class II. SYMPETALAE
Called also Gamopetalae, or Monopetalae
Plants, the flowers of which nearly always have both a calyx and
corolla and which have the petals more or less united at the base,
forming a corolla, which seems to be a single, undivided or only
partially divided envelope.
SYMPETALOUS OR MONOPETALOUS EXOGENS
Of the groups of plants thus far described we have found either
an absence of petals or when, as in the greater number of groups
there has been present a corolla, it has consisted of several petals,
as in case of the rose, the buttercups, and the members of the
pea family.
In case of the sub-class now to follow, the general rule is that
all the petals are so united as to appear as a single member, as in
the morning glory and the blue bell. To this complete union there
are, however, some exceptions, for the clethra and some of the
pyrolas and even some plants of the heath family besides a few
others, have corollas divided nearly or quite to the base, thus form-
ing an envelope of several petals. Other characters of these plants
hold them in the sub-class to which they really belong, yet to which
they form, in respect to the petals, exceptions. Thus, for example,
the corolla in some pyrolas is composed of a single member with
moderate sinuses between its 5 elementary parts. In case of other
pyrolas the sinus is so deep that the corolla is practically divided
into 5 distinct petals. Yet these pyrolas are evidently closely allied
to each other.
In a few cases, as in Fraxinus and Glauz, the corolla is absent.
In general the calyx has 5 points and, as we observe in the
morning glory, the corolla is usually 5 pointed.
There are, in a considerable group, 5 stamens; in another group
this number is doubled, while in still another group there may
be less than 5 or more than 10 stamens.
456 SYMPETALAE
KEY TO THE ORDERS OF SUB-CLASS II
The Sympetalous or Monopetalous Exogens
(Characters are for plants within our area only).
1. Ovary SUPERIOR
(The corolla and calyx form, each a whorl below the ovary to
which neither is attached. Exceptions: Family Vacciniaceae,
Family Symplocaceae.) 2
1st. Group. Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla and
alternate with them; or stamens twice as many as the corolla
lobes. Stamens free from the corolla or very nearly so.
Orver I. ERICALES
2nd. Group. Five stamens inserted into the corolla, each opposite
to a lobe of the corolla, or twice as many as the lobes, or more.
Herbs: cise, Sook et & ORDER TT) SPR ee
Eight to 16 stamens, inserted into the tube of the 4-lobed
corolla. Shrubs and trees . Orpver III. EBENALES
3rd. Group. Stamens 5 or less, inserted into the corolla tube.
When equal in number to the lobes of corolla, alternate with
them.
Ovaries 2, distinct (except in Gentianaceae and in Men-
yanthes). Flowers regular; leaves mostly opposite; sta-
mens attached to the lower part of the corolla tube
. Orver IV. GENTIANALES
Ovary 1, compound; flowers regular (irregular in Hchium).
Stamens mostly joined to corolla tube above the middle.
Herbs twining or erect . . Orprer V. TUBIFLOREAE
Ovary 1, mostly deeply 4-lobed, around the style. Flowers
irregular (regular in Solanaceae, in Mentha and Lycopus).
All irregular corollas 2-lipped. Stamens as many as the
lobes of the corolla. Herbs. Capsule 2, rarely 1-seeded.
Leaves mostly opposite . Orprer VI. VERBENINALES
ERICALES 457
Calyx and corolla each of 4 lobes, the latter dry, membrane-
ous. Stamens 4. Styles 2, one short, one longer and
feathery . . . . Onver VII. PLANTAGINALES
2. Ovary INFERIOR
(The calyx and corolla are inserted above the ovary and are at-
tached to it.)
Stamens as many as the corolla lobes and free from each
other, not forming a tube about the pistils
eee uate is se a eS ORDER SV LIE RUBRATLES
Stamens fewer than the lobes of the corolla
ces «9 4. io ORDER EX. - VALERIANATES
Stamens at their summit united or leaning toward each other
nearly in union . . . . ORDER X. CAMPANULALES
Order I—ERICALES. Order of the Heaths
Herbs, shrubs and trees. Corolla with petals united except in a
few instances. Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla and
alternate with them, or twice as many, free from the corolla or
nearly so, and not forming a tube about the pistils except in Fam.
Diapensiaceae. Ovary superior to the calyx and corolla to which
these are not attached.
Stamens free from the corolla.
Shrubs, the ovary 3-celled, the leaves not persistent, the petals
divided so nearly to the base as to be practically poly-
petalous . . . . . . . . ... CLETHRACEAE
Perennial herbs, mostly evergreen, ovary 4- or 5-celled. Sta-
mens twice as many as the slightly united petals
PYROLACEAE
Herbaceous plants, growing from the roots of other plants and
without green leaves, petals more or less separate
‘Jenn Sey oe WS, Baier Samer MONOTROPACEAE
Ovary superior; shrubs, often with evergreen leaves; sta-
mens usually twice as many as the corolla lobes; ovary
eo to o-colled, Se 39's Ss ies 8 eS t - ERICACEAE
458 PYROLACEAE
Ovary inferior, the calyx adhering to it; the summit of the
stamens with two prominences,—“ two horned.” Fruit a
berry sk =u SOA Sete were cena VACCINIACEAE
Ovary superior; low tufted shrubs; stamens 5, arising from
the throat of the corolla and alternate with the lobes
By gt gt bhag, Cec eRk 8 Tia hoe on oe en DIAPENSIACEAE -
Famity I.—CLETHRACEAE. Wuire Auprer Famity
Our only species a shrub. Flowers regular; sepals 5; petals 5.
Leaves alternate, with serrate borders and with leaf-stalks, falling
in autumn. Flowers in long slender clusters (II, p. 37), white.
Stamens 10. Ovary 3-angled, 3-celled, with numerous ovules.
CLETHRA, L.
Characters, those of the family.
C. alnifolia, L. (Fig. 3, pl. 115.) Wutre Atper. Shrub, 3 to 10 ff.
high; leaves pear-shaped, with sharply toothed borders, except toward the
base. Wet places, mostly near the coast. July-Aug.
Famity I]—PYROLACEAE. WINTERGREEN FAMILY
Perennial herbs, low, with long branching root-stocks. Flowers
regular, with stamens and pistils; calyx of 4 or 5 divisions, equal
to the divisions of the corolla. Stamens twice as many as the
lobes of the corolla. The anthers without horns. Style short or
long and slender; often bent toward one side. Capsule 4- or
5-celled. seeds numerous, very small.
Flowers in tall slender spikes (I, p. 37) . . . . «. Pyrola
Flowers solitary uP 2 wow.» TS
Flowers few in a loose ane ike dlaeter . . . Chimaphila
1.) PYROLASL:.
Low herbs, with the leaves crowded at base. Roots branching at base.
Flowers on a slender spike. Corolla of 5 lobes or divisions. Calyx of 5
sepals. Flowers nodding (in case of No. 1, ascending); the pistil in most
eases doubly curved and the stamens leaning toward the outer side of the
corolla. Capsule nearly globular, but compressed, 5-lobed.-
Flowers White or Greenish
Style with a double curve, stamens leaning to one (the a bak side of the corolla.
Petals lance-shaped and sharply pointed. . . . . « « WP. oxypetaia
Petals broad, obtuse at apex.
Leaves shining o 42 | ene Ose Niet Seems Le We (ive ene
Leaves dull green.
Leaf-blades hares etic shorter than the leaf-stalk
Satsy Sa aM taco >. 66 Pe chloro
WINTERGREEN FAMILY 459
Leaf-blades not leathery, generally longer than the leaf- .
stalk Sie, Nene ua ine: «7 be ellphca
Style straight, stamens not leaning to one side.
Weaveceenoundedm polis uly Ny Tet) a teulitetn ci (elk sty Perewe cei des | MIENOT.
Meavesmellipticdoc: tenis Wr mises. (hen tas a Lethe cules ve) iran secumag
Flowers Pink or Purple
Leaves more or less heart-shaped at base . . . . . . . . ~~ OP. asarifolia
Heavesnotsheartshaped™ at) basen), <))e)cs nye ie: ls pie ter tee re eegInosa
1. P. oxypetala, Austin. SHARP-PETALED WINTERGREEN. Leaves
leathery, dull, egg-shaped, on leaf-stalks longer than the blades. Flowers
greenish, about 9 on a slender flower-stalk which is about 8 in. high.
Petals lance-shaped with sharply tapering points. Rare. Found in Dela-
ware Co., N. Y., by C. F. Austin. June.
2. P. rotundifolia, L. (Fig. 1, pl. 113.) Rounp-LEAVED WINTER-
GREEN. (P. americana, Sweet.) Leaves shining, nearly round or round
egg-shaped; leaf-stalk dilated above. Flower scape 4 to 14 ft. high with
about a dozen nodding white flowers. Style with a double curve; stamens
leaning to one side. Common in woods. June-July.
3. P. chlorantha, Swartz. (Fig. 4, pl. 113.) GREEN-FLOWERED Py-
ROLA. Leaves round or broadly oval, leathery, dull green, on leaf-stalks
longer than the blades. Flowers greenish, nodding. Calyx segments short
and obtuse. Leaves much smaller than those of No. 2 or No. 4. Woods.
June-July.
4. P. elliptica, Nutt. (Fig. 2, pl. 113.) PEAR-LEAVED PyRoLa. SHIN-
LEAF. Leaf blades dark green, broadly oval, thin, not leathery, about 4
as wide as long. Flower scape 5 to 10 in. high, with about a dozen nod-
ding white flowers. Calyx lobe triangular, style with a double curve,
stamens leaning to one side. Rich woods. June-Aug.
5. P. minor, L. (Fig. 7, pl. 113.) SmatierR Pyrora. Lesser WIN-
TERGREEN. Leaves rounded on leaf-stalks as long as the blades and di-
lated toward the blade. Flowers nodding, white; style straight and sta-
mens not leaning to one side. On high hills and mountains, northern New
England. June-Aug.
6. P. secunda, L. (Fig. 5, pl. 113.) ONr-sipeD PyroLa. Leaves
elliptic, thin, on leaf-stalks generally shorter than leaves. Flower scape
4 to 10 in. high, with the nodding white flowers all on one side of the
scape. Style straight, stamens not leaning to one side. Woods and
thickets, common.
7. P. asarifolia, Michx. Liver-Leavep Pyrota. Leaves round or
kidney-shaped, the base heart-shaped, leathery, shorter than the leaf-
stalk. Flowers nodding, purple with curved style and leaning stamens.
Wet woods. Mass., northern New York and northward. June-July.
8. P. uliginosa, Torr. Boo Pyrorta. Resembles P. rotundifolia, but
flowers are purple. A swamp plant, central New York, New England and
northward. June.
2. MONESES, Salisb.
A low, smooth herb, with leaves at the base of the stem, which are
nearly round with fine serrations at the borders. Stem leaning at base.
From the cluster of leaves a flower stem arises bearing a solitary white
460 MONOTROPACEAE
nodding flower, Stamens 10; pistil straight, the stigma 5-lobed. Calyx
lobes and petal lobes each 4 or 5, generally 5.
M. uniflora, (L.) A. Gray. (Fig. 3, pl. 113.) ONE-FLOWERED WIN-
TERGREEN. Stem with a few whorls of leaves at base. Flower stem 2 to
4 in. high. Flower about 4 to ~ in. broad, shallow cup-shaped. Woods,
common. June-Aug.
3. CHIMAPHILA, Pursh.
Small herbs, with shining, thick leaves, which are coarsely toothed at
borders, growing near the ground. Flower stem with a few flowers in a
spreading umbel-like cluster. Calyx lobes and lobes of corolla each 5.
Stamens 10. Ovary 5-lobed.
1. C. umbellata, (L.) Nutt. (Fig. 6, pl. 113.) Prince’s PINE.
Leaves green, shining, long, broader toward apex, the apex blunt. Woods,
common. June-Aug.
2. C. maculata, (L.) Pursh. (Fig. 8, pl. 113.) Sporrep WINTER-
GREEN. Leaves 2-colored, long and narrow, broader toward the base and
tapering toward the apex. Woods, common. June-Aug.
Famity III.—MONOTROPACEAE. InpIAN Pipe FAMILY
Low herbs, without green foliage, growing mostly as parasites
from the roots of trees in dark shady places. Leaves reduced to
scale-like bracts. Flowers regular, white; stamens 6 to 12. Petals
3 to 6; calyx 3 to 6 parts. Ovary above the calyx and corolla,
4- to 6-lobed.
Corolla egg- or bell-shaped . . . . . . +. # Pterospora
Corolla of several parts.
Flowers solitary . . . . .« . . » #Monotrope
Flowers. several... a¢p) wi ee) a0) on, au ol
1. PTEROSPORA, Nutt.
A reddish or purple leafless plant, woolly, consisting of a slender seape,
from which hang rounded bells or globose fruit, arising from a rounded
mass of roots. Calyx 5-parted; corolla with 5 lobes; stamens 10; capsule
5-lobed.
P. andromedea, Nutt. (Fig. 5, pl. 118.) Pine Drops. Scape 6 to
30 in. high, with from 12 to 50 or more nodding white flowers. In rich
woods; rare- June-Aug.
2. MONOTROPA, L.
White, suceulent parasitic herb, without leaves, but with white or
yellowish bracts along the stem and with a solitary nodding flower which
at length becomes more or less upright. Sepals 2 to 4; petals 5 or 6;
stamens 10 to 12. Ovary 5-celled.
M. uniflora, L. (Fig. 4, pl. 118.) Inpran Pipe. Scapes generally
in clusters, 4 to 6 in. high, surmounted by the nodding white bell-shaped
flower about 1 in. long. In rich woods. June-Aug.
WINTERGREEN FAMILY 461
PLATE 113
1. Pyrola rotundifolia. 2. P. elliptica. 3. Moneses uniflora. 4. Pyrola
chlorantha. 5. P. secunda. 6. Chimaphila umbellata. 7. Pyrola minor. 8.
Chimaphila maculata.
462 ERICACEAE
3. HYPOPITYS, Adams
White, succulent, parasitic herb. Scape slender, with a number of
flowers in a narrow cluster at summit. Lower flowers with 3 or 4 petals,
terminal one with 5; stamens 8 to 10; capsule 4- to 5-celled. Root a
mass of fibers.
H. americana, Small. (Fig. 3, pl. 118.) Prine Sap. (H. Hypopitys,
Small.) Scapes 4 to 12 in. high, clustered, more or less hairy. Flowers
yellowish-white. The lateral flowers have 8 stamens and 4 petals; the
terminal one 10 stamens and 5 petals. Woods, throughout our area.
June-Oct.
Famity IV.—ERICACEAE. THe HeatuH FAmMILy
Mostly shrubs, rarely, in our region, small trees. Leaves often
evergreen, not divided or lobed. Flowers regular or slightly ir-
regular; commonly stamens twice as many as lobes of the corolla,
free from the petals. Stamen summits (anthers) often sending
out on each side a projection or so-called “horn.” Ovary 2- to
5-celled. Fruit a berry.
Low undershrubs mostly with the general aspect of herbs
Corolla egg-formed.
Leaves oblong-linear.
Hiowers. “erech =~. . 2. . . Chamaecistus
Flowers nodding.
Plant heath-like . . . . . . . Phyllodoce
Plant mosslike . . . . « «.. |; : ae
Leaves spatula-formed or pear-shaped.
Berry red. . . .°:s . © « ~~ Aretostapiiyies
Berry black... =< =) 6 » “ (2) «> csp
Leaves oval.
Fruit ared berry... . - . . . . ,Gaulthems
Fruit a globose capsule . . . . . +. «. Epigaea
Erect shrubs
Corolla of separate petals.
Leaves brown, woolly beneath. . . . . . . Ledum
Leaves not woolly beneath. . . . . . . Dendrium
Corolla formed of united petals.
Corolla very irregular, 2-lipped . . . . . ». ~ Bhodora
Corolla slightly irregular.
Bell-shaped, stamens 10 . . . . . +. Rhododendron
Funuel-form, stamens 6 . ...- ~~. « . Agales
HEATH FAMILY 463
Corolla regular.
Saucer-shaped, holding anthers in 10 sacs . . Kalmia
Ovoid.
Weave linear 7) 207. 3). *. 7) 2's Andromeda
Leaves oblong.
Flowers in long, narrow, lateral clusters, not
Nebiiyire neh) ae ot aks ; « =. Leweothoe
Flowers in lateral ee attended by leafy
DEactg yh 2. GF iit a ee
Flowers in long, lateral, leafy clusters
ate aan) ov al Renee cas, ty 2 CHAIN eda EMe
Corolla plonaiae. Syke g) ok es) Bohemia
Leaves minute, aarelappite each ‘other . . Calluna
Tree, 15 to 60 ft. high
Corolla ovoid ee) st eshte oe) Oxy Cendnarm
1. LEDUM, L.
Our species a small evergreen shrub, with alternate leaves which are
smooth and green above and brown-woolly beneath and are rolled at the
borders. Flowers white, in broad umbel-like clusters. Calyx minute;
corolla of 5 spreading petals; stamens generally 10; capsule globose.
L. groenlandicum, Oeder. (Fig. 6, pl. 114.) Lasrapor Tea. Shrub,
4 to 24 ft. high; the younger twigs downy. Leaves elliptic, green above
and woolly beneath, borders recurved, 4 to 14 in. long. Flowers 3} in.
broad, about a dozen in a cluster. In bogs and swamps in our area and
northward. May-July.
2. DENDRIUM, Desvaux
A very small shrub, with leathery evergreen alternate leaves and many
small white flowers in terminal clusters. Calyx 5-parted; petals 5; sta-
mens 10, longer than the petals. capsule egg-shaped.
D. buxifolium, Desvaux. (Fig. 9, pl. 117.) Sanp Myrtre. (Leio-
phyllum buxifolium, Pers.) Shrub, 4 to 14 ft. high. Leaves crowded along
the stem, oval or oblong, obtuse at apex, shining above, black dotted be-
neath. Flowers several in broad terminal clusters. Dry sandy places,
New Jersey and southward. April-June.
3. CHAMAECISTUS, Oeder. (Loiseluria, Desv.)
A small evergreen plant, with straggling branches, growing in tufts;
leaves opposite, leathery, very narrowly elliptic or linear, the margins
turned back. Flowers white, small, erect, a few in a terminal cluster.
Calyx 5-parted, corolla 5-lobed; capsule egg-shaped, 2-celled.
C. procumbens, L. (Fig. 11, pl. 117.) Awprne Azatta. Found on
summits of White Mountains. July-Aug.
4. PHYLLODOCE, Salisb.
Low, heath-like shrubby plant, with evergreen leaves crowded about
464 ERICACEAE
the stems, which are more or less reclining. Leaves linear with blunt
points. Flowers rather large on long slender pedicels. Calyx 5-parted,
corolla egg-shaped with 5 low teeth at the spreading border. Stamens
10; ovary 5-celled.
P. coerulea, (L.) Babington. (Fig. 5, pl. 117.) Mounrain Hata.
A minute shrub, 4 to 6 in. high, on summits of White Mountains. July-
Aug.
5. CASSIOPE, D. Don.
A minute shrub, with a mossy aspect; evergreen; leaves small, over-
lapping, stem an inch to 3 in. high, terminated by a bell-shaped white or
pinkish-white nodding flower. Calyx and corolla 4- or 5-lobed. Stamens
8 to 10; capsule globe-formed, 4- or 5-celled.
C. hypnoides, (L.) D. Don. Moss Prant. CasstopE. Found on
the summits of the higher Adirondack Mountains and of the White
Mountains. (“I have never seen it on the Adirondacks and do not think
it is there now, though it was on Mt. Marcy many years ago.—C. H.
PECE.”’’)
6. ARCTOSTAPHYLOS, Adams
Low trailing shrubby plant, with alternate, thick leathery leaves, ever-
green. Flowers white or pink, small, in terminal clusters. Calyx 5-parted;
corolla egg-shaped; stamens 10, rarely less. Fruit a red berry.
A. Uva-Ursi, Spreng. (Fig. 6, pl. 117.) Uva-Ursi. Rep BEARBERRY.
Trailing and much branched, stems 6 to 24 in. long. Leaves spatula-
formed. Found mostly on cold hills or on mountains, our area and north-
ward and westward.
7. MAIRANIA, Necker.
Low, trailing shrub, with deciduous leaves and white egg-shaped flowers
in scattered or terminal clusters Calyx 4- to 5-parted. Fruit a black
berry.
M. alpina, Desvaux. ALPINE BuLackperry. (Arctostaphylos alpina,
Spreng.) Leaves pear-shaped, notched at margins; flowers mostly in
terminal clusters. Found on summits of White Mountains.
8. GAULTHERIA, L.
Our species a small plant with alternate, evergreen, shining leaves, with
a few flowers at the leaf axils. These are urn-shaped, white or pink.
Calyx 5-parted; stamens 10. Fruit an aromatic red berry.
G. procumbens, L. (Fig. 1, pl. 115.) WuINTERGREEN. CHECKER-
BERRY. Stem 2 to 6 in. high. Leaves clustered toward the ends of
branches. Found extensively in woods, especially those in which ever-
green trees prevail.
g. EPIGAEA, L.
Plant trailing, flat upon the ground; stems woody. Leaves alternate,
evergreen, broad, nearly orbicular, hairy beneath, smooth but rusty col-
ored above. Flowers in a terminal cluster, salver-form. Stamens 10;
capsule 5-celled.
E. repens, L. (Fig. 8, pl. 115.) Trattina Arsputus. MAYFLOWER.
Stems hairy, 10 to 15 in. long, trailing flat upon the ground; leaves
alternate, 1 to 3 in. long, more or less heart-shaped at base and blunt at
HEATH FAMILY 465
PLATE 114
1. Azalea canescens. 2. A. nudiflora. 3. A. Iutea. 4. A. viscosa. 5.
Rhododendron maximum. 6. Ledum groenlandicum.
466 ERICACEAE
apex. Tube of the corolla hairy within; flowers with a delicate spicy
fragrance. It is one of the earliest plants to bloom in the spring, its
charming white blooms often in close proximity to a belated snow drift.
March to May.
10. RHODORA, L.
A small branching shrub, with alternate leaves (deciduous) and pur:
ple flowers which grow in a terminal umbel-like cluster. The corolla is
deeply divided into two parts, the upper part or lip composed of 2, mostly
3 parts, the lower of two long narrow segments. Calyx small. Stamens
10. Capsule 5-celled.
R. canadensis, L. (Fig. 8, pl. 117.) Ruopora. (Rhododendron
canadensis, BSP.) A handsome shrub, 2 to 3 ft. high, with terminal
clusters of large flowers. Leaves appearing with or later than the flowers,
oblong, downy beneath. Bogs and wet hillsides. May.
11 RHODODENDRON, L.
Shrubs, with evergreen leaves and large white, pink, or purple flowers.
Corolla bell-shaped with rather short tube and rounded spreading lobes,
nearly equal. Calyx small, 5-parted; capsule woody, with 5 to 20 cells
and numerous seeds.
1. R. lapponicum, (L.) Wahlenberg. (Fig. 7, pl. 117.) Laptanp
Rose Bay. A dwarf shrub, with elliptic leaves and purple flowers in a
spreading terminal cluster. The leaves clustered toward the summit of
the stems, 4 to ? in. long, nearly half as broad, with brownish scales
above and below. Flowers purple 2 in. broad. Summits of the higher
Adirondacks and White Mountains. :
2. R. maximum, L. (Fig. 5, pl. 114.) American Rose Bay. A
splendid shrub or small tree, growing in wet places, with evergreen leaves
which are from 4 to 7 in. long and from 1 to 3 in. wide. Shining above
and dark green below. Stems crooked and:branching, growing in clusters.
Flowers in large clusters, white or rose-colored, each 13 to 2 in. long and
an inch broad at mouth; the lobes rounded and indented. Before the
blooms are expanded the cluster is enveloped in a covering .of broad
sticky bracts, an inch or more in length. It is found in a few localities
in New England, but is more abundant in the middle States. In low
grounds and along borders of streams. Blooms latter part of June or in
July.
12 AZALEA, L. (Rhododendron, L.)
Erect shrubs, with conspicuous flowers, mostly in terminal clusters.
Leaves deciduous. Calyx 5-parted; corolla funnel-formed, the lobes spread-
ing, the tube long and viscid. Stamens 5, exserted from the mouth of the
flower. Capsule oblong, 5-celled.
Flowers expanding before leaves.
Corolla white or pink.
Leaves gray-downy beneath . . .... . .-. . A. Canescens
Leaves not downy beneath . . ... . . «. «. « « 4A. mudifiora
Flowers expanding after the leaves . . . . . «© «© «© «© «© « « A. wscosa
Flowers yellow Or orange = 63 beh fe ha > ely mesa! in Soe Sone
Flowers white . . - « « « A, arborescens
1. A. nudiflora, L. (Fig. 2, pl. 114.) Pryk AZALEA. PINKSTER.
Branching shrub, 2 to 6 ft. high. Leaves, alternate, narrowly oblong or
HEATH FAMILY 467
PLATE 115
1. Gaultheria procumbens. 2. Andromeda polifolia. 3. Clethra alnifolia.
4. Calluna vulgaris. 5. Kalmia latifolia. 6. K. glauca. 7. K. angustifolia.
8. Epigaea repens.
468 ERICACEAE
oval, tapering at each end, margins with stiff hairs. Flowers large, con-
sisting of a long slender tube which is covered by soft down, and of 5
broad and spreading lobes which are, each, rather shorter than the tube
and which are somewhat unequal. Both stamens and pistil are much
exserted beyond the tube. Color pink to nearly white. Rocky woods and
thickets. April-May.
2. A. canescens, Michx. (Fig. 1, pl. 114.) Mountain AZALEA. In
general a taller shrub than No. 1; 4 to 15 ft. high, Leaves wider and
shorter than those of No- 1 and covered beneath by a soft gray down,
while along the principal veins grow stiff hairs. Leaves margined with
stiff hairs. Flowers rose color to white, very fragrant. Stamens less
exserted than in No, 1. Flower at lobes 2 in. broad. Woods; Catskill
Mountains; Mass., and southward. April-May.
3. A. viscosa, L. (Fig. 4, pl. 114.) Swamp Pink. WHITE AZALEA.
Branching shrub, 4 to 8 ft. high, the whole plant sticky. Leaves alter-
nate, pear-shaped, 2 to 4 in. long, with bristly hairs on the veins beneath.
Flowers expanding after the leaves, white or tinged with pink, less broad
than No. 1 or No. 2. Stamens exserted. The whole flower viscid. In
swamps and at borders of ponds, general in our area. June-July.
4. A. lutea, L. (Fig. 3, pl. 114.) Frame Azarea. (A. calendu-
lacea, Torr.) Shrub, 4 to 15 ft. high, with terminal umbellate clusters
of yellow or orange flowers. Leaves pear-shaped, with finely toothed mar-
gins. Flowers appearing with the leaves, yellow or orange, very showy.
Dry woods, southern part of our area. May-June.
5. A. arborescens, Pursh. Tree AZALEA. A shrub, 8 to 20 ft.
high, without hairs on stems or leaves. Leaves oval pear-shaped or in-
versely lance-shaped. Flowers white or tinged with pink, very fragrant.
Woods; southern Penna., and southward. June-July.
13. KALMIA, L.
Evergreen shrubs, with flowers in terminal or lateral clusters and with
shining leaves; calyx 5-parted; corolla wheel-shaped, cupped, with 10
small sacs or depressions for the lodgment of the anthers. Capsule
globose, 5-celled. Stamens 10, extending only to the pits in the corolla.
In our species the showy flowers are in an umbel-like terminal cluster,
or a dense whorl a little below the terminal portion of the branch.
Leaves opposite or in 3s.
Blowers in terminal clusters ss <6 « «© ~ ‘es = «© a ts _2s a AQweeaooeem
Flowers in lateral clusters . . +. + - - - « « « + AK. angustifoha
Tieaves’ valtetnate. 7s el «| = © K. latifolia
1. K. angustifolia, L. (Fig. 7, pl. 115.) | Smeer Laurer. Shrub,
erect, branching, 4 to 3 ft. high. Leaves usually opposite, but often in
whorls of 3, whitish beneath, oblong or lance-shaped, tapering at each
end. Flowers numerous in collar-like clusters which enrich the stem be-
low the termination of the branch. Found in moist places, cold hillsides
and often at borders of bogs. May-June.
2. XK. latifolia, L. (ig. 5, pl 115.) MountTAINnN LAurReEL. Shrub,
2 to 15 ft. high, with commonly alternate leaves and with terminal flower
clusters. Leaves oval or elliptic, tapering at each end, bright green on
both sides. Flowers numerous in very showy clusters, rose-color to white.
HEATH FAMILY 469
This shrub often forms dense thickets and when growing in woods often
attains the height of 20 ft. or more. May-June.
3. K. glauca, Ait. (Fig. 6, pl. 115.) Pate on Swamp Lauren. (K.
polifolia, Wang.) A smooth shrub, 1% to 2 ft. high, with leaves opposite
or in 3s. Leaves long, narrow, tapering at each end, bright green above,
whitish beneath, the borders rolled backward. Flowers in loose terminal
clusters, purple. In bogs. May-Aug.
14a. LEUCOTHOE, D. Don.
Shrubs, with alternate leaves and many egg- or cylindric-shaped small
flowers in lengthened slender clusters, axillary or terminal. Calyx of
5 sepals; corolla cylindric or egg-shaped; stamens 10; capsule 5-lobed,
5-celled.
L. racemosa, (L.) A. Gray. (Fig. 2, pl. 118.) Swamp Leucoruoér.
Shrub, 3 to 10 ft. high. Leaves oblong to egg-shaped, tapering at each
end, 1 to 3 in. long, 3 as wide. Flowers in long spike-like clusters, each
flower with a bract at the flower pedicel, the clusters more or less as-
cending. Swamps and thickets. April-June.
15.5 ANDROMEDA, L.
A shrub, with globose or egg-shaped white flowers, in a terminal clus-
ter. Leaves evergreen, linear or narrowly oblong, the margins rolled
backward, whitish beneath. Calyx 5-parted; corolla globose or egg-
shaped; stamens 10; capsule nearly globose, 5-celled.
A. polifolia, L. (Fig. 2, pl. 115.) Wi_tp Rosemary. A shrub, 1 to
3 ft. high. Leaves narrow with margins rolled back, dark green above,
whitish beneath. Umbels of flowers terminal, few-flowered. Bogs, north-
ern New Jersey, Penna., and northward. May-June.
16. PIERIS, D. Don.
Our species a shrub, with alternate leaves and cylindric or egg-shaped
white or pinkish flowers in lateral clusters, the flower pedicels attended
by sharply tapering bracts. Stamens 10; capsule 5-celled.
P. mariana, (L.) Benth. and Hook. (Fig. 1, pl. 118.) Sraccrr
BusH. (Lyonia mariana, D. Don.) Shrub, 2 to 4 ft. high; leaves ob-
long or oval, 1 to 3 in. long, 3 as wide. Flowers nodding in lateral clus-
ters, appearing on the nearly leafless stems of the preceding season. Co-
rolla about 4 in. long, pink or pinkish-white. Low wet grounds, south-
eastern New York and along the eastern coast from Rhode Island south-
ward. May-July.
17, CHAMAEDAPHNE, Moench. (Cassandra, D. Don.)
Low, much branched, erect shrub, with alternate, leathery, nearly
evergreen leaves and with many white ovoid flowers in one-sided leafy
clusters. Calyx of 5 rigid sepals bracted at the base. Corolla 5-toothed,
narrowed at the throat. Stamens 10. Capsule globose, depressed, split-
ting when ripe, into an inner and an outer layer, the inner dividing into
10, the outer into 5 valves.
C. calyculata, (L.) Moench. (Fig. 7, pl. 118.) Learner Lear.
Dwarr CassanpRA, Shrub, 2 to 4 ft. high, branching. Leaves oblong,
470 VACCINIACEAE
obtuse, 3 to 14 in. long, densely covered with scurfy scales, at least when
young. Upper leaves reduced to floral bracts. Bogs and swamps through-
out most of our area. Also on high mountains. April-June.
18 XOLISMA, Raf.
A bushy tree, found in low grounds, with alternate leaves and terminal
clusters of small globe-formed flowers. Calyx 4- or 5-parted; stamens 8
to 10; capsule 4- or 5-celled, globose.
X. ligustrina, (L.) Britton. (Fig. 6, pl. 118.) Priver ANDROMEDA.
(Andromeda ligustrina, Muhl.) Shrub, 3 to 15 ft. high. Leaves oblong,
oval or pear-shaped, with fine serrations at margins, tapering at each
end. Corolla globular or nearly so. Swamps and wet soil, New England,
New York and southward. May-July.
19. CALLUNA, Salisb.
A low shrub, naturalized from Europe. Evergreen, branching; our
species with minute overlapping leaves and with long slender clusters of
bell-shaped flowers. Calyx of 4 sepals; corolla with 4 lobes; stamens 8;
capsule 8-angled, 4-celled.
C. vulgaris, (L.) Hull. (Fig. 4 pl. 115.) Heatruer. Found occa-
sionally in sandy or rocky soil. Flowers pink. July-Sept.
20. OXYDENDRON, DC.
Tree, 15 to 60 ft. high, with alternate, deciduous leaves which are
oblong or broad lance-shaped, sharp pointed at apex and tapering at base,
sour to the taste. Flowers numerous, ovoid, white, in long one-sided
slender clusters. Stamens 10. Calyx of 5 nearly distinct sepals; corolla
5-toothed; capsule pyramidal, 5-celled, 5-valved.
O. arboreum, (L.) DC. Sour Woop. A tree found in rich woods of
Penna., and further south. June-July.
Famity V.—VACCINIACEAE. HucKkLEeBerry FAMILY
Shrubs, with alternate, undivided leaves and small bell- urn- or
egg-shaped flowers. The calyx is adherent to the ovary through
the whole extent of the latter, the 5 (rarely 4) sepals expanding
above the ovary. The petals are united to form an undivided
corolla though in exceptional cases the lobes are somewhat deeply
cleft, as in the oxycoccus (cranberry). Stamens twice as many
as the petals, arising from the base of the pistil or from the corolla.
Fruit a berry.
Corolla bell-cylindric or egg-shaped.
Berries not white.
Seeds; LO o's. / eh te eatin! uh ee
Seeds small, numerous . . . . . . Vaccinium
Berries - wittte.. oo. a. uj ecy ee deve oes wk oe
Corolla deeply cleft, with recurved lobes . . . Oxycoccus
HUCKLEBERRY FAMILY 471
PLATE 116
1, Vaccinium vacillans. 2. V. pennsylvanicum. 3. V. pennsylvanicum,
fruit. 4. V. stamineum. 5. V. corymbosum. 6. V. caespitosum. 7. V. Vitis-
Idaea, 8. Gaylussacia resinosa. 9. G. dumosa,
472 VACCINIACEAE
1. GAYLUSSACIA, HBK.
Shrubs, with alternate, undivided leaves and with small white or red-
dish flowers in lateral clusters. Flower pedicels usually with 2 small
bracts. Calyx 5-lobed. Corolla tubular. Fruit a dark blue or black
berry with 10 hard seed-nutlets.
Fruit blue, leaves with a whitish bloom beneath . . . . . . . Gz. frondosa
Leaves leathery, without whitish bloom . . . . . . . G. brachycera
Fruit black, both sides of leaves green.
Bracts at the flower pedicels leaf-like, oval, persistent . . . G. dumosa
Bracts of the pedicels small and falling early . . . . . . G. resinosa
1. G, frondosa, (L.) Torr. and Gray. DANcLEBERRY. Shrub, 3 to
6 ft. high, smooth, young shoots green or yellowish; leaves oblong or pear-
shaped, 13 to 2 in. long, blunt at apex tapering at base, pale whitish
beneath. Flowers in slender loose lateral clusters; corolla small, bell-
shaped. Flower pedicel with a small bract at base. Fruit dark blue with
a whitish bloom, sweet. Moist woods, New York. New Hampshire and
southward. May-June.
2. G. resinosa, (Ait.). Torr. and Gray. (Fig. 8, pl. 116.) Buiack
HUCKLEBERRY. HIGH-BUSH HUCKLEBERRY. (G. baccata, C. Koch.) Shrub,
1 to 3 ft. high, branching, the young stems often deep red, leaves oval or
oblong, pointed or rather blunt at apex, tapering at base, with a resinous
covering when young, studded with resinous dots. Clusters of flowers
one-sided, with few reddish-yellow flowers. Bracts at the base of the flower
pedicel small and falling early. Fruit black with a bloom. Woods and
thickets, extent of our area. May-June.
3. G. dumosa, (Andr.) Torr. and Gray. (Fig. 9, pl. 116.) BusH
HUCKLEBERRY. Shrub, 1 to 3 ft. high, young branches somewhat downy.
Leaves pear-shaped or oblong, green on both sides, thick and shining
when old. Bracts at the base of flower pedicels large, leaf-like, oval, per-
sistent. Flowers in loose, slender clusters, corolla bell-shaped. Fruit
black without a bloom, insipid. The whole plant more or less sprinkled
with resinous dots. Sandy swamps, from north to south in our area.
May-June.
4. @QG. brachycera, (Michx.) A. Gray. Box Huck ieserry. Branch-
ing shrub, about 1 ft. high, with oval, finely toothed leaves, which are
thick and leathery and without leaf-stalks or with very short ones. Co-
rolla cylindric-bell-shaped, white or pink in short close clusters. Wooded
hills, Penna., southward. May.
2. VACCINIUM, L.
Shrubs, branching, mostly quite low, with scattered leaves and small
flowers solitary or in currant-like clusters. Corolla monopetalous with
4 or 5 teeth at free margin or 4- or 5-lobed. Stamens twice as many as
lobes of corolla and included within it. Fruit a berry with numerous
small seeds, smaller and Jess observable than those of Gaylussacia,
Corolla rather deer cleft, lobes alkane:
Lobes 4 . baa lo) ee IE i ie
Lobes 5 . V. stamineum
Corolla cylindric or ‘ovate, "generally more "or “less contracted _ at “the throat.
Flowers solitary or only 2 to 4 together; aiesHe dwarf species,
Corolla mostly 4-toothed . . .. . ; - « V. uliginosum
Corolla: sHoothed! 50's Ae Wileee eae ee ie ae Vie CRS RITE eee
HUCKLEBERRY FAMILY 473
Flowers in slender currant-like clusters.
Flower 2 or 3 times as long as broad.
Leaves not usually toothed.
Leaves smooth or only slightly downy . . . V. corymbosum
Leaves, under surface, densely downy, especially on veins
enele Koto cab oil vem fe Opes tie 6 V. atrococcum
Leaves toothed V. simulatum
Flower nearly as broad as long.
Leaves lance-oblong, not downy . . . . . « V. pennsylvanicum
Leaves lance-oblong, downy . .. . . . «. «© « V. canadense
Leaves oblong.
UTMbe DIAC muted: ve, Trellis! cil sak Vic) eu Vea a eh et Wel) Lou UR IENS
Brite DUE! ial cash Me ihe we eee ae ote vs WS. vacilans.
l. V. Vitis-Idaea, L. (Fig. 7, pl. 116.) MountTarin CRANBERRY.
A little evergreen shrub, found where cold winds sweep the northern
coasts of our region and on the summits of the White Mountains. Its
stems are creeping with erect branches rising from 3 to 8 in. in height.
Its broadly oval or pear-shaped leaves, leathery, green and shining above
and black dotted beneath, curve backward at their margins and are
crowded near the summit of the slender stems. Flowers in a small clus-
ter at the extremity of the stem, the corolla bell-shaped, rather thickly
cleft into 4 lobes which expand from the throat. They are white or pink-
ish and nodding. Fruit a globular dark red berry about 1/3 in. in
diameter. August-Sept.
2. V. stamineum, L. (Fig. 4, pl. 116.) Drerperry. A branching
shrub, with deciduous leaves and large numbers of bell-shaped flowers
dangling in leafy bracted lengthened clusters. Stems 2 to 5 ft. high.
Leaves oval, oblong or rarely broader toward base than at center, 1 to
4 in. long, on rather short leaf-stems, light green above, paler beneath.
Corolla rather deeply cleft into 5 lobes, which expand into a bell-shaped
flower of purplish tinge. The stamens project somewhat beyond the
bell of the corolla. Berry greenish-white, yellowish or dull red. Woods
and thickets, frequent, especially in the southern half of our area. April-
June.
3. V. uliginosum, L. Boa Worrteserry. <A dwarf shrub, found on
the summits of the Adirondack and White Mountains. Stems # to 2 ft.
high, much branched, Leaves pear-shaped, or oblong, 4 to 1 in. long,
thick, dark green above, lighter beneath. Flowers solitary or in clusters
of 3 or 4, about 4 as long as the leaves. Fruit a large blue berry. June-
July.
4, V. caespitosum, Michx. (Fig. 6, pl. 116.) Dwarr Biriperry.
Dwarf, much branching shrub, growing in dense tufts, stems 3 to 6 in.
high, found on summits of White Mountains and Adirondacks. Leaves
broad at apex, narrow at base, 4 to 1 in. long, with blunt teeth at mar-
gins. Calyx 5-toothed; corolla egg-shaped, 5-toothed, contracted at throat.
Stamens 10. Berry blue, with a bloom, June-July.
5. V. corymbosum, Michx. (Fig. 5, pl. 116.) HiauH-susnH Buvsg-
BERRY. A tall shrub (6 to 10 ft. high), with oval or oblong leaves and
clusters of white flowers and sweet blue berries with a bloom. Leaves
on short leaf-stems, 1 to 3 in. long, smooth above, very slightly downy,
if at all, beneath. Corolla 4 to 4 in. long, cylindric or constricted at
throat, white or pink. Fruit a blue berry with a bloom. Swamps and
moist woods. May-June.
474 VACCINIACEAE
6. V. atrococcum, (A. Gray) Heller. Brack Buiueperry. Differs
from V. corymbosum in the absence of bloom on the berry, in the down on
the under side of the leaf, which is dense, and in the form of the flower,
which is smaller and more round. Leaf borders entire. Swamps and wet
woods, throughout our area. May-June.
7. V. simulatum, Small. SeRRULATE-LEAVED BLUEBERRY. Shrub, re-
sembling the last two. Leaves elliptic to oblong-lance-shaped, acute at
apex and usually at base, smooth, bright green above, somewhat downy
beneath at least on the veins; margins notched with fine teeth. Berry
with a bloom. New York and southward.
8. V. pennsylvanicum, Lam. (Figs. 2 and 3, pl. 116.) Low-susn
BLUEBERRY. A nearly prostrate shrub, with stems $ to 2 ft. long, found
in dry rocky soil, mostly on high hills. Stem branching, the newer
shoots light green, warty, the older stems reddish. Leaves elliptic-lance-
shaped, green and smooth on both sides, the apex tapering to a hard tip.
Flower bell-shaped, white, in few flowered, short clusters. Calyx 5-toothed.
Fruit a round berry 3/8 in. in diameter, blue with a thick white bloom.
The sweetest and earliest of the blueberries. May-June, Fruit ripe
June-July.
9. V. canadense, Richards. CANapiAN BLUEBERRY. Similar to last,
but leaves somewhat broader and somewhat downy. The fruit ripens later
and is the latest of the blueberries to appear in market. May-June.
Fruit ripe July-Sept.
10. V. nigrum, Britton. Low Brack Biueserry. Similar to No.
8, often growing with it, but has a broader leaf, which is commonly more
rounded at base, and rounder bell than the latter and the black berry has
no bloom on its surface.
11. V. vacillans, Kalm. (Fig. 1, pl. 116.) Biurz Huckieserry. A
branching shrub, 4 to 4 ft. high, with oval leaves or with leaves some-
times broadest toward apex, 1 to 24 in. long. Margins entire or finely
serrated, sharp points at apex, terminated by a sharp bristle. Flowers
pink or greenish-white, bells 4 in. long, cylindric, constricted at throat.
Fruit a round blue berry with a bloom, A fine fruit. Dry, sandy soil.
May-June. Fruit ripe July to Sept.
3. CHIOGENES, Salisb.
Our species a trailing evergreen, with delicate stem, scarcely woody,
with small roundish oval, alternate leaves. Calyx adherent to the ovary
except at the summit, 4-lobed; corolla bell-shaped rather broad at the
throat. Fruit a white berry with many seeds.
C. hispidula, L. (Fig. 4, pl. 117.) Creerrna Snowserry. Leaves
1/4 to 1/3 in. long; flowers small, at the leaf-axils. Found in shady
woods and on mountains, throughout our area. May-June.
4. OXYCOCCUS, Hill
Our species delicate creepers found in bogs. Stem extremely slender;
leaves small, alternate, oval or ovate, with margins rolled back, Calyx
adherent to the ovary to its summit, its border 4- or 5-cleft. Corolla
deeply cleft, nearly divided into 4 petals, these turning outward and
HUCKLEBERRY FAMILY 475
PLATE 117
1. Oxycoccus palustris. 2. O. macrocarpus. 3. Diapensia lapponica. 4.
Chiogenes hispidula. 5. Phyllodoce coerulea. 6. Arctostaphylos Uva-Ursi.
7. Rhododendron lapponicum, 8. Rhodora canadensis. 9. Dendrium buxi-
folium. 10. Pyxidanthera barbulata. 11. Chamaecistus procumbens.
476 DIAPENSIACEAE
backward. Stamens 10, the anthers in contact forming a cone about the
pistil. Fruit a red acid berry.
1. O. palustris, Pers. (Fig. 1, pl. 117.) Smaxn. Cranperry. (0.
Oxycoccus, (L.) Me. M.) Stem 6 to 18 in. long. Leaves egg-shaped, 1/6
to 1/3 in. long, acute at apex, margins strongly rolled back. Flowers all
terminal. Berries red, 1/3 in. in diameter. May-July.
2. ©. macrocarpus, (Ait.) Pers. (Fig. 2, pl. 117.) Laree AMERI-
CAN CRANBERRY. Leaves oval, 1/4 to 2/3 in. long, margins slightly rolled
back, points blunt. Flowers not generally terminal. Berries red 1/3 in.
in diameter. June-Aug.
Famity VI.—DIAPENSIACEAE. DisApensta FAmMILy
In our region only two species which are very small, moss-lke,
tufted, evergreen plants of herbaceous appearance but with woody
stems, small crowded leaves without stipules and with perfect bell-
formed or wheel-shaped flowers. Calyx deeply 5-parted; corolla
5-lobed; stamens, 5 pollen bearers and 5 rudimentary. Ovary
free from the calyx and superior to it; capsule 3-celled, many
seeded.
1. DIAPENSIA, L.
Calyx partly invested by 2 to 4 bracts below its base; corolla bell-
shaped. Small Alpine mossy plant growing in dense tufts. Leaves op-
posite, overlapping, small, spatula-shaped. Stem 1 to 3 in. high, termi-
nated by a single white bell-shaped flower.
D. lapponica, L. (Fig. 3, pl. 117.) DtapensiA. Found on summits
of the Adirondack and White Mountains. June-July.
2. PYXIDANTHERA, Michx.
Moss-like plant, resembling Diapensia, the stems longer, prostrate,
creeping, corolla wheel-shaped. Flowers solitary, white or rose-color,
numerous,
P, barbulata, Michx. (Fig. 10, pl. 117.) Pyxm. This little plant
blooms early in April or even in March and is welcomed as the first
flower of Spring. Grows in rounded tufts, in the pine barrens of New
Jersey and farther south.
Order II.—PRIMULALES. Order of the Primroses
Flowers regular; corolla of united petals. Stamens borne on the
corolla, as many as the lobes of the corolla and opposite to them
or twice as many or more. Ovary superior to the calyx and co-
rolla or in exceptional instances these are more or less attached to
it. Ovules arising from a central placata. Style single; fruit a
capsule,
PRIMROSE FAMILY 477
Famity I.—PRIMULACEAE. Primrose FAMILY
Herbs, with mostly undivided leaves and regular flowers, with
both stamens and pistils. Corolla of united petals (absent in
Glaux) ; stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla and inserted
opposite them. Ovary of 1 cell with a free column in the interior
supporting the ovules.
Leaves all at the base of the stem.
Aquatic, leaves feather-formed . . . . . . Hottonia
Memreceriqiverco. b2). 2! +. apens ats lees 2s aera
Heed vos eaiberiahey usr ale tk k. ue Sec 2 uh oa a eS
Leaves in whorls of more than 4 . . oe 4. oe inentalis
Leaves opposite or in whorls of not more than 4,
Mlowenseqvinite* s,.c 3. Wek Ok OA Oe Glos
iinwarmieredss "5 i.) sas ee ee Aaealine
Flowers yellow.
In axillary dense clusters . . . . . Naumburgia
Solitary in the axils or in loose axillary clusters.
Stamens 5 and rudiments 5 . . . Steironema
Stamens 5 to 7, no rudiments . . lLysimachia
1. HOTTONIA, L.
Aquatie plant, with feather-formed, composite leaves and hollow flower
stems fringed with bands of whitish flowers. Calyx 5-parted, its divisions
linear and longer than the corolla which is tubular with 5 lobes. Sta-
mens 5; capsule 5-valved, many seeded.
H. inflata, Ell, American Fratuerrom. In stagnant pools and
ditches, Mass., central New York and south. June-Aug.
2. PRIMULA, L.
Herb, with a radicle rosette of leaves at the base and a spike sur-
mounted by an umbel of a few flowers, below which is a whorl of bracts,
an involucre. Calyx bell-formed or tubular with 5 lobes. Corolla nearly
tubular, expanding at the throat into a wheel-shaped 5-lobed border. Sta-
mens 5 inserted on the tube.
1. P, farinosa, L. (Fig. 1, pl. 119.) Brrp’s Eye Primrose. Plant,
4 to 18 in. high; leaves long, narrow, broadest above the center, tapering
to the leaf-stalk which is about 4 as long as the blade. Leaves and in-
volucre covered with a white mealiness. Flowers pink or lilac with a
yellowish eye. Moist places, northern part of our area.
2. BP. mistassinica, Michx. CanaprtAN Primrose. Smaller than No.
1, 1 to 6 in. high. Leaves oval, not broadest above the center. Leaves
not covered with mealiness. Northern part of our area.
478 PRIMULACEAE
3. SAMOLUS
A smooth herb of wet places, with alternate, undivided, leaves and small
flowers in elongated terminal clusters. Calyx adhering to the ovary be-
low, 5-cleft. Corolla bell-shaped, 5-lobed. Stamens 5 fertile, and commonly
5 sterile. Capsule globose, many seeded.
S. floribundus, HBK. (Fig. 6, pl. 119.) Water PIMPERNELL. Brook
Weep. Plant, 6 to 18 in. high, branching. Leaves 1 to 3 in. long, rounded
at apex, narrowed at base. Growing in wet places. June-Sept.
4. TRIENTALIS, L.
Low, smooth perennial, with simple erect stem surmounted by a whorl
of thin lance-shaped leaves and by one or more white star-like flowers
borne on, Jong, very slender pedicels. The stem also bears a few minute
seale-like bracts or leaves alternately arranged. Calyx of about 7 linear
segments, corolla spreading, flat and star-like with about 6 or 7 rays.
T. americana, Pursh. (Fig. 5, pl. 119.) Srar Frower. Stem 3 to
9 in. high; leaves 14 to 4 in. long, tapering at both ends. Flower about
3 in. broad. In moist woods. May-June.
6. (GLAUR AL
A low, fleshy perennial, with many opposite fleshy leaves, which are
oblong and undivided and without teeth. Flowers in the axils of the
leaves, solitary but opposite Calyx 5-parted, the lobes colored like petals,
the latter wanting. Stamens 5, at the base of the calyx, opposite the
corolla lobes. Capsule 5-valved, few seeded.
G. maritima, L. (Fig. 4, pl. 119.) Sra Mirkworr. Plant, 2 to 8 in.
high, leaves + to 4 in. long, oblong, oval or linear. Growing in salt
marshes and on sea beaches. June-Aug.
6. ANAGALLIS, L.
Our species a low spreading herb found in moist pastures and waste
places, with opposite leaves and solitary scarlet or whitish flowers. Calyx
of 5 narrow tapering lobes; corolla wheel-shaped of 5 rather deeply-parted
lobes; ovary globose, the top separating like a lid to allow the escape
of the minute seeds.
A. arvensis, L. (Fig. 7, pl. 119.) Scarrer PIMPERNELL. Poor
Man’s WreatueR Grass. Plant procumbent, stems 4 to 12 in. long,
4-sided. Leaves broadly egg-shaped without leaf stems. Flowers in leaf-
axils, on slender pedicels generally opposite; petals rounded, somewhat
deeply separated. Moist places. Naturalized. June-Aug.
7. NAUMBURGIA, Moench.
A plant of cold swamps. Erect, leaves opposite, the lower reduced to
scales, smooth; flowers in dense rounded tufts from the leaf-axils, yel-
low, the calyx and corolla each 5- to 7-parted, sepals and petals linear;
stamens 5 to 7, extending beyond the corolla, Ovary globose.
N. thyrsiflora, (L.) Duby. (Fig. 5, pl. 120.) Turrep Loosrstrire.
HUCKLEBERRY AND INDIAN PIPE FAMILIES 479
PLATE 118
1. Pieris mariana. 2. Leucothoe racemosa. 3. Hypopitys americana. 4.
Monotropa uniflora. 5. Pterospora andromedea. 6. Xolisma ligustrina. 7.
Chamaedaphne calyculata.
480 PRIMULACEAE
Stem 1 to 2 ft. high; leaves lance-shaped tapering at each end. May-
July.
8 STEIRONEMA, Raf.
Perennial smooth herbs, with opposite leaves, or leaves in whorls on
the flowering branches. Flowers yellow, spreading or nodding; calyx
5-parted; corolla wheel-formed, lobes rounded each with a tooth at apea,
the base of each folding on a stamen. Fertile stamens 5, sterile as many.
Capsule 10- to 20-seeded.
Leaves egg-shaped, the leaf-stalkk hairy . .« »« »« «© « «© «© « e« « Se cihatum
Leaves lance-shaped, tapeHine at each one So wo sl eS ee tw ee anmceonan
Leaves linear . . - G8 6 ORO Moet to eh CLE:
1. §. ciliatum, (L.) Raf. (Fig. 4, pl. 120.) Frincep Loosestrire.
Erect; stems 1 to 4 ft. high. Leaves egg-shaped, broadly or narrowly,
the leaf stems hairy, the blade 2 to 6 in. long. Flowers on thread-like
pedicels arising at the leaf-axils; calyx 5-parted, the lobes sharp; corolla
wheel-formed, the petals rounded, fringed, at outer margin. Capsule ex-
tending beyond the calyx. Moist thickets throughout our region. June-
Aug.
2. §. lanceolatum, (Walt.) A Gray. (Fig. 2, pl. 120.) Lance-
LEAVED LOOSESTRIFE. Similar to the last, but leaves are narrow and
tapering at each end and petals are not fringed at border, but have a
tooth at outer extremity. Moist soil, throughout the area. June-Aug.
3. §. quadriflorum, (Sims.) Hitche. Prarrm Monrywort. Stem
stiff, erect, 4-angled, 1 to 3 ft. high. Stem leaves narrowly linear, 2 to
4 in. long, smooth and shining. Corolla $ to 1 in. broad. Along streams,
western New York and southward. June-July.
9. LYSIMACHIA, L.
Perennial herbs, with leafy stems, the leaves opposite or in whorls of
3 or 4, or more. Leaves without divisions or teeth, commonly dotted.
Flowers wheel-shaped, yellow. Calyx 5- or 7-parted, free from the ovary;
corolla 5- to 7-parted; the petals without teeth at border. Stamens 5 to
7, inserted in the throat of the corolla. Capsule globose; seeds few or
many.
Prostrate, creeping herb . «© «© «© «© © © «© © © © «© © JL. Nummularia
Erect herbs. Pe:
Leaves arranged in whorls of 4s, corolla lobes dark streaked . JL. quadrifolia
Leaves in whorls of 3 or more, corolla pure yellow.
Flowers in terminal leafy clusters” <6) ls, 6: se-- 0m (o,/ o* Vcore
Flowers from the leaf axils . 3 ee ee fe, Gl Oro
Leaves opposite, flowers in pyramidal "cluster BPS sa, oes) teh ee
1. L. vulgaris, L. (Fig. 2, pl. 119.) Gorpen Loosestrire, Erect,
branching, 2 to 34 ft. high, densely covered with soft hairs. Leaves, op-
posite or in whorls of 3s or 4s, on short leaf-stalks, oval or broadly lance-
shaped, tapering at each end, 2 to 4 in. long. Yellow flowers an inch,
more or less, in diameter, in terminal leafy clusters. A naturalized species,
not very common. June-Aug.
2. L. punctata, L. Srorren Loosrstrire. Another naturalized spe-
cies, not common. Resembles the last, but flowers arise in the leaf-axils
down the stem. Waste places. June-July.
3. L. quadrifolia, L. (Fig. 2, pl. 120.) Crossworr. W HORLED
PRIMROSE FAMILY 481
PLATE 119
1. Primula farinosa. 2. Lysimachia vulgaris. 3. L. Nummularia. 4.
Glaux maritima. 5. Trientalis americana. 6. Samolus floribundus. 7. Ana-
gallis arvensis. 8. Limonium carolinianum.
482 PLUMBAGINACEAE
LoosestrirE. Plant slightly downy or smooth, 1 to 2 ft. high; leaves in
whorls of 4s, sometimes of 5s, or more or less than 4, without leaf-stalks,
lance-shaped or oblong, 1 to 4 in. long. Flowers in whorls at the leaf-
axils, on long thread-like pedicels. Corolla wheel-shaped, the petals ob-
long-egg-shaped. Moist soils. Common. June-Aug.
4. L. terrestris, (L.) Ait. (Fig. 1, pl. 120.) BuLs-Beartne LOoosE-
sTRIFE. (L. stricta, Ait.) Stems 1 to 2 ft. high, often bearing small
globular bulbs at the axils. Leaves opposite or rarely some of them
alternate, lance-shaped, tapering at each end with short leaf-stalks or
none, 1 to 3 in. long, often dotted with black points. Flowers yellow
with purple streaks, about 4 in. broad, in terminal pyramidal cluster,
each on a thread-like pedicel. Swampy places. July-Sept.
5. L. Nummularia, L. (Vig. 3, pl. 119.) Creerprne LoosEstTRIFeE.
An introduced species, from Europe, escaped from gardens, not common.
Stems creeping, extending 1 to 2 ft. Leaves roundish, opposite on short
leaf-stalks, 4 to 1 in. long. Flowers yellow about an in. broad. July-
Sept.
Famity JI.—PLUMBAGINACEAE. PLtumpBaco FAMILY
Herbs, ours with the leaves all radicle. Flowers perfect but
small, in clusters at the summit of a flower stem. Calyx not ad-
herent to ovary, its parts more or less united, tubular, with 5
points. Corolla of 5 lobes; stamens 5 opposite the petals; styles
5. Fruit a dry one-seeded pod. A single species in our region.
LIMONIUM, Adams. (Statice, Tour.)
Herb growing at the sea-side, with thick perennial leaves arising at the
base and with naked, branching flowering stem bearing large numbers of
lavender-colored flowers. Flowers one-sided on the branches; calyx
5-lobed; the lobes linear; corolla bell-formed, tubular, 5-parted. Stamens
5, usually attached to the lobes of the corolla.
L. carolinianum, (Walt.) Britton. (Fig. 8, pl. 119.) Sra Laven-
DER. MaArsu RoseMARY. Leaves narrow, broadest toward the apex, taper-
ing into long leaf-stems, one conspicuous rib tipped with a bristly point.
Stems with flower cluster 1 to 2 ft. high. Salt meadows, all along our
coast. July-Oct.
Order III—EBENALES. Order of the Ebonys
Shrubs or trees, with hard wood. Flowers with stamens as many
as the corolla lobes or twice as many; with both stamens and pis-
tils or staminate and pistillate flowers separate. Fruit a berry.
Famity I—EBENACEAE. [Epsony Famity
Calyx well developed, 5- to 7-parted, but its parts united below
the fruit. Ovary free from calyx; in the staminate flowers it is
PRIMROSE FAMILY 483
LESS
PLATE 120
1. Lysimachia terrestris. 2. Steironema lanceolata. 3. Lysimachia quad-
rifolia. 4. Steironema lanceolata. 5. Naumburgia thyrsiflora.
484 OLEACEAE
only partially or not at all developed. Fruit a berry containing
one or more seeds.
DIOSPYROS, L.
A tree of considerable size in southern part of our area, common fur-
ther south. Bark furrowed, dark; leaves broad egg-shaped or oval, 2 to
5 in. long, about 4 as wide, dark green above, light beneath. Corollas
with petals united but parted 3 way into 4 lobes or more. Stamens 8 to
20; styles 2 to 6. In the sterile flowers stamens reach the highest num-
ber, in the fertile flowers very few or no stamens. Berry pulpy. ‘The
berry has an extremely astringent taste before ripening, but when ripe
is sweet and palatable.
D. virginiana, L. (Fig. 11, pl. 121.) Prrstmmon. Is occasionally
found in the south eastern part of our area. Blooms May-June. Fruit
ripe Sept. to Nov.
Order IV.—GENTIANALES (Contortae, Engler). Order
of the Gentians
An order including herbs and trees. Stamens borne on the co-
tolla, when this is present, as many as the corolla lobes or fewer.
The corolla is not dry and chaffy, in contrast with that of the
Plantains. Flowers regular, stamens attached to the lower part of
the corolla only. Leaves in our species opposite except in Men-
yanthes, in which they are from the root. Ovary superior to calyx.
PBpeeg ses hl la a De a, Re, ee
Herbs. With water juice.
Leaves from the stem.
With stipules . . . . . . LOGANTACHAR
Without stipules. . . . . GENTIANACEAE
Leaves from the rootstock. . MENYANTHACEAE
Herbs. With milky juice.
Stamens distinct, styles united . . APOCYNACEAE
Stamens grouped, styles distinct . ASCLEPIADACEAE
Famity I.—OLEACEAE. O.ive Famity
Trees or shrubs; leaves opposite, mostly compound feather-
formed with an odd leaflet. Flowers of our species of 4 divisions
of the corolla when it is present, and 4 divisions of the calyx in
all cases. Stamens mostly 2, sometimes 4. Fruit a capsule, a
winged samara, a berry or drupe.
OLIVE FAMILY 485
FRAXINUS, L.
Trees, with opposite compound leaves, which are feather-formed, with
several pairs and an odd leaflet. Flowers small, green, rarely with both
stamens and pistils in the same flower and generally with staminate and
pistillate flowers on different trees, in compound crowded clusters, which
appear with the leaves, or before them in the axils of the leaves of the
preceding year, Petals none or 2 or 4, small; calyx small with 4 points
or the points may be wanting or irregular. Fruit a flat winged samara, or
“key,” usually 1l-seeded.
Leaflets stalked.
Wing extending along the sides of the samara,
Under side of leaf not velvety . . . «. « « « « SF. lanceolata
Under side of leaf velvety.
Leaf margins with very fine teeth . . . . F. pennsylvanica
Meak, Muatems entire |. val ke fe lel al oe a - FF. Michauxcu
Wing only at the outer end of the samara . . . . . . F, americana
Leaflets not stalked Seals . Sabres eats nce
nigra
1. F. americana, L. (Fig. 7, pl. 121.) Wuire Asn. Large forest
tree, Leaflets 5 to 9, egg-shaped or narrow-egg-shaped. The twigs smooth,
leaves without teeth or with very fine dentations. Fruit a rounded body
appended to which is a wing 2 or 3 times as long as itself and extending
only from the outer extremity, in form elliptic lance-shaped. April-May.
2. F. lanceolata, Borkh. (Fig. 10, pl. 121.) Green Asn. Forest
tree, not as large usually as No. 1. Leaflets 5 to 9, egg-shaped or oblong,
tapering at each end, sometimes with small serrations toward the outer
extremity. Samara 1 to 3 in. long, the wing extending along the sides,
blunt at the apex. April-May.
3. F. pennsylvanica, Marsh. (Fig. 9, pl. 121.) Rep Asu. Large
tree. Leaflets 5 to 9, egg-shaped or narrow-egg-shaped. The twigs, leaf-
stalks and the lower surface of the leaves downy or velvety. Pistillate
and staminate flowers on different trees. Body of the samara surrounded
by the wing on all sides and which extends beyond it to a length equal
to the body, the whole being elliptic or spatula-formed.
4. F. Michauxii, Britton. Mricuaux’s Asn. Leaf margins entire;
leaves thick, either velvety or smooth; samaras broadly spatula-formed.
Swamps, New York and southward.
5. F. nigra, Marsh. (Fig. 8, pl. 121.) Buack As. Hoop Asa.
Large forest tree. Leaflets without stalks, 7 to 11, lance-shaped, tapering
at each end, sharply indented at borders. Samara 1 to 2 in. long, the
wing extending all around, broad at apex, usually with an indentation.
Swamps and other wet places. April-May.
Famity II].— LOGANIACEAE. Locanta FAmIty
Herbs, shrubs or trees. Leaves opposite or in whorls, with
stipules or with a membrane between the opposite leaf-stalks.
Flowers regular, ours with calyx and corolla each 5-parted; the
calyx below the ovary.
486 GENTIANACEAE
1. SPIGELIA, L.
Herb, with opposite leaves with entire margins. Flowers in long nar-
row one-sided clusters. Stamens 5; style 1, slender; capsule short.
S. marylandica, L. MaryLtanp PINK-RooT. Stem simple, 4-angled,
erect, 1 to 2 ft. high. Leaves without leaf-stalks, a membrane passing
from one to its opposite, egg-shaped or lance-shaped, Corolla tubular
with 5 narrow segments above, scarlet outside, yellow within. Flowers
in one-sided cluster. Woods, New Jersey, and south.
2, POLYPREMUM, L.
Smooth, diffusely branched annual herb, with narrowly linear or awl-
shaped opposite leaves with their bases connected by a membrane repre-
senting stipules. Flowers small, white, in terminal bracted clusters.
Corolla not longer than the calyx, almost wheel-shaped with 4 lobes.
Stamens 4, short; style 1, short. Capsule ovoid, notched at apex.
P. procumbens, L. PotypremuM. Flowers in the forks at the ends
of the branches. Dry sandy fields, New York, Pennsylvania, and south-
ward, June-Oct.
Famity II].—GENTIANACEAE., GeENTIAN FAMILY
Smooth herbs, with opposite (rarely whorled) leaves and con-
spicuous flowers, the corolla of which is tubular, bell-shaped or
wheel-shaped, and which, in the bud is twisted. The divisions of
the calyx are 4 to 10 which are united at base. The corolla lobes
are as many as the divisions of the calyx and the stamens number
as many as the corolla lobes and are inserted alternately with
them into the throat. Styles united into one, but sometimes want-
ing. Ovary 1-celled; capsule many seeded.
Leaves reduced to scales, whole extent of stem . . Bartonia
Lower leaves reduced to scales . . . . . . +. #£Obolaria
Leaves fully developed.
Often in witorls. ..-s esc) a we ek Me
Opposite.
Corolla with horms. . . . . . »« » | OnGuae
Corolla without horns or spurs.
Wheel- or bell-shaped, deeply cleft . Sabbatia
Tubular.
Style short or none. . . . . Gentiana
Style long, slender .... s,. Erythraea
1. ERYTHRAEA, Rencalm
Herbs; leaves opposite without leaf-stalks, sometimes clasping the stem;
flowers numerous, rather small; corolla a long slender tube with 4 or 5
487
GENTIAN AND OLIVE FAMILIES
PLatTE 121
1. Sabbatia angularis. 2. S, stellaris. 3.
Erythraea centaurium, 6. E. pulchella. 7.
9.
ndra. 5,
Fraxinus americana. 8. F. nigra.
F. lanceolata. 11.
gracilis. 4. S. dodeca
s.
Diospyros virginiana.
pennsylvanica. 10.
F.
488 GENTIANACEAE
short lobes; calyx 4- or 5-parted. Anthers twisting spirally and extend-
ing beyond the throat of the tube. Low branching annuals with purple,
white or yellow flowers.
l. E. centaurium, (L.) Pers. (Fig. 5, pl. 121.) Crnraury. (Cen-
taurium umbellatum, Gilib.) Stem upright, branching, 6 to 12 in. high;
leaves oblong, obtuse at apex, narrowed at base, at the base of the stem
the leaves form a rosette. Clusters of flowers form a nearly flat-toppea
compound cluster of purple flowers which have very short flower stems.
Waste grounds. June-Sept.
2. E. spicata, (L.) Pers. Sprkep CentTaury. (Centauria spicata,
Fernald.) Resembles No. 1, but flowers are arranged in slender spikes.
Coast of Nantucket. May-Sept.
3. E. pulchella, Fries. (Fig. 6, pl. 121.) BRrancuine CENTAURY.
(E#. ramossissima, Pers. Centauria, Druce.) Low, much branched, 2 to
6 in. high; leaves mostly oval, not in a rosette at base; stem widely
forking above, the flowers forming a diffuse cluster, all the flowers on
flower stems. Fields and wet places. Southern part of our area. June-
Sept.
2. SABBATIA, Adams
Slender stemmed annual or biennial herbs, with diffusely clustered,
showy flowers and with opposite or whorled leaves. Corolla 4- to
12-parted, as is also the calyx; stamens 4 to 12, inserted in the tube of
the corolla, which is shallow, the lobes expanding to a wheel-shaped
flower. Ovary l-celled; style slender, 2-cleft.
Calyx and corolla, each 8- to xe-parted . . © . « « se « |S. doadecanuee
Calyx and corolla 4- to 5-parted.
Branches opposite.
Plowers: white. -.2-n. =»: .@- he (Spee ee eh Pe len cn OS eee
Blowers; pinks» 6) 10) 6-26 te oem tee ee) pc, re ee eo
Branches alternate.
Flowers: “white: » 5: "re. is, V8 is, ast Meo Dae cat) eee eS
Fiowers pink, center yellow) = 9.9 > a 3 3 = CoReemesbenaeee
1. §. lanceolata, (Walt.) T: and G. LaAncr-LeEAvep Sappatra. Stem
simple, slender, 2 to 3 ft. high, with opposite branches at top bearing
diffuse cluster of white 5-rayed flowers. Leaves 3-nerved, egg-shaped, the
upper sharp-pointed, Wet pine barrens, southern part of our area. May-
Sept.
2. §. angularis, (L.) Pursh. (Fig. 1, pl. 121.) Rose Pink. Stems
1 to 23 ft. high, somewhat 4-winged; leaves opposite, broadly egg-shaped,
somewhat heart-shaped at base, apex tapering, 5-nerved. Flowers in loose
clusters above, corolla of 5 radiating lobes which are rounded at apex
and are twice as long as the linear calyx lobes. Flowers pink, with a
greenish or yellowish star in the center, on long slender flower stems.
Thickets. Rich soil. Southern part of our area. July-Aug.
3. §. stellaris, Pursh. (Fig. 2, pl. 121.) Marsu Pink. Stem 3 to
2 ft. high, slightly angular or round; branches alternate; leaves opposite,
lance-shaped or linear. Flowers pink or white with a yellowish starry
center. Calyx 5-pointed, the points linear, half as long as the lobes of the
corolla. Corolla 5-lobed, the lobes spreading and rounded at apex. Salt
marshes. July-Sept.
4. §. gracilis, (Michx.) Salisb. (Fig. 3, pl. 121.) StenpeR MarsH
GENTIAN FAMILY 489
PLATE 122
1. Gentiaua crinita. 2, G. saponaria. 3. G. Andrewsii. 4. G. rubricaulis.
5. G. Porphyrio. 6. G. quinquefolia. 7. G. linearis. 8. Obolaria virgini-
ea. 9. Bartonia virginica. 10. Menyanthes trifoliata. 11. Halenia deflexa.
12. Limnanthemum lacunosum,
490 GENTIANACEAE
Pink. (8S. campanulata, (L.) Torr.) Stem very slender, 1 to 2 ft. high,
diffusely branched above, the branches alternate. Leaves opposite, the
lowest oval, those along the stem linear, reduced to narrow thread-like
bracts. Flowers in diffuse clusters, pink with a yellow eye, the calyx
points as long as the 5 lobes of the corolla and thread-like. Salt marshes,
rare, in fresh water swamps, May-Aug.
5. §. dodecandra, (L.) BSP. (Fig. 4, pl. 121.) Larck Marsu
Pink. Stem 1 to 2 ft. high, branching above, branches alternate; leaves
opposite, those at base spatula-formed, those above linear. Calyx lobes
8 to 12, linear; corolla 8 to 12 lobes, radiating, rose-colored or nearly
white. Sandy borders of brackish ponds. July-Sept.
3. GENTIANA, L.
Herbs, with opposite or rarely whorled leaves which have entire, or in
some cases, hairy margins, and with flowers in terminal and axillary
groups or solitary at the end of the stem. Flowers blue, purple, yellow
or white. Calyx mostly 4-parted, but may have 5 to 7 lobes; corolla
also of 4 lobes, but less frequently 5 to 7, often with intermediate folds
or plaits at the sinuses. Stamens equal in number to the lobes of the
corolla, inserted at the throat and alternate with the lobes. Styles short
or none. Capsule 2-valved.
Corolla without folds or teeth at the sinuses
Borders of corolla fringed, leaves egg-shaped or lance-sshaped . . . G. crinita
Borders of corolla lobes fringed, leaves linear . . . .. . - G. procera
‘Borders: of lobes ‘not fringed! i) %) fev te rerio te) Ue Belen te <6, quinquefolha
Corolla with teeth or folds in the sinuses
Flowers blue or bluish-white.
Corolla closed, club-shaped, margin of leaf rough.
Corolla lobes distinct, longer than, or as long, as the inter-
mediate plaits . . - G. Saponaria
Corolla lobes obscure or absent, “the plaits very broad G. Andrewsii
Corolla open, margins of leaves smooth.
Flowers in terminal clusters.
Leaves narrow lance- shaped : OF a G. linearis
Leaves broad at base, tapering toward apex nee C rubricaulis
Flowers) solitary.22,) ite A a ES RS i en Grete oe
Hlowers, green, striped with white . «© ~%© «© % % «w «1 <) © ns iGneeprneen
Mlowers'‘yellow) <0 6 6 Se) oe ee Ga ee es es es
1. G. crinita, Froel. (Fig. 1, pl. 122.) Frinerp Gentian. Stem
1 to 2 ft. high, branching above; leaves lance-shaped or egg-shaped with
the base heart-shaped or rounded. Calyx lobes 4, unequal and extending
the length of the corolla tube. Corolla 4-lobed, the lobes rounded and
strongly fringed at the borders. Ovary tall, conical. Found in wet
places and flowering in autumn.
2. G. procera, Holm. SMALLER FRINGED GENTIAN. (G@. detonsa,
Rottb.) Similar to G. ecrinita, but smaller, with linear leaves, the base
not rounded or heart-shaped. Western New York and westward. July-
Sept.
3. G. quinquefolia, L. (Vig. 6, pl. 122.) Srmr Gentian. Stem
slender, stitf, usually branched, 1 to 2 ft. high. Leaves egg-shaped, partly
clasping the stem, generally 5-nerved (or 3- or 7-nerved), tipped by a
sharp point. Flowers in clusters at the end of the stem or at the axils;
calyx about 1/3 as long as the corolla, Corolla pale blue, its lobes tri-
GENTIAN FAMILY 491
angular, tipped with bristle points. Capsule spindle-shaped. Flowers
smaller than those of the Fringed Gentian and nearly cylindric. Moist
places, southern Maine and southward. Aug.-Oct.
4. G. saponaria, L. (Fig. 2, pl. 122.) Soapworr Gentian. Stem
erect, without or with a few short branches above, 1 to 2 ft. high. Leaves
oval-lance-shaped, tapering at each end, the borders rough with short
stiff hairs. Flowers in close branches at top of stem and often a single
or a few flowers at each of several leaf axils, large, bright blue, closed
at top. Calyx of 5 egg-shaped segments. Corolla lobes evident, as long
as or longer than the intermediate plaits. In wet soil and usually in
shady places. Aug.-Oct.
5. G. Andrewsii, Griseb. (Fig. 3, pl. 122.) Ciosep GENTIAN. Very
similar to the last, 1 to 2 ft. high; corolla lobes scarcely evident, the in-
termediate plaits being broad and somewhat fringed, nearly obscuring
the narrow lobes (Fig. 5, pl. 122). Stamens gathered into an adhering
ring. Moist, shady places. Aug.-Oct.
6. G. linearis, Froel. (Fig. 7, pl. 122.) NaARRowW-LEAVED GENTIAN.
Stem mostly without branches, 4 to 2 ft. high; leaves very narrow lance-
shaped, 13 to 3 in. long, 1/6 to 1/3 in. wide, smooth at borders. Flower
branches at top of stem and one or more at each of several leaf-axils.
Corolla funnel-shaped, open at top, about 14 in. long. Lobes 5, inter-
mediate plaits much narrower than lobes. Calyx tube funnel-shaped,
the 5 linear lobes as long as the tube. In bogs and other wet places.
Aug.-Sept.
7. G. rubricaulis, Schwein. (Fig. 4, pl. 122.) Rep-sTEMMED GEN-
TIAN. Stem 1 to 2 ft. high; leaves 14 to 24 in. long, oval, narrow, or
broadened at base and tapering to a sharp point at apex, 3-nerved, mar-
gins somewhat rough. Stem tinged with red, leaves brown or reddish.
Flowers bunched at top of stem, the bunch being subtended by 2 broad
leaf-like bracts. Corolla open at top, the 5 lobes conspicuously longer
than the 5 intermediate plaits, bright blue or greenish-blue. The whole
plant has a somewhat marked appearance of rigid regularity. Wet
soil, central New York and northward. Aug.-Sept.
A form with leaves broad at the base was regarded by Dr. Gray as a
variety of G. linearis, (var. latifolia).
8. G. Porphyrio, J. F. Gmel. (Fig. 5, pl. 122.) ONE-FLOWERED GEN-
TIAN. Stem simple or branched, slender, 4 to 14 ft. high. Leaves linear.
Flowers terminal, solitary; corolla 5 lobes, the lobes spreading, much
longer than the plaits. Calyx lobes thread-like. Color of flower bright
blue, sometimes whitish or greenish. Pine barrens, southern part of our
area. Aug.-Oct.
9. G. villosa, L. Srrreep Gentian. Stem } to 14 ft. high. Leaves
broadly ovate, widest toward apex, narrowed at base. Flower branches
at top of stem and one or more at some of the leaf-axils. Calyx tube
funnel-shaped, the lobes thread-like, longer than the tube; corolla open
at top, greenish-white striped on the inside with green veins and purple
stripes; lobes much longer than the appendages. Shady places, southern
part of our area. Sept.-Nov.
10. G. flavida, A. Gray. YELLowIsH GeEnTIAN. Stout, 1 to 3 ft.
492 GENTIANACEAE
high. Leaves 2 to 5 in. long, broad at the rounded base, tapering to a
sharp point, smooth at margins. Flowers bunched at top of stem with
one or more in upper axils. Calyx tubular, the lobes short, triangular.
Corolla funnel-formed, 5 lobes and 5 appendages. Color, yellow or green-
ish-white. Moist soil, occasional in most of our area. Aug.-Oct.
4. FRASERA, Walt.
Tall showy herbs, bearing opposite or whorled leaves. Stem mostly
simple; flowers in terminal spreading clusters. Calyx, a shallow tube and
4 narrow sepals. Corolla 4-lobed, spreading; stamens 4, inserted at base
of the corolla tube. Capsule oval, flattened, few seeded.
F. caroliniensis, Walt. AMERICAN CoLtuMBo. Stem stout, 3 to 8 ft.
high; leaves mostly in whorls of 4, oblong or lance-shaped, the lower
spatula-formed, 3 to 6 in. long. Flower cluster pyramidal; corolla about
1 in. broad, greenish-yellow with brown purple dots. Rich soil, western
section of our area. June-Aug.
5. HALENIA, Borkh. (Tetragonanthus, Kuntze)
Small herbs, usually growing in tufts; leaves opposite; flowers terminal
and in the upper leaf-axils. Tube of calyx shallow, lobes narrow and long;
corolla of 4 lobes, each lobe with a hollow spur projecting below; stamens
4 or 5; ovary 1-celled, many seeded.
H. deflexa, (J. E. Smith) Griseb. (Fig. 11, pl. 122.) Spurrep GeEn-
TIAN. Stem simple or branched above, 4 to 14 ft. high; leaves oval or
egg-shaped, sharp pointed at apex, 3- to 5-nerved, 1 to 2 in. long, Flowers
purplish or white, bell-shaped, the spurs cylindric, + to 4 as long as the
4-lobed corolla. Damp woods, most of our area. July-Aug.
6. OBOLARIA, L.
A low perennial plant, purplish-green with a simple or branched stem
and opposite fleshy scales which occupy the place of leaves. Flowers
axillary and terminal, the 2 divisions of the calyx leaf-like. Corolla
4-cleft; stamens 4, inserted at the sinuses of the corolla. Capsule ovoid;
seeds numerous,
O. virginica, L. (Fig. 8, pl. 122.) Pennywort. Root and stem
fleshy, stem 3 to 6 in. high. Stem leaves scale-like, those among the
flowers about 4 in. long, purplish, triangular, broad at the apex, narrowed
and extending down the stem at base. Flowers about 4 in. long, pale
purple or whitish, longer than the 4 stamens. Southern part of our area.
April-May.
7. BARTONIA, Muhl.
Small slender herbs, with simple stems or with few branches, and with
opposite leaves, which are reduced to awl-shaped scales; some of these
scales may be alternately arranged. Flowers small, white or yellow, ar-
ranged in slender upright clusters. Calyx 4-parted; corolla 4-lobed, bell-
shaped; stamens 4, short. Capsule oval or oblong, flattened and pointed
with the persistent style. Seeds numerous.
1. B. virginica, (L.) BSP. (Fig. 9, pl. 122.) YeEtrLow BARTonta.
Stem thread-like, 4 to 12 in. high, 5-angled; scales about 1/10 in. long;
BUCKBEAN FAMILY 493
flowers opposite, yellow, from 2 to several pairs, less than } in. long,
Moist soil, most of our area. July-Sept.
2. B.iodandra, Robinson. PurptisH BartontA. Stem 2 to 8 in.
high, simple or alternately branched. Scales alternate. Corolla dis-
tinctly purplish, about twice as long as the calyx. In sphagnum, New
Jersey, northward.
3. B. paniculata, (Michx.) Robinson. PAanicLep Barronia. Slen-
der, 8 to 16 in, high. Stem beset by scales in place of leaves, these often
alternate. Flowers yellowish or greenish-white. Wet woods and swamps,
Mass., southward. Aug.-Oct.
Famity 1V.—MENYANTHACEAE. Boucksean FAMILY
Perennial herbs, growing in marshes. Root-stock stem-like.
An aerial stem absent, the long leaf-stalks arising from the root-
stock as does also the flower-bearing scape. Flowers in clusters,
regular, bearing both stamens and pistils. Calyx 5-cleft; corolla
5-lobed; stamens 5, arising between the lobes of the corolla. Fruit
a capsule.
1. MENYANTHES, L.
Leaves 3-foliate on long leaf-stalks arising from the root-stock; leaflets
oval or pear-shaped, each about 1 to 2 in. long. Flowers borne on a tall
seape forming a cylindric cluster consisting of from 10 to 20 tubular
purple flowers, the corolla lobes triangular, spreading, the tube and lobes
bearded with white hairs. Stamens shorter than the corolla; capsule
egg-shaped, tipped by the permanent style.
M. trifoliata, L. (Fig. 10, pl. 122.) Buckspean. A beautiful plant
found in sphagnous bogs. May-June.
2. LIMNANTHEMUM, S. G. Gmelin. (Nymphoides, (Tourn.)
Hill
Leaves floating, the leaf-stalks arising from the root-stock which is
buried in mud. The leaf is broadly oblong or nearly orbicular, with a
deep sinus and with leaf-stalk from 1 to 10 ft. long, from the summit of
which arise, the leaf, which is small in proportion to the length of the
leaf-stalk (1 to 2 in. long), an umbel of small white flowers and a cluster
of narrow tubers each of which may produce a new plant. Primary leaves
submersed, without flowers or tubers.
1. L. lacunosum, (Vent.) Griseb. (Fig. 12, pl. 122.) FLoatine
Heart. Found in ponds. Flowers white, leaves 1 to 2 in. long. July-
Aug.
2. L. aquaticum, (Walt.) Britton. Larce Froatina Heart. The
plant is stouter, the sinus shallow and leaves 2 to 6 in. long. Southern
part of our area. May-Aug.
Famitry V.—APOCYNACEAE. Docpanrt FAMILY
Plants, all of which in our region, have acrid milky juice. Leaves
sometimes alternate but generally opposite. Flowers regular;
494 APOCYNACEAE
calyx deeply 5-cleft (rarely 4-cleft) ; corolla 5-lobed; stamens 5
(lobes of corolla sometimes 4 and stamens 4, but not in our species).
Stamens not united, inserted on the corolla. Ovaries (in our
species) 2, free from the calyx; styles united into 1.
Leaves opposite.
Flowers solitary’. .. s «-&. “oe % “<<< eee
Flowers in clusters, small. . . . . . . Apocynum
tT. VINCA, ©.
Herbs, with opposite Jeaves and solitary blue or whitish flowers arising
from leaf-axils. Our species a trailing herb which has escaped from
cultivation. The leaves smooth at the edges, firm, dark green on both
sides, egg-shaped, with short leaf-stalks. Flowers solitary, generally blue,
with a short cylindric tube and 5 broad spreading lobes. Ovaries of 2
long cylindric follicles,
V. minor, L. Myrrie. PrrtwiInkie. In borders of woods and at
roadsides. Blooms nearly all summer.
2. APOCYNUM, L.
Perennial herbs, with opposite leaves and white or pink flowers in
spreading clusters, generally terminal. Calyx small, deeply 5-cleft; co-
rolla bell-shaped, bearing at the throat 5 small triangular appendages.
Stamens 5, inserted at base of corolla. Seeds in two long cylindric
carpels.
Branches spredding- . . « «3 «© « «© «© » «© « « « As, Ondroscemmonun
Branches erect or nearly so.
Base. of leaves tapering... « ._«s « « « ss @ «= As cannabvnumy
Base of leaves rounded .. . - . . « A. hypericifolium
1. A. androsaemifolium, L. (Fig. 1, pl. 123.) Spreaptne Doa-
BANE. Stem 1 to 4 ft. high; branches spreading. Leaves broadly elliptic
or oval, sharply pointed or blunt at apex, generally rounded at base.
Corolla pink, the lobes shorter than the tube. Fields and roadsides,
throughout our area. June-July.
2. A. cannabinum, L. (Fig. 3, pl. 123.) Inpran Hemp. Resembles
No. 1, but branches more erect; base of leaves narrowed or somewhat
rounded. Lobes of corolla as long as or longer than the tube. Fields and
thickets. June-Aug.
3. A. hypericifolium, Ait. (Fig. 2, pl. 123.) CLAsSPING-LEAvED Doc-
BANE. Plant smooth with a whitened bloom, 1 to 2 ft. high. Leaves ob-
long to oval, obtuse at apex, heart-shaped or eclasping the stem at base.
Central New York, Maine and northward.
(Several forms, found in our area and differing in some respects from
these have been described as species by some, as varieties by others.)
Famity VI.— ASCLEPIADACEAE. MuinKweep FAmMILy
Plants, with milky juice, with leaves opposite or in whorls or
less frequently alternate, without lobes or teeth. Flowers in termi-
DOGBANE AND MILKWEED FAMILIES 495
en
“fe ~.
Cie >
PLATE 123
1, Apocynum androsaemifolium. 2. A. hypericifolium. 3 A. cannibinum.
4. Asclepias purpurascens. 5. A. lanceolata. 6. A. rubra. 7. A. verticil-
lata. 8. Acerates viridiflora,
496 ASCLEPIADACEAE
nal or axillary clusters; calyx 5-parted, the sepals turned back;
corolla bell-shaped, urn-shaped or wheel-shaped. Between the co-
rolla and the stamens is a 5-lobed crown attached either to the
corolla or to the stamens. Stamens 5, the anthers in close con-
nection with the summit of the pistil. The pollen grains cohere
in masses. Ovary of two long pods.
Crown of 5 hooded bodies, each with an incurved horn. Leaves
opposite" o> 1. Ps. ae ae yiecan: Pee all, oe tae ee
Crown without the incurved horns, leaves alternate.
Erect plants. Wa.7. -o2 ee hy Ho Oe, i ee
Wvaahing vine 4) 1.32 ese ce ee oe Cynanchum
1. ASCLEPIAS
Our species have opposite, whorled or scattered leaves, a milky juice,
and small flowers in terminal or axillary umbels. Crown of 5 hood-like
bodies each bearing an incurved horn.
Stem reclining’ evs. 26 ‘efvs) te) of tel fe) (0) ce) ed ates el wis) ea eo Ee
Stem erect.
Leaves scattered.
Flowers orange . ©. 0) fe se iol ateh ) wet opal emiaa, Be te eee
Leaves opposite, not whorled.
Flowers bright red or deep purple.
Leaves narrow lance-shaped . . - A. lanceolata
Leaves egg-shaped, the apex narrow. tapering | , . A, rubra
Leaves egg-shaped with blunt taper... . A. purpurascens
Flowers pink or light purple.
Plant not hairy ei Vey ctelayl o~ | ot eae) yee eee mEnrne
Plant downy or hairy < -& as Se) ES ee ice
Flowers greenish-purple.
Leaves blunt at each end.
Plant downy (5 << =~s.0 6 « is © eps jee eelomecnemrene
Plant notiidowny ©. << < 5 «= «6 ie sam Ogee
Leaves tapering at each end << . .« « . © so «= sAdasexaiore
Flowers white or partly purplish . a) df tele te A. variegata
Leaves, at least a part of them, in a whorl of + pe hath ce ee aa quadrifolia
Leaves in whorls of SiO 7 Mba: hee al ce «et 6 Ae Wertecilaia
1. A. tuberosa, L. (Fig. 3, pl. 124.) Burrerrty WEED. PutEURISY
Root. Stems rather stout, 1 to 2 ft. high, hairy, rough, bearing at the
summit a number of umbels of orange-colored flowers. Leaves linear to
lance-shaped, attached directly to the stem or by a short leaf-stalk. Pods
erect on pedicels which first dip downward then curve upward. Dry
fields. June-Sept.
2. A. decumbens, L. DecumBent BUTTERFLY-WEED. Plant hairy;
stems decumbent; leaves oblong or elliptic. Flowers dark orange, Dry
fields, Conn., not common in our area. June-Aug.
3. A. lanceolata, Walt. (Fig. 5, pl. 123.) (A. paupercula, Michx.)
Stem slender, few if any branches, 2 to 4 ft. high, smooth, without hairs,
as are the leaves. Leaves opposite, 4 to 10 in. long, linear or narrowly
lance-shaped, rough on the edges, tapering at each end, but broadest to-
ward the base, generally on very short leaf-stalks. Flowers in terminal]
umbels, one or more, each with from 5 to 12 flowers; corolla segments
red, hoods deep orange. Pod erect, about 4 in. long. Wet places, mostly
near the coast, southern part of our area, June-Aug.
MILKWEED FAMILY 497
PLATE 124
1. Asclepias syriaca. 2. A, variegata. 3. A. tuberosa. 4. A. exaltata. 5.
A. quadrifolia. 6, A. pulchra. 7. A. obtusifolia.
498 ASCLEPIADACEAE
4. A. rubra, L. (Fig. 6, pl. 123.) Rep Mitkweep. Plant with few
if any hairs, stem 1 to 4 ft. high, few if any branches. Leaves opposite,
2 to 6 in. long, egg-shaped to lance-shaped, the base rounded, apex taper-
ing to a very sharp point, on very short leaf-stalks or none, bright green.
Umbels terminal of many purplish-red flowers, the incurved horns long
and slender. Pods slender, spindle-shaped, about 4 in. long. Moist soil,
southern part of our area. June-July.
5. A. purpurascens, L. (Fig. 4, pl. 123.) Purpre MILkweep. Stem
rather stout, with few if any branches, slightly downy or free from hairs,
2 to 4 ft. high. Leaves opposite, elliptic or oblong, the upper ones taper
pointed, base of all rounded or narrowed, the under side downy, upper
smooth, on short leaf-stalks, 3 to 8 in. long. Flowers in terminal umbels,
color deep purple. Pods 4 to 5 in. long, downy, nearly erect. Dry grounds,
New Hampshire and northward. June-Aug.
6. A. incarnata, L. Swamp MILKweep. Stem 2 to 3 ft. high, smooth
or slightly downy, very leafy, branching or rarely without branches.
Leaves opposite, lance-shaped, sharply tapering at each end or somewhat
rounded at base, 3 to 6 in. long. Flowers light purple or rarely white,
horns of the crown longer than the hoods, slender, needle-pointed. Pod
2 to 3% in. long, slender. Common in swamps.
7. A. pulchra, Ehrh. (Fig. 6, pl. 124.) Harry Mirkweep. Similar
to No. 5, but leaves are broader and more rounded or slightly heart-
shaped at base and the under surface of leaves is decidedly velvety.
Flowers light red, pink or white. Moist fields throughout our area. July:
Sept.
8. A. obtusifolia, Michx. (Fig. 7, pl. 124.) Biunt-LEAveD MILK-
WEED. (A. amplexicaulis, Sm.) Stem 2 to 3 ft. high. Leaves oblong,
usually wavy, very blunt at apex and base, on very short leaf-stalks or
clasping at base, 24 to 5 in. long. Flowers green-purple, in a many-
flowered terminal umbel. Dry fields throughout our area. May-Aug.
9. A. exaltata, Muhl. (Fig. 4, pl. 124.) Tarn MirKweep. POKE
MILKWEED. (A. phytolaccoides, Pursh.) Stem 3 to 6 ft. high, with 2
downy lines. Leaves opposite, oval or egg-shaped, thin, tapering at each
end, 4 to 9 in. long, 14 to 4 in. wide, the lower sometimes broadest to-
ward the apex, sometimes downy beneath. Umbels terminal and from
the leaf-axils. Flowers greenish with white crown. Horns each with a
long projecting slender point. Moist thickets and woods. June-Aug.
10. A. variegata,L. (Fig. 2, pl. 124.) Waite Mirxweep. Stem 1
to 2 ft. high, somewhat downy above when young. Leaves opposite, thick,
egg-shaped, oval, or pear-shaped, sometimes about the middle of the stem
whorled, rather blunt at each end, the margins wavy or toothed, 3 to 6
in. long, on leaf-stalks about } in. long. Flowers in 1 to 4 compact termi-
nal umbels or rarely also in one or two lateral umbels, white with purple
or purplish crown. Dry woods, southern part of our area. June-July.
ll. A. quadrifolia, Jacq. (Fig. 5, pl. 124.) Four-LeAvep MILKWEED.
Stem slender, 1 to 2 ft. high, mostly leafless below or with a pair of egg-
shaped leaves at lower third, with one or two whorls of 4 or 5 leaves about
the middle and sometimes one or two pairs of leaves immediately below
or above these whorls. Leaves of the whorls more or less broadly lance-
MILKWEED FAMILY 499
shaped, tapering at each end, thin, 2 to 6 in. long, 4 to 24 in. wide, on
short leaf-stalks. Flowers in 1 to 4 terminal umbels (rarely some small
umbels in upper axils), pink or white. Woods and thickets. May-July.
12. A.syriaca, L. (Fig. 1, pl. 124.) Common Minkweep. Stem
stout, branching little, if any, slightly downy above, 3 to 5 ft. high.
Leaves opposite, oblong or oval, blunt at each end, densely downy beneath,
4 to 9 in. long. Flowers dull green-purple to whitish, in numerous um-
bels. Fields, rich grounds. June-Aug.
13. A. verticillata, L. (Fig. 7, pl. 123.) Wwortep Mirkweep. Stem
slender, sometimes branched, leafy, 1 to 23 ft. high. Leaves linear in
whorls of 3 to 7 or more. Flowers in terminal umbels, greenish-white.
Dry hills, New York and southward. July-Sept.
2, ACERATES, Ell.
Herbs similar to Asclepias, but the hoods compassing the crown are
without the horn which is characteristic of Asclepias.
A. viridiflora, Eaton. (Fig. 8, pl. 123.) GReEN MILKWEED. Stem
whitish, downy, at least when young, without branches, reclining or nearly
erect, 1 to 3 ft. high. Leaves opposite, or, less frequently alternate, egg-
shaped, on short leaf-stalks, thick, 1 to 3 in. long, 4 as wide, slightly
rough, base rounded, upper blunt. Flowers in axillary umbels, green.
Pod long and slender. Dry sandy soil. June-Sept.
3. CYNANCHUM, L. (Vincetoxicum, Moench)
A trailing vine, with opposite or whorled leaves and umbels of small
flowers which resemble those of Asclepias. Calyx and corolla wheel-
formed; crown cup-like, not divided into 5 distinct parts as in Asclepias,
but has 5 lobes.
C. nigrum, Pers. Brack SwaLLow-wort. Twining vine, 2 to 5 ft.
long, with lance egg-shaped leaves, rounded at base, tapering at apex.
Flowers dark purple. Pod slender, resembles that of Asclepias. Escaped
from gardens. June-Sept.
Order V.—TUBIFLORALES. Order of Tubular Flowers
Flowers almost always regular, the corolla of a single envelope
more or less parted into 5 lobes at the border. Stamens 5 inserted
with the corolla and alternating with its lobes. Seed pods (car-
pels) 2 to 5, always above and free from the calyx. Style nearly
always simple.
Ovary deeply 4-lobed.
Corolla regular (except in Genus Echium), pods (car-
pels) separating as nutlets. Herbs, not trailing or
wine, WINES 2. . . ~ .\. =: ~BS.ORAGINACEAE
Ovary not 4-lobed.
500 CONVOLVULACEAE
Corolla regular; twining vines.
Yellowish-white leafless vines, parasites CUSCUTACEAE
Vines with normal leaves, not parasitic
ie eee CONVOLVULACEAE
Herbs, not vines.
Ovary 3-celled. Flowers in umbel-like,
spreading clusters, rarely solitary, or in
a loose irregular compound cluster, sta-
mens not plumose . . POLEMONIACEAE
Ovary 1-celled, stamen filaments plumed
with rather long hairs HYDROPHYLLACEAE
Famity I—CONVOLVULACEAE. Morwninc-cLtory FAMILY
Herbs, mostly with twining vines. Leaves alternate, without
stipules. Flowers regular, corolla of a single petal (by concres-
cence of 5) ; calyx 5-parted; margin of corolla in 5 lobes; stamens
5, inserted at the very base of the corolla or with it. Ovary su-
perior to the calyx and not connected directly with it; styles 1 to
3. Fruit a capsule or 2 to 4 pods, distinct.
Styles 2, or one deeply 2-parted . . . . . . +. Breweria
Style 1.
Stigmas 2. we 5 wm we ew Ga. OC CO
Stigma 'd-in!' . Usiows alpen eat eet, oar ee
1. BREWERIA, R. Br. -
Ours a slender species, nearly or quite prostrate, with long narrow leaves
and axillary bell-shaped flowers resembling those of Convolvulus. Cap-
sule globose, 2-celled.
B. Pickeringii, (M. A. Curtis) A. Gray. (Fig. 4, pl. 125.) Prcker-
1NGc’s Brewerta, Stem 1 to 2 ft. long, downy. Leaves very narrowly
linear, tapering at base. Flower stems spring at axils, bearing from 1
to 3 flowers. Southern part of our area, June-Aug.
2. IPOMOEA, L.
Twining or trailing vines. Corolla funnel-form to bell-form, the mar-
gin only slightly lobed. Caly# without bracts at the base. Style undi-
vided, terminated by a single cap or 2 or 3 globose nearly united caps.
Capsule globular.
Flowers white.
Corolla«2ato*goin Mone: «i Se. ths es ey pee Were
Corolla’ #*to' 4) if long ©! 6 “ee “So a ae Rs os ere
Flowers pink or purple.
Leaves deeply lobed . . . « - «© «© «© « «© « «© dy hederacea
Leaves not deeply lobed . . . . ... . . - . ‘JL. purpurea
MORNING GLORY AND DODDER FAMILIES 501
PLATE 125
1. Convolvulus arvensis. 2. C. spithamaeus. 3. C. sepium. 4. Breweria
Pickeringii. 5. Ipomea pandurata. 6, I. hederacea. 7. Cuscuta arvensis,
growing on Nightshade. 8. C. Gronovii, on Jewel weed. 9. C. Coryli. 10.
C. compacta, single flower. 11. C. cephalanthi, single flower.
502 CONVOLVULACEAE
1. I. pandurata, (L.) Meyer. (Fig. 5, pl. 125.) Wutp Potato VINE.
Perennial vine from a very large root, smooth or slightly downy, stems
2 to 12 ft. long. Leaves alternate, broadly egg-shaped, heart-shaped at
base, sharp pointed at apex, without teeth at margins and generally with-
out lobes, but sometimes contracted at middle, giving leaf a fiddle-shaped
outline or some of the later ones angular. Flower stem usually longer
than the leaf-stalk, with from 1 to 5 white, funnel-form flowers with pink
or purple stripes in the throat, the corolla about 3 in. long and as broad.
Dry soils. Connecticut and southward. May-Sept.
2. I. lacunosa L. SMALL-FLOWERED WHITE Morninc-ctory. Stem
trailing, 2 to 8 ft. long, downy or hairy. Leaves on slender leaf-stalks,
heart-shaped at base, egg-shaped or 3-lobed. Flower stem shorter than
the leaves; flower white, 4 to 2 in. long. Penna., and southward. July-
Sept.
3. I. purpurea, (L.) Roth. Common Morntne-ctory. Climbing vine,
escaped from gardens. Stem 4 to 10 ft. long, hairy. Leaves broadly
ovate, heart-shaped at base, sharp pointed at apex, sometimes more or
less lobed, hairy. Flower stems slender, 1- to 5-flowered. Flowers funnel-
formed, ‘purple, blue, pink, ete. Ovary 3, rarely 2-celled, capsule globose.
Waste places, mostly from gardens. July-Oct.
4, I, hederacea, Jacq. (Fig. 6, pl. 125.) Ivy-LEAveD Mornine-
GLory. Stem 2 to 5 ft. long, hairy. Leaves deeply 3-lobed, lobes acute,
heart-shaped at base, hairy. Flower stem bearing 1 to 3 funnel-shaped
flowers nearly white, the rim light blue or purple, 1 to 5 in. long. Ovary
3-celled, capsule globose. Southern part of our area. July-Oct.
3. CONVOLVULUS, L.
Herbs, with trailing or climbing vines or erect stems. Leaves in our
species without teeth at margins and without stipules; the vines with
heart-shaped, or arrow-shaped leaves, the erect plant with oval leaves;
corolla funnel-shaped, pink, purple or white, the border 5-angled, plaited,
or continuous, Calyx with or without bracts at its base. Pistil dividing
into 2 near the top. Stamens 5, inserted at the base of the corolla.
Capsule globose.
Stems climbing or trailing, leaves heart-shaped at base.
Stems. 3) tO. 10 patelONe Voce on) cues sl tea Mal RermemUs C. sepium
Stems:1 to 2F: fi Jong: uc) oh tse Sir a gt er Se Ge
Stems not climbing or trailing . C. spithamaeus
1. C. sepium, L. (Fig. 3, pl. 125.) RuTLAND Beauty. HeEpGE BIND-
WEED. Stems trailing or twining, 3 to 10 ft. long, smooth or slightly
hairy. Leaves triangular spear-shaped on slender leaf-stalks, acute at
apex, deeply depressed at base. Flowers, one on an elongated flower stem,
arising from a leaf-axil; corolla white or pink, about 2 in. long and as
broad across the border. Bracts at the base of the corolla large, egg-
shaped, heart-shaped at base. On stone walls and in thickets. June-
Aug.
2. C. arvensis, L. (Fig. 1, pl. 125.) SMart Binpweep, Trailing on
the ground, stems 1 to 24 ft. long. Leaves triangular, arrow-shaped,
1 to 23 in. long, the basal lobes spreading. Flowers 1 to 4 on a flower
stem, which is shorter than the leaves, with 1 to 3 bracts at the summit.
DODDER FAMILY 503
Corolla about an in. long and as broad, pink or white. Calyx without
bracts at base. Waste places. May-Sept.
3. C. spithamaeus, L. (Fig. 2, pl. 125.) Upright BiInpWEED.
Stems erect or curving upward, smooth or mostly downy, not twining or
the summit slightly twining, 4 to 1 ft. high. Leaves alternate oblong,
with or without a heart-shaped base, round at apex. Corolla 2 in. long,
white, a single flower on the flower stem. Calyx enclosed by 2 large
bracts. Dry sandy soil. May-Aug.
Famity II]—CUSCUTACEAE. Dopprer FAmMILy
Long thread-like white, yellowish or reddish vines with leaves
reduced to small scales, rising from the ground, but becoming en-
tirely parasitic, lymg upon or twining about herbs or shrubs to
which they adhere by means of suckers. Flowers in more or less
densely compact rounded or irregular clusters, white or yellowish.
Flowers with calyx and corolla, pistil and stamens. Calyx below
the ovary and not adherent to it, of 5 lobes or divisions; corolla
bell-shaped, urn-shaped or ee in the tube of which are,
alternating with the corolla lobes, 5 scales which are finely toothed
or fringed. At the sinuses of the corolla lobes and above the scales
arise the 5 short filamented stamens. Pistils 2. Capsule globose.
CUSCUTA, L.
Characters as above.
The scales within the corolla bordered with small rounded teeth, Summit of
pistil elongated.
The scales not incurved . sh all teh babel ot, sy ts) Ue sy) sRCuee pilin
The scales strongly incurved . . C. Epithymum
The scales within the corolla bordered by | a fringe, Summit ‘of pistil rounded.
Flowers without flower stems . . . Se eon ao ae (En ACIS
Flowers with short flower stems.
Calyx not deeply divided.
ips of corolla lobes sharp, turning in . . . . C. Coryhi
Tips of corolla lobes rounded, turning out.
Capsulem jpomtediie sm nue a euned Mon be C. Gronovii
CAapsmlenelobose wesras co Me ictaee: Set ccs 1G cephalanthi
Calyxedeeply divided sw) 3) 2 5. se IClecompacta
1. C. Epilinum, Weihe. Frax Dopprer. Stem yellow or reddish, very
slender. Flowers globular, in dense heads, flowers closely connected with
the stem without flower stem. Corolla with 5 lobes, scarcely exceeding
the divisions of the calyx; scales within the corolla rounded, the upper
border with rounded teeth which do not curve inward. The lobes of the
corolla spreading outward. Growing on flax, hence its name. June.
2. C, Epithymum, Murr. THyMrE Dopper. Ciover Dopprer. Stem
reddish, thread-like. Flowers in small dense rounded clusters, without
flower-stems, the clusters pinkish. Corolla tube longer than the calyx;
scales within the tube toothed, and strongly curved inward. Found on
clover and alfalfa in this country. In Europe on thyme, hence its name.
July-Sept.
504 POLEMONTACEAE
3. C. arvensis, Beyrich. (Fig. 7, pl. 125.) Firrp Dopper. Stems
pale yellow, slender. Flowers small, each on a very short flower-stem,
clusters few flowered. Corolla bell-shaped, with 5 shallow lobes, the scales
within being fringed around the whole margin. The acute tips of the
lobes of the corolla are strongly turned in. Found on various plants on
rather dry soil. July-Aug.
4. C. Coryli, Engelm. (Fig. 9, pl. 125.) Hazex Dopprer. Stem
coarse, twining about stems of shrubs, ete. Flowers with distinct flower-
stems in dense elongated clusters. Calyx of 5 lobes, not deeply divided,
triangular; corolla bell-shaped, 4- or 5-lobed. Scales inside the corolla
small, obtuse with a scant fringe or the scale reduced to a few fringe
elements. Corolla lobes angular, deflected inward at apex. rows on
hazels and other shrubs or on coarse herbs.
5. C. Gronovii, Willd. (Fig. 8, pl. 125.) Gronovius’s DoppeEr.
Love VINE. The most common of the dodders. Stems coarse, sometimes
climbing high. Corolla lobes rounded, the tips turning out. Scales within
deeply fringed; pistils with rounded heads (stigmas). Wet shady places.
July-Aug.
6. C. compacta, Juss. (Fig. 10, pl. 125.) Compact Dopper. Stem
coarse, flowers in densely compact clusters, each without flower-stem.
Calyx of 5 parts, deeply divided from each other, subtended by 3 to 5
bracts resembling the “calyx lobes. Corolla salver-form, the 5 lobes spread-
ing, obtuse at tip, scales narrow, fringed. On shrubs in damp woods.
July-Sept.
7. C. cephalanthi, Engelm. (Fig. 11, pL 125.) Burton-susn Dop-
DER. Stems yellow, coarse, high climbing. Flowers in compact masses,
the lobes of the corolla rounded, spreading or rolling outward. Tall herbs
and shrubs, Pennsylvania, south and westward. July-Aug.
Famity III].—POLEMONIACEAR. Putox Famity
Herbs with alternate or opposite leaves and with regular and
perfect flowers; a 3-celled ovary superior to the calyx; the pistil
3-parted above; stamens 5, inserted on the corolla tube and alter-
nate with the corolla lobes; calyx tubular or bell-shaped, 5-parted ;
corolla funnel-formed, bell- shaped, wheel- or saucer-shaped. Cap-
sule splitting at the sides, 3-valved.
Leaves simple, opposite. . . ; : + <a
Leaves compound (ceathiontaritedly, sitariiats Polemonium
1. PHLOX, 1.
Ornamental herbs, with opposite leaves and terminal clusters of flowers.
Calyx tubular with 5 narrow divisions, 5-ribbed. Corolla a long slender
tube abruptly expanding into a flat wheel-like expanse, the border 5-lobed.
Stamens 5, inserted into the tube of the corolla at about its middle, pistil
PHLOX FAMILY 505
PLATE 126
1. Phlox divaricata. 2. P. paniculata. 3. P. maculata. 4. P. pilosa. 5.
P. subulata. 6. Polemonium coeruleum, 7. P. reptans.
506 POLEMONITACEAE
1, divided near summit into 3 branches. Capsule 3-celled, each cell
l-seeded.
Leaves flat, opposite.
Stems strictly erect.
stem) iwith) purple. Spots) <7 Gen) <1. 2) fl) sip rol Reto eens
Stem without purple spots o « « « . paniculata
Stem more or less decumbent, at least at the base.
Calyx not hairy seh BP eke ce hel. wel Won plrumnoar ene
Calyx hairy.
Flowers blue or lilac . . a acts ae WPS @eceniaaas
Flowers purple, Pinks or white... <5. ua. aes pilosa
Leaves awl-shaped, in whorls . . . oe 6 os oe BG SPE esecbeames
I: -P: maculata, Ue (fig. 33, pl. 126.) Wip SWEET-WILLIAM. Stem
erect, 14 to 3 ft. high, generally flecked with purple spots; leaves op-
posite, lance-shaped, rounded or more or less heart-shaped at base, taper-
ing to an acute point at apex, not hairy. Flowers in an elongated rather
compact cluster. Calyx teeth triangular, lance-shaped, without hairs.
Corolla purple, pink or rarely white. Moist woods, southern and central
part of our area. June-Aug.
2. P. paniculata, L. (Fig. 2, pl. 126.) Garpen Puiox. An escape
from gardens which has become naturalized in the very southern part of
our area, Stem erect, 2 to 6 ft. high. Leaves opposite, lance-shaped,
tapering at both ends, the upper sometimes heart-shaped at base. Flowers
in a large pyramidal cluster; calyx teeth awl-shaped. Corolla pink to
white. Not found wild except in southern section of our area. Common
in gardens. Established in a few localities. June-July.
3. P. ovata, L. Mountain Putox. Stems leaning at base, 1 to 2
ft. high, whole plant without or with very few hairs, Leaves opposite,
more or less leathery, the upper egg-shaped, or somewhat lance-shaped,
the base broad and rounded or even heart-shaped, 1 to 2 in. long, tapering
to a point at apex, the lower leaves pear-shaped. Calyx teeth lance-
shaped, not hairy or viscid, nearly 4 as long as the corolla tube. Corolla
pink or red. Woods in the very southern part of our area. May-Aug.
4. P, pilosa, L. (Fig. 4, pl. 126.) Downy Purox. Stem slender,
mostly more or less decumbent at base, the upper part of stem erect or
nearly so. Whole plant soft downy. Leaves opposite, linear or narrow
Jance-shaped, tapering at each end, 1 to 4 in. long. Flowers in rather
flat clusters. Calyx viscid, hairy. Corolla pink-purple or red, rarely
purplish-white. Dry woods, New Jersey and south. April-June.
5. P. divaricata, L. (Fig. 1, pl. 126.) Wirp Biue Puiox. Stems
decumbent at base, ? to 14 ft. high, viscid downy. Leaves opposite, lance-
shaped, rounded or heart-shaped at base, pointed at apex. Cluster of
flowers broad, rather flat, loosely flowered; lobes of corolla notched at
the end, rarely entire, blue or pale lilac. Rocky damp woods. April-
June.
6. P. subulata, L. (Tig. 5, pl. 126.) Moss Pink. Common in gar-
dens in New England and New York. In southern part of our area found
often in extensive patches forming in spring a large expanse of bright
pink or purple color. Stems decumbent, 4 to 4 ft. long; leaves linear,
awl-shaped, in whorls about the stem. Flowers in terminal flat clusters.
Corolla lobes notched at the end, Dry hills, New York, southward and
westward. April-June,
WATER-LEAF FAMILY 507
2. POLEMONIUM, L.
Perennial (rarely annual) herbs, with alternate compound (feather-
formed) leaves and with clusters of blue, white or yellow flowers. Calyx
bell-shaped. Corolla funnel-formed; stamens 5, inserted at the summit
of the short tube of the corolla. Capsule ovoid, few to several seeded.
1. P. coeruleum, A. Gray. (Fig. 6, pl. 126.) AMERICAN Jacop’s
Lapper. (P. Van Bruntiae, Britton.) Stem 1 to 3 ft. high, erect, smooth
or slightly hairy above. Compound leaves alternate, the lower ones
consisting of from 9 to 21 leaflets, the upper mostly of 3 leaflets, egg-
shaped, pointed at each end, 4 to 1} in. long. Flowers in a loose terminal
cluster; divisions of the calyx longer than its tube; the 5 lobes of corolla
rolled outward; stamens and pistil extending considerably beyond the
corolla, Flowers blue. Swamps and wet places and on mountains, Ver-
mont, northern New York and southward. May-July.
2. P.reptans, L. (Fig. 7, pl. 126.) Greek VALERIAN. Stems more
or less reclining, about 1 ft. high or less, smooth or slightly downy. Leaf-
lets 5 to 15 oblong, pointed at each end, the upper leaves of 3 leaflets.
Calyx lobes obtuse; stamens not extending beyond the corolla, Color
light blue. Woods, New York, southward and westward. May-June.
Famity 1V.—HYDROPHYLLACEAE. Warer-Lear FAMILY
Herbs, mostly with alternate, large, deep-lobed leaves, generally
hairy, with regular flowers, blue, purple or white. Calyx inferior
to and free from the ovary, 5-cleft, often with an appendage at
the cleft. Corolla tubular bell-shaped, 5-lobed, often with 10
horny scales near the base. Stamens 5, inserted into the corolla.
Style deeply bifid. Capsule 1- to 2-celled, ovoid.
Stamens extending beyond the corolla.
Anthers linear or oblong. . . . . +. Hydrophyllum
Anthere eec-shaped <9. soos 8. 3 ae 6) Phacelig
Stamens not extending beyond the corolla. . . . . Hilisia
1. HYDROPHYLLUM, L.
Herbs, with large, lobed or somewhat feather-formed, leaves and with
floweres in clusters. Other characters as above.
Calyx with a reflexed appendage between the sepals at base . . H, appendiculatum
Calyx without appendages between the sepals.
Plant sparingly if at all downy . ... .. . . © H. virginianum
Leaves downy at least beneath . . . . . . . «© « «+ AH. canadense
1. H. appendiculatum, Michx. APPENDAGED WATER LEAF. Stems
usually branched, 1 to 2 ft. high, usually covered with viscid hairs above.
Leaves deeply 5-lobed, the lobes with acute tips; margins coarsely toothed,
leaves on long leat-stalks. Appendages between the sepals deflexed. Co-
rolla violet, blue or purple. Woods. May-June.
2. H. virginianum, L. (Fig. 1, pl. 127.) VIRGINIA WATER LEAF.
508 BORAGINACEAE
Stems slender, 1 to 3 ft. high. Not hairy or with very few hairs. Leaves
deeply 5-lobed, the lobes sharp pointed and with coarse sharp teeth, the
lower leaves with 5- to 7-lobes, feather-formed. Calyx without appendages
between the sepals. Flowers white or pale purple. Woods. May-Aug.
3. H. canadense, L. (Fig. 2, pl. 127.) Broap-LEAyED WATER LEAF,
Stem slender, 1 to 2 ft. high. Leaves nearly round with 5 to 7 acute lobes
and with coarse teeth. Appendages between the sepals absent. Lower
side of leaves somewhat downy or hairy. Woods. June-Aug.
2. ELLISIA, L. (Macrocalyx, Trew.)
Our species a hairy branching, slender herb, with alternate feather-
lobed leaves and solitary star-shaped flowers. Calyx equally 5-parted,
large; the bell-shaped corolla much enlarged in fruit. Appendages be-
tween sepals absent. Stamens 5, inserted at base of corolla and included
within it. Capsule 2- to 4-seeded.
E. Nyctelea, Kuntze. NycreneA. Stem much branched; leaves pin-
nately divided. Flowers white, solitary; calyx, in flower about 1/6 to
1/4 in. broad, in fruit about 1 in. or more broad, Capsule globose. Moist
soil, southern part of our area. April-July.
3. PHACELIA, Juss.
Small annual herbs, usually with stiff hairs. Leaves alternate, some-
times entire, but more frequently deeply cut or lobed. Flowers in coiled
clusters (cymes). Calyx 5-lobed. Corolla open bell-shaped, tubular or
funnel-formed. Styles united below, stamens included in the corolla or
exserted.
1. P. dubia, (L.) Small. SMALL-rFLowERED PHACELIA. Small branch-
ing plant, 5 to 12 in. high. Leaves divided into 3 to 5 oblong segments,
opposite and terminal. Flowers in narrow clusters, the clusters not much
coiled, blue or white, 5 to 15 in a cluster. Capsule globular, 6- to 12-
seeded. Moist shady places, New York, and southward. April-June.
2. P. Purshii, Buckl. (Fig. 3, pl. 127.) Pursu’s PuHacerta. Branch-
ing, 6 to 18 in. high. Lower leaves on leaf-stalks, narrow, much lobed;
upper without leaf-stalks less lobed; cluster partly one sided, scarcely
coiled, with 10 to 20 blue or white open bell flowers with exserted sta-
mens. Calyx lobes linear, Penna., southward, locally further north.
April-June.
Famity V.—BORAGINACEAE. Borace FAMILy
Herbs, annual, biennial or perennial. Leaves alternate or rarely
opposite. Flowers, mostly blue, generally in one-sided, curved or
coiled clusters. Flowers mostly regular, with both stamens and
pistils, the corolla of one piece forming a tube and a spreading
border, which is divided into 5 lobes. At the throat of the co-
rolla often a slight crest. Stamens 5, alternate with corolla lobes
and inserted at the throat of the corolla or deeper. Pistil 1, sim-
ple or divided at top. Ovary superior, of 2 rounded pods each
BORAGE FAMILY 509
PLATE 127
1. Hydrophyllum virginianum 2, H. canadense. 3. Phacelia Purshii.
4. Cynoglossum officinale. 5. Lappula virginiana. 6. L. echinata, 7. Pneu-
maria maritima. 8. Heliotropium europaeum. 9. Mertensia virginica.
510 BORAGINACEAE
2-seeded, the base of the ovary being 4-lobed except in Helic-
tropium. Fruit mostly 4 one-seeded nutlets.
Ovary not lobed. . . . . «. =. . = = | Beliotropimm
Ovary 4-lobed.
Corolla borders regular, tube not bent
Nutlets (the 4 divisions of the ovary) armed with barbed
prickles.
Corolla funnel-form, the nutlets spreading . Cynoglossum
Corolla salver-form, the nutlets incurved . . . Lappula
Nutlets not armed with prickles.
Corolla throat closed by scales.
MleshyWerbs 85h. yh) ge eee On) a eee
Herbs not fleshy.
Corolla star-shaped, the lobes rae pointed, no
Gabe. 5 62) Se _« » BOrago
Corolla with a long fate Bs eoies he Symphytum
Corolla throat not closed by scales.
Lobes of the corolla erect, tube cylindric
: : : . Onosmodium
Takes of the aeeetie spreading rounded, the tube
tapering . . . . + Myosotis
Lobes of corolla taste a hell- shaped body.
Flowers white or yellow . . Lithospermum
Flowers blue or purple. . . . Mertensia
Corolla border irregular, tube not bent
Flowers blue, lobes of the corolla unequal . . . . Echium
Tube of corolla bent
Blowers? WlUR. ny (ict). oe One we, ed we a oe
1. HELIOTROPIUM, L.
Herbs, some of which have more or less woody stems, rarely shrubs,
our only species purely herbaceous. Leaves alternate, rarely lobed or
notched at margin, Flowers in slender one-sided clusters which coil
nearly to the extent of forming a ring. Corolla small, funnel-form or
salver-form, the 5 lobes rounded, calyx with 5 lance-shaped lobes. Ovary,
although of 2 cells, each containing 2 seeds, is not deeply lobed as is the
case with other genera of this family.
BORAGE FAMILY 511
H. europaeum, L. (Fig. 8, pl. 127.) European Hetiotropr. Much
branched, 4 to 14 ft. high. Leaves oval, apex obtuse; the whole plant
rough hairy. Flowers white in terminal curved spikes. Naturalized from
Europe. In southern part of our area. June-Oct.
2. CYNOGLOSSUM, L.
Mostly rough hairy tall herbs. Leaves alternate, with smooth mar-
gins, the lower with long leaf-stalks. Flowers in curved clusters; corolla
funnel- or salver-form with short tube, throat closed by 5 scales. Calyx
5-parted. Ovary deeply 4-lobed, the lobes spreading and covered with
* short barbed prickles.
1. C. officinale, L. (Fig. 4, pl. 127.) Hounp’s Toneur. Gipsy
FLower. Stem 14 to 3 ft. high, usually branched, downy, leafy to the top.
Lower leaves narrow-oblong, 4 to 1 in. long, upper lance-shaped without
leaf-stalks. Flowers in terminal curved clusters in which there are ro
leafy bracts. Corolla dull purple. Plant with an unpleasant odor. In
fields and waste places. May-Sept.
2. C. virginianum, L. Witp Comrrey. Plant much larger than No.
1, 14 to 23 ft. high, and leaves broader and longer, 4 to 12 in. long, ob-
tuse at apex. Leafless above, leaves below oblong. Flowers blue. Woods.
April-May.
3. LAPPULA, Moench. (Echinospermum, Sw.)
Herbs, mostly rough hairy. Leaves alternate, margins entire. Flowers
in long, somewhat curved and more or less one-sided spikes, with leafy
bracts among the flowers. Nutlets erect or curving with barbed prickles
on the bank .
1. L. echinata, Gilibert. (Fig. 6, pl. 127.) European STICKSEED.
(L. Lappula, Karst.) Whole plant hairy, branching, 1 to 2 ft. high.
Leaves lance-shaped to linear, without leaf-stalks. Flowers in long and
slender spike, scattered, with a bract below each flower. Nutlets with
prickles in 2 rows. Waste places. May-Sept.
2. L. virginiana, (L.) Greene. (Fig. 5, pl. 127.) Virernta StTIcK-
SEED. Plant downy, 2 to 4 ft. high. Leaves broadly oval, the lower, 3
to 8 in. long and sometimes nearly round. Flowers in slender spikes,
several from the main stem, bracted only at the base of the spikes.
Flowers white or purplish-white. Dry woods and thickets, Maine and
southward. June-Sept.
4. PNEUMARIA, Hill. (Pulmonaria, L. Mertensia, S. F. Gray)
A fleshy, smooth, diffusely-branching herb, with alternate leaves, en-
tire at margins and with small blue-purple or pinkish flower in loose
terminal, leafy clusters. Corolla tubular, crested in throat, 5-lobed.
Ovary 4-lobed, rounded; style 1. Nutlets fleshy not armed with prickles.
P. maritima, (L.) Hill. (Fig. 7, pl. 127.) Sea Luneawort. OYSTER
PLANT. Branches spreading 3 to 15 in. long, pale green. Leaves thick,
fleshy, egg-shaped, oblong or pear-shaped, obtuse at apex. Flowers blue
or purple. Sandy sea shores, rare, Long Island, Mass., and northward.
May-Sept.
512 BORAGINACEAE
5. MERTENSIA, Roth.
Perennial herbs, stem and leaves usually smooth. Leaves alternate,
sometimes dotted with pelucid dots. Flowers in slender or spreading
clusters. Corolla tubular, spreading above, 5-lobed, without scales at the
throat. Stamens 5, inserted at the top of the tube. Nutlets smooth;
ovary 4-lobed.
M. virginica, (L.) Link. (Fig. 9, pl. 127.) Virernta Cowsiip, Stem
somewhat decumbent or erect, very smooth, branched, 1 to 2 ft. high.
Leaves, the lower large, 2 to 5 in. long, obversely or directly egg-shaped,
lower on leaf-stems, the upper without. Flowers in terminal cluster not
one-sided; corolla trumpet-shaped, blue ‘to lilac, handsome, about 1 in.
long, erect or pendant. Nutlets rounded, not prickly. Moist places, most
of our area. March-May.
6. MYOSOTIS, L.
Low herbs, branching, somewhat decumbent or erect, hairy or downy.
Flowers in slender curved clusters, spikes not bracted, or with a few small
bracts at base of cluster. Calyx 5-cleft; corolla funnel- or salver-form,
border of 5 lobes, throat closed by scales. Stamens 5, inserted into lower
part of corolla tube. Nutlets egg-shaped, smooth.
Hairs on the calyx minute and straight.
ltobes or calyxshorter ‘than (Calyacitubeum.)ilsin lsc mnetnns te scorpioides
Lobes as long as tube oe Be. etey eee) Ws - M. laxe
Hairs on calyx stift and bent backward. at end,
Fruit-stems longer than (’calyxtis, \ehetemieel cc heyy si) or vel mio (on ul lcm pcresasee
Fruit-stems shorter than calyx.
Corolla yellow, ShAngInE: to Blow dad alae Je 6G Ie ersscolge
Corolla white . 5 wh’ No) id We ilbeeaies eel. IED emai IIE
1. M. scorpioides, L. (Fig. 1, pl. 128.) Forcrt-ME-nor. (M. palus-
tris, (L.) Lam.) Plant downy or nearly smooth, leaves lance-shaped or
oblong, blunt at apex. Flowers in one-sided curved spikes (XII, p. 38) ;
corolla blue with a yellow eye. Escaped from gardens. In brooks and
marshes, more especially in the northern half of our area, May-July.
2. M.laxa, Lehm. (Fig. 2, pl. 128.) SMALLER FORGET-ME-NoT.
Leaves long and narrow, blunt at apex. Flowers in very loose curved
spikes, the fruit stem much longer than the calyx which has short soft
hairs. Corolla blue with yellow center. In muddy places and in water
throughout our range. May-July.
3. M. arvensis, (L.) Hill. Lam. Frerp Scorpion Grass. Very
hairy, leaves long and narrow; the hairs on the calyx stiff and turned
back at end. Stem of fruit much longer than calyx. Corolla blue. Moist
fields, northern part of our area. June-Aug.
4. M. versicolor, (Persh.) Reichenb. (Fig. 3, pl. 128.) YELLOow
AND Biur Scorpion Grass. Stem slender, leaves long and narrow. Plant
very hairy; slender flower spikes without bracts; calyx 5-parted; corolla
pale yellow, changing to violet; stem of fruit not as long as calyx. Fields
and roadsides, gouthern part of our area. May-July.
5. M. virginica, (L.) BSP. (Fig. 4, pl. 128.) Sprina Scorpion
Grass. Very hairy; lower leaves spatula-form. Calyx longer than the
fruit stem. Flowers white. Dry hills, northern part of our area. April-
June.
BORAGE FAMILY 513
PLATE 128
1. Myosotis scorpioides. 2. M. laxa. 3. M. versicolor. 4. M. virginica. 5.
Lithospermum arvense. 6. L. latifolium. 7. L. canescens. 8. L. officinale. 9.
Onosmodium hispidissimum. 10. O. virginianum.
514 BORAGINACEAE
7, LITHOSPERMUM, L.
Hairy herbs, the hairs soft or rigid. Stems from a thick reddish root.
Flowers white, yellow or blue, in leafy spikes or terminal spreading
clusters. Calyx 5-parted; corolla funnel- or salver-form, border 5-lobed.
Stamens 5, included in the corolla; head of pistil bifid; nutlets 4, horny,
rough or smooth.
Flowers white.
Nutlets\ brown. . 56) a's, coy ea Step ocean en tet” Jom (on cel) cou ieee Erm
Nutlets white,
Leaves lance-shaped <i cen G. ele) 6. ta oe
Leaves egg-shaped, the flowers yellowish-white . . . L. Jatifolium
Flowers yellow.
Corolla tube bearded within . . . . . . « »« « « &. Gmelin
Corolla tube not bearded . . . P . « . LL. canescens
l. L. arvense, L. (Fig. 5, pl. 128.) Corn GromMweELi. Stem erect,
‘usually branched, 12 to 15 in, high. Whole plant hairy, the stems rough
hairy, leaves downy. Leaves alternate, narrow lance-shaped, 1 to 2 in.
long, obtuse at apex, without leaf-stems. Flowers small, white in the
axils of the upper leaves. Nutlets brown, hard, shining. A weed, in waste
places, May-Aug.
2. L. officinale, L. (Fig. 8, pl. 128.) OrrictinaLteE GRoMWELL. Stem
very branching, 1 to 2 ft. high; leaves lance-shaped, sharp pointed at
apex. Flowers small, white in leaf-axils. Whole plant hairy, rough;
leaves gray-green. Nutlets white. Waste places, in most of our range.
June-July.
3. L. latifolium, Michx. (Fig. 6, pl. 128.) Broap-LEAVED GRoM-
WELL. Stems erect not much branched. Leaves round egg-shaped, taper-
ing at each end. Flowers at leaf-axils, yellowish-white or white. Corolla
crested at throat of tube. Nutlets shining white dotted with small points.
Dry woods and thickets, New York and northward and westward. May-
June,
4. L. Gmelini, (Michx.) Hitchcock. Harry GRoMWELL. Stems erect,
usually clustered, 1 to 2 ft. high, hairy. Leaves lance-shaped sharp
pointed at apex, no leaf-stem. Flowers nearly an inch long in terminal
spreading clusters; corolla yellow; calyx segments about 34 as long as
corolla tube. Dry woods, New York and westward, April-June.
5. L. canescens, (Michx.) Lehm. (Fig. 7, pl. 128.) Hoary Puc-
coon. Stems in clusters 6 to 18 in. high, hairy with soft hairs. Leaves
lance-shaped rather sharp at apex, without leaf-stem. Flowers handsome,
yellow, crowded near the top of the stem. Corolla not bearded at throat;
nutlets white, shining. Dry places, throughout most of our range. April-
June.
8. ONOSMODIUM, Michx.
Coarse hairy herbs, with alternate, strongly veined leaves, without
leaf-stems. Flowers in one-sided, more or less coiled spikes or loose one-
sided clusters. Calyx 5-parted, the divisions linear; corolla tubular, or
funnel-form, without crest at throat. Stamens 5, inserted in the tube
or at the throat of the corolla, not extending beyond the corolla. Nut-
lets bony, white, smooth, 4, of which generally only one is perfected.
1. O. hispidissimum, Mackenzie. (Fig. 9, pl. 128.) Smacay FALSE
GROMWELL. (0. carolinianum, DC.) Plant, 1 to 3 ft. high, the whole
’
BORAGE FAMILY 515
plant shaggy with long, spreading, loose hairs. Leaves broad lance-
shaped, acute at apex; corolla tubular, 5-lobed, the lobes sharp pointed
the points hairy outside. Flowers yellowish-white. Dry fields, woods
and thickets, Mass., and southward. May-July.
2. O.virginianum, (L.) DC. (Fig. 10, pl. 128.) VirciInta FALsE
GRoMWELL. Similar to No. 1, but leaves blunt at apex, and lobes of
corolla narrow, awl-shaped, very sparingly hairy on outside. Flowers
yellowish-white. New York, New England and southward. May-July.
9. SYMPHYTUM, L.
Coarse hairy perennial herbs, with thick bitter mucilaginous roots, the
clusters of flowers somewhat one-sided and nodding. Corolla tubular,
inflated above, the border more or less spreading, the throat closed with
the 5 very narrow, awl-like scales. Calyx, 5-cleft, the ‘segments narrow.
Flowers yellow, blue or purple. Stamens 5, inserted on corolla tube, not
extending beyond tube. Style 1, thread-form. Nutlets 4, smooth.
S. officinale, L. (Fig. 8, pl. 129.) Comrrey. Whole plant very
hairy, stem 2 to 3 ft. high. Leaves broad lance-shaped, the lower nearly
a foot long on narrow leaf-stalk, the upper shorter without leaf-stalk,
the insertion extending down the stem, forming wings. Flowers in rather
spreading clusters, yellowish or purplish. Moist places, escaped from gar-
dens. June-Aug.
io. BORAGO, L.
Hairy herbs, with alternate leaves and star-shaped, showy blue flowers
in loose terminal clusters. Calyx 5-parted, deeply cleft, hairy; corolla
wheel-shaped, with the 5 acute lobes forming a star, the tube shallow.
Stamens 5, inserted into tube of corolla, the 5 anthers cohering about the
pistil. Nutlets 4, smooth.
B. officinalis, L. (Fig. 1, pl. 129.) Borace. Stem 1 to 2 ft. high;
leaves oblong to egg-shaped, 2 to 5 in. long without leaf-stalks, mostly
clasping the stem. Flowers bright blue. Escaped from gardens. June-
Sept.
rr, LYCOPSIS, L:
Bristly herbs, with alternate leaves and small blue flowers. Calyx
5-parted; corolla somewhat irregular, tubular, the tube curved, the border
5-lobed; throat closed with scales. Nutlets 4, wrinkled.
L. arvensis, L. (Fig. 2, pl. 129.) Smartt Buetoss. Stem branched,
1 to 2 ft. high, covered with stiff hairs. Leaves alternate with stiff hairs,
lance-shaped or narrowly oblong, obtuse at apex, without leaf-stalks.
Flowers in a narrow crowded, one-sided coiled spike. Fields and waste
places, generally in our area. June-Sept.
12, ECHIUM, L.
Plants covered with bristly hairs, with alternate leaves and with rather
large, blue or rarely white, flowers in leafy, more or less one-sided clusters.
Calyx 5-parted, corolla tubular, spreading at border, 5-toothed or lobed,
the lobes unequal. Stamens 5, inserted low in corolla tube, unequal in
516 VERBENINALES
length, the longer ones extending beyond the corolla tube. Nutlets 4,
rough.
E. vulgare, L. (Fig. 3, pl. 129.) Biur Weep. ViPEr’s Buctoss.
Somewhat branching, 1 to 2 ft. high. Flowers showy, blue, varying to -
reddish-purple; corolla about an inch long, lobes unequal. Leaves lance-
shaped, pointed at apex. A weed in fields and waste places. June-July-
Order VI—VERBENINALES. Order of the Vervanes
Flowers mostly irregular. Carpel or nutlet usually containing
2 seeds or rarely 1 seed. Leaves mostly opposite or in whorls.
Fruit mostly dry carpels. Flowers not in one-sided spikes. In
other respects the characters of this order are similar to the pre-
ceding (of which this is a sub-order, according te Engler, but
here advanced to an order in the interest of simplicity and con-
venience).
Nutlets 1- to 2-seeded.
Corolla 2-lipped.
Ovary not lobed, 2- to 4-celled . . VERBENACEAE
Ovary 4-lobed around the style, the lobes ripening
into I-seeded nutlets . . . . . . LABIATAE
Nutlets several seeded.
Flowers regular, stamens 5; ovary 2-celled SOLANACEAE
Flowers more or less irregular, mostly 2-lipped; stamens
2 ort). . . . . SCHROPHULARIACEAE
Flowers 2 annens age or water plants without leaves
or with leaves, mostly thread-like at the root
; LENTIBULARIACEAE
lowers 2 Mppell ‘ait nearly destitute of green, para-
SIlGH gk oe ee te oe OROBA Ne
Flowers trumpet-shaped, somewhat irregular; vines and
PROCH. co )) is: <a1, bs eso ae Brie BIGONIACEAE
Corolla 5-lobed, nearly regular, 2-lipped, stamens 4, 2
long, 2 short; ovary 2-celled, the cells several seeded
ACANTHACEAE
Corolla nearly cylindric, 2-lipped; ovary 1-celled, 1-
seeded. Calyx in fruiting season reflexed to side of
7-11 oh Peer ge ee TITY RAE vgs AC PHRYMACEAE
VERVAIN FAMILY 517
Prare 129
1. Borago officinalis. 2. Lycopsis arvensis. 3. Echium vulgare. 4. Ver-
bena urticifolia. 5. V. hastata. 6. V. angustifolia. 7 V. officinalis 8.
Symphytum officinale. 9. Lippa lanceolata.
518 VERBENACEAE
Famity I.—VERBENACEAE. VervAIN FAMILY
American species, herbs, rarely shrubs, with opposite or whorled
leaves. Corolla of our species 4- or 5-lobed, generally regular or
more or less 2-lipped, generally with a cylindric tube and spread-
ing 4- or 5-lobed border. Stamens attached to corolla tube gen-
erally not the same number as the corolla lobes, often 4, 2 of which
are longer than the other 2. Sometimes there are 2 stamens and
in other cases 5, alternate with the corolla lobes. Pistil simple
with one or two caps (stigmas). Ovary superior to the calyx and
corolla; the fruit composed of 2 nutlets (carpels) which at ma-
turity split into 4.
1. VERBENA, L.
American species, herbs. Leaves opposite or in whorls, with notched
or deeply incised borders. Flowers in slender spikes; corolla usually
slightly 2-lipped, 5-lobed border and with a curved or straight tube.
Stamens 4; 2 long, 2 shorter, rarely 2 only. Ovary 4-celled with a single
ovule in each cell. Fruit at first a single nutlet, which at length divides
into 4, each 1-seeded.
Flowers blue or purple.
Margins of leaves deeply incised . . .- . . . -. . . +. Vz officinalis
Margins of leaves notched,
Leaves egg-shaped . ow & @ to eo 67S i i oe
Leaves obversely lance- shaped cy ns: Me, oie Bie “icy Gell fed. Weal COUR RSS rere
lowers awiite, et cr ien © ae i= ee ae ee ww) ee | aes frergare
1. V.hastata, L. (Fig. 5, pl. 129.) Brug Vervain. Perennial,
rather rough; stems erect, slightly branching; leaves opposite, broad
lance-shaped or egg-shaped with coarse teeth at margins. Flowers dark
blue in slender spikes, several of which at summit of stem form a more
or less pyramidal outline. Low wet grounds, throughout our region.
June-Sept.
2. V. officinalis, L. (Fig. 7, pl. 129.) European Vervain. Flowers
on slender spikes similar to those of No. 1, but spikes few. Leaves deeply
incised. Otherwise quite similar to No. 1. Moist grounds, generally
distributed. June-Sept.
3. V. angustifolia, Michx. (Fig. 6, pl. 129.) NARROW-LEAVED VER-
VAIN. Spike of purple flowers usually solitary. Leaves narrow, linear,
broadest toward apex, the margin toward apex, notched. Dry fields,
Mass., southward. June-Aug.
4. V. urticifolia, L. (Fig. 4, pl. 129.) Wuire Vervarn. General
aspect of plant similar to No. 1, but flowers white. Waste places, through-
out our region. June-Sept.
2a. LIPPIA, L.
Herbs and shrubs. Leaves opposite or in whorls, rarely alternate.
Flowers small, each attended by a bract, in compact heads or spikes.
Calyx small, membraneous, 2- to 4-cleft; corolla 2-lipped with 4 lobes,
the lower one often partly divided. Stamens 4, of different lengths.
MINT FAMILY 519
Ovary 2-celled with a single ovule in each cell. Style short. Fruit at
length separating into 4 nutlets.
L. lanceolata, Michx. (Fig. 9, pl. 129.) Fog Fruir. Stem procum-
bent, rooting at the nodes, the erect part little if at all branched. Smooth
or with a few hairs. Leaves opposite, lance-shaped, notched at margins.
Flowers blue, in rounded heads. Moist soil, New Jersey, westward and
southward. June-Aug.
Famity II—LABIATAE. Mint Famity
In our region all the labiates are herbs, with opposite leaves
without stipules, generally the stem is 4-sided. Many of these
herbs are aromatic. Flowers are, in general, irregular. The calyx,
5-parted, is regular or irregular, in the latter case the divisions are
more or less 2-lipped, the upper being of 3, the lower of 2 teeth.
Corolla tubular, expanding above into 2 lips, the upper of 2 lobes
which often coalesce to the extent of appearing as one; the lower
of 3 distinct lobes. Stamens borne on the tube of the corolla,
mostly 4, two of which are longer than the other two (didynam-
ous). Sometimes the anterior (lower) pair is longer than the
upper and less frequently the posterior (upper) “pair is longest.
In a certain number of species one pair of stamens is sterile or
absent. The pollen sacs are usually double, lying parallel with
each other along the filament or diverging from each other, form-
ing with the filament a sort of cross. The ovary is always above
and free from the calyx; it is 4-lobed or deeply divided into 4
parts. Fruit 4 one-seeded nutlets.
1. The Mint Tribe
Corolla of 4 nearly equal lobes, one of which is concave or plane
at top. Stamens 4, 2 longer than the other pair.
Stamens all fertile . . . Sie ret isl teagled |. oe ERNE:
Two stamens fertile, two rudimentary eee ee XCORUS
2. The Thyme Tribe
Corolla clearly 2-lipped; the upper lip plane or feebly coneave; sta-
mens 4, straight or divergent, the anterior or lower pair the
longest.
Wreeping. herb; leaves; very small) 20... 4 3... > Dyes
Erect herbs.
Calyx tubular, with 5 equal teeth, 15-nerved. Longest
stamens extending much beyond the corolla. Leaf mar-
gin not incised or toothed .. . . HyYssopus
Calyx oval bell-shaped with 5 nearly equal teeth, 10- to
13-nerved.
Anther sacs divergent . . . . . . . . OBIGANUM
Anther sacs parallel . . . . . . - PYCNANTHEMUM
520 LABIATAE
3. Balm Tribe
Corolla clearly 2-lipped; upper lip plane or only slightly concave.
Stamens 4, diverging at base, converging above, the anterior -
(lower) pair longest.
Calyx with 5 equal teeth, bell-shaped, naked at the throat,
10-nerved; corolla tube straight .. . . SATUREIA
Calyx tubular (not bell-shaped), 2-lipped, mostly, 13- nerved; corolla
tube much longer than calyx, naked or hairy at throat; anther
sacs divergent . . . . . . CLUNOPODIUM
Calyx somewhat ‘bell-shaped, 2. Saree A ie curved. Stamens
scarcely extending beyond tube. Anther sacs divergent . . MELISSA
4. The Sage Tribe
Corolla clearly 2-lipped; fertile stamens 2 only, the other pair when
existent reduced to rudimentary organs.
The two sacs of the anthers divergent.
Between the two sacs of the anther is a bridge of connec-
tion as broad as the anther sac. At one extremity is a
fertile sac, at the other a sterile one . . . . SALVIA
The connection between the two anther sacs is not broad or
well developed, the two sacs coalescing at their extremities.
Superior lip of the corolla erect or arched, Calyx tubular,
15-nerved, the teeth equal . . . . Monarpa
Calyx 13-nerved, the teeth unequal. Throat of ‘corolla tube
not hairy, the two stamens extending ics the upper
pen eee . . . BLEPHILIA
Stamens not extending beyond the: upper ‘lip. Throat of
corolla hairy . . HEDEOMA
The two anther sacs parallel; calyz equally 5- toothed, corolla
tube hairy. <2.) «) bs 00 6) Bee ee i ee
5. The Hedge-Nettle Tribe
Corolla plainly 2-lipped; the upper lip concave. Stamens 4; the
anterior (lower) pair longest. Stamens approaching above under
the upper lip of the corolla.
Calyx not distinctly si alia teeth 3 to 10.
Calyx nearly equally 5-toothed, the teeth membraneous; anther
cells parallel to the filaments . . . . . . PHYSOSTEGIA
Anterior branch of the style longer than the posterior . PHLOMIS
Branches of the style nearly equal.
Anthers with 2 equal sacs which are divergent.
Teeth of the calyx spiny . . . . . . . LEONURUS
Teeth of the calyx not spiny . . . LamMium
Anthers with divergent sacs each of which | is transversely
OVAIVER I 7a) 2 . » « GALEOPSIS
Anther saes divergent, but not, transversely. 2- valved.
Calyx funnel-form, the 5 teeth spreading into a fringe;
anther sacs divergent. . .. 8) 4 “BALEOTE
Corolla tube not longer than the calyx, annthient sacs di-
vergent; filaments lean outward . . . . . . STAcHYS
MINT FAMILY 521
Calyx tube 5- to 10-nerved, corolla tube longer than the
calyx. Anther sacs parallel. Lower leaf-stalks very
HOR face ae rs) sk) a, aa ae | 6 oes) BETONICA
6. The Skullcap Tribe
Corolla 2-lipped. Stamens 4, shorter than the upper lip of the
corolla and ascending under it. The upper lip arched over sta-
mens.
Calyx deeply 2-lipped, 10-nerved, upper lip of 3 short teeth,
lower of 2 lance-shaped teeth . P et) oe RUIN ETAT A
Calyx with a protuberance on the upper side ee) SCULELEARTA
Calyx without a protuberance.
Calyx spiny-pointed’ = 2) . = = & -« « «= «| MARRUBIOM
Galyssinot spiny-pointed = 2 =. = 9. «= «) » « ‘MEERANTA
7. The Catmint Tribe
Corolla 2-lipped; stamens 4, the posterior (upper) longest. Anther
cells divergent or parallel. Stamens shorter or scarcely longer
than the upper lip of the corolla.
Calyx tubular with 5 sharp teeth, not 2-lipped, but the upper
2 teeth longer than the 3 lower, 15-nerved, erect plant . NEPETA
Anther sacs diverging and at right angles to the connecting
bridge. Creeping herb. . . GLECOMA
Calyx with 5 sharp teeth, the upper Harecst: the naHole calyx
covered with long hairs. Calyx tubular, 15-nerved DRACcOocEPHALUM
Anther cells parallel or nearly so. aa tall herbs, with long
cylindric clusters of flowers . . Ae ies styess AGAS TACHI
8. Horse Balm Tribe
Of the 5 lobes of the corolla 4 are nearly equal, while the 5th is
very long and dependent, its border fringed . . . . COLLINSONIA
9. Wood Sage Tribe
Corolla border very irregular, stamens 4, extending beyond the tube
of the corolla, the anterior longer. Calyx 5- to 10-nerved.
Corolla border very irregular; tube straight; the upper lip very
SHOUCe Hom ey ho bo . . AJUGA
Corolla border very areepaiae the tube and parts of the border
hairy, stamens longer than corolla . . %. . . . TEUCRIUM
Corolla small, with spreading lobes; aoe short; stamens very
much longer than corolla . . . . . TRICHOSTEMA
Calyx tubular, corolla small, the lobes distinct and rounded,
stamens shorter than corolla . . . . . . . . ISANTHUS
+ Corolla of 4 nearly equal divisions, one of which is concave at the sum-
mit. Stamens 4, in Mentha all fertile, in Lycopus 2 fertile
1. MENTHA, L.
Aromatic herbs, with 4-angled stems and dentate bordered leaves.
Flowers white, pink or purple, in axillary clusters or in dense terminal
522 LABIATAE
spikes. Calyx bell-shaped or tubular with 5 equal or nearly equal teeth.
Corolla tube short, nearly or quite included in the calyx, the border spread-
ing, of 4 nearly or quite equal lobes or the upper lobe broadest. Stamens
4, all,equal or nearly so and all fertile. Ovary 4-parted.
Flower spikes narrow, leafless, the flowers densely crowded; leaves without leaf-
stalks.
Plants not hairy.
Spikes long, narrow, interrupted below . . . . . . M. spicata
Spikes thick, mostly dense.
Leaves lance-shaped be ee ee. we hey lng eer
Leaves broad, egg-shaped . . . . . . . '. . WM. cttrata
Plants more or less hairy.
Spikes slender, dense or interrupted.
eaves» lance Shaped ren arein areal meen she tener) Naraae M. longifolia
Leaves broad, elliptic or egg-shaped . . . . M. rotundifolia
Spikes not slender, dense.
Leaves without leaf-stems . . . . . . M. alopecuroides
Leaves with leaf-stems, some of which are quite short.
Leaves with.simple teeth at margin . . . M. aquatica
Leaves deeply incised . . . . . . . « M. crispa
Flowers not in spikes, but in axillary whorls.
Leaf margins with rounded teeth . . . +. - -. - - © « MM. arvensis
Leaf margins with sharp teeth.
Lower leaves egg-shaped, sharp pointed at apex, more or less
rounded’ at base. 0 a: fe 6 je at wpe) pe os, eerie
Leaves narrow, tapering at both ends.
Calyx hairy all over . . . . = « « « « MM. ‘canadenss
Galyx “hairy at border . « « = = o. + » « « | Me Ugentlss
1. M. spicata, L. (Fig. 2, pl. 130.) Spearmint. Plant nearly or
quite smooth; leaves oblong or nearly egg-shaped, coarsely toothed, with-
out leaf-stems or with very short ones. Flowers in long slender spikes,
tapering at end, interrupted, the central one much the longest. Flowers
pale purple. Wet places, throughout our range. July-Sept.
2. M. piperita, L.- (Fig. 1, pl. 130.) Prprrermint. Plant smooth
or with a few hairs; branching, pungent to taste, 1 to 3 ft. high; leaves
oblong-lance-shaped or lance-shaped, coarsely toothed and tapering at each
end. Flowers in terminal spikes of many closely related dense whorls, the
ends of which are blunt. Wet places, throughout our range. July-Sept.
3. M. citrata, Ehrh. (Fig. 3, pl. 130.) BrercaMor Mint. Stem 1 to
2 ft. long, nearly erect or decumbent; whole plant smooth. Leaves egg-
shaped, rounded at base, the lower rather blunt, upper sharp pointed at
apex, on rather long leaf-stems, larger leaf blades 2 in. long, nearly as
wide, Flowers in dense terminal whorls and also in the upper axils. Wet
soil. Not common. July-Sept.
4. M. longifolia, Huds. (Fig. 7, pl. 130.) Horsemint. This plant
bears a strong resemblance to M. spicata (No. 1), but is eovered with
hairs, while the latter is smooth, Found in southern part of our region.
July-Oct.
5. M. rotundifolia, Huds. (Fig. 12, pl. 130.) Rounp-LEAveD MINT.
Plant covered with long hairs; stem 1} to 24 ft. high; leaves round-egg-
shaped or broad elliptic, without leaf-stalks, somewhat clasping the stem
at base; upper surface dark green, lower whitish-silky. Borders with
rounded teeth; flowers in terminal slender interrupted spikes; corolla
slightly downy. Waste places in all of our area. July-Sept.
6. M. alopecuroides, Hull. (Fig. 9, pl. 130.) Woorty Mint. Plant
densely hairy, stem 14 to 3 ft. high. Leaves with sharp teeth at the mar-
MINT FAMILY 5205
PLATE 130
1. Mentha piperita. 2. M. spicata. 3 M. citrata 4. M. arvensis. 5. M.
crispa. 6. M. canadensis. 7. M. longifolia. 8. M. gentilis. 9 M. alopecu-
roides. 10. M. aquatica. 11. M. cardiaca. 12. M. rotundifolia.
524 LABIATAE
gins. Otherwise resembles No. 5. Roadsides and waste places. July-
Oct.
7. M. aquatica, L. (Fig. 10, pl. 130.) Water Mint. Plant dewny,
rarely smooth; stem usually branched, 13 to 23 ft. high. Leaves broadly
egg-shaped; flowers in terminal, interrupted whorls, on short flower stems
and often with one or more clusters in the upper axils; hairs of the stem
point downward. Wet places, ditches, ete. Aug.-Oct.
8. M.crispa, L. (Fig. 5, pl. 130.) Curtep Mint. Plant smooth or
nearly so, stem 14 to 3 ft. high; leaves, at least the lower, on short leaf-
stalks deeply incised, wavy, or the upper simply deeply toothed. Flowers
in terminal more or less interrupted spikes. Swamps and ditches, southern
part of our area. Aug.-Oct.
9. M. arvensis, L. (Fig. 4, pl. 130.) Corn Mint. Plant generally
hairy; stem branching or simple, 4 to 2 ft. high; leaves oblong lance-
shaped, the marginal teeth rounded. Flowers all in axillary whorls;
calyx downy, the teeth triangular. Stamens extending beyond the co-
rolla. Dry places in most of our range. July-Sept.
10. M. gentilis, L. (Fig. 8, pl. 130.) CREEPING WuHoRLED MINT.
Plant more or less decumbent, branched, soft downy, 1 to 2 ft. high;
leaves oval on short leaf-stems; flowers in axillary whorls, on short flower
stems, the marginal teeth sharp. Calyx hairy only at the upper border,
between or on the calyx teeth. Waste places, many localities in our
range.
11. M. cardiaca, Gerarde. (Fig. 11, pl. 130.) Marsa WHorLED
Mint. (MM. sativa, L.?) More hairy than No. 10, and calyx is covered
through its whole extent with hairs. Waste places. Escaped from culti-
vation. Aug.-Sept.
12. M. canadensis, L. (Fig. 6, pl. 130.) American Witp MInv.
Stem more or less downy, 3 to 24 ft. high. Leaves from lance-shaped to
oblong egg-shaped, tapering at each end on slender leaf-stalks, margins
toothed with sharp teeth, blade of larger leaves 2 to 3 in. long. Flowers
all in axillary whorls, the whorl not usually covering the flower stem.
Calyx densely hairy. Wet places throughout our area. July-Oct.
a. LY COPUS,
Perennial herbs, with stolons or suckers, with erect or diffuse stems
and opposite leaves; flowers in dense whorls at the leaf-axils, white or
purple, Calyx tubular nearly regular, 4- or 5-toothed, the teeth spinous;
corolla nearly equally 4-lobed, not distinetly 2-lipped. Fertile stamens
2; ovary deeply 4-parted. Slender style, 2-parted at summit.
Calyx teeth usually 4, the mature nutlets exceeding them in height . L. virginicus
Calyx teeth 5, very sharp, exceeding the mature nutlets in height.
Corolla twice as long as the calyx.
Leaves. without leaf-stalks . . . .« »« »« »« « « 2 sessshfohus
Leaves with leaf-stalks . . Cee imme Sh. ti
Corolla not twice as long as the calyx.
Leaves deeply incised . . L. americanus
Leaves with coarse teeth at margins, not “deeply incised, oblong
OF (ERR*AMHDEG? “a « aalieh au ade . « « JL. europaeus
1. L. virginicus, L. (Fig. 3, pl. 131.) Bucarte Weep. Stem acutely
4-angled, 4 to 2 ft. high; smooth or slightly downy; leaves oblong to
MINT FAMILY 525
lance-shaped, rather coarsely toothed, the teeth sharp, toward the base
the border plane, 14 to 3 in. long, tapering at each end, on short Jeaf-
stalks. Shady moist grounds. July-Sept.
2. L. sessilifolius, Gray. SESSILE-LEAVED WaTeR Hoarnounp. Stem
stout, 4-angled, smooth or slightly downy above; leaves without leaf-
stalks, coarsely dentate, lance-shaped or narrowly egg-shaped, 1 to 2 in.
long; calyx teeth awl-shaped, rigid. Moist soil. Aug.-Oct.
3. L.rubellus, Moench. (Fig. 2, pl. 131.) Srarkep WATER Hoar-
HOUND. Stem 4-angled, angles not acute, smooth or nearly so; leaves
lance-shaped, coarsely toothed at margins, except toward the base, on leaf-
stalks. Calyx teeth less acute than in No. 2. Southern part of our
region. Aug.-Oct.
4. L. americanus, Muhl. (Fig. 1, pl. 131.) CuT-LEAVED WATER
Hoarnounp. (L. sinuatus, Ell.) Stem acutely 4-angled, 1 to 2 ft. high;
leaves on leaf-stalks, lance-shaped or oblong, the margins deeply incised,
the teeth sharp, tapering at each end. Calyx teeth awl-shaped. Wet
soil. June-Oct.
5. L. europaeus, L. (Fig. 4, pl. 131.) Water Hoarnounp. More
or less downy, stems branching, 1 to 23 ft. high; leaves egg-shaped on
short leaf-stalks, margins with very coarse teeth; calyx teeth narrow
lance-shaped. Found naturalized in a few places, southern part of our
area. July-Sept.
¢ Corolla 2-lipped, upper lip plane or concave; stamens 4 straight or di-
vergent, anterior (lower) pair longest
s. THYMUS, IE.
Perennial herbs, or creeping shrubby plants, with opposite smooth-
margined leaves and with flowers in dense terminal clusters, or some-
times in the upper leaf-axils. Corolla distinctly 2-lipped, the upper one
flat and nearly straight, slightly notched at apex; calyx egg-shaped, with
3 long, lance-shaped teeth and 2 short ones, 13-nerved; stamens 4, lower
pair longest, the 2 longer extending beyond the upper lip of the corolla.
T. serpyllum, L. (Fig. 5, pl. 131.) Witp Tuyme. Stems creeping,
slender, much branched, 4 to 12 in. high, usually forming dense mats.
Leaves oblong rounded at apex, somewhat tapering at base, edges entire.
Flowers in terminal clusters and sometimes in axillary whorls. Natu-
ralized in places, in woods, thickets and roadsides. June-Sept.
4. HYSSOPUS, L.
Erect herb, with erect, scarcely branching stem and with linear leaves,
entire at borders, and blue or purple flowers in dense clusters in the upper
axils. Calyx tubular, 15-nerved, equally 5-toothed; corolla short, 2-lipped,
upper lip flat, erect, notched, lower 3-lobed, the middle one much the
longer and 2-cleft. Stamens 4, diverging, all extending beyond the corolla,
H. officinalis, L. (Fig. 7, pl. 131.) Hyssor. Naturalized, roadsides
and waste places. June-Oct.
526 LABIATAE
5. ORIGANUM, L.
Herbs, sometimes shrubby plants, with opposite, nearly or quite entire
leaves and with pink or purple flowers in dense spreading terminal clus-
ters. Calyx bell-shaped, hairy in the throat, 5-toothed, 13-nerved; co-
rolla 2-lipped, the upper lip erect, notched at apex, lower of 3 lobes.
Stamens 4, the upper 2 extending above the upper lip, the shorter pair
exserted from the corolla tube.
O. vulgare, L. (Fig. 8, pl. 131.) Wirp MarvsoraM. Erect, hairy,
the flower clusters spreading into broad nearly umbel-like groups. Leaves
round egg-shaped. Roadsides. June-Oct.
6. PYCNANTHEMUM, Michx. (Koellia, Moench)
Upright herbs, with the odor of mint, with short spreading branches;
leaves among the flower clusters often whitened; flowers small, white or
dotted with purple. Calyx ovate or tubular, about 13-nerved, the 5 teeth
being equal or the 3 upper teeth being more or less united, not hairy
at the throat; corolla 2-lipped, the upper lip plane or notched at apex,
the lower 3-cleft. Stamens 4, nearly equal, the lower pair somewhat the
longer, the two sacs of the anther parallel. Ovary deeply 4-parted, the
nutlets smooth or rough.
Leaves linear or narrow lance-shaped.
Plant not hairy or with few hairs.
Calyx teeth bristle-tipped, nie 1/3 as long as the corolla tube
P. flexuosum
Calyx. teeth ‘triangular, t as long as tube oi' corolla : "Pp. virginianum
Plant decidedly hairy.
Calyx teeth bristle-tipped.
Not) hairy, between teeth 2. = <9. = % P. verticillatum
ong? hairs between teeth 5 2) 2 2 6 Pap! clinopodioides
Leaves not linear or narrow lance-shaped.
Calyx teeth bristle-tipped.
Leaves with a minute hoary down, flowers in a dense head P. aristatum
Leaves whitish downy above, with white wool beneath . P. incanum
Galyx teeth’ “not bristle-tipped' "2 2 ss os « « PO muncum
1. P. flexuosum, (Walt.) B. S. P. (Fig. r pl. 132.) Narrow-
LEAVED MountTAIN Mint. (P. linifoliwm, Pursh.) Stem erect, stiff, slen-
der, smooth, 14 to 24 ft. high. Leaves linear, tapering at both ends, 1 to
3 ft. high. Leaves lance-shaped, rounded at base, tapering at apex. Calyx
teeth triangular, hairy. Flowers in dense heads in spreading terminal
clusters. Fields and thickets, Maine, southward and westward. July-
Sept.
2. P. virginianum, (L.) D. and J. (Fig. 1, pl. 132.) Viratnra Moun-
TAIN Mint. (P. lanceolatum, Pursh.) Stem erect, stiff, not hairy, 1 to
2 in. long. Flowers in compact terminal heads in spreading clusters.
Calyx tubular, the 5 teeth equal, triangular, but each tipped with a short
bristle point. Fields and thickets, Mass., and southward. July-Sept.
3. P. verticillatum, (Michx.) Pers. (Fig. 8, pl. 132.) Torry’s
Mountain Mint. (P. Torryi, Benth.) Slightly downy, stem 1 to 23 ft.
high, erect, stiff, slender. Leaves lance-shaped, tapering at each end,
without dentations at margins. Calyx teeth white-downy with bristle-
shaped tips. Corolla downy, the tube somewhat exceeding the calyx.
Dry hills, Vermont, southward and westward, July-Sept.
MINT FAMILY
PLATE 131
1. Lycopus americanus. 2. L. rubellus. 3. L. virginicus. 4. L. europaeus.
5. Thymus serpyllum. 6. Cunila mariana. 7. Hyssopus officinalis. 8. Ori-
ganum vulgare. 9 Satureia hortensis. 10. Melissa officinalis.
528 LABIATAE
4. P. clinopodioides, T. and G. (Fig. 3, pl. 132.) Bastz Mountain
Mint. Downy, stems 1 to 23 ft. high. Leaves broadly lance-shaped on
short leaf-stalks, with sharp teeth at margins. Heads larger than in the
previous forms and fewer. Calyx with long hairs in the sinuses between
the teeth. Dry soil, New York and Penna., and southward. Aug.-Sept.
5. P. aristatum, (Michx.) (Figs. 4 and 5, pl. 132.) AWwNeD
Mountain Mint. Minutely downy, hairy. Stem 1 to 2 ft. high. Leaves
egg-shaped, tapering at apex rounded at base, margins sharply dentate.
The bracts at base of flowers long awned. (Fig. 4, pl. 132.) Calyx teeth
with long bristle points. Pine barrens, New Jersey and southward. July-
Sept.
6. P.incanum, (L.) Michx. (Fig. 2, pl, 132.) Hoary Mountain
Mint. Stem downy, 13 to 3 ft. high. Leaves egg-shaped, sharply dentate,
downy above and white with long woolly hairs beneath, the upper leaves
white on both sides. Calyx teeth unequal, somewhat bristle pointed. Dry
thickets and hillsides. Aug.-Oct.
7. P. muticum, (Michx.) Pers. (Figs. 4 and 6, pl. 132.) SHort-
TOOTHED MountTAIN Mint. Nearly smooth or somewhat hoary, stem i to
2% ft. high, much branched; leaves egg-shaped, dentate, tapering at apex,
rounded at base or slightly heart-shaped at base, mostly without leaf-
stalks. Calyx teeth white downy, triangular. (Fig. 6, pl. 132.) In gen-
eral aspect No.’s 5 and 7 are so similar that either is fairly represented
by Fig. 4, but the bracts at base of flowers are shown at Figs. 5 and 6
of the plate. Sandy soil. July-Sept.
+ Corolla 2-lipped; upper lip plane or concave; stamens 4, divergent at
base, convergent above, the anterior (lower) pair longest
7. SATUREIA,'L.
Aromatic herb, with small undivided leaves with smooth margins and
with purple flowers in somewhat spiked clusters. Calyx bell-shaped,
10-nerved, 5-toothed; corolla 2-lipped, the upper lip flat, erect, notched
or plane at apex, the lower 3-parted. Stamens 4, converging under the
upper lip, the lower pair longest
S. hortensis, L. (Fig. 9, pl..131.) Summer Savory. Downy; stem
6 to 18 in. high; leaves linear, flowers few in the axillary clusters. Calyx
teeth unequal, hairy. Escaped from gardens. July-Sept.
8. CLINOPODIUM, L. (Calamintha, Moench. Satureia, (Tourn.)
Lee.
In our area all herbs, with somewhat dentate or smooth margined leaves
and with purplish or white flowers. Calyx tubular, 13-nerved, hairy
(mostly), 2-lipped. Stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip of the co-
rolla, Nutlets smooth.
Leaves egg-shaped,
Leaves ito 2 in long <6 i -« = ew te We) es, Oe te eee ee
Leaves 4. to Bite long. os: sw. ee Re ee herite tog ee e acee e
Leaves linear 5 - C. glabrum
l. C. vulgare, L. (Fig. 10, pl. 132.) Wino Bastr. (Calamintha
Clinopodium, Benth.) Erect, 1 to 2 ft. high, quite hairy; leaves egg-
MINT FAMILY 529
PLATE 1382
1. Pyenanthemum virginianum, 2. P. incanum. 3. P. clinopodioides. 4. P.
aristatum. 5. Calyx of P. aristatum. 6. Calyx of P. muticum. 7. Pe ilexus
osum. 8. P. verticillatum. 9. Clinopodium Acinos. 10. C. vulgare. 11. C.
glabrum. 12. Salvia lyrata. 13. 8. pratensis. 14. Hedeoma_pulegioides.
530 LABIATAE
shaped, rounded at base, tapering at apex, dentate. Flowers in dense
axillary and terminal groups. Woods and thickets throughout our range.
June-Oct.
2. C. Acinos, (L.) Kuntze. (Fig. 9, pl. 132.) Bast Batm. (Sa-
tureia acinos, Scheele.) Stems slender, branched from the base, 6 to 8 in.
high. Leaves oblong, more acute at base than at apex, a few notches
toward apex. Flowers purplish, in loose axillary and terminal clusters;
calyx very hairy, teeth bristle-formed, unequal. Waste places. Natu-
ralized. May-Aug.
3. C. glabrum, (Nutt.) Kuntze. (Fig. 11, pl. 132.) Low Cata-
MINT. (Satwreia glabra, Fernald.) Smooth, stems very slender, much
branched, 4 to 12 in. high. Leaves linear, the margins slightly curled
backward. Flowers, 1 to 4 in the axils. Runners from base of stem have
short egg-shaped leaves. Damp soil, western New York and westward.
May-Aug.
g. MELISSA, L.
Ours an herb, with broad dentate leaves and rather small flowers in
axillary clusters. Calyx bell-shaped, 13-nerved. Corolla tube bent, border
2-lipped. Stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip. Ovary deeply
4-parted.
M. officinalis, L. (Fig. 10, pl. 131.) Lemon Baim. Upright, branch-
ing, leaves broadly egg-shaped, with coarse teeth. Flowers a few in the
axillary clusters, white. Escaped from gardens. June-Aug.
+ Corolla 2-lipped; fertile stamens 2, the 2 sacs of the anther divergent
1o. SALVIA, L.
Northern United States species, herbs, mostly with rather large showy
flowers in spikes. The single species in our region with lyre-shaped leaves
below, egg-shaped leaves above. Calyx 2-lipped, the upper lip 3-toothed
or entire. Corolla deeply 2-lipped, upper lip straight, sometimes arched.
Fertile stamens 2, on short filaments. Ovary deeply 4-parted. Nutlets
smooth.
l. §S. lyrata, L. (Fig. 12, pl. 132.) Lyre-Leavep Sacer. Stem 12 to
30 in. high, somewhat hairy. Basal leaves tufted, lyrate, upper egg-
shaped or narrow without leaf-stalks. Flowers in loose whorls, blue-
purple; corolla downy, about an inch long, straight. Southern part of
our area. May-July.
2. §. pratensis, L. (Fig. 13, pl. 132.) Meapow Sacre. Leaves egg-
shaped, the lower heart-shaped at base, borders with rounded-teeth. At-
lantic Co., N. J., locally introduced.
11. MONARDA, L.
Erect aromatic herbs, with opposite, rounded or sharply serrate-toothed
leaves, and conspicuous heads of scarlet, purple, white or yellowish flowers,
the clusters usually terminal, but occasionally also axillary. Calyx tube
narrow, 15-nerved, teeth nearly equal, each terminated by a bristle- or
awl-like point or simply triangular without the bristle point. Corolla
always conspicuous, markedly 2-lipped, the upper lip linear and some-
MINT FAMILY 531
i
Ll Soe ‘
SS a
< le
IM
Py oii
AW
V\\\\I
AN
PLATE 133
1. Monarda didyma. 2. M fistulosa. 3. M. punctata. 4. M_ media. 5.
M. clinopodia. 6. Blephilia hirsuta. 7. B. ciliata.
532 LABIATAE
what arching, the lower lip 3-lobed, the middle one much the longest.
Fertile stamens 2, usually extending somewhat beyond the upper lip.
Ovary deeply 4-parted.
Leaves broad, more or less egg-shaped.
Flower whorls mostly terminal and sometimes with a smaller secondary
whorl above the main whorl.
Corolla briehtmccanlet meme ue memes arora temas . M. didyma
Corolla yellowish-pink, leaves with leaf-stalks, ‘membraneous 4
he MA Swe SAN OM a ye Sole, Cae 6 . . M. clinopodia
Corolla yellowish-pink or purple, leaves not membraneous M. fistulosa
Corolla deep purple or Barve, a em Yh cane
Leaves narrow, lance-shaped . . M. punctata
(These species, except M. punctata, are found in nearly all parts of our region.)
1. M. didyma, L. (Fig. 1, pl. 133.) Mountain Mint. BEE BALM.
Stem branching, 2 to 4 ft. high, acutely 4-angled; leaves egg-shaped or
broad lance-shaped, tapering at each end, sharply toothed at margins.
Flowers in terminal and perhaps sub-terminal heads; corolla brilliant
scarlet. Moist soil. Often cultivated. July-Sept.
2. M. clinopodia, L. (Fig. 5, pl. 133.) Basr~ Bam. Stem slender,
not much branched, 1 to 3 ft. high. Leaves egg-shaped or broad lance-
shaped, slender tapering at apex, somewhat rounded at base. Flowers
in terminal whorls or heads. Bracts among the flowers pale or white.
Calyx scarcely hairy; corolla yellowish-pink. Woods and thickets. June-
Aug.
3. M. fistulosa, L. (Fig. 2, pl. 133.) Witp Bercamot. Stem 2 to
3 ft. high, slender. Leaves egg-shaped to broad lance-shaped, slender
pointed, base rounded, on leaf- stalin, Flowers in large terminal heads,
corolla pale lilae or yellowish-pink. Dry hills and thickets. June-Sept.
4. M. media, Willd. (Fig. 4, pl. 133.) Purpre BercaAmot. Stem 2
to 34 ft. high. Leaves thin, not membraneous, broadly egg-shaped, slender
tapering at apex, rounded at base, on short leaf-stalks. Flowers in large
terminal heads. Corolla deep purple or red. Moist thickets. June-Aug.
5. M. punctata, L. (Fig. 3, pl. 133.) Horse Mint. Stem 2 to 3
ft. high, usually much branched; the whole plant commonly hairy or
downy. Leaves narrow, lance-shaped to linear. Heads of flowers terminal
and axillary, usually several. Corolla yellowish with brown or purple
spots. Dry fields, southern part of our area. (New York, and southward.)
July-Oct.
12, BLEPHILIA, Raf.
General aspect similar to Monarda, but tlower whorls usually several.
Flowers rather small; calyx unequally 5-toothed, 13-veined. Corolla tube
short, border 2-lipped. Stamens 2.
1. B. ciliata, Raf. (Fig. 7, pl. 133.) Downy BiepHiz1a. Stem 1 to
2 ft. high, usually not branching. Whole plant downy. Leaves opposite,
the pairs distant, lance-shaped, rounded at base, acute at apex. Flowers
in 2 or more whorls; corolla purple, downy. Dry woods and thickets,
southern New England and southward. June-Aug.
2. B. hirsuta, Torr. (Vig. 6, pl. 133.) Hairy Brierniira. Stem 14
to 3 ft. high, usually branched; whole plant hairy. Leaves broad egg-
shaped on long leaf-stalks, margins sharply toothed. Flowers in several
whorls. Corolla pale purple. Damp woods, Vermont and southward.
June-Sept.
MINT FAMILY 533
13. HEDEOMA, Pers.
Low, odorous, branching plants, with small opposite leaves and loose
clusters of small blue or purple flowers at the axils. Calyx egg-shaped
or tubular, 13-nerved, bearded in the throat, somewhat 2-lipped or the
5 teeth nearly equal. Corolla 2-lipped, the upper lip erect, entire, notched
at apex, lower, 3-lobed. Fertile stamens 2. Ovary deeply 4-parted.
H. pulegioides, (5) =yiBers. 9 (ic. 14; pl. 132.) AMERICAN PENNY-
ROYAL. Low, branching from the base, hairy. Leaves oblong, few toothed,
narrow at each end. Whorls axillary, about 6-flowered; corolla equalling
the calyx, bluish. Aroma very pungent. Dry hillsides and fields. July-
Sept.
14. CUNILA, L.
Herbs or shrubs, with small white or purplish flowers and opposite
leaves. Calyx ovoid-tubular, equally 5-toothed. Corolla longer than the
calyx, 2-lipped, upper lip erect, flat, mostly notched, lower lip spreading,
3-lobed. Stamens 2, extending beyond the corolla.
C. mariana, L. (Fig. 6, pl. 131.) Dirrany. (C. origanoides, (1.)
Britton.) Stems stiff, branched, plant tufted, 1 ft. high. Leaves egg-
shaped, without leaf-stalks, toothed at margins, rounded at base. Flowers
in loose spreading terminal clusters. Corolla purplish-pink. Plant aro-
matic. Dry woods. Aug.-Sept.
¢ Corolla 2-lipped, upper concave; stamens 4, the anterior (lower) pair
longest. Stamens approaching under upper lip of corolla
15. PHYSOSTEGIA, Benth.
Erect herbs, mostly smooth with wand-like stems and oblong or lance-
shaped leaves without leaf-stalks, margins usually toothed. Calyx nearly
equally 5-toothed, about 10-nerved, short-tubular. Corolla funnel-formed,
the throat much dilated, the border 2-lipped, the upper lip erect or some-
what arched, the lower: 3-lobed. Stamens 4, ascending under the upper
lip, the lower pair the longer.
P. virginiana, (L.) Benth. (Fig. 1, pl. 134.) Fatse Dracon Heap.
Stem rather stout, erect, not branched or only above, terminated by one
or more spikes of purple or rose-colored flowers. Leaves opposite, ob-
versely lance-shaped, coarsely toothed at margins without leaf-stalks.
Calyx tubular bell-shaped, its teeth about the length of the tube. Co-
rolla about 1 in. long. Wet grounds. July-Sept.
16. PHLOMIS, Tourn.
Tall herbs or, shrubs. Calyx tubular, nearly equally 5-toothed. Co-
rolla 2-lipped, the upper lip arched, the lower spreading, 3-lobed. Within
the mouth of the corolla tube is a ring of woolly hairs. Stamens 4, as-
cending under the upper lip of the corolla, the anterior pair longest.
P. tuberosa, L. JrRUSALEM Sace. Plant 3 to 6 ft. high, smooth,
with large egg-shaped leaves, heart-shaped at base, blunt at apex, with
coarse rounded teeth at margins, on leaf-stalks. Flowers pale purple to
white in clusters terminal and in the upper axils. Waste places, natu-
ralized in places. June-Sept.
534 LABIATAE
17. LEONURUS, L.
Upright herbs, with deeply incised opposite leaves and whorls of small
white or pink flowers in the leaf-axils. Calyx tube bell-shaped, 5-toothed,
5-nerved, hairy, the teeth rigid. Corolla 2-lipped, the tube slightly ex-
ceeding the calyx. Stamens 4, the anterior pair longer, ascending under
the upper lip of the corolla. Nutlets 3-angled.
1. L. cardiaca, L. (Fig. 3, pl. 134.) Moruerwort. Stem 2 to 5 ft.
high, commonly branched; plant hairy, leaves on long leaf-stalks, spread-
ing into 3 principal, more or less triangular lobes, these plane or toothed
at the margins. Flowers in whorls at the axils. Corolla purple, bearded
within. Roadsides and waste places. June-Sept.
2. L. Marrubiastrum, L. (Fig. 4, pl. 134.) Hoarnounp MOoTHER-
wort. Stem 2 to 5 ft. tall, branched; plant hairy; leaves on rather long
leaf-stalks, egg-shaped, rounded or tapering at base, blunt at apex, the
borders deeply divided by rounded teeth. Corolla shorter than the calyx,
whitish, the tube not bearded within. Waste places. June-Sept.
3. L. sibiricus, L. (Fig. 2, pl. 134.) Srper1AN MoTHERworT. Re-
sembles No. 1, but leaves are more deeply 3-parted, the lobes, especially
of lower leaves, incised. Waste grounds, Penna., and southward. May-
Sept.
18. LAMIUM, L.
Upright herbs, with rounded cut-lobed leaves and whorls of small flowers
in axillary whorls. Calyx tubular, bell-shaped, 5-nerved and with 5 nearly
equal awl-pointed teeth. Corolla tube longer than the calyx, 2-lipped,
the upper arched, the lateral lobes of the lower lip quite small, the middle
lobe notched or divided. Stamens 4, under the upper lip of the corolla.
1. L. amplexicaule, L. (Fig. 7, pl. 134.) Hensit. Plant 6 to 20
in. high; stems weak, slender, partly decumbent or erect. Leaves rounded
and deeply incised or toothed, the lower small, on very short leaf-stalks,
the upper 4 to 1 in. broad, clasping or partly clasping the stem. Flowers
few, in axillary clusters, purple or red, corolla about 3 in. long. Culti-
vated grounds and waste places. April-Oct.
2. L. maculatum, L. Sporrep DEAp Nettie. Stems weak, partly de-
cumbent or erect, branching. Leaves rounded, somewhat pointed at apex,
heart-shaped at base; on leaf-stalks, marked usually with a white spot on
the upper face. Flowers few, in the axil, purple. Escaped from gardens.
May-Oct.
3. L. album, L. Wuire Deap Nerrie. Stem rather stout and more
or less decumbent, branched, 1 to 14 ft. long. Leaves egg-shaped on short
leaf-stalks, deeply cut into large teeth at the margins. Flowers few,
axillary, white. Waste places. Naturalized. April-Oct.
4. L. purpureum, L. (Fig. 8, pl. 134.) Rep Deap Nettie. Similar
to No. 1, but all the leaves have leaf-stalks and the plant is more or less
downy. “Waste grounds and cultivated soil, From Europe. April-May.
19. GALEOPSIS, L.
Herbs, with opposite leaves and small flowers in the upper axils or
forming dense terminal heads or spikes. Calyx bell-shaped, 5-toothed,
MINT FAMILY 535
PLATE 134
1. Physostegia virginiana. 2. Leonurus sibiricus
4. L. Marrubiastrum. 5. Galeopsis Tetrahit. 6. G. La
(leaf). 3. L. cardiaca.
danum. 7. Lamium
amplexicaule, 8, L. purpureum. 9. Ballota nigra. 10. Betonica officinalis.
536 LABIATAE
the teeth nearly equal, spiny, 5- to 10-nerved; corolla with a narrow tube,
2-lipped, dilated at throat, upper lip arched, entire, lower spreading,
3-cleft. Stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip, the anterior pair the
longest.. Style 2-cleft at the summit.
1. G. Ladanum, L. (Fig. 6, pl. 134.) Rep Hemp Nettie. Stem
downy, 6 to 18 in. long, erect. Leaves oblong lance-shaped, tapering at
each end, downy; corolla red or rose color, frequently spotted with yel-
low, much longer than the calyx. Waste places. Rare. July-Oct.
2. G. Tetrahit, L. (Fig. 5, pl. 134.) Common Hemp Nettie. Stem
1 to 3 ft. high, erect, the whole plant rough hairy. Leaves egg-shaped,
on leaf-stalks, coarsely toothed. Corolla purple varied with white, twice
as long as the calyx. Waste places. Naturalized. June-Sept.
20. BALLOTA, L.
Downy or woolly herbs, sometimes shrubs. With opposite dentate
leaves and axillary whorls of small flowers. Calyx funnel-form, 10-nerved,
expanding into a border of from 5 to 10 teeth. Corolla 2-lipped, the upper
erect, concave or notched, lower 3-lobed, tube about as long as the calyx;
the throat hairy. Stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip of the co-
rolla, the anterior pair longer. Style 2-cleft at summit.
B. nigra, L. (Fig. 9, pl. 134.) Briack Hoarnounp. Stem 13 to 3
ft. high; the whole plant hairy but green. Leaves egg-shaped on slender
foot-stalks, borders with coarse rounded teeth. Axillary whorls of flowers
dense, Calyx teeth 5, longer than the tube of the purple corolla. Waste
places. Naturalized. June-Oct.
21. STACHYS, L.
Herbs, with opposite leaves and with flowers in axillary whorls. Calyx
bell-shaped, 5- to 10-nerved, equally 5-toothed. Corolla 2-lipped, all of
ours purple, the tube not exceeding the calyx, narrow, not dilated at the
throat. Stamens 4, the anterior pair longer, ascending under the upper
lip of the corolla.
Leaves linear . Se en oP Oro cis rane
Leaves more or less egg: -shaped or oblong.
Stems erect. ;
Stems smooth . wet le; lel a) cel oe, bie) coi Py cay ASR pee PESEN Euan
Stem hairy on the angles : 3 em Rec Je. te har LO REaCROR EEE
Stems hairy on the sides and angles. |
Leaves densely pubescent, both sides, not more than half
an inch wide . S. arenicola
Leaves not densely pubescent, more than half an inch wide
Sy Cie palustris
Stems decumbent... . Lees as oi te 55. arvensis
1. §. hyssopifolia, Michx. ‘(Fig lp “a 135.) “Stem about 1 ft. high,
smooth or slightly hairy at the nodes. Leaves linear, entire, tapering at
both ends, without leaf-stalks. Flowers light purple in a kind of terminal
spike consisting of a few whorls of 4 to 6 flowers each. Moist fields,
Mass., and southward. July-Sept.
Var. ambigua, A. Gray. (Fig. 2, pl. 135.) Stouter. Leaves with low
teeth, plant somewhat hairy. Eastern Penna., southward and westward.
2. §. tenuifolia, Willd. (Fig. 3, pl. 135.) Smoorm Hepner Nerrre.
Stem 1 to 24 ft. high, smooth or rough with minute bristly hairs on the
MINT FAMILY 537
PLATE 135
I. Stachys hyssopifolia. 2. S. ambigua. 3. S. tenuifolia. 4. S. palustris.
5. S. arvensis 6. 8. aspera. 7. Prunella vulgaris. 8. Marrubium vulgare.
9. Glecoma hederacea.
538 LABIATAE
angles, usually branched; leaves oblong, lance-shaped, rounded at base,
narrow tapering at apex, the borders toothed, on leaf-stalks. Flowers in
a terminal spike of several whorls of pale red or purple flowers. Moist
fields. June-Aug.
3. §. arvensis, L. (Fig. 5, pl. 135.) Firetp Wounpwort. Stem de-
cumbent, branched, hairy, } to 1 ft. long. Leaves egg-shaped, rather blunt
at apex, heart-shaped at base. Flowers in the axils, whorls few flowered.
Corolla purple. Waste places; naturalized in places about eastern sea-
ports. (Regarded by Fernald as a Var. of S. tenuifolia.) July-Oct.
4. §. arenicola, Britton. Harry Hepce Nertie. Stem 12 to 24 in.
high, very hairy. Leaves lance-shaped or linear, very hairy on both sides.
Flowers in a dense, partly interrupted spike. Corolla inconspicuous.
Sandy soil, New York, westward.
5. §. palustris, L. (Fig. 4, pl. 135.) Hence Nerrie. Stem erect, 1
to 4 ft. high, the whole plant hairy. Leaves lance-shaped, rounded at base,
without leaf-stalks, tapering toward the apex. Flowers in a spike, of
whorls of purple or pale red flowers. Moist soil, western New York,
westward and southward. June-Sept.
6. S. aspera, Michx. (Fig. 6, pl. 135.) RovucH Hence NEeErTi.e.
Stem 2 to 4 ft. high, the angles beset with stiff hairs which turn down-
ward. Leaves egg-shaped, mostly heart-shaped at base, on short leaf-
stalks, smooth or hairy. Flowers in terminal spikes of whorls of red-
purple blooms. Stamens hairy. Wet grounds. Common.
22. BETONICA, L.
Herbs, resembling Stachys, the corolla beardless. Lower leaves in a
cluster on long leaf-stalks, egg-shaped, heart-shaped at base, upper leaves
egg-shaped or lance-shaped, with no leaf-stalks or short ones. Whole plant
hairy. Flowers purple in terminal spike.
B. officinalis, L. (Vig. 10, pl. 134.) Brrrony. Escaped from gar-
dens. Flowers purple in a terminal spike. Waste places. July-Sept.
{Corolla 2-lipped; stamens 4, shorter than the upper lip of the corolla,
lower longest, the upper lip arching over the stamens.
Calyx deeply 2-lipped
23. PRUNELLA, L.
Our only species a low, often prostrate herb, with opposite egg-shaped
leaves on long leaf-stalks and with a eylindriec head of purple flowers,
plentifully interspersed with green bracts. Calyx deeply 2-lipped, the
lower lip of 2 very acute lance-shaped teeth, the upper of 3 triangular
or blunt teeth. Corolla arching over the stamens.
P. vulgaris, L. (Fig. 7, pl. 135.) Setr-neaL, A common weed about
door yards and in waste places. May-Oct.
24. SCUTELLARIA, L.
Herbs, with opposite leaves and with flowers at the leaf-axils, or termi-
nal forming spikes, Calyx 2-lipped, the upper one with a erest or pro-
tuberance upon its back. Corolla 2-lipped, upper lip vaulted, the lower
MINT FAMILY 539
dilated, the tube much exceeding the calyx. Stamens 4, ascending beneath
the upper lip. Style usually 2-cleft.
Flowers solitary in the axils (opposite).
Leaves with leaf-stalks.
INOtMEWiLeM hoary rete craves Pita acme ch ictie ch motn eras) Sa se SEVMCLG
Whitemibonryie eels sav remilied | veil, ' orl) colhlive qa rsatem Rew malls hoot Mey wsuntttCame
Leaves without leaf-stalks.
Borders deeply dentate.
Nutletsmaotu winged) tulice so. Tat debiieamiecie, we) elon pul ORNMenUOsa
INiitlets winged ss) a0 ofc) ce 0) Ucllpemte ve, swe spalertculara
Borders not dentate Me ASL pate lne ttitioy Bae Ma os. Mia on Sine PECUL a
Flowers not solitary or some of them in terminal groups. é
In long narrow spikes from the axils, more or less one-sided . S. Jateriflora
Flowers few, largely terminal.
Leaves on leaf-stems, borders toothed . . . . . . . S. pilosa
Leaves not on leaf-stems; borders entire. Leaves linear S. integrifoha
1. §. lateriflora, L. (Fig. 1, pl. 136.) Map-poag Skuricap. Leaves
opposite, on leaf-stalks, egg-shaped, rounded at base, tapering toward
apex, borders coarsely toothed. Flowers in opposite narrow spikes from
the axils, the flowers turning mostly to one side, numerous, small, blue
varying to nearly white. Waste places. Common. July-Sept.
2. §. serrata, Andr. (Fig. 3, pl. 136.) Snowy Skuricap. Stem 1
to 2 ft. high, erect. Leaves large, egg-shaped, on leaf-stalks, notched at
margins, the upper reduced to floral bracts without leaf-stalks. Flowers
in the terminal axils, opposite; corolla blue. Woods, southern New
York, Penna., and southward. May-June.
3. §. pilosa, Michx. (Fig. 6, pl. 136.) Hatry Sxkuxicap. Stem slen-
der, 1 to 23 ft. high. Leaves opposite on leaf-stalks, oval or egg-shaped,
notched at margins; the whole plant hairy or downy. Flowers in terminal
pairs, the cluster short, corolla blue. Dry woods, southern New York and
Penna., southward and westward. May-July.
4. §,. integrifolia, L. (Fig. 7, pl. 136.) Hyssop Sxuxicap. Stem
34 to 2 ft. high, downy. Leaves opposite linear to oblong, 1 to 2 in. long,
or with very short leaf-stalks. Flowers in a loose terminal cluster; co-
rolla blue at summit varying to nearly white at base. Sandy woods, New
England and southward. May-July.
5. §. parvula, Michx. (Fig. 5, pl. 136.) Smart Skuticap. Stem
3 to 12 in. high, somewhat branched, smoothed or slightly downy. Leaves
opposite, broadly egg-shaped, rounded at base, attached directly to stem,
blunt at apex, } to 1 in. long, nearly as wide as long. Flowers solitary in
the axils, opposite, blue to violet. Moist sandy soil, eastern part of our
area. April-July.
6. §. galericulata, L. (Fig. 2, pl. 136.) Hoopep Sxkuricap. Stem
1 to 3 ft. high, simple or branched. Leaves opposite, lance-shaped with
heart-shaped base dentate at margins, without leaf-stalk or the lower with
short leaf-stalks. Flowers in the axils, few; corolla blue. Swamps and
wet places, Maine to New Jersey. June-Sept.
7. §. nervosa, Pursh. (Fig. 4, pl. 136.) Vernep SxuLitcap. Stem
4 to 2 ft. high. Leaves opposite, egg-shaped, the lower on short leaf-
stalks, the upper directly attached to stem, coarsely toothed. Flowers in
the axils only, opposite, blue. Moist woods. May-Aug.
8. S.incana, Muhl. (Fig. 8, pl, 136.) Downy Sxuttcap. Leaves
540 LABIATAE
egg-shaped or oval, on rather long leaf-stalks, the lower surface of the
leaves and the flowers covered with a whitish down, Southern Penna,, and
southward. June-Aug.
25. MARRUBIUM, L.
Perennial herbs, branching, more or less covered with whitish, woolly
hairs, of bitter aromatic taste, with axillary clusters of flowers of white
or purplish color. Calyx nearly equally 5- to 10-toothed, the teeth some-
what spiny-pointed; corolla 2-lipped, the upper lip erect, lower spreading,
3-lobed. Stamens 4, included in the tube of the corolla, the anterior
(lower) pair longest. Style 2-cleft.
M. vulgare, L. (Fig. 8, pl. 135.) Common Hoarnounp, Stem 1 to
3 ft. high, woolly. Leaves opposite, round egg-shaped with coarse rounded
teeth at the margins, on rather long leaf-stalks. Flowers axillary, in
dense rounded clusters; corolla small, white. Common in waste places.
26. MEEHANIA, Britton
Low herb, spreading. Leaves on long leaf-stalks, opposite, heart-shaped
at base. Calyx only slightly 2-lipped, 5-toothed, the teeth long and sharp,
rather unequal, 15-nerved. Corolla rather large, swollen at throat, 2-lobed,
the lower lobe 3-cleft. Stamens 4, two long and two short, included in the
upper lip. Cells of the anthers parallel.
M. cordata, (Nutt.) Britton. Mrenanta. A low plant, 3 to 8 in.
high, with hairy runners. Leaves broadly egg-shaped or nearly orbicular,
heart-shaped, on long leaf-stalks, rounded teeth at margin. Flowers blue,
showy, in whorls of a few flowers each, the leaves at the whorls shorter
than the calyx, the corolla hairy inside. Moist woods and thickets, south-
west Penna., and southward and westward. May-July.
+ Corolla 2-lipped; stamens 4, the posterior (upper) pair longest, shorter
than or scarcely longer than the upper lip of the corolla
27. NEPETA, L.
Perennial herbs, with opposite, dentate leaves and with terminal and
axillary clusters of purplish flowers. Calyx obliquely 5-toothed; corolla
dilated at the throat, 2-lipped, upper lip erect, lower 3-lobed, the middle
lobe much the largest. Stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip, the
anterior pair shortest.
N. Cataria, L. (Fig. 10, pl. 136.) Carminr. Catnip. Whole plant
downy; stem branched, 1 to 3 ft. high. Leaves heart-shaped, on leaf-
stalks, sharply tapering at apex, the upper bract-like, small, all with
rounded coarse teeth at margins. Flowers mostly in terminal spikes, co-
rolla whitish-purple. About dwellings. Common. July-Sept.
28. GLECOMA, L.
A prostrate herb, resembling Nepeta in many respects; the upper leaves
not small and bract-like, and the apex of leaf is rounded. Flowers not
numerous, in axillary loose clusters.
G. hederacea, L. (Fig. 9, pl. 135.) GILL-ovER-THE-GROUND. (Nepeta
MINT FAMILY 541
PLATE 136
1. Scutellaria lateriflora. 2. S. galericulata. 3. S. serrata. 4. 8. nervosa.
5. S parvula. 6. S. pilosa. 7. 8. integrifolia. 8. S. imcana. 9. Dracoceph-
alum parviflorum. 10. Nepeta Cataria.
542 LABIATAE
hederacea, Trevisan.) Stems creeping and trailing. Leaves rounded or
kidney-shaped. Corolla light blue. Damp places, mostly about dwellings.
March-May.
29. DRACOCEPHALUM, L.
Perennial herbs, with opposite leaves and with blue or purple flowers
in terminal or axillary clusters. Calyx tubular, very hairy, 5-toothed,
the upper tooth usually much longer than the others. Corolla 2-lipped,
the upper arched, lower 3-lobed. Stamens 4, ascending under the upper
lip, the upper pair longest.
D. parviflorum, Nutt. (Fig. 9, pl. 136.) AMERICAN DRAGON-HEAD.
Leaves egg-shaped to lance-shaped, very deeply cut at margins, the teeth
very sharp. Clusters of flowers dense, crowded in terminal spikes. Dry
soil, northern New York and westward. May-Aug.
30. AGASTACHE, Clayt. (Lophanthus, Benth.)
Tall herbs, with opposite leaves on rather long leaf-stalks, margins
coarsely toothed with rounded teeth. Calyx bell-shaped, 5-toothed, the
upper teeth longest. Corolla 2-lipped, the tube scarcely exceeding the calyx.
Stamens 4, the upper pair longest. Anther sacs nearly parallel.
1. A. nepetoides, (L.) Kuntze. (Fig. 1, pl. 187.) Catnip GIANT-
Hyssop. Stem 2 to 5 ft. high, sharply 4-angled, smooth. Leaves egg-
shaped, pointed at apex, rounded or somewhat tapering at base, coarsely
toothed with rounded teeth, 2 to 4 in. long. Flowers in terminal spike
5 or 6 in. high. Calyx teeth slightly shorter than corolla tube. Corolla
greenish-yellow. Woods, Vermont and southward and westward. July-
Sept.
2. A. scrophulariaefolia, (Willd.) Kuntze. (Fig. 2, pl. 137.) Fia-
wort GIANT-Hyssop. Stem obtusely 4-angled, plant downy. Calyx teeth
very sharp, decidedly shorter than calyx tube, Woods, Connecticut and
westward and southward. July-Oct.
$+ Corolla 5-lobed, one lobe much longer than the others, which are nearly
equal; border of the longer lobe fringed
31. COLLINSONIA, L.
Tall herbs, with opposite leaves on long leaf-stalks and with loose termi-
nal clusters of yellowish flowers, Calyx bell-shaped, 2-lipped, 2 of the
teeth much longer than the other 3. Corolla much longer than calyx,
5-lobed, 4 of the lobes nearly equal, the 5th much longer and depending,
bordered with a fringe.
C. canadensis, L. (Fig. 5, pl. 137.) Horse-patm. Stem 2 to 5 ft.
high, smooth; leaves egg-shaped or oblong, bordered by coarse rounded
teeth, 6 to 10 in. long, the upper on short leaf-stalks, Flowers in loose
spreading, pyramidal clusters, aromatic, corolla yellow. Moist woods.
July-Oct.
} Corolla border very irregular. Stamens 4, extending beyond the tube of
the corolla, the anterior longer. Calya 5- to 10-nerved
MINT FAMILY 543
SS;
i
ZZ
PLATE 137
1. Agastache nepetoides. 2. A. scrophulariaefolia. 3. Tsanthus brachiatus.
4, Ajuga reptans. 5. Collinsonia canadensis. 6 Trichostema lineare. 7. T.
dichotomum. 8. Teucrium canadense. 9. T. occidentale.
544 LABIATAE
gz. AJUGA, L.
Herbs, with opposite leaves and with flowers in axillary clusters. Calyx
egg-shaped or bell-shaped, nearly equally 5-toothed. Corolla border 2-lipped
the upper small, the lower much larger, the middle lobe largely exceeding
the side lobes.
A. reptans, L. (Fig. 4, pl. 137.) Bucrtr. Stem 3 to 1} ft. high,
nearly smooth. From the base extend runners (stolons), which reach
out from the stem. Leaves at the base in a tuft, stem leaves rounded or
egg-shaped, without leaf-stalks. Flowers few in the leaf-axils, corolla
blue, much exceeding the calyx. Naturalized. Fields, Maine to southern
New York. May-June.
33. TEUCRIUM, L.
Herbs, with opposite leaves and purple flowers in a narrow terminal
spike. Calyx bell-shaped, nearly equally or somewhat unequally 5-pointed.
Stamens 4, extending beyond the corolla, Corolla border irregularly
5-lobed.
1. T. canadense, L. (Fig. 8, pl. 137.) Woop Sacre. Stem 1 to 2
ft. tall. Leaves lance-shaped on short leaf-stalks, sharply toothed, rounded
at base, tapering toward the apex, downy. Flowers nearly an in, long,
blue; calyx covered with short grayish hairs. Waste thickets. June-
Sept.
2. T. occidentale, Gray. (Fig. 9, pl. 137.) Hatry GErRMANDER.
Calyx covered with long loose hairs, Somewhat rare. Moist soil, eastern
Penna., and southward. July-Sept.
(Bicknell describes several other forms found in our area as new
species. )
34. TRICHOSTEMA, L.
Herbs, annual or perennial, with branched stems and opposite leaves
with entire borders, and with small flowers in terminal loose-spreading
clusters. Calyx bell-shaped, with 5 very unequal teeth, the 3 upper much
the longest and partly united, the 2 lower short. Corolla 5-lobed, the lobes
nearly equal in length, the tube in our species extending notably beyond
the calyx and somewhat curved. Stamens 4, the anterior pair longer,
extending beyond the corolla.
1. T. dichotomum, L. (Fig. 7, pl. 137.) Briur Curtis. Stem slen-
der, much branched, 4 to 2 ft. high. Leaves oblong or lance-shaped, on
leaf-stalks, 1 to 3 in. long, 1/3 to 1 in. wide, the whole plant somewhat
viscid. Flowers loosely clustered, 2 or, less frequently, 3 borne together.
Corolla blue, pink or rarely white. Dry fields, Maine to Florida. July-Oct.
2. T. lineare, Nutt. (Vig. 6, pl. 137.) NARRow-LEAVED BLUE CURLS.
Leaves linear, in other respects much like No. 1. Dry fields, Maine to
Florida, July-Aug.
35. ISANTHUS, Michx.
Low herb, viscid, much branching, with narrow lance-shaped leaves, with
entire margins and with small blue flowers in loose axillary clusters.
Calyx bell-shaped, 5-lobed, the teeth equal; corolla somewhat longer than
POTATO FAMILY 545
the calyx, the border somewhat unequally 5-lobed, the lobes rounded and
spreading. Stamens 4, not longer than the corolla, anterior pair longer
than the others.
I. brachiatus, (L.) BSP. (Fig. 3, pl. 137.) Fanse PENNYROYAL.
Stem much branched, 4 to 1% ft. high. Leaves lance-shaped, tapering at
each end, without teeth or with a few sharp ones. Flowers at the axils,
1 to 3 in a cluster, blue. Sandy soil, Maine, southward. July-Sept.
Famity IIJ.—SOLANACEAE. Potato Famity
Herbs, vines, rarely shrubs (none in our area), with alternate
leaves and regular flowers with 5 divisions of the calyx, 5 lobes
of the corolla and 5 stamens. Fruit a capsule of 2 cells or a
berry. Style single. Stamens alternate with the lobes of the
corolla, and inserted in the tube. Calyx below the ovary. Seeds
numerous. Fruit a pulpy berry.
Calyx, in fruit forming a ae colored, inflated sac
about the berry . . . >; . | “Physalis
Calyx 5-lobed, fitting closely Higa ie berry Leucophysalis
Calyx 5-lobed, not investing the berry . . . Solanum
Fruit a capsule.
Calyx enclosing the fruit, not covered with spines
so Mea pin, pha} iyo). ale) Tag gee a 2 SEV OSO Vans
Calyx. covered “wath epimesii: i 4 Mela Shee Datira
Calyx only partly covering the fruit . . . Nicotiana
1. PHYSALIS, L.
Herbs with, in our species, wavy bordered leaves and yellow or white
flowers. Calyx 5-parted, increasing as fruit develops, forming an inflated
enclosure for the large berry. Corolla open-bell-shaped, the 5 stamens
inserted near the base of the corolla tube.
Leaves decidedly heart-shaped at base . 5 oO a 0 JER pana
Leaves egg-shaped, sometimes slightly heart- tshaped at base.
Margins coarsely toothed . SUP toys otn Calne en Pee eLenOpAyile
MiERCIne: Eenereily GS 56 8 5 6 ao 6 6 6 6 @ 8 © VP pinlaryaorG
Leaves tapering at both ends.
lan perquitemehaltvaalta. o)) ce Sis vA uc) at Le) Meera une. P. virginiana
lanier O GMM ALLY Mr MROT co ~.” -<. rate Ee semi cutie ft eed oe! ole P. philadelphica
1. P. pruinosa, L. (Fig. 5, pl. 138.) Tarn Harry Grounp CHERRY.
Annual, much branched, erect or decumbent; leaves egg-shaped, heart-
shaped at base, margins wavy or with some sharp teeth, whole plant very
hairy. Flowers yellow, tinged with purple or spotted with brown. Low
grounds, Mass., and southern part of our area. July-Sept.
2. P. pubescens, L. (Fig. 1, pl. 138.) Low Harry Grounp CHeErry.
A very diffuse annual, when mature decumbent. Leaves 1 to 24 in. long,
egg-shaped, at base oblique, one side usually longer than the other, the
border entire or with distant angular teeth. Stem and leaves downy, but
546 SOLANACEAE
leaves becoming in some cases smooth, except along the veins. Calyx
lobes narrow; corolla yellow spotted with purple in the center. Anthers
violet. Pennsylvania and southward, July-Sept.
3. BP, philadelphica, Lam. (Fig. 2, pl. 138.) PHimapELpHt1a GRouND
CueERRY. Leaves lance-shaped or egg-shaped, tapering at each end, on
rather long leaf-stalks. Plant sometimes 4 or 5 ft. high, smooth or with
few hairs. Calyx closely investing the large red or purple fruit. Corolla
yellow, with purple in throat. In cultivated soils, Rhode Island, and
southward. July-Sept.
4. P, virginiana, Mill. (Fig. 3, pl. 138.) Vircinta Grounp CHERRY.
Stem 1 to 3 ft. high, diffusely branched; erect or decumbent. Leaves ob-
long or egg-shaped, tapering at each end, wavy or sharp toothed at mar-
gins; the whole plant hairy. Corolla about an in. broad, yellow. Culti-
vated grounds, New York, westward and southward. July-Sept.
5. P. heterophylla, Nees, (Fig. 4, pl. 138) CLAMMmy GrouNpD CHERRY.
Perennial, decidedly downy or hairy with jointed hairs; stem at first
erect, later decumbent, spreading, 1 to 3 ft. long. Leaves egg-shaped to
oval, blades generally 2 in. or more in length, somewhat heart-shaped at
base or bluntly tapering, borders with coarse teeth. Corolla greenish-
yellow with a dark eye at center. Fruit a large yellow berry. Rich soil,
somewhat common.
2. LEUCOPHYSALIS, Rydberg.
Tall, viscid hairy annual. Leaves not toothed, egg-shaped or lance-
shaped, tapering at each end. Calyx bell-shaped, 5-toothed, fitting closely
around the large berry. Corolla open-bell-shaped, yellow.
L. grandiflora, (Hook) Rydberg. (Fig. 6, pl. 138.) Larck WHITE
FLOWERED GRoUND CHERRY. (Physalis grandiflora, Hook.) Plant erect,
1 to 3 ft. high. Flower about 13 in. broad, white, resembling the Morning-
glory flower, but with short tube. In valley of Lake Champlain. May-
July.
3. SOLANUM, Tourn.
Herbs and vines, with alternate leaves, the larger of which are often
accompanied by smaller lateral ones. Flowers in clusters, white, blue,
dark purple or yellow. Calyx 5-cleft, wheel-shaped; corolla wheel-shaped,
the 5 lobes often extending nearly to the base. Stamens inserted in
throat of corolla, the anthers converging around the style. Berry 2-celled,
globose.
Stems mostly erect, mot prickly . 9. 9. \s/ «le ees Te vs | o) \uen Omen
Stems mostly erect, prickly.
Calys oti prickly yay es. bi lv<,., | oC Megs ap) Jnl (cee ROOM
CAly RO TICKIY. oc et ie he tile) coer ws) gh Na) RSIS ere fw 1 Per © VO CO
Stems, climbing or straggling . . . . nhs, jade |e btuse! AO
1. §. nigrum, L. (Fig. 3, pl. 139.) ComMMon or BLAcK NIGHTSHADE.
Low, much branching, generally without hairs, 1 to 24 ft. high. Leaves
egg-shaped, tapering at each end, on leaf-stalks, a small leaf often spring-
ing from the side of the leaf-stalk. Flowers in small umbel-like clusters,
directed laterally from the stem; corolla star-shaped, the converging an-
thers form a sharp cone in the center. Berries globular, black. In rich
shaded grounds. July-Oct.
POTATO FAMILY 547
PLATE 138
1. Physalis pubescens. 2. P. philadelphica. 3. P. virginiana. 4. P. hete-
rophylla. 5. P. pruinosa. 6. Leucophysalls grandiflora.
548 SOLANACEAE
2. §. carolinense, L. (Fig. 1, pl. 139.) Horst Nettrr. Stem much
branching, 1 to 4 ft. high, armed with long slender prickles. Leaves in
general outline egg-shaped, but deeply sinuate, the sinuses extending some-
times nearly to the midvein. Flowers in a terminal cluster; corolla star-
shaped, the lobes extending half way to the base; anthers forming a
pyramidal cone. Fruit a yellow berry.
3. §. rostratum, Dunal. (Fig. 2, pl. 139.) Sanp Bur. Very prickly,
1 to 23 ft. high. Leaves sinuate lobed, some of the sinuses extending to
the midvein, all lobes rounded; surface of leaves covered with a copious
yellowish down. Calyx covered with long slender prickles. Fruit a large
globular berry. Sandy waste places. May-Sept.
4. §. Dulcamara, L. (Fig. 4, pl. 139.) Brrrersweet. NIGHTSHADE.
Perennial climbing or trailing vine, more or less downy. Leaves, the upper
halberd-shaped, the lower egg-shaped, heart-shaped at base. Flowers in
side clusters, corolla blue or dark purple. Calyx not enclosing fruit. Fruit
an oval, red berry. Moist shady places, mostly about dwellings. June-
Sept.
4. HYOSCYAMUS, L.
Coarse, fetid weeds, with alternate deeply lobed leaves and large regular
flowers from the leaf-axils. Calyx bell- or urn-shaped, 5-lobed, striped;
corolla funnel-form with a 5-lobed, more or less unequally spreading bor-
der. Stamens spreading. Fruit a capsule enclosed in the calyx.
H. niger, L. (Fig. 5, pl. 139.) Brack Henpane. Stem stout, 1 to
24 ft. high. Leaves clasping the stem, deeply sinuate. Flowers on very
short flower stems; corolla greenish-yellow with purple markings. Cap-
sule oblong. Escaped from gardens. June-Sept.
5 DATURA, L.
Coarse weeds, with unpleasant odor, poisonous. Leaves with sinuate
borders, the lobes irregular and often deep. Flowers large, showy in the
forks of the stem. Calyx 5-lobed, prismatic, covered with hooklets; corolla
large, funnel-form.
l. D. Stramonium, L. (Fig. 6, pl. 139.) Strramontum. Whole plant
very dark green, 1 to 5 ft. high, branching. Leaves 3 to 8 in. long, irregu-
larly sinuate. Flower large, about 34 in. long, 2 in. broad. White. In
rich waste grounds. Summer.
2. D. Tatula, L. Purrere Srramonium. Taller than No. 1, and
flowers pale violet-purple. Fields and waste places. May-Sept.
3. D. Metel, L. ENTIRE-LEAvED THORN-APPLE. Leaves broadly egg-
shaped, unequal on the two sides, rounded at base or heart-shaped.
Flowers white. Waste places, Rhode Island, southward. July-Sept.
6. NICOTIANA, L.
Coarse, rank herbs, with large entire leaves and terminal clusters of
large flowers. Calyx tubular, 5-cleft; corolla funnel-form. Stamens 5,
inserted in tube of corolla. Capsule 2-celled.
N. rustica, L. Witp Tosacco. Leaves egg-shaped, borders entire, 2 to
8 in. long. Calyx teeth low triangular; corolla cylindric funnel-form,
POTATO FAMILY 549
A Up
~ VY y uf» 4,
f We
Wises
PLATE 139
1. Solanum carolinense. 2. S. rostratum. 3, S. nigrum. 4. 8. Dulcamara.
5. Hyosecyamus niger. 6 Datura Stramonium.
550 SCROPHULARIACEAE
greenish-yellow. Southern part of our area. Relic of Indian culture.
June-Sept.
Famity I1V.—SCROPHULARIACEAE. Ficwort FamiILy
In our area nearly all the species are herbs, a single species,
Paulownia, is a tree. Elsewhere shrubs and trees are found within
the family. The leaves may be opposite or alternate, always
simple, but the borders may be entire or more or less indented.
The flowers may be solitary or in variously formed clusters.
Flowers always more or less irregular, though in the first tribe
the irregularity is slight. Calyx persistent 5- or 4-toothed or
deeply divided. Corolla with a united petal more or less 2-lipped
with a tube of greater or less extent. Stamens free from each
other, inserted in the tube of the corolla, 5 or mostly 4 when 2
are longer than the other 2, or in some cases only 2 fertile sta-
mens. Pistil 1; fruit sometimes a berry more frequently a cap-
sule. Seeds numerous.
1. The Mullen Tribe
Corolla nearly regular, wheel-form, generally with 5 fertile sta-
MOUS | 0 Ge) eee be ec.) La. bist VS eee MMR iene ens WoC en eat av Ree
2. The Snapdragon Tribe
Corolla decidedly irregular, 2-lipped, the upper lip, in bud, cover-
ing the lower; in bloom the lower lip approaches the upper so as
nearly to close the throat (personate). Stamens (fertile) 4.
Leaves usually opposite, at least below.
Herbs.
Corolla tube prolonged into a spur or forming a sac or swelling
anteriorly.
Tube with a spur.
Leaves with veins diverging from mid-vein.
Klowers ‘solitary. . 20%, 9. 5. “ .. GHEADINGtORS
Flowers im clusters: . 2. i.‘ . . . = #e—aae
stipe. saccate sw. 4.) a: oo AO ee os la) JAERI
Corolla not spurred or saccate.
Stamens 4.
Tube of corolla inflated the 5th stamen represented
by a scale, attached to the upper side of the
COTO) ie Me tals ee) Made ie he hs ge
Tube not inflated, clearly 2-lipped, the 5th stamen
present, but shorter than the others and sterile;
seeds winged . . . . . CHELONE
The 5th stamen pone as long as he éuher) sterile;
seeds without wings . . PENTSTEMON
Tube of corolla 2-cleft nearly to Bae . . COLLINSIA
Large tree. 2 eh eee Taint us Heaney bok Sento SY Sun cCev cuts
FIGWORT FAMILY 551
3. The Monkey Flower Tribe
Corolla clearly irregular, 2-lipped, not saccate or spurred, the posterior
lobes covered, in bud, by the lateral lobes. Fertike stamens 2 or 4, when
4, 2 long and 2 short. Capsule splitting at maturity in the seams run-
ning from below upward.
Herbs
Stamens 4. Corolla 2-lipped
Stamens included within the tube of the corolla,
Stamens not ascending under its upper lip.
Throat of the corolla closed.
Leaves opposite in pairs.
Leaves coarsely toothed. . . . . . . MIMULUS
Medves) -elliuines ee oe ek ek fe) ee ee D ACORAY
throat omicorollaynotelosed 5) 4s) 6) a 2 eR COLLEN STA
Stamens ascending under the upper lip.
Leaves opposite in pairs.
Flowers in narrow spikes.
Corolla, mothairy .. f. 3 ee REN ANTES
Corolla “hairy: Sy Ae ne oe eee Open TEEES
Flowers solitary.
eaves) roundeds ea). 408 30.04) 2) Se PHOPHRASTA
Leaves lance-shaped . . . . . . MELAMPYRUM
eaves ni whorls, 6 sole 2 a ceetn Lena oP ANT BAN
Keavesvallietromy ghe soot. ania a Genin aE MOSH TEA
eavesy albernaceuwcn Wiel ec. iS Ue nl) cod eae CAST TTE TPA
Corolla not 2-lipped, but sub-equally 5-lobed
Leaves opposite.
Flowers purple.
Leaves linear, entire . . ») =) 2) IGHRARDIA
Leaves egg-shaped or lance- ‘shaped; hae ders toothed
Ly) NMP koe m yselerey tos fee BUCHNERA
aiowers ile st ah ee) ee ye DAS STO IMEA:
Leaves alternate, flowers pellea:
Leaves deeply lobed, the borders toothed . . PEDICULARIS
Leaves simple (not lobed), the borders not toothed,
corolla decidedly 2-lipped . . . . . . SCHWALBEA
Stamens 2
Corolla 2-lipped.
Calyx 5-parted.
Sterile filaments absent or minute . . . . . . GRaATIOLA
Sterile filaments evident and forked . . . . . ILYSANTHES
Calyx 4-parted .. . . . MIcRANTHEMUM
Corolla not 2-lipped, but sub- equally ft parted el eee a VRONTCAS
nee. Re) osname EVANETIUONVVIN TA
1. VERBASCUM, L.
Herbs, with alternate leaves, biennial or rarely perennial. Flowers in
552 SCROPHULARIACEAE
terminal spikes; corolla wheel-form with the 5 lobes unequal. Stamens
5, leaning outward, all fertile. Calyx 5-parted or 5-cleft.
1. V. Thapsus, L. GREAT MULLEN. VELVET PLANT. Stem erect,
sometimes with one or two branches above, 2 to 7 ft. high. Leaves large
(4 to 12 in. long), with small teeth or none, the base of the leaf running
down the stem each side, making winged angles to the stem; whole plant
rough, with dense wool. Flowers in long club-shaped spikes, yellow; sta-
mens unequal. In dry fields and waste places. June-Sept.
2. V. phlomoides, L. (Fig. 3, pl. 140.) CLASPING-LEAVED MULLEN.
Similar to the last, but usually less high and less stout. The leaves,
which in V. Thapsus, extend along the stem below the insertion, in this
species are scarcely or not at all decurrent. Introduced in parts of New
England from Europe. Also on Long Island. June-Aug.
3. V. Lychnitis, L. (Fig. 2, pl. 140.) Wuirre MuLien. Stem angled,
considerably branched, 2 to 5 ft. high; the whole plant white with short
soft hairs except the upper surface of the leaves. Leaves oblong to ob-
long-lance-shaped, with rounded teeth at borders, tapering at each end,
2 to 7 in. long. Flowers white or cream-color, in a pyramidal cluster of
many flowered spikes. Mostly in southern or western part of our area,
in dry waste places. June-Sept.
4, V. Blattaria, L. (Fig. 1, pl. 140.) Morn Mutiten. Stem erect,
branching above, 1 to 3 ft. high, without hairs or only slightly downy.
Leaves oblong, egg-shaped or lance-shaped, broad and clasping the stem
at base, tapering toward the apex, with coarse rounded teeth at margins.
Flowers in a terminal slender spike, yellow or white, marked with brown
at the back; spike 2 to 12 in. long, with narrow bracts at the base of the
flowers. Stamens purplish, unequal. Dry fields, waste grounds. June-
Sept.
2z. ELATINOIDES, Wetts
Spreading or creeping herbs, with veins spreading from mid-vein.
Flowers 2-lipped with a conspicuous spur at base of tube. Throat of co-
rolla closed by a sort of palate. Stamens 4, inclosed within the corolla.
Flowers solitary from the leaf-axils.
1. E. spuria, (L.) Wetts. (Fig. 9, pl. 140.) Rounp-Leavep Toap
Fuax. (Linaria spuria, (u.) Mill.) Leaves nearly round, blunt at apex,
heart-shaped at base, without leaf-stalks. Flowers yellowish-purple.
Waste places. From Europe. June-Sept.
2. E. Elatine, (L.) Wetts. (Fig. 10, pl. 140.) SmArp-porntep ToapD
Fuiax. (Linaria elatine, (l.) Mill.) Leaves arrow-shaped on short leaf-
stalks, downy. Corolla yellowish-purple. From Europe. Waste places.
June-Sept.
3. LINARIA, Juss.
Herbs, with alternate leaves (at least the upper ones) with simple
margins and with flowers axillary or in terminal clusters, ours spikes. Co-
roHa 2-lipped, the throat nearly closed; a conspicuous spur extending
backward from the tube of the corolla, Calyx 5-parted, the parts nearly
equal. Capsule oval or globose.
FIGWORT FAMILY 553
PLATE 140
1. Verbascum Blattaria. 2. V. Lychnitis. 3. V. phlomoides, 4. Linaria
cymbalaria. 5. L. canadensis. 6. L. vulgaris. 7. L. repens. 8. L. genistae-
folia. 9. Elatinoides spuria. 10. E, Elatine.
554 SCROPHULARIACEAE
Flowers axillary 2) 0°" é- fo) eyes Mien ce Trees) Somubtel semplocmm(GQUTiiaE AaRaEE
Flowers in spikes. :
Flowers yellow.
Leaves? lineat. \: -becwa. Ust acne Reolae ged tee ace 7 ey ea tee alte
Leaves lance-shaped
Flowers blue or bluish.
Corollavspur longs ies Fo Sa ee ie Viewens, UL co tee ser ROC
Corolla spur short L. repens
- - L. vulgaris
- LL. genistaefolia
l. L. vulgaris, Mill. (Fig. 6, pl. 140.) Burrer anp Eces. YELLOw
Toap FLAx. Stem erect, smooth, 1 to 3 ft. high. Leaves very numerous,
linear, alternate. Flower cluster narrow, densely flowered; the corolla
about an inch long, or including the slender spur, longer, light yellow.
Seeds winged. Common, fields and roadsides. June-Oct.
2. L. genistaefolia, (L.) Mill. (Fig. 8, pl. 140.) Broom-Leavep
Toap FLAx. Leaves broader, lance-shaped, and flowers smaller and seeds
not winged. Flowers yellow. Sparingly naturalized. June-Aug.
3. L. canadensis, (L.) Dumont. (Fig. 5, pl. 140.) Biur Toap
FiLax. Stem smooth, slender, simple or somewhat branched, 4 to 24 ft.
high. Leaves linear, blunt at apex, the basal leaves forming a dense
rosette. Flowers blue. Sandy soil, common in southern part of our area.
May-Sept.
4. L. repens, (L.) Mill. (Fig. 7, pl. 140.) PaAe-stur Toap FLAx.
Stem more or less decumbent, 3 to 23 ft. long. Leaves linear to lance-
shaped. Flowers nearly white with a bluish tint. In waste places. From
Europe; sparingly naturalized. June-Oct.
5. L. cymbalaria, (L.) Mill. (Fig. 4, pl. 140.) Kenmwortn Ivy.
Smooth, trailing, rooting at nodes, 2 to 12 in. long. Leaves round, radiate
veined, leaf-stalks about 2 in. long. Flowers blue or lilac on long flower
stems. Capsule globose, several seeded. Waste places, from Europe. June-
Aug.
4. ANTIRRHINUM, L.
Herbs, with alternate leaves and flowers in terminal clusters or with
flowers solitary in the axils. Calyx 5-parted, nearly regular; corolla de-
cidedly 2-lipped, the throat nearly closed, the tube not spurred, but some-
what inflated. Stamens 4, included in the corolla. Capsule ovoid or
globose. Seeds numerous, not winged.
1. A. Orontium, L. Lesser Snappracon. Stem about 1 ft. high,
nearly smooth; leaves narrowly linear, seattered. Flowers in the leaf-
axils, solitary. Calyx segments as long as or longer than the corolla.
Corolla white. Waste places, a European species. June-Aug.
2. A. majus, L. Great Snappracon. Stem | to 3 ft. high. Leaves
lance-shaped or linear, 1 to 3 in. long. Flowers large, corolla about 14
in. long, purple or red. Calyx segments shorter than corolla. Waste
places, escaped from gardens. June-Sept.
5. SCROPHULARIA, L.
Rank herbs, usually with opposite leaves and with small, purple-greenish
flowers in loose clusters (panicles). Calyx 5-parted, the segments obtuse.
Corolla tubular or more or less globular without a spur, the border of 5
very unequal lobes, the 2 upper much longer than the 3 lower, Stamens
FIGWORT FAMILY 555
4, unequal, bent ‘to one side, a fifth stamen rudimentary. Capsule many
seeded.
l. §. marylandica, L. (Fig. 1, pl. 141.) Marytanp Ficwort. A
coarse herb, 3 to 10 ft. high, with opposite leaves, which are egg-shaped,
3 to 12 in. long, on long leaf-stalks, the borders serrate, apex sharp, base
tapering, rounded or even heart-shaped. Flowers in a large, more or less
pyramidal, terminal cluster, composed of a number of umbel-like groups.
Flowers greenish-purple. Im woods and meadows, New York and south-
ward. July-Sept.
2. §. leporella, Bicknell. (Fig. 2, pl. 141.) Hare Fiawort. Leaves
on short leaf-stalks, narrower than those of No. 1. Woods and waysides,
in stations the same as No. 1. June-Sept.
6. CHELONE, L.
Herbs, with opposite leaves and large flowers in dense spikes or axil-
lary clusters, growing in mud by side of streams or in swampy places.
Calyx 5-parted, the segments nearly equal. Corolla 2-lipped, the superior
lip erect, the lower of 3 lobes, spreading; tube enlarged above, the throat
not closed, woolly within. Stamens 5, 4 only fertile, enclosed in the co-
rolla. Capsule ovoid.
C. glabra, L. (Fig. 3, pl. 141.) TurtTiE-HEAD. SNAKE-HEAD. Stem
erect, 4-sided, 1 to 3 ft. high. Leaves lance-shaped, sharp pointed at apex,
narrowed at base on very short leaf-stalks, borders sharply toothed.
Flowers large, in a dense terminal cluster, white or tinged with pink.
Along the borders of streams or in other wet places. Throughout our
area. July-Sept.
7. PENTSTEMON, Soland
Perennial herbs, with opposite leaves and terminal clusters of showy
flowers. Calyx short, 5-parted. Corolla tubular, enlarged at the outer
half of the tube, the border somewhat 2-lipped. Stamens, 4 fertile and 1
sterile, included in the corolla. Style slender. Capsule ovoid or globose.
1. P. hirsutus, (L.) Willd. (Fig. 6, pl. 141.) Harry BrArp-TONGUE.
Stem 1 to 3 ft. high, erect, slender. Leaves opposite, viscid hairy, oblong
to lance-shaped, the upper clasping the stem by a broad rounded base, the
lower tapering at the base to a broad or slender leaf-stalk, the upper leaves
serrate at borders, the lower wavy. Corolla purple or violet, inflated
toward the throat, which later is densely bearded, the border 5-lobed;
flower about an in. long. Dry grounds, Maine, southward to Florida.
May-July.
2. P. laevigatus, Ait. (Fig. 5, pl. 141.) Foxanove BEARD-TONGUE.
Stem 2 to 5 ft. high. Lower leaves oval or oblong, with entire or some-
what wavy borders, the upper egg-shaped, heart-shaped and clasping the
stem, usually sharp toothed. Whole plant, except in the flowering part,
smooth. Corolla } to 1 in. long, white. Fields, Maine, New York, and
westward. May-July.
Var. P. Digitalis, Gray. Corolla larger, about 1} in. long, and its tube
expands suddenly above the calyx.
Var. P. Pentstemon, (L.) Britton. SmoornH BEARD-TONGUE. Resembles
No, 2, but with purple corolla. Escape from gardens.
556 SCROPHULARIACEAE
8. COLLINSIA, Nutt.
Slender branching herbs, with opposite leaves or leaves in whorls, and
showy flowers in umbel-like clusters. Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla tipped to one
side, the 2 lips divided nearly to the base, the upper lip 2-cleft, lower
3-cleft, larger. Stamens 4, enclosed in the 3-parted lower lip. Capsule
4- to many-seeded.
C. verna, Nutt. (Fig. 4, pl. 141.) Innocence. Stem weak, 4 to 2
ft. high. Leaves thin, opposite, rounded or egg-shaped, the upper clasping
by the heart-shaped base, the lower on leaf-stalks, all coarsely toothed at
margins. Flowers in a terminal umbel-like cluster of 4 to 6 flowers, the
lower lip blue, the upper purple or nearly white. Moist woods, western
part of our area. May-June.
9. PAULOWNIA, Sieb.
A large spreading tree, with broad opposite leaves and large purple
flowers in terminal loose clusters. Calyx deeply 5-cleft. Corolla a long
tube with an irregular 5-lobed border. Stamens 4, included in the tube.
Style slender. Capsule woody, egg-shaped, many seeded.
P. tomentosa, (Thunb.) Baill. (Fig. 7, pl. 141.) Pavunownta. A
very large tree, branching freely. Leaves broadly egg-shaped, 6 to 15 in.
long, on long leaf-stalks. Flowers deep purple about 23 in. long. In
southern part of our area. Escaped from cultivation. May-July.
10. MIMULUS, L.
Herbs, with opposite leaves and handsome irregular flowers. Flowers
from the axils, tube cylindric, the lips broad and reflexed or erect, rounded ;
the throat closed. Stamens 4, inserted in the corolla. Style 2-parted at
top.
Flowers violet. :
Leaves “without Jeaf-stalks” 5) (<)) -) )e e) e ie ol to Cree
Leaves) swith! leat-stalks, 325i /s) sl i¥e) en Wes is) fol “lehav i) ol, vo) petal tomer
Flowers yellow.
Stem smooth.
Leaves egg-shaped or pear-shaped . . . « « « »« « WM. guttatus
Leaves round or broadly egg-shaped . . . . . . . M. Jamesti
Stem hairy a0 ee al Be erst Bl GE US AL aa. Cee Voces
1. M. ringens, L. (Fig. 1, pl. 142.) Square-stemMEep MonkKey-
FLOWER. Stem 1 to 3 ft. high, smooth, 4-angled. Leaves oblong or lance-
shaped, coarsely toothed, clasping the stem at base, tapering to the apex.
Flowers, one in each of the upper leaf-axils, on flower stems longer than
the flower. Color violet-blue, varying sometimes to bluish-white. Along
the wet borders of streams, and in swamps. June-Sept.
2. Mz. alatus, Ait. (Fig. 3, pl. 142.) Stuarp-wincep MONKEY-FLOWER.
Plant about as large as No. 1, the stem very sharply 4-angled. Leaves
oblong, egg-shaped, the upper tapering at each end, the lower somewhat
rounded, on leaf-stalks. Corolla violet. Along borders of streams and in
swamps. Connecticut and northward. June-Sept.
3. M. guttatus, DC. (Fig. 2, pl. 142.) Yrttow Monkry-riower,
(M. Langsdorbii, Don.) Leaves pear-shaped, the lower on leaf-stalks,
coarsely toothed. Flowers yellow. In fields. Norfolk, Conn. June-Sept.
FIGWORT FAMILY 557
PLATE 141
1. Scrophularia marylandica. 2. S. leporella. 3. Chelone glabra. 4. Col-
linsia verna. 5. Penstemon laevigatus. 6. P. hirsutus. 7. Paulownia to-
mentosa.
558 SCROPHULARIACEAE
4. M. Jamesii, T. and Gray. (Fig. 4, pl. 142.) JAmEs’s MIMULUS.
Creeping at base and rooting at nodes. Smooth, 6 to 18 in. long. Leaves
rounded or kidney-shaped, the lower with short leaf-stalks, the upper ses-
sile, mostly heart-shaped at base. Veins radiating from the stems inser-
tion. Flowers yellow. Pocono, Pa, (G. T. S.), and westward. June-Sept.
5. M. moschatus, Dougl. Musk-FLrowrER. Stems creeping; leaves egg-
shaped, on very short leaf-stalks. Whole plant hairy and viscid. Flowers
an in. long, yellow. Rare, Locust Valley, Long Island; Middle Grove,
Saratoga Co., N. Y. June-Sept.
11. BACOPA, Aublet. (Monniera, Michx. MHerpestris, Gartn.)
Low herbs, with opposite leaves and flowers solitary in the leaf-axils.
Calyx 5-toothed, 5-angled, nearly uniform in size from end to end. Co-
rolla tubular with a spreading 5-lobed, more or less 2-lipped, border. Sta-
mens 4, unequal, included within the corolla. Style slender, dilated or
2-parted at top.
B. caroliniana, (Walt.) Kuntze. (Fig. 11, pl. 142.) Brus HepcE
Hyssop. Stems creeping at base, rooting at lower nodes, hairy, 4 to 2 it.
long. Leaves broadly oval or egg-shaped, blunt at apex, clasping the stem
at base, the leaf borders entire. Flowers on stems shorter than the leaves,
generally shorter than the calyx. Corolla blue. Margins of ponds. Pine
barrens, N. J.
12. GRATIOLA, L.
Low herbs, with opposite leaves without leaf-stalks and with yellow or
white 2-lipped flowers, which spring mostly singly from the upper axils.
Calyx 5-parted, the divisions narrow and nearly equal, below the calyx
in our species, are two bracts. The upper lip of the corolla entire, or more
or less 2-cleft, tube cylindric. Fertile stamens 2. Style slender, the cap
slightly 2-lobed. Fruit a capsule with numerous seeds.
l. G. virginiana, L. (Fig. 8, pl. 142.) CLamMy HepdcE Hyssop.
Stem erect, toward the top widely branched, 3 to 12 in. high, hairy,
clammy. Leaves lance-shaped, with a few teeth at margins or without
teeth, acute at apex, narrow at base, without leaf-stalks. Flowers yellow
on flower stems as long or nearly as long as the leaves. Common in wet
places. May-Oct.
2. G. sphaerocarpa, Ell. (Fig. 5, pl. 142.) Rounp-rrUITED HEDGE
Hyssop. Stem 5 to 10 in. high, stout, smooth. Leaves oval or oblong,
with sharp teeth. Flowers on flower stems scarcely longer than the calya,
yellow. Pod globular, about + in.,in diameter. Wet places, southern part
of our area. June-Sept.
3. G. aurea, Muhl. (Fig. 7, pl. 142.) Got~peN Hepcr Hyssop. Small
plant, stem slender, leaning, 24 to 12 in. high. Leaves lance-shaped, not
toothed at margins. Flower stem nearly as long as the leaves. Corolla
yellow or white, yellow within. Swamps, most of our area. June-Sept.
4. G, pilosa, Michx. (Fig. 6, pl. 142.) Harry Hence Hyssop. Leaves
broadly egg-shaped or oblong. Clasping the stem at base, rounded at apex,
with few teeth, the whole plant, which is from 4 to 2 ft. high, eovered with
coarse hairs. Flowers with very short flower stems or none. Corolla
purplish or white. Wet grounds, most of our area. May-Aug.
FIGWORT FAMILY
i
PLATE 142
1. Mimulus ringens. 2 M. guttatus. 3. M. alatus. 4. M. Jamesii. 5
Gratiola sphaerocarpa. 6. G. pilosa. 7. G. aurea. 8. G. virginiana, 9.
Limosella aquatica. 10. L. tenuifolia. 11. Bacopa caroliniana. 12. Tlysan
thes gratioloides. 13. I. attenuata. 14. Micranthemum micranthemoides.
559
560 SCROPHULARIACEAE
13. ILYSANTHES, Raf.
Branching herbs, with opposite leaves and small 2-lipped, purple flowers
singly in the leaf-axils, the flower stems without bracts. Fertile stamens
2, sterile stamens 2, Fruit a rounded, many-seeded capsule.
l. I. gratioloides, (L.) Benth. (Fig. 12, pl. 142.) LoNG-STALKED
FALSE PIMPERNEL. Stem slender, much branched, 2 to 8 in. high. Leaves
egg-shaped, clasping the stem by the heart-shaped bases, somewhat acute
at apex, a few teeth at margins. Flowers single in the axils on flower
stems much exceeding the leaves in length. Corolla purple. Wet places,
New. England, southward. July-Sept.
2. I. attenuata, (Muhl.) Small. (Fig. 13, pl. 142.) SHorv-sTALKep
FALSE PIMPERNEL. Plant generally rather larger than No. 1, and flowers
on flower stems shorter than the leaves. Wet places, Maine, southward
and westward, May-Oct.
144 MICRANTHEMUM, Michx.
Very small herbs, smooth, creeping or nearly erect, tufted, growing in
mud or shallow water. Leaves opposite, calyx 4- or 5-parted; corolla very
irregular, 2-lipped, the upper considerably shorter than the lower or ab-
sent. Stamens 2. Style short, many-seeded capsule globose.
M. micranthemoides, Wettst. (Fig. 14, pl. 142.) Nurraty’s Mr-
CRANTHEMUM, (MM. Nuttallii, Gray.) Stem 1 to 2 in. high. Leaves oval or
egg-shaped, 1/12 to 1/6 in. long. Calyx 4-toothed, bell-shaped. Corolla
very irregular, upper lip nearly or quite wanting, the middle lobe of lower
lip much longer than the lateral lobes. Appendages at base of stamens
about as long as stamens. Tidal mud. Aug.-Oct.
15. LIMOSELLA, L.
Small plants growing in mud, usually by the sea shore, creeping by
slender runners, with long-linear or spatulate leaves and small, white or
pink flowers on flower stems directly from the base of the plant. Calyx
5-lobed; corolla nearly regular, the border 5-cleft. Stamens 4; style club-
shaped; the many-seeded capsule globular.
L. aquatica, L. (Fig. 9, pl. 142.) Narrow-LEAvep Mupwort. Stems
only in the form of rimners, no upright stem. Leaves linear or thread-
like, 1 to 5 in, long, in a group arising from a notched node. Flowers also
arising by a flower stem shorter than the leaves from the root node, single.
Muddy shores of tidal streams, June-Sept.
Var. tenuifolia, Wolf. (Fig. 10, pl. 142.) Leaves linear, thread-like.
16. VERONICA, L.
Herbs (some exotic species trees and shrubs), with opposite or, less
frequently, alternate leaves and small flowers, terminal or in the axils.
Calyx 4-parted, rarely 5-parted; corolla flat, rounded, border generally
4-parted, the lower lobe usually narrow, the upper broader. Stamens 2,
extending beyond the corolla. Style entire. Capsule compressed, flattened
or turgid, many seeded.
FIGWORT FAMILY 561
Clusters of flowers narrow or somewhat spreading, springing from the leaf-axils.
Plants essentially without hairs,
Leaves broad, more or less egg- shaped:
Leaves with leaf-stalks . Stidieriee Le Anagallis-aquatica
eaves: without, leat-stalk 5 2 =) es . V. americana
Weavesmlincacmem ane tkmea hy ei) a hot. tata eaierdat si ceh PAV rev Pen Sctetellate
Plants decidedly hairy.
Leaves oval on leaf-stalks . V. officinalis
Leaves egg-shaped, with large teeth, leaf- stalks wanting ie. Chamaedrys
Clusters of flowers in narrow terminal spikes.
Flower-stem shorter than the calyx.
Weavest broadly ovale on elliptic s-1) ys) sey yee nie) aay ene ee arpene
Leaves narrowly oval, linear or oblong . . . . . . V. peregrina
Flower stem as long or longer than the calyx . . . . . V. serpyllifolia
Flowers singly in the axils.
Leaves broadly obtuse or heart-shaped at base . . . . . V. hederaefolia
Leaves narrowed at base.
Flower stems much longer than the leaves . . . . . V. arvensis
Flower stem much longer than the leaf . . . . . . Vz. agrestis
Flower stem about as long as the leaf . . . . . V. Byzantina
1. V. Anagallis-aquatica, L. (Fig. 3, pl. 143.) Water SPEEDWELL.
Plant smooth or slightly downy above, decumbent, rooting at the lower
nodes, then erect. Leaves opposite, egg-shaped to lance- shaped, toothed
at margins, clasping the stem at base. Flowers in slender elongated clus-
ters, arising in the leaf-axils. Corolla pale blue, striped with purple,
Capsule nearly orbicular, somewhat compressed. Brooks and swamps,
throughout our area, May-Sept.
2. V.americana, Schwein. (Fig. 6, pl. 143.) AMERICAN BrooK-
LIME. Smooth, decumbent at base, rooting at the lower nodes, then erect,
stem 8 in. to 3 ft. long. Leaves opposite, oblong or egg-shaped, coarsely
toothed at margins, generally on leaf-stalks. Flowers in loose, rather slen-
der clusters, small, very light blue, purple striped. Capsule nearly or-
bicular, compressed. Brooksides and swamps, throughout our area. April-
Sept.
3. V. scutellata, L. (Fig. 1, pl. 143.) Marsa SprepweLt. Stem
slender, decumbent and rooting at base, 4 to 2 ft. high, generally smooth.
Leaves opposite, linear or narrow lance-shaped. Flowers in slender clus-
ters from the leaf-axils, small, blue. Capsule much flattened, depressed
at top. Swamps, southern New Yorw, and northward. May-Sept.
4. V. officinalis, L. (Fig. 11, pl. 143.) Common SpPEEDWELL. Stem
decumbent, rooting at base, then partly erect; whole plant hairy. Leaves
opposite, oval, toothed. Flowers in slender spikes, many flowered, the
flower stem shorter than the calyx; corolla blue. Capsule somewhat tri-
angular, notched at summit. Dry fields, borders of woods. May-Aug.
5. V.Chamaedrys, L. (Fig. 10, pl. 143.) GerRMANDER SPEEDWELL.
Stem creeping at base, then ascending, more or less hairy. Leaves op-
posite, broadly egg-shaped, generally heart-shaped at base, with coarse
teeth at murgins, without leaf-stalks or with very short ones. Flowers in
slender spikes. Flower stems longer than the calyx. Capsule, heart-
shaped above. Fields and waste places, introduced. May-July.
6. V.alpina, L. (Fig. 2, pl. 143.) Arprine SpEEDWELL. Stem erect,
branched from the base, 2 to 12 in. high, hairy. Leaves opposite, broadly
elliptic, attached directly to the stem. Flowers in a short narrow terminal
cluster, light blue. Capsule tall, notched at top. High mountains of
New England, ete.
562 SCROPHULARIACEAE
7. V. serpyllifolia, L. (Fig. 7, pl. 143.) TuyMr-LEAvED SPEEDWELL.
Stem somewhat creeping at base, 2 to 4 in. high, much branched, smooth
or nearly so. Leaves opposite broadly oblong or egg-shaped, rounded at
both ends, obscurely notched at margins. Flowers in the upper axils
forming a narrow terminal spike. Corolla pale blue or white with stripes.
Capsule broader than long, notched above.
8. V. peregrina, L. (Fig. 9, pl. 143.) Purstane SpeepWELL. Stem
4 to 9 in. high, branched at base, somewhat downy or smooth. Lowest
leaves opposite, oblong or oval, sometimes on short leaf-stalks, the upper
leaves alternate, narrow, elliptic or oblong without leaf-stalks. Flowers in
the axils forming a rather loose spike of bluish, nearly white flowers.
Capsule nearly orbicular, slightly notched at top. Waste places and as
a weed in cultivated grounds. April-June.
9. V.arvensis, L. (Fig. 8, pl. 143.) Corn Sprrpwett. Stem 3 to
8 in. high, branched or simple, hairy. Lower leaves opposite, egg-shaped,
on leaf-stalks, upper alternate, egg-shaped, without leaf-stalks. Flowers
solitary in the leaf-axils, small, blue to white. Fields and waste places.
March-Sept.
10. V. agrestis, L. Firrp SpEEpWELL. Stem 3 to 8 in. high, branched
or simple, hairy. Lower leaves opposite on leaf-stalks, toothed, upper
alternate without leaf-stalks, egg-shaped. Flowers solitary in most of
the axils, on flower stems much ionger than the leaves. Corolla small,
blue. Capsule round, sharply notched. Waste places, naturalized. May-
Sept.
1l. V. Byzantina, BSP. (Fig. 5, pl. 143.) ByZANnTINE SPEEDWELL.
Stem 4 to 1 ft. high, branched, whole plant hairy. Lower leaves opposite,
upper alternate, egg-shaped, borders toothed. Flowers solitary in the
leaf-axils on flower stems as long as the leaves, corolla blue. Capsule
twice as broad as high, broadly notched. Waste places, naturalized. May-
Sept.
12. V.hederaefolia, L. (Fig. 4, pl. 143.) Ivy-LEAvED SPEEDWELL.
Stem slender, branched, 3 to 18 in. long, hairy. Leaves round or heart-
shaped at base with a few deep notches at margins. Flowers solitary in
the leaf-axils on flower stems rather shorter than the leaves. Fields and
thickets, southern New York and southward. April-Oct.
17, LEPTANDRA, Nutt.
Tall erect herbs, with whorled, or sometimes opposite, leaves and with
dense terminal spikes of white or blue flowers. Corolla tube much longer
than the calyx and longer than the border.. Stamens 2, extending beyond
the throat of the corolla; style as long as the stamens. Capsule higher
than broad, many seeded.
L. virginica, L. (Fig. 1, pl. 144.) Curver’s Root. (Veronica vir-
ginica, L.) Erect, smooth or somewhat downy, 2 to 3 ft. high. Leaves
in whorls of 3 to 9, mostly 4, on short leaf-stalks, lance-shaped, with
sharp teeth at margins, 3 to 6 in. long. Flowers small, nearly white in
spikes, usually 3 or more, but less frequently one, the middle one first
developed. Rich fields and woods. July-Aug.
FIGWORT FAMILY 563
PLATE 143
1. Veronica scutellata. 2. V. alpina. 3. V. Anagalis-aquatica. 4. V. hede-
raefolia. 5. V. Byzantina. 6. V. americana. 7. V. serpyllifolia. 8. V. arven-
sis. 9. V. peregrina. 10. V. Chamaedrys. 11. V. oflicinalis.
564 SCROPHULARIACEAE
18. BUCHNERA, L.
Rough, hairy herbs, which turn black in drying. Leaves opposite or
the upper alternate. Flowers white, blue or purple, opposite in a terminal
narrow cluster, rather large. Calyx tubular with 5 equal teeth; corolla
tube cylindric, the border of 5 radiating lobes, nearly regular. Stamens
4, not extending beyond the throat of corolla.
B. americana, L. (Fig. 2, pl. 144.) Biur Hearts. Rough hairy,
stem 1 to 2 ft. high, slender. Leaves oblong to lance-shaped, with deep
indentations at margins. Corolla deep purple. Western New York, New
Jersey. Sandy soils. June-Aug.
19. DASYSTOMA, Raf. (Gerardia, L.)
Erect, branching herbs, with opposite leaves, usually deeply lobed, or
upper leaves sometimes alternate and with yellow trumpet-shaped showy
flowers in leafy clusters. Calyx 5-lobed; corolla lobes slightly unequal,
yellow, the tube lined with hairs. Stamens 4, not extending beyond the
throat of the corolla, quite unequal. Capsule spindle-shaped.
Plant hairy. ;
Gorolla, hairy 2 8. 0 3) «pegs + c's ss SS SE pee
Corolla not hairy Fy ele Uma usr ie) ee ee is en ee nee
Plant not hairy.
Leaves mostly entire or somewhat toothed . . . . . . D. laevigata
Teaves mostly deeply cut ~ 2 << © «6 «© « «© « « & «| Do giremica
1. D. pedicularia, L. (Fig. 5, pl. 144.) Fern-Leavep Fatse Fox-
GLOVE. Stem branched above, 1 to 4 ft. high, plant more or less covered
with sticky hairs. Leaves opposite or a few upper ones alternate, fern-
like, with the margins of the lobes finely toothed. Corolla 1 to 2 in. long,
downy outside and inside. Dry woods, throughout our area. Aug.-Sept.
2. D. flava, (L.) Wood. (Fig. 6, pl. 144.) Downy Fase Fox-
GLove. Grayish downy, stem 2 to 4 ft. high, with few branches, often
more. Leaves oblong or lance-shaped, obtuse at apex, the upper with
plane margins, the lower with margins lobed. Corolla 13 to 2 in. long,
smooth on outside, hairy within. Dry woods, southern New York, eastern
Mass., and northward. July-Aug.
3. D. virginica, (L.) Britton. (Fig. 4, pl. 144.) SmootH FALsE
FoxcLove. Smooth, stem sparingly or not at all branched. Leaves long
and narrow, deeply incised with double incisions of margins. Corolla 1}
to 2 in. long, smooth on the outside, hairy within. Stem 3 to 6 ft. high.
Rich woods, throughout our region. July-Sept.
4. D. laevigata, Raf. (Fig. 3, pl. 144.) ENTIRE-LEAVED FOXGLOVE.
Stem simple or sparingly branched, 1 to 3 ft. high. Plant not hairy or
only slightly so. Leaves usually with leaf-stalks, lance-shaped or some-
what egg-shaped, the margins without teeth or lobes, or the lower leaves
toothed or incised. Flower stem shorter than the calyx. Corolla 1 to
14 in. long. Dry woods and thickets, Penna., and southward. July-Aug.
20. GERARDIA, L.
Plants, in our region, all slender herbs, with opposite linear leaves and
large showy trumpet-shaped flowers, usually purple. Calyx 5-toothed, the
FIGWORT
FAMILY
PLATE 144
1. Leptandra virginica. 2. Buchnera am
4. D. virginica. 5. D. pedicularia. 6. D. fl
ericana. 3. Dasystoma laevigata.
ava,
566 SCROPHULARIACEAE
teeth sharp, short. Corolla with a long tube expanding toward the border,
border of 5 spreading lobes. Stamens 4, unequal, not extending beyond
the throat of the corolla, the filament hairy. Capsule egg-shaped or globose.
Flowers opposite, in the axils of the upper leaves, the tube generally dot-
ted with red or yellow.
Flower stems shorter than the calyx.
Corollayabout) a an. longaeeys i. as Gene fe) us) oS) enn Gann ee rer
Corolla about 4 in, long . G. paupercula
Flower stems as long as or longer than the calyx, rarely twice as long G. maritima
Flower stems more than three times as long as the calyx and longer than the
TOWED chs wet “e, riehs tes rote ees TD eation Coit er ee aoe tenuifolia
Flower stems longer than the calyx, about as long as the flower. Plant rough
a cee - . G. Skinneriana
1. G. purpurea, L. (Fig. 4, pl. 145.) Larce Purpite GERARDIA.
Stem 1 to 3 ft. high, smooth, slender, branched, the branches spreading.
Leaves opposite, broadly or narrowly linear, 1 to 14 in. long. Flowers
forming a diffuse cluster at the summit of the branches; corolla purple
or rarely purplish-white, 1 in. long. Calyx teeth triangular. Capsule
globose, Moist grounds, mostly near the coast, north and south in our
area. Aug.-Oct.
2. G. paupercula, (A. Gray) Britton. (Fig. 2, pl. 145.) Smatt-
FLOWERED GERARDIA. Stem 4 to 1% ft. high, smooth, slender, branching
with nearly erect branches. Leaves narrowly linear, opposite. Flowers in
a diffuse cluster at summit of branches. Corolla 3 to nearly 1 in. long,
purple, borders as broad as the length of corolla, hairy in the throat.
Stamens fringed with long hairs. Bogs and low marshes, New Jersey,
northward. July-Sept.
3. G. maritima, Raf. (Fig. 1, pl. 145.) Swa-stpe GerarpiaA. Stem
smooth, 8 to 16 in. high, with a sort of rosette of leafy branches at the
base. Leaves fleshy, linear, obtuse at apex, the upper short and remote.
Flowers purple, 4 to 3 in. long, on flower stems as long or nearly as long
as the calyx, longer in fruit. Capsule globose. Salt marshes, extent of
our area, July-Aug.
4. G, tenuifolia, Vahl. (Fig. 5, pl. 145.) StenpER GrRARDIA. Stem
1 to 14 ft. high, much branched, smooth. Leaves narrowly linear, the
margins smooth or more frequently rough, 1 to 14 in. long. Flowers pur-
ple, spotted, rarely white, usually more than 4 in. long on flower stems
as long as the flower. Capsule globose. Light soil, throughout our area.
Aug.-Oct.
5. G. Skinneriana, Wood. (Fig. 3, pl. 145.) Sxryner’s GERARDIA.
Stem rough, striped, 1 to 14 ft. high, branched, with nearly erect branches.
Leaves generally opposite, linear, very rough, generally less than 1 in.
long. Flowers pale purple, 4 in. long, on flower stems hardly as long as
the flowers. Eastern Mass., and southward.
21. CASTILLEJA, Mutis.
Herbs, parasitic on roots of other plants, with alternate leaves, those
among the flowers being dilated and more highly colored than the yellow
or purplish flowers themselves. Flowers in spikes; calyx tubular, com-
pressed, on the upper side cleft, the opposite side cleft or entire. Corolla
very irregular, its tube included within the calyx, its upper lip long, nar-
FIGWORT FAMILY 567
PLATE 145
1. Gerardia maritima. 2. G. paupercula. 3. G. Skinneriana. 4. G. pur-
purea. 5, G, tennifolia.
568 SCROPHULARIACHAE
row and arched, flattened laterally. Lower lip short, 3-lobed. Stamens
4, unequal. E
1. C. coccinea, (L.) Spreng. (Fig. 4, pl. 146.) Scarter PaIntep-
cup. Annual, stem angular, erect, not branched or with few branches, 1 .
to 2 ft. high, whole plant hairy. Lower leaves clustered, margins mostly
entire, upper leaves deeply about 3- to 5-lobed, the segments nearly linear.
Flowers dull yellow, inconspicuous by reason of the bright scarlet bracts
which exceed the flowers in length and brillianey, one flower in the axil of
each of the colored bracts. A showy and beautiful plant. In wet meadows,
Not common. May-June.
2. C. pallida, (L.) Spreng. ¢(Fig. 5, pl. 146.) LaNcre-LEAVED
PAINTED-cuP. (Var. septentrionalis, Gray.) Leaves all entire at borders,
alternate, lance-shaped, without leaf-stalks. Flower bracts large, obtuse
at apex and generally dentate, yellowish or greenish-white, as long as the
flowers, corolla yellowish. Higher regions of the White Mountains. June-
Aug.
22. SCHWALBEA, L.
Perennial herb, with alternate leaves and large purple flowers in a
bracted spike. Calyx tubular, the 5 teeth quite unequal, at the base of
the calyx 2 narrow bracts. Corolla very irregular, the tube long, slender,
the upper lip entire, arched, lower lip 3-lobed. Stamens 4, unequal, in the
upper lip of the corolla. Capsule oblong, many seeded, seeds chaffy.
S. americana, L. CHArFrF-SEED. Stem 1 to 2 ft. high, erect, downy.
Leaves oblong or egg-shaped, the upper small, narrow, passing into bracts
of the flower spike. Flowers 1 to 14 in. long, without flower stems; co-
rolla yellowish-purple. Wet soil, eastern Mass., and southward. May-
July.
23. EUPHRASIA, L.
Small herbs, generally branching, parasitic on the roots of other plants.
Leaves opposite, dentate or incised. Flowers small, white, blue or yellow
in leafy bracted spikes. Calyx tubular, 4-cleft. Upper lip of corolla
2-lobed, erect, the sides turned back. Lower lip 3-cleft, spreading. Sta-
mens 4, unequal, under the upper lip. Capsule oblong, flattened, seeds
numerous. ;
1. E. americana, Wettst. (Fig. 8, pl. 146.) Harry Eyesricut.
Stem 3 to 10 in. high; whole plant hairy or mostly smooth. Leaves with-
out leaf-stalks, opposite, rounded, large teeth at margin. Flowers in a
terminal rounded cluster or a slightly elongated spike, purple, varying to
white, the cluster with leafy bracts, the bracts sharply toothed. Fields
and hills, Maine. All summer.
2. E. Oakesii, Wettst. (Fig. 7, pl. 146.) Oakers’s Eyrsricut. Stem
1 to 2 in. high. Stem leaves 1 or 2 pairs. Flower cluster round, the bracts
bluntly toothed. Summits of the White Mountains.
Several species and varieties of Huphrasia, resembling the species above
described but differing in some slight particulars, are reported as found
locally by Robinson and others,
24. ODONTITES, Gmel.
Herbs, with opposite leaves and slender spikes of red or yellow flowers.
FIGWORT FAMILY 569
PLATE 146
1. Pedicularis canadensis. 2. P. lanceolate (leaf). 3. P. Furbishiae
(leat). 4. Castilleja coccinea. 5. C. pallida. 6. Rhinanthus Crista-galli. 7.
Euphrasia Oakesii. 8. E. americana,
570 SCROPHULARIACEAE
Calyx equally 4-cleft. Corolla tube narrow, upper lip entire, the sides not
folded back. Stamens 4, unequal. Capsule nearly globose, seeds few.
O. rubra, (L.) Gilib. Rep Eyesriacut. Annual, stem roughish, 6
to 15 in. high, branching, somewhat hairy. Leaves opposite, without leaf-
stalks, narrow lance-shaped, with remote teeth. Flowers in slender spikes,
loosely flowered, corolla red or pink. Fields and waste places. Natu-
ralized. June-Sept.
25. PEDICULARIS, L.
Perennial herbs, with leaves alternate, opposite or rarely in whorls and
with very irregular flowers in leafy spikes. Calyx tubular, 2- to 5-lobed.
Corolla strongly 2-lipped, the upper flattened laterally and strongly arched,
the lower 3-lobed. Stamens 4, unequal, within the upper lip. Anthers
transverse.
1. P. lanceolata, Michx. (Fig. 2,°pl. 146.) Swamp Lovuseworrt.
Plant smooth or nearly so throughout; stem upright, 1 to 3 ft. high, with
few if any branches. Leaves 2 to 5 in. long, partly opposite, in general
outline oblong-lance-shaped, the margins lobed nearly half way to the
mid-vein, the margins of the lobes with rounded teeth. Flower spikes with
lance-shaped, toothed leaves at the base of the flowers. Corolla yellow,
about an inch long with a short abrupt beak at the apex. Swamps, Con-
necticut and northward and westward. Aug.-Oct.
2. P. canadensis, L. (Fig. 1, pl. 146.) Woop Bretony. Stems in
clusters, half prostrate, hairy. Leaves scattered or some of them opposite,
in general outline rather broadly lance-shaped, lobed on each side half way
to the mid-vein, margins of the lobes toothed. Spikes of flowers leafy,
short and dense. Calyx split on the Jower side; corolla yellow, hooded,
2-toothed, under the apex. In woods and dry thickets, rather common.
April-June.
3. P. Furbishiae, Watson. (Fig. 3, pl. 146.) Miss Furpisn’s Pr-
DICULARIS. Stem erect, 2 to 3 ft. high, downy or smooth. Leaves lobed
on each side to the mid-vein (pinnate), the lobes coarsely toothed and the
teeth themselves dentate. Corolla yellow. In swamps and along streams.
Maine. July-Sept.
26. RHINANTHUS, L.
Herbs, with opposite leaves and flowers in one-sided leafy spikes, or
solitary in the upper axils. Calyx 4-toothed, much inflated. Corolla very
irregular, 2-lipped, the upper arched, laterally compressed, minutely
2-toothed at the apex, lower lip 3-lobed, spreading. Stamens 4, unequal,
under the upper lip. Anthers fringed, seeds winged.
1. R, Crista-galli, L. (Fig. 6, pl. 146.) Rarrie Box. Stem slender,
branching at the axils, the branches shorter than the principal stem,
usually streaked with black lines, 6 to 18 in. high. Leaves lance-shaped,
coarsely toothed, without leaf-stalks. Flowers yellow, ? in. long, often
with a purple spot on one or both lips. Along parts of the coast and on
the White Mountains. June-Aug.
2. R. oblongifolius, Fernald. Usually a smaller plant than No. 1,
5 to 16 in. high. Few or no branches from the axils and the stem with-
BLADDERWORT FAMILY 57]
out black lines. Corolla yellow without the purple or dark spots on the
lips. Mountains of Maine and New Hampshire and Adirondack Mountains.
27. MELAMPYRUM, L.
Erect herbs, annual, branching, with opposite leaves and flowers solitary
in the axils. Calyx 4-toothed, the 2 upper longer. Corolla irregular,
2-lipped with narrow tube, which is gradually enlarged toward the throat.
Upper lip arched and flattened laterally. Stamens 4, unequal, under the
upper lip.
M. lineare, Lam. (Fig. 14, pl. 147.) Narrow-Leavep Cow-WHEAT.
Downy, stem slender, obscurely 4-sided, 4 to 13 ft. high. Leaves opposite,
lance-shaped to linear, tapering at each end, on short leaf-stalks. The
leaves among the flowers with 4 to 6 conspicuous bristle-point teeth. Co-
rolla yellowish-white on short flower stems. Dry woods, north and south
in our area.
FamMity V.—LENTIBULARIACEAE. Brapprerwort FamMity
Flowers 2-lipped. Marsh or water plants without leaves or
with mostly thread-like leaves at the root or the root leaves some-
times broad. Flower scapes erect. Flowers solitary or in few-
flowered clusters, terminal, on short flower stems, at the foot of
each being a small bract. Calyx below the ovary, 2- to 5-parted.
Corolla 2-lipped, the throat closed. Stamens 2. Ovary 1-celled.
Banaie or bor plants... °°. °°.) 5°.” . 4 Utricularia
Memresunal plantf= . . ..1. so. oS Se @ Pemguenia
1 UTRICULARIA, L.
Mostly aquatic herbs, floating free in the water or rooting in mud. The
floating species with branching spreading stems with finely dissected leaves
and a scape, leaflets or with scale-like leaves, bearing at the summit a few
or several irregular flowers. In some species the thread-like leaves are
bladder bearing, in others the bladders are borne on leafless stems. Also
in certain species there are two kinds of flowers, the open flowers on the
scape and a closed flower like a bulblet growing among the leaves. Calyx
2-lobed; corolla 2-lipped, quite irregular, closed at throat, a spur or sac
protruding from the corolla tube.
Plants rooting in the mud, without dissected leaves and with or no air bladders.
Flower scape very straight, leaves reduced to scales, flowers open.
BlowerSurvcluowacercnt ts miele eit se vay cclete. Mel's of |: Ucomnuta
Flowers purple . . . © « © © «© «© «© « « «© U, resupinata
Mloweruscapemalee74e) tees) pil st ne sete? subtests: a) lp oak vole Ue ismoulara
Flower scape hair-like, flowers without spur, closed, bulb-like U. cleistogama
Plants floating or creeping in mud, the branches and finely dissected leaves
floating. Air bladders numerous.
Flowers purple . O 8 ob Oo pm so a 6 We ag ae
Flowers yellow on leafless scapes.
Whorl of dissected leaves on cylindric and inflated leai-stalks U. inflata
eae and stem leaves spreading, the latter dissected and thread-
like,
572 LENTIBULARIACEAE
Bladders and closed flowers, borne among the thread-like
leaves: | sheet de Uenbuctalee: 1h, roalhe tn cmatomni seme) Sen G LILES Raa
Bladders but not closed flowers borne among the thread-
like leaves.
Spur oi corolla about as long as the lip. Flowers
ee ON ieee’ (Ap iene er emer wee (Ue iaihies
Spur of corolla usually obtuse, shorter than the lip
of the corolla.
Elowers © OF u2 Ss we» © ea <s) Jo eileen
Blowers: 2 “to8 5) 0s) ).- 9 eo Se 3.) oe
Flowers 5 to 12, the thread-like leaves
feather-form 2.15% ee is) ue. (3 0) 1s SOM COMETaeeS
Bladders usually borne on leafless branches.
Leaf segments flat. . «. »« »« « « e WU, “ntermedsn
eat segments round << . «= « «- « « | Wemnurocn
1. U.cornuta, Michx. (Fig. 5, pl. 147.) Hornep BLappERWoRT.
Flower scape 9 to 12 in. high, rooting in the mud, branches, when present,
root-like, leaves reduced to scales, or none. Flowers 1 to 6, yellow, large,
spur long and acute, corolla lips widely parted. Soft mud and shallow
pools, northern to southern limits of our area. June-Aug.
2. U. resupinata, Green. (Fig. 9, pl. 147.) Reversep BLADDERWORT.
Seape arising from rooting shoots, 2 to 7 in. high, with a solitary purple
flower; the spur directed nearly horizontally. Muddy shores, bogs, Maine
to Florida. July-Aug.
3. U. subulata, L. (Fig. 8, pl. 147.) Z1e-zaAc BLADDERWoRT. Flower
scape thread-like, zig-zag from flower to flower, leaves few, linear, or none,
Flowers yellow, lower lip 3-lobed, spur conic. Springs, wet sandy soil,
Nantucket and southward. March-Aug.
4. U. cleistogama, (Gray) Britton. (Fig. 4, pl. 147.) CiosEp
BLADDERWORT. Scape 1 to 3 in. high, bearing 1 or 2 closed purplish
flowers not larger than a pin’s head. Wet soil, eastern Mass., and New
Jersey. August.
5. U.inflata, Walt. (Fig. 6, pl. 147.) SworLteN BLAppERworRT.
Flower scape 3 to 20 in. high; about its middle a whorl of leaves with
inflated leaf-stalks, the leaves themselves finely divided. Lower leaves
dissected, without inflated leaf-stalks. Among both sets of leaves are many
air bladders. Corolla yellow. Ponds, throughout our area. March-Aug.
6. U. purpurea, Walt. (Fig. 7, pl. 147.) PurpLe BLADDERWORT.
Flower scape 1 to 6 in. high, without leaves or with scale-like leaves, bear-
ing 1 to 4 flowers. Branches long, floating, the dissected leaves bearing
numerous air bladders. Corolla purple. Ponds, mostly near the coast.
May-Aug.
7. U. vulgaris, L. (Fig. 1, pl. 147.) Common BLApDERWORT.
Flower scape with a few scales or none, stout, 3 to 14 in. high, bearing
from 3 to 20 rather large yellow flowers. Branches floating, sometimes
a foot long, leaves in thread-like divisions, the segments round, bearing
bladders, Brooks and ponds, our area. June-Aug.
8. U. clandestina, Nutt. (Fig. 12, pl. 147.) Hippen-rrurrep BLap-
DERWORT. Scape slender, 2 to 5 in. high, bearing from 3 to 5 yellow
flowers. Branches floating, spreading, with many finely divided leaves
with bladders and with closed bulblets (cleistogamie flowers), on rather
long flower stems arising from the branches among the leaves. Shallow
ponds, mostly near the coast. July.
BLADDERWORT FAMILY 573
PLATE 147
1. Utricularia vulgaris, 2. U. gibba. 3. U. biflora. 4. U. cleistogama. 5.
U. cornuta. 6. U. inflata, 7. U. purpurea. 8. U. subulata. 9. U. resupinata.
10. U. minor. 11. U. fibrosa. 12. U, clandestina 13. U. intermedia. 14.
Melampyrum lineare, 15. Pinguicula vulgaris.
574 OROBANCHACEAE
9. U. intermedia, Hayne. (Fig. 13, pl. 147.) FLAT-LEAVED BLADDER-
wort. Flower scape with a few scales 2 to 10 in. high, bearing 2 to 5
yellow flowers. Branches floating. Leaves with 2 ranks of flattened, com-
pound linear leajlets. Separate stems bear numerous large air bladders.
Pools, our area. June-Aug.
10. U. fibrosa, Walt. (Fig. 11, pl. 147.) Fierous BLAppERwort.
Flower scape 5 to 12 in. high, with a few small scales, bearing 1 to 6
yellow flowers, the middle lobe striped with red. Branches floating.
Leaves with few thread-like divisions, bearing bladders or not; bladders
sometimes on separate branches. Shallow pools, Long Island and south-
ward. June-July.
1l. U. minor, L. (Fig. 10, pl. 147.) Lesser BLApDDERWoRT. Scape
2 to 7 in. high, bearing 1 to 10 yellow flowers. Branches floating; leaves
in 2 ranks, the leaflets short, thread-like. Bladders among the leaves,
few or absent. Upper lip of corolla shorter than lower. Spur reduced
to a broad flat protuberance. Shallow pools and ponds, our area. June-
July.
12. U. gibba, L. (Fig. 2, pl. 147.) Humpep BLAppERWorT. Scape
1 to 5 in. high, bearing 1 or 2 yellow flowers. Branches floating with very
few thread-like leaves, and few air bladders. The leaves root-like, buried
in mud or rising above it. Corolla spur blunt and short. Shallow pools
and ponds, throughout our area. July-Aug.
13. U. biflora, Lam. (Fig. 3. pl. 147.) Two-FLOWERED BLADDERWORT.
Scape 2 to 5 in. high. Branches long, floating. Leaf divisions few, hair-
like, often bearing many bladders. Flowers 1 to 3 on the scape, yellow,
the lips nearly equal. Shallow pools and ponds, eastern New England.
2, PINGUICULA, L.
‘Herbs, with leaves arising from the root and with slender, naked, one-
flowered scape. Upper surface of leaves viscid. Corolla 2-lipped, the
upper 2-cleft, lower 3-cleft; from the tube extends a long spur, extend-
ing, generally, upward. Calyx 4- to 5-parted.
P. vulgaris, L. (Fig. 15, pl.‘147.) Marsm Vioter. Leaves in a basal
rosette, lance-shaped or approaching egg-shaped, blunt at apex, 1 to 2 in.
long. Scape 2 to 6 in. high, smooth, bearing a single violet-purple nod-
ding flower, the long spur pointing upward. Wet places, Vermont and
northern New York. July-Aug.
Famity VI.—OROBANCHACEAE. Broomrare FAMILY
Parasitic herbs growing from roots of other plants. Fleshy, leaf-
less, white, yellow or purplish-brown, with perfect 2-lipped flowers,
solitary or several on the spike. Calyx 4- to 5-toothed, inferior to
the ovary, nearly or quite equally divided. Corolla long tubular,
the tube generally bending, lips 5-lobed. Stamens 4, unequal, in-
serted in the tube and alternate with its lobes (a rudimentary 5th
stamen completing the alternations). Ovary 1-celled, free from
the calyx, seeds numerous.
BROOMRAPE FAMILY 575
Flower solitary, terminating the stem . . . . . Thalesia
Flowers in a single dense spike, a row of stiff hairs running
up the upper lip of the corolla . . . . . . Orobanche
Flowers in a dense spike, anthers of the stamens fringed
tT ee ee es St ee et? Conepuols
Flowers on several spikes branching from main stem Epifagus
1. THALESIA, Raf. (Orobanche, (Tourn.) L. Aphyllon, (Mitchel)
Gray)
Single or several stemmed, more or less viscid herbs, with solitary
flowers terminating a naked scape. Calyx 5-cleft, corolla slightly 2-lipped,
the tube long and curved, upper lip 2-lobed, lower 3-lobed. Stamens 4,
unequal.
T. uniflora, (L.) Britton. (Fig. 1, pl. 148.) ONE-FLOWERED Broom-
RAPE. Stem, mostly buried in the ground, very short, with a few scales.
Scapes 2 or more, 3 to 8 in. high, somewhat downy, each with a single
flower about } in. long, with a decided curve to the tube. Rich woods and
thickets, throughout our area. April-June.
2. OROBANCHE, L.
Flowers in a dense spike, without flower-stems. Calyx split before and
behind nearly to the base, both lips 2-lobed. Stamens 4, unequal, included
within the corolla. Parasites on roots of other plants.
O. minor, Smith. (Fig. 2, pl. 148.) CrLover Broomraper, Spike 4 to 12
in. high, terminating in a narrow, dense cluster of purplish flowers gen-
erally parasitic on the roots of clover. Introduced from Europe. May-
July.
3. CONOPHOLIS, Wallr.
Parasitic herb, with stout, unbranching stem densely scaly terminating
in a thick scaly spike of yellow flowers. Calyx irregular, 4- to 5-toothed,
at its base 2 bracts. Corolla tubular, swollen at base, strongly 2-lipped.
Stamens 4, unequal, extending beyond the throat of the corolla.
C. americana, Wallr. (Fig. 4, pl. 148.) Squaw Root. Plants
brown, usually clustered, from thick bases. Flowers about 4 in. long, the
upper lip strongly arched, the lower drooping, 3-cleft. In woods, mostly
oak, growing in the midst of the fallen leaves. Our area. May-June.
4. EPIFAGUS, Nutt. (Leptamnium, Raf.)
Branching parasitic herb, with purplish or yellowish stems, which carry
a few scales, but no leaves. Flowers in slender spikes, the upper flowers
sterile, the tube long and curved, the lower closed (Cleistogamic) but
fertile. Calyx 5-toothed, oblique. Corolla 4-lobed, the upper larger than
the 3 lower.
E. virginiana, (L.) Raf. (Fig. 3, pl. 148.) Brscu Drops. Plant
4 to 2 ft. high, with several flowering branches, flowers whitish and pur-
plish, about 4 in. long. Growing from the roots of beech trees. Our
area. Aug.-Oct.
576 BIGONIACEAE
Famity VII.—BIGONIACEAE. Trumpet VINE FamILy
Woody plants; vines, shrubs, trees with, in our naturalized
species, opposite leaves and large showy trumpet-shaped flowers in
large clusters. Calyx 2-lipped, 5-toothed or not toothed. Corolla
of a long tube expanding toward the throat and with a 5-lobed,
somewhat 2-lipped border. Stamens, inserted in the corolla tube,
4 or 2 fertile. Ovary bearing a long style.
Moody Wine. ae eS I ae ee
uarde. tree ies. 2s a ets ce one ie ee eee
1, TECOMA, Juss.
Climbing vines, with compound leaves and aerial rootlets. Calyx
5-toothed, bell-shaped; corolla tube long, lobes 5, nearly equal. Stamens
4, unequal. Capsule 2-celled.
T. radicans, DC. (Fig. 5, pl. 148.) Trumpet Firower. The ordinary
Trumpet Flower of lawns which in places has been naturalized.
2. CATALPA, Scop.
Trees, with large, opposite, ovate leaves and large clusters of white or
mottled flowers. Calyx deeply 2-lipped. Corolla decidedly 2-lipped, in
general form trumpet-shaped, the 5 lobes quite unequal. Fertile stamens
2. Fruit capsule a long and slender pod; seeds winged on each side, the
wings fringed.
C. speciosa, Warder. CatTarpa. Tree, with thick flaky bark. Leaves
large, egg-shaped, heart-shaped at base. Flowers numerous, white; corolla
1 to 14 in. long. Pod 4 or 5 in. long. Escaped from cultivation in some
localities. June-July.
Famity VIII—ACANTHACEAE. Acanruus FAMILY
Chiefly herbs with opposite leaves and without stipules, and with
rather large flowers, which are usually much bracted, more or less
2-lipped. Stamens 2 or 4, inserted in the tube of the 5-lobed co-
rolla.
Lobes of the corolla sub-equal, star-shaped . . . . Ruellia
Corolla conspicuously 2-lipped . . . . . . Dianthera
1. RUELLIA, L.
Perennials. Leaves entire, opposite. Flowers large and showy, blue or
purple, white or yellow, in loose clusters. Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla more
or less trumpet-form, somewhat 2-lipped, the 5 lobes radiating. Sta-
mens 4, unequal, extending beyond fhe throat of the corolla. Fruit an
oblong capsule.
1. R. ciliosa, Pursh. (Fig. 7, pl. 148.) Harry Ruerria. Stem 1 to
23 ft. high, erect. Whole plant very hairy with soft whitish hairs. Leaves
BROOMRAPE AND ACANTHUS FAMILIES 577
PLATE 148
1. Thalesia uniflora. 2. Orobanche minor. 3. Epifagus virginiana. 4.
Conopholis americana, 5. Tecoma radicans. 6. Ruellia strepens. 7 RB.
ciliosa. 8. Phryma Leptostachya. 9. Dianthera americana.
578 PHRYMACEAE
oblong, oval or egg-shaped, tapering at each end, without leaf-stalks or
with short ones. Calyx lobes narrow, tapering into long bristle-like
points, the whole calyx hairy. Corolla tube twice as long as the calyx,
narrower; lobes spreading into a star-shaped flower an inch in diameter.
Corolla blue. Dry ground, southern part of our area. June-Sept.
2. R. strepens, L. (Fig. 6, pl. 148.) SmoorH RuetiiA. Similar to
preceding species, but not downy or hairy. Penna., and southward. May-
July.
2. DIANTHERA. L.
Mainly perennial herbs, our only species growing in shallow water at
the edge of streams or ponds. Leaves opposite, entire. Calyx 5-parted.
Corolla deeply 2-lipped, the tube slender, the upper lip erect, notched, the
lower lip 3-parted, spreading. Stamens 2, inserted in the throat of the
corolla, not extending beyond the upper lip. Capsule flattened, 4-seeded.
D. americana, L. (Fig. 9, pl. 148.) Water Wirtow. Stem angled,
grooved, 1 to 3 ft. high, scarcely branching. Leaves opposite, lance-
shaped, 3 to 6 in. long by about 4 in. wide. Flowers in dense terminal
clusters on very long naked stems. Corolla about 4 in. long, purple.
Shallow water, not common. July-Sept.
Famity IX.—PHRYMACEAE. Lorsrep Famity
A perennial herb with branching stems, opposite egg-shaped
leaves and narrow spikes of small, irregular, purplish flowers.
Calyx cylindric, 2-lipped, the upper lip of 3 bristle-like teeth, the
lower shorter, 2-parted. Stamens 4, unequal, not extending be-
yond the throat of the corolla. Ovary 1-celled with a single ovule
In fruit the capsule Jops downward. Corolla purple.
PHRYMA, L.
Characters as above.
P. Leptostachya, L. (Fig. 8, pl. 148.) Lopsrrp, Plant 2 to 3 ft.
high, downy, stem somewhat 4-sided. Leaves broad, coarsely toothed,
spikes *of flowers very narrow, flowers mostly opposite, at first erect, then
strongly reflexed against the stem. The narrow teeth of the calyx, in
fruit, lock over the capsule. Woods, in most of our area. June-Aug.
Order VII.—PLANTAGINALES. The Plantain Order
Herbs with inconspicuous flowers with nerveless, dry, thin, mem-
branaceous corollas, the flowers arranged in long slender dense
greenish spikes or, in a head or solitary (the last two conditions
rare and of these only one species with solitary flowers in our
region). Calyx below the ovary, the segments equal or two of them
longer. Corolla a spreading 4-pointed star on a short tube. Sta-
mens 2 or 4. Fruit a capsule which opens by a lid.
PLANTAIN FAMILY 579
FAMILY—PLANTAGINACEAE. PLANTAIN FAMILY
Characters as above.
1. PLANTAGO, L.
Herbs, with leaves all basal and with flowers on a leafless scape in a
slender, dense flowered spike (exceptionally leaves on the stem and flowers
in a head, but not in our species). Calyx 4-parted, corolla 4-lobed. Sta-
mens usually 4. Fruit a capsule opening by a lid.
Leaves all basal, egg-shaped, tapering at each end.
Plant not hairy.
Flowers densely crowded in a narrow cylindric spike . . P. major
Flowers not densely crowded, the spike more or less interrupted
a Oe. aR ee Ste 5 P. Rugelii
IB eraty SHORE IREVISS Ge oateo. Mace lio BANS Ee BeOS Ger niin DG 72h prrartie
reavccmueantashapecmateDAScmm ci a) wol spa tel oes) Qcme nc (el) 0.) © icy 6 en pnsioeMCOMCaTE
Leaves lance-shaped, not linear.
TAEVaty Sy TEENEARE lg” Ghee Boo) oon fa 669 Go mo oalta sa Wesecntainidn
Plant not very hairy.
Margins of leaves more or less lobed « . . . . . P. heterophylla
Margins of leaves not lobed.
Bracts between flowers much longer than flowers . P. aristata
Bracts not exceeding flowers,
Flower scape usually much longer than the leaves
5a Oe Soa Pore ty et eS - Komiaree tome eaS lanceolata
Flower scape usually about equalling the leaves
Rie amioh ater acc er Miseas) cameeebsetbees: UR Gn = Uae ting
MeavcoMmliticatm cues a toma tes callie? ive) mic Gsm s] ,o0 seetamaini se 4 ts cue ba celonggta
1. P. major, L. (Fig. 3, pl. 149.) Common PLANTAIN. Leaves egg-
shaped, tapering at each end, the margins smooth or wavy, not hairy or
only slightly so, from 1 to 10 in. long. Scape 6 in. to 2 ft. high, spike
very narrow and flowers densely crowded. Door yards and waste places,
common. May-Sept.
2. P. Rugelii, Dec. (Fig. 7, pl. 149.) Rugry’s PLANTAIN. Similar
to P. major, but there are many interruptions in the spike of flowers.
Fields, woods and waste places. June-Sept.
3. P. lanceolata, L. (Fig. 4, pl. 149.) Ripwort. Leaves lance-
shaped, pointed at each end, with 3 to 5 ribs, 2 to 12 in. long. Flower
scape angular, longer than the leaves, from 4 to 2 ft. high, the spike
dense, rather short, blunt. Meadows and roadsides. Common. April-
Nov.
4, P. media, L. (Fig. 10, pl. 149.) Hoary Prantain. Leaves rather
narrower than those of P. major, but somewhat similar in form. Leaves
and scape covered with brown hairs. Scapes slender, 1 to 2 ft. high.
Waste places. May-Sept.
5. P. cordata, Lam. (Fig. 6, pl. 149.) Heart-LEAvVED PLANTAIN.
Leaves broadly egg-shaped, heart-shaped at base, 4 to 10 in. long. Scape
3 to 2 ft. high, the flower spike interrupted, from a few in. to a ft. long.
Swamps and along streams, New York and southward. March-July.
6. P. maritima, L. (Fig. 5, pl. 149.) Sea-sip— PLANTAIN. Leaves
narrow, grass-like, fleshy. Scapes about as long as leaves. Spike of
flowers loose. Salt marshes and along coast. June-Sept.
7. P. aristata, Michx. (Fig. 1, pl. 149.) Larce-pracTep PLANTAIN.
Leaves grass-like, smooth, scape 6 to 18 in, tall, flower spike 1 to 6 in.
580 RUBIACEAE
long. The bracts, linear, extending much beyond the flowers. Waste
places, introduced from Western States. May-Oct.
8. P. virginica, L. (Fig. 2. pl. 149.) Wire Dwarr PLANTAIN.
Leaves spatula-formed or pear-shaped, the whole plant covered with hairs.
Scape 1 to 18 in. high; flowers in a dense cylindric spike or the lower
flowers somewhat scattered. Dry soil, Connecticut and southward. March-
July.
9. P. elongata, Pursh. (Fig. 8, pl. 149.) St tenpeR PLANTAIN.
Leaves thread-like. Spikes very slender. Stamens not extending beyond
the flowers. Dry sandy soil, New York and southward, April-Aug.
10. P. heterophylla, Nutt. (Fig. 9, pl. 149.) Many-sEEDED PLAN-
TAIN. Leaves lance-shaped, grass-like, but borders more or less lobed (like
those of dandelion) or with low teeth. Spike of flowers more or less in-
terrupted. Capsule 10- to 24-seeded. Wet places, New Jersey and south-
ward. April-July.
z. LITTORELLA, L.
A low, succulent herb, with linear leaves, all from the base and solitary,
membraneous flowers terminal to scapes shorter than the leaves. Flowers
of 2 kinds, those bearing stamens and those with pistils. In the former
the stamens extend conspicuously beyond the throat of the flower. Calyx
4-toothed; corolla 4-lobed.
L. uniflora, L. (Fig. 13, pl. 149.) Snore Grass. Growing in tufts,
leaves linear 1 to 3 in. long. Scape half as long as leaves. Borders of
lakes and ponds, Maine and Vermont. July-Aug.
Order VIII.—RUBIALES. The Madder Order
Corolla of united petals; leaves opposite. Calyx adherent to
the ovary, the calyx borders of lobes or teeth partly or completely
above the ovary. Stamens fixed upon the corolla, as many as its
lobes and alternate with them (in Linnea 1 less than the lobes)
or stamens double the number of the lobes. Anthers separate;
ovary more than one-celled with usually more than one seed in
each cell. The order includes 2 families in our area. They are,
Rubiaceae and Caprifoliaceae.
Famity I— RUBIACEAE. Mapper Famity
Herbs, shrubs, trees; but in our area, with the exception of a
single shrub, all small and slender herbs. All have opposite leaves
which are said to be stipulate, yet in many cases the stipules are
not easy to detect. Flowers perfect and nearly symmetrical.
Calyx tube adherent to the ovary, its teeth or lobes varying. Co-
rolla of united petals of various shapes. Stamens as many as the
lobes of the corolla and alternate with them. Anthers free from
PLANTAIN FAMILY 581
J S
Za
PLATE 149
1. Plantago aristata. 2. P. virginica. 3. P. major. 4. P. lanceolata. 5.
P. maritima. 6. P. cordata. 7. P. Rugelii. 8. P. elongata. 9. P. hetero-
phylla, 10. P. media. 11. Flower of P. major. 12. Flower of P. lanceolata,
deprived of its calyx. 13. Littorella uniflora.
582 RUBIACEAE
each other. Ovary 1- to 10-celled, the cells containing from 1 to
several seeds. Fruit a capsule, a berry or a drupe.
Shrub with flowers in a dense round head . . Cephalanthus
Herbs, with opposite leaves or leaves in whorls of 3.
Flowers in pairs, fruit a red berry . . . . Mitchella
Flowers separate.
2 carpels each one-seeded . . . . . . ~~ Diodia
2 carpels each many seeded.
Corolla funnel-form . .* . . . Houstonia
Corolla wheel-shaped . . . . . Oldenlandia
Herbs with leaves in whorls of 4 or more.
Corolla commonly 4-lobed, flat, round . . Galium
Corolla funnel-form.
Flowers in heads surrounded by involucre leaves
Or “eases: 2. ee Sh ee
Flowers in loose clusters . . . . Asperula
1. HOUSTONIA, L.
Small, delicate herbs (with us), with opposite leaves and often with
a rosette of leaves at the base. Stipules united with the leaf-stem. Calyx
tube egg-shaped, 4-parted. Corolla tube slender, the 4 lobes spreading.
Stamens 4, equal, inserted in the tube of the corolla. Ovary 2-celled,
seeds numerous.
1. H. coerulea, L. (Fig. 4, pl. 150.) Brvets. Innocence. Small
herb, growing in tufts; stem 3 to 6 in. high, sparingly branched. Leaves
oblong, spatula-form, opposite, forming a rosette at base, about 1/3 in.
long. Corolla light blue, lilac or nearly white with a yellowish center.
Tube longer than the lobes. Grassy places, our area. April-July.
Var. Toronorum, Pease and Moore. Corolla white with yellowish cen-
ter, tube shorter. White Mountains.
2. H. longifolia, Gaertn. (Fig. 5, pl. 150.) LoNnG-LEAvep Hovs-
TONIA. Tufted, stems 5 to 10 in. high. Basal leaves spatula-form, stem
leaves linear. Flowers pale blue, purple to nearly white. Open dry
places, throughout our region. May-Sept.
3. H. ciliolata, Torr. (Fig. 6, pl. 150.) Frrncep Houstonta. Plant
4 to 7 in. high. Stem leaves spatula-formed, lower leaves in a rosette,
oval or pear-shaped, their margins fringed with hairs. Western New
York, and southward. May-Sept.
2. OLDENLANDIA, L.
Slender herbs, erect or diffuse with opposite leaves, the small stipules
united to the leaf stems and (in our area) small axillary flowers, white
or pink. Calyx and corolla, each 4-parted. Stamens 4, equal, inserted
in the throat of the corolla. Ovary 2-celled, ovules numerous in each
cavity.
MADDER FAMILY 583
PLATE 150
1. Diodia virginiana. 2. D. teres. 3. Oldenlandia uniflora. 4. Houstonia
coerulea. 5. H. longifolia. 6, H, ciliolata. 7, Mitchella repens. 8. Cepha-
lanthus occidentalis.
584 RUBIACEAE
O. uniflora, L. (Fig. 3, pl. 150.) CLUSTERED BLUETS. Stem weak,
half prostrate, branched, spreading, 1 to 15 in. long. Leaves egg-shaped
to oblong. Corolla inconspicuous, white, shorter than the calyx. Wet
places, southern New York, and southward. June-Sept.
3. CEPHALANTHUS, L.
Shrub, with the white flowers in a dense round head, hanging by a long
flower stem. Calyx tube 4-toothed; corolla tubular, wider at top and
4-lobed. Style 1, long, slender; stamens 4, inserted in the throat of the
corolla. Fruit small, dry and hard.
C. occidentalis, L. (Fig. 8, pl. 150.) Burron Busu. Shrub, 3 to
10 ft. high, with large opposite or whorled egg-shaped leaves on long
leaf-stems and with ball-like clusters of white flowers. Wet grounds,
borders of streams. June-Sept.
4. MITCHELLA, L.
Small, trailing herb, with opposite, dark shining evergreen Jeaves and
white flowers in pairs. Stipules minute. Calyx 3- to 6-lobed. Corolla
of a long slender tube and 4 or more recurving lobes, bearded in the
throat. Stamens 4 or more. Pistil in some flowers extending much be-
yond the throat of the corolla, while the stamens are included within the
corolla. In other flowers the exact opposite condition prevails, namely,
the stamens extend beyond the corolla and the pistil is hidden in the tube.
Fruit a red berry.
M. repens, L. (Fig. 7, pl. 150.) PartripcE Berry. Stems 3 to 12
in. long. Leaves nearly round. Flowers growing as twins from the single
flower stem and both sometimes appearing as if enclosed at the base by
the same calyx. Fruit red, rarely white, edible but rather tasteless.
Rich woods, our area. April-June.
5. DIODIA, L.
Herbs, with opposite, stipulate leaves and small flowers in the leaf-
axils. Stems more or less decumbent or quite erect. Calyx ovoid, in our
species 4-parted. Corolla tubular, spreading toward the border, which is
usually 4-lobed. Stamens 4, inserted in the throat of the corolla and
extending beyond the corolla. Ovary 2-celled with a single ovule in each
cell,
l. D. virginiana, L. (Fig. 1, pl. 150.) LArcer BurTon-weep. Plant
decumbent or nearly erect, hairy or smooth, bearded. Leaves lance-shaped
to linear, without leaf-stems. Flowers white, 1 to 3 in the leaf-axils, tube
of corolla slender, expanding suddenly into a 4-lobed, wheel-like border.
Style 2-parted. Fruit at first fleshy, becoming dry. Low grounds, New
Jersey, and southward. June-Aug.
Z. D. teres, Walt. (Fig. 2, pl. 150.) Roveam Burron-wrep, Usually
rough hairy, spreading, stems more or less prostrate or nearly erect.
Leaves opposite, without leaf-stems, narrow lance-shape or linear. Co-
rolla does not suddenly expand, as in No. 1, lilae, light purple or white.
Style not divided as in No. 1. Fruit pear-shaped, hairy. Dry soil, south-
ern New York, Connecticut, and southward. July-Sept.
MADDER FAMILY 585
; 6. GALIUM, L.
Slender herbs, with 4-angled stems, generally branching and often lean-
ing on other herbs, with leaves in whorls and with small flowers mostly in
terminal or axillary more or less umbel-like clusters, Calyx teeth absent.
Corolla mostly 4-parted, star-shaped, with a short tube. Stamens usually
4, exceptionally 3, short. Styles 2. Fruit double from the same pedicel.
Blowerservellowaeemucamacr imter ves fe 6. tel eh de. (eomieittelitiat ve) teu pe UNG RVers
Flowers purple. ;
lkba: Dia? co alo. BON Guetta BO LEOR MIC. CR RCuMeDe eri fits Ie on con Crpe ITT
PiGinic Sieua Goes” ENC R Goin Dec oe LO weCO Cnr nemen, (GNU?
Flowers white or greenish,
Leaves in 4s. ‘ y
Fruit a dry, smooth, double berry . . . . « « «© G. tinctorium
Fruit a smooth, double berry, fleshy . . .«. .« © «© G. hispidulum
Fruit covered with hooked hairs.
Leaves lance-shaped.
Blowerssifew 45 =.) s ss «5 «© © Ge fanccolanwm
Flowers very mumerous . . . . « « « G. boreale
Leaves oval or nearly round,
Corollas hairy tes oe elec ee es) deh Fo - G. circaezans
Corollagnot hairy. =) uve) eel este 6 kamtschaticum
Leaves in 4s or 6s.
Fruit covered with hooked hairs . . . . -. +« « «+ G. asprellum
Fruit smooth.
Corolla 3-parted. 4
Leaves mostly in 4s . ~ « « te Go trindum
Leaves mostly more than ‘4 in a whorl, :
Stem armed with hooks . . . . -_ G. Claytoni
stem) smooth) = = 2 <3 ns G. concinnum
Leaves) in) 2s) to Gs.- 2-2) -) = 6) = 3 1 « G., palustre
Weavesalways im GS se) 6!) os) pel ctor) Nel eel GpurtiaiOrterD
Leaves in 6s to 8s,
Fruit smooth.
Branches and pedicels widely spreading . .. . G. Mollugo
Branches and- pedicels ascending . . ... © erectum
Fruit with strong hooked haute aT Cre CLI oe ae ALS é Aparine
Praiteoranudlar ss ey - G. tricorne
1. G. verum, L. (Fig.1, pl 151.) YELLow Bepstraw. Erect, stem
4 to 23 ft. high, smooth. Leaves in 6s or 8s, narrow linear. Flowers
yellow in dense clusters at upper part of stem. Naturalized. In waste
places and fields. May-Sept.
2. G. Mollugo, L. (Fig. 2, pl. 151.) Witp Mapper. Plant with-
out hairs or nearly so. Stem 1 to 3 ft. long. Leaves in 6s or 8s, narrow,
linear, with a bristle point at apex. Flowers white, small, numerous.
Fruit smooth. Fields and waste places. Naturalized. May-Sept.
3. G. erectum, Huds. Erecr Bepstraw. Similar to No. 2, but more
generally erect, the stems numerous. Flowers fewer and generally larger
than those of the preceding species, the branches ascending. Connecticut,
Vermont, and northward.
4. G,. tricorne, Stokes. (Fig. 4, pl. 151.) RouGgH-rruiTepD Corn Bep-
sTrRAw. Stout, partly prostrate or erect, whole plant rough with hooked
hairs. Leaves linear lance-shaped, in 6s or 8s, rough on the margins.
Flower stems arising in the leaf axils and shorter than the leaves and
usually about 1- to 3-flowered. Fruit rather rough from granular ele-
vations. Waste places. Naturalized. May-Aug.
5. G. Aparine, L. (Fig. 3, pl. 151.) Creavers. Plant armed with
strong, hooked hairs, stem 2 to 5 ft. long, weak, procumbent. Leaves in
6s, 7s or 8s, linear or obversely lance-shaped. Flower stems from the
586 RUBIACEAE
axils, each 1- to 3-flowered, the fruit covered with hooked hairs. Wet
thickets and various localities. Our area. May-Sept.
6. G. pilosum, Ait. (Fig. 5, pl. 151.) Harry Bepstraw. Stem 1 to
24 ft. long, whole plant hairy. Leaves in 4s, oval, about 1 in. long.
Flowers axillary and terminal, dull purple to yellowish purple. Dry sandy
soil, eastern Mass., and southward and westward. June-Aug.
7. G.lanceolatum, Torr. (Fig. 9, pl. 151.) Torry’s Wi~p Liquo-
RICE. Plant smooth or nearly so, 1 to 2 ft. high. Leaves in 4s, lance-
shaped, tapering to the apex, 2 in. Jong, 1/4 to 1/3 as wide. Flowers not
hairy, yellowish to dull purple. Flower stems rather long with few
flowers. Dry woods. Our region. June-Aug.
8. G. circaezans, Michx. (Fig. 11, pl. 151.) Cross CLEAvERS. Stem
1 to 2 ft. high, smooth or slightly downy. Leaves in 4s, broadly oval to
lance-shaped, 1 to 14 in. long, usually obtuse at apex, 3-nerved. Flowers
in axillary and terminal diffuse clusters, the common flower stem much
longer than the leaves, dividing into 2 or 3 lesser stems, each bearing
usually, 2 flowers which are greenish white, the corolla hairy outside.
Woods, our region. May-July.
9. G. kamtschaticum, Steller, (Fig. 3, pl. 152.) Norruern WILD
Liquorice. Stem weak, 4 to 15 in. long. Leaves in 4s, nearly round or
broadly oval, the lower 14 in. long, smooth or slightly downy. Flowers on
long slender common flower stems which divide into 3 branches, each of
which is usually once forked. Corolla yellowish white, not hairy. Moun-
tains, New England and New York. June-Sept.
10. G. boreale, L. (Fig. 6, pl. 151.) NorrHern Bepstraw. Erect,
smooth, 1 to 2 ft. high, scarcely branching. Leaves in 4s, smooth, linear,
lance-shaped, 3-nerved, obtuse at apex, or less frequently acute, 1 to 14
in. long. Flowers in dense, many-flowered terminal pyramidal clusters,
white. Fruit covered with hooked hairs. Along streams, rocky places.
May-Aug.
1l. G. triflorum, Michx. (Fig. 7, pl. 151.) FRAGRANT BEDSTRAW.
Stem 1 to 3 ft. high, weak, smooth or bristly on angles. Leaves in 6s,
narrowly oval or elliptic-lanceolate, bristle-pointed, 1 to 2 in. long, 1-veined.
Flowers not numerous, on long common leaf-stems, each 3-flowered. Fruit
covered with hooked hairs. Rich woods. Our area. June-Aug.
12. G. latifolium, Michx. (Fig. 8, pl. 151.) Purpre Bepstraw.
Stem smooth, 1 to 2 ft. high, erect, branched. Leaves in 4s, lance-shaped,
3-nerved, very sharp pointed at apex, rounded at base, 1 to 2 in. long,
common flower stems usually shorter than the leaves, usually more than
onee forked. Flowers purple. Dry woods in southern part of our area.
May-Aug.
13. G. tinctorium, L. (Fig. 10, pl. 151.) Witp Mapper. Stem
erect, stiff, 6 to 15 in. high, branching, several times forked. Leaves in
4s, linear, 4 to 1 in. long, 1l-nerved. Flowers terminal in diffuse clusters,
2 or 3 in a lesser group. Corolla rather large, white. Fruit smooth.
Damp shady places, throughout our area, May-July.
14. G. trifidum, L. (Fig. 1, pl. 152.) Smarn Bepstraw. Stems
weak, 4 to 14 ft. high, branching, mostly rough on the angles. Leaves
in whorls of 4s, rarely in 6s, linear, ¢ in, long. Flowers in terminal very
MADDER FAMILY 587
f
: 2 13
.
1. Galium verum. 2. G. Mollugo. 3. G. Aparine. 4. G. tricorne. 5. G.
pilosum. 6. G. boreale. 7. G. triflorum. 8. G. latifolium. 9. G. lanceola-
tum. 10. G. tinctorium. 11. G. cireaezans. 12. G. asprellum., 18. G. pa-
lustre. 14. G. Claytoni.
14,
588 RUBIACEAE
diffuse clusters, each flower on a long, very slender pedicel. Corolla lobes
usually 3; stamens 3, Fruit smooth, Sphagnous swamps and cold wet
places, Maine to southern New York. All summer.
15. G. Claytoni, Michx. (Fig. 14, pl. 151.) Ciayton’s Bepstraw.
Stem 4 to 2 ft. high, slender, 4-angled, the angles rough with hooked hairs,
branching in 2s or 3s. Leaves commonly in 5s or 6s, spatula-form, with
a stiff bristle point at apex, which otherwise is rounded, margin rather
rough. Flowers in very diffuse clusters at top of plant, the ultimate
groups being of 1 or 2 white flowers, Corolla very small, 3-lobed. Fruit
smooth. Swamps and wet meadows, generally distributed. May-July.
16. G. palustre, L. (Fig. 13, pl. 151.) Marsn Bepstraw. Plant
nearly or quite smooth, stem about 15 in. high, erect, slender, long be-
tween the nodes, branches quite short. Leaves small, in 2s to 6s, narrow
linear, rounded at apex. Flowers in terminal scattered clusters, white.
Fruit smooth. Moist shady places, roadsides, ete. May-July.
17. G. concinnum, Torr. and Gray. (Fig. 2, pl. 152.) Surnine Bep-
STRAW. Stem weak, decumbent, diffusely branched. Whole plant shining.
Leaves in 6s, linear, + in. long. Flowers in 3-forked terminal clusters,
white, minute. Fruit small, smooth. Dry woods, New Jersey and south-
ward. June-Aug.
18. G. asprellum, Michx. (Fig. 12, pl. 151.) RovucH Brpstraw.
Stems decumbent, very branching, rough with stiff hooked hairs, 2 to 6
ft. long. Leaves in 6s or 5s, very rough at margins, narrowly oval 1/3 to
2/3 in. long, bristle-pointed. Flowers white, small, in terminal clusters.
Fruit smooth. In wet places, ditches, etc., leaning on other plants. June-
Aug.
19. G. hispidulum, Michx. (Fig. 4, pl. 152.) Coast Berpstraw.
Stem branching, nearly smooth or hairy, 1 to 2 ft. high. Leaves in 4s.
Flowers few. Fruit a double fleshy berry. Southern part of our area.
May-Aug.
7. SHERARDIA, L.
Resembles Galium, but flowers are funnel-form with a decided tube and
leaves are spiny pointed. Calyx tube 4- to 6-parted. Corolla 4- to 5-lobed.
Stamens 4 or 5.
S. arvensis, L. (Fig. 6, pl. 152.) Brue Fierp Mapper. Stems
growing in tufts 3 to 10 in. long, weak. Leaves in 4s, 5s or 6s, lance-
shaped, sharp at apex. Flowers in terminal clusters, each subtended by
an involucre, which is as long as the flowers. Corolla pink or blue.
Naturalized in many places. June-July.
8 ASPERULA, L.
Another Galium-like plant with white or pinkish flowers. Leaves 6 to
9 in a whorl, rough at the margins. Corolla funnel-shaped. Fruit in
pairs. Flowers in terminal nearly flat clusters.
A. odorata, L. (Fig. 5, pl. 152.) Sweet Wooprurr. Stem slender,
erect, smooth. Leaves usually in 8s (less or more), lance-shaped, bristle-
pointed, Flowers pink or white, Fruit hairy. Naturalized, in waste
places. May-July.
MADDER FAMILY 589
OPA
BS PR
Nex 2 AD x
nee. aei\ ee RAN
zt :
< ar M.A
oT yp, g hy *
. PLATE 152
1. Galium trifidum. 2. G. concinnum. 3. G. kamtschaticum. 4. G. his-
pidulum. 5. Asperula odorata. 6. Sherardia arvensis. 7. Sambucus cana-
densis. 8. S. racemosa.
590 CAPRIFOLIACEAE
Famity II]—CAPRIFOLIACEAE. MHonrystcxite FAmMILy
Plants very closely related to the Family Rubiaceae, the leaves
in this last being usually accompanied by minute stipules or by
leaf-like stipules, the Honeysuckle family nearly always destitute
of stipules. These plants are nearly always woody. In our area
there are but two exceptions, one of which is the extremely in-
teresting creeper, the Linnaea, the other, Triosteum. The leaves
are opposite. Flowers have both stamens and pistils and are regu-
lar or quite irregular in form. The corolla is composed of united
petals and takes different forms, but the border is always 5-lobed.
The stamens are 5, or rarely 4, inserted in the tube of the corolla.
The ovary is, in part at least, enveloped in the calyx, which is
adherent to it, and has from 1 to 5 cells, each with 1 or more
ovules suspended from the central column. The fruit is a berry,
a drupe, a nutty fruit or rarely a capsule.
Leaves composed of leaflets ranged each side of the leaf-stalk
with can ‘odd leaflet... 4 do, ee ee
Leaves not compound.
Flowers regular or only slightly irregular.
Shrubs or trees.
Corolla flat, circular; fruit a one-seeded
drupe... 2a) . . » Wibunmimag
Corolla tubular or bell- cae fruit a one-
seeded berry . . . . Symphoricarpos
Herbs with regular or slightly 2-lipped corollas.
Erect plant leaves without leaf-stalks
Lathes . . . criestenm
Creeping vine, Einetnat woody, leaves with
leaf-stalks ..: .' « « -» © 5, ee
Flowers irregular.
Woody vines. 1. G vs .« «| s S.C
mall Be tech. cence aah ie de ete
11 SAMBUCUS,.L.
Shrubs, with opposite compound leaves, the leaflets arranged on each
side of the leaf stem in pairs, with an odd one at each end and with com-
pound clusters of small white flowers. Calyx ovoid, the lobes small or
absent. Corolla round, flat, 3- to 5-lobed. Stamens 5, inserted at the
base of the corolla. Drupe, berry-like, juicy, containing 3 to 5 one-
seeded nutlets.
Flower cluster flat, umbel-like . . . . - © «© «© «© « «© « Se Canadensis
Flower ‘cluster. pyramidal) f30 a vow la len) pain ela 6 eee ne
HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY 591
1. S. canadensis, L. (Fig. 7, pl. 152.) Common Exper. Shrub, 5
to 10 ft. high. Leaflets 5 to 11, margins:sharply toothed. Flower clus-
ters flat. Berries black-purple. Rich moist or wet soil, throughout our
range. June-July,
2. §S. racemosa, L. (Fig. 8, pl. 152.) Rep-Berriep Exper. Shrub,
5 to 10 ft. high. Leaflets 5 to 7, margins sharply toothed. Flower clus-
ters pyramidal. Berries bright red. Rocky woods, in all of our area.
2. VIBURNUM, L.
Shrubs or trees, with entire, toothed or lobed leaves, sometimes with
stipules, and with white flowers in flat clusters. Calyx 5-toothed, co-
rolla deeply 5-lobed. Stamens 5, inserted in the tube of the corolla or,
in the outer flowers of some species, stamenes none. Fruit a one-seeded
drupe.
Flower cluster flat, the marginal flowers neutral, flat, showy, much larger than
the more central fertile flowers.
Meavesmroundmonsnearlyarsoluee ls) shut clirsiil clits uleenitss UIfmalnaToliuny
Leaves 3-lobed . Dod tao Cron 5 OPM
Flower clusters with all the flowers of the “same kind.
Leaves with 3 prominent radiating ribs and 3 cenanieses lobes.
Berries (drupes) light red . . . - . V. pauciflorum
Berries (drupes) nearly blackw.) ts) ere ete) i macentfoliim
Leaves not 3-lobed.
Margins very coarsely toothed,
Leaves with few or no hairs . . - . V. dentatum
Leaves decidedly downy on the under side. _
INotepubescentuaboves -auy-an sus en aetlilenmis V. venosum
Somewhate pubescent mapOvien ener cin nen ale igs pubescens
Margins with fine teeth or none.
Flower cluster from a single elongated stem.
Leaves more or less toothed . . . . . V. cassinoides
Leaves not toothed . - Ve nudum
Flower cluster not from an elongated single stem.
Leaves egg-shaped, with very acute points . V. Lentago
Leaves oval, with rounded points . . . V. prunifolinm
1. V. alnifolium, Marsh. (Fig. 4, pl. 154.) Hossre Busn. (V.
lantanoides, Michx.) A straggling shrub, rarely more than 5 or 6 ft. high,
with broad, round, heart-shaped leaves, which are from 4 to 8 in. across,
finely toothed at margins, somewhat downy; youngest branches rusty.
Row of marginal flowers large, white, showy. In moist woods, through-
out our range. May-June.
2. V. opulus, L. (Fig. 4, pl. 153.) Hien Busn Craneerry. Shrub,
4 to 12 ft. high, with erect, smooth branches. Leaves 3-lobed, 3-ribbed,
with large teeth, the lobes sharp-pointed. Leaf broader than long. Clus-
ter of white flowers borne on a single lengthened stem, Fruit bright red,
rather pleasantly acid. Low grounds, throughout our range except in the
most southern part. June-July.
3. V. pauciflorum, Pylaie. (Fig. 6, pl. 154.) FEw-FLOWERED CRAN-
BERRY-TREE. Straggling shrub, 2 to 6 ft. high, with 3-lobed, 3-radiating
ribs, lobes acutely angled, teeth large. Flowers few; drupe light red.
Dry rocky woods, mostly on New York, New England and Pennsylvania
mountains. May-June.
4. V. acerifolium, L. (Fig. 1, pl. 153.) Mapie-LEAVED VIBURNUM.
Slender shrub, 3 to 5 ft. high. Leaves broad, 3-lobed, the lobes sharp,
3-ribbed, marginal teeth coarse. Flowers in a flat cluster; drupes nearly
black. Dry woods, throughout our area. May-June.
592 CAPRIFOLIACEAE
5. V. pubescens, (Ait.) Pursh. (Fig. 1, pl. 154.) Dovusre-Leavep
ArRow-woop, A small shrub, .much resembling the last, but the leaves
are egg-shaped, not 3-lobed, with very short leaf-stalks if any, and the
under surface of the leaf densely velvety. Rocky woods. May-June.
6. V.dentatum, L. (Fig. 2, pl. 153.) Arrow-woop. Shrub, 5 to
15 ft. high, with smooth, slender gray branches. Leaves egg-shaped, with
very coarse teeth, not hairy. Flowers numerous in a flat cluster. Fruit
dark blue. Wet places, throughout our area. May-June.
7. V.venosum, Britton. (Fig. 7, pl. 154.) Coast Arrow-woon.
Similar to V. dentatum. The twigs and lower surfaces of the leaves densely
downy. Eastern Massachusetts to New Jersey.
8. V-. cassinoides, L. (Fig. 3, pl. 154.) Wutrne-rop. Shrub, 2 to 12
ft. high. Leaves oval or egg-shaped, with very small teeth. Flowers
numerous in a broad, flat or convex cluster, which spreads from an
elongated, slender flower-stem which is, however, shorter than the breadth
of the cluster. Fruit becoming dark blue. Swamps, wet places, Maine to
New Jersey. June-July.
9% V.nudum, L. (Fig. 5, pl. 154.) Larcer Wirne-rop. Similar
to the last, but borders of leaves nearly or quite without teeth and leaves
smaller. The flower stem is as long as or longer than the breadth of the
cluster. Swamps, Long Island and southward. June-July.
10. V. Lentago, L. (Fig. 2, pl. 154.) Swrer Visurnum. Shrub or
small tree. Leaves oval or egg-shaped, tapering to a long slender point,
2 to 4 in. long, smooth, with fine teeth at the margins. Flowers in a
large convex cluster, the cluster branching from the base without the
single flower stem. Rich soil, Maine to New Jersey. May.
ll. V. prunifolium, L. (Fig. 3, pl. 153.) Brack Haw. Shrub or
small tree. Leaves shining, oval or egg-shaped, with finely serrate mar-
gins, blunt at apex. Flowers in a convex cluster without a common
flower stem or with a short one. Dry soil, Connecticut and westward and
southward. April-June.
3. TRIOSTEUM, L.
Coarse herbs, with opposite leaves which unite about the stem or which,
at least, have no leaf-stalks. Flowers from the axils of the leaves. The
5 calyx lobes linear or lance-shaped. Corolla tubular, enlarging toward
the throat, 5-lobed. Stamens 5. Ovary 3- to 5-celled with a single ovule
in each cell, forming a drupe containing 3 to 5 hard seeds or nutlets.
1. T. angustifolium, L. (Fig. 1, pl. 155.) YeLtLow Horse GENTIAN.
Stem 1 to 3 ft. high, leafy toward the top. Leaves lance-shaped, tapering
to the base into an apparent leaf-stalk. Flowers clustered in the axils
or single, greenish-cream-color. Rich soil, Long Island, Conn., and south-
ward. May-Aug.
2. T. perfoliatum, L. Horse Gentian. Ficworr. Plant 2 to 4 ft.
high. Leaves broadly oval or egg-shaped, 4 to 9 in. long, the borders
extending along the leaf-stalk as a broad wing on each side, which partly
or wholly clasp the stem. Flowers at the axils, the bracts linear. Co-
rolla purplish brown. Not common, found in rich woods, Mass., and
westward. Aug.-Sept.
HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY 593
= MALS :
iy WWD eY Se: ees
(LG WWE eD
} 3 = Cs L
) z = ‘| | J =
PLATE 153
1. Viburnum acerifolium. 2. V. dentatum.
opulus.
3. V. prunifolium. 4. V.
594 CAPRIFOLIACEAE
4. LINNAEA, L.
A slender creeper, somewhat woody, with opposite rounded leaves on
short leaf-stalks, evergreen. Flowers on thread-like flower-stems, which
rise from the horizontal stem and fork into 2 secondary stems, each sup-
porting 1 nodding, fragrant purple flower. Calyx teeth 5, slender. Co-
rolla bell-shaped or funnel-formed, 5-lobed, the lobes equal or nearly so.
Stamens 4, unequal. Ovary 3-celled, the fruit a dry pod with a single
seed. Rarely there may be 4 or more secondary stems, with as many
flowers.
L. borealis, L. (See Frontispiece.) Twin FLower. Found in moist
woods, or under pine trees. June-Aug.
This little plant was a favorite with the great Linnaeus and it was
dedicated to and named after him by Gronovius, a distinguished Dutch
botanist and friend of Linnaeus. The flower of the European form of
this little plant is more bell-shaped than that of the American form and
the calyx of the former is longer. Hence the American form is regarded
as a variety; var. Americana.
5. SYMPHORICARPOS, Juss.
Low shrubs, branching, with opposite oval leaves on short leaf-stalks,
downy on under surface. Flowers small, white tinged with pink, in
clusters in the leaf-axils or terminal. Calyx tube nearly globular. Bor-
der of 5 teeth. Corolla tubular, expanding toward the throat, with 4 or
5 more or less spreading lobes. Throat hairy or smooth Ovary of 4
cells, two of which have single ovules, the other undeveloped. Fruit a
globose fleshy berry.
Fruit white.
Weavesr we tOAS Ans WOME es coth wie hctis! i Yo alse)! Vue Mepilike eesti st Lisi ids SDS Mane arena
eaves’ 4° torr ins Hones ser Ver Sins leh ee) oh ener. a) jp etW map AR IER rere
Fruit red . eUile te tiie Seon. OF 6": Geo S. orbiculatus
1. §. racemosus, Michx. (Fig. 4, pl. 155.) SNowserry. Erect
shrub, about 4 ft. high, with smooth slender branches. Leaves oval,
blunt at each end. Flower clusters in the axils, few flowered. Corolla
hairy in the throat. Berry white. Rocky places, river banks, ete. North-
ern New England and Penna. June-Sept.
2. §. pauciflorus, (Robbins) Britton. (Fig. 2, pl. 155.) Low Snow-
BERRY. Plant diffusely branched, 6 to 10 in. high. Leaves small, 4 to 1 in.
long, oval. Flowers usually 1 in the axils and 2 or 3 in the terminal
cluster. Corolla hairy within. Fruit white. Rocky places, Vermont,
Western New York and Penna, June-July.
3. §. orbiculatus, Moench. (Fig. 3, pl. 155.) INDIAN CURRANT.
CoraL Berry. (8S. vulgaris, Michx.) Shrub, 2 to 5 ft. high, purplish.
Flowers in the axils of nearly all the leaves. Leaves 1 to 14 in. long.
Fruit purplish red. Rocky places, along rivers. Southern part of our
area, July.
6. LONICERA, L.
Climbing or erect shrubs, with opposite leaves, mostly with entire
margins and with flowers in clusters of several or of two only. Calyx tube
ovoid, teeth very short. Corolla tubular or funnel-form, irregularly
HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY 595
ay.
ty
RES
if
eis
M2,
va) 4
See Pee oos
OS AS NL a.
a. Ver " [2 \ He ».
NS
PLATE 154
1. Viburnum pubescens, 2. V. Lentago. 3. V. cassinoides. 4. V. alni-
folium. 5. V. nudum. 6. V. pauciflorum. 7. V. venosum.
596 CAPRIFOLIACEAE
5-lobed or almost regularly so. Stamens 5, inserted in the tube of the
corolla. Ovary 2 to 3 cells. Berry several seeded.
Climbers. Flowers in clusters of several
Corolla decidedly 2-lipped.
Corolla without hairs in the tube . . . . . . « JL. Caprifolium
Corolla with hairs in the tube.
Leaves downy, both sides . lob a ke. el le, Sec mOyasaekre
Leaves downy on lower side only és bs el 6 Ee glauceseens
Leaves not downy, either side . . . . . . . ~ L, dioica
Gorollaynot2-lipped) <p i-1 tee eee enc L. sempervirens
Shrubs. flowers in pairs only.
Flowers subtended by slender pea
Berries “blue? 72 =) te ews wai ets ow Dye. eee laem Coe rarnere
Berries red.
Leaves with a bluish or whitish bloom . . . L. oblongifolia
Leaves without a bluish bloom.
Base not heart-shaped . . . . . . . « L._ canadensis
Base heart-shaped oye) be ky koe cea Ge
Flowers subtended by broad leaf- like bracts . . . . + + JL, involucrata
Climbing Vines
1. L. caprifolium, L. (Fig. 5, pl. 155.) American Wooppine. (LD.
grata, Ait.) A smooth climber, the upper 1 to 3 pairs of leaves united
around the stem so as to form apparently a single leaf. Flowers in a
terminal cluster without a common flower-stem. Corolla markedly
2-lipped, the upper lip of 4 narrow lobes, the lower of 1. The tube is not
hairy. Flowers purple fading into yellowish without, white within.
Thickets, southern part of our area. May-June.
2. L. hirsuta, Eaton. (Fig. 6, pl. 155.) Harry Honrysuckie. Simi-
lar to above, but leaves decidedly downy below and somewhat so above.
Corolla tube hairy within. Woods, Maine to Penna. June-July.
3. L. glaucescens, Rydb. (Fig. 3, pl. 156.) Douctass’s Honey-
SUCKLE. Similar to No. 1, but leaves downy on lower side, at least along
the veins. Corolla hairy within, yellow, changing to reddish. Thickets,
most of our area. May-June.
4. L. dioica,L. (Fig. 2, pl. 156.) SMmooTH-LEAVED HONEYSUCKLE.
Similar to No. 1, but tube of corolla hairy inside, and leaves smooth on
both sides. Corolla greenish-yellow or purplish. Rocky grounds, espe-
cially on mountains, our range.
5. L. sempervirens, L. (Fig. 1, pl. 156.) Coran HOoNEYSUCKLE.
High climbing, all the leaves smooth or somewhat downy beneath. Flowers
on a common flower stem. Corolla 5-lobed, the lobes nearly or quite equal.
Flowers scarlet, fading to yellow, the tube usually an inch or more long.
Low grounds, Connecticut and southward. April-Sept.
Erect Shrubs
6. L. coerulea, L. (Fig. 4, pl. 156.) MountTAIN FLY-HONEYSUCKLE.
frect, 1 to 2 ft. high. Leaves oval, downy when young, very blunt at
apex, pale beneath. Flowers in pairs, yellow, on very short flower stems,
from the leaf-axils. Flowers 2-lipped. Berries blue. Rocky woods. May-
June.
7. L. oblongifolia, (Goldie) Hook. (Fig. 5, pl. 156.) Swamp Fry-
HONEYSUCKLE. Flowers on long flower stems. Corolla hairy, 2-lipped,
yellow. Berries red. Northern New England and New York.
HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY 597
; PLATE 155
1. Triosteum angustifolium. 2. Symphoricarpos pauciflorus. 3. S. orbicu-
latus. 4. 8. racemosus. 5. Lonicera caprifolium. 6. L. hirsuta.
598 CAPRIFOLIACEAE
8. L. canadensis, Marsh. (Fig. 1, pl. 157.) AMERICAN FLY-HONEY-
sUCKLE. (UL. ciliata, Muhl.) Shrub, 2 to 3 ft. high. Leaves oval or egg-
shaped, sharp pointed at apex, somewhat downy on under side, when
young. Flowers in pairs, greeenish yellow, not 2-lipped, the 5 rounded
lobes nearly or quite equal. Moist woods, most of our range. May.
9. L.tartarica, L. (Fig. 6, pl. 156.) TARTARIAN BUSH-HONEYSUCKLE.
Is larger shrub than L. canadensis; 5 to 10 ft. high, the leaves egg-shaped,
but more heart-shaped at base than the former, 1 to 3 in. long. Margins
of leaves not hairy. Flowers pink or white, 5-lobed, somewhat 2-lipped.
Escaped from cultivation locally. May.
10. L. involucrata, (Richards) Banks. INvoLUcRED FLY-HONEY-
SUCKLE. Shrub, 3 to 10 ft. high. Leaves oval or egg-shaped, sharp
pointed at apex. Flowers in pairs, yellow, tube cylindric, lobes 5, equal,
spreading, the whole corolla somewhat downy. Berries nearly black.
Below the flower are leaf-like, oval or ovate bracts. Woods, northern part
of our range. June-July.
A few other species, introduced from Asia or Europe, have escaped
from cultivation and are found locally growing wild.
7. DIERVILLA, Moench.
Our species a small shrub, resembling the Loniceras, with opposite
leaves, 2 to 4 ft. high. Flowers yellow, in groups of 3 or more. Calyx
slender, elongated, contracted toward the throat, border of 5 linear lobes.
Corolla 5-lobed, regular or nearly so. Stamens 5.
D. Lonicera, Mill. (Fig. 2, pl. 157.) Busan Honeysuckie. (D.
Diervilla, (L.) Mas M.) Flowers yellow. Capsule long, slender and
terminated by the persistent calyx-lobes. Dry rocks and rocky woods,
throughout our range. May-June.
Order IX—VALERIANALES. The Valerian Order
Differs from the preceding order in that while among the Rubi-
ales the stamens are mostly as many as the lobes of the corolla, or
twice as many, in Valerianales the stamens are most fewer than
the corolla lobes. The ovary is 1-celled with a single pendulous
ovule, or 3-celled, but still with only 1 ovule. The order contains
herbs mostly with opposite leaves and perfect flowers, the anthers
being separate as in the preceding order, and the calyx above and
more or less adherent to the ovary.
Ovary oflcellonly .. . . . . DIPSACACEAE
Ovary of 3 cells, 2 of which are samen VALERIANACEAE
Famity I.— VALERIANACEAE. VALERIAN FAMILY
Usually tall, strong smelling herbs. Stem leaves always oppo-
site, the principal leaves being basal, usually more or less lobed,.
HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY 599
\
“th
vn Zes
Zé)"
Nahas
PLATE 156
1. Lonicera sempervirens. 2. L. dioica. 3. L. glaucescens, 4. L. coerulea.
5. L. oblongifolia, 6, L. tartarica.
600 VALERIANACEAE
Flowers in terminal spreading clusters or contracted into rather
dense heads. Calyx tube adherent to the ovary, its divisions being
superior to it, these divisions consisting of 5 to 15 bristle-like teeth
which, inconspicuous in the flower, in fruit are rolled outward.
Corolla tubular or funnel-form, usually gibbous at base, the border
consisting of 5 equal teeth. Stamens 1 to 4, mostly 3, inserted in
the corolla and alternate with its lobes, usually extending beyond
the corolla. Ovary of 1 to 3 cells, only one cell containing a
developed ovule. Fruit dry, one-seeded.
1. VALERIANA, L.
Characters those of the Family, the fruit being only one-celled.
1. V. uliginosa, (T. & B.) Rydb. (Fig. 5, pl. 157.) Swamp
VALERIAN. (V. sylvatica, Banks.) Plant smooth, erect, 4 to 2% ft. high.
Basal leaves on long leaf-stalks, spatula-formed, often with one or more
pairs of opposite narrow lobes at the base of the blade. Stem leaves of
3 to 13 leaflets arranged on each side of the long leaf-stalk, 2 to 6 pairs
and an odd leaflet. Flower cluster loosely pyramidal. Flowers pink or
nearly white; the corolla tube short. Vermont, New York and westward.
2. B. officinalis, L. (Fig. 4, pl. 157.) GArpen VALERIAN. A larger
plant than No. 1, and all the leaves are divided like the stem leaves of
V. uliginosa. Escaped from gardens, occasional.
3. V. pauciflora, Michx. (Fig. 3, pl. 157.) LARGE-FLOWERED VaA-
LERIAN. Stem smooth, erect or ascending, slender, 1 to 3 ft. high. Root
leaves egg-shaped, heart-shaped at base, toothed at borders. Stem leaves
compound feather-formed, of 3 to 7 leaflets. Flower cluster terminal;
flowers fewer than in the other species, the tube of the corolla from } to
nearly 1 in. long. Penna., and southward. May-June.
2. VALERIANELLA, Poll.
Characters as above, but the ovary is 3-celled, with only 1 cell ovule
bearing: Flowers in dense terminal clusters.
Rlowere. palerblue 5. <<. s) is oo eee ie eee ce et Boe eran
Flowers white.
Feriit, stiianeular 6) 21. eicle sta se) alan een. ae (CReRODOmNnalE
arit, wAraripled!: Ss ce ey at ee ree) el fae cet) hel Sem ee
MEME LONDG ta actei soi ts ite, eh Doe ie ne - « « V. Woodsiana
1. V. Locusta, (L.) Bettke. - (Fig. 1, pl. 158.) EuRoprEAN CorN
SaLap. Plant 6 to 12 in. high, smooth, repeatedly forked. Basal leaves
spatula-form, rounded at apex, 1 to 2 in. long. Flower clusters dense,
rounded, about 4 in. diameter. Corolla blue. Fruit somewhat orbicular
in general outline. Waste places. Naturalized in places. April-July.
2 a, chenopodifolia, (Pursh.) DC. (Fig. 2, pl. 158.) Goosr-rooT
Corn SALap. Stem 1 to 2 ft. high, smooth. Leaves all spatula-formed,
without teeth at margins. Flowers white. Fruit 3-angled, pyramidal, }
of an inch high. Moist soil, New York and southward. May-July.
3. V. radiata, (L.) Dufr. (Fig. 3, pl. 158.) Breakep Corn SALAD.
Plant, 4 to 14 ft. high, smooth or with few hairs. Lower leaves spatula-
VALERIAN FAMILY 601
PLATE 157
1. Lonicera canadensis. 2. Diervilla Lonicera. 3. Valeriana pauciflora.
4, V. officinalis. 5. V. uliginosa.
602 DIPSACACEAE
form, upper lance-shaped, toothed at margins, the pairs of leaves on upper
part of stem often joined around it. Flower clusters small, 4 to } in. in
diameter. Flowers white. Fruit narrowly ovate with 4 angles. Moist
soil, New York, southward and westward. May-July.
4. V. Woodsiana, (T. and G.) Walp. (Fig. 4, pl. 158.) Woop’s
Corn Saab. Plant sometimes 3 ft. high, smooth. Lower leaves spatula-
formed, upper lance-shaped or narrowly oblong, usually toothed at mar-
gins. Flower heads 34 in. broad. Fruit nearly globular. Moist soil.
Southern part of our area. May-July.
Famity II.—DIPSACACEAE. TrAseL FAMILY.
Herbs with opposite or sometimes whorled leaves, without
stipules. Flowers in dense elongated heads from an elongated
receptacle, the heads subtended by bracts, very conspicuous in
Dipsacus, but resembling calyx segments in Scabiosa. Calyx ad-
herent to the ovary, its border cup-shaped or divided into spread-
ing bristles. Corolla tube enlarged at throat, the border 2 to 5
lobed. Stamens 4, alternate with the corolla lobes. Ovary below
the calyx border, 1-celled, 1-ovuled. Fruit a dry hard shell includ-
ing 1 seed.
Bracts below the flower head as long as or longer than the
Hower head -S- . 2: : . . . Dipsacus
Bracts below the flower head shorter than the flower head.
Receptacle mot chaffy . . « » « «= 5 3° igo
Receptacle: chaity ~~ 0 25 (= a ee
1. DIPSACUS, L.
Herbs, stout, tall, prickly. Leaves opposite, large, dentate or lobed.
Flowers in heads about the size and shape of a hen’s egg, the head arising
above an involucre of long linear prickly bracts which rise around the
head nearly to the level of its summit. Flowers lilac, each surrounded at
its base by a prickly scale (an involucel). Stamens 4. The two species
found in our area have been introduced from Europe, largely originating
about woolen mills. The ripe teasel heads are, in Europe, used in the
process of “ carding ” wool.
1. D. sylvestris, Huds. (Fig. 7, pl. 158.) Witp Teaser. Stem
erect, stiff, 3 to 6 ft. high, with many prickles. Leaves without leaf-
stalks, the lower oblong, sometimes lobed, 8 to 12 in. long, the upper lance-
shaped, united about the stem. Bracts longer than the flower heads.
Waste places. July-Sept.
2. D. lacinatus, L. Cur-Leavep TraseL. Leaves once or twice
feather-compound. Established at Albany, N. Y. (C. H. Peck.)
2. KNAUTIA, L.
Herbs with opposite leaves and flowers in dense heads, subtended by a
several-bracted involucre, the flowers arising from a flattened receptacle
TEASEL FAMILY 603
PLATE 158
1. Valerianella Locusta. 2. V. chenopodifolia, 3. V. radiata, 4. V.
Woodsiana. 5. Knautia arvensis. 6. Succisa australis. 7. Dipsacus sylves-
tris, .
604 CUCURBITACEAE ©
without chaff. Calyx border consisting of 8 bristle points. Corolla 4- or
5-lobed. Stamens 4 (rarely 2). Naturalized from Europe.
K. arvensis, (L.) T. Coulter. (Fig. 5, pl. 158.) Fre~tp Scasious.
Stem 1 to 3 ft. high, erect, slender, little branched. Lower leaves lance-
shaped, on long leaf-stalks, often lobed on each side. Upper leaves with-
out leaf-stalks, deeply lobed on each side. Flowers lilac purple.
3. SUCCISA, (Rupp.) Neck.
Rather tall herbs, resembling Knautia, but the flattened receptacle is
decidedly chaffy, the chaff about equalling the flowers.
S. australis, (Wulf.) Reichenb. (Fig. 6, pl. 158.) SourHEerNn Scas-
ious. Stem usually dividing into 3s, 1 to 3 ft. high, rather hairy with
short or stiff reflexed hairs. Leaves lance-shaped, borders not lobed or
notched. Heads of flowers about 3 in. in diameter. Calyx with 5 teeth,
not bristled. Corolla light blue. Meadows and cultivated fields. Intro-
duced. Occasional.
Order X.—CAMPANULALES. Order of Aggregated
Flowers
The calyx or the plumous hairs representing it, always above
the ovary. Stamens usually 5. When a corolla is present (as it
is in the non-aggregated flowers) it is 5-lobed and the calyx is
5-lobed, the 5 stamens alternating with the 5 lobes of the corolla.
The stamens are not, as in the former order, attached to the tube
of the corolla, but arise from the summit of the ovary. In the
Campanulaceae and Cucurbitaceae the corolla and calyx are each
fully developed, in the other families one or both may be reduced
to an aigrette of hairs or scales.
Flowers not aggregate on a common receptacle.
Vines es) wk ee he 6S CUCU REET ARI
Krect herbs)... . .«. . 3. » CAMPANUERAGHES
Flowers aggregate on a common receptacle subtended by an
involucre.
Flowers all ray flowers. . . . .. . CICHORIACEAE
Flowers all tubular or the outer row ray flowers.
Stamens distinct or nearly so . . AMBROSIACEAE
Stamens united by their anthers (except in
Kuhnia) oe ee ee a) Wits
Famity I.—CUCURBITACEAE. Gourp FamtIty
Herbaceous climbing vines, usually climbing by tendrils, Leaves
GOURD FAMILY 605
alternate, ratdiately lobed or dissected. Flowers solitary or in
lengthened clusters, the stamens and pistils occupying separate
flowers of the same plant (monoecious) or separate flowers on
different plants (dioecious). Calyx cohering with the 1- to 3-celled
ovary, the 5 to 3 stamens united by their anthers. In certain cases
there is but a single stamen. Ovary 1- to 3-celled. Fruit fleshy
or sometimes membranous. (In cultivation we have the cucumber,
the squash, muskmelon and pumpkin as representatives of this
family.)
1. MICRAMPELIS, Raf. (Echinocystis, T. & G.)
Climbing herbs with branched tendrils, lobed or angled leaves and small
flowers, the staminate and the pistillate separate on the same plant. Calyx
and corolla each 5- or 6-lobed. Stamens 3 in the staminate flowers. Fruit
fleshy, dry later, spiny, usually with 2 seeds.
M. lobata, (Michx.) Greene. (Fig. 7, pl. 159.) Wirp BALsAm APPLE.
Stem climbing, 15 to 25 ft. long. Leaves 5- to 7-lobed on leaf stems 1 to 3
in. long. The pistillate flower solitary or occasionally 2 together. Fruit
2 in. long. Along river banks in our area. July-Sept.
2. SICYOS, L.
Climbing vine with branched tendrils and small green flowers of 2
kinds, the staminate and pistillate on the same plant. Calyx and co-
rolla, each 5-parted. Stamens 3, the filaments united into a column.
Pistillate flowers several in a group. Fruit prickly.
S. angulatus, L. (Fig. 6, pl. 159.) Bur Cucumsper. Stem angled,
15 to 25 ft. long. Leaves nearly round, with 5 angles and heart-shaped
base. Fruit l-seeded. River banks, throughout our range. June-Sept.
Famity IJ.—CAMPANULACEAE. BeELLFLOWER FAMILY
Herbs with alternate or basal leaves, without stipules. Flowers
with stamens and pistils and with the corolla of one petal com-
posed of the union of several; regularly 5-lobed or irregular;
inserted between the calyx and ovary, the ovary being inferior
to the calyx. Stamens 5, inserted into the summit of the ovary.
Anthers separate or united into a ring or tube. Style simple.
Fruit usually a capsule, sometimes a berry.
Flowers regular.
Corolla bell-shaped. . . . . . =. ~~. +. Campanula
Corolla wheel-shaped . . « . . . .. Specularia
BN Werercelp peta tat tn. der luNee My ee a) 8) hobelda
1. CAMPANULA, L.
Herbs with alternate or basal leaves. Flowers scattered. Calyx ad-
herent to the ovary, of 5 slender divisions (or rarely 3 or 4). Corolla
606 CAMPANULACEAE
regular, bell-shaped, 5-lobed. Stamens 5, not combined. Style 1. Cap-
sule 2 to several cells, usually crowned with the persistent calyx-lobes.
Flowers usually showy, blue.
Stems smooth or without stiff hooked hairs.
Flowers in a loose cluster, basal leaves round . . . . C. rotundifolia
Flowers in one-sided spikes, not leafy . . . . . . . C. rapunculoides
Flowers in a leafy spike . - « C. americana
Flowers mostly in a glomerate * cluster at summit ‘of ‘stem - . C. glomerata
Stems rough with stiff hooked hairs . . . - « « « €, aparinodes
l. C. rotundifolia, L. (Fig. 2, pl. 159.) Here BELL. BLuE BELLS
OF SCOTLAND. Stem very slender, 4 to 2 ft. high. Lower leaves round,
with rounded teeth at the margins. These leaves are usually absent at
flowering time. Stem leaves linear or oblong, more or less indented.
Flowers generally several, nodding, bell-shaped, blue. Moist rocky places,
throughout our range. June-Sept.
2. C. rapunculoides, L. (Fig. 1, pl. 159.) Creepinc BELLFLOWER.
Stem 1 to 3 ft. high, branching or simple. Leaves egg-shaped, hairy.
Flowers bell-shaped, blue, in a one-sided spike, the flowers crowded. Road-
sides. Naturalized in many places. July-Sept.
3. C. glomerata, L. CLUSTERED BELLFLOWER. Stem 1 to 2 ft. high,
usually simple. Leaves and stem hairy, the lower oblong, elliptic or less
frequently egg-shaped, generally om long, sometimes on very long (3 to
5 in.) leaf-stalks. The upper leaves lance-shaped. Flowers mostly in a
terminal rather dense flattened cluster, blue. Naturalized, found along
roadsides, eastern Mass. June-Aug.
4. C. aparinoides, Pursh. (Fig. 3, pl. 159.) MaArsH BELLFLOWER.
Stem very weak, almost vine-like, 4 to 2 ft. high, clinging by its hooked
hairs to grasses and weeds, branching above, triangular. ‘Leaves lance-
shaped or linear. Flowers in a diffuse terminal cluster, small, bell-shaped,
blue or nearly white. In wet meadows, leaning on grasses or water plants.
June-Aug.
5. C. americana, L. (Fig. 4, pl. 159.) Tati Bettrtower. Erect,
tall, 2 to 6 ft. high. Leaves broad lance-shaped, 3 to 6 in. long. Flowers
in a leafy spike. Copses or woods. July-Sept.
SPECULARIA, Heister. (Legouzia, Durand)
Annual herbs, with slender stem and branches, alternate leaves and blue
or purplish flowers arising from the leaf-axils. In some species the earlier
flowers are fertilized without the opening of the flower, the later ones are
wheel-shaped. Calyx 5- (or 3- or 4-) lobed, the tube narrow. From a
short, narrow tube the 5 conspicuous lobes of the corolla spread wheel-
shaped. Stamens 5, not united at the top; the style bearing 3 stigmas.
Capsule 3-celled, prismatic or oblong.
S. perfoliata, DC. (Tig. 5, pl. 159.) Venus’s Looxina-arass. Plant
hairy, 3 to 20 in. high, densely leafy. Leaves round or broadly egg-
shaped, notched at margins, clasping the stem by the heart-shaped base,
or the lowest not elasping. Flowers arising in the leaf-axils and partly
enclosed by the leaves, 1 to 3 in a group, the blue star-shaped corolla 4 to
4 in. broad. Dry open ground or in woods. May-Aug.
BELLWORT AND GOURD FAMILIES 607
PLATE 159
1, Campanula rapunculoides. 2. C. rotundifolia. 3. C. aparinoides. 4.
C. americana. 5. Specularia perfoliata. 6. Sicyos angulatus, 7. Micram-
pelis lobata.
608 CAMPANULACEAE
3. LOBELIA, L.
Herbs, with alternate or basal leaves and scattered flowers. Corolla
irregular, 5-lobed, 2-lipped. Calyx tube adhering to the ovary. Stamens
not attached to the corolla, the anthers of 2 of them (or all of them)
bearded at the top.
[eaves all basal, hollow tubes « 2 =. «© 6 = « % «© = «= 0) Ul. Wortmnanne
Leaves flat, alternate along the stem.
Flowers) bright ‘scarlet <<) “2. el 1 el ss) © 1) =) + of sem UenmCOriennieS
Flowers blue to white.
Stem leaves pear-shaped or oval blunt at the apex.
Flowers less) than’ -# im.-lone . 3. =. «2 « « ‘ Ws.epuoermue
Blowers more than 4 an) long «|. < ~% = 0s e. dcouusnbeane
Stem leaves egg-shaped, ends acute.
Calyx lobes) downy, A fs 2 os eu (eo Weems pita
Calyx lobes not downy . FCC eG Eo rare
Stem leaves narrow lance-shaped or linear.
Flower stem longer than the flower . . . . . . L. Kalmu
Flower stem shorter than the flower.
Stem usually reclining . . . . . . « JL. Wautiallu
Stem) jerect) Au. << “sn 9 of a) 0: We, Gee emus
Stem leaves nearly absent . . . . . .. . =. « La paludosa
1. L. Dortmanna, L. (Fig. 4, pl. 160.) Water Loperia. Leaves all
basal, linear, fleshy, tufted. Flower scape 6 to 18 in. high, smooth or
with a few scales. Flowers scattered along the upper 4, blue, on slender
flower stems. Borders of ponds, sometimes wholly under water.
2. L. cardinalis, L. (Fig. 1, pl. 160.) CarpinaL Frowrr. Stem
leafy, tall, 2 to 4 ft. high. Leaves broad lance-shaped or oval, 2 to 6 in.
long, slightly toothed. Flowers in an elongated terminal cluster, bright
searlet. Low grounds, throughout our range. July-Sept.
3. L. syphilitica, L. (Fig. 3, pl. 160.) Biue Carpinan FLower.
Stem rather stout, somewhat hairy. Leaves lance-shaped, slightly toothed.
Flowers in a dense narrow spike, somewhat leafy. Corolla blue. In moist
soil, throughout our range. July-Oct.
4. L. puberula, Michx. (Fig. 8, pl. 166.) Downy LospettA. Plant
somewhat downy throughout. Stem slender, rarely branched, 1 to 8 ft.
high. Leaves oval 1 to 2 in. Jong, with small teeth. Flower spike rather
one-sided, flowers blue. Moist grounds, southern New Jersey and south-
ward. Aug.-Oct.
5. L. spicata, Lam. (Fig. 10, pl. 160.) Pate Srrkep Loperia. Stem
slender, not branched, leafy, 1 to 4 ft. high. Leaves broadly oblong, oval
or inversely egg-shaped, the margins barely notched, apex blunt, the upper
ones narrower and less rounded at apex. Flowers pale blue in a dense or
somewhat loose spike. Dry soil, throughout our area. June-Aug,
6. L. inflata, L. (Fig. 5, pl. 160.) InprAN TopBacco. Stem much
branched, downy, 1 to 2 ft. high. Leaves egg-shaped, oval to lance-shaped,
finely dentate at margins, gradually becoming smaller until among the
flowers they become bracts. Flowers blue, scattered along the stem.
The fruit is round and much inflated. In dry fields, a poisonous weed,
throughout our area. July-Nov.
7. L. Kalmii, L. (Fig. 7, pl. 160.) Brook Loseria. Stem 4 to 18
in. high, leafy, erect, smooth, branching above. Lower leaves spatula-
formed, rounded at apex, upper leaves linear. Flowers blue in somewhat
BELLFLOWER FAWILY 609
PLATE 160
alas,.2. ly, Canbyi. 3. L. syphilitica. 4. L. Dortmanna.
paludosa. 7. L. Kalmii. 8. L, puberula. 9. L. Nuttallii.
1. Lobelia eardin
5. L. inflata. 6. L.
10. L. spicata,
610 CICHORIACEAE
diffuse clusters, following the slender branches, on very slender flower
stems, which are not as long as the linear leaf-bract at the base of the
flower-stem but as long as the flower. Wet places, Maine to New Jersey
and westward. July-Sept.
8 L. Nuttallii, Roem and Schult. (Fig. 9, pl. 160.) NurrTaty’s
LopeLiA. Stem 1 to 2 ft. high, weak, often reclining. Leaves spatula-
formed to oval, blunt at apex, the upper linear. Flowers blue, in diffuse
clusters, on flower-stems shorter than the flowers. Swamps, New Jersey
and westward. June-Sept.
9. L. Canbyi, Gray. (Fig. 2, pl. 160.) Cansy’s Lospetia. Stem
slender, simple or branched above, 2 to 3 ft. high. Leaves all linear.
Flowers in slender spikes on flower-stems shorter than the flowers. Co-
rolla blue, 4 in. long, bearded in the throat. Wet places, New Jersey and
southward. July-Sept.
10. L. paludosa, Nutt. (Fig. 6, pl. 160.) Swamp LoperiA. Aquatic,
with few leaves on the stem. Root leaves spatula-form, stem leaves
linear. Stem 1 to 4 ft. high. Flowers pale blue. Delaware and south.
May-July.
Famizty III.—CICHORIACEAER. Cutcory FAMILY
This family includes a part of that large group of plants whose
flowers are known as Composite. They are grouped in heads upon
a receptacle, which is the expanded end of the stem, upon which
they are more or less densely crowded. The individual flowers
are never possessed of all the details which we are accustomed to
associate with a typical flower, yet each of the elements of the
flower may in fact be present. In the case of the present family
the receptacle is flat or nearly so, its surface naked or scaly or
studded with stiff hairs or marked with small pits. The separate
flowers are always perfect, i. e., each has stamens and pistils, and
further, each has a corolla consisting of a tube and a ray upon
one side only, the ray being 5-toothed. Owing to the shape of
this ray it is said to be ligulate or strap-like. All the flowers in
the head are ligulate. The calyx for the individual flowers is less
uniform. It may consist of an aigrette of stiff hairs, which may
be plumed or not, it may consist of low scales or even these scales
may be absent. The plants are herbs (in our country) usually
with a milky or acrid juice, with leaves all basal or scattered on
the stem. Underlying and partly surrounding the head of flowers
is a circle of leafy bracts, in a single row or in more than one row,
called the involucre. In this family the rows of bracts are
usually several, but there may be but one. The fruit is a small,
dry 1-celled, achene, from the apex of which arise the hairy or
scale-like calyx and the corolla as well as the stamens and pistil.
Example, the seed and plume of the dandelion,
CHICORY FAMILY 611
Calyx formed by a little crown of scales.
Receptacle not chafty.
MipwersgOlggy wny,s G1 ys ee 3 Circhorium
Mlowersevellowr <2) a, et Pah. eas, krigia
Calyx none or a simple inconspicuous ring.
Receptacle not chaffy.
Flowers yellow.
Flower scape enlarging toward (below) the
flower head, leaves basal . . . . Arnoseris
Flower scape not thickening or enlarging below
the flower head, leaves mostly on the stem.
Brut 20 to 30 ribbed . . .°. 2’ Lapsana
Calyx of 1 row of plumose bristles.
Leaves all basal.
necepiaclievehatiy 4. mss 3. rit a Hypochaeris
ineceptacle mot. chaiiy.. 2 =. -. « . Leontodon
Leaves, at least some of them, growing from the stem.
Plant hairy, flowers yellow . . . . . Pieris
Plant not hairy, flowers purple or yellow Tragopogon
Calyx of an aigrette of hairs which are not plumose, but
toothed.
Fruit (achene) surmounted by a column from the summit
of which the hairs radiate, the achene hairy or with
many little spines...’ . - . +» « s « "faraxacum
Fruit similar to above, but achene not spiny or hairy,
though possibly rough.
Presi achene) fattened {9 . 5. ek Laetues
Fruit blunt at top, without a column.
Fruit flattened and roughened . . . =. . +. Sonchus
Fruit cylindric.
Flowers yellow.
Involucre of 1 long and 1 short row of bracts Crepis
Involucre of several rows of bracts of irregular
FEO GC yt WIN cities, co! a) te 2 ERGRACKEIN
Flowers cream, white or purple . . . Prenanthes
1. CICHORIUM, L.
Branching perennial herbs, with stem leaves grass;like, clasping and
with a rosette of basal leaves. Flowers blue, purple or pink, the heads
among the branches with short pedicels or none, usually 2 or more in a
612 CICHORIACEAE
group. The involucre is double, the internal row of 8 bracts, the external
of 5, much shorter. Flower rays 5-toothed, all the teeth in the same
plane. Calyx represented by 2 or 3 series of short blunt scales.
C. Intybus, L. (Fig. 1, pl. 161.) Curicory. Stems stiff, branched,
1 to 3 ft. high. Basal leaves incised, or lobed, 3 to 6 in. long; upper
leaves lance-shaped. Flowers in clusters on very short stems or none,
blue, rarely white. Roadsides and waste places. July-Oct.
KRIGIA, Schreb. (Adopogon, Neck.)
Herbs, nearly smooth, the stem bearing a single head or more than one
head. Leaves mostly basal, in our species one or more stem leaves or
none. Leaves entire, wavy or lobed. Involucre of 6 to 15 bracts in 1
or 2 series, all of about the same length. Receptacle flat, without scales.
Rays 5-toothed, abrupt at apex. Calyx represented by 1 or 2 series of
bristles (pappus).
l. K. virginica, (L.) Willd. (Fig. 6, pl. 161.) Virernta Goats-
BEARD. Smooth. Lower leaves tufted on long leaf-stalks, which broaden
into lance-shaped or rounded leaf-blades, which at the margins are wavy,
or more or less incised, 2 to 7 in. long. Toward the summit of the scape
is a single oblong leaf which clasps the stem. Above this leaf one or
more branches may arise each of which, as well as the main stem, may
be terminated by a flower head. Flowers yellow. Scape about 1 ft. high.
Dry sandy soil, Maine to Mass. May-Oct.
2. K. caroliniana, Britton. (Fig. 2, pl. 161.) CaroLtina Dwarr DAN-
DELION. Basal leaves more lobed than those of No. 1, and the stem leaf
is rarely present. Calyx represented by a series of fine bristles outside
of which is a series of scales. Sandy soil, Maine to Southern Penna.
April-Aug.
3. ARNOSERIS, Gaertn.
A low herb, smooth or nearly so, with tufted basal leaves and no stem
leaves. ‘The flower scape is branched and from the forks each stem en-
larges gradually toward the head being, just below the head, quite thick-
ened. ‘The involucre is composed of a number of bracts in one series,
which turn inward enveloping the head after the flowering period. Fruit
without pappus, the only representative of a calyx being a narrow low
band.
A. minima, (L.) Dumort. (Fig. 4, pl. 161.) Lams Succory. Leaves
lance-shaped, 1 to 3 in. long. Scape branching, 3 to 12 in. high. Flowers
yellow. Mt. Desert Island, Maine. Summer.
4. HYPOCHAERIS, L.
Herbs, with basal leaves and naked flower scapes more or less branch-
ing. Involucre of many bracts in several series. Receptacle chaffy. Fruit
contracted into a short or long column from which arises the aigrette of
plumose bristles.
H. radicata, L. Gosmorr. Basal leaves lobed, the lobes turned back-
ward, hairy. Scape branched or simple. Flower head large, 1 in. in
diameter, flowers yellow. Waste places, southern New Jersey. May-Oct.
CHICORY FAMILY 613
PLATE 161
1. Cichorium Intybus. 2. Krigia caroliniana. 3. Leontodon nudicaule. 4.
Arnoseris minima. 5. Tragopogon pratensis. 6. Krigia virginica. 7. Lap-
sana communis. 8. Leontodon autumnale.
614 CICHORIACEAE
5. LAPSANA, L.
Annual herb, with alternate leaves which are long, egg-shaped and
thinly hairy. Margins with large angular or rounded teeth, the lower
leaves somewhat feather-formed and the leaf-stalks of the larger leaves
with large angular teeth near the leaf. Heads of flowers yellow in a
loose irregular cluster. Involucre nearly cylindric, its bracts in a single
series.
L. communis, L. (Fig. 7, pl. 161.) Succory Dock-cress. Stem 1
to 33 ft. high, somewhat hairy below, smooth above. Apex of leaves ob-
tuse, the upper leaves without leaf-stalks, lance-shaped. Heads numerous,
about 1 in. broad. Waste places in most of our area. June-Sept.
6. LEONTODON, L.
Herbs, with deeply lobed basal leaves and flower scapes naked except
for a few small scales. Involucre of a number of bracts, the principal
being in 1 or 2 series with a few or no short ones in an outer series.
Fruit contracting into a short column or none. Pappus plumose, arising
directly from the fruit in our species.
1. L. autumnale, L. (Fig. 8, pl. 161.) Autumn Hawxsit. Tati
DANDELION. Plant smooth. Leaves lance-shaped, lobed. Involucre nearly
cylindric. Scape 6 to 24 in. high. Heads one or several from the same
scape. Flowers yellow. Fields and roadsides, our area. June-Noy.
2. L. nudicaule, (L.) Porter. (Fig. 3, pl. 161.) RoucH HAwspir.
Leaves not deeply lobed, often nearly entire, quite hairy. One head only
on the scape. Flowers yellow. Waste places, eastern seaports and oc-
easional in Penna. June-Oct.
7. PICRIS; 1.
Coarse, leafy branching herbs, covered with stiff hairs. Leaves on the
stem alternate with a cluster of leaves at base. Flowers in diffuse clus-
ters at top of stem, yellow. Involucre of a row of bracts and one or two
outer rows which may be shorter than the inner row or much larger and
longer. Fruit cylindric with plumose pappus.
l. P. hieracioides, L. (Fig. 7, pl. 164.) HAwkwWerep PIcris.
Branched, 1 to 3 ft. high, with many rather large yellow flowers. Leaves
lance-shaped or broad, the upper clasping the stem, margins wavy or
irregularly toothed. Outer bracts of the involucre linear. Fruit oblong
eylindrie with the aigrette arising directly or nearly so from the summit.
Waste places, southern section of our area. June-Sept.
2. P.echioides, L. (Fig. 8, pl. 164.) Bristry Ox-Toncur. Stem
and leaves very hairy with stiff hairs. Plant about 24 ft. high. Lower
leaves spatula-formed, irregularly toothed. Heads numerous. Inner
bracts of the involucre linear, the outer 4 or 5, broad, leaf-like, hairy.
Aigrette arising from a column above the fruit. Waste places, eastern
seaports. July-Sept.
8. TRAGOPOGON, L.
Herbs, biennial or perennial, branching herbs, with alternate linear, en-
tire, leaves which clasp the stem at the base. Heads of purple or yellow
615
CHICORY FAMILY
PLATE 162
gittifolia,
erythrospermum. 3. Lactuca sa
Me
1. Taraxacum officinale. 2.
4. L. virosa. 5. L. Scariola. 6. L. floridana,
616 CICHORIACEAE
flowers on long flower-stems. Involucre a single row of bracts which open
in the morning and close toward noon. Plumose aigrette radiating from a
“beak ” or column.
1. T. pratensis, L. (Fig. 5, pl. 161.) YeELLow Goats-BEarD. Mrapow
Sausiry. Outer rays longer than the bracts of the involucre. Stem 14
to 3 ft. high. Fields and meadows, New Jersey and northward. June-
Oct.
2. T. porrifolius, L. Oyster Prant. Purpie Sausiry. Rays of the
purple flowers much shorter than the slender, tapering bracts of the
involucre. Leaves linear, broader toward base. Stem 2 to 4 ft. high.
Fields and meadows, escaped from gardens. June-Oct.
9. TARAXACUM, Hall.
Perennial herb, the leaves all basal, lance-shaped, deeply lobed. Flower
scape hollow, bearing a single head of many yellow flowers. Involucre
double, an inner series nearly equal and an outer of many unequal but
shorter bracts. Receptacle flat, naked. YTruit nearly linear, rough, sud-
denly terminating in a long beak or column from which radiates the
aigrette of thread-like bristles.
1. T. officinale, Weber. (Fig. 1, pl. 162.) DANpDELION. (7. Tarazxa-
cum, (L.) Karst.) Found in fields, lawns and waste places. After the
blooming the greenish-brown fruits with their aigrettes of pappus expand
into a delicate white globe, which is broken and distributed by the wind
when not eaten by birds. Blooms from early spring to late autumn.
2. T. erythrospermum, Andrz. (Fig. 2, pl. 162.) Rep-srepep Dan-
DELION. Resembles the last, but leaves narrower and lobes extend to mid-
rib. Fruit bright red or red brown. Locations similar to those of No. 1.
to. SONCHUS, L.
Coarse weeds with leafy stems and diffuse clusters of yellow flowers.
Leaves alternate, mostly clasping the stem by broad ear-like appendages
at base, lobed, margins prickly. Involucre egg-shaped or bell-shaped, its
bracts of several overlapping series. Receptacle, flat, naked. Fruit ob-
long, oval or linear, ribbed, rough. The aigrette of soft white silky
threads without a beak or column.
1. S. arvensis, L. (Fig. 4, pl. 163.) Corn Sow-TuistLE. Plant 2
to 4 ft. high. Lower leaves often a ft. long, narrowed into short leaf-
stalks. Flower stems and involucre hairy. Low grounds, roadsides, ete.
July-Oct.
2. §. oleraceus, L. (Figs. 1 and 2, pl. 163.) ANNUAL Sow-THISTLE.
Stem 1 to 10 ft. high. Basal leaves on long leaf-stalks, expanding into a
deeply-lobed blade terminated by a broad triangular segment. The ear-
like appendages with sharp angles. IJnvolucre not hairy. Fields and waste
places. May-Nov.
3. S. asper, (L.) All. (Fig. 3, pl. 163.) SHARp-rRINGED Sow-
THISTLE. Leaves spiny toothed; ear-like appendages at base of leaves
rounded. Involucre not hairy. Waste places, most of our area, May-
Nov.
CHICORY FAMILY 617
PLATE 163
1. Sonchus oleraceus. 2. Another form of the same, 3. S. asper. 4. 8.
arvensis.
618 CICHORIACEAE
11. LACTUCA, L.
Leafy herbs, with diffuse clusters of yellow, blue or white flowers, and
alternate narrow leaves, which are lobed or not, the margins spiny, wavy
or toothed. Heads several or many flowered, the involucre cylindric, of
overlapping scales in 2 or more series. Receptacle flat, naked. Fruit
flattened, oval to linear, with 1 to 5 ribs on each face, contracted into a
column from the somewhat expanded summit of which spring the nearly
simple soft hairs of the white or brown pappus.
Flowers Yellow
Margins of leaves spiny.
1b
obed eee a RE oe out AMC M cm goo. SRI AE
Not Yobed’ . <2 hs She. red | on Wate) cahensall “Pao. Je iye Wet Mist UC See act oR ra
Margins not spiny.
Whole plant hairy.
Rays’ reddish yellow) < “.) is 2.0 o. «© ©! te we), ba, sey eicameaee
Rays blue . « o 8 «© se dogeiloreess
Plant Tote hairy or only the stem below hairy.
Lower leaves not lobed or only pees. so . .« . “L. sagstiifolha
Lower leaves conspicuously lobed . . 2 Nr 3 6S canadensts
Flowers Blue
Leaves egg-shaped to broad sonee: Sueboe
Not deeply lobed . acer Aste hee Sol Ste! (a. ew meee
Deeply lobed.
Margins with low teeth . Ssh NE. Alay We wax bee eet elo eer On etna
Margins with high pointed ‘teeth eo ¢ «Se ep we, nga = oeRG aaron
1. L. Scariola, L. (Fig. 5, pl. 162.) Prickty Lerruce. Biennial.
Stem stiff, 2 to 7 ft. high, smooth above and smooth or hairy below.
Leaves oblong or lance-shaped, the lower deeply lobed, the margins spiny,
the base with an angular auricle each side of stem; upper leaves entire,
clasping the stem. Heads numerous, 6- to 12-flowered. Waste grounds,
New York, Penna. Aug.-Sept.
2. L. virosa, L. (Fig. 4, pl. 162.) Srrone-scentep Lettuce. (L.
scariola, var. integrata, Gren. and Gedr.) Plant erect, 2 to 7 ft. high,
smooth. Leaves long pear-shaped, 2 to 10 in. long, 4 to 3 in. broad, clasp-
ing the stem, margins finely and irregularly toothed, the longer teeth
somewhat prickly. Under surface of mid-vein prickly, the prickles turning
backward. Heads of flowers pale yellow, several on a single slender stem,
the whole forming a loose pyramidal cluster. Fruit black, ribbed. Juice
foetid, said to be an acrid narcotic. Waste places, our area and westward.
3. L. canadensis, L. (Fig. 1, pl. 165.) Witp Lerruce. Stem 3 to
10 ft. high, leafy, branching above into the diffuse flower cluster. Whole
plant smooth. Leaves, the lower on leaf stems, 6 to 12 in. long, deeply
lobed, margins wavy or with low teeth, covered with a whitish bloom.
Heads about 20-flowered. Damp soil, in most of our area. June-Nov.
4. L. hirsuta, Muhl. (Fig. 2, pl. 164.) Harry Woop Lerruce.
Plant hairy, 2 to 3 ft. high. Leaves lobed. Heads numerous. Flowers
yellow-purple to whitish. Dry soil, most of our area. July-Sept.
5. L. Morssii, Robinson. Morsr’s Witp Lerruce. Similar to No.
3; involucre shorter and rays blue, Along salt meadows, Maine and
eastern Mass, to New York,
CHICORY FAMILY 619
PLATE 164
1. Lactuca villosa. 2. L. hirsuta. 3. L. spicata. 4. Crepis virens. 5. C,
biennis. 6. C. tectorum. 7. Picris hieracioides. 8. P. echioides.
620 CICHORIACEAE
6. L. sagittifolia, Ell. (Fig. 3, pl. 162.) ARRow-LEAvED LETTUCE.
Biennial. Plant smooth throughout, 3 to 5 ft. high, not very leafy. Leaves
not divided into lobes, oblong lance-shaped, the upper lance-shaped, the
lower clasping with angular projections each side of the stem. Flowers
yellow or purplish. Dry soil, our area. July-Sept.
7. L. villosa, Jacq. (Fig. 1, pl. 164.) Hatry-vEInEpD BLUE LETTUCE.
Stem 2 to 6 ft. high, the whole plant smooth. Leaves egg-shaped to
oblong-lance-shaped, 4 to 6 in. long, not lobed, the margins irregularly
toothed, the lower on leaf-stalks. Flowers numerous in a diffuse cluster,
rays blue. Borders of woods, New York, westward and southward. July-
Sept.
8. L. floridana, (L.) Gaertn. (Fig. 6, pl. 162.) FLoripaA Lettuce.
Stem 3 to 7 ft. high; plant smooth. Lower leaves triangular, deeply
lobed, the margins toothed, 4 to 12 in. long. Heads numerous, with blue
flowers. Moist places. July-Sept.
9. L. spicata, (Lam.) MHitche. (Fig. 3, pl. 164.) Tart Biue Let-
TUCE. Plant smooth, 3 to 12 ft. high. Lower leaves 5 to 12 in. long,
deeply lobed, sharply toothed, with or without leaf-stalks. Flower heads
numerous, rays blue. Moist places, throughout our range. July-Oct.
12, CREPIS) LE.
Herbs, annual or perennial, the leaves mostly basal. Heads of yellow
or orange flowers, small or medium in diffuse, more or less flattened clus-
ters. Involucre cylindric or bell-shaped, the principal series of bracts
equal, the exterior bracts small and irregular. Receptacle naked. Ai-
grette of many soft white bristles.
l. C. tectorum, L. (Fig. 6, pl. 164.) NARRow-LEAVED HAWKSBEARD.
Annual herbs, with basal and stem leaves, the former narrow, lance-
shaped, 4 to 6 in. long, indented or deeply lobed, the lobes or margins
rolled backward, the upper leaves narrow with plane margins which, in
case of the larger are rolled back at the margins. Stem 1 to 2 ft. high,
the whole plant somewhat downy. Flower heads numerous, 4 to 1 in.
broad, the involucre about } in. high. Fruit spindle-shaped, the ribs
rough, the aigrette arising directly from the apex. Waste places, southern
part of our area. June-July.
2. C. virens, L. (Fig. 4, pl. 164.) Smoorn HaAwkspearp, (0.
capillaris, Wallr.) Plant smooth, not downy. Stem 1 to 24 ft. high.
Leaves mostly basal, lance-shaped or spatula-shaped, clasping at base, 5
to 8 in. long, deeply lobed or indented, not rolled back at the margins.
Upper leaves linear. Flower heads numerous, involucre } in, high, eylin-
dric. Rays yellow. Fruit smooth, 10-ribbed. Waste places, southern sec-
tion. July-Sept.
3. C. biennis, L. (Fig. 5, pl. 164.) Rovam Hawxkspearp. Whole
plant usually rough hairy. Stem 2 to 3 ft. high. Basal leaves about 6
in, long, spatula-formed or oblong on leaf-stalks, lobed or prominently
toothed, the margins not rolled back. Heads numerous, 1 to 14 in. broad,
the involucre 4 in. high. Fruit somewhat conical with 13 ribs. Bristles
very slender. Waste places, New York, New Jersey and Penna. June-
Aug.
CHICORY FAMILY
PLATE 165
1. Lactuea canadensis. 2. Hieracium Pilosella. 3. H.
marianum. 5. H. paniculatum. 6. H. scabrum.
yvenosum,
621
622 CICHORIACEAE
13. HIERACIUM, L.
Herbs, mostly hairy but exceptionally without hairs, with basal or
alternate leaves and small or ‘not very large heads of flowers, mostly yel-
low or orange. Leaves entire or less frequently toothed. Involucre with
the bracts more or less overlapping, the outer gradually diminishing.
Receptacle flat, naked. Fruit not prolonged to a column or beak, aigrette
one row of fine rough bristles.
Flower stems leafless or with one (rarely more) leaf and possibly a few
bracts
Stem leafless, bearing a single head . .~- . . -. «© »- -« « « « A. Pilosella
Stem bearing several heads.
Leaves with very prominent teeth.
Rounded or heart-shaped at base . . . . . . . . HA. murorum
Taperings; at eadchend’) <) See ahs 2) =e ase H. vulgatum
Leaves with entire margins, or with low, inconspicuous teeth.
Flowers orange-red . «© « © « «© © + « »« « Hz aurantiacum
Flowers yellow.
Stem smooth or only slightly downy.
Leaves purple veined . . . . + + « - HH. venosum
Leaves not purple veined.
Leaves lance-shaped . . . . . H. florentinum
Leaves oblong or inversely egg-shaped.
The flower stem not hairy . H. marianum
, The flower stem hairy . . . HA. Green
Stemivery hairy.) (eye) eres ene ey te eee renee
Flower stem decidedly leafy
Leaves conspicuously toothed . ... . . . . + «- H. canadense
Leaves with low teeth or none.
Piant not hairy or only slightly downy below . . H. paniculatum
Plant decidedly hairy.
Plant with tuft of lower leaves . . . . . «. H. Gronovii
Plant without a tuft of lower leaves . . . . . H. scabrum
1. H. Pilosella, L. (Fig. 2, pl. 165.) Mousr-rar HAwKweep. Plant
propagated largely by runners which are leafy. Flowering scape slender,
naked, not hairy, 4 to 10 in. high, bearing a single head of yellow flowers
1 in. broad. Leaves oblong or lance-shaped, very liairy, often whitish silky
beneath. Dooryards and fields, an European plant. Naturalized in places.
May-Sept.
2. H. murorum, L. Watt Hawkweep. Basal leaves egg-shaped, apex
obtuse or sharp, base heart-shaped or nearly so, margins deeply toothed
toward the base, veins purple. Flower stem 1 to 24 ft. high, with 2 or
more flower heads, downy or smooth. On the flower branches are found a
few linear bracts. Naturalized in a few places. European. June-Aug.
3. H. vulgatum, Fries. (Fig. 4, pl. 166.) HAwkKWEED. Basal leaves
broad lance-shaped with sharp, remote teeth at margins, tapering at each
end, 2 to 5 in. long. Stem smooth or downy, 1 to 3 ft. high, with numer-
ous flower heads. Naturalized. July-Sept.
4. H. aurantiacum, L. (Fig. 1. pl. 166.) Orance HAWKWEED. PAINT
Brusu. Rosette of basal leaves, each spatula-formed or oblong, obtuse
at apex, the whole plant very hairy; height of flowering stem 6 to 20 in.
high. On the stem a small leaf or two leaves is sometimes found. Flower
heads several in a rather compact cluster, the individual flower stems
being short, the head about 1 in. broad. Flowers dark orange. Along
roadsides, in fields and woods, most of our range. June-Sept.
CHICORY FAMILY
PLATE 166
1. Hieracium aurantiacum. 2. H. canadense. 3. H. Gronovii. 4. H. vul-
gatum. 5. H. florentinum. 6. H. Greenii.
624 CICHORIACEAE
5. H. florentinum, All. (Fig. 5, pl. 166.) Kina Devin. (H. pracal-
tum, Vill.) Flowering stem 13 to 3 ft. high, not hairy, 1 to 3 small stem
leaves at base. Basal leaves tufted, narrowly oblong or lance-shaped, very
hairy, 2 to 4 in. long. Heads several, each about 4 in. broad. Flowers
yellow. Fields, roadsides, a weed, north central New York. June-Sept.
6. H. pratense, Tausch. Fretp Hawkweep. Stem 1 to 2 ft. high,
with 1 or 2 spatula-formed leaves toward base. Tuft of basal leaves of
numerous spatula-formed leaves 2 to 5 in. long, the whole plant very hairy.
Flowers yellow, in“heads in. broad. Naturalized on Staten Island.
7. H. venosum, L. (Fig. 3, pl. 165.) RATTrLESNAKE-WEED. Stem
1 to 3 ft. high, slender, not hairy, generally without leaves, but occa-
sionally with 1 or more small leaves. The basal leaves nearly always con-
spicuously marked with purple borders to the veins. Cluster many-
flowered, heads 3 in. broad, Dry woods and old fields. Common.
8. H. marianum, Willd. (Fig. 4, pl. 165.) MAryLanp HAWKWEED.
Flowering stem 2 to 3 ft. high, with several leaves. Basal leaves oblong,
2 to 8 in. long, with purple at the veins. Heads numerous, flower-stem
moderately long. Dry woods, southern section of our area. May-July.
9. H. canadense, Michx. (Fig. 2, pl. 166.) CANADIAN HAWKWEED.
Stem firm, erect, 1 to 5 ft. high, leafy, the leaves on the upper part of the
stem clasping at base, all leaves conspicuously and remotely toothed at
margins. Basal tuft not present. Flowers yellow. Woods and thickets.
July-Sept.
10. H. paniculatum, L. (Fig. 5, pl. 165.) PanicLep HAWKWEED.
Whole plant smooth, basal tuft not present. Stem 1 to 3 ft. high, leafy,
the leaves narrow lance-shaped, not prominently toothed, the small teeth
may appear at margins. Flower heads numerous in a loose cluster, the
flower stems standing nearly at right angles to the main stem. Flowers
yellow. Dry woods. July-Sept.
11. H.scabrum, Michx. (Fig. 6, pl. 165.) Rovugm HAWKWEED.
Leaves all on the flowering stem, which is slender, 1 to 4 ft. high. Whole
plant rough hairy, inversely egg-shaped or spatula-shaped, 2 to 4 in. long.
Heads numerous, 4 in. broad. Flowers yellow. Dry woods. July-Sept.
12. H. Gronovii, L. (Fig. 3, pl. 166.) Harry HAwkweep. Stem
with or without stem leaves. Basal leaves spatula-formed, 2 to 6 in.
long, quite hairy. Heads numerous. Flowers yellow. Dry soil. July-
Sept.
13. H. Greenii, Porter and Britton. (Fig. 6, pl. 166.) GRrEN’s
HAWKWEED. Stem 14 to 2 ft. high, without hairs up to the branchings.
Leaves in a tuft at base, spatula-formed or pear-shaped, with low teeth
at borders or none, hairy. Heads in a spreading cluster on slender flower-
stems. Bracts of the involucre in 1 series. Mountains of Penna. May-
June.
19. PRENANTHES, Vaill. (Nabalus, Cass.)
Perennial herbs, with upright stems with many leaves, variable in
form, with margins toothed or deeply lobed and with diffuse terminal
clusters of greenish or yellowish, generally drooping, bell-shaped heads
of flowers, each head composed of from 5 to 30 flowers. Involucre eylin-
dric of linear bracts, generally in a single row with a few short ones at
CHICORY FAMILY 625
PLATE 167
1. Prenanthes altissima. 2. P. alba. 3. P. trifoliolata. 4. P. nana. 5. P.
virgata. 6. P. Boottii. 7. P. racemosa.
626 CICHORIACEAE
the base. Rays terminated by a nearly straight edge with 5 rather low
teeth. Fruit striated with an aigrette {pappus) of simple bristles varying
from deep brown to nearly white.
Plants more than 14 it. high.
Flower clusters diffuse.
Heads with 5 to 6 flowers . . . ve xe 6) uh tarts MNES aLERS ssf
Heads with 8 to 12 flowers.
Aigrette deep browns < 2 «us « «© oe Lo) mony UcemmeeneE
Aigrette straw-color. "
Involucre bracts with stiff hairs . . . P. serpentaria
Involucre bracts not hairy . . . . . VP. trifoholata
Flower cluster spicate. t
Leaves lobed nearly to midvein . : . . . - «. « « PP. virgata
Leaves not deeply lobed . . Pe ie at E1007.
Heads with 20 to 25 flowers See: te SL te. he eee e area
Plants not exceeding 14 ft. high,
Leaves 3-divided . . « «
sly Jo oP abe keene P. nana
Leaves arrow-shaped. .
NRIMCR AER, ci. oe dh he See ” P. Boottii
1. P. altissima, L. (Fig. 1, pl. 167.) Tatu Waite Lettuce. Stem
straight, rigid, 3 to 7 ft. high, smooth, green or purplish, lower part quite
leafy, upper with remote leaves. Leaves of various shapes, the lower
broad, usually deeply lobed, on long leaf-stalks. Heads numerous in a
terminal diffuse, rather narrow cluster, of subordinate clusters, each con-
taining about half a dozen heads which are pendulous. Involucre eylin-
dric, 4 in long, smooth, green. Flowers greenish or yellowish white,
about 5 to 7 flowers in each head. Aigrette light straw color. Rich
woods, New England and southward and westward. July-Aug.
2. P.alba, L. (Fig. 2, pl. 167.) RarrLesnakE Root. WHITE LET-
TUCE. Stem 2 to 5 ft. high, smooth, purple. Leaves on lower part of stem
broad halberd-shaped, or varying, 3 to 8 in. long, nearly or quite as wide
at base. Heads pendulous, each 8- to 15-flowered, in broad diffuse cluster
of subordinate clusters of 2 to 5 heads. Involucre smooth, of about 8 pur-
plish bracts and a few smaller ones at the base. lowers greenish or
yellowish white. Aigrette deep brown. Woods, common. Aug.-Sept.
3. P. serpentaria, Pursh. Lion’s Foor. Less tall than No. 2; leaves
similar, but the involucre quite hairy with stiff hairs. Fields and woods,
New England and southward. July-Oct.
4. P, trifoliolata, (Cass.) Fernald. (Fig. 3, pl. 167.) Tati Rat-
TLESNAKE Root. Whole plant smooth. Stem 3 to 9 ft. high. Leaves
usually 3-divided with the divisions stalked. Heads 8- to 12-flowered.
Flowers white to yellowish. Woods, Maine, Vermont, New York, Penna.,
and southward. Aug.-Oct.
5. P. nana, DC. (Fig. 4, pl. 167.) Lion’s Foor. Plant smooth
throughout, stem erect, from 4 to 15 in. high. Lower leaves 3-parted, the
divisions generally 3-lobed. Flower heads numerous. Summits of White
and Adirondack Mountains. Aug.-Sept.
6. P. virgata, DC. (Fig. 5, pl. 167.) StenpeR RatrrLresNAKE Root.
Smooth. stem simple, straight, 2 to 4 ft. high. Leaves in general outline
Jance-shaped, often 10 in. long, lobed nearly to the mid-vein on each side.
Flower heads in a slender spike often all on one side. Flowers white.
Sandy soil. New Jersey, southward. Sept.-Oct.
7. P. Boottii, (DC.) Gray. (Fig. 6, pl. 167.) Boort’s RATTLE-
PLATE 168
1. Ambrosia artemisiaefolia. 2. A. trifida. 3. Iva ovaria. 4. Xanthium
spinosum. 5. X. strumarium. 6. X. canadense.
628 AMBROSIACEAE
SNAKE Root. A dwarf species, 4 to 1 ft. high, the leaves halberd-shaped,
upper ones lance-shaped. Summits of Adirondacks and White Mountains.
July-Aug.
8. P. racemosa, Michx. (Fig. 7, pl. 167.) Wuuire Lerruce. Smooth,
stem often with a whitish bloom, 2 to 6 ft. high. Leaves lance-shaped
to oval or egg-shaped, with low teeth at margins. Flower heads in a dense
spike, mostly erect, 1- to 16-flowered. Moist soil, Maine and southward
to New York and New Jersey. Aug.-Sept.
9.. P. crepidinea, Michx. CorymMBep RATTLESNAKE Root. Stem
smooth, 5 to 9 ft. high. . Leaves halberd-shaped. Flower heads numerous,
the involucre hairy, each head containing 20 to 25 flowers. Fields, woods,
Penna. and New York, Aug.-Oct.
Famity IV.—AMBROSIACEAE. Racweep FAMILY
Herbs, mostly weeds, with alternate leaves or the lower leaves
sometimes opposite. Flowers in small heads of greenish or white
flowers subtended by an involucre of a few bracts; usually the
staminate and pistillate flowers are in different heads on the same
plant or in the same head—but often the two kinds are on differs
ent plants. The aigrette or pappus representing the calyx is absent
or reduced to a little rim at the summit of the fruit. The stam-
inate flowers have a narrow tubular corolla which is small and
membraneous. The anthers are free from each other or only
slightly coherent.
Staminate and pistillate flowers in the same heads. . . Iva
Staminate and pistillate flowers in separate heads, the heads
with stamens mostly above.
Involucre of the pistillate heads bur-like. . . Xanthium
Inyolucre not bur-like . . . . . . » & Aiea
Took WAS LL.
Large coarse herbs, with fleshy leaves, opposite or alternate, and with
small heads of greenish flowers arranged in spikes, in the axils or soli-
tary. ‘There are within the head, about half a dozen or less pistillate
flowers which occupy the outer circle, while within are several flowers with
both pistils and stamens. Involucre of a few rounded bracts. Receptacle
small, chaffy. Aigrette none.
I. ovaria, Bartlett. (Fig. 3, pl. 168.) Marsm Exper. (J. frutescens,
Man.) A coarse plant, apparently shrubby, with stems from 3 to 12 ft.
high, growing in salt marshes. Leaves somewhat fleshy, oval to lance-
shaped, the lower with coarse teeth. Heads in the upper axils. Recep-
tacle small, with chaff among the flowers. Sea-side, Mass., New York and
southward, July-Sept.
2. AMBROSIA, L.
Coarse weeds, branching, with alternate or opposite leaves, which are
THISTLE FAMILY 629
usually lobed or deeply divided and with inconspicuous greenish heads of
flowers, the stamens and pistils occupying different heads. The staminate
heads have an involucre of several scales, united to form a cup in which
are from 5 to 20 staminate flowers on a chaffy receptacle. The pistillate
heads have each a single flower, consisting only of a pistil, surrounded
by an involucre of one piece. There is no aigrette or other indication of
a calyx.
l. A. trifida, L. (Fig. 2, pl. 168.) Great Racweep. Tall herb, 3
to 17 ft. high, hairy or nearly smooth. Leaves opposite, 3-lobed, the lobes.
oval-lance-shaped. Moist soil. July-Oct.
2. A. artemisiaefolia, L. (Fig. 1, pl. 168.) Racwrrp. Leaves lobed
on each side of the midvein (pinnate). Stem 1 to 6 ft. high. A common
and troublesome weed in waste places. July-Oct.
3. XANTHIUM, L.
Coarse, rough and spiny herbs, with alternate, lobed or conspicuously
dentate leaves and small flowers, the pistillate in bur-like heads with
hooked prickles, the staminate in rounded heads with a short involucre.
1. X. spinosum, L. (Fig. 4, pl. 168.) Spiny CiotwereEp. Leaves
lance-shaped, deeply lobed on each side of the midvein, under surface and
veins above white, at the base of the leaf about three long stiff prickles.
Staminate heads above at extremity of branches, fertile heads prickly,
in the axils below. Waste grounds. Aug.-Nov.
2. X. strumarium, L. (Fig. 5, pl. 168.) Burwerep. Branching, 1 to
6 ft. high, not armed with prickles at the leaves. Leaves in general out-
line rounded and somewhat triangular, with deep lobes, the borders toothed,
heart-shaped at base. Fruit elliptic, armed with stiff prickles and ending
with two straight or slightly curved horns. Waste places. (Is perhaps
only a variety of X. canadense.) <Aug.-Oct.
3. XX. canadense, Mill. (Fig. 6, pl. 168.) HrepcreHoa BuRwEED.
Resembles above, but bur much longer and the two horns are curved in and
the extremity is not divided. Waste places, river banks, ete. Aug.-Oct.
4. X. commune, Britton. Common CLorweeEp. Leaves broadly egg-
shaped, more or less lobed. Burs commonly solitary in the axils; prickles
slender, hooked at tip and hispid. Northern New York, and westward.
Famity V.—COMPOSITAE. THISTLE FAMILY
This is by far the largest family of flowering plants. In the
North Eastern United States the plants are nearly all herbs; but
in tropical climates some members of the family are trees. The
flowers are associated in heads which have the appearance of a
single flower, as, for example, the daisy or the aster, in which many
small yellowish flowers—florets—are gathered at the center of a
group while in nearly all cases a single row of white or colored
flowers of a different kind are arranged in a single row about the
margin. The groups are subtended by an involucre of bracts which
630 COMPOSITAE
resemble a calyx and the florets rest upon a base, the receptacle,
which may be flat, convex or concave, and which, when the florets
are removed may present a naked surface or may be occupied by
bristles or scales or filled with small pits. The individual florets
are of two kinds, those which occupy the center of the group and
which in some tribes constitute the whole group, are tubular like
little blue-bells, the corolla of one piece, with 5 lobes enclosing a
style in the center and usually 5 stamens in a ring about it.
Below the corolla and stamens is the ovary of a single cell, which
produces a single seed. The calyx is not always present, but when
present is represented not by the green sepals common in many
flowers, but by an aigrette of fae or bristles, by teeth, awns or
scales. The flowers a the periphery, in most of the genera, differ
from the central florets in that the corolla is prolonged on one
side forming a ray or strap-like organ which is conspicuously white
or colored. Of this important family not less than 10,000 species
are known.
SYNOPSIS OF TRIBES
Receptacle not chaffy
Florets all of one kind, tubular, the corolla of one piece,
regular, 5-pointed. Flowers purple, heads in spreading
clusters. Branches of the style long, slender, bristly all
Over’ ic . TRIBE 1, VERNONIEAE
Florets all of one kind, wi stamens and pistils, the style
thickened above, blunt, not bristly . TRIBE 2, EUPATORIEAE
Heads without ray florets (except Inula, which has large ray
flowers) Anthers arrow-formed, the basal lobes extended into
tls. . . TRIBE 4, INULEAE
Florets mostly of ay are ul in some species all ‘altos
when not all alike the outer, ray, flowers are pistillate.
Anthers not tailed, obtuse at base; receptacle naked.
Branches of the style flat, prolonged into a lance-shaped
appendage. Bracts of the involucre decidedly overlap-
DIRS ae te . . . TRIBE 3, ASTEREAE
Florets as in Tribe 4, but branches of style either w ith hairy
tips or the tips terminate bluntly. Bracts of involucre
overlapping . . . . TrIBe 6, HELENIEAE
Florets of the disk th. style the branches of which are pro-
vided with a tuft of hairs. Aigrette of soft bristles. Bracts
of the involucre only slightly, if at all, overlap-
PING. os oh a ue ea) ae a) om 6 RLBE SO, ONG
THISTLE FAMILY 631
Receptacle usually chaffy
Branches of the style provided with a fascicle of soft bristles.
Bracts of the involucre herbaceous or leaf-like
Riis 2. oe, PRB oye LE LIAN DHEA
Similar to bh cat bracts of the involucre ae. scaly and
overlapping, in several ranks. Heads with white rays
TRIBE 7, ANTHEMIDEAE
Florets all tubular and perfect (i. e. with both stamens and
pistils). Anthers prolonged above into long appendages at
the tips and below into tails. . . . ‘TRIBE 9, CYNAREAE
ARTIFICIAL TABLE OF GENERA ACCORDING TO TRIBES
Tribe 1, Vernonieae
Leaves alternate. Flowers all alike, purple; style with long hairy
branches; aigrette double.
Flower heads not surrounded by a sub-involucre . . Vernonia
Flower heads surrounded by a sub-involucre . . Elephantopus
TRIBE 2, Eupatorieae
Leaves opposite or alternate. Branches of style obtuse, fruit 3- to
5-angled.
Leaves opposite.
WTCCCAADIANES seca wise uct Dear Pece Pica Peay alice!) s Eupatorium
Chimbinge= vines = 2) “ae of eee Hl Mees oe Me Mitkcania
Leaves alternate.
Hlowersiein, aituse clustersi, = ayes ee- te) an oe eeemeeikculinaa
lowers anwnarrow. spikes! ea) 00 9s i405. hs. % @s =o eleiatris
HheayeseimSwhoris)of 4.) 1.02. @ 4» « « S§clerolepis
Tripe 3, Astereae
Florets allof one kind ... . 7 + + - (Chondrophora
Flowers all of one kind in individual feeds but pistillate heads on
one plant and staminate on another, shrub Baccharis
Ray flowers yellow (in Solidago bicolor, white).
Heads large, many flowered; aigrette double Chrysopsis
Heads small, few flowered; aigrette simple Solidago
Rays not usually more numerous than the disk flowers.
Rays more numerous than the disk flowers Erethamia
Ray flowers white, blue, purple, never yellow, leaves on the stem.
Pappus (aigrette) a single series of bristles (sometimes a few
short ones outside the series).
632 COMPOSITAE
Bracts of the involucre in 2 to several series.
Rays white, about 5 . . . . . . . Sericocarpus
Rays many (6:to LOR a oc. t. bots cee Aster
Bracts of the involucre in 1 or 2 series only.
Rays -longer than the diameter of the disk . . Erigeron
Rays not as long as the disk . . . . . - Leptilon
Pappus (aigrette) distinctly double, one series of long bristles,
another, outer, of short ones.
Rays white, leaves lance-shaped . . . . Doellingeria
Rays violet, leaves linear . . . . - « . JlOnagus
Pappus a few scales and about 4 hairs, fruit flattened and
winged 50040 2 ee ete PT ye? ele Se, ee rh
Tripe 4, Inuleae
Heads without ray florets except ZJnula. Anthers arrow-formed, the
basal lobes prolonged into tails.
Heads of flowers large with yellow rays . . . .- + + .- Inula
Heads of flowers rayless.
Receptacle) (chattys (7.9 ce ) sii MEGS She a0 2 eee
Receptacle not chaffy.
iPlaritenot: bWwoOlly” Js 04 Uo" choke ge tet eeette- an cera Pluchea
Plants woolly.
Staminate flowers on one plant, pistillate on another
(dioecious) .
Bristles of the aigrette of staminate flowers 'en-
larged and thickened above, leaves in a cluster
at base, stem leaves inconspicuous . . Antennaria
Bristles of the staminate flowers not thickened
above, leaves of stem linear . . . . Anaphalis
Stamens and pistils in same flower, leaves of stem not linear
eh ee ee a OM RE a SMe
Tripe 5, Heliantheae
Flower heads with ray flowers. Involucre leaf-like or herbaceous.
Receptacle chaffy. Aigrette not hair-like, sometimes none. Anther
not tailed at base.
Ray flowers with pistils only, but producing fruit. Disk flowers with
stamens and pistils, but with no fruit.
Ray flowers in a single series . . . . .». »« + » 'Polymmig
Ray flowers in 2 or more series... . . . - . #£=§ilphium
Both ray and disk flowers with fruit.
Ray flowers remaining on the fruit when mature . . Heliopsis
Ray flowers falling when mature.
Aigrette represented by a number of scales.
Aigrette absent or of one or two scales. Rays very short Eclipta
Ray flowers not fruit producing, receptacle high, conical or
columnar,
THISTLE FAMILY 633
Fruit of disk flowers 4-sided, without margins . Rudbeckia
Fruit of disk flowers flat, with margins . . . . Ratibida
Ray flowers not fruit-producing, receptacle flat or conve», not high.
Leaves (opposite Tie Se os Se ee Bfelianthus
Leaves (in our species) alternate . Verbesina
Aigrette of 2 or more scales, barbed upward Coreopsis
Aigrette of 2 or more scales, or teeth barbed downward Bidens
TRIBE 6, Helenieae
Similar to Tribe 5, but receptacle is not chaffy Helenium
TRIBE 7, Anthemideae
The scales of the involucre more or less dry, membraneous.
Heads with ray flowers which are white, or without ray flowers.
Leaves alternate.
Heads with white ray flowers.
Receptacle chaffy.
Heads bell-shaped,’ smal 9. a) ea!) sy) Achillea
Heads half-round, rather large
Receptacle not chaffy.
Receptacle flat or nearly so . . . . Chrysanthemum
Anthemis
Receptacle conical Matricaria
Heads without ray flowers.
Heads in broad diffuse flattened clusters . Tanacetum
Heads in narrow elongated clusters . Artemisia
TRIBE 8, Senecioneae
Heads with or without ray flowers. Bracts of the involucre scarcely
overlapping. Aigrette of soft bristles. Receptacle naked. Anthers
without tails.
Leaves all basal.
Heads _ solitary Tussilago
Heads in clusters Petasites
Leaves opposite.
Margins of leaves wavy . ese Arnica
Margins of leaves with prominent is - « . . Erechtites
Leaves alternate,
Leaves broad, rounded or kidney-shaped . Mesadenia
Leaves triangular Sty 5c been Synosma
Leaves spatula-formed, with or without deep lobes, or egg-
shaped Senecio
TRIBE 9, Cynareae
Flower heads large, showy, but without ray flowers; bracts of invo-
luere overlapping. Anthers with long appendages both at tip and
base. lLeaved alternate. Aigrette bristly.
634 COMPOSITAE
Leaves very large, broad with smooth margins . . . Arctium
Leaves armed with prickles.
Receptacle not bristly nor chaffy . ... . Onopordum
Receptacle bristly.
Flowers, “purple © < "0°90, 72) & MP oo. oe) aces
Flowers yellow .. . 2 us ey fe wy oh Tens
Leaves lance-shaped or deeply eee not armed with prickles
ee ee eee Jae Centaurea
1. VERNONIA, Schreb.
Coarse erect herbs, with leafy stems and flower heads in diffuse clus-
ters. Leaves alternate. Heads with tubular flowers only (no rays) ;
purple, pink or white. Bracts of the involucre overlapping in several
series. Receptacle naked, flat. Corolla tubular, 5-lobed, regular. Anthers
narrow-formed at the base, without tails. Aigrette of 2 series, the inner
series of soft hairy bristles, the outer of scales or stout bristles.
Some or all of the involucre bracts with bristle-like tips . . . V. noveboracensis
None of the bracts with bristle-like tips.
Lower leaves. €gg- or pear-shaped . . « « e« « » « ec co UVa |Siguea
Lower leaves lance-shaped . . . e's ee! Je cis, ye (ecg feu TEISCE YES
1. V. noveboracensis, (L.) wild. (Fig. 1, pl. 169.) Iron Weep.
Plant rather rough, tall (3 to 9 ft. high), with alternate lance-shaped
leaves with quite low teeth at margins, tapering to a short leaf-stalk.
Heads numerous, on stems, with overlapping scales and 20 to 30 purple
tubular (rarely white) flowers. Low grounds, Mass., westward and
southward. July-Sept.
2. V. glauca, (L.) Britton. (Fig. 2, pl. 169.) Broap-LrAvep IRon-
WEED. Plant slender, 2 to 5 ft. high, not hairy or only slightly so. Leaves
thin, the lower broadly egg-shaped, sharply toothed, acute at apex, 4 to
7 in. long; the upper leaves narrower and finely toothed. Flower heads
in a broad loose cluster. Woods, Pennsylvania and southward. Aug.-
Sept.
3. V. altissima, Nutt. (Fig. 3, pl. 169.) Tarn IRoN-weep. (V. gi-
gantea, (Walt.) Britton.) Plant slender, 5 to 10 ft. high, not hairy or
only slightly so. Leaves thin, lance-shaped, 4 to 12 in. long, finely toothed.
Flower heads in a broad nearly flat cluster. Moist soil, Pennsylvania and
southward. July-Sept.
2. ELEPHANTOPUS, L
Rough herbs, with alternate or basal leaves and heads of flowers sub-
tended by large leaf-like bracts. The heads containing few (2 to 5)
flowers, which are tubular, 5-cleft, with no ray flowers. Aigrette of stout
bristles.
1. E. carolinianus, Willd. (Fig. 4, pl. 169.) Exernant’s Foor. Erect,
1 to 3 ft. high, somewhat hairy. Stem leafy. Leaves oval to inversely
egg-shaped, thin, narrowing to a leaf-stalk. Flowers purple, bracts large.
Southern part of our area. Aug.-Sept.
2. E. nudatus, A. Gray. (Fig. 5, pl. 169.) Smoornisn ELEPHANT’s-
roor. Stem with one or two small leaves or more. Basal leaves oblong
or inversely lance-shaped. Delaware and southward. Aug.-Sept,
635
Xa v4
Prey fr ae Hs
SS Y winie Wy ey y
AS TH 4
PLATE 169
1. Vernonia noveboracensis. 2. V. glauca. 3. V. altissima. 4. Elephan-
topus carolinianus. 5. E. nudatus. 6. Sclerolepis uniflora.
636 COMPOSITAE
3. SCLEROLEPIS, Cass.
Slender herbs, growing in water with linear leaves in whorls of 4 to 6
and with terminal heads of small purplish flowers, all tubular.
S. uniflora, (Walt.) Porter. (Fig. 6, pl. 169.) ScreroLepis. Stem
simple, 1 to 2 ft. long, reclining at base. Leaves linear, 4 to 1 in. long, in
whorls of 4s or 6s. Growing in shallow pools in southern part of our
area. July-Sept.
4. EUPATORIUM, L.
Erect branching herbs, sometimes sprinkled with resinous dots, with
opposite or whorled leaves (rarely alternate) and with flower heads in
diffuse clusters. Flowers of the head all tubular, white, blue or purple.
Involucre of overlapping bracts in several series. Beyond the tube of the
corolla the style extends generally to a considerable extent, equal to the
length of the tube or more or less. Aigrette of many soft bristles in a
single row.
Leaves in whorls of 3 to 6.
Plant rough hairy . se ML? Gov lott! tel, ce! dey \ fas, Neate | aja ES wR AE
Plant smooth, scarcely hairy Bh yen, iol ol hh a) ey Sy wes Res laa!) pean Nie
Leaves opposite,
The opposite leaves clasping the stem.
Stem apparently passing through the united leaves . . E. perfoliatum
The leaves not completely united at base . . . . . . SE. resinosum
The opposite leaves not clasping the stem.
Leaves on distinct leaf-stalks.
Flowers white.
eaves 3\-to6 ins Jong . 2 3 0 stl fo areranoraes
eaves 1. to 24) 1p) long’. 4. Viel 2 «| ao) oe) -enaromarcnmn
Flowers blue . . - £. coelestinum
Leaves without distinct leaf- stalks (sessile) ; flowers” all white.
Leaves lance-shaped, borders toothed.
Tapering at base . 3 ie at! 1a acl Re en euGOl Erne
Rounded or _ heart- shaped ‘at ‘base « @ «© as « «y SESSION
Leaves lance-shaped, toothed at the apex . . . . E. altissimum
Leaves egg-shaped.
diwice\ as longyias wide) sw). 4 secu | oh + tp RD ECE EyS
Not twice as long as wide.
Plant ‘somewhat, -dowsty,'., =, « < 9.6 os. = See Seen
Plant oS ae! hairy . . . . . . .« EE. verbenaefolium
Leaves linear . . - « E, hyssopifolium
Leaves nearly round, about as broad as long - . E. rotundifolium
1. E. maculatum, L. (Fig. 12, pl. 171.) Sporrep Jor-pye WEEp.
Stem simple or branched, 2 to 6 ft. high, often spotted with purple, rough.
Leaves in whorls of 4 to 6, egg-shaped to lance-shaped with coarse teeth
at margins. Flowers pink or purple. Moist places, New York and south-
ward, <Aug.-Sept.
2. E.purpureum, L. (Fig. 2, pl. 170.) Jor-pye Weep. TRUMPET
Weep. Stem 3 to 10 ft. high, green or purple, usually smooth. Leaves
in whorls, resembling No, 1, but teeth coarser. Flowers purple, pink or
occasionally nearly white. Moist soil, throughout our range. Aug.-Sept.
3. E. leucolepis, Torry and Gray. (Fig. 2, pl. 171.) Wouire-pracrep
THOROUGHWoRT. Stem little or not at all branched, 1 to 2 ft. high.
Leaves opposite, narrow lance-shaped, tapering at each end, margins en-
tire or with quite low teeth, without leaf-stalks. Flower heads in a broad
umbel-like cluster; flowers white. Moist places in southern part of our
area. Sept.-Nov, 2
THISTLE FAMILY Bay
ys, J
Pie es Spee }
RAE
CB IF
r
re y EF a ny
mh De Hy, rt | WS sc:
Cea Ver Nie :
Wa URE RES >
7 ESOS
PLATE 170
1, Eupatorium perfoliatum. 2. E. purpureum. 3. E. ageratoides. 4. E.
hyssopifolium.
638 COMPOSITAE
4. E. album, L. (Fig. 1, pl. 171.) Wuite THorovcHwort. Stem
simple below, branched above, 1 to 3 ft. high. Leaves opposite, egg-
shaped or oblong, without leaf-stalks, coarsely toothed. Whole plant
somewhat rough hairy. Flowers white. Southern part of our area. Aug.-
Sept.
5. E. hyssopifolium, L. (Fig. 4, pl. 170.) Hyssop-travep Tuor-
oUGHWORT. Stem simple below, branched above. Leaves narrowly linear,
opposite, the upper perhaps alternate, other leafy branches starting at the
axils give appearance of whorls of leaves. Plant rather rough hairy.
Flowers white. Dry fields, Mass., and southward. Aug.-Sept.
6. E. altissimum, L. (Fig. 4, pl 171.) Tati THoroucHwort. Stem
3 to 6 ft. high, with fine down, much branched above. Leaves lance-
shaped, tapering at each end, conspicuously 3-nerved, the borders toothed
above the middle, or the upper leaves without teeth, 2 to 5 in. long, 4 in.
or more broad. Flowers in a broad umbel-like cluster, white. Pennsyl-
vania and southward. Sept.-Oct.
7. E. sessilifolium, L. (Fig. 5, pl. 171.) Uptanp Boneser. Plant
smooth, 2 to 6 ft. high, nearly smooth. Leaves opposite, lance-shaped,
sharply toothed at borders, rounded or heart-shaped at base, nearly clasp-
ing the stem, 3 to 6 in. long. Flower heads numerous in a broad umbel-
like cluster, flowers white. Dry woods, eastern part of our area. Aug.-
Oct.
8. E. verbenaefolium, Michx. (Fig. 6, pl. 171.) RovucnH THorovcH-
wort. Stem 3 to 8 ft. high, branched above. Leaves opposite, without
leaf-stalks, egg-shaped, margins toothed; the whole plant very rough hairy.
Flower heads in a broad nearly flat cluster, flowers white. Moist soil,
Mass., and southward. July-Sept.
9. E. rotundifolium, L. (Fig. 11, pl. 171.) Rounp-LEAvED THor-
ouGHWoRT. Stem 1 to 3 ft. high; leaves opposite without leaf-stalks,
roundish, about as broad as long; margins toothed; the whole plant rough
hairy. Flowers white. Southern part of our area. July-Sept.
10. E. pubescens, Muhl. (Fig. 7, pl. 171.) Harry Trorovanwort.
Plant about 2 ft. high, downy or hairy. Leaves opposite, without leaf-
stalks, egg-shaped or lance-shaped, rounded at base and tapering to a slen-
der point at apex. Teeth prominent. Flowers white. Dry soil, New Eng-
land and southward. July-Sept.
1l. E. perfoliatum, L. (Fig. 1, pl. 170.) Bonresrer. THorovucn-
worr. Stem simple below, branched above, 2 to 5 ft. high, downy. Leaves
opposite and seemingly continuous, the stem appearing to penetrate the
double-pointed leaf (perfoliate). Flower heads in a broad flat cluster,
the whole plant usually with a whitish appearance. Flowers white. In
wet places, throughout our area. July-Sept.
12. E. resinosum, Torry. (Fig. 8, pl. 171.) Resin Boneset.
Slender, 2 to 3 ft. high, velvety downy. Leaves opposite, narrow lance-
shaped, tapering at each end, without leaf-stalks. Flowers white. Wet
places. Southern part of our area. Aug.-Sept.
13. E. ageratoides, L. (Fig. 3, pl. 170.) Wauuire Sanictr. Stem
639
THISTLE FAMILY
PiatE 171
Leaf forms of Eupatorium. 1. E. album. 2. E. leucolepis. 3. E. Tor-
elestinum. 11,
ilifolium. 6. E. verbenaefolium. 7.
inosum. 9. E. aromaticum. 10. EH. co
nm
n
2 «
|
Hoe
-:3
wD °
- s
a 2G
P=} =
Bae
nea
fey sy in
sAG
. 8
.0 3
skate
4359
oO
gs
5553
5 aR
Pa. ae
2 ye
640 COMPOSITAE
1 to 4 ft. high, smooth, branched. Leaves opposife on long, slender leaf-
stalks, egg-shaped, toothed. Flowers conspicuously white. Rich woods,
throughout our range. July-Nov.
14. E. aromaticum, L. (Fig. 9, pl. 171.) Wuire Snaxeroot. Stem
simple below, branched above, 1 to 2 ft. high. Leaves opposite, on very
short leaf-stalks, egg-shaped, toothed at margins. Flowers white. Plant
not aromatic. Dry soil, Mass., and southward. Aug.-Oct.
15. E. coelestinum, L. (Fig. 10, pl. 171.) Mist Frower. Stem 1 to
3 ft. high, branched above, downy. Leaves opposite, egg-shaped to nearly
triangular on short leaf-stalks. Flowers blue. Moist soil, southern part
of our area. Aug.-Oct.
5. MIKANIA, Willd. (Willughbaeya, Neck.)
Our only species a twining vine with opposite leaves and flowers in
heads, all tubular, resembling Hupatorium. Heads 4-flowered, flowers
white. Receptacle naked. Anthers not tailed. Involucre of 4 narrow
bracts. Style branches about as long as the tubular flower. Aigrette of
numerous hair-like bristles.
M. scandens, Willd. (Fig. 1, pl. 172.) Ctimpine BonEseT. Smooth,
twining over bushes, 5 to 15 ft. long. Leaves opposite, broad heart-shaped
at base, tapering to slender point at apex, on leaf-stem half as long as the
blade. Swamps, moist soil. July-Sept.
6. KUHNIA, L.
Resembles Hupatorium, but leaves are alternate. Heads of flowers with
out ray flowers, all flowers being tubular, white or purplish, the heads in
diffuse clusters. Involucre of several series of bracts, overlapping. Anthers
not tailed; style branches slender, not hairy. Aigrette a single row of
plumose bristles.
K. eupatorioides, L. (Fig. 2, pl. 172.) Fatsr Boneser. Stem erect,
branching above, 1 to 3 ft. high. Leaves narrowly lance-shaped with low
notches at margins. Heads of flowers numerous, cylindric, the flowers
white. Dry soil, southern section of our area. Aug.-Sept.
7. LIATRIS, Schreb. (Lacinaria, Hill.)
Perennial herbs, arising from a rounded tuber, with narrow, lance-
shaped, alternate leaves and with heads of flowers (in our species) in
narrow spikes. Flowers all tubular, purple, in rounded heads. Seales
of the involucre overlapping, in several series. Receptacle flat or con-
cave, naked. Aigrette of numerous bristles which are feathery or simple.
1. L. scariosa, (L.) Hill. (Fig. 4, pl. 172.) Burron Snaxkerroor.
Resembles No. 1, but scales of involucre are rounded at apex in several
overlapping series. Flower heads with many purple flowers. Dry soil,
throughout our area. Aug.-Sept.
2. L. spicata, (L.) Kuntze. (Fig. 3, pl. 172.) Dense Burton
SNAKEROOoT. Stem 2 to 6 ft. high, simple. Leaves narrow, linear. Flowers
densely crowded on the spike, each head having from 5 to 15 blue-purple
flowers. Moist soil, Mass., westward and southward. Aug.-Oct.
THISTLE FAMILY 641
Wie.
VY
aN i
wy (l
ww J
PLATE 172
1. Mikania scandens. 2. Kuhnia eupatorioides. 3. Liatris spicata. 4. L.
seariosa. 5. Chrysopsis graminifolia, 6. C. falcata, 7, C. Mariana,
642 COMPOSITAE
8 CHRYSOPSIS, Nutt.
Perennial herbs, with alternate leaves and clusters of heads with yellow
tubular and ray flowers. Involucre of several overlapping series of scales.
Receptacle flat. Ray flowers with pistils, no stamens; the flowers of the
disk generally with both stamens and pistils. Aigrette double, the inner
series of rough bristles, the outer of scales or short bristles.
iLeaves\*linear, -smooth, (or Hairy ‘utes sy fel) 's! sie) pee) (oie ometC mn nua ered
Upper leaves thread-like <3 . (5 “5 « « « ‘© « « « Gs -gvamininons
Meaves ‘oval;) Hairy" 7 (5 «| fe Melee Ssle’ es 0) ellrss Wot marcel terre NS
1. C. falcata, Ell. (Fig. 6, pl. 172.) SicKLE-LEAVED GOLDEN ASTER.
Stem branched above, 4 to 12 in. high, when young woolly above. Leaves
narrowly linear with entire margins. Flower heads nearly 3 in. broad,
in a diffuse cluster. Sandy soil, eastern section of our area. July-Aug.
2. C. graminifolia, (Michx.) Nutt. (Fig. 5, pl. 172.) Grass-
LEAVED GOLDEN ASTER. Resembles C. falcata, but the down (pubescence)
of this species is silvery, while that of C. falcata is woolly. Stem 1 to
3 ft. high, slender, branching; leaves linear, the basal ones 3 to 4 in. long.
Heads several or many. Delaware, and south. Aug.-Oct.
3. C. Mariana, Nutt. (Fig. 7, pl. 172.) MaAryLanp GoLDEN ASTER.
Stem branched above, 4 to 12 in. high, when young woolly above. Leaves
oval, without leaf-stalks, 1 to 2 in. long. Dry soil, southern part of our
area. Aug.-Sept.
g. CHONDROPHORA, Raf. (Bigelowia, DC.)
Stiff herbs, mostly western, with alternate leaves without lobes or teeth
and with yellow tubular flowers in heads of 3 or 4, in diffuse terminal
clusters. Bracts of the involucre yellowish, in closely overlapping series.
Receptacle small, flat, naked. Anthers obtuse at the: base. Aigrette of
a single row of hair-like unequal bristles.
C. nudata, (Michx.) Britton. RayLEss GorpENRoD. Stem 1 to 24
ft. high, simple below, branching above. Lower leaves clustered, lance- or
spatula-shaped; upper leaves remote, small, leaving the stem nearly naked.
Heads of flowers small in a flat-topped cluster. Southern part of our
area. Aug.-Oct.
10. SOLIDAGO, L.
Perennial herbs, with mostly slender simple stems and alternate leaves
and with numerous or few small heads of flowers, both ray and tubular,
mostly yellow, rarely white, in terminal clusters of various forms. Ray
flowers 1 to many, all pistillate. Disk flowers tubular, nearly all with
both stamens and pistils. Involucre of several series of overlapping bracts.
Receptacle small, not chaffy. Aigrette of numerous rough bristles, in 1
or 2 series.
Flower heads not in one-sided (secund) clusters, but in narrow, spike-like
terminal groups.
Heads in compact axillary clusters. ‘
Ray ‘flowers! white... ss 6 bem oe elle) (6. Sieenh set i OMmEDaeUnae
Rays yellow.
Tips of involucre scales turned outward or backward . S. squarrosa
Tips not turned outward or backward. :
Leaves lance-shaped . 1. « 0 © «© «© «© «© «© «© S. COesia
Leaves égp-shaped « + 0: «9s “some, 1s. 6) eeneonVigue
THISTLE FAMILY 643
SS = Z
i)
‘}
NY
PLATE 173
1. Solidago squarrosa. 2. S. hispida. 3. S. erecta. 4. S. macrophylla,
Var. thyrsoides. 5. S. puberula. 6. S. stricta. 7. S. Purshii. 8. 8. alpes-
tris. 9. S. Virgaurea.
644 COMPOSITAE
Heads in more or less dense spike-like clusters, but not compact groups
in the axils.
Whole: plant ‘densely hairy’ 2 ss a 5 al) ten) or ans ven neers oman
Plant smooth or slightly downy.
‘Basal leaves spatula-formed, stem leaves lance-shaped.
Heads numerous, crowded.
Stem leaves sharply toothed . . .... . bs puberula
Stem leaves lance-shaped, Boa entire) y-ss as S. erecta
Heads few, not crowded . . af Cages SS Purshit
Basal leaves oblong, stem leaves very. small, linear . « S. stracta
Tbeaves. all ‘ege-shaped “(S06 3) 6 « = «608 Us) LS ee Opne
Leaves all lance-shaped.
Clusters of heads crowded, numerous.
The branches of the cluster pressed toward the main
axis stem . . + 2 « »« SS. wligmose
The branches of the cluster spreading « < 18 os aSespeasase
Clusters of few heads. p
Plant’ (to) 2 fieehieh. 2“. eo se eu, ck oe Lom oememere
Plant et eto rth. highs 0%. 2 Mel eo Nays NS SRE
Heads in one-sided (secund), usually large clusters.
Plant with thick fleshy leaves, growing at sea-side . . S. sempervirens
Leaves not fleshy.
Leaves not 3-veined.
Meat margins: entire: Se sos. o| « <3 (1c |slbetnmmnOMmmConaE
Leaf margins toothed.
Leaves broad or narrow, lance-shaped, the lower taper-
ing to a long leaf-stalk. Whole plant rough hairy S. rugosa
Leaves lance-shaped, rounded at base, no leaf-stalk.
Stem haityn ci chise . ch Je. iets'ce tujos ihe 6h ite aS mI SIRE are
Stem smooth . > « S. £ikotin
Basal leaves oval to elliptic, tapering to a long leaf-stalk.
Leaves rough above . . - oe 0) PS Ae
Leaves smooth. Bye |
Coarsely. dentate... «| «= “sss = | ‘el i) Sener
Finely dentate . . - SS. neglecta
Leaves all lance-shaped, clusters of few heads, and heads
with about 3 rays . . - . - S. uniligulate
Leaves all lance-shaped, heads" many, rays numerous,
lower leaves toothed, upper entire . . . . . S. juncea
As above, but all leaves toothed . . . . . . S. arguta
Leaves 3-veined.
Leaves lance-shaped.
Stem smooth above . «Te» te ery Sener Onn
Stem rough above, smooth below sw. ww et Se Cana den oEs
ikeaves spatula-shaped ~~ ~ 5. \<; c) a se =| @ ) SemnenoeniaS
Heads in large nearly flat clusters.
Lower leaves broad lance-shaped, upper egg-shaped, without leaf stalks
oe Men te | fan! cee oy eS
se ee 8s. 6S ower
1. §. squarrosa, Muhl. (Fig. 1, pl. 173.) Stour Raccep GoLDEN-
rop. Stem simple, 2 to 5 ft. high. Leaves large, the upper oblong, coarsely
toothed, tapering to moderately long leaf-stalks; the leaves inversely egg-
shaped to oval, narrowed to. a marginal leaf-stalk. Heads numerous, in
compact axillary clusters, each head 15- to 25-flowered, scales of the invo-
lucre recurved. Rocky soil, our whole range. Aug.-Oct.
2. §S. caesia, L. (Fig. 5, pl. 174.) Briur-stemmMep GoLpENROD.
Wreati GoLpenrop. Stem 1 to 3 ft. high, smooth, round, usually bluish
or purple, branching above. Leaves narrow lance-shaped, sharply toothed,
tapering at each end, without leaf-stalks. Heads in short axillary clus-
ters. Woods and thickets, throughout our range. <Aug.-Oct.
3. §. latifolia, L. (Fig. 4, pl. 174.) Broap-tEaves Gotpenrop. Stem
1 to 5 ft. high, usually more or less zig-zag. Leaves egg-shaped on leaf-
stalks, tapering to a slender point at apex, sharply toothed. Heads in
axillary clusters; rays bright yellow. Rich woods, throughout our area.
July-Sept.
Leaves all narrow lance-shaped or linear .
THISTLE FAMILY 645
4. §. bicolor, L. (Fig. 3, pl. 174.) Wire GoLtpENrop. Stem 3 to
4 ft. high, usually gray with soft hairs as are the leaves. Basal leaves
elliptic to inversely egg-shaped on long leaf-stalks, with low teeth at mar-
gins, upper elliptic, small. Flowers axillary in crowded clusters, white.
Dry soil, common. July-Sept.
5. ‘S. hispida, Muhl. (Fig. 2, pl. 173.) Harry GoLpenrop. Re-
sembles No. 4, but rays are yellow. Dry soil, somewhat common. Aug.-
Oct.
6. S. erecta, Pursh. (Fig. 3, pl. 173.) SLENDER GoLpENRoD. Closely
resembles the two preceding species, but is nearly destitute of hairs, while
the others are very hairy. Rays yellow. Dry soil, southern part of our
area,
7. §. macrophylla, Pursh. (Fig. 4, pl. 173.) LaArcr-LEAvED GoLDEN-
ROD. Stem 34 to 4 ft. high, striped, with few or no hairs. Leaves egg-
shaped, tapering at each end, 3 to 5 in. long, on rather long leaf-stalks,
margins sharply toothed; the upper leaves smaller and changing to lance-
shaped. Flower heads large (% in. high) in a loose spike. Rays yellow,
conspicuous. Woods, Catskill Mountains, and northward. July-Sept.
8. §. puberula, Nutt. (Fig. 5, pl. 173.) Downy Goxpenrop. Stem
slender, 1 to 3 ft. high, with a thin down or none. Lower leaves spatula-
formed, tapering to a long leaf-stalk, sharply toothed. Heads many in a
narrow spike-like cluster; rays yellow. Sandy soil, northern New York,
and southward. Aug.-Sept.
9. §. stricta, Ait. (Fig. 6, pl. 173.) WaAnpD-LIKE GoLDENROD. Stem
slender, erect, 2 to 8 ft. high; the whole plant smooth. Stem leaves are
reduced almost to scales, which are lance-shaped to oval, applied close to
the stem. Lower leaves oblong or elliptic, without teeth or notches at
margins, 3 to 8 in. long and on long leaf-stalks. Flower heads crowded
in a narrow spike-like terminal cluster. Pine barrens, New Jersey, and
southward. Aug.-Oct.
10. §. uliginosa, Nutt. (Fig. 1, pl. 175.) Bog Gotprnrop. Stem
simple, erect, smooth, 2 to 3 ft. high. Lower leaves broad lance-shaped
on long leaf-stalks, upper narrow lance-shaped without leaf-stalks, mar-
gins with low teeth. Flower heads in a dense narrow cluster, the short
stems of the heads tending in toward the stem. Swamps, throughout
most of our area. Aug.-Sept.
lI. §. speciosa, Nutt. (Fig. 3, pl. 175.) Snowy GorpEenrop. Stem
stout, 3 to 7 ft. high, smooth. Leaves smooth with low toothed margins,
oval or egg-shaped, the lower tapering to long leaf-stalks, the blade 4 to
10 in, long. Upper leaves lance-shaped, without leaf-stalks. Flower heads
in a broad pyramidal cluster, the branches bearing the heads diverging
from the stem. Rays yellow. A tall and conspicuous species. Rich soil,
throughout our range. Aug.-Oct.
12. §. Purshii, Porter. (Fig. 7, pl. 173.) RiveR-BANK GOLDENROD.
Stem 4 to 1} ft. high, simple, smooth. Leaves lance-shaped, the lower
toothed, 2 to 6 in. long, the upper entire. Heads few in a simple rather
elongated cluster. River banks, most of our area. July-Sept.
13. §S. alpestris, Wald. and Kit. (Fig. 8, pl. 173.) ALpine GoLpEN-
Rop. Stems simple, often in tufts; 3 to 12 in. high. Basal leaves spatula-
646 COMPOSITAE
formed, sparingly toothed, a principal tooth on each side at the upper
fourth, on leaf-stalks, the upper lance-shaped toothed, without leaf-stalks,
remote. Heads rather large, few in a terminal cluster or one or more in
the upper axils. Summits of White and Adirondack Mountains. Aug.-
Sept.
14. §. Virgaurea, L. (Fig. 9, pl. 173.) European Gotpenrop. Simi-
lar to No. 13, but taller, stouter and with more heads. Leaves less spar-
ingly toothed. On high mounatins of the Adirondack and White Mountain
groups. Aug.-Sept.
15. §S. sempervirens, L. (Fig. 2, pl. 176.) Sea-sip—e GoLpENrop.
Stem stout, usually simple, 2 to 8 ft. high. Leaves thick, lance-shaped,
without teeth at margins, 3-veined, crowded along the stem. Heads in a
dense, somewhat one-sided, elongated cluster, each head containing from
25 to 30 flowers, about 4 of which are ray flowers. Found along sea
beaches. Aug.-Nov.
16. §. odora, Ait. (Fig. 5, pl. 175.) Swerer Gorpenrop. Stem
round, not ridged, slender, smooth or nearly so, 2 to 4 ft. high. Leaves
very narrowly lance-shaped, without teeth somewhat abrupt at base, slen-
der tapering at apex, sweet scented when bruised. Heads numerous, small,
in a one-sided cluster. Dry soil, Mass., New York, and south. July-
Sept.
17. S. rugosa, Mill. (Fig. 1, pl. 176.) Tati Harry GoLpEnrop.
Stem very leafy, rough hairy, 1 to 7 ft. high. Leaves oblong lance-shaped
to oval or elliptic, very rough, 1 to 4 in. long. Heads in a rather dense
one-sided cluster Dry soil, western part of our area. July-Nov.
18. §. fistulosa, Mill. Prve-Barren GoLpENRop. Stem 3 to 7 ft. high,
branched or simple, rough hairy. Leaves without leaf-stalks, oblong-eg¢-
shaped to lance-shaped, rough on margins, which are rather remotely
toothed. Upper leaves blunt at apex, without teeth at margins. Cluster
of heads one-sided, the heads about }4 in. high, with 5 to 10 yellow rays.
Pine barrens, New Jersey and southward. Aug.-Oct.
19. §. patula, Muhl. (Fig. 9, pl. 175.) Rovuan-Lrravep GoLDENRoD.
Stem strongly angled, smooth, 2 to 7 ft. high. Leaves egg-shaped, the
lower on long leaf-stalks, 3 to 16 in. long, smooth and veiny beneath and
very rough above. Heads rather large, numerous in one-sided cluster.
Swamps. Aug.-Oct.
20. §. ulmifolia, Muhl.. (Fig. 5, pl. 177.) ELM-LeAvep GoLpENRop.
Stem smooth, its upper branches hairy, 2 to 4 ft. high. Leaves thin, egg-
shaped, elliptic, sharply pointed at apex, coarsely toothed, the lower on
long leaf-stalks. Heads on rather long branches of the cluster of few
branches; rays bright yellow, about 4 in each head. Woods and copses,
common. July-Sept.
21. §. Elliottii, Torr. and Gray. (Fig. 7, pl. 175.) Ettiorr’s GoLpEN-
RoD. Stem stout, smooth, very leafy, 3 to 6 ft. high. Leaves elliptic, ob-
long or lance-shaped, firm, 1 to 5 in long, the margins with very low
teeth, shining above. Heads densely crowded on short recurving branches
of the one-sided cluster, which is more or less pyramidal in form. Rays
8 to 12. Swamps near the coast. July-Sept.
92. §. neglecta, T. and G. (Fig. 6, pl. 175.) Swamp GOLDENROD,
THISTLE FAMILY 647
PLATE 174
1. Solidago juncea. 2. S. canadensis. 3. 8, bicolor. 4. 8. latifolia. 5. s,
caesia,
648 COMPOSITAE
Stem rather stout, 2 to 4 ft. high, smooth or somewhat rough above. Basal
leaves long, sometimes 12 in., lance-shaped, tapering to a margined leaf-
stalk. Upper leaves smaller, lance-shaped, without leaf-stalks. Heads %
to } in. high, somewhat in one-sided clusters, rays small, 3 to 8 to a head.
Swamps, much of our area. Aug.-Sept.
23. §. uniligulata, (DC.) Porter. (Fig. 4, pl. 175.) FErEw-RayED
GOLDENROD. Stem stout, smooth, not as leafy as the last three, 2 to 3 ft.
high. Leaves lance-shaped or oblong-lance-shaped, finely and sharply
toothed, the lower tapering to a long leaf-stalk, the upper quite small
and narrowly linear or lance-shaped. Cluster of heads short, densely
crowded in an elongated somewhat pyramidal but one-sided group. Rays
in each head few, 1 to 4. Swamps, Maine to New York, and New Jersey.
Aug.-Sept.
24. §. juncea, Ait. (Fig. 1, pl. 174.) Earty Gotpenrop. Stem
smooth, 1 to 4 ft. high. Leaves smooth, the lower lance-shaped to oval,
sharply toothed on long leaf-stalks, the blade 4 to 12 in. long. Upper
leaves lance-shaped, the uppermost without teeth. Clusters of heads large,
one-sided, becoming flattened or drooping. Rays small, 7 to 12 to each
head. Dry soil, our area. June-Nov. :
25. §. arguta, Ait. (Fig. 8, pl. 175.) Cur-LEAvED GoLpENRop. Stem
angled, smooth, 2 to 4 ft. high. Leaves large, thin, coarsely toothed, the
basal ones broadly egg-shaped, tapering to long leaf-stalks, the upper
lance-shaped, the very highest not toothed. Heads in a spreading one-
sided cluster. Rays large, 5 to 7 to a head. Rich woods. July-Oct.
26. §S. nemoralis, Ait. (Fig. 2, pl. 175.) Gray GoLpENRop. Slender,
34 to 2 ft. high. Leaves and stem finely and densely downy, giving to the
plant an ashy-gray color. Basal and lower leaves spatula-formed or in-
versely lance-shaped. Upper leaves gradually smaller of similar shape or
more lance-shaped. Heads } to 4 in. high, rays 5 to 9. Dry soil, our area.
July-Noy.
27. §. serotina, Ait. (Fig. 3, pl. 176.) Late GoxtpEenrop. Stem 3
to 8 ft. high, stout. Leaves lance-shaped, three-nerved, sharply toothed,
without leaf-stalks, taper pointed at apex, narrowed to base. Heads in a
more or less one-sided cluster, § to 4 in. high, rays 7 to 15. Our area.
Aug.-Oct.
28. §. canadensis, L. (Fig. 2, pl. 174.) Canapa GoLtpEenrop. Stem
rough hairy, stout, 2 to 8 ft. high. Leaves lance-shaped, tapering to a
sharp point at apex, and less sharply at base, coarsely toothed at margins,
distinctly 3-veined, 3 to 6 in. long. Heads small, rays very short in one-
sided cluster of recurved branches. Borders of woods and thickets and
in fields, very common, known as Yellow Weed. Aug.-Nov.
29. §. rigida, L. (Fig. 4, pl. 177.) Harp-teEaAvep GoLpENRop. Stem
rough and somewhat whitish hoary, 1 to 5 ft. high. Leaves thick, rigid,
oval or oblong, the lower tapering to a long leaf-stalk, the upper attached
to stem by a broad base. Heads very numerous in a flattened cluster
sometimes slightly one-sided or often spreading on all sides about alike.
Heads large, over 30-flowered; rays 6 to 10, showy. Dry sandy soil. Aug.-
Oct.
30. §. ohioensis, Riddell. (Fig. 6, pl. 177.) Onto GoxpEnrop,
THISTLE FAMILY 649
PLATE 175
1. Solidago uliginosa. 2. 8, nemoralis. 3. S. speciosa. 4. S. uniligulata.
5. S. odora. 6. S. neglecta. 7. 8, Elliottii. 8. 8. arguta. 9. S. patula.
650 COMPOSITAE
Whole plant very smooth. Stem slender, wand-like, 2 to 3 ft. high. Lower
leaves oblong lance-shaped, often 1 ft. long, tapering to a long slender
leaf-stalk, apex rounded, margins nearly smooth nearly to the apex, then
somewhat dentate. Heads in a broad flat densely crowded cluster, not
one-sided. Flowers 15 to 25 to the head; rays 6 to 9. Moist soil, Western
New York. <Aug.-Sept.
31. §. Houghtonii, Torry and Gray. (Fig. 3, pl. 177.) HouciTon’s
GOLDENROD. Stem smooth, slender, 1 to 2 ft. high, simple. Leaves linear,
the upper small and remote. Flower heads in a small, terminal, flat clus-
ter of very few heads; rays 7 to9. Swamps. Genesee Co., N. Y. Autumn.
11 EUTHAMIA, Nutt. (Solidago, L:)
Erect herbs, with spreading branches above and with linear or lance-
shaped leaves, without teeth and with great numbers of small flower heads
in broad flat clusters. Receptacle nearly flat. Involucre bracts in 2 or 3
series; ray flowers with pistils only, numerous, yellow.
l. E. graminifolia, Nutt. (Fig. 1, pl. 177.) Busny GoLDENRop.
Stem much branched, branches slender, 2 to 4 ft. high. Leaves numerous,
linear lance-shaped, 3- to 5-nerved. Flower heads yellow, in broad flat
clusters. Heads small, with 12 to 20 rays and half as many disk flowers.
Fields and roadsides. Common. July-Sept.
2. E. caroliniana, (L.) Greene. (Fig. 2, pl. 177.) SLenpER FRa-
RANT GOLDENROD. Resembles No. 1, but leaves are very narrowly linear
and plant is usually smaller. Ileads small, very numerous. Dry soil,
Mass., and southward. <Aug.-Oct.
12 BOLTONIA, L’Her.
Smooth branching herbs, with alternate lance-shaped leaves and with
numerous rather large heads of flowers in loosely spreading clusters.
Heads at the ends of the branches, with tubular and ray flowers, the lat-
ter purplish white, the disk flowers yellow. Receptacle conic or convex,
with small pits in the surface. Involucre of 2 or more series of bracts
the margins of which are dry and membraneous. Fruit very flat inversely
egg-shaped or heart-shaped, its margins winged. Aigrette of several mi-
nute scales, or one or two elongated to bristles.
B. asteroides, L’Her. (Fig. 1, pl. 178.) Asver-t1ke BorTonta.
Stem stout, branching above, 2 to 8 ft. high. Leaves lance-shaped, 2 to 5
in. long. Heads, including the disk and rays, about 1 in. in diameter;
rays pink, purple or white. Strongly resembles the asters. Moist soil,
southern part of our area. July-Sept.
13. SERICOCARPUS, Nees.
Tufted herbs, with alternate 3-nerved leaves and heads of flowers with
both tubular and ray florets. Involucre nearly cylindric, its bracts mem-
braneous, in several series, often with green tips. Receptacle small.
Fruit inversely pyramidal. Aigrette of numerous fine bristles. Ray
flowers white with pistils only; disk flowers yellow with both stamens and
pistils.
1. S. linifolius, (L.) BSP. (Fig. 2, pl. 178.) |NaRrrow-LEAvED
Wuite-rorrep Aster. Smooth, 1 to 24 ft. high, slender. Leaves linear,
THISTLE FAMILY 65]
PLATE 176
1. Solidago rugosa. 2. S. sempervirens. 3. S. serotina.
652 COMPOSITAE
faintly 3-nerved. Heads with about 4 white rays and few tubular disk
flowers, the heads in a spreading flat cluster. Dry soil, northern part of
our range. June-Sept.
2. §S. asteroides, (L.) BSP. (Fig. 3, pl. 178.) Toornep Wuitr-
TOPPED ASTER. Stem 1 to 2 ft. high, angled. Basal and lower leaves in-
versely egg-shaped, toothed at margins, narrowed to long leaf-stalks, the
upper leaves lance-shaped, scarcely toothed. Ray flowers about 4, white.
Dry woods, throughout our range. July-Sept.
14. ASTER, L.
Herbs, with alternate leaves and with flower heads in broad, flat or
more or less elongated clusters, the heads including both tubular (disk)
and ray flowers, the latter in a single row. Involucre scales more or less
overlapping, usually with green tips. Receptacle flat or convex, with cir-
cular depressions (alveolate). Disk flowers tubular, with stamens and
pistils, usually yellow. Ray flowers with pistils only, white, purple, blue,
never yellow. Fruit mostly flattened with an aigrette of hair-like bristles,
rarely double.
A genus of very numerous species, more abundant in this country than
in Europe. Professor Edward 8. Burgess, who has for many years made
special study of the asters of our region, has added many new species
and many sub-species. It has not been thought necessary to include the
latter nor even all of the former in this work.
1. Inflorescence not Unilateral
Lower leaves broad, egg-shaped, heart-shaped at base, on slender leaf-stalks
a. None of the leaf-stalks clasping the stem
Ray Flowers White or nearly White
Leaves thin, smooth or nearly so.
Flower stem not as long as the head . - » « « A. carmesinus
Flower stem as long as or longer than the head.
Leaves of the branches egg-shaped . . . . . . . A. divaricatus
Leaves of the branches lance-shaped . . . . . . A. tenebrosus
Leaves thick and rough.
Inflorescence round or dome topped.
Upper stem leaves egg-shaped . . . . . . . . A. glomeratus
Upper stem leaves lance-sshaped . . . . . . . . A. curvescens
Inflorescence nearly flat, spreading . . . . . . . . . A. Schreberi
Inflorescence irregularly diffuse . . . . . . . . . .« A, Claytoni
Ray Flowers Violet
Middle stem leaves not sharply and conspicuously toothed.
Upper and middle leaves nearly round . . . . . . . . A. roscidus
Upper and middle leaves egg-shaped . - + « A, danthinus
Middle stem leaves very sharply and conspicuously toothed.
Inflorescence nearly flat; broader leaves kidney-shaped . . . A. violaris
Broader leaves egg-shaped ree SS eg fe ee oe
Inflorescence guite irregular . «© « «© »s «6 «© «= « «o © ) si s4,mOOMER
Ray Flowers Blue
Leaf-stalks without winged margins, or with very narrow margins.
Scales of the conical involucre lying close and flat, with green tips
Steet. Ns | iO ne Rly rn PR enya SC Rie ee A. cordifolius
Scales of the oblong involucre spreading, not lying flat . . A. sagittifolius
Leaf-stalks conspicuously margined.
Inflorescence conical . . . . »« »« « «© »« » « »« « A, DLowrieanns
Inflorescence pyramidal . . . . . « « «© « » « « && 2snasevanes
THISTLE FAMILY 653
PLATE 177
1, Euthamia graminifolia, 2. E. caroliniana. 3. Solidago Houghtonii. 4.
S. rigida. 5. S. ulmifolia. 6. S. ohioensis.
654 COMPOSITAE
b. Lower Leaves Heart-shaped with Notched or Entire Margins, the Leaf-stalks, at
least some of them, Clasping the Stem
All the leaves clasping the stem. Margins of the leaves entire
(Nos. 22 and 23 sometimes notched.)
Leaves broadly egg-shaped.
With margined leaf-sfalks . . « « « «© « -« « «© « « As Smgulatus
Without leaf-stalks Sct o fab ightuled « « « « Aa .potens
Leaves lance-shaped, linear or narrow spatulashaped.
Plant smooth, not downy or hairy.
Heads usually about 2 in. broad . . . . . «. . A. phlogifolius
Heads 1 in. broad or less.
Leaves almost or quite linear.
Lower leaves spatula-fformed . . . . . A. concinnus
Lower leaves linear . . . «= « + » « Ans §uncess
Plant somewhat downy.
Leaves linear-lance-shaped . . . . . .- . . . A. Jbongifolius
Leaves rather broad lance-shaped . . . . . «. « « «© A, Jaevis
Plant not smooth, decidedly hairy or downy.
Heads 1 to 2 in. broad, violet-purple . . . . . A. Novae-Angliae
Heads 1 in. broad or less, blue-purple . . . . .«. A. amethystinus
Leaves Clasping the Stem. Margins Conspicuously Toothed
Leaves clasping by a very broad base. . . - . - - . - A. prenanthoides
Leaves clasping by a narrow base.
Plant very hairy.
Teavesiilance-shaped +. «0 © sis © 05 oe «Abe epueee
TeavesmereshapeGs-s lst clots 6 ells “s) sipeee |<. /s\) peed cmmerreamee
Plant-smooth or neatly so. .« «© 5 « «© «© «© « » « « A. tordiorus
c. Leaves not Clasping the Stem, not Heart-shaped at Base and with Entire Mar-
gins, or with very Remote Teeth
Plants not Fleshy
Leaves broad egg-shaped, rather blunt; flowers in a long narrow cluster A. concolor
Leaves lance-shaped or linear.
Flower heads in a spreading, almost flat cluster . . . . A. ptarmicoides
Flower heads in a pyramidal cluster os. var, bs Sa false he tage MTree
Flower heads in an irregular spreading cluster . . . . «. A. polyphyllus
Plants Fleshy
Heads 3 in. to 1 in, broad «~~ 6 + 6 1 © + + 6 + + 6 AL tenuifolius
Heads less than 4 im. broad . - « = © «© © 5 « © « « « A Subuiates
d. Leaves not Clasping the Stem, not Heart-shaped; though in Nos, 37 and 38 there
is slight clasping. Leaf Margins Toothed or Entire
Flowers violet.
Lower leaves spatula-formed . . . . - «© +» « « « « A. spectabshs
Tower leaves epe-shaped » 3s ©) 2 le Se 1) ere
Lower leaves oval.
Upper leaves) dinear) oa). | hs, Espen) sro A. gracilis
Upper leaves oblong to broad lance-shaped . . . . . A. Radula
Lower leaves lance-shaped.
Plant somewhat hairy a oe eee
Plant smooth or with few hairs.
Flower clusters very leafy . . ... . A. salicifolius
Flower clusters with few small leaves . . . . A. novi-belgii
A. nemoralis
Flowers white.
Lower leaves oval AP ern MO bd ay kee Te |
Lower leaves spatulashaped . . . . « =» « « « « =» A, (emcomes
Lower leaves lance-shaped.
Stent quitechaity i. 6. be fe ee we Pe net) eel ee ee
Stem smooth or nearly so,
Flower cluster with few small leaves . . . . A. Pringles
Flower cluster leafy.
Leaves of the cluster short, bract-like . A. Tradescanti
Leaves of the cluster long . .«. . . .«. A. paniculatus
THISTLE FAMILY 655
2. Inflorescence largely Unilateral (secund)
Lower leaves egg-shaped, upper leaves lance-shaped . . . . . A. Jateriflorus
All leaves linear. ek:
Plante SmOOthaeem saat me Lr so) ere Meme cer Mea teat tale Zin) Co CMMEN CWS
WPAnts eTOUsTG Ge peta te Wat ain li ae told aCe: hel cette: helt eda MULLETHOTUS
1. Inflorescence not unilateral
Lower leaves broad, egg-shaped, heart-shaped at base, on slender leaf-
stalks. None of the leaves clasping the stem
1. A. divaricatus, L. (Fig. 1, pl. 179.) Wire Woop Aster. (A.
corymbosus, Ait.) Stem slender, somewhat zig-zag, tufted, round, 1 to 2
ft. high. Leaves thin, scarcely hairy, the lower egg-shaped to somewhat
lance-shaped, the base heart-shaped; borders coarsely toothed, teeth sharp;
leaf-stem slender, not hairy; apex of leaf narrow tapering. Heads of
flowers in an irregular, broad, flattish, repeatedly forked cluster. Heads
about an inch broad, including the rays. Bracts of the involucre broad,
rounded at the tip, regularly overlapping, closely hugging each other, the
tips scantily herbaceous. Central disk yellow, turning brown. Rays
white, linear, about 6 to 9 to a head. Found in the open borders of woods
and thickets, very common. Sept.-Oct.
The following 4 are among the forms strongly resembling A, divaricatus which Prof.
Burgess regards as separate species
2. A. carmesinus, Burgess. Crimson-p1sK Aster. Resembles A. divaricatus,
but the disk turns purplish crimson, the rays rather shorter, the stem for the head
shorter and the heads on somewhat short stems, in about 5 rounded groups. Near
Yonkers, N. Y.
3. A. tenebrosus, Burgess. Lonc-LEAvED Woop Aster. Similar to No. 1, but
stems usually not tufted, about 3 ft. high, the upper stem leaves more lance-shaped,
the disk becoming purplish brown, rays from 9 to 12, narrower than those of No, 1.
New York and southward.
4. A. Claytoni, Burgess. (Fig. 4, pl. 180.) Crayton’s Aster. Similar to No. 1,
Stem red, main cluster of heads on longer stems and the subordinate clusters dis-
tinct. Rays about 6; disk turning brown. New York and southward.
A. curvescens, Burgess. Dome-roppep Aster. Stem green; basal leaves
tufted, heads of flowers in a rather loose somewhat cylindric cluster. Disk becom-
ing purple-brown. New England, New York and southward.
6. A. glomeratus, Bernh. (Fig. 4, pl. 179.) Brernuarpti’s ASTER.
The cluster of heads rounded, the whole plant hairy, the bracts of the
involucre green. Otherwise similar to No. 1. In ravines, thickets or
swamps, New York and Penna.
7. A. Schreberi, Nees. Scureser’s Aster. Stem stouter than No.
1; 2 to 3 ft. high. Lower leaves many, broad heart-shaped at base, taper-
ing at apex, rough above with stiff hairs; leaf-stalks conspicuously hairy
with soft hairs when young. Upper leaves lance-shaped. Heads in broad
flat clusters. Bracts obtuse, greenish. Rays about 10. New York and
westward.
8. A. macrophyllus, L. (Fig. 5, pl. 179.) Larcr-LEAVED ASTER.
Plant rough with long root-stocks and stout, rigid, reddish stems, which
are angular, 2 to 3 ft. high. Lower leaves numerous, rather thick, closely
and sharply toothed, on long and slender leaf-stalks; blade 4 to 10 in.
loig, more than 3 as wide, heart-shaped at base, abruptly pointed at apex;
the upper leaves oblong on short margined leaf-stalks, the uppermost with-
out leaf-stalks. Heads in large diffuse rigid flattened clusters. Rays white
656 COMPOSITAE
or more frequently bluish-lavender to violet, 10 to 163 in. long. Scales
of the involucre conspicuously green tipped. Disk turning from yellow
to reddish brown. Dry soil. Common. August.
The following 5 forms, regarded as varieties of A. macrophyllus by Robinson and
Fernald, are considered species by Burgess
9. A. roscidus, Burgess, DeEwy-LeavepD ASTER. In general appearance similar
to No. 8. Leaves and stem clammy, with glandular hairs, which are odorous. Rays
14 to 16, violet. Disk golden yellow, turning red. Maine to Pennsylvania.
ro. A. ianthinus, Burgess. Viotet Woop Aster. Rays 12 to 15, deep violet
or pale, Lower leaves broader than those of No. 8, and leaves in the inflorescence
cluster and below less conspicuous. Maine and westward.
11. A. violaris, Burgess. VrioteT-LEAF Aster. Lower leaves kidney-shaped,
teeth large and sharp, sinus at base shallow, Jeaf-stalk sometimes 6 or 8 in. long.
Leaves conspicuous in the inflorescence. Flower cluster nearly flat-topped. Shady
places, New York, Sept.-Oct.
12, A. multiformis, Burgess. Vartous-Leavep Aster. Basal leaves usually 2,
large, heart-shaped. Stem leaves rough above. Rays 13, type of No. 8 Maine to
Western New York, Pennsylvania and southward.
13. A. nobilis, Burgess. Statety Aster. Stem bright green, shining, 4 to 5
ft. high. Leaves as in No. 8, smooth above, minutely downy beneath. Basal leaves
sometimes as much as 9 in. long, 2/3 as wide. Rays 13 to 15, violet blue. Lake
Champlain and westward.
14. A. cordifolius, L. (Fig. 2, pl. 179.) Common Biur Woop ASTER.
Stem 1 to 5 ft. high, much branched above, the spreading branches bear-
ing very numerous heads in pyramidal sub-clusters, the main cluster oc-
cupying the whole of the upper part of the plant. Lower leaves all egg-
shaped, heart-shaped at base, on long Jeaf-stalks, tapering to a slender
point at apex, conspicuously and sharply toothed at margins. Upper
leaves on short leaf-stalks or none, egg-shaped or lance-shaped. Flower
heads rather small, % in. broad, the rays (10 to 20) violet or blue, rarely
white. Bracts of the involucre green tipped, not spreading, oblong-linear,
obtuse, the ranks closely appressed. Woodlands, very common. Sept.-
Dee.
15. A. Lowrieanus, Porter. (Fig. 5, pl. 178.) Lowrrr’s ASstTEr.
Resembles No. 14, leaves rather thicker, and somewhat succulent; leaf-
stalks winged. Heads not very numerous. Rays light blue. Conn., south-
ern New York, and southward.
16. A. Lindleyanus, Torr. and Gray. (Fig. 6, pl. 178.) LinpLry’s
AstTeR. Stout, 1 to 2 ft. high, smooth or slightly downy. Lower leaves
egg-shaped, somewhat heart-shaped, on slender leaf-stalks, the upper
leaves without leaf-stalks, tapering at each end. Flower heads larger
than A. cordifolius, usually not very numerous. Bracts of involucre linear,
rather loosely overlapping, tips green. Rays pale violet. Open places,
northern part of our area. Aug.-Oct.
17. A. sagittifolius, Willd. (Fig. 4, pl. 178.) ARRow-LEAVED ASTER,
Stem slender, erect, rigid, smooth, 2 to 5 ft. high. Lower leaves egg-
shaped or lance-shaped, with heart- or arrow-shaped base on winged leaf-
stalks; upper leaves lance-shaped or linear without leaf-stalks, tapering
at each end; nearly all leaves with toothed margins. Heads in an elon-
gated cluster; rays 10 to 15, light blue; white in var. wrophyllus, invo-
lucre bracts linear tapering into awl-shaped loose tips. Open grounds,
most of our range. Aug.-Oct.
THISTLE FAMILY 657
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)
y, ALIS
|Z
Vz,
DBS
PLATE 178
1. Boltonia asteroides. 2. Sericocarpus linifolius. 3. S. asteroides. 4. As-
ter sagittifolius. 5. A. Lowrieanus. 6. A. Lindleyanus. 7. A. puniceus. 8.
A, amethystinus.
658 COMPOSITAE
Lower leaves heart-shaped, the leaf-stalks clasping the stem
18. A. undulatus, L. (Fig. 3, pl. 179.) Wavy-LEaAvep ASTER. Stem
stiff, rough, somewhat hoary, branched above, with numerous heads in
loose, rather elongated clusters. Leaves egg-shaped or broad lance-shaped, *
with wavy or slightly toothed margins, the lower leaves heart-shaped at
base, the winged leaf-stalks clasping the stem, the upper stem leaves
broadened at base, nearly or quite heart-shaped attached directly to stem,
nearly clasping. Dry soil. Common. Sept.-Oct.
All the leaves clasping the stem, margins of the leaves entire. (Nos. 23
and 24 sometimes toothed)
19. A. patens, Ait. (Fig. 1, pl. 180.) Late Purpre Aster. Stem 1
to 3 ft. high, slender, rough, loosely branched above. Leaves oblong egg-
shaped, to oblong lance-shaped, not toothed at margins, often contracted
below the middle, strongly heart-shaped at base, clasping the stem, none
with leaf-stalks; thick, rigid, rough. Heads mostly solitary on the
branches; rays 20 to 30, purplish blue to deep violet. Scales of the invo-
lucre with spreading pointed tips. Dry open places, northern New York,
Mass., and southward. Aug.-Oct.
20. A. phlogifolius, Muhl. THIN-LEAVED PURPLE ASTER. (A. patens,
var. phlogifolius, Nees.) Leaves larger than No. 19, thin, not rough, much
contracted below the middle. Otherwise similar to A. patens; rays deep
purple. Woods and thickets, New York and westward. Aug.-Sept.
21. A. novae-angliae, L. (Fig. 3, pl. 180.) New EneLanp ASTER.
Stem hairy, stout, 2 to 8 ft. high, with broad irregularly flat or elongated
clusters of heads with pink, red or whitish rays. Leaves lance-shaped,
without leaf-stalks, clasping the stem, very numerous, covered with a soft
down, 2 to 5 in. long. Rays 40 to 50, linear; heads large. Moist grounds.
Common. Aug.-Oct.
22. A. amethystinus, Nutt. (Fig. 8, pl. 178.) AmeTHyst ASTER.
Stem 2 to 5 ft. tall, much branched. Leaves of the stem small, linear,
without teeth at margin, hairy on both sides, partly clasping by the
searcely-contracted base. Heads numerous, small, in broad diffuse elus-
ters. Bracts of the involucre linear, hairy, green at the tips, which are
spreading. Rays 20 to 30, clear blue. Moist grounds, Mass., southern
New York, Penn. Sept.-Oct.
23. A. laevis, L. (Fig. 2, pl. 180.) Smootm Aster. Whole plant
very smooth. Stem 2 to 4 ft. high, the branchlets usually quite short,
terminated by a showy flower head. Leaves shining, oblong, rounded at
apex, clasping at base, the lowest sometimes with a few teeth at the mar-
gins, 1 to 4 in. long, about } as wide. Heads large; rays 15 to 30, rich
blue or violet. Dry soil, Maine to Penna. Sept.-Oct.
24. A. concinnus, Willd. (Fig. 3, pl. 181.) NaArrow-LEAvep SMooTH
Aster. Stem branched above, 1 to 3 ft. high, smooth or slightly downy.
Leaves narrow lance-shaped, 1 to 3 in. long, about 4 in. wide, sometimes
toothed at the margins. leads numerous, rather large; rays rich blue or
violet. Southern part of our area.
25. A. junceus, Ait. (Fig. 5, pl. 181.) Rusm Aster. Stem very
{/
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NQ it -
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1. Aster divaricatus. 2.
atus. 5. A. macrophyllus.
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THISTLE
. Ni
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Wa 7
PLATE 179
A, cordifolius. 3. A. undulatus. 4. A. glomer-
FAMILY
Yue WY
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IPAS Sea.
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LAN AE Tate
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659
660 COMPOSITAE
slender, 1 to 3 ft. high, loosely branching above. Leaves linear, 3 to 5
in. long, without teeth or with a few remote teeth at margins, slightly
clasping or only attached to stem by broad base. Heads not numerous,
small (1 in. broad); rays light purple. Bracts in several series, linear, .
acute, the outer shortest. Swamps and bogs, Maine to New Jersey. July-
Sept.
26. A, longifolius, Lam. (Fig. 6, pl. 181.) LoNnc-LEAvEp ASTER.
Stem smooth or somewhat downy, slender, 1 to 3 ft. high. Leaves linear
to narrow lance-shaped, 3 to 8 in. long, the base clasping the stem, taper-
ing to the margin. Heads about 1 in. broad, numerous. Rays numerous,
violet or pale purple, rarely nearly white. Scales not much overlapping,
spreading. Swamps and wet grounds, in most of New England. July-
Oct.
Leaves clasping the stem, margins conspicuously toothed
27. A. puniceus, L. (Fig. 7, pl 178.) PURPLE-SteEM ASTER. Stem
stout, 3 to 8 ft. high, reddish, covered with rigid hairs. Leaves lance-
shaped, 3 to 6 in. long, not narrowed at base, which clasps the stem, mar-
gins somewhat remotely toothed, rough above, downy on the midvein be-
low, sharp pointed. Heads rather large in a diffuse elongated cluster.
Seales of involucre narrowly linear in about 2 rows, loosely overlapping.
Rays 20 to 40, dark purple or blue. Swamps, most of our area. July-Nov.
28. A. tardiflorus, L. (Fig. 1, pl. 181.) NorTHreasTtern ASTER. Stem
smooth or somewhat downy above, 1 to 4 ft. high, branched near the sum-
mit. Leaves lance-shaped to egg-shaped, sharply toothed, tapering to a
slender point at apex and to a rather narrow clasping base 3 to 6 in.
long. Heads usually not numerous; rays 20 to 30, violet; bracts of the
involuere nearly equal in length, the outer leaf-like. Eastern part of our
area. Aug.-Oct.
29. A, patulus, Lam. Spreaprine Aster. Closely related to A. tardi-
florus. Smooth or downy; stem 1 to 4 ft. high. Leaves oblong lance-
shaped to egg-shaped, the lower 3 to 6 in. long, sharply toothed, apex
somewhat blunt, the base tapering to rather long winged leaf-stalks, which
partly clasp the stem. Upper leaves without leaf-stalks, tapering at each
end. Heads numerous in a loose broad cluster; rays 12 to 15, violet to
white; bracts of the involucre linear, acute, green and spreading. Moist
soil, Maine to New Hampshire. Aug.-Oct.
30. A. prenanthoides, Muhl. (Fig. 2, pl. 181.) CROOKED-STEM ASTER,
Hairy or downy, stem 1 to 3 ft. high, bending zig-zag. Leaves rough above,
smooth below, egg-shaped to lance-shaped, with sharp teeth at margins,
slender taper-pointed at apex, abruptly dilated at the base which clasps
the stem. Heads numerous, 1 in. broad; rays 20 to 30, violet; scales of
the involucre linear, spreading, green. Moist soil, Mass., and westward
and southward. Aug.-Oct.
Leaves not clasping the stem, not heart-shaped at base and with entire
margins or with very few remote tecth
Plants not fleshy
31. A. concolor, L. (Vig. 7, pl. 181.) Eastern Sinvery ASTER.
Stem slender, straight, searcely branched, smooth or slightly downy above.
661
THISTLE FAMILY
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Sp
ey
x “6,
a
PLATE 180
A. laevis. 3. A. novae-angliae. 4. A. Claytoni.
1. Aster patens. 2.
662 COMPOSITAE
Leaves crowded, oblong or broad lance-shaped, the upper reduced to bracts,
the lower 14 to 2 in. long, half as broad, the apex rather blunt, both sides
of the leaf covered with a dense whitish silky bloom. Heads arranged in
a narrow spike-like cluster; rays 10 to 15, lilac. Scales of the involucre
overlapping in several rows, lance-shaped or linear, silky, the tips acute,
green. Dry sandy soil near the sea coast. One of our most pleasing asters.
Aug.-Oct.
32. A. ptarmicoides, T. and G. (Fig. 4, pl. 186.) Upranp WuirTe
AsTER. Stems 6 to 20 in. high, growing in clusters or tufts, smooth or
roughish. Leaves linear lance-shaped, rigid, acute at apex tapering to the
base, somewhat 3-nerved, the margins rough with, in some eases, a few
remote teeth. Heads small, in a broad flat cluster. Rays white, about }
in. long; scales of the involucre in several overlapping series. Dry rocky
soil, Mass., Vermont, and Eastern New York. July-Sept.
33. A. dumosus, L. (Fig. 2, pl. 183.) Busny Aster. Stems smooth,
branched above, 1 to 3 ft. high. Leaves of the stem linear, the upper ones
quite small, the lower stem-leaves 1 to 3 in. long, } to } in. broad. Basal
leaves spatula-formed, with a few teeth at margins. Rays, pale purple
to white; scales linear in about 4 series. Sandy soil, southern half of
our area and southward. Aug.-Oct.
34. A. polyphyllus, Willd. (Fig. 3, pl. 184.) Faxon’s Aster. (A.
Fazxoni, Porter.) Smooth in all parts. Stem 2 to 5 ft. high, branched
above. Stem leaves linear-lance-shaped, 2 to 5 in. long, about 4 in. wide,
margins entire. Basal leaves oblong, much shorter than the others, with
a few remote teeth. Heads in a diffuse cluster; rays bright white, } in.
long. Scales linear, acute, green tipped. Moist rocky places, Vermont,
Mass., and southward. Aug.-Sept.
Leaves not clasping or heart-shaped; margins not toothed
Plants fleshy
35. <A. tenuifolius, L. (Fig. 6, pl. 184.) PrerenniaL SALT-MARSH
Aster. Whole plant fleshy; perennial; stem zig-zag, branched, 1 to 2 ft.
high; stem Teaves grass-like, 2 to 6 in. long, the lowest lance-shaped,
Heads few, terminating the branches. Rays white or pale purple. Scales
numerous, spreading. Salt marshes, Mass., and southward. Aug.-Oct.
36. A. subulatus, Michx. (Fig. 7, pl. 184.) ANNUAL SALT-MARSH
Aster. Annual; fleshy; stem zig-zag, 1 to 6 ft. high. Stem leaves linear,
2 to 10 in. long; lower leaves lance-shaped. Heads in a loose branching
cluster, small; rays short, purple or purplish. Seales of the involucre
overlapping in 8 or 4 series. Salt marshes, New Hampshire, and south-
ward. Aug.-Nov.
Leaves not clasping the stem, and not heart-shaped, though in Nos. 388 and
39 there is slight clasping. Margins of some or all the leaves toothed
37. A. spectabilis, \it. (Fig. 1, pl. 182.) Sea-sipe PurpLe ASTER.
Stem 1 to 2 ft. high, simple, but branched above. Leaves of the stem
linear, entire at margins; basal leaves oval on long leaf-stalks, remotely
toothed. Heads not very numerous, 14 in. broad, showy; rays 15 to 30,
bright violet. Sandy soil, mostly near the coast. Aug.-Oct.
THISTLE FAMILY 66:
PLATE 181
1. Aster tardiflorus. 2. A. prenanthoides. 3. A. concinnus, 4. A. novi-
belgii. 5. A, junceus, 6. A. longifolius. 7. A. concolor. 8. A. nemoralis.
9. A. gracilis,
664 COMPOSITAE
38. A. novi-belgii, L. (Fig. 4, pl. 181.) New York Aster. Stem
usually much branched, slender, smooth or slightly downy above. Leaves
oblong to linear lance-shaped; margins entire or more generally toothed,
at least remotely, tapering at each end, to a slender point at apex and
base, or at base slightly clasping, 2 to 5 in. long, the lowest on leaf stems.
Heads in a spreading flattish cluster, numerous, 1 to 13 in. broad; rays
15 to 25, violet; bracts linear, acute, green, spreading, in 3 to 5 series.
Swamps. Common, Aug.-Oct.
39. A. gracilis, Nutt. (Fig. 9, pl 181.) Stenper Aster. From the
oceasional thickening of the root-stock sometimes known as Tuber Aster.
Stem slender, about 1 ft. high. Leaves somewhat rough, oblong lance-
shaped, the lower broad lance-shaped on long leaf-stalks. Heads numer-
ous, ? in. broad; rays 9 to 15, violet. Scales of the involucre leathery,
whitish, with green tips, in several series. Dry sandy soil, New Jersey,
and southward. July-Sept.
40. A. radula, Ait. (Fig. 3, pl. 182.) Low Rouen AstTrErR. FILE-
BLADE ASTER. Stem simple, branching above, 1 to 2 ft. high; leaves some-
what crowded, oblong lJance-shaped, tapering to a slender point at apex,
the upper rather broad, rounded at base, the lower tapering at each end;
both sides of the leaf rough. Heads about 14 in. broad; rays 20 to 30,
violet. Scales leathery, oblong with green obtuse tips Swamps and low
grounds, most of our area. July-Sept.
41. A. Herveyi, A. Gray. (Fig. 2, pl. 184.) Hervey’s Aster. Stem
rough, I to 2 ft. high, above downy. Leaves rather rough, margins den-
tate with low teeth, the upper ones narrowly egg-shaped without leaf-
stalks, the lower broadly egg-shaped on long leaf-stalks. Heads not numer-
ous, an inch or more broad; rays 15 to 25, violet. Involucre scales ob-
long, closely overlapping. Dry soil, Eastern Mass., and Rhode Island.
Aug.-Oct.
42. A. nemoralis, Ait. (Fig. 8, pl. 181.) Baa Aster. Stem downy,
4 to 2 ft. high. Leaves lance-shaped, acute at each end, the lower tapering
to a short leaf-stalk, toothed at margins. Heads several usually rather
more than an inch broad; rays light purple to pink; involucre saucer-
shaped, the scales linear, acute. Sandy bogs, northern half of our area.
Aug.-Sept.
43. A. acuminatus, Michx. (Fig. 6, pl. 182.) Wuortep Aster. Plant
somewhat hairy. Stem zig-zag, not branching, 1 to 24 ft. high. Leaves
broad lance-shaped conspicuously slender pointed, the borders toothed, the
leaves often crowded near the top so as to appear whorled. Heads several,
rays purplish to white. Woods, northern and western New York, and
southward. July-Oct.
44. A, salicifolius, Lam. (Tig. 2, pl. 182.) Wittow Aster. Stem
2 to 4 ft. high, much branched, very leafy, leaves lance linear, 2 to 4 in,
long, } to 4 in. wide, toothed at margins, the apex slender pointed, taper-
ing from a rather wide base. Heads about an inch broad, rather numer-
ous; rays violet or purple, rarely white. Scales linear, in 4 or 5 series.
Low grounds, most of our area. <Aug.-Oct.
45. A. paniculatus, Lam. (Fig. 5, pl. 182.) Tatu Waite ASTER.
Stem and leaves similar to No. 43, but leaves somewhat longer. Rays
THISTLE FAMILY 665
We
4
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=
NAA
UY, cS
v Gy Nis
VY AN 507.0
S \4 -~ (| ATT
Uf
PLATE 182
1. Aster spectabilis. 2. A, salicifolius. 3. A. radula. 4. Ionactis linaril-
folius. 5. Aster paniculatus. 6, A. acuminatus.
666 COMPOSITAE
white or tinged with violet. Low grounds, throughout most of our range.
Aug.-Oct.
46.. A. Tradescanti, L. (Fig. 1. pl. 184.) Micnartmas Daisy. Stem
branched, 2 to 5 ft. high. Leaves linear or narrow lance-shaped, the lower
toothed at margins, the upper nearly or quite entire. Heads very numer-
ous; rays white or purplish, short, the head being about 3 in. broad.
Scales linear, acute, Fields and swamps, throughout our range. Aug.-
Oct.
47. A. ericoides, L. (Fig. 5, pl. 183.) Wire Heath Aster. Frost-
WEED ASTER. Smooth, stem 1 to 3 ft. high, branched above. Upper
leaves linear or awl-shaped, firm, rigid, } to ? in. long. Heads very numer-
ous, small, 4 in. broad. Rays white. Dry soil, in all our area. Sept.-Dec.
48. A. Pringlei, (A. Gray) Britton. (Fig. 4, pl. 184.) Prine e’s
AsTER. Stem higher than the last. Basal leaves long lance-shaped to
spatula-form. Heads usually smaller than No. 47. Rocky places, Mass.,
Vermont, and westward. Aug.-Oct. Regarded as variety of A. ericoides
by Dr. Gray.
49. A. hirsuticaulis, Lindl. (Fig. 5, pl. 184.) Harry-stemMeEp ASTER.
Stem erect, slender, 14 to 3 ft. high, notably downy, branches short. Leaves
linear lance-shaped, the lower about 6 in. long by } in. wide, the margins
toothed, the upper, smaller leaves with entire margins. Heads somewhat
but usually not notably one-sided, clustered along the stem; rays white.
Woods, New York, Penna., and southward. Aug.-Oct.
2. Inflorescence largely Unilateral (Secund)
50. A. lateriflorus, (L.) Britton. (Fig. 4, pl. 183.) StTarvep ASTER.
Much branched, more or less downy; stem 1 to 5 ft. high. Leaves broad
lance-shaped, tapering at each end, the margins toothed, 2 to 5 in. long.
Heads numerous, forming short dense clusters along the branches; rays
white or purplish; disk flowers purple; scales of the involucre linear, over-
lapping in 3 or 4 rows. Thickets and fields, in all our range. Aug.-Oct.
51. A. vimineus, Lam. (Fig. 3, pl. 183.) Smartt Waite Aster.
Much branching, 2 to 5 ft. high, smooth. Leaves linear, the lower some-
what dentate with low teeth. Heads very numerous, crowded upon the
spreading branches, largely unilateral. Rays numerous, white; scales
linear, acute. Moist soil. Common. Aug.-Sept.
52. A. multiflorus, Ait. (Fig. 1, pl. 183.) Wirt WreatH ASTER.
DENSE-FLOWERED AstEeR. Stem erect, but freely branching, bushy, covered
with a whitish down. Leaves rigid, linear, not toothed, somewhat clasp-
ing at base. Heads densely crowded along the spreading, more or less
one-sided, branches; rays 10 to 20, white or bluish. Dry fields, in all our
area. Aug.-Nov.
15. ERIGERON, L.
Herbs with alternate or basal leaves, with 1 to many heads, with disk
and ray florets, the latter white or colored, never yellow (rarely the heads
are without ray florets). Involucre of nearly equal, narrow bracts nearly
in one row; receptacle flat or convex, naked. Anthers without tails at
the base, obtuse at apex. Aigrette of a single row of fragile bristles.
THISTLE FAMILY 667
PLATE 183
1. Aster multiflorus. 2. A, dumosus. 3. A. vimineus. 4 A. lateriflorus.
5. A. ericoides.
668 COMPOSITAE
‘i
ee i
ISSN
Wa
PLATE 184
1. Aster Tradescanti. 2. A. Herveyi. 3. A. polyphyllus. 4. A. Pringlei.
5. A. hirsuticaulis. 6. A. tenuifolius. 7. A, subulatus.
THISTLE FAMILY 669
PLATE 185
1. Erigeron philadelphicus. 2 E. annuus. 3. E, pulchellus. 4. E. hys-
sopifolius. 5. E. ramosus. 6. Leptilon canadense.
670 COMPOSITAE
Plant without: haira sos & Gs. <. levee ei os) ie ce? ee toon RAIS SOE arena
Plant more or less hairy.
Heads with oo to sso rays''< (2 i) lass) i) 6 8) ey Ee Oe aea
Heads with less than 70 rays.
Stem leaves conspicuously toothed . . . . .. . . EE. annuus
Stem leaves mostly without teeth.
Leaves very, haifys (3 + % 6 oe ee oe | ep es epee
eaves; NOLe Very, sDAInVs 0.0). mena) UNenn rs . E. ramosus
1. E. hyssopifolius, Michx. (Fig. 4, pl. 185.) Hyssop-Leavep Eric-
ERON. Stem slender, 6 to 15 in. high, from slender rootstocks. Leaves
‘numerous, the upper linear, acute at apex, tapering to base, the lower
slightly broader and less acute. Heads solitary or several, usually 1 to a
branch, the branch being prolonged to a slender naked flower stem, about 4
to 3 in. broad; rays 20 to 30, white or purplish. Northern part of New
England. July-Aug.
2. E. pulchellus, Michx. (Fig. 3, pl. 185.) Ropin’s PLANTAIN. (EZ.
bellidifolius, Muhl.) Whole plant very hairy, stem slender, not branch-
ing, 1 to 2 ft. high, bearing a few remote, small leaves, the lower leaves
tufted and larger; the upper without or with a few marginal teeth, the
lower with low teeth. Heads 1 to 6 at and near the summit of the stem,
on slender flower stems. Rays about 50, light bluish purple. Moist banks
and hills, common. April-June,
3. E. philadelphicus, L. (Fig. 1, pl. 185.) Common FLEABANE.
Stem 1 to 3 ft. high; plant hairy but less so than No. 2, especially the
leaves. Leaves of the stem partly clasping, rather numerous, thin, with a
thick midvein, oblong, the lower coarsely toothed. Heads rather numer-
ous; rays 100 to 150, rose purple, very narrow. Fields and woods, com-
mon. April-Aug.
4. E. annuus, Pers. (Fig. 2, pl. 185.) Sweet Scasious. Daisy
FLEABANE. Stem 1 to 4 ft. high, branched above, with few hairs. Leaves
all coarsely toothed, the lower egg-shaped, tapering to a long leaf-stallk,
the upper lance-shaped, apex sharp pointed, the base narrow or rather
broad at its attachment to the stem. Heads in a broad diffuse cluster,
rays 40 to 70, narrow, white or tinged with purple. Fields and road-
sides. Common. May-Nov.
5. E. ramosus, (Walt.) BSP. (Fig. 5. pl. 185.) Daisy FLEABANE.
Stem branching, 1 to 3 ft. high. Resembles the last, the upper leaves
without teeth or with very few. Rays white or purplish. Fields and
roadsides. Common. May-Nov.
16. LEPTILON, Raf. (Erigeron, L.)
Annual herb, freely branching, with many flower heads, with ineonspicu-
ous rays which seareely exceed the bristles of the aigrettes. Involucre
scales in 2 or 3 series; ray flowers pistillate. Bristles of the aigrette in a
single series.
L. canadense, (L.) Britton. (Fig. 6, pl. 185.) Horst Weep. CAN-
ADA FLEABANE. (Hrigeron canadensis, L.) A common weed in dry fields;
stem erect, wand-like, 3 in. to 6 ft. or more high, the whole plant covered
with bristly hairs. Leaves linear, the upper very narrow, the lower be-
coming lance-shaped with a few remote teeth, the upper with rough mar-
gins. Heads very numerous, of no beauty, the rays (which are not very
noticeable), white. Roadsides, abandoned fields, ete. Aug.-Nov.
THISTLE FAMILY 671
Se.
ZN
y
PLATE 186
1. Doellingeria umbellata. 2. D. infirma. 3. Baccharis halimifolia 4.
Aster ptarmicoides. 5. Gifola germanica. 6. Pluchea foetida. 7. P. cam-
phorata.
672 COMPOSITAE
177 DOELLINGERIA, Nees.
Perennial herbs resembling the Asters. Basal leaves none, and those of
lower part of stem reduced to scales. Upper leaves in our species broad-
or narrow-lance-shaped with margins entire. Heads in broad rather flat
clusters, conspicuous, with white rays, which are pistillate. Florets of the
disk white to greenish, with both stamens and pistils. Involucre cup- or
saucer-shaped, of several series of closely laid overlapping bracts. Aig-
rette of 2 rows of bristles
1. D. umbellata, (Mill.) Nees. (Fig. 1, pl. 186.) FrLat-rop WHITE
ASTER. (Aster umbellatus, Mill.) Stem smooth or somewhat downy at
top, 2 to 7 ft. high, leafy to the branching summit. Leaves lance-shaped,
narrow, taper-pointed, 3 to 6 in. long. Heads numerous in a flat cluster.
Rays 10 to 15. Moist thickets. Common. July-Oct.
2. D. humilis, (Willd:) Britton. Broap-LEAvep WHITE Aster. (As-
ter umbellatus, Var. latifolius, Gray.) Leaves broader than those of the
preceding species, egg-shaped to broad lance-shaped, 1 to 3 in. long. Moist
thickets, southern New Jersey and Penna. July-Sept.
3. D.infirma, (Michx.) Greene. (Fig. 2, pl. 186.) CORNEL-LEAVED
AsTEeR. (Aster informus, Michx.) Stem often more or less zig-zag, 1 to
3 ft. high. Leaves inversely egg-shaped or oblong. Heads few or several,
Open woods, Mass., New York and southward. <Aug.-Sept.
18. IONACTIS, Greene
Aigrette of fruit not distinctly double; scales of involucre without her-
baceous tips. Otherwise mostly resembling the Asters; rays violet, bear-
ing pistils only.
I. linariifolius, (L.) Greene. (Fig. 4, pl. 182.) Srirr-teavep As-
TER. (Aster linariifolius, L.) Stems tufted, several springing from a
common root, 3 to 20 in. high. Leaves linear, rigid, about 1 in, long,
rough above, passing to stiff scales. Heads solitary at the ends of the
branches, about 1 in. broad. Rays 10 to 15, violet. A handsome plant
with rich violet ray flowers. Dry soil, throughout our range. July-Oct.
19. BACCHARIS, L.
Shrubs with smooth stems and leaves and with white or yellow flowers,
our species found in salt marshes. Flowers dioecious, i. e., with pistillate
flowers on one plant and staminate on another. Flowers all tubular.
B. halmifolia, L. (Fig. 3, pl. 186.) Grounpsen Busu. A branching,
smooth shrub, 3 to 10 ft. high, found in salt marshes, with thick wedge-
formed leaves very coarsely toothed or somewhat lobed or less frequently
with entire margins, Heads in long, somewhat compact clusters, those
with pistillate flowers conspicuous later in the season by the long white
plumes. Sept.-Nov.
20. GIFOLA, Cass.
White, woolly herb, with alternate scale-like leaves and small woolly
heads grouped in compact rounded clusters. Involucre small; receptacle
elongated, top-shaped or cylindric. Outer florets pistillate, without ai-
grette; inner flowers crowned with an aigrette of stiff bristles.
THISTLE FAMILY 673
eS
‘al
ra
PLATE 187
1. Gnaphalium § obtusifolium. 2. G. uliginosum. 3. Anaphalis margari-
tacea. 4. Gnaphalium supinum. 5. G. purpureum. 6. G. decurrens. 7. An-
tennaria neodioica. 8. A. neglecta. 9 A. plantaginifolia.
674 COMPOSITAE
G. germanica, (L.) Dumort. (Fig. 5, pl. 186.) Cupwerep. Stem
erect, 4 to 18 in. high, very leafy, terminated by a rounded cluster of
woolly heads from which rise one or more branches, each also teyminated
by a group of heads, 12 to 30 in each cluster. Dry fields, southern New
York and Penna. July-Oct.
21. PLUCHEA, Cass.
Our species herbs emitting an odor of camphor; alternate leaves, coarsely
toothed and with heads of purple flowers, all of which are tubular, in
terminal clusters. The marginal florets are pistillate, those of the center
with both stamens and pistils. Style undivided or 2-cleft; receptacle flat,
naked; involucre of overlapping scales in several series.
Leaves without leaf-stalks, heart-shaped at base . . . . . . . P. foetida
Leaves with short leaf-stalks, not heart-shaped . . . . . «. « Pi camphorata
1. P, foetida, (L.) DC. (Fig. 6; pl. 186.) Viscip MarsH FLEA-
BANE. Perennial, 2 to 3 ft high, with oblong coarsely toothed leaves
which are broad, somewhat heart-shaped at base and directly attached to
stem. Swamps and low grounds, southern New Jersey and southward.
July-Sept.
2. P. camphorata, (L.) DC. (Fig. 7, pl. 186.) Spicy Marsn Fira-
BANE. Annual, 2 to 3 ft. high. Leaves egg-shaped on short leaf-stalks,
margins coarsely toothed. Salt marshes, New Hampshire and southward.
Aug.-Oct.
22. ANTENNARIA, Gaertn.
Perennial herbs, white woolly, with alternate and basal leaves and small
heads with disk flowers only. Heads many flowered, the pistillate florets
on one plant the staminate on another or with the staminate or pistillate
flowers there may be those bearing both pistils and stamens, Bracts of
the involucre overlapping in several series, leathery and dry, the outer
scales usually shorter and woolly. Receptacle flat or convex, not chaffy.
Anthers tailed at base. Aigrette of a single row of bristles, in the pistil-
late or the perfect flowers these bristles somewhat united at base. Ail of
our species have stolons or suckers, which arise from beneath the ground
and spread out horizontally or are more or less ascending.
Basal leaves not more than 1} in long.
3racts of heads bearing pistils lance- ahapete acute.
Basal leaves spatula-formed . ei dec fe) 0 les ie) OA
3asal leaves inversely egg- shaped ' ols 6 ep 16 Ae ee
Basal leaves 3 to 5 in. long, stem leav ae purplish “9 A, Parlinii
Basal leaves mostly more than 14 long and 4 in. wide, Ieaves ‘silky white
Ae CAH Ore tie tel se, Vint? ded Gata ie mens . . A. plantaginifolia
1. A. Parlinii, Fernald. Purrie Pree ie Basal leaves large,
broadly egg-shaped, obtuse, 3-nerved. Stem 12 to 20 in. high, crowded
with spatula-formed leaves. Stem, leaves and stolons purple or purplish
with colored hairs. Involucre of about 3 rows of bracts, 4/12 to 5/12 in.
high. Styles becoming crimson. Open woods, New England, and westward.
May-July.
2. A. neodioica, Greene. (Fig. 7, pl. 187.) Smarter Catsroort.
Similar to No. 1, but the bracts of the involucre of the pistil bearing heads
are lance-shaped and acute. In woods and shady places, Maine to Mass.
and New York. April-July.
The form found in our area is, Var. grandis, Fernald.
THISTLE FAMILY
PLATE 188
1. Inula Helenium. 2. Polymnia uvedalia. 3. P. canadensis. 4. Eclipta
alba. 5. Silphium perfoliatum. 6. Heliopsis scabra. 7. H. helianthoides.
676 COMPOSITAE
3. A. neglecta, Greene. (Fig. 8, pl. 187.) Fretp Catsroor. Simi-
lar to No. 2, but basal leaves are inversely egg-shaped. Abundant in old
fields and pastures. April-June,
4. A. plantaginifolia, (L.) Richards. (Fig. 9, pl. 187.) PLANTAIN-
LEAVED EveRLASTING. Larger than either of the preceding forms and
leaves much broader, Open woods, in all of our area, April-June.
23. ANAPHALIS, DC.
Has the characters of Antennaria but in the pistillate flowers the bris-
tles of the aigrette are not united and those of the staminate flowers, which
are often club-shaped at the top are, in Anaphalis, not thickened or only
slightly so. There are no stolons (runners).
A. margaritacea, (L.) Benth. and Hook. (Fig. 3, pl. 187.) LaARGE-
FLOWERED EVERLASTING, Plant usually rather more than a foot high, but
sometimes reaches a height of 3 ft., the stem white woolly, branching at
top into a broad rather flat cluster of rounded white heads. Leaves alter-
nate, linear lance-shaped, light green but downy and woolly beneath. Heads
many, about } in. broad, round, the scales of the involucre pearly white.
Dry hilly fields) Common. July-Sept.
24. GNAPHALIUM, L.
Woolly herbs with alternate leaves and clusters of many or few heads,
branching diffusely or nearly erect. Heads of tubular flowers only, the
outer bearing pistils the central all perfect, i. e., with both stamens and
pistils. Seales of the involucre dry, leathery, white or colored; recep-
tacle flat, without chaff. Anthers tailed at base. Aigrette of a single row
of bristles.
Low, tufted mountain herbs with heads in a rounded group or arranged in such
groups one above the other, involucre bracts turning brown . . . G. supinum
Low diffuse herbs with heads in dense leafy rounded groups, bracts turning
WEOWT «<0 6 ee ew we Ces we SA, eee) ent Ow ee Cama
rect, somewhat tall herbs, with heads in spreading diffuse clusters.
Leaves not decurrent on the stem; heads mostly conical or slender
€gg-shaped | sb els 66g «i. el el eh re ah) Te) keel. OD ecunnrnaee
Leaves decurrent on the stem, heads bell-shaped . . .« « « G. decurrens
Erect, the heads arranged in a spike or terminal cluster . . . »« G. purpureum
1. G. obtusifolium, L. (Fig. 1, pl. 187.) Swerer Evertastine. (G4.
polycephalum, Mich.) Stem erect, 1 to 38 ft. high, somewhat woolly.
Leaves lance-shaped to linear, without leaf stalks, white woolly beneath,
usually dark green above. Heads very numerous in clusters of 1 to 5
which altogether form a large, spreading diffuse compound eluster. The
individual heads conical then egg-shaped. Seales white, egg-shaped. Com-
mon in fields and woods. Aug.-Sept.
2. G. decurrens, Ives. (Fig. 6, pl. 187.) CrtamMmy Evertastrina.
Stem 2 to 3 ft. high; plant much resembling the preceding, but the lance-
shaped leaves are decurrent on the stem. Heads less conical. Open
places, most of our area. July-Sept.
3. G. uliginosum, L. (Fig. 2, pl. 187.) Low Cupwrep. Mostly dif-
fusely branched and spreading but stems may be more or less erect, 2 to 8
in. high. Plant woolly. Leaves linear or spatula-linear. Heads in rounded
THISTLE FAMILY 677
clusters, terminal to the main stem or to short branches along the stem.
Common in low grounds. July-Sept.
4. G.supinum, L. (Fig. 4, pl. 187.) Dwarr Cupweep. Tufted,
about 2 in. high; leaves mostly basal, linear or lance-shaped, with 1 or 2
along the stem. Whole plant white woolly. Heads 1 or more, when sev-
eral, a spike-like arrangement. Flowers yellowish. Rare, summits of the
White Mountains. July-Aug.
5. G. purpureum, L. (Fig. 5, pl. 187.) Purpre Cupweep. Simple
or branched from the base, stem from 2 in. to 2 ft. high, woolly or silvery
with a silky coat. Leaves narrow, almost linear, or the lower spatula-
formed, green above, silky below. Heads attached almost directly to the
stem, forming groups at the upper leaf-axils and an interrupted spike
above. Involucre bracts brown or purple. Dry sandy soil, throughout
our area. May-Sept.
25. INULA, L.
Our only species a tall, coarse herb with large, alternate leaves and large
yellow ray flowers. Plant not floccose-woolly, but decidely downy or hairy.
Involucre of overlapping scales; receptacle flat or convex, naked; ray
flowers bearing pistils, disk flowers bearing both stamens and _ pistils.
Anthers arrow-formed at base; aigrette simple,
I. Helenium, L. (Fig. 1, pl. 188.) Execampanse. Stems in tufts, 2
to 8 ft. high, downy above. Leaves large, the lower egg-shaped, those of
the stem more or less heart-shaped at base and clasping the stem, woolly
beneath. Rays very numerous, narrow, yellow. Head, including rays, 2
to 4 in. broad. Along roadsides and in fields. An introduced plant. July-
Aug.
26. POLYMNIA, L.
Tall clammy herbs with opposite leaves and yellow flowers. Leaves
broad, lobed or angled, the lowest sometimes alternate. Heads in terminal
clusters; involucre of about 2 rows of bracts, the outer of about 5 rather
broad ones, leaf-like, the inner narrower and more numerous. Ray flowers
bearing pistils and producing seeds, the disk flowers with both stamens
and pistils but producing no fruit. Receptacle flat, chaffy,
1. P. uvedalia, L. (Fig. 2, pl. 188.) Yertow Lear-cup. Stout,
rough, 3 to 10 ft. high. Leaves broadly egg-shaped, angled and somewhat
lobed, the lower leaves sometimes a foot long, narrowed to a winged leaf-
stalk. Rays 10 to 15, yellow, 3 to 1 in. long, apex 3 toothed. Rich woods,
southern part of our area, New York, and southward. July-Oct.
2. P. canadensis, L. (Fig. 3. pl. 188.) SMALL-rLowerED LEAF-cUP.
Less stout than the preceding, viscid downy, 2 to 5 ft. high. Upper leaves
deeply 3- to 5-lobed with sharp angles, the lower large, the terminal lobe
rounded. Heads small; rays 5, small, shorter than the involucre bracts,
or minute or wanting, whitish yellow. Moist shaded places, southern part
of our area, New York, and southward. June-Sept.
27. SILPHIUM, L.
Tall, rough, coarse perennial herbs with resinous juice, with opposite
or alternate leaves and with clusters of yellow-flowered heads. Heads with
numerous rays bearing pistils and producing fruit. Disk flowers with sta-
mens and pistils producing no fruit. Scales of the broad involucre over-
678 COMPOSITAE
lapping, in several series. Receptacle flat, chaffy, the chaff subtending the
ray flowers.
1. §. perfoliatum, L. (Fig. 5, pl. 188.) Cup Prant. Stem square,
stout, branched above, 4 to 8 ft. high. Leaves opposite, the upper united
by their bases, the lower contracted to margined leaf-stalks, egg-shaped,
coarsely toothed, 6 to 15 in. long, 4 to 8 wide. Heads numerous, 2 to 3
in. broad, with 20 to 30 yellow rays. July-Sept.
2. §. trifoliatum, L. WuHortep Rosin-weep. Stem 4 to 7 ft. high, .
branched at the top. Leaves lance-shaped, toward the middle of the stem
in whorls of 3 or 4, usually with quite short leaf-stalks. Heads several,
often numerous, 14 to 2 in. broad. Rays 15 to 20. Woods, dry plains,
Penna., westward and northward, July-Sept.
28. HELIOPSIS, Pers.
Perennial herbs with opposite leaves and large showy heads with yellow
disk and ray flowers. Leaves on leaf-stalks, 3-ribbed. Heads on rather
long flower stems, terminal or axillary; involucre of 2 or 3 series of seales,
nearly equal, the outer leaf-like; receptacle convex or conic, chaffy. Ray
flowers bearing pistils, and producing fruit, disk flowers with stamens and
pistils.
1. H. helianthoides, (L.) BSP. (Fig. 7, pl. 188.) Fatse Sun-
FLOWER. Stem 2 to 5 ft. high, nearly smooth. Leaves opposite or occas-
ionally in 3s, lance-shaped to egg-shaped on moderately long or on short
leaf-stalks, 3 to 6 in. long. Heads about 2 in. broad, on long flower stems;
rays linear, showy. Involucre scales oblong, or linear. Open places,
throughout our range. July-Sept.
2. H.scabra, Dunal. (Fig. 6, pl. 188.) Rovucn Ox-rye. Rough, at
least above, especially the leaves. Otherwise similar to the preceding.
Dry open places, through all but the southern third of our range. June-
Sept.
29. ECLIPTA, L.
A rough branehing herb, annual, with opposite leaves, hairy, with heads
of flowers terminal or axillary and with small, nearly white, ray flowers.
Leaves without leaf-stalks. Receptacle flat or convex, chaffly; ray flowers
bearing pistils and producing fruit; disk flowers bearing both stamens
and pistils, also fertile.
E. alba, (L.) Hassk. (Fig. 4, pl. 188.) Ecrrtra. A rough plant
with a procumbent or erect branching stem 4 to 3 ft. high, and lance-
shaped leaves with low teeth at the margins, 1 to 5 in. long. Heads on
very short flower stems, numerous, about 4 in. broad, with short white
rays. Along streams and in waste places, Naturalized. July-Oct.
30. RUDBECKIA, L.
Mostly rough herbs with rigid stems and leaves, the latter alternate
and showy, terminal heads with conspicuous yellow rays. Leaves, lobed or
not, the lower on leaf-stalks, the upper without leaf-stalks. Heads with
many ray flowers; the disk flowers tubular, purple; receptacle conical or
in form of a column, chaffy. Involuere scales leaf-like in about 2 or more
series. Ray flowers producing no fruit, disk flowers with stamens and
pistils, fruit producing.
THISTLE FAMILY 679
PLATE 189
1. Rudbeckia hirta, 2. R. triloba. 3. R. laciniata. 4. R. fulgida. 5. R.
speciosa.
680 COMPOSITAE
Leaves deeply 3-lobed we We cet ey oe at ica ec Ean eee ie Ca
Lower leaves deeply cut, forming a series of opposite lobes (pinnatifid)
Pe ord oc! Cr ee ie Roe Os) hn. ae rain
Lower leaves moderately cut, forming irregular sharp pointed lobes
or only very’ ‘sharply toothed ) <3 9s) % .: +> i oll 3 Gieanuliomesregsanre
Lower leaves spatula-formed, lance-shaped or egg-shaped with irregular,
not very sharp teeth ite sic teho ere. cath Cel) So", cwmhie mcg) erent CORMNTAei EERE
Leaves all lance-shaped, not deeply toothed or cut. . . . . . R. hirta
1. R.triloba, L. (Fig. 2, pl. 189.) THIN-LEAVED CONE-FLOWER.
Stem erect, somewhat branched, rather rough, 2 to 5 ft. high. Leaves thin,
rough on both sides, the lower deeply cut into 3 lobes, on leaf-stalks, the
upper lance-shaped to egg-shaped, 3-nerved, without leaf-stalks. Heads
about 2 in. broad, each on a slender flower stem; rays 8 to 12, yellow, or
at base purple, Involucre bracts linear. Moist soil, New Jersey and south-
ward. June-Oct.
2. R.hirta, L. (Fig. 1, pl. 189.) Buack-Eyep Susan. YELLOW
Daisy. Usually very hairy throughout. Stem simple or with few
branches. Leaves all lance-shaped with remote low teeth at the margins
or entire, 3-nerved, the lower narrowed at base to a leaf-stalk. Heads
few, 2 to 4 in. broad; the disk glogose or egg-shaped with dark purple or
brownish tubular florets; rays 10 ot 20, orange; bracts of the involucre
very hairy. Very common in fields and meadows. May-Sept.
3. R. fulgida, Ait. (Fig. 4, pl. 189.) Orance Conr-FLower. Stem
1 to 3 ft. high, slender, somewhat branching, rough. Leaves, the upper
broad lance-shaped with rather remote, not sharp teeth, mostly tapering
to a leaf-stalk at base, or directly attached to the stem; the lower leaves
broadly egg-shaped, spatula-formed, lance- or inversely-lance-shaped. Heads
with rounded disks and dark brown-purple tubular flowers; rays 10 to 15,
deep orange or bright yellow. Southern part of our area. Aug.-Oct,
4. R. speciosa, Wenderoth. (Fig. 5, pl. 189.) Stowy CoNE-FLOWER.
Stem usually simple, 1 to 3 ft. high, more or less hairy. Lower leaves
somewhat deeply slashed, forming shallow lobes with sharp points or with-
out lobes, but with very sharp and conspicuous teeth; upper leaves lance-
shaped with a few low and remote teeth or with none. Heads in a spread-
ing cluster, the disk rounded, high, light brown; the rays nearly or quite
an inch long, light yellow. Moist soil. Aug.-Oct.
5. R. laciniata,L. (Fig. 3, pl. 189.) Tart Conr-FLowEr. Stem 3 to
12 ft. high, branched, smooth or nearly so. Lower leaves 3 to 5 lobed, the
lobes themselves deeply cut into 3 to 5 subordinate lobes. Upper leaves
lance-shaped, rough. Heads usually numerous, the disk greenish yellow
rounded or conical to almost eylindriec; rays drooping 6 to 10, bright yel-
low. Moist thickets. July-Sept.
31. HELIANTHUS, L.
Tall branching herbs with (in all our species) the lower leaves oppo-
site, the upper alternate; and with large heads of tubular and radiate
flowers, the rays yellow. Heads with several or many rays which do not
produce fruit; disk flowers yellow, brown or purple, producing fruit. In?
voluere of several series of overlapping bracts, which are more or léss
leaf-like. Reeeptacle flat or convex, chafly. Style branches tipped with
hairy appendages,
THISTLE FAMILY 681
PLATE 190
1. Helianthus giganteus. 2. H. tuberosus. 3. H. decapetalus. 4. H. di-
varicatus. 5. H. strumosus. 6. H. angustifolius.
682 COMPOSITAE
Leaves with entire Margins; 5 2 i @ «6 | « 96) + \sy whemlOsearctamrims
Leaves toothed at margins.
Leaves narrow lance-shaped SBErine at base.
eaves on lear-stalks . . H. grosse-serratus
Leaves without leaf-stalks ‘or ‘on very short ones - « «- AHA. gtiganteus
Leaves egg-shaped . .. PHD rs, IF. Tne S
Leaves rounded or very abrupt at base.
Leaves at nearly right angles with the stem . . . H. divaricatus
Leaves at an acute angle with stem.
On slender leaf-stalks . - HH. decapetalus
Without leaf-stalks or with very short ones. . H. strumosus
1. H. angustifolius, L. (Fig. 6, pl. 190.) Swamp SunFLower.
Stem slender, 2 to 7 ft. high, rough above, hairy below. Leaves linear,
without teeth and, without leaf-stalk, 2 to 7 in. long, 4 in. wide, upper
alternate, lower opposite. Heads few or solitary, 2 to 3 in, broad; rays
abruptly terminated, 3-toothed, disk purple; scales sharp pointed. Swamps,
southern part of our area. Aug.-Oct.
2. H. giganteus, L. (Fig. 1, pl. 190.) Giant SunrLower. Stem
rough, hairy, 3 to 12 ft. high, branching above, bearing many heads on
long flower stems. Leaves lance-shaped, 2 to 6 in. long, sharp pointed at
apex, tapering to the base which is attached directly or nearly so, to stem,
Heads showy, 14 to 24 in. broad. Wet meadows, swamps. Aug.-Oct.
3. H. divaricatus, L. (Fig. 4, pl. 190.) RoucH SuNFLoWER. Stem
simple or branched above, 1 to 7 ft. high. Leaves usually all opposite and
extending at right angles with the stem, abruptly terminated, at base at-
tached to stem by a very short leaf-stalk. Heads about 23 in. broad. Dry
thickets, common. July-Sept.
4. H. decapetalus, L. (Fig. 3, pl. 190.) THIN-LEAVED SUNFLOWER.
Stem slender, scarcely hairy, 1 to 5 ft. high, branching. Leaves smooth
or somewhat rough, egg-shaped, slender pointed at apex, base rounded to
a marginal leaf-stalk, “Rays about 10. Moist woods, borders of streams.
Aug.-Sept.
5. H. strumosus, L. (Fig. 5, pl. 190.) Pate-LEaAvED Woop Sun-
FLOWER. Stem very smooth, 3 to 7 ft. high, branched above, the branches
usually downy. Leaves lance-shaped, slender pointed, rounded at base, at-
tached to stem without leaf-stalk or by a very short one. Heads 23 to 4
in. broad. Dry woods. July-Sept.
6. H. tuberosus, L. (Fig. 2, pl. 190.) JerRusatem ARTICHOKE.
Plant hairy, 5 to 12 ft. high, the root-stocks bearing edible tubers. Leaves
egg-shaped to lance-shaped, pointed at each end, the base narrowed to a
moderately long leaf-stalk. Rays 12 to 20, Roadsides, borders of old gar-
dens. Moist places. Sept.-Oct.
7. H. grosse-serratus, Martens. SAw-Tooruep SunrLower, Stem 6
to 10 ft. high, somewhat hairy on the branches. Leaves long, narrow
lance-shaped, 4 to 8 in. long, 4 to 1 in. wide, teeth sharp, though the upper-
most leaves may be without teeth, downy or with long soft hairs beneath.
Heads } to 3 in. broad. Involuere hemispheric. Disk yellowish; rays 10
to 20, deep yellow. Long Island, Penna., and southward. Aug.-Oct.
32. VERBESINA, L. (Actinomeris, Nutt.)
Herbs with alternate or opposite leaves and clustered or solitary heads
of tubular and radiate flowers. Involucre seales few, lance-shaped, de-
flexed. Rays not fruitful, disk flowers fertile.
THISTLE FAMILY 683
PLATE 191
1. Verbesina alternifolia. 2. Coreopsis rosea. 3. C. lanceolata. 4. C. tri-
pteris. 5. Bidens connata. 6. B. comosa. 7. B. trichosperma.
684 COMPOSITAE
V. alternifolia, (L.) DC. (Fig. 1, pl. 191.) ActTrnomeErts. (Acti-
nomeris squarrosa, Nutt.) Stem smooth or somewhat downy, leafy, 4 to
9 ft. high. Leaves lance-shaped, sharply toothed, alternate, attached to
stem by a narrowed base, 4 to 12 in. long, Heads numerous, 1 to 2 in.
broad. Disk round, yellow; rays 2 io 10, yellow. Southern part of our
area. Aug.-Sept.
33. COREOPSIS, L
Herbs, usually with opposite leaves and with large heads on long flower
stems, bearing both tubular and ray flowers. Involucre hemispherical, the
bracts in 2 rows, each of about 8 scales, the outer rather leafy. Recep-
tacle flat or convex with membraneous chaff. Disk flowers fertile; rays
not fertile, yellow, brown or pink, usually about 8.
RAyS spine tch ction ic) Wes! ce, vex sotto Uh in st, Se mee atte tere) ere rem OPEC
Rays yellow.
Onestortwouteet high) 3.0.6 cs bw) \s, Je) le. fo) me tom uel ohio) ek GR iceman
Koursto eight feetihigh » « . <<; «2, (6 © ©) (stpeM ECG hMEeIerES
1. C. rosea, Nutt. (Fig. 2, pl. 191.) Smartt Pink TICKSEED.
Branching, leafy, smooth, slender, 8 to 24 in. high, Leaves opposite, grass-
like, without teeth, 1 to 23 in. long. Heads on slender stems; rays rose
or pink, 3-toothed. Open swamps. July-Aug.
2. C. lanceolata, L. (Fig. 3, pl. 191.) LANcE-LEAVED TICKSEED.
Slender, smooth or slightly downy at base, 1 to 2 ft. high. Leaves oppo-
site, lance-shaped, 2 to 6 in. long, tapering to long leaf-stalks, which partly
clasp the stem. Heads on elongated stems, showy; rays 6 to 10, yellow,
- to 7-lobed at end. Dry soil, May-Aug.
3. C. tripteris, L. (Fig. 4, pl. 191.) Tatt Corropsis. Perennial
plant, 4 to 8 ft. high. Upper leaves lance-shaped without leaf-stalks, the
lower on leaf-stalks, compound, of several lance-shaped segments. Smooth
or rough on the margins. Heads many; rays 6 to 10, yellow. Woods and
thickets, Penna., and southward. July-Oct.
34. BIDENS, L.
Herbs, annual or perennial, with opposite leaves and, mostly, yellow
rayed flower heads, the rays, however, in some species absent or rudimen-
tary. Involucre bracts in 2 series, the outer leafy and larger than the
inner; receptacle fiat, chafly, but the chaff falling with the fruit. Rays,
when present, not fertile, in our species always yellow; disk flowers: bear-
ing stamens and pistils producing fruit. Fruit with 2 or more rigid awns
which are bearded downward.
Rays developed, mostly conspicuous.
Leaves simple, lance-shaped. :
Head with moderately rounded disk and conspicuous rays . B, laevis
Head with disk almost a pacar aie the 6 to 1o rays not
very conspicuous . . . : te) et ta el ee
Leaves compound.
Heads nearly cylindric, the 4 or 5 rays not conspicuous B. bipinnata
Heads spreading, the rays very conspicuoous . . . JB. trichosperma
Rays absent or rudimentary.
Leaves simple. ‘ i
Involucre bracts, outer row somewhat exceeding the inner ones
. B. connata
Involucre bracts, outer row 3 or 4 times as long as inner . B. comosa
Leaves compound. we
Heads’ + im, high or less «ss + sw fas wt ot ee
Heads 4 in. high or more . . .. .- .- + « . « B. frondosa
THISTLE FAMILY 68
PLATE 192
1. Bidens frondosa. 2. B. discoidea. 3. B.
cernua.
bipinnata. 4. B. laevis. 5. B.
686 COMPOSITAE
{ Ray Flowers Conspicuous
1. B. laevis, (L.) BSP. (Fig. 4, pl. 192.) Larcrr Bur-MARIGOLD.
Brook SUNFLOWER. Stem branching, more or less erect, or partly reclin-
ing, smooth, as is the whole plant, 1 to 2 ft. high. Leaves lance-shaped
with conspicuous teeth at margins, tapering to a slender point at apex and
tapering or more or less abruptly rounded at base, 3 to 2 in. long, without
leaf-stalks. Heads numerous on slender stems; rays 8 to 10, golden yel-
low, showy; inner bracts of the involucre usually shorter than the rays,
the outer bracts often much longer. Fruit wedge-shaped, armed with 2
awl-like erect appendages with fine downward pointing barbs. In swamps,
borders of pools and wet meadows. Aug.-Nov.
2. B.cernua, L. (Fig. 5, pl. 192.) Smarter Bur-MARIGOLD, Usually
erect, nearly smooth, + to 3 ft. high. Leaves lance-shaped without leaf-
stalk, broad and it is attached to stem, unequally toothed. Heads with or
without rays, which, when present are light yellow; outer bracts of in-
voluere exceeding the disk, which is globose, the head on a short stem.
Fruit with 2 barbed points. Wet places, our whole range. July-Oct.
3. B. trichosperma, (Michx.) Britton. (Fig. 7, pl. 191.) Tat
TICKSEED SUNFLOWER. (Coreopsis trichosperma, Michx.) Plant much
branched, smooth, stem obscurely 4-sided, 2 to 5 ft. high. Leaves deeply
incised, pinnately divided, the leaflets or lobes (3 to 7), lance-shaped,
toothed, the whole leaf 3 to 8 in. long. Upper leaves may be undivided.
Heads numerous, the involucre bracts not extending much beyond the disk;
rays, 6 to 19, broad lance-shaped, obtuse at apex, about an in. long, bright
yellow. Fruit crowned by 2 triangular sharp upright awl-shaped teeth.
Swamps, wet places, Mass., and southward. Aug.-Oct.
tt Ray Flowers Inconspicuous or Wanting
4. B. bipinnata, L. (Fig. 3, pl. 192.) SpanisuH NEEDLES. Smooth,
branched, stem 4-sided, 1 to 5 ft. high. Leaves deeply and doubly or tribly
incised, the principle lobes lance-shaped, themselves deeply toothed or in-
cised. Heads numerous, nearly cylindric, on slender stems. Outer invo-
lucre seales linear, equalling the short yellow rays, the latter 3 or 4 in
number. Fruit 4-angled, with 3 or 4 awl-like barbed awns. Damp soil,
Rhode Island and southward. July-Oct.
5. B.connata, Muhl. (Fig. 5, pl. 191.) PurpLe-stemmMeD SwaMP
BrGGAR-TICKS. Smooth, erect, branched, 4 to 8 ft. high. Leaves lance-
shaped deeply notched, on long leaf-stalks, 2 to 5 in, long; the lower some-
times 3 cleft. Heads numerous; rays 1 to 5, inconspicuous or wanting.
Outer bracts of the involucre extending somewhat above the head, few,
obtuse. Fruit wedge-shaped with 2 barbed awns. Swamps, wet places,
common. <Aug.-Oct.
6. B. comosa, Wiegand. (Fig. 6, pl. 191.) Leary-BRAcTED TICK-
SEED. Leaves lance-shaped, toothed, tapering at each end. Outer bracts
of involucre leaf-like, extending very much above the disk, conspicuously
toothed. Friit with 3 barbed awns. Wet places, Mass., southern New
York and southward. <Aug.-Oct.
7. B. discoidea, (T. and G.) Britton. (Fig. 2, pl. 192.) SMALL
Breacar-Ticks. Lower leaves divided into 3 lance-shaped segments, 1 to
THISTLE FAMILY 687
Prate 193
1]. Helenium autumnale. 2. Anthemis Cotula. 3. Achillea millefolium. 4.
Galinsoga parviflora. 5. Chrysanthemum Leucanthemum.
688 COMPOSITAE
3 in. long. Upper leaves lance-shaped, foothed. Heads small, rays none,
bracts 3 or 4 times as high as the head, linear, scarcely toothed. Fruit
2 awned, Swamps, Connecticut and southward. July-Sept.
8. B. frondosa, L. (Fig. 1, pl. 192.) Brccar-ticks. Smooth,
branched, 2 to 6 ft. high. Leaves on slender leaf-stalks, 3- to 7-divided,
the segments lance-shaped or often sub-divided. Rays none; bracts 2 or
3 times as high as the head, linear, scarcely toothed. Fruit ovate with 2
awns. Moist soil, throughout our range. July-Oct.
35. GALINSOGA, R. & P.
Herbs with opposite 3-nerved leaves and small heads with whitish rays
and yellow disk. Heads with several tubular and radiate flowers, the lat-
ter 4 to 5, small, roundish, bearing pistils. Involucre of 4 or 5 rows of
thin scales. Receptacle conical, chaffy.
G. parviflora, Cavannilles. (Fig. 4, pl. 193.) Garinsoca. Nearly
smooth, from 3 or 4 in. to more than a foot high. Leaves deltoid or egg-
shaped, toothed, 3-nerved, the lower on slender leaf-stalks, the upper ses-
sile. Abundant in neglected city door yards and other waste places. June-
Novy.
36. HELENIUM, L.
Erect branching herb with alternate leaves and numerous heads. Disk
globose; rays several, fan-shaped, the apex broad 3-toothed, reflexed as are
the small bracts of the involucre. Fruit top-shaped, ribbed. Aigrette of
a few scales with bristle points.
H. autumnale, L. (Fig. 1, pl. 193.) Swame Sunrrower. Stem
smooth or slightly downy, rather stout, 1 to 6 ft. high, Leaves lance-
shaped, tapering at each end, toothed, without leaf-stalks, 2 to 5 in. long.
Head with a globular yellow disk, and reflexed, 3-toothed, bright yellow
fan-shaped rays. Swamps and wet meadows. Aug.-Oct.
37. ACHILLEA, L.
Perennial herbs with flat clusters of small flower heads and with alter-
nate Jeaves. Heads with numerous florets, tubular and ray, the latter few
and producing fruit; involucre scales overlapping, leathery; receptacle
flat, chaffy. Fruit oblong, aigrette none.
1. A. millefolium, L. (Fig. 3, pl. 193.) Yarrow. Stem simp®, 1
to 2 ft. high. Leaves in general outline, lance-shaped, very finely dissected
into thread-like segments. Cluster of heads flat-topped; heads with 4 or
5 short white rays and numerous small yellow disk florets. The rays are
sometimes pink and even dark purple, these mostly from old gardens.
Common. June-Noy.
2. A. Ptarmica, L. SNEEzEWorT Yarrow. Leaves linear, sharply
toothed; cluster of heads loose; rays 8 to 12, longer than those of the
common yarrow, white. Rare, but found in various parts of our range.
* July-Sept.
38. ANTHEMIS, L.
Branching herbs some with unpleasant scent, with alternate more or
less dissected leaves, heads with tubular and ray florets. Involucre of
several overlapping series, the edges dry. Ray florets bearing pistils, fer-
THISTLE FAMILY 689
tile or not. Disk flowers with stamens and pistils, fertile. Anthers ob-
tuse, without appendages at base. Aigrette none. -
1. A. Cotula, L: (Fig. 2, pl. 193.) Maywrep. Stems much
branched, erect or semi-prostrate, 1 io 2 ft. high, the plant with an un-
pleasant odor. Leaves finely dissected into thread-like segments. Heads
numerous, about 1 in. broad; rays 10 to 18, white, disk light yellow. Com-
mon in waste places. June-Nov.
2. A.arvensis, L. Firtp Camomite. Leaves less finely dissected;
rays 10 to 18, longer than those of the Mayweed. Introduced, in waste
places. May-Aug.
3. A. tinctoria, L. YeELLow CamomiLe, Leaves with feather-form
divisions, the segments toothed. Heads 1 to 13 in. broad; rays 20 to 30,
yellow. Introduced, waste places. June-Sept.
39. CHRYSANTHEMUM, L.
Perennial herbs with more or less divided leaves and with solitary or
clustered heads of tubular and ray flowers on long slender stems. Invo-
lucre bracts of several series; receptacle flat without chaff. Rays white,
tubular florets yellow. Anthers obtuse without appendages.
C. Leucanthemum, L. (Fig. 5, pl. 193.) Wuuite WEED. OX-EYE
Daisy. Root perennial. Stem simple or branching, 1 to 3 ft. high. Leaves
of the upper part of the stem without leaf-stalks, those below with long
leaf-stalks, the blades deeply incised or conspicuously toothed. Heads soli-
tary or few, 1 to 2 in. broad. Rays 20 to 30, white, disk yellow. The
too-common daisy of meadows and pastures. May-Noy.
40. MATRICARIA, L.
Smooth branching herbs with alternate dissected leaves and heads on
long stems with tubular and ray flowers, or rays sometimes wanting.
Involucre scales overlapping, with dry borders; receptacle conical, free
from chaff; rays white, bearing pistils and producing fruit; disk florets
fertile. Anthers without appendages.
1. M. inodora, L. Scentress Camomite. Annual; leaves dissected
into almost thread-like segments. Heads large, 4 to 14 in. broad; rays
20 to 30, white. Aigrette a short border. Wild in northern part of our
area. June-Sept.
2. M. suaveolens, (Pursh.) Buchenan. Rayrtess CAMomILE. (M.
matricarioides, (Lees.) Porter.) Smooth, 4 to 14 ft. high. Leaves dis-
sected. Heads numerous; rays wanting; disk conic, yellow. Waste places,
introduced from the Pacific Coast. May-Aug.
41. TANACETUM, L.
Strongly aromatic herbs with alternate, dissected leaves and many heads
of tubular flowers or with, in exceptional cases, not fully developed, a
few ray flowers. Involucre of small overlapping scales; receptacle con-
vex, naked; florets at the margin of the disk bearing pistils only; those
690 COMPOSITAE
not marginal with stamens and pistils, fertile. Fruit 5-angled, aigrette
none, or a low border.
1. T. vulgare, L. (Fig. 1, pl. 194.) Tansy. Stem simple, 1 to 3
ft. high. Leaves divided pinnately, the lobes deeply toothed. Heads
numerous, rounded, yellow. A strongly aromatic plant growing in patches.
July-Sept.
2. T. huronense, Nutt. Lake Huron Tansy. Plant silky with soft
hairs; heads fewer. Otherwise similar to No. 1. Extreme northern part
of our area. July-Sept.
42. ARTEMISIA, L.
Bitter odorous herbs or shrubs with alternate leaves and commonly
with small nodding greenish or yellowish heads without rays, in narrow
elongated clusters. Receptacles small, flat, naked. Involucre of overlap-
ping dry scales. Marginal florets pistil-bearing or sometimes with pistils
and stamens. Central florets perfect. Fruit inversely egg-shaped, without
an aigrette.
Plants not white woolly
Receptacle Naked; Disk Flowers Sterile
1. A. canadensis, Michx. Canapa Wormwoop. Heads } in. broad, in
a narrow interrupted spike-like cluster. Stem downy, straight, simple or
branched. Leaves slashed into linear lobes, the lower ones on leaf-stalks.
Roeky soil, mostly in the northern part of our area. July-Aug.
2. A. caudata, Michx. (Fig. 6, pl. 194.) Witp Wormwoop. Heads
1/12 in. broad, in a broad rather loose elongated or pyramidal cluster
comprising large numbers of heads. Stem slender, smooth, 2 to 6 ft.
high. Leaves deeply divided into linear segments, the lower on leaf-
stalks. Heads nearly erect. Sandy soil, especially on sea beaches. July-
Sept.
Receptacle Naked or Hairy; Disk Flowers Fertile
3. A. absinthium, L. (Fig. 2. pl. 194.) AssintH. Common WoRrM-
woop. Leaves deeply divided into fan-like segments, downy. Heads yel-
low, drooping. Stem angular, branched, Waste places. Naturalized.
July-Oct.
4. A, Abrotanum, L. Sournernwoop. Shrub. Stems woody,
branched. Leaves in fine thready segments. Flowers numerous, nodding,
yellow. Well known as an aromatic garden shrub. Escaped and natu-
ralized in places.
5. A. annua, L. Annuat Wormwoop. Annual herb. An introduced
species, smooth, much branched, heads drooping. Leaves thrice divided.
A weed in waste places.
Plants woolly white
6. A. stelleriana, Bess. (Vig. 3, pl. 194.) Bracn Wormwoop.
Perennial, densely white-silky. Stem 1 to 2 ft. high, bushy. Leaves egg-
shaped or spatula-shaped, deeply lobed, 1 to 4 in. long. Heads inversely
cone-shaped, } in. broad, not drooping. Sandy sea beaches, July-Aug.
7. A. vulgaris, L. (Fig. 4, pl. 194.) Common Muewort. Perennial.
Branches and under side of leaves wlite woolly. Leaves 1 to 44 in. long,
THISTLE FAMILY 691
PLATE 194
1. Tanacetum vulgare. 2. Artemisia absinthium. 3. A. stelleriana. 4. A.
vulgaris. 5, A. biennis. 6. A. caudata.
692 COMPOSITAE
deeply lobed. Heads small in somewhat diffuse elongated clusters. Waste
places, introduced. July-Oct.
Plants not woolly
8. A. biennis, L. (Fig. 5, pl. 194.) BrennrAt Wormwoop. Smooth,
branching, 1 to 4 ft. high. Leaves doubly feather-formed. Heads numer-
ous, in the leaf-axils. Introduced from the Northwest Territory, in Penna.,
and westward. Aug.-Oct.
43. TUSSILAGO, L.
A low herb with perennial root-stock from which, in very early spring,
March or April, a scape arises bearing at its summit a flower head in-
cluding both ray and tubular florets, the stem bearing also alternate
scales. Later, broad rounded heart-shaped, angular and toothed leaves
which, when young are woolly, appear and replace the flower stem.
T. Farfara, L. (Fig. 1, pl. 195.) Cotrsroor., Scape 4 to 6 in. high,
flowers yellow. Grows in wet places, often on banks of streams. The
flower and leaves are not generally seen together as the flowers are
withered when the leaves appear.
44. PETASITES, Gaertn.
Herb from perennial rootstock resembling Tussilago, but heads are in
a cluster. Scape bearing scales; leaves deeply lobed. Rays white or
purple.
1. P. palmata, (Ait.) A. Gray. (Fig. 2, pl. 195.) PALMATE-LEAVED
SweEer CoLtrsroot. Scape 6 to 24 in. high. Leaves densely white-silky.
Flowers nearly white.
2. P. vulgaris, Hill. (Fig. 3, pl. 195.) ButTrer-sur. Scape very
stout, the bracts large. Leaves rounded, heart-shaped, with irregular,
regular and toothed borders. Flower-heads.in a dense cluster, purplish.
In parks and, in a few localities, in waste grounds. Naturalized, from
Europe. April-May.
45. ARNICA, L.
Erect, stem simple or slightly branched; leaves opposite. Heads or
long stems; rays yellow; involucre bracts of equal lance-shaped scales in
1 or 2 series; receptacle flat, naked or with a few scattered hairs. Fruit
linear, 5- to 10-ribbed. Aigrette of a single series of rigid but rough
bristles.
1. A. mollis, Hook. (Fig. 4, pl. 195.) Cramisso’s Arnica. Stem
downy with long hairs, simple, 1 to 23 ft. high. Leaves downy, becoming
less so, 2 to 5 in. long, the upper without leaf-stalks. Heads 1 to 6 at
the summit of the stem; involucre hairy; rays 10 to 15, yellow, 3-toothed.
High places on the Adirondack and White Mountains. June-Aug.
2. A. acaulis, (Walt.) BSP. (Fig. 5, pl. 195.) LropaRp’s-BANE.
Stem hairy with few (1 to 3 pairs) of leaves, 1 to 3 ft. high. At summit
several heads on rather long flower-stems. Basal leaves in a tuft or
rosette, egg-shaped or oval, hairy, with about 5 longitudinal nerves,
Delaware and Southern Penna. April-May.
THISTLE FAMILY 693
PLATE 195
1. Tussilago Farfara. 2. Petasites palmata. 3. P. vulgaris. 4. Arnica
mollis. 5. A. acaulis. 6. Synosma suaveolens. 7. Erechtites hieracifolia.
8. Cacalia reniformis.
694 COMPOSITAE
46. ERECHTITES, Raf.
Coarse annual herbs with rank smell, with alternate undivided leaves
and with many rather large heads of tubular, whitish, flowers. Heads -
many flowered, no rays; the central florets having stamens and pistils,
fertile; the marginal florets pistillate but also fertile. Involucre cylin-
drie, of a single row of sharp linear scales and with a few small spread-
ing scales at base. Aigrette of an abundance of soft hairs; fruit oblong,
tapering at base. -
E. hieracifolia, Raf. (Fig. 7, pl. 195.) Fire Weep. Annual, stem
usually branched, striate, 1 to $ ft. high, sometimes hairy. Leaves alter-
nate, lance-shaped, 2 to 8 in. long, coarsely toothed at margins. Heads
nearly an inch long, the abundant white hairs of the aigrette showing
beyond the involucre. Abundant in spots which have been burned over in
fields or in deserted yards and other waste places. July-Sept.
47. CACALIA, L. (Mesadenia, Raf.)
Tall, smooth, perennial herbs with alternate leaves on leaf-stalks and
with many heads in flattened clusters; with milky sap and with yellow-
ish or pink florets, all of which are tubular and all with stamens and
pistil. Involucre cylindric of 5 bracts in a single row. Receptacle flat,
naked. Fruit oblong, smooth; aigrette of copious white bristles.
1. C. reniformis, Raf. (Fig. 8, pl. 195.) Great INDIAN PLANTAIN.
Stem smooth, angled and grooved, 4 to 9 ft. high. Leaves all green on
both sides, on leaf-stalks the lower more or less rounded or kidney-formed
in general outline, but several angled, often very large, 1 to 2 ft. broad,
the upper fan-shaped, coarsely toothed. Heads in flat clusters. Woods,
southern part of our area. July-Sept.
2. C. atriplicifolia, Raf. Pate INDIAN PLANTAIN. Stem smooth, not
angled, 3 to 6 ft. high; leaves thin, whitish beneath, deeply lobed, in
general outline triangular or kidney-shaped, on slender leaf-stalks. Rich
woods. <Aug.-Sept.
48. SYNOSMA, Raf.
Coarse perennial herb resembling Cacalia, with triangular or spear-
shaped leaves and flat clusters of heads of tubular, pink or white flowers.
Florets all with pistil and stamens.
S. suaveolens, (L.) Raf. (Fig. 6, pl. 195.) Sweret-scentTep INDIAN
PLANTAIN. (Cuculia suaveolens, L.) Smooth, stem 3 to 5 ft. high.
Leaves triangular, the lower of 3 angular lobes, 4 to 10 in. long. Woods,
Conn., and New Jersey, and southward. Aug.-Oct.
49. SENECIO, L.
Herbs with alternate and basal leaves and with heads of flowers having
ray and tubular flowers or tubular only. In our species flowers yellow.
Involuere of 1 series of bracts with a few shorter ones at the base. Re-
ceptacle flat or nearly so, naked. Ray flowers, when present, pistillate and
fertile, Fruit cylindric, 5- to 10-ribbed; aigrette copious, of white hairs.
THISTLE FAMILY 695
PLATE 196
1. Senecio aureus. 2. S. obovatus. 3. S. vulgaris. 4. 8. pseudo-arnica. 5,
S. tomentosus. 6. S. Robbinsii. 7. 8. balsamitae.
696 COMPOSITAE
Rays present, yellow,
Flower heads solitary or very few . . . . - ~- « « S. pseudo-arnica
Flower heads several or numerous.
Basal leaves not heart-shaped.
Plant densely woolly . . © is 0 ve Sa), POMEHEASS
Plant not woolly or-only at base.
Basal leaves inversely egg-shaped . . . S. obovatus
Basal leaves oblong, narrow . . . . . S. balsamitae
Basal leaves heart-shaped at base.
Basal leaves lance-shaped . . . . . . S. Robbinsit
Basal leaves broad, rounded .... . . S. aureus
Rays absent or minute.
Stem not hairy or only slightly so,
Involucre naked or nearly so . - » « S.usplochcus
Involucre with a row of ae bracts at base | - 2 « © S. vulgaris
Stem viscid downy .. . . SS. viscosus
1. §. pseudo-arnica, Less. (Fig. i. a 196.) Shi Behe SENECIO.
Root perennial, stem 6 to 30 in. high, stout; whole plant white woolly,
sometimes becoming smooth. Leaves oblong tapering to a narrow base,
acute or obtuse at apex, margins sinuate, densely woolly beneath, 4 to 8
in. long. Heads solitary or occasionally 3 or 4 or even more, 1 to 2 in.
in diameter; rays 12 to 15, broad, 3-toothed. Sea-beaches, Maine. July-
Aug.
2. §. tomentosus, Michx. (Fig. 5, pl. 196.) Wootty RaAGweep.
Root perennial; stem 1 to 24 ft. high; plant covered with whitish wool.
Root leaves oblong not heart-shaped at base, rounded at apex, toothed
at margins, on long leaf-stalks, the upper without leaf-stalks, similar in
form to the lower or deeply lobed on each side. Heads in a broad flat
cluster, each on a long stem, 2 in. broad; rays 10 to 15. Moist soil,
southern part of our area. April-June.
3. S. obovatus, Muhl. (Fig. 2, pl. 196.) Rounp-LEAF SQUAW-WEED.
Stem 1 to 2 ft. high, smooth or somewhat woolly toward the base. Basal
leaves round or inversely egg-shaped, toothed in a circular tuft; stem
leaves few and small. Heads several 4 in. broad on slender stems; rays
8 to 12. Wet soil, Maine to Penna., and southward. April-June.
4, §. balsamitae, Muhl. (Fig. 7, pl. 196.) BALSAM GROUNDSEL.
Stem 10 to 20 in. high, somewhat woolly below and at the leaf-axils. Root
leaves tufted, oblong or spatula-formed or lance-shaped, deeply lobed on
each side of the mid-rib. Heads rather numerous, small; rays 8 to 12.
Dry soil, throughout our area. May-July.
5. §. Robbinsii, Oakes. (Fig. 6, pl. 196.) Ropin’s SQUAW-WEED.
Smooth; 1 to 24 ft. high, stem slender. Lower leaves lance-shaped, some-
what heart-shaped or simply rounded at base, acute or blunt at apex,
toothed, on long leaf-stalks, upper leaves similar but often lobed, especially
toward the base. Rays 6 to 12. Swamps and wet meadows, Maine, Ver-
mont, New Hampshire and New York. June-Sept.
6. §S. aureus, L. (Fig. 1, pl. 196.) GOLDEN RaGcwort. SQuAw-
WEED. Root perennial; stem slender, 1 to 24 ft. high. Basal leaves round
or egg-shaped, heart-shaped at base, toothed at margins, on long leaf-
stalks; upper leaves small, lance-shaped, toothed or deeply lobed. Rays
8 to 12, deep golden yellow. Swamps; wet meadows, throughout our area.
May-July.
Heads without Ray-flowers or with very minute ones
7. §. vulgaris, L. (Fig. 3, pl. 196.) Common GrounpseL. Annual.
THISTLE FAMILY 697
Wy Nihil, shit
f Whi YW HUY 4 AA
= WD, WW WT Wey, 4
W& NG Vi ‘ S xi Ih Wy Ss
I Ss We
/ SS 5
PLATE 197
1. Carduus muticus. 2, C. spinosissimus. 3. C. altissimus. 4. Arctium
tomentosum, 5. A. Lappa. 6 A. minus.
698 COMPOSITAK
Stem hollow, much branched, 6 to 15 in. high. Leaves lance-shaped but
deeply lobed on each side of the mid-rib (pinnatifid), the lobes toothed.
Scales of the involucre blackish, almost always a few short ones at the
base of the involucre. A weed in cultivated grounds and waste places.
Aprli-Oct.
8. §. sylvaticus, L. Woop GrounpsEL. Resembles No. 7, but heads are
higher and involucre without the short scales at the base. Waste places,
introduced. April-Sept.
9. §. viscosus, L. Forrip GrounpseL. Resembles No. 7, but heads
are much more slender, scales are not black-tipped and the whole plant is
covered with a viscid ill-smelling covering of down. Introduced; waste
places. July-Sept.
so. ARCTIUM, L.
Very coarse biennial weeds with large alternate leaves on leaf-stalks
and with clustered heads of purple tubular flowers, the rounded involucre
of many overlapping hooked scales, the heads forming a bur. Heads many
flowered, all tubular. Receptacle bristly.
1. A. Lappa, L. (Fig. 5, pl. 197.) Burpock. Stout, 1 to 4 ft. high
or occasionally much exceeding this height. Leaves egg-shaped, 8 to 18
in. long, often heart-shaped at base; margins not toothed. Bur often an
in. in diameter, the bracts not cottony. A common large weed in waste
places.
Var. A. tomentosum, (Lam.) Schk. (Fig. 4, pl. 197.) Corrony Bur-
pock. Resembles No. 1, but leaves more wavy at margins and the invyo-
lucre densely cottony.
2. A. minus, Schk. (Fig. 6, pl. 197.) Common Burpock. Similar
to No. 1, but generally smaller and leaves firm and somewhat tapering
at base, though the lower are heart-shaped. Involucre bracts not cottony.
Heads about 2 in. in diameter.
51. CARDUUS, L
Erect branching herbs or in some species without stem, mostly biennial,
with alternate, usually lance-shaped leaves which are without leaf-stalks,
generally deeply lobed and armed with stiff, sharp, prickles. Heads
usually large, many-flowered, the flowers all tubular, purple, yellow or
rarely white. Involucre egg-shaped of many overlapping bracts, which are
in many cases prickle-tipped, but sometimes unarmed. Receptacle flat
or convex, bristly, Aigrette of several series of plumose hairs.
Flowers yellow . J ee ee a eR eae Gc
Flowers purple or white,
Involucre bracts all prickle-tipped . . . . » » « « €. lanceolares
Outer bracts prickle-tipped, inner bracts unarmed,
Leaves divided into narrow lance-shaped SERENE
Leaves woolly beneath . .. . - « C. discolor
Leaves green, both sides C. odoratus
Leaves not divided into lance- shaped lobes, though they may
HEWIODEGI ie) 4a. 4. e. Fee aces eee C. altissimus
Involucre bracts not prickly.
Leaves woolly beneath.
Flower heads solitary « . » » «© «© =» « «© =» Gy stays
Flower heads in groups.
Flower stems with few or no leaves or prickles C. muticus
Flower stems short, Jeafy and prickly . . . C. crispus
Leaves not woolly .. » s W i. wv we 6 « « e GomGrmemees
THISTLE FAMILY 699
PLATE 198
1. Carduus arvensis, 2, C, lanceolatus. 3. C. odoratus. 4. Onopordon
acanthium.
700 COMPOSITAE
Flowers yellow
1. C. spinosissimus, Walt. (Fig. 2, pl. 197.) YEtLow TuHISTLE.
(Cirsium spinosissimum, (Walt.) Scop.) Stem quite stout, 1 to 5 ft.
high, woolly when young. Leaves in general outline lance-shaped, the up-
per ones clasping the stem, margins deeply lobed and with strong prickles
at angles of the lobes. Heads 2 to 4 in. broad, the involucre bracts long,
lance-shaped, with prickles at the margins. Flowers yellow. Mostly in
moist soil. May-Aug.
Flowers purple, pink or white
2. C.lanceolatus, L. (Fig. 2, pl. 198.) Common SpEAR THISTLE.
(Cirsium lanceolatum, (L.) Hill.) Stem branched, 3 to 5 ft. high, more
or less white woolly but not prickly or only moderately so. Leaves lance-
shaped, divided into triangular lobes each side of mid-vein, the lobes with
prickly margins, at base the leaf is decurrent on the stem. All the bracts
of the egg-shaped involucre terminate as prickles. Common. Fields and
waste places. June-Noy,
3. C. altissimus, L. (Fig. 3, pl. 197.) Tati Tuistir. (Cirsium
altissimum, (L.) Spreng.) Stem not very stout, somewhat branched, the
branches usually ascending, downy or woolly. Leaves lance-shaped, the
margins toothed or rather deeply lobed but not divided into narrow seg-
ments, prickly at borders. Outer bracts of the involucre terminating as
prickles, the inner bracts not prickly. Fields, thickets, along fences.
Aug.-Sept.
4. C. discolor, (Muhl.) Nutt. Firrp Tuistre. (Cirsium discolor,
(Muhl.) Spreng.) Tall and somewhat slender, 2 to 7 ft. high. Heads as
in No. 3. Leaves white woolly beneath, deeply divided into lance-shaped
segments, the borders of which are prickly. Fields and roadsides. July-
Nov.
5. C. odoratus, (Muhl.) Porter. (Fig. 3, pl. 198.) FRAGRANT
THISTLE. PASTURE THISTLE. (Cirsium pumilum, (Nutt.) Spreng.) Stem
low, stout, 1 to 3 ft. high. Leaves green on both sides, lance-shaped, cut
into angular lobes with stout prickles. Outer bracts prickly, inner un-
armed. This fragrant thistle has much of the time during its season of
flowering, a number of butterflies balancing on the purple flowers.
6. C. muticus, (Michx.) Pers. (Fig. 1, pl. 197.) Swamp THISTLE.
(Cirsium muticum, Michx.) Stem rather slender, 3 to 8 ft. high, angled,
branching above. Branches with only a few small leaves and terminated
by one or more heads, Leaves lance-shaped, entire or deeply lobed on
each side (pinnatifid) and densely white woolly beneath, lower 4 to 8 in,
long, borders prickly. Heads about 13 in. broad. Bracts of the involucre
not prickly. Swamps and moist soil. July-Oct.
7. C. arvensis, (L.) Robs. (Fig. 1, pl. 198.) CANnapA THISTLE.
(Cirsium arvense, (L.) Seop.) Perennial, slender, 1 to 3 ft. high. Stem
striped, smooth. Leaves lance-shaped, deeply lobed, the margins of the
lobes beset with strong prickles; green on both sides, the lower 5 to 8 in.
long Heads about 1 in. broad and about as high, flowers rose purple,
bracts not prickly. Very common in cultivated fields, roadsides, ete.
June-Sept.
701
THISTLE FAMILY
PLATE 199
1. Carduus nutans. 2. Centaurea Jacea. 3. C. nigra. 4. C. Cyanus. 5.
Cnicus benedictus.
702 COMPOSITAE
8. C. nutans, L. (Fig. 1, pl. 199.) Musx Tnistir. Biennial. Leaves
lance-shaped, broad and often eared at base, extending down the stem.
Lobed and very prickly; the stem also armed with strong prickles. Heads
solitary, drooping. Occasional in our area, introduced from Europe.
July-Oct.
9. C. crispus, L Curtep Tuistre. Biennial. Plant somewhat
woolly; stem densely prickly, 2 to 4 ft. high. Leaves with triangular
lobes, margins prickly. Heads crowded on very short stems. Introduced.
July-Sept.
52. ONOPORDON, L.
A stout thistle similar to Carduus, but the receptacle is honeyecombed
and not bristly. The hairs of the aigrette or pappus are not plumose.
O. acanthium, L. (Fig. 4, pl. 198.) Scorcu Tuistir. Stout, 2 to
4 ft. high, the stem winged, the wings armed with stout prickles Leaves
white-woolly, oblong, lobed, armed with very strong prickles. Heads soli-
tary, the involucre broad at base, constricted above, flowers spreading,
light purple. Fields, most of our area. July-Sept.
53. CENTAUREA, L.
Herbs with alternate leaves which are entire or more or less cut. Heads
usually solitary, terminal, with tubular flowers. Involucre globose, of
overlapping bracts, Receptacle flat, bristly. Marginal flowers usually
much larger than the central, sterile or fertile. Aigrette of several scales
or bristles or absent.
Leaves linear . Pures ren cpt ee. (OWT
Leaves lance- shaped, spatula- shaped or oblong.
Leaves not deeply lobed.
Marginal flower much larger than etal 3 UN as Gee
Marginal flowers not mia than central << "= - C. mera
Leaves deeply lobed . . . Aire rey ke Be oh calcitrapa
l.. ©. Cyanus,) i Fig. 4, pl. 199.) — hang: An introduced
plant from Europe where it is found in grain fields; here cultured in
gardens from which it has escaped. Plant 1 to 23 ft. high, somewhat
woolly, leaves alternate, linear. Heads solitary at end of branches. Invo-
lucre globular, the scales fringed on the margin. Flowers blue varying
to purplish, the marginal ones large thin lobes, assuming a star-like form,
Waste places and grain fields. July-Sept.
2. C.nigra, L. (Fig. 3, pl. 199.) KNapweep. Perennial roots.
Stem stiff, branched, 1 to 2 ft. high. Leaves lance- or spatula-shaped, the
margins entire or the lower leaves slightly lobed. Heads about 1 in.
broad; scales of the involucre with a black hairy fringe. Marginal and
central flowers of the same size, purple. Naturalized, in waste places.
July-Sept.
3. C, Jacea, L. (Fig. 2, pl. 199.) Rayrep Knapweep. Like the last,
but margins of leaves are toothed and outer flowers are large and showy.
Naturalized to some extent. June-Sept.
4. C, calcitrapa, L. Srar Tuistie, Leaves deeply (pinnately) lobed
often with somewhat prickly spines at margins. Heads immediately sup-
ported by leaves which assume somewhat the form of a sub-involucre.
THISTLE FAMILY 703
Outer bracts of the real involucre often in form of spreading spines.
Naturalized in some places. June-Oct.
54. CNICUS, L.
A thistle-like herb with alternate lance-shaped, lobed leaves with prickly
margins and with large heads of yellow tubular flowers, the heads soli-
tary and without stem. Receptacle flat, bristly. Aigrette of 2 rows of
bristles.
C. benedictus, L. (Fig. 5, pl. 199.) BLessep Tuisttr. Much
branched, stem hairy, 14 to 23 ft. high. Leaves lobed and with prickly
margins, 3 to 6 in. long. Heads 2 in. broad, subtended by an involucre-
like cluster of spiny leaves. Flowers yellow. Introduced. May-Aug.
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EXPLANATIONS OF ABBREVIATIONS OF NAMES OF
AUTHORITIES
PAOM ES eer ca cara eht 3.42 Brainy eAlexandenr) sas Gaertit imine sta ee Gaertner, J.
INGA G Opa a stars «ticle pierce Adanson, M. Gaud...Gaudichaud-Beaupré, Charles
JACI) OA Se ree De Candolle, Alphonse. Gmel................ Gmelin, S. G.
STI, sa cae Anton. iWvanleni | MU Godr stb iis cence Godron, D. A.
PA tare tercistars atctisya. suensss Allionis Carlos tar Grentaasn tries rele Grenier, C.
PATTI Sav steve ah: 2 Andersson, Nils) ids Griseb:...... 5. Grisebach, H. R. A.
FAMOD ZS § fe star's) a 1c, Andrzejowski, A. L.
ATT ea pees ee Arnott, Ga iA We USS ce eee 3a Haussknecht, Carl.
LTS eee Roe i Ansting, Coe, imeh,)) Way. io.0 0. eek Haworth, A. H.
- HBK.....Humboldt, Bonpland and
B. & H.....Bentham, George, and i Kunth. f
Hooker, Joseph Dalton. FRECHE 5505/01 2 « aasek Hitchcock, A. 8S.
Bab., Babingt.....Babington, C. C. Hoffmg......... Hoffmansegg., J. C.
to? Ge Bartram, J. TOO Kis eee per Hooker, Wm. J.
Beauv....Beauvois, A. M. F. J. P. DENS EM ap akuleneis coeieegeran Hudson, Wm.
Benthic. cn se: sls Bentham, George.
1] BXSS rail 0 ke ae PR Br Bernhardi, J. J. UAC E ee eis ss Wen tay 3 Jacquin, N. J.
IBCSA Seles «o's Besser, Wilhelm von. Juss .. Jussieu, Antoine Laurent.
Bere le tereys coe, shcirareveuene Bigelow, Jacob.
BSP... Britton, Sterns and "Poggen- Rainats aan ees ets Aes Karsten, H.
berg. SGZO SE 3 separa eisvon Cressve Kuntze, Otto.
C. oF .Chamisso and Schlechten L.. “Linnaeus, Gaiciney oe Gaal on
(be alata « 6 s.e ee © 6 ié 4 i . mne.
pee. w Gaspary, Robt, 2 £....-Linné, Carl von (the son).
CESS is ere Cassini, Henri. Lag......+-...-- Lagasca, Mariano.
Meme cree ys isc = 6.2 Celakowsky, L. L@M.-----------+-. Lamarck, J. B.
OLS Chamisso, A. von. Lamb.............. Lambert, A. B.
, , Medebsiee cases Ledebour, C. F. von.
Cham d&, Sehis sic. «6 Chamisso and Del Z
Seticchkendal (2) ca eo ieee ate ee Lehmann, JG.
: : L’Her ..L’Heritier de Brutelle
(Charl lh Ss Bass ateione erate Cyrillo, D : : :
J Mae 1007) Rear eo Fe Lindley, John.
; Lodd. .-Loddiges, Conrad.
a parartinaton, Wm Tis. oiseeur-Destongehamps
MICO tae re occ sieihs.Sae%s Decaisne, Joseph irae
DESL Sy ech soc enes6 « Desfontaines, R. L.
DIODE are cs shaves Dietrich eOseNe Here UMaeh Mitre acne MaeMillan, C.
DOUG ey osre cst tarie Douglas, David Marsh........ Marshall, Humphrey.
ryan ei... 2:21 Sere oes Dryandersdonass ) (Marticcc..... «5. «- Martens, Martin.
DHE ire tats cy ea che av e- ales tete Dutresne, Poe Maxaisics <2 ec. Maximowicz, C. J.
WDUIMOTH ss s5 woes Dumorbier wb C-5e Mediey..,.cas5 02 cee Medicus, F. C.
Mert. & Koch...Mertens and Koch.
1D Oo ae pe nee Ane Orn ietaD IDydee aed ee | OU babes tia ee Baeesioida or Michaux, A.
ELS Sipe diate ccharecanthogeceratete euslalg Elliot, S VT erie recs erode isancn iar: Miller, B.
Engelm......... Engelmann, George. Mogq............ Moquin-Tandon, A.
Muench........Muenchhausen, Otto.
IROTAK A terre isieetrecacceose Hoxrskala Bay eMule). 2.) a 3 = Mihlenberg, H. L.
OBL ieee aid weasewts BPOCMCH deca MET ce 2 crate Aan a ae Murray, J. A.
Weekes ais att ae eacols Necker; IN. d: /Solaiigtetee chine ee eee. Solander, D.
UES AG viene Se Nuttall, Thomas. Spreng................ Sprengel, K.
Sidwe saan Sudworth, G. B.
IPGrde iia, Aeers ieatic ne Persoonsi@s (HiiSwaee. .eseee eee Swartz, Olaf.
Plancheaee ascii Planchon, J. E.
BOE o as we seeks aes Poiret, J LL.M. pgq.......... Torrey and Gray.
BRT ME eters er, Ruiz and Pavon. Tae byt e2 9 Sette Cee Cs
5 ees Rafinesque-Schmaltz, ©. 8. Tourn Ton Oe ee
a Rafinesq c ’ Fe OULTIN Monee a ae Tournefort, J. B.
; s » oe
Reichenb.. ...Reichenbach, H.G. I. Trait... Trattinnick ee
ne Ey faces Me ae i yet aeg oe 2 eB oe pee iceceh te ee Trelease, Wm.
EIN 22 cus) Gee oemer, J. J.
Roem. & Schult........ Boaerand Po ere eae Tucker
Schultes.
Rostkee es Rostkovius, F. W. G. Vientsnn oh eee Ventenat, BSR.
uno te sara tne Rottboell, C. F.
appear ae tee Ruppius, H. B. Waldst. & Kit....... Waldstein and
ARES ies Wane cb ee Ruprecht, F. J. Kitalbal.
LAE A APB Ria Wai a Rydberg, P. Wallr.......... Wallroth, K. F. W.
Wialp: v2 ho cieatninictae Walpers, W. G.
Salishiche co cneee ee Saluepury. BAe. Willen cia «ein ee ec Walter, Th.
BAT ns sine s Sargent, Charles S. Wang........ Wangenheim, F. A. J.
prbleids. cc. ee Schleiden, M. J. Wedd..............- Weddell, H. A.
Schirebis-c ct asseae SOs dis (Oh IDE \WYVGibiNtE GoscoosanGouc- Weinmann.
Schult oeee eee Schultest Jn Ac. Wiebtssenimre tec nieretiens Wettstein, R.
Sehumies sy yacce Schumacher, ©» Hep sVVaMOTe sree oie paveletauere Wimmer, F.
Schwein. ose S(oiyemnwzy Ibe IDE \ivitd ie eg ecceaoacc Withering, Wm.
COD aicirseuskie ter: SCOPOLIN aA AW OMG. Berrie eens Wolfgang.
Sibthetewiciste scious Sibthorp; John, Wuliss oe sie cones Wulfen, F. X.
INDEXES
oy oi fF
INDEX TO LATIN NAMES
(Classes, Orders, Families and
nyms and varieties in italics.)
PAID ALO acon Seohalacle cetera 126
PADIS! parapet teri e crolcroumie cco tae rs 88
DalSamedhe jal ot ewe eke 88
FAB UEDENMARN:. cisleccrtaic cre ochre es 84
PUIG O Meera ts fs letatets Staves cote 400
PAID EL ULOMS ety rete ote he cone 400
‘Theophrasti! "0.7. 3-3 2s. 400
ANCA TOER MB haabereimete Oe e 376
WTACIIENS! wis). eee see uns 376
OStRyAcCtOliae Geass ce 376
WAT OUMNICA Pads? sctel see nt ere 376
IACAIVTIPAGHEAR? che hoarse eke cs 576
ING ETE. cy Aes VPS Oa ok Bae Te 389
IGT Rigs dioimontain Hee 390
UG Sonne dae uate 390
pennsylvanicum ........ 390
MLOULINOULES), eeieresicloeie eis aie 390
pseudo-platanus ........ 390
Tel on OiTay Pee Sis Geaenecticde 389
RACCHATINUID yatvasts tie e ees 389
BACCH AGM” eeicrsueiaercie + oc 390
SPOUG GUN, sehen taier sietiors) stot 51 390
PNGMBACE ABN e. t's.a face soslaen «Siem aus 389
INO SEDER). ea ee 499
\Wider(chtie ord: ata cre Bice CIOryS 499
PACING AMEN Se escues ascot evene la nci.s 688
MmAlefOMMIMM 2 .es sa eee 688
ban C ave e-s-uc shake 6 ces sare 688
PACH NOC IUOILES NE Oe thi Nohonose co ohal os 159
JORGE ALBA Seco eeee Scere 220
CAMMADIN Ac sche ses oes 221
PAC OMMUDULTIN a eines ceca tuere i ctecsicks 263
noveboracense .......... 263
HHCINALIMS Seeiio gs de ote 263
LNCS RUCTAR Stat isials dec SCOR RICE OS NZ,
ACA AINTIS: verre areca: 112
FNCUACI ra erciercid criaitoia wha a tcrsals 264
ENO eEY 7255 hey eee d Anchen Be mena 264
sb Of a hae Sits, PA co mn eee 264
AICTINOMETUS © syerceisho rn ad cen 682
SQUGPTOSW ats shea noise, 5 sneiee 684
PACECCOM Mya cee ao ate 195
PAN CULTETINL Ae Py fone ener ey caters shai 272
TUNCORA eer Aci ish ce 272
AILODOG OW maka tee ae ane hana site 614
Tribes in SMALL CAPITALS; syno-
Aegopodium ............--- 448
Podaerarian: jie oc.lt.'s str: 448
Aeschynomene ...........--- 349
WH ANCEh oo oo Hoo dooDoGdS 349
AEHAUINE) Srheooo conaud oon des 392
MIP OEN 6 OG 6 Abu Onn Doe 392
Hippocastanum ......... 392
AGUNIEE a5ic6pa08 So poacov, de 444
CMV so50hacinco ance 444
AaBERCHE ls = ak )alete \-jc teats 542
WMEPCLOIGES | seller 542
scrophulariaefolia ...... 542
AGTIMONIA 7. nese wee ee 322
Brit bOnianay sero ten: 324
LION, aan onooo cob 6 324
gryposepala ...........- 324
IM CLOCAN DA rare ee 324
ANOUMS eh eepersereers eres 324
POAT MOA see cle apr a 324
(DUCE Senn o ou nace S07 324
SUH MIEN Qintctee Gloriosa owned olor 324
Agrostemma ...........:-:- 225
(GmBBy0), | Gbeod sasbodie ae c 225
ANIEN AMIE: Aoi Go ola helrosa vic 371
slandulosa cies. as ss 371
ATZOAN CHAN | perctlele) alee ysicie erie 221
Je] UTED) Coeiete be Biot oe emerNs chet 544
RAMAN ae wecisiod oog oy or 544
INOMMMN Nes sean ooondraoeuc 322
WinIKERHRIS) Goocdoodeghooe oer 322
AN ETIES helo pias a onic pie a RED oooh One 134
ENDURE. Aisles poldie laa Go Gols O02 134
PARINOS AN. aio lai creas olmorener 134
PANT STMA lata, cities sia ats eeroueteuastces 103
GOVERL. wor ee cine a se esperevareys 104
Plantago-aquatica ....... 103
tenella «circles neces 104
ATES MOA CHAI ayia sia ave ey siedaley els 103
ANTI ATA a old yera a oat eieliera sete whe ene 284
AUIOTAG) casps ary steer Paks evs 284
OMIGINANIS Wey syersteys cyte ae rae 284
ANDLNGMNIN “Soboodouespoocac 130
PAM UTI pays eases ysicu chert shensiny ee 130
GANAGENSE! aie i.e aise 3) airs «1 130
CEN Goo qos doooKdoT 130
10
Schoenoprasum ......... 130
TRICOCCUIM ace adhe tere era 130
VATICA LG) are crane ee locmenerere eee 130
NITUST Ui.cis Seas ae te 185
AUN ODECULG asc civicne claveloretore 185
GEIS Dp ever sasrays oko: yak t-te 185
INCANA SS sakes uke aoe ee 185
MOMS: adhe cias dene Meare 185
Noveboracensis ......... 185
TUgOsAN Ts... eee 185
SOPRTULUEGD coe wanes cme 185
Al sie ra sa tct wise rcisvare Che aoe 232
IATISTNOIDWAR 2) cic cece teenie 231
*Alth ae as craincc« vorereeeieene 399
olbeinalis: ©... seer 399
NNER eGo oadool Saco ase 279
alyssoides: 2). 5s .framcrer 279
COVYCINAIN,. aie. se ein ede 279
AMARAN THA CEA, oiseletoncersis soe 218
Amaranthus, ..cs9s.c core cer 218
blitoides) 4. eeeeroeeeee 220
CTISPUS, ici .fa aries etalon 220
Geflexus' 3a be eee 220
PLACCIZAN Seer e eter re 220
IM AOTGHUEN G AQlon wed ui eo S6 220
NiwiGuSh races raed uel ote ee 220
VUE) SS o5.6d So Me Roloe A 220
TECCOMEX Sue. alte tera o 220
ROUSE pcos Wadabooor 220
ANMCARYVEITIDACEAR). jcoso ce cenie os 141
Nia Che oy: Pehaeeies Acrorticeoy ee aee 628
artemisiaefolia, <2 ante... 629
RUA ee arora. 629
JAAPBROSTACMAW Joins ac fice aus ec 628
Me lANGHien aa) steeneie chee eve ceses 330
QP GUEO. We axe ralsneuarsnel 6 tersee) ay 331
oipaeniniinl, Gyogan acorn 331
CANAAENSIS | echo ciae cikeecie 331
OUPOCATDAl cree ike aren is a. 331
TObUDGMOIA ewe eee. 331
BPLCAURM srecusryeine steltpein«- 331
AMEND A GRAM t cd eins tee cokes oe 167
DCE hayrebybhache oes a wi cep cect aicke 128
museaetoxicum ......... 128
PATMMANTNIA, “sic ae wet ee sie ieteswe 420
COCCINGA csmaiectenite rs ler s - 420
Koehnel: fai oe ees 420
AMMOGCNIO-. sacngcens doen ee 238
peploides: entamuneaas « 238
Ampelopsis quinquefolia...... 390
ATNDHCR ID Bic alee arett fy otetetereel 360
MONOICH: Avis iaces ete aieterens 360
PITRE aie wcities etree 360
ANACARDIACEAE .......--.--::. 382
AMA POLIS.s:o50\c'ietoeep ee areeye 478
AYVCHSIS sc os cele tars gents 478
Anaphalis ,..,,.. Ithaka Ol
INDEX
margaritaceae .......... 676
Andromeda .... 5. hse 469
UGUStETING jae oe ee 470
polifolia, ... 7%... ./-.ton-aeee 469
VAMEMONE. ~esvsieke sue sites ee 250
Canadensis... .1ra... cee 252
Cy lim rica, 4.9.1.) 0h hereto 252
hudsoniana. es... 02 eee 252
mulitifidars -ccree eee 252
NENOTOSA) Ri.santt pee 252
quinguefoliayssy.ta-1 tte 252
TIPATIAS ic) -io Seu ae 252
trifoliay anc osha ome 252
VALS UMTAIA, Saye 5) ie ool hepa 252
Anemonellla> occ ook asus 254
thalictrordes) 5 sees 254
AN GONICA: 5 5 sie areqevee ssi 446
atropurpurea <..-9-.5-)4a- 446
Curtisil’ sa.0mee eee 446
Villosa, «222d so eee 446
AINGIOSPERMAE .. os os biclee eine 89
AANONACEAE) 2:5 h:cis seieticneborenene 244
Antenmaria: snc asks -nensteeeeee 674
OTANEIS: .b.0is: sss yee eee 674
Meglectay ‘ites nah Chee 676
NEOdIOIGA Asda pwns eee 674
(Parlin asks eee 674
plantaginifolia ......... 676
AMNUHEMIS! <2. Ss ccoisne) sctchetieeenee 6838
ATVENISUS: — us, cucisi ane eee 689
Cotula c.cksu tices Oe 689
tinctorian o.cneecaeeee 689
Antir rhinitis ysis ree 554
MAUS! +. i. apa seat feyee eee 554
Orontiimy Soro see 554
ANYCHiIa |.) am cierquwa a eee 239
canadensis) =. 22... cere 239
dichotoma, .y.60. = = se ee 239
polygonoides ........... 239
APETATCAGS rex cuts nals eeu eee 166
Aphyllon: cae e-. short ane 575
ADIOS ics eis nyneve Ginter els ee 360
TUBErOSA Act os, chee 362
APIUM oo eid cectan ei sie, ora anonetel epee 446
leptopliy ium ois. n ed nee 446
Aplectruim': 0505. 2s jas aur 163
PY CMALC) oie. Sate ous ote 163
SPICALUM" cass or. seyret 163
APOCYNACHAR. 2.4.05: 05 5 « Geen 493
ApocynUmM! ei). oan. oe eee 494
androsaemifolium ....... 494
cannabpinum. ene 494
DY PCLIciro lM ow were 494
Aquilepiay sie. Nae cce eter eee 262
CANAGENSIS J... ve eee outer 263
WULQOTIS is ce sick 6 wae dies 263
APGDIS Oe ce hte nc vrane leo arent ante 287
INDEX 711
PLACHYVCAT Al «rornyerecie orate 287 CANAGENSIS! vera encteys teeta te 690
CANAGCENSIS! eeescie sete 287 Caudatancace aceasta oe 690
Mentatarsry cc eau seen: 288 Stellerianay.sc.cate eee 690
GAM gin tere Oooh o gore 288 WilloaitisivesttacseaNs scree 690
UES UT oa arscaccr ele sea ZE(ATUNCUSEEs eee Ae eee 310
LEASE), We ciao eco otc 288 BV WESEER. So octet fete 3. 310
VEE role, te po wake So ZB MARUI - Sate) drotante ibe Rtas ets 109
[EUs omer dinwe erage 287 triphylla 22.02.02 cnees 110
PAPA GISAUE berene cvesadh ioue) avec: as ehele NOGMPA Sarita sy ralcrckenccs ee ore 199
ENTE) TEs ed ae tcn SRG eR ate igen eo ac 434. canadenserin seamen sre. 199
LOWES) ohLi(0 Ee ReRRaaAGe Ye ch ciche, ote tea ie 436 REL CLUM sac ealerer ater 199
THICOUKOE DUES eaololonGe clo pita. a oc 436 ASCLEPIADACEAE ............ 494
TACEMOSActauaars Aeisererecte AS GmASCLEDIASy masa ask entre 496
SPINOSAg > fer ars) snes a ete: 436 amplemicaulis. ......5.02- 498
PATPAUEMACH AR go. < ccc tan as ae oe 434 decumbenstess-ee eee 496
PATGEULHODIUIM, <5. es sea oes 198 exaltatadings oad eee 498
jQUESVU ND cel eins GeorioNs po mola 198 In Camila tales tesa 498
PAU CULM Geere ceeviaricesiars ave ates 698 lanceolata tsa4c0 aan ee 496
LEH 6) TPR es Bre aes Nie erode 698 ObtustOlian sa5c.5 Mees: 498
TUNIS Sey chee, ever skiers s) adie 698 DUUDCT CULO aes 496
COMEMLOSUIUs sce eee 698 DILYCOLACCOIAESm a eee 498
Arctostaphylos) j= tesa 2. 464 pulehra, coir ake sees 498
ClDUNG? elec s vents 464 [OUR OUMEINEENSS Scocopnarne 498
Wives ST ooo voce ieee ae 464 quadritoliagys. seen eo 498
ANTRET ONE AE Beg ERED fo cee nino aie 236 TUT Aieeay ahs doses eae 498
Carolinians, scrpiyaele eee 236 SVM Caly, Walon seicve see 499
proenlandicar sci... - 2. 236 GUDEEOSAN. wal vse 496
Senpyllutoliain ers rer 236 WATICGAtAL <i. alee fee 498
Burl Cuaecs ea cuse.cuete ERS 236 \WEIUNCUIENIEN Goponoocuco dc 499
GLIA erep nies cboteehaiten c,d Mey erate ZA GMASCYRUMA jon tactic cee oo ee 402
PATO DHUSDxiten otehieces esis Boh ant tare 155 My PeLUColdes ua eme eee 402
TWD OSAE Cae. cecucstecacts pares 156 Blanche Aactes cae ee eee 402
PNEPCHIONG 50-6 8015, 4.5905 Binal s PAGE). ANSHNIAINTEY og Goo Sa eenb oo on mos 244
MATOS CHUN Alan -eiais, Gekos Sie = 269 tril OWA Mato Nee eee 246
PAT SA CTIA fe hy 210; cus soci av3, etorelede pclae LOOMAS DAT ACS easiest ae eer 135
IDFeWeolahibo aan odes dais r 110 OficinalltShee. cata 11335)
PUSUUVWATS 2,050. <5, 2) edo uttiee Se INORAS PERU Alias vaccsctte stat cemeoe oe 588
Stewardsonit ........... 110 OdOTAt AN a eit Se eee 588
EY UIE 005d cots, herent: TLIC 2/6 5) 2.) 0 Oe AE 652
FAT TSEOLGCMID. | o:<0e, o. ¢jc,rocsloreuoneerotets 200 ACUININAUSs veto ene 664
Glemauibisecs-ere ee 200 amethystinus .....:..... 658
macrophylla <...ceeee aes 200 CALMESIMUS ee tae ete 655
Serpentaria ...0..8s.06: 200 L015] 200) 01 Aes ee ee 655
IARTSTOLOCHIACEAH), =... 006 = 0s 0 199 CONCINMUSH ea. eee 658
ENTHAUCGE, TORS oe Nee Bic een ra eer eae 692 CONCOlOM PF =)25.40 es oe ee 660
SCEUULS oss oeats euscci ets hemor 692 COLAMOMMSH nan ee 656
TAMU athemen orto baa Goe oc 692 COLYINUOSUSm sae ia eee 655
IMETOSCUISE eae Ce eee 612 CUEVESCENS cad avs le eee 655
Trabhavharthanty Aion oro eo S cas ol 6 612 GINPANERERHINE, 55 ake Abe coc 655
A\TIGNTIIEY,- 2s eRe ae en MR to 330 GUM OSUS® tress ooo 662
eHdoolunolch qos ome eGo bok 330 GnlGOMdeSa ans ee 666
MiKW ae SSH AdeodhasnGor 33 UL ON seya,rove os oto wto seine 662
PB UCIORS aiiiees ois, stssiaba cree oicee fei 690 SlOMeratUs’ . 5h. ees 655
JAM OUR Boe a a test sale 690 STACHIS: Awe earl aes eee ee 664
Hiojwasavioel Soeadousonneet 690 InICi Oval eae aio eG did vce 664
RAVE LECT) hey Sto SERRE DL coCAERE 690 HIMSUGC aI Sis terete a aieeieia 666
DICNNISS + teccainarewhecnsetenne 692 UROUNUUS: seq ote sen vets 672
12 INDEX
uneetssceicos sein 658 Tnteai isi. ofeis orem atete 468
PROVIS i (e,c/sleuareierd (areressteretslopeye 658 MUG LONE yon 6.1.0 ODOC onc 466
Ta chins) ets 72)- cele iets 656 VASGCOSA)) | /ssehsis ofa ncvere seetCheRaete 468
LA GSTEUOMUS myoiis =.) seep peakels 666
LOUUPOUMLRY No Wee ots cm 2 letters 672 VBaecharis) ya) .ctsycventos-teroeieetette 672
Tindleyanus® 2%... ty. ste 656 LEN bbCNAKONIE I. Bo go 6a sce a5. 672
NOUGAT Segoe abe oe 602 YBacopa Peces-ci-loeee eee 558
HONE MLOMNIS a oi = ocfrse te eicree 660 Carolmianay se rece eee 558
EO WGICAMMS! © i jshsei eye Ste 656 .Ballota, oacisies-shcne teers qe 536
Macropoyllus) <.. i) ceils 655 MIGT A: sa.cspeis. ed eeeoerstonrenete 536
RIV UUMOTUS! -.) =) oe sodeve shies 660 BALSAMINACEAE ..........-- 392
Hoplinnierpeuisy Geom odds UOC 656-Baptisia, 2). ecricrcictyo constr tene 341
MIEMMONAWS) cies speicremenee 664 australis: ci\sctrs ater 341
APO DUITS Sse si te isge halted aemetnetets 656 HIN CCOLIA ele sic asec eee 341
novae-angliae ........... G58 VBarbarea scien tes sctetordeleleitee 279
MOVA-DEl PUL 22.0.) ohoern eee 664 Bar bared x..%c..s/cteucees 279
pamiewlatus |<). yemecteare 664 PUACCOX ». 3/5 see 279
PLCONS i: 2-- = 2, 2) stars tele 658 BOriGha lie jc1es etree 279
Pals: cots shy parotnseyels 660 Vulgaris. ..:.0,.4 seen 279
Dulocitoliusy eerie G58 UBartonia .. ....5. 0 aren) nce 492
ool Kaley allies Pay Seno nos ob 662 jodandra: .. 6. i.e eee 493
prenanthoides .......... 660 paniculata eee eee 493
pringlel. irk sekrsheen ree 666 ahd 24160 (cr: MORES So 492
PLATMOCOLMES| =.) serge 662 4Batrachium’ Giese eee 261
[OUT Chae eae icc 660 ditvemicatumilisn,. sires 261
hadulay io 25 5. ec). «savers 664 longITOstris) aoe 261
MOSCLOUS! 0 «; <is040 pbePatenelte 656 tricophy lium) "Sco 261
SACUUHULOMNIS) +f eeneererene 656,.5SBenzoim) = 2.5.. a..0ass: is oe eee 268
Saliciioliusy <1. cote 664 aestivale® os ..is\s ieee eee 268
Schreberiv yc 5 t-e, neste 655 BONBON oieis) e\cys1n ane 268
spectabilis) © .. sneeweele 662) BERseRIDACHAR. o..5. 12 eeere 264
subulatus, \.. ci, seiner 662: ‘Berberis vii iii «cians noch eee 264
CAT OIMLONUS carers 660 VAI GATS: 9/).\,y+ 9 reat 264
tenebrosus... ¢-sedleioe 655: ‘Berteroad «ai0ic/.aieis sos eee 278
tenuifolius: “cece rea 662 INCA A. lecdieais Tee ore eee 278
Tradescants s.. semen 666 Berula: 4... ed2 och eee 442
iM ALOh IMR donde aas jak 672 ELECT) hoje Giavesevars eee 442
mndulatus <7... rere 658 ‘Betomicas: ci foc oi stesieteeteltoele 538
VAISS to. el eerie ere 666 OFMCINATS| chen eee 538
VIOlATIA, “oA 1) tay eek 606. Betula) n.nisoce oc seen 182
Astravalus) .... lnc openeeee eats 348 alleghaniensis .......... 184
Live Wee apr ada G65 oboe 348 COETUIER. x... ss) sfane penne 184
canadensis: i.2-\c ase 348 Slandulosacy..\- co eee 185
COTOlNIGNUS 4. 1 cers 348 lenta® < sind 8 oan eee 184
FROPDINSIS Cc reepeie freee dete 348 luted). iceF 0 a ere sete 184
Robbinsii Jesupi......... 348 TUT Gye oF sitar pee eerie ae 184
ALIPAC ONG 5.5.7 ees shah hstoneeeeiainbes 250 papyrifera (9. ce. 184
AMENICAM A eyes «7 eeteneee nibh 250 POpuUlitoliay ce kee 184
PADTEDIOR. feocianys Wiew tes Grobe 216 PUMIU DE 3). 5 chino eee eee 185
BLENATIA: evnsuen pine une 216 ‘BETULAGEAM) .)..% .a,00 ee sisal 180
TASTAUA: 015 ers o.cisra,e ane enebeces 2LG: IBLCUCULIG. aac miestocks oe ene 270
PACU, ooh orcs 5 siesta ZUG (Bidens | shi s eine ain es eee eee 684
MOSCH) iislevcr's s vive aie etie oe 216 bipinniatea, <4 2t sao... none 686
TANCE) 5 teiin aiiaiar nih atest eerie 466 COLNUA! i605, 5.51 vee NCO 686
ALDOTESCENS ysis. + «laminas 468 COMOSD x: :'o\ oi acide ene 686
COLENAMLACED, wr. sve a stein 468 CODMAGA (66 ciesisse eu sie nee 686
CANEBCENA’ sis «yore Hleeurerin's 469 discoidea vy dane eaten 686
INDEX
PLONGOSS): \ ss cap Reeve ee 688 DIUAGTES s)<)a sa afe.6 <4) «faeries
TACVIR vice cichiae omit eene ary (sfeii} (Chibi, Ss ab anocodoeoocbedc
ELICHOSPerma Wye ceiyer vee 686 WWIII Geaclon a0 cuBObo0S
[RIG QNR ID. Reagaansccaeueon ae GAZ Caloposonl yy ccrielerets vere erererei-
PB EGONIDA GHAI 5) (c1. 1s ere qehots eyes 1: - 576 HUMANE ocdclbo a cesac
ky, Ss com oapeenddac done be (CHIR) ia pe eb eoem bone culo oe
CONIITET LEE es OR ROSS Oo ae nec 532 LOAN OUTED, Bb meg cco 6 ook
[STEEDS readin o:cebioun cree 532 PAMUISELIS go1e <aeies ela
IBUMADR Be erate copes eae or Zl (OAINIEGY Beaoccocnocsoc suave
CHAD AEN ANIONS rine oe Ge smee 216 bulbosan ss ae ere er arenes
BOehMIeTIAN svat fire oil at ota HO Gm Game) ina seictis ci ete ete a ere
Qylihnshah. GSeooceossooed 196 ERNIE Goce Ge tian monlono
LOLI: pe kbomnn oie n de. Gomme G5.05 Camp aniulleienys jerrttereelepetenn et
AStCLOIMES a. « sersvenseneeete crcl 650 AMINAMCEMIEY Saas ucnouecanc
BORAGINACEAE 12 -a.doisesc i: 508 ACMA MAOMCIS sooccecccease
EERO Dacre sande mise 5.2% 515 slomeratal Jc .cm ee ose
Gio! Sos Bod somos 515 rapuneculoides ...........
IBROUOUT Ome jets creer 3) ae es 360 TRORDUAENOKONNE) Sondgaoneasdc
IBPARONE asp ooaucooooddomebs 242 CAMPANULACEAE ............
MELLOTG) \a.dihe srs Wl ss S18 se, « 242 CAMPANULALES ............>
DU UT CBN arene <j a-anocle occa ercue 7d (Chto, seoasnaaoboocanu00 KC
ISCRTEUETU eae. ask. ois) aise 242 SERUM Gnas GoonaccooUoce
IBTASSICalwe giclee soc5 eee PAIS) (OI NMOWUED Goocagcescanoonduer
AIGVENSISH ayactoni eiisiala orev 280 CAPPARIDACEAE .............
CAMMEStrIS! (acl esos 2EOMOAPRINOLUACHAT) veyelertletenetlcls:
IMEC: ia) aire atuia stmiate erate a: < 23 OMmCapnselllae recreate orton
TUTOR Dias ark see oy sie tysore eee a 219 BuTsa- Pastors eee
PSECU TU ey aac s Favs eleo nay svete) ofc) 275 2 HO0OMCardimimeyeca a rsereraretecrera
IBickerimoll fs)rhe. 4 e121 500 ALEDICOLA svstercsenors Heiser:
STOUSSONEUIA) Gr.iarchsiai armas ols > 194 pe lilidhifoliayey-rectreesiciier ec
Papyriteray ji56<6 sce 4s 194 NUNIT, pa do.cG@anacsohood
MICH CLAN yes iscs sys, 3-- ots Sake. om Shee 564 HES COEES Gabeced ao aan > OK
AMERICANA + tetaie syeeteni=t - 564 IMASWU. Gob dcadens oop ou
EST OMENS su ciayors oof shaics Aiter sie! cists 238 DEVAN), Inno 5ocubbn ode
PSU VEU 5 ous oi aiede: «crete nie iene « 448 pennsylvanica ..........
POtUNGOMUM, <4)... 2's 450 PEAECNSIS Tels ot cis raitvet ere
LOLI ATS Ca CA se eee 276 PRUE PRO pgs ota aerial keene fs
' TRONS HOMIE, = Gboonsdonce
GEIS en an eee eae 694 Cardilospermium <6 <5.) ei
PUELUMCTON ay = spe yee 694 SEUNG RENT So Sahonn ase
MENUEOLIMISY (i. oth parece OHS (ORMGIE Been nsbousboouEEnoE
SUAUVEOLENS 2... 5. eae wee 694 DUGISSIMUS ey etees ie ieteer ciel ae
CSCW 6) OR 417 DGUOMEST SH peters Ses a5) crspente eta
@WAWSATLPINACEAB 2. c.)2 02505. 336 CEISPUS) as s.0.5 <1 s/ 5 arm, orehelsretate
AEM whale We Sarees ada eG 278 HInCOlLe AAS Geo sa ebabmoor
Gentiles wae tsmeiee heel: 278 lanceol ats! r-rts tier
OT OA re ee 528 WUNUUGICUS), cfr 57, cg nese amas
Clinopodium ............ 528 TUUGATNS eV roke sayavorevo ate ree
CEMLER Secs o Ec ARON ae eer eee: 110 OGOLALUS! (s.c ones 2 eee rate
MODIS Gre Seats sete crers earch aye 110 spinosissimus ...........
CALLITRICHACEAE ........... Ble CAnputUs.:, <4 «/-stajwie 8 a's to mean:
SO DUE MACS) yt yers aver ae tee 380 Garolimiana yc. te cen ieee
AMSTUNY) bia elealaie awe oe Sel) (Chinubin, Seeprooronmie cacontor
autummalis ..........<,. 380 (CUI Se podepe pons mopces
LION Le PRES ta ED cab rear ee Shell): (CEIAE) eae ae Dnaacys oniearo ania &
CE eK aS, Stathers 380 SUD A oral sisiaves eversh kaveyee BAM
heterophylla ©. 31.2... 380 COGNATE) Gocdococusace
14 IND
plabrat4 fil. etciee ccs et 180
IHeINOSA Ae ek kleoeeeeee 180
TE CROGMTD Ay ol-ieleterare erator 180
OVGALAY mae ee cece iota 178
CARYORHYRUAGCEAE J.04eenore 225
CARYOPHYDLLINEAN © %.).-s/s toes 224
GASSANATG csrn.ds sisse coat 469
ASSIA. ie icjaniotse ets COD mI ee 338
Chamaecerista; -ee eee 338
cya eNO 6od55000050¢ 338
MICGUEANG), -)05. oe cutee eee 338
Gassiope! faci). sfss sistetersiet eee 464
Hiypnoides \-j-1-e ee eee 464
Castalia visite since Scone eee 243
OGOERtA: 2 .\ccc eee ee 243
HUDETOSA:, ..2k eee 243
Castanea“. se cte ecree ee en 186
dentate: icc Sec ee ee oes 186
pumila: >See eee 186
Castilleja aiicciccseventen eee 566
COCCINER | xr Mipde cease oe 568
Daa cies. vctoqeuaree, chaste ouelts 568
septentrionans 2. secs. 568
(ChIP Baboon sanoten Snood aoe 576
BPECIOSAL es re cero reteae ee 576
Caucalliisy Loire enioe Gee 444
ONTATISCUS: AE edt ehele eee re = 444
NOGOSA sma ckcletotee olen aes s 444
Caulophy lam ser cere ee tet 264
biahictTowdesm jesse core a 266
Ceanothus y.Aoctexe ves ee he ee eo 395
AMELICAMIIA' Gases ete ses 395
OVAUUS) ctovstoietecohe stsiniets ns 395
@ELASTRACEAR “jciete erste ees ee 386
@elastrusy sycAeee eee eee. 388
SCANdens: st -etva ss + fers 388
COlEIS:: 51.020. yo het tetas eae ous 192
OCCIGENTtALIS) Seer see se. 192
f crassifolia 192
WENCAUNCH ts-sasteieteci ee ese ee 702
CaICVGTAD A verremreelets 2 > 61s 702
CYVANUSt yr rkeoise er eit oe 702
AVON Ae AS AG oO orto eee 702
TUL OT a sdeeetsteisbstoeyshaetcs oe he) ote 702
CONTAUTVIII atest oe wis ic cis'e.0 + > 488
UM DELLATUAN +. Sic 0 be ies oie 488
SPICUTUN ties. teta cies tate si 488
CENTOBEIND | cam oieeelatencive. eee 360
VAL SINAN Aas atieealels 1 - 360
Cephalanthus ....... 0 ener 584
Occidentalis’ tg sia «2:6 584
WOrastiNh <s<accte mereetae eta 234
API Geawaeiee eet ine 235
Arvense: dune Chee wee mys 235
longipedunculatum ...... 235
TITIGANIS: ic siacts cicteteie Moomur els 235
oblongifolium .......+.- 235
viscosum
Villsacui = ©). toe eer
CERATOPHYLLACEAE
Ceratophyllum
demersum
Cercis
canadensis
Chaerophyllum
procumbens
Chamaecistus
procumbens
Chamaecyparis
thyoides
Chamaedaphne
ealiculata
Chamaelirium
luteum
obovale
Chamaenerium
angustifolium
Chelidonium
majus
Chelone
glabra
CHENOPODIACEAE
CHENOPODIINEAE
Chenopodium
album <<. acter
ambrosioides. 2. 12a
anthelmintieum .....5 6
Bonus Henricus:]seeoee
Boscianum
Botrys
glaucum
hybridum
leptophyllum
MUPHIC 26 co be eee
polyspermum
rubrum
urbicum
vulvaria
Chimaphila
maculata
umbellata
Chiogenes
hispidula
Chondrophora
nudata
CHORIPETALAE
Chrosperma
Chrysanthemum
Leueanthemum
Chrysopsis
faleata
graminifolia
Mariana
S 2 0 80,66 si 9's » ele ele
CR et fi 1
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© 6}e.'e' le. © 6) oe. (s osha siete
@« ae es sc) =v) © elmine
e © je 0 eee we else a = ©
cee ste se pee
ves wis ule eS we penne
INDEX
AIGDELICAMUIM, cies oiesis = ehel <l- 302
IGHORIACEAE? o<cgis suis see es 610
ROTONOIIAII 2.55 etsta! See teneitele ate 611
IGRI AOUSS. GoaaGeoclcd cc 612
MO LU Gs ER el ce -cdeusscrereicieceye tetas 444
ules. s.cct to seme «tere 446
NILAGUUL Abacos sree rere ets g 446
MOTT CUMICH eerie getencre e louene crate siete = 263
AIMOTIGAN Al. 21s hasees cucroterortane ts 264
TACEMIO SA Ss kid rokeucucaanst eae 264
Gircaea ae soo sae 430
MME) sSupobocooo kd oo ook 431
be trams zo isovocelernlents sy aes 430
UT SUILI te. asec ate ie en etokces 700
ETSSUIS eee Sussex custo scat Oo suckenele hore 396
ATID ELOPSISssctaelal-ne) hetero 396
MTS IVA CHA Birad Seto Shovels! ia olistalicnsvelat = 406
CIENWIGIMEY 5 oanu coped eDaOraT 224
CANOUMMIAMAY cva.cieioisieahelenchers S274
VaMpabeven)... o pees ooow sue 224
(CASSIE TITIES Seay Sateentc atcweRe eens reer 245
BENNO CA fete icic cers ale she okels 250
BONICULLLOTUSY aiscchexe are1cr shovels 250
TG PLARE), ene eerine GPRS. gis foo 250
MAT OUNUTANTAY ete te ioltotsaleler ere 248
(CEG 3, stow ere ente Oro ORG 290
SOLICED Ga deubeo td obo 0oc 290
(CIENTS 5 a5 Geo pO Enero © ate 458
SULTON, cstcusvs) sche. eeeheweterae 453
WUMINTRA GHAR! sic eieheerssciersi sys tan 458
Glimopodiumn yer -:-<persi. wishes eer 528
PN GINOS Meso toreeyaveteilotakoucteecitols 530
fal rls Ve USGA) vere ore erereeict ch pee 530
VALIGENRG . Roritiald Dmeraoacice 528
MULT CTANO NINE te cshedctsc x Apars foie whe ka Poker 135
POLCONTS i crerae rere eranorete ts 135
TODS A: sure sls ecrene oe 135
MOT bOnIAr te ete cite eters nee 360
TRUDE Wa Ese ence a ee Coon ck 360
MOTT CLUS ree has dy xs ss eee ees 703
Denewlenuse i. eee 7038
Eoelopleurum. <... . ... sdlsiele 447
Ged Te 2.2 aro Al 447
‘CHllina Ri te aie tele aera ern 5 556
Oust ieter dra es. rade cksis Greate 556
BO WUINTIS OTA s-co.rok cettohcnel approver acre aye 542,
CANACENSIS oy s,..<c.cgtewsetekerats 542
AURELYEM TLC Us ch8 oy ees eeet oh ean hes oberon 199
MANGA Lh seen: or ay Sree he a 199
RuMpeulatar & oicliets ox Sensors 199
HCI Se ae aaa 2 ey Breas fer 318
DANUS ELC w 0755 nisi te\ 4 arabe 318
Gomrielina .24.2..00. acre beees 114
(dojeciseiriiveo5 Sotomoncace: 114
MELE ae ee cP Aceepomekbans oe 116
PALQUILOT OD © sear sicesye ls >, wear brenets 114
WCNC cys stip tie ois 116
COMMELINACEAE
COMPOSITAE ....
Comptonia .....
perigrina ..
CONIFERAE .....
Conioselinum ...
chinense ...
@oniiiieecieei ee
maculatum .
Conopholis) ~-.--
americana ..
CONTORTAI, cma
CONVALLARIINAE
CONVOLVULACEAE
Convolvulus ....
arvensis ...
sepium .....
spithamaeus
Opus soci craks
HeAKOlhey Eb oc
Corallorrhiza ...
maculata ...
multiflora ..
odontorhiza
SULMENIEY, sabe
{HENMOK, So 5oc
Wasteriana! +. rors
WOrem a: Ve cutevers oi
Conradii ...
Coreopsis ......
lanceolata ..
TOSEA, Wsicratere
trichosperma
tripteris ...
CORNACEAE .....
Cornus: ese
alternifolia .
Amomum ..
asperifolia .
canadensis .
candidissima
cireinata ...
MOGs, ee
paniculata.
Serecead .....
stolonifera .
Coronullay Soe). -
WEDME) Bes eae
Coronopus:-:--.
coronopus ..
didymus ...
procumbens
Corydalis: . 2...
BiWNEE Soe ou:
ER ERE ate
glauca .....
sempervirens
© lv leis ial ole) 6.6 oan
716
COLYMUSE eietere ene cisiee eles eke 182
aMeVICANA, Chie. Oee eee eae 182
TOSULAU Aware cs beso as teatucrene 182
TAC CHa ho teie oie aioe 3B vee ste re 346
Vinten) Be aes o5/6.or 346
OF ONTUG PEE oie oo co bee 440
CRASSULAGEAR: 256 «l/h dete ewe 296
WTALNCOUS Ts os ce sare 2 wersreieeete 331
EOCCINCG Ayo. sn onto 332
Crus: Galilt, 2:12 eee 331
MaACrAeANTHAL fee 332
LOUIS 5A or oy tee Gane aren oon
Oxvacambha reese 332
PUNCtATA. .../ eee ae 332
ToLUndutoliay ss sees 332
TOMENILOSH - ea arene 332
UNIMLOTA™ (ase okt eee aByA
CORED a. oid ts cate ees See 620
BICHDIS od eens 620
CON Vlas anne eer 620
CECLOTUME wae aes 620
WATENS.: (ihc tee C UE 620
Crotolarians cee 341
Saori taulisn ay be ch eernenetesste 341
Croton coe a eee 374
CADLCATUS secs taeceeee ae 376
Crotonopsisuvenis eee ae 376
LMC ATIS) Sees dbo tele ene 376
CRUGIFERAR)) 2)..5):54 14 seater 22
EY PLOLACNId,, Oaks Shwe ante 447
CAnaAdensisa a. pee eee 447
Cube i Fle eee 416
CWUCUBBITACEAR, S50 oseencoes 604
Wun aye ce ee Nee 533
NIDMANA,, Gece eas 533
OFIGUN OWES) pee ane 533
@uphcaiie: c)scctas eee mene: 422
DEvlOlAva pcre starlet err 422
@UPRESSINEAR. sheen eens 83
Cnsautaeer shaven «eis 503
DEVENSIS! §ocn3 senate clacnonk 504
Cenhalanuhiiy t,t ebest- res 504
COMPACT AN aii. aye) shal cpe ie ate 504
Cony ier sah ths Gis 504
1D syd bualohon Vee cages aud ooe 503
IDpenuapoahibel yr 5 aaa bc 503
GrOonOVIU Aas melee oe 504
GCUSCUTAGEAR paste siniece atsciarere 503
Wy nanometer saya src tcc: ots 499
SUR samt hep ey Oleg. cl cco 499
Cynogloseum: si as.annahnene >: 511
OMCInagls: -7Ah a cae eins 611
yobeeabibEnibbealll Gren c chy oGweoe 511
Oypripedium: .s > sduaye sce. 148
HOAULE: i's sus teee ctetane on aie 148
ATICbINUM:, i atioa ates 148
eandidum: «5 Sheree ee 148
hirsutum! ss. eee 148
Parvitlorum, <irasiesstlete 148
TEQUNGE: .o s\ers. << his eset 148
spectabile /. 45. i-toseueere 148
Cytisus : 2). 25 asses oe 342
SCOPATIUS * 25k... che ee 342
Dalibarda:s2n< cic see oper 312
TEPeNS! ies ers celle ee 314
Daphme ves coches. «resist eee 418
Mezereum: 2.25.55 45 ance 418
Dasystoma ys.) 2s...) eee 564
Lao. Exe s.6 aiid cone Oe 564
laevigata on cus c .e Gee 564
pedicularia aee cee eee 564
WIT SINICA 6. 3. acts oe 564
Datura cc es) sok See 548
Metell 2. icin See eee 548
Stramoniiime see eee 548
Matular oso. 2a 45 548
IDANICUISY), yagi sot)s sn Serene 440
Carotay 6s hes a8 ae ee 440
Decodon...o.55 0 he ee eee 421
VETUICIIUAIGIIS. seit cue eeeeee 421
Delphimivimy yest ane 263
A ACIS in su Sk See ee 263
@omnsolidaan Se Seve ae eee 263
exaltum) 3550206 oen cee 263
tLICOLNG%.. 605s ho ee 263
ULCCOLATUNT 2 ce «(ce ee 263
Dendrivim. 2.04.8 Sat eee 463
buUxifoliamie js eee 463
Dentarxia. ds. vanadate eee 283
diphvila: 20sm--...e eee 283
heterophylla <3. 0s sence 284
INCISILONUAS ae neice ere 284
laciniata 5/25 2.0 eee 283
MAKING? = b.s6 ss cep eee 284
DEVIN GQ eas = Sus seen nee eee 447
Desmoditim) ssc: cae seen 349
bracteosuml =)... aie 352
Ganadense: )..:<.t. ocoenee 352
CANESCENS: 6.6 cisia ot atevereeae 352
Dillenii. -\. 58s eee 352
glabellum) <).2. sj. nee 350
grandiflorum) ocr 350
Jaevigavunl 2... o.com 352
marylandicum! 3.5... 352
nNudiiloriim —.)....0<5s eee 350
ODUUSUM: «422-03 204 eee 352
ochroleucuim 3. 0. see 350
paniculatumi 26. eee 352
AUCTION cohesion re mnen 350
TIPICUIN, (en sie eno 352
TOUUMGIONUIN =p ee eee 350
SQSsIMILOWUM ... 4. 2. eee 350
StTictum: 4... sia, ee ae eee 350
INDEX 717
WIRMMNOTUML 2) loreicta set ola’ 352 IMME STULOUBR A Ts'o sheets eae 322
PA TENE pcs kei te chains in BPS) DUCHESNE o Lfeisie «ease ue) ey 314
OMEICANA cis eee 578 TaXG ck: hu ly MANS te RRR eRe, 314
Sn et CRE ERE CER ARIE A ae BIBENAGHARN S275 i antelearanete sie'e 482
Barbatus Ci gt Oe Bs iat X of oe 5 231 SBE WATRS© ya coslens crates crevevsbenete 482
d Sa a ee ae ot eae ADE CHANOCYS LUCmaata sche Nel Retckole ter: 605
eltoides PROC CY CLCUCI LO YOR nd 231 E iy . d e. 104
Beet Mo nieok vay 931 Mehinodorus ........+--++-+:
Dia Lanes % ; 476 CEL AA TIS Mae ee OE ERE Ie 104
P Sa LCP Bs ie that aie Echinospermum ........++:+- 511
ley aoMiKeeh S6% cba vib oad na 476 Ghia 515
TAPE INSTA GHAR: (e5 cao ciels a: 476 wulenee gape uy Np t 516
PTCEINOES,, geal os. cfutainic, wast ade eters cfes 270 Ga pOT VBE LIT <ibat =
: EA MLIGHID CA secosetotern 0 colatehena aia cielo 678
CAITACENSISs Worcs chet cs tecotnre c 270 alba 678
ames abe edt ne eo ona ID RABAGNAGEAEN iaveocieneitcherere 418
Wrencillapie meee ses Mee 598 ELATINACEAE ...--++0s+04+++ 406
Diervi ; E ISIEMTNNS Soocnad0dooo dem coor 406
NCTGULUL poetears separa oe ee ee 598 simericana 406
MONICeT Aves sae kee ie 598 El ti d iretadiee Gi A etL cs Bae
ii aa 584 atinoides .........+.+0+ees i)
mn PRR oS en gk 584 Hlatine soa ee ee 552
CTES see eee ee eee eee Seat 552
VAMP VEAL 5 3, cocid'e 2 we wm ls 584 PU Sacre She Paha ia ey A
Mircsceca : 142 Hlephantopusis 06% oe ate ne 634
ee a Ge hut, 142 Carolimianus) ce cece eieciers 634
IDTOSCOREAGEAB ....00%. 25.2% 142 t nudatus AS oe eae one a 634
Di OLGA, a os 6 ca ato Saku or st a oeotonetonele 508
IOSPONARWS “so nee anocoboeesae 484 N
inte ee VGH Soeaocovagdobse 508
Writers | Bosco noclb.o oc 484 migdas 108. 404
TB ee GO ae pe eet eee Oa 418 oad) ates Rene tena Gn re
‘ Canadensis) “iecierieeieeiet 108
z OOS Ee a a ete EMO Se sbbanaso cance 404
peopl eure Ayes Aaah Rea Net ae Sat ottee 404
ISCO kon onocodedouegoc OPTS OS GARE MR ON Drae oy A
IgneuImosum .. . es. 3. 136 SeROEaG Een Pip aio a a
Muplotaxige secs sa ccm a. oe ose 282 anc as Sa) ipsa DS 38]
MAUI AUS ie aye oie cceeceees fore: 282 5 sel re RR eee BT5
PERTEGHE docks souta es hs BAM he cena ee vy hina emia aoe
IDIPSACACKAR® Y.-yacieios oe 6 nies 602 Foicaca a eG RE aaa ee
MEMPAACHA, er. stir ts, c 5 6 4, ene 602 ~P a Riana iene Ai eA ea 464
Lgematus: aires eee ee 602 be PEREEUB I bes eco Serrvs cholaies ohehate :
euivestria 602 IDjMOVoNONEN, GC GoRae ao Foo enoce 425
». Aone eS Ee ee en eae ee im adenocaulon caer cece 426
Woelineentay Aree. es so aoe 672 alpinum 426
humilis CO he gee oo A, ad SR 672 eetuadaian : : f : , : : Pai : : 426
infirma .......-.--.-00- 672 QENSUNE ee Weise i oer 426
D aaa DE ONS OOO GORGE 672 InihdeioANhae Se soya a aodicese 426
Drab AR Boe SENN EL EACLE CRIS ie ae inloimatsantbahoul se og nao cae 426
2 UO Sea tala 286 jactiflorum ......204-0+ 426
Garolmvanahee cases Seem 287 laneare 426
INCANAL seis aan ee 287 bretaet ruuah oh ens ae 426
LM afer era) sae erie vate ae #1 aries 287 PALOAULE ys hanueyos cee 426
Dracocephalum ............. 542 SUPNCEUNE ut honk Cem seem 426
parviflorum ............ 542 PEPE PAGS eeca/a: «5 cs3yhs woMeh ago « 156, 159
Drosera .............+.+:. 292 CCMPUENS > cod Set eee 159
filiformis Saar stiat ahaa ener 292 Wenizestin i. ‘i aseieretineaeee 159
INUETIMEGIANY sis es sos eie.s en 292 DUDESECNS ae srac eer aare sree 159
longifolia ToS ete te, a ohat 292 MOWOUS) che vcis outeraeeastatarenerers 159
TOD GEL OU A 2 taeda 20 79',10 02,0 29% repens ophioides......... 159
WROSHRAGHAR, ap. alclcntos ere cst 291 tesselatansensnceniaa sank 159
ID RUPAGHMAI Poe Ac Arie arses nets Soom Tech bIGes) «nates acto choot x 694
UDA. seanst hacia Beane ta omte 322 ieracurolian eee o-oo 694
718 INDEX
HERICAGHAWM \\; min cicia/e itis Seis ele 462 olyptosperma =carer aesee 378
HIRIGAUES) she-no4-01 55: v3 Ke NOH 457 helioscopiay 2... eee 379
PIPIP OT OR 6.4) wae «2 eos eRe 666 humistrata” =. ..ic:nessneem 378
EVUUARSIDECM Beinn ans Oia eos, 3 670 Ipecacuanhae =... 4-0 eee 379
bellidifoliis . 222-25. 670 Lathyris: 352.2 \ocoe eee 379
CONDCENSISuno ee are 670 lucida’ .4.522 25. scan 379
NySSOPITO MUS) Vat ee 670 maculata, .::)c ors oetei ree 378
Philadelphicus™ <<... soe 670 NICAEENSIS: ~ 2. . te eee 379
DULEHEMAS os... 6 soccer 670 NUGANS . .. ... 2355155 ee 378
THIMOSUS: ve = corte 670 Peplus i... von Gone eee 379
METOCAWLACEATS! Gi... ance eee 113 polyconifolia” 32. -seeee 378
PTIOCAMION . o.55.sa crus eee 114 UPHORBIACHEAM >. 5, 374
SWMOUIE YA SA SAS obo os ue 14 Euphrasia) (oe. oe ee eee 568
COMpPLessumM Meee 114 AMETICANIR, ve als oc toiaseeeee 568
decanoulare yeeereeaereee 114 Oakesii |. \°).°. 4). -.sc ene 568
(Parker, c'. cls eee 104: Huthamia: -.5.).\. 2.4. cts eee 650
septangulare) eee eee 114 caroliniana, 2... eee 650
Hrodium, = sterve kee aerem ctr 366 graminifolia. 1.5). 650
ClCULATIUI, Een eeeeneee 366
TT YU SUNG cisc's ate ane ete 439 “FAGACEA® |. 2.2.00. 25 pane 185
AQUALICUMIU eens ea 439) INAGATES ° oye) <:2's.012, +151 spo) op ee 180
VAT OUMTAMUNN yetye ereiacss oe 439) Kacopyrum (0... eee 202
[Biry SIUM. es cisely «ete erie ara pete or: 280 eSculensitmn jr iet ere 204
cheiranthoides .......... 280 Ragopyrwm: .o2cen eee 204
VGH TAC! meyer seis tanedcaoo nae: 486 LEneenKONIh aaa Oho u0c.. - 204
Centar imi eee 488 <Wagus) oo ii) sciences eae 186
pulchellan. si. 65s wat sae « 488 AIMETICANA! sare lst ree 186
TAMOSISSUNG 2.62 5c-5--.- 488 orandifolia v7. = bees 186
SPICHUAN posvesa siere cus c+ pects es ASS) Maleate y<joic.< ons onertl« ee eee 360
Bry earoOnuum Vedas 622s <i <a 132, FABINOSAE .4. 00-204 se eee 112
SLUM eee = ek 132 Ealipendula;> <2.) ite teeeee 322
AMEPICAUM kate ans oe 132 TUDTA 2.260. se os see 322
FEMOMY UN Siereptecielavetoiste che ee eis 388 Ulmaria. (23: sete 322
SAMENICAIUIS ele ons eis cycle oi 388 Floerkea) \o.j52.00. 0. ome 382
atropurpureus) 2......... 388 proserpinacoides ........ 382
ODOVAbUS ir acis nineircter cr= -t 388 Wragaria). (3). see eee 314
PAIPATOTAUME “50 3 ass. whos rin’ 636 canadensis «, .. +s s/iasaieem 314
BP OTATOLGCS) sor Poekcveucioveseiots 638 Terrae-novae <=.+.cece 314
SUM AA acdsee ier sien aya 638 VITCIMiAna, |<... nie 314
USSU eset tenets 638: Fraseray ... 5. 52). .s* <1 eee 492
ATOMAVICUMI sree = = 640 carolinensis’ ).\.......cjeeee 492
COCIESHIMUIM Wen eiss sr ere. = 640. Fraximus ccc sehen 485
LiyssopicOlwuM Vi. s ~~. « 638 AMeCLICANA .... i... oe ce 485
Neucolepise no ties 4 636 lanceolata... i.in.aceeee 485
maculattim, oe cite oct. os 636 Michauxil.’... 01 «cst 485
jeveglbehibiiey sya G Ae Saar 638 TIPPED s.0:0\00/s:0 5 a0, ea 485
PUbesCEHAY Tso san nace > 638 pennsylvanicaé ......«9kee 485
PUNPUNCUNN Veneer yes: 6 636 Bumarigs:.:. 50)... cere 272
TOSINOSUM some Seles sc 638 OMucInais) << ws ees ene 272
FotundifoliuM yn tsje. ss 638 FUMARIAGEAR ....... ssn 270
SESSUMILOMMUIY vee eeeso alas 638
verbenaefolium ......... 638 Galactiay x... i... -iss see 362
Muphordid ..0v.ce soy ewe na’ 376 TEGUIBTIS) ./i. «wc ever ee 362
Corollatals eaves s 2 378 VOIUDUIS: 50% sce eee 362
CYPAYISHIAS Hie alee os 379 Galeopsis’ ik caress oe eee 534
Darlington. os. mts os 379 Liadanum ty. :a- ieee 536
SUG a gah e's ethioe rhode 379 Detrahit | 40.0 tls cee 536
Galeorchis spectabilis........ 156 FUCK Foster, aya y cteee eos 366
THEI OF aR OS a a A a 688 Caroliniannmy scenes 365
GP WUNOTBS cn fe crass oe a Susvs 688 columbinum 2... ss. es 366
BCMUITERN Bisel 2.6, ecient cont tas 585 UIISHECEUEN Fn aes clecaiace 366
SUD OURMG 7e yao Wen asd iia os 585 MACUIAMUT ar ae Sea 365
CsyotelINGT cits Ao ae slgath Aaa 588 Wollep yes 20 vices eee aie 366
Heveuler ont avevecns tan ty. 586 PEAUENSE wm ayaa me oer 366
GILCACZAN SU eee iacey 586 DUSTIN rie ner eee 366
CUAVUOTA do ties eat oe 6.x 588 Robertianum ........... 365
COMBUMIIA | oe os) Sees spud ces 588 Fotundifolawm’ 5.04... a8 366
BIOCOMINY cosy den eee es 585 BIDINICUTNY Jer ietck ie 366
LS] UG LTT ee Beso Gerardias oho. cee See ee 564
kamtschaticum ......... 586 MATIGUINA) 26 ..6)6 6 5 2a ee aoe
Wanceaglatnm) 6. os... ss 586 pauperculanee secede 566
LETINIG! UN ne 586 [DURFOBOREE), Saoadoondnbonoc 566
VG UOT Pict aah e bce ies 585 Skinnenana.: 202 02.6.5 566
PIER e cr, beet et ee, 588 CONUUTONMS:,, (renee sere 566
ULOSUTON eres Hee ike eee DSW UGeCUME |. oh. ncn ee ee 318
GIMCUOTINM ss on. ose 586 QUOUI hn os 3s setae 320
DEWPQUNIO: Ws oe aos o's en ek 585 Canadenser u.n.c4 ener 320
ULES HET Ts ee ae i ed 586 CULO: 1. er eet toe 320
AUUOTANEIE “cs, os ons ab oe oe 586 HWY src as dh ee 320
RRRTREMC RR teres Ou ere nant a, 585 macrophyllum .......... 320
PASMOPETAEAM O05 0062 < ene « 455 PECL: sins) ais ete eae 320
PPHUUNOTIAY occas ahiok cate se 2c 464 FOCUGTWMN, 3. os «pikes euuet 320
procumbens! ea eee. 464 TIVAIG fe... 12 it oe eA 320
SEMPER ME Nat he, oes? hate ok cates: 430 ROPLGOUINY “6.5 oi epee ate 320
RIMCTEMA SHA Sa eh re NOE AN ets 3 430 ULUAOT UNM. ee eee 320
COCCING At ne ts ee, 430 VGN, Santee pees onoac 320
AWAUSSACIS os axis’ av ate on oy: 472 Virgintanum 2) oe ee 320
UECCOLO RA wot Sacre tae ee ae utola> ag te tian ees 672
Drachvectar ®t go. 5. ss ess 472 Cermanied asso. os ames 674
MUMOS BEET ee ee Ao Gillenitae. to c1oh oesce kee 308
TPONCOSA ae toe eee ced 472 BELDU AUR, 50's Sa ee 310
PRBINOSE cna e.8 oat a ote 472 WIELOURLA) 3: ci ahene «we ee 310
CMON TA, Se cree ec the 16: 5 CHE TTD. eee Ea aR, CREED. co Wie 6 478
GMMMCTISIA (oan icis«, se ance hes 144 WIUAYIGIMAS Is CAE ers oa 478
CEETLCE Eh Sere an ce SA TLOCOMAD «is 52 ites rie ean oe 540
PEUCUOMIRS Siu, Sete Sortantote eke 341 Hederncely ease. cee ae 540
SEMIS 2 Ps AS a ae eons ee Cr eUMES bay Ni o\s & She eas yom ear a 338
FATIOTEWSIN 22.020 tte Netto 49] triacanthos .....! AS ices 338
COUMULA A Ses ert a cs Ak ea P00 GLUMIECORAE: Oo. 5. cos, lea ae 109
GENTOS? Ranson anit: AQ) Gmeapheliii cee ney eee 676
HAVA Meets sei ct a tare 49] GECHFYPUE! duc . onal cee 676
LOT OUG ED ere as ot eel ae 49] obtusifolimm, 2.2. kane 676
Nnearis.§ 2.39 a6 eee 491 polycephalum ........... 676
Poaphyria,-. 52 2014 eee 491 PUT PUneUMN ame ere 677
EOCOR! Nive schet sy dae nthe eet 490 STUER ere heer a 677
quinquefolia ............ 490 WL SINOSUMU one ghee 676
MUD CICHG ony Sec ee AONE GOOdyerd: "2 J. se ee 159
A VOBAVAR bo. 8 bas ee ate PU GAGIOI | a) cion aad eee es 558
VE OSE aes Acre dod eras 491 GNU CAR Orcs. etcyas's cep one erereiene 558
CUEINCVA NIA CHAE 5 or. nte care eaten 486 DULOSA oc tere eer 558
(Gooner on ATCT OFS) AE es ole pence 484 sphaerocarpai.. .scse ates 558
(OERAINTA CE AWG cicici cio a evsigie sates 364 VINGINTE AM we Oe eae ee 558
(GERANDADES Me. os saceent oa 364 GROSSULARIACEAE ........... 303
Corel nih ool ntneepe a eise secre abo Gymmocladus: S454 ios. sea os < 339
720 INDEX
CIOIER Fk: 2 oe aero cle a 309° Heliotropium |.) 0... = sf esse 510
GYMNOSPFRMAE ............. 81 CULOPAe NMS poets 511
REyDROp Nila he. Cte Mee ee 250 VEEL OBTAT iam oy seers cereeeiee 93
TIALS ater sensperecs. = nce ieceete 250° FIGIONLAS 2% sis acre Soca aeeetomee 126
Gyrostachys meses. i. 2 ne oo 156 bullata. o.\2)5 <2: oee ae 126
GUTGENECW Hisete dae 288s oo lone 141 “Hepatica, rey eer eee 250
ACIIUUODA: peaesele > eines 250
15 [ALT 612 2 6 Roa ae re a 150 trilobay 3st gase eee eee 250
blephariclottis, os 35). cn. 1545 Heracleum {222 eer 447
bracteata. = nu ee 152 lanatum! +45 55.459eeeeeee 447
PIUVESEIS ryote csi ao eee 14 “Her pestis: +, oa none 558
clawellataie 2). Js. 8 ha cmmenate 152) Hesperis.\5.5 2,05 .4)20 + eke 288
CHISUAL Ai i1s sitar er eae 154 MAtronalisuc se Meee ees 288
dilatata: Ace scien 152 Heteranthera = acc eee eee 116
HMA PEED ig deodoonae couse 154 Gab 1 i! 55) ic5,0 se nee Se 117
aR sss aid at eens 152 FeNLOrMI1S) 14. ee eee 117
ELACTANS oes Se Nea ee te 152) “Eleuch eras 2s s\ae aye 300
ONANULLONG nee eee 154 AMericanusy == 4-08 eee 300
HHookeri’ iio... 4ee peeeee 152 PUbESCEHSI eae 300
hy perporesd ate eee 152 MEibiseus) s.2i.4ocs soe 400
EMEO OUR, ° 5 chet neha eters 152 Moscheutos %)3). 0): 02 sen 400
Macera Ah ee Oe 154 OCUlInOSeUsi aa. a eee 400
leucophaea see eeeeeeieee 154 ErVONUM! -.eicanonkies eee 400
Obtusatad ascetic LD! SEA COnLG Nisin el sianela orate eee 178
Orpiculatay ar ier eee 52 elteracium ys .0eieters cc cone eee 622
PEraAMOechawe cee ae eye 154 BUTANOL ee arene 622
PSV COGES! Ree em onc ners 154 canadense: 5.40 5s none 624
HAEMODORACEAE ............ 141 silopK ALAIN AG Aagoady so o- 624
ELI GTIL Ags youve mane eric eee 492 Greenii> «ieee eee 624
CetlexareTyy cvcisterae som ticie vee 492 GTONOVIT, 25. cen eee 624
HALORAGIDACEAE ............ 431 MarlanUmM) <1) eieo eee 624
PIAMAMULIDACHAR) . 2... s.s.c% 304 MNUCOPUM = ree 622
PPamtamelis y...!.2h4/s0gses neces 304 paniculatimes eee 624
WINPINIAN ase emcee 306 Pilosella: ss0233 sneer 622
fede a: fo) tector seals oat os 533 PTGCALUUM: . 55 56 ee 624
PWleRIGIdES vs. sass 533 pratense: sft)... don ae oeee 624
PIGAV SAINT s-5000)s sc sie ec ncie’ 348 SCADTUM (Yeeros 624
OMETACOTIUIN “Vass eee eee 348 VenOSUM! “.. 51... 2 hia 624
IDOTE ANE. Ais Sicseatiere ees ere 348 Villarbuimi opens cet 622
eleriiumiepe isc an eewertrs ate 688 HIPPOCASTANACEAE .......... 390
Enbinbbsabieh le & eye oid arin 688) Eippurisieerers «cbc eee 431
Helranthemitimiyer 77 oe cee te 406 VUIGETIS! 0 «casi eee 431
CANA EMBE Ries. « cteietessieie te 408: SH OSacktae sis sciehers(<iero rae aetnene 346
COLyMPOSUM eee he A408, Hottoniai.\a:): «1a e nee 477
MAUS) Se iare, Miemavcay pliers 406 inflata s2i6.6 cite ce ae 477
Helianthium tenellum........ LO4 Eloustoniay 3 ccc0% me sie) caress 582
Eelianthisies earache 680 ciliolata *.. sons cs ree 582
SUUIShITOMUS sae te 682 coerulea) js. oS Pause eee 582
Cecapeva lsu... 17 teen sh 68% loneifolia’ 5... i.i.-y tet 582
CIVATICAUIS sre eter 682 TOGONOTILN: winks ielciond tae 582
PIPAN TOUS: sey ceteme peor G82; RIGSOnIa, foie «1c ets le sneer 408
grosse-serratus ......-.. 682 STICOIGEB Ae iivaiotersto hors eeme 408
SUPUMOBUS! 4. woreiseetene 684% GOMENTOSA) 8) = (01's. cicacoharel aoe 408
PUDCLORUS) |. cheese disieien 682 Hum Wis vers ors. vores 196
COPS sis 2s 1-55 eet 678 Taipulas:,. ¢ 3:is sai-s sie eae 196
helianthoides ...... 0.5. 678 HYACINTHINEAB, .........+«; 134
BORDER, (6 5 ia16 v0-0:u'9(0 arc mad 678 Hybanthus ........+sseeeees 416
INDEX 721
CONeCOlOL eicsies ane rites 6: 416 BUEENUALAS stile ste ok « 560
EEUU AEOR. \aia\s aiayene sre! =e'a'> 6h 0+ 302 pratioloides) 3)... 5. «3. 560
AEPOLESCCUS) \yeroinelars ier =t2 SOs Limp ablensiwerrercrerectees ister erccsye 392
lone SUIS wat teken 1s eke ots 1s) syatisicn tte 254 RAV OLN) OMRON CER 394
CAMAGENSIS: ays eras) s1- cts = = 256 DitlOna eave eccentric cries 392
DY ON OCH OPIS! (ats ae ioncien- averse ce * 108 pallida ery veceute css nels 394
ESyUmOCObVIes sia sind aes cles o's 5 ABOU Ural (Ose che Se ete ccesvo rete 677
AMETICAN Ae oe tereyan is sieves 439 Heleniumir eer scrretscis eis 677
CER ISOV NOMS aigkreteye es fea «fa 0 ASO TONACHIS I by oe) sare otra germ e tens 672
umipbellatay gape cronies st a> 439 Mihi pamoONIES Woe abou gecnos 672
VSHUCMIENIEY So bon adpiaoas ABOe Tpomoeayy ick tess certo teeters 500
FIYDROPHYLLACEAE .......... 507 hederaceai; ni5 25 sien sot 502
Bydrophyllum, |... 2... <0. +2). 507 lacunosa, (22 salons olen cone 502
appendiculatum ......... 507 panduratiers.\Scrmwc sae: 502
CAMAGCTISE Sok ye eis ae lec crete 508 LOOT! Hadas ecoumcdol 50%
VARS UA PRE 0) otc 2a as hole BOT pURID AGHA Be 0 ccele id ofthe ere ere: 142
ERVOSCYAMMUS jiuieio ei se se oe a SES UEIS! ~ sieis) coaneae sare ai alee aiape pe tates 143
UNO CTPA edt icce ted st nialeles ty cies 548 Hooker ite. ook prensa nae 143
ELVIPERIC@AGHAE | steictete) +! sisycscie 402 lneustris: osc este See 148
MYMEL CUI PMP eas, sieei el euaie.= 40% Prigmaitica, - 3 cas mate 143
eral armetWienl | Salo Hele coe 403 pscudaconus scree rte 143
PNSCVMOUMEr et). tleloternieieiee cl © 403 SCUOSH erates snaenocn neers 143
IBY SSEN IT Moses 5-5 230 eiesatsrsteysre'= 40% VEEND Cio detente aeee 143
One Meri e8¥.05 sie, se tctieus eas 404 VemSIcolorm marca mereces 148
Canadenseuwnaneccs cms ac AQEe TSanthiists sen aetacrsek reo cele 544
Gensitl OGUMIN ere saci a 403 brachiaivusmyje-r eee 545
GUT UIC TI yo) ioe ats, & .oteyoy ae AQSi Tonardia, (2 ieee seswid an aes 425
Icpillabehihe Sao eopin eo anc 403 palustrish fice, scence. 425
MeO NENFOUN Chews aeaqdodce 404 Isotria verticillata........ Creo nye Ys
MIVA LL Siesey aren iefeiis,steler oe shsyausreK. ADA MLba nates athe cco cine erie 303
TATUM eee ge eer oy < 404 VAT CMMI CA ive,. nore eee 303
CINE EOITI OS Wasp PAG Bese Oe Al Aiplivaat wahine urea ecverstent cortisone els 628
UDA Ultcle aseee oem oacc 403 FTHULESCON Ec. NO. on 628
PEO UDERCIITE roy sy loyal 'asen a coe entre 403 OV TED: Wit siaaratoue spatsra)s ceeyetete 628
UGE Soe eBo oA N eae 404
PY LAMIGATUDY 5.5 5. ee he sie ADS Ue SRMOPRONTAG 70004 Sen sinsin oe 266
BAW OCHACTAS) 655 6.5) <(6. a) a.5/als a Haye « 612 Gipbiy lay a ierace sire dat rates 266
MANERA | Toso aie eyesdin exend G12) JUGEANDACHAR 52), .ceiy 5. =214 178
LV POP HEV ST sie18 weit ets & ameiaiele ee AGAR OUG IANS or core there cmisnee bib. 178
AIMELICAM RS? erasehatetectaeenore 462 CUNETER, dt piv Wiche oes 178
FP ODUEYS: sorts setetokeyoeue 462 THOM ay te Gamrrse oeta ts etthae 178
PRIDDIS uyerie rete cnoisaiel er bales iaie as Laz OLIRTLORALES) 2) Glens, .1i/o sale cpa 166
PES UG Ar reas, <a shcceyonstioss)(ayehale AP RUINGACH AR: 7 ssrealeeacie cto usacials 118
LGA) 0) TI ROS as rooms ocrend DAO WMCOUMES ra ie Siero oss ¥ sleiels apes ole 123
OMICIN DUIS) Oey ers oes eats BY Pome MCU She 2) Sich exeisss vhaltsve mito eye wet 118
ACUMMTMA UU easels etelrsre eine 123
Menta ts peta) aw als adoyysl ata 384 ATEICULAGIS yl ere ae 122
TOUXCMSISH Grice i-leceeeets 386 ASPEME Ra sors. oer siamieeeenne 120
OAD TA gloat lonekogscisisienuateeks 386 Baltieug sce otee ieee nee 119
NRCVIC RGA ora tie 6 awe 386 DUPOREUS: scent ese eiet e 120
THOMGICOLA aie sues cielo ees 386 COECSOTMIENSIS heed eae 120
GDACA ariel is ohh iclcketaises 386 CAnadensish (eee 122
VENbICHILAUA eae svoks oeceiel: 386 Gichotomlsie eee 120
BLO AC WAM ners etvatcr cine oastel ts 384 Dadlevis ig bata ce eset: 120
Mineioides! so smite eta na ccy eek 386 CHAISU SE porsteo te caste ee: 119
MUM CTOM ALA Ese) austere a 386 PPE OUENIS)) Gao ds: ese oe 119
BIW OWORNOS: Picci cia s.6 o-ulare wales & 560 Gerardi sane trcce ast 120
722
Greenele esas ons eee 120
CymNocarpus ~. 2.2... -\.- 119
WAT ON AGUS) «ee sie) cae he ot eas 122
LEY AU MET Be deena do ose 119
ANMUUG ATS s a ecro.t~) ete een ae 122:
NGAOSUS: stein cee 122
pelocanpus) voc. eee 122
Richardsonianus ........ 122
Roemerianus) 74 4c eee 119
NeINpoldes: ../. 0. a eneeet 123
CBECUNGUS. orice ee 120
Setaceus. Ss, «J. seems 119
OLLCMU co .oe Nc eee 119
SbYSIUS: 5.4 hae eee 122
SUDULIS a0 oe OIE 122
CENUIS) occ chen een 120
MOUTCYI *. ws. s\esuee ers 123
trifidus! asm ete ree 119
ViASCYEs <i chortle tc 120
SUNUPETUS) (2:2- sero tis starlets ars 83
COMMUNISM roe ae oe 83
GEDTESSO rn re arti ater 83
MAN AY ram iencenteretecele ceis 83
(DRODMUNTOS ne oho deo as pc 84
RAIN Ame cy ntrrol Von evan St: 84
WAL OURAN Ae ie vets) seats << «is 83
1s@y reat he BAS Fo ooBtato ee Cee One 468
Chyebiinnigiey Go oadeacoaac 468
IAN Catmerte crereiersr<sn ¢ l< cucibee = 469
JEROME: 5 cig OR ERe emer IaIc 468
MOM OMY © Sub cage tains oc 469
GH ANGI aly dere rotortepter se eve eee, sears 602
PEVCNSIS) Meio eein nd + cherie 604
SCL aowews eee ee caitens aaa ONE 428
PA EMaeche eto ects a ecceccatias 428
ATUIGECOSA sete ote earth a. 430
MMC aRISeiehe tye hheke sales ac 430
longipedicellata ......... 428
PLAtCNSIS. | tet ee. 430
JobUrebI EY, (5 Aiea to mtn a sincere 430
dS Fay Mats yO Ho Se ero EE 217
SCODMEIG meyetsajs csiors. cists ole 217
KOClUaG tere oe are es 526
Imostelewzkeyan erasures Cari cis, - 400
VALET erin Sha GeO) OOO 400
dS ot Fa Nese meat See as Sig Re 612
CATOLMMNIANG SS einen css 612
VATZIDICH, os eee ges wee os 612
LGD Tyo een Ee 5 2 Tt aoa 640
eupatorioides ........... 640
LABIATAE Gy. cite nme ess 519
TACHA MUNES occ crehietvi aieieas nisl 141
TINCLOTIA, “soos eben ane ies 141
UAONUTUL. ae ciecita Meee en nicee me tou 640
UOTIIOEL, (5.stae stokes erate ME 618
canadensis! po. ween 618
floridansg, . 22:5. aseeneee 620
NiTsutay” 2h ease ee 618
INtegTald Aaa. a toca ee 618
IMOLSSIL: 3. 8. eee 618
SAC UCHitOliaaeeiaee reneeere 620
SOTCOLD™ Sy sacle. chstnche eee 618
Scariola; cass: eee 618
SPLCAta sree een 62U
Villosa; sce. eee 620
VITOSD. is s.cis. Sele ee 618
Hamium ".:. +. toes eee 534
album: es... ee 534
amplexicaille a .-isereee 534
maculatum’ 4. on eee 534
purpureumMs a. ee eee 534
Lapergyracd, 224-45 eee eee 418
Laportea «0.5.2 /s aot. o seat enennette 195
Canadensis: |. an eee 195
Ihappula) 3s... oes cs eee
echinata <2; 22. eee 511
Bappula. 222.4 noe eee 511
VIE SUNTAN cisco fayette 511
Tiapsanay *.- <iciicicm cian eee 614
GOMMMIMUMTS ee eee creer 614
art oe See ee 84
@ecidta, ics... ee Ree 84
larieinag Sf. 2eo se soe 84
Thathyrus? so. oss e eeeee 358
MaritimMus... eee 358
MLV TULOLUS! ister -uereeeeenets 358
Ochroleucus: 7h emaneeere 358
Palustris si. %s..0.ereenee 358
pratensis’ j.:.)5 234). torheee 358
VENOSUS: 6c vives ie eee 358
LAURACEAR “i... uke enone 268
eChea. 0s casters ewe cote eee 408
Incermedian lo) eee 409
JUNIperina. as ee eee 409
Leggettli 5.6 6<1.)g- sect aee 409
MATIC” “Siceteste cere eee 409
MINOT. 2 oe eas ee 408
racemulosal’s..0.1 cee 408
BUNICEA Coie sce see 409
LV AUbNGLON OE: ero rerieiael Onc © 409
VillOSA). ose. <0 e cle aeee 408
Ledum” 22. ck eee eee 463
groenlandicum ~).-)). 463
LCGOURLO see ne ee ee 606
Leiophyllum buaifolium...... 463
Demin. ican ieee 94
cyclostasa soc cka eee 94
MINOT ©. '5 shiva. sche ete ee 94
perpusilla 0.) emit 94
Palyrhizac sr ote tneee 94
ETISUWNOR! <i.fiscceem cs lereeceetotees 94
DBMNAOHAB® Siciv > sw crt wecraennn 93
INDEX
LENTIBULARBIACEAE .........-- 571
HGCODTOMON crisis cicvcleseleletatese sls e 614
ciphnricNle! Sle Goo acon ood 614
INTC CIS are oora soar 614
COMUNE sic ae ch ous ciais cic Sire 534
(efinal ich 8.8 Aeieicpie aro 534
Marrubiastrum) 22... ..- 534
SOAK: “Aue oot bor Ore 534
MPGPINCIMING, ais wieie Sm cyto here oh « 275
Choe! Pais s ow Oeene oa 276
CHINPESULE yrs =e « craty cieler=ns 276
Dray aien seyret ache eer 276
MUIGOR Ameer oie 276
SALLI estore Pele eheve te ronsieie 276
VAAN, Aoosododase as 276
AD ALH OL I0 AOR ID Oe Oe 575
PE PUAN OTR: (oo cos ovalele-e 5 sas) arses 562
SVAUNRU TAT CAR ieee) cere cieievancictonsts 562
PUM aia reve eeia id o's ce sole 670
CANAGENGIS! cre «sack iscsi 670
ILANOROUS SAGAS eS OOO TOe 160
PER DGUPZAN Sie sicte dbo simlcis Hale 3 /o4s 352
ANPUSEITOlUA Pia alee ae clone 354
IB EUUGOM Es, aie aye ne Oi 355
GCApUbAL Ae siics vhs iste arenes 354
PTIMLESCEMS: sche < oar sieieieaeae: 355
IG Gases Nie st cto aiiekccotorioh Oks 354
IS hea Kah ea Gerba s Bere 354
PEGCUM PCNA Noo siiet vor cas 354
HDIN Gospoesato ona beoc 354
DSELIVE TM eo oreis uk opera ae 355
WIOIACEDs. cfoiss) ners. co aoe 355
WHEN Gb ao6 boom OOOO OF< 355
WEUCOPHYSAlIS! 2... s.eteiclatieise s/- 546
CRAM CUMLOTA eels elereuiereiol vets 540
MeMICOENOGP aye sreciais vere eeclourene 469
WACCIMOSA), 2. s/c shes -eceteers eres 469
TLE ET ARs soaps oie tach Cree ncte ore 640
BCATIOSA heres cesisiarovss oie ceaste 640
SPICHUANE Ac oeneerereherayelo ieee 640
War EVES ELCUMIL Sc cic pels = 'e)e acre eiows 440
SCOUMICUIN Gr etanis eieierees ie 440
TACO DSIS® ci-.ctucte ie lee is seievel cious 440
NIM GAUA) eet ecutecsee ee 440
ATTA CHAN Sos cusvets ey 0,201 Seamresees 124
AERO RAE Go ile scien cee ill7/
HENYGLORDOAW he sacs aie ec sake etemers 130
MOINIT Ie so Sree stove talove etoeeoeke 132
GAaNACeNSEL chicky. chem 132
philadelphicum ......... 132
“lloyd oben ory cee oda 5 Oe 132
UAE OAermD An opoo DoS 132
TGIMINANTHACEAR) .....5.-.0%- 382
PANN ANTHEM! aes cisexevercleng > 493
OAC, ges 56c005 aoe 493
JaCUNOSUMEE eric atelees 493
PRMNOPMU pays seus. chinkwi hb 108
723
SPONGIA or esis «vis bivis wins 108
DAUINNOT CIS) aor ae nen ee 15Z
[LOGTONS ai. erase. o.e hs 152
NUCOLI Pe ene cr ete 152
EXMOGCOTUM meee eee 162
FUDET OSU cee ee 163
EIMONINMNN eee ee 482
Carolmianunin |] eee 482
Haiimoselilay, Seceaoe eons cree ees 560
AQUEbICAd Sera cartat age 560
KEPOONG” sono adcoooonac 560
TETINA CHATS, cpohorstee eee ea eee 368
RAN aT IA AA eo ee eee 552
CANAGENSISy Sere ere 554
Cymbalaria, \7:4-cneeee 554
CLUEING Se Poe er ae ae
SENISLACTONA eerie eae 554
TEPCNS= “5,4, seis oak elena 554
SDUNG) 7 See eee 552
WVULSAPIS® “32 chee ober ieee 554
ANNAeas Koo crooner 594.
borealis? =. eeeaee ci 594
Timm! eau. dk o4 Sec eee ere 368
medium: S..00 eae 370
StLIALUMT, Se ieceee ome 370
sulcatum) Accs eee 370
TISTUACUS SUM ree ee 368
VIPS INT ATIVE, 7) ove age pens ea 368
TAparis: | vessctos Seaea oe eee 160
Miliifoliai® Saat 160
ToeSelite aoe ie eee 160
TAPIA oP secure ace olersjend idee a eae 518
lanceolatdwe. > seers 519
Teiquidamber: > *:w 2.0 2cshameee 306
Styraclual 22% \eeemees 306
MITGdendroni ise eee eee 22.4.
Pulipitera® sade cceatex 224
ASCOT nes tes Cee ee 158
SHMKOMENE, “Ghecucuosodes 159
AUSCPAISE ren ee Cee eee 158
convallarioides .......... 158
COTO aba seit it eee 158
Small cero oe 159
WA GhHOS Penner aan eee 514
ANVENSE) oa ae ee 514.
CANESCENS) Seco te See 514
Gmeliniy 3.223 eee 514
bhai, Gaeoso eae es sue 514
Oimeimale aot eee 514
TRIG GOTel at = 21s ei een cians 580
TIM OT ah ht oer ae 580
1570) 03) = Se Ai cue ais ints arco Ge 608
Canbyil ?. pasate, ocleeestense 610
CALCINGLISU sce eee 608
Dortmannaneecc aces 608
TATE He eetter ts eh icteey oey ee ore 608
IG ailynd th Fs SLA tpetetenreteniae 608
724
Nuttallii
paludosa
puberula
spicata
syphilitica
LOGANIACEAE
Loiseluria
Lonicera
canadensis
caprifolium
ciliata
coerulea
dioica
glaucescens
grata
hirsuta
involucrata
oblongifolia
sempervirens
tartarica
Lophanthus
Pophigla «a.ii22s.8cee osinees
americana
Lophotoearpus
CA PYCIMUS) ote ais lew Gre
spathulatus
spongiosus
LORANTHACEAR
Lotus
corniculatus
edi tay Las veces ire
alternifolia
hirtella
linearis
palustris
polyearpa
sphaerocarpa
Lupinus
perennis
Luzula
campestris
CONLUSA ee noha
hyperborea
parviflora
PUSS. fs taba eke tans
saltuensis
spicata
Lychnis
BUDD 3.4.25 5 1c tititntete a eee
chaleedonica
Cla hs aia ee eae
Flos-cueuli
LIV OCDPBIS <3 121 5:418 ss cscn eee ern.
arvensis
EOS. a iastics i 30 Geer Pe eee
americanus
europaeus
eee eee eee ee ec ene
PACINO CNC ae fer eC i at uC]
CP Wa Ye Car a ee Ne tic Fa)
INDEX
610 rubellig tice cree Oe 525
610 Bessrifoliis. srt eee 525
608 SUMUMEUS. t.heieic oie chore eee 525
608 VITGINICUS' tee eerie 524
608 Lyonia mariana............. 469
485° Liysimachia® .:0)...0)c.06 «wee 480
463 Nummiulanias 522. nee 482
594 (DUINEIE nogendascooncd- 480
598 Guadnitoliaia 10 480
596 SUPICED. sss re Bato 482
598 tELeStTIS) asya.chos eee 482
596 VUGATIS: 00) 10.7 te ee 480
596) IGYTHRAGEAR (0.20). 2.-n 0. 420
996 Dythrum + vstias.. eine eee 42]
596 alatuim. 935/64 aa ee eee 421
596 Ey ssopifoliay.\.. seer 421
59S HIN Gax 63 deck oie. ae eee 421
596 Salicaria .. 24430 eee 421
596
DoS; Macrocalya <2)... 0:0 tio. see 508
542° Magnolias: at)... <2 -:si2 c= See 244
142 ACUMIINaAtAT siacinn a cuersoee 244
142 QHOMCH. © § sista ave Ms teeta 244
104 VITCUMIAMA I yee cise stare tere 244
104: SVIAGNOLEAGEAT noc sane aera 244
10a MaranthHemitim seconde ree 136
104 CANAGENSE c...c cke'sc oe Ce 136
198, Mairamia. 5.6 cc sds oo eee een 464
346 Whose We ae eB erase an lat. 464
346) Malamthiuimy ..-)) 16 eee 129
424 latifoliuimiy spice eee 129
425 Virginicum | 522. ..\.066eee 129
ADD Malis: ” 2. sides ctt.c oe teres 330
424 BN SUStITOlIA, 62 2. ee 330
425 CORONSTIA? b2 sis Rare 330
424. Malas: bos. HES occ a eee 330
424 SYIVESLTIS) Kis bic etees eee 330
O41) “Malvaiy sues soaked ea ee 399
341 moschatan< visi. scree 399
123 rotundifolia y.4.45 see eee 399
124 SylVeStHis. | f.i)stns.0 se eee 399
123 Verurcillata.. 0. oss eee 399
128° NOALVAGBAR: (ities ates cee ree 398
123: MAT VATES tHarsic smo scactaeeeene 396
123° Maribitim: 93/54 ace Cece 540
123 vulgare). infos. anos see 540
123° Matricaria: ys... :acee 36 eee 689
228 INOGOTA 13) cw eesind Sone eee 689
230 matricarioides .......... 689
230 suaveolens: Yeo. btseu. cee 689
230 Medeolar 5,041. vernialecaeeee eee 138
230 VINGINLANG” sous stele 138
516 Medica pons ci ccs 2. acute cen 342
515 STADICR! «souls LA ere 344
§24 CENTICULAEG . fc SSeS tee 342
52: WISDLGS: 73's 2%. einer 342
526 AMDUUNG 4.1 ss sve Veneers 342
INDEX 725
BAUME coin ccssrerais o tyeicleha' aie 342 SAUAIN A hana: s, wr ainis's siete ss vest 302
ISNA |. omelet amlctes Sela’ -ss BAO Moen RINT os ois i'0\5 levels Gps i eieiats 238
COL ORGAN sare) poise letter safoh att: 6 540 MA CELUM OMA re: er clencrete) oeloteks 238
MV GUOGTIAG I arel) ate «rele = cio etek) «are 349 MACTO Piya vars etoreohersiae 238
Mielampymumas 2 1s cies tel seietete« Dp MNLOMG Os enrich ea as Aes ctiske sy -csise 222
[nines Reeomigiees a ceoletoea ne 571 Wenbicillatanen ye clysesciareret 222
IMELANTHIOIDBAR, s..6)0.0.0 6 s6- PDP MIOMANG Gey. 275) <05)<i sits «) steusvels fosters] 530
MIBWASTONMAGHAR (0 205 otie cs - 422 Clinopodiay 2255 +c6 sae 532
IMC KV REES Ass aetaccin a sour coon 344 idly ase araeis, = 6 ct pegetoere 532
Bale rises crctererheuewoe els 344 HIS TUN OS Aiea a cicseteleneer 532
OMICINANTSY\ 2,or-he ese rnerereratret = 344 MMO GIA eya sarc ehs Sonkerotnsvetere ¢ 532
Wels seaycGicinis oss ov-sanererstcisu aiorn 530 MUNCHATA, sos ea aie ieee 532
QuICHINEL, ae ab wer os Co CE DSOPMONESES eta sta a a eres slo eet 459
MENISPERMACEAE ........... 266 MNIHORAMcncisy) reat ae 460
Menispermum .............. 2GOMMONNET ere rea) oratory heleyste 558
CAMAGCENSE) | Aerie. cre exertevs 260b MONOPWTAIUAR .0--)2)a)- = sree sishe 455
RICE UA cet oes ieuita. <item BAU MONOLRODa: ts, 2.5,2:c.s js earns nate 460
Alopecuroides; 22-11 522 WMI OTA. 3 eyecare ae 460
CGT TCS 11 ct eas a Pe Cree 524 MONOTROPACEAE ............ 460
BI VENSISME esc clan) -eyotetes ake 52a MON tia Sc enscy is Gere 223
CANADENSISY Pers naciciaclor ts 524 fONTANA)).)-oee won eee Ee 223
CALGIACH Mead ye cra 5ZE MOR A CHAR yee... stele seeienencienorele 194
CUBE DUA Mayer cfers sr epate ereloee els jae S22 MOTUS? creas «ro. 2 «i erarcneepereotes 194
OURIEN Beseeckosumacocass 524 AIDA sfatralania t opseemetenne 194
CEUTA otes 6 picooe Rare 524 TUDES: 805. x.) «pavers 194
[est Gane gslon cos bot BZA MUSCAT 6 aiersyoyeraie) 3 enoevanter ese 134
PEPOE Ge ne ae es eateae 522 botryoides: .:...dcuaes ie 134
TOFUMGILO]A) 5) jars «chetohoh-\ 1 522 TENG Chon nocboccos 134
SO UUGS is wa: a9e,80m sparen ee eee HAS MiyOSObISs oer -aseicente ee torenees 512
TOMAR! Codogdavpodoouce 522 OTVENSIS!s 235A eee see 512
VEEN YAINTEDA CRAB 2 Yer yeya) ses ogeter 493 Tamas sore cases ceer veneers 512
MRETAV AASB HES wierd 3 sha arsenate 493 PAVUBSTTUS 2) 5)5:ccoinue sh oto ay vet 512
Fert fo} IGT es Chen PRE eR aco 493 SCORPION eS) wey aaa eee 512
NPE GENSIO! Oa 5) wos, oy nloroteyer ayers; nylal, tay, VELSICOlOI™ watecnte reais 512
VABOMNT CA sleeve cy ray seckeksts ois 512 \ahdeabikch epee sau geaee a 512
CRUE coir, eeievecys clack GOA My OsumUSy: a.e series scieertees 256
Mier AIM Pel) x sper-ra.e¥)<yerotoy= vena 605 MAMUMUNWIS). Woes Heseodanoce 256
NOD ACH RG Si xsayeraees haste GOby eb rita: M08 fade aaue ah seaterenarie 177
Whinehatysyseabhanl Soy tee eoe eeree 560 aspleniiolig yaaa eretier iis
micranthemoides ........ 560 CarolinenSisie..)- hocks Uy(di
INAUGEQUUME ole c= tee ier aes 560 Galen. tartan meen teers 177
Mirerosuvlisynec cui heroic > OM VINRICAGHAW ct icrie teal velit UIE
monophyllosier - eset T6CeMiyriophy lum ec) aeuact irene 432
AUIUULO UI hie sere peresens,.ch estan eevee 160 EMigermauilomblin 68 somooo dc « 432
MVITEEPINIE e A ae eo cnside Sevtt vegans Ne 640 Harwell ve tearsiciaerseertae 434
Seandens) fie. cy. < 1s ein els 640 heterophyllum .......... 434
WiC IE} ae ea erence tae SNS c 556 Leh bicall eee Ree Pan SIs crokcins © 432
LADUSH rst sesie thse tenra 556 UTNE, fs hate 434
UME Baoagenacnoc not 556 TChloniwien BoGaswecat coc 434
STENTS Sh eee iene Blemeacrer se ara ce 558 SPLCACUMA crc suv naheretere 432
WOMGSAONDU ener 556 tenellumy sere. ets eseretatere 432°
MOSCHALUS, © alacda< ac0el-tae << 558 VEGCICIN AGI eee iencdoree ale 432
WANG CNS es heres oectss sk porcine Fi ee CY DABS © 5 (oe) <1 <helcvot snr acer eneter are 418
METE Chel are eoiteyaraschaw > wicxstatalsoene 584
TEP OUS a atsa1 < avs/ol sco (ezauermysiens OMEN UCB ates) y yous cea taye ae 624
VT tel atame-teseee orto cal Sis pei pene: SOOMNATAD SOBA assays ea dokerl raye 94
Giphyla ....-serreseers GUA BIN BIER oie naigiay giels pieee sd eens 102
726 INDEX
1 ECS oI eee ma AR et 102: OPUNTIALES! «000. .00 ewes 417
CONE AS Boe Amol Gbiac 102 Opulaster opulifolius......... 308
NAVIN «5-5 eaionars orate erste craters 102 (ORCHIDACEAE! 3/0.) 1-0 eee 146
Narthecium™). ir.) sts ae eer SZOR OnChis errr iil tok el ae ee 150
AIMCLICAMMUMM 1.4 efoto 126 Totunditolia i.e 150
LSE bi 4 C Sen a 478 SPCCtAD UIST. Fierce teens 150
GRY TRTHOLA “7.5.1.5 Soe 413 Origanum: 21.5 .. ) <2 soe 526
DN eluraAbO; 60. aies citerees Sater a te rete 243 VUNG ATO) \crven. clon valence 526
DICE Pe Oo BO WGA ere Gc ciao 243 Ornithogalluml’ |). 1. ict 132
IN CUUNTUOO) serctoletats s Sesle ens etal < 243 umbellatum: ie. teeter 134
MULCHTOED)) yetans) (aictaiaiereere ate 243 OROBANCHACEAE ............ 574
IMGMODONTNES! (51 alec eee 386" Orobanche « .\cjecciene arlene 575
PA EEE oy shoteco th ceuscignsl she NRE oe 540 TOANOE. 2 feis),s3oi'w'e ne she Se 575
Wa Caries ioi.stsyessbstaerh ott ate 540 SOronbium)<.<)..2 5 sees 112
NEGENACED: Peon osies eer 540 PNORWERUEHIIN, Co Gooua5bG0e> 112
Nesligieg.ity.cicttcctcietere cite eee 2S OSMOLDIZA, s.1012/0\-)s. 0c) 2 <retoneoneieee 448
paniculata. <:...chm aes 278 Glaytoni. o5.3.-ciciree 448
INS COBTATINA Ys csctscacctat aus Aa emne 548 loneistylis => qm 448
PUBSLICR ©. ion ns Pt eee Seite DAS MOST Ass. ci ctr evel le lets ol eee 182
IN AUTOAT™ 5505! sho ave ehotinistanete ae or 242 ViTcIMIana: 91. ys een 182
INA Ait] NACE Ed ROMO OR eet Cacia ce 242 OXATIDACEAM ic... «svctteteirersis 366
DAV ENA Sencfaverets otters atest ore ZAZA ORAS) oS is: arses toy aheiw.s: cfel eke Me 368
INNA CRe eae eget. Gide oro 242 Acetosellai (F.1. sitet ee 368
GE OT) CUS ee en ere 243 CODNICU AGA hry 368
WRICEOPWV UNG! percents dos os 243 Strietal! i. chetia cht eoeenes 368
OO OROEG Hite teria eae 243 VIOVACEA) aici feysisvolorsbepegetenee 368
INZEPHAFACEAN 0.56550 h4%2. BAZ OXVCOCCUS) oor. tars eiale saree 474
SS Ak etasini ie Pe cvene tiers ela 454 AMACTOCATPUS! S.i\-ieelenerele 476
bilonaiaeccincleieetine ee 454 Oaicoccus) 7.31. 476
BVIVALICA Si hema FUR 454 PALUSELIS® "s ./e/srso ors Meme tee 476
Oxydendrum | ise 470
ICCB cas. is wide s Geb oe Ue 130 ATDOTEUM: |. /svy. elec 470
Sessilifolia .... cece eens ISO Oxsyenaphisl piers eee 261
(C1200) Chg Cl a nano Ret sia ee 5, 492 Cymbalaria a: .cia)ereeete 261
WARS UNICE vais. wie ott eee eee 492° Oy polis: <<anu.7 5. eee 447
DEOUGICES.: 2. )066.wae te tee 568 PIGIGUS's 46). 64): sine a ee 447
TUMOT A Ve: tv beso eins sR Ae 570) Oxyria Aekitiewbine ® wee 210
MOSROUNOR A oc n.4 15,5 s'ombreaneers 428 dipyna .. 4.408 de Nee 210
LIE gon b eo dioc caries 428
PRCMITACS: 5 .0.5:0. tie tee ek 428 Panaxs ts ocilec oo cee eens 436
COLMA CRAM S eters carats insets eer 484 quingquefolium .......... 436
Oldenlandiawc.c. see 582 trifoliumy) ~% <%:./o50..eee 436
MMIAOUAS 2 56.5 e4e s/o, sete: 584. PANDANALES: (42; (35) .sie cee 90
UARTA. | 5.0 ih ch sin ceca eee Hes 426. Papaver 3..104s% «.s sytem 269
DIChHIS: aha eee eye 428 ATQEMONE: 5 <6. hs wees cee 269
CTUCIALA) “asp ects eee os 4293 IRAOCAS © <5 6.55 sk. blero 269
Oakesiana + ....08 50 050K: 428 SOMMNILETUM, |e eee ee 269
ONAGRACHAEN 5.0 ncicliseitin ice = 422 (PAPAVERAGEAR 0:1. 4% scrncte mine 269
Onopordon =: 65.015 seme eetws 102 PAPILIONACEAR * 0.55450. sts aate 339
Acanthinm!’« o7it.eeee os 102° (Phramaseiaiy occ teed to eee 302
Onosmodiuin e251). cues eter 514 CHROMMIAM EG: ci erste anes 302
Carolinianum .........%. 514 PARTETAUES#.< .)s21n,1. 0. eee eens 400
hispidissimum .......... S14: Parietaria: f.sihak o's «eerie 196
WAUG INIT Clas sietemieree 515 pennsylvanica .......... 196
ADPTUEID). © a2 541 <3 50 ops oda RON Al? “Paronychia sci. ds.sriscs een 239
Opuntia .....ce» Oi hee 417 STPVTOCOMA) Via. ce cee 239
VUIBATIO scsgvvgsvesiuss 41? Parsonsia ......4. peeve , 422
INDEX
Parthenocissus quinquefolia.. 396 WA SIMA #1 .5.5 che caterers oe
IPASSIMOTAensreva tie lasieicls wees © Ain Phy socarpust sta jeniceierin
LUE erate reer pee Shs! s 417 Opulifolins) 25 saresters ele
IPASSINEOBACHAR 5 cic ccias » « “aly LAOH S5 soy dudosaccos 4
HPA GAM ACHE ieee Gte sister ele a '3'e 450 VITOUNVANA, eieeac cee terol oe
SUUUVAN MNS ca erehevars Aisva es Sees 450 Phytolaccay sce oem ea see
Leu Vey AaWh ie ercnelgia cide eerrencaere 556 decandran anc. ceomerea
MOMENCOSE Tccscheisies ss o's DOO Pa YTOMAC CACHAT aie eriteier tes
IBCMICUIAGISy isis sass s ots fee DROMEETOLACCTINNAD sae aati
GAMAGEGMSIS! tcctens cme s 6 ss ST ORME COD | a) ace cig emcucrenets eee ee ee
IRE DI SMVACS sSio.es es eeecre os 2s 570 Canadensish=s-oeeeereneee
MAM CEOMALAY |<. aes) cisevas oes 570 MATIAN GD: dasa Nee
[ReleniG lib ciglg eked tenia 110 mariana brevifolia ......
VT ee ee 110 BUDES, crt yale eure
ENGHOTUM bers ctl. cs ss see alte DOTEMPACTIS Ly aya ten acl ae eee
(00 0.3 ol: eh a en rr 297 echioides “43 eme noe
erat Cem OMe paciate stereos aici csiet 555 hieracioldess cee eee
LD ROMIGOUIS-a8 B ousorioIo a HOO ERICTIS tse. Uses t ne Ate
MGS WUGU Sime yensi ofc s ovay eee es 555 MALTA) oS yon ree eee ree
MAeVISATU. 55 2. ss ESO EMO Sip is) siras-n pare hats ster een
BCUESTCIIVON Nate wie oeicteiels se 555 Pumas: Ac.cssecpee eee ee
ROR SGP i ents 3h sieve, erst [59s Bimpinella: .: <5... ahem
CCASILESING tons oven eee als aah 692 INGE SLT Nae
COSTE I) RA ea Sea 692 SAMIITAS 2°). -\araten sane
WVAULO ATS. oii 6) sot. snes Schshor 6928 IVAN GIEAM 1.1 is, sorsrepeeee
en aAGceligteesen. cars oe eee hele Soe) JEM OCWE Sa 5ccopcun anode
Guba rs sone ota eis nrckee: 508 WIN SATIS: 74 cde eee
PUTS Wy shave! oscar sth sine HOSES lh t eater eee
ha seolusver gyesioni-\c tine eee 362 SOMO 55 5 b65 68000556
Delos Pye aoe: sete ee 362 iva Cartas 2525 eats
MICHCHNIS TL totiGherns ot att care 362 echinatay cities cee ek
MOLY Stach ys) ey-ceets 362 MBOP RS) Vcicha. ate om Pao eee
RAOUL: elt era awd ot ote ee 108 DUN SSNS. acs eee
ERLOMULS HIM ot Alotanai ue leto alates eho 533 TESINOSA),.1. ahors ee See
HITOCTOSA Ay co 1cceecee ee ee 533 TIGA 585. she, esis
12-1 CO gies er ae Ra eticee ert 8 504 SULODUSiat =r eree
Ghing ater Hit a aRERIRIAS Ben ic 506 SyLVestris.¢ (455 eee
MO ACIU Ata. © Saycise he se eee 506 Taedairy sa. Cink eoee eee
OVAL AE oisse te acts he evarapenars 506 AREA ENTE 3.4 5 clot bn'so So ac
PAGO ONAL, «x. <7:ee tobe DOGWEEPERALER. |. 4.920, ..c7ataeenien
PUGaae! i... eek ene 0G) PLAN TAGINACHAR 2.924.260.
REELS, 014 wis Seg Site ae 506 PLANTAGINALES ....5.is¢.0-
ehoOradendVon) %...).<tee eee NOSyeblantaoas Seu... eelacc in see
MAVESCONS, OSs, s).%0)s sore cee 198 GYistata:—co.atvaccis nee
inmyinane 0. can code ere 578 Condaitaryy cic fea ee
Geptostachyal2.7.55- 5-1-1 578 eldmpatay jedi.) eee
IPE Y MACHA: ./.°.... 5. series 578 INELEROP hiv ayes cate veeeee
sony amb US) 1.2 orata, stoma ters 374 lanceolata: meee eee
CaLrolmMeENnsis.) .e.seosck wee 374 PUA T OT iy asian. sake terete eee
RV MOC OCR Aca asus fracas ee ae 463 NAT UGIING! +.f27.<1eps ere ree
coeruleaiw..). se sees 464 MEALA. Sas en etierdds ee
Dy SAEs Py ten. Misvn.tec shore euctustersior 545 EUS eNT ) Wi dune: ee:
QTONGULOTO, a2 als oae we 546 WIPO INCE? 25.55. sera ee
heterophylla\ ty. 2-- 4 BEGUECATANACBAN. 2 icteu Aiiehasteea 2
philadelphica ........... 1 lg CAE 1 Ee ee eee Le a
PTUIBOHS (lu 65 cee sl sisin es 545 occidentalisi, “ats. secre aun
PUDENCONA ci icswisidinleen ee BARE AUICROD ) 1. ieinnimis'e hm Salata aie
~l
erectum ...
exsertum ..
Fowleri ...
ee
s\ ew) @) eta) we mine ela
Hartwrightii ..........2
Hydropiper
hydropiperoides .........
incarnatum
lapathitolnum’) ese
littorale ..
maritimum
Muhlenbergi
orientale ..
reir cc
pennsylvanicum .........
persicaria .
punctatum
ramosissimu
Raye
sagittatum
scandens ..
tenue eee
virginianum
Viviparum .
Polymnia .....
canadensis
uvedalia ..
POLYPETALAE ..
Polypremum ..
procumbens
POMACEAR =...
Pontederia ....
cordata ...
PONTEDERIACEAE
Populus: 2 soc. seine): cere «arene
FMeEy Gh aao
balsamifera
“ec
deltoides ..
© ele) viejo 6 enn winia ge
se 0\ (0 \0 eset =) aun
20 a a eee \e mee aie
e666» oyels = sel p ae
©) 8) a0) ee (e/v (ee jure
aye v wke! el dis speunenee
is. 8 os). 0 « wo) elm pee:
\le; (= (o!/6\0; | =e) eiinene
grandidentata ..........
heterophylla
Miorawe eae
pyramidalis
tremuloides
Porteranthus ..
Portulaca .....
grandiflora
oleracea ..
PORTULACACEAE
PORTULACINEAE
Potamogeton ..
alpinus ...
americanus
amplifolius
CROMOR CCI Chet
oe) 6 © wivis\ saw Senne
oa) coe) a yous are ane
ANPUSTIONIIG! Hcccietiseeeare
bupleuroides
confervoides
CYISPUSiata.G
28 INDEX
CAMpPNoOrauaay wae ese 674
TOCTIC SH cme oion es, oc e ee 674
PUUMBAGINAGEAE <5. dea cee se 482
PNHeUMaATIa: VMS te a eer 511
DIATE Moyes ee ies 511
Podophiylhumig ny cs 6 ser 266
PelbatimM ees ae) ae ae 266
IF ODOSTEATACHAR) = 2s demic sok 295
IPodostemon, (2.07 s seo aoe 295
ceratophy lnm) oa. 295
POONA No. Mca. eee ee 155
Weta h soy mene eA Rae 5 Lane 150
GUVATIC A Le cach, rotleece sore 155
ophioglossoides ......... 155
trianthophora -.....:... 155
VELvlelataa ere eee ior 155
Polamistalnsnes wia2 see ceo 290
CRAVEOLCTIS Me. ei ieee 290
POLEMONTACHARY 2.5 jeer 504
Polemonin! 225 seen 507
coenileninw- eto: 507
TEPUANS) = 15 wack ane pee 507
Van Briuntide eee cne. 507
Polyester fae ata 371
Chilly) | Geaoagece uy en ae 372
PLEVIROLIA. eee ales 372
CLUCIAtAT eee are 371
INGATI Via sia suniowee secs over 372
LID Pc: Vino et irs ce, ete Un Re re 372
MATIUATICNe er ee Rector ee 372
ENTtGail Tig Besa nc tcne a erervers 372
POlV Sama serene seer 372
EMIGUOMEH Asbo Sabscdcce 372
SEQUIN nk ocoagsm acne 372
SENEGA! | 2. scicucren mane 312
VELCICUNAUA ee ena 372
WMTIGESCENS 325s ee eae 372
IPOLYGALAGEAB <.c scene 371
IPOUYGONAGEAR .. >< /ceanteeeion 200
POEXGONALES 20.5% s<15 eieieiele 200
Polyconatim. 1. scr beeen ete ac 136
DiforuiM'’s - ~ ee eee 158
COMMINUbAUUIN Ley. eerie 138
Poly conella sccm: aeemaite sue 210
arbicwlaba.t. seas coe. ree 210
Poly momunay $63 ven nyt ic abe wot aieee 204
ROVO? rie yShe oe bomiehetees Eke 206
cheagolintepebenl a Ara csp 205
APiiGliimM)) oe eee ee 210
BVICUIATE:. 2c. a eee ee 206
WATEVL) cievia. cuqeeMepeameteant 206
CLUNOdE dy eciiec se ee 208
COnvOlVUlUs! <c.5cseknes 208
CRISTO © 6s.« uxt seo 208
Doviglasi :\.:/st. scenes 208
GUMELOTUM, jhe s eh Cee 208
CMETEUIN: vv0 ih 650 cee Ra 205
dimorphus
OG) f Wives Slee
6:00 6 9 0 elt 6b Dele
duvperstfouus .....0525..- 98
CDVDRYUOTUS I cieieiciaeters! ere «1 96
AL OVU (sat Seva, cheb Re leterers si0 v0 96
Teo Ronee actos tac Sloe 100
POLIOSUS) foie) sa temo rates seks 99
HUPIGR INR yes ssi hela; sachs 99
PEMIMTUPALUS: eres aye aie se 100
heterophyllus: 6.7... =... + 96
EAT We SS oes th cer ancactt 99
Lehy iy ako Geen Ae NSO GOr 98
MICE TU OWS) Bae cueleir neler eh 100
LOMCCOLATUS. che, ys te aeae 98
Nepteraligye nec yee ar es 98
Nonchitesis soeciceisee een 96
ICON Steen ey a haere ee 99
lucens connecticutensis... 99
MEV SEICUS y7aity si eldetrre Go ehoche 99
MAURIS eee ede. oe ee 95
Ishii] Nhl (ake ener ere eases 96
Oakesianwgy 3.205 3c0s0hs 95
OPEUSIMOMUS | ss Serle drs ses 99
ECU AOUSieet epee este sce) -) t= 100
erreliavas 6 fe ke ok kek 98
MLACLONCUS feo. es cies 2 5 - 99
PUNCH ET bres sate cu norco ates 96
TOASTS) theaters tomes opens 100
ITCRA ASO, -geie baste eyeare 2 98
ROD OLNSUIM ee ints arse cath ae 100
FADE NUE) a 5, De EM OPO CHATS eRe Dees 100
spathulaeformis ........ 96
SP UUM US) % ys o.ciase seas) eee 98
Striepriolimisy, 22.5256 5543 100
WVicSeyii er Ne Pe cues 98
ASU AT) ORE AR MCRERE RIENCE one 99
ZOSTCLACL OLS ies Sop eee 99
eOteniililaticraras fa. asceae ie ke 314
PAMTIBOR IM ay res chevate etree tevere 318
AT OEMUCH Mr calsls ale eea fetsly as 316
SUT OU ree vere oy Vena reasyaead yar ts 316
CanAGensisiy oe cee 318
GRO UDI pole mlesrarcyar haha oboe \e 316
HEUEICOSe S cks a oc. se eens tcrs 316
MIUTELOIC CAE aia eeeineca cree 316
UAT ETOH ORE ARTIS RCEAD OC 316
MMGUSPEENSIS) ec. acs 2 - 316
WOT VEQUCDs ness s75-0 cre ates re 316
MOVUSETIS) Wcilaitenwre ae ate os 318
Enel pt) Rog noofob Occ 316
Menusylvanica) <5. «2-1 316
TH TOL: MD Pea OW ENO EO PLO Cree De. 316
OD OUIS LAN ars, 2. eres as 316
ENECCTULAUAY 5 cessor cecalares 316
Reren aNGhess,c,cis/s'e wierera cla oe se 624
pil oy Ba 55 eer hes ERRORS Cac thee 626
SULGUSSUIN A M2 os. op WV onerate-cce) stare 626
iBOGUIIM clock tee Soaks elas 626
CLEPICIICH, Fonda ain sheen 628
729
TYAN vetereists cls icse estes sok 626
MACCINOS Aen weleyate orekaraleval sere 628
serpentaria ......=..... 626
ELIFOMOLAAH es staal eae 626
VAGUE Coon bo oboodocn x 626
Primula lS ors eke eee 47?
PALIN OSA pas eee aeons 477
MASGASSUNIGH eee ee one 477
IBRTM UE ACHAT, fees) ster emer 4T7
IPRIMULALE Ste oe pe ee eee 476
Ria OTEKL Ses ofc an done ce oF 431
PAlUStrisy Heese eyste roster 432
(SCUMENE TB reiG oh goc ctl 432
Prunella eet ce ts eee etree 538
Witloarig Ars cigiss sacs ee 538
IP TUNIS oa eee 332
alleshantensis)\2)2.2 2). 1 334
AMeETICAN A seis Cee eee 334
angustifolia. «7.62. ee nets 334
Cuneatas 2a eee 336
Gravesi “ee ree 334
HENMAN CI lis Bie Esa lees Os 334
NOTA doce vec perenne 334
pennsylvanieay eee ree 336
Puma) 2/34 Shes paises 336
SEvObINGD dks ee oe oe ee 336
Splndsay | Vj hase nee 334
Wie Sob oae phe otk 336
DPieleas ae eee ees 370
(HAMIUOITENIEh! ase ok Gee .co SS bx 370
IPCETOSPOLA -tecr so) Soret = orer ener 460
anamomedean) wera actacrererers 460
(athtemniae ee ee Cy als 440
cCapillaceumiae s.r ae 440
(RPUURORATIG ao ee eee 511
Byenamit hema. voit 526
PISUA CUTE eye ero eee 528
elinopodioides)) 23... ..- 26 528
HexXUOsUIM sae ee ie 526
MUICATIUMM IS Shy sete ates 528
lanceolatum ......%))..5. 526
VNU OWUUIE \ars sae = Se he eat 526
LAM HKOUDIIE OB eheoemioleG orbs 528
OTTUUE er oer es eee eee 526
ENULCH lev t Un arsine sfetaney arene 526
\iaheetboneeb abel AAR nae o cic 526
rE iea en's otis omc heat 458
CMLETICUN® 6. 5S ob ene Ae 459
MSavisOllay sy a stein eee 459
chlorambha 2-3 fee ates eee 459
ellipUical. ---estaistete neues ae 45y
Lado (OURS RMA Ras pRoromid e sti 459
OSV PCUMA 22) o) .: -toala hetero 459
TOINAMOlIAN wastes ee 459
ROCUIMCL A oy aiele eae eee ee 459
AUVEINOSO hcp tee cletoletel ate dare 459
IPYROLACHAB wasn eres nee 458
a
i
30
PYTUS) oe cas oa cc eee
americana ...
communis ....
stitchensis ...
Pyxidanthera .....
barbulata ....
Quercus ee eee
accuminata ..
albaersaet kc
Alexanderi ...
Dicoloneeeee ee
borealis ......
coccinea .....
digitata .....
faleatarneic cic
illicifolia ....
imbricaria ...
INARDLIEy Saaniecie
macrocarpa ..
marylandica ..
Michauxii ....
WMNINGIY = eit
Muhlenbergii .
CULL PRS IN
palustris .....
Helios (55 0.12%
platanoides ...
prinoides .....
PINUS 9 5235 ai
UIE) So ean cic
BLellata, ssecek
velutina, 4)...
IVAIATIES).. ., isc
RANUNCULACEAE ..
Ranunculus ......
abortivus ....
DCLISM saree
alleghaniensis
aquatilis .....
arvensis ......
bulbosus .....
cymbalaria ...
delphinifolius .
fasicularis ...
LvhypOrCohith Seae
laxicaulis ....
micranthus ..
obtusiusculus .
parvulus .....
pennsylvanicus
pusilluss pylon
recurvatus ...
repens .......
reptans 2... .%.
scleratus .....
© bmi sveove 6 )5 %
Odie = we wines
ee emeec ee ce
alu. bgeln ies eels
afaieiegels ajulntie
ICCC Ly Cats
© 0) © oper wi sue: m6
©) 0\ie)\s (0. be -wiis:| wee)
S} eye ml lip ie) eba le
Ou meng tech cees
INDEX
328° Raphanus *i25257:2.. ose 282
328 Taphanistrume 224-4 282
330 SAGlVUS).* 24 20h oe eee 282
328, Razoumofsleya*: 3. 26s oe 198° =
476. Reséday 25. Acs ease ee 290
476 aba) die 20.8. Scone 291
luteal ocak oe eee 290
ey Luteola s:2.:... 2 290
190 RESEDACHAE -J 7/0252 <.n eee 290
191 RHA MNACEARE (52. c.c0s-s 0 ene 394
190 IRATAMINATIES «5252. 0a. Cee 394
188 Rhamnus's (52 0540206 eee 394
188 alnifolia od DOE ee 395
188 earolinianae 942.04 see 395
188 cathartica! S..¢ sae 394
188 Branoull ay 2... ee 395
190 lanceolata Se55. cee 394
190 Rhexia Sows code. aa 422
190 aristosa bia. 422
190 Mariana ois. 6 os oe ee 422
191 ViITSUMICA Sis... she a eee 422
190 Rhinanthus oe eee eee e eee 570
190 Crista-galli ............ 570
188 oblongitoliuss o- -eeeee 570
188 Rhododendron sitet ote ee 466
190 canadensis A) ete 466
190 lapponicum ............ 466
191 WARIMUMY ase eee 466
191 Rhodora .. Fence e ee dene ee eee 466
188 canadensis: Jo: . eee ae 466
190 RHOEADALES® *sa052.4 00.2 eee 268
188 AUS) «hig eee ae Oe 382
5 OnOMGtiCM ion) 355 ee 384
240 canadensis™*=..... 0. .a eee 384
246 copallina: (x. 22 eee 382
256 Plabra.... 36.) sts oe 384
258 PUPEOS «6 oars catches _ 3884
260 FAGICONS: cts cite eee 384.
258 tOXICOMeNndTON, »~.)..). ee 384
261 typhina. 3.1.05. ee eee 384
260 Vernixy «15. on eee 384
260 ARibeS: 0h hy re oe ee 303
261 CyNODASUL= -.:..c desiree 304
258 floridtim «6.00. csc eee 304
260 Grossularia® «:..2i.posee 304
260 TacuStre «.\.:4.'::.).;to0 oe 304
255 oxyacanthoides ......... 304
258 Prostratvum.: ..... 5s. ste 304
258 Trotunditolmum. ....) eee 304
260 Uva-Crisp@ o.4- 0.1.10 ere 304
258 Vulgare 0:03). see ee 304
258 RODIN ie: ss kisrce aes ee 348
260 Pseudacacia. <...is cose 348
261. Roripa, (270%. nek eke ROR 282
261 QMECLICAIGY -c+.:/<7 01 vie ee 283
258 ATMOTACIA’. . :< ee ee 283
260 hispida. s50v00e0ay ieee 283
Ua UNC ENE sds aera oe ome cs 283 persicarioides ...33.5.. 202
PMS ULIS) la) syetaypiariesafete stare 2 283 SALTCILONNS revenaterereet sieve er 201
BYIVESETIS: 62 sie e ein we dines 283 PANGSUIMEUS) 5 seis Mea ess 202
LEGER. ona ecnouoeMeres an Gooe 326 Verticillatuse ames oe 202
dim, S2agdtacoosgosas - D2! MULPPLA! sre s csc, guys orden ee eee tes 102
(HUMINT, ae GGUIOGe Geiod ooOe 326 MATUGUIMNA icine steers cere 102
CMLOLIN AY crerercisisloivore cio) fa te) SVs AR OPW UD). Goagq0s aoe boone 370
Wie) Seago gponooonees 326
(DIKE INES orig Bho Bina Solo B20) SAD DATA cre micin cee lores Rene 488
TUUCLG A hots, 3 sya oie oie ex ene) rere 326 anewlari sts evita sere: 488
LIEN codosagshuse 326 campanulata ..........- 490
CHAI Ge ooonansadGe 326 dodecandray nse eee ee 490
LAQEINGININ Las \@iad no bodbiguson 306 OTACIIUS 2 ringer ere 488
PIS RLS ty has b5,ccoters Said ape a bis 292 Janceolata. «33... ecm e ake 488
LG Ee Sea eis Ole aicia acai: 420 stellaris’ <1.7..o.0 semen 488
TAMOSILOL, ars cis joes Aecclg re AZT SACIN AL fa. Saye pcie ieee eee 235
ROUTE VE seas. i ocierse Phe a sereltene 214 apetala Csew sec ae eet ete 235
DADDY OD ane versie caves smeshewee 214 decumbens see eeee 236
IS URHAGIING, Sog¢-qnenpgebooe a5 580 MOGOSAA, eya-nu.tievheeiee See 236
UBTATNS) 9. a) Metevers « s-c1e 0 eevee 580 PLocuUMbens sae eee 235
ERAT S pers retocte ches ate oe orcs sree SOMSA out Gartan ce eee eee 104
alleghaniensis .......... 312 aritolia:/2..:..: sus tape 106
BUOY AES oo, 3c o a/ats faye eivie 312 Hatton isi. eee 106
CAN ACEMSIS: “se-cp..~ cusveroveve acs 312 Engelmanniana ......... 106
Chamaemornus s.5.04.02 311 CTAMINC As pce Ge ee 106
Guinn) Clomoceceadede 312 heterophylla, Se. ysee eee: 106
HONORE, ABooeo bee o oO ae H 311 Natiioliay ce. sc cee 106
ISBIGUS J. 26 Satcc neo ae 312 TOngITOSbTA), 33 Adas nee 106
Milispaughit .......... 312 TEGING. irs eke hae 106
MIGPECEUS 0 oie ara eis Spiele 311 Subulata:. iy. ocieleseeee 108
TATIONS) Cogtoooseecau: 312 BOECS ne ane <a et a eee LOS
OCCIOENTALIS] Stas. see 311 WOTACOULIS ea sere ee 106
OMOUAUUIS Meets cheier sooner SUL SALICACHAM Fi. sc os cee 167
MROCUMDENS «2 Joes. => = Sem ealicormmiat, “1.2. es oases coe 217
SCLOSUNE-ieve os ia erie eae 312 AMPISUa ee, as eee 217
STEMI Sts foo sara! gy ade eile os 311 Bigelow oi vous eee 217
Rei OMS emreve tore c ce-ch tere ae Sula CURODAEE: sete ne Ply
VAIN OSG evars op cieietoneicv cher -ttor= 312 iherbacea:) +. sic eee 217
SENET CLE CISN SY Mss) sich oysisl eaicscr=ra 10's ae 678 MATONME) concooudgouee 217
SPU og wos cerns oa) a eyeishe GRO SBN Sy a0 xe ao nan thne neee oe 168
UA eorsrons.c apo ei eve fai eheeveror 680 adenophyllasaaaceeen ee 174
MACUNIA UD Atsvc.s cis) ooh -s)s) aieleks 680 PDA kisiais sata ae 170
BDGRIOBAS > Sion cos ntelass seers 680 amygdaloides .......... 170
WEMODG. arsisicie sisse,ooreioroeric 680 ALCYROCALPa aerate eerie 174
FRPP UT I Sher ey oie 2 aus Pope tes oheret ec tulesonoes 576 Dabylonicayesatacm ase 170
CUINOS Bao 's,6) heros 5) <seholiaserd ene 576 aleammiieray eerie cles 174
BUROPOUS, ietatalew aiais <:exeie tod 578 CD DIAN A, | si! /bv etetee ene 172
RIN ERs at cia sr she) oj <yeiaye siege eye 201 Candida) Hiacriscsvers are 174
INCELOBA, 5.12, epnrstaacnorcianvales 201 CORCUILISN Vad srcterc tits eee 176
Acetosella: << 015016 3s 201 CONC aba maytscrrers altar 174
SOLAS UUs webs ye fis re iclense 202 CISCOLOT I he rhts soy hielo oe 172
QMENCANUS ....000000-5% 201 eriocephala.. wc steve. seh 172
UMEATITINC A) 9s. alate) 1 ete aie 202 TULDICTAS). Valntrso cree 17u
CLISPUSS Ree fo ccc saay. cane silo’ oe 202 PTA OUTS), vehascsc toca: ovevershara elses 170
EGU WME aqeaecuadoccc 201 PGR WEN Seay soacone 170
OO UUSILOMIIS Nes. .vcleera ee 202 Herbaceds ec.ccar. <a eee 176
Patienulay: © sry cele «taal 202 laqpiasbihi:} eye to Ala creeta 172
732 INDEX
loncifolia, y.ain wens ee 170 hortensis; ..:.. ds atest 528
Mitcidareas a5 Sate eee ee L705 SADRURACGHATY. 5-72) <4 torent 166
MyPiMloides y's. sine pees 074° Sauparws’; ¢A<e\i0t s vemie sree 167
DUS, csi sie Cie ie ean 168 CerNWQUs” | «. 4c. 35 peel 167
phylicifolia ............ L(4 Saxiiraga 2... +). <2).¢ eee 298
PUINOVGCS | hun!’ eee oe 172 AIZOOR.\ ..'./0 > 35:2 bie See 298
PULPUREH (3 sce s eevee 172 AZOIOES. ..: ssi: +2). ate 298
TOSUT OAs s\n 172 COMOSE Sotuc. 2a. e eee 300
BELICER: ic tao ote eeaetnee 172 micranthidifolia ........ 300
SCRISSTONGS . e O eeeiee 170 oppositifolia, +... 0.een 298
aquamata'./: avceknetme se 172 pennsylvanica .......... 300
EVISEIS) J1juos ty eee 174 TUVUVATIS! bcd 2.0-s cies eee 298
WivasUrsis sti eterna ee 176 stellarise-. cs sacde sceeee 300
Virminalis’ 2. jcomteiee We VIFPINIENSIS: 3. ..56 see 298
Wee era iojesa arte el ta teen 170 “SAXIFRAGACEAE: (2... 0<5.0 35a 297
SENEOIE, Mae tioncumoo.qag oma oc 5 AUS) ‘Scandix sadess 252s sacs eee 448
TROUT eaiveso ace ghar ree 218 Pecten=Veneriss.. sane 448
Wragcus: 0% < catia aes ZS SSchevchzerl aye. ase eee 103
AGA cp ajevacertrate oc rene 530 palustris... 022. :éceaee 103
iach: Mieroky a ciel Gs do 5 oa 530 \Schwalbea. «s.).< /.-.2 eee 568
PUALENSIS!.. svacdcsrsnee tered er 530 aMericana G4 .2c sae ene 568
SAMBUCUS) - 52 ec, 2 Snare eine 590 Scleranthus <....°.-2... cee 239
CanaAdensIsiitie secre 591 UMUAIS 8 ef eod cvsiaya eee ee 240
MACE OSAge epee 5OL WSclerolepis’ | s):aha~2- tae eee 636
Samolus) dc 5 coe eee 478 uumtiflowasy sri. .is .vehe te aes 636
Horibundus eee: 478 -Scrophularia® ¢.. 3.2. eee 554
SAP WMINATIA . cic eseieiancte ts Oe loner 270 leporellay v.05 23cs6) oer 555
caunadenscisy israel 270 Marylandica) isa. ree 555
DANG UISOUNS 6s Ut cen enc ein 324 SCROPHULARIACEAE ......... 550
CANACENSISHE a oer 324 Seutellaria” «.).2 252. ae eee 538
TEUINOT B oatterra ghey. tian were 324 galericulataisy... «cr eieeer 538
OF LCUMOUS pers eme den iapn 8 ce 326 INCANA, \sichesche)s Sele ch 539
Sangwsorba ..........:- 324 integrifolia ..<. 3) Scns 539
Sani Cua ee rite ache tea ieee eae 440 lateriflora) «eee menor 539
Canadensisy esate ie - 442 METVOSA) 6.0 3.4.) oc eee 539
QTOLATID joven serine eel teres 442 panviulay seh. yictcietreeieene 539
MAT YLANG h eae alate 440 pPllosa!’ ycihnye ee 539
Truoliatas : jeg 442 SOTATA) Ws. 5) slay snes sete ee 539
SANTALACHAM (5:5) <0, siefe uate en 1982 Sedum) 55-4 .e eee 296 |
SS AC ATIS avers opine eee Nome P cre SI 196 ETO. 53 areal t Seite 297
SAPINDACEAE! (fsiscieitieael ste nets 392 PULpUTeUN eet eee 296
SAPINDALES) cereeiustievec terion 380 reflexum) |.1.1.../. .t) cose 297
SaAVoOnNaria gem « sertomomectre 230 TOSCUM } ike ioysnclsiatadsield OCR 296
OMPINALIGY |) isaeie iets olden 230 telephioides: ..).. o..cmee 297
WaCCaria: cece 230 tClEDRAUIN. 3. 5. 24 ee 297
SSTOUMMAD ees eet 404 ternatum’ «cc... eee 297
PCNUBNOLGES! ny dP Piel e = 404 ‘Senecio: v.48. concn seaw cnt ene 694
Sarracenia.) ni, Geyer es 291 MULCUS:, n)s fe<'a1s vets hs ore ee 696
PULPUTER: Te cieo alamo oe 291 balsamitae .).)...0 soneeee 696
SARRACENTACHAR, .sic5a slave's 3 291 ODOVAGUS) Gi. acl. aieneruenee 696
SARRACENIALES ......c)c005- 291 pseudo-arnica .......... 696
SASkAITAS > 5 Faliceer eee tees 268 RRopbinsii vc, sc erste 696
SOSCOTT AS), ote verter 268 SYVLVATICUS! ui 0s eee 698
WETILTOLITIY ars wets chee ats 268 TOMENTOSA: W550 v Vict eee 696
BATUTETA) 6..ci>'a ys entice ee 528 VWASCOBUB) (0,0.5.0/sn osha 698
QOUMOS 2:5) ssc: sletavela amet ee 530 VILL APIS is. ws leaker onenene 696
Dh: Se ee ee Oe 530 Serapiagd vvrievreveriaswes a Oe
INDEX 733
WETIGMHOP AY <ioccay ¢ ecg eee. MOG) Aspens yao cactus svaleiocaseyoret he Stale 140
BeeIcOCarpus <2. 5 ..<0 Faas « 650 PONaA-NOM ioe wicheteraretstetem i 141
BAUOLGMMOR! 526.2 vies ah a hi pais 652 PARNICH, coon oboconooe boot 140
UDAOUIEL Some do osodae 650 Hen Daceae sntaseiierstonctet els 140
PeeIGVINNIN, (We ose zx «5 SE se 222 Hispida. (fice caer fe aes 141
POLIS sve eyes: erareraats 222 IEnuiniolith ge adoeande oode 141
IME DETOUA: ois. je. s.<inleisis dials 0's 418 pseudo-ching)-.. 6.5.06 wis 141
CAMAGEMSIS: Va\5 .racleii sacle ors 418 TRH PENCHHOVINE, Sooagaccaaac 141
SSMERAMONA AS Wolare af aievoraien art tae ar 588 tamimifolia eae. eiictte ae 140
AUVENSISE voc fcskarsiee slave eosteke 588 FAVULOTD,: ict tcnsyeis/(cteeneetnon 141
ISHISOP GI, Setsiatl eedier ons errr cee SUS AS OUANA CHAR) ip-ieiperia ier ytikees 545
PLOCUIMPENS) (1. ait = <1 COATS (SS OUELTITENE Sos ochahciarase ciate steerer 546
SSC VON mer yetcicicieis civ avec so iilesuths 605 GarOlMensey eierjeterey teres 548
MOU A GUS! tee erties oleh stale 605 Dulleamiaray <5 cts ii fayeis’o oy 548
SIGE) AONE a OP ere REE ee 399 PILOT UNG siento acer oeoee teehee 546
SOULE y Gop gaa seo mad coor 399 TOMEI, —% Poanpoauadue 548
SHIEH See erin crea Ge nena DLV SOLCO: | srartcs mrctete ors tee © Cee 416
ACAUIISS iie/ae fesevsvets as heiconells CPAs STOIC ENEMAS teolticin U Ooo O30.0 0.2 650, 642
BUD Sete arcythecuzcas aasichere ielessines 226 AIMESELISH (a Seencteqcietarersae 645
INV EMCAs 3 Wesco eric es 228 CHACHA Mier eRe SB Biko cic 648
Cinirhad MOE) pla ages ao omlono © 228 BICOLOR SSisiorerenecencre eyes 645
PATIMETTAN eee ls eksis ielesoriee 228 CACSIA Th vccohotey vera echerec onete 644
CURDS. Oe eS CEO Ces Oc 228 Camadensiseas rivera etree s 645
GIchoOcvomay vac ceetere ee 228 EWM OGGIL Pipsy: exciaes ster eit 646
QUINCE Te cckajeict« 5 5i0.2 0 siete ee 228 ETCCUANy ccxoner ter sesokekererone eens 645
MALUNO MAT oasis, sr -voreyarsnoretorsiors 226 AISEULOSE = Saysi.p- sete reveretet tere 646
MOGCLUOTAY ge-crsistees 5 <Velels eto 228 HS puday oferta seretoterateneets 645
MUU Sis weyeneyty =i-earoiy vere tes Sree 226 ISOCAM So4gncdsso0ane 650
pennsylvanica .. 4005.03. 228 JUMCEA, | 55 oievs etc ees ols esate 649
SUE Ayarssetrceiniercsatsaherseee 226 IPR hi beden eryiciea ploss lb coer 644
VAT UNA Catlins (ca t-te cn rene aire 225 MACTOp My awe ose eee 645
SUIEMNOUDDAR! sii... cscs vel oh os 225 neglecta) oat nwo desde 646
PUTO EUUEIIING ete ays eiqicicla = cies ares 677 TLIEMONAIIS yey rere eee 648
pentolvatumy +74 a2. 252 6738 OMOLA Varieties eee seme auereres 646
POMEPGUIN Sees Seay-iev) ve see 678 ONIOGNSIS | ere reee 648
SIMARUBACHAR .+..c0i0 ses 371 Matulan cia. atociceclerramenere 646
PMT AIUS, pa citue ens s/Auskeyats 2! sl e726 oy2 280 puberulay l.+. cre clestelsbene 645
TN Gri baits Mice Nt Peete iar 280 Purshii\chiscsnces eee eee 645
SHihwtal oghihil Ge Ge Rena eeacol 280 PEE OU ADS 25 ns dopspital ogee Siete ste ae 648
AUS We bia he od om bion bot 282 DBUCOSA jasc ocenie ene 646
MUU ir aea rs ete eyeons severe 282 sempervirens ........... 646
MICE ANG sis caren mere iets 280 SELOGME cepa ee sehsiorvereeetets 648
OPIN es afseeves exerts short eat 282 SPCCIOSA ss chet csjnyasstoetonas ole 645
TAM DVD | so. tse avaus ofc alerts 144 StWEN ALOE pmo Ac omusco Bodo. 644
AN OUSEITO LM) sree. oleic 144 SULICTA, tral Broan 645
PULANIGICUME, & cvercslens tees cte = 144 LIMITE oa ga mato bocce 645
OTAMINaIdes’ ec 1. cl or 'o4s 144 RL IOAUEOUEA. (aefais ss so wee ae 646
IMCCTINECATIM Bien). ers 144 unulionilataeeinee meee 648
MHUCTONALUDY erie niece 144 Virgaureas cs son eee 646
STIR GC pee NERA men RRR oer AAD ORCNUS ier. scren sine Genre loaner 616
COGSONW. Gti ee oro ae 442 BUVENSIS \sjoacyeisvere arevetrerene 616
cicutaefolium ........... 442 IS POLER. sare icvsieheiecoe meant 616
SST CIN Ate eee cei e ae eee 134 Oleraceus® Aveiro ee 616
MAGEMOSA. 4: wot seus sce e VS GOMSOLDUSS iether re ere ee 328
Ave Mss, veje rac evcleees ote toe 136 AMETICANA. etelerscae ye ve ee 328
MIMO A esd sete, tela nettle 136 SAM UCIIO lia: metre ree 328
SYACTEACOIDEAE) Gieratocc ciexeieiselchs 140 SPARGANIACEAE ........5..5. - 92
734
OPAL SAMUS joa sla wih alscsigie's uh lee
americanum
androcladum
angustifolium
eurycarpum
fluctuans
lucidum
minimum
RUM NS Qgionmeaond dpm c
SPATHIFLORAE
Spathyema
OPEC U ANIA. Ls wages ema stevens oss
perfoliata
Spergula . been ence e eens
arvensis
Speroularia | haces creer os:
eanadensis
marina
rubra
Spigeliay secon ease eee ares
marylandica
SPIN ACA cis hci eucia ecco scp w sie alle wis
corymbosa
latifolia
opulifolia
salicifolia
tomentosa
Spiranthes
cernua
gracilis
WUCUAO eon rains torsteeelkie
plantaginea
UACCOKG aie ete cee ee
Romanzoffiana
simplex
vernalis
SUV O COLL) nice aris sienis. <fehale cesses
polyrhiza
Stachys
ambiqua
arenicola
arvensis
aspera
hyssopifolia
palustris
tenuifolia
Staphylea
trifolia
STAPHYLEACEAE
TGLCE. Rares Lier beer a cis, alee
SULCITONEINA: fs sire eee cee >
OUITVU ares eecceia in etetee eran
lanceolatum
quadriflorum
Stellaria
aquatica
borealis
wis ve lapele ele ers «
Ss) @ 8 6.0 (9) ©: 6. ‘e\,'6
Caan ann eee
» hb U\e) wie (ele m6, 2 ©
ee
6, 5's) 0 fe) a e/a) mies 0/0 8
S08 6 © v8 0) exe © ee 0
© 2s. /6 10! le le s\ we anes ee
©) ese. e © 6s 0 8 0 ¢ 6 00 01'e
ON) in jae alw jw nie) eo ialse0s)s, 7610
oe ie loldw se) -e\imicw (aise: iece. fe
eee 6 (ee eee (e) ois
Oeie Via 4 «5 Se Geers cer 8
INDEX
92 pramines +... 06.0 ene 234
92 Holostea . 2.5.2 eee 234
92 humifusae 2... see 231
92 longifolia 4..).%< see 234
92 longipes~ ... cathe 234
92 Medd. -.%. ss. ae 232
92 pubera. 20.2% Ji... .. eee 234
92 uliginosa) “<.45 0 eee 232
92 ‘Stenathium))....20. 00 eee 128
109 OT AUMANCUN, Hae eee ee 128
110 TODUSDUTIN plete eee 128
606 Stenophragma <.5. 0... ueeeree 288
606 Thalianas s..5 se See 288
(Bion ISHAM Gog negsqoncuco cc 136
238 amplexafoliuss sc). eee 136
238 TOSCUS: s.5)sc.s0s sete oh eee 136
239 Strophostyles .: 23.2.2... sseer 362
239 helvola:. uw... saa ee 362
239 umibellatays "oa. eee 362
486 Stylosanthes. ........0< «0sshm 349
486 biflota. . ...¢44..038 oe 349
S08 ™Suaeda- 205) s652 050. eee Dili
308 americanay "2 nee Pally
308 MATIULING)) © eee eee Paliy
308 RICH =. hese. ive ha ont 218
308) SUbW aria) soos cece 278
$08 Aquatica Us... «ew eee 278
156 (Sweeisa . conse ceee te Roe ae 604
158 australis, .: ¢ tose 604
15S) (SYMIPWTATAR, Giese i.e eee 455
156 Symphoricarpos) <=... 1. 594
156 orbiculatiis! So. cee 594
158 pauciilorus=. = cee 594
156 TACEMOSUS) atau eee 594.
158 PULOATUS cn sha erate 594
158 Symphytum 22%... . 2a eee 515
94 officinale. 233 cu See eee 515
94 Symplocarpus, 2... .. Sven 110
536 foetidts, 32.55: 50eeee 110
5386) Syndesmon yn... +» veer 254
BSS: SyMOSMAn eye ea = <.ssre cree 694.
538 Suaveolens! 4.2 wscnteeeene 694
538
5386. Tanaeetyum' (2. fs... aun elena 689
538 huronense...% scttiean eee 690
536 vulgare} *... 2... 0)eate eons 690
389: Daraxactimy is. icc serene 616
389 erythrospermum ........ 616
388 officinale %..: +. weenie 616
482 TORGROCUINL Bianctles cet 616
480 TASAOERAR, «4.0.22. Jno eee 82
ASO “Dass 0% sho be eee 82
480 baecata. “44 s).0en oe 82
480 Canadensis ov. usw 82
232) Tesomaiircs.c cchie ovis ieee 576
232 TEGACATIS! dv ey0's ve: «eevee 576
234 Tepnrostd voces ves so silo minis 346
INDEX
Tetragonanthus ............ 492
SEL CUI: ceemio. ckte Cee eee 544.
CANAGENSE 2.2. oes slew 544
occidentale: °. +. sonceaee. 544
ANON ERTIES. See ee et ae 575
UTR EL OM el ier sar 3 2s Poet cs ee k= 575
STURGIS cre nar hs, 0 Bs Nim Ey ye es 254
GLOTCUIGBE | fe chee ees 254
Povo 4 oss jbwere vis 254
DUT DUTOSCENS nes ae) areal 254
TEVOULUMIN) oes Scie eee 254
“OURS ST See ce cee 450
parbImMoOde. te. 2 twa ne: 450
EHICOMLOUINL «oes cicero are 450
PRESSE etch tel che ins 8 6 goes FF oy tis 276
ATEVOUSC. oicste eevee ines Rios 276
PEE ae tots t Sos eg sc ister eee 84
OCCLOENbAISH ers pee eee anes 84
AIREY MIT ACAI © cog 'o, opdnsiia sustd ena) 417
TY MEREAT RS WE. .%. o< cscs patel ck 417
PUTTIN hed iso so eahate wi xtainha,< 5 525
BED VEU io.2 cai fo) wyetshepays oe 525
TDN RED Ree eee ee ee 300
CORGUOMAN Mor. abet ae 300
MHEACMONNIG xc en ewes eiws sis 447
IME: 2 CRE es Sone ae eee De ee 398
CHeaYaetcEhit ly Mew obi oon ee 398
SNES) Wo gannaeaccao nur 398
hererop lyase sei 398
AVE CHES) © tot. cortices thew edecs 398
BHDESCOM ©. 5... nibrs fwd (2 5, +93 398
PIRTIETA CHAT dat yate ass siobeaa cach attic 398
VTA ECs ARS ae ee i 296
ONEMOLCEG ae la. 3 evel eo ils) sy 2 oe 296
LUISE 2 Gas EEA Ce Ses Bee 238
TUDES gC AS ee a 162
CUACOlOT a fars ster a cehree 162
PUSHIN sola Oe Ae ke ees 162
UNGNaTSUITE SS Peat pea Seen eres ee ae 126
IUPEMOS A 86 ois as ions, ntatsio = ¢ 126
MACRMIOSA, vols site abate evesoeis 126
MOGICOMENATON. ..cncdcocess ss 382
PPT ACLGRCANULE. ys sis seers ctecverne 116
MOSH erieter ates. 7 lot eeiorsiee 116
WAR AMNVAME, 6 ci ake. s25, 00; basco s 116
PPEAMOOOOM Foes 6S 6 cjn)ectainc > 614
DAPVIGOUUS oes eed sic ae 616
PPALPUSIS 2 yee ee ot bs 853 616
AME EIN aa Biscd 70s 9, ok erates Ga 431
COGTHEN TS le Pace ate ee Ree 431
PRR AIPA GHAR © 93:5 sda « ce cei 0 431
PAO LOCNALING Sein sido cae Sevier ane 404
BICHON ce iavacis ste: dunes es 544
dichotomum 2.5050: 544
LER SYEE HYG LA A gn taeean 544
BUT CNY GEDITS. Veicy erect wié-ccsizhe ashore 478
AMOETICANAG vi.ied oo Sie eS 478
Mit Olu spars sia eae Ritesh:
agrarium
arvense
Chitoyh bide haan ean 8 ye pee
layoAtohiien AKG Sadonodoo.
incarnatum
medium
PEAGSNSEs o.S Gig sede ee
procumbens
repens
PRSIOCHIN: 50:2) ats.a ste unepeegehe
maritima
palustris
TRIGLOCHINEAE
MT UNA owt oe Ae ere ee are
cernuum
GRCCHIMIP Se cthe ye eee
grandiflorum
MILVALER = ea ee eee
undulatum
riostemms oki. ho as Pe ee
angustifolium
perfoliatum
INTO HOUR Atedo erein tee 6 Shine o-6
trianthophora
Trollius
CeO CeCR CW > Tc) Ci
o je) m8) aime ésele nis) «9 ie
ee
COO CCC en Ci Oech Une
HCC cele wees cere
ate. w (ws a) (0) om ees is
Ceo Cho gO Como OO
wae) @ eo steserelals
wi wire tn) =) 19.6) .050' (eis ake
canadensis
TUBIFLORALES
Tussilago
ba 0) re: ate ae a Reare ine er heen ie
angustifolia
latifolia
TYPHACEAE
e\(e 8): 6).0) elle?) sila -e) ©
© ss 6 6 6 66 0 6 ¢ 6 ¢) se
LUIIKES: SPR eee ee cere nE SO Seana
europaeus
ULMACEAE
Ulmaria
(ULaNT Siera hts eess crete a Se A ee
americana
LAU Weteeene aoe 65 Baie REERER et oi
racemosa
OME REA: DSH a5 SH oneieeeete
UMBELLIFERAE
Unifolium
Urtica
dioica
gracilis
Lyallii
AUG OTIS ss ccc ayc'ins ace cy canter ee
URTICACEAE
URTICALES
Urticastrum
O CeO Or Oks (OOO OG
4; /a\,9./0,., 0 .0.0).¢)'0.ei wa ce) oleae
sis, |p. .0, /6)(8..m\ e)\6).6))u),®) ¢\(u) alle see
S\ipts\(61(6) 0) (9) 16 Lee. ® ie) in
©) Kis le 0!ce -el eles) 4 «| (e «) allele
M6 6'\s>\s ©) 06) #8 's 6) (e.18) «10 (0:
S'\9 3 e's) o 9 6 eS Lele lem iel elle
PSE TW COR EAA la! Je iy
736
WEIGEL Veevstev stellen hencreroinee Sri
DIN OTA dtc ieheteh ushers 574
GlANGESTIN AS pay eee cee Te 572
ClelStogama? 4) ee ele 572
COLMA Pee ace ee 572
fIDTOSHA gerbe eee ee eae 574
SUPA, fo sy stiacls cnet ests oto 574
UCIT eet CO ARRIAE Sitio Craidlo Ore 572
ambermedia. os ieee 574
MINOT ae Se ee ee 574
PULPUTEA shat. gece ees 572
TESUPIMAbAy Gerisieiete er ae 572
SUN Ulatonee ene ee ee 572
VILL ATIG) Testes sc aie ety ee 572
LOA DUI eH oh Ri AgeR NR WR RUA hoe gf 129
STANGUNOTE 55.0 sie els 129
PeLtoliatiaiecwie acto 129
Sessilatoliay cies ose ee ee 130
VECCOrnia havc eo ee eee 230
DOLCCONU! een na ee ee ee 230
WACCINEACHAHINE-h oein eee aren 470
VME CITING Hynes ony et eee ee 472
ALTOCOCCLIM Aas aie ne 474
CACSPULOS Te eee ere 473
Canadensewenn scree ee 474
Conymbosund 9/7.) eek 473
BENT 9 crooks sid See 474
pennsylvanicum” 27.22... 474
Seen Gadgagotooaaae 474
ShAMIMEUMN yes sae eee 473
UlTOIMO RUM eseierie sees 433
VACIIATISs Was ack rte ee tee 474
Witis-ldaegs veers 473
VAC CRUE IS RON Re Copia ele 135
Waleriana Agate cosece ee 600
OMCINAIIS Pee eee aoe 600
Paucilona | as Ansaanness 600
BYLVATICE » asraisiss © sh aoe « 600
UIKOINOSS)MssPoeuac ie cen * 600
VALERTANAGDAR: 62 shane 598
VALERTANAUHS® sade atau 598
Valerianellatene: aac emencre 600
chenopodifolia .......... 600
WOCUSta Hs ars eee 600
PACA, Ponta cuse Nets tie 600
Woodsianaitarc. cc cinceere 602
Vallisneria; (fataea Ate 108
SPIralis’ ctv sa seas 108
VALLISNERTACHAG Pannen. 108
Veratrum «3 j4¢9 see ee 129
VITIGO: <5 5 'praperkte ds! avs theriatans 129
Verbasctiin 5307 2 h.ceneaer 551
Blattarias: <czes eccieeen 552
MV CHMUGIS’ v5.1 «Meier seieretn 552
PULOMOIES a sade eee oer 552
A ADBUB) sinc Air Reese 552
INDEX
Werben aia trtereierracr EI in bio 0h 518
ANLUSUILOLIAN sy eoete ere 518
WASbA TAL. asvers leis, Meee 518
OMCINaA]IS, epee 518
UTtICIOliay we oie eee 518
VERBENAGEAB ane cool 518
WERBENTNATIES esis 400+. eae 516
Merbesing i660 «1-4 eee 682
alternifoliane cehee nee 684
Vernonia «hh ecnsaek one 634
AlGISSIING Vee cye hese ete 634
GUGantias ae. 634
olauca..\:.eicssproo sees 634
Noveboracensis. ......... 634
Wier OnIGA,« Hictane O eee 560
AgTeStIS) Veneer eee 562
BpINA: \ ssivela lnk ae 561
aMeriCan a sho eee 561
Anagallis-aquatica ...... 561
ATVENSIS) (Selects cate ke eee 562
IBY ZANUING | e.lrs.pealeeree 562
Chamaedrys) i.e esee eee 561
hedersetoliay (es. one 562
OfieiMalisis cate 561
DELISTING qyae cle iseeeoeee 562
Scutelllatay visio cya ees 561
Ser pyillitoliaywen reser 562
DUN GINUCD. avo at ake eee 562
Viburnum. 2.6 ose Cee 591
AGerioliumls. beers 591
PHbatsiolbhbbin | Aa ees o.c coco: 591
CASSINOIGES ns ave 592
dentatumy ise s55 cone 592
lantanoides: i445 eee 591
TLentage: if.) ics ae eee 592
TULA) acces Sener eee 592
Opulusy ii .c5 Seis ae 591
pPaveitlonumy 2. eee 591
PLUMICOMMIM Se eee 592
pubescens: o:.42..(e eee 592
‘VeENOSUM! aso uts ee nee 592
WAGIG cosbeis crave ers a een eee 355
AMETIGANA l,i area eee 356
ANOUSHITOMIA Pye s eee 356
Caroliniana! io. dete 356
Cracea) is. fi ik Lake 356
HI SUT AS vec ecole eee 356
SUVA wha oi Metate cocoa renee eee 356
SEPIUM 40,06 Sos si sae ee 356
tetrasperma sais wren 3568
Wire ssa ce nithdcs ook Oone eae 494.
MNINOP Meas dies wha seen 494
Vincetovicum ..ccccccvesecs 499
Witolaiicicttigicntusnece ee ee 409
GYETATIB: | ob ourecbaye eee 416
atlartiea. fest wee 412
blanda ns kacs Seen oe 414
CANAUENSIS( Bernceriace ws 416
CUCU Atascosa ae oe 410
CMUAT GUE. Veraiste eles seks <2) 412
hasta cpncmiesrencer else one 416
(ADEA OnICAN Varese oi 416
LAaNCEOlatar ae oR eee 414
MVEUITOnO ae scree eee ote 412
MOUCADUUIISy sheen ate os 412
QOL GUM en 2, terse oie shane 410
OXe KOU ROATI) Meee ache ne ocs cePaa ctor 416
OV AUT ae narrate Re ee eel 414
alm aiay cree verte. oe 412
DAMUSECISS starrer, cs eo Nerehe 412
DeGatae eve etek Sartell ete 414
purummlaetoliaws sense: 414
PUDESCENS) see ee ee aes 414
TOME vapecsict gene as eer ne 414.
POSE ALA Sere ste tithe sees 416
TOCUNGITOMAT ioeie ae as 414
SPIES TLELUESTUE lh let OC OOTY ORME OIE 412
ACADMUMSGIMa) soe ee ie 414
SOU Vettel ering BAR NR A Si ee 412
septentrionalis ......... 410
BOLO LIers oer ec ene 410
SHUTRTIECT Fy eg tee os a eee pe 416
CEACOLOTR one. Sees 416
; ATUL Reaeret tend CRE oer ae a 410
WHTOEAGHAR © ocr oe Re 2 40%
AVETITVA CSHPAUEN doles tuesa duos aie Sustenc he 395
WHS ~ 2! Sk Se GRO ee Nea ean 396
HESHUV ANS oe. 1s es hera 396
LCOLOM Ee eats coe cre: 396
COLUM. wate ce ee 396
LADLUSGAM Eas oti ee 396
) LUE ei eae 396
Vell GSheumiaie tas crs sche cehs vise s 318
PTACHYIOMIES 28 so on so es 318
ROSIN LONI. 8). ne es eine 448
UCU SOIT ae ap DOORS ce 640
WVOLER ai 52h fottel Bie ee aereelecetrel screen
brasiliensis
eolumbina
punctata
ove) pi ee jerele el ciw ie
shyi se uses .6'¢ 6/06
eLeeirei.s)0))8)0) 6's ie (e),ee)\6
ai6iLe) ere 8) ae) ofep ene as) ole (elle
commune
SOMOS Ss cagaronccnos
strumarium
Xanthorrhiza
apiifolia
SEVIUINGS-oyllbliny Aa Gagdeooadooooc
americanum
SO paAllbiay Sogo acbescoscee
asphodeloides
ENTOMESTMAy Ayer yard cee reer
ligustrina
XYRIDACEAE
EXSVIDIIS pepe ay ht aetishalenensnaesete oterchers
arenicola
earoliniana
Congdoni
fimbriata
flexuosa
montana
Smalliana
torta
@ @/ 10 0,\0) \al © se) alle) ele
Oe th OFO Oyo Oc
oom cro Ooo Om ORCC
sas m,io\iny elelelw felis [wi lele le
PeCUC NO ie eCt hu hye ie Ce
Zannichellia
palustris
‘e.e) a) lei o| (6) wie sei es Biia)le
a. \eyieile, @, 9 0) @\e' 9) ela iae
aurea
cordata
HOSUCT AMS ocho clones. oe reeichete
marina
ANCPOONUE Ge oes oat od bance
chloranthus
CLEGANS Se sricaie eo eaiielen
leimanthoides
«
INDEX OF ENGLISH NAMES
Classes, Orders, Tribes and Families in SMALL CAPITALS.
> >
PAD STIG Hisfare cies sisrn > ate cite seers ore GOOMASI pea harciete oc io ce alenereraereienn 485
INCACIOL wae esarsa 6 See. sao oe ec 338 IMIGUUNENIN Salo ooadooadomst 328
PAGAN EDO S) eH AMMGNG ets aie «= 576 Brickilyn sn waneeco aoe 370
PAC UIMOMIELIS™ wc -.ts tec ae eye ies GSAMASPATACUS! eh aace Mamete cet 135
Joyaiehael, ONG ae poigederteoce NGSEEANS GM Vorc wreve scrote epee haste one 176
PAGdeT Se Mlouthe: ssc ee cietns « IGOmAsphodel Boesence tase eee 126
Wdderss Voneues. 22 s5s 55: ISH JESUS) Be Mae paring Sate pea 650-66, 672
AGGREGATED FLOWER OrRDER.. 604 Goldentcrct sticm chen mies 642
PROV UIMOWUY;W ayoue oielier sisi cisia «tee 22 A AMET UD LOK 755.5 Give se bog sane Atego 216
PAQN A INIIS tote vewceci ore bic euieets eles PPA ENS s: Acer cron hira ere aro 320-1
AQGANTHUS MWAMINILY. 2... Syl AMANO, NWEhtes 6 So aoe ob 278
ENIGIESS Je ia eR MIE Oe eet NEL MS HMPA Zeal Galize ts -cieic cusreusehe see 463, 466-8
Rave keer cy tev ketch sesterss seevsieca ee 386
Divarhar, Ue ats aerrens crates SH Luiken Wahi, ean aoGs oo sees ac 392
WVDibGrweteriante cc er to te he A OWES OLIN ey rer st ht Ae radey Lice ate ai skort 530-2
PNIGRAMG OTS: o./esjcteterercre oe. pacer e 450) Balsam! Apple. .....-s-2.4-.- 605
PAP AME ANIN pcre he cietelse speech ios ous Bi LBeikenal. IMs ae aos omeee ce 88
PUTO ALOT, MOCO. wing ocean ones SOR banebernyn: way, oe atieaen cen 264
Alpine we DIStONl. ores sc ecie ne : ZOD MBA DELEV Jenc:..< cee sities eine 264
PMT GO bir Mies a ecuds ake eos: S00 AREERR Ya UAMDLY ee). n kien e 264
PAV SSDI Bus chico eect & sta Zi SoesBartoniare. «cesodaacas wee oe 492-3
PATI ATOM DME “ers cysteine keine es OP mB Asia sn, sot Mee eee 528
AMARANTH FAMILY.......... Ome Astlem alints pence: eee ane eee 530
IAMARNTIS PANTY: < .. 9.6 0-5: TAs ebasswaod! <.)..6 ace ene. 398
NTT HEN A Bik opts oc AD ebastan die load-t axes errr ee 199
AMEN! BEARERS)... 44502002 - Gime ASRERR Yar HyANibIEYs 11ers WIT
PATIO CISC AACS en Givers ese BAG plo Vay IROSCh ce eieldeitte es cueneee oe 466
FATICCM CHEM TCRS 9 ai. 3c.chor eee AGS GMC Aer et tok mi ee he eee, ee 362
Andromeda, Privet.......... AVOmBeane ViIMe snsaleieis sent 362
ANTONE) aan ches col ae eee te 25Om Bear DeLnyae es sein ate ee 464
RIL a tecsis ciate srenaiota nce 254 beard -toneuer me. sees eerste 555
PAT TL Omrr rattan ore ee nL ODUM DedStraw, aac aatic .<- eee ce 585-8
Bal sainigeennenee cette GUDmIDCECIin tT phe arte ato octet ahs 186
NUTS hea ONG Og ee A 328 RL LO Mi cys reieyens cue casey eae eee 182
PAR OT OVALURG 5 face's ce So reeic teers SAmBbeecheiDrops:,.oc8c tase eke 575
AT DULUS, LUratline.... 4 seem re 464 BbSECH WAMILY:....% 0.0.00 sae 185
PATICUDIISS/ © 5\.a sx oe ches MARI ERS oe Te WNCOHM URIBE: «> aantan cn eeree ee 180
PAM CRA cc cha) .\3) tet aks See as GOP mBec war fieks) ps1. slo sistent oe 686-8
ATTOW AGYASS.cA5 ioe oe ee VOSS Bellflower. sc. 2 see 606
ARROW GRASS FAMILY....... 102 Bett FLrower FAMILY....... 605
ATMO ALOU yaa sie reels: veut ares WOGMBel worth. on sce eee 129-30
PAETOW-=WOOGS a7 snake d/aecrad let 592) Bergamot... ca acrre «ye clen 532
Artichoke, Jerusalem........ Gezebercamobe Minteecs soar 522
PANTUUIOD | 2) stern ciel sia ata eheteraeshes ores WMO BEttONy: <iajsia as s)-csr8 stakes clswerss 5338
ARUM WAMILY 02.45 0402 %> o.rii 109 WOO Es e\sjapens 5 cnareers nies oka 570
BNSC: ORDER Siac a es eran o eeu A UDEV va nate sw eregale tlngeie hie 473
739
740 INDEX
Bindweed Gases kone 908, 502-3 Buckthorn: 2.2/2.2... 334, 394-5
IBLRGDY te oreiste cae seks Sreleree ewes 184-5 BucKTHORN FAMILyY......... 394
IBIROE: GR AMILY:\c/2 0,00 eee sale 180 BUCKTHORN ORDER........... 394
IBinghworbs ee seem eee eee 200) Buckwheat) ence seetos on eee 204
BIRTAWORT HAMIGLY. Selene st 199 Ma ISe vec. otro en loc cree 208
Bishops Gap... tee ccd a 302 BuUCKWHEAT FAMILY......... 200
Bishop-weed, Mock.......... 440; Buitalo) Bernyeeee eee 418
Bistori, Alpiney. 22 s2 4s 205, Bugbane/ Knee sah circ eree 264
brite’ Cress. 7 1s.aee eee 284:6° Bugle vo. \.. sii eicle at aye ee 544
IBitcere Nubia teenie cee ee 178 Bugle Weed. .2.5..52 4): ee 524
Bithensweebyans eto S368, 5482 DUCIOSS o.ran oer eet 515-6
BISCKBENTY 5/3. ey S112) Bunchs Berryeo oe eee 452
PAIN jet S SMS ieee e eee 464, Bunch-flower oJ. s-5-)-<7 eee 129
Blackberry: Willys 2 ae =) 144 BUNCH-FLOWER TRIBE.......... 125
Black-eyed Susan............ 680). Bory Cucumbers eee eee 605
Black AGraAss ss sees ee ee Vou Burdock. 21. siisne sere 698
Blacky Hatw. iocaiaheytees ae iy. ames na elo 6 conc oocncs + 686
black e Jiacks. <eesaameias are 190e Burnett \..56.. -oen eee tee 324
Black jWalmiits 424 yao = 178 Burnett Saxifrage. ..2. 2242.) 446
Biadder) Nite eae eee 399) Brno US he eee eee 388
BLADDER Nur HAMIL. «05... 988 Bur-reedi iio). ec pe oo eee 92
IBF CISA Ones oh onocno aerate 5/2) BuR-REwD SAAMI Yenir. ce esis 92
BLADDERWORT FAMILY........ By(el; IBUG WEIL ctemel cc croeierch rare tea 629
ISIE ANKE SHH ee Sue a aslo Reno. o igo: 128 Bush-cloventeaer eee eee 354-5
Bleeding Celean tive, seas. ceye es 1 B72 Butter and: Moos so.) Jseeee 554
Blephiliawe tcc aeuke wets Of sce = 532, Butber“bur oyster eee 692
IES TIES i irs to csc car eure ss eevee kt pat rete 223) BuUbterculp. cane ee meee 258-61
Blite: Strawberry fa. ecn. 216) <BULEERCUR) \ORDERS = 4 ee eaee 240
Bilgodneot s).4 ccc seein. Hue 270) Buttertly WWieediy.as. see ee 496
BLoopwort FAMILY.......... Ad Butternut. nr eee errr eee 178
Ble s Beech -a.s sees Se 182) Buutons Bushs see oat eee 584
Blue Bells of Scotland...... 606 Button Snake-root......... 439, 640
pluehermny foe aacemec erie s. 473-4. Button-weed |....5.5.:.-5.5: 584
Teihvow Oihl Clean eercteunarcrgene client: 5A Button VVOOd te steele 306
blue-eyed (Grassi ccstir. oe 144
Lie WHA.) Vas cra the eran seyeces ees 143) ‘Gabbaleren Ss kaumnikisee es eee 110
1Bhicpe 1S EE baie ieminia gence es 564, ‘CACTUS BORDER Gk creer eee 417
BIUetSi tt..ctere ss hers oe crate 580-4~'Calamninitst secre eis ate eee 530
Ble vr Wee dither ecsit neusce seas ete blG Calamus Roots... eee 112
BOP SASDROGEMS ti.) reps avails <eensite> 1267 Calopogony..- eee ee 163
Bolton stars casveie eo cceue shes G50 Cally psouscrsctserctac canoe arora 160
BONESEL Learn vaste e cieoe 638-40) (Camomile nea eee ene 689
SOLAR ON, at ease ei yoiis eceie euslatets bla Camplony sien aces e eines 225-30
BORAGE: RAMU soe ates oh ciersyoe. rs 508: CAPER VHAMILY2 5-4-4 ores 288
SOUNCING Corin eeerierde cies 980) (Caraway. <icjeccecten oc stent 442
NOK PWIeOi sere ere 390° Cardinal Blower?...20 ere 608
STOWELIA ch pence 500 Carpet, Water .\5. atts eine 302
BTA: at. save ste dee ere erect 326) Carpet? Weed ec. tenets nie 222
Brook: Weed... «sve acai areyetem > 478 CARPET WEED FAMILY........ 221
BTOOM UME seis csiedePeeuebome yeicneiels 5BL Carrion Hower 2.0.25 ee never: 140
TOO eis oss, boss. s ae ren ee 341-2 CARROT! (HAMIGY..5 00: oiler 436
BYOOMARAPES | a/e:ts.« ersptenets unions 57D; Garros steht) aiekerss te oon 440
BROOM-RAPE FAMILY........- BE Catal pay ceipeares: eitepeeit erect 576
Buck beans. (.c-)te «pstes. eases reed t A493; \Catehe ys wi ccom score tht diets pe rans 226-5
BUCKBEAN FAMILY.......... 403 CATE “BEARERS +). 20). < os:yem 167
RIC CVGL. accep sreisbustoyaten< nie arene 302 (Catmintiaishs oh ane oe oe 540
BUCKEYE FAMILY...........+ SOL Catnip sic. «arenes otemipees 540
INDEX
Cashoobwseask 2 oe eee 674-6
COTE rT Mes a et eed So hol A 90
CA IPAT REA RETTE Yo) eee iet ois 90
CassandrassD warts os wena. cet 469
WASSTOME Ns wets wesc ene oye eyeter se! « 464
(CATE 2 Appr Me SR be & sepia Fe Ona Mite 83-4
Welandine’ © ..4.52.. cco o es 270
CONGAUTY ores «hc rreretac/ evens Kuss 488
Chatl-seedic.5 05 sr ae ae cr aad 568
Checkerberry i: ose os 4 a. 3 464
@NGGRENWI AR c/o hi cteihe eae oe 399
(ChIBB AAT Biatpieo ere tnocmae Bae 336
Grounded cner: 545-6
CHeEStOU beeen see rea 186
IELOES Gee cron tetera: 392
GC hievnilne ans cee nang aes 448
Chickweed 3.7. 4 .civ-relenas 232-5, 239
IFAS BIG Hits eae tA en pen oe 222,
Wetetatsy scr ct esay othe nate 223
GhieOn ys eres decency, erent 612
(CHICORYS GHAMIEY. 2. )s)s, 5, 5 oe chev 610
SUG UAIT oh..cpsore see eve 5 186, 191
AOI G@Smmmem rarer s RAL are ocatesten. 130
Choke (Berry... 5 ce0 ede ae 330
Cia @ (Dari oy tN Seta eaeieper carota eeemecoes 316-8
MObarirriy, VVC $c. 2eh2l pa secs ie 290
Wileamweeds:s Si Avaciocien sere ee 196
WIGIVELSES cle or eee as 585-6
(CHEETAH HIS. SG stench EeOIG Ia ee oRoaee 250
@linitontaie sce hoe sere 135
TG weed raat croc iest conta oes 629
Glovdberny: Vi. 5 stereo ye 311
(CLPORHERDY ee ot AotcRORe een ee ween 344-6
Wocklews COLMa nests ays e A dsss itios 225
Woee bree sc.sa0 tenis reuse s 339
GHOSE ein che ae 264-6
BOUCHER OO triacetin te eie ees 134
WOlESTOOUs ee reer iert conetooneties 692
ME OHM DING) sete cole i. te ches eines 263
UII DOM a ciciote nic ach eto oe 492
SSOMIAN OA ee ee ath cocchesaee ake ott 199
(Cloning "Sakon c ieee ne 511, 518
ConE BEARING TREES OR
DHBUBS He acieteioete seca 81
MEMO LLOWET. co tia'2 cis) 4 5 ene-anePofeve 680
OOTEVOLVATNUIST <jo ce. ors cienemreee clare 502
AGH OVO tie retake sie, ci tlretitny tee 300
Mra RET: 5 oe a0 «eco orp in, oie 594
ORDO Mone cece o che siceon ere teres 162
WOTCOPSISN feiss. 20m )<fere etm, erste Saye = 684
Garnmea Cockle. cs 5.) oc. amaeine 225
CornelebDwathons ess ccc oe 452
Worn Hlower as cc s4se dec 5 ake 702
CormsSalades, on :scccds ce ates 600-2
CormyeAquinrelly mentee 270
Corona. wees eho teres 348
MOEVGRIIE Sale repre eat Lata a 272
741
Cottonwood keel oe 177
Cowhane eta eee ee 446-7
@owsrelerbeeees Gee aeons 230
Cowslip, Virginia............ 512
Cow-wheat: oe qc, eens one 571
CrabyvApples ares wcweisaa teste 33U
Cranberry: i. asaya > 476
noche Bushee 591
Mountain p eee 473
@rambernry-tree wren te ter 591
Crane-tly, Orchis=- eee ace 162
C@ranes-pillyy seo renee 365-6
Oress.y a fhe orien 276-9, 286-8
ROG ee ee eee 282
Waters Anno eee 283
Crosswortinradesch cee 480
(Croton iso aeee ee ROL ee 376
Grotonopsiss sal ce sa eee 376
@rowbervye | sn. es seers 381
CROWBERRY FAMILY.......... 381
Crowlooti seine ats eee oe 258-61
CROWHOOTLS LAME Yayarnsieielneiens 246
GuckoovsHloweneeee cece 230
Cucumbers Burs. 5 442 eee ee 605
Cucumber Root, Indian...... 138
Gucumbers-lreer aes eee 244.
@udweediitece.o.cce ee eee 674-7
CulvernSweROObl- waCHe eee 562
CHDINE NdeHoranecononeues one 422
Cup es Planibes sch toronto eto 678
GnEerantyeant vadae oe ieee 304
GaN uth: ceo ten 594.
CUSTARD APPLE FAMILY..... . 244
CYPRESS eS DRIBM Ws 45 csyee clones 83
Cypripedium se essere 148
IDE NEN Va Oe a tes Hem oeee 666, 689
Walibandawa sents 314
IMaMTe SeVAOlEL aaa eaters 288
AIT Che NTOMMR a a ares seer eeeuecrenee: 612-6
Danoleberry ae...) css elsshids 472
Waye GOW erirytsss ac so 4 seeks 114-6
MeadmNettleser woe see 534
Meenberrye ster. cleans 473
Dewberry er.p.vorsle veces serrate store 312
IDEN Oh Oe aon acid icxc Gic 322
IDTAPEMSIAe pe) tye ciate 476
IDTAPEN STAN “EA NUTE Yo) ones lor eles 476
IDICOPYBEDONS\ .hecte creer 164
iDnicroerabinnd, WeEWAve phe boon Sane 136
Ditehia Grassic ici ee 102
IDitele MOSSeicclectecmet ne ore 108
IDA HEN th Pree Ato icrs Cia co came Aomo t 533
1D Yo7o AR A RS Ee re hae Bc, 201-2
ID Yaya (6 Vy ph eeomen ys Wy Paustian, ch tetera 503-4
IDODDER) WAMMEY: «243 soe 503
TODA TG aw olglatelalstelad atatiatet stator tate 494
742 INDEX
DOGBANE FAMILY............ 493 Walee 155 cio ss can ese ss eee 278
Dogwood Sage sc0 +c seb te 452-4 Oad (oJ, jas aise aha dso 552-4
DoG-woop FAMILY .......... 450 WoaAx WAMILY,. (0) i cae-teee 363
WDDOT NY CEUs ere oo ee Z0GiHleabaneseceie here eae 670, 674
Deron Head) \o%5 5 oe etc eee 542 Wlixweed). 2. \isie cc apt etel aee 282
Ba SC rerats <iisie there nae /1530 Hloating (Heart... 5. seas 493
DIARY CIS) Soaeer eminence eae atin 322 Flower-of-an-Hour .......... 400
Muckoweed:) 23...) sero ee 94. “Rly=pOlsOM). :5 3 srvs7= te eee 128
DUCK-WEED FAMILY.......... 93. Bog Fruit. (s. 12. 6.0 - ane eee 519
Dutchman’s Breeches........ 270 Forget-me-not .............. 512
Dutehman:s Pipe... ca.)std on 200 Koxglove, False. .... tits 564
Dyers! yRoOckebe: 3.) teemin 290 Wringe Ai. cot eiertor Ciera 272
Deree G2: s'n'ou,0a a ote Rioeawiets OAL TO g= Dib eisiersaie sists ons) tae 108
Hrostweed 2 closes ctcrctectete yer 406-8
BEONY WAMILY.; 5.2% ce aieieeor ASZ MMNILOLY ~ 60/210 cistern sian eee ee 272
Heo ORDER. ¢ 2. «:. schism ite ASD HUT ZO revels tot lonste evr eteheio ton tonite 342
MGM bain: ictoove.cye pyen sero 678
I UO TASE 3:3 05:5 (2, siete tonothicte OZ LOS MG allimsogal-.ir.tc-teryeie tens eet 688
GAME (oa 35. Sao e ae eee 926° Garlic & ini.\c sais zroncictersete NG 130
= 2) [0 (ch US ane Wea Arete eor ye a 591 CA GOs, i. \c\oests, oss cheer 284
BORE e's sls. sta ialt ee SLUT Chit ieee ea cng Ga SS oc 430
Marsh are nosis seccemecs mines G28 "Gentian. fence nc eee 490-2
LAA Ca Bs Aer eitenic oa ae ote 436 SPT OTSE, 7 hegerey- Fecha Pacvoie eon 592
HMlecampanes ects.t2 eee. see Git (\GENTTAN, THAMIILY yocee eee 486
HMlephant: ss Hooter ere 634 GENTIAN ORDER............. 484
LDP C0 5 oh ea CE toe RAR oe 192 Geranium, Feather.......... 214
ABIES MGS RVANETIG on 50-05) cay dopo e saves 191 GERANIUM FAMILY....;..... 364
Enchanter’s Nightshade.... 430-1 GERANIUM ORDER............ 364
Brigerony 2. cise ete re eee GO Gerardian <6 2h iasm tere eee 566
MryHOG et. oo) bos: we ott are £59 MGOrMander oo). isa, . tw eage Mate 544
Hvening = Primrose=. see cial: Aer 428 \Giant-hySSOp)-miis orem 542
EVENING PRIMROSE Famity... 422 Gill-over-the-ground ......... 540
INOTIASDIOS 45.0 (c op ate toe bys: 0.8 Gia-G Gan per .5.. sce. ys 199
BV EDIIGOE 5 a.0..5- chia iets 568-70 Ginseng... <0... 2 scm a eee 436
GINSENG FAMILY... ... 2.20025 434
Halse Buckwheat... .2-aae 208) Gipsy, Mlowenr.) acc - cere sere 511
False Dragon Head.......... 533 ‘Glasswort: ..5 sei: oe 217
alse HOxeloves.2) > «20 sneer 564* Globe: WMlower. 3:5... .-6 os Aas 262
False Gromwell............ 514-5 GLUMACEOUS FLOWERED PLANTS 109
ase ALleatiele cis). rskenc peace 408 Goat’s Beard......... 310, 612, 616
Halse =Mermardis.....& cians 382. Goatisy Rules sca atte. eee 346
FaLseE MERMAID FAMILY..... 3go2 (Golden Aster....--- see cene 642
Halse Miterworbienn ae ose. shit 300 Golden Clibrecs. tne eee 112
Wallse's "Nettles mart as actos: hatter: 196 Golden Crest Flower......... 14%
Hallse) Pimpernel srscwesesectern ob0RGoldenrodin. meen 642-50
Halse Spikenard;..2.. 2.022%. 136: Golden!Sealls 252. 0c.ece toe 256
Heatherfoil..). 51s ete setee ee 477 Gold of Pleasure............. 278
Weather Geranium........... ZLeeGoldthreddyscccs ent ne een 262
Ben Orchis'.'s:.'. «ia Vapors een 160 Good King Henry........... 214
AWOL otetay ovis mee oe opbsc002., Gooseberry yn oie oe tee 304
HIGWORT) WAMILY: 2... “once 550 GOOSEBERRY FAMILY......... 303
THUD Soca terete ate tao) a lcherscaa Remi Tee S88: GOoseioot <.geunn hana ie 212-4
BUG) WV COD Sein vies soeeeren ee 694 GoosEFOOT FAMILY.......... 211
WIVEMINGGT: tise sieves «Or eegee hie SIS. Goose: Grass. n.csi.ciean ss hives 318
TAN En eee i | eaeitA WAS 5 GOESE i etcitetslstettiegs codiac toner 342
PSWWCGD) Lararet suits) era ee tie WUZ™ GOBMOLE |! tases tve tee 612
110) Fr, > ORS 8 a me pe ge See 308-70 GOUBD oMAMILY. «1. csd oe .iaee 604
INDEX 743
Goutwecduaaneias re cia ci 1 448 Hobble Bush..........-----> 591
Gyape |... h cole Be ee 296 Holly Jcsa-ece eee: <r 386
Grape HAMILY.........-...- 395 Hotty FAMILY........------ 384
(Grass, Black... 22... .5--.-05+ 120) Hone’ Wotte--.e--o0ss-- >> -- 447
Grass-of-Parnassus ........--. 302 Honeysuckle ........------ 596-8
Grays Jeiille, a8odaq000 anodade 163 HoNEYSUCKLE FAMILY......- 590
Greenbriar ......-..6.-.---- W405) Hop) 2.6. ewer ase eer" 196
Green Dragon.............-- 110 Hop-tree ......---+-+---0:: 370
Grommmell 5456 ad cooccusomOK 5A Hornbeaml ere ciel et oltre 182
TRIO. aiiopaanoenpoine Riss Ilo ae so cpa0nag0K0eD0D0¢ 243
Ground Cherry...........- 545-6 Horse-balm ..........---+-:- 542
Ground NMG. (aires =. - 362, 436 Horse Chestnut.......------- 392
Giroeal jemcouooocddouOc 696-8 Horse Gentian........--+--- 592
@roundsell Bushhy..- eee = - - 672) Horsemint) 22. ee eine 522
Guim, Shiites soo cadeeaoaaoneDnT 454 Horse Nettle.........------- 548
SiGe coabio oon cas pooeodE 306 Horse Radish.........------ 283
Gypsophila ........---++--- 930 Horse Weed.......-------::: 670
Hound’s Tongue......------- 511
PIA CIDCETY © aya ele ele 192 Houstonia -.2.-.--2.----e"- 582
sma halos wer ates is <a ota sles 308 Huckleberry ....--.--+---> 472-4
Idle, 1GINE op ote o bob ogo uM oe 606 HUuCKLEBERRY FAMILY.......- 470
Telamevs: IDES Guo cadabauanocobe ARQ UdSOnIa, osc cellar rek: 408
TiewRoms eeceannococcmoomson 614 Hyacinth .........---+-+---- 134
ianwiksbeandser ise 6 - 620 HyAcINTH TRIBE.........-.- 134
Miawkweed ....2:0--.-+----- 622-4 Hydrangea .......----++++-- 303
ElawGthoel) siwicne' 22s ee 3 332 Hyssop ....------eeeeeeeee 525
iatzel ee NUG.. 264. ein'an ve% 5 os si 182 Hedge: &y. 22 i. «- «aeie 558
THigaaan (Seale coe a doacodouaodlc 392
ISIEGNHIN ous Soles opeO ome aia 464 Indian Chickweed.........-.- 222
isboyGuar IWAINda gig q ooo apoio AGO ndian © iumnanibe einen tr 594
EAE ORDER ea cies cea - = str Iboehinna JIM) 550000000 090008 494
Pie Eiaen deta oilers ets chloe el eres 470 Indian Physic........-.--.-- 310
TRIE) els Sie ctotorchore beta oie AQSe indian Pipers crteerrtete tt ir 460
Hedge Garlic...........-..-- 984 INDIAN PIPE FAMILY......... 460
Hedge Hyssop.............-- xe) ihwehenn IEnmeIbNs Gococcao500c 694
Hedge Netitle............-- aH) Ibaclenn Ubbhenyyscocacco0d0 6007 110
CAV SAT 50s vieja sale sie 20's S48 Indigo .. 2.0.20. 2 sone ee 341
Inicio, So oganopeoooosaDS Sid Unkberry <2 ..2-.-'-.0e sn: 386
iefallebouete mite. tierce esc 6 che 129 Innocence .......-----+++-556, 582
RACIEHORING Pease bs cle ots is ste 156 Ipecac .......+----eee-es 310, 379
Pere OC Kam foavess» stcista cies 4 © sie oy lias Sea pees GevTIo o GUIs Odio. 7 Oc 143
TEYOTISIOVS) | Rick Ge) COPS OSr GION D Ada Tis) HVAMMY sr) eriele eee) thor 142
Nel acm acon sess be clos MAG Wntarineoeel Goaceanngdpocc7o00c 182
CUT nS ee ee ee GR hpi soocmocnGoocqa0R< 634
POUEAR eisai ais oo aye oe ses <= 494 Ivy, Poison..........+------ 384
Viele irs sters nisi sttus aera PaeeM
Hemp Nettle.............--- 536 Jack-in-the-pulpit ..........- 110
VER AMC lates 6 a2 diervie whale ane 548 Jacob’s Ladder............-- 507
THITGHIY 1 gig eens crcachorogescs 0 Mp ores 534 Jerusalem Artichoke......... 682
PEP RNSE LCE © 560) 2) 0 5) 0 eee aia) cieiete t's 250 Jerusalem Oak...........--- 214
Efembr RODELU, «arte cee seie eo = 365 Jerusalem Sage.....-.------ 533
Herb Sophia......56s--s500 282 Jewel Weed.......------:- 392-4
ierculesi Clubs ...2.0-6--+-+- 436 JEWEL WEED FAMILY.....--.- 392
Heron’s-bill .........----0-+> 366 Joe-pye Weed.......----+--- 636
EIUICHEL Ae caicisisias ss erele so enene SN) Airis Witeile oo scoaaduco0c 408 349
PIGROLY. i. kale de cece nas 178-80 Joint Weed.........------ 210, 431
Hoarhound,....-«+sere- 525, 536, 540 Judas Tree....eeeerrererees 338
744 INDEX
gune: Bereys<. <2. eo see ae 331 Loosestrife............5 421, 478-82
iii Soto gooubodseroode. 83 LOOSESTRIFE FAMILY......... 420
ophiola:s...0:. =) ajnrtn setae eee 142
Kenilworth: Ivy..;......2::. diss - bb4 Lophotocarpus \. .7.4). ¢ : isan 104
Roe) SMevail., «okie. bey eee 624 Topseed |... scaeee eee ee 578
Kine ONUG. «cis. wc ts eee 180 LoPSEED FAMILY............. 578
KRonapweed) © <x cic esos edevetrey ets MO2Z, TAOuUS; <5). o1- spporeceieees hep eee 243
SAVED | 05. sis: sctelabetoomenee eee 240) (LOUSEWOLGH <:ccicbrsanrere eee 570
ESMOU-PTASS 52). ene errnte ore 2065240) Wovage | .ecmictcck tories 440
Knotweed! | 0... acer emer 206-7 dleerne)..c. eee 342
Keoehtay (o's, 2):00 sate ie oe 2A nd Wigia 7.8 -to eee 424-5
Kosteletzkya: :sS.secnpentechs @ £00: ‘Lungwort. 5. 2.73.26. eee 511
LUPINE»... v i's se gles 341
abrador: "Léa/aeccerewe saci: AG3) Ly chnis: accrcac emis eee eee 230
Ibady7sy “Mamtless yer re)-teiee- 322
ibady*s | = Slipper eras etenrer-i- 14S Madder’) «sc.:.. semen ee 585-8
Lady's, Rhumbiciecs. ci - 205) MiADDER) WAMUGY ye ee eee 580
ibady’s “Dressesttempe yee ce = 156-3 ViAppER) “OEDERFE eee 580
Take! Grassi ssrepsetisiae eters te LOS Macnoliay (222y sees eee 243 .
amp ESUCCOGY eto erie se ion 612 MacnoniA FAMILY........... 244
Tiarchiy:. sie tuatns eenstal amet, © 84). Mallow le. h...5acc.ctancwn oon 399-400
AGAamIS PUT pecenete eierarietsh cova: os 263) MALLoOw “EDAMILY.< ..2..oeeRe 398
Wiganmelons tec. celcyete tecretevens: sew 63 468-9 MaLLow ORDER.............. 396
SPER Greatest ene ster 2 418° Mandrake 0.52.2). sce epee 266
TARE HAMA Yeu otstete ye) oreo is), 968) Maples tet eas vumnicne ee 389-90
WaVENAEST SSCA ie sieve siete stoke 16's 482 MAP i -BUAIETT Yen ols. aicie eee 389
NEGATE er ce nale eat teers" s aio Sie 3 G77. Mare’s; Vaile, voc. Js eee 431
TheatheneH lower cc. <\<1-\0 ers os 250) Marigold; Mansh@ oct eee 262
MEAGHET RUCHT ers Gislscretens stele Os 469 Mar orau ee ncreeet oe eee 526
Pemthenw aod Wyle ccisyeute.s)s0 ee 418 Marsh Maricold a, sere eee 262
1 Dileep ES oe a 130) Marshy Parsleya.c- eee 446
Ibreyrevey ny LEHI 3 Behe a cory CORRS 530 ¢ Mansha Pink w cere nia 488-90
Leopard’s-bane ......+...... 692 Marsh Violet... (0.5... to neem 574
DROTEUCE av.8i sic c's scope) se, GI'8-20% 626-8) May* Apples. cnc cnn soar 266
WSe0ICOLHOR sac cs] aleeumeticsers 05 469) Mayflower c.r.-i sees eeeee 464
WARES O SES! iecciere sp role ai alejoeidie« 440 Mayweed 2.25.5) 0a. cise meets 689
MATL RNS Sgetase Ser stectyel eet as feaeaiet si 132 Meadow Beauty... ..- .-seeen 422
BICEP eLry eas ieir's ee saree 144 Mrapow Beauty FAmILy.... 422
DOUG acct clenatecelane atatere i 242-3 Meadow Parsnip............. 450
Wiaberta wis scares eyctere rates aus 243) Meadow-rule 3 oc. sc 2 eee 254
acIGy? HAREM Weverehiioe ete te? 124 Meadow Sweet............ 308, 322
Tmey (ORDER eerie ct-forctorse arene THY Medic? .c2.22.ne0 Se ooeee <a 342-4
1 B15 gee bar) 02) eee ie eae CaaS Oi 130 Meehaniay 272 ni aera 540
Liny OF THE, VALLEY URIBE. 134) Mercury. a2. semester 376
airrdery < f~. uweravs Steve tale ereteteurtas a 398 Mermaid; Palses.1.20.. = ase ar 382
LADEN) AMUN sieisieraiely 8s - 398 Mermaid-weed .............. 432
TSIM ACHS ie = ehein errs teletessa cic 594 Mexican. Wear... civ. verre 214
TRINSEOG! fetes cre ay econtunnlemniettoh shat 368 Michaelmas Daisy........... 666
dD Yorreg- WA Molo) ewer odin ttc WoC Oe 626 Micranthemum «~.... 2.5.0.0. 560
Abs ohh (oh (Napa Bac is fro Ge ata ak 586: Mipnonetie li. tata ewes 290-1
Laive-Bor-Hver ...ci.<..scie ees o 296 MIGNONETTE FAMILY......... 290
Tiiwerwort:<- «os acutcienapet ene 250: Mille) Pearl ogiacices se sicvomtn eee 362
iA. LIL. seats nse treroket testes te 167 Malk: *VeteGhysvowccke.cctton kere 348
LAZARD TAIL. HAMID sts .'s! a. 166. Milkweed’ scons avi ne deere 498-9
NBOW GINS) ve ors oleic’ o'e 010 ois aaa 608-10 MiLKWEED FAMILY........... 494
GU Bitte ke iced. cre eiesw' crete re 288. O48. Mallkowort? cows panies emieiats 371-2
LOGANTA FAMILY.....20cc4>0 485 BOR sates ioe nein ee 478
INDEX 745
Mirkwort FAMILY.......... Sil TTONSOy pactetrcrste op eitnole oer eks 548
EVETIVITUNISS cc eesyabciovesareretenareden vie, gist 5580 INETRTEEY -ATBTANCE... cecan. o- sc 191
VD eran etek teas oe tans BO OFAN NEDMTEN yu BVAUNET Ta Yoesa oo kevedcl shel a. 5) 4 194
FELOT SGU eco od iste ene trees HSZraNettler “lneeic ac sa aleoes oe ai 192
IMowmbaimy sis. [5 5 s6 6: 526-8, 532 New Jersey Tea............. 395
VIDE HAUNTS sce s wiein sets ie + se DLOWINtohushade se. arrestee si 546-8
Nts GE OWCL ES sips one aie a 640 nchanter:sumn ame ac 430-1
RVing DLCGOG Mepis vane ac orsseicentre oes LOS Name barks wes creteicsescsoete a dees 308
IMISTLETOE WAMILY....:..... UGS! NONESTICH) cya ctsisierete bake eaters vce 342
IMMER VR OI Une teie. sets) elev ees = ere SOA Niyeteleay -tsiss). cid. crests nope ae 508
IHS OMe oie is chars ans ee icretaes 300
Mocassin’ Flower.........:.. VAS Oak oh caer ce eee 188-91
Mock Bishop-weed........... 440 Jerusalemievs vy acts errs: 214
Moc ker Nbenicnrs «enters ote +s as LSOMORHAS TR: RUA WT ea ert tele 418
ITO MES GY a sree a enoisxele hove sia eia nse ADS OW OTiny wy HEA Mula Yayoye afore) eicr-leraver sey 484
MOM EY WOT so ctec ch eph ayats Svs lene) ous ASO ONION yeas seit at ees 130
Mionkeyshower <a. 1. 3-00 - 556) ONIONS LREBE ci eck iene 130
in Coral ASVaVayors WY Sees eats AACS ii ire 263 Orache: is isa ce enaehera eine 216
MonocoTyLEDONOUS PLANTS.. 89 Orange-grass ............... 404
MONOPETALOUS EXOGENS..... An Orange ROO tar oa ere 256
IW ayORE RG lee Bie nee techn ae cue ene cee 26H ORCHID: AHAMIIGYes 5) areas 146
MOONSEED FAMILY........... 26GmOrchisies tacit eee 150-4
BIGGS yAVVOOG . 2 556.5 estes ms 390, 418 Crame-thys 52% .5 4s taps cekacarete ake 162
Moosrt Woop FAMILy........ 417 IQ aluh See Meet SS Clos 0.0 6 160
MIOTHINE-SClOTY oo. s eee cae es HOD. Onpime ys ab iris cnc terete ee 297
Mornino- GLogy FAMILY..... FOO) (Oyssusis, IMAGINE Go oAdadcooe 296
TOR Sei Ksete, crcsyavele cic sateiays eae SOG OSteTy areca see eo eta ee er ee 454
IHG, “TARTS oo. Sean aie ere AGA SOX@CY Cw eretrtvstsnets Mee aimee rns 678
IWGTHER WORD. oye 2 fs ces 2 sls ois Hdd Ox-eyemD ais yeti «ieee ieee 689
MMcunteam® Ash... 2<.50. B25 OX=GONOM Calter inte errekeretarecens 614
Mountain (Fringe. ... 526.6% «- DiAwOvstera klamGss «vated aertor ee 511, 616
NIGUMUAI Eero. 5) we sie s 464
Mounts \Mgmibi 0. 6 see es 526-S0 Larmtpels cust sieyeicve cae aeeete ae 622
Mountain Sorrel: ........5.).. 210. Pamnted-cup. <2 cs woie ly ere 568
VR CHIS ere cleat licpccaytccls sie evste si con re cals DAG WE ARievatlaia svsperadire ciel mere 196
I FCC) TEA a he ie ey ee ie Ue Rarsley cy sccrst a errant 440, 444-6
MGT WORE Geen eae siae ons soos HOO MEARS IER Ye “HUA MERU Yoh on renee 430
TON OMG oateen ai OE co lw x eneeits = 2 G9OMBarsni p's «cis woporceencyee 442, 447, 450
ATUL One ere 0S ee ee ae re 194, (Partridge Berry.;.:3.). tens 1: 584
MULBERRY FAMILY........... lod Pactridge: Peale etme 338
OTT ecramse SPyicrctay eres is taard ecccsl sl cs 52 MPASSiOn HlOWelonaae rane reins 41?
MITER HOWOI aveua ccc. cio cle chs 55% PASSION FLowreR FAmity.... 416
WO TES FEA Ll eR Is ae Zee ATO WILLA ota cleeeiete tench nniciote 556
MGW Meds ei Nerr othe ect wk DaGe EANVDELW) | oraaieseeiplecatal a iseerarints 246
MnsTARD, BAMILY....3.....<. Di DME OD Mire cea cken anal sien norte 358-64
TUG Fare ois ooh lsi «6 « ove tee vie 5 AQ ASSE WAS TUANCTU YA fee once eo ebueete 339
SY (6 be Aas sy ie te ae AGSE hea-Miibie secs aA eee 360
Wivanrt ‘ORDIB., . dc <%ue% << fea AN BME ECO. or petra ccattieneiretecoterepanae 330
Prickly. .i.ccne ou tania 417
LJTHRIEL oGp Ee Gere eee. NOAM eanlworbe ag Aamo cee 235-6
NAKED FLOWERING PLANTS OOMPCOICHIATISy a. cieke civ n eeeeacin 570
LISTING Seep aera ar Ree proee tenet ae Pe DS MeN: ce LOW Clos into, cle as) oaeteneher ene 349
INVGUULG. cs) cts on facarer s,s sioie-e)as eats ti WGbwebennyroviall 7. Saraeran elceauteness 533
EAC Set cts cisvats eee sa aes 534 LEN beeen ess Cae ere ore 545
HQIGED Toes ticle Senne wlohe IY) ARGInhAy Orin Qe oe emeo coo dsmC 439, 492
Li 'e (e e ee 520-6, Repperage «.- csc. ce c-sse+-- 454
BAC HU L cig aja aces aaron a say adn 536 Peppergrass. ........+0..---. 276
746 INDEX
Peppermints.) cee ns en ase 522 Pokeweed | ...555..s0 ssc 221
Peppers) < VV aber =i. .ecepiemiera yee 206 POKEWEED FAMILY.......... 221
Periwinkle. a2. sencoce cele cke 494) Polygalla (22.70 st. (ete ose 372
Persicaria. o). fatiacewieies =e 205-6) (Polypremiiimig cierto ene 486
(Persimmon) (7. = clever ata AS4” (Pond ily etre tet. aerkeneeete 242-3
BY VcYa I emt Orcl ontecs atcuhcra et 50S) (ondweed) scene see 95-100
12 itl Kop: geen oie-cpo Brtiry dia Gases sees 506 PONDWEED FAMILY........... 94
PTO ANI eee 504 Poor Man’s Weather Glass... 478
Phyllantous x: ae aecese ccs 374 Poplat st722.. 3. e er 176-7
hysic, Modine py tater 310° Poppy wale. Sas sc oe ee 269
IPVGIIS ceecscessent pero eee 614 Ropry JAIME. : cee eee 269
Pickerel) Weeds se aee ase ae 116) Poppy, ORDERS nee eee 268
PICKEREL WEED FAMILY..... W6 Portulacat <2 eee ees 224
La Aloo cone mance bose 296 POTATO JWAMIGY.:. -..-1) seen 545
Rig: INuitatees cei cee oer: 180} Potato: Vimneseen ene ieee 502
(PIS WECU) wicket uaeraer 212,220. Powder Hom s. .2-c2 see 235
PIG, WEED) ORDERS 2s os. 210. Prickly “Ash. 7... 2). cree 370
Pimpernel! ose 446, 478° Prickly Pear... << 2.220) eee 417
Hal Seis sete Cite Py eer ke 560) \Primrose |. 2.020 -2 <2 So eee 477
LETT as Sirdean asain Ate Chaat 86-8 Bivenino 2 .h.cv acetone 425
IPP CES a eratde ney «srs she 460 PRIMROSE FAMILY........... 47T
IP Dio a5 5 oo Seam crema ser 460 PRIMROSE ORDER............. 476
TNT MVAUMIT gaye te eyote ilo as 82. Princess mbeathens..4. ae eee 206
IBTINE Sa BTBE sc.0s We tei tee aeysie teste $4) Prince's’ sPinesss ce eee eee 460
PPO (OUD or. ci aicts e) soe aes ee ee 462 Privet Andromeda........... 470
PPV Pee ees es Maca Goeate Sokehe 23. <PUCCOOM anc. at kh eee 514
ieee BAe dao eae cin ae oe 226) Purslane.y... acs oo oe 224
ViconSln aeeie teecte se ssehes 488-90 Marsh sc sce. eee 425
ENTORS! sr cteuMi terse el Sehr rene 506 Milk? sje kde eee 378
MROSE. + rosetta ees Aone acne 488 IMG ea. 5.5: ee ee oe 406
SUNN Oller du.e omemtetr ones 126, 468 Sea. ..cS hes ca eee 222,
ViVi Mirai ia ate cietpais Ores c 228 PURSLANE HAMIDY.> 9. 4aseee 223
PEAEN ISG EA MELTS Y eo, sn ety = cgereisyts 220 ‘Pursley: ... <i: lacks oceans 224
PPAMUK-TOOL: .siensieie ai» steve a epers 436)-Putty. IROote cee cee eee 163
IPAM SHOR, 4 isis ccutis ohn oo Oca 466° Pyrola). acdc cco oe eee 459
PBT WECM” 2. i sy. teys vues tarsachens 403-9 "Pyxie 225 ws .cie sce 2 A ae ee 476
IE TPYOUATLRIS? \ 5, 56e.Sihos wontons a, sree 166
IEW ON tie. totes. cree ety ees eee 114 Queen-of-the-Prairie ......... 322
TPM WORT» HAMITE Ys :.6 se ene 13 ‘Quereitron! 25.6.6 soe 188
LEripirol aes 2 Eh oll Pe egal notre, coms 291
PITCHER PLANT FAMILY..... 29 Rabbit; eH Oot... scrce srieeeeeee 346
PITCHER PLANT ORDER....... 291 Radish. S85 acs sans eee 282
PLANE TREE WAMIEY......... 306 Ragged Robbin. ....... suse 230
Plan agny SAacecetere, oho xhscecteves 579-80) Ragweed) 2... . steer eee 629, 696
IhaYshkchive Ak 3 Bye eek pues 694 RAGWEED FAMILY............ 628
MI crereetenarac5 tity cere ti 117. Ragwort 3. 6 cso) 696
Rattlesnakes << s.$..-- set: 159 “Ramys; Heading) aces eee 148
RODINES Se sien ee 670 Raspberry | «..5.0 3. 311
Wider. OnURe a iiearen ys 103-4 Rettle= Box jac cee 341, 570
PLANTAIN FAMILY........... 579 Rattlesnake Plantain........ 159
PLANTATNGMORDER : focus ete acytss 578 Rattlesnake Root.......... 626-8
Papiasy WORE ffs active ota axe aie 6 496 Rattlesnake Weed........... 624
PAUL arta: 1o ares Ie afore wena ite otata tae 304) Red iBudi sc sc.eeyccsc- oer eee 334
PLUMBAGO WAMILY.../...... AS2) ARGC: ROO Ute sc tate sit selene mene 141, 395
PPO ROMUAD titan et aees re esas tes L665 “Rhodore “aus sis cts cere 466
IPowom sbemildciks, o-), .n7 sh rien BAA MEAD WORT, oi niieseseveis ot eens 579
POISON. LV Yirrestoarso rests scem ends 984 ‘Richweed * j) 4.55 4ad5 co ae 196
INDEX 747
PELVOty WOR: sons aqua: 295 Self-heal ......+: Ree aera ote eh 538
RiveR WEED FAMILY........- 995 Senecio ..--seersecerereres® 696
MAG AOLeSA). aces: wieg ee see 989. O97 Senna 2... cess vaeessenes tne 338
RGR OU Glee ciale's 2 ares asia 282, 288-90 SENNA FAMILY....+-seess0e> 336
Rock RosE FAMILY,.....-.- 406 Sensitive Pea.....-.-++++-°: 338
ROE® po dmoooomontonne a dame qe 326 Sensitive Plant........+--++:: 338
Rose ALLIANGE.....:+-+:--5: 292 Service Berry......-e+ssee 331
Hoge Bay... pcsccusevervins 466 Shad Bush......ceeseverrees gail
TROGIR TRVAIREN 35 plerogin onload ogo 806 Shag-bark ...---seerererrees 180
Rose Mallow....-...:-:10---- 400 Shepherd’s Needle....-+-+-+- 448
RROSEMIATY .- sees eneenees: 469, 482 Shepherd’s Purse,...+-1+-++> 276
ROE LEMS. Ageia ciocricrorcie ne ASS Shin-leaf 2... .-0.1<eurves P 459
Rose Twist Foot......-...-:: 136 Shore Grass...-.-.-++-rerrees 580
IF GFGMOI... dal deumnos en ode oda. 296 Sibbaldia ....--++++-+ee8? weet SLs
AgIN-WEED. vasayer ase ca eens 678 Sickle-pod ......++++- oe 287
TSP) 2 oaeserenceenercicne Gace a cece 421 Sida, Prickly.....---s:er-re 399
Rue PATICMONe ss 36; 0a1 eur sicos 254 Side-saddle Flower...,.-++-+ 7 ight
ESTE HPACMEEE Yeoteneisie eiepact utes visas 870 Silver Weed....:::-s++-t0+ 6 318
fe Goat Bide. « ccle eile = - 346 Sisymbrium ...,,.-+-+rerer: 282,
IRWGIINEK goo blepowadio acinus 576-8 Skullcap .......+-seeeererre 539
Uppal, ee oye ese we eee 102 Skunk Cabbage.......--+++->- 110
RRANS TMP A eho sini) SierGlioier sien sier UUS2O A SOG. seiacicteversie ele cleleteie) ipieenetrte 334
ihuishen TAManth 25a poate n oimescior is) rnewean WWSealao es Gnocossepbar 206
Russian Thistle............-. Oils) Cwtlepe Eocaoouoodcoonpo one 140-1
Rutland Beauty...........-- 502 Smi~ax TRIBE.......------:- 140
Snalke=headucmr erie tner r= 555
Seine), goadgecooouuD aoe oem” 589) Suakeroob) o<.- oe cle ele el rl 640
BG cise ce cee none 2% 530 inibVel< GopoapocdD duds000C 264
Jenusalemie. sees: 1 - 533 IZM oogHosoacooocT > 439
Wi@oul % Sscine ep.cc co orwor 544 Senegai sa. cs. Je. seme 372
Sagittaria ........-..-++-+- 104-8 Wirgiiita, !c 2. ane ese a 200
St. Andrew’s Cross........-- 412 Snapdragon ........-+--+-+- 554
Sin, drolmaty \Woniten aooccu ade 408-4. Snowberiye erie 474, 594
Sp. Joun’s Wort Famity.... 402 SoapBerry FAMILY.....-..-- 392
Si beter s-wolu......2-+--- 402 SoAPBERRY ORDER.........--- 380
PTE ae Rieu Oceano 616 Soapwort .......--++2+ee+-- 230
SITIO 2 cite ame & OIIEID Oran 918 Soloman’s Seal.........-.-.- 136-8
SANDALWOOD FAMILY........-- TNS (Stomavtall agasoaoncoddoscb 0 Sol 201
Stpivcl 13h See oe pene Oko 548 WihoimeEhla gooaogpadodgcur 210
SAM GVOL LM islets civic clever elcls 236-8 Wood) -coecoeoccre stir es 368
apni "a4 eo mo deteomc or 440-2, 638 SoRRELWORT ORDER.....----- 200
SAPINDALES ORDER....:..---- SSOe Sour Guile soe cele ae cle tneol 454
Sarsaparilla ..........-+--: 436 Sour Wood........--------- 470
SHEE E I AMES aig aero OO olosoi 268 Southernwood ..........---- 690
Savory, Summer........----- HAS Sow-thistle: js. c ee «sles or 616
BARAITALC sconce nadine sn 298-300 Spanish Needles.........---- 686
(Cn Ge Ei Ge oie creado croiuoye CACO 302 Spearmint ...........+-+--- 522
BUTS Ubivarcler i= s)e/a0=) shettel Mex 446 Spearwort .......-----+-+--- 258
GAXIFRAGE FAMILY.....--.--- 297 Speedwell .......--+-+++-+-- 561
STG LOUS| ten l's che ouel sich whl seks 604, 670 Spice Bush......--..-+---++-- 268
Scheuchzeria ........------: 103 Spider Flower..........----- 290
Sclerolepis ......---+eeeeees 636 Spiderwort .......---+++-++: 116
Scorpion Grass.......-++-+-- 512 SprpERWoRT FAMILY........- 114
Sea-Blight .......--+++-+++- 217 SpPIDERWORT ORDER......-.--- 112
Sea Purslane.........------: 22% Spikenard ........--+++++-- 436
Sr ROCKCU «are « shone viele! «1 eBook 278 TAA Speco o Ono Orn treo eoreee 136
Seed BoxXvs.s.e eet vcmse eve ee 425 Spiraea ....--eeeeeeee cere es 308
748 INDEX
Spring + Beatty (cco oy ences 224 New. Jersey. ib. ites nein 395
STF rte sa satorntotare! ctrl wiefete stb 88 \\"Rear . Thusib..i os a. oe ee 210
SOUReG des cece cele sirens ome Bee 378-9 ‘TLeasell iss .c2sa 24s ook 602
SPURGM UN AMULY: J1.tccie ete nor cre 374 DBASEL AME Y. 4 40g ae 602
Sonuree. uaurel ic sce nel 418 “Chimbleberry 2°). 2-54. eee 311
OMELY (6:6 cists we awe ee Vem na 208-9 (Thistle). iiss, 2 ftp oo ee 700-3
Squaw Root...(00) cake. iden 575 RUSSIAN 6. 4°.) ae ee 218
Siquaw-weed ci. nice ees <)> 696 DEisTim WANTIY,. oye one 629
Squirrel) Cormii.. ogo sr 270 “TRON. sc2515 533 Sais bee 331-2
Stageor Busi. /2iec cae nels 469 Thorn-appley...02. eee 548
Starr TREE FAMILY........- 386 Thoroughwort ............ 636-8
Stara HOWErs omickrecstisheiate oe 478 sibread Hoobs... seine 295
Stare Grass<cisisga ce ocean 1945) b4 2S hyme . on cye inert is cena 525
MCh liaeae sooo ood 6 Uy. Mickseed) +i. hho oe eee 684.
Star of Bethlehem.......... UGA bick=treforl Vous eee ee 350-2
Starwolbea soe: 230 =AN O38 S80) aloud, Milas a sye se eee eee 552-4
Steeple, Bushi.i-ixi closes» see 308 Bastatd }..2cc0 3226) eee 199
Stenanthimm a-niccce cy aoe 128) Mobacco;,Indian eee . 608
Stitch wortwr asset ee see 234 Wald) oc ku 548
Stiekseeds Sacks at socuavei er tectrst: Bia Pofieldia. -..45 cic sete eee 126
SUONHORO) Sebohaudtosooumone 297 Toothache Tree... .~....'.. me ae 370
Stonk spills nara cvs oa 366 _Loobhwonbeete cette eee 283-4
Siramonvambss ce scree. ey eer 548) Touch-me-not <.).... 2.2 sae 392
SNM NSNRG od ode dd coo 314, 318 shower Mustards o2-..- meee 288
Strawberry Blite...:........ 26" Rrailing Arbutus. seer 464
Strawberry Bush............ 388 “Trefoil “es. . east eee 344-6
Suaeda, Rich’s........ So Sefer 28 Semillon ie eee cee ene 138-40
Succory Dock-cress ........-. 614 Trumpet. Wlower.. <4. vest 576
Suceory, Lamb... ..05.0.0 65% 612 TRUMPET VINE FaMILy...... 576
SUT EX eee een Pees 16 crane 992) s'Erumpet Weed!nscac eee 636
SunpEw WAMILY.4...-.050--. 291 TuBULAR FLOWER ORDER..... 499
MUNATOPA Hoi esters eee kan 428-30. Tulip ‘Tree. .,3.6 chase see 244
SIMHOWED Reve eee sre eee 682251686-3 Tumble Weeds... 2. ein 220
Hal SeMaeeaercneie erhalten teo cree 673 “Tupelo 355% .o.4 Gaceee eee 454
AS TINTLAC ys, eis oe wes ernest tanene 302-4 Turkey-beard: sci. e eee 126
WENO CHUAINGIT AY Ey te cist alroeotene tenes SO: PUTT | meas tsteieterstere bene tets ieee 280
Summer Savolye.. = tele r- 528) Turtle-head 75s). i.ieveialel stein 555
Swallow-=wWOr. doit toneleteret a A99) WOwayblademas seca ce eriene 158-60
Swamp Pink... 005+ 126; 468) “Twins Mlower-sueici siren 592
Sweet ayee tic. \-r. fs. weinjenevsrel 244 "Twin, Weatads sees aeeo ech terene 266
Sweet-cicely .......-.-.+.-2-- 448 Twisted Stalk... s006. samen 136
Sweet lovers cece cates eee 344 "Twist “Moots.0te cc's cc cree 136
weet ublerneerset rotor erence? 177
Seyeat? Milder strani siie ccs ee 112 UMBELLIFEROUS PLANTS...... 434
Sweebs iGalle stcrectstlaretats wie ccete U77. Una icy.i.'.1.'cletoten ere ae 464
Sweet, cues sere irate crs 306
Sweet William....... DOR: O31, 506) Valeriany \sics/ a1yleisislalbes ale eenenene 600
Sweet) Woodriutier etree cnet: 588 Greek (4..!.0cG wresene nen 507
BIVGOINOTO: 8.00 \s lees sooth vd 901° 306 VALERIAN FAMILY. .....5. 00% 598
SyMPETALOUS JEXOGENS...... ABD VATLRRIAN: (ORDHR...10ceewlemte 598
Velvet. Lead oa. si ener eee 400
TAIIAYSCK asians ee hee tt 84. Velvet Plamtsatect: uteri See Oe
PD ATISY, | peteisls nine ors eetisohe ets oe 690 Venus's ‘Combin Gi ssw. sccm 448
TAPE-GRASS FAMILY.......... 108 Venus’s Looking-glass........ 606
EP AVG WV Us esis fo'ery sinters wen Stace BOO. VeLVAIN hic esicinteeia’s fetes eel enerans 518
ea, MOBDEAGON «is\s.5 vets eista fiesta: 463 VERVAIN WAMILY.. 00s ues oe 518
MGEXACAN! ivs'svies ¢aleads drs 214 VERVAIN ORDEBs...c.s.ce000s 516
——
INDEX 749
Wietchwurtte teak cccein toe th oe: SG Whistle! VWWOOWs aie neisiclss« © ove ols 390
CLOT re ont an sss SAW nites Alder cranes sere 3 «isle 458
AVI Seer et te POU, 348 WHITE ALDER FAMILY........ 458
WEiCHIIN IN =: <cieicsaine tree soe Ci aint: WGC Aa ao oes octdustc 689
\Winloy rida ca yy ee a een es ee OMe OAVVinbes NVVOOG srr ic) nateieneleteriere = te 244
WA LGA Secor cutee woe San 4110-6) Wihitlow ‘Grass... oss ne... o0' 287
WMgiieisyys Sete ce seeks ee PSCe MV hiblow-WOLG) v. 4. aelereieicote © os 239
VR Entawes 2 as svepe se ago sie fe hall Sieh \Wnilel (Cine eo non honsode or 199
WATT ONE 10-00 oy cee ee AQOUANVillow 2.sticvas eeiteerenrers 168-76
WTODEDE ORDER =f:5 2/8061. « sf Sree 400 Wahwetine), age negcandggont 303
Warpinis Creeper... oi... 6.0.0 os 396 Water ...........+5+:.- 578
MIT SUNIAWVLOWS../i-. asa 634 303 Wittow FAMILY............ 167
rein: BOWER...) 6.35 OAS SO Willows Pelen Dierareto sree relor 421, 425-6
Wind lower. <-sac sci teeien 252
\WWiGTR@attl tile feet ee ee ae 1USS2409 Wanter-berny) <1. seiner 386
Relat, Blacks... ois kon 178 Wintergreen........... 459-60, 464
Warum, MAMITY.. . 4.4%... 178 WINTERGREEN FAMILY........ 458
Water Awilworte ci. 2 une ioc Se yyiech) laze cn. erates 306
Prater Carpal oy. sans 26 302 Witch Haze FAMILY....... 304
WiateniOnress? sot) va. -24 oss: Me MANGA! Saas oabooobpococooL 592
NWWater MHemlock.:.....:.:..- 446) Woad. Waxen. j.04- 2.4 seer 341
Muater Hemp. its... oe. h we. Po NMOIMIE SeepeacooscobonrccoN 94
Water Hoarhound........... Bb NV GOODING Wor... - = 7 serve 596
Water-leat ioc. le cece cee 507-8 Woodruff, Sweet............. 588
WATER-LEAF FAMILY......... Be WVOOd) Rush svar. lae eels 123-4
“VG LETS 6 1678 ae ie 943\) Wood-sorrel . 32 sm.) = = rae 368
WATER Lity FAMILY........ 949) Wormseed yan. = os cree epee 214, 280
Wistter-mmltole sc cscey. esos. Agote Wiormwoodun. -.-1l1 teers el 690-2
Water MiLroi FAMILY..... 431. Wortleberry .........5...3. 473
ELGG i ASU WOURG WODUs. sores acetone 538
WARN IDAIMIGY :. Ses 6 6 anes 431 .
Water MP arsnip.. 25. seas. AdD. YAM VIVAL Yo oc. = ayer ienversiete 142%
Water. Pepper :t..c65 2. 6c secs 206: Vam-root) .cres sais acl cresretere 142
Wrianerblantaim. = 25. occ es LOBEL Visi PRO Wi pane ohsiociovae eile eee 688
WATER PLANTAIN FAMILY.... 103 Yellow Broom.............. 341
ADM TANTS sia a's. 2,00 <0. ls,e;eu0i'e 93 Yellow-eyed Grass.....:..... 113
VIG SS) 4 ts a 242 YELLOW-EYED GRASS FAMILy. 112
Serer ystar Grass..¢........- VU sKellow. | Wlags ices ar. cero 143
Wiser eScabWOTrt. <2 as. <n scUMYellow) Rocket asacceee cere 279
MVALMR STAR WORT) MAMIULY....6. o79 Mellow JR00ts.cwe. =<. ses oc 262
DWater Vargeti.. ...senece eee DAD WV ellow: Weeervsccre.s «.s'sto oe ers * 290
Water Willow..:...... See Ne DEON OWS ate cr een diera a be eee eee 82
VRAGEN EWONUE vavalensycrcrote, ovsne, sisne oe ACG MY We WAMU ae nese ae cece 82
WATER-WORT FAMILY........ 406
NEUE RIY! Peyeie ihovs, «0 siphons vars iaysuate ie CAO, ~ eo Sedona ce sc 100
WVU WVECO istic terns cise sicietenss at AD AW LY CAG CONUS series (ala svoletalenain cies 128
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