dudu
NAVAL Pp
r. SCHOOL
\ 93343
NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL
Monterey, California
THESIS
THE IMPLICIT FINITE-DIFFERENCE (IFD)
ACOUSTIC MODEL
IN A SHALLOW WATER ENVIRONMENT
by
Mark E. Kosnik
June 1984
J.V.
Sanders
Thesis Co-advisors : C.R.
Dun lap
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2. GOVT ACCESSION NO.
3 RECIPIENT'S C'TALC5 -TJ M 9 E R
4. T\TLE (and Subtitle)
The Implicit Finite-Difference (IFD) Acoustic
Model in a Shallow Water Environment
5. TYPE O? REPORT & -ERIOD COVERED
Master's Thesis
June 1984
6. PERFORMING ORG. REPORT NUMBER
7. AUTHORS
Mark E. Kosnik
8. CONTRACT 0 R GR*NT NUMBERS;
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Naval Postgraduate School
Monterey, California 93943
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT, PROJECT TASK
AREA 4 WORK UNIT NUMBERS
II. CONTROLLING OFFICE NAME AND ADDRESS
Naval Postgraduate School
Monterey, California 93943
12. REPORT DATE
June 1984
13. NUMBER OF PAGES
128
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18. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
19. KEY WORDS (Continue on reverse aide It necessary and Identity by block number)
Pressure Amplitude, Trapped Normal Mode Propagation, Shallow Water Acoustics,
Ocean Modeling
20. ABSTRACT 'Continue on reverse side If necessary and identity by block number)
An implicit finite-difference (IFD) computer model was developed by
Jaeger to solve the parabolic equation. The model preserves continuity of
pressure and the normal component of particle velocity at the ocean bottom
where there is an interface between media with different sound speeds and
densities. This feature was implemented to make the model more accurate
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in a shallow water environment. The IFD performance in a shallow water
environment is analyzed. The IFD results are compared with those of two
other models and analyzed in light of basic physical reasoning. In
addition, a single sloping ocean bottom is modeled in an experimental
tank so that the measured pressure field can also be compared to IFD
model results.
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The Implicit Finite-Difference (IFD)
Acoustic Model
in a Shallow Bater Environment
ry
Mark E. JtcsniJc
lieutenant, United States Navy
E.B.A., Uiiversity Cf Notre Dame, 1973
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the
requirements icr the degree cf
MASTER OF SCIENCE IN METEOROLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY
frcm the
NAVAI POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL
June 1984
AESIBACT
Ac implicit fini t€-diif erence (IFD) computer model was
developed ty Jaeger to solve the paracolic equation. Ihe
model preserves contiruity cf pressure and the norial ccmio-
cent cf particle velocity at the ocean bottom where there is
an interlace between media with different sound speeds and
densities. This feature was inplemented to make tie node!
more accurate in a shallcw water environment. Ihe IFD
performance in a shallcw water environment is analyzed. The
IFD results are compared with these of two other models and
analyzed in light of basic physical reasoning. In addition,
a simple sloping ocear bottom is modeled in an experimental
tank so that the treasured pressure field can alsc be
compared to IFD model results-
DUDLEY KNOX 1 IBRARY
IJn&J TE SCHOOL
MONTEREY, CALIFORNIA 93943
SABLE CE CONTENTS
I. INIBCEUCIION 10
II- 1EI IJD COMPUTER MODEL 12
A. EACKGEOUNI 12
£. 1HE CCMPUIEfi MODEL 13
C- H.CDEL PECEIEMS/MCEIEICATIONS 14
E. MODEL VEEIIICATICN 18
1- Comparison with Jaeger Model Bun 18
2. Comparison with Jensen and Kuperman
Model fun 19
2. Comparison with Coppens, Humphries and
Sanders Model Run 23
4. Comparison with Physical Seasoning .... 30
5. Verification Sunmary 40
III. IAECEATOEY MEASUREMENTS 42
A. EACKGEOUNI 42
E- EXPEEIMENT5L DESIGN 42
1. Ihe Tark 42
2. Signal Genera ting/Beceiving Eguipmert . . 44
C- 2EASUEEMENI PBOCEBUBES .47
IV. MCDE1 RESULT CCMPAEISCNS HUH LAEOEAIOEY
MEASUBEMENTS 53
A. 1NTROEUCTICN 53
E- IHE GENEEAI ANALYSIS 53
C. IHE DETAIIED ANAIYSIS 64
1. CCNCIUSIONS/EICCMMENIAIICNS 75
A. CONCLUSION 75
1. Perf ojiance ox tie IED Licdei 75
2. Mcdeling/tieasureiiieiit Procedures 76
£. EEC0M8ENEA1ICNS 76
APPENEIX A; REVISEI HZ PBCGFiK LISTING 78
APPENEIX E: TI CONTCCB PLOT PECGEAfl LISTING 113
APPENEIX C; RUNNING IfiE CONTOUR PLOT ON I HE NPS
COMPUTES 115
A. INTROIUCIKN 115
E. COPYING TEE FILE fCE USE 115
C. EONNING TEE FBOGBAtf 115
APPENEIX E: SOUECE IEPTK SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS .... 117
£IBIICCB*EBS 125
INIIIM EIS1RIBUIION IISI 127
IIST CF FIGURES
2.1 Jaeger1 s Deet-to-S hallow Water Case 19
2.2 Jensen and fluperman Sloping Bottom Case .... 20
2.3 III and JKM Comparison at a Range of 2.5 Klj . . 22
2.4 III and JKM Comparison at a Range ox 5.0 Km . . 23
2.5 III and JKM Comparison at a Range of 7.5 Km „ . 24
2.6 III and JKM Comparison at a Range of 10.0 Kq . . 25
2.7 III and JKM Comparison at a Range of 12.5 Ke . . 26
2.8 10 Degree Sinple Sloping Bottom Case . . .... 29
2.9 IFE and CHS£ Comparison at the Apex 31
2.10 IFI TL Contours (dn) from the Source to 604
Meters 33
2.11 IFE TL Contours (db) fiom 600 to 1350 Meters . . 34
2.12 III TI Contours (di>) from 1350 to 2100 Meters . . 35
2.13 III TL Contours (db) from 1550 to 2300 Meters . . 36
2.14 Normal Mode fropogaticn in a Wedge Shaped
Ocean 39
3. 1 Experimental Tank Set Up 43
3.2 Electronic Equipment Schematic 46
3.3 Fulse Length Analysis at 3. OX 49
3.4 Pulse Length Analysis at 10.4X 50
3.5 Fulse Length Analysis at 10.4X 51
4.1 Comparison cf Results at 1.0X 54
4.2 Comparison cf Results at 2.1X 55
4.3 Ccnparison cf Results at 3.1X 56
4.4 Comparison cf Results at 4.2X 57
4.5 Comparison cf Results at 5.2X 53
4.6 Comparison ci Results at 6.2X 59
4.7 Ccnparison cf Results at 7.3X - . 60
4.8 Comparison ci Results at 3.3X 61
4.9 Comparison ci Results at 9.4X 62
4. 10 Comparison ci Results at 10. 4X 63
4.11 Ccuparison ci Results at 0.7X 65
4-12 Comparison cf Results at 0.8X 66
4.13 Comparison ci Results at 1.0X 67
4.14 Comparison ci Results at 1.3X 68
4.15 Comparison ci Results at 1.5X 69
4.16 Comparison ci Results at 1.7X 73
4.17 Ccuparison ci Results at 1.9X 71
4.18 Ccaparison ci Results at 2.1X 72
4.19 Ccaparison ci Results at 2.31 73
£.1 Source Sensitivity Analysis at 1.0X 119
E.2 Measurements with Scurce Deptn ox 5, 7, and
9 Cm 120
E.3 Measurements with Source Depth of 11, 13,
and 15 Cm 121
£.4 Measurements with Source Depth of 17, 19,
and 21 Cm 122
E-5 Measurements with Source Deptn of 23, 25,
and 27 Cm 123
E.6 Measurements with Source Deptn of 29 and 3 1
Cm 124
ACKBOHIEDGEHSMTS
lie author thanks ICCS James Nelson, USN, for his advice
and assistance in developing irany of the graphics ^letting
programs. Appreciation is also due LI Patrick LeSesne, ISCG,
for his nary long hcurs sptnt assisting in the lancratcry
wnile ccjipiling the experimental data. Thanks are alsc due
to Prcfesscr Calvin lunlap for his review of the thesis.
lie author also expresses his appreciation to Dr. Aian
E. Cc;:j:ers for his advice and clarification given tc the
theoretical aspects cf the thesis. finally, the author
thanks Er. Janes 1. Sanders for his time and efnent in
assisting in ail aspects of research and thesis preparation,
fiithcut the knowledge, patience, and advice of the Cczjens
and Sanders team this thesis sculd not have been possitle.
I- M11CEUCTI0N
A variety of acoustic models exist to predict transmis-
sion Jess. Each of these models contain inherent strengths
and weaknesses. All have shown poor results in a shallow
water environment due to difficulties at the ocean ret torn
where there is an interface between media of different sound
speeds aid densities.
Since its introduction (Hardin and Tappert, 1973) , the
paratclic wave equation has been a widely accepted means cf
soluticn for acoustic propagation. The earliest programs
used a split-step Fourier transform algorithm to solve the
paratclic eguation (II) . Several other solution techniques
have teer developed primarily to overcome difficulties that
cccur when the Fourier transform encounters an interface
ietween different media (Lee and Botseas, 1982 and EcDaniel
and lee, 1S62) .
In alternative solution technique that uses an implicit
finite-difference (III) algorithm was developed hy lee and
PapacaJcis (1979). Iris method incorporates appropriate
interface conditions and allows solutions in shallow water.
Starting with the IFI algorithm, Jaeger (1983) developed a
computer mcdel to predict transmission loss and acoustic
pressure rased en user specified bottom topograph} aid a
single scund speed profile. This computer model uses the
mathematical treatment of the horizontal and sloping inter-
faces developed by ecEaniel and Lee (1982) and lee and
McDaniel (1S83). It also utilizes several design features
and aetlcds incorporated in an earlier coirputer program
developed tv Lee and Eoteas (1S82), and a P£ computer iiodel
developed tv 3rcck (1578).
10
Tie IJrE program preserves continuity of pressure and
continuity cf the ncimal component of particle velocity at
an interface .between nedia having different scund speeds and
densities. This feature makes the program unconditionally
stable and better able to handle the bottom boundary
conditio!.
Since its development, the IFD program has cot neen
rigorously tested. This thesis analyzes the program's
performance in an idealized shallow water environment. The
environment includes a simple sloping sand bottom beneath an
isospeed water field. Ihe analysis begins by comparing the
IFD's predictions vith predictions froii Jecscn and
Kupernan's (1980) PI model and Coppens, Humphries and
Sander's (1S84) image model. The analysis also includes a
comparison of the ncdel' s estimated transmission less
contours with expectations based on simple physical
reasoning. Finally, the thesis describes an attempt to node!
a shallow sloping bottom in an experimental tank. Tne tank
contains a sand bottom sculptured with a ten degree slope,
laboratory measure meets cf the pressure field are taker at a
frequency cf 100 kH2 for comparison to the predicted pres-
sure field generated by the IFD. These comparisons cf the
1ID predictions with ether model estimates, theory, and
laboratory measurements give an indication of the IFI's
performance in a shallow water environment.
11
II. IHE IFE COMPUTER MO DEI
2. E1CKG£CQND
.fir iflrlicit finite-difference solution technique tc the
pararciic equation has Deen studied and refined by many
authors. The history of this development is explained in
detail by Jaeger (1982), hut merits review in order tc gain
a perspective on an aralysis of the IFD computer model. Ihe
pararciic equation is an approximation to the elliptical
wave eguaticn. The first means of solving the Pit used a
split-step fast Fourier transform method as developed fcy
lappert and Hardin (1973). This metnod requires periodic
boundary conditions ir depth because of the finite Fourier
transform and handles this constraint ty introducing an
artificial horizontal pressure release bottom below the
actual physical bottom. This method of inplementing an
artificial bottom was incorporated into the earliest PE
models developed by Jenson and Krol (1975) and Brock (1S76).
Errors in this split-step Fourier transform method were
found tc be proportional tc the horizontal range step and
the second derivative of the index of refraction. Ihe second
derivative of the index of refraction tends to be large
across tie ocean bottom interface. Another problem with the
split-step method is that it does not consider density
differences between two different media at an interface,
which influences the reflection coefficient. For these
reascns the split-step fourier transform method proved to be
poorly suited for a shallow water environment.
Ihe HE solution method was introduced by lee and
Papadakis (1979) as ai alternative to the split-step methcd.
Ihe IID method employs a second order central difference
/
12
formula to solve the IE in the fcrm ox a tridiagonal matrix.
Although the first version or the IPD did handle discortinu-
ities in the sound speed profile/ it did not consider
density discontinuities. In 1962 ttcDaniel and Lee introduced
a meticd to handle a horizontal interface of different
densities. In 1983/ they extended their treatment to
include a sloping interface. It is this version of the IFD
that is used in Jaeger's computer program.
£. HI CCflfUTEE MODIX
lie III computer program consists of a main program and
twenty subroutines. Ihe prcgai utilizes a moduli r construc-
tion so that each of the various subroutines are called fiom
the main program to complete a specific calculation or func-
tion when required. Ihe IPC is run interactively fron a
user generated input file tnat contains values for
frequency, one sound speed profile, a bottom prciile,
source/receiver depths, attenuation coefficients for tcth
the water and the bottom/ and several other input parameters
that tell the the program where to obtain a solution within
the field. The prociam initiates the calculations assuming
an initial Gaussian pressure field and an artificial pres-
sure release surface at a user specified deptn.
Atteruation in roth the water and the sediient is
handled as complex indices cf refraction. An artificial
attenuation layer is established beneath the sediirent to
introduce attenuatior above the artificial pressure release
surface. Ihe actual nagnitude of this enhanced attenuation
is calculated using ai eguation derived by Brock (1978) for
use in his IE computer model.
Ihe 1ID program steps along the specified bottom profile
and cakes calculations down through the water/sediment
column at each user specified horizonal range. The program
13
requires that tie bcttcm intersect exactly at a vertical
grid jfcixt. As a result, for a sloping bottom the prcgram
automatically calculates the range step to fulfill this
requirement . This computer generated range step is always
less than cr equal tc the user provided range step. As the
slope ci the bottom increases, the range step must decrease
and core calculations and computer time are reguirec" to
solve tie entire pressure field. In seme situations an
actual medification cf the user inputted bottom is required.
Inis cccurs with a very gently sloping bottom when the
required range step exceeds the user specified range step.
Here, the program automatically models the bcttcm as a
series cf level and sloping sections in order to ensure the
user generated range step is net exceeded. This modification
cf the bcttcm is always less than or equal to one-half the
vertical grid spacing and the model issues a warning tc the
user cf the modification.
Ecth printed and graphical output are provided fcv the
IJD. Ihe printed cutout provides transmission loss and the
real and imaginary components cf the pressure field at each
depth for a specified horizontal range. The graphical output
is a jlct cf transmission loss versus range at the user
specified receiver de^th.
C. ICLE1 IBOBLEflS/MCIIFICAaiCNS
As this study of the IPD program progressed, it became
necessary tc modify certain aspects of the model. West of
these modifications were necessary to alter the program
output irtc a mere desirable form, but a few were iirpie-
mented tc correct programming deficiencies. Although this
section cf the thesis discusses the earliest model runs,
these results are ret presented in detail, but only
discussed in general terms because they were obtained before
1U
the computer model \as fully modified- All modifications
here jiade only after careful analysis of multiple model
runs. It is important to realize that all results generated
for comparison to otter models and laboratory measurenents
came ficm a fully modified version of the IFD-
Since the ultimate objective of this study was to
compare IfD model results with laboratory measurement 5 the
program *as first rur with input parameters which exactly
modeled conditions in tne tank. The experimental set up,
explained later in great detail, consisted of a tank that is
approximately two meters in length, one meter in depth, with
a ten decree sloping sand bottom and a maximum water deptn
cf 35 centimeters (cm} . Based on a test case run bv Jaeger
(1983) cf a simple sloping bcttom, and by results shewn by
Jenscr and Kuperman (1980) for propagation in a wedge-shaped
ocean, it was expected that there would be certain recogniz-
able patterns in the predicted propagation patterns.
Specifically, since tie speed cf sound in the bottom exceeds
that in the water (fast bottcm) , the simple sloping bcttom
supports trapped ncrmal mede propagation (Coppens and
Sanders, 1981). As the acoustic energy travels upslcpe
toward the apex, successively lower modes are cut cfi and
the energy contained in these modes is transmitted intc the
bottcm. The range from the apex at which energy cf the
lowest mede is transmitted intc the bottom is referred to as
the dump distance and is a function of wavelength, wedge
angle, and the ratic cf sound speed in the water tc the
sound speed in the sediment- An empirical equation that
defines this dump distance was derived by Coppens, Sanders,
Ioanncu, and Kawamura (1978); and was used to identify the
expected ranges of these dump distances for the given
scenario described alcve.
lie initial unmodified IFD run used the parameters taken
from the tank and showed ro recognizable patterns in the
15
acoustic field. Theie was no observable decrease in trans-
nissicn less at the various dump distances as expected.
Bather, results indicated widely fluctuating patterns in the
acoustic rield that appeared inconsistent with both previcus
studies and simple physical reasoning. Upon closer analysis,
it was disccvered that although tne program was designed to
he independent of scale there are several logic statements
that are net implemented if the user provided range step is
less thai cne meter. Because the logic statements aren't
satisfied, the HEHSEG and NEiiMAT subroutines (Jaeger, 19S3)
are net called correctly. The NEKSEG subroutine initializes
the tcttcm slope and the NEWMA1 subroutine computes matrix
elements foi the program. Obviously, errors in these two
program functions seriously distort results. Because of this
systenatic error in the program it became necessary tc scale
up all tank parameters. All distances were scaled up by a
factcr of 1C00, and ireguency was scaled down by a factcr of
1000. Careful analysis reveals that all input parameters are
a furcticn ex either distance cr frequency, so this scaling
produces results that model these expected in the tank.
The second modification of the IED was reguircd to
provide a three dimensional graphics display. As discussed
earlier, the IEE picvides a transmission loss plot versus
range at a single depth. Hcwever, to study the model
predictiens in greater detail it was felt that a twe dimen-
sional analysis cf the model estimates would be mere mean-
ingful. As a result a transmission loss contouring program
was developed. The piogram (Appendix B) displays transmis-
sion less contours for range versus depth. Use cf the
contcur plct reguires that transmission loss values gener-
ated ty the IFD be sent to a data disk used by the contour
routine. 1c facilitate this transfer a dummy variable (LliD)
was established in the PEIN12 subroutine to store the trans-
mission loss values and then these values are written tc the
data disk at the end cf the main program.
16
Anctier modification of tie IFD output was required to
change tie real and imaginary components of the pressure to
a single pressure amplitude magnitude. It was felt that
dealing with the pressure magnitude was easier aid mere
meaningful than with the real and imaginary components of
the pressure field. This conversion was done in th€ PEINT2
subroutine and established a new variable (PEMAG) tc repre-
sent tie pressure macritude.
A firal modification in tie computer program was made
due tc a suspected error in tie computation of the attenua-
tion in the artificial layer. Physical reasoning dictates
that prcper implemertation of the artificial attentuation
would result in a steady drcp off in acoustic pressure with
depth throughout the artificial layer, with pressure drop-
ping tc zeio at the pressure release surface. IPC model
results en the other iand shewed wide fluctuations in pres-
sure kith depth in tie layer and then only a minimal fall
eff at tie pressure release surface. The equation in tne
IFD tiat actually computes the magnitude of the attenuation
in tie artificial layer was taken directly from Ercck's
(1976; PI model (Jaecer, 1 S83) . However, Brock's equation
was derived with feet as the unit of measurement while
Jaeger's model is derived witi meters as the unit cf meas-
urement, liith this in mind, Jaeger's equation stcula be
approximately a factcr of three larger than Brock's eguation
to correct for the difference in units. To correct for this
error tie ecuaticn tc calculate attenuation (ATT (I)) in the
NEWMAI subroutine was increased by a factcr of three. flien
this ccrrection was implemented, the large fluctuations in
pressure with depth were eliminated. The expected drop off
in pressure with depti and the fall off of pressure tc zero
at tie pressure release surface were noted.
A listing of the revised IFD computer program witi all
modifications can be seen in Appendix A.
17
I. MCEI1 VERiriCATICli
1 • .Ccjij: arisen with Jaeger Model fiuc
In light of the so diii cations to the I FD computer
program just discussed, it was necessary to ensure that the
the chances themselves did not introduce errors irtc the
model. So as a first step the modified IFD program was run
for cne of the test cases used by Jaeger in his original
work. This case analyzes propagation in an environment that
moves fxcm deep to shallow water- This particular environ-
ment is depicted in figure 2.1 and was chosen because it was
very siflilai to the simple sloping bottom in the tank exper-
iment. A solution is obtained for a bottom with an upsicpe
cf 8.5 decrees. An isospeed water field is used with sound
speed set at 1500 n/s. Source freguency is 25 Hz. Ihy
scenario has a maximum depth of 350 meters and a range cf 40
kilometers. Both the source and the receiver are set at 25
meters.
The results using the modified IFE program were the
same as Jaeger's for this test case above the artificial
attenuation layer. As explained earlier, the prcgraa was
modified tc reflect higher attenuation in the artificial
layer, so as to properly reflect the effect of attenuation
in this region. The modified program results did not show
the large fluctuations in pressure with depth in the artifi-
cial layer but rather the gradual decline in pressure
towards a value of zero at the pressure release surface. Cut
above the artificial layer the modified program results were
identical with those achieved by Jaeger with the original
program. Apparently, the ttincr changes in the prcgraa
designed tc improve en the form of the program output dees
not hinder the model's ability to achieve a soluticn m the
upper sediment and water column.
16
FREQUENCY - 2.0 HZ.
SOURCE DEPTH - 25 M.
250"
^§350
X
H
Q.
UJ
Q
1000
WATER
SEDIMENT
ARTIFICIAL LAYER
0.0
10.0
20.0 30.0
RANGE(km)
40.0
figure 2.1 Jaecer's Deep-to- Shallow Water Case.
2- Ccc f arisen with Jensec and Ku perman Model Run
Ihe second attempt at verifing the IFE ncdel
involved a comparison of model results with those achieved
fcith a El model designed by Jensen and Kuperman (1980). Ihe
Jensen and Kuperman ficdel (JKfl) uses a split-step solution
techrigue. Comparison with this particular model was chosen
lecause it is one of the few that obtains a solution it two
dimensions. Host acoustic models obtain a solution at only a
single depth. In addition, Jensen and Kuperman made their
nodel runs in a simple sloping ocean bottom environment very
similai to the scenario of interest modeled in the tank.
3his envinenment is depicted in Figure 2.2 and featunes a
gently sloping bcttcn of 2. 2 degrees. The water coluin has a
1S
unifcrn speed of 150C m/s. The source is placed just relow
the midpoint in the channel at 112 meters and is driven at a
frequency cf 25 Hz. The maximum depth in this scenario is
200 meters and has a naximun: range of 12.5 kilometers.
Ihe Jensen and Kuperman results were expressed as
FREQUENCY - 2.5 HZ.
SOURCE DEPTH -112 M.
0
200
3 400 ■
II
|h-
,W 600 •
lj
800
0.0
WATER
SEDIMENT
2.5
5.0
2.2
7.5
10.0
12.5
RANGE(km)
figure 2^2 Jensen and Kuperman Sloping Bottom Case.
transcission loss ccrtours fcr range versus depth. Iheir
study concentrated en transmission loss pattens in the
sediment, rut results were obtained both in the sediment and
in the water. These results are compared to the IFD results
at ranges cf 2.5, 5.C, 7.5, 10.0, and 12.5 kilometers. Ihese
ranges were chosen fcr analysis because the JKM results
showed the greatest variation in transmission less with
20
depth and thus, makes for a more meaningful comparison with
the III results.
lie IFD and JKU results can be seen in Figure 2.3
through figure 2.7. In all the figures, the IFD estimates
are shewn as a solid curve while the Jensen and Kuperman
results are depicted as circular points. Ihe first analysis
is at a ranee of 2.5 kilometers. From Figure 2.2, it can be
seen that the depth at this range is 200 meters and is ir a
flat bottom region. From the results shown in Figure 2.3,
it is ctvicus that both models obtained almost identical
results frcm the sirface dewn to a depth of abcut 300
meters- Ihere are differences between the two sets of
predictions from the ocean bottom to a depth of 100 meters
below this ^oint. Eelow 300 aeters the Jensen and Kuperman
results shcii a very slight increase in transmission less
(II) fciti depth. The IFD also shows an overall increase in
transmission loss with depth but with several fluctuations
in trar snission loss and a marked peak at about 300 meters.
So in general, the results from the two models have the same
general tendencies although the IFD appears to shew greater
detail in results near the water/sediment boundary.
Figure 2.4 shews results at 5.0 km in range. Here,
the water depth is still 300 meters and marks the very
beginrirg of the sloping bottom section. For this range ihe
JKM predictions are crly available to a depth of 300 meters.
Ihe results are nearly identical with those obtained by the
IPD. Ecth models show a relative minimum in transmission
loss at a depth of 1C0 meters and then a gentle increase in
II with depth.
Ihe model results at a range of 7.5 km are seen in
Figure 2-5. At this range the bottom depth is abcut 150
meters and the bottom is sloping. Ine models show the
greatest difference at this range. Both models prcduce
nearly identical results in the water column, but beneath
50.0
Iransmussuon loss ( d b )
60.0 70.0 80.0 90.0
0.0
100.0-
^Jo.L1
; n -
_C 300.0-
— >
CD
CD
*00.0-
500.0-
600.0
— IFD MODEL VRLUES
o JKM VRLUES
^ni, i o 1
100.0
Figure 2.3 IFE and JKM Ccnfarison at a Bange of 2-5 Km
22
Transmission Loss ( d b
50.0 60.0 70.0
CO
100.0
JZ 300.0
o_
CD
a
400.0-
oOO.G -
600.0
0.0 90.0 10G.0 110.0 123.0
— IFD MODEL VRLUlS
o JKM VRLUlS
n
?rnse: - 5.0 KM
Figure 2.4 IFD and JKfi Comparison at a Eange of 5.0 Km
i j
60.0
Trans mission Loss
70.0 80.0 90.0
ao J
I00.G
0.0
100.0
200.0-
-C 300.0
+->
D_
CD
Q
400.0
500.0-
600.0
— IFD MODEL VRLUES
o JKM VALUES
RANGE - 7.5 KM
110.0
Figuie 2.5 IFE and JKM Comparison at a Bange of 7-5 Km
24
60.0
Transmission Loss idb)
70.0 80.0 90.0 10G.0
0.Q
100.0-
-C 300.0
0_
o
400.0-
500.0-
600.0
— I ED MODEL VRLUES
0 JKM VALUES
RANGE - 10 „Q KM
11C.0
Figuie 2.6 IFE and JKM Comparison at a Range of 1C-0 Ka.
25
Transmission Loss (do
70. Q 50.0
3i
U i
100.0 110.0 120.0
0.0
100.0
yr\c> r\
JZ 300.0
o_
o
a
400.0-
500.0 -
— IPD MODEL VRLUlS
0 JKM VRLUES
500.0
RANGE - 12.5 KM
figure 2.7 IPC and JKH Comparison at a Eange of 12-5 Ki.
26
150 neters in depth the mcdel estimates iegi n tc slew
cif f eiences . The Jersen and Kuperman results show a gradual
increase ir TX with depth below the ocean bottom. The 1FD
results en the other hand, shew a gradual decrease ic trans-
mission less from 15C meters to 300 meters, with a relative
minimum at 300 meters and then an increase in 11 rereath
this depth. Althouct there are some differences in model
estimates near the tcundary in the flat nottom sections
previcus.lv discussed, the differences appear to he greater
at tie tcurdary in this sloping bottom case. Ir these
regions away from the tcundary in either the water column or
in the sediment, hewever, both models produce similar
results, lhe JKfl's difficulty in obtaining an accurate solu-
tion at the sediment tcundary is not totally unexpected. Ine
model uses a variation of the straight split-step solution
technique similar tc Brock's computer model (Jersei and
Kuperman, 1980), that has characteristically been ursuc-
cessful in obtaining a reliable solution near a boundary.
Ihe results at a range of 10-0 km are seen in figure
2.6. ht this range the water depth is approximately 100
meters and the bottom is again in a sloping region. At this
range Jensen and Kuperman results are only available to
about 15C meters in depth. for the data availarle, the
models predtee nearly identical results. Beth models predict
a minimum at about 5C meters in depth and then ar almost
linear increase in 11 with depth- The IfD results also
reflect a transmissicn loss maximum at about 200 meters, and
then a slight decrease of 11 beneath this depth. Data at
these depths are not availarle from the Jensen and Kuperman
run. Ir light of the results obtained at 7.5 km for a
siopirg rcttom case cne might expect that the results fcr
the two ucdels would show differences near the ocean tottcm.
However, since there is enly one Jensen and Kuperman
predicticn available rear the tottom for this range, it is
27
difficult tc make anj definite conclusions regarding differ-
ences ir ncdei perfcriiarce at the boundary.
Jesuits at tie apex (range egual to 12.5 km) can be
seen in figure 2.7. Since all estimates are made ii the
sediment at this rarge, there is no boundary tc ccrtend
Kith. At this range the two models snow the test agreemert.
Eoth models show a gradual decrease in transmission less to
a depth cf about 30C meters and then a gradual increase of
II with depth.
In general, there appears to be good agreement
between the IFD and the JKM model results in regicrs cot
influenced by a boundary. In both the water and the deep
sediment the twe models produce similar results. Although
this is ret conclusive evidence, these similarities suggest
that the III can successfully model acoustic propagation in
these recicrs. Near tie water/sediment boundary however, the
Jensen and Kuperman aid IFD predictions show marked differ-
ences. Ihese differences appear to intensify as the tcttom
beccmes mere sophisticated. In general, the Jensen and
Kuperman results dc ret seem to show the detail the IFD
results do. Considering the different solution techniques
employed by the two medeis, these differences in results are
expected.
3« Ccie pariscn with Cop pens ,, Humphries and Sanders Kg del
Bun
Ihe third attempt at verifying the IFD perfcrmance
was dcre by comparing results with an image theory node!
derived by Coppens, Humphries, and Sanders (1984). This
Coppers, Humphries, and Sanders Model (CHSM) uses a saddle
point approximation to an image model tc solve fcr the
acoustic field. Beth programs were run for the scaled
scenario modeled in the tank experiment. This scenario is
depicted in Figure 2.8 and features a ten degree sloping
26
rottca. Ihe maximum water depth for the run is 350 meters
and the naximum range is two kilometers. The source gener-
ates a 100 Ez signal and is set at a depth of 175 meters.
FREQUENCY -100 HZ.
SOURCE DEPTH -175 M.
350
500
-k WATER
10.0
2000
0.0
=1C o{
CL
LU
Q
1500 J-
ARTIFICIAL LAYER
0.5 1.0
RANGE(km)
1.5
2.0
Figure 2.8 10 legree Simple Sloping Bottom Case.
Ihe image model provides solutions onljy at the apex.
Ihe cccpariscn of predictions at the apex (range egual to 2
.kiloiieters) , can be seen in Figure 2.9. In the Figure, the
IfD values are plotted as the solid curve while the image
itodel values are shown as circular points. The predictions
are shcwr as values of noraalized pressure amplitude for a
given depth. The different models produce pressure amplitude
values in different urits, and thus, had to be normalized to
jiake a ccmparison of values possible. This normalizaticr was
25
cone fcr each model ly dividing the presssure aiflituce by
the naxiauii amplitude predicted by the model.
She results suggest that even though the ncdeis
predict siniiar larce scale trends in pressurs aaplitude
with depth, there are several differences in detail. The
plot shews that toth the IFD and the iiiage mcdel predict an
almost linear increase in anflitude with deptn down tc a
specific naximum and then a slow decrease in anplitiide
beneath this maximum. The IfD however, shows tne naximum at
about 15.5 ireters in depth while the image model aaxiiui is
deeper at 1S meters. Beneath this maximum the IFD shews a
cuch sharper decrease in amplitude than the inage model. Ihe
trend in the image mcdel data appears smooth, wnile the IfD
curve reflects several small scale fluctuations.
It appears that both models predict siniiar large
scale trends in pressure amplitude for this scenario. It is
difficult, if not impossible, to account for the differences
in detail. As a mininum, however, this comparison indicates
that the two sets cf predictions are consistent with cne
another and can be considered reasonable in this shallow
water environment.
4 . ecu f arisen with Physical Beasoning
Ires model cenparisons it appears that the III at
least makes a reasonable estimation of acoustic fields ir a
shallcw water enviror nent. IfD results are also analyzed in
comparison kith basic physical reasoning and theory as a
fourth attempt at model verification. This analysis examines
IFD trarsaission loss contours for the simple ten degree
sloping ccean scenaric seen in Figure 2.8. The scenario is
two kilcneters ir ranee with a maximum depth of 350 meters.
The the source generates a signal at 100 Hz and is placed at
175 meters in depth.
30
NORMALIZED PRESSURE RMPLITUDE
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
0.0
5.0
10.0-
15.0-
_C 20.0
Q_
CD
Q
25.0
30.0
35.0
40.0
figcre 2-9 IFI and CESM Comparison at the Apex,
31
Trarsmissicn loss ccntour plots are displaced in
Figure 2. 10 through Figure 2.13. All II contours are
expressed ir decibels (db) and are shewn as a function of
depth \ersus range. In all figures, the ten degree sloping
rotten is shown as a solid unlabeled line- Ihe contcur
plots are displayed over four range subsections due to
computer graphics linitaticns and to emphasize different
significant features in the field.
Ihe first figure shows transmission loss contours
from the source to a range of 600 meters. The ccntcurs in
the first 250 meters appear very symmetric, increasing
outward from the source in a pattern that resembles spher-
ical spreading. Since the 1IL program assumes a Gaussian
starting field this early pattern is expected.
Frcir a range of about 300 meters to 600 meters the
field in the water appears tc be dominated by a surface
reflection pattern. From the spotty appearance cf the TI
ccntcurs in this regicn there is an indication of ar irter-
acticn cf surface reflection and bottom reflection en the
contours. It is possitle to ccipare transmission less naxima
with redes in the surface interference pattern. Eased on
surface interference theory these nodes should occur fchere
(Kinsler, Frey, Coppers, and Sanders, 1982) :
SIN (khd/r) = 0
or in ether words;
khd/r = nIV
where:
n =0,1,2. . .
r = fiange
k = Wave cumber (2*7,))
d = Source Lepth
h = Depth cf Node
* = Wavelength.
32
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Ey marip ula ting the above equation it is possible tc solve
for the depth at which the ncdes should be observed. for
this particular scenario at a range of 604 meters, nodes
should cccur at integer multiples of 25 meters in depth
(25n) . figure 2.1C shows that these transmissicn less
maxima dc exist as expected, every 25 meters in depth at the
stated range.
fased on simple physical reasoning one would expect
refractive bending along the ocean bottom due to density
differences between the water and the sediment. Ihe ccrtcur
plot reflects a charge in basic pattern at the interface.
Ihere is a bending of the Tl ccntours that suggest a refrac-
tive influence.
figure 2.11 shows transmission loss contours from a
range of 60C meters tc 1350 meters. Again in this recicn the
water appears to be deminated by surface reflection. Sclving
for the ncdes in this surface interference pattern at a
range of 1350 meters, it is found that these nodes should
appear ever^ 55 meters in depth, from the fiyure it is again
seen that 11 maximums do occur every 55 meters in depth as
anticipated. As in the first figure there is a change in
the basic II pattern at the ocean bottom. The bending
appears more accentuated thar in the previous figure, but
still suggests the influence of refraction at the ccean
lottcm.
figure 2.12 displays transmission loss frcm 1350
meters tc past the apex at a range of 2100 meters. In this
figure, the dominance cf the surface reflection mechanism is
less cbvious and the 11 patterns become more complicated. It
is in this region that the influence of trapped normal mede
propagation can be seen. As discussed earlier, as accustic
energy travels up tie slope toward the apex, normal modes
are cut off and energy is transmitted into the bcttcm.
According tc adiabatic normal mode theory, medal separation
3 7
is rarce ascendent (C-iaves, Nagel, Uberall, and Zaur, 1S75
and Ccppers and Sanders, 1S80). The ranye from cue apex at
wnich tie lewest mcde is transmitted into the bottom, can be
calculated using the fcllowing equation (Coppens, Sanders,
Icanncu, and Kawamura, 1978) :
1 = */4 SIN6»t TAN@
where:
1 = Dump Distance Of The Lowest Mcde
i) = Wavelength
&t~ Critical Angle
(? = Wedge Angle.
According to adiabatic noraal mode theory (Kinsler, Prey,
Coppers, and Sanders, 1982) , in deep water (near the source)
the lewer normal modes are far above cutoff and the adia-
ratic eigenfunctions consist cf an integer number cf half
sine fcaves with zerc pressure at both the top and tcttom
surfaces. At the cutcff of each mode, the pressure at the
rotten must be naximi2ed, resulting in an adiabatic eigen-
functicn that contains 1/4, 3/4, and 5/4 wavelengths at the
respective cutoff distances cf 1X, 3X, and 5X for the three
lowest iccdes. from figure 2.14 it can be seen that as the
normal medes travel up the sloping bottom, succesive codes
are fcrced into the tcttom at distances where a particular
node reaches a depth at which it can not longer prcpacate.
Also frcn the figure it is cbvious tnat a source set at
nid-depth can net excite the second mode. Since this
particular geometry is present in the tank scenario it is
expected that the energy associated with this seccne mede
snould ret be seer. Based on this line of physical
reasoning, modes shculd be dumped into the sediment at the
first dump distance, fifth dump distance, ninth dump
distance and so en. If these modes are dumped as described
38
fl
RANGE FROM APEX
3X 1X
SOURCE
MODES
figure 2.14 Normal Bode Prorogation in a Hedge Shaped Ocean.
then thej should he seen in the contour plot as reducticns
cf transmission loss in the bottom at ranges cf 1952 meters,
1760 neters, 1568 meters, ard so on.
frcn Figure 2.12 it can be seen that there is an
cfcvicus decrease in transmissicn loss at approximately 1S50
meters (dump distance #1) and 1760 meters (dump distaice
#5) . 3tere is also a less clearly defined reducticn in 11
along tt€ rcttom at 1565 meters (dump distance #9).
The final cortcur plot (Figure 2.13) shows transmis-
sion less contours from 1550 meters to 2300 meters. This
figure is ar extensicr cf Figure 2.12, intended to emphasize
how clearly the bean at the first dump distance is defined
in the plots. The team at the fifth dump distance is also
3S
visits rut is not nearly as well defined, frca this figure,
cue can also see an indication of a very narrow Lean ii the
sediment at about 186C meters. Ihis distance corresponds to
the tiird dump distance (second normal mode). Based cr. adia-
iatic mode theory the secend mode is not expected tc te
excited. Hcwever, adiabatic mede theory is only an approxi-
mation cf rcrmal mode behavior. Ihis approximation cf nerval
mode behavior teccnes less exact as the bottom slcpe
increases and the clcser the source is to the apex. Ihe
appearance cf a narrow beam at the third dump distance indi-
cates that there is a strong possibility that the secend
mode is present and that the adiabatic approximat icn is net
exact Kith a ten degree bottom slope.
Ihe basic features of the IFE contour plcts are
consistent with both physical reasoning and theory. Easic
surface reflection and bottom refraction occur mere
expected and behave as anticipated. In the far field,
trapped noriral mede propagation is observed and can te veri-
fied Kith simple dump distance calculations. The loeatien of
teams dunped into the bottom appear consistent with basic
mode theory. In short, the transmission loss contours indi-
cate that the IFD is making reasonable predictions cf the
acoustic field in a shallow water environment.
- • Verification Summary
It is difficult to say how exact the IFD predictions
are fcr a shallow water environment based on these simple
verification technigues. As a minimum it can be said that
the model results are at least consistent witn other model
predictions and expectations based on simple physical
reasoning. Model estimates are virtually the same as the
Jenser and Kuperman H model in regions not influenced ry a
water/sediment boundary. Close to the boundary the IFD
results appear to shew greater detail and variaticn than
40
this IE ncdel. The 1ID results also appear consistent with
the general trends in pressure amplitude predictecd ty the
Coppens, Humphries, and Sanders iaa-^e model. ftgain differ-
ences were toted in the small scale structure. Finally, the
IFD II contours verify well with tasic expectations fcased on
physical reasoning and theory. Surface reflection and
tottca refraction patterns are observed as anticipated. lar
field ncrnal mode propagation can he verified in the zicts
using sinple dump distance calculations. In short, all veri-
fication methods attempted, fail to uncover any inconsis-
tency in IFI performance in a shallow water environment.
41
III. liBOEAlCEI MEASUREMENTS
i. EaCKGECUND
The na-'cr attempt at appraising IFD performance involved
ccmpaiirg model results with laboratory measurements, lie
shallow water envirornent modeled in tne tank is very ideal-
ized; a ten degree sloping sand bottom with an iscvelccity
water ccluiin. Although this scenario appears eiterealy
Simplistic, it is ore that car re reasonably modeled lr the
iaboratcry and still approximate conditiors in an actual
shallcw water ocean environment. The methods used tc node!
and oeasure the accustic field are relatively untested.
Indeed, this attempt at laboratory modeling was performed
rot cnly tc verify HE predictions, but also to see if the
environment could be successfully modeled in the labcratcry.
E. ESf EEIflEMTAL DESIGN
1 . She Tank
A fiberglass coated wocden tank was used. Ihe tank
is 3C4 centimeters ir length, 117 centimeters wide ard 95
centineters deep. Sard filling the bottom of the tarX was
shaped tc form th€ ten degree sloping botton:, and
measurements were taken over a range of two meters. Maximum
water depth in the tank was 35 centimeters. A 100 kHz
source *as placed at mid-channel depth (17.5 centimeters; .
The layout cf the tark is depicted in Figure 3.1.
42
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A slope of ten degrees was selected for several
reasons. 1c begin with, even though a ten degree slept is
greater than most ocean bottom slopes, it is still small
enough tc be considered realistic. Pernaps most important,
the ten degree slcpe was selected because given the
frequency limitations (discussed later in this chapter) and
range limitations, this wedge angle allowed the source tc be
placed many (4 1.6) dump distances from the apex. A large
number ci dump distances was necessary to simulate a distant
source.
lhe bottcm material used in the experiment was #30
fine grade sand. The grain size ranged from 0.15 millimeters
to 0.70 nilimeters. The sand was treated with a technique
used ly Eaek (1984) tc remove air from the sediment. This
technigue used a high speed jet to agitate the sand/water
mixture tc remove the bubbles and then allowed the sand to
settle fcr several da^s before the experiment was initiated.
Jresh(tap) water served as the medium in the tank,
lo remove air bubbles, the water was allowed to settle in a
settling tank before being transferred to the experimental
tank icr use. The water in the tank was periodically treated
with chlcrine bleach to prevent the growth of biclcgical
material.
2 • Signal Gener a ting/Bee eiving Equipment
3he acoustic signal used for the measurements was
produced by a function generator, sent through an amplifier
and then transmitted into the water by a directional trans-
ducer resonant at 100 kHz. The dimensions of the active race
of the transducer were 7.0 cm in width and 2.0 cm in height.
Ihese dimensions resulted in an approximate beamwidth (ancle
from the acoustic axis to the first theoretical null) of
11.3 degrees in the horizontal and 46.3 degrees in the
vertical- The narrow horizontal beam minimized reflections
44
from the sidewalls of the tark, while the wide vertical team
allowed ccaplete ersonif icaticn of the chanr.el in the
vertical diaensicn.
lie signal was received by an LC-5 omni-direct ior.al
hydrcphcre, sent thicugn an aaplifier and filter, and then
displayed en an oscilloscope and voltmeter. A schematic
showing the electronic setup is shown in Figure 3.2.
A frequency cf 100 kHz was selected for tv»c prac-
tical reasons. First, to avoid particle scatterir.c ty the
sediment, the acoustic wavelength must be at least three
times larger than the gram size of the sediment (Anderson
and Iiehermann, 196€)- The largest grain size in the sand
was C.C7 cm, so that a waveientn of 1-45 cm(100 khz) was
sufficiently large enough to he immune to this effect.
Second, the 100 kHz frequency and the properties of the sard
provide a dump distance that is small enough to allow the
source tc he positioned many dump distances from the apex.
Shaping the sand bottom into a ten degree wedge with
a uniform and smooth interface proved to he a leng and
tedious process. 1c facilitate this modeling, wcoden
supports (two-by-fours) were mounted a^ong the length of
roth sides cf the tark. These supports were elevated at cne
end cf the tank to achieve the required ten degree slope. A
scraping device was constructed with wooden supports and a
metal scraping blade that extended across the width cf the
tank. Ihis scraping device consisted of wooden supports
along the top that reached across the tank and cculd be
pulled along the elevated wooden supports on both side of
the tank. Ihis scrapirg device was pulled along the supports
repeatedly until a snooth slope of ten degrees was sculp-
tured frcm the sand.
Ecles had tc be drilled into the metal scraping
rlade because when a solid blade was used in the shallow
portion cf the slope, water trapped behind the tlade was
45
1.) LC-5 HYDROPHONE.
2.) AMPLIFIER (HP 465A).
3.) ELECTRONIC FILTER (SK 302).
4.) OSCILLOSCOPE.
5.) VOLTMETER (HP 400D).
6.) FUNCTION GENERATOR WAVETEK 116.
7.) FREQUENCY OSCILLATOR (GR 1310).
8.) AMPLIFIER (HP 467A).
9.) FREQUENCY COUNTER (HP 5233L).
10.) 100 KHZ TRANSDUCER.
figure 3-2 Ilectronic Equipment Schematic,
46
forced beneath the sciaper gouging the smootn bottom. This
hottcn modeling techrigue Mas slow because, once a pass was
made ever the betteff, the water became turbid and it was
then impossible to see the bottom. Wnen the bottom was not
visible, it was impossible tc see wnere further smoothing
was necessary until the water settled several hours later.
In addition, as this smoothing process continued a silty
residue became separated frcm the sand and settled cut on
top of the sand. Ibis residue would he easily resuspended
and eventually had tc he removed using a water syphon.
C- MIASCEEBENT PEOCIIORES
Measurement cf the pressure field within the water was
done by lowering the receiver in depth at specific ranges of
interest. The receiving hydrophone was attacned to a pair of
nicrcmeters at right angles to one another, that was in turn
bolted tc a board which spanned the width of the tank. Once
the beard was placed close to a range of interest, cne
nicrcmeter was used to give fine adjustments in range and
the ether in depth.
The measurements were subject to both an accuracy and a
precision error- On a given day, with the water level fried
and the cross-tank support set at a particular place in the
tank, it was possible to position the receiving hydrophone
with an accuracy in depth and range or plus or mirus 0.06
centimeters (one turn of the micrometer) . To prevent the
sand 'inland* of the apex frcm drying out when not taking
measurements, enough water was added to the tank after each
data run tc keep the sand completely submerged. The next
time measurements were taken, water had to to he removed
from the tank tc reestablish the beach. Because cf these
small changes in the water level the horizontal position of
the beach was subject tc a precison error estimated to be
withir plus or minus cne centimeter.
47
e
Ifce final decision associated with the a easur events
centered en whether tc use a triggered pulse cr a ccitiiucus
wave (CF) signal. With a triggered pulse it -was possible to
distirguish the received signal from interference caused by
reflections off the side of the tank. On the other hand, by
using a triggered pulse there was a possibility that the
tulse length was not long enough for the acoustic energy
associated v.ith paths reflecting off the top and bottom or
the vater column to overlap the direct path from the scarce
to receiver. A CW signal wculd avoid potential pulse length
problems, but it would be impossible to distinguish between
the actual signal arc interference. The use of a source with
a narrow horizontal team reduced the effects of reflections
from the side walls, but there was still the possibility of
interference froa side lobes reflected from the sides.
It was necessary to determine the best means tc take
ireasurements. This vas done by taking measurements at th
same location with different pulse lengths to determine the
required pulse length to give consistent results and then
comparing these results to those obtained with a CW signal.
The third dump distance (14.4 cm from the apex) and just
past the tenth dump distance (50.0 cm from the apex) were
chosen, and measurements were taken for pulsed signals of 64
and 256 cycles, and a CE signal. These measurements can be
seen in figure 3.3 through Figure 3.5. In the figure
depicting results at the third dump distance, the CW
ireasurements are shown as the solid curve, the 64 trigger
cycle results are displayed as circular points, and the 25fc
trigger cycle results are depicted as triangular points. lor
clarity, the measurements taken just past the tenth duip
distance are shown ir two figures. Figure 3.4 compares CW
results (solid curve) with the 64 trigger cycle signal
(circular points). Figure 3.5 compares Civ a easureiients
(solid curve) with the 256 cycle results (circular points) .
4£
0.0
NORMRLIZED RMPLITUDl
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
1.0
N
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0.1
0.2-
0.3
0.4-
C.5
0.6-
0.7-
0.8-
0.9-
1.0
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cw
SIGNfiL
-o
64
TRIG.
CYCLE
-*-
25E
i TRIG.
CYCLE
RRNGE - 3. OX
figure 3.3 fulse length Analysis at 3. OX
4S
NORMALIZED AMPLITUDE
i
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
n n c-
.0
U . U ^
0.1 -
^>
0.2-
^""^^^"V^
0.3-
■ r^^
0.4-
/^C
M
0.5-
0.5-
4^
I
0.7-
~"^5^C
0.8-
^~y"
0.9-
1 n
i . U
— CW SIGNAL
l-o- 64 TRIG. CYCLE
RANGE - 10.4X
Jigure 3.4 lulse Length Analysis at 10- UX. J
50
0.0
NORMALIZED AMPLITUDE
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
CO
0.1 -
0.2-
0.3
0.4-
\ 0.5-
M
0.6-
0.7-
0.8
0.9-
1.0
CW SIGNAL
256 TRIG. CYCLE
RANGE - 10.4X
1.0
ligure 3.5 Eulse length Analysis at 10->ax
51
The pressure amplitude values were normalized by dividing
each pressure value ty the maximum pressure value ir. the
field. lie depth values were also normalized by civrlin-
each depth by the maximum depth.
The results in figure 2.3 show good agreement between
the three curves. In particular, the results for the Cw
signal ard the 256 cycle signal are very similar. Ihe 64
cycle signal shows the same .behavior as the CW signal, rut
differs in nagnitude telow mid-depth.
Ihe results at 5C.0 cm frca the apex appear much more
complicated tnan at the third dump distance. Figure 3.4
ccmpaies results acheived with the Cw signal ar.d the o4
cycle signal. From the figure it can be seen that the two
sets cf results shew good agreement. Ihe measureirerts
depicted in Figure 3.5, which compares the 256 cycle sigral
and the C "R signal show poorer agreement, although the
general shapes cf both curves remain similar.
These results indicate that interference from the side
walls is sufficiently small so that it is possible tc make
measurements with a CS signal to at least ten dump distances
from the apex. Long pulses could also be used, but the
difficulty cf maJcinc voltage measurements with an oscillo-
scope cempared to reading a voltmeter, dictates that
measurements should be made with a CW signal.
IV. tCdll EESU1I CCIJAEISONS 1IIH IABQBATOBY HElSOBfJlEKlS
A. IHIECLCCTION
IID model predictions and laboratory measurements were
obtained fcr comparison in totJb a general and detailed anal-
ysis. Ihe general analysis compared results every rive
centimeters from the beach to a range or 50.0 ci. free the
reach. Ihe measure iients were spaced to give results at
approximately each cf the first ten dump distances. Ihe
detailed analysis compared results every centimeter frcn 3.0
to 11.0 cm from the ajex. These measurements were taken to
observe the sensitivity of the pressure field to small
changes ir iange.
£• 1EE GENERAL ANAI5SIS
Ihe general anlysis compared IID results and latcratcry
measurements at approximately eacn of the first ten dump
distances (every five centimeters from the beach). These
measurements were ortained by fixing the receiving hydro-
phone kith respect tc the cress board and then moving the
board out in increments of five centimeters to measure the
desired field as a function of depth at each range. Ihe
received Cw" signal was read on the voltmeter.
Ihe comparisons are shown in Figure 4.1 through Figure
4.10- In the figures, the IID predictions are displayed as a
solid lire while the experimental measurements are snewn as
circles connected by a dashed line. Each pressure value was
normalized to unity ry dividing it by the maximum pressure
value fcr the respective curve. The depth values were also
normalized by dividing each depth by the maximum depth in
the water eclumn.
c <
M
NORnRLIZED RMPLITUDE ( P/PMRX
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
I .2
CO
0.1 -
n ->
0.3-
0.4-
0.5
0.6-
0.7 -
0.8
0.9-
1.0
ITD MODEL
EXPERIMENTAL
RANGE = l.OX
figure 4.1 CcmpariscE cf Results at 1.0X.
5a
NORMRL I ZED RMPL I TUDi i P/PMRX
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3-
n 4 -
\ 0.5-
0.6-
0.7-
0.8-
0.9-
1.0
IFD MODCL
y pro t mthtqi
RRNGE - 2. IX
1.2
figure H .0. Compar ison of Eesults at 2. IX.
55
NORMAL I ZED F1MPL I TUDE ( ?/?V^){ )
0.0 G.2 0.4 0,6
U.O-K
— IFD MODEL
-o-EXPEft I MENTRl
RRNGE - 3. IX
Pigcre 4.3 Comparison of Results at 3. 1 X.
56
NORMAL I ZED RMPL I TUDE ( ?/PKr\X )
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1
n n r
.2
U . u -<
~^-*^^ 1 1 i 1 i
0.1 -
0.2-
~^\
0.3-
/ \
/ \
/ \
0.4-
°-c ' \
0.5-
0.6-
^ /
« /
0.7-
i 1
® /
0.8-
0.9-
JT \
/ \
/ S
/ >
/ \
1 &
\ /
\ /
1 n
\ /
\ /
\ /
i . u
— IFD MODEL
RRNGE = 4.2X
|-o-- EXPERIMENTAL
figure 4.4 Ccaparisou of Results at 4.2X.
57
I'lUni M IL1 LL-U nil: lJ iUuLli /I I ill A
N
1.0
1.0 1.2
— IFD riODEL
o- EXPERIMENTAL
RRNGE - 5.2X
Pigure 4.5 Ccmparisoo of Eesults at 5-2X
58
N
NORMRL I ZED RMPL I TUDi ( P/PMflX )
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.5 0.8 1.0
0.0
0.1 -
0.2-
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.7-
0.8-
0.9
1.0
■IFD MODEL
CXPERIKCNTaL
RRNGE = 6.2X
1.2
figure 4.6 Comparison of Results at 6.2X-
5S
N
NORMRLIZlD RMPLITUDl(d/PMRX
CO 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
0.1 -
0.3-
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9-
1.0
- IFD MODEL
- EXPERIMENTAL
RANGE - 7.3X
1.2
figure 4.7 CcmparisoD of Eesults at 1.31.
60
NORMALIZED RMPLITUDE(P/PMRX
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
0.0
0.1-
0.2
0.3
0.4-
\ 0.5-
0.5
0.7-
0.8-
0.9-
1.0
IFD MODEL
EXdlRIMlNTRL
1.2
DQKipr _ q 7v
figure 4.8 Comparison of Results at 8.3X.
61
NORMRlIZlD RMPLITUDE(P/PMFIX)
0.0 0.2 OA Q.5 0.8 1.0 1.2
n n -if—
"T:::^^-^^^ :
0.1 -
0.2-
^ — --^7_ Qr-'~
0.3-
0.4-
0.5-
0.6-
0.7-
_________ ' ~"~~-p
0.8-
<=:=^<--^^
0.9-
1 n
~JJ&
I . u
— IFD MODEL
RRNGE = 9.4X
o- EXPERIMENTAL
figure 4-9 Comparison of Besults at 9.4X.
o ^
NORMALIZED RMPLITUDE(P/PMRX)
0.0 C.2 0.4 0.6 O.S 1.0 1
.2
n n -t
■
u . u ^
^~~~^^-i^. 1 i i i 1
0.1 -
- o^\
0.2 -
0.3-
0.4-
^\ -'"e "
0.5-
0.6-
0.7-
0.8-
0.9-
1 n -
^- --__
1 . u
— IPC MODEL
RRNGE = 10. 4X
-c-- EXPERIMENTAL
Figure 4.10 Comparison of Besuits at 10. 4X.
63
Ir general, the pressure patterns predicted cj the IFD
and those measured, roth become more complicated as the
range frcm the teach increases. At all ranges, there is
qualitative agreement in the scale of the predicted features
and the scale of the neasured features. Quantitative agree-
Eent is lacJeLng. This agreement in scale hut not detail,
suggests that the phases amcng the normal modes predicted by
the model do not accurately reflect the experimental
situa tier.
C. Ill ZIl&ILEd ANAI3SIS
lie detailed analysis compared IFD values with experi-
mental measurements every centimeter from 3. J ca to 11.0 cm
from the teach (0. 7X tc 2.3X). The laboratory measurements
were taken by fixing the hoard at one location and then
using the micrometer to adjust the receiver to the desired
range* The received Cfc signal was read from the voltmeter.
llese results are depicted in Figures 4.11 tnrough a. 19.
In the figures, the IFD predictions are shown as a solid
line and the experimental measurements are displayed as
circles. Each pressure value was normalized to unity by
dividing it by the maximum pressure for the respective
curve. Ihe depth values were normalized by dividing each
depth by the maximum depth at the particular range.
There is gualitative agreement in the scale of the tasic
features fcr all ranees, but guantitative agreement is rot
observed. Ihe IFD patterns change very little throughout the
analysis, while the measured values change more rapidly
(especially past 2. OX). The results at 2.1X and 2.31
(Figure ^.1£ and Figure 4. 1 S) show that the pressure field
can change fairly significantly over a range as short as one
centimeter. At those ranges where tnere is poor agreement
between results, there is an indication of phase
64
NORMALIZED RMPL I TUDE C P/PMFIX
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 i.O
0.0^
0.1 -
0.2
0.3-
0.4-
\ 0.5-
M
0.6-
0.7-
0.8
0.9
1.0
- IFD MODEL
oEXPERIMENTRL
RRNGE
n 7y
U . / A
1.2
ligure 4.11 Comparison of Results at 0.71.
65
NORMRLIZlD flMPLITUDEtP/PMRX)
0.0 0.2 0.4 • 0.6 0.8 i.O 1
n n c- ■
.2
0.1 -
V 1 1 1 1 1
0.2-
o\
0.3-
\
0.4-
o \
\
M
0.5-
\
0.6-
0 \
0.7-
\
0.8-
0 \
— IFD MODEL
0.9-
1 n
o EXPERIMENTAL
1 . u
RANGE = 0.8X
Figure 4.12 Comparison of Results at 0. 8X.
66
NORMRLIZlD flf1PLITUDE(P/PMflX)
0.0 0.2. 0.4 0.5 0.8 1.0 1
.2
u . u ~<
'v 1 i 1 1 1
0.1 -
0 \^
0.2-
O Nv
0.3-
\
0.4-
0 \
IE
\
INI
0.5-
o \
0.6-
o \
0.7-
0 \
0.8-
— IPD MODEL
o
0.9-
1 n
o EXPERIMENTAL
1 . u
RRNGl = 1 .OX
Figure 4.13 Comparison of Results at 1. OX.
67
NORMALIZED AMPLITUDE (P/PMAX)
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1
n n r
.2
L.J ^
0.1 -
O ^v
0.2-
0 \
O \v
i
0.3-
0 \
0.4-
o \
N
.0.5-
0.6-
0.7-
0 \
o \
o \
0.8-
O l
\
— IFD MODEL
0.9-
o EXPERIMENTAL
o
1
/
1 . o
pq\inr = 1 7V
s.
figure 4.14 Comparison of Results at 1.3X.
68
NORMALIZED AMPLITUDE ( P/PMRX )
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1
.2
u . u ~*
' i i i i
0.1 -
0 N.
0.2-
0 N.
0 N.
0.3-
O ' \.
0.4-
o \
N
0.5-
0 \
o \
0.6-
o \
0 \
0.7-
0 \
0.8-
0
— IFD MODEL
0 I
0.9-
o EXPERIMENTAL
o/
1 n
/
I . u
RANGE = 1.5X
figure 4.15 Comparison of Results at 1. 5X.
6S
NORMALIZED RMPLITUDC(P/PMRX
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
0.0
0.1
0.2-
n 4 _
\ 0.5 -\
M
0.6-
0.7-
0.8-
0.9-
FD MODEL
o EXPERIMENTAL
RRN'GE = 1.7X
1 7
figure 4.16 Comparison of Results at 1. 7X.
70
NORMRLIZlD RMPLITUDl(P/PMRX)
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.5 0.8 1.0 1
.2
U. U "i
'n. 1 1 1 1 1
0.1 -
0 ^V
0 %.
0.2-
0 ^v
0 X.
0.3-
0 ^\
o \
0.4-
0 \
o \
0.5-
o \
Q \
0.6-
O \
O \
0.7-
O
O
0.8-
o /
— IFD MODEL
o /
0.9-
1 n
o EXPERIMENTAL
o /
r
1 . u =
RRNGE = 1.9X
figure U.17 Comparison of Results at 1. 9X
71
NORMALIZED AMPLITUDE (P/PMRX)
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2
M
u . u ->
1
i i i
0.1 -
0.2-
\i 0
\ °
0.3 -
■
\ °
\ °
0.4-
\ °
\ °
\ °
0.5-
\ °
0 \
0.6-
0 \
0 \
0.7-
o \
o \
0.8-
0
o /
o /
IFD
MODEL
0.9-
O
EXPERIMENTAL
o /
° ./
1 n _
RRNGE - 2. IX
figure 4.18 Comparison of Results at 2- 1X
12
NORMRLIZED RMPLITUDliP/PMRX)
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1
.2
u . u -*■
0.1 -
0 N.
0 N.
0.2-
0 ^v
0 >v
0.3 -
0 \.
0 \
0.4-
o \.
3Z
N
0.5-
0 \
o \
0 \
0.6-
o \
o
0.7-
0 /
0 /
/o
0.8-
/ °
— IPD MODEL
/
/ o
0.9-
1 n
o EXPERIMENTAL
/ o
/
1 . u
RRNGE = 2.3X
figure 4-19 Comparison of Besults at 2. 3X
73
interference (Figure 4.18) . For distances less char. 5X,
theory predicts that for a source at mid-depth, the lowest
propagating mode should experience interference from only
the evanescent tails of higher modes. Therefore, ir the
region of the detailed analysis, one expects small
interference effects. The experimental results in this
regicn however, shew rather significant interference. Ihe
interference suggests unsuspected propagating modes are
present, or that the evanescent tails are larger than
expected. from the trend in the carves it appears as if the
phase interference is not a factor from 1.5X inward toward
the teach (figures 4.11 through 4.15) .
74
V . COftCIDSIONS/EECOMMENDATIONS
4. CCNCI05ICNS
1 . leriormance cf the I ED Model
Ihis analysis of the II D acoustic aoiel did cot
uncover any major failures cf model performance in a simpli-
fied shallow water environment. But this is not to say that
the mcdel consistently and accurately performs in such an
ocean scenario. Although comparison of lid predictions Kith
two cthei Bedels and with simple physica^. reasoning did not
uncover any inconsistencies in performance, the agreement
between IIL values and laboratory measurements is insuffi-
cient tc give complete confidence in the performance cf
either tie nodel or the experiment.
Ihere is reasonable agreement between trie scale of
the features predicted by the II D model and the experiment.
Eoth the model and the measurements show increasing
complexity as range is increased from the beach. But despite
the sinilarities , there is poor quantitative agreemert in
results. Cre possible cause for the differences may he that
the phases of the neural medes predicted by the mcdel are
extremely sensitive tc minor irregularities in the shaje of
the interface and the acoustic properties of the bcttcm.
Ereliminary work (LeSesne, 1984) , suggests that the rhase
relationships between modes is strongly dependent en the
distarce of the source from the apex even at great ranges.
Consequently, it appears that the collective influence cf
the ncrnal modes is dependent upon careful geometric control
cf the experiment.
3he detailed analysis around 2X, reveals that large
phase interferences cccur where only one propagating mode is
75
expected. This indicates the existence of an extended
evanescent taii withir cutoff ex tie higher modes. Kawsmura
and IcauEcu (1978), noted that tne apparent phases cf the
evanescent tails are extremely sensitive to the details of
the erviicr. nent. The results indicate that tne tail dees not
decay quickly, and its influence is pervasive (Figures 4.2
and 4.3). From the trend in the curves, it appears this
phase interference is not a factor any closer to the teach
than 1.5X (figures 4.11 through 4.15).
2 • Ecdelin g/Measuremen t jrocelures
Ihe laboratory measurements represent an initial
attempt at modeling an idealized shallow water anvirenment.
Ihe experimental techniques are not without problems. All
sets cf measurements were repeated and snowed good agree-
ment- The reproducibility cf the measurements suggest that
randeir errors have teen minimized. However, systematic
errors remain which also contribute to the discrepancies
between predicted and measured values. Some of these errcrs
derive from equipment, such as the fact that the size cf the
hydrophone is of the same order of magnitude as the scale cf
variations in the pressure field. In addition, the environ-
ment in the tank may net be sufficiently close to the ideal
environment assumed ty the model.
E. EICCfifilBCATICNS
Itrther study and verification of tne IFD computer model
is recemmended. A cemparison cf IFD predictions with ether
models net analyzed in this study, may uncover the cause of
the inconsistency when compared to measured values. A
detailed study of the pnase interaction of tne nornal meats,
although extremely complex, may also offer insight intc the
1ID performance.
76
It arrears that the modeling of an idealized snaiicw
hater environment in the laboratory is of value in acoustic
model verification. respite the experimental difficulties,
there *as qualitative agreement in the basic features
between ircdel predictions and laboratory measure meats. Eat
the experiment represents only an initial jrrDbe into the
irodeling/measureaien t techniques of a shallow water ei-vircn-
nent. further rerineiient of these techniques and the experi-
iiental equipment nay result in better i'jantitacivH
£_/r-_~ir£nt retweer. zigh^j. (iSuic. j.oi. s a I. .i _ , ^ v i 5 1 » .. _
iieasuremeDts.
77
APPENDIX A
BEVISIE IFD PECGEAfl LISTING
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114
EONNING IHE CCNIOOB EICT ON THE NPS COMPETES
A- IKTECEDCTION
lhis Appencix describes a procedure £°r running the IX
contcur plct on the HIS computer. Detailed instructions for
runnirg the IFD program can £e found in Jaeger (1 983) .
E. CCEX1NG THE FILE ICE USE
Cnce the TI values have teen generated by the IFD
program, ail that is needed to produce a 11 contour plot is
the file EICTS FCETEAf.. This file is shewn in Appendix £ and
can re copied Iron a computer account maintained by the
Underkater Acoustics Curriculum. To linX with this account
and cttain a copy of the file, the user should proceed as
fcllchs:
(1) leg en terminal.
(2) Enter: CP LINK 0160P 1S1 195 ER .
(3) When prompted for the read password enter: OX .
(4) Enter: ACC 195 C .
(5) Enter: CCEY PICTS F0E1EAN C = = A -
At this pcint the PICTS FOEIEAN file should reside en the
user's A disk.
C. BOOING THE EBOGEAfl
Eefcre runnirg the program the user must obtain the TL
values from the IFD program. Ihese TL values must he sent to
115
a data disk in crder tor the HOIS program to be able tc use
then:- Ibis can re dcre by placing a WRITE statement in the
IJD program that sends the values to a data disk. Tie ncdi-
fied IIC depicted in Appendix A uses this technique and can
be used &s a guide.
Crce the data disk has teen created, the user mist
assign temporary disk space (IDISK) to give the program
sufficiert room to generate the II contcurs. For mere irfcr-
maticr en how to assign temporary disk space, see ^PS
Technical Note TN-VM-C1 which is availible in the computer
consultant's office.
Kith these initial steps completed, all that remains is
tc compile and run tie program. The program can te compiled
ty:
Enter: FCEIGI PLOTS .
Ihe program must he run at the TEK618 graphics terminal
under D1ZSIIA. This can be dene ty:
Enter: DISSPLA .
Ihe user will then te prompted for the compiled Fortran
prograir rame and the file definitions for the data cisk,
before tie program will run.
116
APPENDIX D
SOUBCE IIPIH SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS
During the laboratory experiment two supplemental sets
cf measurements were taken to obtain an indication of the
sensitivity of the pressure amplitude to changes in the
source depth. The first set of measurements was ottained by
varying the source depth *ith the receiver fixed at 1.0X
{4.8 cm frcii the beach) , and lowered in depth to the bcttcm.
Eor tie second set of measurements, The receiver was fixed
at the third dump distance (14.4 cm from the beach), and
measurements were taken with the source fixed at 5, 7, 9,
11, 12, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, and and 31 cm from
the surface.
The results of the first analysis are shown in Figure
E.1. In the figure, pressure was normalized by dividing by
the naximum pressure and depth was normalized by dividing by
the depth cf the water column. Although theory predicts only
cne propagating mode at this distance, the results show
modal phase interf ererce.
The results cf tie second analysis are shown in Figure
L.2 through Figure D.€. In the figures, each curve repre-
sents a set of measurements taken with the source fixed at a
specific depth. For convenience, more than one curve is
shown en a given figure. All pressure values were normalized
by dividing by the the maximui pressure in the field. The
depth values were normalized by dividing by the maximum
water depth.
Ir general, at i-OX there appears to be modal phase
interference which is influenced by source depth. Giver the
roughness of this analysis, the details of this interference
are obscure. However, the modal interference does net appear
117
to he inconsistent vith either the placement oi the scuice
ci with the previous experinental measurements.
116
NORMRLIZED RMPLITUDl
n n
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
1.0
u . u
0.1 -
0.2-
"^--■^ ' '
I
MEASURED VRLUES
0.3-
* """"^-^.^^
0.4-
\
0.5-
0.6-
0.7-
0.8-
0.9-
1 n
\
i . u
DQM;T = 1 ny
i \ i 1 1 \ U i_. i . U A
figure D. 1 Socice Secsitivity Analysis at 1.0X.
11S
N
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.2-
0.3-
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8-
0.9-
1.0
NORMRlIZEC RKPLITUDl
0.2 0.4 0.5 0.3
1.0
SOURCE DEPTH
5
CM
-e — SOURCE DEPTH
7
CI
— - — SOURCE DEPTH
Q
CM !
RANGE - 3. OX
figure D-2 Measurements with Source Depth of 5, 7, and S Cm
120
0.0
0.0
M
0.1 -
0.2
0.3-
0.4
0.5
0.5
0.7-
0.8-
0.9-
1.0
l\Ui\i li ll_ 1Z.I
0.2 0.4
rmplitude
0.5 C.3
1.0
SOURCE DEIPT^ 11 CM
SOURCE CiPTH 12 Cr
SOURCE DEPTH 15 CM
RRNGE - 3. OX
Jiguie D.3 aeasurei€iits with Source Depth of 11, 13, and 15 la,
121
NORMALIZED AMPLITUDE:
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.3 1
.0
0.0 -f
i i
i
; V
SOURCE DEPTH 17 CN
0.1 -
\ A
-Q- SOURCE 0EP7^ 19 CM
0.2-
-«- SOURCE DEPTH 21 CM
0.3-
^^^
0.4-
0.5-
0.6-
0.7-
0.8-
<f/
0.9-
1 n
1 . U
RANGE - 3. OX
Bigux€ D.4 Measureaents with Source Depth of 17, 19, and 21 Cm,
122
0.0
0.0-*
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4-
\ 0.5-
0.5-
0.7
0.8
0.9-
M
1.0
NORMRLIZlU
0.2 0.4 0.6
AMPLITUDE
0.8 1.0
—
SOURCE DEPTH 23
C.I
-e-
source: depth zs
CM
-i—
source ::=:- 27
on
RRNGE - 3. OX
figure D.5 Measureaents with Source Depth of 23, 25, and 27 Cm,
123
0.0
M
0.1-
0.2
0.3
0.4-
0.5
0.6-
0.7
0.8-
0.9-
1.0
NORMRLIZED RMPlIIUDl
0.0 0.2
0.4
0.5
1.0
source: depth 29 en
SOURCE CEFTH 31 CI
RANGE - 3. OX
liguie D-6 Measureients with Source Depth of 29 and 3 1 Cm.
124
BIBIICGBAPHY
Andersen. C.I. , and Iiebermann, B.C., "Sound Velocities In
Bocks And Minerals," Physical Acoustics, IV-B, Edited fy
5. P. Mason, Academic fress, "TT6B.
Eaek, C.K., The Accustic Pressure In A Bedge-S haped fcater
i§y_er Cverlyin q I FasT Fluid" Fc^tTcm, Easterns Thesis, TIavaT
Tost" g r a3 uaF. eSch 00 I, "Ear cE, ~Y9'&iZ
radstaw. J. A., laboratory Stu_d_y_ Of Sound Propagation lite A
fast Ecttcm Medium, MasterTs THesis, Naval FcsTgr a cuate
Erads taw
fast Ect
"ScEcclT Uune^T'SFT.
Erock, H.K., The AESD Parabolic Equation Model, KCEDA
lechnical Note 1z, January, T5 /"8.
Coppers, A.E., Humphries, and Sanders, J.V.. "Propagation Of
Sound cut Or A Fluid Wedge Into An underlying Pluid
Substrate Cf Greater Sound Speed", Accepted for For
Eublicaticn by JASA, May 1984.
Coppers. A.E., and Sanders, J. v., "Propagation Of Sound From
A Fluid Kedge Into A last Bottom," PLENUM, 1980.
Coppers, A.E.. Sanders, J.V., Icannou, G.I., and Kawamura,
E-# 1}L£ Computer Programs For Ihe Evaluation Cf The Accustic
£ less ur e InpTi t"ude Ind PEase It Tne ~ EoTtcm 0~r I "Siege
"Shapea. Fluid layer flverTaying A Fast TTuTd Half S pace,
"Raval- P cs^q I adua te 3clooI~Tec"Bni cal ^epoYT~WS 11- 7"5±T7c2 ,
Eecemier, 1S78.
Graves, E.E., Nagel, A., Uterall, H., and Zauer, G.I.,
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vol. 58, December 1975-
Eardin, E-H., and Tapiert, F.D., "Applications Of Ihe Split
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Tke Paracolic
_olu]:ior BeTncTd
asterTs Tresis,
Jensen, F.E., and Kuperman W.A., Environmental Acoustical
Modelinq At SACLANTCEN, SACIANTCEN FeporT~5U-377 "TTovelTerT
Jensen. I.E., and Kuperman, K.A., "Sound Propagation In A
Jiedge-Shaped Ocean With A Penetrable Bottom," JASA, Vol. 67,
May, 1S8C.
Jenser, E.E., and Krol, H., Ihe Use Of The Paratolic
Equation Method In Sound Propagation Hoveling, STCLUTZ'ETI
"Hemorandum F1F72 , lugust", T"97"5.
Kawamura, M., and Icannou, I- , Pressure On Tie Interface
Eetween A Converging Fluid Wedjge And A Fa"s"E~ F1u"icT~Bc"ttcffl ,
"Mas:E€rTs Thesis, Naval Tost" graduate- School"^ Decern "Eer, lb /a.
125
Kinsier, I.E., Frey, Jl.fi., Coppens, A.B., AND Sanders, J.V.,
Fundamentals Of Acoustics, Third Edition, John Wiley and
3ons"T^"2-
lee, I., and Botseas, G. , IED: An Implicit F inite -Difference;
Computer Model for Reiving The Faraxjouc- Equation, N LSC
Technical "Eeport 5E5 S7~T3a77 15S2.
lee, I., Ecteas. G., and Papadakis, J. 5., "Finite -Difference
Eciuticn Ic The Parabolic Equation," JASA, Vol. 70,
Septenrer, 1981.
lee, E., and McDaniel, S.T. , "A Finite-Difference Treatment
Cf Interface Ccnditcns For The Paracolic Equation: Ihe
Irregular Interface," JASA, Vcl. 73, May, 1983.
lee, L., and Papacakis, J.S., Numerical Soluticns Of
Underwater Acoustic Wave Erggagaf ion Problems, "NEST
"Teclnical fieport" 5"92"5, Tesruary, "T9T9.
IeSesre, P., Personal Communication, 11 May 1984.
McDaniel, S.T., and lee, D. , "A Finite-Difference Treatment
Cf Interface Conditions For The Paratoiic Equation: Ihe
Eorizcntal Interface," JASA, Vcl. 71, April, 1982.
126
IHI3JA1 DIS1R1B0TION LIST
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Naval Postgraduate School
Monterey, California 93943
8. Chief of Naval Research 1
AT1N: Er. Michael HcKissick
£00 N. Quincy St.
Arlington, Va 22217
5. Eugene W. Brown 1
NA7CCEANO Code 7200
Eay St- Louis, Ms 39522
10. Ccmiianding Cfficer 1
ATTN: Er. James Andrews
baval Ccean Research and Eevelopment Activity
KSTI Station
Eay St. Louis, Ms 39522
11. Ccunading Officer 1
AI1N; Mr. T.N. lawrence. Code 323
Naval Ccean Research and Eevelopment Activity
N£1I Station
Eay St. Louis, Is 39522
127
12. Cc hi nan ding Officer
A1IK: £r- Ecbert Gardner
liaval Ccean Research and
Kill Station
lay St. Louis/ Ms 39522
Development Activity
126
3 5 3 7 \
210309
Kosnik
The implicit finite-
difference (IFD) acou-
stic model in a shallow
water environment.
01
?3 JUL 9?
36 1 U *
375U7
375*7
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30
Thesis
K828
c.l
Kosnik
The implicit finite-
difference (IFD) acou-
stic model in a shallow
water environment.
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