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N B /_ U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,
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BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY—-BULLETIN NO, 178.

B. T. GALLOWAY, Chief of Bureau.

.
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IMPROVEMENT OF THE WHEAT CROP
AN CALIFORNIA.

HENRY F. BLANCHARD,

AssisTANT AGRONOMIST, OFFICE OF GRAIN INVESTIGATIONS.

Issuep JUNE 1, 1910.

WASHINGTON:
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.
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BoE PARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,
BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY—BULLETIN NO. 178.

B. T. GALLOWAY, Chief of Bureau.

IMPROVEMENT OF THE WHEAT CROP
IN CALIFORNIA.

HENRY F. BLANCHARD,

ASSISTANT AGRONOMIST, OFFICE OF GRAIN INVESTIGATIONS.

IssueD JUNE 1, 1910.

WASHINGTON:
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.
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BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY.

Chief of Bureau, BEVERLY T. GALLOWAY.
Assistant Chief of Bureau, G. WAROLD POWELL.
Editor, J. E. ROCKWELL.

Chief Clerk, JAMES E. JONES.

GRAIN INVESTIGATIONS.
SCIENTIFIC STAFF.

Mark Alfred Carleton, Cerealistin Charge.

W. M. Jardine, C. R. Ball, H. B. Derr, and C. W. Warburton, Agronomists.
E. C. Johnson, Pathologist.
Cc. E. Chambliss, Expert.
John F. Ross, Farm Superintendent.
H. F. Blanchard and H. J. C. Umberger, Assistant A gronomists.
F. R. Babcock, V. L. Cory, F. D. Farrell, and W. G. Shelley, Assistants.
E. L. Adams, L. C. Burnett, Manley Champlin, J. M. Jenkins, A. A. Potter, and Cecil Salmon, Special
Agents. :
178

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LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,
Bureau or PiLant INpustRY,
OFFICE OF THE CHIEF,
Washington, D. C., February 28, 1910.

Str: I have the honor to transmit herewith a paper entitled
‘“Tmprovement of the Wheat Crop in California,’ by Mr. Henry F.
Blanchard, Assistant Agronomist in the Office of Grain Investiga-
tions, and recommend its publication as Bulletin No. 178 of the
series of this Bureau.

For many years there has been a steady deterioration in the wheat
crop of California, due to two general causes, (1) bad methods in farm
practice and (2) a lack of varieties adapted to that region. The
Office of Grain Investigations, of this Bureau, has investigated these
conditions for about five years, during a part of which time the work
has been in cooperation with the state experiment station at Berk-
eley, Cal. Besides observations on many farms and other investiga-
tions, experiments in methods of cultivation and adaptation of
varieties have been conducted in detail at two points, Davis and
Modesto. The accompanying paper gives briefly some of the results
of investigations, to date, along these lines.

Respectfully,
G. H. PowE zt,
Acting Chief of Bureau.

Hon. JAMES WILSON,
Secretary of Agriculture.
178 3

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CONTENTS.

Page

OTe S STA es a Se eee ine pene eet RR. eg ae 7

Common methods of cultivation unsatisiactory..............0.++--2--....-5-- 8

Greanslme nods On CULMVALON= 2.0 ~e.--Soe.-S-e erat ees sey See e ese 8

Chances iromroreinal methods.-c. 5.052. .50.00 uc ees oes es ateaoese 8

bad results of past and present methods. 232-52... -cane 2 - sacs seen 9

Sonll oneal vnoans Gavel TMCS osose cone od coe oe nose ebo sear ea sea aae 9

Souootlawiuln weedeeaee aust see alee eS Ohad 2 Sesion Sis 10

Requirements for the production of profitable crops....<.......-.--------+----- 10

Smaller farms and personal supervision by owners....................--. 10

"LTE CONG EG LiTaO GF I eae fee ce PN oO ge ee See ea 1]

Dieters eligi ek os Meee aea nen, the heh Es cra Panne ee RP es ees ee 11

Addition of humus and) mitroren te thesoil...2.2-.222202 256.42 42... 12

Cropeto benised) as green mamure! st oa5.0 222 eos te. 2 13

‘hmenand method on handling =. 2. ose aeee.coss -Slens hols = 13

Effect of deep plowing and green manuring.........-.--.----------- 15

MORAN Che VC ha See sete oe ae ee Ae ae eters ois ety nisls ae eeel od. Se 15

Increased profits... . Pewee peat aie oem eet ne Sis eK 2b SE | 17

Cleamine the land! of weeds: oko cb.a> ere a es koe e were keige. o 18

Develapment:olf better varieties of wheat. <2... 24.00.02. ee ees 19

Wamieuvebests imuealionmiace werte techn ere et coe ie vel eet eee 19

Selecume varieties formal WoOrMar ma nsce.) cect Sats kl tee ae eee ds - 20

CUTTIPEN HST OF hots al (Sn Sep ta, Rete nae ee 20

VGN Le ROMs ee cd ee Amr t SR oS eee Ce See else eas he 21

Nanaia heerminemneninins sie 2 Sol Saree Ee cence Mie AE Ua 21

INS GT Travers Nie 1 a gee les Oe eR Rog ae PS ener ce Sa 22

OP ANG to 136 LURE 0 NSE Gee Ly Be eS Rs kt ee ea ee 22

Seed improvement bythe erower.ve ges. 18 02S. soe ieee ee 23

Simallcompared: wathllarre seeds. 4222 2:5 2-: 2203s wee Se 23

eisee denial amen ed Ae ee ee Ele Ree eines e Beale = 23

Two new varieties of wheat adapted to California conditions........--------- 24

"Ve (CA ToIL Soest Gis Ne gee SI eee eee ee eee ee 24

Origin and history.....- Se Pa a i ine ena orient calla chs Sa ete 24

imi nOduNGitoMMnbiLO CAMO MI, t= fey.-.o. 2525 oe) = Fe are este sral= sie)- ina ie on Se 25

TOSS CIO 5 Soe ie eet a ee ere ne ea eel ee ere 25

SECIS CLG UNECE ee I ae a a ce Se er etek 25

IU THLE Seo NIT re ooh pe RR Poe a a RS or 26

PEemUr eres vente hype n sea ee Ses ARE Ne fet, es Lessee ate 26

Graminpatig iNhOny Is ake Sa eee Ie kee DEL vial fons Sree epee 26

Desierips lair ee tent. a eee acme Ne A= 52 Se ste ees = 27

TSC OU HisttinaGl he“ Oe SE See ee ee BR eee ee, eee 27

Fete Teg UR MMU men ene eres ea eee nepal args Fee mecra No ee e este 28

Bure ceed of the Chul and’ Fretes varieties.:./....22')2 22 S.c2 2. ss sees eee 29

Protein content as affected by time of seeding............---.--.-.----- 29
PIR Ty OO folie eh RI ee enka Seale a ppe rw (Sienna ada Shs mise cabin a wie =o 3

Teds sc Ss Bo en See ee Ree ee Se Se ee ae a eae 33

Bie. We

MS TRA EO aes

Wheat plants from six plats treated differently, showing comparative
development). o< 5.2 Shits a) ele i ee eee

. Wheat growing on plat which has been continuously seeded to the

BAME COPS 26 oeea- bess. oee eS ee, eee

. Wheat growing on plat on which Canadian field peas were grown and

plowed underan 908" 2222. use she Secon nt oe ce ee ee

. Wheat growing on plat on which rye and vetch were grown and plowed

Wn derma 908e. 2 fatecee ie wee he ee ee

. Wheat growing on plat on which rye was grown and plowed under

Ae ONS 2 see a eee os ee ee OE eee ee

. Representative plants of six varieties of wheat from uniform plats

planted November 21, 1908, at Modesto, Cal., showing their com-
parative development on May. 1]! 1909... :<.-.5) 02 Se eeee eee

. Representative plants of six additional varieties of wheat from uniform

plats planted November 21, 1908, at Modesto, Cal., showing their
comparative development on May 1, 1909...............-.--------

. Chul wheat (G. I. No. 2227) growing at Modesto, Cal., in 1909.......
. Fretes wheat (G. I. No. 1596) growing at Modesto, Gale ia ME) oe ee
10.

White Australian wheat (G. 1. No. 3019) growing at Modesto, Cal.,
Ine NOOO. Se. 8 BOS ee sa Os ae dco Teen A ee eee
178
6

B. P. I.—556.

IMPROVEMENT OF THE WHEAT CROP IN
CALIFORNIA.

INTRODUCTION.

An impression exists among many California farmers that the
soil will no longer produce profitable yields of good milling wheats.
This impression is strengthened by two well-recognized facts:
(1) That under past and present methods of wheat culture the soil
is failing in many localities to produce as large crops as heretofore,
and (2) that the Australian and Club varieties, the most widely
grown California wheats, are extremely starchy. As only these
very starchy varieties have been extensively grown, it has become
necessary for the millers to import large quantities of Turkey wheat
from the Middle West to blend with the California wheats.

In order to discover varieties better adapted to California needs
than those commonly grown, the Office of Grain Investigations of the
Bureau of Plant Industry has for a number of years conducted ex-
tensive tests of wheat varieties, including many of foreign origin.
In this way it was hoped to improve the California wheat crop in
both yield and milling quality. As improved methods of cultivation
are necessary also to obtain profitable yields of nitrogenous wheats,
an effort has been made to determine the effect of deep plowing and
the addition of humus to the soil in the form of winter green-manure
crops. The time of plowing, the conservation of moisture, and
the eradication of weeds have also been considered. If the State is
to continue the profitable use of its grain lands and derive from them
the largest possible return, it is quite necessary that there be an im-
provement in the general practices of cultivation and in the varieties
grown.

The investigations covered by this report are in general based »
upon results obtained and observations made during a number of
years, a part of the time in cooperation with the California Agricul-
tural Experiment Station. An effort has been made to so correlate
the results and observations that they will be of benefit to the Cali-
fornia grain grower in effecting improvement in soil fertility, in the

32912—Bul. 178—10——2 7

8 IMPROVEMENT OF THE WHEAT CROP IN CALIFORNIA.

yield of wheat to the acre, and in the milling quality of the grain
produced.

The investigations carried on thus far are simply the foundation
for a more extensive work in the future. It is necessary in order to
find a few desirable varieties that a large number be first grown in
small areas and compared with the commonly grown varieties.
The results obtained in this way indicate which varieties may be
submitted to practical tests directly with the farmers.

COMMON METHODS OF CULTIVATION UNSATISFACTORY.

The cultivation methods still commonly practiced by many of
the farmers of California have been brought about by the conditions
existing about 1860, when it was first discovered that wheat could
be grown as a profitable crop. These conditions were as follows:
Fertile virgin soil, large level valleys facilitating extensive cultiva-
tion, a growing season extending from November to June, and a
period of rainfall extending over the growing season, with com-
paratively high temperatures during the winter months and low
temperatures during the spring months. The methods are generally
very simple and very crude. They consist in the continuous cropping
of wheat and barley upon soil which receives only a very shallow
cultivation. The farmer is removing the plant food from the soil
without the addition of anything to take its place. This is resulting
in many localities in a depleted condition of the soil, and profitable
crops of wheat are no longer grown.

ORIGINAL METHODS OF CULTIVATION.

The first grain producers of California attempted to crop as large
an‘acreage as possible at a minimum cost. In order to do this, at
that time all that was necessary was very shallow plowing (3 or 4
inches in depth), broadcasting the seed, and harrowing it into the
soil. This was continued from year to year and fairly good crops
were produced for a while. The header and stationary thrasher
were used in harvesting the grain. Very little attempt was made
on the part of the producer to secure pure seed of the varieties grown
or to practice the careful grading of wheat, using only the largest and
best kernels for seed. In fact, very little attention was given to the
seed used. In many instances the farmer used the poorest grade of
grain that he had grown the previous year.

CHANGES FROM ORIGINAL METHODS.

Since the earlier period of wheat production in California some
changes have taken place or are now in progress. The most important
of these are the replacing of the header and stationary thrasher by

178

COMMON METHODS OF CULTIVATION UNSATISFACTORY. 9

the combined harvester and the beginning of the practice of summer-
fallowing the land.

The change to the combined harvester, about 1880, was due largely
to labor conditions existing at that time. It was difficult to secure
enough men to properly handle the grain, and the methods of har-
vesting were unsatisfactory. The climatic conditions, as well as
the general contour of the land, were found to be favorable to the
use of the combined harvester. This machine reduces to the mini-
mum the number of men employed and at the same time utilizes the
power of mules and traction engines.

Proper methods of summer-fallowing the land are not yet generally
practiced. Summer-fallowing became necessary on account of the
foul condition of the soil which had been produced by continuous
cropping to wheat. The use of the combined harvester, however, has
partly offset the cleaning effect of the fallow. This method of tillage
is beneficial, especially when it precedes a particularly dry season, as
in this way a large amount of the rainfall for two years is retained in
the soil. At first it was found necessary to summer-fallow the land
every third year only, but later, every second year.

Other changes which have been taking place during recent years
are the reduction in size of a few grain farms and an increase in the
depth of plowing on the part of some farmers. These changes, how-
ever, occur In individual instances only and are not general in their
nature.

BAD RESULTS OF PAST AND PRESENT METHODS.

We now have in many sections of California, as a result of the com-
mon methods of wheat culture, a soil which refuses to produce profit-
able crops of the commonly grown varieties of wheat. The general
practice of single cropping has depleted the soil in humus and nitrates
and made it very foul with weeds.

Som Low 1n Humus Anp NITRATES.

There are large sections of California which have been sown in
wheat and barley under the commonly practiced methods for the
past thirty or forty years. These crops rapidly deplete the soil in
humus and nitrates. Humus is the decaying organic material which °
gives body to the soil and is essential in retaining the soil moisture.
It also affects the temperature of the soil, producing somewhat higher
temperatures in winter and lower temperatures in summer, according
to Wollny, as cited by Hilgard.? The nitrates of the soil are very
essential in the production of wheat, as they form an important part
of the necessary plant food. A soil low in nitrates usually tends to

@Hilgard, E. W. Soils, 1906, p. 306.
178

10 IMPROVEMENT OF THE WHEAT CROP IN CALIFORNIA.

decrease the nitrogen content of wheat grown upon it. On soils low
in humus and nitrates there is also a correspondingly low yield of

wheat.
Som Fout with WEEDS.

The weed problem is not of minor importance. In fact, when pass-
ing through California grain fields and finding that large areas are
badly infested with weeds one is impressed with the effect that they
must have upon the yields of wheat. This weedy condition is due
largely to the common methods of harvesting and cultivating. In
many localities the soil has become so weedy that even with the best
methods of summer fallowing commonly practiced by the farmer it is
impossible to prevent large damage to the crops. The weeds in many
instances crowd out the wheat plants by outgrowing them during the
winter months.

REQUIREMENTS FOR THE PRODUCTION OF PROFITABLE CROPS.

In order to produce profitable crops of wheat on the worn-out grain
lands of California the past and even the present methods of produc-
tion must in a large measure give way to methods which will produce
better results in the future. This to a small degree has already
taken place in some sections. There are also large areas of the State
upon which wheat has not been grown for as long a period of time as
on those sections first farmed. However, these are being rapidly
reduced to the same depleted condition on account of the unscientific
practices in use.

In some localities where the soil now fails to produce profitable
grain crops it has been possible to grow other crops on the same land.
In general, such instances are confined to the areas upon which water
can be applied. Alfalfa and fruit usually do well in such sections.
There are, however, large areas to which water can not be readily
applied, and these will no doubt be used for the production of grain
for many years to come.

In order to produce crops of grain on such lands it not only becomes
necessary to introduce new varieties or improved forms of those now
grown, but a change in the actual farming methods for grain as they
now exist is absolutely essential. The present methods sufficed for
a time, and temporary profits from the soil resulted. It has been
comparatively easy to produce crops from a fertile soil without taking
into account the effect of such methods upon the soil. It will require
much more skill and effort to return the soil to a condition in which
good crops of wheat may again be produced.

SMALLER FARMS AND PERSONAL SUPERVISION BY OWNERS.

In the pioneer days of California the interior valleys were not
considered of much value for the production of crops on account of
178

REQUIREMENTS FOR PRODUCING PROFITABLE CROPS. 11

the small amount of rainfall. At that time certain companies were
enabled to secure large tracts of this land at a nominal price. These
companies discovered that this land would produce good yields of
grain and it was cropped on a very large scale. Since that time there
has been a gradual breaking up of these large farms into smaller
ones. However, there are still too many large ones to make probable
the general use of improved methods of grain production. Until
the farms are so reduced in size that they may be properly handled
we may look for continued low production and further depletion in
the soil fertility of the wheat lands.

Another feature of much of the grain production in California is
the practice of renting the lands from year to year to men who are
not interested in the building up of the soil. The desire of the
tenant is to get all that is possible out of the land at the least expense
to himself during the time which he holds it. As long as this condi-
tion exists there will be a continued decrease in the value of the wheat
lands. The remedy for this is the direct supervision by the owner
of the methods of cultivation and cropping. He has a real interest
in the future condition of his soil and will undoubtedly give it better
attention than the tenant who is interested only in the crop he pro-
duces each year.

IMPROVED METHODS.

Improvement in the methods of wheat culture is essential to the
production of more profitable crops. These improvements include
the practice of deeper plowing, the increase of soil humus and
nitrates by turning under green-manure crops, and the cleaning of
the land of weeds by better methods of cultivation.

DEEP PLowING.

At the present time we can not place too much stress upon the
importance of deep plowing. The few inches of soil at the surface
have been skimmed for so long that they are practically devoid of
plant food in available form. For this reason alone it becomes nec-
essary to turn up fresh soil. This will necessitate cutting below
that stratum of soil commonly known as the “plow pan,” which has
been formed by the practice of plowing year after year at the same
depth. In many localities plowing at a depth of from 8 to 12 inches
is advisable. Unless green-manure crops are to be turned under,
this depth should be reached by a gradual increase in depth for two
or three years. By this gradual increase in depth the subsoil will
become properly mixed with the surface soil. 24

Deep plowing requires more power than is needed for the ondary
method, and the first deep plowing is more difficult than subsequent

178

12 IMPROVEMENT OF THE WHEAT CROP IN CALIFORNIA.

plowings. This is due largely to a more or less packed condition of \
the subsoil. Deep plowing should be done in the early spring while |
there is still sufficient moisture in the soil. It should not be done
while the soil is either too wet or too dry. While the benefits derived
from deep plowing may not be so evident the first season, the results
obtained are of permanent character. The subsoil is benefited by
direct contact with the air and other climatic influences, and the
effects of deep plow-
ing will be more
noticeable the sec-
ond and succeeding
years.

ADDITION oF HumMuS AND
NITROGEN TO THE SOIL.

As already stated
the soil of California
erain lands is low in
humus. In order to
add humus to the
soil green - manure
crops must be
erown and plowed
under. This is nec-
essary not only in
order that land very
low in humus be
again placed in good
condition, but also
that lands in which
humus is now fairly
plentiful be retained
in good shape (fig. 1).
Owing to a tendency

' | Fig. 1—Wheat plants from six plats treated differently, showing com- of very hight sandy

parative development: A, From plat continuously seeded to wheat; ps = .

B, from plat barefallowed in 1908; C, from plat upon which horse soil to shift during
beans were grown and plowed under in 1908; D, from plat upon heavy winds deep
which Canadian field peas were grown and plowed under in 1908; £, : 4

from plat upon which rye and vetch were grown and plowed under plowing may be det-
in 1908; /F, from plat upon which rye was grown and plowed under rimental at first on

in 1908. 4 d J
such soils. This soil

shifting may, however, be reduced to a minimum by the addition of
humus, which will give it body and make possible the practice of deep
plowing without injury.

178

REQUIREMENTS FOR PRODUCING PROFITABLE CROPS. a
CROPS TO BE USED AS GREEN MANURE.

Canadian field peas and Abruzzes rye do very well as green-manure
crops in the valley sections of the State. Under favorable conditions
in the Sacramento Valley peas alone have given very good results
when seeded at the rate of 80 pounds to the acre. On the lighter
soils of the San Joaquin Valley peas do not make as rank a growth
as in the Sacramento Valley. For this reason it is suggested that
peas and rye be grown together, the rye to be sown at the rate of
40 pounds and the peas 50 pounds to the acre. The rye and pea
vines will add humus to the soil, while the nodules on the roots of

Fia. 2.—Wheat growing on plat which has been continuously seeded to the same crop. (See figure 1, A.)

the pea vines will transfer the nitrogen of the air to the soil in the
form of nitrates. If rye and peas are to be grown separately, the rye
should be sown at the rate of 70 pounds and the peas at the rate of
80 pounds to the acre.

TIME AND METHOD OF HANDLING.

Rye and peas for green manure must be grown as a winter crop.
They should be planted as soon as it is possible to plow the land in
the fall and should be turned under before the land is too dry for
plowing in the spring. Usually there is sufficient moisture in the

178

14 IMPROVEMENT OF THE WHEAT CROP IN CALIFORNIA.

soil to allow the planting of green-manure crops by December 1,
though in some sections and in exceptional seasons the planting may
be necessarily later. It is not advisable, however, to sow later than
December 15, for unless the early spring rains are so delayed as to
facilitate late plowing the green-manure crop will not be of much
value. This crop should be turned under during early March before
the soil is too dry for deep plowing. In other words, in order to
give green-manure crops the maximum period of growth it is nec-
essary to sow as early as the ground can be worked in the fall and to
turn under as late as possible in the spring.

The length of the growing period is regulated very largely by the

Fia. 3.—Wheat growing on plat on which Canadian field peas were grown and plowed under in 1908. (See
figure 1, D.)

length of the ramy season. The dry condition of the wheat fields
in the fall permits a plowing of only 4 to 5 inches in depth when
getting the stubble land in shape for the early planting of green-
manuré crops. The stubble should be double-disked, where possi-
ble, immediately after the wheat crop is harvested. The disking
prepares the land to retain the moisture already present and to
receive the light precipitation coming during the fall months, thus
putting it in shape for an early shallow plowing and a good seed

bed. In the spring the land should be plowed deep in order to get
178

REQUIREMENTS FOR PRODUCING PROFITABLE CROPS. 15

the growing peas or rye well under, where they will readily decay,
after which the soil should be well harrowed immediately.

Errect oF Deer PLOWING AND GREEN MANURING.

The effect of deep plowing and green-manure crops upon the
yield of wheat, as determined by observation and actual experiment
(see figs. 2, 3, 4, and 5), is shown in Table I, these yields being ob-
tained at Modesto, Cal., in 1909.

INCREASED YIELDS.

While the results indicated are not entirely conclusive, for the
reason that they are not based upon trials extending over a long

Fig. 4.—Wheat growing on plat on which rye and vetch were grown and plowed under in 1908. (See
figure 1, E.)

series of years, they give an idea of what may be accomplished by
the deep plowing under of green-manure crops. As indicated, horse
beans used as green manure appear to give better results than peas.
However, they have a very thick and heavy stalk, and an enormous
quantity of seed is required on account of their habit of growing a
single stalk from each seed. They are not recommended in the place
of peas, which will give better results in combination with rye as a
green-manure crop.
32912—Bul. 178—10——3

16 IMPROVEMENT OF THE WHEAT CROP IN CALIFORNIA.

/ Tass I1.—Effect of deep plowing and green-manure crops on the yield of wheat at
Modesto, Cal., 1909.

No. Yield Weight
of Preceding treatment or crop. per per
plat. | acre. bushel,

Bushels. | Pounds.

URED oes ee Oe OO CS ee eee aoe Se ee one a Sener s.. 28. 00 61
2! | MELOTS@: DOATIS: (HUENEG (UN GEL). > = see aoe cea eee ee ree Cea Hate eee ne ae 35. 33 61
a) Canadiangh el dypeas: (hummec!trtd er) 27ers sere ei eae 33. 66 60
4) || Waheati(26/OUSHEIS) Seen acc eect ener ae Oe tt ee avdng See 15. 66 60
oil keyeand'veteh. Gtumnedwnder) is ..22 Sone = oes oo etna eee eae eee | 50. 66 60
6) Ryei(turmed wnder)>s----225.4--- N/R ey ae, 2 eye ore a Be Ee de BL. Sa 61

The cultivation of the plats indicated in the table was as follows:
In the fall of 1907 all of the plats were laid out on summer-fallow

Fig. 5.—Wheat growing on plat on which rye was grown and plowed under in 1908. (See figure 1, F-.)

land and all were plowed to a depth of 6 inches and harrowed. Plat
1 was allowed to remain fallow. Plat 4 was sown to wheat. Plats
2, 3, 5, and 6 were sown, as indicated, to horse beans, Canadian
field peas, rye and vetch, and rye alone. The vetch in plat 5 made
a very poor stand, while the horse beans and peas made a fairly good
stand. The stand of rye was excellent.

In March, 1908, plats 1, 2, 3, 5, and 6 were plowed 8 inches deep,
harrowed, and kept clean throughout the summer and fall. Plat 4,

178

REQUIREMENTS FOR PRODUCING PROFITABLE CROPS. LZ

which yielded at the rate of 26 bushels of wheat to the acre, was
double-disked immediately after the wheat was taken off.

The first of December, 1908, all plats were plowed to a depth of 5
inches and sown to wheat. The resulting yields are given in Table I,
In two years’ time the plat continuously seeded to wheat has pro-
duced’ 41 bushels of wheat. However, the first year’s yield, 26
bushels, was produced after summer fallow and the second year’s
yield, 15.66 bushels, shows a decrease of nearly half. It is quite
probable that the third year will give a very low yield and that in a
series of five years the quantity of wheat produced from continuously
seeded plats would be much smaller than from the other methods of
cultivation.

It follows, then, from this experiment, that deeply plowed summer
fallow will give much better yields than shallow-plowed, continuously
cropped land. Plats 1, 2, 3, 5, and 6 were all plowed at the same

depth, and the last four were fallowed also after turning under the\-

green crops. The yields indicate that the addition of organic matter
(humus) to the soil is beneficial in increasing the production of
crops and that this increase is proportional to the quantity rather
than the quality or kind of organic matter added.

INCREASED PROFITS.

The yields shown in Table I were obtained in plat work, where the
varieties received the best possible attention, thus giving higher
yields than would have been probable under field practice. In our
estimate of the increase in profits brought about by thorough methods
of cultivation, the yields are estimated at two-thirds the value given
in the table.

The estimate made of increase in net profits is based largely upon
observation of the general cost of farm work in the State. It may
not be absolutely accurate in every particular, but it serves well in
bringing out a comparison of the common methods of cultivation
employed with the more intensive methods suggested in this paper.

Approximate cost of cultivation per acre by the common method.

ime plowinercoiChes! G@eep)--20-..5.- sis 2ce5euee 8a.+ ences 2 2 $1. 25
Second. plowing (ovimches deep): 532.2215 2- 5. heneigeocks seek 1.25
SU NamELTR Aon se Mt eee a ae) eon tawne< ue Se ia Sc larctars . 20

2.70

Approximate cost of cultivation per acre by the improved method.

DGublesdiskinoystulb ble tsa seek coh eet ee ee yes $0. 50
Pirst plowine (0 MIChes deCp) 522. 2s.< seas 5 oe sess eee snes 1, 25
pecond: plowine (Smehes deep) > 02.25... 2 202. bee ee 2. 00
third plowing (Aamehes deep) 222... 35.22 23. Pals eo sce oe wed 1. 25
Mani LENG WANA otis Soe id ke wie ache Siate's 3 Sie nis.ace. wpe cee ie nore . 30
ve Seed for, OfeeR MAANUTC. ooo. 6s ek be we oe ered ne oe ce mewe eee 2. 00

7. 30

178

’
aX

18 IMPROVEMENT OF THE WHEAT CROP IN CALIFORNIA.

The approximate cost of cultivation by the common method is
$2.70 per acre, as compared with $7.30 per acre by the improved
method suggested, which gives an increased cost of $4.60 per acre
for better tillage. As shown in Table I, we have almost doubled the
yield per acre by the improved methods. Suppose the yields given
in the table were reduced to two-thirds their value, as previously
suggested. We still have wheat, following ordinary methods of
bare fallow, yielding at the rate of 19 bushels per acre, while wheat
following deep plowing and rye as a green-manure crop yields at the
rate of 34 bushels per acre. With wheat at $1 a bushel we have
at a cost of $2.70 per acre produced $19 (not deducting cost of
harvest, etc.). By better methods at a cost of $7.30 per acre we have
produced $34 (not deducting cost of harvest, etc.). This gives an
approximate increase of net profit of $10.40 per acre in favor of the
better method of tillage.

CLEANING THE LAND OF WEEDS.

The problem of cleaning the land of weeds reduces itself to sys-
tematic cultivation and the production of rapidly growing varieties,
especially as concerns their early development. Where cultivated
crops are grown it is readily understood that the problem of getting
rid of weeds is not so difficult as with wheat crops. Results obtained
lead us to suggest that the following method of cultivation, if rigidly
enforced, will help in a large measure to reduce the weeds in wheat
fields:

(1) Thoroughly double-disk the land as soon as possible after har-
vest, thus stirring the surface, breaking up the stubble, and covering
the weed seeds. Then allow the land to stand until the weed seeds
at the surface have had a chance to germinate after the first rains.

(2) As soon as the weed seeds are well germinated, plow the land to
a depth of 4 or 5 inches and harrow well. This should be done, if
possible, not later than December 15.

(3) Between March 1 and 15, plow to a depth of from 8 to 12 inches.
This exposes the weed seeds not turned up by the first plowing.
Harrow the surface thoroughly immediately after plowing. Whether
a summer crop is grown or the land is allowed to lie fallow it should
be kept well cultivated and free from weeds.

(4) In November, plow to a depth of from 4 to 5 inches and sow the
wheat about 2 inches deep.

(5) Just before the grain appears through the surface the land
should be thoroughly double-harrowed in order to kill all weeds which
have germinated following the seeding of the wheat.

(6) The variety of wheat grown should make a rapid, erect, early
growth in order that it may keep ahead of and choke out all the
young weeds which are not killed by the final harrowing. (Our

178

REQUIREMENTS FOR PRODUCING PROFITABLE CROPS, 19

investigations tend to prove that the flat-growing types of true
winter wheat will not succeed in the valley soils of California, espe-
cially in their present condition of weediness. )

(7) The young grain should be thoroughly harrowed as soon as the
ground is dry enough in the early spring, thus covering all of the
young weeds which have started during the rainy season.

DEVELOPMENT OF BETTER VARIETIES OF WHEAT.

The proper cultivation of the soil is essential to the production
of good yields of all varieties of wheat. It does not follow, however,
that every variety of wheat will give good yields even on fertile soil
properly cultivated. This erroneous idea prevails among certain
erain growers. The United States Department of Agriculture has
tested hundreds of varieties of wheat in different sections of the
country and has found that comparatively few of these varieties are
adapted to the prevailing climatic and soil conditions of each sec-
tion. Varieties which produce good yields in one section of the
country are found to be absolute failures in other sections.

VARIETY TESTS IN CALIFORNIA.

Although a large number of varieties of wheat have been tested
in California by this Department during the past five years, very
few of these are adapted to the climatic and soil conditions of this
State. California presents such a variety of climates that a type
of wheat which may give excellent results in one section of the
State does poorly in another. Our investigations thus far are not
of long enough duration to enable us to state definitely the variety
of wheat best adapted to any particular locality of the State. How-
ever, the results indicate that for the localities in which tests have
been made we have now varieties which are better adapted to the
prevailing conditions than those commonly grown by the farmers.
We are able, therefore, with a fair degree of certainty, to recommend
varieties for a large portion of the State.

Table II presents a list of some of the varieties of wheat which
have been grown in California in connection with the investigations
of the Department. The average yields to the acre, the number of
days required to reach maturity, and the fruiting period (the number
of days between the time of blossoming and the time of ripening) are
based upon the plat experiments continued for three years in the
San Joaquin Valley. The results obtained from the same varieties
when grown in the Sacramento Valley compare very favorably with
those indicated in this table. A few of these varieties are proving
to be well adapted to both the localities in which they have been
grown.

178

IMFROVEMENT OF THE WHEAT CROP IN CALIFORNIA.

TABLE II.—Results of variety tests of wheat in the San Joaquin Valley, California.

Quality of Nonshatter-
grain. ing character.
Share Dye eaes—3 Goods22-22

Aver- ae
age number
number
of days of ee
St fruiting
8. period.
180 45
194
161
191
198
189
187 41
165 41
199 35
194 aiff
162 38
192 35
193 42
191 On
193 29
170 36
185 40
184 38
196 42
203 36
202 35
195 38
192 42
182 35
190 37
191 38
178 41
152| ° 36
185 44
201 36
199 39
185 38
170 36
184 37
185 39
193 40

Glutinous,
spotted.

Starchy

Glutinous,
spotted.
Medium
starchy.
Starechy
ores

hag os

phe
do

Glutinous,
spotted.
Starchy

Glutinous,
spguted:

Fairly good. s
do

Very eaoa

Good....
needy, good.

Fairly good.

Good...
Fairly good.
Very good...

Very good...
Fairly good.
1 ech ees ee

Very soa
Fairly good.
Very good...

Fairly good.

Average
rate of
yield per
acre.

Bushels.
38. 08
35. 96
48.11

58. 39
29.78
32. 49
44. 56

13.98
26. 55
25. 68
24.61
39.74

46. 49

34.94
38. 66
18. 82

24. 82
39.99
23.03
29. 00

19.71
29. 41
41.18
44.99
50. 92

51. 66
53. 76

45. 33
34.77

19. 68
32.11
23. 53
24.29
57. 28
24. 90

41.99

Weight
per
bushel,
1909.

SELECTING VARIETIES FOR CALIFORNIA.

In selecting a variety of wheat which is better adapted to Cali-
fornia conditions than the commonly grown varieties a number of
matters must be taken into consideration.

CLIMATE AND SOIL.

The climate and soil of the locality in the State where the variety
is to be tested are both important factors limiting the distribution of
a variety. Some varieties will do well on light soils with a small
amount of precipitation, while other varieties require a heavier soil
with a larger amount of moisture.

178

REQUIREMENTS FOR PRODUCING PROFITABLE CROPS. 21

HABIT OF GROWTH.

The effect of the character of the early growth of a variety on its
struggle with weeds is very important. (Figs. 6 and 7.) In the valley
sections of California, where the temperature does not fall much

below freezing during
the winter months,
varieties of vigorous,
upright growth are
needed in order that
they may keep ahead
of and choke out the
weeds that start at
this time. Varieties
with aspreading habit
of early growth may
be adapted to moun-
tain sections of high
elevation, where there
is a good deal of snow
during the winter
months and the tem-
perature falls consid-
erably below the
freezing point, thus
preventing weed
erowth until spring.

NONSHATTERING HABIT.

The nonshattering
character of the head
of wheat is a very
important factor in
some sections of Cali-
fornia, as heavy wind-
storms often occur
after the grain is ripe
and before it is har-
vested. These winds
shatter out a great

Sie!

|
! x ®
BN]
4
:

Fn
199 SEMIS om

Fig. 6.—Representative plants of six varieties of wheat from uniform
plats planted November 21, 1908, at Modesto, Cal., showing their
comparative development on May 1, 1909: 1596, Fretes; 1698, Allora;
2397, Erivan; 3019, Australian; 2227, Chul; 1558, Turkey.

deal of grain from varieties which have not a very close-fitting
chaff. The method of harvesting also has a tendency to shatter out
much of the grain where it is not closely held by the chaff, owing to
the fact that the crop is often allowed to stand for weeks after it is ripe.

178

22 IMPROVEMENT OF THE WHEAT CROP IN CALIFORNIA.
MILLING QUALITY.

The milling quality is perhaps the most important factor to be con-
sidered in California. On account of the poor quality of the commonly
grown varieties the California millers are unable to make good flour
from these wheats when using them alone. Better milling wheat is
imported from Kan-
sas and other States
of the Middle West to
blend with California
wheat in the produc-
tion of flour. From
one-third to one-half
of the blended wheat
is made up of the
Turkey variety. It
is desired to make
unnecessary this 1m-
portation by the pro-
duction in California
of varieties equally as
good. The flour val-
ue of wheat is judged
by both the quantity
and the quality of the
product. In order to
produce wheat of su-
perior milling quality
it is essential that
varieties be grown
which will give more
and better protein to
the acre. The qual-/
ity of the protein de+
pends on the quality
of the gluten.

OTHER REQUISITES.

Fic. 7.—Representative plants of six additional varieties of wheat from +7:
uniform plats planted November 21, 1908, at Modesto, Cal., showing The ability of a
their comparative development:on May 1, 1909: 1437, Crimean; 2984, variety to yield well
Saumur de Mars; 2511-2, Abyssinian; 3019, Australian; 1697, Early under proper env ie
Baart; 2921, Bolo Blanco; 2398, Galgalos.

ronment, the posses-

sion of a stiff or a weak straw, and the presence or absence of beards

are all factors that need no further explanation, but must all be con-

sidered in the selection of a variety. Rust resistance is an important

factor, especially in the coastal sections of California. Beardless

varieties are often desired by the grower, as he may wish, on account of
178

REQUIREMENTS FOR PRODUCING PROFITABLE CROPS. 23

occasional seasonal disadvantages, to cut the crop for hay instead of
allowing it tostand for grain. In such a case beardless wheats may be
of more value than bearded ones, though this isnot animportant matter.
SEED IMPROVEMENT BY THE GROWER.
It is very important that the grain growers of California practice
better methods of seed selection.
SMALL COMPARED WITH LARGE SEED.

The idea which prevails among some growers that small, light seed
will produce as good crops as large, heavy seed is erroneous. In some
instances, under very favorable conditions and if sown at the same rate
to the acre according to weight, the small, light grains produce as
heavy yields as the large, heavy grains, but the grain is of an inferior
grade. The reason for the equality in yield to the acre is largely due
to the fact that in the case of the seeding of small, light grains there
are many more plants to a given area than when it is seeded with an
equal weight of large, heavy grains of the same variety.

Heavy, plump grain produces stronger and more vigorous plants
than light, shriveled grain. The reason for this is that the plump
grain contains a larger amount of food for the very young plant. The
light, shriveled grain produces weak plants. This is a fact well under-
stood by all who are endeavoring to improve their crops by careful and
practical selection of seed.

It behooves the grain grower, then, to have at his disposal a good
fanning mill with which he can grade his seed, blowing out all light,
shriveled grain and separating the large grains from the small. An-
other advantage in the use of the fanning mill is the separation of the
weed seed from the wheat.

THE SEED PLAT.

A practical method of improvement of seed, which should be used
by every wheat producer in California, is what is known as the seed
plat. This method is simple and easily applied. First, select from
the general field at ripening time a large quantity of good heads
of a single desirable form. Only heads from the best plants should
be selected, and they should be from places where the soil is uni-
form with other parts of the field and not from an especially fertile
spot or at the edge of the field. The heads should be thrashed by
hand and the seed sown on well-prepared land free from volunteer
erain. This crop should be harvested and thrashed separately from
the main crop, care being taken that the machinery used is free
from all other grains which might cause a mixture. The first por-
tion thrashed should be rejected, as it is most likely to contain such
a mixture. The grain from the seed plat should be used, as far as
it will go, for the general crop the succeeding year. If there is a
considerable acreage it may be necessary to continue the seed plat for
a second year in order to obtain sufficient seed for the main crop. In
order to effect permanent improvement the grower should make these

178

24 IMPROVEMENT OF THE WHEAT CROP IN CALIFORNIA.

selections of the best heads every year and sow them on the seed plat
as suggested.

TWO NEW VARIETIES OF WHEAT ADAPTED TO CALIFORNIA
CONDITIONS.

Of the many new varieties of wheat tested for yield and nitrogen
content, the Chul (G. I. No. 2227) and the Fretes (G. I. No. 1596) have
proved superior to the White Australian and Club varieties grown
in the San Joaquin and Sacramento valleys and are recommended
for trial by farmers.

THE CHUL VARIETY.

ORIGIN AND HisTory.@

Chul wheat (fig. 8) was received by the Office of Seed and Plant
Introduction, December 1, 1902, from Dzhizak, a town about 100

Fie. 8.—Chul wheat (G. I. No. 2227) growing at Modesto, Cal., in 1909. Yield to the acre, 53.33 bushels,

miles north of Samarkand, Turkestan. It was obtained through
the Samarkand representatives of Mr. H. W. Durrschmidt by Mr.
K. A. Bessey, of the Bureau of Plant Industry, August 30, 1902.
The following notes concerning it were secured by Mr. Bessey:

Chul is grown on the steppes of Russia without irrigation. The grains are hard,
but it is not a durum wheat. This variety yields two harvests a year, for it can be

« Bulletin 66, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. 8. Dept. of Agriculture, 1905, p. 250.
178

TWO NEW VARIETIES ADAPTED TO CALIFORNIA. 25

sown as either a winter or spring wheat. If the former, the harvest comes in July;
‘if the latter, the harvest comes in September. If sown in the spring, it is sown just as
soon as the snow melts. The spring sowing is most certain to yield a good crop, for the
fall sowing must depend upon the rather uncertain snows. This seed, however, is
from the fall-sown seed. It is selected from over 1,000 poods offered for sale, and is
remarkably clean and free from foreign seeds for this region.

INTRODUCTION INTO CALIFORNIA.

Seed of Chul wheat was first distributed by the United States De-
partment of Agriculture in 1903 to a few farmers in California. Since
1903 small quantities have been sent out from time to time for the pur-
pose of testing its adaptability. In 1904 and 1905 a variety test was
commenced in Stanislaus and Sutter counties. This test was in direct
charge of an officer of the Department, and has continued up to the
present time. A limited distribution of improved seed of California-
grown Chul wheat has been made to reliable farmers who are desirous
of improving the yield and quality of their crop.

DESCRIPTION.

The Chul is an early, erect, and vigorous variety which may be
sown as late as February 15 and mature a good crop. It grows to a
height of from 24 to 4 feet and stools freely. The heads are medium
long, tapering, and bearded. This variety has a very close-fitting
chaff and does not shatter readily. As originally introduced it
contained two forms, the one having white chaff, while the other
produces red chaff. The kernels are large, long, and translucent in
character. They are harder and more glutinous than those of the
White Australian wheat. As originally introduced there were also
two types of kernels, the one type being amber in color, the other
dark red or reddish amber.

A separation of the red chaff form was made in 1905 at the De-
partment’s Plant Introduction Garden at Chico, Cal. Since that
time the Department has separated the two forms represented by
both colors in the original seed. This has been done by starting
with single plants which were each characteristic of the form desired.

YIELDS OBTAINED.

Very promising results have been reported from California to this
Department by farmers who have given Chul wheat a trial. In
variety tests made by the Department it has made a very favorable
showing, excelling the commonly grown varieties in yield to the acre
in some sections of the State.

The average yield to the acre of Chul wheat for 1907, 1908, and
1909, as compared with the White Australian, is as follows:

GLEUOT ALG ae Ne os eg ie alee a aie PE ene eee So 44.5 bushels.
AtnEretiome (Gud INO: SOLO): ss-o62 32 cose. 454 ~4~. a.e>2-2, 30.9 bushels:
178

26 IMPROVEMENT OF THE WHEAT CROP IN CALIFORNIA.
MILLING QUALITY.

The milling quality of Chul wheat is superior to that of either the
Club or the White Australian wheat, and for this reason this variety
is of much value to the State of California. As previously shown, the
common California wheats do not in themselves produce a high
erade of flour.

The Department has made milling and baking tests of Chul and
White Australian wheats grown at Modesto, Cal., in 1908. The
results of this test indicate that Chul wheat produces from 100
pounds of grain about 10 pounds more flour than the Australian,

and that it milis very much like Turkey wheat. The flour from the”

Chul is darker than that from either Australian or Fretes wheat,
which in itself indicates that the Chul variety is stronger in gluten.

In the baking test Chul flour required more water to the loaf than
that of the Australian variety and produced loaves of fair color and
texture.

In August, 1909, the Oakdale Milling Company, Oakdale, Cal.
made a milling test of Chul wheat, crop of 1909, grown at Modesto,
Cal. This test gave 55 per cent wet gluten for the Chul, while similar
tests showed only 10 to 38 per cent in the White Australian. Mr.
Haslacher, manager of this company, was very enthusiastic over this
variety and anxious that farmers should secure seed.

THE FRETES VARIETY.
ORIGIN AND HistTory.@

Seed of Fretes wheat (fig. 9) was received by the Office of Seed
and Plant Introduction of the United States Department of Agri-
culture on September 26, 1901, from El-Outaya, Constantine, Algeria.
It was obtained by Messrs. D. G. Fairchild and C. S. Scofield, who
make the following notes on it:

This variety, sometimes called Freitiss, is one of the few soft wheats grown in
Algeria. It is particularly noted for its early maturity and is often extensively
planted in the Sahara Desert in seasons when the winter rains occur so late that the
durum varieties usually grown would not have time to mature. When planted in
November, as it is in Algeria, at the same time with durum varieties, it is said to ripen
two months in advance of them. The seed obtained was grown on the rather salty
desert sands in the vicinity of El-Outaya, north of Biskra, and watered with somewhat
alkaline but still drinkable irrigation water. The variety is said to have originated
from a shipment of Russian wheat which was made into Algeria at the time of a famine
many years ago. Its early-maturing qualities attracted attention, and it has been
cultivated in small quantities by the Arabs ever since. The seed obtained is from the

178

TWO NEW VARIETIES ADAPTED TO CALIFORNIA. eM
DESCRIPTION.

Fretes wheat is an early, erect, vigorous variety and should be sown
not later than December 15. It grows to a height of from 3 to 44
feet and stools well. The heads are of medium length, tapering, and
bearded, with white chaff. The chaff of Fretes wheat does not inclose
the grain as closely as that of the Chul variety, but still holds the seed
fairly well. The kernels are medium large and plump, of medium
length, and a reddish-amber color. They are softer than those of

Fic. 9.—Fretes wheat (G. I. No. 1596) growing at Modesto, Cal.,in 1909. Yield to the acre, 56 bushel.

Chul wheat. Single-plant selections have been made which are very
promising.
YIELDS OBTAINED.

Fretes wheat was distributed by the Department to a few farmers in
California as early as 1902, and very good reports on its adaptability
have been received. In 1904 and 1905 the Department commenced a
variety test of this wheat on the experimental grounds in Sutter and
Stanislaus counties. The observations made on the adaptability of
this wheat to California conditions indicate that it will produce a
larger yield to the acre than either the White Australian or Club
wheats and that it is superior as a milling wheat.

178

28 IMPROVEMENT OF THE WHEAT CROP IN CALIFORNIA.

The average yield to the acre of Fretes wheat at Modesto, Cal., for
1907, 1908, and 1909, as compared with the White Australian (fig. 10),
is as follows:

Pretes (Ge UNG Ob): . - ace ere austen tian eee ee ee 46.5 bushels.
Australian (GW No: S019) e. aoe 2S eee sete 39.9 bushels.

MiIntiIne Quatiry.

Milling tests of this variety have been made by the United States
Department of Agriculture and by the Oakdale Milling Company. As
a result of the test of the grain grown in California during 1908, made
by the Department’s laboratory at Fargo, N. Dak., we find this
rariety superior to the Club as a flour producer. It is also slightly
superior to the White Australian. In this test it was discovered that

Fic. 10.—White Australian wheat (G. I. No. 3019) growing at Modesto, Cal., in 1909. Yield to the acre,
44 bushels.

there was a slight increase in the quantity of flour produced from 100
pounds of the Fretes over that produced from the same quantity of
Australian wheat. It milled very much like the Australian. Ap-
proximately the same quantity of water was required to produce a
loaf of bread made from this flour as from the Australian. The loaves
were slightly smaller but heavier than those baked from the Australian.
The color and texture were fairly good. As with the Chul wheat, a
178

TWO NEW VARIETIES ADAPTED TO CALIFORNIA. 29

milling test of the 1909 crop of the Fretes was made by the Oakdale
Milling Company, Oakdale, Cal. This test indicated that the Fretes
milled easily. It also possessed a 40 per cent wet-gluten content as
compared with the Australian samples received and tested by the
company, which contained from 10 to 38 per cent of wet gluten.

PURE SEED OF THE CHUL AND FRETES VARIETIES,

From the foregoing facts there can be little doubt that the improved
types of the Chul and Fretes varieties are of great value to California.
Much care, however, should be exercised by the growers in securing
pure seed.

It is reported that Chul wheat is being grown in quantity by a few
farmers in the Sacramento Valley from seed introduced into California
by the United States Department of Agriculture in 1903. It is also
reported that this wheat is used to good effect in blending with the
common wheats in the production of flour. Samples of the 1909 crop,
which have been received, show that this wheat is mixed with other
varieties. This is probably due to lack of care on the part of growers
in keeping the variety pure. This mixture is an inferior grade of seed
and is not desirable for the farmer wishing to start with pure seed of
the Chul variety.

The Office of Grain Investigations of the Bureau of Plant Industry
can usually supply small quantities of pure seed of these and other
varieties.

PROTEIN CONTENT AS AFFECTED BY TIME OF SEEDING.

Observations in California indicate that the length of the growing |
and fruiting periods of a variety of wheat controls, to a considerable
degree, the percentage of protein contained. Long growing and
fruiting periods produce grains lower in protein content than short
growing and fruiting periods. An effort was made during the past
year to determine the effect of the length of these periods upon the
protein content of the Chul and Fretes varieties sown early and late.
The results obtained are given in Table III.

Tasie III.—L£ffect of the length of growing and fruiting periods on the protein content
of the Chul and Fretes wheat varieties.

Length | Length :
Grain Investigations No. Variety. er oF ng a ng Protein.a hee
period. | period.
Days. Days. | Per cent.| Bushels.
SARA oi ceeed Bea ae SEE OE OSE CE aeaaer ne CO) oh 0 [ey a aia ee Nene 171 46 11. 06 53. 33
be a I oa Faas ors Bae Bees bones eel aces (0 ees eae 151 41 12. 43 52. 89
GG he a eh An eet nes ee ere ae ee ee Bretess seek cen 177 45 10. 94 56. 00
WE Gees iocreicte sie soos tein ma eiemiem ociciptoeine oat acme Gosscteeee oe 152 40 14.08 45. 5a

a The percentages of protein were obtained by multiplying the percentage of nitrogen by 5.7,
178 .

30 IMPROVEMENT OF THE WHEAT CROP IN CALIFORNIA.

As indicated in Table III, a higher percentage of protein is pro-
duced in a short growing and fruiting period than in a long period.
The yields of Chul wheat are nearly equal, while there is some differ-
ence in those of the Fretes. In order to shorten the periods and pro-
duce grain rich in protein, the seeding should be done as late as
possible in the fall. The Chul variety is especially adapted to late
seeding for the reason that it is a vigorous grower and ripens early.
Excellent results have been obtained from the Chul when sown as
late as February 25, but usually the seeding should be done between
November 15 and December 25. The Fretes seed should be in the
ground by December 15. The above dates refer to the time of seed-
ing in the San Joaquin Valley. These wheats may be sown a month
later in the Sacramento Valley and still give good results under ordi-
nary conditions.

SUMMARY.

Wheat yields in California are low and the quality poor. Experi-
ments have been conducted to discover the causes and remedies.
Two remedies are proposed in this bulletin, namely, better cultiva-
tion methods and better varieties.

The cultivation methods commonly practiced by the wheat farmers
of California are unsatisfactory. They consist in the continuous
cropping of wheat and barley upon soil which receives only a very
shallow cultivation.

The farmer removes the plant food from the soil without adding
anything to take its place. This is resulting in many localities in a
depleted condition of the soil and in unprofitable crops.

When wheat was at first produced, good crops were secured by
very shallow plowing, broadcasting the seed, and harrowing it into
the soil. Very little attempt was made to secure pure seed or to
practice the careful grading of wheat.

Some important changes have taken place, among which are (1)
the replacing of the header and stationary thrasher by the combined
harvester and (2) the practice of summer-fallowing the land. A
reduced size of farms and an increased depth of plowing occur in
individual instances.

In many sections of the State there has resulted from the original
methods a soil depleted in humus and nitrates and foul with weeds,
which fails to produce profitable crops. There are three chief
requirements in restoring the production of profitable crops. These
are (1) smaller farms, personally supervised; (2) improved methods,
including deeper plowing, increasing the humus and nitrates of the
soil, and cleaning the land of weeds; and (3) the development of
better varieties,

178

SUMMARY. Sil

Soil humus and nitrates are easily increased by turning under
ereen-manure crops. Crops proving to be of value as green manure
are Canadian field peas and Abruzzes rye. Green-manure crops
should not be sown later than December 15. The stubble should be
double-disked immediately after the wheat crop is harvested, fol-
lowed by a shallow plowing as early as possible in the fall. These
crops should be turned under during early March before the soil is
too dry for deep plowing, which is necessary in order to get the
erowing peas and rye well under, after which the soil should be har-
rowed immediately.

The good effect of deep plowing and green manuring is proved in
actual experiment by increased yields and profits.

A method of cultivation whereby the land may be cleaned of weeds
should be employed.

A large number of wheat varieties have been tested in California in
an attempt to find better ones. Factors entering into the selection
of varieties for California are the climate and soil of the locality
where the variety is to be tested, the habit of growth of the variety,
its nonshattering character, milling quality, yield, strength of straw,
the presence or absence of beards, and rust resistance.

It is important that grain growers practice better methods of seed
selection. The seed should be graded with a fanning mill. A prac-
tical method of improvement is the use of what is known as the ‘‘seed
plat.”

The Chul and Fretes wheats are new varieties adapted to California
conditions. In some sections of the State these wheats have excelled
the commonly grown varieties in yield to the acre.

Milling and baking tests of the Chul and Fretes varieties have been
made which indicate that they are superior to Australian and Club
wheats in these respects.

Much care should be exercised by the growers in securing pure
seed of these wheats.

Observations indicate that the length of the growing and fruiting
periods of a variety of wheat controls to a considerable degree the
percentage of protein contained. Short growing and fruiting periods
produce grain with a high percentage of protein.

The Chul and Fretes varieties are adapted to comparatively late
seeding, which is favorable to a high percentage of protein in the
erain produced.

178

ENE.

Abruzzes rye. See Rye, Abruzzes.

peeetia original home ot Mretes wheat. ...02. 6.5.5. .-2 geese ce se eee ase n ees 26
Allora wheat. See Wheat, Allora.

Australian wheat. See Wheat, Australian.

Beans, horse, value as green-manure crop on wheat lands in California........ 15. 16
Beardless wheat. See Wheat, beardless.
ieey wha. mn porpation Of Chul wheat: ...\.....-.225..<2..-222.2.2.22 02-5. 24

Blé Noir. See Wheat, Blé Noir.
Bolo Blanco wheat. See Wheat, Bolo Blanco.
California Gem wheat. See Wheat, California Gem.
wheat. See Wheat, California.
Canadian field peas. See Peas, Canadian field.
Cap Sheaf wheat. See Wheat, Cap Sheaf.
Chiddam wheat. See Wheat, Chiddam.
Chul wheat. See Wheat, Chul.
Climate, importance in selecting wheat varieties for California................ 20
Club wheat. See Wheat, Club.
Crimean wheat. See Wheat, Crimean.
Dietz Amber wheat. See Wheat, Dietz Amber.
Early Baart wheat. See Wheat, Early Baart.
Erivan wheat. See Wheat, Erivan.
Fairchild, D. G., importation of Fretes wheat seed...................-....--- 26
Fallow, summer, effect on wheat yield, experiments in California. ....... 9,16, 17, 30
Fanning mill. See Mill, fanning.
Farms, owners, personal supervision, remedy for faulty methods of wheat cul-

eMC AL OrmEAn tS eae eons Se SU Noe IS os. She eee SS 10-11

small, remedy for faulty methods of wheat culture in California... ....- 10-11
Filipino wheat. See Wheat, Filipino.

Flour, Chul, Club, Fretes, and White Australian wheats, baking tests... .-. 26, 28, 31

value of wheat, relation of protein content....................-------- 22

eat ine mre HOLE tes swede a hse |e ol = VRE x Sas ere o.cisine ocie ele solu six alse: 26

Fretes wheat. See Wheat, Fretes.
Galgalos wheat. See Wheat, Galgalos.

Gluten, content in wheat varieties, valye.....-. SE eye ete a MeN Ski ek Zone 6429
relation to yield and quality of protein in wheat.................-..-- 22
Grain, production of crops, requirements in California....................- “10- 24, 30

Green manure. See Manure, green.
Harvester, combined, replacing of header and alae aie thrasher, effect on

wheat crop in eae a eS No tees, Ce RA Bey og otek ie a oR 8-9, 30
Header, replacing by combined harvester, effect on wheat crop in California. . 8-9, 30
Heads, wheat, nonshattering, desirable quality in California ................. 21,31
Hilgard, E. W., citation of Wollny on the effect of humus on soil temperature. - 9

Horse beans. See Beans, horse.
178 33

34 IMPROVEMENT OF THE WHEAT CROP IN CALIFORNIA.

Page.
Humus, addition to soil by green-manure crops.......-.---------------------- 12-16
deficiency in wheat lands, California, causes..../......------.------- 9-10
efiectsiom soll... s2 e225 2 ee eee eee ee ee ile
improvementof sandy lands: =. :+.2)-6-2-ctine soos) or gee eee I
Imtroduction: to-bulletin= --< sfeceee soe 2 se eo eee eee ee eee eee 7-8
Kharkof wheat. See Wheat, Kharkof.
Kubanka wheat, See Wheat, Kubanka.
Lands, wheat, California, cleaning of weeds, directions.........-...-....------ 18-19
Legumes. See Manure, green, and nitrogen.
Manure, green crops, California, effect on yield of wheat.......-.......--- 15-18, 31
seeding and handling, directions... ....-. 12-18, 31
time and method of handling...-............ 138-15

Marouani wheat. See Wheat, Marouani.
Medeah wheat. See Wheat, Medeah.
Mill, fanning, necessity for cleaning and grading wheat............----------- 23, 31
Minnesota No. 66 wheat. See Wheat, Minnesota No. 66.
163 wheat. See Wheat, Minnesota No. 163.

Modesto, Cal., experiments with deep plowing and green manuring......--.-- 15-18
Nitrates, addition to soil by leguminous Crops: .-:...--.2. 522-2 -. 5.222022 208 13
deficiency in wheat lands of Califormiac_2c. 22 2226 {222-2 ee eee ae 9
soil, necessity in wheat productions:.s 52-6 sos es eee 9-10
Nitrogen, addition to soil by green-manure crops...........2-.--------------- 12-15
Oakdale Milling Company, milling tests of wheat varieties, 1909..........- 26, 28-29
Reasiand nye, seas ereen-manure’ Cropseass---5-2- eee ee eee eee eee 13-15
Canadian field, value as green-manure crop. ......--.--------------- 13, 16, 31
seed, quantity per: acre for'sreen manure.--- 22.2722 J eee 13
Plowing, deep, effect on yield of wheat in California...............-.-.--- 15-18, 31
wheat lands, necessity, importance, and results. ......- 11-12, 15-18
Propo wheat. See Wheat, Propo.
Protein, content in wheat, effect of time of seeding in California. ........-- 29-30, 31
relation tolour yalues-7.-: -{3ee eee ee ee ee 22
production per acre in wheat, relation of quality of gluten..........-- 22
Purple Straw wheat. See Wheat, Purple Straw.
Rust, resistance of wheat, important quality in California...............-.---- 22
Rive Abruzzes, valuejas ereen-maniune ClO Pe-es 42 eee | eee ils}, ail
and peas, use as green-manure crops on wheat lands, California... -..---- 13-15
vetch, use as green-manure crops on wheat lands, California... ..--- 16
seed, quantity per acre forjsreem manures-s.-o- 522222 ee = 13
Sacramento Valley, California, green-manure crops adaptable.............---- 13
wheat variety tests. s.4n-255 -2 aoe eee eee 19
San Joaquin Valley, California, green-manure crops adaptable..-......-------.-- 13
wheat variety tests#sse= -ceeee sees eee 19
Saumur de Mars wheat. See Wheat, Saumur de Mars.
Scofield, C. S., importation of Fretes wheat-seed-......2........-..i2.----.-- 26
Seed, peas, quantity per acre for preen manure. ..-=-/:-.35.222:02-- se oes 13
rye, quantity per acre for preen Manure =... 622-2... 225822 eee 13
selection, wheat, importance im) Calitormias--2-52-2-2 22-5452 e eee 23-24
wheat, grading necessary in careful selection..............-.----------- 23
improvement by better methods of selection........-...-.-.----- 23
laree and.smaill; comparative yahiew oct... 2252 ee eee 23
plat, directions for planting and uses- 2.24) - bs esse eee se oe oe 23-24
purity, importance to growers in California.........-....-------- 29

INDEX. 35

Page.

Seeding, peas and rye, for green-manure crop, directions.............22...... 13-1 5
wheat, time, effect on protein content in California.............. 29-30, 31

Soil, California wheat lands, deficiency in humus and nitrates................. 9-10
importance in selecting wheat varieties for California..................... 20
improvement by addition of humus and nitrogen...........-........-.-. 12-15
CTO OS DIRT eC Oi CU Ee ae a a ee a ae 9

Sonora wheat. See Wheat, Sonora.

Summer-fallow. See Fallow, summer.

Temperature, soil. See Soil, temperature.

Tenants, cropping methods injurious to wheat farms in California............. 11
Theiss wheat. See Wheat, Theiss.

Thrasher, stationary, replacing by combined harvester, effect on wheat crop in

SLUT ECSTIN ae ey SRR Cae) oR ee es ee ae 8, 30
ilinkestanoncinalybomeron Chullwheates seas: omn2 = oso soaks ee ees cence ae 24
Turkey wheat. See Wheat, Turkey.

Varieties, wheat, testing and selection for California. .................-...-- 19-23
Velvet Don wheat. See Wheat, Velvet Don.
Vetch and rye as green-manure crops for wheat lands, California. ..........-..- 16
Washington Bluestem wheat. See Wheat, Washington Bluestem.
MWiccos,.pad elect on wheat crop im Califomia. .. 254... 220. aco aggpc see «- 10
wheat lands, California, causes and remedies..............-..----- 10, 18-19
MiinecoimAUloraetestaimeGalttormi ae: so 2. sc 2 5.4 sno seis) Ses Bec eeR ee agai 20
MUS ihaian rates tein Calli onmia men eis cenceslele sclee cite &, qa Aouad see Hea 20
peardllessad caitra plen Orda ayers «seer metec ees aoe a cise ire.e ceases we 22
BilesNomptest ame California yaees- asses es eee oncian acs eee oe 20
BolowBlancommestqmay © alitonni deerme ceereaee ane ais bie: ences 20, 22
Rauionmiia damace by weeds 2. <2 mest baoce ke oer ci Set argh ca eewe = = 10, 18
Gemmtestune@alifonmiatn: Scene ecice as Meiers Ase = 20
requirements for profitable production. .........--.....-- 10-24
WEMIGINMIGslisisanotuetoris qoicte cok doe oS ame tae acre es 19-20, 25-27
yields, decrease, causes and remedies..............-.--.-- 8-19
api mneal muerte Oa tOMNIAas. 2.22 oes ones Je oo be de sh bee outa 3 20
Chicldanmimy testy tie @alitormig aise aatcmete seis See elas See tes See ain Se 20
mid eseripiiomercc ems) eg teer eee eet Te SE teaming 25
EEDA res) SMS CIN eT VSS IS a a ee ee a ees 26
rinirinoro harctnKora taney ObNINONIMe So nebsecoccponosadsesooassasasneus 25
privulinnes Quality ssn a on cso oats cyictat ge = A apsibloslays ois bre wicteude MIE a 26
(OEIC TEEN 1G (0) OW (st 00) ot See Oey te ee ee oo Se 24-25
seed, purity, importance to growers in California.........------- 29
separation of variety imtodtwo forms <2 <i as 5 cs ersmaiain-boiie = 25
(essa (CHILO MEI ee ee Oe ee Se ly ae ete meee 20, 21, 25-26
wields obtained tm Califormiawcn . -=aceesienjs ns qe)- ni-cmeee se <= 25
Ghuibeatestpime @ailitormiais 25" sss 2 ayes. steerer ae aes ota ck 20, 28
Semintenn «best aie Gal OTNLA Mie h 33 acu.) ot eile mia ol alana Site 20, 22
cultivation, California, changes from original methods. ........------- 8-9
cost per acre, comparison of methods... -...---- 17-18
directions for cleaning land of weeds. ...-....-- 18-19
faulty methods and requis... .i2s-..-+...---- 8-10
Gripinal-methodso.- ea -b 2) ee ose etait nine os 8
past and present methods, bad results. ......-. 9-10
smaller farms and personal supervision by own-
rela Shag 01 001g 25 6 C2) ahaa Sg aR i 10-11

178

36 IMPROVEMENT OF THE WHEAT CROP IN CALIFORNIA.

Page
Wheat, culture; improved methods.--- 332225-5 22 <sehese oe «= SU ae eee 11-19
development of better varieties for California...................------ 19-24
Dietz7/Ambers testank@alitorniaae seca ee eee ane es ee 20
earliness, importance in checking weeds in California. ............--- 21
Early Baart, test in Caltformiai:. joss22.secs-c1 peje olde oe oe
Brivan, ‘test in ‘Califomia.co022 -o2-h. ence ease See: oe eee 20, 21
Filipino, test im: Califormmias.-5 222.2222 5 22sec os each eee eee 20
flour, value, relation of protein content................---- 2. See 22
Rretes, déscriptioniz: = ..2.tne rae aee ee neon te etek a eee 27
four; bakame: testsi.caact cence se ode see on aen 28, 31
morline quality: S21. Sahss Sia ae sees se eee 28-29, 31
origin-and history) c2l2tsec2 2eee eee ; (eee 26
seed, purity, importance to growers in ue hie. SRE A 29
test, In: (Galifornial 22% <2:-ce.<.cemre here Se ees eis oes ke ee Open
yields obtained in California. ......- Joti. eo 27-28
Galgalos; test in Caltfornia ss 2202225252552 9.0.22 hes. Sa eee 20, 22
eluten-content, valtie=: oj 2.c5. 220 282682 Hoh sO ee eee 22, 26, 29
grading, necessity of fanning mull... £22 522.2242 15).- eee Zana
habits of srowth'desirable for California... .....+. 12.2252 S2as5e eee 21
heads, nonshattering, desirable character for California. .............-. 21
Khorkot, test in» California)... : 26.025. 2.052205 eee eee 20
Kubanks test in California. ..0.2.22...- 2.4 See eee 20
lands, California, effect of deep plowing and green manuring......... 15-18
ereen-manure crops, time and method of handling... 13-15
improvement by green-manure crops. ....-.-------- 12-18
Marouanttttestan) Calitomia cess = decease eee 20
Medeah. test: m-Califormia: ... ..5..2 a: 2.2 Soke eee ee 20
millme quality, importance tn California: 2 >See Ue ee eee 22
MamnesotasNiosi66-testnam @alliiorstat als sere ree eee ee ee ee 20
163% test-im- California ...-ees oo: + eee eee 20
profits, effect of green-manure crops and deep plowing in California.... 17-18
Propo, test in Califormmias . 2.25.02. csi See eee e*
protein content, effect of time of seeding in California............. 29-30, 31
rélation:to flour value. ...272_2,. 328 see ee 22
short season and late seeding favorable in Califor-
M1D-=.< {5% dro 3s oa ee Hees See Oe ee ae 29-30, 31
Purple Straw, test in California. .2. . 5. 32.2: kts Se ee eee 20
Fust resistance, importance in California... 22 ss. 2 see eee raf
Naumun denvMarssstest amy @aliformies sess sae eae 20, 22
seed selection, importance in California...................-----+------ 23-24
See also Seed.
Sonora, test in California......... ri hy oe pee Se ee 20
Theiss; test.inyCalitomias i. 2555. 222. seal alee eee a Se Cee 20
Turkey, blending with California wheats in milling................- il OY
testan Calhifonmiade os. 94 Pes as ee ee ee 20,21
Varieties; new, adapted to 'Califomias <¢ 2.2222. 5.0; 25 See eee 24-30
Helection: for California sf. 26050 .<' oc ee eae ee ee es 20-23
testing ani@aliformeas © = 22 sees tee eee 19-20, 25, 27
Velvet; Donstestiin’ Califomiai es soe. 6s Sse S58 ee ee ee 20
Washington Bluestem; test. in-Califormias 2. 22... 2 Ses. ete eee = 20
White Australian, milling quality, comparison with Chul and Fretes
wheats: Teesfeuer, ai aig ee arg oe ee re 26, 28

178

INDEX. at

Page.

Wheat, White Australian, yield, comparison with Chul and Fretes wheats in
(@ailitormicieeees Deen eae ete Le ergot cre k RR ode ols bie see 25, 27-28
Maniiebaysbesh. im Calimonmiae (pec ok octets See eG eee ee oe ee aes 20
Mellow Ghamoy kas test ima@aliformines 22 seems: ses socecce op ses: 20
yield, California, decrease, causes and remedies.........---...------- 8-19
effect of green-manure crops and deep plowing. ...-- 15-18

White Australian wheat. See Wheat, White Australian.
Wollny, statement of effect of humus on soil temperature_.......-.---------- 9
Yantagbay wheat. See Wheat, Yantagbay.
Yellow Gharnovka wheat. See Wheat, Yellow Gharnovka.
Yield, wheat. See Wheat, yield.
178

bs {Continued from page 2 of cover.]

No. 96. Tobacco Breeding. 1907. Price, 15 cents.

97. Seeds and Plants Imported. Inventory No.11. 1907. Price, 15 cents.

98. Soy Bean Varieties. 1907. Price, 15 cents.

99. Quick Method for Determination of Moisture in Grain, 1907. Price, 5 cents.
101. Contents of and Index to Bulletins Nos. 1 to 100. 1907. Price, 15 cents.

102. Miscellaneous Papers. 1907. Price, 15 cents.
103. Dry Farming in the Great Basin. 1907. Price, 10 cents.

104. The Use of Feldspathic Rocks as Fertilizers. 1907. Price, 5 cents.
105. Relation of Leaf to Burning Qualities of Tobacco. 1907. Price, 10 cents.
106. Seeds and Plants Imported. Inventory No. 12. 1907, Price, 15 cents.
107. American Root Drugs. 1907. Price, 15 cents.
108. The Cold Storage of Small Fruits. 1907. Price, 15 cents.
109. American Varieties of Garden Beans, - 1907. Price, 25 cents.
110. Cranberry Diseases. 1907. Price, 20 cents.
112. Suprarenal Glands in Physiological Testing of Drug Plants. 1907. Price, 10 cents.
113. Tolerance of Various Plants for Salts in Alkali Soils. 1907. Price, 5 cents.
114. Sap-Rot and Other Diseases of the Red Gum. 1907. Price, 15 cents.

115, Disinfection of Sewage for Protection of Public Water Supplies. 1907... Price, 10 cents.

116. The Tuna as Food for Man. 1907. Price, 25 cents.

117. The Reseeding of Depleted Range and Native Pastures. 1907. Price, 10 cents.
118. Peruvian Alfalfa. 1907. Price, 10 cents.

119. The Mulberry and Other Silkworm Food Plants. 1907. Price, 10 cents.

120. Production of Easter Lily Bulbs in the United States. 1908. Price, 10 cents.
121. Miscellaneous Papers. 1908. Price, 15 cents.

122. Curly-Top, a Disease of Sugar Beets. 1908. Price, 15 cents.

123. The Decay of Oranges in Transit from California. 1908. Price, 20 cents.

124. The Prickly Pear asa Farm Crop. 1908.. Price, 10 cents.

125. Dry-Land Olive Culture in Northern Africa. 1908. Price, 10 cents.

126. Nomenclature of the Pear. 1908. Price, 30 cents.

127. The Improvement of Mountain Meadows. 1998. Price, 10 cents.

128. Egyptian Cotton in the Southwestern United States. 1908. Price, 15 cents.
129. Barium, a Cause of the Loco-Weed Disease. 1908. Price, 10 cents.
130..Dry-Land Agriculture. 1908. Price} 10 cents.

131. Miscellaneous Papers. 1908. Price, 10 cents. ;

133. Peach Kernels, ete., as By-Products of the Fruit Industry. 1908. Price, 5 cents.

134, Influence of Soluble Salts upon Leaf Structure and Transpiration of Wheat, Oats, and Barley.

1908, Price, 5 cents.
135. Orchard Fruits in Virginia and the South Atlantic States. 1908. Price, 2) cents.
136. Methods and Causes of Evolution. 1908. Price, 10 cents. z
137. Seeds and Plants Imported. Inventory No. 14. 1909. Price, 10 cents.

188. Production of Cigar-Wrapper Tobacco in Connecticut Valley. 1908. Price, 15 cents.

139. American Medicinal Barks. 1909. Price, 15 cents.

149. ‘‘Spineless’’ Prickly Pears. 1909. Price, 10 cents. ;

141. Miscellaneous Papers. 1909. Price, 10 cents.

142. Seeds and Plants Imported. Inventory No. 15. 1909. Price, 10 cents.

143. pepe and Practical Methods of Curing Tobacco. 1909. Price, 10 cents.
144. Apple Blotch, a Serious Disease of Southern Orchards.. 1909: Price, 15 cents.
145. Vegetation Affected by Agriculture in Central America. 1999. Price, 15 cents.
146. The Superiority of Line Breeding over Narrow Breeding. 1909. Price, 10 cents.
147. Suppressed and Intensified Characters in Cotton Hybrids. 1909. Price, 5 cents.
148. Seeds and Plants Imported. Inventory No.16. 1909. Price, 10 cents.

149. Diseases of Deciduous Forest Trees. 1909. Price, 15 cents.

150. Wild Alfalfas and Clovers of Siberia. 1909. Price, 10 cents.

151. Fruits Recommended for Cultivation. 1909. Price, 15 cents.

152. Loose Smuts of Barley and Wheat. 1909. Price, 15 cents.

153. Seeds and Plants Imported. Inventory No. 17. 1909. Price, 10 cents.

154. Farm Water Supplies of Minnesota. 1909. Price, 15 cents.

155. Control of Black-Rot of the Grape. 1909. Price, 15 cents.

156. A Study of Diversity in Egyptian Cotton. 1909. Price, 15 cents.

157. The Truckee-Carson: Experiment Farm. 1909. Price, 10 cents.

158, The Root-Rot of Tobacco Caused by Thielavia Basicola. 1909. Price, 15 cents.
159. Local Adjustment of Cotton Varieties. 1909. Price, 10 cents.

160. Italian Lemons and Their By-Products. 1909. Price, 15 cents.

161. A New Type of Indian Corn from China. — 1909. Price, 10 cents.

162. Seeds and Plants Imported. Inventory No. 18. 1909. Price, 10 cents.

163. Varieties of American Upland Cotton. 1910. Price, 25 cents.

164. Promising Root Crops for the South. 1910. Price, 10 cents.

165. Application of Principles of Heredity to Plant Breeding. 1910. Price, 10 cents.
166. The Mistletoe Pest in the Southwest. 1910. Price, 10 cents.

167. New Methods of Plant Breeding. 1910. Price, 20 cents.

‘168. Seeds and Plants Imported. Inventory No. 19. 1909. Price, 5 cents.

169. Variegated Alfalfa. 1910. Price, 10 cents.

170. Traction Plowing. 1910. Price, 10 cents.

171. Some Fungous Diseases of Economic Importance. [In press.]

172. Grape Investigations in Vinifera Regions. [In Dress :

173. Seasonal Nitrification as Influenced by Crops and Til age. 1910. Price, 10 cents.
174..The Control of Peach Brown-Rot.and Scab. 1910, ‘Price, 10 cents.

175. The History and Distribution of Sorghum. 1910. Price, 10 cents.

176. Seeds and Plants Imported. Inventory No. 20. 1910. Price, 5 cents.

177. A Protected Stock Range in Arizona. 1910. Price, 15 cents.

178

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