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GOVERNMENT OP INDIA ‘ ''

ARCHEOLOGICAL SURVEY OP INDIA

ARCHEOLOGICAL
LIBRARY

ACCESSION NO. 3I 0 33

CALL No. 3JZ. 0 9S4/ tA . L iiX

D.G.A. 79 —

CENSUS OF INDIA, 1901.

VOLUME xnn.

KASHMIE.

PART I.

KEPOET

KHAN BAHADUR MUNSHI GHULAM AHMED KHAN*

REVENUE MEMBER, STATE COUNCIL,

AND

SUPERINTENDENT OP CENSUS OPERATIONS, JAMMU AND KASHMIR STATE.

Sole Contractors for Printing to the Punjab Government.

1902.

CENTR/y. ARCHAEOkOGIGAli
library, NhW

\0€. No ...

Mi*, - 5 . 7 . ......

x:CoT)

CONTENTS. .

Pages.

INTRODUCTION i— xiv

CHAPTER I. — Distribution of population, with subsidiary tables ... 1 — 20

„ II. — Migration, with subsidiary tables ... ... ... 21 — 30

„ III. — Religion, wdth subsidiary tables ... .. ... 31 — 36

„ IV. — Age, sex and civil condition, with snb.sidiary tables ... 37 — 47

,, V. — Education, with subsidiary tables ... ... ... 40 — 60

j, YL — Lauguai^es of the people, with subsidiary tables ... 61—66

„ VIL — Intirmities of the people, with subsidiary tables ... 67 — 74

,, VIII. — Caste, Tribe and Race ... . ... ... ... 75 — 95

IX. — Occapation, with subs'diary tables ... ... ... 96— U*9

PREFACE.

The tables prepared from the information collected at the Census of
March 1901, will be found iu the next volume of this work. This
volume contains a report on the I’esulcs of the census operations. In dealing
with the results I have confined m3'self, as far as possible, to an explan-
ation of the exact value of the statistics, and every here and there, where
the data was available or comparison possible, to the changes during the last
ten years which they indicate.

.This report has been prepared under difficulties as to time and leisure.
This is the second year of my service in the State and my attention was already
pre-occupied in introducing such reforms in the Revenue administration as
seemed most essential. And I must admit that I have not been able to do full
justice to the report within the time limited. The statistics were not ready
for comment till so late as January and February 1901’. Some of them T may
add are anxiously awaited even now— the middle of March. The spread of
the plague epidemic frightened away the abstractors and the tabulators and
resignations began to pour in faster than is general the case for applications
iu respect of appointments. I began to apprehend serious results at one time,
but strenuous efforts, however, secured once more the despatch of work, and I
am glad to say that my work is well nigh finished, and 1 hope to be able to
submit my Report to the Census Commissioner for India no sooner the press
have accomplished their part of the duty. Another phase of diflaculties inci-
dent upon census in a State, i.e., the infinite diversity of the materials to be
dealt with, and the infinite ignorance of this description of work on tlie part
of the majoritj’ of the machinery employed was net wanting to add to the pre-
dicament. The present census has, however, shown us where our chief diffi-
culties lie, aud how aud why we have not been able to overcome them.

Total want of literary help and material from libraries comes next.
The inadaptability of our Civil Officers of the olden type to the nature and
exigencies of statistical record is another aspect which maj' be mentioned.
In fact, I may say, IMajor Kaye, the SettlementCommissioner, somewhere in his
note to me remarks that one of the Settlement Officers under him has confounded
The statistical history with the history of the place, AYe may well imagine then,
what can be the result in the case of those District Officers who have not come
within the influences of the experience gained in training in British India, I
do not mean to say that the District Officers rendered me no help ; oit the con-
trary, they gave me every possible assistance which they could under the
circumstances. I have made free use of the information thus supplied by them
aud especially in the chapter on castes, tribes and race>, which nece^^sarilv
retiuired a great deal of local knowledge. The report sent in bj- Pandit Ram
Dlian, in his capacity of Wazir Wazarat at Kishtwar, was exceptiouallv good.
I am glad that contiguous as the two territories are, namely British India and
the State, my tw'enty-two years’ experience has, as a Revenue Officer there
although perhaps not to the desired extent, yet filled up the deficiency which
was likely to be felt for want of experience of this country.

I do not, hovever, think that the information which I have summed up
becomes less worthy of notice or record on these accounts. I may well quote
Mr. Ibbetson that “ In matters such as are discussed in this Report the next
best tiling to having them put rightb,’ is to have them put wrongly if onlv the
••wrongness be an intelligent one foV so we stimulate inquiry and provoke
•‘ criticism ; and it is only by patient and widespread inquiry 'and incessant
•‘ minute criticism that we can hope to arrive on these subjects at accurate
“ information and sound generalization. ” I need not be afraid of criticism
.should, in fact, invite it and shall be glad to find tlie District Officers of the
Province '• .setting to work to correct and supplement the information o-iveu
in this Report. ®

I must apologise for the omission of maps in respect to areas, ^'cc., as in
the absence of the whole State being subjected to the Settlement eperaiions
such a thing was impossible and the time, labour, and money spent on pre-
paring the maps for census purposes would not have been wo'ith while-

I have here and again in the Report acknowledged my indebteduesa for
material other than the figures, and I take the opportunity of tliankino
those gentlemen now who have kindly assisted me. I applied for assistance to
many officers of many Departments and to none in vain ; and it is to the help thus
received that whatever merit my report may be found to posses s is m \inly
due. Tiie reports and notes from the Governor of Rashinir, Pandit IManmohan
Nath and Diwan Amar Nath, the Governor of Jammu, as well as those fretii
Doctor A Mitra deserve special mention.

I think I should not omit to express ray indebtedness to Diwan Pan hr
Daya Kishen Kaul, B.A., Private Secretary to His Highness the Alaharaja Silrb
Bahadur, for the help he rendered in facilitating the enumeration of the Private
Staff of His Highness the Mahai’cija Sahib as well as the male? and females in.
attendance at the Inner Deodhi palaces. -My warmest thanks are also d\re to .Major
J. L. Kaye, the Settlement Commissioner. I am also thankful to Captain A. D.
Alacpherson, Political Agent, Gilgir, for a full description of marriage ceremonies
in Gilgit. In conclusion I may perhaps be allowed to express my thanks to tin?
members of the Census establishment for the assistance which thev have
afforded and the work they have performed. Since the commencement of the
task a year ago. Pandit Raj Narain, who, besides his legititnate duties, worked
as Deputv Superintendent for the abstraction and tabulation office, lias earned
my fulit^r approbation, as well as some other clerks of whom I have sent a
to tl ■ State Council for consideration and due recognition of their services.
Any pree iection for hard work which they may have possessed must have doubt-
less bee!, augmented and fortified liy the e.xaraple of nij Personal Assistant
Pandit ,S. Rajbal, B.A., who from first to last proved himself to be not only
a thoughtful but most industrious ally; in fact it is in no smcoll measure t-
bis unswerving attention to my orders and directions that much of the mutter
and information incorporated in the repot t have beea secured.

I must also add that the Pandit is a young man of high abilities ami
education. He is remarkably intelligent and thoroughly reliable. The State
indebted to him for a good deal of liard work in connection with the Census
operations. He deserves every consideration at the hands of the State and
T commeud his future prospects to the State Council.

If it may not be regarded as a presumption upon my part and an
outrage to native etiquette I may be permitted as a servant to ask the Malia-
raja Sahib and the Raja Saiiib to graciously accept ray heartfelt gratitude
for the support and countenance vouchsafed.

QHULAM AHMAD KHAN,

JiiL'e'iue Me nter and < 'ennus Superintendent,

Jammu and Kashmir State.

INTRODUCTION.

1. The territories of His Highness the Maharaja Sahib Bahadur of
Jammoo and Kashmir, generally known as the Riasdt-i- Kashmir, comprise of —

1. Jammoo Province.

2. Kashmir Province.

3. Frontier Districts.

2. E'ltent a^ud boundaries . — The State is bounded on the North by some
petty hill chiefships and by the Kara Korum mountains ; on the East by
Chinese Tibet; on the South and West by the Districts of Rawalpindi, Jhelum,
Gujrat and Sialkot in the Punjab, and the Hazara country now a part of the
North-West Frontier Provinces. The State of .Jammoo and Kashmir covers an
area of 80,900 square miles, extending from o2‘^-17' to 36“-58' North latitude and
from 73”-26' to 50'-30' East longitude, and is in direct political subordination to
the Government of India which is represented by a Residency.

3. Form of LTOrerruiient. — The administration of the State is conducted
through the instrumentality of Governors and Frontier Wazirs : Governors in the
Provinces of Jammoo and Kashmir and Wazirs in Frontier Districts. Formerly,
the whole of the Frontier was under one W azir only ; necessity for parcelling it
out, however, into divisions v.'as perceived on the grounds of establishing an
improved machinery of administration, as well as owing to the emergency,
realized in respect of maintenance of uninterrupted communication between the
different parts of the Districts, which, were sometimes closed for months together,
on account of heavy snowfalls. On the 12th of April 1901 orders were, therefore,
passed to the effect that the Frontier should be split into the two following
divisions : —

I. Tlie Ladakh Wazarat, comprising the territory included within the
Tahsila of Leh, Kargil and Skardu ; and the tract known as
Zanskar 'formerly a part of Tahsil Kishtwar, Province Jammoo),
was also attached to Kargil,

II. The Gilgit Wazarat, comprising the territory included in Gilgit
Proper, the Astore Tahsil and the Niabat at Bunji; and the
tract know’n as Haramush, which formerly constituted a portion
of the Skardu Tahsil, was also added to the Niabat last
named.

4. Im'povt-iiice, these Districts, as a matter of course, cemmaud im-
portance on account of their situation on the frontier; the Provinces of
Jammoo and Kashmir constitute, strictly speaking, the really important posses-
sions of the State.

5. DescripU..>ti of tlio com Inj. — The country, chiefly mountainon.s, may, as
Drew says, with just the exception of a strip of plain oa the South-Wen, which
is continuous w'ith the great level of the Punjab, be said to consist of the follow-
ing regions : —

1 .

The regions of the outer hills,
Jammoo.

or the midille mountains, i. e..

2. Kashmir.

The third and the fourtli are on tiie giv.at wateished range. The third,
which may be said to have a semi-Tibetan climate, includes Astore with some
parts of Gilgit and Bnltistau ; and the fourth, which enjoys the pure Tibetan or
almost rainless climate, takes in the rest of Gilgit, the greater part of Baltistan,
and all Ladakh ; with these great variations in level, the climate must of necessity
change for every region. These several regions, therefore, are subject to a tem-
perature, ranging from the tropical heat of the Punjab summer, to such a state of

freezing coH, that it retards and renders ineffectual the heat of the sun in its
operations of melting the perpetual snovsr on the mountains.

6. One need not, therefore, be surprised to see people going abroad with
very light clothing, if any at all, and attending to their out-door duties in some
of the lower inhabited parts of the country ; while in the higher, they may be
seen shivering even in their warmest vestments, not unusually of sheep-skin.
There are places in which people are confined to their fireside for nearly more
than half the year. The element of moisture also does not play a small part in
giving another variety to the climate. Thus the whole kingdom of Jammoo and
Kashmir State is again susceptible of division into the following four degrees
of humidity ; —

1. The middle mountains of Jammoo, where there is periodical

rainfall.

2. Kashmir, where there are no periodical rains, but there is rainfall

enough for all crops but rice without need of irrigation.

3. Tracts where no crops can be raised without irrigation, and the

hill sides for the most part bare, with some forests on portions
of the mountain slopes, such as Astore and some parts of Gilgit
and Baltistan.

4. Where no crops can be raised without irrigation, and the country

is destitute both of forest and of pasture. This tract is almost
rainless, and covers a part of Gilgit and a greater portion of
Baltistan.

7. The outer region composed of a series of ridges, with varying
elevations of 1,000 to 2,000 feet above the plain, is situate from 2,000 to

3.000 feet above the sea. Then comes a tract of country consisting of numer-
ous other ridges parallel almost to the first ; and enclosed between the two is a
long narrow valley, the greater part of which is nothing but rugged space, cover-
ed partly by low bushes and partly by naked rocks of sandstone.

8. The heights in the “ middle mountains ” range from 8,000 to 10,000
feet, and are covered with either pasture or forest. Hills in this region, unlike
their sisters of the outer region, are not in parallel lines but in ramihcations
divided by equally diverging valleys. Home of these valleys dip down to as low as
2,500 feet. A great chain of snowy mountains branching off in the direction of
South-East and North-West divides the drainage of the Chenab and the Jhelum
rivers from that of the higher branches of the Indus. It is by these branches
that the valley or plain of Kashmir is enclosed, the hills of which rise from

14.000 to 15,000 feet high, while the valley itself encompassed by these vast
elevations falls down to a level of 5,000 to 0,000. Beyond this great range we
find a wild tract of mountainous country, the whole of which is very high ; this
forms the north-w'estern part of Tibet while Ladakh and Baltistan constitute its
minor divisions, inclusive of Gilgit.

Note. — In para. 8 of tbe last Consns Eeport (1801) the great snowy range tf rnountams dcscrihcd as effect-
ing a dh'ision in the waterfehed of the Chenab and the Jhelum on the one hand, and the higher branches of the Indus
on the other, is said to run South-East to South-West, This is in conflict with the direction given bv Drew. As
an matters of this description, we can do nothing else but transcribe from standard authoritiesfon the'subiect I am
not quite clear how the compiler of the last Census Report has ventured to alter the description of the direction as
given by Drew, namelv, south-east to north-west into south-east to south-west. I Ixave examined the map *for
anyself, and advancing no pretensions to bean expert in such matters, am inclined to adopt the description given by
Drew, on the principle, that if one is to err at all it is safe to do so on the side of the better authority. ° ^

9. The tables give a detail of the divisions and sub-divisions of the
Jammoo and Kashmir State as they at present stand, together with the results
of the present census. The total population of the Jammoo and Kashmir State
now shows an increase of 361,626 souls, or 14-21 per cent. The increase neces-
sarily effected by reason of the introduction of the Kailway in a part of the
State and the through communication established between Pindi and Kashmir and
the out-lying, internal as well as Frontier Districts, in addition, totheenumer-
ation actually held this time in Gilgit, constitute the causes of, and evidently
account for, this rise in the number of population. The variation in increase in the
different parts of the State is exhibited in Abstracts II, III and IV. In the
Jammoo Province there is an increase of 81,764 souls or 5-68 per centum ; in
Kashmir the amount of increase is still greater, and goes up to so far as 208,353

iii

or 21’ 95 per centum, whereas in the Frontier Districts the percentage reaches
46-03, i.e., showing an increase of 71,509 persons. The increase in the Frontier
Districts seems to be astounding at first sight, but it is, strictly speaking, easily
accounted for when we refer to para. 265, page 180, of the last Census Report.
The actual enumeration for Gilgit, only took place, for the first time, on this
occasion, and there is nothing remarkable to find the population existing there
giving us a percentage of 46'03 over the return of the census of 1891. Increase
of 5-68 per centum in the Jammoo Province is slight indeed, when compared
with the sister Province of Kashmir, which shows an increase of 21‘95 per centum.
The opening of the Jhelum Valley Road has been a great boon to traders and
has led to a large inflax of people into the valley. The salubrious climate of the
country, not to mention the inherent natural tendency in all populations to
increase, according to Malthus, is such that it should, in the words of
Mr. Lawrence, double the population of Kashmir every ten years 'I’he increase
of 7,483 persons or -26 per centum is for one thing attributable to the fact that
provisional totals not having been received in time from certain far off and hilly
tracts, preliminary figures had to be accepted. It was not, of course, free from
mistakes, subsequently detected while worked out.

TOTALS, 1901, , Variation.

First Totals.

Final.

Percentage.

Persons.

Males.

Females

1 1 Number.

Persons. ■ Males. [ Females,

ill !

2,898,095

1,536,428

1,361,667

1 1

1 i 1

2,905,578 ; 1,542,057 , 1,363,521 j, +7,483

+ ’26

A SHORT ACCOUNT OF THE CENSUS OPERATIONS.

10. A brief deBcri-ption of the Census Operations . — The Census Report for
1891 says that no previous census appears to have been taken, the enumeration
of 1873 being far from reliable.” Strictly speaking, therefore, this con-
stitutes the second census in the State. I believe, it will not be regarded as a
reflection on the last Census Report, if I were to add here, that the present
enumeration is necessarily more accurate than either of those which have
preceded it, because what I say is founded on ray personal experience of the
manner in which the different offices in the State are worked. This much, at
least, is certain that the directions issued from time to time, and the constant
inspection, exercised by means of inspectors appointed for the purpose,
and by my Personal ^Assistant, as well as subsequently by myself, tended to
bring about much gi-eater minuteness of detail on the present occasion.
As an instance I may remark, that sometimes I found, to my regret, that
enumerators had, instead of enumerating on their own account, satisfied themselves
simply by enquiring from the heads of the families, how many children, youths
and adults, of each sex, were sleeping under their roof, and the numbers only,
thus ascertained, were entered in the appropriate columns.

11. Scheme of Operations . — The scheme of operations followed in the
present census, in pursuance of the Code issued by the Census Commissioner
for India, may briefly be summarised as follows : —

(a) Division of the country into blocks or units of enumeration ;

(5) Preparation of list, of houses and families, and the numbering
of houses ;

(c) Preparation of a preliminary record of the population, by an
agency previously selected and told off for the purpose.

id) The Census itself ;

(e) And finally, absti’action, tabulation, and compilation of tables,
respectively.

12. The various operations are discussed at length in their proper
places, and it will be sufficient to give here such a general outline of the method
of enumeration, as may enable the reader to understand how the results of the
present census, to be discussed hereafter, have been arrived at.

13. Dluisian of country into blocks. — The first thing done was to
split up the whole country into blocks of sucb a size that a single enumerator
could, on the census night, conveniently go over the whole block within the
time limited. In the hilly tracts, where houses are scattered over a large area,
the number of houses, for the blocks, was fixed at a smaller figure than what
■was prescribed ; in such places it was considered expedient to allot to each
enumerator so many of the small scattered hamlets and isolated homesteads
only as he was able to deal with.

14. Xitrnherin.j the houses. — The next step was to make rough sketch
maps of blocks in towns and villages, showing the position of the various
houses and homesteads therein, as also the route which the enumerator
was required to follow on the census night, and to paint upon the walls
of the houses the serial numbers of the houses in the block. The serial
number “was continuous for the whole of the ward, although it consisted
of several blocks In the towns of .Jamrao ) and Srinagar special arrangements
were made, and the numbers painted, in white, on black varnished tins, were
nailed on to the doors or such other conspicuous places as could be easily
perceptible on the census night.

1 5. Definition, of !tous.i . — It is quite impossible to describe the difficulties
expei fenced in defining a ” house,” as used for the purposes of census. In hills
and in plains, where a peasant lives with his family occupying a house or a
hut built among his fields or fdongside his well or in one of a small group of
such separate houses, which lie close together and constitute a hamlet, the matter
is simple enough. But more than common sense is required, iu determining
a “ house ” where buildings are entered in by one, two or more gates, leading
into main streets, which do not communicate with each other. There may
be found certain enclosures or large compounds, round each of which are
ranged kuthns or buildings respectively occupied by one to a dozen families
closely related to each other. In towns, it becomes the more so, where one
spacious and commodious building, opening on to a common courtyard, is often
converted into poorer quarters by the admission of tenants with varying durations
of tenure. Moreover, it not unfrequeutly happens that a whole section of the
community sometimes inhabits a ward accessible, by only one gateway, consisting
of .1 confused mass of houses, yards and interior courtyards intermingled in a
mO'D puzzling manner.

16. Instructions, therefore, as explanatory as possible, were issued on
the subject to the enuineuitors. These instructions are given at full length
in their proper place.

17. R-^crrd of P I'tliiiiiniinj Eiinoieration by rneaus of a selected agency . —
Meanwhile tho different responsible officers of the State 'were called upon to
select agency for the actual enumeration, which had also to attend to the
preliminary work, described a’bove. The State Council had already invited
the attention of tlie heads of all the Depa.rtmeuts in the State to co-operate
with the Superintendent of Census Operations for the State. The one thing
needful was to find men of sufficient intelligence to understand what was to
be done and recorded, of 'ufficient education to record it, and in sufficient
numbers to cmpe with the ta.sk of counting the whole of the population in a single
night. Her“in, as premiscil befoi’o, lay the one great difficulty of the Census
Operations. In tho .summer capital of the State it -was, comparatively speaking,
plain sailing. In the Province of Kashmir, however, where the Pandits know
their 3rs, no difficulty on this score, was at all expected to arise and it was
not only disappointing but almost disgusting to receive, at one time, a report
from the local authorities, that the requisite number of hands was not forth-
coming In District Mnzaffarabad of the Kashmir Province paid agency had
to be employed for the purpose. All the State servants, therefore, in any measure,
under the Distiict Offic*n’,<, together with many lent by other Departments, were
called up.jii to assist. When, in countries, which are advanced in culture and
civilization; where men are awake to a sense of their duty towards their
superiors, towards tlieir fellow creatures as fellow-workers, petty feelings in
this world are not altogether a thing of the past ; it is easy enough
to imagine, that v/ithin tbs course of ray census experience, it not unfrequently

happened, that a favourite police officer here, a responsible forest incumbent
there, or, for the matter of that in the Revenue Department even, a pet patwari
would sometimes, on the call for help in the operations, by responsible local
authorities, resent and prove refractory, and raise futile objections in one case
and technical in the other. It is not to be inferred from the foregoing
remarks, that the heads of any Department were in the least inclined to coun-
tenance the attitude assumed by their subordinates, inasmuch as, whenever
the matter was brought to their notice, the recalcitrant offender was invariably
brought to a sense of his duty and never spared.

18. Raises of cities, members of municipal boards, rural notables,
zaildars and the like, constituted the ranks of the superior agency, while
village headmen, literate shop-keepers, priests, Pandits, Maulvis and small
land owners, as well as students from schools, helped in the enumeration. Of
the above named agency some rendered assistance to the authorities either
through hope or fear, but some, I am pleased to remark, took a geuuine
interest in the work and looked upon the whole proceeding as a solemn
function, in which they thought it to be a privilege to assist ; learning
all the directions by rote like a parrot, so much so, that sometimes even the
least hint of a word to them would make them reproduce the whole passage,
whereas a sensible question on the same quotation was sure to confound their
best intellect, and failed to elicit the desired answer. Such class of people
took the greatest pride in their tempDrary association in the affairs of the State,

19. Such material, however, as was available had to be made the best use of,
and a good many persons who had the requisite qualifications, and many who had
not, were pressed into the service. As a rule, the enumerators were chosen, as
far as possible, from among the residents of the area to be enumerated ; but in
oases where no capable man was forthcoming, arrangements had to be made from
the neighbouring towns or villages according to circumstances.

20. Preliminary Records . — Having sketched out the work for them,
selected the agency, and practically trained the same ; the officers in charge
began, after the advent of the New year (1901), the preparation of the preliminary
records, which were, after certain corrections due to subsequent births, deaths,
and movements of the people, to represent the results of the census night as
the outcome of the whole operations. The village population is comparatively
a stationary one, and the alterations made in the entries on the census night
were comparatively few. It was made and corrected at leisure, daring the
month of February 1901, and during the greater part of that month, the staff set
apart for the Census Operations, was busily employed ; the enumerators
going round their blocks from house to house, putting down the required
particulars from each person; and the superior officers riding from village
to village and from block to block, inspecting, examining, checking and
correcting throughout their respective charges. In certain far off and remote
areas of the State, these enumei’ations were conducted so early as December
1900. I’he attainment of ai’eally accurate I’ecord depends not only upon intelli-
gence, but also on the exercise of tact, patience and perseverance. Allowance,
however, under all circumstances, will have to be made for want of due intelli-
gence in the enumerators, and the illegibility of their hand-writing ; and it is,
therefore, not to be wondered at, that in a great many instances, the record was
practically prepared by a supervisor or a patwari, rather than by the enume-
rator himself. In cases where supervisors also were not above the cornmou
ruu of the enumerators, a patwari had to attend to the records made by the
supervisor.

21. There is no doubt about it that the position of the initial recording
scribe sometimes became very awkward, where the answers to the questions
seemed to conflict with his own preconceived theories. In case.s like this, he
was directed not to give scope to his notions or use his discretion ; though at
the same time, it was very difficult to take the stat^>raents of the people interro-
gated, at their own words. Thus where a tottering old man would represent
himself to be a young man of 30 or 35, and especially when the same old man
would increase or decreu-c the number of years to an indefinite amount, each

time be was questioned on the subject and would in tlie end, when pressed to
form, as best as he could, an exact calculation of his age, give up the attempt
at variation and commend to the enumerator his venerable grey-beard and thin
spare body, to form the idea of his age for himself. Likewise, where a well-
known Arora returned himself to be a Khatri, his statement was rejected and
his true caste entered in the schedules, and where again a Muhammadan Sheikh
traced his descent from a Say ad and wanted to establish himself as such
his word was directed to be given little credence to, by the counting enumerator.
So again, where a Kalal proclaimed himself to be other than what he really
was, his word was not to be relied upon ; all the same, it was clearly impressed
upon the enumerators that just as they were not to introduce their own notions
in the conduct of the Census Operations no less were they to misconstrue
appearances or representations made to them, for it would be quite unsafe to
suppose that a shop-keeper, merely because he sells wine on the premises, must be
telling an untruth when he returns himself a Khatri or Banya which, for all that
one knew, he might in reality be.

22. My duties in connection with the Revenue Department left
me little time to devote myself wholly and solely to census work and inspection
tours. I, therefore, asked my Personal Assistant to devote the major
portion of his time in making inspections, and the errors which have been de-
tected by him, have consequently been numerous. I, too, was not unmindful of the
work, and when out in camp, it was uot unoften that I made a round in a vil-
lage or ward so late as nine or ten on a December night, to check the entries
made by the enumerators, while the hour and body courted rest after a day’s
long ride and disposal of the revenue work at the halting station.

23. About a week before the 1st of March 1901, supervisors and charge
superintendents visited their blocks to assure themselves that all the enu-
merators were at their posts, with their records completely checked ; and to issue
some supplementary instructions necessary for the census night.

24. On the 14th of February 1901, proclamations in the vernacular were
issued to the people, asking them to remain at their houses after nightfall on the
1st of March 1901, and to keep awake with lights in their houses till the enu-
merator had visited them. The city of Jamraoo, head-quarters of the Census
Superintendent of the State, presented quite a scene that night; the activity and
the bustle that prevailed throughout the capital would not have allowed that
night to b« distinguished from the day had it not been for the infallible signs of
moonlight and torches.

25. People were found keeping up and amusing themselves in various
ways waiting the arrival of the enumerator. Checking agency was as complete
and sufficient as was possible under the circumstances. The heads of all the
Departments might have been seen making rounds in order to exercise a
thorough and complete check Enumerators read out to the heads of the fami-
lies all the entires in the schedules, struck off such persons as had died or gone
away, made new entries for additions to the family in tlie shape of visitors or
births since the preliminary enumeration, and then passed on to the next house.
Special arrangements had, in consultation with the North-Western Railway
authorities, been previously made for counting passengers in the trains. Due
arrangements had likewise been made for the submission of the provisional
totals to the Census Commissioner for India to whom the names of responsible
District Officers had duly been telegraphed.

26. Attitmift of the, people . — The attitude of the people in connection
with the operations was not in the main other than what could be desired. It
was cheerful and admirable throughout Occasionally an ill-tempered old woman
or a coughing old man or a peevish shop keeper would resent the questions put
by the enumerator. Saving such exceptions, the feelings of the people towards
the census were not obnoxious. Although the majority of the people remem-
bered the previous census to have passed away without any evil effects follow-
ing its heels, yet here and there it was not held to be unconnected with some
exactions or imposts. As a general rule, however, people looked on with

indifference. Strictly speaking, my opinion in the matter is, that if there was
any misconception, it was due to mischief-mongers who raised false alarms in
order to enjoy the fun. For instance, in the District of Jasrota, it formed the
subject of general talk that census was invariably followed by loss of life. In
another district, Udhampur, census was identified by the Gujars (cowherds) with
their yearly enumeration of live-stock and the Government, it was held by
them, instituted all this elaborate calculation to take stock of the population
which it was domineering over. In Ladakh, the Frontier District, the nature
of the people and position of their country added another variety to this topic
in attributing to the Government of India a desire to make an ini’oad upon
Lasa, and was recording sex and age to increase the numerical strength of its
armies should occasion arise to give effect to the invasion under comtemplatiou.
In the hilly tract of Tahsil Ramban, District Udhampur, an invidious shape
was assumed by the report that young ladies of prepossessing appearance and
fascinating manners were in requisition, under orders, for exportation to
Europe on the occasion of the celebration of the ensuing coronation. Mirabile
dictu with a view to frustrate the possibility of such a contingency, these ap-
prehensions were practically translated into action, and before the authorities could
well be asked to relieve the people of this groundless and base anxiety, not less
than 109 marriages had been celebrated within a very short time. The number
given above, sti’angely enough, includes girls not only of a marriageable age, but
those also who can hardly be said to have passed the state of infancy. Girls of
two to nine are shown as included in the number — the marriageable portion
(ranging from 10 to 20 years of age) being only 40. Of 20 there was only one,
of 15 six, while the rest wmre below that age.

27. hfor was there wanting a display of extraordinai’y genius on the part

of the enumerator in connection with certain entries. In Jaramoo a woman
was returned a pleader, and another was reported to be a military servant.
Another, a minute and a critical enumerator, returned a male member
of the population to be a “ State servant praying for the welfare of
the cattle.” Jv. ipo ^yi.* Similarly, another enumerator

in Tahsil Riasi, Udhampur District, attempted to justify himself in treating
a Jiotha as an inhabited house, because there were two buffaloes in it.

28. There is no doubt that the people were a trifle bored by the whole

thing, more especially by the frequent repetitions and attestations of the original
entries, but with few exceptions here and there they had little objection to
giving all the information asked for ; and occasionally, perhaps, the occupation
of the women were withheld or misrepresented ; but as a general rule the people
regarded the whole business as an administrative freak. ^

29. Abstraction, tahulaiion and compilation . — The operations subsequent
to the actual enumeration consisted in abstracting, tabulating, classifyiuo- the
entries and compiling the results. The system being rather an eiaborate** one
required not only energy, but constant application to work as well. The new
method of sorting slips was found to be more convenient than the old one in which
the process has hitherto been conducted in the various foregoing operations.

30. Description of slips used. Slips of four kinds were used, each kind
indicated a separate religion by the shade of its colour. Slips of brown half-
bleached, red and green denoted Muham i adans, Hindus, Sikhs and others’ res-
pectively. In addition to this, six symbols were also used expressive of tlie civil
condition of the people enumerated as below :

Civil condition, Male. Female.

1. Unmarried.

2. Married.

8 . "Widowed,

iii

On each slip vras shown : —

In the first line, the thana or the given unit for abstraction.

In the second Hue the upper fraction denotes the number of the book
abstracted from, and the fraction below, the number of the individual
enumerated.

Ta the third line the religion with its sub-head, if any.

The fourth line shows the age and the civil condition as indicated
by the above symbols.

Caste, tribe or race is given in the fiftli line.

The main occupations of the actual workers are shown in the sixth line.
Subsidiary occupations are shown in the seventh line.

Eighth line shows the means of the subsistence of dependants.

The ninth line is meant for birth place.

Language is shown in the tenth line.

Literacy in languages, other than English, is put down in line eleventh.
In the twelfth litei’acy in English alone is given.

31 . Infirmities had to be abstracted direct from the books.

32. The slips used were of a uniform size of 6''x2|'''; the full size
is given below : —

The numerical figures borne on the slip represent the columns of the
schedules in the enumerator’s book.

33. Sorting the Slips . — Sorting had next to be attended to, and it was
done by each village or ward ; first for each religion and then for each religion
by sect and civil condition.

34-. When all the books pertaining to a. given unit for tabulation had
been so abstracted and sorted, a general res^ister of the unit thus abstracted
dealing with tlie details described above in the form of a book was then
prepared. Tliis register formed the basis on which the tabulating establish-
ment proceeded to sort and re-sort the slips for the particular area dealt with
in the register, by each religion, caste, tribe or race and other information
required for the purposes of tabulation.

35. Ratp. of proQress and degree ijf accuracy . — The iutroduction of the
slip system when worked by a sensible staff can rightly claim superiority over
the old one, which was lengthy and tedious. Under the old system an abstractor
was obliged to spread out before him the books i elating to a village or
ward, sorting and re-sorting the etitries from them according to the desired
information by means of tick marks. 'Uie space occupied by the books, thus
spread out, was of necessity so Urge that he had, in order to ensure accuracy,
to go round and shift his position constanthg to satisfy himself that he had
not been a victim to his vision due to tlie inordinate extent over which
his volumes ranged. Under the present rpyimf a circular space, and that not
more than nearly 1-| square yard, is all time is wanted for one to pile up the
separate slips one over the other about him, so as to enable him to pick up the
right slip when required. It is easy enough, therefore, to perceive that a system
wliich is eaually commendable as occupying smaller area as involving less waste
of time and trouble coirld not be otherwise than less expensive too.

36. Error pasy of defection.— -The one great feature about this system,
in which it cl.airas ascendency over tie- old one, consists in the faeilitv and
promptness With which cooking and fudgingf can he detected.

37. Cost of the Census. — The <-perations threw a great deal of extra
labour upon a staff, which was, at lea.st, in certain cases already overworked,
wdtliout any hope of additional renmner <tion, as they took men away from their
regular duties which naturally fell inti-* arrears, and had to be eh-ared off after-
wards, thus temporai’ilv disturbing the whole tontine of district administration.
But these operations w-re exc-^[)tio'ial in their nature, the Government of India
attached great importance to their being- carried dut thoroughly an i micces^fully.
The whole body, therefore, actuated by a sense of duty put off fm- the time
being all sucb unimpiartant work as could be slighted for a rime rvith safetv ;
apttlied themselves to the census work with will and enthusiasm, and .“trained
every nerve to ensure a satisfactory result so far as 1 can judge.

38. The total expenditure on the census operations as estimated and
provided for in budget amounted to Us. 4'2,1:!8, or, in other wonls, it exceeds the
amount incurred on the occasion of tile last census by Rs. 1 G,-l:84- 10-G. 'I’he
excess, in my opinion, is to be ascribed to the fact that owing to the necessity
of issuing .systematic and methodic inst’’uctions, received from time to time from
the Census Commissi mer for India, regular staff constituting the Direction
Office was maint.ained as such, previous to the night of tlie enumeration : appa-
rently this part of the work, though probably not quite so elaborate as on tbe
present occasion, must inevitably have been attended to by some hand.s in tbe
previous Census Operations, rhougb not specifically mentioned anywhere in
the last Census Report. Out of the total sum thus allotted for the purpose,
the following items were disbursed in connection with this part of tbe oper-
ations as detailed below : —

Rs,

Pay and allowances of officers and establishment

... 6,139

♦3

m %

Travelling allowances ditto

744

Enamej’ators

7)8

Printing, Contingent and Stationery charges ...

... 9.517

Postage

300

Total

i 1 1 1 0, / o9

As to the remaining sum, no details can just now be attempted, as the
work subsequent to the census night is still going on, and can by no
means be said to have been completed Advantage will be taken to give a
detail in respect thereof later on in the administrative part of the Report, The
total cost of the census, therefore, comes up to Rs. 14 pei- thousand as against
Rs. 10 per thousand of the last census as returning 2,9i,i-j,57S population
against tlie population 2,543,952 returned in 1891. The increase of Rs. 4
per thousand might appear striking in proportion to the increase in population,
but having regard to the fact that the operations on the present occasion are
admittedly more authentic and the data derived therefrom more reliable, it
cannot be considered anything extraordinary. Efficiency and accuracy cannot
be attained without adequate outlay. In pursuance with the suggestions
received from the Census Commissioner for India, the administrative part of
the report is to be taken in hand on the completion of. and subsequent to the
printing of, the Imperial Report. I quite contemplate that a supplementary
sum of some ten or fifteen thousand rupees w'ill have to be provided for yet, to
meet the expenses incident thereto, as well as in connection with the printing of
all the reports, not to mention the amount of the rewards to be bestowed upon
officials and others who have served during the recent operations, and a list of
w'hose names is still awaited.

39. Results I’f the Census accuracy and value . — Without pretending to
question tlie accuracy of the census operations conducted in the year 1891 in
respect of its actual enumeration, 1 would venture to remark that the care and
precision wuth which the operations liave been carried out on the present
occasion, leave little room for doubt in the opinion of those best able to judge
that it has been wonderfully exact. It is quite natural that this census should,
with the gain of experience during the last decade, coupled wnth improvements
introduced in working the operations, be, if anything, more accurate than the
previous census of 1891. Some of the officers who have served in both, assure me
that the accuracy attained on this occasion was decidedly greater than in 1891.

40. There were, of course, as there must always be, errors of omission
and commission here and there ; but in no case which came to notice were
they allowed to go uncori'ected. Tlie accuracy as regards numbers, sex and
civil condition is, of course, greater than that of those regarding religion, caste
and other particulars required to be recorded. The District Officers tested the
I’ecords most carefully and in an exhaustive manner. It was a judicious
arrangemeut not to ask the names of the females and to put down only miraf,
wrmaii, in its appropriate column, where the party interrogated demurred in
mentioning the names of the females of his household. The people had no
motive left, therefore, to conceal the number of women living in, or with, the
family. As regards the other entries, in the schedules, they may be said to be
as correct as is possible, under the circumstances and a discussion at length will
be found in tbe chapters on the subjects.

ll. ^ Although in the present instance advantage was taken of Rai Bahadur
Pandit Bhag Ram’s suggestion [vide para. 292 of the last Census Report), of
placing in the highest revenue authority the final control of the Census Opera-
tions, I may be allowed to add here, that it would have been far better if a practical
shape had also been given to his other suggestion, cj.v., relieving the Census
Superintendent and the Provincial Superintendents of all other official duties.
In other words, what is meant is that in future it would be desirable that tbe
operations be put under the charge and control of officers who can devote the
whole or their time to this work, and have nothing else to divert their attention ;
though I cannot refrain from remarking that the centring of the final control
in the highest authority iu the administration, is not without its advantages,
administrative and otherwise.

ABSTBACT II.— (Jammu and Kashmir State).

JAMMU TUOVJNOK.

TOTAL!:; SHOWJNC; VAIOATIOK IN I'OrU LA'l'l i)N SINCK JSDl AND IMOlDJluN'rACJ K Ol*^ VAiiJATlON.

xii

xiii

ABSTRACT TV - (Jamiiin and Kaslnwir State)

KRONTIKK' mSTRIOTR

I'OTAL SITOWiNfl VAIUATJDX IK I'( H'll I. ATI i )K SINCK Iftni AND PTIRnENTAGt’ OP VARIATION.

XIV

CliU^U Of), 885 :c^,77s , 27,107 10,7(2)1 10,105 0,574 I -f44,ll0 4'2(;B'0H

CENSDS REPORT

CHAPTER— 1. mSTRlBDTION OF POPOLATION,

1- Natural Divisions. — According to the scheme of natural divisions
prepared under the orders oi His Excellency the A^iceroy, and annexed to the
11th Note on Census Heportsby the Census Commissioner for India, the State
of Jammu and Kashmir falls under Himalayas and Sub-Himalaya AYest Division.
The State embraced in the Division comprises of the Jammu Province, the
Province of Kashmir, and the whole of the Frontier Districts lying on the north-
eastern, northern, and north-western outskirts of the dominions of His High-
ness the Maharaja Sahib.

2. Jammu Province. — The Province of Jammu shows a population
of 1,521,307 souls returned in the recent census of 1901, against 1,439,543 souls
in 1891. This shows an increase of 81,764 souls, or 5-6S per cent.

3. The Province of Jammu consists of the following four districts

1. Jammu.

2. Udhampur.

3. Jasrota.

4. Bhimber.

4. Of these four Jammu is the only district which has been the field of
and undergone the Settlement operations. Of the other three Udhampur is
quite a stranger to these operations as yet ; parts of Jasrota and Bhimber hav-
ing, however, been brought under settlement.

5. Boundary, — The district of Jammu is, on the north, separated from
that of Udhampur and Bhimber by means of Karahi Dhar and Kali Dhar ; on
the south it is contiguous to SiMkot in the Punjab; the district of Jasrota lies
to its east and on the west it is bounded by the Tawi, and Manawer a part of
the Bhimber District. Total area covered by this district is 1,159 square miles
with a population of 344,018 in 1901 against 307,970 of 1891, or an excess of
.36,048 souls representing 1P7 per cent. The above figures are inclusive of the
population of Jammu City which aggregate 36,130, inclusive of Satwari Canton-
ment, and exclusive of Satwari Cantonment 34,879 in the recent census, against
34,542 of 1891. The average per square mile exclusive of city is 266 souls while
inclusive of it, it is 296 souls. In city itself, therefore, the increase of 337 souls
is quite nominal. It comes to something like ’98 per cent., which means that
there is not an increase of even one per cent. Facilities in locomotion, proxi-
mity of the British territories, and a palpable dissatisfaction of having its origin
in the introduction of customs and additional chungi — an incentive to the dis-
contents to migrate and seek shelter in the adjoining Raj — at once pre.sent them-
selves as reasons for this inadequate increase in the urban population. To this
might be added the fact that no pains are taken by responsible authorities to
encourage local traders and afford impetus to commerce so as to lead to its
prosperity as almost ail the articles of consumption in the various offices in the
State — Civil and Alilitary — are imported and purchased from abroad. I am glad
to remark that the attention of the State Council has been attracted to the
subject of the chungi system and proposals for its amelioration are before it.
It is a source of satisfaction again that there are signs visible on the part of the
responsible Civil and Military authorities to effect a revival of the old practice
of making all purchases for the Toshakhana, &c., within the State. It, is no
secret that lakhs of rupees are spent in the supply of these demands and the in-
vestment of so much cash in exchange for unproductive articles means the dead
loss of a vast amount of capital to the State. The authorities have come to
realise this state of affairs, and the Vice-President contemplates, consistently

■with the advanced state of affairs necessitating consumption of foreign merchan*
disc indispensable, taking steps for the introduction of an improved system of
local purchases.

6. Increase. — There is an increase of 11 '7 per cent, in the whole of
the district, and lam inclined to think that it is due to several causes of which
settlement constitutes the foremost and the most important. The Settlement
operations in the district -were inaugurated in Sambat 1950 (1?93 A. D)
and -were brought to a close in 1954 (1897 A. D.). The term of Settlement ex-
tends to a period of 10 years. The new assessment shows an increase of
Es. 54,507 ; but this increase is due to the area of the waste lands brought under
the plough rather than to enhancement in rates. Settlement operations ’i\-hile
they have been the means of bringing in money into the coffers of the State
have equally been instrumental in bestowing immense benefits upon the agricul-
tural classes. All the arrears on account of land revenue, which for decades
past, were outstanding against them, were remitted. Various rascoms (cesses)
were also abolished. Rules for h^gdr, a scourge to the people, thoroughly
overhauled and an amouut of immunity ensured to the great convenience of the
masses. Grazing dues, an impost of vexation and trouble to the cultivators be-
sides being a nuisance to the State so far as its collection was concerned, offering in
additions a source of temptation to the less honest employes of the Department,
was also abolished. Last but not the least, does the Settlement operation confer
upon the agriculturists the boon of the recognition and record of the rightsengen-
dering a sense of security which may better be imagined than described. I am
not speaking of the additional blessings which they bring to the Revenue or
Judicial authorities in the assistance which they afford in the matter of the
determinatio 1 and adjudication of questions involved in land disputes. Land
■which had no value previous to the Settlement is nov,' eagerly sought after by
all persons. Cultivation has not only extended but improved ; a perceptible
degree of appreciation has taken place in the value of laud inasmuch as a
belief has grown in the minds of the people that a security of rights as well as
a uniformity of procedure in the application of the law may be depended upon.

7. Circles of Assessment- — The district of Jammu has for the pur-
poses of assessment been divided into seven circles : —

1. Circle Hardo Kandi of Tabsil Ranbir Singbpura.

2. Chakla Hardo Kandi, Tabsii Samba.

3. Chakla fnderwah, Tabsil Jammu, and Chakla Inderwah or Biiwat,

Tahsil Akhntir.

4. Chakla Bharri.

5. Chakla Kandi.

6. Chakla Daroon or Nali.

7. Chakla Pahari.

The ciicles of assessment have been established after due consideration
of the diversity of the soil and means of irrigation upon which depends the pro-
ductiveness and the fertility of land. In the first two and the fifth of these
circles the word Icandi is used and it seems to be the same as the Panjabi word
I'ando or Irindra in Hindustiiui, meaning edge or side of a stream, or it may be
the end of the slope of a mountain. According to comruou parlance in these
parts the word when applied to land is used significantly to indicate land
at the foot of a mountain and is the same as the Pei'sian dnuidn Ini'. In some
parts of the country the land included in the circle differs considcnibly in nature
and capability for production. It consists of three distinct varieties : —

(r/) Lan 1, the surface of which is level and free of stones, retains much
moisture, is rich and grows excellent crops ■with comparatively
little rain. This laud is the best l>didiii in the v/hole of the
Jammu Province.

(6) Land vhich is of the regular h'lidi couqjlexion either steeply slop-
ing or almost flat. I’bis chiss of soil is full of stones which
indeed make ploughing a tough job, they have, except when
very numerous, however, but slight detrimental effect on the
crop.

hills. This is of a special class and bears little resemblance
to ordinary I'CtU'ii land.

8. Then comes Chakla ludenvah or Indar, The fertilit 3 ' of the soil and
facility in the means of irrigation render this circle more valuable than the
otliers.

0. Bharri circles depend on rains chiefly and witii the exception, of a
small area irrigated by means of wells they are productive onlj' when there has
been plenty of rain.

!*)• ChaklaI)a,rG011.— ■ ti;e iiame would imply is siimite lietwecn two
hillocks, and in its siiape fuilo.vs t!ie circuitous course of the snri'ounding hilis.
It is, therefore, to be concloided tliat such circles are comprised uf t-v.'o kinds
of soils. One which is siiuared between the depths of the hills and the otiier
on the hilis themscives. The former, although unirrigated, retains moisture
and is therefore natr.railv fertile, while tlie latter in its productiveae.ss varies
according to the excess or scarcitv of rain.

1 1 . Chakla Paliari — T he<e circles are sub-divided into soils of two
classes. In one division the soil is mr>stly reddish loam, easily iploughable, of
good depth, and retentive of muca moisture. A large portion of the land is
dofasli, i.e., bear.s two crops every year and the crops are heavy.

The other division of the soil differs in that the soil is richer, of greater
depth, and the rock surface iu no part crops up to the surface of the soil.

12. Tiie climate of the first two circles is much the same and helps to
produce excellent wheat, jualii and l-ihudl. The third Chakla Tnderwah of
Bijwat in Tahsll Jammu and Bijwat is that part of the district wliicii is chiefly
irrigated by branches of the Tawi and Chemib. It covmrs an .area of only
about 35,000 ghumaos, but is highly productive on account of the special facilities
for irrigation which it commands. The climate of this place is moist and as a
matter of course tells on the physique and produces weak, dull and sickly" looking
people. On the contrary, people inhabiting the liciadU are strong, stout, and
well built.

13. Administration- — Bor purposes of administration Jammu is divided
into four tahsiis, namely, Jammu Khas, Sri Ranbfr Singhpura, Akhnvtr and Samba.
The town of Sri Raubir Singhpura was founded by the order of His Higimess tho
late Maharaja Sahib Bahadur, as its name implies. Had the original intentions of
the late Maharaja of establishing all the Sadder Courts there been fulfilled, the
importance which it W'ould have by now commanded would have been singular by
virtue of its situation on the borders of His Highness’ territoi’ies while now it
forms but a small town of no importance. A major portion of the land.s in this
tahsilis Bharri and is notorious for its dryness and the depth of its well waters.
Well-sinking is really an achievement here and in seasons of drought when the
Darbar decided to make advances to the suffeiiiig agriculturists this tahsil
stood second to Samba in coming in for under the head of Land Revenue
Suspensions for a sum of Rs. 16,626 when remissions on that account in
Samba amounted to about Ks. 33,000. In talcdci advances made for the
purchase of seeds, bullocks and the sinking of w'ells Sri Ranbir Singhpura
heads the list and shows an appropriation of Rs. 11,325, of which not less
than Rs. 6,085 forms the amount advanced for purposes of sinking wells.

14. The town of Akhnilr is situate on the right bank of the Chenab,
which brings down large quantities of timber from Bhadarwah and Kishtwar.
The silt carried by the river is detrimental to cultivation, consisting as it does
of pure sand ; and the land on its banks suffers from diluvion continually.
The land, consequently", gained by alluv"ion is worthless, being but sand, while
the diluvion robs the villages of comparatively pi’oductivm soil.

15. The fort, in which the tahsil buildings are situated, is associated
with the historical fact of Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s visit to that town with
a view on that occasion to induct formally into the sovereignty of the
Jammu State by the application of the customary tUalc to Maharaja GuUib Singh.

JG, Prosperity and Condition of the Town.—It was once a great
mart for timber and the I’ot root. The timber mart lias now been shifted to

Wazivabad and the koi root no longer passes through Akhndr, The octroi
taxations operated in ad<iition as a drawback upon trade. The merchants were
not tlie only victims of it but also cultivators who inhr.’ itcd the town and
tilled the adjoiniug villages because the payment on rh' iv part of the land
revenue did not absolve them fi-om the demands nn.i exaction of the rhungi
officials in respect of produce brought by them to their homes for personal
consumption. I think I may justly be proud of the fact, that ic is during my
tenure of (dfice as a Revenue i\Ieraber that the curse has been remov'od from
all the towns excepting of course the Jammu City only.

17. For purposes of assessment this tahsil is divided into four
circles : —

(f). Pahari-

(2) . Kandi.

(3) . iMaidaui.

(4) . Audhar, Bijwat.

Water Supply and Irrigation.— Of nvers proper there are
but two, the Chenab and the Tawi. Bijwet Circle is the only one which is
irrigated regularly. The silt in th.e Chenab waters is^ as remarked above,
pure sand, and no fertilising loam is brought down to the fields by the action of
the water. In fact in many places, situate on the Chenab and its branches,
the sandy layer -is so thick as to render cultivation impossible. The water of
the Tawi on the other Itand is excellent and just the reverse of the contents
of the Chenab. Land irrigated by this river lies so low and the water level
at so slight a depth below the surface of the soil that only but a small quantity
of water is sufficient for the crops. This, no doubt, accounts for the fact that
no pains are taken to irrigate tlie rabi crops, and most of the kuhls (water-
courses) are kept running for some six months only in the year. These water
channels are not carefully repaired and much land which might easily be
irrigated is left to itself. The State also contributes towards the up-keep of
these. There are numerous mountain torrents in this tahsil. But from these
streams there is practically no irrigation excepting the benefit of the moisture
which the laud on the banks of these khuds receives on the occasion of the
current.

19. In Maidani Circle there is a sufficiency of v^ells for drinking pur-
poses and for cattle. In addition to wells and natural streams there are also
catch-water tanks to which both men and cattle resort.

20. The Paluii’i Circle is subdivided into Pahari Sharki and Pahan
Gharbi. In Pahari Sharki the soil is mostly reddish loam, is easily turned up,
is of a good depth and retains moisture. A very large portion of the land is
dofasU, i. e., producing two crops in every year.

21. Therehs nothing particularly noticeable in Tahsil Samba excepting
perhaps the Hindu colony of shrines known as Parmandal and Utar
Baiiii. 'Fhe religions significance w’hich the Hindus attach to a bath
generally has a still greater degree of importance wit'i them when taken in a
flowiirg stream. 'I’liey undertake pilgrimages to, and perform ablutions iu the
numerous rivers ficwing all over India. As the direction in which rivers
generally flow is from north to south the fact of a reverse C 'der of the
flow is a phenomenon regarded by them as something exceptionally sacred
stimulated by the belief that north being the Parnassus of the gods,
any river that in its course takes its wateis towards the feet of their abode is
hundredfold more holy ; and Utar Baini, as its etymology implies, is subject to
that freak of nature. Samba tvas once known for its manufacture of chintz also.

22. The city of Jammu itself, which is the seat of the State Govern-
ment, is situated on a hill. It may aptly be called “ The city of the temples,”
as every traveller is likely to be impressed with the scene when it first presents
itself while approaching by road or train to the curious view of a visitor
to the capital of His Highness. On hilly back grounds the pinnacles of various
ten.ples of different heights whitewashed and gold foiled stand in bold relief
and pleasingly break the monotony of the"' sight. The great rnaadar of
Ragtiathji constitutes the central place of worship.

23. Besides the Museum Hall erected to receive the distinguished
visitor the then Prince of Wales, nov' the august Emperor of India, and the
Mandi Mubarak, the royal palaces, Ramnagar, the palace of Raja Sir Ama-
Singh, forms the chief place of attraction in the city. The royal ovner of m
edifice has, in its construction, evinced no small taste, by introducing a r.umber
of classical architectural types ; and it may be said that the building is unique in
its style and a monument of the judgment of the distinguished master as well as
an effective production and combination of art indicative of the genius of the
architect designer.

24. Jasrota. — fi'he district of Jasrota, comprising Tahsils Kathoa, Jasmir-
garh and Basohli, is bounded on the north by Bhadarwah, Raja Sir Amar Singh’s
jdgir ; and on the south by Pathankot; on the east bv ‘'ho River Ravr and parts
of Pathankot and the Chamba State ; on the west partly by some villages in
Tahsil Samba, Wazarat Jammu and the Udhampur hVazarat. Out of the three
above named tahsils in this district, two, liz., Kathoa and Jgi'uirgarli only
have undergone Settlement operations and cover an area of 224'' 11 and 182‘76
square miles respectively. The remaining tahsil of Basohli, the greater part ot
which is mountainous, is still unsettled. The climate of this district corres-
ponds more or less in variation with the different descriptions of circles of
assessment formed therein. In the hilly and Kandi Circles of Kathoa where
there is scarcity of rainfall and people have to depend for their wants on tank
watei’S, the climate is salubrious and produces strong and well-built men with
powers of endurance In the Chakla Palahi of the same tahsil, a part in piont
of its general condition is akin to the Kandi tract and another part to that of
Maidani, the climate is in the latter moist and in consequence malarious, unlike
the climate of Jasmirgarh, which is on the whole good. Fevers, though ureva-
lent in the rainy season, are not destructive'of life all the same.

25. TJdliamplir. — The district of Udhampur lies to the north-east ot the
Jammu District and consists of the following tahsils : —

(1) . Udhampur.

(2) . Ramnagar.

(3) . Ramban.

(4) . Riasi with its two sub-divisions of Kishtwar and Doda.

20. The population of 284,048 souls is composed of 151,125 nudes and
1 32,623 females according to the recent census, while in the census of 1891
total number of persons returned was 323,615, which shows a decrease of 39,407
souls, or 12'2 per cent.

27. The district derives its name after lilian Udhain Singh, a brother ot
the late Maharaja.

28. The shrine of Vaishno Devi is held in high esteem by the Hindus
and constitutes a regular resort of the pilgrims and attracts worshippers not only
from the neighbourhood and t!ie Province cf Jammu but also from the Punjab.
Masses of people might be seen vending iheir v.my to this place every six months
during tlio autumn and the early part of •, inter,

29. The railroad to Jammu has made the shrine comparatively acces-
sible to its votaries by landing thorn at the Jammu terminus, and the railroad
under contemplation, if continued ouw'ard and taken past these parts, may
assuredly count upon a substantial income from pilgrim traffic. The muleteers
who convoy the cavalcade of pilgrims nowadays from Jammu up to the shrine
make quite a fortune. The violet flower and chi form the chief commodities
of commerce.

30. The coal finds recently made, with a more than probable prosperous
future, invest this district with an engrossing interest at present.

31. Settlement has not so far been effected in this district. The dis-
trict, as will be seen from the table, is not as densely populated as the neighbour-
ing district of Jammu.

3i'. The District of Bllimber. — In this district there are five tahails
known as (1) Bhimbar, (2; Mirpur, (3) Kotli, (4) Nowshehra, and (5)
Rampur Kajon. The first two alone of these have undergone a regular settle-
ment. Pabbi, Palahi and Chanb are additions to the list of the denomination
of clialdds heretofore discussed in connection with the other districts, because
the differences of soils foitnd therein are composed of various description of
elements. For instance, clay in the Pabbi Circle of Tahsil Bhimbar is of a fail-
quality, here and there intermixed with small pebbles. It is incapab’e of retain-
ing moisture, and i,s therefore less productive. The Palahi is another class of
circle, and derives its name from the fact that the tracts so called are overgrown
with small shrubs called puhih. The tract is but poorly irrigated. The third
class, stvled Chanb, is indicative of tracts where the rain water flow’s in and
gathers. Land in such tract.-^ consist of an extensive depression which, owing
to its low level holds water received therein and is thus capable of retaining
moisture. The r.halda therefore may be said to be the best of its kind in this
tahsil. Climate is good all round. In seasons when there is plenty of rains,
fevers are prevalent in the eastern part of the Kandi Circle and in this Chanb
Circle.

33. e next come to Mirpur Tahsil. A survey in respect of this tahsil
was commenced in the spring of 1893 and completed in that of 1900. Be-
ing bd'idni its produce depends solely upon rain, In seasons of short or untimely
rrdnfall the crops in this tahsil would suffer to a great extent, but being in
close proximity to and on the outskirts of a .sub-mountain region it .seldom
suffers from an insufficiency of water.

35. PaiTiffl.n —It is next to impossible to give reliable information
upon this head because —

(а) no rain-gauges have been in use until late in 1895 ;

(б) want of regular record of rainfall after supply of the gauges.

Meagre although the information on this point is it is yet sufficient to
afford data for discussion about the period under report. A reference to
columns from 2 to 5, 14 to 17 and 21 to 22 of the statement will clearly show
that in the district of Jammu rain was slight in 1 898, and a famine during
the ensuing year was the necessary result. Bhimber District suffered from
droughts for about a three-fourth of the decade. Jasrota also was not free
from distress. The total area of the different parts of the Province which
suffered from insufficiency of rain cannot be given in aggregate owing to the
good reason that the whole of the Jammu Province has not yet been brought
under regular settlement.

36. Prices continued, therefore, to be high all through the year 1898
and 1899. This brought about a general devastation of the country, and people
belonging to Kandi and Bharri areas deserted their habitations to seek shelter
in the hilly tracts and more verdant parts of luderwah and Bijwat. Cattle died
on account of want of fodder.

But the chief cause for alarm both to the State and its subjects consisted
in the insufficiency of water for drinking purposes which was daily on the
increase.

37. The following measures were, therefore, adopted to afford relief to
the people in distress : —

(а) . Suspension of land revenue amounting to Rs. 1,12,808.

(б) . Tacavi advances for purposes of purchasing seeds amounting to

Rs. 28,000.

(d) . Tacavi advances for sinking wells.

(e) . Opening of relief works.

(f) . Remission of customs tax on fodder imported from British

territory in the Mirpur Tahsil as there happen to be no rakhg
belonging to the Darbar in the ildqa.

(g) . Throwing open of State rakhs for free grazing of cattle.

{h). Deepening of village tanks.

Under the head of Relief Works might be mentioned the following : —

(1) . Stone breaking at Jammu.

(2) . Construction of road from Jammu to Jasrota.

(3) . Excavation of the Dalpat Canal in the Akhniir Tahsil.

(4) . Construction of a road from Bhimber to Mirpur.

(5) . Construction of a band in the Suketur Nalla.

38. As instance of additional works of this nature might be mentioned
the undertaking of the construction of the Udhampur cart-road and the de#pen-
ing of village tanks. In short every possible help was afforded by the Darbar
to the people in distress and every effort on the part of the highest Revenue
authorities in the State was made, by means of constant inspections in the
affected ildqds to ensure the benefit of the opening of the works reach-
ing really those for whom these were undertaken, and I am glad to observe
that I was satisfied with the conduct and the supervision of the works in general.
The District Officer of Jammu reports that during the regime of His Highness
the late Maharaja Sahib a man with limited income was much better off than
a man with double that income is now, and attributes this state of things to free
trade and easy means of communication. The same officer remarks that there
has been no progress in any kind of industry and again reverts to his standard
opinion of easy means of communication, &c. Another class of opinion gives it
a religious turn and introduces the element of prejudice combined with dog-
matism under the term no barhai. There is, howewer, no doubt about it that

Ranbir Singhpura situate as it is on the grand road to Sialkot, constituting as it
does the borders of the territories of His Highness in the Punjab direction, has
gained little by the introduction of the railway and lost much of its significance,
as it no longer forms a stage for passengers to and from Jammu. But as regards
his other opinion 1 have little appreciation inasmuch as the officer forgets that
we change with the time and advance of civilization and improvements attendant
thereon alter the standard of comfort also.

39. Causes of prosperity and decline.— No epidemic is said to
have prevailed to any harmful extent during the last decade and no statistics
of any value have been preserved by the Medical Department such as would
throw a light on mortality from certain local diseases in particular years and in
respect of particular caste, tribe or race.

There is, however, as the Settlement Commissioner remarks, an unmis-
takeable evidence of the indebtedness of the rural population as evinced by
the transfer of land, and this may be attributed to —

(1) . Famines of Sambat 1956 and 1957 (or 1899 and 1900) from

the sequelae of which the agricultural classes still suffer.

(2) . Uncommonly high rates of interest,

(8). Spendthriit habits of the agriculturists of good descent on oc-
casions of marriage and other ceremonies.

(4). The ease with which transfer of rights in land can be effected
under the existing laws of the State.

40. Social Progress. — During the period under report there has
been no appreciable progress in wealth, education or culture. The population
being chiefly agricultural, many landed families of note are sinking in wealth
and influence. In District Bhimber, the Tahsfl Mirpur is the only place where
agricultural indebtedness would have been much heavier than it is, were it not
for the fact that a large number of men find service either in the State or
the British army. These men send help in money to their friends at home and
not unfrequently return home with fortunes made abroad.

41. Causes of decline among the old families of gentle birth
may be attributed to increase in number of their family members ; in loss of
power and influence under a better and an improved form of administration,
although there is yet much room for improvement ; in want of education in
them to vie with outsiders for employment in the State ; in the decrease of the
State forces where only they could get enrolled, birth alone, nowadays, being
no qualification for employment in the civil service of the State; and lastly
in the want of enterprise among them. It is, however, reported that some of
the Mahajans in the Mirpur Tahsil of Bhimber District have made some
progress in trade and are said to be prospering. Education is only confined to
a portion of the inhabitants of the big towns, while the masses of the people
generally evince no interest for it, the opportunities of imparting and obtaining
education being also limited.

42. Province of Kashmir-— Province of Kashmir is the gem of the
nasai, and properly speaking forms a first class sanitarium not onlv in the
whole of the State but almost in all India. Every gentleman, European or a
native of Hindustan, is eager to pay homage to the beauties of nature and
enjoy them at the expense of both time and money available or at his com-
mand. The chief town of this Province, Srinagar or Surjyanagar (the city of
the sun) is supremely picturesque and sublime in the mind of a stranger who
has never seen it. But wonderful to relate he is soon disabused when he sets
his eyes upon the reality on visiting the country. The interior of the city
however is not attractive and is full of filth and mud. The streets are generally
narrow and not worthy of being visited by the festidious or the fair. But in
the city Maharajganj was certainly the only place worth going to and was the
chief market for the exhibition of all the manufactures peculiar to Kashmir as
well as articles of merchandise from the Punjab But the place got burnt down
about a couple of years ago and those merchants who survived the shock have
now dispersed over the city. The Ganj is rising up again and will in its re-
construction, it is expected, on account of the architectural improvements made.

prove an acquisition to the town. Lai Mandi like the rest of the buildings in
Kashmir is situa’ted on the bank of the river and possesses importance on account
of the fact that it forms a resort for the educated inasmuch as it constitutes the
library of the place for natives besides the Beading and the Assembly Rooms
used chiefly by the European residents and the visitors to the valley. The
River Jhelum, which is both furious and boisterous below Baramula and regains its
tranquillity at the city Jhelum, may be compared to a youth pent up in the
beginning, who on attaining maturity in obedience to the law of reaction knows
no restraint and ultimately on exhaustion sinks into the calm and peace of old
age, divides the city into almost two equal parts.

43. Shergarhi, the quarters of the royal palaces situate on the left bank
of the River Jhelum, contains also the city fort as well as the State apartments,
Government offices and the barracks. Besides the Jama Masjid in the city
Shankar Acharya and Hari Parbat may be mentioned as places of principal
resort for a visitor. Shankar Acharya is as sacred to the Hindds as it is holy
with the Muhammadans, who call it the Takht-i-Suleman ; on the top of it there
is situate a temple of great antiquity made of stones. Diligent and indefati-
gable visitors enjoy the view which it commands of the river, the city, and
the Dal. An admirer of nature is sure to lose himself in reverie on beholding
the silvery line of the I’iver tracing its meandering course amidst the green,
fields here and the grassy plots there, adding to the charm and loveliness of
the river which pours forth its argentine contents at the foot in its devotion to
the temple of Sri Ragnathji, the presiding deity of the royal mansions in its
immediate vicinity, on the one hand, while the Dal or the city lake of Kashmir
graphically immortalised by Moore in his Lalla Rookh, which forms jpar excel-
lence the chief attraction of Kashmir with its sublime scenery, marvellous
reflections, not to forget its floating gardens, presents itself to the gaze of the
amazed spectator at the top on the other hand. So lucid and transparent is the
water that in reflecting the surrounding hills with their trees the water seems
to be the region out of which they grow. Nor is the sister height of Hari
Parbat or the Fort Hill less interesting to behold from this point of vantage.
Kati Darwaza, the entrance to the building, is covered with Persian inscriptions.
The hill itself is surrounded by a wall which is about three miles in length and
28 feet high. The Shdlamar and the Nasfm Baghs are pleasure grounds asso-
ciated with the names of Jahangir and Akbar and lie on the northern side of the
Dal at the foot of the mountain behind.

44. Timely rainfall during the last decade produced a good effect on
the climate. In the Sambat 1950 {i.e., 1893), however, it did damage the
crops to some extent. The fall was not heavy, but being continuous for three
days helped to melt the snow more rapidly than the action of the sun by a
slow process of heating would have done. The river swelled in volume and
inundated the villages on the banks, causing ruin and devastation. The crops
in that year suffered very seriously, and in the Shahr-i-khas District, including
the Mir Bahri and Nand Khai villages, 15,930 acres of cultivated land got
submerged, and which resulted in the remission of Rs. 42,274 as land revenue.
Otherwise the rainfall had been fair and good throughout.

45. Under the Settlement operations the payment of tlie revenue in
kind has been done away with and that in cash introduced. It is advantageous
to the farmer inasmuch as it affords facilities to him in disposing off his extra
produce at his own free will. Cultivators are, therefore, better off now and
enjoy peace and prosperity. The conferment of the asadmi rights on here-
ditary cultivators, substitution of payment in cash for kind and introduction
of the system of engagements direct with the assar/;i.s— doing away with the
tyrranous interference of the middlemen — has assured to the agriculturists securi-
ty of tenure and fixity of revenue demand. Considerable areas have, there-
fore, been reclaimed and converted into flourishing fields during the last decade,
and I think that average prosperity of the agricultural population will now
favourably compare with that of any other country. 'I’he vall.^y of Kashmir
abounds in natural means of irrigation, and excepting certain dry table lands
in Sopur and Anantnag there is no use employing artificial means for the
supply of water. Lar Kul iu Tahsfl Lar Phag has however been reopened and
construction of certain other channels for irrigating the above mentioned high
lands has all along been under consideration.

46. Major portion of the inhabitants are sbawl*weavers. Chasing
upon silver and numerous other descriptions of ornamental works, as well as
papier mache painting, are the chief arts practised,

47. Excepting the manufacture of carpets, shawls, pattus, Ms, leather
and paper, silver and wood work of Kashmir are admirable ; while the boat
building industry is very important. Of all these the shawl industry is only
on the decline. Srinagar is of course the centre of industry. The zamindars
of Nagam, Sri Pratap Singhpura and Sopar also are actively engaged in
preparation of pattis, the sale of which brings in a large profit to them. The
silk industry, however, deserves a special notice. There is a factory for the
manufacture of silk at Srinagar, which has all along been under the direct con-
trol of the State, worked by a European ofiicer. The division and distribution
of labour, such as reeling and other operations in connection with the clearing
of the silk in the filatures, and the rearing of cocoons, has no doubt afforded
profitable occupation to not an inconsiderable portion of the people of Srinagar
and that of the adjoining villages. Seed is supplied to the villagers free of
cost, and the cocoons are purchased by the State at rates varying from Rs. 10 to
Rs. 15 per maund according to the quality of the crop. It confers a
great boon upon the people as a measure of relief, and no less than six or seven
thousand inhabitants of Srinagar are to be found working in the factory.
Kashmiri Pandits are also gradually overcoming their former aversion to
manual as well as menial work. They may be seen busy performing several duties
in connection with the manufacture of silk. The zamindars thus obtain a
handsome income (mdl'oul surmaya) to be able to meet the revenue demands.

48. Gupkar liquor factory is another industrial institution in the
country. About the year 1868-69 a French shawl merchant, M. Dauvergne,
attempted to make white wine and cognac. On this His Highness, the late
Maharaja Sahib, asked him to make wines on State account, accepting in return
payment in shawls. M. Dauvergne declined, and advances of a similar nature
were then made to another firm of shawl merchants, who agreed to take the
work up; but they gave it up in 1876, as it was found to be unprofitable.

49. After that no more wine making was attempted till 1881, when
M. Ermen brought out in the April of that year, under instructions from His
Highness, two other gentlemen, the present Superintendent, as a cooper, and
M. Bouley as a gardener. He in 1882, after proving a complete failure as a wine
manufactui’er, left the State involved in most unnecessary expenses. The next
man in charge, I’andit Prakashju, had little knowledge of the business, and he
also failed. All the white wine made from 1884 down to 1889 was condemned.
In 1889, after mature deliberations of a committee, presided over by Sir Edward
Buck, Mr. Lawrence, the then Settlement Commissioner, was entrusted with
the control. M. Peychaud proceeding on leave in 1882 two Italian gentlemen,
Messrs. Bassi and Benvenuti, took over the charge. Their tenure of oEBce was
also attended by a similar result. In April 1897 M. Peychaud returned, and
the future of the vineyard and the manufacture of wines again formed a subject
for deliberation by a committee. It was then found that the extension of vine
growing under M. Brmen’s and his immediate successors had far exceeded the
demand by the factory, and the wines were not marketable in British India in
spite of all efforts made every now and then. It was eventually decided to
restrict the manufacture in future to the amount of the actual consumption in
the State, i.e., 5,000 bottles of red wine, and 1,000 bottles of white wine; and
this decision has governed the wine manufacture ever since. Mr. Todhunter,
the excise expert, recorded that wine making in Kashmir has, from a financial
standpoint of view, been a complete and perfect failure; the annual loss varying
frcm Rs. 32,000 to Bs. 43,000. He has therefore submitted proposals to the
State Council for its future conduct, and they are under consideration.

50. Other industries require no particular mention, and the general
assertion that they are mostly in a fairly flourishing condition is all that is needed.
It may, however, be mentioned that an increase in wages has taken place
all round, not because of any increase in the competency of the labourer, but
owing more to the alteration in the general order of things in Kashmir and a
certain revolution which the Public Works Department has wrought. I wonder
that in a country like Kashmir no one has ever thought of working a tannery
and starting leather works. The non-existence of such a factory is perhaps
traceable to the form of government, and I do not think that from a religious

point of view the Government of the country will ever be prepared to take up
such an industry on its own account. Some enterprising individual, however,
may be invited by means of advertisement to try the work, and some help may
also be on terms afforded to the party coming forward.

Fruits in Kashmir are in plenty and numerous. Some of these cannot
pass out of the boundaries of the State on account of their extreme delicacy;
while there are others, such as cherries, etc., which cannot last longer than a day
or so, and are quite incapable of bearing the rough usage which transit involves.
Apple with its hard skin and pears to some little extent form the staple of the
fruit trade, and thousands of maunds might be seen going down country.

51. Although there have been no dearth of provision in Kashmir, but
the prices have gone high to a considerable degree. In the opening of the
Jhelum valley road the recognition of the laws underljingfree trade, the increased
prosperity amongst the agricultural classes, may be found reasons for excess
in the rise of prices. The prices it is anticipated will go higher still, as the
abolition of the State stocks for shdii and the permission for its export for four
months during a year lately tentatively ordered by the Council are sure to lead
to the enhancement of rate of sale. The promulgation of this order for the
export of shdii has caused a good deal of anxiety among the people, and I also am
inclined to think that with the means of transport now available the result of
the export of shdii will not fail to tell upon the average Kashmiri, who has
hitherto spent but a pittance of bis income on his meals, and is also, unlike the
Punjabi, a gross feeder. Nor is it the less accountable for the free export of pro-
duce of the country to the Indian markets, and the greater circulation of money
due to the influx of European visitors in larger numbers. But all of these con-
tribute to the prosperity of a country, and are indicative of a bright future in
respect of commerce and trade.

•52. Cholera visited this province twice during the period under report.
It assumed a severe form in 1949, Hindi year, or 1892 A. D., but lasted only
a few weeks. The total mortality was returned at 11,712 souls. Although
the number of deaths during the second vdsitation in Sambat 195C or 1899 A. D.
amounted to 10,000, not a single case yet was of a severe type, and the large
number is due to its continuance for a period of seventeen months. In both the
cases it was imported from the Punjab. The introduction of vaccination has
reduced the rate of mortality on account of small-pox, and the more the people will
overcome their aversion to, and prejudice against, inoculation the greater will
be the reduction in rate of death.

53. A disease, locally known as chirdgh hegh, was active in dealing death
in the early part of the Sambat 1957, or 1901 A. D., and the loss caused to live-
stock thereby was excessive.

54. Social Progress. — The trading and the agricultural classes are
in a prosperous condition. The latter class is now tree from debt, and much
better off than their brother cultivators in the Punjab, fl'he Pandits of Kashmir
are advancing in education by rapid strides, while the Muhammadans, with
their characteristic apathy, do not take much interest in it ; and this, besides
probable religious prejudice, may be due to the unwillingness of the parents to
allow their children to give up labour for what would be termed the luxuries of
an educated life.

55. Frontier Districts. — The frontier of His Highness formerly
consisted only of one district, as stated in the Introduction to this Report, but
has recently been split up into two districts of Ladakh and Gilgit. The frontier
district is bounded on the north by a chain of the Mustagh mountains and Chinese
Turkistan ; on the east by Tibet; on the south by the Kashmir and Jammu
Provinces of the State, and on the west by Yaghistan and Chitral.

56. In the Frontier Districts the rainfall is of little practical import-
ance, as the land for its cultivation depends on natural w'atercourses and
irrigation therefrom. The country therefore is dependent on quantity of
snow which constitutes the store for the supply of water to the nalas.

57. Exactly the same remarks as to the wholesome effect of the settle-
ment oper.ations, which were made in this report when dealing with the
Kashmir Province, also apply to these districts. The Gilgit and Astore tahsils
have for the first time been subjected to the settlement operations. As in Skardu,
Kargil and Leh assessments have only been revised during the last year, it

would, therefore, be premature to offer any remarks as to their possible or pro-
bable effects on the population.

58. Industries. — Grold washing is carried on in the Kargil and the
Skardu tahsils, but the industry in Skardu is reported to be on decline on
account of the heavy tax imposed upon it. The process adopted for washing in
the above tracts is followed in two different methods ; in one the auriferous soil
is mined and then washed; in the other no such thing is done, and only the sand
brought down by the rivers is sifted. A small export trade is carried on in
fruits, live stock, gold and woollen goods. In Baltistan an attempt has lately
been made to introduce the silk industry, and the little experience gained shows
that there is every possibility of its gaining ground in the lower valleys. The
mulberry trees are numerous, but the dearth of fuel renders them a constant
victim to pruning the leaf, with the consequent result that the branches are
always producing leaf of first class quality for the rearing of cocoons, and the
dry constant temperature should help admirably to freedom from disease
amongst the worms.

59. The Ladakhi's carry on a petty trade in agricultural products with
Tibet and Skardu. Grain and apricots are exported, and wool and salt brought
in return from Tibet.

60. Pattijs and ijcislinnnu are manufactured and sold. Borax and
allrigo are worked as State industries. These products, however, are not a
source of profit or income to the people, as subsistence wages are only allowed
to the labourers. Considerable profits are made by the people by the sale of
gJii, wood, and lucerne grass to the traders engaged in the Central Asian trade,
while they make much money in the carrying business. The trade at Leh is brisk,
and it is the only mart for commerce in these parts. In spite of the imposition
of heavy taxation by the Punjab Government on cha ra><, the staple of the Central
Asian trade, it is in a fairly flourishing condition.

61. Social Progress. — Bxcepting the inevitable effects of peaceful
administration, free communication and consequent development of trade and
increased contact with civilised people, there are but little signs of progress
among the people. These of course promise a hopeful future.

62. Density of the Population- — Taken as a whole the total popu-
lation of the State shows an increase of five persons to per square mile, as the
figures for mean density per square mile stand at 36 and 31 respectively of the
two Censuses of 1891 and 1901. On proceeding to compare the relative density
or specific population inter se of the districts of the State, we find that Gilgit
stands highest and shows 1,295 persons to the square mile against 357 of the
Census of 1891. While Ladakh shows 419 against 350 to the square mile- In
the practical problems relating to the density of the people the rin al poprrlation
is the main ; and the questions relating to the pressure of the rural population
on the land present themselves in three different aspects. We may consider
the relation of the population either to the total area or to the area available
for cultivation, or to the area actually cultivated. Our figures, however, deal
chiefly with the latter class and hence the density for the districts of Ladakh
and Gilgit .stands so high.

63. In the Province of Kashmir we find that mean density of Khas is
161 as against 132 of the Census of 1891, while that of Mozaffarabad is only 64
to 51 of 1891. In the Province of Jammu the district of the same name stands
first, having 207 persons per square mile The district of Bhimber stands
next, while Jasrota and Udhampur at once fall down to 193 and 184 respectively.

Out of these four disLlcts, district of ITdLampur alone shows a decrease
of 25 persons to the square mile as against the Census of year 1891 and it is
chiefly due to alterations in the area of the district during the decade under report.

64. Our figures for house room are not at all reliable, as the definition of
the word house unless some definite arbitrary meanings are given to it, cannot be
clear tu many a mind. A perusal of the Subsidiary Table III will, however,
show that the district of Bhimber is the only one which show.s 46 houses to a
square mile, while Kdhampur shows only 38. District of Kashmir shows only
!26 to a square mile. While the Frontier Diitricts go high and show 75 houses
to a square mile. Amongst the cities the city of Srinagar stands first in
his respect

Subsidiary Table I.

Density of the population.

Mean Density per square mile.

Natural Divisioiij Districts and Cities.

Variation, Increase -f
OR Decreask. —

HIMALAYAS AND SCB-

; !

HIMALAYA, WEST.

Whole State

31 1

...

-}-5 , :

Jammu Province.

Jammu Klias

2t57

23S

...

U29 i ... j

...

Bhimber

233 I

207

+26 ’ ...

...

Jasrota

103

100

+3 ! ..

...

Udhampur

184 i

200

-25

...

Pncch Jagir

Area not available.

Bhadarwah Jagir

)

[

Jammu Province

. 1

■ j

Kashmir Pkovinck

Khas

DU I

132

+32

...

MozaffarabaJ

0-t i

.51

... j ...

i i

+13

Mean Kashniir Province

131

105

+26

...

Frontier Districts.

Gilgit

1,205

, 357

+038

Ladakh

419

* 350

1 ...

+69

Mean Frontier Districts

512

351

...

+161

...

Srinagar city

15,327

14,870

...

+457

...

•••

...

Jammu city ...

4,516

4,3 J 8

1 •"

...

+ 198

...

9,922

9.594

...

+328

...

if*

Net variation 187- to 1901
(+)or(-).-

Subsidiary Table I.

Density of the popiihition (^tahsllwdrf

N^fitiiral Diviaioii, I'istricts anti Ciries).

Me\x De.nsity per square mile.

Variation, Increase -|-
OR Decrease —

TOGl

1872.

CTj

C: X

X X

c c

r-J 01

X X

HIMALAYAS AXD SUO-HIM ALAYA,

WEST.

JuMMU Province

Juitimu Disti'ic".

Sii Uanbir Siughpura

499 ,
t

467

+32

Jummu Khas, excluding city

272

204

+GS

Aklmur

229

212

+ 17

i •

Samba

191 '

1S7

lilean

267

238 ... ’

+29

...

Ldhampcr District.

Kamba’

400

304

...

+9G

Kishtwar, including Padar Jaskar

305

0 ^ r

2/0 ...

+33

Keasi

162

— 1

UdUampur

157

1 .'1

■

Kamnag.^^c

110

117

— /

Mean

1S4

200

-25

liHlMCER,

llanipui Rajaiui . ... ...

314 '

203

+111 J . ■

Naushalira ... ... ..

253

191

+50 ; ...

Mirpnr

23S ,

219 :

~11 ,

Rhiml'ci

!05

205

— u> ; .. :

Kotli

IS7

184 ' '

Mean

23 ;;

207

+26

•Iv^'RorA.

.larfiuiigni !■

23 L

220

+ 2 ;

Kacluiu

191

176

d" i 5

Ra^diH

177

ISO

-3 i

Mean

i:'2. lOu ... i

Plnch Jcnlin

llavt!'

IMeiid.'i

Ai ca n(»t

A', ail d 't

Baiii-

Sndautt ...

PiHAr’ARUVii Ja:.ir.

Naiifar Kh'is

)

Al’tM iK'f

aVoli .\6u .

PaiesaK

)

Mean Jummu Province

c: .:r- - ...

: -

_ -

- -

_ . _

Net variation 1872 to 1801
(+)<>r{-).

Subsidiary Table I.

Densily ('f llh: popuhtiun {Tahsihcdr) — coacluded.

Narural rivisioii, Districts .nitl Cities.

Mean DExsixv pkk square mile.

HIMALAYAS AAD SUB-HIMALAYA.
WEST.

Kashmir Frovinle.

Kail. 'Hi D' strict,

Kbas, excbidirg -'ity
Lar Phak
Kagam
Haripur

Sri Partab Sicgbpara
Pattan

Sri Ranbii Sing lip ura ...

Uttar Macbhipitra
Sop.ir
Anantndg
Awantipur
Jagir Khas

Ditto ... . ■

Mean

Mlzai- t araeal Distpjct.

Muzaffarabad
Uri

Kaniali ..

Mean

Mean Kashnur Province

PhONTiEK Districts,

Gilgit, A^t'.ie and Bunp

Skardn
Kargil

La.L.k])

I'l-'ii’ ier 1 ij-'LncL'j

Snn.jgor t.ii} ... . ■

Juinmn ciry

Ale 1)1

Tjt.il State Mean

VARIAiloX L\'lRFA-i
OR DEcKEAvE —

1,005

1,138 !

-133

T21

334 ... !

-US7

...

220

105 1

-hl21

217

S2 ‘ ...

+ 135

...

21-1

—124

...

201

170 ... ,

+25

132

+40

;

122

+50

... i ...

IIT

; ... 1

110

) 4 , . ,

+ot>

’ ... 1

+38

...

1G4

132

+32

131

+49

— 0

■■

...

+ 13

131

105

4-2G

1,205

037

+ 938

705

)

053

+ 142

...

130

125

4-14

512

351

+ 101 .. ... ]

15,327

11, WI

+457

4,510

4,318

+ 108

...

0,922

' 0,594 ,

' i -

...

+328

31 I ...

Net variaLiuii 1872 to 1001

Subsidiary Table II (Tahsilwar).

Disfriouh'on of (he population beticcen Toictui and Villages.

Averag e

rOPCLATION.

Percentage

OF POPULA-
TION LIVING

Percentage of
urban population

IN TOWNS Oi

Percentage of p.ural
POPULATION IN villages

Xatural Division and
Districts.

- ^

-fcj

u 1 i,

' .p

0 ^

5,000 to 10,000.

0 ^

' 0 I

0 '

Under 500,

2 1 3

! 8

HIMALAYAS AYD SUB^
HIMALAY^A ^VEST.

Jammc Province.

Ja<>iidii Di::trict,

laninra

30,130 209

2S-24

71-7t

2S-21

3 G7

25&3

42-20

Sri Ranbir Singhpara

203

IOC

; ...

3-22

32-31

04-47

Akiinur

333

IOC

...

]

j ...

10 91

30 01

53'08

>ambhn

193

10 c

1 ...

7 ’Co

22 33

70-12

Mean

30.130 200

10-51

so 39

10 51

5S5

54-82

UdHAMPTR DI'*TRICT.

E dham pur ...

, 250

IOC

...

4-07

34-43

Cl‘5

Reasi

229

10 c

30'SI

C319

Raraban ...

341

10(1

...

5'31

45-7S

48 91

Ramiiagar ... ... ... ...

345

100

...

o03|

34 S

59-27

Kislit'svar ... .*• ... ...

... 297 '

iOC

■

53 95

4C 05

Padar JAskar (Sub-Division)

135

100

...

100

Zvieau

200

100 :

3 05

38 73

58'22

Bhimbkr.

Bliimber

1 ...

1 ' j

I()0

...

4371

31 2

25*09

Mirpur

I '.'U'

S‘32

iO 9 ^

50*7

Kotli ...

! I

I .. 370

100

3 03

51-7

45-20

Nowsbcnra ...

j 555

100

...

10 90 ’

53 Ol

35 40

Kampur Rajauri

3i0

100

7*17

40-4

52*33

Mean

303

1 00

1*70

: 1193

44-11

42-2

Jasrota.

Katliua

242

100

13 Oc)

1310

23 25

50-04

Jasniirgarli ...

102

100

20 75

70*25

Basohli

473

100

...

3*21

54*94

41*85

Mfuii

j 204

loo

370

5 1

30 75

54 30

Bhadaiavah J.igir ...

25S

K..

773

C 0

85-07

Punch Jicir

.. ' 020

hj)

12 90

G2-1S

22-10

Meiu

.. 117.

lOu

(

)

•••

2-42

12 43

50 55

28-G

Subsidiary Table II (Tahsilwar).

D^drihiticn nftl,cp,.pn!,du,u Idiceen Towns <nu( Tdlages— concluded.

[iVaul I'lvi-Un oiici District

HIMALAYAS AND SUB-
BIMALAYA WES^i'

Kashmir Pbovincf.

Kashtrnr Vi.-'tnc^,

Khns
Lar PLak

■K'' -

Awaiitipura ,
llaripiir

01 i Pai.

Sopiir

PattuF ...

P:i'ikir SiTitrhpitr?i

Anar.t ...

Ctcai iracUliIpuru ..

...

Mean

MT'ZAI:F\R VBA '

Kftrnak
Mnzaffra’ri^a 1

Tri .

Meit!

PaoNTLFB DcsTRIi |>

Lacktkk

Kari;:.;

Skank

'] otol Srate Mei.i

Av i- KA(,F.‘

rorcTA-

TION.

122 r,ls soil

. . I 272 !

270]

' 353I

250|
;237
... I 254
! 298

454
! 403
■ 30C

Pf U^ h STAGh
ur ruPLLA-
iloN LlViNt.
IX

S3 50 IG'4
lOOj
lOU

looi
100
100
lool
100
lor
too
100

70.371

8 20^

■ 12*4

S7*G

333

IOC

isr

IOC

177

iOC

203

. j 100

' 217

]

10(1

423

100

' 231

100

312

100

307

5*40

01*51

Bv EX 3 ACT 01
IKBVX POM'LVTK.X
IN TOW.Ns cF

PERCKX'iAOK CF RURAL
rnPl'LATlOX IX VILLAG13
OF.

12-4 ... i

5-SS,

14'77

2 4

6*0/

j 2*09

38*40

' 61*51

2*9

38*64

: 53-46

9*58

47*93

42*4*9

2 16

34*75

' 63*00

35*21

j 64*70

30*40

60*51

5*45

42*11

52*14

6*18'

45*70

48*03

4 03,

2S-3P

52 89

C-Oi'

41 24 '

5212

.. I ...

33J6 48-7T

40 3

(

; 50*7

17-59

78*28

17*26

S274

24*2 j

73*77

6 5S 20-0 1 73-4:-

0-4G 40-7 40 81

10*14 2S02 00 01

9-21 30*08, 50*78

1'55, 0*2 37*74! 40*05

HIMALAYAS AND SUB-HIMALAYA WEST. Natural Divieion,

Subsidiary Table HI (Tahsilwar)-

Distribution of the people. Bouse room.

Natural Division, Districts and Cities.

Average number

OF PERSONS PER
HOUSE.

Average number

OF HOUSES PER
SQUARE MILE.

Province.

District or Waza-
rat.

Tahsii.

1901.

1891.

1881.

1901.

1 1891.

‘ 1881.

Jamrau Khas excluding city

; t

Sri Raubirsinglipiu’a ...

Akliuur

]

Samba ...

Mean

54 I

...

Udhampur

...

Reasi

Ramban

Ramnagar

... 1 ...

Kishtwar ...

Padar Jaskar (Sub-Division) ...

...5

Mean

...

Bhimbar

Mirpur ...

... ‘ ...

Kotli

...

Naashahra ...

... i

f-3

Rampur Rajauri ...

...

Mean

Katbua

29 1 ...

Jasmergarh

! ”0

2 1

Basohli ...

...

Mean

...

1 Bhadarwali Jagir

1 ^

.V.

Punch Jagir

' i

...

! 1

1 Mean

...

Mean Jammu ProWnce '

•••

...

HIMALAYAS AND SU B-i( IMALA YA WKST. Natural Divieion,

Subsidiary Table III (Tahsilwar).

Distribution of the people. Souse rootn — concluded.

CHAPTER II.

]. It is very difficult to institute a comparison between the figures
obtained during this census and those which constitute the result of the
operations conducted during the year 1891, particularly as no chapter on the
subject has been given rn the last report. An attempt, however, is made
here to supply as much information in the matter as is possible under the cir-
cumstances, but certain divergencies, therefore, fron. the observance of the rules
prescribed, and the adoption of subsidiary tables, suggested by the Census
Commissioner for India, do become indispensable.

2. There having been no census prior to 1891, there are no figures

r^====- avuilable to furnish

Census year. Persons. I'ales. Females.

Percentage of increase (-f) ^ COnipanSOll : the

Ditto decrease (— i ^ i c p

; hp-nres thererore ot

}

1S91 2,543,952 ' 1,353,229 i

1901 ' 2,905,578 . 1,542,057

1,190,723

1,863,521

Persons.

-124 ;

-hU-2

1 Females, that and the present

■ , census are given

— 59 ' « ° VI

in the margin with
+7-4 +6S ' this object.

It will thus appear that the population has increased by 14'21 per cent,
since the year 189], The Punjab Administration Report for 1878 to 1879
contains the following reflections upon the administration of the State.

“ In Kashmir the sale of grain is a State monopoly. In greater part of the
valley the cultivator pays in kind, and although the share of the State is nominally
only one-half, yet the amount of fees, fines and perquisites is such that the culti-
vator is fortunate if he receives one-fourth or even fifth of the produce
of his fields. The sale of grain being a State monopoly, all private enterprise
in the matter of importation is impossible. The price of grain is kept
down, even in times of famine, to so low a rate that importation from Punjab
would not be profitable, as probably prices there range higher than in the valley.
But those low rates merely signify that the poverty of the population
is so extreme that higher prices would be starvation to them, while there
being no competition between the State and private sellers, the rate decided by
the Darbar is purely arbitrary, and no measure of the natural value of food.
The direct orders of the Maharaja, often reiterated, to give assistance in
every possible way, were evaded. ”

3. Without attemping to pass any remarks on the above passage it
may be admitted that there was certainly a tendency years ago on behalf of the
Kashmiris to emigrate to the Punjab, while there is now quite a reversion of
this process, as will be seen. Not only has the margin of cultivation extended,
but the standard of comfort also appears to have undergone a decided change.
The incentive for change, due as it might have been to whatever causes, has evi-
dently ceased to operate. As a general rule security of life and property for
men of a less enterprising nature than the Kashmiri is, do not ordinarily move
people to give up their homes and substitute for a comparatively easy and
stationary life, the life of a wanderer, provided that there be active causes for
the people to do so— unless they be of such a nature as to tell upon his well
being, and means of subsistence and existence, not to speak of more technical
relations to which man, as a social and reasonable being, is necessarily liable.
The movements of human beings in masses, due to desires, having their origin
in different causes, may chiefly be said to be of two kinds: —

(1) . Movements of a temporary nature, limited in their durations, such
as are mainly due to scarcity of food or fodder ; or sojourns for grain or wages.

(2) . Movements which are permanent in their character, due to an
infinite number of causes, too numerous to detail. There is, however, another
sort of movement which is specially treated by Mr. Maclagan in the Punjab
Census Report of 1891, and is designated as “ Reciprocal Migration.” This
description of change among the people goes on always, and must go on so long

as the rules for contracting marriages do undergo a thorough change, and

become subject to restrictions, which are lenient in their nature, and lead to
inter-marriages within a very narrow circle of kinship, admissible. So long, how-
ever, as the caste system prevails in India the dawn of this new era is not to be
expected generally. This sort of migration therefore is based upon the
practice, most common among the Hindus in particular, of desiring to enter
into matrimonial connections in localities far from their ordinary places of
permanent residence.

4. The inordinate measure of respect inculcated in respect of rules of
consanguinity are amongst the Hindiis to no small extent the cause of this.

Isam9 of district emigrated
from.

Persons, j Males. Females

Jammu

Pnnch

LadakL ,,, . .

Kashmir unspecified

Total

1»868

1,996

79,318

L176

1,458

35,617

692

538

43,701

83,240 j 38,295 ; 44,945

5- Migration from Kashmir into the Ptinjah.— A reference to the

: — Punjab Census Report, 1191 , will

show^ that the number of Kashmir
born persons enumerated in the
Punjab between 1881-91 fell from
to 87,545. A comparison of the
111,775 figures given in the margin
clearly shows that the number has
again, during the last decade, fallen

— from 87,545 to 83,240, t.e., by 4,305,

souls, or 4'92 per cent., as is manifest from the figures supplied by theCensus Super-
intendent, Punjab. The circumstances are, however, now quite changed, and the
state of affairs, mentioned in the passage quoted above from the Punjab Adminis-
tration, is altogether a matter of the past. Payment of cash for kind has been sub-
stituted, and fixity of tenure secured. Grain is no longer a State monopoly, and
there are no restrictions, direct or indirect, upon private enterprises for importation.
Even export of sJidli has now been constitutionally permitted for four months in the
year. The abnormal exactions refej red to have been actually reduced to the sub-
normal rate of far less than half the net assets of the produce. My experience of
twenty-two years’ service under the Punjab Government stands me in good stead
in being able to declare and vouchsafe for the fact that the condition of the
average cultivating classes in Kashmir will stand a favourable comparison with
those of the average cultivator in the Punjab. I cannot, however, refrain from
adding here that I am often grieved to observe a tendency among the Kashmiri
cultivators to take to habits which may one day make him relapse into a
condition almost worse than his former one, which will necessarily recoil upon
him with double force. Owing to a better form of administration with regular
fixity of tenure consequent upon and due to settlement operations in parts of
the State, coupled with proper security of life and property, the Punjab resid-
ing subjects of His Highness are again thinking of moving back into the terri-
tories of their old master. I am of opinion, what from personal knowledge of the

„ , . , • , ... . people and what from the natural

otatement showing the number of %mmiyrants to - ■

Jammu and Kashmir State-

position of
Kashmiris

the

1 Immigrants.

Name of the District in

the Punjab.

Persons.

Males.

1 Females.

Siaikot

2G,767

10,446

16,321

Gnrdaspur

14,289

5,112

9,177

Gujrar

10,322

4,827

1 5,495

Hazara

9,026

5,633

3,393

Ba'sralpiudi

3,509

2,542

1 967

Jhelnin

3,315

2,129

i 1,186

Kacgra

2,695

915

1,780

Lahore

2,146

1,474

i 672

GujranwAla

1,844

1,173

671

Peshawar

1,684

1,444

1 240 !

Hoshiarpur

1,224 i

893

; 331

Amritaiar

1,199 ;

718

481

(

Total ...

78,020 j

37,306

40,714

Chamba ...

755 1

345 1

410 ’

Kapurthala

100 j

27 .

Total

855

418

437 :

Oranp Total

78,875 j

37,724

41,151 I

country, that
are less likely to
leave their homes, unless struggle
for existence presses hard upon
them. The number, therefore,
which is still found in the Punjab
as settled there, is the balance of
that number which bad emigrated
to the neighbouring Province prior
to 1891, inasmuch as the pre-
ponderance of females there over
males does not indicate the
migration to be of a temporary
description. Those of the males
therefore who bad nothing to chain
them to their hearths in the
Punjab could not reconcile them-
selves to the idea of separation
from their mother country. The
reason adduced above is, neverthe-
less, open tobeingquestioned unless
the age periods of the people could

be ascertained. While, on the other hand, the total number of population
enumerated in the State, but born in Punjab, amounts to no less than
81,049. The excess of females over males is again observable here, and one
naturally inclines to think that the movements of the people between the two
countries are of the nature of reciprocal migration. In the list of emigrants
from the Panjab, Sialkot stands the highest, Gurdaspur is second, while Gujrat
and Hazara rank third and fourth on the list. People from Gujranwala and
Amritsar belong chiefly to the mercantile classes, while people from the
other districts include also a fair share of the servants of, and connected with, the
State. From among the Native States the number from Chamba stands first
being (7o5), while Kapurthala, although second, comes in with a meagre 100.

It will thus be seen that the closer and more contiguous the country the
greater is the tendency of the people to move even in the absence of easy
means of communication.

6. Next to Punjab comes Bombay. The number of the emigrants to and
from Kashmir goes down to hundreds only. Those born in Bombay but cen-
sused in Kashmir are only 218, out of which IGO are males and 58 only females,
while the total number of those born in Kashmir but censused in Bombay is 637
souls, computed at 432 males and 205 females. In both the cases there is an
excess of males over females, which may safely be attributed to the fact that
either they are traders or followers of visitors to the Happy Valley in the one
case, and servants, etc., accompanying their masters on their outward journey
back in the other case, who have possibly been thrown cut of employment and
cannot return to their native country unless placed again in similar flourishing
circumstances to accomplish a journey home. I'liese migrations, i.e., journeys
undertaken under particular aspects, become converted into migrations of a
permanent character. In the absence of detailed data supplied by the Bombay
authorities it is very difficult to point out to what part of the Kashmir State do
these people belong. Whether those people come from Kashmir proper, Jammu
or some other locality is not known.

If the preponderance of males over females be a sure indication of tem-
porary movements, as it, indeed, should be, the migration from Kashmir to
Bombay and vice versd surely come under the same class.

7. Coming to Rajputiina our figures for egress and ingress both fall still
lower, and go down to 89 and 199, respectively. Male emigrants from Rajputiina
are 122, and figures for the females stand at 77. Of the total number of 199
no less than 105 come from the dry tracts of Bikanir. Almost all of them must
be those indigent people who, driven from their dear homes, seek shelter and
Bustenance to keep their body and soul together in different and fai’-off
climes.

8. In respect of immigration into Kashmir Bengal ranks higher than
Rajputiina, and comes up to 198, made up of 146 males and 52 females. The
major portion of these figures relate to servants in the different offices of the
State. The figures for emigration from Kashmir are 326, comprising 247 males
and 79 females, respectively. As Bombay and Bengal stand upon much the
same footing, what as regards their being markets of trade and what as regards
the European population who flock into Kashmir, the remarks given when
dealing with the figures of Bombay apply with equal force to Bengal.

9. Of the other two places which have given to or received men from this
State, Baroda shows only six, out of which five are males and one female who have
come to Kashmir, while Baroda fails to show any in return. The number from
Madras is 9, and to Madras is 32, and these hardly deserve any consideration.

10. Immigrants from Afghanistan and other independent or semi-inde-
pendent territories deserve special consideration. Among these Nepal heads the
list and comes in with a figure of 1,384 persons, of which 1,243 are males and
141 females. These are the Gurkha sepoys in the seryice of the State. Next
to Nepal stands Afghanistan showing 1,038 persons, of which 687 are males and
351 females. This number does not include only the labourers on public works,
but also the servants of the State. There were also censused 15 Chinese in the
Jammu and Kashmir State.

11. Id this manner we see that we have specimens of each typed migra-
tion in t he territories of His Highness — Visitors to the Valley are periodically tem-
porary ; servants of the State from different parts of India are types of temporarily
permanent immigrants. Pathans from Peshawar and Hazara, &c , come under
the head who shift to escape from the prevailing distresses in their mother
country to earn livelihood by working at the different public works of utility.

iVOTE ON VITAL STATISTICS.

Enquiries made in conection with the Sixteenth Note on the Census
Keport by the Census Commissioner for India have elicited the following
information : —

Excepting in the Municipalities of Srinagar and Jammu there are no laws
promulgated by the State authorities enforcing a regular record of births
and deaths which could render the collection of vital statistics in a systematic
and methodical manner possible.

In the outlying districts, such as Ladakh, Gilgit, Ac., there is even no
conception of the idea ; and, to sny the truth, in the absence of a regular police
sucli a chronicle is impracticable. In districts, however, whicli are either
conterminous with British territories or in contiguity to civilization, human
proclivity for imitation asserts itself, and a sort of record is kept more as a
matter of form than for any practical utility. The Govenor of Kashmir reports
that under State Council Resolution No. 11, dated Ist April 1893, the inhabit-
ants of the City of Srinagar are required to report births and deaths as demanded
by Sections 4, 5, and 9 given below.

(b) Siclion 4. —The nearest lelatious of a deceased, or in case of his
absence or inability on account of sickness, any other person present at the
time of death, or in case of non-existence of any such person, any person living
in tbe same house in w'hich the death, cccurs, is responsible to report the same
immediately to the Deputy Inspector of Police concerned.

(r) Section 5. — If a death occurs in a State building, mosque or a
temple, or such like place the person in charge of such building, mosque or
temple, or such like place is responsible to report the occurrence as required
under Section 4.

(a) Section 9. — It shall be the duty of the father or the mother of a
newly born child to report the birth thereof to the Deputy Inspector of Police
concernefi, within eight days of the birth of such child, or in the absence of such
father or mother on account of their being dead, orunable to do sounder circum-
stances beyond their control, the other inmates of the house shall be responsible
for tbe above said duty.

(4) Section 9. — If in the house where the birth of a child occurs
there is no other guardian of the child except the woman giving birth to such
child, and in case of death, if the deceased is not the member of a bouse having a
responsible person living therein, the chaukidar of the Mohalla will be res-
ponsible to report such occurrences of births and deaths.

The penalty for the non-observance of the rules extends up to Rs. 50.
'I'l'.a above rules are not in force in the mufaf.^il ; the cliaukidars, how^ever, are
understood as being responsible for reporting the number of deaths and births
in their respective circles, and in case of their failing to do so or tendering false
information they are summarily punished, and but seldom tried for the offence of
concealment of offences and omission of reports under Section 136 of the
Ranbir Dand Bidhi,

The .agency which reports births and deaths is generally composed of
cdiaukidars in tiie uoifassil and mohalladars in tho city. Tlie bulk of the cliauki-
ditrs are low caste people, excepting a few Pandits in straitened circumstances.
As a rule they are illiterate, and consequently for the transcribing of their
information tiiey either depend on some stray rural scribe or upon their
memory, to which they resort and reproduce the facts on the periodical or
occasional visits to the Sadar Police Station, where the book kept by them is
duly filled up. A monthly statement of l)irtiis and deaths, with n detail of
religion and sex, is then forwarded to the Superintendent of Police from each
police station.

2c.

In case of city registration the Piesident of the Municipal Committee is
furnished with a statement concerning the municipality only, which is published
by him in the titate Gazette. In the absence of any duplicate record of the
kind for the purpose of examination and checking the primd facie correctness
of the information thus supplied is not above question, A coursory in-
spection, which, too, is seldom effected by the Revenue OflBcers whenon tour,
is hardly any proof of the validity of either facts or figures. I doubt even if
two distinct legisters l}e required to be maintained, one by the chaukidar
and the other by the lambardar of the village, the system will work satisfac-
torily, unless some efficient and thorough measures of check are adopted.
The local conditions of the country, as well as the privilege enjoyed by certain
high class persons to inter the dead within their family vaults, render the
practice of keeping any registers at burning or burial grounds futile.

As regards the Province of Jammu the report of the Superintendent
of Police speaks much to the same effect. In the Municipality of Jammu,
however, the sweeper, unlike the mohalladar in Kashmir, is held responsible
for furnishing the report, and the necessary check is exercised by the Sanitary
Officer of the city.

MOVEMENT OF THE POPULATION.

Subsidiary Table I-

) (iriation in relation to de^isity t<incc 1872 .

Percentage of variation

Xet variatio

nf":"

—

Incrkas* (-f) OB

ill period

1 mean

Density of population

Xatxiral Division?^ Districts

1 Dechease (

1872-1001

PER SQUARE MILE.

and Citie?.

—

- Increase ^4“

1 1801

i 1881

1872

[ to

Decreass

^ 1901

1891.

IhSl.

1872.

1901.

^ 1891.

1S81.

{ 3

Himalayas and Sub-Himalaya

West^ ^

-•CMMC Frovincf.

Jnnimu (excbadiug City)

-rl2 00

267

i 238

UdhampTir

-12-20

1S4

i 209

...

Btimber

1-12*58

233

* 207

...

. . .

Jasrcta

+1-78

193

i 190

Punch Jagir ...

-fl3-3d

...

Bbadrawah Jagir

+579

...

idean Jammu Province

-h5‘7l

...

Kashmir Province.

{

Kbas excluding City)

4-24-64

164

132

MnialJarabad

4“2-4‘78

...

i ..

...

Mean Kashmir Province ...

+2-1-66 ' ...

...

[

131

105

...

FfioxxitR Districts.

Ladakh

4-19-76

419

j 350

Clilgit

+263-08

...

1,295

1 357

Mean Frontier Districts ...

4-46*02 ,

512

351

•••

Cities.

Jcmmu

4-4*60

...

1,516

4,318

Srinagar ...

4-3*08

...

15,327

14,870

...

Mean Cities ... ,,,

+3-12

...

9,922

9,594

Mean whole Total

+1121

...

36 I

...

MOVEMENT OF THE POPULA.TION.

Subsidiary Table II-

Immigration per 10,000 of Population.

Natural Divisions, District or
Cities (of Enomeration).

Born

IN InDI

Born in

BEYOND

Asia

India.

-4^

Percentage of Immigrant

TO TOTAL POPULATION.

•SC 2

A o s
^ _ o

^.2 c

3 S«t fc.

2 5 "> ®

4 !

s 1

2 i '

5 GO

2 u

p ^

V o
o Z
“ 3

Contigi.oua coun-
tries.

-S

fel

5 !

9 1

HIMALAYAS AND SUB-

HIMALAY'A, AVEST—

Jammu Protincb.

Jamtnu

8,554

1,320

103

•1

14-46

6-31

816

Udharapur ...

9,587

384

■2

413

2-59

1*54

Bhimber ...

9,511

469

•04

4-89

2-41

2-48

Jasrota

8,486

1,465

15-14

5-38

976

FanobJ%ir

9,719

260

‘03

•07

2-80

1-84

0-96

Bbadrawah Jagu

9,492

468

•3

5-08

3*36

1-72

Total Jammu Province

9,240

704

•08

*05

7 54

3*54

400

Kashmir Provincs.

Khas

9,830

140 1

•9

1-71 ,

1-04

0‘67

Mozaffarabad

9,316

598

*05

6*84

5*65

1-19

Total Kashmir Province ...

9,755

207

i *03

’8

2’45

i :

1 1-6S '

V.7

FroNTIIR DlirTRICTS.

Ladakh

9,946

■7

•4

0-54

0-41 !

1 :

1 OT.3

Gilgit

9,460

389

108

•3

2-3

5'39

4-93

' 0'46

Total Frontier Districts ...

9,816

137

31 -6

•8

1-8 1

1 62

j 0-22

Total Jammu and KashimT

9.493

462

■

5 07 !

i 2-65

2-42

State.

1 1

■

MOVEMENT OF THE POPULATION.

Subsidiary Table III

Emigration per 10,000 of population.

Enumerated in

Percentage of emigrants to popu-
lation BORN IN District.

Natural Divisions, Districts or
Cities (of birth).

HIMALAVAS AND SUB-
HIMALAYA. WEST—

JAMMC Province.

Jammu
Udhampur
Bhimbar ...
Jasrota ...
Punch Jagir
Bhadarwah Jagir

Total Jammu Province ...

Kashmir Province.

Khas

Mozaff arabad . . .

Total Kashmir Province ...

Frontier Districts.

Ladakh

Gilgit

Total Frontier Districts ..

iNacural Divi-
sion, District
or City where
born.

Other Dis-
tricts of the
State.

Other Pro-
vinces or
Slates in
India.

Total !

Males.

Females.

9,315

625

6-8

4-3

2*5

9,611

389

3-9

1*6

2*3

9,771

229

...

2-3

1*3

1*0

9,655

345

...

3-5

1*8

9,672

263

3*3

1*9

1*4

9,637

363

3-6

1-9

9,885

0*8

0*3

9,198

1 765

3*7

' 4'3

9,805

195

1-9

! 1-2

•7

9,290

664

3*3

IKEA

•fi.'J 3-8 ,

9,977

•23

•05

9,895

105

•6

9,973

0-27

l)’19

008:

9,708

...

292

2‘9

1-4

1*5

Total State

2r*

MOVEMENT OF THE POPULATION.

Subsidiary Table IV.

Variation in Migration since 1891.

Natural Divisions, Districts oi Cities.

Percentage of District

BORN.

Percentage or Increase

AMONG

[

1901, j

1891,

District

born.

Total popu-
lation.

HIMALAYAS AXD Sl B-UIMALAi'A. WEST. ^

Jammc Province.

]

+11-7

Jammu ... ... ... ,,,

85-5

95‘9

’ '12*2

Udhampnr m ...

Ml • » ‘ * » •

95T

+12*58

Bhimbar

Jasrota m

84‘9

: +1*78

Pane 11 Jagir

97-2 i

... 1 +13*36

Bhadarwaii

94’9

... +*579

Total Jammu Province

92-5 !

...

+5*68

Kashmir Province,

Kh.as n* *** '**

983

...

+21*49

Mozaffarabad '*»

1 93*2

...

+24*78

Total Kashmir Province

97*6

...

+21’95 ,

Frontier Districts.

Ladakh -

90*4

...

+19-70

94*6

+263-08

Gilgit

Total Frontier Districts

98*2

...

+46-02

Total State

94*9

...

+ 14*21

-MOVEMENT OF 'J BE POPULATION.

Subsidiary Table V.

Migration to and from British territory aiui t'ntdatory States

Province,

Give

^ TO

Rfceive'? from

tern-

tory.

x ^

Feudatory

States,

t 1

^ —

British terri-
tory.

Feudatory

States,

3 -

s ^

Males.

^ 1 ^

6 ' 7

2,653

1,248

...

28,410 37,202

777

556

Kashnifr Province

36,229 43,829

82i 39

9,848 4,198

Frontier Oiacricta ...

44i

592 6

...

Total State

38.92G 45,091

82 39

38,850 41,466

81 5j

1 567

Note. —T otal given ... 84,138

Total received ... 8l’698

Difference ... 2.440 lew received tBan given

CHAPTER 111— RELIGION.

1 . Religions of the people. — There are certain practical matters of
every day life which characterise the followers of the several religions and which
ought to be summarised here. They are by no means of universal application,
but are generally observed ; and people attach far more importance to them
than their trivial nature would seem to warrant. The Hindu, Jain and the
Budhist believe in their respective Shastras ; the Sikh have faith in the teachings
of the Granth Sahib, while the Muhammadans owe allegiance to the Quran Sharif,
and accept only the tenets of the Shara Muhamdi. The divine edifices of the
different classes necessarily constitute their places of worship. The Hindus
venerate the cow and will not kill animals as a general rule ; Sikhs also show
fanatical reverence for the cow, but will kill other animals and enjoy the
meat thereof without offence to the doctrines to which they bow. The
Muhammadans hate dog, abhor swine, but do not refrain from killing or eating
most of the animals that they may come across when out-hunting. The Sikh
abstains from tobacco, but spirits and narcotics are not forbidden to him ; the
Hindu may indulge in tobacco, and, excepting some sects of the Brahmans,
may indulge in the use of liquors too ; while for the Muhammadans the use
of spirits is strictly forbidden- Hindus and Muhammadans shave their heads,
but the one is enjoined by religion to keep a lock of hair upon the crown of his
head, while the other is ordered to have that also cropped. Customs relat-
ing to eating, drinking and smoking promiscuously are due for their force more
to castes than to religions, and will be noticed in their proper place. But while
subject to caste rules a Musalman will eat and drink without scruple from the
hands of a Hindu, no Hindu will ever accept food or water from a Musalman.
Muhammadans, with the exception of the Shias, have no scruples to partake of
food from the hands of a Hindu, and do generally take food with the Christians,
provided pork form no part of it, unlike the Hindus who, with the exception of
course of those who have been to Europe, regard the touch of all but a Hindu
as positive pollution. In Dogar this difference is very keenly observed, and
certain variations and relaxations too of late gaining ground in the Punjab and
other advanced countries are not at all yet allowable here. Hindus, on the
contrary, here will discard or chuck away anything which, while, carrying
it in the bazar, they have reason to believe that either their person or any
part of their clothing has been defiled by coming in contact with a Musalman.

2. The total population of the State may, with regard to religion, be
distinguished as Hindus, Jains, Sikhs, Muhammadans, Budhists, Christians
and Parsis.

3. There were no Jews or Brahmos in the Jammu and Kashmir State
on the night of the census. An examination of the figures leads us to the con-
clusion that the predominant religion of the State is Muhammadanism,
representing 74‘16 per cent, of the total population. Next in order stand the
Hindus and represent 23-71 per cent, of the total population, while Budhists,
Sikhs and Jains represent 1*21, -89 and -01 per cent., respectively, of the
total population. The total Christian population of the whole State amounts
to 422, or, in other woi-ds, the figures for this census exceed the ones for the
census of 1891 by 204; of the total number of Christians not less than 202 are
converts. To the establishment of the missionary institutions within the territories
of His Highness lately as well as to the increase in the tendency of a larger
influx of the Europeans to the Happy Valley is due the abnormal excess of
48-34 per cent. The present census shows only 11 Parsis, while there were
only 9 on the occasion of the census of 1891 . The Hindus are mostly found
in Jammu, and represent a very small minority in the Province of Kashmir,
while in Ladakh and Gilgit their numbers are quite insignificant and amount
to only 2,214 out of the total Hindu population of 689,073. In this respect,
however, our figures show again an increase of 1,955 persons against the census
of 1891. Easy means of communication and the removal of the restrictions
upon free trade as well as the stationing of troops at the Gilgit Agency neces-
sitating the presence of the Commissariat and other departments, and private

servants constitute the main causes of this increase. Sikhs are found ia
Jammu and Kashmir in larger numbers than in the Frontier Districts. But the
presence of these on the Frontier Districts also is sure indication of healthy
administration, and I hope that during coming decade the numbers -will
augment still mbre.

4. Jains have decreased by 154 persons since the census of 1891 ; almost
all the Jains with the single exception of one at Srinagar Kluis are returned
at Jammu. These people are foreign traders and like birds of passage flock to
where trade is brisk. Apparently these people are the victims of the severity
of the chiingi and custom tariff which has led to their emigration, and it may
not be wondered at if the revision of the customs and the abolition of the
cliungi rules in the mofassil may see them returning again.

5. Our Budhist population has arisen to 35,047 against 29,603 of 1891.
Ladakh is the chief seat of Budhism, and out of this number not less than
30,216 have been returned in Ladakh, The form of Budhism prevalent in
Ladakh is a modified form of the religion preached by Budha himself and his
followers. Last Census Report says, “ that the modification is due to the in-

troduction of the mystical system of the Tantrists, as evidenced by the pictures
“ of the prevailing I’ed and yellow sects which are filled with representations of
“ the three-eyed desti-oying Shiva, and of his blood-drinking consort, the three-
“ eyed goddess ‘Trilochna.’ My predecessor in the census operations in the
“ State as a Hindu gentleman was a better authority on the subject, and 1 am
“ not prepared to offer any comments on the quotation by way of explanation

or otherwise.”

6. The great mass of the people of Ladakh are almost ail of one race,
they intermarry and eat together and are all eligible as members of the national
priesthood. They are addicted to the use of a beverage known as chang, very
thick and of a blue colour. Like most of the Europeans they do not
think ill of dancing and might be seen enjoying themselves, drinking and
merry-making on festive occasions, such as marriages and others. The Budhists
are said to be deeply devoted to their spiritual leaders, and in some instances
their attachment exceeds by far the devotion displayed by the Muhammadans
towards the propagators of the tenets of their religion. The Frontier Districts
Officer, however, adds that it is open to question whether a leader of Budhism
will be successful in maintaining his influence over his congregation in com-
parison to a Muhammadan preacher over his votaries when put to actual test.
The present form of the Budhistic religion is mixed up with a great deal of
superstitious matter, and the two forms of the religion resemble each other as
a body imbued with life would resemble a mere skeleton. It consists mostly
of forms and rituals ; the priestly class known as Lsimas are celibates and
lead the life of a hermit.

The Parsis are confined only to Srinagar, while the Christians are
spread all over the dominions of His Highness the IVIaharaja Sahib.

7. Sub divisions of Hinduism.— Amongst the Hindus the majority
belongs to the prevailing form of the religion, namely, that type of it which is
designated as the orthodox form of the faith, viz., Sanatan Dharm. Animistic
or that form of belief which induces people to recognise that natural phe-
nomena are due to spirits, and that even inanimate objects have spirits is
unknown in this country.

Eeligious Movements and Eeforms.— As a matter of fact it is
only when tranquility and comfort are politically secured and the security of life
and property becomes ensured administratively and to top it free and liberal
education, quickening intelligence engenders and promotes speculation, that
men begin to think on religious topics. Religion with the majority of the
people in their primitive state is nothing more than the observance of a certain
set of dogmatic precepts, much like routine, aud demands no serious notice on
their part. In the absence, therefore, of any specific cause or causes, couuteract-
ing on preconceived notions and theories apt to make men devote their attention,
to doctrinal discussions or religious principles, no commotion in the even tenor
of religious life can be contemplated. It is, therefore, quite ia keeping with

the natural course of events that the State has not known of any religious
movements worth mentioning. With an eminently Hindu Government con-
servative in its views and keenly imbued with respect for the tenents and the
traditions handed down to it wdth a spirit of infinite toleration towards the
numerous religions of which the different classes of its subjects are the votaries,
it was not for a moment to be thought of that innovation in this direction
would either be allowed or receive encouragement or countenance in ihe State,
It is, however, too much to say what conditions may prevail under certain
altered contingencies.

Eager eyes of a reformer, therefore, in this direction will be agreeably sur-
prised to find that the total population of the State fails to show even a single
Wahabi, while of the Ahmadi or Kadiani sect there are only 43 souls. Their
existence in Jammu city only is a sure indication of the fact that they represent
those Muhammadans Avho have come up from the Punjab as State employees or
otherwise ; similarly the insignificant number of Aryas, known as the followers of
the well-known Dayanand Sarasvati, goes up to 79. This again is due to a like
cause, namely the import of this element from the Punjab. Of late, however, the
schism, which has taken place amidst the Kashmiri Pandits in the North-Western
Provinces since the return ot Bishen Narain Dar of Lucknow from Europe,
now some years ago, has not been without its effects even upon Kashmir
and its quiet going people, and the creation of the two Sabhas known as the
Dharam and the Bishen Sabhas is the result thereof.

The Dharam Sabha consists of the orthodox Hindus, vfhile the latter
advocates latitude in certain social matters.

Subsidiary Table I-

General Distribution of popv/aiion by Religion,

Heiigioc.

1001

Proportion per '

10,000. ,

ISO!

! o

1 :i-

1861.

o
o o

1 §*5~

PtRCtMAGt. Oi \ vai-
\T10\ INtRLAsK (-j-)
OK nE( RFASE

1891 to ' l^'Si to
190 1. ' 1891.

N'et rariatio:i
1861 to
1901.

2 :

1 r"

8 i 9

MiUiatumada;

;

2,lo4,fJ'^5'

7,415/

1,703.710|

7,050 9

' ...

j ^

i-20-1

Hind'..

060,073

2,371‘G

601,^00’

2,719 4

—•39!

...

25>2S

SS‘0

11.309

44-S

+120*6

...

35,047

120*0

29.G0S

110-4

i ...

+18-4:

...

Jain

442

1*5

593!

o p,

! — 25’5|

! 1

422i

1*5

21S

+93 G

...

Parse*-? V ..

•04

1 j

*04

+22*2

i ;

Otbei^

■2

le.Gisj

05*3

! 1

— 99‘G

Subsidiary Table II-

Distribution of Religion by Natural Divisions and Districts.

Muhammadans.

Animists.

Others*

Vatural Division aii'l I pj^-oportion por j l^roponion per | Proportion per I Fropoition pe *
Bistricr ■ ^ - — ■ - - — ■ - - --- ■ , .

HIMALAYAS AND SUB-
HIMALAYA WEST.

J A M M u Pro V : n c e

Cdhampur
Bhimber . .

Jasrota
Punch. Jagii
' Bhadai wah J agir

... G.029-1
.. o,030'7
.. 2.07ri
. 7,896 8
... 673'9

... 6,396-2

L>ial Jauiuiu ProMiiee ... L,! 16'1 ^ ... |5,762'1|5.339‘7

K At II MIR Provinok.

Kbas

I 57L3

Mozaffarabad ... I 247*6

Total Kashmir Province ..I 524-3 635-5 ... l9,363-Si9,305-2i

Frontier Districts.

Ladakh 12‘9; ... j

Oilgit ... . 328'7

Total Frontier Dietriois ... 97*6 16 7

1901.

1891. 1881.

3, 787*7

7.859

2, 091-0

9,067*5

... j

3j598‘8

5,762*1

5 . 539-7 ...

9,364‘3(

9,35S-4j

... j ...

9, 363-S 9,305*2 ...

8,165*9

9,654*1

8,565*5

7,282-9 ...

82-3

175-7' ...
65*9 ...

11-6 ...

25S'6

121-8j ... I

... 1,821-2

17-2 ...

... 1,336-9

Subsidiary Table III

Distribution of Christians by Distriett^

DlSTRICl.

Nlmbkr

tji CJIhii>fIA>5.

Variaiion.

ISOl 4001. ; 1881— 1891. 1881—1001

tool-

ISOl 18H]

o 4

5 0 7

,,,

145 1

Kashmir ..

241

145 ‘

09 1

Vroptier

:!3 1

I 1

6 1 ... ;

Subsidiary Table IV

Distribution of Chrisfiau^s lu ra:e and denominalio7}.

Europfan

Eurasian

N ATI VI ,

Total,

Varia

TION
-f- OR —

DfiNOMiKATIO.N.

Males, ^teiuales

Malt'? Females.

Males. Females.

I9u].

1891

.J o

4 ; 5

t) 7

A-.‘5rIican CommiiDict'

; 77

7 ' 8

27 32

236

182

-f5l

Ca4Rui?t

“El

L-;taeiaD» &c.

— 5

PreaOjteriaii

18 ' 10

I 4

3otxaa Catholic

10 5

“ i

33 j
j

~E 1 8

J eaomlnation not returned ..

5 0

Ou 34

112 J

-flOO

MMT , - : zz.— “ -■ -

CHAPTER )Y.

AGE, SEX AND CIVIL COXDITION.

It is difficult to elicit from the people a correct return of ages, and more
particularly so the ages of the female population. The Mians aud other high class
families, whose ladies are subject to parda system, were naturally averse to
any enquiry being made as regards the ages of their females. So much about
the well-to-do families. The masses even, have, besides their really being
ignorant of their own ages, an instinctive repulsion to give information as to age
of their females. There is over and above this a practice among the females of
reducing the number of their years even when they become old enough to profit
bj- their lie ; amongst men reverse is the case and old men exaggerate on the
other side, and add years to their age. It is stated in the English Census
Reports that “we find ourselves on very uncertain grounds, and must proceed
“with great care and circumspection ” rvhen dealing with the ages of the people.
If such care and circumspection is found necessary when dealing with the English
returns of ages, they will be hundred times more so when treating with those
available in India.

(1) . The proportion borne by the female population to the male popula-
tion of the State as a whole has increased by 4-31 since 1S91 ; for whereas in
that year the number of females to l.COO males was 879‘9I it now stands at
884'22. It is somewhat difficult to account for the rise in the proportion in
1901, except on the supposition that the female population of ten years ago was
a little under-estimated. The pu’oportion of females t j 1 ,000 males, however,
varies considerably by provinces. In Jammu Province the pi’oportion stands in
the ratio of 88‘i'29, v/hile iii Kashmir Province the ratio dreps to the following
figure of 876’18. In the Frontier Districts the proportion is c nly 932'87. We
thus find that the females bear the greatest proportion to males in the Frontier
Difstricts. In the city of Jammu and Srinagar the latter stands first in this
respect and sliows that there are 870‘83 females to male population of everv
one thonsaud. In the Province of Jammu, Bhimber shows 90o’17 females to
1 ,000 males with the exception of course of Bhadarwah jagir which comes in
with a figure of 960’d3 females in each thousand males.

(2) . A perusal of the numbers counted under each age-peiiod shows that
both males and females are numerous between the ages of 5— iO than at any
other age. Between u and 20 the total population rises gradually iu numbers,
increases very suddenly between 20 and 30, rises considerably atter tin a<j(> of
35, and then again after 45. The smallest proportion of the population bel'uo-s
to the jo — 60 period, but strangely enough the numbers of those who have
passed their sixtieth yetir are practically more excessive than the numbers of
those between the ages of 45 and 50 TLe proportion of females to ), 000 males
is highest at the age period 0 — 5, namely 978’2, between the ages of 5 aud lo
the proportion drops slightly to 918'1, and again it goes up to 1,037'9 between
the ages of 20 and 25, and continues to go clown until the age-period 35 and
when it stands at 78I'09. From that point it again commences tu increase tc>
the figure of 824-2 at the age of 60 and over. The female population is far
more numerous between the ages 0 — 5 than at any other psriod of life.

(3) . As regards the infant population of tho State, that is to say, children
under one year of age, it may be said that ten years ago it numbered 114,220
while the figures stand at 1,07,960 in 1901.

(4) . The civil condition of the people next demands attention, and deal-
ing with the relation borne by each main religion to the total population of the
State by the married, unmarried and widowed, it appears that the married
Moharaedan.s show the high.est percentage, namely, 33-4: unmarried of the same
community form 35’9 per cent, of tim total population of the State. Wliile in the
two provinces of Jammu and Kashmir tiie proportion of married Moharnedans
stands at 13 2 and 17-09 and those of unmarried is 14’6 and 18-2, respectivelv.
In the Frontier Districts the ratio is 3-1 married and 3-2 unmarried, w-hile the
percentage of the married Hindus, on the other hand, forms 10-5 per cent, of tlie
total population. Sikhs of the same civil condition are -i per cent.

(5). Widowed females, it is uoticed, are eousiderably in excess of
widowed males ; but unmarried men are roughly double the number of un-
married women, while in case of married ones the number of both sexes is equal.
It apjjears tliat among Sikhs the unmarried both ot male and female form the
highest percentage of the whole community ; that per cent, of the Jain
population is married ; and that among the widowed the women and men are
nearly equal. 'I'he percentage borne by the married Budhists to the total po-
pulation of that religion is highest between the ages dU aud ov^er. Excluding
the age-period from 0—15, it appears that the percentage borne by the un-
married to the total population is highest at the age-periods between 15 and 2(t
and steadily decreases between the age-period 45 — 50. and again rises be-
tween 50 and 55, and falls down again at 55 — b(». Widowed of this commun-
ity stand in the relation of 1,254 males to 2,550 females. Christians next
deserve consideration, aud their married aud munarried numbers show a relation
of 95 to 67. I’he widowed among them are exceptioualiy small, aud our figures
ought to be naturally deficient in this respect. Unlike Hindus, where widow
marriage is not allowed, as a rule, others cau assume the civil condition at will,
and there being no .specific column to show what condition he or she was in be-
fore entering a married existence, it become.s difficult to ascertain the true
strength of onr figures. But standing as they are tlie relation of the married to
the unmarried between the age-period of 0 — 10 is 1 to 100; while the same be-
tween th • as'e-peiiod of 15—25 is 25 married to 45 unmarried.

T e Parsis in this state aumher only J 1, all of which are in Srinagar.
Married .-.re found between the age-periods of 20 to 50; widowed there are nil.

>5)' study of civil condition relatively of age-periods proves that
married population increases steadily during the following age-periods, between
15 — '30, forming 23’2 per cent of the total population, it decreases more rapidly
until at the age-period of 60, and at 60 and over it again goes up much higher.
The unmarried naturally bulk more largely in the lower age-periods, and from
the period 10 — 15 onwards decrease very steadily until after the age of 35 when
they cease to form any appreciable percentage of tlie total population.

The ages of the people, Subsidiary Table I.

Unadjusted age return of 100,000 of each sex.

3,537

i 3,931

178

144

1,543

; 1,579

4ot,>

570

•>

2,822

! 3,210

125

109 >

s’oos

j 3,481

3,750

3,275

97 1

2,943

I 3,190

154 .

124

98 ‘

3,114

j 3,354

249 ;

202

3,010

3 315

110 '

100

2,683

! 2,963

1G^ .

145

101

3,438

3,2o‘3

909 1

<.i92

102

2,241

2,216

153

154

103

3,711

3,419

lol

100

104 '

1,:^44

1,322

119

148

lo5

4,20S

0,529

110

106

1,21S

1.130

2.S92

2.194

107 :

1,914

1 ,7oS

108

2,590

2.342

131

13S

109

2,242

2,253

7 6

110 ‘

GSG

696

111

2,182

2,434

438

256

587

542

113

3,6 i 6

4.8S2

114

474

454

115

1,301

1,325

116

637

456

7i>

N22

73i;

ii7

1,108

1.204

US 1

4.664

5,143

72 ,

119 ;

817

1 782

120

649

621

121

28 1

1,201 i

j 1,271

75 1

273 ■

220

122

29 ‘

302 !

1 362

' 76

123

5,971 ;

6,160

124

275

2S4

125

1,547 *

1,192

■ 79

14 '

120

358 !

319

524 ;

519

127

34 ,

458 '

300

128

3,744 ’

3,368 ,

129

1,111 1

920 '

i 83

130

325 :

246

i 84

131

38 ,

585 ■

531 1

j 85 ,

132

236 ,

253 1

' 86

133

5,492 i

5.393

87 i

134

196 •

216 *

88 !

135

446 '

419 '

89 1

4 ‘

136

168

159 .

90 ‘

132

102 :

137

240

253 i

138

2,328

1,877 ^

92 ’

5 ,

139

231

243 !

03 !

^7 1

140

2
1
1

tc K Cl ki- r\r CO

The ages of the people- Subsidiary Table II

Age distribution of ]O,000 0 / eork stw.

r - -

lOul.

IHOI.

Agk

- -

- '

Male-

Fenuiles,

Malc«

Kcniales.

2 3

and under 1

353

3it2

•>

154

158

2S2 ■

331

.. 4

301

348

204

320

Total 0 and under 5

1,364

1,539

1,594

1,780

5 and under 10

...

1,449

1,505

1,404

1,428

1,230

1,116

083

819

833

816

784

780

j .,25

708

832

764

898

- 30

763

SIS

779

S55

s61

830

826

864

.. -to

tlOO

532

581

j 535

,, <- 45

od4

j 644

632

! 638

331

300

366

! 208

>, »

450

384

441

i 382

„ .. 60

133

120

146

113

and over

605 1

564

625

544

Total 5 and over 60

8,616

8,461

8,331

8,154

Unspecified

(jRANo Total

10,000

j 10,000

10,000

*10,018

Mean age

i 23'6?^A

24-3-,lVo

23-2x’J;)\

* These figures have been taken fivin the last Census Report.

Subsidiary Table III.

Age lUsfribution of 10,000 of each spx by Religion.

HIN’DCS.

I Muhammadans.

Animists.

Aok.

Males. 1

Females.

Males.

Females.

]

and under 1

261 1

272

385

! 432

I .2

138 !

141

162

1 165

-2 .. .. 3

211

253

307

345

3 t

233

282

325

372

...

4 , .,5 ...

223

267

319

339

Total 0 and under 5

1,066 ^

1,215

1,198

! 1,653

o and under 10

1,186

1,325

1,541

1,5 GO

...

10 15 . .

1,168 :

989

1,254

1.158

15 . 20

822

814

S35

^16

20 . .. 2.5

779

890

6S5

S13

25 ,. .,30 ...

923

92^ '

769

1 1

1 /85

30 .. .. 35

937

903

835 ,

1 Sll

•35 „ lO

619

1 543

591

527

•10 „ „ 15

731

{

i 702

630

1 026

...

15 „ .. 50

391

- 339

309

1 285

...

50 5-5 ... ..

o07

416

430

' 362

35 „

177

1 140

; 108

j ...

o'D and over

694

1 760

569

‘ 487

...

{

'['’ji-U 5 aii'i ovi^r ‘*0

8,9.34

I 8,795

8,502

8,347

)

1 JRAM)

10,000

i 10,000

10,000

' 10,000

Mean s_fe

26-8^V^

23'7-^

j 227^5

...

animi'Strf remriied in. the State.

Subsidiary Table under Second Addendum to 5th Note on

Census Report.

The ages of the Feoplf,

jAMiir

AM' Kashmir Statf, \ialf*5.

Ai-c-.

Actual.

Smoothed iritl Smoot liCd arltii
iutermediate. ^ final.

3 j

! 4

3.537 i

3.537

3,543

2A'34 I

2,9M i

2,822

2.771 ;

2.0 Jl

3,0US

I 2.6:50 1

2,^h5

2.943

2,979 !

2.901 1

3,114

2,552 !

2,SS2

3,010

3,93^ !

2!7!‘U

2.0S3

2.SV7 :

2.771

1 3,43S

3.017

2.725

2,24l

2,023

2,702

! 3.711

2,968 :

2,589

1,244

2 524 i

2.532

1 4 20S

2.459 1

2.406

; 1,218

2,235 *

2.6,13

; i,9U

2,434 i

2,177

' 2,590

1.7-30 !

2 f)SS

2.242

1,923 1

1.938

GS6

1.657

l.'^O 7

2,152

1.875

1,791

587

1.521

1,711

3,676

, 1.641

1,631

474

1.315 1

1,627

1.301

1,419 j

1.591

537

1.617 ;

l,6o3

li-t

1,10S

1,5 '*'5

4.6*j4

1/5-5 5 1

1,6^6

817

1^6^^ 1

1.620

649

i!526

1 6-57

1,201

1.6 U

302

1,0^0 i

1.629

5.971

, 1.859 1

1,584

275

1,091 1

1,556

1,547

^ 1 71^2

1.512

35S

1.276

1^514

45S

1.414

i!476

35.

3,744

1.199 1

i;449

1,111

1,245 j

1,399

325

1,20' » i

1,365

, 5S5

1,550

1.269 i

236

1,367

1,216 ;

' 5,492

1.39!

1.141 1

! 19C

1,308 i

l'095 ;

! 446

1,3C8 1

1,042

16S

676

240

6S3

i 903

2.S2S

G29

925

231

GS6

878

178

663

840

455

' 94H

750

125

932

717

3,750

' 947

681

154

j 878

{

650

Age=.

Ja.mmo A\n Kashmir Sia'

1 ■ ' !

. , [Smootlied until

* intermediate.

I’F, MVLE>.

Siiioothed u! itl
final

249

8S6

61 2

110

318

612

16S

318

584

909

288

559

153

290

532

101

265

510

119

661

443

G4G

42^

2,892

652

412

639

398

131

645

383

154

378

154

335

438

136

295

135

254

127

213

204

163

194

157

822

203

149

198

143

19S

137

136

! 74

129

273

122

i 76

114

107

118

! 79

]18

1 84

524

119

' 81

116

21 1

iis

! 83

7 ]

1 22

22 !

! 20

t 17

1 IS

4 i

31 1

132

31 1

5 1

10 1

2 '

! 10

3 ^

i ^

1 3

100 and
over.

I CG

Total ...

100 , 00 c

i Kot gm

loothed.

Subsidiary Table I-

General proportion of the Sexes by Natural Divisions, Districts and Cities.

Natural Division, District or City

Females to 1,000 Males.

1901.

1891. 1

1881.

1872.

3 !

HIMALAYAS AND SUB-HIMALAYA, WEST.

Jammu Province

...

883 3

868 9

...

Jammu Khas, includiiii^ City ...

>552‘3

^17'8

...

Udhampur

...

875*8

%76*3

...

Bhimber ...

905-1

S8S*4

Jasrota

S717

•560 7

Punch Jagir

894-9

892-3

...

Bhadarwah Jagir

...

9 00 ’6

933*3

...

Kashmir pRovl^'CE

8761

8892

...

Khas, including City ...

880 0

895*9

Mozaffarabad ... ...

853-8

849 6

...

Frontier Districts

9328

926‘6

...

••

Ladakh

985*5

967*3

Gilgit

802*5

bil'h 1

...

Jammu City ... ...

025-9

[

Srinagar City ...

S70*8

«96*6

...

Subsidiary Table I.

Distribution of 10,000 of each sex. hy age and ciiil condition.

Au ■

FtM Vf.f- >

<1.

i ^

S i

al !

t \

2 '

3 1

! 7

0—5

1-98

1 i

I 0*

718 4

3*62

]

'17

5 — 10 ...

70075

8‘22 1

■4031

672*44

32 66

! 1*28

10—15 '

GC>1’5

40*44

1*32

337'5

181*00

; 4-62

15—20

316-4

120-46

67*46

i 304*4

I !

11T02

20-25

1G272

204'S

8*51

16-08

1 355 93

i 17*34

25—30 ...

105-4

285*16

14*403

20*81

337 67

I 25-19

30—35

58 '08

375*54

23-16

8 004

337-lC> '

44-56

36-40

33 20

266-99

18-20

3*08 ;

210-109

35 ’56

40 — 45 ...

2525

1 201*76 1

30 21

2*24

221 *’90 '

77 92

45 — 50 ...

1170

146-21 ;

17*05

-88

95*57

44*507

50—55 ...

111

® 19178

; 32-31

1*06

93-04 '
!

86*04

53—60 ... ...

3-5

55*16

11*14

•27

28*62 ^

27*55

60 and ...

13 6

22&*85

78*87

2*5

72 20 ,

190 03

Total

2,836 31

2,229-31

241 -02

1,852*64

2.274-23 1

565*87

Subsidiary Table II.

Distribution by Civil Cuii iition ixnd tnuin ci'j-t ycnod-i of 10,000 of each sex.

Age

Unmarried. ;

Married,

Widowed.

Females per tf

MALES,

xe ,

i .

1 1

1 ^

t ?

r : ^

\ "**

t £

.5 '

X 1

' S

2 1

! 3

4 1 5

6 7

! 10

5 years to 10 years ...

700'7a

672-44

S-22 32 66

■403

1 28

833 011

3,071-12

3,179 43

10 years to 15 years

6Ul*5

337'5

i j

40 41 13100

1-32

4-62

561 OG

; 3,662-16

3,497-30

15 years to 40 years

B75‘8,

117-34

1,252-80 1,345-5

69 3

133 7

173 62

1,233-43

1,930-6

40 years and over

65*47

6‘96

i 016 8 511-5

170 5

425*/ 4

106 30

557 05

2,498- i7

All ages

2,103 62

^ 1,13126

* 2.227 34, 2,270 64

i i

241-53

065-7

539 19

lo'lO 44' 2,342 18

Subsidiary Table IV-

Distribution by main age pniois of 10,000 of each Civil Conditi.oi,

Age.

1 JIA.K.

j ftMA, .A

F nnuirried

1 Mamed.

Widowed.

F ti manied

M a-ned

Widow ed.

3 , 4

0 year to 10 years

1.403-47

lire

•4d

36 28

I 4"

10 years to 15 years

6ui*5

4r-44

1*32

! 337-5

\ 8 i UO

4 2

15 years to 40 years ...

675*3

1, *252-89

69-3

117 3-1

1 54 .' 4

40 years and over

65*47

‘U6 3 !

{

17i‘ 5

.i-D-.

425 74

Subsidiary Table VI.

Proportion of the sexes by Civil Condition for Religions and Natural Dvimions.

CHAPTER Y.-EDUCATION.

1. I would bave only too willingly undertaken the task of elucidating
the nature and the means of education by a reference to that part of the State
Administration Report which treats on the subject — I do not mean high class
education, but only the primary part of it— had it not been in conflict with the
express instructions of the Census Commissioner for India conveyed in his
thirteenth note on Census Reports, para 9. I beg at the same time, however, to
be excused for a little diversion if I take up the question of the primary edu-
cation, and discuss it at some length to induce the State authorities to do justice
to it. In doing so I deal with only one district. The want of primary educa-
tion in the country struck me forcibly when 1 was making an inspection tour
in connection with my duties as a Revenue Officer of the State in the district
of Bhimber. 1 should add that in this country, as everywhere else, the revenues
depend, to a greater extent, upon the agricultural classes. In fact it is they
who furnish the means and provide us wherewith to sustain life. Should we
not, therefore, strive hard to better the condition of this class of our subjects ?
All attempts in this direction are, however, impossible unless they are reclaimed
by some description of education, even the most rudimentary — primary or
whatevei' you may call it.

According to the recent census returns the population of the Bhimber
district amounts to 400,229 souls, inclusive of 190,145 females.

A reference to the Punjab Educational Report for 1899 and 1900 will
show that there are 7,867 educational institutions in all for a male population of
11,252,249 souls. The number of school-going boys is 239,024. Out of the
above mentioned number of institutions we can fairly deduct the number of
colleges and institutions which are maintained for female education. Reducing
thus the number of schools, including High Schools, amounts to 2,637, and
excluding High Schools to 2,581. The number of school boys in the latter
class institutions amounts to 140,759, thus giving an average of 55 boys per
school.

On the basis of the Punjab figures our total number of boys expected to
attend the schools under the present population would be more than 2,626
in round numbers, requiring 48 institutions to be kept up to impart education
to these boys at the Punjab rate, but in the district of Bhimber there is only
so poor a number of schools as ten.

2. In British India also the want of primary education amongst the agri-
cultural classes has been the source of great trouble and difficulties to them-
selves as well as to the Government. The Land Alienation Act, for instance, is
one of the result of such troubles, and the necessity of passing such an Act was
felt simply because the agricultural classes not knowing the three r’s could not
guard their own interests, and were entirely left at the mercy of the c.alculating
sahukars and other income-depriving agencies.

3. I would be right if I added that the judicial authorities will be able to
tell the exact number of cases in which ex-parte decrees were passed, because the
fiction of the service of summons had, in its legal acceptation, been duly satisfied
when,'strictly speaking, it was neither more nor less than a nominal discharge
of that duty, if not the practice of an actual imposition.

4. There are in the State only 2 High Schools, one at Srinagar and the
other at .lammu ; 9 vernacular Middle Schools and 25 Primary Schools in the
Jammu Province ; 16 Primary Schools in Kashmir ; 19 Primary Indigenous
Branch Schools in Srinagar and 2 in Jammu, making a grand total of 74.
According to the last Administration Report (1897-98) the number of boys
on the roll amounts to 5,423 The figures deduced from the present census
operations show that the total population of the school-going age (5 — 20) numbers
1,010,029. Now according to the Punjab standard of 55 boys per school the
State ou»ht to add to the number of schools and raise them to 18,037 institutioaa
against insignificant 74, the present number. I would be the last man to fail to

support or be unfavourable to high education, but I cannot help observing that
high class education is no good unless the masses are not first enabled to value
and appreciate it. Unless therefore we first prepare the soil there is no use
throwing seed ; no building would be strong without a solid foundation.

5. A glance for a moment at the last Census Report w'ill at once show
that there are no figures available to institute a comparison between the figures
obtained in this census and the last. I understand, however, that at the census
of 1891 the population, generally for the purposes of educational statistics, was
divided into three classes of “ Learning, Literate and Illiterate.” The then
three-fold division has now been ignored in favour of the dual one — “ Literates
and Illiterates.” The word literate signifies the ability both of reading and
writing any one language, various degrees of proficiency being, however,
equivocal. Our figures, therefore, as they stand are likely to be misleading,
as an adult going up for his Master of Arts examination stands upon the same
footing with the lad taken away from the primary school to look after his
father’s cattle, but returned as literate.

Even in the presence of express and lucid instructions I am doubtful if
men who confined their talents to the writing and reading only of their names
were not returned as K& or literate. There will, likewise, he many whose
claims to be literate rest entirely on a knowledge of the shop-ledgers. These,
however, are diflBculties native to all attempts, for ascertaining the numbers of
those able to read and write ; these being matters for individual judgment, we
must take our figures in this respect as we find them. At the present moment,
therefore, it seems desirable to restrict one’s remarks to the results recently
tabulated to afford data for a future comparison.

On this occasion the literate form 2’03 and the illiterate 97'97 percent, of
the total population, urban as well as rural. Distinguishing consequently one
from the other the percentage stands at 1’5 and ’57 for the total rural and urban
population. The proportion of the percentage between the urban and the rural
population seems to be striking, but it should be borne in mind that there are only
two towns in the State returning population of about ’J 50,000 souls, whereas
the rest is all rural. The percentage borne by the literate and illiterate of both
sexes to the total population of the country varies considerably : for example,
out of the total population oi 2,905,578 only 2 per cent, are literate males and
only ’04 per ceVit. are literate females ; while the remainder are composed of
illiterate males and females to the extent, roughly, of 51 ‘07 and 46-9 per cent,
respectively.

Illiterate males thus form, when compared with females, about an equal
division, although the education of the male sex is not only varied, but much
more widespread than that of the female sex in comparison, which contributes
only ‘04 per cent, who are literate to the total population of the State.

6. Turning to the subject of education by religion, it is apparent that the
Hindu community shows the highest percentage of literate males, who form 1*35
per cent, of the total population. Literate women amongst them are, how'ever,
few ; and form almost so small a minority of the total population as '02 per
cent ; in other words the total literate females of the Hindu community are
499 in number.

Next to the above community literate males are most numerous among

the Muhammadans, the third place is
occupied by the Sikhs, the fourth by the
Buddists, the fifth by Christians, and
the sixth by Jains, whose literate males
constitute -0052 per cent, of the total
population. When we turn to the
figures of the literate females among the
various classes of the people above
named the order stands as given in the
margin. One is surprised to find that
among the Muhammadan subjects of the
. . * .v o . j State, who form the bulk of the popula-

tion Of the State, and out-number their Hindu brethren, and constitute about 74

Name of the community.

Total fe-
males.

Percentage.

Hindus

499

•02

MahammadanB

477

■01

Sikhs !

126 ;

'004

Hadhiets

i 86 ;

■Chriitiane

72 !

Jaini

1 ,

pel’ cent, of the total populatioD, there are only 477 learned females, while
Hindu literate females are 499. I am sure that even in Provinces where there
are express provisions made for the educational seminaries of ladies literate
females will cut a very poor figure in a return of this kind.

7. We must bear in mind the fact that in British India very liberal en-
couragements are held out to the people in this direction. The state of affairs
with regard to education of males, not to speak of females, is easily imagined here
where there are absolutely no facilities placed within the reach of the people to
practice reading and writing. I am of opinion that the Hindu literate females
who number about 499 in the total population of the State, must necessarily
be those who have accompanied their relations in the service of the State, and
this is borne out by the fact that not less than 389 Hindu literate females are
found in Jammu, 103 in Kashmir and only 7 in Frontier Districts. Of late there
has been established in Jammu a girl school, the fruit of the labours of a lady who
styles herself as Jewan Mukat. The State has judiciously as well as graciously
sanctioned a grant-in-aid of one thousand a year to the institute from the next
Hindi year. So far as the figures for the Muhammadan literate females are con-
cerned I am afraid our figures are misleading, as there must be very few indeed
able to read and write any particular language. I presume that those ladies who
are able to recite verses of the Kuran Sharif by rote, a custom much prevalent
among the well-to-do and civilized Muhammadan families, have been returned as
literates. If for a moment w^e stop to think over the relative strength of the
educated communities we will find that the following result holds good : —

In every 1,000 Hindus there are 58'1 literates and 941’9 illiterates, and in
every one thousand Muhammadans the population stands in the ratio of 6’9
literates to 993’07 illiterates. Literate Sikhs bear to the illiterate Sikhs the pro-
portion of 87’03 to 912’9 in every 1,000, while Jains bear the relation of 346’2 to
6.53’8. It is only among the Christians and the Parsis that the literate males
and females stand in an enviable position, and show almost an equal proportion
of literates and illiterates. The reason thereof may be said to exist in the small-
ness of the numbers in which these people are found within the State Dominions.

8. Diverting our attention to education with regard to age-periods,
it is seen that the proportions borne by the illiterate to the literate
in every one thousaiid population between the ages 0—10 stands
at 293 to ’32, that from 10 — 15 this figure decreases to 116T to 1’5,
and once again to 80’4 to 2’03 at the age-period 15 — 20. It is natural
that the percentage of illiterates should be highest at the age period 0—10, and
further that the percentage which gradually drops up to the age of 20 should
again considerably rise at the age period 20 and over. Males and females
who can neither read nor write form almost an equal proportion at the age
periods 0 — 10; illiterate males being 150*1 and illiterate females being 142'9.
Between the ages 10 — 15 the illiterate males in every one thousand number 63’8
and illiterate females 52’3, while at age period 20 and over the number of males
goes up to 254’6, that of females to 235’5. So far as English education is con-
cerned the proportion both of males and females literate in this language is
highest at the age-period 20 and over.

Subsidiary Table I.

Education by Age and 8tx (General Population).

54 -J*

54 <?3 .

r«- - #-* O ♦

o i

•

#« o) o

^ <S0 C5 V .

»r> ^ MO 51 *

03 00 O 03

I 'ajujaaiq

5u ;

t-* ^ Jh»

51 ^ do dc .

o CO <M — :

I'i

51 M 51

o 2 ? .

O -=

o »: t

-r^ -aiBR

“

MO .— -5

o o •

p ' -

»a

fc. t

1 'I^'OX

i . . ... _. _

C3 in —

o o •

' i £

§> ’Bimasj

51 rr* V (N

53 *

s' i J

ale'

O 03 o»

-r 'T- c. .

2 I

^ !

. 'a[15UX9J

o , ^ S

1 O 1 **

F-t r- ■»f 51

1 2 g § ?

1 ^ ■ ■

" !i

^ 1!

i r ■■■

- , coa

r t - Q{QK

s ! :

Id C3 i> oc

o o ^

1 ■ ' ^

p ,1

53 1'

[S' ^ t -aiBrnaj

1 1 '

3 "S

I ^

51 50 oc C?

O O O O _

" 11

__ 1^

'8IBK

t'.

O :
o

s i

■

o '

<r-

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-f

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1 ^

f—

’d0X93 l^iog

;

: :

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<x)

C 3

C5i

t 3

"ts

-0

'q3Li5u3 ui aatjjein

n fo

. . rt

01 1

[£

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'■A

'5aB.ia;ini

^ 00 00

4f !i> o

i> t> Ci

CO i>- ca CO

ai\jjaii7

V- T' T V’

« o

CO -H —

■-H

i i

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S 3

o i:5
j: 'z,

^ z

a[T]iuaj

w ro

O O

: ; o o

? t:

•aitJK

1-0

01 05

P 01 p

CO j

<p j

o 01 pi p

§ '
^ 1

•o[uraa3

■

01 lO to

9 p p 7?

lO '

■ i

r’

0
o^

-=» X) 1 ^

- ?3 j s

'0[Bma3

p 5 g 9

^ ^ ^

H ^

'0|Bina3

T? tN.

O O LO

o o o o

x>.

■ 1

■3[BH

^ X

, 3 - -

^ "= *

01 I

i ,

‘a[«iua3

P P lO X

\Ol r>. o

-f< CO to

'-r'

■^ISK j

P X -p oi

0 X X oi

01 o ro X

—1 01

;

b '

t-H

S '
n 1
a

g '

•[^jox

1-0

p -^p 7-t ^

i^ <X> oo

CO O !>• <01

Cl »H l-O

^H .

S I

1 -ai^raa^

O 1>- oc

poop

^ 1

’^I^K

lO CO

X O lO p

1>2 (d

■C* !

•sasag ii;oa

0<1 CO 1

X —* X 1-0

o t>. j

^ 1

dc ];

T 3

Subsidiary Table II-

Edueation by Age, Sex, and Religion — continued.

' M

% nr ©^BJairq

5 % i

: ; ;

S 1

i 'aitijaii[n

! !

0 cn r-« 01

Lo X 6 ^

X -T* CO .-•

X 'Ji 0^

s :

C 4

Eu i

z ; -aiBiain

!>►

p r. •+ »o

c: 65 p

CO Ci

J ^

K ;

5 • 0 [Eiaaj

: :

2 - i ' a[®K

0 05 P

2 '[BlOX

lis

C C 5 p

« ,*

• i

' S'

1 ^

05 —

p 1 -^

^ ‘-5

i * J

f w o 1

j e-

CC CO

p p p p

i ^

O „r ■

::;

0 p

x>«

^ -5 '

2 'SL^K

r — 1

C -? X 05

p 1

S i

■’ ' 'SlBinaj

-H*

? I

' II

! .5

iO “f- OC^ CO

t--

p P CJ kO

X cb Qc CO

CO CO *—

1 —* 05

! !

i !.

1 j

1 ^ 5 __ 1

P X p p

0 A- CO

kO 0 ^

— 05

CO Ij

5 " !

p 7-1 p

00 0 0

Cl 0 X 05

05 f-*

a '!

' fA

~ 'aiBcnoj

! ' pi

i ^ i . _

j C

1 1

P ^ t>* 5 >

I 7 " *02 p

^ 0

1 ^

•-H '

C 4

I ( ’& 0 ie 3 ^[^0^1

i ) '

CO X CO to

C5 10 OC c:

1'-

CO™ *

2 >

£ ~ 1

:; 1

a 1 j

■ ' : - "a '

"o ;

X Er

X }

Subsidiary Table II.

Education by Age, See, and Religion — continued.

Total I 546*45 646-45 ... I 464*6 181-8 272'7 ... ... 1 ... ... I ... 545*45 545*45

•*«*

5^1

Subsidiary Table !!•

Education htj Atjc^ , and /i5e/if;zoM~contiuued,

•qBi[Sag ui e'jwajig

. -.

<?>

‘ - CO 0

1 -t co^ 55

J7*

0 0

0 X

^ ^ 0

Ci ko

0 ^ X

i-T

a^uiain

0 0 kO

s : S. ^

— < ‘ ^ C3

^ r

40 .

ai:

o -4
o o
— r z

“ z

g" 1
S '
z; !

'a|Buiag

?' U3 0

1 — t 1

•aiBjt

4-5

X ^ * 7 ^ i-t

•H A i> <5o

S'J

* 1^101

C n X ^

'X>

7^ — < )-( CO

Cl 1
6

i i

^J3

■;:

•ajBinag

W CO

. . 7^ w

•a^BK

£•

J ^

•a|Biuaj

u S

^ 1

’^l«K j
\

t>-

-§ ^
is

‘aiemag

73 £'■

■a[BK

1 >

73 CO 70 T?

71 Cl 71 iO

4-0

t'*

0 ^ 'T'

^ ^ Z 2 ^

1 > ,

Illiterate,

■aiBjt

1 T*

^ ^ 30 LO

i CO i-l CO

^ \

f-H

I^^OX

L'3

j yo CD — 1 ©1

i) 71 70

0 ro 4-0

71 71

0 '

*a|Braaj

1 71 71 40

. -if

-^ - i-H

i-k

01 ‘
01

I-*

1 ^

■aiBH

( 71 CO 10 <M

1 ^ -b ^

01 j

•gaxas it:^og

*p ^

X 0 CO ib

71 ^ 01 C5

«o

•a*

)

•i

◄

' ♦ •

:c : : : : 'a \

A 0

00 ...

^ *

a . . . .

Q : : : ;

; • • •

- I . >•

3 12 g f 1

1 i 1 s 1

0 0 W> © j

1-4 »-« 3| ||

Subsidiary Table II-

Education by Age, 8e£, and Religion — continued.

u 1

i HI

S 1

i ': : :

• i

: 1

-3

•a]BJ0}i[lI

vs "p CTi

<0 00 00 2

O Ci CO -

Cl i

b 1

O O 1C ^

^ o «

ViO vs o

•n ^

o 3

O 3

ai "

•aiBtaaj

: : : :

• i

)

i-O

: : : :

. 1

: ; : ;

‘-C

' Ca

ajBraaj

^ ^ -'i

l-C 'j

Cl 'i

E-'

o -

[

•M C5 ri -o

Cl c

i ^

, J J

i 5 5

1 s

1 ^

, '3|T]lUaj

: : : 9

: a ^

a[Bmoj

: : ' :

G !::>

ll^

" ■

3i«n

^ oc

■v- -»!

P -P

j '

j ;

j ^ 1

1 M

O C5

6 CO

I rs

70 1

•b

■" 1

Number in 1,000.

" !
1

75 -p p

iC o

r: ^

OC IC ^ <x

4, b Cl M ;

C5 Cl X 30 1

^ O

»-

-2

1 o ^ Cl

’ ' * Cl

O 1

5 !

S Cl X X

' fl W

'saxas qiog j

^ «

^ j
b

3 1

S 1

*•

' j

- : ; • *5 !

• • ^

02 O

=1 ^

'^ . . . .

5 : : : :

X : : : :

• i = H

O © TJ

^ *7 P*

* I ^ j;

o o V5 O

^ •M Cl

Subsidiary Table II-

tlduralion by Age,, Se.r, (mil Bel iijion—-eono]n(]e(\.

3r ;

is 1

< 1

Js !

•qaii^ay;

ut oaG.iaijq

•a'iua8ii[[{

•0

%!o

t-*

'a[^jtnaj

“

5=:

•^l^K

. t

. 1

• 1

* !

■0[Eraa j

;

Sr:

•ai«K

‘71

i c

•ajuuiaj

i : : i

s?:

^ 2

F S
:x

: : : :

*a[’BLciaj

1 ^

—

•a[Biuaj 1

O I
§

J/h’ferale.

■91BK 1

<»

■l«'toX 1

r “

J— *

t'*

'aiBiuaj

....

•saxes q^og

flC

1 U

' o

j >

UNSPECIFIED.

20 and over

. 1

3 ’

*0 1

^ i

CHAPTER VI.— LANGDAGES OF THE PEOPLE.

Value of returns. — The only use for the returns for the languages
lies in the fact that they give an insight into the character and the nationality
of the people enumerated, or the nationality which hare immigrated to the area
under census. At the present occasion, however, we have got a direct
return bearing on the point, and the only use, therefore, which can be made of
this is to show the spread or decrease of various local languages in use, and that
too very imperfectly. The chief difficulty, however, lies in the matter of
names. Enumerators were specially enjoined to enter the mother tongue by
the name by which the person interrogated from called it, and not to introduce
their own theories. Majority of the people can hardly make any distinctions
between diverse form of speech. I was agreeably disappointed when out inspect-
ing, in several cases to see that the peasant in answer to the enumerating
scribe on the point said, “ you know what language 1 speak, enter it as such,’'
and sometimes he would call it Punjabi for Dogri, and would substitute Dogri
for Punjabi some other times. It is questionable whether he should be prompt-
ed in a matter like that, and all such promptings were strictly forbidden.
There is, however, another use to which the returns may be made subject, but
then it is reserved for countries which are far more civilised, and have begun
researches in the history and philology of the languages. Importance from a
linguistic point of view is not to be considered or dealt with here, and in places
like this the returns of this kind are of no value but a mere burden.

2. Indian Western Group or Hindustani, Hindi and Urdu.— From

a linguistic or philological point of view there is generally more or less marked
distinction between Hindustani or Urdu on one hand and Hindi on the otuer.
Hindustani or Urdu is that form of language which imbibes major portion of
the Persian phraseology as its very name Urdu implies. The word Urdu means
an army and as lashlcar wms the centre of conflux of men from

different nations and parts of the world, constant rubbing of the languages
smoothed it into a common form of speech including words from every language,
and a new form of speech under thenomenclature of Urdu came into creation. By
the gain of time it gained in richness, and the once rough and rugpd form of
speech has now attained a literary character. The word Hindustani, properly
speaking, means pertaining to Hindirstan. Following close reasoning, therefore,
the wmrd would be applicable to all the languages spoken in India, but the signifi-
cance of the word has become limited, and is applied to those languages only
which are prevalent in North-West Provinces, and Urdu, properly speaking,
according to the common belief, is another name for Hindiptanj, while Hindi,
truly speakimj, is that variety of the tongue of which Brij Bhasha is literary
type and wdnch is written in' the Deva Nagri characters. The w'ord therefore,
in strict accordauce with the type it bears, should only be applicable to tne
lano-Liage spoken at Mathra and Bindraban. Strangely enough the people or
the^two places make a clear distinction between the two forms and name their
tonc^ues as “ Mathuri and Bindrabaui.” Those that have returned themselves
as “speaking Hindustani are 702 persons in Jammu Bistrict, 112 in rue
District of Udhampur, while in Jasrota __aud Bhimber the.se number -55 and
03 Men speaking Hrdu are shown to be in district Jammu, 5 in U d hamper,
1 in Bhimber, in Jasrota 2, and in Srinagar 277, in Ladakh 2 and in Gilgit 7. I
have reasons to believe that out of the total number of^Hindustuni and Urdu
speakino' persons there will be very few as speaking Urdu or Hindustani m
tLir homes. By Urdu or Hindustani I mean the language which bears the
Lucknow or Delhi stamp. It is most improbable that these people should be
speakintr Hindustani as the returns pretend. I am of opinion that the greater
iWber“of persons who have so returned their language might be conversant
with the Hindustani which we recognize as such, but very few of them really
talk it in their homes. Twenty-three persons are returned as speaking
Hindi, but it is very difficult to ascertain, and it is quite impossible in each case
to find out how many of the persons so returned speak the Hindi of the
Brij Bhasha type. I am again confident that it is some local dialect which
they have returned as such.

3. Gurmuklii- So many as 654 persons are returned as speaking Gur-

mukhi. Gurmukhi is no language unless it be that form of Punjabi which is
written down in Gurmukhi characters. I am not aware that there is any such
form of speech as Gurmukhi.

4. North Western Group or Kashmiri.— With the exception of the
Kashmiri language which is being spoken by so many as 981,628, Punjabi
is mostly spoken of. Kashmiri speaking persons are 3,378-5 per ten thousand,
while Punjabi speaking people are 2,972 per ten thousand, and the figures for
Dogri speaking amongst every ten thousand individuals are l,.501-3. The ack-
nowledged type of the language is that form of speech which is in use in Lahore
and in Amritsar, with the exception, therefore, of those few servants of the
State or their dependents who have come up here, the true specimen of Punjabi
is not known. That part of Dogri, therefore, which is spoken in Jammu City,
or less uncivilised part of the Province, has been allied to Punjabi and named as
such.

The validity, therefore, of our figures is questionable, and it is very diffi-
cult to fix a hard line of distinction. Dogri is returned as being spoken by a
number of 436,211 persons, and it is not to be wondered that in the presence of
such a majority of Punjabi speaking people the return for Dogri speaking
population is so small, and it is only to be accounted for in the manner that
most of the Dogri speaking inhabitants have either returned themselves as
Punjabi speaking or Pahari speaking individuals. Properly speaking, Dogri is the
language spoken by the Dogras of Jammu and its immediate neighbourhood.
Strangely enough the languages spoken of by Drew in his "Jammu and Kashmir"
named the Chhiballi languages, have been but poorly returned during the
present census. It seems, therefore, that these languages have been merged
into one or the other form of Pahari or Dogri.

5. Northem Group or Pahari- — This name^ has been given to the
group of languages that lie between the Dogri and Punjabi on the one hand, and
Tibetan or semi-Tibetan family of languages on the other. Strictly speaking,
Gujri, Bhadarwahi, Kishtwari, Padri, Pogli, Kanas?, Rambani, and Bamhagi in
vogue, mostly in TJdhampur District, are all more or less akia to each other in
pronunciation or vocabulary or both and distinct from those of other groups.

6. Balti- — Balti is that form of speech which is spoken of in Baltistan.

7. Iranian, Western and Eastern Group or Persmn, Pashto and

jf^f glia.ni . — These three languages are foreign, and have been introduced simply
through the Pathan labourers working on different works of public utility.
Persian element has also been introduced by those foreigners who visited the
Happy Valley in the train of Sardar Muhammad Ayub Khan. Afghani has also
been introduced in much the same manner.

8. Marwari, Bengali- — Marwari, the language of Marwar, belongs to
the Rajisthani group of the languages, and must have been due to the inroad of
the distressed driven people of Rajputana. Bengali is used by the State servants
of Bengal population.

9. Bhutti- — Bhutti language is spoken in Ladakh and its suburbs.
This is one of the Turanian family.

10. Kashmiri- — Again is mostly spoken of in the Kashmir Valley in
those part.s where the Kashmiris abound. It is an admixture of Persian and
degenerated Sanskrit. Although it is an old language but excepting those few
productions which the efforts of the missionaries in Srinagar have produced
the language can claim no literature of its own.

11. General- — There are few other languages that require any consider-
ation. Naipaliand Gorkhi is spoken by the Gurkha soldiers among the forces of
His Highness.

1 2. Gnjrati- — Gujrati, or more accurately Guzrati, by Parsis and Parai
traders ; and English by the European community. French is also found
amongst the languages that are in existence within the territories of His
Highness.

Indo.Bobopsan Famut. Aryan svb^fawily.

TABLE X.-LANGUAGE.

Port I. — Classified totals. Subsidiary Table I,

Total.

D per
popu-

Language or dialect.

i OQ

® 8 g
0,0 .9

•s

1 s

o o 'S

fc, •-• «=

i ^

; 5

1 c

Population

2,905,578

1,542,057

1,363,521

I. — W*»TERN Group ... ...

552

4S3

119

ifl

•<

1 Periian ...

552

433

119

1*9

a«

)— »

II.—Eastsrn Group

1.951

1.395

559

3. Balochi

•003

12. Pashtoo ,,,

1,253

958

295

12. Kabuli

, . .

•003

12. Afghani

273

221

•9

Tagati

116

Yaghistani

•04

Kaghani...

297

165

132

1*02

III. — SaiNA— K howar Group

54,361

29,107

25,267

1871

31. Khowar, Arniva and Chitrari

228

118

: no

32. Shina ...

46,813

25,282

21,531

161T

34. Chilasi ...

•02

35. Brokpa ...

7,315

3,705

3,610

25-2

IY,~North-We»tern Group

998,193

533,999

461,191

3,1351

38, Kashmiri ,,, ... ,,, ...

98], 628

5,25,197

456,431

3,378-6

' Dardah ,,,

3,807

2,087

1,720

131

40. Kishtwari ... ...

12,078

6,347

5,731

41*6

Bambaghi , . , ... . , . , . ,

320

172

148

109

41. Kambani ... ... .. ...

359

195

164

1-2

48, Multani ...

•003

, Dialects North of the Salt Ranoi

193

157

50. Chhibhali ... ... «*»

86 '

•3

66. Pothwari ... ...

107 1

Dialects South of the Salt Range

1)9

65 Sindbi ... ... ...

•09

Y.— South-Western Group ...

t— 4

95. Kalfradi

...

•09

h-i

105. Marheti ...

•01

YI, — WniTBRN Group ...

1,429,218

781,831

667,387

4,9189

125. Gujrati ... ... ... ... ... *•.

13 s

•2

131. Kachchhi

18 1

•06

149. Panjabi ... ...

863,539

458,934 1

404!605

2,972

149. Gurmukhi

654

588

3’3

150. Dogri ...

436.211

233,142

203,069

1,501*3

Andhri ...

...

•003

152. PoYvadi ...

•017

157. Bikaneri...

•04

159. Dakhni ...

•03

161. Yani ... ...

...

■1

161. Marwari

266

141

125

•9

166. Gujari ...

126,849

67,784 1

59,065

436*6

167, Bathi ... ... ...

... (

•003

170. Nagaai ...

3 ;

...

•01

172, Mathori.,.

2 I

*'260

*006

178. Hindustani

1,150

890

3-9

182. Hindi ... ... ... *•«

13 1

•07

Sanskrit...

9 f

...

*03

Nagri

186. Urdu

369

... 1

•oo«

190. Bangrahi

2 '

•01

Mongomah. I Semitic. Indo-European Fauily, Aryan SuR-EAUitiT, Family.

O-i

TABLE X -LANGUAGE.

Part 1 — Olassifie<l Tolds. Sulsidinnj Table 1 — coucld.

LaCLT.'iaU-' i'll' oialecr

a.’

;;h

Tutal.

3 :

5 k,

S'
s c-

•3

Nurtherx Groui' ..

156141

S0.774 ,

75.367

53737

102. Pahdi'i ...

103, GS6 1

“3.901

49,095

33G9

193. IjLudarwdhi

21,29^

10,43 s

lO.sOO

73 3

195. Chav/biiili

•02

196. Gadi

4,020 ’

2,151

2.469

15*0

201. Padri

4,o4u

2,362

2,i7s

15’6

Pcprli

•\351

3.266

3.0S5

21-9

202. KanL'Ti

•03

204. :4andiali . .

223. . . ,.

14,743

7.S0G

'1937

507

251. Xaipali ...

'21

blorkhctli

794

670

124

2 7

IX.— Eastern Group ...

111

2TO, Bengali , . ... ... , . . . •

279. Furbi

Gipsy Dialelt> ...

2.920

1459

1461

1004

323 Ldbluini...

2.528

2.253

1,275

Dravidian family. Dravicl

392

206

186

1‘3

Himalayan Group

163.216

£^,S76

S3.340

578-94

148. Bhotia (Balii) ... ..

130,67s

65,844

i 6 4, S3 4

440'7

Bhntti

6,104

I 3,167

2;937

21*007

454. Tibetan ...

1,445

X34

Oil

Budla

29,718

, 14,

14,s30

102-3

4S2. Malhesti

. t

•024

4SS. Kanashi .. , . ..

204

136

12 s

909

f ^French

! 2

Homance ... *-• >

(. Portu^UGse,..

1 ^

...

*02

•04

Balto- ^jlavo'dc 4

> Russian

i 1

•003

(h) Slavonic ... }

(

( English

177

[■ 111

Teutonic \

C Dutch

'003

179 :

1 113

‘6

Baghdadi ..

i ^

•003

Arabic

^ is

•07

Turkish

Vnspecilied

03,415

47,728

45,6s 7

321-5

Distribution by Linguagrs op 10,000 of PoputiATiON.

■'tjioa) Bijotia

fCfj'g !

■ijjqBj

« :

>» •?

OD •:£ I

rO O 'I

0 -S

^ ii

T '

iqRtailjJ

ijiniqsBg

CO*

•riOTStAt0

*8X8|«uitg-qng pa«

CHAPTER Yll.

INFIRMITIES OF THE PEOPLE.

Our figures for insanity are not based upon professional opinion, and
they do not represent the number of persons who would be classed as such
under their proper denomination by medical men. The figures may not there-
fore be taken to bo as affording an accurate data. The word baiola used in the
question is such a vague one that none but a medical practitioner would be able
to distinguish between the varied forms and degrees of the disease as found to
be prevalent among the people.

It is impossible t(» institute any comparison whatever between the
ixsANEs. figures for the pre-

sent census and the
ones of 1891 in the
absence of any spe-
cific data in the
Census Report of
1891.

A comparison of
the figures for differ-
rent parts of the
State at any rate
exhibits that Mu-
hammadans are to a
greater extent sub-
ject to this disease,
and again the pro-
portion of males to

females is twice as much.

Amongst Hindus the proportion in this last respect stands a bit over
double their number ; while 'amongst the Sikhs naturally enough the propor-
tion is 6 to 1 . I would not pretend to guai'antee the accuracy of the figures
in evei’y detail, i^^o general instructions were given to distinguish between
different degrees of insanity ; on the other hand I have not much reasons
to question the accuracy of the figures, inasmuch as insanity offers no
ground for concealment of the fact as it is a matter more of compassion
than affecting one’s sense of shame among the relation of the persons afflicted,
and there is no reason that I can guess which would operate for the suppres-
sion of the truth in this respect. To discuss statistics for infirmities in a way
so that the same could be edifying or instructive requires special professional
knowledge, in which, I confess, I am wholly lacking. All I, therefore, can attempt
is to present the figures in a convenient form for examination. There is no doubt
that even in British India where scientific importance is not only attached to
the treatment of every subject, but where it is made practicable too, ‘ work of
“ this kind would involve no small amount of labour, but would require exact and
** very special study,” The reports which I have received from the District
Officers are almost in every case either evasively silent on the point or declare
the fact that the medical authorities of the station have been totally unable
to help them owing to the absence of any record of the kitid which would have
constituted the otdy possible means of testing the validity of our returns to
any extent. To deal with the causes to which the disease is incident becomes
more so in the ab.sence of medical authority ; lay opinions I do not attaco
much vmlue to.

DEAF-MUTE.

The figures in the tables represent the number

DEAF AND DUMB.

Name of District.

Hindcs.

Muhammadans.

Sikhs.

! 1 ct

.! -I-S
— 1 “ 1 86
38 LS; ! s

^ iBfc

Others.

Total.

1 aj

1 ^

; ^

t =0

Ccj

1 .S

! 69

' s

1 ^

.ix

r-t ii< li,

Jammu Province . . .

936

i 595

341

884

559

325

7. sj

Kaiphmir Province ..

4-9

j 1

1 40 ;

1,125

714

[

411

9 6

: J j

Frontier Districts . . .

...

311

165

[

146

p2 isj 7

Total

985

035

350 1

2,320

1,43S

S82

IG 9j

1 1

25jl9, 9

of persons who are

both deaf and dumb*
and have been so
from the date of
their birth. The
ph rase used for in-
dicating this class
of infirmity was as
clearly put down in
the instructions as
possible, leaving no
room for miscon-
struction, while to
add to it the express
directions enjoining
the enumerators not

to enter in the Schedules tho^e persons who had become deaf-dumb after birth
were given. Trustworthiness of the figures, therefore, in the margin, and the
table so far as is possible under the circumstances should not be far from
reliable. From the perusal of the figures it will appear that this disease is
more common than insanity and afflicts largei’ number of persons in all the
religions. The Muhammadans here again as in the case of insanity stand high
in the scale of afflicted ones. Hindus and Sikhs going down in proportion to
their total population. Amongst the Muhammadan afflicted poprdation, however,
the proportion of the males to females is again larger.

BLINDNESS.

Our figures include only those persons who are totally blind, and are
blind by both eyes. The native word for blind is andha and was not likely to be
misunderstood by the agency employed in enumerating the people, and therefore
there remains little room for the admixture of those who are blind of one eye only.

There is again a marked tendency amongst the Muhammadans for
blindnes.s, propotions of males being greater.

Proportions of males to females amongst the Hindus is also greater, and

BLINDNESS.

N ame of District.

Hindus. 1

ilCHAMMADAXg.

Sikhs.

Others.

Total.

Males.

Total.

Males.

Total.

' 1

.11
X 1

31 ®

! X

1 0

^ ^

Jammu Province

756

1 436

1 320

449

269

180

5 1 j 4

Kashmir Province ...

1,585

918 ;

667

g| 3

' I

Frontier Districts ...

...

_ j

190

110

2712^15

Total

815

480

1 333

2,224

1,267

937

9 : 4

32 IsjlO

LEPERS.

Name of District.

H INDUS.

Muhammadans.

Sikhs.

joTHERS

_®

Tis

Females.

£2

Total.

' m

• V

3 a; £

Jammu Province ..

' 389

2S7

102

282

193

[

1 1

Kashmir Province ...

819

564

Fiontier Districts ..

...

105 io

Total

403

302 j

103

1.179 '

797 j

382

lo|5 3

the same is the case
for Sikhs.

In collecting the
returns for lepers we
aimed at avoiding to
include those persons
who were afflicted
with the less serious
form of the disease
commonly known as
‘phulbehrt or simply
white spots on the
skin, sometimes very
small ones, some-
times extending to
larger ones. Enum-
erators were ordered
not to enter those
suffering from the
light disease, and
although there is no
certainty that in a
matter requiring such
careful and scientific
discrimination our re-
turns can be anything
but correct, there is

no reason to suppose that on the whole our figures relate onl^ to the true lep-
rosy. As natives have two distinct names for the two descriptions of the
disease, and an examination of the figures shows again a tendency of the
same type as it has hitherto been showing in all the diseases,

1 am, therefore, in the absence of medical authority to trace the various
causes and stages of the disease from a scientific point of view, inclined to think
that as Muhammadan portion of the subjects of His Highness the Maharaja Sahib
exceeds by far the Hindu population, the proportion of Muhammadans to Hindus
is consequently greater.

Subsidiary Table No. I.

Average number of afflicted per 10,000 of each eexhy Natural Dividons, in 1881 , 1891 and 1901 .

Total.

'l«PX

OC CO

CO 01

‘so|Biuaj

-M

CO C5

o ^ ^ ,

' g

sa^uj^

CS ’7*'

'T?

01 *-t

[ -c

1 "c

ISSI

* * „

1081

-H

: : ?

Lepers.

1061

« oi X

i-O

‘1S9I

-M

: :

I o

1 ^

*T69T

: : :

■I06T

^ C 'Ci

CO i-0 ^

nssT

I 1 ■

i tS

d ! 1

*1691

'T06I

!>.

fc lb

oa i

[991

1 i

■I6ST 1

lOJ

! 1061

^ X ^

- i

. K j

! 5*- '

}

« i

^ 1

"S !

^ '

'I98T

•1681

T06T

I -r fo i5

*1881

*1681

: : i

■ !

i 1

i _ 1

•I06t

‘'P P P

(d i>

N 1

Insane.

fe*

*1881

1 1 :

•1681

: : :

*T06I

f-i p Cl

— 01

tp i

'J3

’a

*1881

-T-

i : :

L._ ! !

’T69T

1 *1061

^ 00

Division or tract of
country.

Himalayas and Sub.
Himalaya West.

Jammu Province

Kashmir Province ...

frontier Districts ...

Total

SUBSIDIARY TABLE II.

64-4 40-4 104-8

Subsidiary Table V*

Distribution by ogp, of 10,000 persops for each infirmity.

Age-period

Mallsj.

Females.

Total.

Blind.

Lepers.

Total.

Blind.

Lepers.

C and under

...

8'5

1-06; 1-06

)

5-3

106

1-06

1*06

1 .

...

148

2-1

1-06

...

38‘1

3-2

21-2

126

1-06

33 9

4-2

19-04

8-4

2*1

...

80-4

14-8

39-2

233

3*2

571

6-3

40-2

5-3

6-8

...

101 6

17-9

56*1

19*05

8-5

63-4

31-7

201

3 2

Total 0 and under

...

243-4

39-1

122-7

66-7

14*8

170-4

222

96 3

40-2

11-6

5 and under

...

623-3

124-9

3111

1333

64-0

393-7

82-5

214-8

73-02

23*2

10 „

...

664-6

129-1

334*4

141-8

59-3

394-7

77-2

177 8

106*9

328

...

538-6

113-2

223*3

134*4

67-7

356-6

49-7

161-9

105*8

39*2

20 .. ..

...

493*2

97-4

201-08

125-9

68-8

298-4

593

112*2

93-1

83-9

25 „

...

560-9

105-8

225*4

138-6

91-01

298-4

35-9

117-5

99*5

45*5

30 „

•••

...

524-9

100-5

173-6

134-4

116-4

305*9

48*7

105*8

99-5

51*9

35 „

...

361-9

571

116-4

82-5

103*8

188-4

26-5

539

64-6

43*4

...

459-3

47-6

125-9

124-9

160*9

259 s'

31-7

73-02

112-2

42*3

...

257-2

26-5

66-7

83-6

80-4

100-5

6-3

26-5

44*4

23*3

...

••

391-5

39*2

96*3

133*3

122-8

252-9

29*6

66*7

118-5

38 1

55 „

...

132-3

10-6

22-2

1 66 7

32*8

88-9

11-6

16*9

45-5

148

60 „ over

...

9885

81-5

204-3

’ 505*8

196-8

651-9

476

97*4

388-4

118*5

Uiiapecified

...

Subsidiary Table VI.

Oislr ibution of Infirmities bj/ age amo^ig 10,000 of I he population ,

Subsidiary Table VII-

Proportion of females atUicted to 1.000 males at each age.

AgQ*period.

! Tutal

j pupulatiun

liisani. .

, Deaf uiuta.

' BUuci.

! Leperi.

0 and under

■ 1

1,125

; 1,000

j 1,000

! 1,200

1,000

1 428-86

1 1,000

j 800

}

3 „

3 ...

; S8-8D

1,333-3

’ 000

1 666-7

2,000

710-53

1 428-6

1 073-6

227-3

1,666*7

})

S M. ...

625

470-6

j 566-04

1,055*6

375

63i-58

661*02

' 690'5

o4/ ‘6

! 43i-4

10 „

15 ...

593-95

508-4

; 531-6

753-7

! o53-G

16 „

G62-82

430-2

725-1

787 '4

578-1

ao „

25 ^

605-13 1

tX)8-7

557*8

739-5

402-3

532-075

340

521-1 1

717-6

500

SO „

582-066

484-2

1 600*7

740-1

445-4

35 „

620-47

462-9

1 4G3-G

782-1

410

40 „

ill ^11

564-52

666-7

578

897*4

263-1

>»

300-05

240

o05‘2

531*6

289-4

60 „

643-05

756*8

602*3

809-O

310-3

55 „

»»

672

1,100

761-0

682-5

431-6

60 and over

059 o2

584*4

481*8

767*8

602-1

Unepecifiod

—

- - - -

«#»

. t .

« • *

CASTE, TRIBE AND RACE.

1. The question of caste, tribe and race has indeed proved an
enigma or rather a stumbling block to many enumerators, and a large number
of schedules were examined in which the column headed “ caste, ti’ibe or race ”
was either blank or contained clearly insufficient or erroneous entries. Occa-
sionally the Deputy Superintendent or other competent authorities of the abstrac-
tion office were enabled to fill up the blank by inference from other recorded
details.

2. The chief difficulty however lies in the case of the Hindus amongst whom
there are so many castes and sub-castes and gotras and iuter-gotras that the
party concerned himself not unfraquently confounds the one with the other.
In the case of Mohamedans, however, the work has been more satisfactory.

3. The castes and sub-castes, therefore, recorded in the following pages
of this chapter are mainly based upon the materials supplied to me by the reports
of the District Officers. I am bound to say that the reports submitted were
not quite up to mark and lacked in many points, which could not, however, be
cleared owing to the shortness of time at my disposal.

The population of .Jammu may be divided into : —

I Brahmans.

JI Kshatries.

III Vaishas.

IV Shudras.

In addition to these. Budhist and Jains may also be mentioned — Bhabras
of Jammu district representing the latter. They observe the principles and
customs of Sanatan (ancient) Hindus. There is also another class of people who
have relinquished their worldly connections and are known as Blukies (those
who live upon begging).

The following statement shows the classification of Hindu castes : —

Caste.

Sub -caste.

KEM^RKh.

r 1

Cour ... ...

Priests uf high cartes, Gaur-- are as a rule out-sidera aud

few in number.

barswat ... ... y

Mohyals.

Other Brahmans

Agriculturists -Did priests Shudrae,

a ^

d 1

eS 1

Bhats.

X 1

' ^

Dakouts

i ^

Gujraties ...

Receive impure dans.

! 8

Acharjis

or.

Mian Rajputs.

1 :

Kshatries or \

10-; ;

Uajputs or i

Sao do.

}

Khatrias. j

ui L!

Khatris.

Jlnulii, Sanatan,

Caste.

Sub-raste

*S:

ri2 ,

Baiiia^ ... .*0

Aroras

Bkatias ... ... i

15 1

Mai-r.^:aii- ... !

1C '

Kalals .. ..J

17 ,

Thakkais, j

IS ;

.Jars ...

ir* ’

K.^mboLs

20 I

Saiuis ...

21 I

Lab ana 3 ]

)

22 i
i

Chanbans

23 '

Kaiu hours

' ;

i j"

24 1

^ Tailors. j

25 ;

Goldsmiths

20 j

Carpenters

27 !

Blpcksniiths.

2S ^

Metallic utensil makers.

Jhlwars.

Kirtlis.

Painters on cloth.

Potters.

Barbers.

134

Dusalics ... ,

L35

f 1

L ^Veapon Polishers. j

|3G

J aili.

Bhabras.

r Bairdges.

Cdasis

Sanniasi-x

.Tol«-' =

•S

j Jo I! cams.

1 Sathrn-

1 Bhatias

V Bazicar ...

1 9

POOQI' ■)

) ^

i G

i Chamlrs )

1 ^

j Bawarias.

1 >

! 5

1 Sin^G,

(

.^0

Sweejjers.

^ Carry on couiiaerco.

^ Agriculiuiists.

Makers of leaves utensil>.

, ■ Kxhiiiitois 01 itais oi iictlvlty.

Cudei ::ai'-diviVio:is fjarwalr', Seryara, Botwal ami Ratal.

4. Out of tbe above-mentioned four sects, Brahmans, Rajputs, Kshatries,
Banias, Jats, Jhiwars and Barbers, only are the ancient castes and the remain-
ing came into existence in accordance with the exigencies of the time and
were designated after the occupation they took to. According to oi thodox Hindu
nations all the impure castes including the Muhammadans and Christians are
known as Hakhshas or Chandals.

5. Brahmans No. 1 to No. 5, who strictly adhere to their religious pre-
cepts may drink water drawn or touched by Kahatria and Vaisha sects, with the
exception of dyeis, Kumhars, barbers, Dusalis and weapon polishers.

6. Gour Brahmans, who are chiefly immigrants to the Stat^, have no ob-

jection in taking water from the above-mentioned Brahman.s, but shall object to
eeitl-achi rasoie, although prepared by one of the other four classes of Brahmans,
wdiile the other four classes of Br.rhraaus make no such exceptions and eat
kacJii ov without any discrimination.

7. Bhabras were originally a suspected caste, and therefore no Brahmans
used to drink water from or eat food cooked by them. But with their advance
in prosperity and test of time they have been raised in status, and these
restrictions have been removed.

8. With the exception of Bairagas and TTdasis, who are Vaishnus, no
Brahman drinks w'ater touched or food cooked by the begging sect.

Similarly water touebed or drawn and food cooked by Dakouts and
Gujratis and Acliarjis is not taken, as the former receive charity (Jahs),
while the latter two accept dans at and after death for a certain specified
period varying according to the custom of the community to which the deceas-
ed belonged.

9. First class Brahmans shown on Nos. 1 and 2 in the table given above
work as priests between themselves, as also they serve as priests to Kshatrias,
V^aishas, hut as Birdesri to the former only.

The suh-ca:^tes of Saraswat Brahmans are: — ■

Gusaia.

12.

Makotre.

' 23.

Tdissar.

Khajui’in.

' 13.

Banotir.

24.

I’erkhude,

Pandit Jamwal.

14.

Bandhotre

25.

Xohau.

Pandit Kasbmiii.

: 15.

Sadhotre.

2G.

Baid.

pandit Dehia.

1 IG.

Sadralali.

27.

SLiianctrc.

Pandit Barru.

' 17.

Badial.

2h.

B a snot re.

ilangotrc.

1 IS.

Kesar. i

20.

IMarotre.

Bad gal.

Pandit Khancric.

30!

Ahdorre

Dube,

! 20.

Pandit IJalhotH. I

31.

Jarar.

n>.

Pliade.

; 21.

BatW'tre. j

32.

Banarie.

11.

Parotri.

' 22.

Takahe, '

10. Gusains stand fir^t and ;ire said to be priests cf all the others. Khaju-
rias and Pandit Barru come next and are priest and Birdesar to the ruling family
of Jammu as also priests to other Rajpiits of Jamwal race. T'he remaining
castes stand on equal footing, and serve as priests to each other.

11. Brahmans No. 4 act as priests and as Biruesars to all the Sudra
castes enumerated in tbe statement from. No. 24 to No. -lo.

12. Mohyals have seven sub-castes (Ij Dat, (2) Bali, (4) Vaid, (4) Chib-
ber(5) Mohan, (0) Bamwal and (7) Lau. Having given up receiving dan they
took service as their chief occupation. TTiey have a liking for military service.

13. Bh;;ts No. 5 are poets, aiul they earn their bread by praising p>eople
and giving accounts of their ancestors which accounts and Instories are not always
correct, and very oiten an e.xaggerated account of the deeds of those of whose
history they recite.

14 Rathourand Chauhan in this part of the co'untry avIu) claim to Imve
descended from Rajputs were originally sport.-meii and led an unsettled life.
On their arrival in this !8tate the late TIaharaja engaged tiiem as .sport.- uen.
As they used to chase boars by the means of bav:'’i, they were distinguished
as Baicarias after the name of their oGasiug apparatus b-'jiar, and regarded as a
low and impure caste. IJaica.r is a net of rope.

15. I wonder that the Chauhaus and the Rathour?, who are held in
high esteem in Rajputana and elsew'here, have been shown so low in the scale of
social precedence hero, and, if it is a fact for which the District Officer is respon-
sible, it may only be attributable to the circumstances that they came up here and,
took to hunting service, and proved the old adage that a rolling stone gathers
no moss.

10. 'I’liakars who descended from Rajputs are, at the present day, a mix-
ture of high and low castes of uncertain origin. It is difficult to say if they still
hold the status held by Rajputs. Thakars give their daughters to inferior
Rajputs pursuing cultivation, but cannot claim to take their wives from out of
them. They are supposed to be superior to Jats.

17. Tailors, goldsmiths, blacksmiths, carpenters, metallic utensil makers
{Ththiii.is) and stone dressers are Khatris generally, and have descended from
Vaisha sect, but by adopting low occupations and professions they are reduced
to Shudras. Their caste names are the same as those of Kh'iiris and Vaishas.

18. Brahmans, Kshatrias and Vaishas as belonging to a superior caste
can claim the services of the village barber, the village bearer, the village
midwife, &c.

19. None of the low castes, such as Meghs, Dooms, Chamars, etc., is
allowed to enter the coux’t-yard of a Hindu temple, nor any Hindu would like
to come in contact with them.

20. All the members of the castes named in the foregoing paragraph live
outside the village, have their own wells and tanks to take wmter from, and have
to give warning of their approach to or keep out of the way of the high class
Hindus.

21. Amongst all the low castes, Meghs stand first; they do not touch
Dooms, Chamars, sweepers and Sansis. If they accidentally happen to do so,
they wash themselves. Their caste principles are nearly the same as those of
other Hindus. They receive cash or dry substances from the above mentioned
low castes for performing their religious ceremonies ; and draw water with their
own vessels. But instead of the Brahmans the Meghs perform the duties
connected with the religious ceremonies of the low castes, while Gurus attend
to all such rites amongst !he BhUds or beggar class.

22. The following will be found interesting as it determines the causes
for the rise and fall of certain castes or sub-castes.

23. Mahajans were previously known as Karars and considered as Shu-
dras. To prove this, it is sufficient to say that death ceremonies amongst them
correspond with those followed by many of the Shudra class. But subsequ-
ently as their habits and customs changed and their wealth improved their
social status too improved from Karar, a Shudra caste, to Mahajan (a great man),
a Vaishia caste. They do not now re-marry their widows and have also taken
to the practice of early marriages.

24, The following castes receive their wives from within their respec-
tive castes : —

(1) . Brahman Gaur.

(2) . Brahman Sarswat.

(3) . Other Brahmans.

(4) . Brahman Bhat.

(5) . Giijrati.

(G). Acharaj.

(7) . Bakout.

(8) . Kliatri.

(9) . Bania.

(10) . Arora.

(11) . Bhatin.

(12) . Mahajan.

(13) . Kala],

(U). Jat.

(15). Thakkar.

(IG). Kambo.

(17) . Sansi.

(18) . Labana.

(19) . Tailors.

(20) . Goldsmith.

'21). Blacksmith.

(22) . Carpenter.

(23) * Metallic Gtensil-makers.
(,24), Batere.

(25). Dyers.

(2G). Potters.

(27). Barbers.

(2S). Diisalis.

(29) . Bhabras.

(30) . Weapon-polisherB.

(31) . Bairagis.

(32) . Udasis.

(33) . Saniasis,

(34) . Jogis.

(35) . Jangams.

{3G). Bazigar.

(37) , Megh.

(38) . Dooms.

(39) . Chamars.

(40) . Bawaria

(41) . Sweepers,

All the above marry within their respective castes, avoiding their own
ijotriis and that of the maternal grandmother of the future bridegroom. Saniasis
do not marry, if they do so they are no more considered Saniasis.

25. Brahmans, Khatris and Aroras have innumerable sub-caafces, and each
sub*cast 0 has further sub-divisions. They draw their wives from or give their
daughters to within their sub-castes or the sub-divisions thereof. For instance,
Sarswat Brahmans have 32 sub-castes and Mohyal Brahmans 7. They give
daughters within their own castes or sub-castes, but may receive their wives
from out of lower castes or sub-castes.

2G. Similarly Khatris of Dhai Ghare,ChauGhare,Bahri,Khokrain,Buniaij
Sarin and Dharman marry within their own sect, but Dhai Ghare Khatris
receive their wives from Chau Ghare and all other Khatris and do not give
their own daughters to them.

Chauhans and Rathours intermarry, and similarly blacksmiths, car-
penters, Jhiwars and Kirths marry within their own castes.

By special precedence the Rajputs stand as follows

1 . — OTiginal Sajpitts {Solar Eace)^

(a) Jamwal.

(a) Bandxal.

(d) Hantal,

(e) Bhotial.

(/) Bhadarwah.

(h) Jasrotia.

(Lunar Bace),

(g) Kishtwarla.

(h) Katoch.

(i) Galar.

(j) Sabba.

(t) Jaswal.

(l) Suket,

I (c) Mankotia.

(w) Mandi.

(n) Kullu.

(o) Kalerie.

(p) Guleria.
{q) Sarmorie,

The above two stand almost equal to each other in superiority.

II. — jB^alf Eajptits, 2nd Class (Solar Bace).

(a) Marthas.

(Lunar Bace),

(a) Ambarai.

1 (b) Chib.

{d) Bhaoo.

j (c) Jaral.

Srd Class (Lunar Bace).

(a) Rakwal. (

(b) Sal aria.

{d) Baghal.

(e) Langeh.

(/) Bajial

1 (g) Andotra.

! {h) Jaj.

4ith Class (Litnar BaCe)*

(a) Mandal.

(b) Rasial.

(fZ) Samsal.

(e) Jaggi.

(/) Lalotre.

(g) Katal.

(h) Bhulwal.

(m) Seroch.

j (t) Hans.

O') Bajju.

(k) Balv^aL
{0 Gori.

These Rajputs are

considered first class Thakkars now-a-days.

27. Rajputs of Solar and Lunar races intermarry; while the Lunar
race, with the exception of their own caste, intermarry with other castes.
Rajputs of Solar and Lunar races receive their wives from half Rajputs of
both the races. But Jarawals do not take their wives from Manhases because
of their being descended from the same ancestor. Rokwals give their daughters
to Jamwals and Manhases only.

28. Manhas, Ambarai, Chib, Bahoo and .Jarol intermarry and give their
daughters to first class Rajpilts.

29. Rokwal, Salehria, Charak, Baghal, Langeh, Bojwal, Andotra and Jaj
intermarry and give their daughters to Rajputs of first and second classes, and
receive their wives from half Rajputs of class IV.

30. Half Rajputs of class IV who are considered as first class Thakkars,
intermarry between themselves, and receive their wives from other Thakkars, but
give their daughters to third class Rajputs only,

31 Thakkars of lower class, not coming under the category of Rajputs,
now intermarry and give their daughters to Rajputs of fourth class,_but cannot
take their wives from out of them because the customary widow-marnage among
these has degraded them. Suthras are known for their celibacy. Brahmans,
Khatris, Banias, Aroras Mahajans and Bhabras, h^e generally only one wife.
Infant marriage is a rule almost amongst all the Hindus, excepting, of course,
the Shudras and the other low castes.

32. Amongst Brahmans, Rajputs, Khatris, Banias, Aroras, Bhatias, Ma*
hajans, Kalals and Bhabras re-marriage of widows is not allowed. In all the
remaining castes of Vaishas, Sudras, beggars and low castes widow marriage
is allowed and the widows re-marry w'ithin their own respective castes. It is
not of necessity that they should marry their husband’s elder or younger
brother.

00 . No snecific ceremony or ceremonies are performed on this occasion.
Simply a few near members of the family and caste collect and cover the pair
with a coloured sheet of cloth, and this is known by the name of harewa or
chadar amlazi. No Brahmans arc employed as no cei’emouies are performed.

34. Arora, it is said, is the corruption of Rora (a stone) as previously
weights were of stone ; this caste is named after weights. But they do not show
any reverence for weights.

Sunar (goldsmith), Lohar (blacksmith), are named after s'/a (gold)
and loh (iron) with word dr (woi’ker) added to it. Similarly Batehra, a stone
dresser. Bat or Bata, a stone and elira, dressei’, &c.; etc.

Status in relation to the land .

1 17/ A

re card tu Cicnersh

3, Brahman

Charak

0. Lange! .

2. Thakkar.

Bahuo,

lib Baghtd

*3. Manhas.

■Jar.

11. Rakwal.

I. Rajputs.

Salehri

12, Other caste-

Wit-

—

1. Brahman.

Charak

ir>. Carpenter-

2. Jat.

Bahoo.

IG.

3. Kamboh.

l(b

Salehria.

17. Dooms.

1. Saiiis.

11.

Lan^eli.

IS. Cbamars

5. Thakkar,

12.

Baghah

10. Bawarias.

6. Labana,

13.

Rakwal.

Other castes

7. Manhas.

11.

Blacksmith.

To eat flesh is allowable for Chhtaries, but prohibited for Brahmans.

Similarly among Saniasis and Jogis eating of flesh and drinking of liquor
IS permitted by Shastras, while it is disallowed to Brahmans.

Sweepers are the lowest of all the castes. No caste except low and im-
pure ones wall eat fcaciii or pahld touched by them, or drink or smoke with them
As regards Mohamedans the order stands as follows ; —

Original Mussulmans are : — ■

Sayad, Quraishi, Mughal, Fathan and A wan

(a) Converts from Rajputs, are Chib, Jaral, Bahoo, Gakkhar, Durwah,

Manhas, Bhatie, Chauhan, Charak, Salaria, Katal, Khokhar and

Tbakkar,

(b) Converted \aishas are Khojas from Ai’oras, Kakezai from Kalals,

Jat, Giijar, Kamboh, Seni and Arain.

It will not be out of place to record here an account of the origin,
x’cligion, habits and customs, &c., relative to the Khojas of Jammu Province.

o5. Origill'~“Khojas are said to have been descended from the Quraish
dynasty. Their ancestors came to India from Arabia and spread over different
parts of Hindustan. It is said that like the majority of the Mohamedans of
India they are believed to be the converts from Hinduism.

XoTE. Either of the two former assertions seems ojjen to clouLt on the ground thatliow could those that
came from Arabia be taken to be converts from Hinduism. It mav, however, fairly be concluded that some ot
the Moharaedan immigrants from Arabia became so thick with the converts to Islam that the two became amal-
gamated into such a homogeneous whole that distinction between the tuo become impossible and it resulted in
the latter laying claim to their descent and advent from Arabia. ^

It is about two hundrc'd years ago that these people poured in into Jammu from Wazirabad, Gnjrat and
Kamnagar (tahsil \ azirabad) nnd to this reason may be attributed the cause of their Iiolding themselvts aloof
from contracting any alliances with the Khojas of cities other than iho ones mentioned above

Religion-**- They all belong to Sunni School of Mohamedans. Some of
them link themselves with Quadrics while others ally themselves with the ticilcsh*
handies.

They are divided into four claus ; namely, Chawla, Mahendi Ratta,
Katboria aud Badwa. Ail these four clans intermarry.

Occupation- —They are from the very beginning given to trade. jSTone
of them has ever attended to agriculture. Hide and leather are chief articles
of trade with them, Like their Hindu brethren of the same avocation they
keep their accounts {lahi Jchatas) in Hindi characters. There are, however,
few w'ho care to get themselves versed in Persian and Arabic with a view to
have an insight into their religion. Out of this limited number are selected
those who perform the duties of Imams in .Masjids and they rank equally with
Imams in other sect of Mohamedans.

Dress and Habit. — In dress they follow the generality of their Mohame-
dan brethren with this differe nee that they are more simple and less ostentatious.
The women are subjected to purdah. Unlike their sisters in the West they are
denied the advantage of education and are not a bit advanced from tlie majority
of women in India.

Their habits of speculations and frequent want of funds for purposes of
trade do not afford them the pleasure of lavishing their money in costly jewels
and ornaments for their ladies.

They do not indulge in intoxicants so far so that seme of tliem eve;!
refuse themselves the so-called simple and innocent luxury of hvl-hu.

Marriage- — Consent of the parents is essential to form a contract of
marriage valid. Wishes of the parties concerned are not sought for, being con-
sidered as something disgraceful to the elders, except in rare cases. Infant
marriage is not attended to. The consent for 7ukah is a formal ceremony ob-
served at the wedding ritual.=:. Such consent of course obtains in keeping with,
the dictates of shara. The marriages are confined to their own harodri and they
do not give their daughters to other Mohamedans, hut instances are not want-
ing to show in which these people iiave departed from tlie established custom
and married without the circle of their own laradri.

Formerly they were addicted to squander money on marriages, I)ut
this practice has been put a stop to by the passing of a resolution with the
unanimous consent of tlie members of the Khoja haradri to the effect that any
member of the caste found acting contrary to the spirit of the resolution shall
be excommunicated. Wedding parties are entertained with two feasts, one
called niiflia ddi.cat (sweet feast) and the other called nmnltn ddwat. At tiie
former guests are given rice, sugar and clarified butter and at the latter meat
and pido. The absence of dancing girls and pyrotechnic display in a wedding-
procession proclaims to the looker on the arrival of Khoja lo.rdt of the Jammu
haradri. The choice of the extent of the dowry lies with the father of the girl.
The usual amount of the money spent on marriage ranges between E.s. -50
and Rs. 200.

36. It is wonderful that a very few Sansis have been returned in the
State, and I am at a loss to find reason for this. I can say from my personal
knowledge that there are lots of Sansis in the State.

KASHMIR PROVINCE,

37. The population of Kashmir is composed of Hindus, including
Pandits, Bohras, Jinsi Sikhs and Muhammadans, with their main divi-
sions consisting of Sunnis and Shias. Those Brahmans of Kashmir who have
given up their original avocation of attending to the religious duties enjoined
hj the Shastras and the imparting and receiving of religious education and have
instead taken to service as a means of subsistence, strangely enough, are known
as the Pandits, and the other class who still stick to their old calling are
distinguished as Brahmans or Gors (priests).

38. For a lucid description of their origin and traditional history I would
refer the reader to the following extracts from the Census Report of 1891 : —

The popular tradition is that the Brahmans of Kashmir are in the direct line of
descent from Kashap. They are divided into 133 gotrdsj named after the divine sages or
ascetics by whom their clans are represented, though, as a matter of fact, the original
Pathdev. gotras did not exceed 6, as noted in the margin, the

Upmani. remaining 1 27 gotras being due to inter-marriages or

inter-mixture with other Brahmans. Some authorities
give the principal divisions as only three, viz. : — Bhatt, Pandit and E a/dan from which are
derived the distinctive appellations of Koul, Sopuri Pandit, and Kaina. The Koul Gotra
is Dattatrye, the Sopuri Pandit, Pathdev Vasgargey, and the Eazdan (Eaina) (1) Kanth
Dhumayon, and (2) Saman Mudhgale. From these three families gradually as each took
to a distinct and particular trade or occupation or by adoption and inter-marriage, farther
gotras came into existence and new castes were formed. According to another authority,
the parent stock is represented by three brothers, Kayitachari, Mammatachari, and Ubbata-
chari. History further records that between the year 1435 and 1442 A. D., conse-
quent on the slaughter by the Muhammadan conqueror of all but eleven families of
Kasbmiri Pandits, excepting those who managed to escape from the country, those left
behind assumed the tribal distinction of Malmas, while those who subsequently returned
from the flight were called Banamasis. These two surnames, however, have reference to the
astrological calendar observed by tbe two races, Malmas meaning the lunar and Banamas
the solar months of the year, and it is difficult under the circumstances to regard these as
race distinctions, unless the new settlers into the valley after the wholesale slaughter of
1435 A. D., observed the solar month as contra-distinguished from the aborigines whose cal-
culations were based on the phases of the moon. This account may be taken for what it
is worth, but there could be no doubt that the above distinctions did not interfere with
inter-marriage or social position, till the reign of Sultan Zain-ul-Abdin, when the with-
drawal of the interdiction against employment of Hindus in the State, encouraged the study
of Persian, and enabled the Brahmans to aspire to high offices in the administration. It
was then that they divided off into two parties known as Kaykun and Bachahatj the former
forming the laity and the latter the priesthood. To enable this arrangement to be carried
out, as all were equally Brahmans of the same status, the Karhuns made their daughters*
sons their Bachahats. Later on, such of the Karhuns as relinquished the study of Persian
and took to Sanskrit literature, began to be called Pandits,** but were not, for that
particular reason, estranged from their fraternity. Among the Karhuns there is a class
known as Bhattaraks who are said to be descended from royal blood, and the Eazdaniks from
the nobility.**

The Karhuns strictly refrain from dan (receiving charity), and do not, as a rule
take a wife from the Bachabats ; in all other respects, irrespective of gotra, clan caste or
sub-division, they observe the same customs, religious rites, and are otherwise on perfect
equality with one another. If any of them commit himself, or take up a lowering occupa-
tion, he is called ddgi (or stained), but does not forfeit any of his caste privileges. Trade
and agriculture are looked upon as low, but this idea is gradually losing ground. All
Kashmiri Brahmans conduct their funeral and religious ceremonies accordino- to the Nil-
mat Puran and according to the Vedas of Langak Kishi. The Kashmiri Pandfts are mostly
Shaktikas or Tantrihas, their favorite goddesses being the JTTifr Bhawdni and Jaimlamuhhi
but they are also known as Shaivas and Vaishnavs. They unscrupulously eat food cooked
in a boat rowed by Muhammadan boatmen, employ Muhammadans as water bearers and
invariably wear a white turban on their heads,** ^ ^

OTHER KASHillR CASTES.

Bohras.— This is a caste of Hindus not being Brahmans, descended from the Chatri
stock, whose principal business is trade and shop-keeping. Having adopted the rites and
ceremonies of the Brahmans, they are excluded from relationship with the Punjabi Khatris
and therefore inter-marry among themselves. It is not known when they originally settled
in Kashmir, but from their customs and habits, it appears probable that they came into
the country prior to the advent of the Muhammadans, There is evidence to show that in
times gone by they were freely admitted to caste among Pandits, as for instance, the

Dattatrye.

Bhardwaj.

3Iudhgale.

reputable family of Cliautlhri Mohesb, the builder of the nine masonry bridges in the
Srinagar Dal and of the dry causeway across it nearly four miles in length, on which these
bridges are situated. But with this notable exception, the Bohras do not appear to have
been admitted to fellow-casteship in any manner with the Pandits. The Bohra woman,
unlike the Pandits, does not wear a waist-girdle, while also unlike her, she does- wear a
nose-ring. In all other respects, the habiliments of the Bohras of both sexes are undistin-
giiishable from those of the ordinary Pandit. In general disposition they are closely
a.^similated with the Dogro. and Bahai castes. The local Puraheahs are an off-shoot of
this caste, whose general occupation is personal service.”

“ Jinsi Sihhs . — The Jinsi Sikhs are Punjabi Brahmans. During the year.s 1751 to
17132 A. D., in the reign of the Emperor Ahmed Shah Durrani, Eaja Sukhjman, Subah
of the Emperor, brought the Jinsi Sikhs from Potow/ir and the adjoining hills to assist
him in asserting his independence against his master. As these mercenaries tvere paid in
kind, and had, in the time of the Maharaja Eanjit Singh, embraced Sikhism, they beo-an
to be called Jinsi Sikhs, or Sikhs in receipt of rations. The Jinsi Sikh is mostly found
in the following portions of Kashmir territory, viz., Parganahs Tral, Hamal, Kirohan,
Biroh and Eanbirsinghpora. They live by agriculture and personal service.”

“ Muhammadans . — Up to 1340 A. D. there was not a single Muhammadan in
Ka.'hinir. In 1341 Bulbul Shah, a Muhammadan ascetic of renown, came here from Turkis-
tan via Ladakh, and took up his habitation in a spot just below the Ali Kaclal (fifth
bridge of city Srinagar), where bis mausoleum is held in great veneration. In those days
Eeiiichan Shah, a Thibetan and Budhist whose original name wa.s Eatanjbu, had been
bani-hed from his country while yet a youth, and sought the protection of Eaja Udiandev
king of Kashmir, Avho gave him an asylum, and assigned him a jugir to live in Par»anah
Lai. Meanwhile an expedition headed by Zukdar Khan marched into Kashmir'’ and
Udiandev escaped the general slaughter which fo'dowed, by relinquishing his kin^^dom
Eeinchan Shah, who remained behind, forcibly mairied his ifani (knoivn as tlie Kut'’Edni)
and took possession of the kingdom.” ^

“ Having Veen expelled from the fatherland in tender years, Eeinchan Shah wts
nacuraily ignorant of the doctrine and ritual of his original fa'ith ; he offered to become "a
Hindu, but on his application being rejected by the Bralunans, Bulbul Shall prcv.ailed on
him to embrace Muhammadanism. It was in this manner that the Muhammadan faitli first
found its converts and adherents in Kashmir, who, under the auspices of a line of "Muham-
madan kings in general, and Sikandar (idol-destroyer) in particular, increased so l^tcaddv
that the country may now be said to be almost IMuhammadan, the resuscitation of the

Hindu community dating only from the days of Zain-ul-Abdiu. The proselytes to Islatn-
ism in Kashmir tvere mostly from the original Hindu population, strano-ers and foreigners
beiugbutfew, and this is the more patent from the fact that the present Miili'amnmdan
population is divided and sub-divided in accordance with the distinctions observable ainono-
their fellow countrymen, though the lapse of years has slightly moditied particular caste
derivatiens, so as to make them unrecognizable by the ligdit of previous custom " It has
come to be recognised as a sort of analogy, that as the trade, occupation, or hahitat of the
person, .^o the peculiar affix to his name, as for instance, AP.-hhar, the khnr referrim^ to
the reenpation of blacksmith, Sobhan chan, or carpenter, then a<^ain Eamzau
from 7vc ’.’par, the name of the ancestral home, &c., Ac.” ”

I course it must be expected that a ceitaiii proportion of tlic resident Miiliam
madan pc-pulation comprise families whose progenitors or coiumuu ancestor- hail beeii
foreigner^, and although, as already observed, these are remarkably few, it is siu-ndje..
that they are up to the present ei’on kuotvii as hahar se ac hue or fore'ionem ” ' ’

The Sheikhs who are the convert class of Kashmir Muhammadans mn diTtMio- ■ i i
tiie Sayad, Moghul or Puthun, are th'> followini^ ca^teS;, r/r.

(1) tlie desceiidauts fakirs (holy niuiulicauts) and other-

worth ' r snuctity, quite irrespective of their descent/^

(2' BdhirJdfl'^, or descendants of the Khalifas ,.f Maklidiiiu Sahil), wIk
is considered the nlu^t sacred in the countrv.’^ ^

of religious

-sh

nne

and ot tl

* yJi Tains, the oi i^inal Muhammadans of Srinagar City, considered aKo the nu
:lie best descent. These are sub-divided into castes as follows * ^

rest

(1) Kaiitli, (2) Giindra, (o) Bachh, (41 Bandi, (o) Giincli, ,ij) Gani i7) Dsr
(8) Paksliival, (9) Vakd, (10) Ashai, ll)8hal, (12) Kunru, (13] Hhlu’
(14) Diwani/'" " >

a le^^er status among Muliammadans of Ka
anibroiilerers and the zamindars of the country, and it
froi

and MaaJ

mir are the "hawl- weavers and

... , , , ^i5t be remerabered that those

rnoncr^ them who know Arabic are, in addition to their names, .^tvled Mnllun Vdit

I'l.

39. The Kashmiri Pandit may be divided into the following classes : the
priest class who perform the religious rites and ceremonies of the Hindus;
the Jotshi class who are versed in mythology and astrology with its minor
branches ; and draw up calenders, cast horoscope and profess to prophecy future
events. Excepting only of course the KarLuu, which lias been mentioned above,
Tiku Rdzdiin, Tak, Munshi, Mathu, Kachru, Pandit Sipru Bhan, Zitshu, Raina,
"Wangmo, Maju, Kokhu and Dilu as mentioned by Mr. Lawrence in his “Valley
of Kashmir ” may be said to be the chief l-arms or tribes of the Pandits. Of
these the Dar family have enjoyed much influence, but it may be generally
remarked that social position is determined by the nature of the occupation
followed rather than by family /l jrui ; and those who are employed in State
service hold their heads high above those who are engaged in trade and culti-
vation. The Pandits of Kashmir, unlike their brethren of the sister Province
of Jammu and the Punjab, are not so punctilious in matters of chhut (defile-
ment or pollution by touch), and will use water fetched by Muhammadans. In
times gone by a good part of the services in connection with marriage cere-
monies, such as the carriage and delivery of cooked eatables and sweetmeats,
&c., prepared for distribution amongst the members of the caste aud relatives
on the occasion of the ceremonial rites, specially known as bhaii was perform-
ed by the Musalmans, and this practice thougli on the wane owing to numerous
causes, the principal being the disfavour with which it is regarded by the Hindu
ruler of ihe country, still holds its ground. The performance of the discharge
of religious rites and the duties of priesthood depend on practice rather than
on social precedence, and the priestly class is divided into two sections, one
being called parohits aud the other known as Gums, the latter hold in point of
social status, a second place in comparision to the parohits. In Kashmir also
these classes are hereditary just as is the case with this class of the priest-
hood all over India. As a rule, Kashmiri Brahmans partake of animal food,
but those nevertheless who abstain from indulgence in such food, command
veneration and respect for the sacrifice. The use of poultry, garlic and onion
is abhorred by a good Pandit, and the penalty is excommunication for those
found guilty of their use.

40. Watils akin to the mochi class is the only impure caste amongst the
Hindus and Muhammadans of Kashmir ; they are neither allowed to enter the
precincts of the temple amongst the village community nor they are permitted
to live amongst the village community. Their residence is distinguishable by
the secluded huts at the extreme outskirts of the village.

41. The Muhammadan tribes may again be divided into : —

(1) Sayaih, who are of all the Muhammadans the most respected

owing to their descent from the prophet. These are sub-divided
into those (a) who practise pirimM/’iJt', the vocation of spiritual
tuition to disciples; and (b) who have taken to agriculture.
The titular nomenclature of the Sayad is Mir, and curiously
enough the epithet Mir changes its significance just as it is used
either as an aflSx or prefix to the name of Sayad. A Sayad’s
position as a priest or a layman is discerned according as the
word Mir stands before or after its name, respectively.

(2) Mughals. — They came to Kashmir in the early part of Musalman

reign, but they have now practically lost all trace of their
nationality and intermarry promiscuously with other Kashmiri
Musalmacis.

(3) Paihdns. — They are more numerous than the Mughals, and inhabit

chiefly Uttar Machipura Tahsil of the Kashmir Province.

(4) Hheikhs. — 'I'his is a very numerous class and represents the descen-

dants of the original Hindus who were converted to Islam
by Musalman conquerors or by propounders of Islam, like
Sikandar, the iconoclast, or Shah Hamdan, the saint. Their
Icarm or tribe name usually resembles those of the Hindus, but
they appear to have lost all traces of the old customs which
they inherited from their Hindu ancestors. The fact that
there is a tendency amongst them to abandon their old family
harm and assume any imposing titles makes an attempt at the
classification of Sheikha according to social precedence a very

difficult task. Mr. Lawrence may happily be quoted in this
connection “ There is nothing to prevent Abdulla, the Doom,
“ calling himself A bdnlla Pandit, if he choose. At first the
“people would laugh, bat after a time if Abdulla Pandit pros-

“ pered his descendants would exhibit a lengthy pedigree-table
“ tracing their family back to one of the petty Eaja,s, lord of
“ three villages and possessor of a fort; the ruins of which still
“ stand in Abdulla Pandit’s village.” The chief among those,
however, are Pirzadas, the highly respected class. The Babas,
a class of religious mendicants, the Rishis, Sajjada nashias or
servitors at Muhammadan shrines and the Mullahs. Among
the inferior tribes may be mentioned the Dooms, Galawans,
Cbankans, Haujies, Bhands and Watils.

FRONTIER DISTRICTS.

42. The inhabitants of the Frontier Districts, particularly those of
Gilgit and Astore Tahsils, can be divided into the following thr«e chief classes in
regard to their racial origin : —

(а) Arab race,

(б) Aryan race,

now indiscrimnately designated as Shinoke tribe.

The Arab race is again divided into the two following classes : —

(1) Eanoo.

(2) Sheen.

43. The Aryan race is chiefly traceable in Yashkan or Basbkan caste. The
Dooms and other low castes are the remnants of the aborigines. It is stated that

tl.e Sheens are the descendants of Abu Jahal. His cousin, Zalroom, had four sons
who having been defeated by Ali, fled to Herat through Persia and Seistan. From
there one of them went towards Bashgal, and his descendants now inhabit
KaBristao. The second brother took up his abode in Swat and Bajaur, and the
third came up the Indus Valley, and the Sheens of this district are stated to be
his descendants. The Ranoo caste claim for themselves descent from Muhammad
Haneefa, the younger son of Ali. They are stated to have come to Badakhshan
in the seventh century of the Christian era, the period when that ildka was
conquered by the Arabs. From Badakhshan they are stated to have moved
forward to Chitral, Yasin and district Baltistan. In Baltistan the principal
castes are four ; —

(1) Raja. I (3) Sayad.

(2) Balti. I (4) Brukpa.

44. Within the above general divisions, individuals of families are distin-
guished by the name of an ancestor with the addition of “ pa ” which means

“of” in the Balti dialect, or by the name of the place from which the family has
immigrated. The principal of these sub-castes aim the following: —

(1) Adoalpa. (4) Om. (7) Nakhchoas.

(2) Kodpa. (5) Doom. (8) Olpa.

(3) Akhounpa. (6) Gashopa (9) Chhoraspa.

LADAKH AND EASTERN PART OF K ARGIL.

45. The prevailing population of Ladakh and the eastern part of Kargi
are Budhists. They areof Turanian stock. They can be divided into the follow-
ing castes and sub-castes : —

Castes, Suh-Castes.

(1) Gyapo (the caste of Rajas) ... Nil'

(2) Jeerak (the caste of officials) (1) Kaloun, (2) Luupo, (3) Kharpoon,

(4) Oonpo, (5) Largi.

(3) Mungii’k (the caste of caltivators) (I) Takhchus, (2) Solpoon, (3) Nangsoo^

(4) Tonspoon, (5) Tughche, (6^ Naghtuk,
(7) Dugpa, (8) Lama, (9) Shinkhin,

( 1 0) Sairgar, (11) Lamkh an .

(4) Reengan (the menial caste) ... (1) Baida, (2) Moon, (3) Garva.

46. It may be noted that in the Frontier Districts almost everybody per-
forms for himself the requirements that may be necessary for his daily life, and
consequently there are few distinct occupations worth the name.

A short note as to occupation of each caste or sub-caste is added.

(1) Kharpoon caste is now almost extinct.

(2) Oonpo are mostly astrologers by occupation.

(3) Largi are mostly physicians.

(4) Mangirk are largely cultivators. They also follow other occupa-

tions such as that of a blacksmith, tailor, &c.

(•5) The Moon usually play upon the native drums, Ac.

(6) Baida are mostly beggars.

The castes observe no social distinction in the use of particular diets.
They are, however, careful to marry within their own caste as far as possible.
The Budhists have no aversions against Muhammadans whom they give their
daughters in marriage and food cooked by whom they can eat.

2. In addition to these there are some Sayads also in Gilgit and Bal-
tistan. Though insignificant in numbers yet they are held in the highest of
esteem by all classes in the country. In the districts of Gilgit and Baltistan
some Kashmiris are also to be found. They are known by the name of Kashers,
which in Kashmiri language mean Kashmiri. They seem to have migrated to the
country during the time of Ahmed Shah Abdali much about the year 1760 A. D.

3. Sheikhs, i.e,, new converts from the Budh religion.

4. Arghons, the half caste Muhammadans. They are the offspring of
intermarriages between Budhists and Muhammadans,

47. The different parts of the Frontier Districts are inhabited by the fol-
lowing tribes : —

(1) . Bhuttas or ShinoJd tribes found in Gilgit.

(2) . Balties in BBtistan,

(3) . Budhists in Ladakh Tahsil, Zanskar tract and eastern part of the

Kargil Tahsil.

(4) . Brukpas inhabit a part of lie Ladakh and Kargil Tahsils.

(5) . Gujars, a nomadic tribe, are found on the mountains and the plairs

alike, in fact wherever pasture exists.

Of these the Bhuttas or the Shinoki tribe of the Gilgit District may
be sub-divided into the following four distinct classes — Eanoo, Sheen, Yashkan
and Doom. The first of these is a tribe of the highest distinction and in point
of precedence holds a position next only to the ruling families of the country.
Net only their features and statures but their manners and habits are also
quite different from all other inhabitants of the country. In the order of social
scale the Sheens come next after them. Although Yashkans grow in numbers
yet they in significance do not occupy very high position. It is insinuated that
Aryan blood runs in their veins, but there is no authority in support of the
allegation, and as these people have been found in these parts from times im-
memorial, any attempt at finding a clue to their origin becomes fruitless.

48. Dooms stand lowest in the scale, and according to one tradition
they are declared to be the relics of the aborigines, while according to another
they are described to be the camp followers of the Sheens who settled down here
after the conquest of the country.

49. Balties are found in Bciltistan and are of Turanian descent closely re-
lated to Ladkahis and Tibetans ; with their conversion their physical appearance
has also undergone a change and the nose is much less compressed than among
the Ladakhis. Their hard lives and scanty fare tell upon their physique, as they
are usually shallow', thin and care-worn. Their women, as a rule, are extremely
ugly looking. They are simple in their habits— straightforward and honest,
though they are now becoming more used to the ways of this world. Th»y are

greedy and lacking in generosity. Polygamy is allowed, but fe^y Baltics keep more
than one wife owing to poverty. Marriages for a limited period known as mnta,
i.e., marriage of the nature of a convenience aie common amongst them, and not
considered immoral. Divorce is easy, find except among the Rajas, involves no
disgrace at all. Early marriage also prevails. In their religious tenets they are
followers of the Shia persuasion, or :ire Xilr Bakhshies, a dissenting sect of Shias.
The two are not on good terms with one another, but the gulf between them
is not so wide as amongst the Shias and the Sunnis. They live upon grain
or dried fruits prepared in various ways. Chouium or poL is their chief sport.

•jO, Th.e Brukhpasare said to have been introduced in the districts by the
old chiefs of Skardu subsequent to their conquest of Chin al, and are inferior to
pure Baltics who never inter-marry with them. Physically they are a finer race
than the Balti, and generally uiore noisy and turbulent but useful withal,

DRESS.

51. Gilgit and Astoif . — The men tvear a long •dioga with a cap upon their
head which is mostly of paiti. The cap is in the form of a sack folded at the
ends; they not unoften make use of the cap as their pocket. The women wear
a long shirt and in some parts trousers also. Their head-dress alone is a cap, but
different in shape to that worn by a man. The pard'i system is almost un-
known in the whole of the Frontier Districts. The whole popu’ation of these
districts is filthj' in their habits and set little store by, very much like their
Kashmiri brethren,

52. Bdltistdii — The head-dress of the people of Baiiistau is different to
that of the people of Gilgit and A store, inasmuch as it has no fold at the brim.

53. Ladakh . — The costume of the Budhist is very different to that of
the inhabitants of the other parts of the Frontier Districts; usually they fasten
band round their waist above their choga. Their cap covers the hinder part
of their heads and their ears, and no doubt is useful in the intensely cold
climate of Ladakh.

The hair on the head are plaited just like those of women in the Punjab,
and they have a long plaited tuft of hair hanging behind. The women
wear a sort of protector made of black avooI over their ears Avhich is by them
intended to add to their beauty, but strictly speaking protects them from cold.
The women enjoy full freedom.

The chhang beer is almost universally used by the Budhists for general
consumption and" in the oblations to their deities. It is also used in all religious
ceremonies and feasts.

MARRIAGE.

54. Infant iiiarri — The practice of early marriage is more common
amongst the Hindus, The Muhammadans liave also now taken to it, but it is not so
predominant and is only to be met with amongst the well-to-do families. It is
generally prevalent amongst the Hindu tribes of the country, i.e., Kashmiri Pandits.
They deem it as one of the most important duties of their life to marry their chil-
dren as early as possible, and infant marriage is considered by them not only as a
proper discharge of a religious duty but is also regarded a credit on the

family where it is preserved. The natural outcome of this is a feeble offspring in-
capable of any hard work or labour unlike their confrere Muhammadans who are
strong and well built.

•55. ]Vidott rnariiogp . — "Widow marriage amongst the Hindus as a matter
of religion is strictly prohibited while no such restriction according to the
Muhammadan law attaches to it. A widow amongst the Muhammadans can
please herself by contracting as many marriages as she likes. Although not
religiously forbidden the Muhammadans of the Srinagar city look upon re-
marriage with disfavour, and in this they seem to take after their Hindu bre-
thren. Widow marriage is, however, common enough amongst the Sikhs.

56, Rifpergami/, — This form of marriage is not known in the province of
Kashmir. The majority cf the people are of the poorer classes and have simple
notions about this in general, and this description of marriage indulged in more
or less by the aristocracy hardly suits their wants.

57. Young Muhammadans are more religious than their confrere-^ of
Jammu Province.

The method and the manner of their worship is characterised by a style
which impresses the beholder with the deep sense of piety, in fact amongst
wags the prorerb has it that a Kashmiri ( Aluhamraadau) will soften even God
Almighty by bowing and scraping before him,

POLYANDRY IN LADAKH.

68. Polyandry prevails in two forms, one where several brothers have
one wife only ; the other where two men conjointly possess one woman for a wife.

One of these two men is the real or first husband and he associates another
with himself as a co-partner for his wife, particularly if he has no man to assist
him in his husbandry. The assistant husband is locally called Farsnkh. In
the former case only brothers may take a joint wife, cousins being admissible.
In the latter case the husbands are never brothers. It is reported that of a
family of brothers the custom is for the two elder (sometimes even three)
brothers to .share a wife.

59 Younger brothers if any become either Lamas or(Mukhpa), i.e.,
Khan a-fJa mad. A man may not marry in his own household.

60. The explanation given by the Ladakhis of the cause of polyandry
is that owing to paucity of land its division is undesirable in the extreme, and
therefore it is open to an individual who has none to help him in his daily
avocations and cannot afford to engage a servant to join another with
himself in all things, wife included, Generally, the wife spends night with the
eldest of the husband’s brothers when at home, although there are exceptions
also to this rule. It is said that m Ladakh there is no device practised in order
to secure privacy as mentioned by Strabo in .Arabia, but the leaving of sticks,
shoes, &c , at the door would imply the presence of such a thing in parts of
Ladakh.

61. Each house in Ladakh is readily distinguished from' the typical
family name which it is customary to bear, and which is derived from some
common ancestor. As a general rule, the children take the father’s house -name

01 - that of tbe first husband, in case he is an assistant husband. Children take
to the niotlier s family name, where the husband is a i'iiuhhp<i or hhcina-darndd,
which means wife’s servant.

02. ISo brother can take a separate wife while dwelling with his brothers.
He can, however, do so if he becomes uiuJchpa, that is, goes to live with his wife
in her father’s house, in this case he can claim no share in the common wife or
the family property, although he may sometimes continue to liv’e in his own
house with the consent of his brothers. To quote an actual instance of this,
a gentleman named Sanam Piljori has got four sons, one of whom is at Sabao,
the second at Chanspa, the third at Leh, these have gone over to dwell with the
family of their wives ; while the fourth son enjoys proprietary rights of the
family property, &c.

<5o. The family property goes to the eldest son living with the family,
and the property pa.sses to him either at his father’s death or at his marriage. He
is, however, held responsible for the maintenance of his other fathers, and for the
dowry of his sisters. In the absence of the male issue the eldest daughter
under similar circumstances takes his place and inherits the family property,
and as the head of the family is held liable by the Government of the country
for the dues, &c., of the State. The surplus female population appears to be
disposed of in the following manner : —

{a) Ladakhi may take a second wife or even a third wife (locally
called chang-changs or joint wives), if his first and second
wives are childless, or they are incapable of attending to the
family duties. But few can afford this.

{b) In Leh many Budhist women become Huhammadaus and con-
tract marriage with the half caste Muhammadans of the country
or with Musalman traders or even with sepoys, &c.

(i) A certain number take to religious service as choinco or truns.

(cl) Heiresses select their own husbands.

(e) The rest live on labour and in certain cases by contracting illegal
friendship.

t34. There are no instances known of a group of brothers marrying
jointly or severally a group of sisters.

do. The wife of a polyandrlc houseliold can introduce or consent to the
introduction of her own younger sister as joint wife or chang-chang.

Od. The eldest brother or the first husband is always considered the
father and addressed by the children as such. Younger brothers or j'lr^nkh
are or is addressed as tittle fathers or father. Custom here agrees with Strabo’s
account of Arabs in this particular. Natives are of opinion that it would uot
be an insult to ask a man about his father’s name, but it is seldom done, as the
eldest brother is invariably held to be the father of all the children unless his
lonf^ and uninterrupted absence from the family or some other cause of a
simTlar nature renders the possibility of his paternity quite questionable. But
even in such a case there is nothing debarring him from the title.

d7. The people have a favourable feeling towards child bearing. Parents
of the bridegroom or a bride first look out for a bride or mukhpa, i.e. klidna-
damdd, and when these people succeed in finding a matcli betrothal takes place.
The relatives of the bride or the bridegroom as the case may be sometimes after
a month or two, sometimes even after a year, assemble to initiate the marriage
ceremonies. Towards the close of the day the Xayopa (literally buying men)
who are gorgeously dressed cap-i-pie set out headed by the bridegroom for the
bride’s house and beg entrance.

They are not allowed to enter and beaten back with sticks, unless they
successfully pass the ordeal of answering a certain set of questions to the entire

satisfaction of the bride’s friends. When they are admitted into the house
they are permitted to state the object of their visit. A paltry sum of money
may sometimes affect the entrance. All this answering and questioning is
done by means of songs. A few rupees may assist in opening the door. The
gate is generally guarded by two Lamas or more, reciting some words and
whirling round the head of the bridegroom an earthen pot with something in
it. This is broken to pieces by knocking against a stone upon which they
first write something with a piece of charcoal. The party then sit.s down for
a feast while music and dancing are going on. The bride and the bridegroom
are seated on a carpet together where they dine. On the following day a Lama
appears, and reads out some portions from the Budhist scripture. After this
the bride and the bridegroom accompanied by their friends ride to the house of
the bridegroom where mere feasting and dancing is indulged in, and the number
of Lamas now inci’eases. This is continued for several days. lu most cases
the marriage ceremonies are performed openly, but some poor people who can-
not afford to bear marriage expenses at the time perform the religious part of the
ceremonies forthwith, reserving the dinner and shows, &c., for some more con-
venient time. When the bridegroom enquires for his bride he is told she cannot
be found, w'hen at last produced she is brought to him weeping. This and
the beating of the bridegroom’s friends with sticks evidently point to what was
formerly known marriage by capture, while the name of Nyapo “ buying men ”
applied to the bridegroom’s friends points to the former practice of purchase of
the bride. But it is said that purchase is now no longer affected, although a
rich bridegroom may even now give to the father of the poor bride a sum of
money which is eventually returned in the shape of a dowry.

MARRIAGE CEREMONIES IN GILGIT.

For the follo’sving description of the matrimonial rites in Gilgit I am in-
debted to the Assistant Political Agent at Gilgit, Captain A. D. Macpherson.

68. When a boy reaches 16 or 17 years of age his parents consider it time
he should marry and accordingly set about to find a wife for him. As soon as
they know of a likely girl, they invite the headmen of their own village to a feast
and request them to ask the father of the girl to give his daughter in marriage.

The headmen carry this message to the father of the giid, who entertains
them for one or two days in his house. In the meantime the father of the girl
invites all his relatives and the headmen of his own village, and consults them in
the matter. If they approve of the marriage a prayer is read by both the
parties as sealing the promise. The boy's father now presents the following
things to the girl’s father as a token of their new relation.ship : —

Cloth

5 Yards.

Needle

Knife

Eope

A period is also fixed for celebrating the marriage and the party returns. A bout
a fortnight before the appointed time the father or guardian of the boy starts for
the girl’s village with three tiiloos of gold (Tulon = 8 masJias) which he gives
to her father, and further details as to the number of individuals to join the pro-
cession as well as the exact date of the same are now also fixed. Returning home
he makes all necessary arrangements and also sends four seers of ghi, called
“ tao ai ghi" {ghi of the pan) for the “ tao ” (pan) ceremony, which cannot be per-
formed until the ghi is received. If there is any delay in sending it he has to
pay one tuloo of gold as a fine for being late.

69. The “ tao” ceremony is performed before a number of village people
at 8 p. M. on the night before the marriage. A large iron is placed in the
middle of the assembly and a man of the Katchati or Babusi family comes for-
ward with some ghi, atta, and seeds of wild rue or leaves of chili which he
places in the pan and then lights a small fire beneath it ; as soon as the contents
begin to smoke he bolds the pan by its brim and lifting it up with his hands
above his head commences to dance to the accompaniment of the band while the
people applaud and sing this song.

(1) Tavg tao Baju Gul yao.

Tang tao jet 'tanyu na diayam.

'Tang tao ahi Tunanam.

(2) Tang tao Gilgit Mahka.

Tang tao jet Tanyg, na diagavi.

Tang tao aki Tunanam.

(3) Tang tao liajat ai yashki, ^c.

(4) Tang tao Romat ai yashh,

(5) Tang tao Kashir Shah mira,

(6) Tang tao polo magpnna,

(7) Tang tao beers niaghlota, ^c,

(8) Tang tao Uzir Khana Ba,

(9) Tang tao Suchyo Girhisa,

(10) Tang tao Maryo Mochtya, ^c.

(11) Tang tao Sulo But ajih.

Translation.

(1) The pan belongs to Bairgul.

I will never let any one place this pan on the earth.

I will place it there myself.

(2) The pan belongs to Malik, the chief of Gilgit.

I will never let any other place the pan on the earth.

I will place it there myself.

(3) The pan is worthy of belonging to kings, &c.

(4) The pan is worth being kept by a family, &c.

(6) The pan belongs to Shah Mir, the chief of Kashmir, &o.

(6) The pan belongs to Magpun, the chief of Skardu, &c.

(7) The pan belongs to Maghlot^ the chief of Nagar, &c.

(8) The pan belongs to Khana, the Ra of Yasin, Ac.

(9) The pan belongs to righteous Girkis, the ruler of Hunza, &c.

(10) The pan belongs to Maryo, the son of IMachat (a celebrated person
of the Rano family, &c,)

(11) The pan is placed on Nalls But, &c.

At the same time the women recite the following songs; —

(1) Thaki icazhara Bair Gul yao.

Thaki wazhain jet minyaiki Nadiayam,

Thaki wazham aki inenam.

(2) Thaki wazham Gilgit mcdika.

Thaki wazham jet Minyaiki Nadiayan,

Thaki wazham aki mena<n,

(3) — (11) Bo. do. do.

Translation,

(1) A large coral grain belongs to Bair Gul,

1 will never let another string this on a thread.

I will string it myself.

(2) A large coral grain belongs to Malik, the chief of Gilgit,

I will never let another string this.

I will string it myself.

(3 — 11) Continues on the lines of the above song till it ends.

The Katchota then places the pan on the hearth but only for a moment
and lifting it up again he commence.? to dance and sing in the above manner.
Once more he repeats this performance and thus ends the “Cuban ” ceremony.
He then brings out a maiden from the crowd and makes her cook some small
cakes on the pan ; when four or 6ve cakes are ready she hands over her task
to other women who readily take it up. Leaving the women to cook a dinner
for them the men go to another room where they make merry by dancing and
singing throughout the night, which is known as the “ Tao ai Rat, ” the night of
the pan. If the procession has to go to a village at some distance, the bride-
groom bathes at dawn and then putting on their neatest and cleanest clothes,
the retinue starts singing the following song recited by the bridegroom : —

“ Aroo rake arga Stomaidodai.

“ Ajih at Salani ik theam.”

Translation.

I will go into my home and will salam my dearest mother whose milk I
have sucked.

Hereupon he proceeds to his home to salute his mother, and on his
return the party recites the following puera. : —

(1) Aguoroo bni la oinnroo But.

(2) Ashfo Hhooiz ik ahi aiiooioo hai la agooroo But.

(3) Suh but Sonai tulsi agooroo bai la agooroo But,

Translation.

(1) Grow hea\y 0 stone ! grow heavy.

(2) A blessed day has come to-day.

Grow heavy 0 IStone ! grow heavy.

(3) This stone will be weighed with gold
Grow heavy 0 stone ! grow heavy.

Towards the evening when the party reaches their destination they make
known their arrival by a merry shout which is responded to by the opposite
party. Both parties then enter the bride’s house and commence to compete
with each other in reciting songs and boasting of the noble and heroic deeds
of their ancestors and their chiefs. Then after partaking of food they ojm-
menee dancing, which they keep up till late in the night. The next morning
the priest who always accompanies the procession with the bridegroom, reads
the marriage service. The girl’s father then brings the ornaments, clothes,
utensils, &c., for his daughter.

If he is a well-to-do man he presents the above things and does not
charge their cost to the husband. By so doing his son-in-law is barred
throughout his life from making any claim to the above prope)-ty, which is
henceforth considered as that of his wife, and on her husband’s death she can,
if she so wish, marry any one she pleases. But if, on the other hand, the girl’s
father is a poor man, and cannot afford to present the above things free then
the boy’s fatlmr has to pay their equivalent at the time either in cattle, clothes
or whatever the arbitrators may decide, and by so doing the bridegroom
acquires full control over the property and on his death his wife can only marry
again with the consent of hi- relatives. The above custom is called it

Mallak. ” When the ceremoaies are over the party makes its preparations to
return. To entice the d :msel out of her home the people recite the folloT^^ing
song : —

(1) Nikha malai hibte take khxororam,

(2) ^xkha Char ai barai take kliiororavi.

(3) Nikha Sonalo kinjo take khi^roram,

(4) Nikha Kivorai achht take khiororam,

(5) Nikha Mu kklo Doni take khiororam.

Translation.

(1) Come out 0 beloved of your mother! why are you delaying.

(2) Come out 0 water sprite ! why are you delaying.

(3) Come out 0 possessor of golden locks I why are you delaying.

( 4 ) Come out 0 mistress of charming eyes 1 why are you delaying.

(^5) Come out 0 owner of pearly teeth ! why are you delaying.

On this she is brought out, but weeps bitterly at the separation from her
dearest relatives, and the assembly sings the following song : —

(1) Ph inar ui malai ni nat rothly rangbrijai.

(2) Bune khui ajik brejai Malai ai rothlii rahgbnjai.

(3) Vihyh >>jo d’ja '< nai ra Balai ai rothlg r-'n^brijai.

Translation.

tl) Bo not weep O flower-like girl I thy complexion will turn pale,

(2) You will go on a loity hill 0 Girl! tiiy complexion will turn pale.

(3) You Y, all 'oy weeping (burn your heart) thy complexion will turn

pale.

POLYGAMY.

70, The subjoined statement shows the Provinces in which polygamy
prevails. I am of opinion that our figures in this respect do not seem to be as
satisfactory as they ought to have been.

71, It is questionable that out of the total Muhammadan population
which forms the bulk of the entire population of the State, only 652 sh.ould have
been, as is the case, returned as having two wives, 132 as having three wives and
only 3 1 as having four wives. Of thi.s number 182, 38 and 7, respectivelv, are shown
in the Province of Jammu, 169, 42 and 1 1 , respectively, in the Pro vinceof Kashmir,
and the rest are accounted for in the Frontier Districts. In my opinion the
number seems to be quite disproportionate to the total Muhammadan popu-
lation, as neither custom or usage nor religion forbids the indulgence of the
luxui’y of having more wives than one.

72, It is very difficult to give any reason for this paucity in numbers ;
excepting, perhaps, on the one hand, the impecuniosity of the Mubainraadans in
general and a trait of fecundity on the other, characteristic of the Kashmiri
females, the consequence of which might act as a bar to possess a multiplicity of
wives.

73. As regards the Hindiis the numbers of males with two wives goes
down to 96, 73 and 2, respectively, in Jammu, Kashmir and the Frontier Districts ;
while the numbers 3, 5 and 1 stand in the same order per male having three
wives. In the column showing four marriages only one male is shown in
Jammu and three in Kashmir.

74. I am again of opinion that in addition to these figures being inaccu-
rate as regards numbers in this instance too they are also misleading as to the fact
whether the numbers of the wives represent the living partner or only denotes
the celebration of the marriage so many times. I think that some of the enu-
merators have entered the number of the marriages, while others have gone by
the numbers of the living wives and others again of a less careful nature have
totally omitted to enter this information and saved themselves the trouble of
what they thought useless botheration.

75. Amongst the Sikhs there are only 11 cases who have got two wives.
Turning to the female population we find that there are only three and two
femaleshaving two or three husbands, respectively, in the Udhampur District of
the Jammu Province ; 9, 5 and 1 having 2, 3 and 4 husbands in the Frontier
Districts. All these are Muhammadans.

7(3. In addition to the two forms of marriages as mentioned above, he.,
polyandry and polygamy, it is reported there exists another form of marriage
too, which takes place not only subsequent to but long after begetting of
children and grandchildren. This form of marriage prevails amongst a certain
community called Thors, something like Meghs in the District Udhampur of
the Jammu Province.

77. The original issue in all such cases is not what might be called quite
out of wedlock, the initial nuptial rites having been fictitiously performed in
symbolic manner by invoking the help of some typical inanimate object,
such as a tree, a pillar, a post, the mill atone or the stone and the like for this
celebration, when practically the paramour of the girl is the genuine bridegroom
all the time. Although not unoften these matrons duly enter into legitimate bonds
of matrimony, yet their children bear the names of the object with which the
initial marriage of their mother was celebrated.

78. This description of marriage may not under the circumstances be
inaptly styled Post-gigno-gamy if the (.’ensus Commissioner for India be pleased
to pass the invention of such a term.

Jammu and KashmirfState.

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CHAPTER IX.

OCCUPATION.

(1) The colamus of the schedule dealing with the occupations of :b-3
population have not been as fully or as clearly written as one would have wished.
In villages or amongst the rural communities there are to be found but 0013' a
very limited number of occupations in the majority of cases, in juxtaposition
to cities where gathering of the people from different parts of country and t-se
comparative high standard of comfort, constitute aca.use for the supply of varied
and numerous demands by the cosmopolites who inhabit the place ; and th's
accounts for not only the different description of occupations, but the promiscuaas
nature in wliich they are sometimes practised. I am of opinion that so far as
the main occupations of the classes are concerned, there is little reason to charge
enumerators with discredit notwithstanding the fact that some of the entries
were a little too indefinite. A great number of them, however, have failed to fill
up the columns for subsidiary occupations, provided for in the schedules, and
thereby perhaps vitiated the desired results. The reasons for the omissions were
probably not only wish on the part of the enumerators to avoid any -elaborate
discussion with the party interrogated, but also his owa carelessness coupled
with a desire to finish the enumeration of hisblock as speedily as possible. The
scheme of the classification of the occupations is one as proposed and issued
by the Census Commissioner for India, differing considerably from the system
adopted in previous years. Males and females, actual workers and dcpen leow,
have for the first time been distinguished from each other, and this fact com-
bined with the other diffei’ences of treatment renders comparison between ■ 'le
results of IfiOl and former years a matter of some difficulty. It may be passible
here and there to point out variations in the numbers following any one trade or
profession; but, on the whole, it appears desirable to restrict one’s remarks :o
the results recently tabulated, and thereby afford a basis suitable for fn; ire
comparison.

(2) We would deal firstly with the three or four occupations followed by
the largest numbers of persons in the State. A perusal of Table XV shows
that the occupations which claim the largest number of persons in the kingdom
are (f) agriculture, (order 5) ; (it) textiles, fabric and dress, (order 12) ; (td’j
personal, household and sanitary services, (order 6) ; (iv) commerce, /order
IS) ; ( 0 ) learned and artistic profession, (order 20) ; (ri) independence, (order
24) ; (vii) food, drink and stimulants, (order 7).

(3) A glance at the Subsidiary Table I attached herewith will at once
exhibit that the number of actual workers is invariably less than the persons
supported. It is only in the 12th order of textiles, fabric and dress that
the percentage borne by the actual workers to persons unsupported is
the highest, he., 2*26 as against 2'o8, excepting, of course, order AX IV
in which the proportion as borne by the actual workers to dependents is U'^avly
equal, , 1‘06 and i AO. Agriculture demands our particular attention not
only because the recent Famine Commission speaks of it that, At tlie roo" of
“ much of the poverty of the people of India and th.e risks to which they are expos-
“ ed in seasons of scarcity lies the unfortunate circumstance that agricukiu’e forms
“ almost the sole occupation of the mass of the population, and that no remedy
“ for present evils can be complete which does not include the introduction
“ of a diversity of occupation througli which the surplus population may be dr.iwn
“ from agricultural pursuits and led to find their means of subsistence on manufac-
“ ture or some such employment,” but also because of its being the only occupation
out of the seven ones counted above in which the proportion borne by the sup-
ported persons to the actual workers is the highest and stands at 54-2 per cent,
on the total population of the State. Under the specified classificaiions it consists
of: — (n) landholders and tenants ; (/>) agricultural labourers; (r) growers of
special products; (<0 agricultural training and supervision of forests.

(4) Turning our attention to each of these sub-ordei’s we find that in (u)
the proportion borne by the actual workers to the dependents is almost equal as
it naturally should be. But in the second sub-order (b) of agricultural labourers
the percentage of dependents falls far .short of the actual workers whicli stands

at 1‘57, out of which 1 -oG is the figure for the rural areas and the remaining
•01 stands for the cities. The poor figure of '10 per cent, declares want of
interest in the growth of special products.

(5) 1 again revert to the observation made by the Famine Commissionj
and remark that manufactures and commerce are undoubtedly the true palliatives
for the deplorable condition of the masses. For centuries the bulk of the
population of this country has been a patient, indefatigable class of
agricultrrrisls with few wants, and contented with the annual outturn of their
agricultural labour. This, however, remains to be seen that what change will
the exigencies of the time work in the avocations of the people, when I see
that the wherewithal “ the mobile and restless condition of capital and labour”
and the spirit of enterprise that characterises great commercial nations is totally
wanting in this country.

The second heading “ textiles, fabric and dress ” accounts for 2'26 per
cent, of actual workers on the total population of the State. This order com-
prHes of the following five sub-orders . —

(fl) Wool and fur (d8).

(b) Silk (39).

(r) Cotton (40).

(d) Jute, hemp, flax, &c. (41).

(e) Dress (42).

In this order the sub-order (e) No. 42 stands highest in both respects —
what in respect of actual workers, and what in respect of proportion of depen-
dents to the actual workers — when compared with other sub-orders under
the same head, leaving of course No. 40, the preparation of cotton, which shows
G4’9 per cent, of the actual workers and -51 ‘8 of the dependents to the actual
w'crkers. There are 17‘4 per cent, of actual workers in the sub-order and 26‘3
per cent, of dependents on actual workers. Next to this under order XJI is the
sub-order No. 38, i.e., workers on wool and fur showing a percentage of 15‘4
of actual workers and 19‘4 of dependents.

(6) Commerce demands our attention next, and we see that the pei’cent-
age of the actual workers on the total population is only ’64, while the same
or persons supported is 1’3. In this order are included the sub-orders : —

(а) Money and security.

(б) General merchants.

(cl Dealings unspecified.

(d) Middlemen, brokers, agents.

In this class “ Dealing unspecified ” shows the highest percentage of
actual workers, and stands at 62'6. Middlemen, brokers and agents count only
2’Ou per cent, of actual workers in this order, while 18'8 and 15'9 per cent, are
the fig'ures for the men engaged in carrying on the money and security business
anc general merchants, respectively.

(7) Personal, household and sanitary services occupy -89 per cent, of
the total population of the .State, and persons supported by them bear Dll per-
centage.

This head comprises of : —

(а) Personal and domestic services

(б) Non-domestic entertainments

Percentage of the actual woiktrs under the head sub-order is only *10 ;
4-36 comes under the head of sanitation, while 95-2G per cent, of the population
is under this head aijpropriated by personal anci domestic services.

(8) In the list of the occupations then appear the “ Learned and
artistic professions,” which affords engagement to about -02 per cent of
he total' population of the State, the percentage of the dependents being 1-05

• 99

This order gives rise to the following sub-orders ; —

(fl) Eeligion.

(h) Education.

(d) Law.

(e) Medicine.

(f) Engineering.

((/) Natural Science.

(h) Pictorial art and sculptures.

(i) Music, acting, dancing.

Now, we see that religion is the only profession which claims the largest
number of persons in this order. The percentage for the actual workers stands
at 73'03 while the figures for the dependents in the same sub-order are 76‘87.
Amongst the other sub-orders of the same head it is onl 7 education that shows
a percentage of 7 83 for the actual workers, while the percentage, 2‘15, is
claimed by law, excepting medicine, which cuts a very poor figure of '44 per
cent. Adverting to heading 6 " Independent,” order XXIV we observe about
1‘40 per cent, of the total population of the State who are found in the columns
of supported ones, while 1 06 is the percentage on the total population of the
actual workers. We find only two sub-orders —

(a) of property and alms ;

(b) of “At the State expenses”

under this head, and find that while one (a) exhibits 89'82 of the actual
workers and 87 '22 per cent, is the proportion borne by the dependents to the
actual workers in this order; the other (6) shows lOT and 12-9 per cent., res-
pectively, only.

(9) We can see that the calling pertaining to the vehicles and vessels,
No. X, in the list of classification by the Census Commissioner, claims the smallest
number of persons of the total population of the State, the percentage of these
going down as low as ’OGO! of the dependents on the actual wmrkersand *00014
of their supporters. The sub-order cart, carrying, &c., however, demands the
attention of about 50 per cent, of this order, while 25 per cent, are found to be
working in each of the other two sub-orders. In the scale of ascendency, orders
XXI and XXIII stand upon the same footing, and in each case show *01 per
cent, of the total population of the State engaged in the occupations, while
exactly the same figure is for the dependents on the actual workers.

(10) A perusal of the Subsidiary Table IV attached to this chapter will
shew that majority of the population we find employed as workmen or engaged in
other subordinate duties. The columns for “ owners, managers and superior
stafi: ” is entirely blank, with the single exception- of 15 employed in water-
works department of the State in both the Provinces of Jammu and Kashmir.

(11) A glance at the Subsidiary 'I’able VI I will show that order XXII,
earth-work and general labour, shows an increase of cent, per cent.

(12) Indefinite and disreputable professions show a decrease of 99*7 per
cent, and the reason for this may be accounted for not only in the advance of
civilization, but also in greater accuracy and precision with which the enumera-
tion had been conductech Leaving the twenty-second order out of question we
find that order III, service of Native and Foreign States, shows an increase of 9.3*5
per cent, since 1891.

(13) We find that there seems to be a general tendency towai'ds de-
crease since 1891. Turning our attention to Subsidiary Table IX we find that
the proportion borne by the female actual workers to the male ones is highest
iu order XXII 1, and shows a percentage of 167*S, while in order VIII it is Tjearly
half. Xatura ly enough, it is lowest iu order III, the service of Native and I’ureign
States. In order XII the proportion stands at throe-fourth per cent.
Excepting the orders XXII, XXIV and XVI the percentage of the female woi-k-
ers is fairly low.

100

Subsidiary Table No. I.

General distribi tion of Oceupalion,

PERLENrAGE ON
TOTAL POPULATION.

Percentage in

EACH Order and

SCB-ORDER.

PeHcENTA(,E of
ACTUAL WORKERS

EMPLCn KD.

Percentage of

DEPENDENTS TO

ACTUAL WORKFR-.

Order and Sub

-ORDER.

-S i

1 i

Actual worker.s.

x’

CLASS A—

No. I

•32 ,

•21

•06

•15

■08

'2-1

Sub-order

•30

•17

•30

■17

, 1 A

27 S

JO 3

ll-s

10*

lO'O

13-7

19-9

10'5

9-02

10-9

5-7

4-S

M ■’?

...

5 I'D

59 '05

48 8

3'7

55-3

orlkr

13 ■

•20

•13

•7

Sub-order

7-S7 1

20-90

1-37

6 50

3 15

17-Sl

4 A

02-10

70-09

47-27

44-89

41-41

37^68

Order

'29

...

•10

•13

•28

•15

Sub-order

3, ^

OS'85

97 98

56 51

42-34

05'»2

3210

- J 5J

...

2*29

201

2'20

201

CLASS B—

Order

No. IV

'75

•44

•0

•44

*75

Sub-order

,7 8

99-6

99 0

IGOl

980

•1

'99-5

•44

•37

'17

*27

•IS

Order

54‘2 1

20-98

•1

20 88

■10

54-10

Sub-order

» 10

[

9814

90-29

•36

97-78

'091 99 2

, 11

1 !

1’57

•52 j

■01

1-50

„ 12

■16

•118|

'08

'OS

'049' 009

•106

■00

*02

'08

'02

•04

CLASS ( —

Orijer

No. VI

111

i '89

•17

'72

*23

•ss

Sub-order

33 11

\ -

05 20

95*10

10 90

78'30

19'53

75 ’03

' > '3

,3 15

•10

■18

•04

'00

'U5

•13

4*36

5*04

2-18

218

2-44

3-20

CLASS D —

Orj.er

No. VII

reo

•79 ;

'24

1'45

Sub-order

...

3L43

40-06

8’55

25’88 :

4*51

35'55

»>

,3 18

53’5

48*85

9-0

4305

8*82 |40*3

•5

,, 10

...

12 47

1 11*08

1-5

10'97

9*00

101

SUBSIDIARY TABLE No. I-co7iiinued.

Percentage on total

rOPCLATlON.

Percentage in eacu
Order and Sub.

ORDER.

Percentage of
actual workers

EMPLOYED.

Percentage oe

DEPENDENTS TO
ACTUAL WORKERS

Order and Scu-okdeb.

1 .

S -*

7 i

Actual worke

Z )

In rural arcai

-H

OliASS D-contd.

Order

No.

VIII

*13

c'»2

■11

■04

Sub -order

1*4

1*32

*08

o‘7

...

'i *>

os*o

06*3

13-6

85-

24*5

71*8

Order •,

•03

■02

*06

*05

Sub-order

•>

...

16*2

81-3

0*3

42 5

38*8

3J ’’

32*4

12-1-3

18-8

13'6

75'9

43*4

Order „

0001

00014

00007! -00007

*0001!

}

Sub-order

■»

25*

25-

...

50*

100’

50-

100*

...

25'

25*

...

Order

'22

*03

*19

*05

Sub-order

...

2*16

1*56

•04

212

•23

133

2*01

313

1*55

•46

2-4S

'67

j> '*

‘26

*36

'23

•28

■08

5*35

5*58

1*23

4'12

1*06

4*52

M »»

*»

...

■98

2 22

*76

“*

1*34

•88

» »»

...

■03

■■

» '•

4-68

5*69

•62

4*06

1*05

464

...

7*03

5*8

6*38

*15

5*59

» •»

i4‘o3

70*38

74*44

*13

7025

5-02 '

! 5*35 :

1*29

3*73

805

4*55

Order

})

XII

2'3S

2 26

1*34

'C6

1-72

Sub-order

15*4

19*4

9*4

6*0

8-9

10-5

...

1-S4 ^

2*6 '

1*1

1-3

1-32

•»» »j

•»

G4'9 j

51*8 1

19 7

45 2

3-8

48*03

.»

...

1*1

*4 i

• ♦7

■3

•10

•2

...

17*4

26*3

10*06

7’4

13*6

127

Order „

XIII

*41 '

*23

...

*07

•16

•09

Sub-order

...

54*9

55*1

20-2

34*7

15-3

39 ‘8

M *>

...

8-3

7*2

3*1

3*2

*» '»

...

•9

1*01

...

3007

36*6

5*87 j

' i

30*2

?2 3

102

SUBSIDIARY TABLE No.

OROf U W ' S . r .

i-. IH.

PeRCFNIAGI’ on TOlAt
POFUtATlON

1 rtECLNTAGE IN EAL il

1 Order and Scb-
1 ORDEn.

pEKlENi'Al.K oi

A* U AL WORKIKS

EMELoYI’D.

Pi-k< ENTAGE CE-
DE [INI )ENTS TO

ACrtAL WORKERS.

«r;

! d

i t

‘ cj

1 u

H-f

)

! .

( ^

\ "rf

2 3

CLASS D— <-\NCLD.

Order

XLV

i 5

...

•0i)0

144

•01

■31

SiiL-ordei

•00

1-21

■*^'0

1*21

99 92

99-80

3-96

95-90

2-95

96-91

Order

...

•10

•OS

•38

Sub-order ,,

•

71-14

70-24

15‘1<S

5540

33-67

1 56-57

, .

2S-85

29-75

1-S7

20-98

134

1 25*41

Ordeii

XVI

•02

-01

•01

Sub*order ,,

5‘

I'Oo

...

1 1*05

95*0

.aS-91

52 '05

42-35

51*31

j 44-63

Oeder

XVII

*75

‘33

'02

■31

•03

: -72

Sub-order ,,

...

•••

‘33

‘75

*02

■31

*03

i -72

CLASS E-^

Oedee Sc. XVIil

'64

*14

*26

1-04

Sub-order ,,

...

18*8

9 04

3 9

14-9

L-49

7*55

f»

...

15-9

i5‘C5

4-15

11-49

5-G5

10-

> )? ’>

...

62*6 ;
i

; 25‘&

12-Sl '

19-79

3’9

1 21-9

7j J>

...

2-96 t

3-3

1*45 ’

1-51

2‘2

Oeeze „

xrx

•49

*3t>

“!

;

•37

Sub*order ,,

...

1-03

■"V

•32

•58

•45

>’ »j >»

...

37*48

41*9

2-3

3518

3*22

38-69

•>

...

54‘3

4S-8

24-21

30-09

18-05

30-75

1* >) »'

519

5-2

1-05

4-14

2-32 1

2-88

»» V

1-91 '

; 3‘07

1-2

*71

17 i

1-37

CLASS F—

Oedkr No.

1'05

•62

-49

•‘24

•81

Sub-order

7303

; 7C-S7

11-01

62-02

11-83

65-04

3-83

3*5

2*68

1-57

1-93

6 c'

7*83

<4 01

1*55 i

6-28

2 30

2-Gl

.1 5 ) ”

...

2-15

1 2 91

1 16

•99

1-72

1-13

5'3

5 20

1*79

3*51

1-99

3-21

V t.

•44

i -42

•22

•33 1

•03

7' r »'

*)9

* *01

•01

ft )»

...

3-7

305

3-4

2-68

•37

« »f »>

...

3-C>

! 3 OS

2-9

i 69

2*39

SUBSIDIARY TABLE No. l--concluded.

Order and Sub-order.

Percentage o:c tmt wJ

POrCLiTlON

Percentage in each
Order and Sue-
ORDER.

CLASS F— C0NCL9.

Order No XX-^

CONCDD.

Cl,

Percentage of
actual VTORKEZR'^
employed

Percentage of

DEPENDENTS TO
I ACTUAL WORKERS,

Order

XXI

( t

■ 0

Sub-order

28-88

I 17'55

iG-c*;

1 W oo

12-59

! 'u:.

h i}

71*1^-

, 82-Sl

' 2 59

'S’52 I

f.K'5G

CLASS G—

Order

XXII

■94 1

; Hs

' 14 ’

Sub-order

;

^ -r

i .»

'GS .

3 >2

I* tj

■I

95-9

9C-9

] > 7

f". 1 :

Order

XXIII

■01

•' :

Sub-order

99-71

1 9S-t9

- J 7 I

74 ->4

■2C j'

i-s

' Uf i

l-G

CLASS H—

Orl'LR

X'_\

XXIV

1 10 ^

i Oo

•••

’;»9

1 NO

Snb-order

89-82

87-22

1-89

S i-93

5-GG ;

M-5C

*1 M

' 1

10*1

129

2 2L '

7 59

2-09 1

Xo-81

In rural nroan.

lOi

Subsidiary Table II.

Distribution of the agiicultural population by 'tisiriets.

Percentage of aobI'.ci ■

TURiL rorCLATIoN

Didtricts

Subsidiary Table III.

Distribution of industrial population hy districts.

Districtfi

Sr*

P ^

'll

1 CX CJ

! O *”

1 ^

1 Percuufcajjo of iuilu atrial
population to district
population.

Percentage on indus-
trial POPULATION 01

Actual workers.

•iaaimu Province ... ... .. i.,

266,893

1 7‘5

11*3

KaBhmir Province ... ... - .

178,056

15*4

-•.'8 j

frontier Districts ... . ,

1,732

105

Subsidiary Table IV.

Distribution of the industrial populition by Dmestic and factory Industries.

Name of Industry.

, Owners,

1 managers^
j superior
; staff.

. Workmen j
j and other '
I subordi-
nates.

Total
actual
j >vorkers.

Butchers and slanghtereis
Cow and buffaloe keepers and milk and butter
Fishermen and fish carers ..

Fish dealers

Ghee preparers and selleis ..

Misceltan-^oas
jRice mdls
Sugar factories
Bakers

Flour grinders ... ... ... ,,,

Grain and pulse dealers ... ...

Grain parchers

Makers of sugar, molasses and gnr by hand
Oil pressers

Oil sellers .. ... ... ,,,

Rice pounders find huskers
Sweetmeat makers
sellers

Vegetable and fruit sellers
Miscellaneous
Aerated ^Yater factories
Distilleries
Ice factories
Waterworks

Cardamom, betel-leaf and arecanut sellers
Grocers and general condiment dealer.s and staff
Opium, bhang, ganja, &c., preparers
,, „ sellers

Salt sellers

Tobacco and snuff sellers ...

Toddy sellers
Wine and spirit distillers
„ „ sellers

Miscellaneous

Match, caudle, torch, lamp, lantern makers and sellers, &c.
Collieries, mitiers and ether subordinates...

Coal dealers, brokers, company managers, &c.

Hay, grass, and fodder sellers
Firtwood, charcoal and cow-dung sellers
Brick and tile tactoiics
Stone and marble works
Brick and tile makers
„ sellers

Lime, chunam and shell burners ...

„ „ ,, sellers

Building contractors
Masons and builders
Painters, plumbers and glaziers ...

Thatchers

Stone and marble workers
Railway and tramway Victories
Painters of carriages, Aq,

Shipwrights, boat builders, «S:c.

Paper m ak e t s a ii d se Hers
Stationers
Printing press

Hand press proprietors, lithographers and printer
Book binders

Book sellers, book agents and publishers
AVatch and clock makers ...

„ ,, sellers and opticians

AVood and ebony carvers
Cotton stamp makers and sellers
Turners and lacquerers
Dye sinkers and seal, &c., engravers
Mica, flint and talc workers and sellers
Mosaic and alabaster workers and sellers
Toy, kite and cage- makers and sellers .

Hiikka stem makers and sellers
Papier-mache workers and sellers
Music and musical instrument makers
Makers of bangles other than glass
„ of glass bangles

sellers

■ I

15 i

Percentage on
ACTUAL Workers of

Home i Factory
^yorkers. : workers.

297

i 297

lOO

5,894

100

723

102

100

1,679

100

796

100

; 1

100

1,703

100

4,049

100

1,124

100

1 2

100

3,718

i 3,718

IOC

409

! 409

100

472

100 1

730

100

139

luO 1

1,89J

1,899

100 1

325

lOU

100 •

100

1 2

loo

’“lOO

1,219

300

100 i

! - 18

100

1,597

i 1,597

100

451

100

100 !

100 :

300 ,

100 ’

1,100 j

1,400

100 :

2,310 i

i 2,310

luO .

34 1

100 :

5 1

100 i

359

100 '

7 !

100

Ill i

111

loo

2 1

100 '

100

871

300 -

loo '

1 1

loo '

1 40

! loo ,

100 ‘

loo ;

luo !

135

loo .

100 ;

loo !

loo .

loo 1

ii-o !

loo ■

100

loo ;

205

loo j

loo ^

100

100 '

ICK)

100

123

100

106

Subsidiary Table IV — continued.

Name of Industry.

Owners, Workmen
Imara^ers, and ot *ier
superior subordi-
ataff. ' nates.

Total

actual

workers.

Sellers of "lass bangles
Imitation and pewter jewellery makers
Rosary bead and necklace sellers
Flower srarland makers and sellers
Saddle cloth makers, embroiderers and sellers
Whip, goad and walking sticks, &c., makers
Knife and tool makers
srrif^ders

Plough and agricultural implement makers
Looms and loom comb makers and sellers
Mechanics other than Railway mechanics
Sugar press makers
Arsenals

Gun makers, tuenders and sellers
Ammunition, gunpowder and firework makers

seUers

Makers of sw ^--ds, spears and other weapons
Carpet weave 3
Shawl weaver

Felt and pashm workers ...

Persona occupied with blankets, woollen cloth and yarn,
fur, feathers and natural wool.

Wool carders
Wool dyers

Dealers in woollen goods, fur and feathers
Silk filatures
Silk mills

„ worm rearers and cocoon gatherers
„ carders, spinners and weavers : makers of silk braidj
and thread.

Sellers of raw silk, silk cloth braid and thread...

Silk dyers

Cotton spinning weaving

„ cleaners, pressers and ginners

,, weavers, hand industry

carpet and rug makers ... ... .«

,, spinners, sizers and yam beaters

„ yarn and thread sellers

Calenderers, fullers and printers ...

Cotton dyers
Tape makers

Dealers in raw fibres ... ... ... ...

Rope sacking and net makers ... ...

„ „ „ sellers

Fibre matting and bag makers

,> .. sellers

Embroiderers and lace muslin makers
Hat, cap, and turban makers, binders and sellers
Hosiers and haberdashers
Piece-goods dealers

Tailors, milliners, dress-makers and darners

Goldsmiths* dust- washers ...

Enamellera ... ... ... ...

Electro -platers

Dealers in plate and plateware
Gold and silver wdre drawers and braid makers
Workers in gold, silver and precious stones
Dealers in gold, silver and precious stones
Brass, copper, and bell-metal 'workers
„ „ „ sellers

Workers In tin, zinc, quicksilver and lead . .

SeUers of tin, zinc and lead goods ...

Iron foundries

Workers in iron and hardware
Sellers of iron and hardware ...

Makers of glass, chinaware other than bangles ...

Potters and pot and pipebowl makers
Sellers of pottery ware

Grindstone and millstone makers aud menders ...
Carpentry works
Dealers in timber and bamboos
Woodcutters and sawyers ...

Baskets, mats, fans, serans, brooms, Ac., makers and sellers!
Comb and tooth stick makers and sellers ...

Leaf -plate makers and sellers ...

Wax, honey and forest produce collectors and sellers

147

263

194

237

2,075

1,473

203

1,064

8.602

101

280

483

142

481

1,068

12,839

27,417

247

795

133

203

505

413

101

1,124

9,286

514

2,639

477

392

178

2,436

4,228

129

3,888

106

868

1,717

214

Percentage on

ACTUAL WORKERS OF

Home

workers.

Factory

workers.

147

203

194

237

2,075

1,473

203

54
44
17

1,064

8,602

101

280

55
490
142
481

1 I

1,068

12,839

27,417

46
247
795
133

5
203

505

413

101

1,124

9,286

47
27

514

2,639

477

392

178

2,436

4,228

129

3,892

106

868

1,717

214

100
100
lOO
100
100
ICO
100
100
100 ,
100
190 ‘
100
100 '
100 ;
100
100
100
67
100
100
100

100

100
100 I
100 !
100 !
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
300
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100

100

107

Subsidiary Table IV-^eoncluded.

Xamf of Ixhustrv.

Soap factories
Chemists and dntggists
Boras refiners
Soap sellers

Antimony preparers and sellers
Madder, saffron and log-wood workers and dealers
Ink makers and sellers ... ... ...

Perfume in incense and sandalwood sellers
Persons occupied with miscellaneous dyes
Leather dyers

Shoe toot and sandal makers ... ...

Tanners and curriers ... ... ...

Sellers of manufactured leather goods
„ hides, horns, bristles and bones
Water-bag, we II -bag, bucket and ghee pot makers

Owners,

managers,

superior

staff.

Workmen
and other
subordi-
nates.

Total

actual

workers.

Peecen:

ACTUAL W(

Home

workers.

'AGB ON

>BX1]19 or

Factory

workers.

139

100

* 151 1

151

100

i 1

100

1 8 '

100 ]

1 ^

100 !

\ p>

' 5

100 ;

i 1

! 1

100 :

* 7

i 7

100

; 2

1 ^

100

; 213

1 213

100

S,142

' S,142

100

1,179

i 1,179

100

; 134

< 134

100

' 92 ;

i 92

100

! ^ ,
)

100

108

Subsidiary Table V.

Dislribuiion of the commercial population by Districts,

Pbrcentaok or Com-
mercial Population

Districts.

Population suppc
by commerce,

c c; c
w c

111
tc g, ^

la"

kl, -- o

9 'u

C-

Actual

workers.

! '

Jjtmmu Province ...

31,523 ‘

207

•71

1 1'36

Kaahmir „ ...

1 40,489

349

1-08

2 41

Frontier Districts ...

! 1.233

•54

•24

•30

Subsidiary Table VL

Distribution of the professional populaiiun by Districts.

Districts.

L ^

Percentage on pro-
fessional POPULATION
OF

Actual

workers.

1 1

2 j 3

Jammu Province

20,752 j 1‘76

•08 i

KeuaHmir „

20,484 ; 1-77

■58

Froatior districts

1,580 ' -GO

1 ‘50

108

11 ^

'19

Subsidiary Table VII.

Occupation hy orders 1901 and 1891

Order.

i Population Mipported

in 1901.

) Population supported
j iu 1891.

j Percentage of

J variation ( -f ) or (—).

‘ a

fe 9,291

5/,oOo

-83-8

XI ...

* 3,93t;

t 10,613

~62-9

ill

12,559

817

+ 93-5

[ V

...

. 21,799

29,957

-2Q'2

V , . _ . . ,

...

■ 1,575,106

' 1,732,886

-9-1

i 32,474

84,773

-63-6

VII

i 49,195

I 60,453

-18-6

VIII

4,443

1 15,095

-70-5

3,199

3,092

+ 3‘8

.-100

XI ,,,

12,297

i 4,124

+ 66-4

XII

69,006

1 145,783

-52’6

XIII ...

...

12,093

i 25,516

-52-6

XIV

9,280

' 13,209

-29-7

...

13,514

25,970

-47*9

XVT ...

661

1,064

-37‘S

XVII

21,801

32,399

-^32*7

XVI 11

37,787

61,462 1

^38-5

XIX ...

14,508

22,316

-34-9

XX ...

30,575

45,467

-32 7

XXI

461

2 008

-77*04

XXIi

* * • j

27,464

-i-100

XXIII

• •• i

306

1 101,966

-99 7

XXI7

40,982

I 67.677

—39-4

Subsidiary Table IX

Oceiipafioh of Females by orders.

Numbers of actual workers.

( >rder.

Males.

Fcnutb'S,

Percentage of females to
males.

I ...

6,032

i06

7,625

161

2 1

8,641

*05

11,283 ,

1,401

5,85,368

24,386

4-2

VI ...

22,758

3,195

1404

24,319

3,270

13*4

Via

2,568

1,207

46 9

1,498

3-9

X ...

6,202

200

4'7

XII

36,888

28,667

77'7

XIII

6,835

’9

XIV

3,856

506

131

6,582 ;

258

3*9

XVI

283 j

20 14

XVII

9,085 '

680

7'5

xvin

18 185 1

543

2*9

XIX

8.918 I

1,365

15-4

XX ...

16,873 1

1,368

XXT

o* ^ !

2dj

505

XXII

15,044

4,765

31-7

XXII 1

143 1

240

167*8

XXIV

24,5Ss

♦ >,397

26 02

. : govt. OB INDIA ^
Aichaealatr; ' ^

■^i

■ ■■

, j* "'t { ■■■■‘I, ' •

.-.y; -i ■

... :, ■ r"" "—

.'■ »■■•„>*•

..I:.

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Full text of "Census Of India 1901 Vol.23 (kashmir) Pt.1 (report)"

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