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INTERTIDAL MACROPHYTES ~~
of
SANTA CRUZ ISLAND, CALIFORNIA
Kirk Apt, Carla D’Antonio,
James Crisp, and Joyce Gauvain
The Herbarium
Department of Biological Sciences,
University of California, Santa Barbara
Publication Number 6
1988
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INTERTIDAL MACROPHYTES
of
SANTA CRUZ ISLAND,
CALIFORNIA
Kirk Apt, Carla D’Antonio,
James Crisp, and Joyce Gauvain
The Herbarium
Department of Biological Sciences
University of California, Santa Barbara
Publication Number 6
1988
This publication series is issued at irregular intervals from the Herbarium, Department of
Biological Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106.
EDITOR — Wayne R. Ferren, Jr.
Curator of the Herbarium
ASSOCIATE
EDITOR — J. Robert Haller
Associate Professor of Botany
Director of the Herbarium
(c) Copyright 1988 by the Regents of the University of California.
FOREWORD
Manuscripts accepted for presentation in the Publication Series of
the Herbarium, Department of Biological Sciences, University of
California, Santa Barbara (UCSB), include primarily those with a
floristic emphasis and those for which voucher specimens are deposited at
UCSB. This endeavor is consistent with the goals of the UCSB Herbarium,
summarized as_ follows: 1) to maintain a botanical collections
repository; 2) to function as a research facility within the Department
of Biological Sciences; 3) to provide educational programs; and 4) to
provide botanical services.
UCSB Herbarium Publication Number 6, Intertidal Macrophytes of Santa
Cruz Island, California, is a product of research conducted by herbarium
associates. The field work was funded by the University of California
Natural Reserve System (NRS), and received logistical and staff support
from the System's Santa Cruz Island Reserve (SCIR). This publication
combines original research and compilation of existing information. It
provides the most complete evaluation of intertidal macrophytes for the
California Islands to date, especially for Santa Cruz Island. The
authors are confident that this work will constitute a sound foundation
for future research.
The NRS is a statewide system of habitat reserves administered by
the University of California. It's purpose is to maintain examples of
California's ecological diversity to be used for research or teaching.
The SCIR (formerly Channel Islands Field Station, 1966-1976) was
Organized to provide access, assistance, and facilities to researchers
and classes for studies on the archaeology, marine and terrestrial
biology, geography, and geology of Santa Cruz Island. The Reserve Field
Station, located centrally on Santa Cruz Island, continues to serve
researchers and classes from the University of California, and groups
from other institutions who are investigating island phenomena. The
primary purpose of this field station has been to provide room and board
facilities, as well as transportation about and around the island (land
cope
and nearby waters). Modest working space, lab equipment, reference
collections, and library materials are available.
The Santa Cruz Island Reserve is operated under a lease agreement
with The Nature Conservancy (TNC). Similar cooperative agreements are in
effect between TNC and NRS throughout the state. The Nature Conservancy
is an international membership organization committed to the global
preservation of natural diversity. Its mission is to find, protect and
maintain the best examples of communities, ecosystems and endangered
species in the natural world. To date the Conservancy and its members
have been responsible for the protection of nearly three million acres in
fifty states, Canada, Latin America, and the Caribbean. While some areas
are transferred for management to other conservation groups, both public
and private, the Conservancy owns and manages some nine hundred
preserves--the largest privately owned nature preserve system in the
world.
The Nature Conservancy acquired a partial interest in Santa Cruz
Island in 1978 and assumed full ownership for the western 90% of Santa
Cruz Island in 1987. The Conservancy's primary goal for the island is to
preserve and, where possible, restore its unique biological diversity.
The NRS periodically publishes or supports documents about its
reserves. Intertidal Macrophytes of Santa Cruz Island, California is NRS
Contribution No. 14, and Santa Cruz Island Reserve Contribution No. 1.
Wayne R. Ferren, dr.
Curator of the Herbarium
iv
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Ls Annotated Catalogue of the Intertidal Macrophytes....... 39
LL... Seliected Marine Algae from Santa Cruz olsiland. o.. 08. deeds bl
III. Checklist of Marine Macrophytes Reported from
Sid Mia IC IRIN ZA USING x snarenetianeis tae, olaiese wlensievielieve.s eiecere die aie 8's: cvere 73
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General Characteristics Of Sites Surveyed For Intertidal
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Distribution And Relative Abundance Of Intertidal Macrophytes
pene Sites Sampled On Santa Cruz Island... 3s .ecscecescweviws
Species Not Recorded Previously In Published Records Of Santa
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Species Richness At Sites Surveyed During This Study.........0..
Number Of Species Occurring At Only One Site Or Multiple Sites..
Number Of Unique Species Occurring At Each Site... cece ceeees
vii
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THE
INTERTIDAL
MACROPHYTES
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IN TT ROeav C1) 1, 0.N
The Northern Channel Islands, off the coast of southern California,
are a unique resource for the study of marine organisms because these
islands are near Point Conception (34°27'N), an area that has long been
recognized as an important distributional boundary between northern cold-
temperate and southern warm-temperate regions (see Murray et al. 1980
for a review). Portions of the mainland coastline of this region are
influenced heavily by urban and oil development. The islands of the
region, however, contain the most undisturbed sections of coastline
remaining in southern California (Murray et al. 1980). The recent
acquisition of several of the islands by the National Park Service and
The Nature Conservancy has insured the protection of these highly
important coastlines and habitats.
In spite of the unique location and pristine condition of the
Northern Channel Islands, there have been few thorough studies of their
intertidal biota. Notable exceptions include Littler (1977, 1978, 1979,
1980) and Murray et al. (1980). Such surveys are important because they
provide baseline information for the evaluation of human impacts on the
environment, and of changes that may result from climatic anomalies such
as El Nino, a periodic phenomenon with unusually high water
temperatures.
Santa Cruz Island is centrally located within the Northern Channel
Islands (Fig. 1A) and is thought to be influenced by both cold and warm
water currents (Cockerell 1939, Neushul et al. 1967, Seapy and Littler
1980, and Murray et al. 1980). The island also is large (249 km2, 30 km
in length) and geologically, topographically, and microclimatically
diverse. Its intertidal marine flora is known incompletely and has been
surveyed extensively only at two sites: Prisoners' Harbor and Willows
Anchorage (Littler 1977, 1978, 1979). Santa Cruz Island is used exten-
sively by researchers and classes, and is included in the Natural Reserve
System of the University of California.
Pee ht tc Orgran
San
Miguel |.
2 Santa Cruz |.
‘ Anacapa I.
Santa Rosa I.
Sante Barbara Channel
Fern
Cave Platt’s Potato
t Harbor Cave Harbor
Forney's 4 } 4 Pelican Entrance |
Cove Bay
University China
Trailer Harbor
poe
Coches
Prietos
Pre Cea ine. «1 at et
Laguna
Figure 1. A. Location of Santa Cruz Island; B. Location of intertidal sites surveyed for marine
macrophyte species.
This study provides an in-depth analysis of the intertidal marine
macrophytes, both algae and marine angiosperms, of Santa Cruz Island with
an accompanying collection of voucher specimens from numerous, diverse
sites on the Island. The resulting flora was evaluated in terms of its
relationship to northern and southern intertidal floras. Species lists
from each site were compared for biogeographic patterns. This work also
includes photographs and descriptions of some of the algae that are
difficult to identify, and a compilation of all marine macrophytes
reported from Santa Cruz Island.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A series of study sites was chosen to represent different geographic
regions of Santa Cruz Island. This series included ten major sites and
two caves (Fig. 1B) that characterized northern, western, and southern
sections of coastline. The western and southern sites were approached by
land, whereas the northern sites were reached by inflatable boat. The
eastern portion of the island was not accessible.
Our sites varied in the extent of intertidal habitats, rock type,
abundance of abalone, and degree of exposure to ocean swell and are
considered representative of Santa Cruz Island. A qualitative evaluation
of these features was made at the time of sampling. We did not survey
Prisoners' Harbor and Willows Anchorage, because these sites were
surveyed intensively by Littler (1979).
During the summers of 1985 and 1986, examination of each site was
conducted by three or four individuals who searched a 30-100 m strip of
coastline (topography permitting) for two to three hours during a minus
low tide. Each investigator collected samples of all non-crustose
species of algae encountered, and also recorded notes on the general
abundance of each species. This method was effective in maximizing the
number of taxa found.
Upon returning to the Reserve Field Station, specimens were pressed
or preserved in liquid as needed. Each species was placed into one of
four categories based on its abundance at a site. They were listed as
rare, if» less than): four, specimens. weres;seen bys’ all sinvestigatons:
occasional, if between four and twenty specimens were encountered;
common, if the species was regularly encountered but did not occupy more
than twenty-five percent cover in the zone where it occurred; and
abundant, if the species was encountered regularly and occupied more than
25% cover within its zone.
Upon returning to the laboratory at UCSB, we reexamined all
Specimens to confirm field identifications. Specimens also were compared
with those in the herbaria of Hopkins Marine Station at Monterey and the
University of California at Berkeley. Taxonomically difficult specimens
were sent to experts (Drs. I. Abbott, D. Kapraun, and J. Norris) for
verification. Nomenclature generally is consistent with Abbott and
Hollenberg (1976), with exceptions treated in Abbott (1985), Druehl
(1979), Gabrielson (1982), Guiry et al. (1984), Hawks and Scagel (1986),
Huisman (1985), and Silva et al. (1987).
Species lists for each site were entered into a database and
analyzed using TWINSPAN and DECORANA, two multivariate techniques.
TWINSPAN is a divisive technique that classifies units (i.e., sites)
according to indicator species. It is used commonly in vegetation
sampling (Goldsmith et al. 1986) and produces a table from which a
dendrogram can be constructed. DECORANA jis an ordination technique that
arranges samples spatially along principal axes (constructed from the
species composition data) to reflect their similarity. This technique
was developed by Hill (1979) and also is used commonly for vegetation
analyses. DECORANA analyses were conducted using both presence/absence
data and a numerical or scaled approximation for our subjective frequency
classifications. TWINSPAN analyses were conducted only on
presence/absence data.
For the purposes of interpreting trends in our data, we classified
species as either northern, southern, or widely distributed according to
records published in Abbott and Hollenberg (1976). We define a northern
species aS one that reaches its southern distributional limit in the
region between Point Conception and the Mexican border. We define a
southern species as one that is more typical of southern California and
Mexican waters and reaches its northern limit in the region of Point
Conception or southward. We define a widely distributed species as one
that occurs throughout northern and southern California.
SFE DBE SER PPT 1 ONS
In the following section, we provide detailed descriptions of the
physical and biotic characteristics of each study site. A summary of
substrate type, topography, and abalone occurrence for the 10 sites and
two caves is presented in Table l.
WEST POINT--This site occurs at the extreme northwest point of
land on the island. The intertidal areas are located at the base of
vertical cliffs 30-100 m high, and are exposed directly to ocean swells.
Two nearby localities were sampled. The first consisted of a small cave
about 100 m east of West Point, with large stable boulders 1-3 m in
diameter present inside and outside of the cave. The other site was a
small unnamed cove immediately south of West Point. The topography in
the cove varied from a boulder beach at the back to near vertical walls
with narrow shelves 1-3 m above the low waterline. The shelves contain
several large tidepools, and the low intertidal zone was narrow because
of the steep topography.
No individual algal species occurred in high abundance at this site,
and overall species richness was relatively low. The site contained
unique species (e.g., Callithamnion pikeanum, Odonthalia floccosa) that
are discussed in more detail later. The high intertidal zone was
Characterized by the common occurrence of Porphyra perforata and
Endocladia muricata, with occasional thalli of Callithamnion pikeanum,
Nemalion helminthoides, Mastocarpus papillatus, and Rhodoglossum affine.
A number of tidepools occurred in the high intertidal and splash zones,
which typically had Bryopsis corticulans and Ulva lobata present.
Table 1. General Characteristics Of Sites Surveyed For Intertidal
Macroflora During This Study. Locations are shown in Figure l._ Key:
SCV-1 = Santa Cruz Island Volcanics (basalt with breccias). SCV-2 =
S.C.I. Volcanics (andesite with breccias). SCV-3 = S.C.I. Volcanics
(andesite with sandstones). VS = Volcanic conglomerates with sandstones.
BV = Blanca Volcanics (breccias with boulder conglomerates and basaltic
sills). MS = Monterey Formation shales.
Site Name Rock Type Topography Abalone
Forney's Cove SCV-1 Reefs/Boulders Rare
Univ. Trailer SCV-1 Reefs Common
Sauces VS Reefs/Boulders Absent
Laguna BV | Reefs Absent
Coches Prietos BV Reefs Rare
Potato Harbor MS Reefs/Boulders Occasional
China Harbor MS Reefs/Boulders Common
Pelican Bay SCV-3 Reefs/Boulders Rare
Platt's Harbor SCV-2 Boulders Common
West Point SCV-2 Reefs/Boulders Rare
Fern Cave SCV-2 Vertical Cliffs Absent
Cave Entrance SCV -2 Vertical Cliffs Absent
The mid-intertidal was characterized by tufts of Corallina
vancouveriensis and Gelidium coulteri, with occasional thalli of Codium
fragile, Odonthalia floccosa, and Gigartina spp. The low-intertidal zone
had the greatest richness and was dominated by Laminaria setchellii,
Eisenia arborea, Bossiella spp., and Prionitis lanceolata. Other common
algal. species included Plocamium violaceum, Iridaea cordata, and
Macrocystis pyrifera.
FORNEY'S COVE--Forney's Cove is a large, protected anchorage
immediately southeast of Fraser Point at the west end of the island. The
area sampled was a long rocky point immediately adjacent to the west side
of the beach. The point consisted of a rock shore with boulders,
tidepools, and rock shelves that terminated in a large rock outcrop
approximately 100 m from shore. The exposed horizontal intertidal area
averaged about 15 m. There were numerous tidepools, many of which were
lined with a thin layer of coarse sand. Rocks in the low intertidal zone
often were buried in sand. Wave action was moderate in the outermost
portion of the site, and fairly calm at the inner area.
This site had a number of abundant algal species and a high species
richness, although it contained only two unique species. These were
Nienburgia andersoniana and Platythamnion recurvatum. The common algal
species of the high intertidal were Porphyra perforata, Mastocarpus
papillatus, Endocladia muricata, Ulva californica, and Hesperophycus
harveyanus.
The mid-intertidal was characterized by an abundance of Gigartina
canaliculata, Corallina vancouveriensis, and Pelvetia fastigiata. Other
common species were Colpomenia sp., Gigartina leptorhynchos, and
Centroceras clavulatum.
The low-intertidal zone consisted of an overstory of Egregia
menziesii, Phyllospadix torreyi, and P. scouleri. The algal understory
was comprised of Lithothrix aspergillum, Bossiella orbigniana, Corallina
officinalis, Plocamium cartilagineum, Prionitis lanceolata, Halidrys
ee
dioica, Gigartina spp. and Laurencia spp.
UNIVERSITY TRAILER--The area sampled is immediately below and
south of the University research trailer, about 1.5 km southeast of
Forney's Cove. The coastline consisted of low cliffs up to 10 m high,
with extensive rocky shelves at the base (Fig. 2). A 200 m stretch of
shoreline was sampled, which included a large number of habitats such as
tidepools, small sand beaches, and exposed ledges. In many places, the
low-intertidal zone dropped off sharply to a depth of about 3 m.
This site had a relatively high species richness and was similar in
species composition to Forney's Cove. Overall, however, it had lower
algal cover, more abalone, and fewer areas of sand accumulation than the
cove.
eo one Pgh
Fig. 2. UNIVERSITY TRAILER SITE. This site is below the University research trailer, about 1.5 km
southeast of Forney’s Cove at the west end of Santa Cruz Island. The coastline is very irregular
with a large number of habitats, including tidepools, small sand beaches, and exposed ledges.
- .~& . val ~~ s—- ~ Se =
Fig. 3. SAUCES SITE. This site is at the mouth of Canada de los Sauces, on the west side of Santa
Cruz Island. The coastline we sampled consisted of large stable boulders and small rocky reefs.
The low intertidal is strongly influenced by sand, and many boulders are partially buried.
10
The high intertidal zone was a mixture of Endocladia muricata,
Porphyra perforata, Ulva californica, Mastocarpus papillatus, and
Hesperophycus harveyanus. Commonly occurring thalli in the mid-zone were
Corallina vancouveriensis on emergent substrate, and Cladophora
columbiana and Colpomenia sinuosa in pools. There were occasional thalli
of Pelvetia fastigiata, Codium fragile, Gigartina spp., and Gastroclonium
subarticul atum. Macroalgae were sparse in much of the low and mid-
intertidal zones, possibly as a result of grazing by locally abundant
abalone.
The low intertidal zone was dominated by Eisenia arborea, Halidrys
dioica, and Bossiella orbigniana. Prionitis lanceolata, [Egregia
menziesii, Lithothrix aspergillum, and Calliarthron tuberculosum were
found occasionally.
SAUCES--This site is at the mouth of Canada de los Sauces, on
the southwest side of the island. A large sand beach about 200 m long
separated rocky areas at the north and south sides of the cove. Both of
these rocky areas were sampled. The northern section consisted of large
stable boulders and small rocky reefs (Fig. 3). The low intertidal was
influenced strongly by sand, and many boulders were partially buried.
The southern portion of this site also was influenced by sand, and
appeared to be exposed more directly to ocean swell.
The rocky intertidal zone at this beach had an intermediate level of
species richness, and algal cover was high. Three species were found
solely at this site, but overall the flora was most similar to that of
the other west-end sites (Forney's Cove and University Trailer).
The high intertidal zone consisted of Porphyra perforata, Endocladia
muricata, Mastocarpus papillatus, and Ulva californica, all of which were
common. Abundant algal species of the mid-intertidal zone were Corallina
vancouveriensis and Gigartina canaliculata. Commonly found species
included Gigartina leptorhynchos, Gymnogongrus leptophyllus, Cryptopleura
spp., Microcladia coulteri, Gelidium coulteri, and Chaetomorpha linum.
The low intertidal zone had an overstory of Egregia menziesii, and
pe
Phyllospadix sp., with Smithora naiadum as a common epiphyte. The lush
understory was characterized by patches of Gigartina spinosa, Plocamium
cartilagineum, Gracilaria pacifica, Gigartina volans, Bossiella
orbigniana, Iridaea cordata, Grateloupia doryphora, and Prionitis
lanceolata.
LAGUNA--This site is at the mouth of Laguna Canyon on the southern
extreme of Santa Cruz Island. A large sand beach about 100 m long was
present with rocky areas occurring on both sides. Sampling was
concentrated on the west side of the site; however, a 10-20 m section of
shoreline also was sampled on the eastern side. The site was subject to
heavy wave action, and sampling was difficult at all times. The
intertidal area had a moderate to steep slope and, including the splash
zone, encompassed 10-15 m. Only about 50 m of shoreline could be sampled
effectively. Numerous sandy pools were present.
This site was characterized by a low species richness, and low
abundance levels for those species found. Many large macroalgal species
were conspicuously absent, and filamentous algae predominated.
The high intertidal zone had a scattered cover of Endocladia
muricata and Porphyra perforata, with occasional thalli of Nemalion
helminthoides and Cladophora columbiana. The common occurrence of
numerous Polysiphonia and Ceramium spp. in the mid-intertidal zone was
unusual, Other common though not abundant species were Ulva lobata,
Chaetomorpha linum, Gelidium coulteri, Rhodoglossum affine, Grateloupia
doryphora, Gigartina leptorhynchos, and Enteromorpha sp.
The low intertidal was populated sparsely with Prionitis lanceolata
and Halidrys dioica. Bossiella orbigniana, Iridaea heterocarpa, and
Gastroclonium coulteri were occasional.
COCHES PRIETOS--This site is a small cove on the south-central to
southeastern portion of Santa Cruz Island. The rocky intertidal included
two areas separated by a small sandy beach. Both rocky areas were
sampled. The western side of the cove was characterized by extensive
EZ
rocky reefs with several tidepools. The eastern side of the cove
consisted of large stable boulders and rock ledges. Overall, about 150 m
of shoreline were sampled.
Coches Prietos had a relatively high species richness and a lush
algal cover. Common components of the high intertidal zone were
Endocladia muricata, Nemalion helminthoides, and Cumagloia andersonii.
The mid-intertidal. zone was characterized by dense turfs of Gelidium
coulteri, Colpomenia sinuosa, Gigartina leptorhynchos, and Cladophora
columbiana. A filamentous turf understory composed of Centrocerus
clavulatum and Ceramium spp. was also common.
Eisenia arborea and Phyllospadix sp. were common overstory plants in
the low intertidal zone. Sargassum muticum, a species naturalized from
Japan, also was common. Understory species included Lithothrix
aspergillum, Halidrys dioica, Scytosiphon lomentaria, Gigartina spinosa,
Corallina officinalis, Pterocladia capillacea, and Laurencia spp., all of
which were common.
POTATO HARBOR--This site is a sheltered cove on the northeastern
portion of Santa Cruz Island. The area sampled included a boulder beach,
a moderately sloping shelf, and a boulder field near the mouth of the
cove. The shelf (Fig. 4) contained numerous tidepools. About 100 m of
shoreline was sampled. The high intertidal zone was characterized by
scattered patches of Mastocarpus papillatus, Endocladia muricata, and
Nemalion helminthoides.
The most abundant alga in the mid-intertidal zone was Corallina
vancouveriensis. Other common species included Gigartina canaliculata,
Codium fragile, Gelidium coulteri, and Rhodoglossum affine. In contrast
with other sites, invertebrates such as chitons, limpets, sea urchins,
and mussels also were common.
The overstory in the low intertidal was composed of Eisenia arborea,
Macrocystis pyrifera, Egregia menziesii, and Phyllospadix sp. The
understory was a well developed turf of Bossiella orbigniana, Laurencia
£35
spp., Gigartina spp., Gelidium robustum, Prionitis lanceolata, and
Halidrys dioica.
CAVE ENTRANCE--This site is at the mouth of a cave between Potato
Harbor and China Harbor. The vertical walls of the cave were sampled.
The cave entrance was characterized by a poorly developed high and
mid-zone flora dominated by crustose algae and invertebrates. Charac-
teristic low zone species were Rhodymenia californica and Plocamium
cartilagineum. Less common species were Plocamium violaceum and
Callophyllis violacea.
CHINA HARBOR--This site is a large north-facing bay on the north
side of Santa Cruz Island. The intertidal (Fig. 5) consists of low
gradient boulder and cobble fields, with small bedrock outcrops. The
sites sampled were primarily on the west side of the harbor below the
access road. About 200 m of shoreline was sampled.
The high intertidal zone throughout this site was sparsely populated
with Ulva californica and Enteromorpha sp. The mid-intertidal zone
consisted of a mixture of Corallina vancouveriensis, Colpomenia sinuosa,
Leathesia_difformis, Laurencia pacifica, and Gigartina canaliculata.
Cryptopleura was a common epiphyte, particularly on Corallina. Algal
cover, however, was low in the mid-zone in the boulder portion of the
site, perhaps because abalone, which graze macrophytes, were abundant on
large boulders. Small boulders appeared to be disturbed by wave action.
The algal overstory in the low intertidal zone was composed of
abundant quantities of Sargassum muticum, with patches of Phyllospadix.
Both species were covered with epiphytes. The understory included tufts
of Pterocladia capillacea and Gelidium robustum. Herposiphonia
verticillata was an abundant epiphyte on a number of algae, particularly
corallines. Other commonly occurring species were Gigartina spinosa,
Pachydictyon coriaceum, Laurencia pacifica, Hypnea valentiae, and
Dictyota flabellata. Acrosorium uncinatum and Callithamnion rupicolum
also were common epiphytes on a variety of algae.
14
i
Fig. 4. POTATO HARBOR SITE. This site is a
sheltered cove on the northeastern shoreline of San-
ta Cruz Island. The area is predominately a narrow,
irregular, moderately sloping shelf of Monterey Shale.
Fig. 5. CHINA HARBOR SITE. This site is a large north-facing bay on the north side of Santa Cruz
Island. The intertidal zone consisted of low-gradient boulder and cobble fields, with small rocky
outcroppings.
15
PELICAN BAY--This site is in a protected cove on the northern
shore of Santa Cruz Island. The intertidal zone consists of a near-
horizontal bench rising abruptly into near-vertical cliffs. There were
numerous tidepools on the bench, the edge of which dropped off steeply
into approximately 5 m depth. We sampled from the center of the cove,
along the eastern side to the outside of the cove, a distance of about
75 m. Included with this site was a small, stable boulder field about
200 m east of Pelican Bay.
Pelican Bay had the highest species richness of all the sites.
Several species were found only at this site. These were Amphiroa
zonata, Gymnothamnion elegans, Iridaea flaccida and Pterochondria woodii.
Algal cover was generally high, particularly in the low and mid- zones.
The high intertidal zone was dominated by Pelvetia fastigiata.
Other common species were Endocladia muricata, Mastocarpus papillatus,
and Nemalion helminthoides. The mid-zone had a number of abundant algal
species, including Codium fragile and its epiphyte Ceramium codicola, and
Gelidium coulteri, Corallina vancouveriensis, and Gigartina canaliculata.
Other commonly occurring species included Enteromorpha sp., Colpomenia
sinuosa, Rhodoglossum affine, and Gelidium purpurascens. The low
intertidal zone had an overstory that included Egregia menziesii,
Macrocystis pyrifera, Eisenia arborea, and Phyllospadix sp. The
understory was algal turf composed of Laurencia_ pacifica, Bossiella
orbigniana, Gigartina spp., Rhodymenia californica, Chondria californica,
Prionitis lanceolata, Calliarthron tuberculosum, and Plocamium
violaceum.
PLATT'S HARBOR--This site, on the north side of Santa Cruz Island,
is difficult to reach from land because it lies at the base of near
vertical cliffs. The main sampling area included approximately 60 m of
shoreline with medium to large unstable boulders and a narrow wave-swept
bench to the east of the harbor. Both areas received moderate wave
action.
16
This site had relatively low species richness, as well as generally
low algal cover. Endocladia muricata was abundant in the high intertidal
zone, interspersed with Mastocarpus papillatus and Nemalion
helminthoides. Common mid-zone algae were Gigartina canaliculata,
Gelidium coulteri, Corallina vancouveriensis, and Rhodoglossum affine.
A broad band of mussels (Mytilus californicanus) dominated the low and
mid-zones of the bench.
A dense overstory of Egregia menziesii occurred in the low
intertidal zone, with occasional patches of Eisenia arborea and
Phyl lospadix. The most abundant understory species was Bossiella
orbigniana. Other common species were Gigartina spinosa, Halymenia
californica, Pachydictyon coriaceum, Halidrys dioica, Laurencia pacifica,
and Prionitis lanceolata.
FERN CAVE--This cave is located in the back of a cove just east of
Diablo Point. The mouth of the cave, about 4 m across, is blocked by
several large boulders, the tops of which were exposed at low tide. The
cave extends back about 10 m. Boulders in the bottom of the cave were
submerged completely. Non-crustose species were present only near the
entrance to the cave, so we concentrated sampling in this area.
Cladophora graminea, Plocamium cartilagineum, Bossiella orbigniana,
Gigartina exasperata, and the epiphyte Herposiphonia verticillata were
common in the low intertidal zone near the cave entrance. Unidentified
coralline crusts covered the rock surfaces throughout the low and mid-
zones.
as.
AR ALYS IS. OF TE SON Ee 7 OUR Tbs
We identified and determined the relative abundance of 154 species
from the 12 sites (Table 2). Appendix I contains the complete catalog of
species collected during this study. Thirty-four species, or about 25%
of the total, were new records for Santa Cruz Island (Table 3). Sixty-
three percent of the new records are for widely distributed species
(Abbott and Hollenberg 1976). Because previous sampling of intertidal
macrophytes has been restricted to a few locations, the increase in total
number of taxa probably is due to the increased sampling effort rather
than recent changes in species distributions. As a result of this study
and the work by Littler, intertidal species reported from Santa Cruz
Island now number 170. To date, a total of 280 marine macrophytes have
been collected or reported from the intertidal zone and the subtidal
region off Santa Cruz Island. Appendix III contains a checklist of
published records for the combined list.
In spite of the large number of locally rare species, the general
appearance of all sites was similar. A typical intertidal area was
composed of a sparsely populated high intertidal region with a low
species richness. Common high intertidal algae included Endocladia
muricata, Porphyra perforata, Ulva californica, Mastocarpus papillatus,
and Nemalion heminthoides. The mid-intertidal zone typically consisted
of such species as Gelidium coulteri, Gigartina canaliculata, Gigartina
leptorhynchos, Rhodoglossum affine, Corallina vancouveriensis, and
Cryptopleura spp. This region included many marine invertebrates such as
mussels, barnacles, and abalone. Grazing by the latter animal probably
influenced the species of algae present. The low zone typically
contained Prionitis lanceolata, Laurencia spp., Gelidium robustum,
Bossiella sp., Corallina officinalis, Gigartina spinosa, Phyllospadix
spp., and at least one large brown alga, usually Egregia menziesii or
Eisenia arborea.
The number of species varied greatly among sites (Table 4). Of the
major sites visited, those most exposed to wave action (Laguna, West
Point, and Platt's) with less accessible intertidal area had the lowest
18
Table 2. Distribution And Relative Abundance Of Intertidal Macrophytes At The
Sites Sampled On Santa Cruz Island. Species are listed alphabetically by
division. The relative abundance values are equivalent to terms used in the text.
1 = rare, 2 = occasional, 3 = common, and 4 = abundant. The site codes are also
equivalent to those in the text. Where NW = Northwest Point, FC = Forney's Cove,
UT = University trailer, SA = Sauces, LA = Laguna, CP = Coches Prietos, PO =
Potato Harbor, CH = China Harbor, PB = Pelican Bay, PL = Platt's Harbor, CE = Cave
Entrance, and FE = Fern Cave. The ten major sites are grouped together from the
westernmost site, to the southern, eastern and then northern. The two minor sites
are grouped on the left of the table. Distribution (D) over the entire California
range is designated after each species: W = widely distributed, N = predominately
found in northern California, S = predominately found in southern California.
DIVISION CHLOROPHYTA (Green Algae)
SPECIES De We CoS A AG ee OL ee CEmEE
Bryopsis corticulans W 2 AL iL
Bryopsis hypnoides W 2
Chaetomorpha linum W oi 3 i Re 1
Cladophora sp. - 2 iL
Cladophora albida W 2 al
Cladophora columbiana W Z U3 2s Se a2 ae
Cladophora graminea W 2 1 2 3
Codium fragile Weg? 2 ir 52). 3 af 82
Codium setchellii W 2
Derbesia marina W 1 il
Enteromorpha sp. - Ce Ae a ee
Ulva californica S 3} Si 8 1 2
Ulva lobata Wi sia a2 8 2e 2 3 3 2 2
Ulva taeniata N @ @ 2
DIVISION PHAEOPHYTA (Brown Algae)
SPECIES DW ese Geile SA ANC PAs OMG Hime mle CERREE
Colpomenia sp. - 3. 3 Al: «Sia s mec
Cystoseira osmundacea W 2 3 2 ll
Desmarestia ligulata WE 2 oll 1 1
Dictyopteris undulata S Z
Dictyota binghamiae Wie 32
Dictyota flabellata S 2 3 2
Ectocarpus parvus W 2 1 1 2 Sea
Egregia menziesii W Shece yg oe 2) 3 Bsn) <4
Eisenia arborea We 3-5 Al 3 4 3 34.3
Endarachne binghamiae S 2
19
SPECIES DIWPS ECU SAR EAGC Passe ORI CHa BaaRls CEmGe
Halidrys dioica Sr iv2jans Si ietSars 3% 43
Hesperophycus harveyanus W 3 HS 1
Hincksia granulosa W 1 2
Laminaria farlowii W 1 2
Laminaria setchellii N 3
Leathesia difformis W 2 1 a V3 > yh
Macrocystis pyrifera Weg di Zin “Hg? ayelneree 2riees 3
Pachydictyon coriaceum W 2 ZOE R Cre OPER 3
Pelvetia fastigiata W hf 2 di 9 Ag 4
Petalonia fascia W Cirele ome 2
Sargassum muticum W SF 2) 4 alae Pil
Scytosiphon dotyi W 1 QB ee ee $2
Scytosiphon lomentaria Winch ae celenZrecs tee SS Male eS
Sphacelaria didichotoma W 1
Taonia lennebackerae S fd 2 1
Zonaria farlowii S 2
DIVISION RHODOPHYTA (Red Algae)
SPECIES ia D- WE RC 207 SSA) DA ER POW CH: IPBY MPLS SP RCESHe
Acrochaetium sp. =u ol 1
Acrosorium uncinatum S 3
Ahnfeltia plicata W 1
Amphiroa zonata S 2
Amplisiphonia pacifica W 1
Anisocladella pacifica W ‘le pel
Antithamnion defectum W 1 2 devel
Asterocolax gardneri W it
Bangia fusco-purpurea W 1
Bossiella sp. S3ue «3 Ril
Bossiella californica W 2 2
Bossiella orbigniana Wi Bi BB Se BO Ae ee ad 3
Calliarthron tuberculosum We 2) 32h (920) aL 3 Sie
Callithamnion pikeanum Niece eZ
Callithamnion rupicolum S 1 ee tS ieee er
Callophyllis sp. = 3 1
20
SPECIES
Callophyllis violacea
Centroceras clavulatum
Ceramium sp.
Ceramium californicum
Ceramium caudatum
Ceramium codicola
Ceramium eatonianum
Chondria californica
Corallina sp.
Corallina officinalis
Corallina vancouveriensis
Cryptopleura sp.
Cryptopleura lobulifera
Cryptopleura violacea
Cumagloia andersonii
Endocladia muricata
Erythrocystis saccata
Erythrotrichia sp.
Farlowia conferta
Fauchea laciniata
Gastroclonium coulteri
Gelidium coulteri
Gelidium nudifrons
Gelidium purpurascens
Gelidium pusil lum
Gelidium robustum
Gigartina canaliculata
Gigartina exasperata
Gigartina harveyana
Gigartina leptorhynchos
Gigartina spinosa
Gigartina volans
Gracilaria pacifica
Gracilaria papenfussii
DWE ECR UTE SAB EAR ICR ROM ICH IPBaIRE
ou
2
nN
2
CESARE
2
SPEGIES DWP BC UT SA. WA UCP. (PO: CH RB ABR IMeGE FE
Gracilariophila oryzoides W 1
Grateloupia doryphora igs meer Se 2h eee: 2
Gymnogongrus sp. - eel 2
Gymnogongrus leptophyllus W 1 8
Gymnogongrus platyphyllus W 1 1
Gymnothamnion elegans 5 2
Haliptylon gracile S Z 2
Halymenia californica W 2 3
Herposiphonia plumula W 2 2 1
Herposphonia verticillata Wie ale WSs eae EPs) 3
Heterosiphonia erecta S ds} ogg 1
Hypnea valentiae S 3
Iridaea cordata Wid). Sg 22 2
Iridaea flaccida W 2
Iridaea heterocarpa N tm 2
Iridaea lineare N 2
Janczewskia gardneri W 1
Laurencia sp. - 2 2
Laurencia lajolla N 2 gr 3 roe a:
Laurencia pacifica W ea 2 3 2 ‘Aa
Laurencia spectabilis W ed 2, OP Dou el
Laurencia splendens W 1 iL 2
Leptocladia binghamiae Soll 1
Lithothrix aspergil]um W Ae: 4 1
Mastocarpus papillatus Nia2. 43" Sh 8 ce als Sees
Melobesia mediocris W 2 2 3: Bi ae
Microcladia coulteri Wei de) 3h 2 1 2
Nemalion helminthoides W 2 ee iy le ey 8 ss ees
Neoptilota hypnoides N 2
Nienburgia andersoniana W 1
Odonthalia floccosa Nia = al
Platythamnion recurvatum N i
Pleonosporium vancouverianum W In”
Plocamium cartilagineum W 3 3 1 1 hss)
22
SPECIES DoW E ECU SARC AR CR ROS GH OPBasPe CEQIEE
Plocamium violaceum We 8 2g Pela” velar 2e el 3 2p
Pogonophorella californica W 1
Polysiphonia sp. - 1 1 1 ee!
Polysiphonia acuminata W 1 2 1
Polysiphonia brodiaei N 1
Polysiphonia hendryi W 1 23; ele Sal 1
Polysiphonia pacifica W ae 3S
Polysiphonia paniculata W 1 3
Polysiphonia savatieri W 1
Polysiphonia scopulorum W 1 2
Polysiphonia simplex S i) el
Porphyra perforata Wiese ose So 8Si SA I) Sa Pee
Prionitis lanceolata WAT S, 20 3 FS Pees 2 See 2
Prionitis lyalli W 2 l
Pterochondria woodii S 2
Pterocladia capillacea S 1 3 4 1
Pterosiphonia baileyi W LG lee a 1 2
Pterosiphonia dendroidea Wes ie Tse ose 2 icles he 2
Ptilothamnionopsis lejolisea W 1
Rhodoglossum affine Wie2e Caen 2th Sirs sy | Sil” eS
Rhodymenia californica W 2 2 aan! 3 3 ol
Rhodymenia pacifica W 2 1
Sarcodiotheca gaudichaudii W i Vie “t x2 @
Schimmelmannia plumosa N 1 1 1
Schizymenia pacifica W 2 1a 2
Scinaia confusa W 1
Smithora naiadum W Zi we 3 4 Bue 2
Sorella delicatula W Z
Tiffaniella synderiae W Ncw cleo, 2 3
DIVISION ANGIOSPERMAE (Flowering Plants)
SPECIES OG WS IS CR Io) Gil es PL CESSEE
Phyllospadix scouleri W SZ Avett 3 3 aoa) 73
Phyllospadix torreyi W 3 3 3
Zo
Table 3. Species Not Recorded Previously In Published Records Of Santa
Cruz Island Marine Macrophytes. Key: WD = widely distributed, N =
northern species, S = southern species, * = species previously described
only from Monterey, California, R = rare, 0 = occasional, C = common.
See Appendix for complete checklist of reported macrophytes.
# Sites Abundance
Species Distribution Where Found Where Found
Ahnfeltia plicata
Amplisiphonia pacifica
Anisocladella pacifica
Asterocolax gardneri
Callithamnion pikeanum
Centroceras clavulatum
Ceramium caudatum
Cladophora albida
Codium setchel1ii
Derbesia marina
Farlowia conferta
Gigartina exasperata
Gigartina volans
Gracilaria pacifica
Gracilaria papenfussii
Gracilariophila oryzoides
Gymnothamnion elegans
Hincksia granulosa
Hypnea Cae:
Iridaea heterocarpa
Janczewskia gardneri
Laminaria setchellii
Odonthalia floccosa
Phyllospadix torreyi
Platythamnion recurvatum
Pogonophorella californica
Polysiphonia brodiaei
Polysiphonia scopulorum
Prionitis lyallii
Ptilothamnionopsis lejolisea
Schimme|lmannia plumosa
Scinaia confusa
Sphacelaria didichotoma
“ie taeniata
2S SS SSS SS Se aS SS Sa SSO ONS ON SS SSeS SSS SOON SSeS
CD OR WD FD OD ORF WD WR RM RM RED RMR WR WD RP WR WDM ON N RF
DODWDDDWDODADWDANDIDNDNDADIODODIOODWDDWNOODDOODOCOA AD D
0
24
Table 4. Species Richness At Sites Surveyed During This Study.
Site Name Location on Island Number of Taxa
Pelican Bay North Shore 83
Forney's Cove West End 81
Univ. Trailer Southwest Side 76
Coches Prietos South Shore 72
Sauces West Side 64
China Harbor North Shore 62
Potato Harbor North Shore 57
Platt's Harbor North Shore 54
Laguna South Shore 52
West Point Northwest Point 43
Fern Cave North Shore 18
Cave Entrance North Shore 4
a A |
Table 5. Number of Species Occurring At Only One Site Or Multiple
STIteS..
Number of Sites Number of % of
Where Found Taxa Total sp.
1 33 22.9
2 22 1533
3 19 Lae
4 NZ 8.3
5 iG) 10.4
6 8 5.6
ih it 1.6
8 8 AUS
9 ri 4.9
6.3
all 10 major sites 9
29
species richness. The sites with greatest richness (Pelican Bay,
Forney's Cove, and University Trailer) were, in general, protected
coastlines with relatively large intertidal areas. With the exception of
West Point, all study sites had at least a few rocky areas or tidepools
with some sand coverage. Although most sites did not appear to be
strongly influenced by sand and had few sand-associated species, three
psammophytes (Codium setchellii, Ahnfeltia plicata, and Gracilaria
pacifica) were unique to Sauces.
On an island-wide basis, approximately 25% of the species were
common in distribution (frequency). We rated a commonly distributed
species as one that occurred at six or more of our 10 major sites. The
majority, or about 50%, were found at three or fewer sites (Table 5). Of
the new island records (Table 3), over 50% occurred rarely, usually at
only one or a few sites, and may have been overlooked in previous
collecting expeditions. Hypnea valientae, a new record for the island,
was abundant when present, and may have expanded its range northward
during the 1983-84 EE]! Nifio conditions when seawater temperatures in
this area were above average.
Overall, only nine taxa were found at all ten major sites. These
include: Cryptopleura sp., Endocladia muricata, Gelidium coulteri,
G. robustum, Gigartina canaliculata, G. spinosa, Nemalion helminthoides,
Prionitis lanceolata, and Rhodoglossum affine. All of these species are
distributed widely along the western coast of the United States, and were
reported previously from Santa Cruz Island.
26
RUMER LCAL ANALYSIS OF SITES
The TWINSPAN analysis separated two cave sites (Fern Cave and Cave
Entrance) from the remaining sites on the basis of low species richness.
They were closest in this analysis to the West Point site (Fig. 6), which
also had a low species richness and contained several shallow, cave-like
areas. Thus, it is not surprising that West Point is grouped with the
cave sites. For simplicity, Fern Cave and the Cave Entrance will be
excluded from discussion of the remaining sites.
For our ten major sites, the DECORANA analyses gave identical
results for the frequency classification scheme and for presence/absence
(p/a) data (Fig. 7). Although the sites had between 43-83 species, many
of the species were either rare or occasional within a site. The species
that tended to be common within a site also were often geographically
common. Thus, abundance patterns within sites were not unique enough to
change the relationships among sites. The analyses show that most of the
sites lie fairly close to one another on the principal components axes,
whereas only a few sites (West Point, Laguna, and China Harbor) lie
outside the main cluster (Fig. 7). These same sites also were separate
in the first division in the TWINSPAN analysis (Fig. 6).
A strong geographic pattern in the data was not shown; however,
three west end sites (University Trailer, Forney's Cove, and Sauces) did
appear to be similar. They also were similar, however, to China Harbor,
a north coast site (Figs. 6 and 7). Three of the north coast sites
(Potato Harbor, Platt's Harbor, and Pelican Bay) were similar to each
other, but showed similarity to Coches Prietos, a south coast site (Fig.
7). Although the number of sites representing each rock type was low,
there was no obvious relationship between rock type and species richness
or composition. This also was true for abalone abundance.
The most distinct site, using all analyses, was West Point. This
site lies on the northwestern tip of the island, is very exposed to ocean
swells, and may receive colder currents (Neushul et al. 1969, Hendricks
1977). The flora is characterized by having the lowest species richness
27
Cave
Entrance
China Laguna Fern West
Cave Point
Sauces Potato
Trailer Forney’s Coches
Pelican Platt’s
Figure6. Dendrogram from TWINSPAN analysis based on intertidal marine macrophytes from
all sites surveyed during this study of Santa Cruz Island.
of all of the major sites. Many geographically common species were
missing from the site and three species were unique to the site. These
species, Laminaria setchellii, Neoptilota hypnoides, and Iridaea lineare,
were common and are more typical of northern water. Two other northern
species, Callithamnion pikeanum and Odonthalia floccosa, were found only
at West Point and its neighboring site, Forney's Cove, again suggesting
strong northern affinities for this site.
Laguna was another site that showed strong differences from the
other sites in both analyses. This south-facing area also was exposed to
wave action and was found to be difficult to reach even on days when
other sites were calm. The site had low species richness (Table 4), with
the flora dominated by filamentous red algae, such as Polysiphonia spp.
and Ceramium spp. Larger foliose algae were uncommon with the exception
of Rhodoglossum affine and Grateloupia doryphora. Laguna contained few
unique species. We conclude that local conditions, rather’ than
geographic location, make this site unique.
China Harbor also was an outlier in the DECORANA analysis (Fig. 7).
This site consisted of a large north-facing bay with extensive boulder
fields and discontinuous small reefs. It had a large number of species
found at no other sites (Table 5). Of these species, the majority were
28
200
é Laguna
150
Sauces
e
N
Aa
x<
< 400
<
oO
2 West Point
China Univ. Trailer Potato °
e ®
50 eorney’s « Platts
Pelican
e
Coches
50 100 150 200 250 300
DCA Axis 1
Figure 7. DECORANA ordination analysis by principal coordinates of the
marine macrophytes for ten main sites (i.e., caves were excluded) on Santa
Cruz Island. This analysis was obtained using both presence/absence data
and scaled abundance estimates. The eigen value for the first coordinate was
.310 in both cases.
150 @ Laguna
Pelican
Potat
~ 100 e ‘s otato
a
x<
xt
<x Platt’s
2 e Pcenc e West Point
50 Forney’s » ‘ China
e Univ. Trailer
Sauces
50 100 150 200 250
DCA Axis 1
Figure 8. DECORANA ordination analysis by principal coordinates of the
marine macrophytes of ten main sites surveyed in this study of Santa Cruz
Island. This analysis was conducted on species lists where the species that
were geographically rare (i.e., they occurred at few of the sites) were down-
weighted in importance. Eigen value for the first axis was .189.
Pape)
southern, including Hypnea valentiae, Acrosorium uncinatum, and
Dictyopteris undulata. Each of these was common here. Dictyota
flabellata, another southern species, was most common at this site.
Three species (Farlowia conferta, Gelidium nudifrons, and
Scinaia confusa) were included in the analysis, but were found only in
the drift. This may have inadvertently skewed the analysis. However,
China Harbor lacked a few common species and may be unique, because its
orientation results in an influence from both southern and northern water
(Seapy and Littler 1980).
In a revision of the DECORANA analysis, we downweighted geographi-
cally rare species (Fig. 8). As a result, China Harbor was no longer an
outlier, suggesting that its uniqueness in the first analysis (Fig. 7) is
due to its high number of unique species relative to the other sites
(Table 6). West Point and Laguna, however, still were situated outside
of the main cluster of points (Fig. 8). Sauces, a site that also tended
to lie outside the main cluster in the original analyses (Fig. 7), was
also less of an outlier when rare species were downweighted. This site
contained three species unique to it and several other geographically
uncommon species. The unique species are associated with sand-swept
benches (Abbott & Hollenberg 1976), suggesting that the site's position
in the analysis with respect to other sites was due in part to influence
by sand.
Overall, Santa Cruz Island appears to be a transitional area between
a northern and a southern marine flora. Seventy-three percent of all
macrophyte species reported from the island are distributed widely along
the California coast. Nine percent are 'northern' species and 18% are
‘'southern' species (Table 2). This suggests that Santa Cruz Island has
more southern affinities than northern ones. Murray et al. (1980)
reported similar findings in their analysis of species composition for
intertidal macrophytes from Willows Anchorage on Santa Cruz Island. They
found that this site was more similar to a site on Santa Barbara Island,
one of the southern Channel Islands, than to sites where they collected
on any of the northern islands. Although our survey included sites
30
Table 6. Number Of Unique Species Occurring At Each Site. Key: WD =
widely distributed along California coast. S = has northern range limit
in Southern California Bight. N = has southern range limit in Southern
California Bight area.
Site Unique Species General Distribution
China Harbor 8 4=WD, 3=S, 1=N
Pelican Bay 4 3=S, 1=N
West Point 3 3=N
Sauces 3 3=WD
Univ. Trailer 3 3=WD
Coches Prietos 3 2=WD, 1=S
Forney's Cove 2 1=Monterey Only, 1=WD
Laguna 1 1=WD
Platt's Harbor 0
Potato Harbor 0
throughout the island, including some with more northern affinities, our
data still suggest the island as a whole has more species in common with
sites to the south of the Point Conception area. It would be interesting
to resurvey these sites at several times in the future to determine
whether this pattern persists. Of the 33 total occurrences of northern
species, 72% were from the sites on the western portion of the island
(West Point, Forney's Cove, University Trailer, Sauces, and Laguna).
Southern species, however, were well distributed throughout the island,
and 44% of their total occurrences were from the same west end sites.
Thus,. the entire island shows southern affinities, whereas it is
primarily the western portion of the island that shows’ northern
affinities. These west end sites correspond to the areas having
generally colder water temperatures (Hendricks 1977). Thus, the
occurrence of a greater number of northern species in those areas may
reflect physiological tolerances of northern species or current patterns
that tend to bring in both colder water and spores of northern species.
31
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
We surveyed ten main sites on the northern, western, and southern
coastlines of Santa Cruz Island for the presence of non-crustose marine
macrophytes. Each site varied in levels of wave action, intertidal area,
substrate type, and presence of abalone. Species richness varied from 43
to 83 species. The sites protected from direct ocean swells had the
highest species richness and overall abundances. Conversely, sites
exposed to strong wave action (Laguna, West Point, Platt's Harbor), were
lowest in species richness and overall abundance. Substrate type did not
have any obvious effect on the type or amount of algal material present;
however, this apparent lack of correlation with substrate may be the
result of the small number of sites sampled relative to the number of
rock types present.
Approximately 25% of the total number of species identified appear
to be new records for Santa Cruz Island. The large percent of new
records is probably the result of the increased number of sites sampled
relative to past sampling efforts. The total number of marine intertidal
macrophytes now recorded for Santa Cruz Island is 170 (Appendix I).
The classification techniques used to analyze the species assemblage
relationships among sites did not produce any clear cause/effect
patterns. Further studies including a greater number of sites may be
instructive. Sites on the northern side of the island did tend to
cluster together as did those at the west end, although some sites
deviated from this general pattern. A large percent of the total number
of species recorded were found at three or fewer sites. Because we
sampled only ten sites intensively, it is difficult to detect patterns
using these types of analyses. Overall, the intertidal flora contained
representatives of both northern and southern coastal species. This is
not surprising, because the island is situated in the region of the
Southern California Bight. This region has long been recognized as
transitional between northern and southern floras and faunas (Seapy &
Littler 1978, Murray et al. 1980). What is perhaps surprising is that
southern species are more strongly represented than northern ones.
32
Northern species were most strongly associated with sites from the
western portion of the island, supporting oceanographic data that show
colder temperatures in that area.
RECOMMENDATIONS
Although this survey documents the characteristic algal communities
at several sites on Santa Cruz Island, no attempt was made to establish
permanent transects at any of the sites. Such transects would be useful
in providing quantitative evidence for long term persistence or change in
these assemblages. Resampling of these sites at different seasons or in
different years (even using the same methods we used) also would be
instructive to monitor the types of fluctuations in species composition
that might occur in these habitats. Resampling of our sites and those
surveyed by Littler would be particularly valuable in the event of major
disturbances, including oil spills that could produce’ significant
alterations of habitats and species assemblages.
Biogeographic patterns are difficult to detect in communities such
as those on Santa Cruz Island, where species richness is generally high,
but where many species are locally and geographically rare. A more
thorough understanding of factors controlling the regional distribution
of algal species in the vicinity of Santa Cruz Island would involve
sampling a greater number of sites throughout the island, particularly on
the eastern portion, and a more detailed multivariate analysis. These
analyses might help to identify groups of species more strongly
associated with certain environmental conditions, including water
temperate, rock type, or exposure. Experimental work, such as trans-
planting, could then be conducted to test hypothesis generated by the
multivariate analyses. A more detailed study of ocean current patterns
around the island also might help to clarify seemingly unusual
distribution patterns.
33
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This project was funded in part by the University of California
Natural Reserve System. We thank Dr. S. Holbrook, Faculty Manager of
SCIR, for helping to acquire funding. We also thank the Santa Cruz
Island Company for access to the Island and Dr. L. Laughrin, Reserve
Manager, for assistance with transportation on Santa Cruz Island.
Drs. I. Abbott, D. Kaupran, and J. Norris assisted with the identifi-
cation of specimens; M. Schildauer, D. Martz, and T. Dudley (UCSB) helped
with the field work; L. Todd mounted many of the voucher specimens;
Dr. F. Davis (UCSB) provided statistical advice; W. Ferren (UCSB)
provided support for herbarium materials, specimen curation, and
manuscript preparation; Donna Johnston, Melanie Fujii, and Becky Boehrs
typed the manuscript; and UCSB Graphic Services and Printing and
Reprographics produced the final figures and printed the publication. We
thank the curators of UC and the Herbarium of the Hopkins Marine Station
for access to specimens, R. Moe for assistance at UC, and P. Silva and
K. Miller (UC) for information on the algae of Santa Cruz Island and for
helpful comments and improvements on the manuscript. Drs. J. Markham
(UCSB) and W. Magruder (Bishop Museum) provided valuable reviews of
earlier drafts and D. Pritchett, L. Laughrin, and S. Holbrook also gave
editorial assistance. Financial support for publication was provided by
the UCSB Herbarium Fund and the Santa Cruz Island Research Fund, which is
a joint project of The Nature Conservancy and the Santa Barbara Museum of
Natural History.
34
LT THESRWA TURE eo Cobh a ED
Abbott, I. A. 1985. Gracilaria from California: key, list and
distribution of species. In I. A. Abbott and J. N. Norris, eds.,
Taxonomy of economic seaweeds. California Sea Grant Program.
Abbott, I. A. and G. J. Hollenberg. 1976. Marine Algae of California.
Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA.
Goexerel!,T.> D.- A. 1939. The marine invertebrate fauna of the
Gainkornid wslands. Proc. 6th Pac. Sei. Congr. 32501=504.
Druenl), °L. O. 1979, On the taxonomy of California Laminaria
(Phaeophyta). J. Phycol. 15:337-338.
Gabrielson, P. W. 1982. Morphological studies of members of the tribe
Agardhielleae (Solieriaceae, Rhodophyta). II. Sarcodiotheca
gaudichaudii (Montagne) comb. nov. Phycologia 21:86-96.
Goldsmith, F. B., C. M. Harrison, and A. J. Morton. 1986. Description
and analysis of vegetation. In P. D. Moore and S. B. Chapman,
eds., Methods in Plant Ecology. Blackwell Scientific Publications,
Palo Alto, CA.
Guiry, M. D., J. A. West, D-H. Kim, and M. Masuda. 1984. Reinstatement
of the genus Mastocarpus KUtzing (Rhodophyta). Taxon 33:53-63.
Hawkes, M. W. and R. F. Scagel. 1986. The marine algae of British
Columbia and northern Washington: division Rhodophyta (red algae),
class Rhodophyceae, order Rhodymeniales. Can. J. Bot. 64:1549-
1580.
Benditcks, Teo J. — 1977. Satellite imagery studies. In Coastal. water
research project annual report for the year ended 30 June 1977, pp.
75-78. Southern California Coastal Water Research Project, E1
Segundo, CA.
ney Me. OL 1979, DECORANA: A Fortran program for detrended
correspondence analysis and reciprocal averaging. Cornel]
University, Ithaca, NY.
Huisman, Jd. 9M. 1985): The Scinaia assemblage (Galaxauraceae,
Rhodophyta): a reapprasial. Phycologia 24:403-418.
berber. Mo. Mig weds LOA « Spatial and temporal variation in the
distribution and abundance of rocky intertidal and tidepool biotas
35
in the Southern California Bight. Bureau of Land Management, U.S.
Dept. Interior, Washington, DC.
Littler, M. M., ed. 1978. The annual and seasonal ecology of southern
California subtidal, rocky intertidal and tidepool biotas. Bureau
of Land Management, U.S. Dept. Interior, Washington, DC.
Littler, M. M., ed. 1979. The distribution, abundance, and community
structure of rocky intertidal and tidepool biotas in the Southern
California Bight. Bureau of Land Management, U.S. Dept. Interior,
Washington, DC.
Littler. Ma iM: 1980. Overview of the rocky intertidal systems of
Southern California. In D. M. Power, ed., The California Islands:
proceedings of a multidisciplinary symposium. Santa Barbara Museum
of Natural History, Santa Barbara, CA.
Murray, Ss. -N@ 1974. Benthic algae and) grasses.) In Mo cE. sDaitens
B. Hill, and N. Lansing, eds., A summary of knowledge of the
southern California coastal zone and offshore areas. Kiln
Biological Environment. Bureau of Land Management, U.S. Dept.
Interior, Washington, DC.
Murray, S. N., M. M. Littler, and I. A. Abbott. 1980. Biogeography of
the California marine algae with emphasis on the Southern California
islands. In D. M. Power, ed., The California Islands: proceedings
of a multidisciplinary symposium. Santa Barbara Museum of Natural
History, Santa Barbara, CA.
Neushul, M., W. D. Clarke, and D. W. Brown. 1967. Subtidal plant and
animal communities of the Southern California Islands. In
R. N. Philbrick, ed., Proceedings of the symposium on the biology of
the California Islands. Santa Barbara Botanic Garden, Santa
Barbara, California.
Seapy, R. R. and M. M. Littler. 1980. Biogeography of rocky intertidal
macroinvertebrates’ of the= Southern «California eitsiands.) (som
D. M. Power, ed., The California Islands: proceedings of a
multidisciplinary symposium. Santa Barbara Museum of Natural
History, Santa Barbara, CA.
Silva, P. C., E. G. Menez, and R. L. Moe. 1987. Catalog of the benthic
marine algae of the Philippines. Smithsonian Contributions to the
Marine Sciences, No. 27.
36
APPENDICIES
View northeastward
from vicinity of Fraser Point,
Santa Cruz Island
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\ 4
( : f
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ee ‘< 7
; ar ,
3 .
*, ; 7
Mt V +. ‘on <F
-_. ( ; py n pay
t eee: he “s ry,
‘ fs : re fy ipa
af ec
af “ ”
. ° ‘ J
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- - , ~
3 7 :
= i~s '
4 - & yey ae | Ly -e is
» ae * i 1 _ S
bs : i \
: Ea
r »
- 7 ia” t
‘
‘ é 4 ’ Aw a
j , ore. 3 aay: i "ed hd
tale ao vi 4 “
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, bat i
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: ‘
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4
AP PEN DoT
Annotated Catalogue of the Intertidal Macrophytes of Santa Cruz Island
This Annotated Catalogue includes all marine algae and flowering
plants collected on Santa Cruz Island during our study. A checklist of
all algae reported from intertidal and subtidal habitats at Santa Cruz
Island is presented in Appendix III. All specimens cited in Appendix I
are deposited in the UCSB Herbarium, with selected duplicate specimens
deposited at the Santa Cruz Island Reserve Herbarium (SCIR) and the
University Herbarium (UC) at the University of California, Berkeley. The
catalogue is arranged in an order traditionally used for marine algae:
the Chlorophyta are first, followed by the Phaeophyta and Rhodophyta
algae, with the flowering plants last. Genera are arranged
alphabetically within each group.
Included for each species are the scientific name, a_ brief
description of relevant information regarding growth habit and intertidal
location, abundance/distribution [abundance refers to the average
relative percent cover for each taxon at each site: rare = less than
four specimens seen at a site, occasional = between four and 20 specimens
found, common = did not occupy more than 25% cover, abundant = occupied
more than 25% cover within its respective intertidal zone; distribution
(frequency) is the number of sites on the island where the taxa was
found: rare = 1, occasional = 2-4, common = 5-7, abundant = 8-12]; and
finally the specific site and field collection number for each specimen.
The two letter site code is as follows: CE = Cave near Potato Harbor,
CH = China Harbor, CP = Coches Prietos, FC = Forney's Cove, FE = Fern
Cave, LA = Laguna, PB = Pelican Bay, PL = Platt's Harbor, PO = Potato
Harbor, SA = Sauces, UT = University Trailer, WP = West Point.
Collection number is our research team field number’ for voucher
specimens. Figure numbers refer to photographs of algae in Appendix II.
39
ANNOTATED CATALOGUE
DIVISION CHLOROPHYTA (Green Algae)
Bryopsis corticulans Setch. Attached to substrate in mixed turf, low-
aT intertidal; rare-occasional/occasional; WP 2500 2541, LA 2588, CP
2029, PB 2276.
Bryopsis hypnoides Lamour. Attached to substrate in mixed turf, mid-
intertidal; occasional/rare; LA 2191.
Chaetomorpha linum (MUI11.) Kitz. Attached to substrate in mixed turf,
mid-high intertidal; rare-common/common; FC 1812, UT 1927, SA 2114, LA
2104, GP, 2035.% CH »2389..
Cladophora sp. Unidentifiable to species, rare/rare: PL 2435.
Cladophora albida (Huds.) KUtz. Attached to substrate, mid-high
intertidal; rare-occasional/occasional; CP 2058 2059, PB 2272, PL 2447.
Cladophora columbiana Coll. Attached to substrate, mid-intertidal; rare-
common/abundant; NW 1814 1869 1884, FC 1922, SA 2090, LA 2175, CP 2037,
PO 2334, CH 2387, PB 2273 2280, PL 2449.
Cladophora graminea Coll. Attached to substrate, mid-intertidal or in
pools; rare-common/occasional; WP 2506 2551 2557, SA 2112, PB 2262, FE,
2455.
Codium fragile (Sur.) Har. Attached to substrate, low-mid intertidal or
in pools; rare-abundant/abundant; WP 2495 2528, FC 1816, UT 1888, LA
2576, CP 2010, PO 2338, PB 2229, PL 2402.
Codium setchellii Gardn. Attached to substrate, mid-intertidal;
occasional/rare; SA 2093.
Derbesia marina (Lyngb.) Sol. Epizoic on sponge (2238), "Halicystis"
stage attached to crustose coraline algae (2312, 2414), low intertidal;
rare/occasional; PO 2312, PB 2238, PL 2414.
Enteromorpha sp. Unidentifiable to species, epiphytic or attached to
substrate, all tidal levels; rare-common/abundant; UT 2473, SA 2151, LA
2165 2192, CP 1799 2067, PO 2355, CH 2386, PB 2250, PL 2448.
Ulva californica Wille. Attached to substrate, mid-high intertidal;
rare-common/common; FC 1873, UT 1941, SA 2126, CP 2050, CH 1800.
Ulva lobata (KUtz.) S. & G. Attached to substrate or epiphytic, low-mid
intertidal or in pools; occasional-common/ abundant; WP 2556, FC 1875, UT
1942 2474, SA 2128, LA 2162 2164 2169, PO 2317 2354, PB 2300, PL 2443
2450.
40
Ulva taeniata (Setch.) S. & G. Attached to substrate or epizoic on
mussels, low-mid intertidal or in pools; rare-common/occasional; FC 1874,
UT 1942, LA 2162 2169.
DIVISION PHAEOPHYTA (Brown Algae)
Colpomenia sinuosa (Roth) Derb. & Sol. All Colpomenia spp. were placed
into C. sinuosa, because it was not possible, due to morphological
overlap, to distinquish C. perege fa. Attached to substrate, low-high
intertidal; occasional-abundant/common; FC 1825, UT 1921, CP 2012 2016
2070, PO 2307, CH 1/780, PB: 2245, PL 2413.
Cystoseira osmundacea (Turn.) C. Ag. Attached to substrate, low
intertidal or in deep pools; rare-common/occasional; FC 1807, UT 1885, CH
G65. “PB 2243:
Desmarestia ligulata (Lightf.) Lamour. Attached to substrate, low
intertidal; rare-occasional/occasional; WP 2523, FC 2490, SA 2080, PL
2397.
Dictyopteris undulata Holmes. Attached to substrate, low intertidal;
occasional/rare; CH 1762.
Dictyota binghamiae J. Ag. Attached to substrate, low intertidal; rare-
occasional/occasional; WP 2517, FC 1819.
Dictyota flabellata (Coll.) S. & G. Attached to substrate, low-mid
intertidal; occasional-common/occasional; LA 2579, CH 2375, PL 2437.
Ectocarpus parvus (Saund.) Hollenb. Fig. 15. Epiphytic on various brown
aiigaey°"primartiy on old portions of Eisenia and Halidrys; -rare-
occasional/common; WP 2494 2497 2568, UT 1912 2484, LA 2577, PO 2313
2342, PL 2429,
Egregia menziesii (Turn.) Aresch. Attached to substrate, low intertidal
and in pools; rare-abundant/abundant; FC 1822, UT 1944, SA 2076, LA 2160,
GPe2004.. PO 2340, CH 1785, PB 2237, PL 2409.
Eisenia arborea Aresch. Attached to substrate, very low intertidal,
heavy surge areas; rare-abundant/common; WP 2492 2543, FC 1834, UT 1940,
CP 2002, PO 2340 2345, PB 2249, PL 2408 2409.
Endarachne binghamiae J. Ag. Attached to substrate in sandy area, mid-
intertidal, occasional/rare; UT 2472.
Halidrys dioica Gardn. Attached to substrate, low intertidal;
common/common; WP 2535, FC 2488, LA 2178, CP 2003, PO 2343, PB 2218, PL
2410. aa ‘wate ic Ps cae = nae
Hesperophycus harveyanus (Decne.) S. & G. Attached to substrate, mid-
high intertidal; rare-common/occasional; FC 1828, UT 1891, PB 2215.
41
Hincksia granulosa (J. E. Smith) Silva. Fig. 17. Attached to substrate,
in mixed Sar mid intertidal or in pools; rare-occasional/occasional; FC
1852, PB 2241 2246.
Laminaria farlowii Setch. Attached to substrate, very low intertidal;
rare-occasional/occasional; FC 1815, SA 2085.
Laminaria setchellii Silva. Attached to substrate, very low intertidal;
common/rare; WP 2493 2531.
Leathesia difformis (L.) Aresch. Attached to substrate, low-mid
intertidal; rare-common/occasional; FC 2478, LA 2583, PO 2316, CH 2372,
PB 2247, PL 2415.
Macrocystis pyrifera (L.) C. Ag. Attached to substrate, very low
intertidal or in deep pools, rare-common/abundant; WP 2522, FC 1806, UT
1943. °SA2Z1052 LA? 2187... CP12005,. PON2346,' PB2239).
Pachydictyon coriaceum (Holmes) Okam. Attached to substrate or sometimes
epiphytic on Cystoseira, low-mid intertidal or in pools; occasional-
common/common; UT 1909, CP 2034 LA 2179, PO 2341, CH 1765 1778, PB 2259,
PL 2400.
Pelvetia fastigiata (J. Ag.) DeToni. Attached to substrate, mid-high
intertidal; rare-common/common; FC 1804, UT 1892, LA 2188, CP 2006,
PB een.
Petalonia fascia (MUI1.) Kuntze. Attached to substrate, mid-intertidal;
rare-occasional/occasional; UT 1934, SA 2137, LA 2177, CH 1795.
Sargassum muticum (Yendo) Fensh. Attached to substrate, low-mid
intertidal in protected areas; rare-abundant/common; CP 2046, CH 1787, PO
esis PB. 22275 PL 244i
Scytosiphon dotyi Wynne. Attached to substrate, mid-high intertidal;
rare-occasional/occasional; FC 2482, SA 2121, LA 2163 2208, CH 1779, PB
2270.
Scytosiphon lomentaria (Lyngb.) J. Ag. Attached to substrate, low-mid
intertidal; rare-common/common; WP 2547, FC 1823, UT 1926, SA 2149, LA
2176, CH L782, CP 2018? 2019.37 Beco:
Sphacelaria didichotoma Saund. Figs? OZ 76 Epiphytic on Sargassum;
rare/rare; CP 2073.
Taonia lennebackerae J. Ag. Attached to substrate, low-mid intertidal;
rare-occasional/occasional; FC 1810, UT 1911, CP 2051, PL 2430.
Zonaria farlowii S. & G. Attached to substrate, low intertidal;
occasional/rare; CP 2040.
42
DIVISION RHODOPHYTA (Red Algae)
Acrochaetium sp. Epiphytic on Sargassum muticum; rare/occasional; WP
2508. CP 2073:
Acrosorium uncinatum (Turn.) Kyl. Epiphytic on Pterocladia sp. and other
species; common/rare; CH 1768.
Ahnfeltia plicata (Huds.) Fries. Attached to substrate, low intertidal;
rare/rare; SA 2100.
Amphiroa zonata Yendo. Attached to substrate, low intertidal;
occasional/rare; PB 2266.
Amplisiphonia pacifica Hollenb. Epiphytic on holdfast of Eisenia, low
intertidal; rare/rare; UT 1916.
Anisocladella pacifica Kyl. Attached to sandy substrate, beneath
Phyllospadix beds, low intertidal or in pools; rare/occasional; FC 1844,
UT 1896.
Antithamnion defectum Kyl. Fig. 9. Epiphytic on coralline algae or
epizoic on mussels, high to low intertidal; rare/occasional; UT 1885, PB
e251, *Pl (2441.
Asterocolax ardneri (Setch.) Feldm. & Feldm. Parasitic on
Anisocladella; rare/rare; UT 1895.
Bangia fusco-purpurea (Dillw.) Lyngb. Attached to substrate, high
intertidal-splash zone; rare/rare; CH 1776.
Bossiella sp. Unidentifiable to species; WP 2546, FC 1836, UT 1917.
Bossiella californica (Dec.) Silva. Attached to substrate, mid-low
intertidal; occasional-common/occasional; WP 2512 2514 2560 2561, PO
2393:
Bossiella orbigniana (Dec.) Silva. Attached to substrate, low
intertidal; occasional-abundant/ abundant; WP 2513, FC 1837 1838, UT 1901,
ueceos) 2loge 2010. LA i259, -<CP< 2023 PO: 2335.) CH..17695 °PB 2552 2304. = PL
2431, FE 2466 2468.
Calliarthon tuberculosum (Post. & Rupr.) Dawson. Attached to substrate,
low intertidal or in pools; rare-common/common; WP 2526, FC 1860 1861,
ie 19205 SAVZ09TiPB 2242, -P0:2350,° PL. 2424.2425.
Callithamnion pikeanum Harv. Attached to substrate, high intertidal;
occasional/occasional; WP 2500 2501, FC 2481.
Callithamnion rupicolum Anders. Fig. 10. Epiphytic on other algae,
typically Corallina spp. rare-occasional/common, SA 2139, PO 2311, CH
P783, 98 2253-2256, PL 2432 2435.
43
Callophyllis sp. Unidentifiable to species; WP 2575, UT 1953.
Callophyllis violacea J. Ag. Attached to substrate, low intertidal;
occasional/occasional; SA 2118, PB 2301, CE 2369.
Centroceras clavulatum (C. Ag.) Mont. Fig. 11. Attached to substrate in
mixed algal turf or epiphytic, low-mid intertidal; rare-common/common; FC
1858 1860 1862 1864, UT 1924, SA 2150, CP 2041 2056 2065, CH 1786.
Ceramium spp. Unidentifiable to species, due to lack of diagnostic
reproductive structures; WP 2555 2562, FC 1879, UT 1955 2485, LA 2195
2578 2587 2591, CP 2068 20735 0PB.22cr Je
Ceramium californicum J. Ag. Fig. 12. Epiphytie “on: Prionttis je iow
intertidal; occasional/rare; SA 2143.
Ceramium caudatum S. & G. Fig. 13. Attached to substrate in mixed
delicate turf or epiphytic, low intertidal; rare/occasional; PO 2351, PB
2283.
Ceramium codicola J. Ag. Epiphytic on Codium fragile; occasional-
common/occasional; WP 2529, UT 1890, PO 2339, PB 2203 2283, PL 2403.
Ceramium eatonianum (Farl.) DeToni. Fig. 14. Attached to substrate in
mixed delicate turf or epiphytic on a variety of algae, mid-intertidal;
rare-common/common; FC 1872, SA 2145, LA 2196 2199 2201 2206, CP 2065, PO
2347; PB 2257 2260 2278 2286, Per2434 2435:
Chondria californica (Coll.) Kyl. Epiphytic on variety of algae,
typically Sargassum muticum; rare-common/occasional; CP 2060, CH 1803, PB
2261 2295.
Corallina sp. Unidentifiable to species; WP 2560 2561, FE 2467.
Corallina officinalis var. chilensis (Dec.) Kutz. Attached to substrate,
low-mid intertidal or in pools; rare-common/common; FC 1840, UT 1917, CP
Zuso, PO: 2330, CH 1771, PB-23020 PE 2423, FE.c4o7.
Corallina vancouveriensis Yendo. Attached to substrate, low-mid
intertidal or in pools; occasional-abundant/abundant; WP 2510 2553, FC
1839, ‘UT “1839, SA 2083, LA’ 21663. PO2337, CR’ 1772 1774, PB 225ao ee
2426.
Cryptopleura sp. Most of these specimens are probably C. corallinara,
but lack critical reproductive stages for confirmation; epiphytic on a
variety of algae particularly Corallina; rare-common/abundant; WP 2539,
FC 1853, UT 1950, SA 2133 2134, LA 2584, CP 2052 2054, PO 2349 2364, PB
2291, PL 2444, FE 2462.
Cryptopleura lobulifera (J. Ag.) Kyl. Attached to substrate or
epiphytic, low intertidal; rare-common/occasional; UT 1930, SA 2138,
CP 2036.
44
Cryptopleura_violacea (J. Ag.) Kyl. Attached to substrate or more
commonly epiphytic, low-mid intertidal; occasional-common/occasional; FC
eco. SAS 213i; ChHe2382.
Cumagloia andersonii (Farl.) S. & G. Attached to substrate, mid-high
intertidal; rare-common/common; FC 2479, SA 2084, LA 2161, CP 2050, PO
Zool. PB 2258.
Endocladia muricata (Post. & Rupr.) J. Ag. Attached to substrate, mid-
high intertidal; occasional-abundant/ abundant; WP 2540, FC 1843, UT 1938,
pee, “KA ZiL7 i. CP 2074, PO 2329; CH 1803, PB 2279, PL 2445.
Erythrocystis saccata (J. Ag.) Silva. Epiphytic on Laurencia pacificum,
except (2420) which was epiphytic on L. spectabilis, mid-intertidal;
rare-occasional/occasional; LA 2590, CP 2038, PO 2320, PB 2274, PL 2420
2442,
Eeyinrotrichia sp. ~ Fig. -16. Epiphytic on various kelps, mixed with
Ectocarpus parvus; rare/occasional; WP 2497 2568, UT 1912 2484.
Farlowia conferta (Setch.) Abb. Drift, washed up on shore; rare/rare; CH
237 «
Fauchea laciniata J. Ag. Attached to substrate, low intertidal pool;
rare/rare; FE 2459,
Gastroclonium subarticulatum (Turner) Kitz. Attached to substrate,
frequently in mixed turf, low-mid intertidal or in pools; rare-
occasional/common; FC 1859, UT 1923, SA 2082, LA 2158, CP 2027, CH 1781,
FE 2453.
Gelidium coulteri Harv. Attached to substrate, sometimes epiphytic, low-
high intertidal, primarily mid-intertidal, or in pools; rare-
abundant/ abundant; WP 2527, FC 1880, UT 1945, SA 2088, LA 2172 2173 2213,
CP 2031, PO 2358 2359 2364, CH 1798, PB 2285 2287, PL 2438 2440.
Gelidium nudifrons Gardn. Drift, washed up on shore; rare/rare; CH
2383.
Gelidium purpurascens Gardn. Attached to substrate, sometimes epiphytic,
low intertidal or in pools; rare-common/common; FC 1846 1848, UT 1939, LA
Alene + PO 42356, ‘PB.2284.
Gelidium pusillum (Stackh.) Le Jol. Attached to substrate, in dense turf
with Endocladia, mid-high intertidal; rare-occasional/occasional; FC
1882, UT 1938.
Gelidium robustum (Gardn.) Hollenb. & Abb. Attached to substrate, very
Tow intertidal, sometimes in pools; rare-abundant/abundant; WP 2534, FC
Tasos aun, U86. SA C207 Ay21 85a0 CP 2030)... PO: -2344. «PB 2232, CH, 1789.7 PL
2433.
45
Gigartina canaliculata Harv. Attached to substrate, low-mid
intertidal or in pools; occasional-abundant/abundant; FC 1841, UT 1902,
CP 2011, SA 2086, “LA «2157, PO 2327, CH A793, PBr22ror229s. (ek 24222
Gigartina exasperata Harv. & Bail. Attached to substrate, low
intertidal; occasional-common/common; FC 2487, SA 2096 2120, CP 2007, PB
2217, PLy23965 FE 2363.
Gigartina harveyana (Kotz. ) (Si “& °G3 Attached to substrate, low
intertidal or in pools; rare-common/occasional; FC 1805, UT 1914, SA
2104 CH: 2373:
Gigartina leptorhynchos J. Ag. Attached to substrate, low-mid intertidal
or in pools; rare-common/common; FC 1835, UT 1925, SA 2081, LA 2153, CP
2023, /GHi.17 70:
Gigartina spinosa (Kutz.) Harv. Attached to substrate, low intertidal or
in pools; rare-common/abundant; WP 2525, FC 1809, UT 1913, SA 2099 2136,
LA 2186, CP 2028, CH 1788, PO 2322, PB 2216, PL 2395, FE 2463.
Gigartina volans (C. Ag.) J. Ag. Attached to substrate, low intertidal;
rare-common/occasional; UT 1935 1951, SA 2094 2111 2115, LA 2211.
Gracilaria pacifica Abb. Attached to substrate, in sandy areas, patchy
distribution; common/rare; SA 2089.
Gracilaria papenfussii Abb. Attached to substrate, low-mid intertidal
pools; rare/occasional; FC 1813 1851, UT 1957, LA 2580.
Gracilariophila oryzoides Setch. & Wils. Parasitic on Gracilaria
papenfussii; rare/rare; UT 1958.
Grateloupia doryphora (Mont.) Howe. Attached to substrate, low-mid
intertidal or in pools; rare-common/common; WP 2505 2544, FC 1854, SA
2173, LA 21822210, CP x2061, PB 2289 2290. 2305.
Gymnogongrus sp. Unidentifiable to species; SA 2142, LA 2212, PO 2365.
Gymnogongrus leptophyllus J. Ag. Attached to substrate, low intertidal
pools; rare/occasional; FC 1842, UT 1904 1947 1954, SA 2098.
Gymnogongrus platyphyllus Gardn. Attached to substrate, low intertidal;
rare/occasional; SA 2135, CH 2392.
Gymnothamnion elegans (C. Ag.) J. Ag. Fig. 18. Attached to substrate in
mixed delicate turf, mid-intertidal, isolated patch found on mussels in
small cave; rare/rare; PB 2221 2226 2233.
Haliptylon gracile (Lamour.) Johans. Attached to substrate, low
intertidal; occasional/occasional; CP 2044, FE 2467.
pega a californica Smith & Hollenb. Attached to substrate, in
ocalized patches, low intertidal; occasional-common/occasional; WP 2532,
PL 2399.
46
Herposiphonia plumula (J. Ag.) Hollenb. Epiphytic on Corallina spp.;
Fecesacracional/cccastonal: WP 2501 2558, CP 2064, PB 2277.
Herposiphonia verticillata (Harv.) Kyl. Epiphytic on other algae,
particularly Corallina spp.; rare-abundant/abundant; WP 2259 2563 2564,
FC 1872, UT 1908, CP 2068, PO 2332, CH 1784, PB 2288, PL 2436, FE 2461.
Heterosiphonia erecta Gardn. Attached to substrate or epiphytic, low
intertidal; rare/occasional; CH 1802, PB 2255, FE 2452.
Hypnea valentiae (Turn.) Mont. Attached to substrate in turf or
epiphytic on other algae, low intertidal; common/rare; CH 1766 2376
2018.
Iridaea cordata (Turn.) Bory. Attached to substrate, low-mid intertidal;
rare-common/ occasional; WP 2524, FC 1847, UT 1936, SA 2108 2113 2216, PL
2398.
Iridaea flaccida (S. & G.) Silva. Attached to substrate, low intertidal;
occasional/rare; PB 2299.
Iridaea heterocarpa Post. & Rupr. Attached to substrate, low intertidal;
occasional/occasional; SA 2120 2146 2147, LA 2180.
Iridaea lineare (S. & G.) Kyl. Attached to substrate, low intertidal in
areas of heavy surge; occasional/rare; WP 2496.
Janczewskia ardneri Setch. & Guerns. Parasitic on Laurencia
spectabilis; rare/rare; CH 2393.
Laurencia sp. Unidentifiable to species; FC 1863 1871, CH 1796 1797.
Laurencia lajolla Daws. Attached to substrate in dense turf, low-mid
intertidal; occasional-common/common; UT 1937, CP 2043, PO 2324, PB 2271,
PL 2412.
Laurencia pacifica Kyl. Attached to substrate forming turf, low-mid
intertidal; rare-abundant/common; FC 1820 1867 1868, UT 1948, LA 2170, PO
Zones Cr. 1794 2371, PB 2225, Pl 2416.
Laurencia spectabilis Post. & Rupr. Attached to substrate, low
intertidal or in pools; rare-occasional/common; FC 1865, UT 1889, CP
202 loa PO: 2318; CH 1/63, «PB 2292,. PE 2421.
Laurencia splendens Hollenb. Attached to substrate in turf or epiphytic,
Tow-mid intertidal; rare-occasional/occasional; FC 1871, CP 2022, CH
2374.
Leptocladia binghamiae J. Ag. Attached to substrate, low intertidal or
in pools; rare/ occasional; WP 2566, FC 1817, UT 1903, FE 2454.
Lithothrix aspergillum Gray. Attached to substrate, low intertidal or in
pools; rare-abundant/occasional; FC 1821, UT 1898, CP 2024, PL 2419.
47
Mastocarpus papillatus (C. Ag.) KUtz. Attached to substrate, mid-high
intertidal, sometimes in pools; rare-abundant/abundant; WP 2511 2537, FC
1824, UT 1928 1929, SA 2101 2117 2140, LA 2156, CP 2045, PO 2326, PB
2298, PL 2417.
Melobesia mediocris (Fosl.) Setch. & Mason. Epiphytic on Phyllospadix,
Tow intertidal; occasional-common/common; FC 1831, CP 2000, CH 1761, PB
2264, PL 2406.
Microcladia coulteri Harv. Epiphytic on other algae, typically Prionitis
or Gigartina; rare-common/abundant; WP 2508 2572, FC 1881, UT 1915, SA
2122, LA 2163, .P0'23333" CH 176701790) FE 2465.
Nemalion helminthoides (Vell.) Batt. Attached to substrate, high
intertidal; rare-common/abundant; WP 2533, FC 2480, UT 1887, CP 2025, SA
7106.: LA 2l6/7 2209, <PO.2323, CH 17755) PB 2222, "PL ear
Neoptilota hypnoides (Harv.) Kyl. Attached to substrate, mid-intertidal;
occasional/rare; WP 2548.
Nienburgia andersoniana (J. Ag.) Kyl. Attached to substrate, mid-
intertidal pool; rare/rare; FC 1866.
Odonthalia floccosa (Esp.) Falk. Attached to substrate, low intertidal;
rare-occasional/occasional; WP 2545, FC 2486, CP 2017.
Platythamnion recurvatum Woll. Fig. 19. Epizooic on sponge, high
intertidal pool; rare/rare; FC 1857.
Pleonosporium vancouverianum (J. Ag.) J. Ag. Fig. 20. Epiphytic on
coraline algae; rare/occasional; FC 1876, UT 1907.
Plocamium cartilagineum (L.) Dix. Attached to substrate, low-mid
intertidal or in pools; rare-common/common; FC 1811, SA 2079, CP 2008, PB
2760, “FE 2456, CE) 23672
Plocamium violaceum Far]. Attached to substrate, on steep rock faces,
low intertidal; rare-common/abundant; WP 2552, UT 1897, SA 2127, LA 2184
2204, CP 2009, PO 2336, PB 2268, FE 2460, CE 2368.
Pogonophorella californica (J. Ag.) Silva. Attached to substrate under
Phyllospadix bed in loose sand, low intertidal; rare/rare; UT 1893.
Polysiphonia sp. Unidentifiable to species; UT 1952, LA 2192 2197, PO
31) 2321, PB 2250, PL 2404.
Polysiphonia acuminata Gardn. Epiphytic on other algae, typically
Gigartina spp.; rare/occasional; UT 1900 2470 2483, LA 2581, CH 1801
2390.
Polysiphonia brodiaei (Dillw.) Spreng. Epiphytic on Prionitis,
rare/rare, CH. 2394.
48
Polysiphonia hendryi Gardn. Fig. 21. Attached to substrate in delicate
turf or epiphytic on a variety of algae or epizooic, mid-intertidal;
Polysiphonia pacifica Hollenb. rg Zs Attached to substrate in
delicate turf, mid-intertidal; rare-common/occasional; PO 2309 2347, PB
2226.
Polysiphonia paniculata Mont. Figsec23. Attached to substrate in
Polysiphonia savatieri Har. Epiphytic on Sargassum; rare/rare; CP 2069.
Polysiphonia scopulorum var. villum (J. Ag.) Hollenb. Fig. 24. Attached
to substrate in delicate turf, mid-intertidal; rare-common/occasional; FC
eos, UT 2476, PB.2220 2240 2246 2251.
Polysiphonia simplex Hollenb. Attached to substrate in sandy pools or
epiphytic; rare/occasional; FC 1877, UT 1900.
Porphyra perforata J. Ag. Attached to substrate, sometimes epiphytic,
high intertidal; rare-abundant/abundant; NW 2518 2530, FC 1818, UT 1910,
Soecoor, LA 2152, CP 2039, P@ 2352, CH 1777, PB-2228.
Prionitis lanceolata (Harv.) Harv. Attached to substrate, low-mid
intertidal or in pools; occasional-common/abundant; WP 2502 2569 2570, FC
eeu 1992, SA 2103. LA 2155, CP 2026. PO 2308, CH 1/6/ 1790, PB 2235,
Pi 2401, FE 2458.
Prionitis lyallii Harv. Attached to substrate, low intertidal; rare-
occasional/occasional; SA 2129 2143, CP 2032.
Pterochondria woodii (Harv.) Hollenb. Fig. 25. Epiphytic on a variety
of algae; occasional/rare; PB 2281.
Pterocladia capillacea (Gmel.) Born. & Thur. Attached to substrate,
BEometimes “epiphytic, low intertidal or in pools; rare-
abundant/occasional; UT 1946, CP 2033, CH 1791, PB 2282.
Pterosiphonia baileyi (Harv.) Falk. Attached to substrate or epiphytic
on a variety of algae, low-mid intertidal or in pools; rare-
occasional/common; FC 1870, UT 1956, SA 2148, CP 2073, PB 2236.
Pterosiphonia dendroidea (Mont.) Falk. Fig. 26. Attached to substrate,
epiphytic on a variety of algae or epizoic, low-mid intertidal or in
pools; rare-occasional/common; WP 2515, FC 1860, UT 1906, CP 2049, CH
1764 2388, PO 2342 2346, PB 2240, PL 2446.
Ptilothamnionopsis lejolisea (Farl.) Dix. Epiphytic on articulations of
coralline algae; rare/rare; PO 2328.
49
Rhodoglossum affine (Harv.) Kyl. Attached to substrate, sometimes
epiphytic, low-mid intertidal or in pools; rare-common/abundant; WP 2504
2538, FC 1833, UT 1931 1933 1949, SA 2125, LA 2154 2168 2214, CP 2020, PO
2348, CH 1764, PB 2248, PL 2418.
Rhodymenia californica Kyl. Attached to substrate, low-mid intertidal or
in pools; rare-common/common; WP 2519, FC 1845, SA 2130, CP 2048,
PO 2366, CH 2384, PB 2296, FE 2464, CE 2370.
Rhodymenia pacifica Kyl. Attached to substrate, low intertidal; rare-
occasional/occasional; SA 2132, PB 2297.
Sarcodiotheca gaudichaudii (Mortagne) Gabrielson. Attached to substrate,
low-mid intertidal or in pools; rare-occasional/common; FC 1849 1850, UT
1894, SA 2087,.CP 2014, PO 2325.) PB. 2275.
Schimmelmannia plumosa (Setch.) Abb. Attached to substrate, low
intertidal; rare/occasional; WP 2565, SA 2141, CP 2042.
Schizymenia pacifica (Kyl.) Kyl. Attached to substrate, low intertidal;
rare-occasional/occasional; WP 2499 2536, CP 2015, PO 2360 2362.
Scinaia confusa (Setch.) Huisman. Drift, washed up on shore; rare/rare;
CH 2379.
Smithora naiadum (Anders.) Hollenb. Epiphytic on ee
occasional-abundant/common; FC 1832, UT 1919, SA 2078, CP S3PB r
PL 2406.
Sorella delicatula (Gardn.) Hollenb. Epizoic on mussels;
occasional/rare; PB 2234.
Tiffaniella snyderiae (Farl.) Abb. Attached to substrate in delicate
turf or under Phyllospadix, low intertidal or in pools; rare-
common/occasional; FC 1864 1869, UT 1905, SA 2119, PB 2221 2226.
Unidentified Alga. Fig. 28. Unidentifiable to genus; WP 2550 2554 2567,
FC 1856, UT 1959, SA 2092 2124, LA 2189 2193, CP 2047 2057 2071 2072
2075, PO. 2357) 23601, CH 1773 12381" 2385" 2391, PBy 2224 2294 92303); =P ener
2428 2439 2451.
DIVISION ANGIOSPERMAE (Flowering Plants)
Phyllospadix scouleri Hook. Attached to substrate, low intertidal or in
pools; occasional-abundant/common; FC 1827, UT 1918, CP 2000, PO 2306, CH
1792,-Ps 2263, | Pe .2406.
Phyllospadix torreyi Wats. Attached to substrate, low intertidal or in
pools; common/occasional; FC 1829, SA 2077, CH 1760.
50
APPENDIX 86
SELECTED MARINE ALGAE FROM SANTA CRUZ ISLAND
Many of the algae collected during this study were small,
filamentous species. Because algae of this type are difficult to collect
or identify, they are frequently overlooked. Several hundred microsope
slides of filamentous algae identified during this study are deposited in
the UCSB Herbarium. We have selected 20 specimens for illustration to
assist marine collectors with the proper identification of these smal]
filamentous species. Descriptions that are provided in Marine Algae of
California (Abbott and Hollenberg 1976), in conjunction with the photos
and captions presented here, should help to identify these generally
overlooked species.
51
Fig. 9. Antithamnion defectum Ky\.
Fig. 10. Callithamnion rupicolum Anders.
52
Fig. 9. Antithamnion defectum Kyl. ERT 2411.
This red alga is characterized by opposite branching of the primary
lateral branches and unilateral branching of the secondary lateral
branches. Tetrasporangia (big arrow) are found in the axis of the
secondary lateral branches. "Gland" cells (small arrow) are found on the
end of the secondary lateral branches. It was an uncommon epiphyte or
epizoic species on Santa Cruz Island. Scale bar = 150 u.
Fig. 10. Callithamnion rupicolum Anders. ERT 2253.
This red alga is characterized by alternate branching of the primary
branches. Considerable variation in the branching pattern occurs toward
the bases. Tetrasporangia (arrow) are borne in a series on the branches.
It was a common mid-intertidal alga on Santa Cruz Island, and forms
delicate tufts of "fuzz". Scale bar = 500 u.
53
Fig. 11. Centrocerus clavulatum (C. Ag.) Mont.
Fig. 12. Ceramium californicum J. Ag.
54
Fig. 11. Centrocerus clavalatum (C. Ag.) Mont. ERT 2056.
This red alga is characterized by dichotomous branching, tips that are
curved inward, a corticated surface and distinct spines (arrow) that
project from the nodes. The presence of spines readily distinquishes
this species from all members of the closely related genus Ceramium.
This species was common on Santa Cruz Island and formed dense clumps of
hair-like filaments to 10 centimeters long. Several species of
Polysiphonia have identical growth habits and are easily confused with
C. clavulatum. Scale bar = 500 u.
Fig. 12. Ceramium californicum J. Ag. ERT 2143.
This red alga .is characterized by dichotomous branching, slightly
inwardly curved tips, and cortication that is predominately at the nodes;
however, the cortication spreads very close to the next cortical band.
Tetrasporangia (arrow) are found embedded in the upper portions of the
cortical bands. This alga was rare on Santa Cruz Island. Scale bar =
500 u.
5D
Fig. 13. Ceramium caudatum S. & G.
Fig. 14. Ceramium eatonianum (Farl.) Detoni
56
Fig. 13. Ceramium caudatum S. & G. ERT 2283.
This red alga has a delicate, dichotomously branched thallus with
inwardly curved tips. It is distinquishable from other species of
Ceramium by having cortication only at the nodes, with the lower cortical
cells being considerably larger than the upper cortical cells.
Tetrasporangia (arrow) project from the upper cortical cells. This alga
was rare on Santa Cruz Island. Scale bar = 150 u.
Fig. 14. Ceramium eatonianum (Farl.) DeToni ERT 2145.
This red alga has dichotomous branching, but unlike most other species of
Ceramium the tips have a slight outward curvature and the thallus is
completely corticated. The cortical cells are in distinct longitudinal
rows and "gland" cells (small arrow) are present at the nodes.
Tetrasporangia (big arrow) are embedded in the cortical tissue. This
species was a common epiphyte on a variety of algae and the most common
Ceramium species found on Santa Cruz Island. Scale bar = 500 u.
57
at i
at
th £0 4
ane
Fig. 16. Erythrotrichia sp.
58
Fig. 15. Ectocarpus parvus (Saund.) Hollenb. ERT 2484.
This brown alga was a very common epiphyte that formed dense, 1 cm long
tufts on older blades of various kelps, including Eisenia, Laminaria,
Halidrys, and Cystoseira. The filaments are uniseriate, sparsely
branched, and bear numerous, corn-cob shaped, plurilocular sporangia
(arrow). Scale bar = 150 u.
Gigs 86. Erythrotrichia’sps ERT 1912.
This red alga is recognizable by a minute frond that is uniseriate near
the base and monostromatic, but is 6-8 cells wide in the upper portions.
It was found as an epiphyte on a variety of kelps and intermixed with the
dense tuft of Ectocarpus parvus. Scale bar = 500 u.
59
Fig. 18. Gymnothamnion elegans (C. Ag). J. Ag.
60
Fig. 17. Hincksia granulosa (J. Smith) Silva. [Giffordia granulosa
(J. Smith) Ham.] ERT 1852.
This brown alga is characterized by sub-opposite branching and
plurilocular sporangia (arrow). The sporangia are sessile, ovoid and
have a slight curvature to one side. This alga was found occasionally in
sheltered pools, forming fine hair-like clumps several centimeters long.
Scale bar = 150 u.
Fig. 18. Gymnothamnion elegans (C. Ag.) J. Ag. ERT 2233.
This red alga is a minute (5 mm), delicate, tufted thallus. Lateral
branching is opposite along the main axis, with secondary laterals
usually absent. The most characteristic feature is the presence of
tetrasporangia (arrow) on the tips of the lateral branches. This alga
was rare on Santa Cruz Island. Scale bar = 150 u.
61
Fig. 19. Platythamnion recurvatum Woll.
Fig. 20 Pleonosporium vancouverianum (J. Ag.) J. Ag.
Fig. 19. Platythamnion recurvatum Woll. ERT 1857.
This red alga has distinctly whorled branches with four lateral branches
at each whorl. Secondary branching is unilateral and tetrasporangia
(arrow) are borne on the secondary branches. This alga was rare on Santa
Cruz Island. Scale bar = 150 u.
Fig. 20. Pleonosporium vancouverianum (J.Ag.) J.Ag. ERT 1907.
This red alga is characterized by alternate branching on the primary and
secondary laterals. The primary character for this genus is the presence
of polysporangia instead of tetrasporangia. Species in the genus
Callithamnion are very similiar and sometimes inseparable if no
polysporangia are present. This alga was occasionally found as an
epiphyte on coralline algae. Scale bar = 500 u.
63
Fig. 21. Polysiphonia hendryi Gardn.
Fig. 22. Polysiphonia pacifica Hollenb.
64
Fig. 21. Polysiphonia hendryi Gardn. ERT 2144.
This red alga has polysiphonous construction consisting of 10-12
pericentral cells. Hairs are usually present only at the tip. This
common species is highly variable, but it is fairly large in size and
densely branched. This species is similar to P. pacifica, but is readily
distinquished by the number of pericentral cells. Scale bar = 500 u.
Fig. 22. Polysiphonia pacifica Hollenb. ERT 2309.
This red alga has polysiphonous construction with four pericentral cells.
The thallus is usually densely branched in a fairly regular alternating
pattern. Hairs are rarely present. This species) js) "similar tow.
hendryi, but is distinquished by the number of pericentral cells. Scale
bar = 500 u.
65
Fig. 23. Polysiphonia paniculata Mont.
Fig. 24. Polysiphonia scopulorum var. villum (J. Ag.) Hollenb.
66
Fig. 23. Polysiphonia paniculata Mont. ERT 2190.
This red alga also has polysiphonous construction with 10-12 pericental
cells. The thallus is usually sparsely branched and has a limited
prostrate axis. This species can be confused with P. scopulorum var.
villum, which has a similar habit, but only four pericentral cells.
Scale bar = 500 u.
Fig. 24. Polysiphonia scopulorum var. villum (J.Ag.) Hollenb. ERT 2240.
This red alga has polysiphonous construction with four pericentral cells.
The thallus has a distinct prostrate axis with a sparsely branched, erect
axis. This specimen is producing spermatangial clusters (arrow). This
species is very similar to P. paniculata, but is readily separated by the
number of pericentral cells. Scale bar = 500 u.
67
+ 4 és of #
‘ie | ; Z} ie “3 ~y, 4 Ab ey ES or > rd
‘ot eed ¢ LE, Ce aie
Pr ; Ps o, ~~}
Wie 23 Gx
Fig. 25. Pterochondria woodii (Harv.) Hollenb.
Fig. 26. Pterosiphonia dendroidea (Mont.) Falk.
68
Fig. 25. Pterochondria woodii (Harv.) Hollenb. ERT 2281.
This distinctive red alga has a strongly flattened, ribbon-like thallus
with 10-20 pericentral cells and an overall thallus size reaching several
centimeters. The branching pattern is more or less alternate. This
species was an occasional epiphyte on Cystoseira. Scale bar = 500 u.
Fig. 26. Pterosiphonia dendroidea (Mont.) Falk. ERT 2446.
This common red alga has a polysiphonous-type construction with alternate
distichous branching with an overall thallus size of several centimeters.
The lateral branches have a slight inward curvature. This species was
found typically as an epiphyte on a variety of algae, but was also
saxicolous. Scale bar = 500 u.
69
\ |
=e &
Fig. 28. Unidentified alga.
70
Fig. 27. Sphacelaria didichotoma Saund. ERT 2073.
This brown alga has a prominent apical cell and multiseriate axis that is
superficially similar to the red algal genus Polysiphonia. This species
is sparsely branched and bears vegetative propagules (arrow) that are
slender and characteristically bifurcate. This alga was found as an
epiphyte on Sargassum. Scale bar = 150 u.
Fag. 28. Unidentified alga. ERT 2246.
This ceramiacious red alga has alternate branching with the cells of the
lateral branches smaller than those of the main axis. Secondary laterals
are rarely present. Near the apex, bisporangia (arrow) are produced on
short determinate lateral branches. This rare alga was found attached to
rocks in the mid-intertidal zone intermixed in dense algal turf. It was
small (2-5 mm) and only a few specimens were found. It appears to be
similar to Callithamniella, but is different from all known species
because of the presence of bisporangia. Scale bar = 50 u.
pa:
AP PEN DEX 117
CHECKLIST OF MARINE MACROPHYTES REPORTED FROM SANTA CRUZ ISLAND
The following species list encompasses known published information
regarding the marine macrophytes of Santa Cruz Island. A previous list
completed by Murray (1974) surveyed the early literature, and is included
herein. Many of the recent reports are from Littler (1978, 1979) and Apt
et al. (1988). Included for each species are scientific name, general
distribution (W = widespread, N = northern, S = southern), occurrence in
the intertidal (1), subtidal (S) or both, and reference number(s) for the
published record(s) that are listed at the end. Synonyms are listed in
brackets. Question marks following a name indicate that some question
was indicated by the reporting author regarding the identification.
Figure numbers refer to photographs of algae in Appendix II. The
arrangement is by division with the Chlorophyta (green algae) first,
followed by Phaeophyta (brown algae), Rhodophyta (red algae), and
Angiospermae (flowering plants). Genera are alphabetical within each
division. A total of 280 taxa of marine macrophytes have been reported
from Santa Cruz Island: 23 greens, 42 browns, 212 reds, and 3
angiosperms. Thirty-three taxa of the total were identified only to
genus.
a3
CHECKLIST OF MARINE MACROPHYTES
DIVISION CHLOROPHYTA (Green Algae)
Bryopsis corticulans Setch.
Bryopsis hypnoides Lamour.
Chaetomorpha linum (MUI1. )Kutz.
Chaetomorpha spiralis Okam.
Cladophora sp.
Cladophora albida (Huds. )KUtz.
Cladophora columbiana Coll.
[C. trichotoma S.& G.]
Cladophora graminea Coll.
Cladophora hutchinsiae (Dillwyn) Kutz.
Codium cuneatum S.& G.
Codium fragile (Sur. )Har.
Codium hubbsii Daws.
Codium johnstonei Silva
Codium setchellii Gardn.
Derbesia marina (Lyngb.)Sol.
[Halocystis ovalis (Lyngb.) Aresch. ]
Enteromorpha sp.
Enteromorpha compressa (L.)Grev.
Enteromorpha flexuosa (Roth)J.Ag.
[E. tubulosa Kutz. ]
Prasiola meridionalis S.& G.
Ulva sp.
Ulva californica Wille
74
[?]
Iss
3,13,14
13,14
3,14,16
3
3,13,14
3,9,10,15
16
2,15,17
30314515
L637,
13
215,16
A
2,15,18
16
3,13,14
Ulva lobata (KUtz.) S.& G.
Ulva taeniata (Setch.) S.& G.
LSS
I
DIVISION PHEAOPHYTA (Brown Algae)
Acinetospora sp.
Agarum fimbriatum Harv.
Colpomenia peregrina (Sauv.)Ham.
Colpomenia sinuosa (Roth)Derb.& Sol.
Cylindrocarpus rugosus Okam.
[Petrospongium rugosum (Okam.)S.& G.]
Cystoseira sp.
Cystoseira neglecta S.& G.
Cystoseira osmundacea (Turn. )C.Ag.
Desmarestia ligulata (Lightf.)Lamour.
LD. herbacea Turn) Lamour. |
Dictyoneuropsis reticulata (Saund.)Smith
Dictyopteris johnstonei Gardn.
Dictyopteris undulata Holmes
[D. zonarioides Farlow]
Dictyota binghamiae J.Ag.
Dictyota flabellata (Coll.)S.& G.
Ectocarpus sp.
Ectocarpus parvus (Saund.)Hollenb.
LE. pygmaeus] Fig. 15.
Egregia menziesii (Turn. )Aresch.
Eisenia arborea Aresch.
Endarachne binghamiae J.Ag.
Feldmannia cylindrica (Saund.)Holl.& Abb.
75
3.03), 14
3
16
15,16
10
SI RI:
13,14
16
i
3,05 L014
3.1415), 16
15,18
4,14,18
3,13,14,15
16
315,16
3,13,14
13
Halidrys dioica Gardn.
Hapterophycus canaliculatus S.& G.
Hesperophycus harveyanus (Decne. )S.& G.
Hincksia granulosa (J.E.Smith)Silva
[Giffordia granulosa (J.E.Smith) Ham. ]
Fig. 17
Hincksia mitchellae (Harv.)Silva
LGiffordia mitchellae (Harv.) Ham. ]
Laminaria farlowii Setch.
Laminaria setchellii Silva
[L. dentigera KjelIm. ]
Leathesia difformis (L.)Aresch.
Macrocystis pyrifera (L.)C.Ag.
Pachydictyon coriaceum (Holmes)Okam.
Pelagophycus porra (Lem. )Setch.
Pelvetia fastigiata (J.Ag.)DeToni
Petalonia fascia (Mull. )Kuntz.
Pseudolithoderma nigra Hollenb.
Ralfsia sp.
Sargassum muticum (Yendo)Fensh.
Sargassum palmeri Grun.
Scytosiphon dotyi Wynne
Scytosiphon lomentaria (Lyngb.)J.Ag.
ee
Sphacelaria didichotoma Saund. Fig. 27.
Taonia lennebackerae J.Ag.
Zonaria farlowii S.& G.
76
iPS
1b
I
S
Lis
3,10,13,14
+)
13,14
3,514,215
3
10
3,59, 10,14.
15,16
356
3
3,9, 10,19,
14,15,16
329), 13uilibe
16
15516
3,13,14
3,13,14
413,14
13
3,14
15,16
cee
aid44
3
3,9,15,16
3,9,10,14
DIVISION RHODOPHYTA (Red Algae)
Acrochaetium sp.
Acrochaetium tenuissimum (Coll.)Papenf.
Acrochaetium thuretii (Born.)Coll.& Herv.
Acrosorium uncinatum (Turn. )Kyl.
Ahnfeltia sp.
Ahnfeltia plicata (Huds.)Fries
Amplisiphonia pacifica Hollenb.
Amphiroa zonata Yendo
Anisocladella pacifica Kyl.
Antithamnion defectum Kyl. Fig. 9.
A. pygmaeum Gardn. ]
Asterocolax gardneri (Setch.)Feldm.& Feldm.
Bangia fusco-purpurea (Dillw.) Lyngb.
Bonnemaisonia hamifera Harv.
Bossiella sp.
Bossiella californica (Dec.)Silva
[B. pachyclada Taylor]
Bossiella chiloensis (Dec. )Johans.
[Bossea sagittata Daws.& Silva]
[Bossea insularis Daws.& Silva]
Bossiella orbigniana
ssp. orbigniana (Dec.)Silva
ssp. dichotoma(Manza)Johans.
[Bossea cooperi Daws.& Silva]
Botryocladia pseudodichotoma (Farl.)Kyl.
Calliarthron cheilosporioides Manza
Calliarthron regenerans Manza
Calliarthron tuberculosum (Post.&Rupr.)Daws.
Callithamnion biseriatum Kyl.
Ti
[,5
eS
3,16
15
3,13, 14
3
3515.06
Zeiten LS
35 12,195
10,15, 16
9,10
18
S53, 14,15
2515
Callithamnion pikeanum Harv.
Callithamnion rupicolum Anders. Fig. 10.
Callophyllis sp.
Callophyllis flabellulata Harv.
Callophyllis heanophylla Setch.
Callophyllis stenophylla Setch.
Callophyllis violacea J.Ag.
Carpopeltis bushiae (Farl.)Kyl.
Carpopeltis divaricata [?]
Centroceras clavulatum (C.Ag.) Mont.
Fig. Lf.
Ceramium sp.
Ceramium californicum J.Ag. Fig. 12.
Ceramium caudatum S. & G. Fig. 13.
Ceramium codicola J.Ag.
Ceramium eatonianum (Farl.)DeToni. Fig. 14.
Ceramium gardneri Kyl.
Ceramium pacificum (Coll.)Kyl.
Ceramium personatum S. & G.
Ceramium procumbens S. & G.
Ceramium sinicola S. & G.
Ceramium viscainoense Daws.
Ceramium zacae S.& G.
Chondria californica (Col1].)Kyl.
Corallina sp.
Corallina officinalis
var. chilensis (Dec.)KUtz.
78
eS
3,14
2
15.16
9.15. 6
4
3,13 915,16
13,14
13,14
3
3,13,14,16
3
3
3,14,15,16
3,13,14
9,15,16
15,16
16
2,15,16
3,14,15,16
13,14
13
S,10F1a 4
Corallina pinnatifolia (Manza)Daws.
Corallina vancouveriensis Yendo
Cryptonemia angustata (S. & G.)Daws.
Cryptonemia borealis Kyl.
Cryptonemia obovata J. Ag.
Cryptopleura sp.
Cryptopleura corallinara (Nott. )Gardn.
Cryptopleura crispa Kyl.
Cryptopleura imbricata Daws. (7?)
Cryptopleura lobulifera (J.Ag. )Kyl.
Cryptopleura violacea (J.Ag.)Kyl.
Cumagloia andersonii (Farl.)S.& G.
Dasya sinicola (S.& G.)Daws.
Dermatolithon sp.
Endocladia muricata (Post.& Rupr. )J.Ag.
Erythrocystis saccata (J.Ag.)Silva
ERVeroLrichida sp. Fig. 16.
Farlowia conferta (Setch. )Abb.
Fauchea sp.
Fauchea laciniata J.Ag.
Fosliella hubbsii Daws. [?]
Gastroclonium subarticulatum(Turner )KUtz.
[G. coulteri (Harv. )KyT. ]
Gelidiocolax mammilata Fan & Papenf.
Gelidium sp.
Gelidium coulteri Harv.
Gelidium nudifrons Gardn.
Ce,
5
it) $49, aie
Mebane
S 15,16
Cae: 06
a ys
1S 43513215216
1,S 13,14,15,16
7
Loe lagtd,,
15
ees
lie, 2 oa, aad
Sy ae
Sa) alle
eae aphasia
Le? Bh ieeia
i ouk3
Los
Si 1.16
I,S 3,9,10
4
Lc: 3yll2 ia
S vlagie
Meals
i eke sia
Si
Gelidium purpurascens Gardn.
Gelidium pusillum (Stackh.) Le Jol
Gelidium robustum (Gardn.) Hollenb. & Abb.
Gigartina sp.
Gigartina canaliculata Harv.
Gigartina corymbifera (KUtz.) J. Ag.
Gigartina exasperata Harv. & Bail.
Gigartina harveyana (KUtz.) S. & G.
Gigartina leptorhynchos J. Ag.
Gigartina spinosa (KUtz.) Harv.
G. armata J.Aq. |
Gigartina volans (C.Ag.) J. Ag.
Gloiosiphonia sp.
Goniotrichum sp.
Gracilaria sp.
Gracilaria lemaneiformis (Bory.) W. Boss.
LG. sjoestedtii Kyl. ]
Gracilaria pacifica Abb.
LG. verrucosa (Huds. )Papenf. |
Gracilaria papenfussii Abb.
G. andersonii (Grun.) Kyl. ]
Gracilaria robusta Setch.
Gracilariophila oryzoides Setch. & Wils.
Grateloupia sp.
Grateloupia doryphora (Mont.) Howe
Grateloupia prolongata J. Ag.
Gymnogongrus sp.
Gymnogongrus leptophyllus J. Ag.
Gymnogongrus platyphyllus Gardn.
80
=e S53
I 3,13,14
I 3,13
TiS? ocd), HO s1S
14,15,16
S 10,16
I S53,
5 10
I 3
ls 3,13,14,15,16
I Sel oe Le
[5 353,14, 15
earn
Ee
S716
Sa
S 15,16
arya
[> Gyloete
St 026 16016
io 48
Lavedde. ba
ie 3ei8
feat le
Dh oats
lex 3
IS) 3, 04,20510
Gymnothamnion elegans (C.Ag.)J.Ag. Fig. 18.
Haematocelis zonalis Daws.& Neush.
Haliptylon gracile (Lamour. )Johans.
Halymenia californica Smith & Hollenb.
Halymenia hollenbergii Abb.
Herposiphonia sp.
Herposiphonia littoralis Hollenb.
Herposiphonia plumosa [?]
Herposiphonia plumula (J.Ag.)Hollenb.
Herposiphonia tenella
f. secunda (C.Ag.) Hollenb.
Herposiphonia verticillata (Harv. )Kyl.
Heterosiphonia erecta Gardn.
“he Re aicateg «ais aa
Holmesia californica (Daws. )Daws.
Hydrolithon decipiens (Fos!.)Adey
Hypnea valentiae (Turn.) Mont.
Iridaea cordata (Turn.)Bory.
Iridaea flaccida (S. & G.) Silva
Iridaea heterocarpa Post.& Rupr.
Iridaea lineare (S. & G.) Kyl.
Janczewskia gardneri Setch.& Guerns.
dania tenella (KUtz.)Grun.
Kallymenia pacifica Kyl.
Laurencia sp.
Laurencia lajolla Daws.
81
PS
SS
39,10,13
14,15
13
3,13,15
3,15,16
15,16
ais)14
3, 15,16
13
Laurencia masonii S.& G.
Laurencia pacifica Kyl.
Laurencia sinicola S.& G.
Laurencia spectabilis Post.& Rupr.
Laurencia splendens Hollenb.
Laurencia subopposita (J.Ag.)Setch.
Leptocladia binghamiae J.Ag.
Lithophyllum proboscideum (Fos!.)Fosl.
Lithothamnium volcanum Daws.
Lithothrix aspergillum Gray
Mastocarpus papillatus (C.Ag.) J. Ag.
~[Gigartina papillata (C.Ag.) J. Ag.]
Melobesia mediocris (Fos].)Setch.& Mason
Microcladia coulteri Harv.
Murrayellopsis dawsonii Post.
Myriogramme caespitosa Daws.
Nemalion helminthoides (Vell.)Batt.
Neoptilota hypnoides (Harv.) Kyl.
Nienburgia andersoniana (J.Ag. )Kyl.
Nitophyllum hollenbergii (Kyl. )Abb.
Myriogramme hollenbergii Kyl. ]
Odonthalia floccosa (Esp.)Falk.
Ophidocladus simpliciusculus (Cr.& Cr.)Falk.
Opuntiella californica (Farl.)Kyl.
Petrocelis franciscana S.& G.
Petrocelis middendorffii
Peyssonelia meridionalis Hollenb.& Abb.
82
pee aa
13,14
3,13,14
2,14,15
3,9,13,14
3,13,14,15
16
13
3,16
13
2,6,15
Jy 9, Osis,
14,15,16
3,13,14
3,13,14
3,13,14
15,16
2,15
3,13,14
15,16
Peyssonnelia sp. - I 13
Phycodrys sp. - S 16
Phycodrys isabelliae R.Norr.& Wynne N S (sxANe
Phycodrys profunda Daws. W 15
Phycodrys setchellii Skottsb. W I 14515
Phycodrys simplex Daws. - S 16
Phyllophora sp. [?] - S 16
Platysiphonia clevelandii (Farl.)Papenf. W S 15,16
Platythamnion sp. - S 16
Platythamnion heteromorphum (J.Ag.)J.Ag. W 15
Platythamnion pectinatum Kyl. W S 15,16
Platythamnion recurvatum Woll. Fig. 19. N I 3
Platythamnion villosum Kyl]. W S 9
Pleonosporium vancouverianum (J.Ag.)J.Ag. WD 155%) 359) AS
Rig. 20;
Plocamium cartilagineum (L.)Dix. WD eS BON ise
P. coccineum var. pacificum (Kyl.) Daws. ] 15,16
Plocamium violaceum Far]. WD I 313,14
Pogonophorella californica (J.Ag.)Silva W I 3
Polyneura latissima (Harv. )Kyl. W S 15.16
Polysiphonia sp. - LS “3,1 3el4i6
Polysiphonia acuminata Gardn. W I pa peg Ee aS
Polysiphonia brodiaei (Dillw.) Spreng. N I 3
Polysiphonia flaccidissima Hollenb. S I 13
Polysiphonia hendryi Gard. Fig. 21. W I Ds ee
Polysiphonia pacifica Hollenbg. W U.S 359216
var. delicatula Hollenbg. Fig. 22. De
Polysiphonia paniculata Mont. Fig. 23 W PSS 3215. 26
83
Polysiphonia savatieri Harv.
Polysiphonia scopulorum
var. villum (J. Ag.) Hollenb. Fig. 24.
Polysiphonia simplex Hollenb.
Porphyra perforata J.Aq.
Porphyrella californica Hollenb.
Prionitis australis (J.Ag.)J.Ag.
Prionitis cornea (Okam. )Daws.
Prionitis lanceolata (Harv. )Harv.
Prionitis lyallii Harv.
Pseudolithoderma nigra Hollenb.
Pterochondria woodii (Harv. )Hollenb.
Fig. .
Pterocladia sp.
Pterocladia calloglossoides (Howe)Daws.
Pterocladia capillacea (Gmel.)Born.& Thur.
[P. pyramidale (Gardn. )Daws. |
Pterosiphonia baileyi (Harv.)Falk.
Pterosiphonia dendroidea (Mont. )Falk.
Rigs (26.
Ptilothamnionopsis lejolisea (Farl.)Dix
Pugetia fragilissima Kyl.
Rhodoglossum affine (Harv. )Kyl.
Rhodoglossum californicum (J.Ag.)Abb.
[R. americanium Kyl. |
Rhodoptilum plumosum (Harv.& Bail. )Kyl.
LR. densum (Smith)Daws. ]
Rhodymenia sp.
Rhodymenia arboresens Daws.
84
3
Sy id
3,13,14
eee ih RH)
16
13
13
3.5 15, 06
16
153.16
359513,15,
16
3,23514,15,
16
3, 9, 10,12:
14,15
3
155.26
3513514
16
15,16
16
15
Rhodymenia californica Kyl. W Ta57t5, 9, 10,14
16
Rhodymenia pacifica Kyl. W Desa LOTS iA
156
Rhodymenia rhizoides Daws. W S 15,16
Sarcodiotheca furcata (S.& G.)Kyl. W S 2516
S. TEnuTs
Sarcodiotheca gaudichaudii (Mont.) Gabriel. wW TS (369514525;
[Agardhiella coulteri Tae) ae ] 16
Pigardhiet a tenera Daws. ]
[Neoagardhiella bai baileyi (KUtz.)Wynne & Tayl.]
Scagelia pylaisaei (Mont.) Wynne W S 15,16
ES: RTE (Kyl.) Woll. |
[Antithamnion occidentale Kyl. |
Schimmelmannia plumosa (Setch. )Abb. N I 3
Schizymenia dawsonii Abb. S S 10
Schizymenia pacifica (Kyl. )Kyl. W I 3,14
Scinaia confusa (Setch.) Huisman W I 3
[Gloiophloea confusa Setch. ]
[Pseudogloiophloea confusa (Setch.) Levr. ]
Smithora naiadum (Anders. )Hollenb. W [5S Spo, Loko.
[Porphyra naiadum Anders. ] 16
Sorella delicatula (Gardn.)Hollenb. W I 3
Sorella pinnata Hollenb. S 5
Stenogramma interrupta (C.Ag.)Mont. W S 15 56
Tenarea canescens (Foslie)Adey 6
[Dermatolithon canescens] ID. questioned by (2)
Tenarea dispar (Fos1.)Adey W I 13
Tiffaniella snyderiae (Farl.)Abb. W (eS. SSuo NOC,
15,16
Weeksia templetonii S. & G. S S 515
[Halymenia templetonii S. & G.)Abb. |
85
DIVISION ANGIOSPERMAE (Flowering Plants)
Phyllospadix scouleri Hook. W I 3,13,14
Phyllospadix torreyi Wats. W I S
Zostera marina L. W S 16
REFERENCES FOR APPENDIX III
1) Abbott, I. A. 1967. Studies on some foliose red algae of the
Pacific coast. I. Cryptonemiaceae. J. Phycol. 3:139-149.
2) Abbott, I. A. and G. J. Hollenberg. 1976. Marine Red Algae of
California. Stanford Press, Stanford, CA.
3) Apt, K. E.¢ C. D'Antonio, J. Crispzivand J.-Gauvains D9882neeThis
Study.
4) Dawson, E. Y. 1949. Contributions toward a marine flora of the
southern California Channel Is., I-III. Allan Hancock Foundation
Publ... O¢e.. Pap... 871-57.
5) Dawson, E. Y. 1953. Marine red algae of Pacific Mexico.
I. Bangiales to Corallinaceae subf. Corallinoideae. Allan Hancock
Foundation Publ. Occ. Pap., 17:1-239.
6) Dawson, E. Y. 1960. Marine red algae of Pacific Mexico.
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