An Introduction To The Literature Of British Dogs

016.6367 H87I

63-08902

reference
collection
book

kansas city
public library
kansas city,
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KANSAS CITY, MO. PUBLIC LIBRARY

AN INTRODUCTION TO

THE

LITERATURE OF
BRITISH DOGS

Other Works by Clifford L. B. Hubbard

THE OBSERVER'S BOOK OF DOGS

EVERYBODY'S DOGS

WORKING DOGS OF THE WORLD

DOGS IN BRITAIN

How TO LIVE WITH A DOG

THE PUZZLE BOOK OF DOGS

IL LIBRO DEI CANI (In Italian)

With Baron Leuhuscn

HUNDAR (in Swedish) *

With Brian Vesey- Fitzgerald and others
THE BOOK OF THE DOG

From the MS. f. fr. 616 : Bib. Nat., Paris

GASTON DE FOIX WITH HIS HUNTSMEN

AN INTRODUCTION

TO THE

LITERATURE OF
BRITISH DOGS

FIVE CENTURIES OF ILLUSTRATED DOG BOOKS

BY

CLIFFORD L. B. HUBBARD

Published by the Author at

PONTERWYD

1949

Made and Printed in Wales for the Author
at Ehiwgoch, Ponterwyd, Cardiganshire,
Wales, by The Castle Press, Aberystwyth.
Set in Monotype 12 pt. Old Face Special
on paper made by John Dickinson and Co,

CONTENTS

Page

PREFACE v "

I. EARLY HUNTING TREATISES . . . . 1

II. THE ST. ALBANS BOOK 7

III. DR. CAIUS' CONTRIBUTION 11

IV. TURBERVILLE AND MARKHAM . . 15

V. EDWARDS AND TAPLIN 25

VL EGAN'S SPORTING AGE 33

VII. JESSE, WALSH AND SHAW 37

VIII. THE EFFECT OF DOG SHOWS . , . . 41

INDEX 49

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Facing
Page
Frontispiece. Gaston de Foix

Plate 1. Hunting the Fox with Raches , . . . 4 5

Plate 2. John Caius 9

Plate 3. Hare Hunting in the 17th Century 1213
Plate 4. The First Dog Book in English . 16

Plate 5, Reinagle's Water Spaniel . , 2021

Plate 6, British Setters, by Sydenham Edwards 25

Plate 7. Thomas Gosden's famous Buttons 28 29

Plate 8. Richard Badham ThornhiU .. .. 32
Plate 9. The English Setter in Laverack's Time 3637
Plate 10. John Henry Walsh (" Stonehenge ") . . 41
Plate 11. Vero Shaw's " Smasher " (Bulldog) 4445

vi

PREFACE

THE dog has thrust its nose through the apertures
of literature and sniffed its way into even the
most comfortable passages of the classics, there to
settle and receive homage as only a dog can. From
Homer who loved dogs to Joyce who was terrified of
them, dogs have been in our good books constantly,
and as they are such an integral part of civilized life
they will remain.

The appearance of dogs in verse and prose has been
the subject theme of many writers, and British dog
lovers do not lack anthologies and appreciations the
scholarly essays of A. Croxton Smith stand out above
all. And Hesketh Hubbard has recently given us an
invaluable study of the dog's appearance in art, com
parable to the studies of the horse in art by Lida
Fleitmann and Lionel Edwards. But no one has yet
contributed on the vast literature of the dog in its own
rights, that is, the literature completely or mainly
devoted to the study of dogs. There is no doubt that
serious breeders of dogs study the available books on
dogs (the activities of dog club libraries point this out
clearly enough, as only one example) ; and biblio
graphers are well aware of the substantial number of
dog books which existed in the Schwerdt, in the
Lonsdale, and in the Tweedmouth collections (to name
but three recently dispersed libraries). And yet as I
say, we have nothing more than a rare article or two on
the literature of British dogs to help us sort out the
good from the bad dog books.

It is because of this that I wrote this introductory
essay, although it is presented as the first word on the
subject rather than a later one. The order in which

vu

I have dealt with, the more important works is chron
ological running through five centuries of books, about
or appertaining to dogs. There are allusions to other
works, of course (natural histories and agricultural
books), and it has been necessary to mention the many
foreign treatises which were the source of most of our
early works. Taking a very broad view of the relation
ship between British and French work, as an example,
it is true perhaps to say with Denis Saurat that Chaucer
only used French themes as Shakespeare used Mon
taigne, but with the specialist literature of dogs it is
plain enough that our first writers from Edward,
Second Duke of York, to Turberville exploited the
existing French treatises to the full . . . hence my
frontispiece portrait of Gaston de Foix, being the
unwitting principal author of our first book describing
breeds of dogs.

CLIFFORD L. B. HUBBARD.
PONTERWTD, 2.6th November, 1948.

vni

I

EARLY HUNTING TREATISES

FROM even a rough chronological list of works in
manuscript and in print dealing wholly or in
part with the origin, history and uses of dogs it
is apparent that little had been written prior to the
late fourteenth century of any real value to the student
of British dcgs. The most important earlier references
to dogs occur quite casually, in various chronicles, and
especially in the ancient laws and institutes* in which
dogs often figured with some importance, though,
of course, the earlier works are in most cases of immense
historical and artistic interest,

If we could but find them we would no doubt be
interested in the codices of the thirteenth and earlier
centuries, for these manuscripts would positively
tell us much of the methods employed in their time in
hunting with the aid of dogs, most of which animals
were the progenitors of dogs universally used to-day for
much the same purpose. Incidentally, the very early
manuscripts on venery invariably mentioned the five

or six contemporary varieties of hunting dogs

and, most unfortunately for the student, as often
ignored any breed which was not actually engaged in
the chase.

Until the time of the publication in Latin of the
researches of the celebrated Dr. Caius in 1570 (which
we shall examine presently) the very titles of the early

*The Ancient Welsh Laws codified by Hywel Dda in the early tenth
century set a defined value on each Welsh breed of dog.

THE LITERATURE OF BRITISH DOGS

contributions dealing with dogs and their uses reveal
the enormous interest in sporting dogs shewn by the
sportsmen of Europe generally and the princes and
nobility of central Europe in particular. La Cbace
du Cerf, c. 1250 and Guillaume Twici's Art de
Fenerie, c. 1320, are exceedingly important hunting
treatises in which various Hounds figure. What may
be the first book in Spanish to deal with dogs, the
Libro d,e la Monteria, written by Alphonso XI, c. 1350,
was also one treating the sporting use of dogs. Two
later works which were also written or dictated by
reigning monarchs of the Middle Ages are the Geheimes
Jagdbuch of Maximilian, c. 1499, and La Cbasse
Roy ale written by Charles IX. By a coincidence the
publication of these royal treatises appears to have
been delayed very considerably, for although
Maximilian's brief advice was in print by the turn
of the fifteenth century Alphonso's 'Spanish epistle
-was left unpublished until 1582, while Charles' French
contribution remained on the publisher's shelf until
1625.

The latter half of the fourteenth century produced
several manuscripts (some of which were exquisitely
illuminated) of which the outstanding specimen is the
Miroir de Plebus, an excellent example of craftsman
ship and a truly representative piece of contemporary
French hunting literature. This manuscript was
based to a fair extent upon earlier works, some of
which have been already mentioned in this chapter,
including the Poeme sur la Cbasse (particularly the
second part) begun by Gace de la Vigne in 1359 at
Hereford, and possibly the book usually known as

EARLY HUNTING TREATISES

Le Roy Modus* (the authorship of which is on good
evidence credited to Count Tancarville). However,
the Miroir de Phtbvs contains so much that is original
that it easily became the outstanding sporting work
of the period. Its author was Comte Gaston de Foix,
Vicomte de B6arn, also known as Gaston III (son of
Gaston II) or, by virtue of his passionate love of the
chase, Gaston Phebus. Froissart describes this
noble as a " brave, violent, and magnificent repre
sentative of the age of chivalry." Gaston de Foix was
born in 1331 and died in 1391. In those sixty years
he rescued the Dauphin during the notorious revolt
of the Jacquerie in 1358 and was also victorious in
a battle against the Comte d'Armagnac .... all this
in between his terrific hunting expeditions with his
wife (Agnes, sister of Charles the Bad) and his cele
brated Hounds, of which Froissarfs Chronicles tells
us he possessed no less than 1,600. It is singular
that superlative warrior, noble and huntsman as was
Gaston Phebus his famous treatise has become the
greatest hunting book of all times, and the parent of
the very earliest English contribution on venery.

So much then for the foreign literature of the dog
upon which almost all the early treatises on dogs
published in the English language were founded.

It is at this point in our survey that we arrive at
what is the very first work on hunting to be written in
English the celebrated Master of Game by Edward,
second Duke of York.

As far as the manuscript is concerned the few
cynological writers who appear to know anything

*The full title is Le Livre du Roy Modus et de la Royne Ratio.

THE LITERATURE OF BRITISH DOGS

worth, while about it agree that it was written between
the years 1406 and 1413, although for several reasons
it was not published until as late as 1904, having
remained a practically inaccessible manuscript for
some five centuries of time. This " litel symple
book/' of which only nineteen written copies exist,
was almost a literal translation of the Miroir de Phebus
(sometimes called Livre de Cbasse], to which adequate
reference has already been made. However, of the
thirty-six chapters of the Master of Game five are the
original work of Edward himself, and as such afford us
considerable information on the hunting methods
of Plantagenet England. Furthermore, Edward dis
creetly omitted many passages of the parent work
which were likely to offend those not conversant with
the more severe forms of hunting, and in the fifteen
or twenty years which elapsed between the time when
he received his copy of Gaston de Foil's work and the
completion of his own he was also able to adjust quite
a few material points in his translation.

Now for lack of energy to investigate into the
authorship of the Master of Game it appears that
almost every well-known English canine writer (from
Jesse to Elaine, from Vero Shaw and Dalziel to Wynn,
and even through the present century to several
authors in 1945, one of which should certainly have
known better) has attributed this book to Edmund de
Langley instead of to Edward, second Duke of York
to the father instead of the son. Although Edmund
was an " easy-going man of pleasure " who " wolde
to hunte and also to hawekyng " (according to the
Dictionary of National Biography, vol. xxxii, p. in)

MS.f.fr. 616 : Bib. Nat., Pa.

PLATE 1. HUNTING THE FOX WITH RACHES

This illustration is taken
from one of the illuminations
of the celebrated treatise by
Gaston de Foix. The manu
script was written in the
fourteenth century but the
illuminations were probably
added about 1440. The illus
tration gives its a good idea of
how Raches or " Running
Hounds " were used in that
time. Here we see four and a
half couples of mixed white
and tan Hounds. Four couples
have apparently been slipped
by the braconnier (extreme
left), who carries the coupling
leashes on his arm. The
Rachys mentioned by Dame
Juliana Berners were of the
same type, and it was from
hounds such as these that the
English Foxhound has de
scended.

EARLY HUNTING TREATISES

there is no excuse for even mentioning him in con
nection with the book, for although he held the office
of " Master of Game " he had nothing to do with the
sporting work of that title. The author was quite
definitely Edward Plantagenet (Edward of Norwich),
grandson on his father's side of Edward III and, on
the maternal side, of Pedro the Cruel, and himself the
holder of the office of " Master of Game " to his
uncle, Henry IV.

We have not the space here to deal more than
briefly with the Master of Game and its author, but
it is interesting to note that the manuscript was
written while Edward was imprisoned in Pevensey
Castle for plotting against the King, not long after
which he redeemed his name on the field at Agincourt,
paying the supreme price.

As already stated the manuscript remained un
published for some 500 years ; and had it not been for
William A. and- F. Baillie-Grohman it would in all
probability be as inaccessible to-day as it was before.
The Baillie-Grohmans edited an excellent edition
in 1904 based mainly upon the Cottonian MS.
Vespasian B.XII in the British Museum and the
(parent) MS. f.fr. 616 in the Bibliotheque Nationale.
Both the first and second Baillie-Grohman editions
of Master of Game are scarce, the first excessively so :
this was a limited issue of 600 copies (half of which
were reserved for the British Isles and the rest for sale
abroad) the first ten of which were priced at 30 each,
having forty-five exquisite plates and numerous other
illustrations. The volume certainly represents a
masterpiece of research, literary honesty and devoted

5

THE LITERATURE OF BRITISH DOGS

toil, and its appendix and bibliography add to its value
as an important document on the uses, values and
history of medieval British sporting dogs.

Of other fifteenth century contributions to the
literature of the dog only two are outstanding, the later
one of which is Maximilian's Ge'heimes Jagdbuch,
c. 1499, a short rather pompous treatise which, of
course, has no material bearing on the dogs of the
British Isles. However, the slightly earlier work is
quite another matter, for this is the famous Boke of
St. Albans compiled by Dame Juliana Berners.

II

THE ST. ALBANS BOOK

IT is especially interesting to note that the Boke of
St. Albans is one of the now priceless eight English
incunabula printed by the anonymous school
master of St. Albans ; works comparable with even
those from the press of William Caxton. This book
is supposed to have been written in 1481 but probably
much earlier, although it was not printed until 1486
when its original published title was Tbf Boke of
Haukyng and Huntyng, being one of the earliest of
English printed books. Certainly it is the first
'printed book in the English language in which dogs
feature, and remained the only one for close on a
century .... a second edition appeared in 1496 by
Wynkyn de Worde, and a score or more further
editions have since succeeded the original. Dame
Juliana Berners* is supposed to have been the prioress
of Sopwell nunnery, but the records of the priory for
this period are incomplete consequently little is
known of the authoress of this metrical work, the first
English book dealing with the then recognized breeds
of dogs in the British Isles, though she is generally
claimed to be the daughter of Sir James Berners who
was beheaded in 1388 for his activities against
Richard II.

The 1486 edition of this work dealt only with
hawking, hunting and coat-armour, but the second

*A berner was originally one who fed bread to dogs, and who in the
time of the authoress held office as a huntsman or kennel man of some
standing.

7

THE LITERATURE OF BRITISH DOGS

edition of ten years later included an added treatise
on fishing . . . this probably an addition of Wynkyn
de Worde's in order to make a general sporting guide
of the book. Of the three original subjects dealt
with by the authoress it is probably only the section
on hunting which can honestly be said to be her own
original compilation ; and even so the authority for
this mainly rests on her signature at the end of the
chapter (folio f. iiii, 1881 fascimile edition), "Explicit
Dam Julyans Barnes in her boke of huntyng."

The Boke of St. Allans is not particularly illuminating
on British dogs of the fifteenth century, nor is it es
pecially embracing in its classification of the known
breeds, but what it obviously lacks in these respects
it balances with quaint prescriptions for the hunt
and many a pertinent pen picture of contemporary
dog types .... the latter in some cases appearing
to be more the ideal than the actual. The poetic
description of the Greyhound (reverse of f . iiii)
entitled "The propreteis of a goode Grehound,"*
from which Caius is believed to have drawn the
famous portrait first published in Conrad Gesner's
Icones Animalism, 1553, is given below :

A Grehounde shulde be heded like a Snake.

and necked like a Drake.

Foted like a Kat.

Tayled like a Rat.

Sydid lyke a Teme.

Chyned like a Berne.

*The variation in the spellings " Grehound " and " Grehownd "
are typical of the period and consequently of as little importance as the
nominative plural " houndis," " houndes " or " houndys." As the
passage given above has very seldom been quoted correctly I have
copied it verbatim.

By courtesy of the Master and Fellows of Gonvttle ani Caius College^ Cambridge

PLATE 2. JOHN CAIUS

John Caius (sometimes known as John Kays or Keys) wrote what
became the first book devoted entirely to dogs. Caius was the
second founder of the Caius (later Gonville and Caius} College,
Cambridge, and was also physician to Edward VI, Mary and
Elizabeth, successively. This portrait is taken from the book
Dogs in Britain, published by Macmillan and Co. Ltd.

THE ST. ALBANS BOOK

The Greyhound was, of course, extremely well known
in fifteenth century England. Consequently when
Dame Berners gave her list of breeds (one cannot be
sure whether the list is her own or a space-filler lifted
from another source by the printer) it began " Firft
ther is a Grehownd, a Baftard. a Mengrell. a Maftyfe.
a Lemor. a Spa/nyell. Rachys. Kenettys. Teroures.
Bocheris houndes. Myddyng dogges. Tryndeltayles.
and Prikherid curris./ and fmale ladies popis that beere
a Way the flees and dyue/ris fmale fawlis".

Now exactly what all these dogs were we do not yet
know, though several can be recognized easily enough.
Certainly some of the breeds Dame Berners listed so
long ago are with us in the British Isles still : the
Greyhound, the Mastiff, the Spaniel group, and many
Terriers, and " Tryndeltayles " .... by which she
probably meant long-tailed Sheepdogs such as Collies
and Welsh Sheepdogs. These are not, of course,
purely native breeds but they have been in the British
Isles for a very long time ; in any case it is significant
enough that Greyhounds and Mastiffs were widely
known as such even five centuries ago, and that they
took the lead in the first list of known breeds of dogs in
Britain at the time. The Boke of St. Albans table of
breeds was widely accepted, and by the sixteenth
century it was well known ; and fragment though it
was it nevertheless remained the sole printed con
tribution on dogs in English until 1576 when Fleming
published his " translation " of the Caius manuscript
on British dogs. Beyond this it is only fair to bear in
mind that, although the Fleming treatise went a good
deal further in its classification and cataloguing of

THE LITERATURE OF BRITISH DOGS

dogs, when Shakespeare introduced dogs into his
King Lear (Act III, Scene VI, 1. 71), 1606, he founded
his reference on the Berners list : " Mastiff, greyhound,
mongrel grim, Hound or spaniel, brach or lym ; Or
bobtail tike or trundle-tail ".

10

Ill

DR. CAIUS' CONTRIBUTION

THE next work treating of dogs of the British
Isles was one written in Latin by the learned
scholar Dr. Johannes Caius (sometimes known
as John Kays or Keys). This treatise was written by
Caius expressly for his friend Conrad Gesner, the
naturalist, for inclusion in the latter's large work on
natural history. The treatise was also published
separately, in 1570, under the title De Canibus Britan-
nicis (the full title is, as was then customary, much
longer but this is the correct abbreviated title). This
contribution was based in part upon information given
to Caius by sporting gentlemen known to him at Court,
and represented a revision of a letter written to Gesner
in 1565 on the same subject. Considerable informa
tion on British and foreign dogs had been worried out
and put into this treatise by Caius, and accordingly
it was accepted as a standard work on dogs and a sub
stantial improvement on the Boke of St. Albans.

Caius himself was universally recognized as a scholar
of the first grade. His contributions to medical
science were valuable, and he was the physician-in-
chief to Queen Elizabeth. Moreover, he was the
second founder of the Gonvil^e and Caius College,
Cambridge, and Master of the College from 1559 to

1573-
In his treatment of dogs Caius went as far as he

could, and begged Gesner not to publish his earlier
correspondence on the subject until his study had been

II

THE LITERATURE OF BRITISH DOGS

completed as far as possible. However, in 1570, the
published " winding up " of his finished letter to
Gesner reads : " I have waded in this worke to your
contentation, which delay hath made somewhat better
and after witte more meete to be perused." The
final list of " Englifhe dogges " drawn up by Caius
was guardedly edited, as Caius found (as even present-
day authors find) that the majority of contemporary
breeds had several synonymy. However, Caius classi
fied his various dogs into groups according to their
uses and nomenclature* ; and even if this was not
perhaps as scientifically correct as it might have been,
it was at least far more satisfactory than the classifica
tion by shade of colour (!) carried out two centuries
later by Pye in his The Sportsman's Dictionary. But
in order to study Caius' work and to appreciate the
value of his contribution it is necessary (unless the
student is quite at home with Cams' original Latin)
to employ the " translation " of the treatise, as pub
lished by Fleming in 1576 called Of Englifhe Dogges.

The De Canibus Britannicis of Johannes Caius and
the Of Englifhe Dogges by Abraham Fleming came to
us practically hand in hand and they are even still as
indivisible to the unlettered student as they were in
Elizabethan times. To divorce one from another is
neither practicable nor desirable, for whilst Fleming's
work is so much his own that it can with some reason
be regarded as an independent contribution, it should
not be forgotten that it was intended as an interpreta
tion of the master-work of Caius . . . the fact that it
is an interpretation rather than a literal translation

*See Dogs in Britain (1948), p. 14, for classification.

12

From the author's collection

PLATE 3. HARE HUNTING IN THE 17th CENTURY

Signed bv both the designer and engraver this plate p/ " Hare
Hvnting'" by Francis Barlow and W. Hollar, published in
London in 1671, captures the intense excitement of the chase.
The activity of the sixteen couples of Harriers, the fortunate
riders and ^the four not so fortunate foot-runners promise the hare
a lively run. The original plate bears a subscribed quatrain :
" The timorous Hare, when Started from her feat,
by bloody hounds, to faue her life soe Sweet,
With Seuerall Shifts, much terrour and great payne x
Yet dyes fhe by their mouths, all proves but vayne **

DR. CAIUS' CONTRIBUTION

does not detract from its close kinship with the parent
work, or its extreme value as an instrument of invest
igation of the master-hand.

Therefore the observation of Cains on the dogs of
the British Isles may best or most easily be followed
by a study of Fleming's book. The title page of this
famous little work, the first printed English book
devoted entirely to dogs, reads : Of Englifhe Dogges,
the diuerfities, the names, the natures , and the properties.
It claims to be " A Short Treatife written in Latine
by lohannes Caius of late memorie, Doctor of Phificke
in the Uniuerfitie of Cambridge, And newly brawne
[drawne C.H.] into Englishe by Abraham Fleming
Student." The books have, it appears, been " Scene
and allowed. Imprinted at London by Rychard
Johnes, and are to be folde over againft S. Sepulchres
Church without Newgate, 1576." It is not generally
known that Fleming in his verbose and extravagant
inscription dedicated the work to " his especial patron,
E. Perne, most worthy Dean of Ely Cathedral church,"
who, as our author reveals, " shone on me as a ruddy
star " . . . " This fact, by Jove, does not move me
lightly," Fleming added in gratitude !

The original Latin version was reprinted time and
time again, yet poor Fleming's devoted labours
remained in the first edition until as late as 1880 when
Bradley's of the Strand issued an edition which has
since been reproduced in facsimile in the U.S.A. as
late as 1946.

It is interesting to see in his preamble that Caius
stated :

13

THE LITERATURE OF BRITISH DOGS

A gentle kinde, seruing the game,
All English Dogges A homely kind apt for sundry

be eyther of, necessary, vses.

A currishe kinde, meete for many

toyes.

The " gentle kinde " naturally included the various
sporting breeds then in the British Isles ; the " homely
kind " (note variation in spelling see footnote, p. 8)
were mainly " The shepherds dogge (and) The mastiue
or Bandogge. These two are the principall " ; and
the " currishe kinde " was the only group willing to
embrace the canine miscellany that remained, such as
Wapps, Turnespets and Dauncers. It is worth observ
ing from this brief catalogue that the Sheepdog of the
period (the " Shepherd's Dogge or Canis pastoralis ")
was regarded as superior to the mongrel yet of a lower
station than the sporting dogs and some pet dogs then
in the British Isles.

The first translation of this famous table of breeds
into Welsh was published in 1858 from Denbigh.
This was in the article " Ci, Cwn " in the second
volume of T Gwyddoniadur Gymreig, edited by John
Parry of Bala. Parry went to considerable length to
interpret Caius correctly and in a generous survey of
the history of British and foreign dogs even translated
breed names into Welsh, some, I feel certain, for the
first time. The entire Caius table is translated ; of
the Welsh breed names " Mastiffgi ". strikes the scholar
as a poor attempt (Sir John Rhys of Ponterwyd would
certainly have done better than that), but the remain
der are widely accepted and used wherever the Welsh
language is employed.

H

IV
TURBERVILLE AND MARKHAM

EUROPEAN hunting books were, of course,
being published in Caius 5 time. Few of these,
concern us however, for they, like the earlier
works, are mainly devoted to the rules of the chase,
the seasons in which beasts might be hunted, the horn
music to be played and the instruments to be em
ployed : what dogs enter their pages are principally
restricted to some rather ponderous Hounds (named
according to colour or locality), the ubiquitous and
inevitable Greyhounds, and various Spaniels, mainly
Dutch, German, French and Italian breeds. Few
British breeds feature in the foreign books of the six
teenth and earlier centuries.

Occasionally, however, chance references occur to
British dogs, but few prove to be accurate. We have
not the opportunity to mention more than a single
example but it is typical of the period. This occurs
in one of the drawings by Stradanus published in the
Fenationes of 1578, engraved by the Galle family, but
drawn probably about 1570. The plate's -legend
describes rabbiting with the aid of the " swift English
small dog," and shews four of the " breed " engaged in
the hunt a fifth dog which apparently has had enough
for the day sits on a horse's crupper while rider and
mount return home ! Another dog is leaping towards
its seat ready for home . . . the postillion transport
of these dogs suggests that Stradanus had been advised
that small Beagles (Pocket Beagles) were carried that

15

THE LITERATURE OF BRITISH DOGS

way in England (though this custom is about all that is
English in the picture). The importance of the
picture (one of the large collection formed by Baillie-
Grohman and reproduced in his Sport in Art) to us,
however, is in the fact that although armed no doubt
with some information on the " swift English small
dog " Stradanus, like Lonicer, Hans Bols, Aldrovandus,
and many others, nevertheless portrayed the dogs
according to his own conception, with the result that
they resemble some Dachshund-Pinscher crossbred
rather than the sixteenth century Beagle. All five
dogs are drawn in the typically generous Flemish
style, as podgy a set of pups as one could find in any
interior scene by any artist of that particular genre.
The lesson of this example lies in the importance of not
placing too great faith in the delineations of any breeds
of dogs (especially in the early schools) executed by
non-native artists.

One of the earliest illustrated English books on
hunting came out about this time. This is The Noble
Arte of Venerie or Hunting, by George Turberville,
published in 1575. Itself " stuft up with more Errors
than Truths/ 5 as Blome a century later described it,
the book has been wrongly described more consistently
than any other English sporting work. The short title
is The Art of Venerie, and it is often quoted thus, but
the date and author usually described it, 1576 and
Turbervile, respectively, are incorrect. The book
has partly caused its own mischief, as apart from an
almost concealed colophon which reveals it was
almost certainly printed in June 1575 it bears none
of the information usually printed on a title page.

16

theaiuer fities
ft e nrfur*s,inrf tbe p

A Short
Treattfertttcn

bj! Johannes CafUs flf Ifife HttUtO

Scene and allowed.

f Imprinted atLondon

re fofo

PLATE 4. THE FIRST DOG BOOK IN ENGLISH

Having been " Scene and allowed " the first dog book printed in
English duly made its appearance in 1576, being the modified
translation by Abraham Fleming of the book by John Cains.
This illustration is of the title page of Fleming's book, It is to-day
excessively scarce and fetches an auction price many times that oj~
the original Latin work by Caws*

TURBERVILLE AND MARKHAM

Sometimes it is found alone, but generally it is bound
together with. Turberville's The Booke of Faulconrie or
Hawking, 1575 t ^ ie second editions of these two com
pilations (1611) are also generally bound together.
As The Noble Arte of Venerie or Hunting has little to
say on dogs of the British Isles, and is practically a
word for word translation of the French work La
Venerie > by du Fouilloux* (1560-1), it is of relatively
small importance to us. Besides, as the one-tenth of
Turberville's book which was not written originally
by du Fouilloux is (or at least suspiciously appears to
be) the work of Carcano, Carsyon, Glamorgan, Malo-
pin, Artelouche and Vicentino, it can hardly lay claim
to being a true account of hunting in Britain ! . . .
as an arch-cribber, Turberville did much to further
harm the already degenerate literary morals of the
time.

About the turn of the sixteenth century we find
another instance of where a French work is published
in English still retaining its title. This is the Maison
Rustique of Stevens and Liebault, which, in 1600,
was issued as Maison Rustique by Richard Surflet . . ,
in this case more a translation above board, however,
than an unblushing plagiarization as in Turberville's
instance. Incidentally, the Surflet work was issued
again in 1616 under the editorship of that prolific
hack-writer Gervase Markham, and with the sub- title
of The Country Farme. On approaching Markham's

* Jacques du Fouilloux, whose La Vdnerie became a " Sportman's
Bible'* in several languages, is famous as the jovial sportsman and poet,
gallant and scallywag, who when welcoming his King on passing thru his
province turned out with no less than fifty of his sons behind him one
of whom was his legitimate heir !

17

THE LITERATURE OF BRITISH DOGS

peak period (about 1620) we find a series of indirect
references to dogs of the British Isles appears in a work
now exceedingly rare and seldom found in a sports
man's library, namely, A Treatife and Difcourfe of the
Laws of the Foreft, by John Manwood, published
1598.

This book, which Schwerdt described as " The first
treatise of English Forest Laws, and invaluable to
students of ancient sport " in addition to having been
a good friend to Shakespeare as a source of forest lore
has proved a veritable mine of information on the use
and misuse of British dogs from the time of Canute
until (in its fourth edition) Queen Anne. Manwood
was a Justice of the New Forest, and the esteem in
which his work is still held has proved him to have been
a most careful writer. The author's copy of this work,
is of the second edition, that is, the 1615 issue, having
twenty-five chapters instead of the original twenty.
The three chapters on " Of keeping of dogges within a
foreft " (itself having twelve sections), " Of Hawking
and Hunting within the foreft," and " Which are
beasts of foreft, or beasts of venerie " reveal a wealth of
detail on the ancient custom of expeditating and
hambling dogs likely to pursue the kings' game in
order to prevent their doing damage. Greyhounds
and Mastiffs were particular sufferers under these
excessively harsh laws. A study of Manwood's ex
cellent work is commended to any assiduous student
of the history of the British dog.

Now it is a strange fact, but one which nevertheless is
painfully apparent, that after the work of Fleming in
1576 not a single English dog book appeared until

18

TURBERVILLE AND MARKHAM

1800 an unbridged gap of two and a quarter centuries.
In both the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries a
few contributions on dogs appeared, it is true, and, of
course, a good number of country-life and sporting
works in which dogs were featured came from the
presses of Paris, Leipzig, Niirnberg and Madrid, but
none of these was a specific treatise on dogs in English.
The Cynographia Curios a* of Paullini, first published
in 1685, goes a long way towards being an exhaustive
treatise on dogs, their physiology, classification and
breeds, management, and uses, but has little on British
dogs further than Fleming.

A few dogs of importance to us appear during the
seventeenth and eighteenth centuries from rather
unexpected sources, namely, Topsail's The Historic of
Four-footed Beastes (1607), Aldrovandus 5 Quadmpedibus
(three volumes of his great work on natural history,
1638-67), Cirino's De Natura et Sohrtia Canum
(1653), an anonymous Book of Beasts (1665) consisting
of illustrations only, RiedePs Icones Animalium (an
important work of 1780), and the excellently illustrated
history of British Quadrupeds (1790), so famous for
the exquisite and almost cynologically accurate wood
cuts by the Newcastle engraver, Thomas Bewick.

In addition to the references to some British types
by foreign naturalists, there are many others to be
found (by the diligent searcher) in the annals and
chronicles of travellers, historians, and diarists, such as

*This rare book was apparently unknown to Ash and Watson. It
certainly deserves a translation* for the wealth of information in it is
largely original and of importance. This is the first book to my know
ledge to refer to the Dachshund by name, antedating Ash's reference
to an eighteenth century work by sixty-eight years.

THE LITERATURE OF BRITISH DOGS

Holinshed, Hentzner, Nichols, Stow, Blount, Crouch
and Strutt (though the latter should not be relied
upon too much), and, of course, the inimitable Pep7s,
who mentions dogs far more often than is general!/
realized. All these writers should be consulted closely
in any study of the more vulgar forms of " sport "
in which British dogs played an important part ; from
Queen Elizabeth to Queen Anne, bull- bear- and horse-
baiting was carried out extensively in England, and as
Mastiffs and Bulldogs had a high value during this
morally degenerate age, the contemporary historians
should certainly not be overlooked. However, the
point in referring to these naturalists and chroniclers
of the late sixteenth to the early nineteenth centuries
lies in emphasizing the fact that although not a single
English book solely on dogs appeared between 1575
and 1800, the torn fabric of canine literary history
may be patched in a fashion provided the student is
assiduous enough. Even the travelling minstrel may
become a source of information, as with John Taylor,
alias " His Majesty's Water Pot/'* whose account of
hunting published in the Pennyles Pilgrim (i6ae)
throws light on the Scottish Deerhound, or as Taylor
calls it, the " strong Irish Greyhound".

If in studying the history of British dogs the student
is able to keep a critical eye on him, Gervase Markham
will be found a considerable source of information (and
amusement) on British sporting dogs. The danger of
Markham lies in his having copied, and believed, much

'Making allowance for the frank humour of the period I am inclined
to the belief that Taylor was His Majesty's Water Poet rather than
His Majesty's Water Pot. The date 16t& which is usually given for
his work is not correct. 1 y

20

From the author's celled ion

PLATE 5. REINAGLE'S WATER SPANIEL

From this J. Scott engraving of a painting by P. Reinagle,
A.R.A., we see the Spaniel used bv wildfowlers of the time was
much like the Springer Spaniel, except that the coat was rather
curlv. In the coloured copy from which this illustration is made
the 'dog is a rich liver and white. Although it is generally de
scribed as being from Taplins The Sportsman's Cabinet
(1803-4) this is one of the original twenty-eight Reinagle plates,
which was omitted in later issue of the book.

TURBERVILLE AND MARKHAM

from early writers concerning dogs : his output was so
enormous and Ms caprices so energetically applied, that
it is not an easy matter to sift the wheat from his chaff.
An author and poet, even in the reign of Queen
Elizabeth, " G.M.," as he signed many of his editions,
shewed a keen interest in country sports, and from
1595, when he " reduced into a better method " The
Book of St. Albans } for at least forty years he turned
out many revisions and compilations on varied rural
subjects, from Countrey Contentments (1611) to The
Art of Archerie (1634). His most important works to
us are the Countrey Contentments (consisting of the
arts of riding, hunting and hawking Ash's date of
1615 is really of the third edition), Hunger's Prevention ;
or the whole Arts of Fowling by Water and Land (1621),
and an undated thumb volume, The Young Sports-
man's Instructor. According to Harte, Markham,
whose thefts were innumerable, had stolen " some
very good things, and in great measure preserved their
memory from perishing". It is ironic that hard-up-
and-happy Markham's work paid little dividends
enough in his time, and yet to-day his The Gentle-
man y s Acadamie commands a price of ^150.

Markham appears to have sown the seeds of a vast
crop of general sporting books which one might term
" Sportsman's Companions " ; these appeared from
the third quarter of the seventeenth well into the nine
teenth century ; some remained in their first editions,
yet others proved immensely successful. As the
majority of the earlier books of this group do not
treat the British breeds in any detail, and reveal little
that was not already known of their origin and history.

21

THE LITERATURE OF BRITISH DOGS

it is not intended here to more than very briefly men
tion the few outstanding worts of the group.

Without doubt the most successful book in English
in the 1670*5 was The Gentleman's Recreation by-
Nicholas Cox, first published in 1674. This was mainly
a well assorted series of extracts from earlier writers,
English and French, " rectified by the Experience of
the most skilful Artists of our Times " (sic) compiled
by Cox when he was not much of a naturalist, but well
versed as a publisher " over against FurnivaFs Inn
Gate in Holborn". Cox was one of the first British
writers to advocate the use of " a different Hound
for every chase," and although his descriptions of his
dogs appear to have originated out of the imaginations
of Turberville and Markham the book contains much
good sense.

Another The Gentleman's Recreation appeared in
1686 this book edited by and printed for Richard
Blome. Cox's book of the same title saw its third and
much enlarged edition come out in this year, but the
two books sold well enough nevertheless. Blome
only edited his work it is true, but he edited it well,
and, moreover, with the eighty-seven plates, three of
which were designed by Francis Barlow,* presented
English readers with a well-illustrated and fairly com
prehensive work in which horsemanship, hawking,
hunting, fowling, fishing and agriculture are dealt with,
in two main parts ... a third part on the forest laws
was added to the second edition (1709). Blome spent

* Reproductions "of plates designed by Barlow have also been
published by Watson in The Dog Book, (1906), Baillie-Grohman in
Sport in Art (1919), and Ash in Dogs : Their History and Development
(1927) and The Practical Dog Book (1930).

22

TURBERVILLE AND MARKHAM

four years preparing his volume, and it is to his credit
that he engaged Barlow to design several of the illustra
tions, thus raising the artistic level of the British
sporting book to that of foreign publications. Bar
low's most famous animal etchings are those of which
most perished in the Great Fire of London in 1666
(the Aesop's Fables, published that very year), but
another scarce series is the twelve plates entitled
Severall Wayes of Hunting, Hawking and Fishing accord
ing to the English Manner, published in 1671, of which
five were probably engraved by W. Hollar the entire
set is reproduced in half size in Sport in Art (1919, pp.
198-209).

Now, although some sporting dogs of the British
Isles appeared fairly regularly in text and illustration
during the rest of this period (that is, until 1800), it
would be quite impossible to treat either them or the
publications in which they appear at length, and so
we must pass over the general sporting books of Giles
Jacob, Thomas Fairfax, Arthur Stringer, William
Blane and W. A. Osbaldiston without further reference.
The pamphlet of a half-dozen " instructional letters "
of John Gardiner (the forerunner of several similar
publications), and the verbose volumes by " Ex
perienced Gentlemen (of Dublin)," " A Gentleman
of Sussex/' " A Country Squire " and " A Person of
Quality " must also be neglected in a book of this
compass. The only two publications of the eighteenth
century as yet not mentioned and at the same time
deserving recognition as having had a lasting influence
on the use of British sporting dogs are the Field
Sports (" Humbly addressed to H.R.H. the Prince ")

23

THE LITERATURE OF BRITISH DOGS

of Somerville (1742), and the better-known Thought?
on Hunting, a series of letters to young sportsmen by
Peter Beckford (1781). Somerville is probably the
most frequently quoted poet in hunting literature, and
his The Chact (1735) has provided a source of material
for many a sporting anthology. Beckford's book
became a hunting classic and ran into many English
and foreign editions. Beckford hunted as well as
wrote and had a fine pack of Foxhounds, which was
painted by Sartorius the picture (reproduced in
Shaw-Sparrow's A Book of Sporting Painters) shews
twenty-one and a half couples and the hunt Terriers.

From the author's collection

PLATE 6. BRITISH SETTERS, BY SYDENHAM EDWARDS

Sydenham Edwards, son of a Welsh choir-master and organist, was
responsible for the most important dog book of the nineteenth century.
His Cynographia Britannica (from which this illustration is taken)
was the first British dog book to have coloured plates. The work
was never completed and is extremely scarce. Although the book itself
is dated 1800 (it was originally issued in parts) the plate dates vary,
that of the Setters being 1805. The three breeds above are the
English (foreground), Irish (centre) and Gordon (or Scottish) Setters.

V
EDWARDS AND TAPLIN

THE opening of the nineteenth century im
mediately presented what has now become
one of the rarest of dog books printed in the
English language, and, moreover, one of the most
important of all books on dogs in the British Isles,
This work is the Cynograpbia Britannica by Sydenham
Edwards (son of a Welsh organist), published in 1800*
the first dog book to be illustrated by coloured
plates. The set of twelve coloured engravings were
drawn from life by Edwards and " Coloured Under His
Immediate Inspection". The plates are, of course,
the most vital feature of the book ; indeed they are of
the highest order, considering the period and its
difficulties. The artist has not only escaped from the
conventional treatment and pose, but arranged his
subjects in delicately balanced groups after the style
of vignettes. It is possible, of course, to find fault
with the plates, and if most dogs do shew the round,
dilated eyes so noticeable, it is worth remembering
that Reinagle, Edwards' contemporary, portrayed his
dogs very wide-awake, too ; and after all this point is
scarcely of any greater importance than the monotony
of the " four-and-a-double " gates included in Bar
low's etchings of an earlier period.

*The date 1800 is generally accepted as correct, especially as it
appears on the title page, and the Newfoundland engraving bears the
imprint 1803, but other plates are dated earlier and later, the Setter
and Mastiff plates being dated 1S05.

25

THE LITERATURE OF BRITISH DOGS

The Cynographia Britannica illustrated as many as
twenty-three distinct varieties of dogs in the twelve
plates already described, the distinguishing features
being in most cases readily discernible. Of these
types, fourteen are certain British in origin, the
Terriers, Setters, Bulldogs, Mastiffs, and Spaniels are
easily recognized as early specimens of breeds existing,
and in a few cases flourishing, to-day. It is not essen
tial to this book to describe in detail each of the plates :
it is sufficient to sum up on Edwards' work and repeat
that although it is only the second dog book to be
published in English, it represents one of the most
advanced publications of its time in any field of natural
history, being to the cynologist what Gould's exquisite
plates are to the ornithologist. Almost all the Edwards
plates have been reproduced* (mainly during the
present century) and may be seen in the major works
of Vero Shaw, Watson, Asht and Hutchinson.

It will be noticed that so far all the books published,
in which British dogs feature, are of a sporting nature,
either directly concerned with the chase or dealing
very widely with country sports and pastimes. And
during the first half of the nineteenth century, the
publication of sportsmen's vade-mecums was intensi
fied with vigour. Indeed, it was not until the last
half of the century when dog shows were popular,

*A detailed chronological list of the reproductions of each plate
appears in my forthcoming Bibliography of British Dog Books.

f Of Ash's reproductions the best, of course, are in his Dogs : Their
History and Development, and these may be examined easily without
the aid of the hand-lens recommended (by Ash himself ') for use with
his The Practical Dog Book, where most illustrations are hopelessly
inadequate as far as size is concerned.

26

EDWARDS AND TAPLIN

that dog books began to treat all classes of dogs, and
their general histoiy, management and illnesses.
After Edwards' pioneer coloured work several English
books of importance appeared, and some sincere efforts
of research were published.

Keeping to the chronological path we have trodden
well enough so far it is necessary to mention the
undeservedly famous Rural Sports by William Daniel
(1801-2). This work referred to British dogs in both
volumes ; but as with many other Reverend gentlemen
(especially the Rev. C. Macdona, whose tales of his
St. Bernard were as tall as his tower built to com
memorate it), Daniel suffered from an incurable form
of story telling and, moreover, completely lacked
the ability for original investigation. Still, in all fair
ness to him, it must be admitted that most early
writers on the dog were extravagant in their anecdotes,
too fond of cribbing, and extremely careless. How
ever, a few of the copperplate engravings in Rural
Sports make up for the faulty text : the picture of
Daniel's English Setter " Beau " by Reinagle is first
class ; the Spanish Pointer by Stubbs is typical of both
artist and dog ; the Gilpin painting of Colonel Thorn
ton's brace of Pointers, "Pluto "and "Juno,"* reveals
fine treatment on the one hand, but goggle-eyed and
dish-faced dogs on the other. And of course the
portrait of " Slut," the pointing pig, added in the
Supplement is fascinating enough.

Close upon the heels of Daniel's compilation, W.
Taplin compiled a large two-volume work, called The

*On the weight of all the evidence available I would say the claim
that these dogs stood on point for an hour and a quarter while Gilpin
made his preliminary sketches is true.

27

THE LITERATURE OF BRITISH DOGS

Sportsman's Cabinet, or a Correct Delineation of the
Canine Races (1803-4). This title could well have
* dispensed with the first four words as the book is
entirely a dog book . . . it is in fact the third English
dog book to be published. Compiled by a sportsman
who defied conciseness as he did the Game Laws (being
an unlanded gentleman willing to pay the ^5 fine for
every bird he shot !), the chapters are both long-winded
and pedantic. However, the book is exceedingly
valuable to the student of British dogs inasmuch as it
contains excellent illustrations of every British breed
mentioned in the work. This book has fifty illustra
tions by Reinagle, Bewick, Rysbrack and Pugin. Of
these the Reinagle plates and Bewick woodcut vignettes
are nearly all of dogs . . . John Scott having engraved
the Reinagle plates. Although it is rather late in the
day to say so, the Reinagle paintings from which the
body of the illustrations have been taken are excellent,
and compare very favourably with the work of Gilpin
and Cooper, all being far superior to the later dog work
of Harvey, W. P. Smith, Radcliffe, Jesse and Land-
seer. The plates of the Greyhounds, Bulldog, Mastiff,
Shepherd's Dog, Springer Spaniel, Terriers (Old
English Whites ?), " Irish Greyhound," and Fox
hounds are the best of the British breeds ; and in con
sequence have been reproduced (and plagiarized) ex
tensively during the past century and a half.

The centuries-old pastime of bull-baiting is not only
dealt with at length by Taplin in the first volume of his
The Sportsman's Cabinet (1803), but is also given a
chapter in his The Sporting Dictionary (1803). This
book claims to be a " Rural Repository of General

28

X? 4

From the author's collection

PLATE 7. THOMAS GOSDEN'S FAMOUS BUTTONS

In 1821 the famous binder Thomas Gosden edited and issued
impressions from a set of silver buttons relative to the sports of
the field. Thev were designed by Abraham Cooper and engraved
bv John Scott." The set from which this illustration is taken was
the editor's own set, and the sixteen discs are pasted in position
on the sheet so exquisitely decorated. Both the Large Paper and
Small Paper issues are' practically unobtainable to-day, having
been exceptionally rare even at the end of the nineteenth century.
Gosden s initials appear in reverse on the powder-flask in the
top left corner.

EDWARDS AND TAPLIN

Information upon every Subject Appertaining to the
Sports of the Field " . . . its two illustrated volumes
are scarce to-day. Bull-baiting lias been dealt with
specifically by later authors as well, of course, and
contemporarily by Strutt in his The Sports and Pas
times of the People of England, (1801).

In 1804 Richard ThornhilPs book, The Shooting
Directory, was published. Although this work appears
to have been quite unknown to Watson, Leighton and
Ash, it contains considerable material on British dogs.
While it is not possible here to discuss at length Thorn
hilPs work (relatively much of which is original), it is
interesting to note that this author not only criticises
the " palpable falsehoods " in Taplin's The Sports
man's Cabinet, but dares to challenge the authority
of Buffon.* Thornhill dislikes "feather-bed gunners "
and prefers a sportsman to carry and load his own
guns, and above all to know his dogs well. He had
some first-class English Setters himself (one brace of
which were valued at 200 guineas) and took a keen
interest in Irish Setters as well ... in referring to
the old red-and-white Irish Setter (now being newly
" discovered "), Thornhill states " There is not a
country in Europe that can boast of finer Setters than
Ireland."

This book is excessively scarce to-day and very few
copies of the first issue remain, in which the pages
215-20 are intact : these contain the letters of the Duke

*Despite ThornhilTs calling Buffon " a wonderful clever and
intelligent person" he deserves recognition as one of the first British
dog writers to disagree (and rightly so) with that naturalist's statement
that the dog (Canis fantilaris) and the wolf (Canis lupus) belong to
separate genera.

29

THE LITERATURE OF BRITISH DOGS

of Richmond, when he was Master General of the
Ordnance, in 1791, in which as Thornhill says, "His
Grace wished to come the old soldier " over Joseph
Manton, the gun maker of Berkele7 Square, London,
in an effort to obtain Manton's rifling invention.
Subsequent issues lacked these pages. The frontis
piece of this book (of which the author has Thomas
Gosden's personal copy of the first issue, exquisitely
bound by him and bearing the Gosden bookplate,
engraved by John Scott, and the engraving of "Doll,"
his celebrated Pointer) is a portrait of Thornhill with
his Setter and Pointer. There are also six sepia
aquatint engravings by T. Medland of shooting
scenes in various parts of the British Isles, and shewing
the local sporting breeds of dogs. John Scott was an
outstandingly good engraver of dogs and sporting
scenes. In 1810 another edition of Beckford's classic
Thoughts on Hunting was published, this with eight
Scott engravings.

Later, John Lawrence published his dog books.
These were a small " Monthly Remembrancer " called
The Sportsman's Calendar (1818), British Field Sports
(1818), a medium-sized book, and a large work mainly
on dogs, but having fifty-two pages on horses, The
Sportsman* $ Repository (1820).

The Reinagle plates engraved by Scott are re
produced in The Sportsman's Repository. The title
page is illustrated by the Pointer " Scott " and two
brace of birds (the frontispiece of The Sportsmarfs
Cabinet, volume two, 1804). Numerous Bewick
woodcut vignettes are uased as tail-pieces. The en
gravings after Marshall, Gilpin, Stubbs, Cooper,

30

EDWARUS AND TAPLIN

Sartorius the Younger, and Seymour, are, of course,
of horses. Generally the same British breeds feature
in this book, although Lawrence gives plenty of inform
ation.

The anecdotal and biographical volumes both large
and small of British sporting dogs flourished during the
first half of the nineteenth century. Numerous were
the " Cabinets " and " Companions/' " Repositories "
and "Guides," " Directories " and " Recreations "
appearing under the distinguished patronage of
scholars, divines and sportsmen of the period. But
of these books, T. B. Johnson, in his preface to The
Complete Sportsman (1817), writes : " On the subject
of Field Sports, but little has made its appearance;
and this little has not been more remarkable for the
expensive manner in which it has been ushered into
the world, than for its slovenly carelessness, want of
connection, and frequent absurdity. None of the
publications, in fact, on this subject, contain that
plain introductory information so essential to the
novice ; they are, for the most part, made up of com
mon place observation, and unblushingly copied from
one book to another."

In this book Thomas B. Johnson* also naively
summed up the prodigious hunting exploits of the
early clergy by stating that the bishops and arch-

* Johnson actually published The Complete Sportsman (1817) under
the nom-de-plume of " T. H. Xeedham." Furthermore, his earlier
book, The Shooter's Guide (1811) was issued under the nom-de-plume
of B. Thomas " ; but his later works, The Shooter's Companion (1819)
and The Gamekeeper's Directory (N.D.) were published over his own
name. He was also editor of a monthly magazine, The Sportsman's
Cabinet, from its birth in 1832 until its death the following year.

31

THE LITERATURE OF BRITISH DOGS

deacons hunted too much, and tended their flocks too
little: which is much the same criticism as that levelled
at the Rev. John Russell (originator of the Parson
Jack Russell Terrier), who was well known in the time
of Thomas B. Johnson and his son John B. Johnson.
Russell, whose hunting boots so often peeped from
under his cassock, was said to be " equally good in the
wood as in the pig-skin " (as expert in the pulpit as in
the saddle). Arid much the same could be said of his
reverend friends J. Froude, John Boyce, Pomeroy
Gilbert, E. Clarke, W. H. Karslake, the Templers,
and dozens of other sporting parsons of last century.

Johnson's The Complete Sportsman was probably the
first dog book to be published by the house of Simpkin
Marshall, Ltd., who have been associated with British
dog books about as long as any firm, although they
have not published as much as they have distributed.
Longmans Green & Co., (who published the first breed
book, in 1872), Sampson Low, Marston & Co., L.
Upcott Gill, Horace Cox, John Murray, William
Blackwood & Sons, and George Routledge & Sons
published most of the British dog books of the nine
teenth century.

32

From the author's collection

PLATE 8. RICHARD BADHAM THORNHILL

The only book R. B. Thornhill ever wrote was at once the subject, of
vicious suppression and later one of the rarities of dog literature.
Although known to Arkwright and Schwerdt it was unknown to Watson,
Leighton and Ash (even the Schwerdt copy was the expurgated issue).
The portrait above is from the frontispiece of the first issue, engraved
bv Medland after Bell, In error the owners name on the Pointer's
collar reads " R. Thonhill "

VI
EGAN'S SPORTING AGE

L BOUT this time interest in rat-killing and dog-
fighting contests, in which Bulldog and Bull
-Terrier types were matched, was becoming
widespread. The Amphitheatre (or Cock Pit), Duck
Lane, Westminster, was about the most notorious place
of combat, and its candle-lit pit appears in many a
sporting print. A great devotee of these pastimes was
Pierce Egan, a prolific writer, whose sporting spiv
vocabulary outshone even Arthur Heald perhaps his
nearest approach of to-day. Accounts of many cele
brated dogs appear in his books and are well worth
studying if the student can spare the time and money.
A racy sort of Gervase Markham, Egan's first
important book is Sporting Anecdotes (1820). This
work covers most sports from archery to cockfighting,
but only concerns us as a record of dog-fighting con
tests in the Westminster Pit. His next book is Life
in London (1821 the first issue lacks the footnote to
page 9), and this is valuable for the thirty-six coloured
plates by I. R. and G. Cruikshank. Pierce Egan
really deserves a study by himself, as this work holds a
wealth of information and is packed with vitality.
Unfortunately, Egan's books are very scarce, especially
his Life in London and his article in Annals of Sporting
(1822). In the first volume of the latter work, Egan
has much to say on the " Bull-Terrier," and this is
important as it is probably the earliest record of the
breed being called by its modern name (without being

33

THE LITERATURE OF BRITISH DOGS

pedantic, the hyphen need cause no alarm). Egan
says, " The true bred Bulldog is but a dull companion
and the Terrier does not flash much size, nor is suffi
ciently smart or cocking the modern mixed dog
includes all of these qualities, and is of a pleasant airy
temper."

The Bull Terrier came into some prominence partly
as a result of the rat-killing contests of this period (as
did the old Black-and-Tan Terrier* or Manchester
Terrier), and in 1829 Thomas Brown gave the Bull
Terrier a separate chapter under its own name in his
Biographical Sketches and Authentic Anecdotes of Dogs.
This, the first dog book to be published in Scotland,
is now extremely hard to find . . . the best reports
of it have been given by Jesse and Watson in their
Researches into the History of the British Dog, and The
Dog Book, respectively. The Bull Terrier appears a
little later again, in colour for the first time, in Dogs
(1840) by Hamilton Smith. From the lay point of view
this book is the third dog book to be published with
coloured plates (the second being The Sportsman's
Annual 1836), but from a strictly cynological and
bibliographical viewpoint, is the fourth, as Smith had
published an earlier book called Dogs (1839) having
coloured plates.

*The most celebrated rat-killing dog of all time, " Billy/' is claimed
by most authors as of the Black-and-Tan Terrier breed, and is described
as such by Hignett in Leighton's New Book of the Dog (1907) . I am of
the opinion, however, that this dog was practically a purebred Bulldog,
as its pedigree and various prints shew. As depicted on an original
coloured aquatint engraving shewing " Billy . . . Bailing 100 Rats in
Five Minutes and a Half, on the 22nd April, 1823 " the dog is, in fact,
almost identical with the famous Bulldog bitch " Rosa/' painted by
Abraham Cooper (c. 1816), both in form and colour.

34

EGAN'S SPORTING AGE

As some confusion among dog writers appears evi
dent concerning Smith's books, it may be worth, not
ing that his 1839 book is called Vol. I on the title page
and is Vol. 9 of Jardine's " The Naturalist's Library " :
His Dogs (1840) is, therefore, Vol. 2 of his own work,
and is also Vol. 10 of Jardine's series, " The Naturalist's
Library". Smith's Vol. I of Dogs (1839) appears to
be unknown to dog writers, and his Vol. 2 of the same
work (1840) is almost invariably given the wrong
date of 1843, especially by contributors to encyclo-
poedias who, in the main, have copied Arkwright,
through Lytton and Ash, managing to get past the
censorship of hard-worked editors. Whilst Vol. I of
Dogs deals principally with wild dogs and Vol. 2 with
the domestic breeds, each is of equal importance to the
cynological student, and in any case the sections do
not deserve being divorced as they form one unit
which could well be termed Dogs (1839-40).

In Vol. I there are thirty* coloured plates of canine
forms from the Dingo to the Pariah : in Vol. 2 of
thirty-four plates, twenty-three are of domestic breeds
and in colour ; all the plates are engraved by Lizars
after Hamilton Smith, and coloured by hand.

So far our task of surveying the history of British
dogs through its own and kindred literature has been
simple enough,, the most difficult part having been to
omit reference to many books both well known and
obscure, which are either unreliable or do not treat
the British breeds sufficiently for inclusion here.

*The title page bears the hackneyed Landseer picture of two St.
Bernards " reviving " a frozen traveller, a portrait of Pallas the zool
ogist as frontispiece, and a plate of Newfoundland and other skulls
making a total of thirty-three.

35

THE LITERATURE OF BRITISH DOGS

However, from about the middle of the nineteenth
century onwards the task becomes extremely complex
and much too heavy to treat here. The appearance
of scores of small books on specific breeds of British
dogs clamour for inclusion in any review of this kind ;
the innumerable volumes of anecdotes, biographical
sketches of dogs, and anthologies and tributes require
at least some sifting for the material information
many of them contain on our native types. And an
even greater labour lies in threshing the thousands of
stud books, catalogues, tracts and pamphlets on dog
shows, auctions and Trials in which our dogs have
featured now for almost exactly a century.

All in all such a comprehensive task is beyond the
accommodation of an introductory survey of this type,
and, therefore, from the middle nineteenth century
onwards it becomes increasingly necessary to limit it
to only the truly great works of the last hundred years*
Naturally enough these are not many, yet in our
particular field we have several really outstanding
volumes which will remain standard works of reference
on dogs of their periods.

PLATE 9. THE ENGLISH SETTER IN LAVERACK'S TIME

From the author's collection

Edward Laverack wrote the first breed look in English, The
Setter (1872). This was published by Longmans, who have
published dog books for about a century and a half. The title is
well known but the book is seldom seen, a facsimile printed in
America having to serve as a working copy for most Setter
enthusiasts. The illustration is of the better of the two coloured
photographic plates from the original, the dog being " Fred 4th,"
a lemon and white Belton aged fifteen months by " Dash " out of
11 Moll," one of the strain which Laverack founded and has since
made his name famous.

VII
JESSE, WALSH AND SHAW

THE first of these is the monumental compila
tion of George R. Jesse,* Researches into the
History of the British Dog (1866). This is the
first work of its kind, and although as in most pioneer
works it contains pitfalls for the unwary, it is an
extremely useful book, which deals with every facet of
the British dog, especially from the historical and
literary viewpoints. Gerald Massey, one of our few
authorities on British dog books, describes the work
in his Catalogue of Dog Books (1945) as " An exceed
ingly important book, the first to deal at any length
with the history of Dogs from evidence supplied by
earlier records compiled by man 3 '.

The year 1867 saw the publication of the first edition
of The Dogs of the British Islands, an important work
on all the better-known breeds, and embodying the
views of numerous British breeders. This book,
which enjoyed considerable success through several
editions, was edited by " Stonehenge " (J. H. Walsh,
then editor of The Field) mainly from articles and
letters previously published in his journal. The first
edition (1867) contains twenty-nine woodcut engrav
ings of selected dogs of exhibition breeding, and these
were increased until the fifth and last edition (ii

*This author should not be confused with Edward Jesse, who was
responsible for Anecdotes of Dogs (1846), an undeservingly famous little
book containing exaggerated tales and filched illustrations of numerous
breeds.

37

THE LITERATURE OF BRITISH DOGS

has fifty-eight generally good illustrations.* Among
these are the fine engravings of the Greyhounds
" Master McGrath " and " Bab at the Bowster,"
Captain Graham's Irish Wolfhounds " Brian " and
" Sheelah," the Smooth-haired Fox Terriers " Olive"
and " Bitters," the Deerhound " Bran/' Mr. Purcell
Llewellin's English Setter " Countess," Mr. Hink's
white Bull Terrier " Madman," and Mr. Pratt's Skye
Terriers " Sandy Grant " and " Piper," all being
British-bred specimens of considerable influence on
their breeds. The contributors include Hugh Dalziel
and George Krehl, two important writers of the time.
Treatises on particular breeds had by this time been
appearing over a period of half a century, especially
on the Greyhound and the Irish Wolfhound, but in
1872 a work of exceptional merit was published.
This is Ike Setter, by Edward Laverack, who was the
pioneer breeder of the strain of English Setters, which
ever since has borne his name first in the British Isles
and later abroad. This book is the first ever published
on Setters and describes the English, Irish and Gordon
breeds in detail, and also mentions the white Llanidloes
Setter and the all-black Welsh Setters.! Moreover, the
book is entirely free from what Fowler would have
called " pomposities," being the practical" breeding

*These are certainly far superior to the illustrations used in Walsh's
The Dog in Health and Disease (1859), too many of which are taken after
Youatt, while the remainder by Wells do not even approach the Baker
engravings used in Walsh's later work.

f At the time of writing there is an all-black Welsh Setter in Aber-
ystwyth, and the white curly-coated Llanidloes dog is still in existence
on the east side of Plynlimon. For descriptions of these two very old
breeds see Dogs in Britain (1948), p. 241.

JESSE, WALSH AND SHAW

experiences of a sportsman writing in the " sear and
yellow leaf " of his seventy-third year. The book has
a coloured* lithograph portrait of the ten-year-old
Blue Belton " Dash " as frontispiece, and a similar
plate of one of this dog's progeny, the lemon-and-
white " Fred 4th (see Plate 9)." A facsimile edition
(1945) has to serve as a working copy in many libraries
to-day as the original is quite scarce.

The next really important work appeared in 1879-
8 1 as The Illustrated Book of the Dog, by Vero Shaw.
This is the largest work of the nineteenth century to be
published in English, having coloured plates of cele
brated show dogs. Like Jesse, Vero Shaw was a true
cynological pathfinder ; and although his book con
tains the winnowed data of Walsh and Pearce (and
several foreign writers) there is a substantial amount
that is original. It is not generally known that this
book was so widely accepted as a standard work on dogs
that its German edition, translated and enlarged by
von Schmiedeberg, and illustrated by Beckmann and
Sperling, won the 1883 State Medal in Berlin and first
prize in Vienna in 1884.

The twenty-eight coloured quarto plates of Shaw's
great work portray most of the well-known breeds
(some for the first time) ; with the exception of the
Dalmatian, whose geometrically placed spots appear
to have been conceived on the limestone plates,* all are
valuable to the student of British prize dogs of the
period. Some of the large woodcut engravings are

*In all fairness to the book and the engravers I should add that
even master craftsmen such as Bewick, Reinagle and Leney have
depicted the Dalmatian in much the same design as Titian and the
School of Giorgione painted leopards.

39

THE LITERATURE OF BRITISH DOGS

obviously taken from Fitzinger's Die Hund und seine
Rasen (1876). But no matter . . . they have them
selves been widely exploited by later writers.

Comprehensive dog books by Dalziel, Lee and Drury
burst into print in the last two decades of the nine
teenth century ; not with the hearty abandon of the
literature of Gordon Stables perhaps, but nevertheless
lacking the care, the consistency, and the planning so
apparent in the few major works which followed.
Although these books are not of vital importance to
us to-day, they are quite worth a study.

40

/: u ^v-^iC:^&u : '^

By courtesy of The Illustrated London News

PLATE 10. JOHN HENRY WALSH

In his later life Walsh was better known as " Stonehenge," the
author of books on dogs, rural sports, shooting and guns. He was
editor of The Field magazine and an active judge at dog shows.
Portraits of Walsh are scarce, there being none at the Bntish,
Museum or The Field office. The above is from a woodcut
published in 1888.

VIII
THE EFFECT OF DOG SHOWS

BY the turn of the century the pastime of exhibit
ing dogs was having a powerful influence upon
canine literature, and accordingly most of the
specimens selected for illustration in the new really
large books were almost invariably of champion stock
and well-known dogs. The sporting hobby of dog
showing had developed over a period of at least fifty
years, it should be remembered. Moreover, its
growth had been phenomenal. It had developed
from the shady exhibitions (or " leads " as they were
at first called) held in public houses* about 1840 to the
giant expositions held at Birmingham and the Crystal
Palace, London. For at least a decade shows of
Spaniels, Terriers and Toy Dogs were held under
convivial but unsatisfactory administration before
the really important open shows took place in New-
castle-on-Tyne and Birmingham in 1859. These
events were quite different from the early tavern
" leads " which generally preceded rat killings and dog
fights. These in fact were the forerunners of gigantic
undertakings like the first Great International Dog
Show held in the Agricultural Hall, London, from
25-30 May, 1863, and the world-famous Graft's Dog
Show (Cruft's " Canine Carnival," as it has sometimes
been so aptly named), held annually until the begin
ning of the Second World War and lately revived.

*The " establishments " of Jemmy Shaw and Charley Aistrop
near the Haymarket and in St. Giles, London, were roaring favourites.

41

THE LITERATURE OF BRITISH DOGS

With the success of organized dog shows some form
of control naturally came into being, and so in 1873
the English Kennel Club was founded, in due course
becoming the canine governing body of England,
while other British. Kennel Clubs took over the reins
of dogdom in the other countries of the British Isles.
These bodies eventually stabilized dog showing and
materially helped to eradicate the poor sportsmanship
so apparent in the earlier contests.

Relatively simple and by no means harsh, the rules
of the Kennel Clubs do much to maintain a high
standard of efficiency and fairness in British dog shows
held under their jurisdiction. With such powerful
forces having come into being during the last quartei
of the nineteenth century, it was perfectly natural
that the literature of the dog should by the turn of
the century begin to shew almost revolutionary changes.
A vast readership was awaiting books of a considerable
higher standard than it had hitherto been given, and
new and original work was needed. The old rehashed
cynological potage of the last half century would not
suit the twentieth century dog breeders, who in the
main knew quite a lot about dogs and had the leisure to
carry out individual research. Furthermore, various
semi-technical journals and trade papers, as well as
the Kennel Club Calendar and, Stud Book, kept British
dog breeders reasonably well informed.

The first of the great cynological works of the
twentieth century was well timed, therefore, when it
appeared in 1906. This book, The Dog Book, was
written by James Watson, a Scot, who was probably
our first sports editor of a daily newspaper. Watson

42

THE EFFECT OF DOG SHOWS

carried out an incredible amount of research, and
although this book by no means represents his first
work it remains even to-day a monument to the
prodigious labour his check-work involved. The Dog
Book was originally published in ten parts in the
U.S.A., but its first English appearance, over the
colophon of the Heinemann windmill, was in 1906.
Its quarter of a million words naturally embrace most
well-known British breeds and varieties, some with
detail and some without, for although this large work
for some reason carries no index many breeds of British
interest can be found therein if the reader is sufficiently
diligent. Of the book itself, padded out on thick
paper to two large volumes, it can be said that it is
easily the finest book on dogs written by a British
writer until Ash's superb Dogs : Their History and
Development appeared in 1927. Moreover, Watson's
book is copiously illustrated with reproductions of
paintings and important early prints as well as the usual
photographs of contemporary prize winning dogs.

Watson quotes liberally from the best of the earlier
authors and so saves the student of British dogs much
wider reading. His chapters on Spaniels and Setters
are extremely valuable and contain much of the now
very rare book of Laverack's already dealt with,
In this respect Watson's book is probably the fore
runner of Ash's big work, as there is little doubt that
Watson drew attention to important but obscure
references to early British breeds which would other
wise have been missed by Ash and even ourselves.

Watson's The Dog Book was the first general work
to publish reproductions of paintings and engravings

43

THE LITERATURE OF BRITISH DOGS

of dogs on a liberal scale, but the extremely well-
produced book by William Arkwright, The Pointer and
His Predecessors (1902), had already included some
forty such illustrations having connection with the
Pointer. Now although this is essentially a one-
breed book, it is of value in any survey of British sport
ing dogs generally. Indeed, it is a most sumptuous
work, lavishly produced, and in consequence, extremely
rare.

The next important general work by a British writer
is that by our' penultimate authority, Robert Leighton.
This book is The New Book of the Dog (1907), which
will remain an important work for all time. Leighton
wrote quietly and took great pains with his work.
His book covered practically every well-known breed
and was certainly the first British work to describe
many of the varieties of the continental mainland of
Europe and Asia.* Profusely illustrated with coloured
plates and photographs, the book dealt with all the
important British breeds of the time, some of the
chapters being written by eminent authorities and
breeders. Incidentally, Leighton too realized the
important bearing of art (particularly as expressed in
bas-relief, ceramic decoration, sculpture and paintings
by the great masters) upon the history of dog breeds,
and he reproduced hundreds of photographs tracing
the evolution of canine types ; these, in addition to
the numerous excellent coloured plates by artists of

*Some of the articles by Leighton himself on relatively rare breeds
appear to me to have been influenced by de Bylant's Les Races de Chiens
(1894), of which incredibly comprehensive work an edition (the third)
was published in 1905 with the text covering over 300 breeds and
varieties written in French, English, German and Dutch.

44

From the author's collection

PLATE 11. VERO SHAW'S " SMASHER " (BULLDOG)

The larger dog (a sir iped-br indie and white Bulldog] is
" Smasher" bv " Master Gully " out of " Nettle," the property
of Vero Shaw, who later sold it to the president of the Bulldog
Club. The smaller dog is " Doon Brae " (the property of
Captain Holdsworth], a prominent winner in the eighteen
seventies and descended from " Sheffield Crib," whose pedigree
was disputed. The illustration is from a coloured plate in the
first issue of the first edition (1879-81) o/The Illustrated Book
of the Dog by Vero Shaw.

THE EFFECT OF DOG SHOWS

repute, including Maud Earl and Lilian Cheviot.
The special edition prepared for subscribers (1907) is an
unusually attractive set of four quarto volumes, having
as frontispiece a coloured anatomical model which
reveals the skeleton, muscles and viscera of a dog by a
most ingenious folding device . . . consequently this
is seldom found intact.

British Toy Dogs feature in several books written
during the first decade of the twentieth century, some
of these being the first specialist literature on the group.
Following these books came Toy Dogs and Their
Ancestors* (1911) by the Hon. Mrs. Neville Lytton.
This work, which is now excessively scarce, followed
the trend of the cynological pathfinders in reproducing
many of the great paintings and important prints con
taining evidence of the antiquity of the Miniature
breeds, and in its specialist field still remains a standard
work on Toy Dogs of British and foreign extraction.

The last and undoubtedly the greatest work on the
dog ever printed in English is Dogs : Their History and
Development (1927) by Edward C. Ash. Like Watson,
Ash had learned not to place too much reliance on the
earlier writers, consequently, although he took heed
of their statements, he checked them himself from all
available sources. Indeed, Ash went so deep into the
eariy history of each breed that he accumulated a
hitherto undreamed of mass of data, which he generally
sorted out clearly and presented in a very . readable

*This is not a general work on dogs but it is nevertheless of such
immense importance that no study of British Dogs should be attempted
without it. Judith Lytton's text is straight to the point, and although
her bibliographical information is pretty haywire one can learn as much
from her writings as from the 346 line illustrations.

45

THE LITERATURE OF BRITISH DOGS

form. His best and permanent reference work
is Dogs : Their History and Development. This is a
terrific work published in two quarto volumes and
illustrated by hundreds of excellent photographs of
selected dogs and reproductions of paintings, prints,
pottery and . relief work.

There is no doubt that Ash's researches in the British
Museum, paid handsome dividends although here and
there errors crept into his books . . . especially into
his smaller ones. His ready wit and cynicism is
apparent in this book where, as on all other occasions,
he ridicules many of the tall stories put forward in the
nineteenth century by dog writers like J. C. Macdona ;
and his criticisms of pictures like Landseer's rescue
scenes in the Swiss Alps reveals a sensible approach in
dealing with a subject which has too often been
sentimentalized, yet too seldom given the dignity of a
science. Ash had that rare faculty of seeing things
through both ends of the telescope : where he sus
pected a casual reference in an early manuscript of
leading to matter of some consequence, he enlarged
upon it and spent months of search (sometimes with
success and sometimes without) through ancient
records to verify his theories ; on the other hand, if
common sense and a wide general knowledge of dog
types suggested a hitherto undisputed " fact " might
prove incorrect upon investigation, he would shrink
its substance to a bare core and worry out the truth by
dint of sheer hard work.

Of all the published literature on the dog, in any
language, Ash's Dogs : Their History and Development
remains the supreme effort for original work and
investigation. This great book is not the last word on

THE EFFECT OF DOG SHOWS

dogs (no book could possibly be), -but certainly it will
reign supreme as a work of reference until well into the
second half of this century.

In concluding this retrospect of the dogs of the
British Isles in literature, we can scarcely fail to bear in
mind that since 1927 several rather large books on dogs
have been published, the largest of these being an
encyclopoedia of three volumes. However, it is not
intended here to review the mass-produced works which
are only naturally good in some parts and not good in
others, and where inaccuracies may be laid at the doors
of too many contributors. In any case as the encyclo-
poedias are generally being revised it may be antici
pated that the corrections will be sufficient to produce
new books of greater value.

From the growth of the very literature of British
dogs alone, one certainty projects above all others :
this being that with the rapid improvement in dog
shows, the ever-widening attraction of dog breeding
in the British Isles and abroad, and the present lack
of reliable cynologists of a scientific turn of mind the
literature of British and foreign dogs will tend to
become more and more specialized. We shall have
less general works and more breed books.

The development of exhibitions, the multiplication
of canine societies, the expansion of the dog-breeding
industry, and its exchange of practical " know-how "
through the medium of the canine Press all influence
the general literature of the dog. Without these
influences canine literature would tend to waver
haphazardly near the borderline of sentimentality.
Hence it is a good sign that breeders are beginning

47

THE LITERATURE OF BRITISH DOGS

to pay more attention to genetics than hitherto.
Our canine literature in its true presentation of in
formation and its honesty of purpose and presentation
(so far preserved us, as against say political literature)
is on the whole the representative window through
which British dogdom is seen the other shop window
through which our goods are seen is the dog show.
And it is as well to relate these facets of the whole as
they should be, for the pedigree dog itself in all its
hundreds of varieties, the dog show, the activities of
the British Kennel Clubs and their subordinate bodies,
the vast machinery of the really big industry of dog
breeding, and the specialist literature of the dog world
are irrevocably bound together.

INDEX

Note : Where the title of a book begins with the articles
'A' or ' The ' (or with foreign equivalents such as ' Die *,
' La ', ' Le ', ' Y ', etc.) the book is entered in this
index under the first following objective word.

Aberystwyth,38
Aesop's Fables, 23
Agincourt, 5
Agnes, 3
Aistrop, Charles (publican),

41

Aldrovandus (artist), 16, 19
The Ancient Welsh Laws, 1
Anecdotes of Dogs, 37
Annals of Sporting, 33
Anne, 18, 20
Anonymous schoolmaster,

the (printer), 7
Arkwright, W., 35, 44, pi. 8
The Art of Archer ie, 21
Art de Venerie, 2
The Art of Venerie, 16
Artelouche, 17
Ash, Edward C., 19, 21, 22,

26, 29, 35, 43, 45, 46, pi. 8

Baftard, 9
Baillie-Grohman, F., 5

, William A., 5, 16, 22

Baker, A. (artist), 38

Bala, 14

Bandogge. 14

Barlow, Francis (artist), 22,

23, 25, pi. 3 >
Barnes, Dam Julyans, see

Berners, Dame Juliana

Beagles, 15, 16

Bear-baiting, 20

Beckford, Peter, 24, 30

Beckmann (artist), 39

Berlin, 39

Berner, 7

Berners, Sir James, 7

, Dame Juliana, 7, 8, 9,

10, pi. 1
Bewick, Thomas (engraver),

19, 28, 29
Bibliography of British Dog

Books, 26

Biographical Sketches, 34
Bibliothque National, 5
Birmingham, 41
Black-and-Tan Terrier, 34
Blackwood, W., and Sons

(publishers), 32
Blaine, D. P., 4
Blane, WiUiam, 23
Blome, Richard, 16, 22
Blount, 20

Blue Belton Setter, 39
Bobtail tike, 10
Bocheris houndes, 9
The Boke of Haukyng and

Huntyng, 7
Boke of St. Albans, 7, 8, 9, 11,

21

Bols, Hans (artist), 16
Book of Beasts, 19
A Book of Sporting Painters,

24

49

INDEX

The Booke of Faulconrie of

Hawking, 17
Boyce, Rev. John, 32
Brach, 10

Bradley's of the Strand, 19
British Field Sports, 30
British Museum, 5, 46, pi. 10
British Quadrupeds, 19
Brown, Thomas, 34
Buffon (naturalist), 29
Bull Terrier, 33, 34
Bull-baiting, 20, 28, 29
Bulldogs, 20, 26, 28, 33, 34,

pi. 11

Caius, John, 1, 8, 9, 11, 12,

13, 14, pi. 2. pi. 4
Cambridge, 13
Canis familiaris, 29

lupus, 29

pastor alis, 14

Canute, 18

Carcano, 17

Carsyon, 17

Catalogue of Dog Books, 37

Caxton, William (printer), 7

The Chace, 24

La Chace du Cerf, 2

Charles IX, 2

the Bad, 3

La Chasse Royale, 2

Chaucer, viii

Cheviot, Lilian (artist), 45

Ci, 14

Cirino (artist), 19

Glamorgan, 17

Clarke, Rev. E., 32

Collies, 9

" Come the old soldier," 30

The Complete Sportsman, 31,

32
Cooper, Abraham (artist),

28, 30, 34, pi. 7
Cottonian MS. Vespasian B.

XII, 5

Countrey Contentments, 21
The Country Farme, 17
" A Country Squire/' 23
Cox, Horace (publisher), 32

, Nicholas, 22

Crouch, 20

Cruikshank, J 4 R., and G

(artists), 33
Craft's Dog Show, 41
Cwn, 14
Cynographia Britannica, 25,

26, pi. 6
Curiosa, 19

Dachshund, 16, 19

Dalmatian, 39

Dalziel, Hugh, 38, 40

Daniel, William, 27

d'Armagnac, Comte, 3

Dauncers, 14

Dauphin, the, 3

de Beam, Vicomte, see de
Foix, Gaston

de Bylandt, Comte Henri, 44

De Canibus Britannicis, 11,
12

de Foix, Gaston, viii, 3, 4, pi. 1

de Langley, Edmund, 4

De Natura et Solertia Canum,
19

de Worde, Wynkyn (print
er), 7, 8

INDEX

de la Vigne, Gace, 2

Deerhound, 20, 38

Denbigh, 14

Dictionary of National Bio
graphy, 4

Dingo, 35

The Dog Book, 22, 34, 42,
43

The Dog in Health and
Disease, 38

Dogs in Britain, 12, 38, pi. 2

The Dogs of the British
Islands, 37

Dogs : Their History and
Development, 22, 43, 45,
46

Drury, W. D., 40

du Fouilloux, Jacques, 17

Dublin, 23

Earl, Maud (artist), 45
Edward III, 5

, Duke of York, viii, 3,

4,5

of Norwich, see Ed
ward, Duke of York

of Plant agenet, see

Edward, Duke of York
Edwards, Lionel (artist), vii

, Sydenham, 25, 27, pi. 6

Egan, Pierce, 33, 34
Eley Cathedral, 19
Elizabeth, 11, 20, 21
English Setter, 25, 26, 27,

29, 30, 38
" Experienced Gentlemen "

(of Dublin), 23

Fairfax, Thomas, 23

" Feather-bed gunners/' 29

The Field (magazine), 37, pi.

10

Field Sports, 23
Fitzinger, L. J., 40
Fleitmann, Lida, vii
Fleming, Abraham, 9, 12, 13
" Fmale ladies popis/' 9
Forest Laws, 18
Foxhounds, 24, 28, pi. 1
Froissart, 3

Froissart's Chronicles, 3
Froude, Rev. J., 32
FurnivaTs Inn Gate, 22

GalU 4 family (engravers), 15

Game Laws, 28

The Gamekeeper's Directory,

31

Gardiner John, 23
Geheimes Jagdbuch, 2, 6
" A Gentleman of Sussex/'

23
The Gentleman's Academie,

21

Recreation (Blome), 22

ibid (Cox), 22

Gesner, Conrad (naturalist),

8, 11, 12

Gilbert, Rev. Pomeroy, 32
Giorgione, School of, 39
Gill, L. Upcott (publisher),

32

Gilpin (artist), 27, 28, 30
Gonville and Caius College,

11
Gordon Setter, 25, 26, 38

INDEX

Gosden, Thomas (binder),

30, pi. 7

Gould (artist), 26
Graham, Captain (breeder),

38
Great International Dog

Show, 41

Grehound (e) , see Greyhound
Greyhound, 8, 9, 10, 15, 18,

20, 38
Y Gwyddoniadnr Cymreig, 14

Harte, 21

Harvey, W. (artist), 28
Heald, Arthur, 33
Heinemann (publisher), 43
Henry IV, 5
Hentzner, 20
Hereford, 2
Hignett, 34
Hinks (breeder), 38
" His Majesty's Water Pot/'

20
The Historie of Four-footed

Beastes, 19
Holinshed, 20
Hollar, W. (engraver), 23,

pi. 3

Homer, vii
Horse-baiting, 20
Hounds, 3, 10, 15, 22
Hubbard, Hesketh, vii
Die Hund und Seine Rasen,

40

Hunger's Prevention, 21
Hutchinson, W. (editor), 26
Hywel Dda, 1

I cones Animalium (Gesner)>

8

ibid (Riedel), 19
The Illustrated Book of the

Dog, 39, pi. 11
" Irish Greyhound," 20, 28
Irish Setter, 25, 26, 29, 38
Wolfhound, 38

Jacquerie, the, 3
Jacob, Giles, 23
Jesse, Edward, 37

, George R., 4, 28, 34,

37, 39

Johnes, Rychard, 13
Johnson, John B., 32

, Thomas B., 31, 32

Joyce, vii

Karslake, Rev. W. H., 32
Kays, John, see Caius, John
Kenettys, 9
Kennel Club Calendar and

Stud Book, 42
Kennel Clubs, 42, 48
Kennelman, 7

Keys, John, see Caius, John
King Lear, 10
Krehl, George (breeder), 38

Landseer (artist), 28, 35, 46
Laverack, E. 38, 43, pi. 9
Lawrence, John, 30, 31
" Leads," 41

INDEX

Lee Rawdon, B., 40

Leighton, Robert, 29, 44

Leipzig, 19

Lemor, 9

Leney (engraver), 39

Leopards, 39

Libro de la Monteria, 2

Life in London, 33

Livre de Chasse, see Miroir de

Phebus
Le Livre du Roy Modus et de

la Royne Ratio, 3
Lizars (engraver), 35
Llanidloes Setter, 38
Llewellin, Purcell (breeder),

38
London, 13

, Agricultural Hall, 41

, Berkeley Square, 30

, Crystal Palace, 41

, Great Fire of, 23

, Haymarket, 41

, Holborn, 22

, Newgate, 13

, St. Giles, 41

, The Strand, 19

Longmans Green and Co.

(publishers), 32, pL 9
Lonicer (artist), 16
Lonsdale collection, vii
Lym, 10
Lytton, Judith, see Lytton,

Hon. Mrs. Neville
, Hon. Mrs. Neville, 35,

45

Macdona, Rev. J. C., 27, 46
Madrid, 19
Maftyfe, see Mastiff

Maison Rustique, 17

Malopin, 17

Manchester Terrier, 34

Manton, Joseph (gunsmith),
30

Manwood, John, 18

Markham, Gervase, 17, 20,
21, 22,. 33

Marshall (artist), 31

Massey, Gerald, 37

" Master of Game," 5

Master of Game, 3, 4, 5

Master General of the Ord
nance, 30

Mastiff, 9, 10, 14, 18, 20, 25,
26, 28

Mastiffgi, 14

Mastiue, see Mastiff

Maximilian, 2, 6

Medland, T. (artist), 30, pi. 8

Mengrell, see Mongrel

Miroir de Phebus, 2, 3, 4

Mongrel, 9, 10

Montaigne, viii

" Monthly Remembrancer/'
30

Murray, John (publisher), 32

Myddyng dogges, 9

Needham, T. H., 31
The New Book of the Dog,

34, 44

New Forest, 18
Newcastle-on-Tyne, 19, 41
Newfoundland, 25, 35
Nichols, 20
The Noble Arte of Venerie or

Hunting, 16. 17

53

INDEX

Norwich, 5
Nurnberg, 19

Of Engltfhe Dogges, 12, 13
Old English White Terrier,

28
Osbaldiston, W, A., 23

Pallas (naturalist), 35

Pariah, 35

Paris, 19

Parry, Rev. John, 14

Parson Jack Russell Terrier,
32

Paullini, 19

Pearce, Rev. Thomas, 39

Pedro the Cruel, 5

Pennyles Pilgrim, 20

Pepys, 20

Perne, E., 19

" A Person of Quality," 23

Pevensey Castle, 5

Phebus, Gaston, see de Foix,
Gaston

Pig, the pointing, 27

Pinscher, 16

Plynlimon, 38

Pocket Beagle, 15

Poeme sur la Chasse, 2

The Pointer and His Pre
decessors, 44

Pointer, 27, 30, 44, pi. 8

Ponterwyd, 14

The Practical Dog Book, 22,
26

Pratt (breeder), 38

Prikherid curris, 9
Pugin (artist), 28
Pye, Henry, 12

Q^iadrupedibus, 19

Races des Chiens, 44
Rachys, 9, pi. 1
Radcliffe, C. D. (artist), 28
Reinagle (artist), 23, 27, 28,

30, 39, pi. 5
Researches into the History

of the British Dog, 34, 37
Rhys, Sir John, 14
Richard II, 7
Richmond, Duke of, 30
Riedel, 19
Routledge, George and Sons

(publishers), 32
Rural Sports, 27
ibid (Supplement), 27
Russell, Rev. John, 32
Rysbrack (artist), 28

St. Albans, 7

St. Bernard, 27, 35

St. Sepulchre's Church, 19

Sampson Low, Marston and

Co. (publishers), 32
Sartorius (artist), 24
the Younger (artist),

31

Saurat, Denis, viii
Schwerdt, vii, 18, pi. 8

54

INDEX

Scott, John (engraver), 28,

30, pi. 5, pi. 7
t (writer), see Lawrence,

John

The Setter, 38
Setters 25, 26, 27, 29 30, 38,

43, pi. 6, pi. 8, pi. 9
Severall Wayes of Hunting,

23

Seymour (artist), 31
Shakespeare, viii, 10, 18
Shaw, Jemmy (publican), 41

, Vero, 4,- 26, 39, pi. 11

Shaw-Sparrow, W., 24
Sheepdogs, 9, 14
Shepherd's Dogge, 14, 28
The Shooter's Companion, 31

Guide, 31

Shooting Directory, 29
Shows, early, see " Leads/'
Simpkin Marshall, Ltd.

(publishers), 32
Skye Terrier, 38
" Slut " (the pointing pig),

27
Smith, A. Croxton, vii

, Hamilton, 34, 35

, W. P. (artist), 28

Smooth-haired Fox Terrier,

38

Somerville, 24
Sopwell, 7

Spaniel, 9, 26, 28, 41, 43
Spanish Pointer, 27
Spanyell, see Spaniel
Sperling (artist), 39
Sport in Art ,16, 22, 23
Sporting Anecdotes, 33
The Sporting Dictionary, 28
Sports and Pastimes, 29

The Sportsman's Annual, 34

Cabinet, 28, 29, pi. 5

(magazine), 31

Calendar, 30

Dictionary, 12

Repository, 30

Springer Spaniel, 28, pi. 5
Stables, Gordon, 40
Stevens and Liebault, 17
" Stonehenge," see Walsh,

J.H.
Stow, 20

Stradanus (artist), 15, 16
Stringer, Arthur, 23
Strutt, 20, 29
Stubbs (artist), 27, 30
Surflet, Richard, 17
" Swift English small dog/'

15, 16

Tancarville, Count, 3

Taplin. W., 27, 28, 29, pi. 5

Taylor, John, 20

Templer, Revs. J.and G.,32

Teroures, 9

Terrier, 9 24, 26, 28, 41

Thomas, B., 31

Thornhill, Richard, 29, 30,

pi. 8

Thornton, Col., 27
Thoughts on Hunting, 24, 30
Thumb volume, an undated,

21

Titian (artist), 39
Topsell (naturalist), 19
Toy Dogs, 41, 45
Tov Dogs and their Ancestors,

45

55

INDEX

A Treatife and, Difcourfe of
the Laws of the Foreft, 18

Trundle-tail, 10

Tryndeltayles, 9

Turberville, George, viii, 16,
17, 22

Turnespets, 14

Tweedmouth, collection, vii

Twici, Guillaume, 2

Venaiiones. 15
La Venerie, 17
Vicentino, 17
Vienna, 39
von Schmiedeberg, 39

Walsh, J. H., 38, 39, pi. 10
Wapps, 14
Water Spaniel, pi. 5
Watson, James, 19, 22, 26,

29, 34, 42, 43, 45, pi. 8
Wells, L. (artist), 38
Welsh Setter, 38

Sheepdog, 9

Westminster, the Pit, 33

Wolf, 29

Wynn, Rev. M. B., 4

Youatt, 38

The Young Sportsman's
Instructor, 21

1 1 2 342