Iowa year book of agriculture

AN IDEAL JERSEY HEAD
Prize Winner Iowa State Fair and Exposition 1907

EIGHTH ANNUAL

Iowa Year Book of Agriculture

Issued by the

Iowa Department of Agriculture

1907

LIBRARY
NEW YORK
BOTANICAL

QARDBN.

DES MOINES:

EMORY H. ENGLISH, STATE PRINTER

E. D. CHAS8ELL, STATE BINDER

1908

,01

LIBRARY
NEW YORK
BOTANICAL

aARDEN.

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL

OFFICE OF
IOWA STATE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,

Des Moines, Iowa, February 10, 1908.

To His Excellency, Albert B. Cummins, Governor of Iowa:

SiR:^I have the honor to transmit herewith the Eighth
Annual Iowa Year Book of Agriculture, for the year 1907.

Respectfully submitted,

JOHN C. SIMPSON,
Secretary State Board of Agriculture.

DC
D_

INTRODUCTORY.

The Eighth Annual Iowa Year Book of xlgriculture for 1907 in-
cludes statistics, reports and papers that will be of interest to the
student of Iowa agriculture. It is subdivided into thirteen parts.
Preceding Part I is a condensed statistical table which tells the
stor}^ of Iowa's source of wealth. These tables were prepared with
great care in the office of the Iowa Department of Agriculture and
convey, we believe, as near as it is possible, the agricultural resources
of Iowa.

Part I contains the final summary of the Iowa Weather and Crop
Service for the year 1907. A monthly review of the climatology
for the year is given, followed by the annual precipitation chart,
date of the last killing frost in the spring and the first in the fall,
and a final report showing the total yield of soil products by
counties and value at farm prices December 1, 1907.
Part II contains stati.stir-al tables of Iowa's principal farm crops
for a period of years, principal farm crops of the United States,
and principal farm crops of the world for 1906. Parts
III and IV give the proceedings of the State Farmers' In-
stitute and Agricultural Convention held in December, 1907. Part
V contains a synopsis of the meetings of the State Board of Agri-
culture, 1907. Part VI gives a synopsis of the meeting of the Iowa
Swine Breeders' Association, held at Des Moines in June, 1907.
Part VII is a partial report of the Iowa State Dairy Association,
held at Des Moines in November, 1907. Part VIII deals with the
Dairy Industry in Iowa. Part IX, a report of the Iowa State Fair
and Exposition of 1907, giving a list of awards in the live stock
departments, etc. Part X contains papers, addresses and mis-
cellaneous articles pertaining to agriculture in all its branches.
Part XI gives a financial statement of the County and District Fair
Associations in Iowa receiving State aid in 1907. Part XII, the
State law with reference to the standing of stallions for public
service; a list of all stallions for which State certificate has been

vi INTRODUCTORY

issued is given by counties, showing the owner's name and the breed
of stallion. Part XIII contains a directory of associations and or-
ganizations representing agricultural interests in Iowa and other
states.

If the work of the Department is to be carried on in a manner to
be of the greatest benefit to the State, it will be necessary for future
General Assemblies to enact legislation giving to the State Board
of Agriculture additional authority and support fund. Today the
great agricultural State of Iowa provides only the meager sum of
twenty-four hundred dollars annually for the support of the De-
partment of Agriculture. This, with possibly a few exceptions, is
the smallest fund expended annually for the support of an agri-
cultural department by any state in the Union. This support fund
should be increased to not less than five thousand dollars annually.
With even this small increase the department could broaden its
scope to a great extent by gathering statistical information, which is
impossible under present conditions. Authority should be granted
the Department to issue bulletins at such times as may deemed
necessary by the State Board, possibly limiting the publications to
one each quarter. As it is now the only medium the Department
has for placing valuable papers, statistics, etc., before the public is
through the annual Iowa Year Book of Agriculture. The size of
this publication necessitates the omission of many matters of interest
to the general public. To better illustrate this, would say that a
bulletin should be published at the close of the institute year con-
taining a financial report, statistics as to attendance, papers and
addresses of each institute held for the preceding year. As it is
now, only a short synopsis of this work can be included in the annual
Year Book. A special bulletin on the swine industry could be is-
sued immediately following the meeting of the Iowa Swine Breed-
ers' Association, which would also include the proceedings of their
meeting. Another bulletin on dairying could follow the yearly
meeting of the Iowa State Dairy Association. Still another bulletin
should be issued containing information and a list, by counties, of
all stallions for which a State certificate has been issued. Such
a bulletin placed in the hands of each owner of a pure bred stallion
would be of great assistance in enforcing the provisions of the
stallion law.

The State institute law should be so amended that all reports
should be made to the office of the Department of Agriculture. The
stallion law should be amended requiring the owner or keeper to

INTRODUCTORY vii

report the death, or removal from the State of any stallion for
which State certificate has been issued, and an annual renewal
should be required upon all State certificates. This will keep the
list of stallions alive and up to date and remove to a great extent
the liability of fraud by unscrupulous parties substituting another
animal for the State certificate he holds.

Great care has been taken in preparing the copy for this book
and an earnest effort made to have it issued promptly. The num-
ber of copies issued is three thousand.

J. C. SIMPSON,
Secretary Iowa State Board of Agriculture.

Des Moines, Iowa, February 10, 1908.

STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE

1908

EX OFFICIO MEMBERS.

GOVERNOR OF STATE ^''^ 3Toines

PRESIDENT IOWA STATE COLLEGE ^™««

STATE DAIRY COMMISSIONER ^«* Motnes

STATE VETERINARIAN Forest City

OFFICERS.

C. E . CAMERON , PRESIDENT ^""

w. C. BROWN, Vice-President Clarion

J. C. SIMPSON, Secretary ^^^ Moines

G. S. GILBERTSON, TREASURER ^«* Moines

DISTRICT MEMBERS.

FIRST District-R. S.JOHNSTON Columbus Junction

SECOND DISTRICT-C. W.PHILLIPS MoQuoketa

Third District-ELMER M. REEVES Waverly

FOURTH DISTRICT-R. T. ST. JOHN RiceviUe

FIFTH DISTRICT-S. B. PACKARD Marshalltown

Sixth District-T. C. LEGOE What Cheer

SEVENTH DISTRICT-C. F. CURTISS ^"^^^

EIGHTH DISTRICT-JOHN LEDGERWOOD .Osceola

Ninth District-M. McDONALD Bayard

TENTHDISTRICT-O. A. OLSON ForestCity

ELEVENTH DISTRICT-H. L. PIKE Whitmg

President, Vice-President, Secretary and Treasurer are Elected for one Year.

Terms of Directors for Even-Numbered Districts Expire Second Wednesday in Decem-
ber, 1908. Terms of Directors for Odd-Numbered Districts Expire
Second Wednesday in December, 1909

COMMITTEES.

YEAK OF 1908.

EXECUTIVE committee:

C. E. CAMERON W. C. BROWN

J. C. SIMPSON

AUDITING committee:

C. W. PHILLIPS T. C. LEGOE

R. S. JOHNSTON

committee on resolutions:

R. T. St. JOHN M. MCDONALD

JOHN LEDGERWOOD

powers and duties of board:

GOVERNOR ALBERT B. CUMMINS C. E. CAMERON

W. C. BROWN

THE adulteration OF FOOD, SHEDS AND OTHER PRODUCTS:

S. B. PACKARD C. F. CURTISS

H. R. WRIGHT

DAIRY INDUSTRY AND PRODUCTS, INCLUDING FRAUDULENT IMITATIONS THEREOF:

H. R. WRIGHT O. A. OLSON

E. M. REEVES

CONTAGIOUS DISEASES AMONG DOMESTIC ANIMALS:

C. F. CURTISS P. O. KOTO S. B. PACKARD

H. L. PIKE

IOWA WEATHER AND CROP SERVICE:

GEO. M. CHAPPEL, Director DES MOINES

ILLUSTRATIONS

Jersey Head Frontispiece

Page

Chappel , Geo . , Director Iowa "Weather and Crop Service 4

Sage, John R., Former Director Iowa Weather and Crop Service 22

Fifty Ears of Corn, winner "Wallace" Trophy 49

Champion Ear of Corn at Farmers' Institute, 1907 66

Champion Ear of Corn at Iowa State Fair and Exposition 1907 66

Lunch Time in the Grove , Iowa State Fair and Exposition 1907 162

Swine Barn and Show Pavilion, Iowa State Fair and Exposition Grounds 169

Horse Barn , Iowa State Fair and Exposition Grounds 170

Parade of Prize Winning Horses , Iowa State Fair and Exposition 1907 178

Main Entrance to Swine Barn 247

Scene in the Park , Iowa State Fair and Exposition Grounds 1907 260

Ayrshire Cow, "Croftjane Dinah 19th" 350

Guernsey Cow, *'Mei8tress Joe" 352

In the Horticultural Exhibit, Iowa State Fair and Exposition 1907 380

Short-Horn Bull 386

Holstein-Friesiaa Cow, "Parthenea Hengerveld 46004" 391

Clydesdale Filly 393

An American Carriage Horse in Action 394

American Carriage Horse ' ' Glorious Red Cloud" 404

Standard Bred Stallion "Hail Cloud" 405

Berkshire Boar, "Duke of Cedar Heights 84689" 408

American Carriage Horse, Brood Mare and Foal 411

Polled Durham Bull, "Roan Hero 6313" 420

Holstein-Friesian Cattle, Exhibitor's Herd at Iowa State Fair and Exposition 1907 423

Sheep Head 426

American Carriage Horse 429

American Carriage Horse "Wilbrino Boy" 433

American Carriage Horse "Kokane" 444

American Carriage Horse "Burnie Brino" 445

Morgan Stallion "Dart" 449

Hackney Stallion ' ' Prlckwillow Cannaught' ' 450

Clydesdale Mare "Queen of the Clydes" 451

Short-Horn Cow ' ' Victoria Countess " 460

Galloway Heifer "Lady Graceful " 465

Red Polled Bull ' ' Logan 13500' ' 466

Berkshire Sow ' ' Model H . 5th 90593' ' 477

Hampshire Down Ram 486

Shropshire Ram 487

Boys and Girls in Judging and Cooking Contests 504

Live Stock Students at Judging Pavilion Iowa State College 518

Class in Meat Demonstration Iowa State College 521

Champion Ten Ears of Corn at Iowa Corn Growers ' Association 523

Grand Champion Single Ear at the Iowa Corn Growers' Association 523

Class in Corn Judging Iowa State College 525

Hog Shelters 562

Hog Trough 563

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Letter of Transmittal

Introductory

State Board of Agriculture

Standing Committees

Index to Illustrations

Table of Contents

Iowa's Source of Wealth

PART I

Iowa Weather and Crop Report for 1907 5

PART II

Iowa's Principal Farm Crops for the past twenty-seven years; Principal Farm
Crops of the United States, 1906 and 1907; Principal Farm Crops of the World
1906; Number, Average Value and Total Value of Farm Animals in the
United States, January 1, 1908 37

PART III
State Farmers ' Institute , 1907 67

PART IV
State Agricultural Convention, 1907 ". 163

PART V
Synopsis of State Board and Committee Meetings, 1907 199

PART VI
Proceedings of the Iowa Swine Breeders' Association, 1907 227

PART VII

Proceedings of the Iowa State Dairy Association, 1907 261

PART VIII

Statistics on Iowa Dairy Products, from the Dairy and Food Commissioner's

Annual Report 1907 359

PART IX

Press Reports of the Iowa State Fair and Exposition 1907, Live Stock Awards,
Results in the Boys' Judging and Girls' Cooking Contests and Awards at
Corn Show at State Farmers' Institute, December, 1907 381

PART X

Papers and Addresses on Live Stock, Agriculture and Miscellaneous Topics
from Bulletins, Agricultural Press and Papers read before County Farmers'
Institutes 507

PART XI

Financial Statement and Reports of Agricultural Conditions by County and

District Agricultural Societies for the year 1907 741

PART XII

Report of Division of Horse Breeding for 1907 821

PART XIII
Directory of Associations and Organizations representing Agricultural Inter-
ests In Iowa and other states 913

ERRATUM.

The table on pages 55 and 5G, showing substantially the corn crop of
the world, is for the years 1901-2-3-4 and 5, as indicated on page 55.

The table on pages 61 and 62, showing substantially the rye crop of
the world, is for the years 1902-3-4-5 and 6, as indicated on page 61.

IOWA'S SOURCE OF WEALTH.

COMPILED ESPECIALLY FOR THE IOWA YEAR BOOK

AVERAGE YIELD, AVERAGE YIELD PER ACRE, AVERAGE FARM
PRICE DECMEBER 1, AVERAGE VALUE PER ACRE AND TOTAL
VALUE OF IOWA FARM PRODUCTS FOR THE YEAR 1907.

Farm Products

Acreage

Winter Wheat

Spring Wheat

Corn

Oats

Barley

Rye -

Flax

Potatoes

Hay, Tame

Hay, Wild

Pasturage

Fruit and Garden Products

Other crops not enumerated

Acreage crop not harvested

Acreage occupied by farm build-
ings and lots

Dairy Products

Poultry

Wool

Total

85

338

8,341

4,533

402

52

42,

117,

3,372,

896,

10,000,

625,

500,

1,300,

1,519,343

32,228,109

1,698,101

4,402,320

246,898,460

111,190,400

9,893,330

900,060

461,960

9,847,430

5,117,878

1,172,590

■o

a--

01

l»oi

"« 0)

ss

mQ

&C(U

es "

U (1

t^-'-R

O <U

lUt-g

>P.

t>P.S

<

<

19.8

13

29.6

24.5

24.6

17.

10.8

84.
1.5
1.3

.62
8.50
6.75

$16.44
10.53
13.03
9.56
14.76
10.37
10.59
52.08
12.75
8.77
9.00
20.00
10.00

Total
Value

$ 1,409,423

3,565,879

108,635,322

43,364,256

5,935,998

549,036

408,640

6,105.406

43,401,963

7,914,892

90.000,000

12,509,800

5,000,000

40,000,000

20,000,000

700,000

l$389,500.705

NUMBER, AVERAGE VALUE, .AND TOTAL VALUE OF IOWA LIVE
STOCK JANUARY 1, 1908. SUPPLEMENTED BY A TABLE SHOW-
ING THE TOTAL NUMBER AND AVERAGE VALUE OF STOCK
ELIGIBLE FOR REGISTRY AS SHOWN BY THE STATE CENSUS
FOR THE YEAR 1905.

Stock

Number
all Ages

Average
Value

Total
Value

Number

of Pure

Bred Live

Stock

Census

1905

Average
Value

Horses

1,464,141

43,655

1,429,017

3,548,493

8,366,520

703,902

$ 90.00 S131. 772.690

8,167

89,388

110,035
9,988

$305.51

lOO.OO
33.00

25.00
9.00

4,365,500
47,157,561

78,712,325
75.298.680

Milch Cows -- - -

Other Cattle . -

53.15

12.89

Sheep

5.0O 3,519,510

8.64

Total

15,555,728

l$340,826,266

(1)

IOWA DEPAKTMENT OF AGRICCTLTURE.

SUMMARY OF TOTAL ACREAGE FARM LANDS WITHIN THE STATE.
NUMBER OF FARMS, AVERAGE SIZE OF FARMS, AVERAGE
VALUE PER ACRE, TOTAL VALUE FARM MACHINERY, AVE-
RAGE VALUE FARM MACHINERY PER FARM, TOTAL VALUE
FARM BUILDINGS, AVERAGE VALUE FARM BUILDINGS PER
FARM, TOTAL VALUE FARM LANDS AND BUILDINGS, TOTAL
RURAL POPULATION (1905 CENSUS), AVERAGE RURAL POPU-
LATION PER FARM.

Total acreag-e farms - - 32,228,109

Number of" farms - 209,163

Average size of farms (acres) 158%

Average value per acre $ 58.00

Total value farm machinery — 41,232,368.00

Average value farm machinery per farm 197.00

Total value farm buildings 303,750,975.00

Average value farm buildings per farm 1,452.00

Total value farm lands and buildings $1,855,857,423.00

Total rural population (1905 census) 1,142,114

Average number per farm 5%

GRAND TOTALS.

Value crops and other farm products 1907 $ 389,500,705.00

Value live stock 340,826,266.00

Value farms lands and buildings - 1,855,857,423.00

Value farm machinery — 41,232,368.00

GRAND TOTAL VALUATION . $2,627,416,762.00

PER CAPITA VALUATION.

Per capa valuation rural population » $ 2,300.00

Average valuation per farm 12,561.00

Per capa valuation farm crops 1907 341.00

Average valuation farm crop per acre 1907 11.75

Average valuation farm crop per farm 1907 1,862.00

Per capa valuation live stock 298.00

Average valuation live stock per farm— 1,629.00

Average valuation live stock per acre 10.27

Total per capa valuation farm crops and live stock 639.00

Average valuation farm crop and live stock 3,491.00

GEO. M. CHAPPEL,

Director Iowa Weather and Crop Service.

Successor to J. E. Sage.

PART I.

Report of the Iowa Weather and Crop Ser-
vice for 1907.

Geo. M. Chappel, Director

CLIMATOLOGY OF THE YEAR 1907.

Baeometee. — The mean pressure of the atmosphere of the year of 1907
was 30.04 inches. The highest observed pressure was 30.79 inches on
January 22d at Charles City, Floyd county. The lowest pressure was
29.18 inches on November 20th at Dubuque, Dubuque county. The range
for the state was 1.61 inches.

Tempeeatuee. — The mean temperature for the state was 47.6°, which
is the normal, for the state. The highest temperature reported was 102',
on July 5th, at Thurman, Fremont county. The lowest temperature
reported was 31° below zero on February 5th, at Washta, Cherokee county.
The range for the year was 133°.

Peecipitation. — The average amount of rain and melted snow for the
year, as shown by complete records of 103 stations was 32.06 inches, which
is .03 of an inch above the normal, and .83 of an inch above the average
amount in 1906. The greatest amount recorded at any station for the
year was 43.90 inches at Mount Ayr, Ringgold county. The least amount
recorded was 19.93 inches at Sioux City, Woodbury county. The greatest
monthly rainfall was 13.66 inches at Belle Plaine, Benton county, in July.
The least monthly precipitation was .05 of an inch at Sioux City, Wood-
bury county, in November, and Hancock, Pottawattamie county, in Decem-
ber. The greatest amount in any twenty-four consecutive hours was 5.30
inches at Belle Plaine, in Benton county, on July 9th. The average number
of days on which .01 of an inch or more of fain fell was eighty-eight.

Wind and Weatheb. — The prevailing direction of the wind was north-
west. The highest velocity was 66 miles per hour in Sioux City, Woodbury
county, from the northwest on January 19th. The average daily move-
ment of wind was 202 miles. There were 168 clear days; 94 partly cloudy,
and 103 cloudy days; as against 163 clear days, 97 were partly cloudy,
and 105 cloudy days in 1906.

(5)

6 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUEE.

MONTHLY SUMMAEIES.

January. — The monthly mean temperature for the state, as shown by
the records of 115 stations, was 18.8°, which is 1.0° below the normal for
January. By sections the mean temperatures were as follows: Northern
section, 14.0°, which is 3.6° below the normal; Central section, 19.4°, which
is .02° above the normal; Southern section, 23.1°, which is 0.6°
above the normal. The highest monthly mean temperature was
28.9°, at Keokuk, and the lowest monthly mean was 8.0°, at Rock
Rapids. The highest temperature reported was 68°, at Keokuk, on the
7th, and lowest was 22° below zero, at Forest City and Inwood, on the
30th. The average monthly maximum was 45.4°, and the average monthly
minimum was --11.5°. The greatest daily range was 46° at Onawa; and
the average of greatest daily ranges was 33.2°.

Precipitation. — The average precipitation for the state, as shown by
the records of 123 stations, was 1.52 inches, which is .57 of an inch above
the normal. The average by sections was as follows: Northern section,
.96 of an inch, which is .20 of an inch above the normal; Central section,
1.41 inches, which is .37 of an inch above the normal; Southern section,
2.20 inches, which is 1.15 inches above the normal. The largest amount
reported was 5.30 inches at Burlington, and the least amount
reported was .10 of an inch at Atlantic. The greatest daily rainfall re-
ported was 2.69 inches at Keokuk, on the lSth-19th. The average number
of days on which .01 of an inch or more was reported was 7.

Wind and Weather. — The prevailing direction of the wind was north-
west. The highest velocity reported was 66 miles per hour, from the
northwest, at Sioux City, on the 19th. The average number of clear days
was 8; partly cloudy 7, and cloudy 16.

February. — The monthly mean temperature for the state, as shown by
records of 116 stations, was 25°, which is 5.8° above the normal. By
section the mean temperatures were as follows: Northern section, 22.1°,
which is 5.8° above the normal; Central section, 25.1°, which is 5.7° above
the normal; Southern section, 27.7°, which is 5.9° above the normal. The
highest monthly mean was 30.2°, at Keokuk, and the lowest monthly mean
was 19.5°, at Sibley. The highest temperature reported was 65°, at St.
Charles, on the 16th, and the lowest reported was -31°, at Washta, on the
5th. The average monthly maximum was 55.5°, and the average monthly
minimum was -17.9°. The greatest daily range was 51°, at Sibley, and
the average of greatest daily ranges was 37.5°.

Precipitation. — The average precipitation for the state, as shown by
records of 126 stations, was .71 of an inch, which is .32 of an inch below
the normal. The averages by sections were as follows: Northern section,
.80 of an inch, which is .13 of an inch below the normal. Central section,
.72 of an inch, which is .29 of an inch below the normal; Southern section,
.61 of an inch, which Is .53 of an inch below the normal. The largest
amount reported was 1.95 inches, at Rockwell City and Thurman, and the
least amount reported was .06 of an inch, at Stockport. The greatest
daily precipitation reported was 1.26 inches, at Britt, on the 28th. There
was an average of 4 days on which .01 of an inch or more was reported.

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART I. 7

Wind and Weather. — The prevailing direction of tiie wind was north-
west. The highest velocity reported was 52 miles an hour, from the
northwest, at Sioux City on the 1st. The average number of clear days
was 14, partly cloudy 6, and cloudy 8.

Maech. — The monthly mean temperature for the state, as shown by
the records of 116 stations, was 40.6°, which is 7.6° above the normal. By
sections the mean temperatures were as follows: Northern section, 36.7°,
which is 6.9° above the normal; Central section, 41.1°, which is 8.2° above
the normal; Southern section, 44.1°, which is 8.0° above the normal. The
highest monthly mean was 47.6° at Keokuk. The lowest monthly mean
was 31.8° at Sibley. The highest temperature reported was 92°, at Clar-
inda and Massena, on the 25th. The lowest temperature reported was 7°
below zero, at Inwood, Lyon county, on the 2d. The average monthly
maximum was 84.0°; and the average monthly minimum was 10.2°. The
greatest daily range was 59°, at St. Charles, and the average of greatest
daily ranges was 44.6°.

Precipitation. — The average precipitation for the state, as shown by
records of 124 stations, was 1.35 inches, which is 0.55 of an inch below
the normal. The averages by sections were as follows: Northern section,

1.19 inches, which is 0.44 of an inch below the normal; Central section,

1.20 inches, which is 0.79 of an inch below the normal; Southern section,
1.66 inches, which is 0.43 of an inch below the normal. The largest
amount reported was 5.05 inches at Keokuk. The least amount reported
was 0.23 of an inch at Washta. The greatest daily rainfall was 3.50
inches, at Keokuk, on the 28th-29th. The average number of days reported
on which .01 or more of precipitation fell was 6.

Wind and Weather. — ^The prevailing direction of the wind was north-
west. The highest velocity reported was 40 miles per hour, from the
south, at Sioux City, on the 24th, and from the southwest, at Des Moines,
on the 26th. The average number of clear days was 14, partly cloudy 7,
and cloudy 10.

April. — The monthly mean temperature for the state, as shown by
records of 119 stations, was 41.05°, which is 7.7° below the normal. By
sections the mean temperatures were as follows: Northern section, 39.2°,
which is 8.7° below the normal; Central section, 41.9°, which is 6.8° below
the normal; Southern section, 43.4°, which is 7.7° below the normal.
The highest monthly mean was 46.3°, at Keokuk. The lowest monthly
mean was 35.9°, at Sibley. The highest temperature reported was 80°, at
Clarinda on the 24th. The lowest temperature reported was 10°, at Earl-
ham on the 14th, and at Washta on the 17th. The average monthly
maximum was 71.6°, and the average monthly minimum was 16.4°. The
greatest daily range was 54°, at Woodburn; and the average greatest
daily ranges was 38.2°.

Precipitation. — The average precipitation for the state, as shown by
records of 125 stations, was 1.32 inches, which 1.59 inches below the nor-
mal. By sections the averages were as follows: Northern section, .84
of an inch, which is 1.81 inches below the normal; Central section, 1.27
inches, which is 1.66 inches below the normal; Southern section, 1.84
inches, which is 1.30 inches below the normal. The largest amount re-

8 IOWA DEPARTIVIENT OF AGRICULTURE.

ported was 3.22 inches at Burlington. The least amount reported was .24
of an inch at Inwood. The greatest daily rainfall reported was 1.50
inches, at Pacific Junction on the 28th. The average number of days on
which .01 of an inch or more was reported was 6.

Wind and Weather. — The prevailing direction of the wind was north-
west. The highest velocity reported was 52 miles per hour, from the
northwest, at Sioux City, on the 11th. The average number of clear days
was 12, partly cloudy 8, and cloudy 10.

May. — The monthly mean temperature for the state, as shown by
records of 120 stations, was 53.5°, which is 7.2° below the normal. By
sections the mean temperatures were as follows: Northern section, 51.4°,
which is 7.9° below the normal; Central section, 53.6°, which is 7.1° below
the normal; Southern section, 55.5°, which is 6.7° below the
normal. The highest monthly mean was 57.6°, at Keokuk, and
the lowest monthly mean was 48.0°, at Sibley. The highest temperature
reported was 96° at Elliot, on the 22d, and the lowest was 14° at Whitten,
on the 4th. The average monthly maximum was 86.4°, and the average
monthly minimum was 22.1°. The greatest daily range was 66°, and the
average of greatest daily ranges was 46.3°.

Precipitation. — The average precipitation for the state, as shown by
records of 126 stations, was 3.48 inches, which is .78 of an inch below the
normal. The averages by sections were as follows: Northern section,
2.74 inches, which is 1.30 of an inch below the normal; Central section, 3.87
inches, which is .38 of an inch below the normal; Southern section, 3.84
inches, which is .64 of an inch below the normal. The largest amount
reported was 7.68 inches, at Tipton, and the least amount reported was .71
of an inch at Clear Lake. The greatest daily rainfall reported was 4.50
inches at Tipton, on the 23d. The average number of days on which .01
of an inch or more of rainfall was reported was 10.

Wind and Weather. — The prevailing direction of the wind was north,
southeast, south and southwest. The highest velocity reported was 52 miles
per hour from the south, at Sioux City, on the 12th. The average number of
clear days was 11, partly cloudy 10, and cloudy days 10.

June. — The monthly mean temperature for the state, as shown by
records of 120 stations, was 66.5°, which is 2.9° below the normal. By
section the mean temperatures were as follows: Northern section 65.2°,
which is 3.0° below the normal; Central section, 66.7°, which is 2.8° below
the normal; Southern section, 67.7°, which is 2.8° below the normal. The
highest monthly mean was 70.0° at Thurman, and the lowest monthly
mean was 63.2° at Estherville. The highest temperature reported was 98°,
at Clarinda, on the 16th; and the lowest reported was 36° at Atlantic on
the 2d. The average monthly maximum was 92.6°, and the average
monthly minimum was 42.4° The greatest daily range was 44° at Audubon
and Atlantic. The average of greatest daily ranges was 34.2°.

Precipitation. — The average precipitation for the state, as shown by
records of 129 stations, was 5.35 inches, which is 0.79 of an inch above the
normal. The averages by sections were as follows: Northern section,
5.67 inches, which is 1.03 inches above normal; Central section, 4.98
inches, which is 0.45 of an inch, above the normal; Southern section.

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I. 9

5.41 inches, which is 0.90 of an inch above the normal. The largest amount
reported was 9.33 inches at Northwood, and the least amount reported was
2.07 inches at Davenport. The greatest daily rainfall reported was 3.60
inches, at Clear Lake and Waukee, on the 9th. The average number of days
on which .01 of an inch or more was reported was 11.

Wind and Weather. — The prevailing direction of the wind was south-
west. The highest velocity reported was 44 miles per hour, from the west,
at Sioux City, on the 23d. The average number of clear days was 14,
partly cloudy 9, and cloudy 7.

July. — The monthly mean temperature for the state, as shown by
records of 117 stations, was 73.7°, which is 0.4° below the normal. By
sections the mean temperatures were as follows: Northern section, 71.9°,
which is 1.1° below the normal; Central section, 74.1°, which is 0.1°
below the normal. Southern section, 75.1°, which is 0.1° below the normal.
The highest monthly mean was 76.9°, at Ottumwa, and the lowest monthly
mean was 69.1° at Fayette. The highest temperature reported was 102°,
at Thurman, on the 5th, and the lowest temperature reported was 41°, at
Alton, on the 2d. The average monthly maximum was 93.9°, and the average
monthly minimum was 53.6. The greatest daily range was 42°, at Esther-
ville. The average of greatest daily ranges was 30.4°.

Precipitation. — The average precipitation for the state, as shown by
the records of 126 stations, was 7.27 inches, which is 2.92 inches above the
normal. The averages by sections were as follows: Northern section,
7.02 inches, which is 2.79 inches above the normal; Central section, 7.23
inches, which is 2.93 inches above the normal; Southern section, 7.56
inches, which is 3.02 inches above the normal. The largest amount re-
ported was 13.66 inches at Belle Plaine; the least amount reported was
3.97 inches at Elkader. The greatest daily rainfall reported was 5.30
inches, at Belle Plaine, on the 9th. The average number of days on which
.01 of an inch or more was reported was 13.

Wind and Weather. — The prevailing direction of the wind was south-
west; the highest velocity reported was 48 miles per hour.

August. — The monthly mean temperature for the state, as shown by
records of 113 stations, was 71.1°, which is 0.8° below the normal. By
sections the mean temperatures were as follows: Northern section, 69.5°,
which is 0.9° below the normal; Central section, 71.0°, which is 0.8° below
the normal; Southern section, 72.7°, which is 0.8° above the normal. The
highest monthly mean was 75.3° at Ottumwa. The lowest monthly mean
was 67.6 at Sibley. The highest temperature reported was 99°, at Ottumwa,
on the 31st. The lowest temperature reported was 37° at Osage on the
13th. The average monthly maximum was 92.9°; the average monthly
minimum was 46.9°. The greatest daily range was 49° at Osage. The
average of greatest daily ranges was 32.2°.

Precipitation. — The average precipitation for the state, as shown by
records of 123 stations, was 4.33 inches, which is 0.57 of an inch above
the normal. The average by sections was as follows: Northern section,
3.99 inches, which is 0.86 of an inch above the normal; Central section,
4.69 inches, which is 0.82 of an inch above the normal; Southern section,
4.30 inches, which is 0.54 of an inch above the normal. The largest amount

10 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

reported -was 9.67 inches at Delaware. The least amount reported was
1.05 inches, at Rock Rapids. The greatest daily rainfall was 4.95 inches
at Boone, on the 28th-29th. The average number of days on which .01
of an inch or more was reported was 9.

September. — The monthly mean temperature for the state, as shown
by the records of 110 stations, was 62.8°, which is 0.7° below the normal.
By sections the mean temperatures were as follows: Northern section,
60.8°, which is 1.2° below the normal; Central section, 62.9°, which is 0.5*
below the normal; Southern section, 64.7°, which is 0.5° below the normal.
The highest monthly mean was 66.6°, at Keokuk and Leon. The lowest
monthly mean was 58.0° at Sibley. The highest temperature reported was
98° at Clarinda and Thurman on the 1st. The lowest temperature reported
was 25° at Elma, on the 25th. The average monthly maximum was 89.5°,
and the average monthly minimum was 31.8°. The greatest daily range
was 51° at Storm Lake and Washta, and the average of greatest daily
ranges was 36.3°.

Precipitation. — The average precipitation for the state, as shown by
records of 118 stations, was 2.76 inches, which is 0.60 of an inch below
the normal. The averages by sections were as follows: Northern section,
2.71 inches, which is 0.66 of an inch below the normal; Central section,
3.02 inches, which is 0.21 of an inch below the normal; Southern section,
2.54 inches, which is 0.95 of an inch below the normal. The largest amount
reported was 6.06 inches at Ridgeway. The least amount reported was
1.38 inches at Washington. The greatest daily rainfall reported was 3.15
inches at Olin on the 27th and 28th. There was an average of 8 days on
which .01 of an inch or more rainfall was reported.

Wind and Weather. — The prevailing direction of the wind was north-
west. The highest velocity reported was 42 miles per hour, from the
northwest, at Sioux City, on the 23d. The average number of clear days
was 15; partly cloudy, 9; cloudy, 6.

October. — The monthly mean temperature for the state, as shown by
records of 115 stations, was 50.4°, which is 2.1° below the normal. By
sections the mean temperatures were as follows: Northern section, 48.4°,
which is 2.5° below the normal; Central section, 50.4°, which is 1.6° below
the normal; Southern section, 52.4°, which is 2.1° below the normal. The
highest monthly mean was 54.1°, at Onawa, and the lowest monthly mean
was 46.2°, at Plover. The highest temperature reported, 85° at Hampton
on the 2d, and at Keosauqua and Messena on the 17th. The lowest tem-
perature reported was 10°, at Audubon and Massena, on the 28th. The
average monthly maximum was 79.4°, and the average monthly minimum
was 18.7°. The greatest daily range was 50°, at Clarinda and Guthrie
Center, and the average of greatest daily ranges was 39°.

Precipitation. — The average precipitation for the state, as shown by
records of 124 stations, was 1.50 inches, which is 0.89 of an inch below
the normal. By sections the averages were as follows: Northern section,
1.24 inches, which is 1.01 inches below the normal; Central sec-
tion, 1.73 inches, which is 0.70 of an inch below the normal; Southern
section, 1.53 inches, which is 0.97 of an inch below the normal. The
largest amount reported was 3.71 inches, at Boone; the least amount re-

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I. 11

ported was 0.30 of an inch, at Tipton. The greatest daily rainfall was
2.24 inches, at Perry, on the 3d. The average number of days on which
.01 of an inch or more was reported was 5.

Wind and Weathee. — The prevailing direction of the wind was north-
west. The highest velocity reported was 40 miles per hour from the north
at Sioux City on the 7th. The average number of clear days was 20;
partly cloudy days, 5, and .cloudy, 6.

November. — The monthly mean temperature for the state, as shown by
the records of 115 stations, was 36.7°, which is 1.3° above the normal. By
sections the mean temperatures were as follows: Northern section, 34.7°,
which is 2.0° above the normal; Central section, 36.8°, which is 1.6° above
the normal; Southern section, 38.7°, which is 0.5° above the normal. The
highest monthly mean was 43.6°, at Bedford. The lowest monthly mean
was 32.3°, at Elma. The highest temperature reported was 68°, at Baxter,
on the 6th. The lowest temperature reported was 4° below zero at Elma,
on the 14th. The average monthly maximum was 59.3°, and the average
monthly minimum was 11.3°. The greatest daily range was 43° at Baxter;
and the average of greatest daily ranges was 32.2°.

Precipitation. — ^The average precipitation for the state, as shown by
records of 123 stations was 1.03 inches, which is 0.29 of an inch below the
normal. The averages by sections were as follows: Northern section,
0.91 of an inch, which is 0.37 of an inch below the normal; Central section,
1.04 inches, which is 0.31 of an inch below the normal; Southern section,
1.15 inches, which is 0.19 of an inch below the normal. The largest
amount reported was 2.27 inches at Logan, and the least amount reported
was .05 of an inch at Sioux City. The greatest daily rainfall was 1.70
inches at Logan, on the 1st. The average number of days on which .01
of an inch or more precipitation was reported was 4.

Wind and Weather. — The prevailing direction of the wind was north-
west. The highest velocity reported was 44 miles per hour, from the
northwest at Sioux City on the 30th. The average number of clear days
was 17; partly cloudy, 6; cloudy, 7.

December. — The monthly mean temperature for the state, as shown by
the records of 117 stations, was 28.8°, which is 5.9° above the normal for
Iowa. By sections the mean temperatures were as follows: Northern
section, 26.2°, which is 6.2° above the normal; Central section, 29.2°,
which is 6.1° above the normal; Southern section, 31.1°, which is
8.2° above the normal. The highest monthly mean was 34.9°, at
Keokuk, and the lowest monthly mean 23.2° at Osage. The highest tem-
perature reported was 62°, at Mount Pleasant, on the 9th. The lowest tem-
perature reported was -9°, at Osage, on the 28th. The average monthly
maximum was 51.8° and the average monthly minimum was 5.4°. The
greatest daily range was 43°, at Elkader. The average of greatest daily
ranges was 31.3°.

Precipitation. — ^The average precipitation for the state, as shown by
the records of 123 stations was 1.00 inch, which is .24 of an inch below the
normal. By sections the averages were as follows: Northern section,
1.21 inches, which is .13 of an inch above the normal; Central section, ..75

12 IOWA DEPAETMENT OF AGEICULTURE.

of an incli, which is .52 of an inch above the normal; Southern section,
1.05 inches, which is .31 of an inch below the normal. The largest amount
reported was 2.28 inches at Plover. The least amount reported was .05
of an inch at Hancock. The greatest daily rainfall reported was 1.85
inches at Thurman, on the 9th. The average number of days on which
.01 of an inch or more was reported was 5.

Wind and Weatheb. — The prevailing direction of the wind was north-
west. The highest velocity of wind reported was 58 miles per hour, from
the northwest, at Sioux City, on the 24th. The average number of clear
days was 10; partly cloudy, 7; cloudy, 14.

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART I.

13

14

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

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16

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUEE.

CLIMATE AND CROP REVIEW, 1907.

The mean temperature and average precipitation for the state were
about the normal for the year, though the monthly averages were more
than usually variable. The mean temperature of the three winter months
was 24.2°, which is 3.6° above the normal. The mean of the spring was
45.2°, which is 0.9° above the normal. The mean of the summer was
70.1°, which is 1.7° below the normal. The mean of autumn was 49.9°,
which is 0.5° below the normal. February, March, November and De-
cember were much warmer than usual and all the other months were
deficient in temperature. The average of February was 5.8°, and March
7.6° above the normal. The greatest deficiency in temperature occurred
In April, May and June, the average of these three critical crop months
being about 6° below the normal.

The average precipitation for the year, 31.62 inches, was 0.41 of an
inch below the normal. The records of four months showed an excess,
and the other months a deficiency in precipitation. The heaviest rainfall
occurred in June and July, and the most harmful deficiency of moisture
was in April and May, during the prevalence of abnormally cold weather.
The following table shows the monthly average temperatures and precipi-
tation, and departures from the normal for the year 1907:

Months

Mean Temp.

Departures

Precipitation

Departures

18.8
25.0
40.6
41.5
53.5
65.6
73.7
71.1
62.8
50.4
36.7
28.8

-1.1
t5.8
17.6
-7.7
-7.2
-2.9
-0.4
-0.8
-0.7
-2.1
tl.3
t5.9

1.52
0.71
1.35
1.32
3.48
5.35
7.27
4.33
2.76
1.50
1.03
1.00

to. 57

-0.32

-0 55

-1.59

May

-0.78
tO.79

July

August

September

■f2.92

tO.57
-0.60
-0.89

-0.29

-0.24

47.4

-0.2

31.62

-0.41

The above records show the abnormal features of the year, as affecting
the growth of staple crops and the harvest of hay and cereal products.

The coldest weather of the winter occurred in the latter half of January
and the first week in February. This was followed by two weeks of
very mild weather, with favorable conditions for outside work and care
of stock.

March was phenomenally mild with less than the usual amount of
precipitation. The first half was typical March weather, with alternate
freezing and thawing, but the latter half was excessively warm and bright,
the maximum temperatures during the last decade ranging above 70°
in portions of the southern section. The fields dried rapidly during
that warm period, and farming operations were begun ten days to two
weeks earlier than usual. The rainfall was less than normal, and the
greater part occurred in the first half of the month. With two exceptions
it was the warmest March since 1890. There was a great quickening of all
vegetation, and in the larger part of the state seeding was begun between
the 20th and 28th of the month, and a large acreage was plowed for corn.

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I. 17

April was a record-breaker as to temperature and precipitation, being
the coldest and driest of which we have state-wide records. The only
mean temperature was 7.7° below the normal. At several stations the
records show that the month was about a degree colder than the pre-
ceding March. The average monthly minimum for the state was 16.4°,
which shows the remarkable persistence of freezing weather. The precip-
itation was less than half the usual amount for April. The conditions
were unfavorable for germination of seed and growth of all forms of
vegetation, but the soil was in fine tilth and favorable for plowing and
planting. Fruit buds were well advanced by the warm weather in March,
but blooming was greatly retarded by the abnormally low temperatures
in April and May, and the heavy frosts were very destructive to all early
varieties of fruits, especially in the southern half of the state. Seeding
operations were generally completed earlier than usual, but in respect,
to germination and growth of farm crops the season was two to three
weeks late.

Following the coldest April of record in this state, the month of May
was also a record-breaker as to temperatures, the mean being 7.2° below
the normal. The lowest temperatures occurred on the 3d and 4th, and
the average monthly minimum was 22.1°. Frosts were reported in all
districts in every week of the month. Light snow flurries were general
on the 3d and 15th. During the first and second decades there were many
complaints of insufficient moisture for the germination of seed and growth
of grass. But the last decade brought copious showers, and generally
sufficient moisture to break the drouth and replenish supplies of water
for stock. The bulk of the corn acreage was planted under ideal con-
ditions of soil, but germination was slow, much replanting was done,
and the stand was very far below the average. The wet and cold weather
during the latter part of the month was favorable for grass and early
sewn small grain.

June was cooler than usual, and exceedingly showery, with general
deficiency of sunshine, especially during the first half of the month. The
conditions were quite unfavorable in large portions of the state for culti-
vation of corn, causing abandonment of many thousands of acres which
were planted on lowlands in the dry period of May. The latter half of
the month was more favorable, and crop conditions were more encourag-
ing to farmers. Pastures and meadows were much improved, and nearly
up to the average.

July was nearly normal in temperature, but the rainfall was about
3.00 inches above the average. Rain fell in some parts of the state every
day during the month. In the first decade the wet weather caused much
diflJculty and delay in cleaning out the corn fields. And later in the
month the frequent showers interfered seriously with the harvest of
grain and hay, impairing the quality of these products. Heat and humidity
caused rust of oats and spring wheat.

The mean temperature of August was less than a degree below the

normal, and there was about the usual amount of sunshine. The rainfall

averaged 0.57 of an inch above the normal, but it was quite unequally

distributed, about one-third of the state receiving less than three inches,

2

18 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

the deficiency being almost in the western districts. There were more
than the usual number of wind squalls and hailstorms, causing consider-
able damage to crops in scattered localities. The conditions were gen-
erally favorable for pastures, and corn made fair progress toward ma-
turity, though the crop was two to three weeks later than the average
at the close of August.. Good progress was made in threshing small
grain in the western districts.

September was slightly cooler than usual, with frequent alternations
in temperature. The second decade was the warmest period, and the
average of the last decade was about 20 degrees below the preceding ten
days. Heavy frost occurred on the 22d, and heavy to killing frost visited
every county on the morning of the 25th, causing material damage to
immature portions of the corn crop. The percentage of sunshine was
about the normal. Considerable damage was caused by wind and hail
in the afternoon and evening of the 7th.

October will stand upon the records as one of the finest and most agree-
able autumnal months ever enjoyed in this section. The average tem-
perature was about 2° below the normal, but the percentage of sunshine
was considerably above the average, and the clear, crisp air of the coldest
mornings was one of the most enjoyable features of the month. There
were about three weeks of typical Indian summer weather, and there was
very little discomfort in the few stormy days. During the past eighteen
years there have been 6 colder and 11 warmer Octobers. The average
precipitation was 1.50 inches, which is 0.89 of an inch below the state
normal. There have been but three dryer Octobers since 1889. There
were showers distributed over the larger part of the state during the
first three and last three days of the month, and also some local rainfall
on the 15th. The heaviest rainfall was recorded in the central district, in
the valley of the Des Moines river. In over four-fifths of the counties
the amount was less than 2 inches. Generally conditions were highly
favorable for drying out the corn crop, preparatory to husking and crib-
bing. Some progress was made during the last decade in the corn harvest,
but as a rule the ears were not dry enough to be cribbed. Considerable
progress was made in plowing, with the soil in good condition. The
harvest of potatoes, apples and other minor crops progressed under favor-
able conditions, and the output was generally below the average of recent
years. All in all the month of October contributed very largely to the
material prosperity of the state.

November was exceptionally favorable, the average temperature and
sunshine being above the normal. There has not been a more favorable
autumn for haresting the late maturing crops, and for preparing the
ground for the coming spring. The corn crop was quite thoroughly dried
out, and at the close of the month more than 90 per cent of that valuable
cereal was safely stored in cribs. Though there were many frosty nights
and considerable freezing weather, yet the ground was generally in good
condition for plowing until the close of the month. The pasture afforded
considerable sustenance to stock during the month and conditions were
favorable to fall wheat and rye.

The average temperature of the state was about 6 degrees above the
normal in December, with less than the usual precipitation, and a large

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I. 19

percentage of cloudiness. It was unusually fine and agreeable, with ex-
cellent conditions for outdoor business. The year closed with benign
conditions throughout the central valley.

CROP REPORT. JUNE 1, 1907.

Reports received June 1st from correspondents of the Iowa Weather
and Crop Service shows a slight increase in the acreage of corn, and a
small general decrease in the area seeded to spring wheat, oats, rye and
barley. The estimated condition of all crops is below the average of
recent years, as a result of unseasonable weather in April and May. Con-
sidering the adverse conditions prevalent since April 1st the estimates are
materially higher than had been anticipated.

Corn. — The dry weather prevalent in April and the larger part of May
was favorable for plowing and preparation of soil for this great staple,
and this resulted in an average increase of 3 per cent as compared with
the acreage planted in 1906. So the acreage of corn is about 103; and
the average condition on June 1st was rated as 88 per cent. Last year
at corresponding date it was 99 per cent.

Wheat. — There appears to be a reduction of about 6 per cent in the
area of spring wheat. The condition of winter wheat is 91 per cent and
spring wheat 88. Last year the estimates were 98 per cent.

Oats. — The acreage of oats is placed at 98 per cent and the average
condition 89 per cent. Last year the condition on June 1st was 96 per
cent.

Barley. — Acreage seeded, compared with last year, 94 per cent (decrease
6 per cent) ; and the average condition is 81 per cent.

Rye. — Acreage 91; estimated condition 90 per cent, as compared with
97 per cent last year.

Flax. — Area seeded 87 per cent, condition, 83 per cent.

Potatoes. — Acreage planted 100 per cent; condition 86 per cent. Last
year condition 101 per cent.

Meadows. — Reports indicate a slight reduction in the area of meadows,
the acreage being about 95 per cent. The condition is placed at 74 per
cent. The condition last year was 92 per cent. The hay crop is likely
to be 20 to 25 per cent of an average.

Pastures are about 100 per cent in acreage, and 80 per cent in condition.

Condition of Fruit. — Apples, 55 per cent; peaches, 27; plums, 42;
cherries, 30; grapes, 80; strawberries, 78; raspberries, 81; blackberries, 86.

Condition of Live Stock. — Cattle, 85 per cent; hogs, 96; horses, 98;
sheep, 97; foals, 95; spring pigs, 83.

CROP REPORT, JULY 1, 1907.

Following is a summary of reports received from crop correspondents
of the Iowa Weather and Crop Service, showing the estimated condition
of the staple crops July 1, 1907.

20 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

CoKN, 76 per cent; spring wheat, 90; oats, 89; barley, 90; rye, 94; flax,
91; hay crop, 78; pastures, 92; potatoes, 98; apples, 42; grapes, 80.

The relatively low estimate of corn is due to the deficient stand, as
compared with the average.

Conditions Last Yeae. — Corn, 99 per cent; wheat, 94; oats, 84; barley,
91; rye, 93; flax, 92; potatoes, 94; hay, 75; apples, 70; grapes, 85.

CROP REPORT, AUGUST 1, 1907.

Following is a summary of reports received from crop correspondents
of the Iowa Weather and Crop Service, showing the estimated condition
of staple crops August 1, 1907:

Corn, 79 per cent; spring wheat, 85; oats, 76; barley, 85; flax, 88;
hay, 80; potatoes, 90; pastures, 100; apples, 40; grapes 84.

Conditions Last Year. — Corn, 99 per cent; wheat, 93; oats, 90; flax, 95;
hay, 79; pastures, 83; potatoes, 91; apples, 70; grapes, 94.

IOWA CROPS, 1907.

Final Report, Showing Total Yield of Soil Products, and Value at
Farm Prices December 1, 1907.

On account of abnormal weather during the spring and summer, the
farm products of this season fall materially below the very heavy output
of 1906, but as compared with the general averages of the past two dec-
ades the showing is fairly satisfactory. The principal shortage is in the
yield and quality of corn and oats, the other cereals coming nearly up to
the average, while the yield of grass in pastures and meadows was some-
what better than usual.

Corn. — The soil was dry and in fine tilth at planting time, and reports
showed a total acreage of 8,858,000 acres. The heavy rains and fiooded
fields in June caused the abandonment of a considerable area, amounting
to an estimated total of 530,390 acres. The acreage harvested was about
8,327,690 acres, and the average loss of acreage was about 6 per cent
for the whole state, though variable in different sections.

The tabulated reports by counties show the yield of com to have been
quite variable, ranging from 20 to 35 bushels per acre. The average for
the state appears to be 29.6 bushels per acre, and the total yield is
246,898,460 bushels, as against 41 per acre and a total of 388,348,000
bushels last year. The average farm price of corn is reported to be 44
cents per bushel, and the total value of the crop is $108,635,322. Last
year's corn crop was estimated at $128,155,143, on December 1st, at an
average of 33 cents per bushel.

Winter Wheat. — This cereal is now reported to be grown in 81 counties,
with satisfactory results. The average yield was 19.8 bushels per acre
and the total was 1,698,101 bushels. The value of the crop was $1,408,423,
the average price being 83 cents per bushel.

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I.

21

Spbing "Wheat. — The area of spring wheat harvested was 335,340 acres
and the total yield was 4,402,320 bushels, the average being 13 bushels
per acre. At 81 cents per bushel the value was $3,565,879.

Oats. — The oats crop was very disappointing in yield and quality.
The area sown was 4,536,170 acres. The returns show an average of 24.5
bushels per acre, and a total of 111,190,400 bushels. At 39 cents per bushel
the crop is worth $43,364,256.

Barley. — Area seeded, 397,210 acres. Average yield, 24.6 bushels per
acre. Value, $5,935,998, at 60 cents per bushel.

Rye. — Area seeded, 52,450 acres. Average yield, 17 bushels per acre.
Total yield, 900,060 bushels. Value, $549,036, at 61 cents per bushel.

Flax. — Area seeded, 42,790 acres. Product 10.8 bushels per acre. Total,
461,960 bushels. Value, $408,640, at an average of 98 cents per bushel.

Potatoes. — Area planted, 117,350 acres. Yield, 84 bushels per acre.
Total, 9,847,430 bushels. Value, $6,105,406, at an average of 62 cents per
bushel.

Hay (tame). — Area harvested, including timothy, clover and all cul-
tivated forage crops, 3,372,470 acres. Total yield, 5,117,878 tons^an average
of 1.5 tons per acre. Value, $43,401,963 — an average of $8.50 per ton.

Hay (wild). — Area, 896,260 acres. Yield, 1.3 tons per acre. Total
crop, 1,172,590 tons. Value at $6.75 per ton, $7,914,982.

Pasturage and Grazing. — This includes pastures,- and grazing in mead-
ows and grain fields after harvest, and in corn fields during the fall and
winter. The total value is estimated at $90,000,000, or an average value of a
little over $400 per farm.

TABULATED CROP SUMMARY.

Crops

Farm Values
Dec. 1, 1907

Corn

Winter wheat .

Spring "Wheat

Oats

Barley

Rye

Flax

Potatoes

Hay ( tame)

Hay (wild)

Pasturage and grazing

Buckwheat

Sweat potatoes

Sorghum and broom corn.
Timothy and clover seed..

Alfalfa and millet

Sweet corn

Fruit crops

Garden truck

Total.

246,898,460 bus.

1,698,101 bus.

4,402,320 bus.

111,190,400 bus.

9,893,330 bus.

900,060 bus.

461,960 bus.

9,847,430 bus.

5,117,878 tons

1,172,590 tons

Estimated

Estimated

Estimated

Estimated

Estimated

Estimated

Estimated

Estimated

Estimated

108,635,322

1,408,423

3,565,879

43,364,256

5,935,998

549,036

408,640

6,105,406

43,401,963

7,914,982

90,000,000

90,000

145,000

180,000

1,500.000

510,000

750,000

2,250,000

6.000,000

322,715,905

The above figures take no account of the increment of value derived from the
consumption of soil products in the live stock industry of this state.

JOHN R. SAGE

FOB OVER SEVENTEEN TEABS DIBECTOE OF THE IOWA
WEATHEB AND CROP SERVICE.

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I. 23

THE RETIREMENT OP DIRECTOR SAGE.

(Wallaces' Farmer.)

Hon. J. R. Sage has voluntarily retired from the office of director of
the Iowa Weather and Crop Service, in which for nearly eighteen years
he has rendered distinguished service not merely to the farmers of
Iowa but of the whole United States.

Like most eminently successful men, Mr. Sage has given the public
a vast amount of service for which he has not and in the very nature of
things could not receive compensation. He has been a student of
weather and all that affects it for half a century and more. He has done
more than any other man to teach Iowa farmers weather science, to
point out to them the plan of the Creator in watering this great plain
from the Gulf to Hudson Bay and from the Alleghenies to the Rockies,
and has told them all that is certainly known about cyclones and torna-
does, the laws of electricity and the relation of timber and rainfall to
crop production. He has been a careful and thorough student of agri-
cultural problems, and in the faithful discharge of the duties of his
office is rounding out a career of distinguished usefulness.

No man achieves such results without preliminary training, and it
may be interesting to know something of the biography of Mr. Sage.
His ancestors were among the first settlers of Connecticut in the seven-
teenth century. Twenty-one of his relatives were in the revolutionary
war. His father settled in the poor, hilly district of Schoharie county,
New York, in the center of the anti-rent agitation, which, by the way,
was so extensive in that section that it turned the vote of the state
of New York over to James K. Polk and defeated Henry Clay.

Mr. Sage was born on December 27, 1832, during the first term of
Andrew Jackson's administration. Located as above described, he
graduated from the "school of hard knocks." He was especially fortu-
nate in this, however, that there was in those days a magnificent circu-
lating library, which, unlike those of today, was made up of solid read-
ing; no novels. His father being librarian, he had free access to these
books. Among them were the writings of Benjamin Franklin, and it
was the inspiration of these that led him first to scientific research.
When eighteen he became a school teacher in western New York, and
there fell in with Thomas K. Beecher, through whose influence he en-
tered the ministry, continuing in it for twenty years and organizing
several churches. He entered Company A of the 121st New York Regi-
ment as a high private and during a temporary absence was unani-
mously elected chaplain. He resigned on account of ill health and
went back to preaching. He came to Iowa in 18 69, and while preaching
purchased a farm and began his study of agricultural problems.

While Mr. Sage has voluntarily resigned from the work of the
Weather and Crop Service, in accordance with a plan of which he has
frequently spoken to us for the last two years, he is not ready for an
obituary notice, but is planning to complete some work which he has
had in mind for a number of years and with which the duties of his
position seriously interfered.

24

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

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£Si

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART I.

27

28

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

%' * Sua »y ?.

"a TfZ

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I.

29

■'•a /r/

"i Vf/

30

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

•"s L-l,

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART II.

31

■MO I l^ »^ XJ /. .

32

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I.

33

34

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

•>• a. 03

•u o , },> t^ V 4 ■* y j/»*p

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I.

35

'J.

f/..>

-</

s

,^^%-u

" D

36

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

»5 "*

r ■/

1 >'■'

•*« 'i /•/

'-^ '1 ei

PART II.

STATISTICAL TABLES

OF

Iowa's Principal Farm Crops.

CORN CROPS— 1880, 1885, 1890.
Statistics Compiled from Reports of Secretary of Iowa Agricultural Society.

Year

2

■p. a)

£ t-

<

2

o

H

Average farm
value per
bushel Dec.
1st

3
>

s

O

si

m

«

1880

1
41 230,633,200
33 ' 224.636.522

$.25
.23
.41

$57,658,300
51,666,400
98,266,814

5,625,200

1885 - -- --

6,803,834

1890

28

239,675,156

8,559,827

CORN CROPS— 1896-1907.

Statistics compiled from Reports of Crop Service Division of Iowa State
Department of Agriculture.

Year

2
St.

<

Total yield

Average farm
value per
bushel Dec.
1st

4)

0

>

3

o

60

cd

0)

u
o

<

1896-

39

29

34.5

36.3

40.3

26.2

34

31

36

37.3

41

29.6

312,692,210
239,452,150
289,214,850
306,852,710
345,055,040
227,908,850
296,9.50,330
230,511,310
323,853,330
345,871,840
388,836,252
246,898,460

$.14
.17
.23
.23
.27
.50
.28
.36
.35
.35
.33
.44

$ 43,916,900

40,706,890

66,519,400

70,429,410

93,164,860

113,954,000

83,433,700

82,984,071

113,348,665

121,055,144

128,155,143

108,635,322

8,043,390
8,353,522

1897

1898

8,396,286
8,460,521
8,618,660
8,687,480

1899 -

1900

1901 -_

1902 . . . ..

8,700,000
7,398,320
9,000,000
9,285,150
9,443,960
8,858,000

1903

1904

1905 .- - - .

1906 ___

1907 _

Average --

34.6

296,174,769

$.30.4

88,858,539

8,596,440

37

38

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

OATS— 1880, 1885, 1890.
Statistics Compiled from Reports of Secretary of Iowa Agricultural Society.

Year

2

•Ft

<

2

B
o

Eh

Average farm
value per
bushel Dec.
1st

>

o

V
60
C8
V
b
t>
<

1880

35

32.5
29

42,288,800
71,737,900
80,002,735

$.23
.21
.88

$ 9,496,424
16.064,959
30,401,039

1,179.680
2,207.320

2,758.71*

1885

1890 -

OATS -1896-1907.

Statistics compiled from Reports of Crop Service Division of Iowa State
Department of Agriculture.

Year

2

^*

Total yield

Average farm
value per
bushel Dec.
1st

01

>

O

1896 -- ..

26

30

32

34.5

35

32

31

25.9

29.4

33.8

34

24.5

73,450,000 ' $12

$ 8,814,000
21,211,380
29,383,220
26,722,980
27,766,460
40,209,230
22,297,000
29,703,798
30,793,284
36,609,810
38,349,878
43,364,256

2,825,000

4,405,782
4,299,243
4,009,557
3,991,690
3,799,220
3,770,624
3,822,822
4,018,980
4 177 546

1897

1898

132,517,150
139,915,340
140,647,300
138,8:32,300
114,883,000
92,907,900
99,012,660
118,435,570
146,439,240
142,036,530
111,190,400

.16
.21
.19
.20
.35
.24
.30
.26
.25
.27
.39

1899

1900

*1901

1902 ..

»»1903 .-

1904

1905 --

1906 _

4,166,800
4,536,170

1907 -- -.

Average

30.7

120,855,616

24.5

$29,602,108

3,990,283

♦Short corn crop.
••Excessive moisture.

WHEAT— 1880, 1885, 1900.
Statistics Compiled from Reports of Secretary of Iowa Agricultural Society.

Year

2 ti t-i
So} p.

2 1
- f

H

<

4-)

a
2 ^

a
2^

-, a

2^

p

'u
a

a-

t-, u

a <D
<

Total farm value
December 1

eS
4)

o

1880

10.5

12.

11.7

36.099,760
31,776,108
25,114,552

$.82
.61
.78

,$29,501,803
19,383,426
19,589.350

3,437,948
2,648,009
2,092,89«

1885 -

1890 - —

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART II.

39

WHEAT— 1896-1907 .

Statistics compiled from Reports of Crop Service Division of Iowa Stat*
Department of Agriculture.

^ i

-M

^ s

«

o

•c

a

<u a

S f

_.d

^<^

>u

Year

>><D>

'S.©^

2^

S^ '

2«

ss

<u ID a

OftCO

f4

-H d

CO <v

!3a

u

CS
u

<

<

c-i

H

H

■<

H

<;

1896

13.

17

7,047,235

3,351,550

10,398,786

?.57

$ 6.020,000

739,246

1897

13.4

13

12,941,600

1,671,454

14,613,054

.74

10,813,650

1,222,974

1898

14.8 16.5

19,152,352

3,168,916

22,321,268

.53

11,602,000

1,484,682

1899

12.7 1 11

19,5r4,792

226,040

19,900,830

.68

10,70a,490

1,569,931

1900

14.3

13.3'

20,280,280

1,018,070

21,288,350

.60

12,799,370

1,492,630

1901

15.3

17.6

17,429,230

865,770

18,295,000

.60

10,965,000

1,188,239

1902

13.

18.

12,680,800

825.045

13,532,845

.63

7,062,640

1,021.281

1903

12.6

16.9

9,481,350

1,435,380

10,916,730

.67

7,167,643

837,422

1904

9.1

14.3

7,080,430

1,017,000

8,097,430

.39

7,044,809

846,070

1905

14.4

20.2

5,155,760

1,253,020

6,408,780

.72

4,614,321

420,068

1906

15.

23.

5,603,880

1,566,050

7,169,930

.64

4,579,697

443,810

1907

13.

19.8

4,402,320

1,698,101

6,100,421

.82

4,974,302

424,407

Average

13.4

16.7

11,735,836

1,508,031

13,254,452

9.66

9 8,195.410

973.448

BARLEY— 1880, 1885, 1890.
Statistics Compiled from Reports of Secretary of Iowa Agricultural Society.

■0

a o

«

>.<D

■d

3

Year

.2

S^?

ca
>

0)

U h
01 V

«

a) es P s;

%

g

>Q.

o

>>£!S

o

CJ

<

H

i:

C.4

i;

1880 -

23

4,600.000

$.42

$1,932,000

200,000

1885

27

5,737.095

.33

1.893,241

212,485

1890 .

24

3,664,368

.47

1,722,254

152.682

B ARLE Y— 1S96- 1907 .

Statistics compiled from Reports of Crop Service Division of Iowa State
Department of Agriculture.

Year

2

<

2

O

Average farm
value per
bushel Dec.
1st

Total value

c

V

b

o

<

1896 -.

29

25

27.5

25.6

25.3

24.2

25

24.7

25

27.5

26.5

24.6

15,881.618
14,076,850
14,138,000
14,719,310
12,695,200
14,654,410
15,380,910
12,179,790
12,317,710
15,566,770
14,858,830
9,893,330

$.20
.23
.30
.30
.33
.44
.33
.37
.34
.33
.36
.60

$3,176,320
3,237,670
4,209,740
4,415,570
4,189,410
6,447,940
5,075,710
4,506,523
4,188,021
5,137,034
5,349,178
5,935,998

647,642

1897 — -

551,867

1898 —

509,589

1899 -

1900

657,598
501,740

1901

1902 -_

1903

1904

604,610
594,070
493,108
493,370

1905

565,700
558,870
397,210

1906 .

1907

Average

25.8

13,863,560

$.34

4,655,769

531,281

40

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

RYE— 1880, 1885, 1890.
Statistics Compiled from Reports of Secretary of Iowa Agricultural Society.

Year

2
®

<

Total yield

Average farm
value per
bushel Dec.
1st

3
>

O

«
ac

St

a)
u
o

■<

1880-

14
15
16

574,000
1,710,000
1,608,960

$.38
.43
.61

$318,130
718,300
830,570

41.000

1885 -

114,000
100.560

1890

RYE— 1896-1907.

Statistics compiled from Reports of Crop Service Division of Iowa State
Department of Agriculture.

Year

2

0)

si

4) 4)

<

Total yield

Average farm
value per
bushel Dec.
1st

Total value

0)

£

<

1896 ...

16

15

16

16.3

15.6

15.8

17

15.6

15

18

17.5

17

1,891,716

3,490,344

3,370,550

2,061,160

1,621,130

859,630

882,830

1,923,060

1,517,090

1,283,500

1,093,160

900,060

$.25
.34
.38
.40
.43
.48
.40
.44
.54
.52
.48
.61

$ 486,680
1,186,710
1,280,800
824,460
697,300
859,630
353,132
846,146
819,228
667,420
530,719
549,036

121 870

1897 —

1898 —

226,198
310,309
126,236
103 680

1899

1900.

1901 . .

54,390
55 150

1903 ..

1908

123 273

1904- _ -.

99,590
71 305

1905 -- --

1906

1907

62,530
52,975

Average.-

16.3

1,741,186

$.44

757,605

108 942

HAY— 1880, 1885, 1890.
Statistics Compiled from Reports of Secretary of Iowa Agricultural Society.

Year

■d
2>>

4)W

<!

2

t»>co

so
H

2
"3

«s2

Total yield
Tons

Total yield
all hay
Tons

4)
3

>. a

MOO
aj 4) eS
<

3
oO£3

^°2

<

4J
3

:^

4)
60

ee

4)

u

o

*1880

*1885

1890

1.5

4,991,335

6.81

34.140,731

3.327,557

*No authentic data obtainable.

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART II.

41

HAY— 1896-1907.

Statistics compiled from Reports of Crop Service Division of Iowa State

Department of Agriculture.

Tame Hay

Wild Hay

B"o

<u

3

> ay
0

3

<

®

eS >?

BJ-.

Year

2

v>

4>

>
<

2
.2

so

2
yi

>,

V

s

>

<

2

0)
>» CD

SO
H

«

eS

l-i
o
<

1896

1.5

1.6
1.7
1.5
1.4
1.4
1.8
1.9
1.5
1.8
1.3
1.5

3,376,440
3,362,287
3,852,561
3,853,941
3,609,010
3,711,680
4,439,040
5,216,404
4,499,090
6,477,300
4,892,950
5,117,878

1.5

1.3

1.2

1.2

1.

1.2

1.3

1.3

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.3

2,325,000
1,939,117
1,645,419
1,458,195
1,530,050
1,268,700
1,202,860
1,191,345
1,091,590
1,313,310
1,110,690
1,172,590

5,701,440
5,301,320
5,498,080
5,311,130
5,139,060
4,980,380
5,641,900
6,407,749
5,590,680
7,790,610
6,003,640
6,290,468

$4.50
4,50
4.30
5.75
6.50
8.25
6.80
5.75
5.62
5.50
7.50
8.50

$3.30
3.70
3.50
4.90
5.00
6.30
5.50
4.95
4.50
4.50
5.50
6.75

$22,782,000
22,:304,000
22,281,000
29,350,000
31,120,000
38,713,000
36,787,322
35,891,480
30,197,040
41,. 535, 045
42,805,920
51,316,945

3,800,960

1897 -

3,315,972

1898

4,104,967

1899

1900

3,742,655
4,078,960

1901

3,608,450

1902

3,391,408

1903...

3,651,894

1904

3,707,298

1905 —

4,692,925

1906

4,418,600

1907

4,268,730

Average

1.58

4,367,208

1.24

1.437.405

5,804,705

$6.13

$4.87

$33,756,896

3,898,568

FLAX— 1880, 1885, 1890.
Statistics Compiled from Reports of Secretary of Iowa Agricultural Society.

■a

a 6

>>a)

•a

3

Year

01 h

o

>

1

0) (U

cS

5*2"

ei

1^

>ft

O

>>oS

O

o

<

H

<

H

<:

1880 -

10

1,034,200

$1.00

$1,034,200

103,420

*1885 —

.94

3,503,293

1890

10.5

2,929,081

1.10

3,276,989

283,722

*No other data.

FLAX— 1896-1907.

Statistics compiled from Reports of Crop Service Division of Iowa State
Department of Agriculture.

Year

2
<

2

3

o

Average farm
value per
bushel Dec.

I8t

Total value

u

o

<

1896

9.5
10.
10.5
11.2
11.7
18.8

8.

8.7
11.

9.8
10.7
10.8

1,946,720

2,498,600

2,376,600

1,597,790

1,222,980

916,890

755,350

355,160

591,140

173,770

205,280

461,960

$ .95

.87

.80

1.04

1.50

1.29

1.00

.78

1.15

.90

.97

.98

$1,13.5,000

2,173,782

1,901,280

1,661,898

1,834,470

916,890

725,350

277,024

679,811

156,393

200,091

408,640

199,128

1897

1898 -.

249,882
225,014

1899

1900.—

142,175
108,850

1901 --

104,140

1902

1903 . - -

94,767
40,823

1904

51,370

1905 --

17,733

1906

19,160

1907 .- -

42,790

Average

10.1

1,091,853

$1.02

$1,005,886

107,986

42

IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE.

POTATOES— 1880, 1885, 1890.
Statistics Compiled from Reports of Secretary of Iowa Agricultural Society.

■o

a 6

U 0)

p^d)

2

5S30

D

Year

2

1

§3 S3

2

o

^^^H

C8

O

<

H

-s;

H

-«;

1880

95
82
49

10,165,000
12,874,000
8,332,358

$.35
.40
.81

$3,557,750
5,U9,600
6,749,205

107,000

1885 -

• 117,000

1890.

170,048

POTATOES— 1896-1907.

Statistics compiled from Reports of Crop Service Division of Iowa State
Department of Agriculture.

Year

■a

V

>'o

a> u

MO

ca«8

<

1896

1897

1898

1899

1900

•1901

1902

*»1903 ___

1904

1905

1906

1907

Average

87.

60.

76.

98.

78.

37.4

91.

53.8
125.

84.
101.

84.

81.

14,814,795
10,051,910
12,538,410
15,252,9^
10,850,900

5,098,460
12,051,670

6,082,694
14,255,680

9,352,190
11,697,500

9,847,430

10,991,214

$.46

$2,962,950
4,523,360
3,826,900
3,600,714
4,340,360
4,588,610
4.095,650
4,562,020
3,991,590
4,676,045
5,614,800
6,105,406

$4,412,367

170,285

163,248
164,456
154,243
149,680
136,300
138,481
113,433
113,250
111,335
115,310
117,350

137,281

•Very dry.
••Very wet.

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART II.

43

STATISTICS OF THE PRINCIPAL CROPS.

Figures taken from the Year Book of the United States Department
of Agriculture for 1906, and the Iowa Weather and Crop Service report for
the same year.

CORN.

Acreage, production, value and distribution of corn in the United States,
and amount shipped out of county where grown in 1906, by states.

State or Territory

1) dj p

t>a.o

<u^

a2

a a

a

•a ;3 4)

Maine

New Hampshire

Vermont

Massachusetts —
Rhode Island .—

Connecticut

New York

New Jersey

Pennsylvania

Delaware

Maryland

Virginia

"West Virginia --.
North Carolina .
South Carolina — .

Georgia

Florida

Ohio

Indiana

Illinois

Michigan

Wisconsin

Minnesota

Iowa

Missouri

North Dakota

South Dakota

Nebraska

Kansas

Kentucky

Tennessee

Alabama

Mississippi

Louisiana

Texas

Indian Territory

Oklahoma 1_.

Arkansas

Montana

Wyoming

Colorado

New Mexico

Arizona

trtnh

Idaho

Washington

Orporon

California

United States

12,350

26,234

56,491

44,799

10,011

55,595

650,000

277,749

1,441,797

196,472

628,795

1,859,610

750,000

2,731,820

1,935,347

4,338,883

625,000

3,325,000

4,643,782

9,616,886

1,475,000

1,458,877

1,492,538

9,443,960

7,075,000

150,000

1,875,000

7,325,000

6,750,000

3,195,072

3,075,762

2,990,587

2,204,829

1,524,281

6,924,657

2,038,490

1,998,095

2,237,397

3,980

8,528

113.159

40,211

7.462

11,126

5,231

11,444

IS.OfR

';7.15,o

37.0
37.5
35.5
39.7
33.1 1
40.0
34.9
36.3
40.2
30.0
35.0
24.3
30.3
15.3
12.2
12.0
11.0
42.6
39.6
36.1
37.0
41.2
33.6
41.0
32.3
27.8
33.5
34.1
28.9
33.0
28.1
16.0
18.5
17.2
22.5
33.6
33.9
23.6
23.4
27.0
27.9
29.4
29.5
32.0
28.3
25.2
27.fi
34.9

f)6, 74.3, 621

456

983

2,005

1,778

331

2,223

22,685

10,082

57,900

5,894

22,007

45,188

22,725

41,796

23,611

52,066

6,875

141,645

183,893

347,169,

54,575,

60,105

50,149,

388,348,

228,522,

4,170,

62,812,

249,782.

195,075,

105,437,

86,428,

47,849,

40,789,

26,217,

155,804,

68,493,

65,737,

52,802,

93,

68,

3,157,

1,182,

220,

356,

148.

288,

499,

1.994,

,950
,775
430
520
364
800
000
289
239
160
825
523
OOO

$.64
.64
.59
.60
.64
.60
.59
.53
.52
.42
.45
.55
.55
.68
.73
.67

.36
.44
.41
.34
.33
.38
.39
.29
.29
.32
.42
.47
.64
.61
.60
.50
.32

30.3 3,942,480,011 $.39.9

326 .30

569: .47

.65
.59
.50

.72
.85
.74
..56
.55
.65
.67

292

692

1,183

1,067

212

1,334

13,384

5,343

30,139

2,475

9,903

24,853

12,498

28,421

17,236

34,884

4,262

.55,241

66,201

124,981

24,013

24,643

17,050

128,155

86,833

1,626

18,215

72,436

62,424

44,283,

40,621,

30,623,

24,881,

15,730

77,902,

21,917,

19,721,

24,881

60

40,

1,578,

851

187,

263

82,

158,

324,

1,336,

,448

,616

,204

,112

,073

,280

,150

,613

,324

,547

,521

.688

,750

,855

,200

619

,500

550

756

051

000

350

754

143

550

300

625 j 12

9251122

OOOi 50

698 12

589' 12

611'

416

580

391

844

198

416

536

271

568

186

110

464

901

614

409

525

$1,175,333,623 679,643.770

4,570
0
0

0

3,3U

22,233

453,700

,512,343

,057,217

,357,664

,162,191

060,967

136,250

253,905

472,225

,561,998

68,750

077,050

,523,881

,339,530

,274,500

,803,172

,017,913

051,500

,707,925

83,400

,562,500

,393,425

,571,750

,652,485

,964,337

956,988

815,784

262,176

,232,191

,972,642

,035,944

,584,077

0

0

189,428

59,110

2,201

3,560

0

8,652

4,991

2159.386

44

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

OATS.

Acreage, production, value and distribution of oats in the United States,
and amount shipped out of county where grown in 1906, by states.

State or Territory

Maine

New Hampshire

Vermont

Massachusetts .-.

Rhode Island

Connecticut

New York

New Jersey

Pennsylvania

Delaware

Maryland

Virginia

West Virginia -—
North Carolina _.
South Carolina —

Georgia

Florida

Ohio

Indiana

Illinois

Michigan

Wisconsin

Minnesota

Iowa

Missouri

North Dakota „. .
South Dakota —

Nebraska

Kansas

Kentucky

Tennessee

Alabama

Mississippi

Louisiana

Texas

Indian Territory

Oklahoma

Arkansas

Montana

Wyoming

Colorado

New Mexico

Arizona

Utah

Nevada

Idaho

Washington

Oregon

California

United States

1

Si

1

a

Sfe

a

3 >>° m

1

>><V n

O a)

ftp

•§^

°a tcS

a) a) c

12

(u a

Is

a o

G a;

bipped
of ecu
where
—bush

«JJ

<

(^

<

E-H

CD

112,817

35.8

4,038,849

$.44

$ 1,777,094

80,777

12,296

34.5

424,212

.44

186,653

0

76,955

37.2

2,862,726

.43

1,230,972

0

6,308

34.0

214,472

.44

94,368

2,145

1,604

29.3

46,997

.45

21,149

0

9,976

34.2

341,179

.42

143,295

3,412

1,345,628

32.3

40,233,784

.40

16,093,514

2,816,365

62,512

26.6

1,662,819

.38

631,871

182,910

1,161,186

27.4

31,816,496

.38

12,090,268

1,590,825

3,918

24.5

95,991

.38

36,477

10,559

31,834

25.4

808,584

.38

307,262

72,773

158,813

18.0

2,858,634

.43

1,229,213

114,345

102,000

20.6

2.101,200

.40

840,480

63,036

195,662

16.2

3,169,724

.49

1,553,165

63,394

191,259

IS. 5

3,538,292

.57

2,016,826

70,766

216,922

15.5

3,362,291

.56

l,88e,883

67,346

28,160

14.0

394,240

.68

268,083

7,885

1,475,000

32.8

48,380,000

.33

15,965,400

13,062,600

1,780,000

28.2

50,196,000

.3Z

16,062,720

20,078,400

3,653,000

20.7

107,763,500

.31

33,406,683

49,571,210

1,425,000

30.7

43,747,500

.33

14,436,675

10,499,400

2,450,000

37.4

91,630,000

.31

28,405,300

14,660,800

2,215,?28

32.5

72,011,1(>0

27

19,443,013

25,203,906

4,166,800

34.0

142,036,580

.27

38,349,876

45,048,640

644,101

22.8

14,685,503

.33

4,846,216

1,468,550

1,245,711

32.5

40,485,608

.27

10,931,114

7,692,266

1,275,000

36.4

46,410,000

.25

11,602,500

13,923,000

2,450,000

29.5

72,275,000

.26

18,791,500

29,632,750

1,050,000

23.6

24,780,000

.31

7,681,800

3,717,000

206,063

21.5

4,430,354

.38

1,683,535

265,831

146,573

21.5

3,151,320

.41

1,392,041

315,133

184,179

17.2

3,167,879

.51

1,615,618

31,679

90,374

18.0

1,626,732

.49

797,099

16,267

28,269

17.2

486,227

.45

318,802

914,440

34.8

31,822,512

.41

13,047,230

7,955,628

217,736

34.2

7,446,571

.32

2,382,903

1,414,848

350,000

34.4

12,040,000

.28

3,371,200

3,491,600

184,571

30.5

3,783,706

.42

1,589,157

75,674

196,802

43.2

8,501,846

.44

3,740,812

1,870,406

50,103

39.5

1,979,068

.40

791,627

59,373

147,584

40.4

5,962,394

.45

2,683,077

1,490,598

12,269

34.6

424,507

.52

320,744

16,980

914

34.4

31,442

.65

20,437

6,288

47,000

43.7

2,053,900

.45

924,255

205,390

6,518

38.8

252,898

.64

161,855

25,290

107,864

40.7

4,390,065

.43

1,887,728

1,580,423

172,767

43.2

7,463,534

.41

3,060,049

2,985,414

284,660

33.8

9,621,508

.43

4,137,248

3,175,098

163,692

31.5

5,156,298

.52

2,681,275

1,495,326

30,960,568

31.3

966,164,102

$.31.7

$306,633,064

266,182,194

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART II.

45

WHEAT.

Acreage, production, value of distribution of wheat in the United States,
and amount shipped out of county where grown in 1906, by states.

State or Territory

<

a I

£ t, m
5 aJ 3
> ftp

a

ftp

a

fto 4) 3
CO

Maine

Vermont

New Yorlc

New Jersey

Pennsylvania

Delaware

Maryland

Virginia

West Virginia --
North Carolina -
South Carolina ..

Georgia

Ohio

Indiana

Illinois

Michigan

Wisconsin

Minnesota

Iowa

Missouri

North DalvOta .._
South Dakota -—

Nebraska

Kansas

Kentucky

Tennessee

Alabama

Mississippi

Texas

Indian Territory

Oklahoma

Arkansas

Montana

Wyoming

Colorado

New Mexico

Arizona

Utah

Nevada

Idaho

Washington

Oregon

California

United States

8,038
1,

467,509

111,093

1,642,553

131,745

806,401

744,546

384,341

583,091

318,384

316,107

2,117,750

2,323,750

1,976,200

1,041,600

288,040

5,119,412

443,810

3,144,350

5,992,000

3,131,000

2,376,560

5,423,508

818,624

871,418

98,639

1,761

1,228,364

240,849

1,333,133

177,338

137,389

30,352

254,355

44,836

15,542

178,417

27,604

336,736

1,304,301

712,411

1,573,144

34.8
33.3
30.0
18.3
17.7
16.0
16.0
12.5
13.7
9.1
9.3
10.0
30.4
20.7
19.5
13.1
16.3
10.9
16.2
14.8
13.0
13.4
23.0
15.1
14.1
13.5
11.0
10.0
11.5
13.0
14.0
10.8
24.0
28.7
32.5
25.0
25.2
27.4
31.5
24.4
20
30.0
17.1

199,

30,

9,350,

2,083,

29,073,

1,947,

12,902,

9,306,

4,879,

5,297,

2,960,

3,161,

43,203,

48,080,

38,535,

13,644,

4,690,

55,801,

7,169,

31,734,

77,896,

41,955,

52,288,

81,830,

11,543,

10,893,

1,085,

17,

14,126,

3,890,

18,663,

1,915,

3,297.

871.

8,366,

1,120,

391,

4,888,

869,

8,23li

25,075,

14,315.

26,883,

$1.01

.86
.83
.80
.76
.71
.71
.81
.81
.93

1.10

1.03
.71
.70
.69

.73
.72
.65
.64
.67
.63
.61
.57
.58
.73
.78
.94
.87
.77
.63
..55
.75
.64
.73
.65
.83

1.03
.65
.85
.60
.63
.66
.75

17,263,979

15.5

733,218,682 .$ .667

301,335

26,619

7,667,148

1,626,402

22,095,623

1,383,023

9,160,715

7,538,528

3,952,687

4,936,236

3,256,045

3,224,291

30,673,491

33,656,648

26,589,771

9,824,371

3,377,387

36,271,034

4,579,697

21,363,383

49,074,480

36,593,794

39,804,554

47,461,754

8,426,097

8,496,326

1,019,937

15,331

10,877,163

1,791,917

10,265,134

1,436,438

3,110,295

635,904

5,373,2.50

930,140

403,408

3,177,607

739,097

4,938,979

15,546,660

9,443,228

20,162,746

$ 489,016,637 427,252,826

.0
0

2,898,556

406,600

7,268,297

1,051,877

7,870,474

2, .512, 843

683,181

370,793

59,201

94,833

22,465,092

25,002,081

19,267,950

4,775,738

422,173

39,619,130

2,303,054

15,550,101

66,211,600

32,725,213

35,5.56,311

63,009,570

3,347,353

3,049,963

10,850

0

3,673,808

1,416,193

13,318,149

114,915

857,307

43,555

4,133,369

44,836

15,666

1,564,360

34,781

4,609,713

19,5.58,701

7,818,578

14,517,177

46

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

BARLEY.

Acreage, production and value of barley In the United States in 1906,

by states.

State or Territory

Acreage-
acres

2
o ® ^

> ft.Q
<

1

a

o«

11

SI
II

<

Farm value
December 1

Average value
per acre

7,661

1,507

12,810

86,193

8,518

1,436

2,398

21,776

8,486

25,298

70,000

728,000

1,128,265

558,870

1,648

613,000

790,000

120,000

359,000

673

1,045

4,601

15,666

14,313

3,000

18,531

556

13,404

12,000

7,089

47,028

158,994

59,862

1,425,000

a, 5

21.4
32.8
26.3
25.0
31.0
28.6
30.0
29.4
30.0
26.1
30.7
28.0
26.5
24.2
25.8
29.0
28.0
23.5
26.0
23.0
24.5
29.8
33.0
31.4
41.0
27.0
42.0
44.0
36.8
41.0
36.5
35.0
27.2

241,322

32,260

420,168

2,266,876

212,950

44,516

68,583

653,250

249,488

758,940

1,827,000

22,349,600

ai, 591, 420

14,858,830

39,882

15,815,400

22,910,000

3,360,000

8,436,500

17,498

24,035

112,724

466,847

472,329

94,200

759,771

15,012

565,649

528,000

260,875

1,928,148

5,803,281

2,095,170

38,760,000

$.65
.64
.62
.55
.55
.47
.56
.46
.52
.42
.49
.45
.35
.36
.48
.33
.32
.31
.33
.55
.60
.61
.33
.56
.64
.54
.63
.76
.54
.69
.50
.49
.52
.54

$ 166,859

20,640

260,504

1,246,782

117,122

20,923

38,406

300,495

129,734

318,755

895,230

10,057,320

11,056,997

5,349,178

19,143

5,219,082

7,331,200

1,041,600

2,784,045

9,624

14,421

68,762

154,060

264,504

60,288

410,276

9,458

429,893

285,120

180,004

964,074

2,843,608

1,089,488

20,930,400

$20.48

New Hampshire

Vermont

New York

Pennsylvania -

Maryland — —

Virginia

Ohio

13.70
20.34
14.47
13.75
14.57
16.08
13.80

Indiana

Illinois

15.29
12.60

Michigan

12.79
13.82

Minnesota

Iowa

9.80
9.54
11.62

North Dakota

8.51

9.28

Nebraska - -

8.68

7,76

Kentucky

Tennessee --

14.30
13.80

Texas -

14.95

Oklahoma .

9.83

18.48

20.10

Colorado -

22.14

17.01

32.07

TTtah

23.76

25.39

20.50

Washington - -

17.89

Oregon

California

18.20
14.69

United States

6,320,887

28.3

178,041,414

$.41.5

$ 74,077,995

$11.74

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK -PART II.

47

RYE.
Acreage, production and value of rye in the United States in 1906, by states.

State or Territory

u OS
<

£1

t, t- 2;

4) (U 3

»^

ftp

4) C

•<

> ^

<!

Vermont --.

Massachusetts ..

Connecticut

New Yorli

New Jersey

Pennsylvania

Delaware

Maryland

Virginia

West Virginia -_
North Carolina .
South Carolina ..

Georgia

Ohio

Indiana

Illinois

Michigan

Wisconsin

Minnesota

Iowa

Missouri

North Dakota

South Dakota -..

Nebraska

Kansas

Kentucky

Tennessee

Alabama

Texas

Oklahoma

Arkansas

Montana .— -

Wyoming

Colorado

Utah

Idaho

Washington

Oregon

California

United States

1,754

3,977

10,569

138,081

78,363

346,265

1,037

19,704

16,407

11,336

15,427

4,015

14,206

52,000

65,000

64,324

400.000

267,427

88,448

62,535

18,000

23,200

33,084

95,000

64,142

10,675

10,036

1,673

4,728

2,955

1,971

2,021

428

2,179

3,775

1,575

2,678

10,049

62,684

17.4
15.0
18.0
17.6
17.2
17.4
15.0
14.7
13.4
12.2
11.0
8.5
8.3
19.5
17.0
17.0
14.5
17.0
19.3
17.5
15.8
18.7
18.8
21.0
16.01
15.21
13.0
12.5
14.6
13.9
12.0
20.5
19.0
20.0
24.0
25.2
19.6
17.2
12.8

16.7

30,520

59,655

190,242

2,430,226

1,347,844

6,025,011

15,555

289,649

219,854

138,299

169,697;

34,128,

117,910;

1,014,000

1,105,000

1,093,508

5,800,000

4,546,259

1,707,046

1,093,160

284,400

433,840

621,979

1,995,000

1,026,272

162,260

130,468

20,912

69,029

41,074

23,652

41,430

8,132

43,580

90.600

39,690

52,489

172,843

803,355

f .62
65.
.66
.65
.61
.64
.64
.60
.70
.70
.85
1.25
1.05
.57
.58
.56
.59
.58
.50
.48
.60
.47
.45
.44
.50
.70
.74
1.05
.85
.57
.83
.66
.72
.56
.65
.60
.65
.74

.n

33,487,568$ .58.9$ 19,701,747

18,922

38,776

125,560i

1,579, 647 {

822,185

3,856,007

9,955

173,789

153,898

96,809

144,242

42,660

123,806

577,980

640,900

612,364

3,422,000

2,636,830

853,523

520,716

170,640

203,905

279,8911

8T7,800

513,136

113,582

96,546

21,958

58,675

23,412

19,631

27,344

5,855

24,405

58,890

23,814

34,118

127,904

569,673

$10.79

9.75

11.88

11.44

10.49

11.14

9.60

8.82

9.38

8.54

9.35

10.63

8.72

11.12

9.86

9.52

8.56

9.86

9.65

8.40

9.48

8.79

8.46

9.24

8.00

10.64

9.62

13.12

12.41

7.92

9.96

13.53

13.63

11.20

15.60

15.12

12.74

12.73

0.03

$ 9.83

48

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

POTATOES.

Acreage, production and value of potatoes in the United States in 1906,

by states.

State or Territory

turn

<V Oi P

> ao
<

a '-

<

O) (-1

as

u u

> a
<

Maine

New Hampshire

Vermont

Massachusetts ..
Rhode Island .—

Connecticut

New York

New Jersey

Pennsylvania

Delaware

Maryland

Virginia

West Virginia ..
North Carolina -
South Carolina _.

Georgia

Florida

Ohio

Indiana

Illinois

Michigan

Wisconsin

Minnesota

Iowa

Missouri

North Dakota _-
South Dakota —

Nebraska

Kansas

Kentucky

Tennessee

Alabama

Mississippi

Louisiana

Texas

Indian Territory

Oklahoma

Arkansas

Montana

Wyoming

Colorado

New Mexico

Utah

Nevada

Idaho

Washington

Oregon

California

United States

109,516 210
19,329 113
26,300 101

29,149

6,360

31,931

120,406

67,353

253,797

7,600

28,751

55,656

34,376

23,812

9,065

8,627

3,946

157,072

75,483

150,638

285,000

245,000

131,782

115,310

85,228

25,171

35,422

84,530

85,000

34,736

22,420

9,258

5,628

12,000

31,097

12,247

10,498

20,837 80

14,099 153

4,202 115

46,968 125

1,426 121

11,987 165

2,974 175

11,900 175

34,199 129

40,083 101

50,291 125

114

108
98

105

120
94
97
93
75
97
75
82
77
85

110
89
97
95
97
92

101
84
98

300
87
79
82
80
75
85
62
77
76
85

22,998,360

2,164,848

2,656,300

3,322,986

686,880

3,129,238

44,142,630

8,082,360

23,856,918

737,200

2,673,843

4,174,200

3,384,472

1,785,900

743,330

664,279

335,410

17,277,920

6,717,987

14,611,886

27,075,000

23,765,000

12,123,944

11,697,500

7,159,152

2,466,758

3,542,200

7,354,110

6,715,000

2,848,352

1,793,600

694,350

478,380

744,000

2,394,469

930,772

893,330

1,666,960

2,143,048

483,230

5,871,000

172,546

1,977,855

520,450

2,082,500

4,411,671

4,048,3&3

6,286,375

2,988,460 102.2

306,825,882$ .51.1

\ .50
.60
.55
.65
.80
.72
.49
.66
.57
.59
.56
.67
.61
.74
1.05
1.10
1.10
.48
.57
.62
.34
.30
.37
.48
.57
.46
.35
.52
.70
.61
.62
.93
.87
.75
.87
.75
.80
.67
.61
.&5
.45
.90
.50
.70
.41
.56
.56
.74

11,499,180

1,298,909

1,460,965

2,159,941

549,504

2,253,051

21,629,889

5,334,358

13,598,443

434,948

1,497,352

2,796,714

2,034,028

1,321,566

780,496

730,707

368,951

8,293,403

3,829,253

9,059,369

9,205,500

7,129,500

4,485,850

5,614,800

4,080,717

1 134

l!239i770

3,824,137

4,700,500

1,737,495

1,112,032

645,746

416,191

558,000

2,083,188

698,079

713,864

1,116,863

1,307,259

314,100

2,641,950

155,291

988,928

364,315

853,825

3,470,536

3,267,094

4,651,918

$ 157,443,183

$105.00
67.20
55.55
74.10
86.40
70.56
51.45
79.30
53.58
57.33
53.08
50.25
59.17
55.50
86.10
84.70
93.50
53.80
50.73
60.14
32.30
29.10
34.04
48.48
47.88
45.08
35.00
45.24
55.30
50.02
49.60
69.75
73.95
46.50
66.99
57.00
68.00
53.60
93.72
74.75
56.25

108.90
82.50

122,50
71.75
72.24
56.56
92.50

$ 52.29

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART II.

49

32

2 .^

> D

Is

o »

a :

00 S

a

50

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

ACREAGE, PRODUCTION AND VALUE OF THE PRINCI-
( Figures taken from the December, 1907, Supplement of the Crop

State or Territory

Maine

New Hampshire

Vermont

Massachusetts -.
Rhode Island ...

Connecticut

New York

New Jersey

Pennsylvania --.

Delaware

Maryland

Virginia

West Virginia ..
North Carolina .
South Carolina .

Georgia

Florida

Ohio

Indiana

Illinois

Michigan

Wisconsin

Minnesota

Iowa

Missouri

North Dakota --.
South Dakota -..

Nebraska

Kansas

Kentucky

Tennessee

Alabama

Mississippi

Louisiana

Texas

Oklahoma

Arkansas

Montana

Wyoming

Colorado

New Mexico

Arizona

Utah

Nevada

Idaho

Washington

Oregon

California

Corn

United States

CO o

12,000

26,000

56,000

44,000

10,000

56,000

600,000

278,000

1,413,000

193,000

649,000

1,841,000

760,000

2,732,000

1,974,000

4,426,000

621,000

3,400,000

4,690,000

9,521,000

1,900,000

1,459,000

1,615,000

9,160,000

7,775,000

154,000

1,850,000

7,472,000

7,020,000

3,300,000

3,014,000

2,961,000

2,500,000

1,600,000

7,409,000

4,650,000

2,525,000

4,000

3,000

111,000

42,000

8,000

11,000

37.0
35.0
36.0
36.0
31.2
33.0
27.0
31.5
32.5
27.5
34.2
25.0
28.0
16.5
15.1
13.0
11.3
34.6
36.0
36.0
30.1
32.0
27.0
29.5
31.0
20.0
! 25.5
I 24.0
1 22.1
I 28.2
1 26.0
15.5
I 17.0
17.5
21.0
24.4
: 17.2
22.5
25.0
23.5
29.0
37.5
25.5

5,000
12,000
16,000
54,000

), 931, 000 25.9

op
■■CP

30.0
27.0
27.5
34.0

444

910

1,980

1,584

312

1,818

16,200

8,757

45,922

5,308

22,196

46,025

21,280

45,078

29,807

57,538

7,017

117,640

168,840

342,756

57,190

46,688

43,605

270,220

241,025

3,080

47,175

179,328

155,142

93,000

78,364

45,896

42,500

28,000

155,589

113,265

43,430

90

75

2

1,218
300
280

000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000

ooo

000
000
000
000
000
000

ooo

.000
,000
000
000
,000
,000
,000

ooo

,000

ooo

000
000
,000
,000
000
000
,000
,000
000
000
,000
000
000
,000
,000
000
,000

V CD U

O ]3 in

a,

$.75
.75
.75
.75
.80
.75
.71
.63
.64
.52
.54
.64
.72
.74
.78
.76
.80
.52
.45
.44
.55
.55
.50
.43
.47
.60
.46
.41
.44
.53
.57
.75
.75
.70
.60
.44

150,000

324,000

440,000

1,836,000

3,592,320,000

$.51.6

ts i; (B 0)

333,000

682,000

1,485,000

1,188,000

350,000

1,386,000

11,502,000

5,517,000

29,390,000

2,760,000

11,986,000

29,456,000

15,322,000

33,358,000

23,249,000

43,729,000

5,614,000

61,173,000

75,978,000

150,813,000

31,455,000

25,678,000

21,802,000

116,195,000

113,282,000

1,848,000

21,700,000

73,524,000

68,262,000

49,322,000

44,667,000

34,422,000

31,875,000

19,600,000

93,353,000

49,&37,000

29,532,000

61,000

52,000

1,695,000

877,000

270,000

202,000

105,000

227,000

326,000

1,561,000

$1,336,901,000

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAK BOOK— PART II.

51

PAL FARM CROPS OF THE UNITED STATES IN 1907.
Reporter issued by the United States Department of Agriculture.

Winter Wheat

Spring Wheat

o 1

<

Produc-
tion-
bush.

V tn 0

0 D aj

■cop
Ph

Total
farm,
value
Dec. 1

60 t,
CS u

V 1

<

* 1 .

Produc-
tion-
bush.

q; CB 0

0 3 aj

Ph

Total
farm
value
Dec. 1

u

a

2;

8.000

26.2

210,000

$1.01

$ 212,000

1

fl

1,000

23.0

23,000

1.00

23.000

8

4

6

4i(j,000
108,000
1,618,000
120,000
777,000
655,000
367,000
560,000

17.3
18.5

7,197,000
1,998,000

$.99

.98

.y6

.97
.y6

.98
1.00
1.07
1.20
1.15

7,125.000
1,958,000

28,891,000'
2,a86,0OO

14,172,000
8,024,000
4,477,000
5,692,000
3,203,000
3,074,000

7

8

18.6

(4

20.5 i 2',m',(m

19.0 ] 14,703,000
12.5 8,188,000
12.3 , 4,477,000
95! T ■i?n nnfi

10

n

n

IS

14

8.5
9.0

2,669,000
2.673,000

15

16

17

1,882,000

2,362,000

2,228,000

878,000

60,000

16 3

Qrt fi77 nrm

.92
.88
.87
.91
.92

28,223,000
29,931,000
34,8'JO,000
11,585,000
856,000

18

14.4 34,013,000

19

?0

14.5
15.5

12,731,000
930,000

9-1

150,000

5,200,000

504,000

13.5
13.0
12.8

2,025,000

67.600,000

6,451,000

.92
.92
.82

1,803,000

62,192,000

5,290,000

22
23

65,000
2,213,000

18.5
13 2

1,202,000
00 010 nnn

.82
.84

986,000
24,538,000

24
?5

5,513,000

2,900,000

322,000

314,000

10. 0
11.2
12.0
5.8

55,130,000 ' .87
32,480,000 .89

47,963,000

28,907,000

3,053,000

1,493,000

26

27

2,213,000

5,ei5,00O

734,000

779,000

80,000

2,000

19.0 i 42,047,000
11.3 ! 63,788,000
12.0 8,808,000
9.5 7,400,000
10.0 , 890,000
11.0 : 22,000

.79
.82
.93
.95
1.05
.88

33,217,000
52,306,000
8,103,000
7,030,000
935,000
19,000

3,864,000
1,821,000

.79
.83

28
29
30

31

3?l

38

.34

380,000
959,000
154,000

7.4
9.0
9.5

2,812,000
8,631,000
1,463,000

.99
.83
.95

2,784,000
7,164,000
1,390,000

1

35

,36

37

139,000

.30,000

293,000

46,000

15,000

161,000

30,000

169,000

950,000

334,000

28.8
28.5
29.0
24.0
25.9
28.8
32.0
24.5
24.5
21.5

4,003,000 .81
855,000 .77

8,497,000 .78

1,104,000 .93
388,000 il.05

4,637,000 1 .74
960,000 1.04

3,243,000

38

658,000 f 39

6,628,000 40

1,027,000 41

408,000
3,431,000

998,000
2,774,000
17,456,000
5,601,000

42

43

44

173,000

399,000

317.000

1 3(58 OOO

36.0
29.5
25.5
15.0

4,498,000
11,770,000

8. 084. 000
20,520,000

.67
.75
.78
.98

3,014,000

8,828,000

6,306.000

20,110,000

4,141,000
23,275,000
7,181,000

.67
.75
.78

45
46
47
4S

98,132,000

14.6

409.442.000

$.88.2

361.217.000

17,079,000

13.2

224.645,000

$.86.0

193,220,000

52

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

ACREAGE, PRODUCTION AND VALUE OF THE PRIN

State or Territory

Oats

eS o
o I

1) to o
o 3 oj

PL,

Maine

New Hampshire

Vermont

Massachusetts -_
Rhode Island -—

Connecticut

New Yorlv

New Jersey

Pennsylvania -—

Delaware

Maryland

Virginia

West Virginia -
North Carolina -
South Carolian -

Georgia

Florida

Ohio

Indiana

Illinois

Michigan

Wisconsin

Minnetosa

Iowa

Missouri

North Daliota -—
South Dakota -—

Nebraska

Kansas

Kentucky

Tennessee

Alabama

Mississippi

Louisiana

Texas

Oklahoma

Arkansas

Montana

Wyoming

Colorado

New Mexico

Arizona

Utah

Nevada

Idaho

Washington

Oregon

California

United States

115,000

13,000

78,000

7,000

2,000

10,000

1,20S,000

60,0(X)

1,003,000

4,000

30,000

146,000

95,000

192,000

195,000

300,000

30,000

1,600,000

1,816,000

4,150,000

1,468,000

2,350,000

2,530,000

4,500,000

663,000

1,320,000

1,325,000

2,524,000

1,092,000

192,000

147,00(f

220,000

90,000

28,000

500,000

418,000

175,000

240,000

60,000

155,000

12,000

4,000

45,000

7,000

113,000

190,000

279,000

136,000

31,837,000 23.7

37.1
32.5
34.0
35.0
29.5
31.5
30.7
29.5
29.6
30.0
27.5
19.6
19.3
15.6
20.0
16.7
13.7
22.8
20.2
24.5
20.8
22.0
24.5
24.2
21.5
24.5
24.7
20.4
15.0
17.6
20.8
17.5
17.9
14.5
19.0
15.0
19.5
49.0
37.0
38.0
38.5
29.0
45.0
43.0
50.5
55.5
35.0
33.5

4,266,000

423,000

2,652,000

245,000

59,000

315,000

37,086,000

1,770,000

29,689,000

120,000

825,000

2,862,000

1,834,000

2,995,000

3,900,000

5,010,000

411,000

36,480,000

36,683,000

101,675,000

30,534,000

51,700,000

61,985,000

108,900,000

14,254,000

32,340,000

32,728,000

51,490,000

16,380,000

3,379,000

3,058,000

3,850,000

1,611,000

406,000

9,500,000

6,270,000

3,412,000

11,760,000

2,220,000

5,890,000

462,000

116,000

2,025,000

301,000

5,706,000

10,515,000

9,765,000

4,556,000

754,443,000

.60
.61
.63
.60
.66
.60
.57
.56
.54
.50
.49
.50
.54
.60
.72
.73
.75
.45
.42
.41
.48
.47
.41
.38
.41
.40
.39
.37
.42
.49
.50
.67
.65
.55
.60
.48
.54
.46
.53
.50
.55

$.44.3

2,560,000

258,000

1,671,000

147,000

39,000

189,000

21,139,000

991,000

16,032,000

60,000

404,000

1,431,000

990,000

1,797,000

2,808,000

3,607,000

308,000

16,416,000

15,407,000

41,687,000

14,656,000

24,299,000

25,414,000

41,382,000

5,844,000

12,936,000

12,764,000

19,051,000

6,879,000

1,656,000

1,529,000

2,579,000

1,047,000

223,000

5,700,000

3,009,000

1,843,000

5,410,000

1,177,000

2,945,000

254,000

70,000

972,000

217,000

2,397,000

4,745,000

4,394,000

3,235,000

$ 334,568,000

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART II.
CIPAL FARM CROPS OP THE UNITED STATES IN 1907.

53

Barley

Rye

cs o

<

u

OJ o ?
•« as*"
><

■fll

0 to o

oat

PL,

S « « *

SI

<

n A
><

111

PLi

u

H IB O

o 3 <u

Q

B
z

8,000
2,000
14,000

28.0
24.0
28.5

224,000

48,000

399,000

$.78
.80
.75

$ 175,000
38,000
299,000

1

2

1,800
3,900

17.0
16.5

30,000
64,000

$.78
.90

$ 23,000
58,000

3
4

5

"

10,600
128,400
78,400
346,300
1,000
19,700
14,800
10,700
14,600
3,800
14,500

17.0
16.5
17.5
16.7
16.5
16.0
14.0
12.0
10.5
10.0
9.0

180,000

2,119,000

1,372,000

5,783,000

17,000

315,000

207,000

129,000

154,000

38,000

130,000

.81
.81
.76
.75
.80
.75
.80
.82
.97
1.25
1.25

146,000

1,716,000

1,043,000

4,337,000

14,000

236,000

166,000

106,000

149,000

48,000

163,000

6

79,000

25.0

1,975,000

.80

1,580,000

7
8

9.O0O

25.5

230,000

.70

161,000

9
10

1,000
2,000

33.0
29.0

33,000
58,000

.60
.62

20,000
36,000

il
12
13

14

15

16

17

28,000

9,000

25,000

68,000

801,000

1,185,000

556,000

2,000

855,000

875,000

116,000

366,000

1,000

1,000

28.0
20.5
28.0
22.0
23.0
22.5
25.5
23.0
18.3
23.0
20.8
12.0
25.0
20.0

784,000

184,000

600,000

1,496,000

18,423,000

26,663,000

14,178,000

46,000

15,646,000

20,125,000

2,413,000

4,392,000

25,000

20,000

.70
.67
.67
.67
.75
.67
.60
.57
.58
.61
.50
.54
.75
.70

549,000

124,000

402,000

1,002,000

13,817,000

17,864,000

8,507,000

8,507,000

9,075,000

12,276,000

1,206,000

2,372,000

19,000

14,000

46,800

56,600

59,800

376,000

264,700

88,400

53,200

17,300

23,700

34,800

88,400

51,300

9,100

8,200

1,600

17.2
17.0
18.5
14.5
18.0
18.5
17.8
15.4
16.0
17.0
17.0
12.0
13.7
10.0
10.5

805,000

961,000

1,106,000

5,452,000

4,765,000

1,635,000

947,000

266,000

379,000

591,000

1,502,000

615,000

125,000

82,000

17,000

.75

.72
.71
.72
.72
.66
.64
.72
.60
.62
.59
.66
.86
.88
1.25

604,000

692,000

785,000

3,925,000

3,431,000

1,079,000

600,000

192,000

227,000

366,000

886,000

406,000

108,000

72, (WO

21,000

18
19
20
21
22
23
2i
25
26
27
23
29
30

32

?&

M

4,000
35,000

17.0
18.7

68,000
654,000

.73
.50

50,000
327,000

4,500
2,300
1,700
2,100
400
2,300

10.0
10.0
9.9
22.0
21.5
30.5

45,000
23,000
17,000
47,000
9,000
47,000

1.00
.74
.90
.68
.66
.62

45,000
17,000
15,000
32,000
6,000
29,000

35
36
.37

17,000
4,000

25,000
1,000

26,000

11,000
7,000

49,000
165,000

61,000
1,040,000

38.0
32.0
40.0
26.0
35.5
39.0
40.0
44.5
40.5
43.0
28.9

646,000

128,000

1,000,000

26,000

923,000

429,000

280,000

2,181,000

6,682,000

2,562,000

30,056,000

.62
.68
.60
.70

.78
.58
.83
.58
.58
.57
.78

400,000

87,000

600,000

18,000

720,000

249,000

232,000

1,265,000

3,876,000

1,460,000

23,444,000

38
39
40
41

42

3,800

20.0

76,000

.65

49,000

43
44

1,700
3,900
10,100
65,800

24.7
21.5
16.0
19.0

41,000

63,000

162,000

1,251,000

.63

.77
.82
.85

26,000

48,000

133,000

1,063,000

45
46

47
48

6,448,000

23.8

153,597,000

$.66.6

102,290,000

1,926,000

16.4

31,566,000

$.73.1

$23,068,000

54

IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE.

ACREAGE, PRODUCTION, AND VALUE OF POTATOES OF THE UNITED

STATES IN 1907.

State or Territory

Maine

New Hampshire

Vermont

Massacliusetts -—
Rhode Island --

Connecticut

New York

New Jersey

Pennsylvania

Delaware

Maryland

Virginia

West Virginia --
North Carolina -
South Carolina -

Georgia

Ohio

Indiana

Illinois

Michigan

Wisconsin

Minnesota

Iowa

Missouri

North Dakota -..
South Dakota .„

Nebraska

Kansas

Kentucky

Tennessee

Alabama

Mississippi

Louisiana

Texas

Oklahoma

Arkansas

Montana

Wyoming

Colorado

New Mexico

Utah

Nevada

Idaho

Washington

Oregon

California

United States

Potatoes (Irish)

4) CS

118,
19,
26,
30,
6,
32,

426,
70,

261,
S,
30,
56,
34,
23,
9.
10.

157,
&i,

154,

299.

250.

145.

141.

8?:

27.
39.
88,
87.
37.
22
15

6
12
33
28,
25
18,

5
47

1
12

3
14
40
42
48.

S I ^

3,124,000

145

120
120
120
110
100

99
95

80
83
88
70
83
76
87
87
90
91
101
85
82

85

95

90

67

73

70

70

150

200

150

100

100

200

145

150

125

145

17,110,000

2,280,000

3,120,000

3,600,000

660,000

3,200,000

41,748,000

8,400,000

22,968,000

792,000

2,850,000

4,480,000

2,822,000

2,024,000

630,000

830,000

11,932,000

7,308,000

13,398,000

26,910,000

22,750,000

14,645,000

11,985,000

7,134,000

2,403,000

3,276,000

6,424,000

5,655,000

2,960,000

1,870,000

1,425,000

540,000

804,000

2,409,000

1,960,000

1,7.50,000

2,700,000

1,000,000

.74

7,0^,000

.66

100,000

.96

1,200,000

.65

600,000

.90

2,030,000

..52

6,000,000

.50

5,250,000

.56

6,960,000

.60

297,942,000

$ .61.7

$ 183,880.000

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART II.

55

STATISTICS OF THE PRINCIPAL FARM PRODUCTS 01* THE WORLD.

(Figures furnished by the Bureau of Statistics, Department of Agriculture,
except where otherwise credited. All prices on gold basis.

CORN.

Corn crop of countries named 1901-5.

(Substantially the crop of the world.)

Country

1901

■ pa

1902

1903

1904

1995

NORTH AMERICA.

United States — .
Canada (Ontario)
Mexico

1,522,520,000
25,621,000
93,459,000

2,523,648,000 12,244,177,000 2,467,481,000 2,707,994,000
21,159,000 i 30,211,000 20,880,000 21,582,000

78,099,000 I yO, 879,000 88,131,000 j 89,000,000

Total North America.
SOUTH AMERICA.

Argentina

Chile

Uruguay .

1,641,600,000

98,842,000
1,500,000
5,576,000

2,622,906,000 2,365,267,000 2,576,492,000 ' 2,818,576,000

Total South America.

EUROPE.

Austria-Hungary:
Austria

Hungary proper

Croatia-Slavonia .—

Bosnia-Herzegovina

Total Austria-Hungary

Bulgaria .
France .—

Italy

Portugal -
Roumania

Russia:

Russia proper

Poland

Northern Caucasia*

Total Russia (Euro-
pean)

Servia
Spain

Total Europe
AFRICA.

Algeria ,

Anglo-Egyptian Sudan ..

Cape of Good Hope

Egypt

Natal

Total Africa

105,918,000

17,535,000

127,389,000

20,469,000

9,800,000

175,193,000

25,000,000
26,393,000

100,455,000
15,000,000

116,945,000

60,771,000

7,623,000

68,394,000

18,849,000
25,759,000

571,988,000

529,000
200,000

2,000,000
30,000,000

4,479,000

84,018,000

866,000

5,060,000

89,944,000

148,948,000
1,118,000
5,289,000

13,462,000

104,546,000

15,255,000

5,863,000

139,126,000

18,109,000
24,928,000
71,028,000
16,000,000
68,447,000

40,377,000

8,270,000

48,647,000

18,396,000
25,272,000

429,953,000

556,000
200,000

2,000,000
30,000,000

4,143,000

•Includes government

37,208,000 36,899,000
of Chernomorsk.

155,355,000

16,056,000

135,751,000

23,776,000

8,411,000

175,189,000
1,477,000
3,035,000

183,994,000

22,836,000
25,360,000
88,990,000
14,000,000
80,272,000

179,701,000

12,529,000

59,400,000

11,364,000

6,464,000

40,397,000

50,732,000

19,479,000
18,759,000

504,422,000

435,000

184,000

3,503,000

30,000,000

1,997,000

36,118,000

12,758,000
19,482,000
93,640,000
15,000,000
19,598,000

18,956,000

13,000

7,063,000

26,032,000

9,498,000
21,300,000

307,065,000

391,000
189,000

3,000,000
30,000,000

5,282,000

38,862,000

140,708,000
1,000,000
4,417,000

146,125,000

17,293,000

94,042,000

18,385,000

9,584,000

),757,000 139,304,000

19,649,000
24,030,000
97,859,000
16,000,000
59,275,000

22,533,000

"ii^6i8^o66

33,551,000

21,431,000
31,900,000

442,999,000

400,000

232,000

3,000,000

30,000,000

4,822,000

38,454,000

56

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
CORN— Continued.

1902

1903

1904

1905

1906

Country

m

H
m

13

m

"3

S3

00

3

oa

"S

a

3

S3

a

"3

Si

9

n

AUSTRALASIA.
Australian Common-

9,650,000
519,000

7,256,000
590,000

7,846,000

4,988,000
627,000

9,972,000
547,000

8,374,000

New Zealand - -

506,000

Total Australasia

10,169,000

5,615,000

10,519,000

8,880,000

Grand total .-

2,366,883,000

3,187,518,000

.j,0«j, 777,000

3,112,639,000

3,455,034,000

OATS.
Oat crop of countries named, 1902-1906.
(Substantially the crop of the world.)

NORTH AMERICA.
United States — --

Canada:

New Brunswick

Ontario

Manitoba

Saskatchewan

Alberta

Other

Total Canada

Mexico

Total North America.

BUROPE.

Austria-Hungary:
Austria

Hungary proper

Croatia-SIavonia

Bosnia-Herzegovina

Total Austria-Hungary

Belgium

Bulgaria

Denmark

Finland

France

Germany

Italy

Netherlands

Norway

Roumania

Russia:

Russia proper

Poland

Northern Caucasia

Total Russia (Euro-
pean)

Servia

Spain

Sweden

987,843,000

5,481,000
109,786,000

35,565,000
7,196,000
3,896,000

43,000,000

204,924,000
13,000

1,192,780,000

125,473,000

82,807,000

6,301,000

3,001,000

217,582,000

45,588,000

10,000,000

40,822,000

15,190,000

276,948,000

514,452,000

13,000,000

19,341,000

6,674,000

21,905,000

807,888,000
63,167,000
16,112,000

887,167,000

4,044,000
23,349,000
57,323,000

784,094,000

5,974,000
113,337,000

34,077,000
9,453,000
5,351,000

43,000,000

211,192,000
13,000

995,299,000

128,330,000

87,334,000

7,330,000

5,612,000

228,606,000

45,345,000

11,389,000

41,176,000

17,046,000

300,366,000

542,432,000

16,000,000

20,112,000

9,091,000

33,106,000

650,405,000
58,745,000
18,939,000

728,089,000

4,398,000
32,942,000
59,641,000

894,596,000

5,316,000
105,393,000
37,434,000
11,095,000

5,786,000
43,000,000

208,024,000
18,000

1,102,638,000

109,611,000

62,775,000

4,907,000

3,829,000

181,122,000

37,499,000
11,179,000
38,1&3,000
16,995,000
257,811,000
477,852,000
14,000,000
18,592,000
6,922,000
12,608,000

1,006,102,000
44,393,000
14,593,000

1,065,088,000

3,167,000
18,500,000
51,578,000

953,216,000

5,659,000

108,890,000

46,917,000

19,819,000

9,814,000
43,000,000

234,099,000
17,000

1,187,333,000

123,880,000

78,000,000

6,075,000

2,935,000

310,899,000

33,786,000

10,263,000

32,659,000

15,000,000

269,581,000

451,017,000

16,000,000

16,045,000

9,868,000

18,974,000

767,550,000
61,933,000
23,288,000

851,711,000

3,549,000
32,305,000

58,488,000

964,905,000

5,875,000
111,756,000
52,291,000
24,721,000
14,209,000
43,000,000

251,852,000
17,000

1,316,774,000

154,551,000

87,733,000

6,200,000

3,836,000

253,330,000

40,000,000

18,793,000

38,000,000

16,000,000

358,454,000

580,875,000

18,000,000

18,000,000

8,000,000

36,165,000

544,873,000
66,434,000
21,968,000

633,365,000

4,643,000
45,682,000
68,631,000

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART II.

OATS— Continued.

57

1902

1903

1904

1905

1906

Country

ID
«

fi

m

3

0)

a

IB

0

a

a
as

05

United Kingdom:
Great Britain-
England - __

89,809,000
36,760,000

85,400,000
.'56.379.000

86,728,000
37,034,000
7,661,000
60,142,000

76,453,000

36,390,000

7,264,000

60,754,000

84,10e,000

35,107,000

Wales

7,924,000 6.832.000

8,063,000

65,570,000

58,816,000

60,000,000

Total United Kingdom

200,063,000

187,427,000

191,565,000

180,861,000

187,272,000

Total Europe -

2,353,348,000
236,000

3,270,168,000
481,000

2,402,661,000
417,000

2,201,003,000
400,000

3,314,049,000

ASIA.

400,000

Russia:
Central Asia -- _ .-

9,433,000
34,078,000

11,343,000
60,352,000

8,014,000
51,101,000

14,279,000
70,672,000

9,806,000

69,872,000

Total Russia (Asiatic)

43,511,000

71,694,000

59,115,000

84,951,000

79,678,000

Total Asia

AFRICA.
Algeria -

43,747,000

8,732,000

1,750,000

9,000

324,000

72,175,000

7,976,000

3,503,000

6,000

1,631,000

59,532,000

6,631,000

2,000,000

4:3,000

4,6:35,000

85,351,000

6,000,000

2,000,000

9,000

2,032,000

80,078,000
8,000,000

Cape of Good Hope

Natal

2,000,000
9,000

Tunis -- - -— — -

2,411,000

TfitR] Africa

10,815,000

44,000
709,000

6,937,000
484,000
164,000

1,756,000

10,094,000

12,116,000

1,000
36;i,(K)0

4,542,000
640,000
173,000

1,808,000

7,527,000

13,309,000

73,000

1,293,000

13,858,000

9:il,000

267,000

1,673,000

18,094,000

10,041,000

16,000
673,000

6,353,000
573,000
23:3,000

1,216,000

9,064,000

12,420,000

AUSTRALIA.

6,000

New South Wales

Victoria -- - -

911,000
7,460,000

South Australia

Western Australia

Tasmania -- - -

897,000

293,000

1,238,000

Total Australian
Commonwealth

10,805,000

New Zealand -.

15,519,000

22,452,000

15,583,000

15,012,000

13,108,000

Total Australasia

25,613,000

29,979,000

33,677,000

24,076,000

23,913,000

Grand total

3,628,303,000

3,379,737,000

3,611,817,000

3,507,806,000

3.547,234.000

WHEAT.

W^heat crop of countries named, 1902-1906.
(Substantially the crop of the world.)

NORTH -IMERICA.
United States

670,063,000

637,823,000

552,400,000

692,979,000

735,261,000

Canada:
New Brunswick

468,000
26,9(M,000
54,750,000
13,524,000

877,000
4,000,000

471,000
23,583,000
41,381,000
15,598,000
1,238,000
4,000,000

371,000
13,030,000
40,397,000
16.447,000

968,000
4,000,000

418,000
22,195,000
57,519,000
26,930,000
2,379,000
4,000,000

420,000

23,806,000

Manitoba - -- --

63,181,000

Saskatchewan -- -

38,207,000

Alberta - ---

3,896,000

Other

4,000,000

Total Canada

100,523,000
8,477,000

85,271,000
10,493,000

75,213,000
9,393,000

113,441,000
5,000,000

132,510,000

Mexico -

5,000,000

Total North America—

779,063,000

733,586,000

637,006,000

811,420,000

872,771,000

58

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
WHEAT— Continued.

Country

1902

1903

1901

1905

1906

SOUTH AMERICA.

Argentina

Chile — „

Uruguay

Total South Amerlca.

EUROPE.

Austria-Hungary :
Austria

Hungary proper

Croatia-Slavonia

Bosnia-Herzegovina

Total Austria-Hungary

Belgium

Bulgaria

Denmark

Finland .._

France

Germany

Greece

Italy — —

Montenegro

Netherlands

Norway

Portugal

Roumania

Russia:

Russia proper

Poland

Northern Caucasia (a)..

Total Russia (Euro-
pean)

Severla

Spain

Sweden

Switzerland

Turkey (European)

United Kingdom:

Great Britain-
England

Scotland

Wales

Ireland

Total United King-
dom

Total Europe

ASIA.

British India, including
native states where re-
porting

Cyprus -

Japanese Empire:

Japan

Formosa

Total Japanese Em-
pire

56,380,000
10,641,000
7,604,000

103,759,000
10,114,000
5,240,000

129,672,000

17,948,000
7,505,000

150,745,000

20,000,000

6,000,000

74,625,000

49,655,000

170,884,000

12,017,000

2,384,000

119,113,000

46,198,000

161,958,000

14,664,000

3,901,000

155,185,000 I 176,745,000

53,734,000

137,078,000

9,841,000

3,753,000

54,531,000

157,512,000

13,077,000

3,016,000

234,940,000 226,721,000

14,521,000

35,000,000

4,528,000

79,000

327,841,000

143,315,000

8,000,000

136,210,000

200,000

5,105,000

265,000

10,400,000

76,220,000

12,350,000

35,551,000

4,461,000

130,000

364,320,000

130,626,000

8,000,000

184,451,000

200,000

4,258,000

307,000

8,000,000

73,700,000

13,817,000

42,242,000

4,302,000

133,000

298,826,000

139,803,000

8,000,000

167,635,000

200,000

4,423,000

212,000

6,500,000

53,738,000

12,401,000

40,736,000

4,063,000

130,000

353,4.53,000

135,947,000

8,000,000

160,504,000

200,000

5,109,000

329,000

5,000,000

103,328,000

463,258,
20,349.
77,069,

OOO
000
000

454,5f)6,000
19,255,000
77,941.000

560,676,000 j 551,792,000

11,409,

133,523

4,757

4,200

25,000,

000
000
000
OOO
000

10,885,000

128,979,000

5, .5.38, 000

4,000,000

26,000,000

519,964,
21,241,
81,132,

000
000
000

451,327,000
20,239,000
96,817,000

622,337,000 : 568,3a3,000

55,216,000
1,856,000
1,391,000
1,602,000

60,065,000

1,796,254,000

227,380,000
897,000

20,243,000
107,000

20,350,000

46,524,000
1,528,000
1,093,000
1,176,000

50,321,000

1,830,590,000

297,601,000
2,477,000

9,600,000
179,000

9,779,000

11,676
95,377
5,135
4,000
23,000

,000
,000
,000
,000
,000

11,262,000
92,0.54,000
5, .529, 000
4,000,000
20,000,000

35,624,000

1,499,000

919,000

1,040,000

39,082,000

1,744,844,000

359,936,000
2,176,000

19,754,000
190,000

19,944,000

57,424,000
2,130,000
1,204,000
1,430,000

62,188,000

1,802,772,000

283,063,000

2,000,000

18,437,000
200,000

18,637,000

134,931,000

15,800,000

4,606,000

155,337,000

68,255,000

197,408,000

10,343,000

2,693,000

204,406,000 228,136,000 268,699,000

450,000,000

13,211,000

154,090,000

6,227,000

4,000.000

28,000,000

57,583,000
2,063,000
1,308,000
1,400,000

62,354,000

1,825,733,000

319,586,000
2,000,000

18,000,000
200,000

18,200,000

(a) Includes government of Chermonorsk.

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART II. 59

WH EAT— Continue d .

1902

1903

1904

1905

1906

Country

00

x:

m
3
P3

aj

S3
3

ca

S3

a

en

si

3

P9

«3

S3
tn

3

Persia

13,600,000

16,000,000

16,000,000

16,000,000

16.000.000

Russia:
Central Asia

15,897,000
30,796,000

20,995,000
48,670,000

12.822.000
31.590,000

25,491,000
43,411,000

21.000,000

Siberia

35.000,000

Total Russia (Asiatic)

46.693,000

69.665,000

44,412,000

67,902,000

56,000,000

Turkey (Asiatic)

35,000,000

33,000,000

33,000,000

33,000,000

33 000,000

Total Asia

AFRICA.

Algeria

Cape of Good Hope

Egypt _

Natal

343,920,000

33,896,000
2,000,000
12,000,000
4,000
300,000
4,127,000

428,522,000

34,035,000
1,755,000
11,000,000
4,000
294,000
7,523,000

475,468,000

25,484,000

2,000,000

12,000,000

7,000

486,000

10,519,000

402,602,000

20,000,000

2,000,000

12,000,000

4,000

483,000

5,729,000

444,786,000

28,000,000

2,000,000

12,000,000

4,000

Sudan (Anglo-Egyptian).
Tunis

400,000
4,409,000

Total Africa

AUSTRALASIA.

Australia:

Queensland

New Soutli Wales

Victoria

52,327,000

1,746,000
15,275,000
12,510,000

8,265,000
963,000
994,000

54,611,000

6,000
1,635,000
2,650,000
6,555,000
1,017,000
905,000

50,496,000

2,514,000
28,196,000
29,425,000
13,626,000

1,935,000
792,000

40.216.000

2,217,000
16,983,000
21,666,000
12,454,000

2,077,000
818,000

46,813,000

1,173,000
21,391,000
24,156,000

South Australia

Western Australia

Tasmania

20,779,000

2,381,000

801 000

Total Australian
Commonwealtli

New Zealand . ..

39,753,000

4,174,000
43,927,000

12.768,000

7,693,000
20,461.000

76,488,000

8,140,000
84,628,000

56,215,000

9,411,000
65,626,000

70.681,000

7,013,000
77,694,000

Total Australasia

Grand total

3,090,116,000

3,186.883.000

3,147,627,000

3,317,381.000

3.423,134,000

BARLEY.

Barley crop of countries named, 1902-1906.

(Substantially the crop of the world.)

NORTH AMERICA.
United States

134,954,000

131,861,000

139,749,000

136,651,000

178,916,000

Canada:

New Brunswick

Ontario

110,000

22,580,000

12,222,000

308,000

488,000

3,000,000

108,000
25,147,000
8,982,000

687,000
1,111,000
3,000,000

96,000

25,342,000

11,530,000

617,000

1,659,000

3,000,000

100,000
25,030,000
14,507,000
922,000
1,830,000
3,000,000

102,000
26,049,000
1«, 085,000
1,358,000
2,242,000
3,000,000

Manitoba —

Saskatchewan

Alberta

Other

Total Canada

Mexico

38,708.000
6,045,000

39.035.000
9.061.000

42,244.000
7.355,000

45,389,000
6,000,000

50,836,000
6,000,000

Total North America.

179,707,000

179,957,000

189,348,000

188,040,000

235,752,000

60 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

BARLEY— Continued .

1902

1903

1904

1905

1906

Country

en

oa

m

x

!D

A

J5

43

a

a

03

CO

33

m

3

D

3

3

3

C3

CO

P3

oa

pa

EUROPE.

Austria-Hungary:
Austria

Hungary proper —
Croatia-Slavonia —
Bosnia-Herzegovina

Total Austria-Hungary

Belgium

Bulgaria

Denmark

Finland

Prance

Germany

Italy

Netherlands

Norway

Roumania

Russia:

Russia proper

Poland

Northern Caucasia

Total Russia (Euro-
pean)

Servia

Spain

Sweden

United Kingdom:
Great Britain-
England

Scotland

Wales

Ireland

Total United King-
dom

Total Europe

ASIA.

Cyprus

Japanese Empire:

.Japan

Formosa

Total Japanese Em-
pire

Russia:

Central Asia

Siberia

Total Russia (Asiatic)

Total Asia

AFRICA.

Algeria

Anglo-Egyptian Sudan _.

Cape of Good Hope

Natal

Tunis

Total Africa

73,788,000
62,350,000
3,259,000
3,208,000

73,873,000
64,577,000
3,839,000
4,145,000

66,815,000
49,915,000
2,285,000
3,496,000

70,469,000

62,452,000

2,864,000

3,236,000

76,024,000
69,747,000
3,007,000
3,606,000

142,605,000

4,974,000
11,000,000
23,287,000
3,628,000
41,948,000
142,392,000
6,000,000
4,652,000
2,143,000
24,586,000

146,434,000

3,923,000
12,773,000
23,340,000
5,233,000
43,345,000
152,653,000
8,000,000
3,823,000
3,255,000
29,716,000

122,511,000

5,003,000

12,911,000

22,70S,OUO

4,916,000

38,338,000

135,409,000

7,000,000

3,603,000

2,496,000

11,567,000

139,021,000

4,518,000
12,080,000
21,146,000
5,000,000
40,841,000
134,204,000
8,000,000
4,013,000
3,464,000
26,383,000

152,384,000

5,000,000

12,882,000

22,000,000

5,000,000

37,004,000

142,901,000

8,000,000

4,000,000

3,000,000

33,539,000

274,899,000
22,185,000
35,530,000

289,699,000
20,819,000
39,980,000

290,766,000
17,705,000
31,254,000

272,694,000 ' 243,620,000
22,732,000 1 23,351,000
43,430,000 ' 37,319,000

332,614,000

3,495,000
81,279,000
12,283,000

350,498,000

3,424,000
64,359,000
13,570,000

339,725,000

3,162,000
53,800,000
13,452,000

338,856,000 304,290,000

3,670,000 ! 4,848,000
45,974,000 i 91,185,000
12,&58,000 ! 14,952,000

56,679,000
8,394,000
3,518,000
8,273,000

50,628,000
7,739,000
2,981,000
6,076,000

48,511,000
7,408,000
3,077,000
5,478,000

48,778,000 ' 51,543,000
8,257,000 7,803,000
2,906,000 1 3,116,000
7,181,000 ; 7,000,000

76,864,000

67,424,000

64,474,000

67,122,000

69,462,000

913,750,000

931,770,000

841,078,000

867,150,000

910,447,000

1,374,000

3,969.000

3,122,000

I

\

3,000,000 i 3,000,000

74,078,000
13,000

59,737,000 1 80,795,000
38,000 i 58,000

77,436,000 73,000,000
50,000 1 50,000

74,091,000

59,775,000

80,853,000

77,486,000 73,050,000

3,008,000
2,628,000

2,759,000
4,213,000

2,262,000
4,268,000

3,145,000 5,136,000
4,965,000 2,614,000

5,636,000

6,972,000 1 6,530,000

8,110,000

7,750,000

81,101,000

70,716,000 : 90,505,000

88,596,000

83,800,000

47,912,000

200,000

800,000

8,000

3,201,000

1
38,496,000 ' 36,125,000

35,000,000

327,000

850,000

7,000

7,119,000

40,000,000

216,000

949,000

4,000

11,^2,000

251,000

850,000

6,000

14,815,000

300,000

850,000

6,000

7,863,000

52.121.000

50.987.000

52,047,000

43,303,000

49,019,000

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART II.
BARLEY— Continued.

61

1902

1903

1904

1905

1906

Country

«

S3

n

m
■3

ja
00

3
pa

«

m

3
03

m
®

x:

<n

3
03

m
v

S3
m
3
03

AUSTRALASIA.

Australia:

286,000
107,000
716,000
251,000
37,000
173,000

4,000

19,000
579,000
327,000

48,000
207,000

\
5;a7,000 i 342,000

64.000

New South Wales

180,000 1 275,000 115,000
1,256,000 902.000 1 1.096.000

South Australia

Western Australia

Tasmania --

503,000

55,000

219,000

358,000 • 522,000
39,000 , 51,000
168,000 1 97,000

Total Australian
Commonwealth

1,570,000

1,184,000

2,740,000

2,084,000 1 1,945,000

883,000

1,172,000

1,197,000 1,164,000

1,056,000

Total Australasia

2,453,000

2,366,000

3,987,000 3,248,000

3,001,000

Grand total

1,229,132,000

1,235,786,000

1,170,915,000

1,190.337,000

1,282,019,000

RYE.
Rye crop of countries named, 1902-1906.
(Substantially the crop of the world.)

NORTH AMERICA.

United States

Canada:

Ontario

Manitoba

Other

Total Canada — .

Mexico

Total North America.

EUROPE.

Austria-Hungary :
Austria

Hungary proper .—

Croatia-Slavonia J—

Bosnia-Herzegovina

Total Austria-Hungary

Belgium

Bulgaria

Denmark

Finland

France

Germany

Italy

Netherlands

Norway

Roumania

Russia:

Russia proper

Poland

Northern Caucasia

Total Russia (Euro-
pean)

33,631,000

3,620,000
51,000
800,000

4,471,000
100,000

38,202,000

82,482,000

49,458,000

3,049,000

257,000

135,34«,000

22,374,000

8,000,000
18,779,000

8,841,000
47,051,000
373,768,000

3,200,000

13,971,000

776,000

6,958,000

810,537,000
75,257,000
8,654,000

894,448,000

29,363,000

3,064,000
51,000
800,000

3,915,000
136,000

33,414,000

81,130,000

47,355,000

3,386,000

396,000

132,267,000

21,756,000
7,750,000
19,305,000
10,598,000
57,951,000
389,923,000
4,000,000
13,973,000
857,000
7,145,000

803,296,000
69,100,000
7,498,000

27,242,000

2,065,000
130,000
800,000

2,995,000
67,000

91,685,000

43,880,000

2,038,000

360,000

28,486,000

1,769,000
179,000
800,000

2,748,000
60,000

98,192,000

54,089,000

2,537,000

374,000

879,894,000

137,963,000

21,988,000
7,772,000
16,546,000
10,362,000
52,141,000
396,075,000
3,000,000
13,517,000
717,000
2,201,000

893,205,000
76,606,000
8,179,000

977,990,000

155,192,000

21,349,000

7,541,000
19,245,000

9,000,000
58,116,000
378,2<H,000

4,000,000

13,742,000

982,000

7,344,000

629,671,000

69,088,000

9,950,000

708,709,000

33,375,000

1,369,000
104,000
800,000

2,273,000
60,000

35,708,000

99,246,000

51,962,000

2,409,000

395,000

154,012,000

22,000,000
10,818,000
19,000,000
10,000,000
51,095,000
378,948,000

4,000,000

14,000,000

800,000

8,900,000

568,200,000
63,800,000
6,400,000

638,400,000

62

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
RYE— Continue d .

1901

1902

1903

1904

1905

Country

a

CD

3

aa

m

m

3
CQ

a

m

a

CO

3

m

00

«

Si

3
P9

Servla

1,084,000
26,187,00
22,293,000
2,000,000

1,091,0<-
22,511,00;
23,360,000

2,000,000

1,031,000
14,185,000
20,708,000

2,000,000

1,103,000
26,500,000
24,393,000

2,000,000

1.560,000

31,828,000

26,247,000
2,000,000

1,584,976,000

1,489,000
23,080,000

1.594.381,000

1,066,000
30,982,000

L.678,196,000

1,088,000
29,360,000

1,437.420.000

690,000
28,043,000

1.373,608,000
600.000

ASIA.
Russia:

Siberia

29,900,000

Total Russia (Asiatic)

24,569,000

32,048,000

30,448,000

28,733,000

30,500,000

Total Asia — -

24,569,000

32.048,000

30,448,000

28.733.000

30,500,000

AUSTRALASIA.

Australia:
Queensland

7,000
35, OOO
22,0'10
5, 000
9.000

2,000
83,000
31,000

4,000
11,000

1,000
35,000
32,000

5,000
12,000

2,000

39,000
15,000
3,000
13,000

51.000
30.000

Tasmania

5,000
11,000

Total Australian
Commonwealth

70,000

78, 000

131,000

85,000

99.000

New Zealand _

28,000

40,000

21,000

33,000

65,000

Total Australasia

98,000

lis, 000

152,000

118,000

164,000

Grand total .

1,647,845.000

1,659,961,000

1,739,100,000

1,497,565,000

1.439,980,000

POTATOES.

Potato crop of countries named, 1901-1905.

(No statistics for Switzerland, Portugal, Argentina, Transvaal, Egypt, and
some other less important potato-growing countries.)

NORTH AMERICA.
United States

Canada:

Ontario

Manitoba

New Brunswick

Otlier*

Total Canada —

Mexico

Newfoundland*

Total North America.

SOUTH AMERICA.
Chile -

EUROPE.
Austria-Hungary:

Austria

Hungary proper

Croatia-Slavonia

Bosnia-Herzegovina

Total Austria-Hungary

187,598,000

284,633,000

247,128,000

332,830.000

260,741.000

18,688,000
4,949,000
4,206,000

30,000,000

13,350,000
3,568,000
4,288,000

30,000,000

17,202,000
4,907,000
4,835,000

30,000,000

15.967,000
3,919,000
5,550,000

30,000,000

14,819.000
4,910,000
6,693,000

30,000.000

57,843,000

51,206,000

56,944,000

56,436,000

65,422.000

336,000
1,350.000

347,000
1.350,000

539,000
1,350,000

527,000
1.350,000

:4oo.ooo

1,350,000

247,127,000

337,536.000

305,961,000

390,143,000

317,913,000

10.000,000

11,616.000

10,349,000

6,131,000

6,532,000

437.110,000

158,494,000

17,512,000

2,893,000

428,229,000

141,538,000

13,059,000

1,793,000

357,121,000

165,386,000

19,337,000

2,322,000

398,298,000

110,402,000

9,311,000

2,450,000

581,822,000

168,221,000

U5, 000, 000

2,485,000

616,009,000

584,619,000

544,166,000

520,461,000

767,528,000

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART II,

POTATOES— CONTINUBD.

63

Country

1901

«

1902

n

Belgium ! 101,082,000

Denmark 22,002,000

Finland 16,325,000

France 411,055,000

Germany 11,788,950,000

Italyf

Malta

Netherlands -

Norway

Roumania

Russia:

Russia proper

Poland

Nortliern Caucasia

29,000,000
264,000
94,910,000
24,320,000
3,819,000

83,198,000

27,168,000

15,298,000

441,534,000

1,596,969,000

29,000,000

361,000

94,756,000

17,735,000

4,659,000

Total Russia (Euro-
pean)

566,926,000
287,712,000
10,801,000

865,439,000
1,237,000

723,435,000

288,447,000

16,154,000

1,028,030,000
1,402,000

Servia

Spain! — 84;o00;o66 ' 84,000,000

Sweden ..! 43,793,000 : 51,377,000

United Kingdom: J

Great Britain 137,060,000 119,250,000

Ireland

Total United King-
dom

125,896,000 , 101,761,000

Total Europe
ASIA.

Japan

Russia (Asiatic) —

Total Asia - —

AFRICA.

Algeria

Cape of Good Hope

Natal

Total Africa

AUSTRALASIA.

Australia:

Queensland

New South Wales

Victoria

South Australia

Western Australia

Tasmania

Total Australian
Commonwealth

New Zealand

Total Australasia

Grand total

262,956,000 l 221,011,000

4,365,161,000 4,281,138,000

10,153,000
14,273,000

24,426,000

1,673,000

§1,600,000

316,000

3,589,000

747,000

2,361,000

4,597,000

544,000

181,000

3,5O4;0OO

11,934,000

7,721,000

7,418,000
13,142,000

20,560,000

1,851,000

§1,600,000

433,000

3,884,000

836,000

1,461,000

4,684,000

562,000

214,000

4,282,000

12,039,000

19,655,000

4,669,958.000

7,215,000

19,254,000

4.ffr3.973,000

1903

m

25

19

450

1,576

29

73
22
5

,580,000
,256,000
,212,000
,262,000
,361,000
,000, UUO
626, UOO
,3J4,000
,851,000
,246,600

675,330,000
194,829,000
17,441,000

887,600,000

1,527,000
84,000,000
59,317,000

108,779,000
88,227,000

197,006,000

4,062,406,000

9,824,000
19,364,000

29,188,000

1901

91,
24,
15,
451,
1,333,
29,

94,
17,
3,

632,000
214,000
465,000
039,000
326,000
060,000
733,000
421,000
253,000
001,000

1095

57,159,000

29,953,000

16,500,000

:438,OOO,0OO

1,775,579,000

29,000,000

387,000

87,043,000

25,832,000

3,733,000

705,170,000

179,997,000
8,741,000

893,908,000

718,000
84,000,000
51,314,000

133,961,000
98,635,000

686,502,000

331,529,000

14,857,000

1,032,888,000

1,232,000
84,000,000
74,819,000

140,474,000
127,793,000

232,596,000 268,267,000

3,843,081,000 ! 4,691,920,000

11,274,000
18,800,000

30,074,000

UO.000,000
18,865,000

28,865,000

1,596,000 ; 1,655,000 U, 700, 000

§1,600,000 1,942,000 I *2, 000, 000

345,000 451,000 466,000

3,541,000

4,048,000

4,166,000

122,000
1,147,000
6,300,000
1,057,000

242,000
6,105,000

659,000
2,118,000
6,262,000
1,173,000

170,000
6,395,000

718,000

1,820,000

3,467,000

729,000

210,000

4,127,000

14,973,000

7,795,000

22,768,000

4,434.213.000

16,777,000

5,025,000

11,071,000

5,025,000

21,802,000

16,096,000

4.295,279.000 I 5.065.492.000

♦Estimated from returns for census year.

fAverage, 1896-1900.

tAverage production.

§Estimated from statistics for 1899 and 1904.

64

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

NUMBER, AVERAGE PRICE AND TOTAL VALUE OF FARM

Report from the Statistical Bureau,

Stetes and
Territories

Mules

eS'O

<

Milch Cowe

Maine

New Hampshire

Vermont

Massacliusetts _
Rliode Island-—

Connecticut

New York

New Jersey

Pennsylvania __

Delaware

Maryland

Virg-iuia

West V'irginia--
Nortli Carolina.
Soutli Carolina-
Georgia

Florida

Ohio

Indiana

Illinois

Michigan

Wisconsin

Minnesota

Iowa j

Missouri ,

North Daliota— I
South Dakota.-'

Nebraska

Kansas

Kentucky

Tennessee i

Alabama

Mississippi

Louisiana

Texas

Oklahoma

Arkansas

Montana

Wyoming

Colorado

New Mexico--

Arizona

Utah

Nevada

Idaho

Washington -

Oregon

California __-

Total 1908-

Total 1907

Total 1906

Total 1905

Total 1904

Total 1902.

Total 1903

116,000

60,000

93,000

81,000

14,000

60,000

696,000

102,000

607,000

37,000|

158,000

311,000,

189,000!

190,0001

84,000 1

139,000|

52,000,

949,000!

814,000^

1,591,000

704,000'

643,000

723,000

1,419,000!

957,000

616, 000^

560,000'

1,015,000

1,108,000'

391,0001

315,000

160,000

360,000

224,000

l,278,000l

744,000,

279,000l

292,000

117,000

262,000

118,000

101,000

119,000

102,000

150,000

311,000

285,000

396,000

19,992,000

19,746,583
18,718.578
17,057,702
16,736,05!.
16,533,224
16,557,373

$106.00
101.00
101.00
111.00
121.00
118.00
113.00
113.00
114.00
99.00
94.00
97.00
102.00
107.00
118.00
111.00
104.00
111.00
105.00
107.00
106.00
105.00
98.00
99.00i
88.00
97.00
86.00
87.00
87.00
95.00
07.00
89.00
77.00
66.00
65.00
73.00
68.00
73.00
60.00
71.00
42.00
53.00
71.00
77.00
75.00
98.00
96.00
94.00

$ 93.41

$ 93.51
80.72
70.. 37
67.93
58.61
62.25

12,296,000

6,060,000

9,393,000

8,991,000

1,694,000

7,080,000

78,648,000

11,526,000

69,198,000

3,663,000

14,852,000

30,167,000

]9,278,000

20,330,000

9,912,000

15,429,000

5,408,000

105,339,000

85,470,000

170,237,000

73,920,000

67,515,000

70,854,000

140,481,000

84,216,000

59,752,000

48,160,000

88,305,000

96,396,000

37,145,000

30,555,000

14,240,000

20,020,000

14,784,000

83,070,000

54,312,000

18,972,000

21,316,000

7,020,000

18,602,000i

4,956,000

5,353,000

8,449,000

7,854,000

11,250,000

30,478,000

27,360,000

37,224.000

4,000

5,000

41,000

6,000

20,000

51,000

11,000

177,000

138,000

232,000

18,000

20,000

88,000i

143,000:

4,000!

5,000'

9,000:

44,000

321,000

8,000

8,000

68,000

140,000

201,000

284,000

234,000

279,000

168,000

637.000,

168,000

209,000

4,000|

l,000j

10,000:

7,000

4,000

3,000

4,000

2,000

4,000

7.fl<XI

S-2,000

$1,867,530,000: 3,869,000

fl,846,578,012! 3,816,692
1,510, 889, 906|3, 404, 061
1,200. 310. n-70j2, 888, 710
1,136,940,29812,757,916
968,9:^5,17812,728,088
1,030,705,059 !2, 757, 017

$122.00

135.00

124.00

125.00

121.00

124.00

110.00

120.00

143.00

140.00

142.00

110.00

111.00

113.00

107.00

94.00

103.00

108.00

101.00

112.00

lUO.OO

102.00

99.00'

106.00

108.00:

113. 00|

105.00!

109,00

91.00

96.00

95.00

82. 00

tKi.OO

95.00

70:00

89.00

61.00

86, 00

100.00

104.00

99.00

113.00

$107.76

$112.16
98.31
87.18
78.88
72.49
67.61

488,000

675,000

5,084,000

750,000

2,420,000

6,324,000

1,210,000

22,302,000

19,734,000

32,4SO,000

2,556,000

2,200,000

9,768,000

16,159,000

428, 000!

470,000

927,00O|

4,7.5.2,0001

32,421,000

896,000,

800,000:

6, 936, 000 i

13,860,000;

21,306,000

30,672,000

26,442,000:

29,295,000!

18,312,000

57,967,00O|

16,128,000!

19,855,000

328,000

96,000

9.50,000

490,000

3.56,000

183,000

.344,000

200,000

416,000

693,000

9,266,000

183

128

291

196

26

138

1,789

ISIO

1,152

37

155

288

247

294

138

308

91

928

660

1,184

849,

1,392

1,040

1,555

965,

224

618

879,

722,

398,

331,

283,

330,

190,

1,072,

338,

384,

69,

23,

144

25

23,

79:

17,

69,

184,

158,

410,

,000 $31.00
,000 32.50
,000l 30.00
,000' 40.00
,000 42.50
,000' 37.50
,000 33.50
,000 43.00
,000 36.00
,000 36.50
,000: 32.00
,000; 28.00
,000 33.00
,000! 24.00
000: 27.00
000 25.00
29.00
36.00
33.00
35.00
34.00
30.50
28.00
30.. 50
000 28.50
,000: 27.50'
,000 27.50
,000' 29.00
.000 29.00
,000 27.50
,000 23.00
,000 21.00

,000 20.00

,000, 24.00
,000j 26.00
000 26.00
18.50
36.00
38.00
37.00
38.00
43.00
31.00
45.00
32.00
37.00
35.00
36.00

$416,9.39,000 21,194,000

$428,063,613 20,968,265
334,680,520 19,793,866
2.51, 840, 378! 17, 572, 464

217,532,8.32
197, 75;?,. 327
186,411,704

17,419,817
17,106,227
16,696,802

i 5,673,000

4,160,000

8,730,000

7,840,000

1,105,000

5,175,000

59,932,000

8,170,000

41,472,000

1,350,000

4,960,000

8,064,000

8,151,000

7,056,000

3,726,000

7,700,000

2,639,000

33,408,000

21,780,000

41,440,000

28,866,000

42,456,000

29,120,000

47,428,000

27,502,000

6,160,000

16,995,000

^5, 491, 000

20,938,000

10,945,000

7,613,000

5,943,000

6,600,000

4,560,000

27,872,000

8,788,000

7,104,000

2,484,000

874,000

5,328,000

950,000

989,000

2,449,000

765,000

2,208,000

6,808,000

5,530.000

14,760,000

$30.67 $650,057,000

$31.00 $645,496,980
29.44! 582,788,592
27.441 482,272,203
29.21: 508,841,489
30.21 516,711,914
29.23 488,130,324

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART II.

65

ANIMALS IN THE UNITED STATES ON JANUARY 1, 1908.
U. S. Department of Agriculture.

Other Cattle

Sheep

Swine

01

<u

a)

OJ

a

3

a

3

a

3

u

aj

73

(.1

<u

"3

S-i

9)

ctf

p

e

OS'S

s

01 V

>

3

p

a

ea'd

>

3

s

>fi

0

3

>a

o

a

>P

o

z

<

H

Z

<

H

Z

■<

H

151,000

$16.00

$ 2,416,000

267,000

$4.09

$ 1,092,000

67,000

$8.75

$ 586,000

103,000

17.00

1,751,000

77,000

3.87

298,000

53,000

9.25

481,000

221,000

14.00

3,094,000

223,000

4.16

928,000

99,000

8.15

807,000

92,000

17.00

1,564,000

45,000

4.49

202,000

70,000

10.25

718,000

10,000

19.00

VM,000

8,000

4.40

35,000

13,000

10.00

130,000

83,000

19.00

1,577,000

34,000

4.75

162,000

47,000

10.50

494,000

907,000

17.00

15,419,000

1,131,000

4.81

5,440,000

669,000

8.90

5,954,000

82,000

21.00

1,722,000

44,000

4.99

230,000

155,000

10.00

1,550,000

965,000

18.00

17,370,000

1,102,000

4.62

5.091,000

990,000

7.80

7,722,000

23,000

20.00

440,000

12,000

4.64

56,000

46,000

7.50

345,000

140,000

20.00

2,800,000

163,000

4.55

742,000

293,000

6.35

1,861,000

561,000

19.00

10,659,000

512,000

4.00

2,048,000

798,000

5.75

4,588,000

549,000

22.00

12,078,000

675,000

4.40

2,970,000

379,000

5.75

2,179,000

450,000

12.00

5,400,000

220,000

2.62

576,000

1,357,000

5.60

7,599,000

223,000

12.00

2,676,000

59,000

2.17

128,000

678,000

5.70

3,865,000

680,000

11.00

7,480,00(J

269,000

2.01

541.000

1,599,000

5.50

8,794,000

664,000

10.00

6,640,000

101,000

1.97

199,000

.399,000

3.75

1,496,000

1,050,000

21.00

22,050,000

3,110,000

4.48

13,933,000

2,559,000

6.50

16,634,000

1,096,000

21.00

23,010,000

1,215,000

5.06

6,148,000

3,159,000

6.20

19,586,000

2,164,000

22.00

47, €08,000

793,000

5.01

3,973,000

4,672,000

6.60

30,835,000

1,003,000

16.00

16,048,000

2,130,000

4.46

9,500,000

1,388,000

6.60

9,161.000

1,137,000

13.00

14,781,000

1,044,000

4.15

4,333,000

1,910,000

7.00

13,370,000

1,27L> 000

12.00

15,348,000

4.59,000

3.79

1,740,000

1,267,000

7.10

8,996,000

3,8S1.0OO

21.00

81,501,000

718,000

4.97

3,568,000

8,413,000

6.50

54,684,000

2,349,000

20.00

46,980,000

1,017,000

4.36

4,434,000

3,593,000

5.15

18,504,000

642,000

16.00

10,272,000

627,000

3.56

2,232,000

233,000

7.50

1,748,000

1,426,000

18.00

25,668,000

821,000

3.63

2,980,000

903,000

7.00

6,321,000

3,265,000

19.00

62,035,000

431,000

3.76

1,621,000

4,343,000

6.25

26,519,000

3,577,00

20.00

71,540,000

236,000

4.15

979,000

3,663,000

5.90

15,712,000

714,000

18.00

12,852,000

1,071,000

4.22

4,520,000

1,374,000

4.60

5,860,000

595,000

12.00

7,140,000

348,000

3.39

1,180,000

1,502,000

4.65

6,984,000

539,000

8.00

4,312,000

188,000

1.94

365,000

1,251,000

4.60

5,7.55,000

589,000

8.00

4,712,000

181,000

1.80

326,000

1,316,000

4.50

5,922,000

480,000

10.00

4,800,000

180,000

1.79

323,000

669,000

4.50

3,010,000

7,825,000

12.00

93,900,000

1,799,000

3.74

4,929,000

3,147,000

5.25

16,533,000

1,814,000

16.00

29,024,000

98,000

2.88

282,000

1,-588,000

5.3S

8,464,000

695,000

8.0O

5,560,000

266,000

2.13

567,000

1,127,000

3.80

4,383,000

879.000

20.00

17,580,000

5.524,000

3.90

21,544,000

66,000

10. 00

660,000

838,000

24.00

20,112,000

5,885,000

4.15

24,433,000

18,000

9.25

166,000

1,454,000

20.00

29,080,000

1,695,000

3.33

5,644,000

150,000

8.00

1,200,000

939,000

17.00

15,963,000

4,787,000

3.45

16,515,000

36,000

7.00

182,000

603,000

17.00

10,251,000

1,031,000

3.63

3,732,000

18,000

8.00

144,000

324,000

17.00

5,508,000

3,967,000

3.88

11,512,000

61,000

7.50

458,000

367,000

20.00

7, .340, 000

1,586,000

3.79

6,011,000

15,000

10.00

150,000

344,000

17.00

5,84.8,000

3,. 575, 000

3.55

12,691,000

130,000

7.00

910,000

389,000

18.00

7,002,000

824,000

3.73

3,074,000

182,000

7.75

1,410,000

758,000

17.00

12,886,000

2,661,000

3.58

9,526,000

279,000

6.25

1,744,000

1,155,000

19.00

21,945,000

2,422,000

3.47

8,404,000

551,000

7.20

3,967,000

50,073,000

$16.89

$845,938,000

54,631,000

$3.88

$211,736,000

56,084,000

$6.05

$339,030,000

51,565,731

$17.10

$881,557,398

53,240,082

$3.84

$204,210,129

54,794,439

$7.63

$417,791,321

47,067,656

15.85

746,171,709

50,631,619

3.54

179,056,144

.52,102,847

6.18

331,802,571

43,669,443

15.15

661,571,308

45,170,423

2.82

127,331,850

47,320,511

5.99

283,254,978

43,639,498

16.32

712,178,134

51,630,144

2.59

133,530,009

47,009,367

6.15

389,224,637

44,659,206

18.45

824,054,903

63,964,876

2.63

168,315,750

46,922,634

7.78

364,973,688

44,727,797

18.76

839,126,073

62,039,091

2.65

164,446,091

48,698,890

7.03

342,120.180

66

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

r

Champion single ear at the State
Farmers Institute, Des Moines, De-
cember, 1907.

First prize white, and reserve
Champion at the Iowa State Fair and
Exposition, 1907.

PART III.

Proceedings of the State Farmers' Institute
and Agricultural Convention

Held in the Rooms of the

Department of Agriculture,
Des Moines, Iowa,

Tuesday and Wednesday, Dec. 10-11, 1907.

FORENOON SESSION, 9:30 A. M.

The President: You will please come to order, and we will
commence the program. The first will be the address of welcome,
by Hon. G. L. Dobson, of Des Moines.

ADDRESS OF WELCOME.

G. L. DOBSON, DES MOINE^. IOWA.

Mr. President and Members of the State Farmers' Institute: I
can assure you that it is with great pleasure that, on behalf of the
citizens of Des Moines, I welcome you to our city.

It is not to be wondered at that the people of Des Moines are
interested in your work, when we realize that the properity of our
city and the prosperity of the state depends upon the success that
you make of your work.

Many years ago, when I first attended a state fair, we had but
a very small fair. When I came to Iowa first, 38 years ago, this
was quite a new state. I went to Northwestern Iowa in 1869, when
there was not a railroad in that section of the state. How wonder-

(67)

68 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

fully it has grown and what great prosperity the state has had
in the years gone by; and when we realize that Iowa is purely an
agricultural state, and that the great wealth has come from the
farmers, it is not, as I said before, to be wondered at that the
business men of every section of the state are interested in your
meetings. They are interested in all that you accomplish, for,
when you succeed, they have a chance to succeed; when you fail
they are certain to fail. Whenever the farmers of our country are
succeeding, then the merchants and manufacturers are succeeding.
The business men of every line or calling have a chance to succeed
when the farmers do, but when they go down in adversity, all other
lines are bound to go down with them.

We are all proud of the citizenship of the great state of Iowa.
Last year we produced in live-stock alone more than 40 million
dollars above any state in the union. This has been largely brought
about because of the intelligence which the stock men have put
into their work. If we had the old scrubby cattle we used to
have when I first came to Iowa, no such showing could be made.
When the farmers last year produced about 100 million dollars
worth of corn — a sum well nigh incomprehensible, to be added to
the wealth of the great state of Iowa — the bulls and bears of Wall
street may have their wrangles — but when the farmers of Iowa who
are tilling the soil put their best thought and energy into it, it is
not going to affect Iowa so much ; they can go on and gamble and
for a time affect the business interests, but so long as the soil pro-
duces abundantly under the guidance of intelligent men and
women Iowa will be all right.

We are proud to welcome you here today, because you men here
have done so much to distinctly put Iowa above every other state
in the union by the grand exhibits you are making every year at
our state fair. It has been my fortune to travel from the east to
the west, from one ocean to the other, several times in the last few
years, but I have heard Iowa talked about every place I go —
that you men make the best exhibition of stock in any state of
the union. These are things, friends, we feel proud of, and we
feel it is a great pleasure to welcome you to our state.

I hope Des jMoines is doing what she should to encourage these
things and will do her part to make your work as easy as possible.
It will always be hard work ; nothing worth having can be had with-
out effort. No man succeeds in life, only when he is willing to
pay the price. No farmer succeeds, only as he is willing to pay
the price and finds out what is the very best for him to do.

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART II. 69

What a changed, condition do we find today from what it was
when I first came to the state. In almost every line of work we
cut and covered, so as to get over the ground, when we plowed.
But she has made many steps in advance. When we realize that
45 million people in Japan live on 15 million acres of cultivated
land, the fence corners and waste spots in Iowa today would
practically support the population of Japan, if it was cultivated as
intensely as those little Japs cultivate. Their average farm is less
than two acres in extent, and it will produce enough to support a
family. And while we have accomplished much, our young men
need not think there is no field open for them today, for there is as
much to be accomplished by them as there was in the early days,
and Iowa can be kept in the very foreground of the states of the
union. Intense farming is what made it prosperous.

Now, gentlemen, it is not in place for me to talk to you ex-
tensively, but simply to make an address of welcome; and I can
assure you that the great Commercial Club of Des Moines, with
nearly a thousand members, and business men, extends to you a
hearty welcome, and the hope that this session will be the best
session that you have had since you first came to Des Moines.

RESPONSE TO ADDRESS OF WELCOME.

G. H. VAN HOUTEN, LENOX, IOWA.

Mr. Pesident: I am sure, in responding to this cordial address
of Mr. Dobson on behalf of the citizens of Des Moines, I
can say that we are very grateful for the kind words spoken. Yet
we realized we were welcome, even without these eloquent words
uttered in our presence. Some of us, in fact, have come to Des
Moines so often and stayed so long that we have almost felt at
home here. If I were speaking for myself, I would speak differ-
ently ; but as I am delegated to speak for you all, and some of you do
not come here as often, you may not appreciate the hearty welcome
the people of Des Moines are ready and willing to give you.

It has been my privilege to be closely identified with our state
fair for several years, and it has been my privilege to be associated
with the people of Des Moines for many years, and the more I
know of the State Fair, and the more I know of Des Moines and
the state of Iowa, the more I am conscious of the fact that the
prosperity of all are linked closely together. So that the people of
Des Moines, in giving us the welcome they do, understand and be-

70 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

lieve that the State Fair is a state institution. While the inter-
ests of the state are closely connected "v\dth the State Fair, so the
interests of Des Moines and all our interests lie close together.

I can appreciate these words of welcome ; I can realize and know
they come from the heart and that they are truly meant.

There are some things said by Mr. Dobson I would enlarge upon.
The people of Iowa are industrious, and while industrious, they
are prodigals ; while in some things they may be economical, they
have not learned in the school of economy. It has been my privilege
to visit Japan, so that the illustration he gave you is one that ap-
peals to me. These 45 million of people in Japan make their living
and actually live on an area less than half the size of the state of
Iowa. The entire Empire of Japan — and at the time I visited it
was before their recent acquisitions of China and Corea — comprises
ten thousand square miles, less than the state of California; and
when you consider that so much of it is not tillable, then you can
realize the force and effect of the illustration Mr. Dobson has given ;
and when we consider that their wage schedule is so much lower
than ours, and taking all these things into account, we can truly
say that Japan is wonderfully prosperous; and this gives us some
idea of economy we know nothing about, and I trust and hope that
the necessities of the people of the orient shall not come to us.
That we have become lavish and to a degree careless goes without
saying The time has come in Iowa when better methods must be
resorted to. We have high priced land, high priced labor and a
higher schedule of living, and I hope and trust it may never be
lower. If we are to maintain these high standards of prosperity
we must make our lands more productive; we must conserve the
different forces and gain the best advantages possible by more in-
telligent application.

I realize much has been done in the past. I give the organiza-
tion of the Iowa State Fair credit for its share in this better and
more improved work. We have had our annual meetings and
fairs, and I trust each one has been better than the one preceding,
and I further trust that the future holds out better prospects.

It must be a pleasure to you gentlemen who come to our annual
meetings and attend our annual fairs to see the rapid rate of
progress made. When I first knew the State Fair we had very
few buildings and of a poor character. When I first knew Des
Moines it was different then ; my earliest recollections were in the
vicinity of Des Moines. I have known Iowa when it had not a
railroad within its borders. Now, that it has nearly ten thousand

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART III. 71

miles of railroads and electric lines, with all the advantages of
rapid communication by telephone and other means, Iowa has been
put in a very different position. So we welcome this change ; we
rejoice in its prosperity, and we are only anxious and solicitous
that this prosperity shall continue. I am sure the people of Des
Moines will co-operate to help make this effort a success. I am
sure the people of Des Moines will co-operate in a continuation of
this success, which is evidenced by its magnificent gift to the state
in establishing this great fair. It has been my privilege to visit
several of the fairs of other states, as well as many exhibitions of
other countries. I can say, in my judgment, we have the ideal
fair and the ideal conditions in a most remarkable agricultural
community.

Mr. Dobson made the statement that this was purely an agri-
cultural state, and it is true, no doubt. But it is not true that
we wiU always remain an agricultural state. Why? We have the
coal — the motive power — to make a great manufacturing state.
With our incresing demands, and increasing population, no one
can say this will always be an agricultural state. It is true that
our magnificent soil naturally led us into agricultural pursuits,
and the lack of these advantages in other states, to manufacturing
pursuits. But the time will come, I think, when we will see fit to
diversify our industries; when with our 18,000 acres of coal lands
and the impetus of our rivers for disseminating the power of
electricity, and all these things, then, if not before, will there be a
diversity of our industries. We are not dependent on com, grain,
hogs and cattle and horses ; we raise other crops and animals, and
just so as time goes on we will increase these opportunities and
diversities.

I shall not attempt at this time to give you my ideas of what
the future should be. But it is certain as time goes on, we will
resort to better methods, more scientific investigation and applica-
tion as the days and years shall come and pass, and with it we
hope and expect that our State Fair and State Farmers' Institute
wiU not only keep pace, but will go beyond the march of progress.

So, Mr. Dobson and the people of Des Moines, we return to you
our hearty acknowledgment of your kind welcome. You have
spoken to us, and we shall try to appreciate your friendship.
Then when the time comes for the State Fair we all hope to be
back again with our friends and neighbors, so that we may have a
royal good time, and that the next Fair will be better than any
yet held in the state of Iowa.

72 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

The President: The next number on our program is "A Dis-
cussion of Iowa Statutes With Reference to Feeding Stuffs," by
H. R. Wright, State Food and Dairy Commissioner.

A DISCUSSION OF IOWA STATUTES WITH REFERENCE
TO FEEDING STUFFS.

H. R. WRIGHT, POOD AND DAIRY COMMISSIONER.

Mr. President: I suppose this subject was put on the program
more to call attention to something the Board of Agriculture has
been engaged in, rather than to give any particular information in
regard to the statute.

This Board, as organized, one of the things with which it was
charged was the investigation of adulterations. Those investiga-
tions have been carried on by means of a committee, of which Gov.
Packard has been chairman. These investigations have resulted in
the enactment of a general pure food law and also a stock food
law.

The stock food law embraces three subjects: one being the so-
called Continental Stock Food, and the other subject, that of con-
centrated feeding stuffs, as they are usually known, and the third
subject, the question of seeds that are either adulterated or im-
pure, by reason of mixtures, etc. So, that these three subjects
are embraced in the statute, and I may say, there probably never
was a law of such relative importance, that took so much hustling
to get it passed through the legislature You would naturally
suppose it would have been universally favored, but the develop-
ments were different.

As to the law in relation to Continental Stock Foods, we origin-
ally sought to have the names of the ingredients put upon the label
upon all packages. I may say, such a law was enacted in a half
dozen other states last year The makers of the Continental Stock
Foods devoted their attention to our legislature and succeeded
in blocking some of the provisions your committee put in the bill,
but they got the same kind of medicine in other states. We suc-
ceeded in having put into our statute a provision that the label
should bear a statement and name the percentage of the diluent.
The statutes passed in the other states were in effect that they
should give the names of the ingredients, while in Iowa they were
to give the percentage of the diluent.

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART III. 73

We thought, and think so the more yet, that the filler in the Con-
tinental Stock Food was one of the elements of fraud. For ex-
ample, in one of our committee meetings last winter one of the
manufacturers of one of those foods was made to admit by Prof.
Michael that he had 65 per cent oil meal and 10 per cent salt.
At any rate it was 65 per cent of oil meal. The committee, be-
lieving the diluent was one of the chief elements of fraud, suc-
ceeded eventually in getting that provision put into the statute, al-
though they beat us on our original intention, they should give the
name of all ingredients. However, the stock food manufacturers
are all agreeing that they will print the names of the ingredients
on their packages. I suppose you all realize that the business of
manufacturing and selling these foods is principally carried on by
men of very large means, and attempted by men of small means.
About 100 of these foods are on the market. The up-shot of the
whole matter is, the Continental manufacturers have formed a sort
of conspiracy to beat these laws in the various states Their ac-
tion in this state has been in the form of an injunction in the Fed-
eral court of this district, against the Food Commissioner, restrain-
ing him from an attempt to enforce this law at all. This is the
situation at the present time.

I suppose one might be a little reluctant to admit that the law
which he is charged \nth enforcing has not been enforced. That
is the situation. The reason for it is, as I have stated, an action
for an injunction has been brought attacking the constitutionality
of the law, and for that reason nothing can be done towards en-
forcement until the injunction is dismissed or dissolved ; and in the
event it is made permanent it cannot be enforced.

The law in relation to concentrated commercial feeding stuffs
requires that every package shall bear a statement of the protein
and fibre and fat. Those of you who have made any study of
food stuffs understand why this is necessary. The reasons that
may occur to you were not altogether what actuated the conunittee
of the legislature in passing the law. There was a very extensive
adulteration of feed stuffs in this state, the motives which prompted
the enactment of the bill, not that the farmer needed necessarily the
information or needed to be educated as to what protein was in a
food, of brans or other feeds, but more, that the maker and seller
of them should say how much he had; then if he had an examina-
tion of the article, he could say it truthfully, and if he had an
article that was worthless he would be obliged to say that truth-
fully, and the man who bought avoided being cheated, thinking he

74 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

was getting something better than he really had; that feature of
the statute has already done considerable good. Prof. Michael
found a lot of these foods adulterated with wheat hulls and other
things. The adulteration of them has apparently, so far as we
know at the present time, ceased.

The law does not prohibit the sale of stock food at all, with the
exception that it prohibits the sale of wheat or rye screenings con-
taining cockle or other poisonous or deleterious substances. The
statute permits the sale of concentrated commercial feeding stuffs,
whether simple or mixed, provided the seller tells exactly what he
has got. If he has a simple food like a bi-product he is required to
give the percentage of protein, fibre or fat. If he has a mixed
food he is required in addition to state the constituents, names of
the ingredients, to state also on the package the number of pounds
net weight.

In addition to this the statute requires that upon such foods
there shall be paid a license of ten cents a ton, and these tags are to
be secured from the office of the Food Commissioner on the payment
of the necessary amount. This particular feature of the law has
aroused great opposition on the part of millers, and still more on
the part of feed dealers. They do not object so much to the money
phase as to the difficulty and trouble of attaching the tags, and the
opposition to the statute comes with the retailer or small dealer.

You know, of course, many of our food stuffs of the kind in
question come in from the outside of the state: still a considerable
quantity is manufactured in the state. The question as to whether
the statute is violated as applied to foods outside of the state, is
raised by the American Linseed Co. They, too, have applied for
an injunction in the Federal court, alleging that the whole statute
is unconstitutional. So that I am obliged to say now, frankly, the
law has been enforced up to the present time It became ef-
fective the 4th of July and almost immediately applications for
injunctions were made.

However, we have collected about $5,000.00 on the ten cent tags.
We have made some headway, even though we have not prosecuted
anybody, except one fellow in Delaware county, for selling food
which wasn't what he claimed it was.

The third feature of the statute has not affected anything, for
the reason that the sale of seeds is usually conducted from the
middle of winter to spring, and very few seeds have gone on the
market since. The law is that a man who sells seeds may not
sell seed which contains quack-grass, Canada thistle, etc., and he

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAK BOOK— PART III. 75

is absolutely prohibited from selling seeds containing any noxious
weed seeds. The thought is, that a man who gets these weeds in
the land is not only injured in the loss of the purchase price of the
seeds, but a thousand-fold more in the difficulty of getting the
weeds in the soil. The seed dealer is prohibited from selling seeds
containing any of these particular noxious weed seeds. Then he
is required to have his seeds to a certain standard of purity. That
is, if a man buys a bushel of timothy seed he is entitled to get 96
per cent of timothy seed, the other 4 per cent may be harmless
mixtures of weed seeds, which simply goes to the loss of the value
of the price of the seed. The dealer is permitted to sell under the
statute seed containing less than the standard of purity, but in
that case he must put on a label stating the names of the seeds
present and the amount of it. So that a man might sell clover
seed, for instance, with which some timothy seed had been mixed.
In that case he could easily take the timothy seed out. The
thought is that the farmer is to be protected against the purchase,
first, of seeds containing these noxious weed seeds, and against the
purchase of seed represented to be pure seed.

These are the three phases of the law, and I am frank to admit
the law has not been well enforced, for the reasons suggested. If
this law is finally upheld, the feeders of this state will pretty nearly
know what percentage protein, fibre and fat is contained in the
food which they buy; and the thought is that an intelligent man
will be able to determine what value in dollars and cents the feed
has he is buying, and that on the seeds, he will have the same
chance to protect his pocktbook and will be fully protected against
the chances of getting these noxious weeds into his field, which are
so extremely difiicult to eradicate.

I may say, in closing, that the committee of which Gov. Packard
is chairman, has in hand now the investigation of some weeds as
they appear in this state, the intention being to get legislation to
control them and eradicate them, the intention being to perpetuate
the usefulness of our soil to the greatest extent possible by eradi-
cating the weeds which are so detrimental. If there are any ques-
tions I can answer, I should be glad to attempt to do so.

Question: Mr. Wright says the farmers are protected. If a
farmer has got a lot of seeds himself, and he sells timothy seed or
clover to his neighbor, and he is not in a position to get this exact
per cent, where is he at?

Mr. Wright: The law makes an exception in that case, which
is as follows: "The provisions concerning agricultural seeds con-

76 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

tained in this act shall not apply to : Any person or persons
growing or selling seeds for food purposes only, or having such
seeds in possession for sale for such purposes." The law does
not apply to the man who sells his grain or seeds to the elevator and
does not apply to any person selling seeds direct to merchants
and that covers the case of a man producing the seed he wishes to
sell to a seed dealer; but this does not release him from the exemp-
tion as to its containing quack-grass or Canada thistle and other
noxious weeds. The law does not apply to the sale of seeds grown
and sold on his own premises by the farmer. The thought is that
if you have the Canada thistle your neighbors know it as well as
you do, and if he comes and buys it of you he is not harmed or in-
jured at all, even though he is sold impure seeds, for the reason
that he knows it. The exceptions in the state have been framed
to meet all these circumstances at the farmer's end of it.

The President : The next topic on the program is entitled,
"The Earning Capacity of an 80-Acre Iowa Farm Devoted to
Dairying," by H. G. Van Pelt, Sup't Dairy Farm, Ames, Iowa.

THE EARNING CAPACITY OF AN 80-ACRE IOWA FARM DEVOTED

TO DAIRYING.

HUGH G. VAN PELT, AMES, IOWA.

More than once since the subject, "The Earning Capacity of an 80-acre
Iowa Farm Devoted to Dairying" was assigned to me I have tried to
reason for myself why so small a farm as 80 acres was designated. A
farm so small is surely far below the average sized farm of Iowa. Were
I to speak regarding the possibiities of a quarter section of Iowa land it
could at the present time be made to apply to the condition of a larger
number of Iowa farmers; and had I been speaking a decade ago the
earning capacity of a half section of land would have been more appli-
cable. Following along this train of thought, the reason for my subject
has revealed itself. The population of Iowa has increased in great rapidity,
and with this increase has followed closely the increased price of land
per acre. These two factors are tending to decrease the size of farms
in Iowa. Men whom a quarter of a century ago bought section after
section of this fertile (Iowa) prairie at low prices, have farmed and
grazed it, oftentimes with extravagant methods, but nevertheless have
lived well, saved money, and as time advanced their wealth increased by
leaps and bounds by the natural increase in the value of their lands. To
the minds of farmers of those times the question of the earning capacity
of an 80-acre farm never occurred and neither did a consideration of
milking cows except to supply bountifully the family table with milk,
cream and butter. Gradually, however, these large farms and estates are
being divided, for one cause or another, either among the original owners'

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART III. 77

descendants, or sold to settle estate affairs, or, as in many instances, the
farmer has found in his old age that his sons have chosen some other call-
ing in life and he is left on the old farm alone, with no alternative except
to sell a portion of his land from time to time and keep only that which
it is possible for him to personally supervise.

On the other hand, it seems a part of human nature for a young man
to be eager to own a farm. This is evidenced by business men of every
vocation, — lawyers, doctors, bankers, and men of all professions are all
striving for the ownership of a piece of land, whether large or small.

If Iowa farm land is their desire, they find that to attain a farm does
not mean a few hundred dollars as it did to their fathers, but to own a
large farm in Iowa today is to have a fortune.

As a result of the great desire for farms on the part of so many, and
the high price per acre, large farms are divided up and the divisions pur-
chased by young men who in most cases are forced to go in debt for a
large portion of the cost price. These are the men who are striving to
solve the problem and who are asking the question, "What is the earning
capacity of an 80-acre Iowa farm," and "To what purpose can it be
devoted that will not only increase its earning capacity, but also its
yielding value?"

Supposing an 80-acre Iowa farm be devoted to raising grain for the
market. This will pay well for a few years, especially if the years are
favorable ones for plant growth and the proper methods of cultivation
and crop rotation are resorted to. Unless commercial fertilizing is prac-
ticed in this case, however, the farm gradually becomes poorer and the
farmer's capital gradually decreases until finally in the interest which
it returns him annually is not sufficiently large to pay expenses and yield
for himself and family a living. Then it is that the farm becomes as
many farms in the eastern and southern states, viz. — abandoned and sell-
ing for less than the buildings upon them cost.

It is impractical, too, under ordinary conditions to raise and graze
feeding cattle on so small a farm, because the owner at once places him-
self in competition with ranchmen and owners of large tracts of less
valuable lands who can with less expense raise a vastly larger number of
animals of the same character.

Eliminating these two methods of managing the small farm and those
which remain tend more nearly toward intensive and diversified farming.
"Without doubt if a man is to devote his best efforts to conducting opera-
ations on an 80-acre farm he must practice the most intensive methods
possible and put in use the lessons which science and practice have taught.
He must grow large crops of animal foods on every foot of available
ground, feed every pound of it to farm animals of one kind or another
and return the barnyard manure thus produced back to the fields, — thus
making them richer, more valuable and more productive each year.

Feeding for meat production and feeding for milk production both come
under this head, and both may as a rule be made extremely profitable;
yet there are a few factors which enter in and warn the proprietor of a
limited acreage of high-priced land against borrowing money or spending
that which he has on hand for purchasing feeding animals to which to
feed the crops he has raised: First, If he chooses to feed hogs and
cattle there are opportunities for making large profits unless the hogs

78 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

contract disease, to which they are very susceptible, or the market price
of either or both hogs and cattle drops, — when profits are quickly changed
to losses.

Second: If it is sheep that are to be fed there is a chance for the
market price of both wool and mutton to drop; and as for feeding horses,
few indeed are those who care to accept the hazards which present
themselves.

Third: During the fattening period of these animals the percentage
of concentrated foods necessary for feeding is very great in comparison
to the roughage, while on even a small farm in Iowa or the corn belt a
large amount of roughage Is necessarily raised. For instance, the dally
ration of a fattening steer would be something like 20 pounds of con-
centrates and 10 pounds of roughage, while for a dairy cow the con-
centrates would be about 6 to 10 pounds, while the roughage would be
from 20 to 25 pounds.

Leaving out of consideration these hazards, however, it must be con-
ceded that raising grain and feeding it to meat producing animals has a
distinct advantage in that the owner of an 80-acre farm can do all his
own work except during harvest, bj- farming the land in the summer and
feeding the grains and hays — the results of his summer's efforts — during
the winter; and little need he be concerned about the scarcity of farm
help.

On the other hand, he who wants to be assured of a regular and sure
profits from day to day and from year to year, dairy farming is to be
recommended, for it has been truly said by one man that the dairyman
tears off a coupon from each cow each day. Another says that the cow
is the only farm animal a portion of which can be sold each day; and
still another that the dairy farmer's harvest comes every day in the year.
All these sayings are quite true as well as suggestive.

The true earning capacity of a dairy farm, however, is governed
by many condition:

1. Location.

2. Character of cows milked.

3. Care and feed received by the cows.

Upon the location of the farm depends the price received for the
produce and this in itself has much to do with the profits, for the farmer
who sells his cream to the creamery cannot expect nearly so much for his
milk as the one who sells direct to the consumer of milk and cream,
and he who is located close to a large city, by putting out a fancy product
in the form of either milk, cream or butter has an even great advantage.

Equally as great a difference is brought about by the comparative
producing ability of cows, for often there may be found in a herd one
cow producing 500 pounds of butter in a year and another producing
200 pounds, — the former making for her owner a large profit and the
latter losing him money daily — the same as would a scrub hog or steer,
put in the feed lot at a high price. The care and feed the cows receive is
another feature of the business which in itself may determine whether
or not the earning capacity of the dairy farm is to be large, small or below
the expense of operating. Cows must be abundantly fed on foods contain-
ing the required constituents for milk production if they in turn are to

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART III. 79

produce milk largely and profitably. And, too, the feeder must use
knowledge in selecting and combining the foods, to which he has access,
into a ration which is at once Inexpensive, palatable, and stimulating to
a large yield of milk and butter fat.

In order that my words may not be termed theoretical or impractical
it will be well to consider an 80-acre farm in Iowa that on the start "will
produce only average crops and is so located that the produce from the
cows must be sold at a local creamery at 25 cents per pound for the
butter fat, which has been the average price for the past year.

By the uses of silos of large enough capacity for both winter and sum-
mer feeding and by the intelligent rotation of crops it will not be at all
difficult to keep a 50-cow herd upon the farm beside the horses required
to do the work of the farm, providing a small amount of concentrated
foods rich in protein is purchased each year. To care for and milk
the cows and raise the calves will require the services of four men
and a fifth man, with the help at odd times that the four barn men can
give him, will be able to haul all feed and manure, keep in repair the
fences, etc., and do all the farm work except during harvest and silage
making time. Some there are who would have you believe that fewer
men could do the work around such an establishment, but my experience
has been that one of the best ways to solve the labor problem, which is so
vexing at the dairy farm, is to have enough good men drawing good
salaries to do extra well every portion of the work without being forced to
work such extremely long hours as are usually required. In this way
it is easy to keep good, reliable men and a much less number of cows
will be required to produce a given amount of milk than though fewer
men were kept and the work more carelessly done.

Now if the proprietor and his four men have good land and a good
herd of 50 grade cows which can be found and purchased for about $50
apiece, the annual income, expense and profits will be as follows:

Butter fat (350 lbs. per cow), 17,500 lbs at 25c $4,375.00

45 calves (90 per cent of crop saved) at $5.00 each 225.00

Skim milk (6,125 lbs. per cow) 306,250 lbs. at 25c cwt 765.62

Total $5,365.62

Expenses.

4 men at $40 per month $1,920.00

Extra help in harvesting hay and silage 200.00

Insurance on 50 cows, $1 each and bull $2 52.00

Interested on money invested in cows ($2,500) at 6 per cent 150

Interest on money invested in 1 bull ($100) at 6 per cent 6.00

Interest on money invested in 80 acres of land at $100 per acre

at 6 per cent 480.00

Interest on money invested in horses, machinery, etc. ($1,500),

at 6 per cent 90.00

Insurance, wear and tear and breakage on ^me at 10 per cent. . . . 150.00
30 ton concentrated protein feed at $23.00 690.00

Total $3,738.00

80 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Amount received $5,365.62

Amount expended 3,738.00

Profit $1,627.62

This is not an extremely large profit, but it should be remembered
that very average conditions have been considered, creamery prices al-
lowed for only a fairly large production and only veal prices allowed for
calves. Although 25 cents may be considered a large price for skim
milk, it would be worth a dollar per hundred were it fed to pure bred
calves or hogs. If the farmer himself wished to work quite hard it
would be possible to get along with one less man and thus add another
$480 to his profits annually; or, if as is the rule in theoretical farming,
the manure and calves are allowed to pay for the hired help, then the
Income would be $5,140.62, the expense $1,818, and the net profit $3,322.62.

Now let us presume that the farm is located close enough to a city
so that the product can be marketed in the form of 30 per cent cream at

3 cents per point for butter fat, which is quite a common wholesale price,
and that his cows are pure bred and producing the same as the grades
except that the calves would be worth $25 when they reached a salable
age of six or eight weeks.

30 per cent cream (145 gal. per cow) 7,250 gals, at 90c $6,525.00

45 calves (90 per cent of crop saved) at $25 each 1,125.00

Skim milk (after feeding calves 1-2) 145,800 lbs. at 25c 364.50

Total income $8,014.50

4 men at $40 per month $1,920.00

Extra help in making hay and silage 200.00

Insurance on cows at $2.00 each 100.00

Insurance on 1 bull at $2 2.00

Interest on money invested in cows ($5,000) at 6 per cent 300.00

Interest on money in bull ($100) at 6 per cent 6.00

Interest on 80 acres at $200 per acre at 6 per cent 960.00

Interest on money invested in horses, machinery, etc. ($1,500),

at 6 per cent 90.00

Wear and tear, insurance and breakage on same at 10 per cent. . . 150.00
30 ton concentrated protein feed at $23 690.00

Total $4,418.00

Total income $8,014.50

Total expenses 4,418.00

Total profit $3,596.50

Figuring in this manner the profits are more than doubled and the
dairy farmer has for himself $3,596.50, with only his taxes and insurance
on the farm buildings to pay. And these figures are reasonable except
that the income figured at much lower prices than many breeders are at
the present time receiving for their cream, calves and skim milk, but I
have tried to keep so far within the bounds of reason, that my audience
may not say — as I really expect said — "theoretical — impractical."

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART III. 81

In conclusion I wish to say that in my opinion the earning capacity
of an 80-acre farm devoted to dairying as I have figured it is only well
within reason for each instance, and that which can easily and surely
be accomplished year after year by any careful and intelligent dairy
farmer. As for the possibilities of an 80-acre farm devoted to dairying,
none of us have any conception of them. Only a practical demonstration
could determine this truly, yet I do not doubt in the least that these
possibly profits on either of the hypothetical farms I have mentioned could
be made to reach three times the figures I have set forth.

I am led to believe this by the fact that Mr. Detrich, a Pennsylvania
minister, took up the management of an old 15-acre farm that was so
run down and worn out that it would not support well the two cows and
one horse that were kept upon it. Mr. Detrich converted it into a dairy
farm and the first year lacked $46 of paying expenses, but in the six years
that followed he cleared up a $7,200 mortgage. So greatly had the land
been improved that at the end of this time 30 head of stock, 17 of which
were milk cows and two were horses, were being provided with all the
roughage they needed and 3,300 tons of hay were sold. The outlay for
concentrated feeds was about $625 a year. It has been estimated that this
farm of 15 acres produces a revenue of about $3,000, or $200 per acre,
annually. Doing one-half as well on good Iowa land as has been done
on worn out and reclaimed Pennsylvanian land, 80 acres would produce
a revenue of $8,000.

Up in Michigan is another farm, according to the Department of Agri-
culture, containing 120 acres, owned by Mr. J. N. Neal, whose total in-
vestment in the farm and his share of the dairy herd and farm equip-
ment Is $12,500. He receives annually $1,500, or 12 per cent on his money
invested and gives the farm management no attention whatever. Mr.
C. J. Augerine, the manager, who owns half the herd and the farm imple-
ments also received $1,500 as his share, so the 120-acre tenant farm re-
turns annually $3,000 clear profit.

The President : We have a little time, if any one wishes to
ask any questions, I am sure the writer of the paper would be glad
to answer them.

Question: "What difference would it make if the farmer would
make his own butter?

Mr. Van Pelt : That would depend on whether he was making
his own butter near a large city. If he were, he could on a high
class product get a premium of 10 to 15 cents per pound. It is
not exceptional for dairy farmers to have yearly contracts in large
cities to furnish butter from 35 to 40 cents a pound. In New York
State, I think, it is not an exception to have the wholesale price 50
cents per pound. It would be simply owing to the prices it were
possible to obtain for it.

82 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Question: How many acres of com did you raise to go into
this silage ?

Mr. Van Pelt : As I said before, in order to gain a profit or
keep many cows on so small a farm, it would be necessary to soil it
the year around. In calculating m}^ figures, I allowed ten acres
for pasture for the cows; then in order to feed thirty pounds of
silage, will require about 250 tons of silage a year. The corn which
we raise as a rule will run twelve to fifteen tons of silage per acre.
But with so many cows as 50 on so small acreage of ground, where
the manure is returned to the farm each year, it will be possible to
raise a good deal larger tonnage. We know of some who are rais-
ing 25 tons of silage to the acre. Figuring 25 tons, you see it only
takes 10 acres to suppty the 250 tons. Then I also figured it was
possible to raise most of the com in the way of concentrates, by
balancing up this com with the 30 tons of concentrated protein
feeds, and also supplying protein with the clover necessarily used
in crop rotation, and also having from ten to fifteen tons of alfalfa
hay, it would be possible to supply not only the roughage, but a
balanced ration.

Question : Do you expect to raise it on the average Iowa farm ?

Mr. Van Pelt: I would not expect to raise it on the average
Iowa farm.

Question: How would you cure it?

Mr. Van Pelt : That is quite a subject for the Iowa farmer,
because of climatic conditions. There is a way, however, it can be
cured, even in seasons, such as we have had the past year. By
cutting in the morning and allowing it to cure until noon or slightly
afternoon, then shocking it up, allowing it to remain under that
cover for a week or ten days. I am satisfied there is no better way
on earth to make clover hay or alfalfa hay. The finest hay I ever
fed or saw was alfalfa hay raised in Colorado and cured by this
same method — cut in the morning and in the afternoon cocked up,
and then after a week it was baled and shipped east; when it was
taken out of the bale it was just as green and nice as could be.

Question : On the average farm, would it be economical to put
that expense on curing this hay ?

Mr. Van Pelt : Not on an average farm ; but where a man has
devoted all his efforts on such a farm, in the manner I have indi-
cated, it will be possible for him to put up his hay in that way.

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART III. 83

Question: Will you please repeat the amount of profits under
the two methods you speak of ?

Mr. Van Pelt : The profits in the first instance were $1,627.62 ;
in the second instance, the profits were $3,596.50.

Question: How would you first obtain that supply of cows
suitable for such an operation ; how would you keep up your supply
after you started?

Mr. Van Pelt : That is a very important question, also quite
a perplexing question. It is much easier to select good cows from
a herd of pure bred cattle than it is of grade cattle. If one wishes
to stock up his farm with grade cows, he has quite a difficult task,
because in many instances it is difficult for him to determine the
value of these cows; it necessitates traveling around. One way is
to buy them on the market. This fall I was on the Chicago market.
I saw there a good number of dairy cows, as one would judge them,
simply seeing them. At the same time these cows are quite expen-
sive. Probably a better way would be to simply go through the
country and pick them up here and there. As a matter of fact, in
certain vicinities it is possible to buy exceedingly good grade cows.
For instance, you go into the vicinity of a breeder of pure bred
cows. He has sold to the neighborhood his bulls and bred their
cows for them. I know a vicinity where a great many graded cows
soM for $100 apiece. Then there are different methods of keijping
up a herd. The dairymen in the Elgin district, close to Chicago,
buy cows somewhat of a beefy nature; they milk them until they
are no longer profitable, and they are fattened for the market and
sold at beef prices. Then their cows that are springers, or fresh
are put in the place of those, and this is the manner in which a
great many progressive dairymen are doing. But the time for
this is almost past, because, as I said before, these grade cows are
selling for such enormous prices. To keep up a herd of pure bred
sires, the heifer calves that are dropped on the farm, are of much
merit, so that they can be raised much more cheaply than they can
be purchased. In this way the owner of them would at the same
time know what their ancestry has been and what they have done.
In this manner it is possible for the perpetuator of the farm to re-
ject the calves of poor cows.

Question: If you raised the calves, wouldn't you have to make
allowance for raising them until they began to produce, and you
would have to make allowance for the young cows not producing
with a fully developed cow?

84 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Me. Van Pelt: Yes, that is something that needs to be taken
into consideration. It struck me very forcible in figuring out the
earning capacity of an 80-acre farm. Of course, after the calves
get past the age of six months — at the same time the calves do not
need as much heavy feeding, and they can be running in the pas-
ture in the summer time. It would be possible to raise even more
silage. As I said before, this is a line to itself. We would also
need to figure the profits as well as the cost of raising.

Question : Of course, if you wanted to keep 50 cows up,
wouldn't you have from 15 to 25 young stuff, from calves to 3
years old?

Mr. Van Pelt: Yes, sir.

Question : Could you keep so many cows, if you kept them on
this 80?

Mr. Van Pelt : No ; unless you had side-lines, you would have
to have a larger farm.

Question: Have you ever tried the sugar cane for silage?

Mr. Van Pelt : Personally I never have. Those who have tried
do not like it as well as corn, for the reason that it forms more
lactic acid, and is not so palatable as com.

Question : Have you tried sugar cane in its raw state ?

Mr, Van Pelt : I have fed some. It has this one thing to recom-
mend it, that it is very palatable when put up in the form of hay.
That is another thing regarding the two methods of curing : it can
be shocked for fodder, and corn should be put in the silage. Any
animal needs a certain amount of dried matter before it is possible
to get it out of the silo. So that fed in the raw state, sugar cane
is quite valuable as a food. But the farmers say that sorghum
is quite hard upon the land.

Question: I don't know whether I got a clear understanding. I
had the impression that 50 cows was the full limit of the capacity of
an 80-acre farm ; you spoke of the milk being worth 25 cents. Did
you intend that the other feed should be purchased or produced
outside of that farm; that the farm doesn't produce feed for the
pigs and calves?

Mr. Van Pelt : Yes, that is true. I figured for the calves to be
sold at weaning time.

Question : And the feed outside of the milk, should have to be
purchased outside of the product of the farm ?

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART III. 85

Mr. Van Pelt : Yes, sir. Regarding the amount of cows that
could be kept there. I did not make a direct statement, because,
really the possibilities of an 80-acre farm are, as I believe, greatly
larger than I made them. I think that 50 could be kept very easily
where concentrated foods are purchased.

Question: What provision would you make to replace those
cows ?

Mr. Van Pelt : As I said before, they can be replaced in dif-
ferent ways. He can raise the calves on some other place, or else
when his cows go dry, he can sell them and buy more.

Question: In your figures did you take that into account?

Mr. Van Pelt : Yes, I took that into account to the extent that
I charged up interest against the cows. I charged one dollar per
year insurance against the cow^ ; that probably w^ouldn 't cover more
than accidents or deaths; but, as a rule, if one wanted to sell those
cows at the end of the period of lactation, it would be possible for
him to replace them for the prices received for them. There might
necessarily need to be some provision made, however, for other ex-
penses.

A Member : It is my opinion, in replacing these cows, that you
haven 't taken nearly enough into account to replace them — to either
raise the calves, or go out and sell those cows and rebuy others.
That is the most expensive thing in the whole business. If you are
going to raise the calves, you don't get as good a calf as you got
a cow, only occasionally, and it takes three or four or five years to
get them ready to milk.

Mr. Van Pelt : As a rule breeders try hard to improve each
generation. As you say, there are a great many disappointments,
a great many calves we think should be most excellent milkers, when
they come at their milking age, they are not what we expected. But
it isn't necessary to wait four or five years on a calf to become a
profitable milker. If they are profitable at all, they should be
profitable at 214 to 3 years old.

Mr. Reeves: "While they are a source of profit, they wouldn't
come up to the mature cow ; you would have to cut your figures con-
siderable A three-year old cow is not much better than a two-year
old.

Mr. Van Pelt: Heifers should produce, and in many instances
do produce more butter fat than I have estimated. Really I con-
sider the average amount of butter produced by the Iowa cow is

86 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

much below what I stated. We have a heifer at the College, barely
two years old and that heifer is this year going to make 350 pounds
of butter fat, and really, her care is ordinary, for the reason that
we have not been prepared to give her the best attention. Pure
bred cows under the same conditions are going to make between
400 and 500 pounds. There is that one thing — there might neces-
sarily be some expense necessitated in exchanging these cows for
fresh ones; but there are the two methods, the manager can either
sell his calves or exchange the dry cows for fresh ones. It is possi-
ble that in some instances he would have to pay more for the
fresh cow than he gets for the dry. In many instances it will be
possible for him to sell that cow for even more than necessary.

Mr. Reeves : I have found, in my experience, it is quite a prob-
lem to get anywhere near as much for the worn out cow; some
of them, when they are worn out, they are all gone.

Mr. Van Pelt: Of course, a person wouldn't dare wear his
cows out that way. If she were only a five-year-old cow, then he
couldn't expect a second calf; he would only have the first calf,
providing he had a springer. Following out that system, she is
simply milked as long as she is profitable for the one period of
lactation ; then she is sold on the market.

Question : "Would you recommend selling a 350-pound cow ?

Mr. Van Pelt : No. Some provision would necessarily be made
for raising those calves; but these calves would need to be raised
on some other farm, unless the 80-acre farm was farmed more in-
tensely than I have figured. So that if you wish to raise those
calves, it would be possible to go and raise them on the roughage,
and the profits could remain the same, because when you raise these
calves, and she reaches the salable age, she is worth all she has
cost. In other words, if you sell her at weaning time for $5, that
is all the value she is to you at that time. But if you put more
money into her and grow her into a mature cow, and she is worth
more money; you have got a profit there.

A Member -. I think in making an estimate on an 80-acre farm,
you should raise those calves yourself and take out enough when
those are old, and sell them as canners.

Mr. Van Pelt: That simply would be another way of getting
at the figures.

Question : How about the milking machines ?

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART III. 87

Mr. Van Pelt : The milking machine is still in the experimental
stage. The best man on that subject is probably ]\Ir. Scribner, of
Wisconsin. His opinion is where heifers are broke with the first
calf, they do reasonably well, but in cows who have formed the habit
of being milked by hand, they do not respond readily to the milk-
ing machine.

Question : In your figures, what is the percentage of butter fat ?

Mr. Van Pelt : I took five per cent.

Ql^estion : Can 3^ou find a creamery that will give you a five per
cent test?

Mr. Van Pelt : I can find plenty of cows that give five per
cent milk.

The President: Our next subject is entitled, "Sugar Beet In-
dustry in Iowa," by Earl C. Moore, Secretary Iowa Sugar Factory,
"Waverly, Iowa.

SUGAR BEET INDUSTRY IN IOWA.

E. C. IIOORE, WAVERLY, IOWA.

I infer that the invitation extended to the Iowa Sugar Co. that their
representative meet with the State Agricultural Society at Des Moines
was given rather with a view of learning something of the manufacture
of sugar than the question of beet culture with which I assume every
one of you is more or less familiar.

The important feature in the success of beet sugar manufacture
is the question of profit to the farmer, and the manufacturer who does
not inform himself as to the conditions of agriculture in the immediate
locality of his factory and who does not co-operate with the farmer in
every step is not likely to make a success of his factory.

You will understand that the success of the beet sugar industry is
so interwoven with the farmers profits that the factory can not exist
unless it develops that the growing of beets is profitable to the farmer.

It is impossible in the short time alotted to give you more than the
outlines of the possibilities of beet culture in Iowa and we must to a
certain extent depend on. the experience of other states as the factory
established at "Waverly has not yet been demonstrated as an entire
success. That is, one year's experience is not sufficient for a grower to
know whether or not he wants to continue the culture. From the side
of the investor we have demonstrated our faith in the ultimate outcome
by providing the cash for the construction of the factory.

We believe that you have the fertility of soil, the average favorable
amount of precipitation, and most necessary the sunshine and cool nights
during the maturing season. It must not be forgotten, however, that
a crop brings to the farmer $60 to $125 per acre necessarily demands

88 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

more attention than one that brings $8 to $15, and the most serious
obstacle to the development of the industry is, no doubt, the extreme
scarcity of the farm laborer.

The experience of sugar factories in other states has demonstrated
beyond contradiction that the establishment of the sugar industry attracts
farm labor which is generally available for other crops than sugar
beets. In general these are employes of the packing house, the heads
of which families are employed during the winter in the cities
and gravitate to the fields in search of employment for themselves and
families during the summer.

You will understand that in the growing of beets there is certain
hand labor required. First the beets are drilled in rows from 20 to
24 inches apart at the option of the grower. The drill used plants
four rows at a time using from 15 to 20 pounds of seed per acre. Upon
their development to the fourth leaf they are blocked and thinned so
that one plant stands by itself about 8 or 10 inches apart in each row.
In the meantime a one horse cultivator cultivating two rows at a time
is used to keep down the weeds between the rows. The cultivator is
used until the leaves lap in the rows. After the blocking and thinning
is done the field is hoed and later in the season is gone over a second
time with the hoe, killing the weeds that are left. After the beets are
matured a beet lifter lifts them from the ground and the hand labor
contractor tops the beets, throws them in piles and covers them with
the tops and they are ready to deliver to the factory. When properly
covered, ordinary frosts do not hurt the beets and thousands of tons
of frozen beets are made into sugar every year.

You will understand that between these operations the labor con-
tractor has considerable time when, as practice shows, he is engaged
by the farmer to assist in other work. Often these families locate in the
immediate vicinity of the factory. Of some 60 families brought to the
Waverly factory this year about 20 per cent have become permanent
residents, and the tendency is, as I have intimated, the gradual drift-
ing to the beet section of the necessary farm labor. I might say that
this hand labor we contract for $20 per acre to those knowing a sufficient
number of acres to warrant the employment of a family. I naturally
drift toward the cultivation of the beet, but I suppose you want to
hear something about the sugar itself.

"Sugar is one of the most recently acquired, the most rapidly increas-
ing and one of the most important articles of diet. From its earliest
mention until the time of Queen Elizabeth sugar was used only in the
arts and sciences and was sold at about $1 per pound. The four
decades following the issuance of a decree by the first Napoleon ap-
propriating one million francs for experimental work in connection with
the development of the sugar beet were only important in increasing
the quality, for in the year 1840 95 per cent of the world's sugar was
made from cane." About one million tons were used in 1840. Since
1840 the increase in consumption has amounted to 150 per cent per
decade and now amounts to 12,000,000 tons, 60 per cent of which comes
from beets, and the people of the world annually expend $1,250,000,000
for sugar.

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART III. 89

Europe has 1,500 sugar factories, scattered over all but two European
nations.

In 1864 the United States consumed 18 pounds per capita, while last
year our consumption was 76 pounds, as compared to 90 pounds in Great
Britain and 7 pounds in Italy.

In 1888 the production of beet sugar in the United States reached 1,000
tons for the first time in our history. When the present tariff bill was
enacted ten years ago we had six beet sugar factories in the United
States which produced 40,000 tons of beet sugar. Last year we had
63 factories in operation and produced 483,612 tons of sugar sur-
passing for the first time the cane sugar output.

Last year the American farmer received nearly $25,000,000 as his share
of the beet crop and as much more went to laborers and other em-
ployees of the factories, the coal mines, the railroads, the lime kilns and
numerous other classes of American industries. Our Agricultural De-
partment now classes it as the seventh most important agricultural
product. .

The retail price of sugar in New York averages cheaper than the re-
tail prices In Berlin, Paris, Vienna or St. Petersburg, the commercial
centers of the world's greatest beet sugar producing countries.

If by fostering this great industry, an unjust burden has been laid
upon any citizen of any state in the union, the figures do not show it.
The state of Iowa will consume the product of sixteen factories such as
we have at Waverly, so you will understand the market is at our door.

Factories in successful operation will produce about 200 lbs. of sugar
to each ton of beets, and the state of Iowa with its 2,225,000 people, re-
quires 85,000 tons of sugar annually, 850,000 tons of beets or the product
of 85,000 acres, figuring 10 tons as an average, although the average
should be considerable more than that. The state of Michigan in 1906
exceeded 12 tons average. Over 110,000 acres were grown by 27,000
farmers.

Speaking of Michigan, the industry in that state was started in 1897,
when one factory was built at Bay City with a slicing capacity of 500
tons daily, exactly the same capacity as the one we have built at
Waverly.

At this present time there are sixteen factories in active and successful
operation, and do the farmers of Iowa admit that the land in Michigan
is more fertile, that its sunshine is more bright, or that its farmers are
more intelligent than those of Iowa, or are the farmers of Iowa content
with smaller profits, or do they believe they can pay the Interest on
present values of land by growing oats and corn? My faith Is that
eventually, in order for the fertile acres of Iowa to produce for their
owners their full fruition, they must resort to more intense cultivation
and a more careful tillage and more particularly a rotation of crops.

To return to the manufacture of sugar. I have already shown you that
the need exists and that the opportunity is here. The factory is the
medium whereby the consumer is placed in more direct communication
with the producer. In one door it takes the beets from the farmer, pay-
ing him $5.00 per ton, it works up the ton of beets through the factory
and produces sugar which it sells to the grocer, receiving approximately
$9.00. Between these two figures they must pay for the coal, for the

90 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

cooperage or package in which the sugar is placed, the lime rock and the
coke, they must satisfy the labor that manipulates the beets, they must
pay for the wear and tear on their machinery, with all its incidentals,
and they must at the same time maintain an intelligent field force who
are intended to assist the farmer in the proper cultivation of his beets.
It will not be necessary to continue to instruct the farmer, as two or three
years' cultivation will put them in possession of all we know about the
cultivation.

In addition to the hand labor which I have already specified, the proper
cultivation of beets demands, first, the preparation of the ground and
the seeding, sufficient cultivation through the growing season so that the
subjection of the weeds is assured, the lifting of the roots after they
are matured with a beet lifter, and the hauling of the beets to the sheds
or cars. It is estimated that $30 per acre, which includes the contract
hand labor, should cover the entire cost of cultivation and hauling, figur-
ing the latter at an extreme of 50 cents per ton. So that a crop of six
tons will cover all the necessary expenses of raising an acre of beets.
The seed is furnished by the factory at cost, 10 cents per lb. The
average receipts for the farmer in Michigan is $48 per acre, while in
Colorado it is $75 per acre.

After the beets are placed in the sheds they are floated in flumes to
the factory, where they are sliced into long, thin cossetts, when they
are placed in the diffusion battery and the sugar extracted from the slices.
The resulting juice is treated with milk of lime and carbonic acid gas to
eliminate the solid impurities, after which the production of sugar simply
means the elimination of the water by evaporation. There are, of course,
many steps in the process necessary to purify the juice, eliminating all
salts and pectic substances.

It is popularly supposed that cane sugar is in some way superior to
beet sugar, but I venture to say there is no one whj by any process
either chemical or otherwise, can demonstrate any difference. Sugar is
a chemical product of a definite crystallization and there is no difference
whatever in the cane and beet sugars, and they are sold in the market
side by side.

After the juice is extracted from the cossetts the residuum becomes
a valuable stock food, rich in protein, and when fed with other feed rations
gives results that can not be obtained with any other feed in the same
space of time. Milch cows will produce more and better milk and stock
can be fattened with one-third less the amount of grain.

The Iowa farmer is faced with a weed condition that is extremely
dangerous. Long continued cultivation of corn which permits the growth
and ripening of weeds in the hills after the crop is laid by has filled the
soil with seeds of all sorts of noxious vegetation. The cultivation of
beets is one of the steps necessary to eliminate this condition, and I
think you will agree with me that any steps in this direction are proper
for the farmer to consider. I understand that some farmers have been
reduced to the point of three years cultivation of fields in order to de-
stroy quack-grass without any return whatever.

The German Agricultural Society has made a study of the cultivation
of beets covering fifty years and in one of their recent reports they make
the statement that if a farmer received no returns whatever for his

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAE BOOK— PART III. 91

beets that the cultivation given the beets benefits the land to an extent
that the increase in succeeding crops will more than offset the cultivation.
They state that the use of the sugar beet as a rotating crop increases
the acreage production of wheat 24 per cent, barley 25 per cent, rye 15
per cent, peas 86 per cent and potatoes 102 per cent, oats 30 per cent.

Beets require a moderately fertile soil. They can not be grown on
light sandy ridges, nor in peat, nor in sour bottom land. The plant is
very hardy and is not materially affected by hailstorms, drouth, nor heavy
rains if the drainage is such that the land is not soured.

The price is fixed and is not affected by too productive a year and it
is the only crop grown by the farmer which has an assured market price
before the seed goes in the ground. It is not necessary to construct
cribs or barns to store the crop. In the event of a heavy surplus it may
be necsesary to pit, in which case the factories allow the farmer for his
extra work.

Freight rates have been made by the railroads so that shipments
can be profitably made to factories within a radius of 150 miles, the
factories generally assuming all freight in excess of 50 cents per ton.

The cost of construction of factories approximates $100,000 for each 100
tons slicing capacity, with a minimum of $500,000.

I have tried to give you a general idea of the method of cultivation, as
well as the maiufacture of sugar, and I will be glad to explain any one
of the items further or to answer any questions pertaining to the business.

The President : The paper is open for discussion or any ques-
tions that any one may wish to ask.

Question: Do I understand you furnish the labor or hands?

Mr. Moore : "We furnish the hands to the fanner where we can
get a family ; the contractor will furnish that labor for $20 per acre.
We had no trouble about getting help. The reason for that is this :
take these men working in the packing houses, take it in the sum-
mer, their children tw^elve to fifteen years of age have as much of
an earning capacity as a woman. We have had several families at
Waverly during the summer, the men of which families during the
past summer earned enough to support them, and they went back
to Omaha with from $350 to $400, as the wages of that family. That
is why we are able to get this help, because, as you see, they have a
chance to earn more money than in any other way. The men and
women generally do the blocking with the hoe, and the children do
the thinning ; they are small and active and can get over the ground
very readily.

Question: Do I understand you induce a farmer to put in as
much as 25 acres?

'Mr. Moore: We do not advise that. There are cases where a
man has exceptionally good ground, and he will put in 25 acres;
in that case, we furnish the help.

92 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Question: Do you agree to send a family and pay the room
rent?

Mr. Moore : As a general thing, the home they live in is gener-
ally furnished by the grower. It is through the warm season, and
you don 't have to fight the cold. We have had no trouble in finding
houses to put these people into.

Question : Do they ever live in tents ?

]\Ir. Moore : Sometimes they do.

Question : What kind of families do you get ?

Mr. Moore : We had some good German families we got. For
several years we have been taking this help to J\Iichigan. For the
last few years there has been quite an emigration of Russians into
Michigan, and for that reason we have the pick of the families;
we get the best families. As a general thing a farmer will take an
acre or two of beets. We have had any number of farmers tell us
they were able to handle one or two or three acres, and it does not
interfere with their other work. The beet growers get the pulp
without any extra charge. That makes a very fine stock food, the
farmer paying the freight.

Question: Does it come out dry?

]\Ir. Moore : When it comes out there is a moisture in it, but
it can be covered up, and with the weather we have, it will keep
aU through the winter. There is more or less moisture to it ; it does
not become perfectly dry. It might freeze on the outside on the
pile ; the cattle will eat it, even in a frozen state.

Prof. Curtiss: About what acreage have you now?

Mr. Moore : We figured on having 5,000 acres. We failed on
that this year, it having been a wet season. In some places the
weeds got so bad they outgrew the beets. The beet is a very hardy
plant.

Question: You asked the question as to whether the fertile
Iowa soil couldn't produce more than the sandy soil and ridges
of Michigan; isn't an admixture of sand the most favorable?

Mr. Moore : Not particularly. Secretary Wilson claims we
could produce 20 tons of beets. We have had a great faith in
Iowa, and have thought if IMichigan could produce beets, Iowa cer-
tainly could, because we have claimed all the time our soil was
richer and better.

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART III. 93

Question: How have they turned out?

Mr. Moore: We had beets this year that approached close to
$85 per acre. We have had 22 and 23-acre pieces that went better
than $42. Last year the farmers were told to plow deep, the ordi-
nary plowing has been five to six inches, and some of the farmers
lost their crops last year on that account, although we had farmers
last year who raised in 10-acre fields beets that averaged better than
17 tons. We have had two or three acre fields that went 22 to 24
tons.

Question: Wouldn't that indicate that a man w^ho has a little
piece would take the better care of his beets?

Mr. Moore: You take it, where a small piece is taken in con-
nection with the other farm work, it gets better care. Where a
man has a big piece and the rain comes on to him, the piece gets
a little too big for him, whereas in a smaller piece they are able
to take care of it and get it cleaned up. The trouble this year was
the rains came on in July and where they had large pieces, they be-
came discouraged.

A Member: Can you tell what I have raised on a small patch

of sugar beets. I remember the last crop I raised I had i/4 acre. I
took a small sled and marked it out; it was never thinned. I
cultivated it with a corn plow three times, and pulled out of it
three 26-inch boxes.

Mr. Moore : You pl^-nted them as wide as corn, but they wasn't
thinned at all?

]\Ir. Reeves: That would be about five tons. I have grown
sugar beets for the last ten years. I started in ten years ago with
the idea of getting a factory at Waverly, and that it was a practical
thing for the farmer. On the start it is somewhat difficult ; but
when you get along, probably five acres will be what the average
farmer will get along with. You can hire the children from the
town, as they are loose from school about the time they are needed,
and it is a good thing to set them to work ; the little chaps will earn
a dollar a day. All the good to the community cannot be figured
by the profit the farmer gets from the beets, because more than that
amount has gone into the pockets of the laborers. The children
wouldn't be doing anything except running the streets or up and
down the river and fields, committing depredations. If you have
an industry like this in your community, they are learning some-
thing useful ; it makes them more manly and womanly. You have

94 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

noticed this sample of sugar here — I don 't know whether any of my
beets went into that or not — I have heard it said that beet sugar
was inferior to cane sugar. One of the things that have been
charged against it is that it wouldn't make jell; you couldn't make
jell by using beet sugar. Here is a sample made from apples last
Friday; my folks undertook, to make a little of it to illustrate
whether it will make jell. Now, you know, it takes some time to
harden jell. I would like to have you make an examination of
these samples of beet sugar. From an examination of this jell
you will find that it can be made from beet sugar; in fact it is
equal in every respect to the cane sugar.

I spoke a moment ago about deep plowing. The people from
Michigan told us that the ground should be plowed deep, because
they had a clay subsoil, and the reason we fell down the first year
on a number of pieces was on account of taking that advice. Our
soil here is loose enough so we don't need to go as deep as they do.

Adjumment taken until 2 o'clock p.m.

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

Joint Session of the Annual State Farmers'
Institute and Corn Belt Meat Pro-
ducers Association

HELD AT

Savery Convention Room at the Savery Hotel, Des Moines,

Iowa, on December 10, 1907, beginning at

2 o'clock, P. M.

The meeting was called to order by President Sykes of the Corn
Belt Meat Producers' Association.

The President : The time has arrived for us to begin our pro-
gram. I suppose you all understand that this is a joint session of
the State Department of Agriculture and the Corn Belt Meat Pro-
ducers' Association this afternoon.

The first subject is entitled, "Sheep Husbandry on High Priced
Farm Lands," by Geo. H. McKerrow, President of the Wisconsin
State Board of Agriculture. I desire to state that Mr. McKerrow
was unable to get here, but wrote us, that he would furnish a sub-
stitute better than himself, in the form of his son, Wm. A. McKer-
row, who has charge of the sheep upon their farm.

SHEEP HUSBANDRY ON HIGH PRICED FARM LANDS.

WM. A. MC KERROW, PEWAUKEE, WISCONSIN.

Mr. President and Gentlemen of the Iowa State Farmers' Insti-
tute and Corn Belt Meat Producers' Association: It is quite a
privilege for me to come here and talk to such a noble body of men,
gathered together from all over the State of Iowa. We know that
Iowa is noted for the greatness of her beef and pork producing
industry, but the sheep end of it seems to be, possibly, slighted. We

(95)

96 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

know, however, that the sheep part is increasing and that Iowa will
be a great sheep country. In fact, Southern Iowa, I believe, is now
increasing her flocks and the value of her flocks on high priced land
— we must increase the value of flocks rather than increase the
numbers.

The sheep husbandry of the United States has made the greatest
advance of any of the live stock industries the past ten years. And
why shouldn't it? That we are destined to become the greatest
sheep raising and mutton consuming country in the world, is
as safe a prediction, as that we are rapidly and surely becoming
one of the richest and most powerful nations on the globe. We
have territory enough to sustain half the sheep in the world without
unbalancing our system of mixed husbandry. Within our great
commonwealth we have varied conditions of climate and forage
growth for any and every known breed of sheep.

If England can furnish environment enough to sustain twenty-
five or thirty distinct breeds, our great country should produce
every known breed in the world.

We know we have the resources, but what of the results. We
must give diligent thought to selection, care and mating of our
flocks, in order to produce the most mutton with the least cost.

Let us compare the cost of production of mutton with beef — and
this I have from a talk given by Prof. Curtiss four or five years
ago, from an experiment carried on at your station, and I think the
best comparison we have from any college, and the Ames College
is one of the leading colleges in the Union. From this experiment,
carried on at Ames, we have the following :

One hundred and nine sheep were fed ninety days, and given
34,501 pounds of feed, grain and hay. They fed 34,501 pounds of
feed and produced 4678 pounds of mutton, giving us the ratio of
1 : : 1 31-100. For every pound of mutton produced, 1.31 pounds
of feed was consumed, at a cost of 2.93 cents per pound of feed,
at market value, which was a little more than farmers would realize,
This experiment included representatives from each breed of sheep.

The best work they could obtain the same winter with cattle,
was with a bunch of grade Hereford steers coming two years old,
fed on similar food rations. In that experiment it required 8.9
pounds of this feed to produce one pound of beef, covering a period
of one year's feeding.

It is estimated the average amount of feed to produce one
pound of beef at the different experiment stations and similar
places where experiments have been conducted in the United States

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART III. 97

is 10.25 pounds of feed. At the difference in price of mutton and
beef, we would figure a greater profit in mutton production than
beef.

Now, what is essential in mutton production ? Let us consider
the feeding of the flock. To have a flock do well and produce
the best class of mutton, a variety of food is necessary, technically
speaking, a balanced ration. All meat producers know that, in
order to get the best results they must have a balanced ration. For
a balanced ration for sheep in the winter season — the season of
dry foods — we should have some succulence. Such foods as roots,
ensilage, or something that will take their place is necessary.

Economical feeding is very important. There is no class of
grain or fodder cheaper than corn or corn fodder. They can be
used very well in making up a balanced ration, although we must
balance up with protein and succulent feeds.

We can make mutton very cheap in the fall of the year by grow-
ing root crops and rape, and it is of especial importance in dry
weather.

In growing your animals, there is one thing we should bear in
mind, and that is, to feed bone and muscle forming foods. In the
early life of the animal it should be so fed that bone and muscle
development is certain, or you will never get a perfectly well
developed animal. We should watch the lambs to see that they
are kept growing.

In order to get the best results from your lamb crop, it is
necessary to commence a long time before they are born, that is,
you want the mother fat when they are born, and a good strong
flow of milk, which should be kept up through the season. Ewes
are great milkers, far exceeding the milking capacity of the cow,
and much richer. Remember, and feed for milk production, bj^
using rich protein feeds, such as clover, linseed cake, alfa^lfa
and bran — corn will not answer at this period.

About the time a lamb is a week old it is looking around for
something to eat. Then give it a chance ; make a lamb creep, con-
sisting of a slatted gate, making a small enclosure, in a corner
of your bam or yard for the lambs to go into at will. Feed them
a little oats and bran ; clean your trough out at least once a day,
and put in fresh feed ; construct a small hay rack in the creep and
feed the brightest and best hay you have.

One of the greatest enemies the sheepmen has in raising mut-
ton, is the internal parasites — stomach, tape and other worms.
7

98 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

This trouble can be prevented rather than cured. We use the
hurdles, a system carried on almost exclusively in Great Britain,
with excellent results. By using this method you have your lambs
on fresh feed every day. They do not follow the ewes and become
infested. If you do not use hurdles, keep your lambs on fresh
pasture — clover if possible — and be prepared for the dry season.
This season is when the rape crop is very important. Rape comes
up in great wealth, and will make mutton for nothing. You can
sow it in your corn fields at the last cultivation ; this will be ready
by the first of September or whenever your corn is harvested. Per-
haps the best method for an Iowa farmer to follow would be to
plow up a piece of sod after haying and sow rape. Don't miss
sowing rape ; it is your cheapest and best fall feed.

Wean your lambs and keep them doing well; put them on your
best clover pasture. Don 't have them follow older sheep that might
be infected with disease.

One thing I wish to speak of and that is the breeding of the
flock. Good breeders all recognize the value of a sire in building
up a herd or flock. Our western breeders are willing to buy a
carload of good rams (pure bred) with breeding that will tell
on their flocks, rather than use a scrub sire at one-fourth the
cost. People speak of the sire as half the flock. This is true
when both sire and dam are equally well bred; pure bred and
strongly bred, so they will have an equal influence on the offspring.
But when one side is scrub or grade, the saying is not true, and
from this source the average farmer must start his herd, or flock.
If the female side of the flock is scrub, then the pure bred sire
becomes all the flock, so far as blood lines of improvement are
concerned. This is considering the first cross.

In the second cross, he becomes a little less than all, and
as the grade of the flock rises, the sire becomes less and less,
until when graded up to the practical standard of pure bred, then
your sire gets to be half of the flock. Therefore, the selection of
the sire is of the greatest importance to the flock. Select accord-
ing to your demand, but, by all means select one with great
constitutional vigor and as near correct mutton conformation as
possible, and then get breed type. I should say first of all, select
for mutton conformation and breeding.

The care of the sire at the breeding season is important. See
that he is not going back in condition while in service.

In conclusion I might say a little more as to feed. We in
Wisconsin and the people in the middle West are troubled with the

EIGHTH ANiNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART III. 99

intestinal parasites. Everybody is trying to find a remedy. We,
as I spoke about, use hurdles with our flock and give the lambs
fresh pastures every day. "We let the ewes follow the following day
where the lambs ran the first day. Then we wean as early as
possible. Our lambs are dropped in February mostly, some in
March; we wean along about the middle of July; then we turn
the lambs on either rape or fresh clover pasture. If farmers would
do that, I do not think they would have any trouble with parasites.
The trouble is that they will insist in pasturing their old blue
grass, old sod pastures. Now, if there are any questions, I will
be pleased to try to answer them.

The President: You will understand this subject is now open
for discussion or questions any one may desire to ask.

Question : I would like to ask if there is any danger of lambs
in clover, bloating or scouring?

Mr. McKerrow: Of course, we pasture our lambs on clover; we
run the hurdles on clover too. If your clover is real young and
short, there isn't much danger of scouring your lambs. I will
say, as soon as we wean our lambs we drench them with what is
called Santovin, prepared by Stephen Pettifus & Sons, Mahusbury,
England. We havn't lost any at all, from any trouble whatever.
I think it acts as a good preventive from disease.

Question : Have you had anj^ experience with tobacco and
salt?

Mr. McKerrow : No, we havn't used it. We have used nearly
every other preparation, I guess.

Question : What would you suggest as a preventive from
these worm?

Mr. McKerrow: As I have just mentioned, we have tried sev-
eral remedies. The most successful, I should say, was drenching
with Santovin.

The President: There being nothing further, we will proceed
with the next subject entitled, "Buying, Feeding and Selling the
Steer for Profit," by Prof. John G. Emboden, of Decatur, 111.
We are glad to be able to state we have Prof. Emboden with us
this afternoon. I believe most of our farmers have read of some
of his work in the different Agricultural papers over the country,
and I take pleasure in introducing Prof. Emboden to you at this
time.

100 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

BUYING, FEEDING AND SELLING THE STEER FOR

PROFIT.

JOHN G. EMBODEN, DECATUR, ILL.

Mr. President, and Merabers of the Corn Belt Meat Producers'
Association^ and Iowa Farmers' Institute:

It affords me pleasure to meet a body of men who have at heart
the agricultural and live stock interests of this great state; inter-
ests that cannot profitably be separated.

I don't know but this is the first time I have ever been intro-
duced to an audience as a professor. I am not a professor; I am
just an every-day farmer and cattle feeder. I went to the southern
part of Illinois a few years ago to address an audience on cattle
feeding. I was there introduced to a gentleman, who said: "I am
very glad to meet you; I have heard something of you; you are a
damn common looking fellow; I rather like the looks of you; you
look like you had some sense." I asked him what he expected to
see. He said he didn 't know but some dude fellow was coming down
there to talk to us old fellows about cattle feeding. I said to
him: "My brother, the dudes are about all out of the cattle feed-
ing business, and if the present condition remains longer, there
are some of us not dudes, who will be out of it."

Your secretary, wrote and asked me to make this subject as
broad as I could. So I wrote and told him we would consider,
* * Buying, Feeding and Selling the Steer at a Profit. ' '

I think you will all see that this subject is broad enough
to satisfy any one who has any desire to get in or stay in. If I
were to tell you that in the past 25 years I have handled and fed
cattle, I never bought a load of cattle too high; never fed cattle
but what made a satisfactory gain ; never sold a load of cattle on
the market at a low figure, you would think

A Voice: That you was a liar.

Mr. Emboden: Every old feeder here would think that I was
either a big liar, or never fed cattle.

What is the truth about it? I have bought cattle too high. I
have fed them when they didn't make a satisfactory gain, and I

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART III. 101

have sold them on a very mean margin. Now, that is the experience
of every feeder who has been long in the business, and will be the
experience of every feeder who remains in it.

There is an element of chance in the business we cannot escape,
and the man that is not willing to take some risk, will never make
a cattle feeder. Buying, feeding and selling a steer for profit —
not that profit we think we get when we top the market with a load
of cattle — not the profit we get by a profitable experience — but
that profit in dollars and cents we want and need. The question
of profit in dollars and cents need not much concern the man who
owns his farm, is out of debt and has money with which to buy his
cattle. But with the average feeder who must borrow money to buy
his cattle and pay interest, as most of us feeders must in our
feeding operations, and struggling to pay for a farm and get out
of debt, the question of profit is one that greatly concerns him,
and should greatly concern him.

The older feeders, the men who have made money in the cattle
feeding business, are today practically out of business, and the feed-
ing operations now on the farm, are conducted by their sons or
tenants on the farm. But when the landlord advises his sons or
tenants to feed cattle for profit, he must remember that conditions
have greatly changed since the time he made money out of the
business, and the system that was practically profitable a great
many years ago won't do today. So that we must adjust ourselves
to the conditions as we find them today.

In every community there are men recognized as good cattle men.
There are others recognized as good hog men, and others that do
better with horses. Now I wouldn't advise you, if you do not
like cattle, to go into the cattle feeding business. I wouldn 't advise
you, if you want to get rich easy and quick, to go into the cattle
feeding business. But if you like the business, and will continue
at it one season after another, and handle such number of cattle
as you can handle to advantage, I think the business can be made
fairly profitable — and that is about all we are entitled to — a
fair profit on our business enterprise; that is about all the mer-
chants and business men today are doing; they are simply get-
ting a fair profit on their business. That is what we feeders
must be satisfied with, if we remain in the business.

Now, as to the question of buying these cattle, I am often asked
what kind of cattle I like to feed or handle. I tell them I like
the color of a good steer; I like to feed good ones, but I would
rather feed a mean one and make two dollars, than to feed a

102 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

good one and make one dollar. When I am buying cattle to put in
the feed lot, while I am looking for the good one, I will buy
most anj^hing I come to, provided the seller will accept my price
for it. You must remember, when you are after something every-
bod.Y likes — if a man has a bunch of cattle that justs suits you,
you must remember that the seller has a great deal to do in naming
the price, and he can generally find a buyer at his price if he has
got the article which is in demand. If, on the other hand the
seller has some cattle nobody wants ; they are not what you want ;
they are not what your neighbor wants, the buyer has a great deal
to do in naming the price, and he can often name that price at a
figure that will realize him a profit in the feeding of these cattle.
Now, do not understand me as advocating the breeding of common
and mean cattle; it cannot profitably be done.

There are three interests that have a right to share a profit
in this cattle business, in the feeding of cattle. The breeder, and
that is the man who keeps the cow, and if she doesn't earn any-
thing but the calf, the breeder of this calf and the grower of
this calf; and the man that finishes the steer, puts the finishing
period on him. We all agree that each interest should share in
this profit, if there is one. But conditions have been such, if
the breeder and grower realizes what he considers a fair profit
for him, the price is so high to the feeder that it is very hard for
him to figure a profit in maturing this steer. If on the other
hand, the feeder buys the steer he can realize on, the breeder and
producer and grower of this steer has produced it at a loss. So it
is very often the case that the feeder can buy a steer of the breed-
er and grower at a price he has sustained a loss and yet may re-
alize him a profit; but if each one shares in this profit, the
profit will be very small to each one of us.

Of course, as to the question of feeding cattle to an advan-
tage, we must remember, the cost of beef production increases
Avith the age of the animal and the period it has been on feed.
The longer the steer has remained in the feed lot, the next hundred
pounds cost more than the hundred pounds put on previously, and
so on. We should remember this, that if we are buying calves
and yearlings to grow on the farm, we should get just as much
quality and breeding as possible ; we cannot get too much. If we
must buy common and mean cattle, let the other fellow grow them
and turn them on short feed. We must remember and we all know
there are a great many good cattle feeders in nearly every commu-
nity that have never fed a prime bullock in their life. There are

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART III. 103

other men who have always bought prime cattle and have finished
them; and I want to state here, that it is not always the cattle
that top the market that make the feeder the most money. I can
handle a calf and feed a calf eight or ten or twelve months, but I
don't want to feed a grown steer more than from three to five
months, if I want to realize a greater profit.

The question of feeding after we have obtained this steer is
one that we should carefully consider. Now, I am not going to
talk to you about protein, carbo-hydrates and balanced rations;
I don't know much about those things myself, and I leave that for
those that do. But I am going to talk to you about corn and the
various forms in which we put that corn to feed it.

Of course, in the great corn belt of Iowa and Illinois, the
feeder is extravagant in the use of corn and always will be. I
want you to remember that I am speaking from the standpoint of a
feeder, and not from a breeder's standpoint, and when I am talk-
ing about plain and common cattle, I am often accused of advocating
the handling and growing of these cattle. But I am not; you will
undestand I am not. But these cattle are with us and they are
going to stay with us ; they will be with us a good while yet. They
must be converted into beef, if they are put on the market; they
are put on the market, and that is the end of all of them.

Now, considering feed cattle, I think shocked com is one of
the best foods that can be given a steer. I think it is the best
single feed for it, throughout the feeding period, from start to
finish. As a rule, I do not believe it pays to grind corn for the
cattle. I would say to feeders who have plenty of hogs follow-
ing the cattle, as most feeders have, I would put the least expense
possible on a bushel of corn delivered to the steer. Yet I grind
about 75 per cent of all the corn I feed, and for this reason
(I have a farm of 100 acres) I buy all my cattle and practically
all my corn. This 100 acres of land is mostly in grass; I grow a
little corn and feed out of the shock; and the system that is
practicable to me and profitable to me, it might not be profitable
and practicable to somebody else. Roughness is very high and has
been for a number of years, in Central Illinois, and is probably
here. I find that I can convert my ear corn into ground corn, cob
and all. I think that 100 pounds of ground corn with the cob for
the first 60 or 90 days, is worth as much as 100 pounds of clear,
shelled corn for feeding cattle ; for that reason I am using ground
corn principally. With ground com and cob cattle need very little
if any other roughness ; they will do well without any other rough-

104 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

ness whatever. I have handled a great many cattle on ground
corn alone without other roughness.

The economy in the use of self-feeder is quite an advantage,
and it is being used with advantage by a great many feeders;
feeders are using it generally with very satisfactory results. I
have used it for a number of years. I would prefer, if I had a
good man feeding, perfectly regular, twice a day, what the cattle
would clean up; but it is pretty hard to do that, so that for a
number of years I have used a self-feeder with more satisfactory
results. I use in connection with ground corn, either cotton seed
meal or oil cake; I think it a very profitable feed. It shortens
the feeding period and gives a better finish on our cattle, which
has come to be an important thing in our beef production.

At the Chicago International, last week, I had a load of cattle
in the short feed class, bred in New Mexico; they were in Colo-
rado, and had been there a little over a year. They weighed 752
pounds when I put them on feed; I fed them 107 days; they
made an average gain of 334 pounds on 107 days' feed. They ate
31 bushels of corn, 259 pounds of oil cake and 535 pounds of hay,
the cost of that gain was $21.92 or $6.60 a hundred. We
should remember that it is rarely the case that we can sell
the gain we have produced on our cattle during the
period of winter feeding, at Avhat it has cost us to produce that
gain; it is very seldom we can do it on two-year old cattle; not
often that we can sell the gain for what it cost to produce it.
To illustrate : We buy a thousand-pound steer at $4 a hundred, or
$40. We feed 50 bushels at 40 cents— $20. The steer, if he
has done well, will gain 300 pounds. We sell that steer after
he has been fed, at $5 a hundred. It is very evident we sold
that 300 pounds of gain for $15.00. Our only profit, if we have
one is on the advance of the original weight. We have in this
instance, one dollar a hundred in advance, which is $10.00; deduct
the $5 loss, which leaves a net profit of $5 on the steer, which, I
think, is a fair average profit.

As I said before, it is not often we can sell the gain for what
it cost to make it. I don't think the average Illinois or Iowa
feeder during the winter period of feeding, gets to exceed a
5-pound gain from a bushel of com ; I don 't think he gets to
exceed 5 pounds.

The question of margining our cattle is one that concerns
the feeder a great deal, and I think when a man's cattle are ready
to go on feed, he should consider the age and quality and the

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART III. 105

weight of his cattle, and the available feed, and his bank account.
I think he should decide then when these cattle should be mar-
keted and feed them accordingly, and market them when the time
has expired. I invariably, when I put my cattle on feed, name
the date, within a week. I will say, I move these cattle in May,
or the middle of June, or first of July, and they go then. I
don't wait until the cattle are ready to go, and then, as too
many feeders do, write their commission firm and tell them they
have some cattle now ready to market, and ask them when to
be there with them, and read the daily quotations every day. and
when you strike a high time, you go there — and you will find a
great many fellows who have reasoned the same way you have, and
they are there too. You must remember, good markets are shared
by few, and the mean markets by many. It is a very expensive
operation, to hold a bunch of fat cattle, waiting for a market;
30 to 60 days soon slip around, and we are producing beef pretty
high, and the chances are we get on a market no better than it
was 30 to 60 days earlier. I think if you would select a dozen
feeders in this audience today, and let them feed cattle the next
five years, and let half of them name their shipping day ahead,
whether 3, 6 or 10 months, or a year, with every bunch of cattle
they feed, and move those cattle on that day, they will strike
as good average markets as will the other six men who have
finished their cattle and then try to hit the high tide. I believe
the ones who name the date and stick to it, will strike as good
an average market as the man who watches the market in order to
get the best of it.

In regard to dehorning cattle, I think the results obtained
following the taking off of the horns, justifies taking them off.
That it costs feeders more to dehorn two-year old steers than at
the earlier date, most of us are ready to admit. I don't think
we can dehorn good strong two-year old cattle for less than $1.50
to $2.00 a head. Sometimes we dehorn cattle and it does not seem
to affect them very much, and again we dehorn them under just
as favorable conditions and it nearly kills them, and we sometimes
lose a steer. I think the results obtained, however, justifies taking
off the horns.

Now, if this subject is going to be of profit to us here, I
think it will be from the exchange of ideas and views on this
question. I have hurriedly gone over it, and possibly haven't
touched some phases of it you might like some information about.

106 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE.

If I am able to answer any questions, I will be glad to do it. I
thank you for your attention.

Question: Why is it you grind your corn and advise the other
fellow not to?

Mr. Emboden: For this very reason: Most farmers have more
range than I have; they have more roughness and plenty of hogs
to follow their cattle. I depend more on the steer alone, and make
my gain, and as I said before, I think I am justified in putting
the expense on a bushel of corn which another feeder situated
differently would not be justified. I have but a small farm and
feed about 200 cattle during the year. I find I can grind corn
with a profit. With the average feeder, I say, I don't think it
paiys to grind the corn.

In regard to the factor of pork production in connection with
beef production. I haven't said anything about that yet. Yet the
gain we make in pork of the corn actually consumed by the steer,
is greatly overestimated. You hear a feeder say he has fed two
or three loads of cattle, that the cattle didn't do very well, hardly
paid out, but I sold a thousand dollars worth of pork, hogs, and
got $200 worth left. Now, he doesn't say so, but leaves the im-
pression, or wants to, that this thousand dollars worth of pork
has been made from the corn consumed by the cattle, and would
have been an actual loss if he hadn't had the hogs. What are
the facts in the matter? These hogs were worth $600.00 when
they went into the feed lot, and their feed, even extra, is all
charged to the steers, and of course the steers haven't made a
satisfactory profit. If you are going to charge all the corn your
steers and hogs eat, let us be fair, and give the steer credit for
all the beef and pork that is made from this corn. I don't think
the gain that the hogs actually make from the corn consumed
by the cattle exceeds a pound and a half to two pounds to the
bushel, with the average feeder, during the feeding period. Another
thing you want to remember, when you are putting corn into that
steer in that form, there isn't so very much left for the hog
to feed on. I have soaked corn with very satisfactory results,
and I think it increases the feeding value about 20 per cent. There
isn't quite so much left for the hogs following as there is if the
corn is fed whole and dry. Two years ago I had 60 head of
yearlings on the pasture. That year I fed them by hand. They
were given soaked corn shelled, a little ground corn and some
oats; 60 head, from May until September. There was no corn
wasted and they were fed regularly what they would clean up.

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART III. 107

I was feeding- them for the Show, and of course wanted to make
them good. I don't think, during the entire feeding period, from
May until September, there was two bushels of feed thrown out
of their troughs to the hogs. The gains the hogs made on fatten-
ing these 60 head of cattle during the summer was 1,780 pounds.
A good many feeders would tell, you that they sold five hundred
hogs out of that feed lot. And those hogs had made a growth
during the summer on a good bluegrass pasture alone, besides
the corn they got. So that the gain the hogs made from the corn
actually consumed by the cattle is greatly overestimated. Yet the
hog question is a great factor in profitable beef production, and it
is almost impossible to feed cattle profitably without the hogs fol-
lowing ; yet we ought to feed the cattle so as to gain most from the
corn consumed by them.

Question: What is your method of handling corn fodder?

Mr. Emboden : I cut the corn and put it in the shock and
leave it in the field until it is fed. I feed all my feed under
cover. I feed all my shocked corn in the bam and the sheds. This
year I have about 300 shocks of corn in the field and expect
to shred it, because I don't expect to put any cattle in until
February, and I will probably feed these cattle late, and I want
this fodder for them during the spring. For that reason I thought
I would shred it in the course of the next two weeks and put it in
the barn to feed it shredded. But I would prefer to feed it whole
out of the shock. I don't think it pays to shred corn to feed.
The first I shredded two years ago, the weather came on a little
damp and I continued shredding, and I had 110 hogs in the lot
and about 70 head of cattle. After we got through, I think the
second day, the whole thing was steaming; you could hardly bear
your hand in it. I went, to town and took out insurance on all
the cattle and hogs I had in the barn. I told the agent I had
heard of spontaneous combustion and fire although I had never
seen any of it. I had the building insured and wanted the
contents insured; but it didn't burn.

Question: Which is the most profitable, common cattle on short
feed or good cattle on finished?

Mr. Emboden: That is a hard ciuestion. Now, I handle a few
cattle each year on long feed; they are principally Texas calves
that I give ten months or a year's feed. I fed 50 head last year
and made top cattle of them; sold one load at 8.90 and the other
at 8.50. At the last International I had two good loads, that

108 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

fell down in the auction ring. I sold one load for 6.50 and the
other for 6.30. That was no fault of the cattle.

I like a few calves and yearlings, but I do not like to put
all my interest in one kind of cattle. For that reason, during
the spring I handle the cheaper grade cattle, and turn on shorter
feed. I find that these cattle have made me more money than
the cattle I have given high feed. If I would handle three
bunches of cattle on short feed, not necessarily common cattle,
but aged cattle, and give them short feed while I might not for
a certain year's experience on the whole, I would find that the
three bunches would make me much more money than one bunch
given the long feed. So that I have divided my feeding inter-
ests. "While I feed a bunch of calves ten or twelve months,
I generally put a bunch in in Februarj^ and market about May, and
put a bunch in in the summer and market in the fall. I find
cattle going on feed in the summer and the market in the fall
should be better quality than those in the February marketed May
or June. I find the difference in the selling price of a common
steer and the prime steer, handled under like conditions, is not
as great as it was in the buying price. If you buy those cattle
at $1 a hundred difference, when you begin the feeding period
you wiU find the price at the time you go on the market wiU
run about 40 to 60 cents difference. Of course, a well bred steer
makes a little the best gain, but not always, and the gain made
sells for a little more per hundred, but the advance, as a rule,
between the buying price and the selling price on these shorter
fed cattle, is greater on the common steer than on the prime
steer.

Question: Can you state your freight rate per hundred over
the shrinkage.

Mr. Emboden: My freight rate from home is about 12 cents
per hundred. I buy and handle a good many cattle in the spring
of the year and summer. Most cattle I buy at home are weighed
at the farms and are shrunk three per cent. That is if you
were feeding a bunch of cattle and I buy your cattle, I will buy
them, weighed on your scales, shrunk three per cent, in the
morning, out of the feed lot; generally weighed up before they
get their morning feed. If I am offering to sell to a buyer, I
will price him these cattle shrunk three per cent; he can weigh
them any time. Of course, that is not quite answering the ques-
tion. I find these cattle, average conditions, will shrink about

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART III. 109

5 per cent. That is, if I get a 1200 pound steer, J get 36 pounds.
I find that steer has shrunk about 24 pounds on an average. Oc-
casionallj'' you will find a load of cattle that will weigh out, and
again you will find a load of cattle, you think the conditions are
just as favorable, and you have a condition you cannot account
for. This matter of shrinkage we have no control over, so much
depends on the conditions of the cattle weighed at home and the
conditions at the market.

Question : I notice these cattle you reported on made an aver-
age gain of three pounds a day.

Mr. Emboden: No, sir; they made nearly 3 1-8 pounds. My
cattle generally make an average of 2 I/4 a day if they are fed not
to exceed 5 months; if they are fed longer, they Connol: maintain
that gain. These Texas cattle generally go about 11 months on
feed. They make an average, one year with another of about 700
pounds.

Question : Will you state your method of starting those calves ?

Mr. Emboden : I received some calves yesterday, before I left
home from Chicago ; they were shown at the International. They
were first prize, from the Southern District of Texas, Tick country.
I put out in the rack some clover hay and a little sorghum; I had
cut and put about a bushel of corn in the trough; about a half
bushel of oats and about a half bushel of ground corn, with a
little oil cake — a bushel to 22 calves. Probably by this evening
that feed will be eaten. There may be a few calves that will prob-
ably not touch it at all, and the majority of them will get around
the box and take a little feed, and during the day this bushel of
feed will be gone. Tomorrow they will probably take a bushel and
a half, and in the course of a week — I never had a bunch of
calves from the range it would take over a week for all of them
to go on feed, and putting out a little feed at a time, you will
find the calves take readily to it, while others will be a few days
or a week getting to the feed. They will all soon take to it, and
I will increase the feed then, and these calves will be fed ground
com with a little oats and about a half pound of oil cake until
spring, and then will be put on full feed.

Question: How much do they weigh?

Mr. Emboden: About 400 pounds now.

Question: In your experience what is the most profitable high
priced feed and low priced feeders, or high priced feeders and low
priced feed?

110 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Mr. Emboden: Well, there is a combination. I don't know that
I ever met just that proposition. Of course, when you have got
high priced feeders the common cattle have advanced a little in
proportion; you often have to pay more for your common cattle
than you would otherwise have to pay for them. Of course, the
feeder don't get much pleasure or satisfaction in putting high
priced feed into a common steer, especially during the feeding pe-
riod. Sometimes, when the cattle are sold he has got some satis-
faction out of it, because he has realized a profit. But you couldn 't
lay down a rule and say, high priced feed on common cattle at
all times would be more profitable than low priced feed on high
priced cattle, because the price of feeders might be so high, and
the price of finished cattle low, that you wouldn't realize a profit,
even feeding these cattle a low priced feed. On the other hand,
a common steer bought at a low price and the feed to feed it at a
very high price, the market might be such, that he wouldn't real-
ize you a profit,

I want to say here, if your system of handling your feed, and
market cattle has been satisfactory to you; if you realized fair
profits on your investment and labor involved; if the gains have
been satisfactory, and j^our profit satisfactory, I wouldn't advise
you to change your method for what I may say, or anybody else
may say.

A Voice : It has not always been so ; that is why I am asking.

Mr. Emboden : I don't know of any feeder with whom it has
been so. As I said before, there is an element of chance and this
we cannot escape.

Question: When are you going to sell those calves you just
bought?

Mr. Emboden : I expect to show those calves of the Southern
District, at the Chicago International, next November.

Question : How much do you expect to make them weigh ?

Mr. Emboden: I expect to make them weigh about 1150 at
Chicago, These calves this year will weigh 1125 or 1150.

Question : How do you feed cotton seed meal and oil meal ?

Mr. Emboden: In connection with my corn, with ground corn
or shelled corn, whatever feed I am feeding. If I am feeding
broken ear corn, I put it in a wagon and pour a sack on the
feed.

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART III. Ill

Question: How many pounds to the steer a day?

Mr. Emboden: These short feed cattle, I gave them a pound a
day 16 days in August, 2 pounds in September, 2 pounds in Octo-
ber and 3 pounds in November.

Question: What did you pay for those calves you just bought?

Mr. Emboden : That, is a leading question. Those calves cost
$25.00.

Question : They are better than the ordinary run ?

Mr. Emboden : 0, yes, they were selected calves at the Chicago
International.

Question : You are going to change your method from feeding
common cattle to the nicest ones?

^Ir. Emboden: No, sir; I didn't say I have any method of feed-
ing common cattle. I have always fed a few prime calves. I do
not feed any year the same class of cattle during the year. I am
going to put in gome in Februry, I don't know which yet. I will
put in such as I at the time think I will realize the most profit
on. When I buy I put in anything I find if the seller takes my
price for it. If I am willing to pay 4 for a good steer and he is
offering me a right mean one for 2, I will buy him.

Question : You are not feeding those calves for the June mark-
et?

Mr. Emboden: No, sir.

Question : Could you make a profit with such system of feed-
ing these calves and sell them on the June market, one year with
another ?

Mr. Emboden : Well, conditions the last year have been such
that I could. I want to say this : There are always some surprises
to a feeder; some of the cattle he counted on being the best disap-
point him, and other cattle he hasn't counted much on, and
would like to have thrown them out of the bunch, have passed
some of the other cattle and in the finishing period were in the
top row. That is a common experience. Two years ago I had 51
calves out of the same herd. One morning I weighed them; I
cut out 17 top calves I considered worth the most money and
weighed them; I cut out the next 17 and put a ring in the right
ear, and I had 16 left and put a ring in the left ear, and put them
altogether, and fed them under the same conditions. Tbe con-
sequences w^ere, some of the calves in the third lot had gone to the

112 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

top and two calves out of the top lot had dropped to third place.
So that is a common experience. You cannot tell about the de-
veloping of young animals, hoM^ they develop.

Question: Do you expect to turn those young cattle on the
grass this summer?

Mr. Emboden: The calves, generally, I have put on the grass
during the season. These I have now, I doubt very much whether
I will put them out on grass. There are 30 or 40 yearlings I will
probably put on grass.

I want to say this to feeders putting cattle that are finished
on grass : If you have a finished bunch of cattle and desire to hold
them longer, I wouldn't turn them on grass; I would hold them
in a dry lot. Invariably the cattle that do the best on grass, have
had plenty of roughness during the winter. But I do not believe
in putting really finished cattle on grass. I would let them stay in
the lot.

Question : These cattle you turn on grass, do you expect to
feed oil meal to them?

Me. Emboden: Yesr sir; I had 60 acres of bluegrass last year,
and they were running to a self-feeder, ground corn frequently
too. In regard to feeding oil cake, I find I can feed two or three
pounds to a bunch of cattle for an indefinite period, and if you
will increase this to 6 or 8 pounds, you will have to shorten your
feeding period or they will quit you. A few years ^go I was
feeding a part of them 3 pounds and a part 6 pounds. I got
three large steers from a neighbor getting not quite full feed,
I told my sons we would put them on 10 pounds of oil cake per
day. We did that, and they stood it just thirty days, and dur-
ing that time the steers made an average gain of over 6 pounds a
day. These three large steers weighed 1470 pounds when I started
them, and they made an average gain of over 6 pounds a day
for 30 days, then they quit and didn't practically do anything for
the next five weeks. The cattle getting six pounds stood it for
76 days and made an average gain of S% pounds a day, and they
quit. I weighed those cattle up at the same time I weighed the
larger steers, and I weighed them five weeks later when I shipped
them, and the results w^ere about the same on each bunch, hardly
a pound a day. The other cattle which had been getting three
pounds a day for 5 months had made an average gain of 2 %
pounds a day for the five months feeding period. So that if you
will make up your mind that you want to feed five or six pounds

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART III. 113

of oil per day, provided you will settle on how many days you
will feed it, and market your cattle at that time, I think you will
have satisfactory results; if you are going to feed your cattle
longer, give them less oil cake.

Question: Is it safe to feed these little fellows so much oil
meal?

Mr. Emboden: No, I don't think it is. These calves now; I will
not give them over a half pound of oil cake during the winter and
spring and increase it toward the end.

Question: Let me ask you if you notice any difference in the
flies bothering younger cattle or the older cattle?

Mr. Emboden : I don't know that I have. What aged cattle I
have, are fed in the drj lot. Nearly all my feeding is in the winter
except the yearlings in the summer.

Question: "What particular breed are the range cattle?

Mr. Emboden: Principally Hereford.

Question: Do you feed those calves cotton s-eed meal?

Mr. Emboden: I have fed a little of it. I don't think it is as
good as linseed meal. I think often there is an irritant about the
cotton seed meal, and I have been using linseed meal for a num-
ber of years and I prefer it.

Question : I would like to ask you if you vaccinate your calves ?

]\Ir. Emboden : I never did. I have handled calves more or
less for 20 years, and never had a case of the black-leg, and a
great many range calves are vaccinated and great many are put
on the market not vaccinated. An old feeder years ago told me
to use a little saltpetre in connection with salt, that it was a sure
prevention of black-leg. I don't know whether there is any merit
in this or not. He used 4 ounces of saltpetre to 8 pounds of salt,
and I have been using that for a number of years, and never have
had a case of blackleg. There may be no merit in that; it costs
but a trifle and may be worth trying.

Question: Do you think it essential to feed oil meal to finish
steers ?

]\Ir. Emboden: I use it when I put a bunch of age cattle in the
lot ; I would like to do it as short a time as possible. I find with the
addition of linseed meal or cotton seed meal, I can shorten my
feed. But we must remember, corn might be at a price, or bi-

114 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

products at a certain price, and we wouldn't be justified in feeding
it.

The President : I am sure this discussion is very interesting
and we would all like to listen to it, but on account of our limited
time, it becomes necessary to close it at this time. We have cer-
tainly all enjoyed the address at the hands of our friend, who has
had such a Avide experience in these matters.

The next subject is "Beef Production in the Corn Belt," by
Prof. H. R. Smith, of Lincoln, Nebraska.

BEEF PRODUCTION IN THE CORN BELT.

H. R. SMITH, LINCOLN, NEB.

Mr. President: I want to say, that I feel like congratulating
myself that I am here in an audience of cattle men. I know you
are cattle men ; I can tell a cattle man a long distance by his face.
Judging from the c^uestions fired at the speaker who just pre-
ceded me, I am very sure I am right in this guess. I think I have
enjoyed the address as much as any of you, and feel like adding
my testimony to what has already been said. In speaking of the
address, there is one thing I might add to a statement made in the
matter of ground feed. In our experiments at the Nebraska sta-
tion, conducted during two years, we have not found it profitable
to grind feed for cattle. We have found we can get a slightly
larger gain by use of ground feed, but the ground corn has been
worth to us about 2 cents per bushel more than unground, and
that two cents won't pay for grinding. This is the result of two
experiments; I won't say that it is conclusive.

In an address on beef production in the corn belt, I should pre-
cede my remarks with something pertaining to types, but because
the time is limited, I will simply say a few words in regard to the
types of cattle to feed.

I was at the International last week and I learned a few things
there. Nearly all of us can take away some ideas, and I also took
away a hard cold. I might give you a few ideas on the run of types
of cattle most sought after now.

When I sat there watching the judging done, and when on Satur-
day I sat there in the pavillion and saw the cattle seU, I was thor-
oughly convinced of this fact : that the buyers are no longer want-
ing big, heavy fat cattle ; they are paying higher prices now for
medium weight cattle. I had in our own consignment a 1900 pound

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK- PART III. 115

steer, a very good type ; he sold for 6I/2 ; when lighter cattle weigh-
ing 1300 pounds sold for 1^2 or 8 cents. It was very noticeable in
the carcass judging; it wasn't the fat carcasses that were winning
the prizes; it was the cattle of medium flesh, rather low in flesh.
In a talk with the judge, Mr. Durnough, from Scotland, I found
further that the people across the water have changed their ideas
about the fat cattle. Where, two years ago they paid the highest
prices for the big, heavy cattle, they are now showing their prefer-
ence in a ver>^ decided way for the very light cattle. He made the
statement very clearly, that they much preferred a carcass weighing
600 or 700 ponds, than a heavj^ carcass. This was also shown in
the final judgment, when the grand championship prize was given
to a calf weighing about 1050.

I haven 't time to discuss the question of type, I simply throw this
out as a little fresh material I gathered. I will now give you some-
thing along the line of our results at the Nebraska Experiment
Station upon rations. I will say that our conditions are very sim-
ilar to yours. I think that whatever I give you here can be applied
in this state. When I first came to the state, my experience with
cattle feeding had been in another state east of this. While I had
fed cattle all my life, I realized in coming to a new state, it was
first of all necessary to become familiar with conditions existing
in that state. After traveling all over the state. I found this to
be true in eastern Nebraska : The majority of the feeders there
used corn and prairie hay ; some cane or straw, and a few, clover.
Others were making some use of commercial feeds — oil meal and
cotton seed meal; but about three-fourths of the feeders of that
state were feeding corn and prairie hay.

After making these observations, I began at once to put on some
experiments which would show whether or not they were on the
right road; whether or not the feeders of Nebraska should change
their methods, because of the changed condition, and I am going
to give you some observations we have made at our station along
the line of rations for cattle feeding.

Let me give you some idea how we carried on these tests. We
have been carrying on our tests in lots of ten steers each. We
selected these cattle from the range, because we wanted them under
uniform conditions. We didn't like to pick up feeders here and
there; we preferred to take them from the range, where they had
all been handled the same way, having had no grain or previous
feeding.

We carried these cattle usually five or six months in length. We
weighed them three or four times to begin with in successive days.

116

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

and we took the average of that weight. Then we weighed them
at the end of every month and got the monthly gain. They are
given water once or twice a day, usually twice, and the feeds are
given, as I will point out to you on these charts. I brought along
some charts.

The first chart I will show you deals wnth an experiment under
way for three years, upon the relative economy of corn and prairie
hay, and com, and alfalfa hay. In our experiment station work
we do not feel at all safe in drawing conclusions from the results
of a single experiment ; we prefer to carry on that test for a period
of two or three years. I do not suppose you feed much prairie
hay here, or alfalfa. I will say, that the Nebraska prairie hay is
very similar in composition to your timothy; they are very nearly
alike, and that might almost be said of alfalfa. I might say alfalfa
belongs to the same family, of clover, and is similar to it. We
would like to think alfalfa is ahead of clover, but have made no
tests. Below you will find a chart of the experiment carried on
during a period of three years:

Table 1. — Corn and prairie hay versus corn and alfalfa

Yearling

Steers

Dec, '03, to

June, '04,—

24 weeks

CD

p ci

a *

05

Two-year-old

Steers

Jan.,

'05, to

July,

'05,-

24 weeks

a. 2

d «s

u t-

t^S

§2

Ocd

-O ft

"O otf

=«>•

S«

(11 C c«

'oO

^COB

s*

02

O)

Two-year-old

Steers

Nov., '05, to

Feb., '06,—

12 weeks

CS
D C 1,

a o t:

0,00

03

Average

for
3 years

IS

a

O A

a *
o tS

Average initial weight
per steer, lbs

Average gain per day
lbs.

Average grain fed per
day, lbs.

Average hay fed per
day, lbs.

Grain consumed per lb.
of gain, lbs

Hay consumed per lb.
of gain, lbs

Total food consumed
per lb. of gain, lbs.-.

Cost of 100 lbs. gain

■fProfit or loss per head
including pork pro-
duced from droppings.

SOI. 00

808.00

1.35

1.97

14.30

15.30

8.70

9.20

10.50

7.70

6.50

4.70

17.00
$8.27

12.40
$6.04

§$0.38

§$8.66

926.00

1.90

17.90

9.70

9.53

5.19

14.71
$8.23

}$1.13

937.00
2.30

18.60
9.20
8.14
4.03

12.16

975.00
1.20
9.47

18.22
7.87

15.16

23.03
$8.76

:$0.08

977.00
2.06
9.47

22.15
4.60

10.75

15.35
$5.49

§$3.56

901.00

1.48

13.89

12.21

9.29

8.95

18.25
$8.32

}$0.27

907.00
2.11
U.4S
13.52
6.81
6.49
13.30

•Snapped corn is the ear within the husk or shuck. The figures in the table
are its shelled corn equivalent.

tin computing profits all items of expense were included except the labor of
feedinpr which is customarily figured as an offset to manure made.

§Proflt.

tLoss.

It will be noticed by the chart, that the weights of the cattle
vary from 800 to 975 pounds. In any single test made we aimed to

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART III. 117

have tlie cattle about the same weight. It would not do to compare
yearlings with the two-year old. In the first experiment the year-
lings weighed about 800 pounds apiece. You will notice on com
and prairie hay the gain was small, 1.35 ; where as on shelled com
and alfalfa it was 1.97. You will notice the figures for the next
two years, on shelled corn and alfalfa and snapped corn and alfalfa
and snapped com and prairie hay. The average for the three
years on corn and prairie hay is 1.48 ; on com and alfalfa, 2.11.
The wide contrast per year in favor of the use of alfalfa is to be
noticed. But what you are interested in mostly is the cost of pro-
duction.

Now, let me say this : the statement was made a while ago in the
previous discussion that the cattle will gain 21/^ to 2% pounds per
day. In this experiment where we weigh them three or four times
every month, and where they are molested by visitors a good deal,
we can not get the gains you can on the farm.

I am not going to refer to all the figures on the foregoing chart.
Now, as to the amount of grain consumed, you will see that the
yearling took 14.30 pounds per day, and the next year about 18
pounds per day.

Now, you are most interested in the cost of the gains. Figuring
alfalfa and prairie hay each at $6 a ton, and com worth this year,
33, 35 to 39, taking an average of 36 cents per bushel. The cost of
gain on com and prairie hay is $8.27, and the cost of gain on com
and alfalfa is $6.04, snapped com and prairie hay, $5.49 ; corn and
alfalfa, $6.29.

Now, that looks like a big cost, and as the previous speaker
pointed out, you cannot make a profit on cattle feed unless they are
sold considerably over the cost price. You cannot aiford to feed
cattle on just what they will gain ; you have got to sell them at an
advance. These cattle were sold at an advance averaging $1.25
per hundred. At that advance over the cost price, the profit the
first year on prairie hay and corn was 38 cents per head ; on shelled
com and alfalfa $8.66, the second year on shelled corn
and prairie hay there was a loss of $1.13, and on shelled corn
and alfalfa, a profit of $2.86. The third year there was a loss on
prairie hay of 8 cents per head. But take the average for three
years and the loss on com and prairie hay is 27 cents per steer.
Figuring these profits and losses, the feeds were figured at market
price in the city of Lincoln ; at the farm, feeds would be consumed
for less than that.

A Voice : Not in this state.

118

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Prof. Smith : I want to say further that all the items of ex-
penses are included in this with the exception of the labor. We did
not figure the cost of labor; we figured that the cost of labor was
offset by the value of the manure. In states further east they con-
sider the value of manure worth much more than the labor. I feel
that the manure will well offset the labor.

Question
clover ?

What is the feed value of alfalfa over good red

Prop. Smith: We have made no comparisons. I can't tell you.
We hope to get some information on that point. I w411 give it as
my personal opinion that in the experimental work I am convinced
alfalfa is superior to clover, because it is eaten with more relish ;
there is less waste. We have found that tbe cattle will sometimes
leave their grain to eat alfalfa.

Now, we come to another problem. Thexe is the comparative
value of corn and alfalfa and corn and alfalfa and corn-stover. By
corn-stover I mean the stalk without the ear. We cut the corn as
soon as it is ripe, and the stover is the com stalk cured, just after
the com ripens. We have two experiments, as shown by the table
which follows :

Table II. — Corn and alfalfa versus com, alfalfa and corn-stover:

Jan., '05, to

July, '05,—

24 weeks

Nov., '05, to

Jan., '06,—

12 weeks

Average

of the two

Experiments

0^

■a "3

Shelled corn,
alfalfa and
corn-stover

■a

ass

flO CB

Snapped
corn,

alfalfa and
corn-stover

•a
a «

aS.
o *
o

cS o

S, "^

;-— o
O eS o
O

Average initial weight per steer, Ibs..-
Average gain per dav, lbs.

937.00
2.30
18.60
9.20

8.14

4.02

12.16

$6.89
$2.86

941.00

2.40

18.40

9.90

7.89

4.56

13.45
$6.49
$3.33

977.00
2.06
9.47
22.15
4.60

10.75

15.35

$5.49
$3.56

974.00
1.96
9.61
22.45
4.90

11.44

16.34

$5.01
^.30

957.00

2.18

14.03

15.67

6.37

7.38

13.75
$6.45
$3.21

957.00
2.18

Average grain fed per day, lbs

Average roughness fed per day, Ibs...
Grain consumed per lb. of gain, Ibs.-
Roughness consumed per lb. of gain
lbs. - _ . _.-

14.00

16.17

6.39

8.00

Total food consumed per lb. of gain,
lbs.

14.39

Cost of lOO lbs. of gain

$6.05

Net profit per head including pork

$3.76

We have the shelled corn and alfalfa, and shelled com. alfalfa
and corn-stover. In the shelled com and alfalfa we have an aver-
age gain per day of 2.30 pounds. Now, when we add the rough-
ness, the stover, we get a little larger gain. You will notice that
the results, where we used the snapped com and alfalfa, were a

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART III. 119

little ditferent. I dont think we can expect quite as good gains as
when we use shelled com, but in the case of the snapped com we
feed the husks, and they seem to be beneficial.

In the second experiment where w'e used snapped com and
alfalfa, we had a gain of 2.18 per day; while in snapped com,
alfalfa and stover, the gains were not as great. You will notice
that the average daily gain was the same. When it comes to the
cost of the gain, we have a different proposition. We figure stover
at $2.50 per ton, and alfalfa at $6.00. The material on our farms
in Nebraska is usually wasted. They usually figure a stalk-field at
50 cents an acre. Xow, let us notice the cost gains: It is $6.89
without the stover; $6.49 with the stover. The second year it is
$5.49 without the stover, and $5.01 with the stover; and the
average for the two years, as shown upon the chart, is $6.45 without
the stover, and $6.05 with the stover; so that we produce beef at
40 cents per hundred less if we use the corn-stover.

Question : Did you figure anything on the cost of cutting 1

Prof. Smith: We figure the stover at $2.50. Now, the profits,
you will see, are $2.86 per steer without the stover, and $5.32 with
the stover. The next year they are $3.56 without, and $4.20 with
the stover. The average for the two years was 55 cents a hundred
in favor of the stover. Inasmuch as we figure stover at $2.50 a
ton, it seems w^ell worth while to save the stalks and make use of
them. I believe this is one of the reasons why we get better results,
at least more economical beef, by the use of stover, that in feeding
clear alfalfa we find the steers sometimes a little too loose, and I
think that is one of the reasons for getting better results — feeding
this roughness in the form of stover. I don't know but what you
might have just as good results if you mixed timothy hay with
alfalfa.

Question: Why did you husk the corn?

Prof. Smith : Why didn 't we leave it in the fodder ? I will say,
in carrjdng on these experiments we have to first of all make them
accurate.

Question : Is shredded fodder the same thing as stover ?

Prof. Smith : It would be the same thing and a little bit better.

Question: To what extent is there danger of fire?

Prof. Smith : There is a little danger ; if it is shredded too wet.
On our old farm in Michigan we nearly always shredded our com.
We waited until nearly November. I am convinced, however, it

120 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

does not pay to shred for outside feeding. For inside feeding I
believe it will pay to shred the fodder.

Question: What do 3^on figure on silage?

Prof. Smith : I don 't believe we are quite ready for silage. I
don't know how it is in Iowa. While we have made no tests, I
don't believe we can spend the labor and make com silage for fat-
tening cattle.

Question: Have you had any experience?

Prop. Smith : We have made no comparisons yet on silage and
corn-stover ; but so long as we can make good gains on shocked com
without shredding, I don't see why we should worry about the
other. I might say, though, we have also carried on for two years
a test, of which I have no chart here, comparing detached corn from
the stalk with corn fed on the stalk. I told you a while ago we
couldn't feed it because we couldn't get the weight. The way we
did that, we took the com, just as it came, weighed it and then
detached the ear and weighed it. In that test, we found the results
were practically the same. We only have two winter results, but I
think they go to show there is no particular advantage in taking
it from the stalk. I believe the better way is to let the steers take
off themselves; they can do it cheaper than you can hire it done.

Question: How do you feed your corn on the stalk?

Prop. Smith : Our practice on the farm was always, in the fall
months, to scatter it on the sod. During the winter feeding, where
tht.' cattle are confined, we have fed them in racks, built so that
the Cuttle can eat from both sides, with vertical slats, far enough
apart to put their head through. They will eat the corn off first
and tiien they will strip the leaves. They will not consume the
butts; there is little nutrient value in the butt. We always charge
up the whole stalk to them. These slats prevent them from pulling
the corn out and tramping it under foot. I believe thoroughly in
that method of feeding, inasmuch as the labor is scarce and high ; I
believe in saving all the labor we can. A man with a harvester can
cut six or seven acres a day. A man can put it in the barn or shock
at $1.18 per acre. A good man,y people will make the argument
that feeding shocked corn or stalks is not practicable, because of
the labor involved. You can put your corn in the shock just as
cheaply as you can put it in the crib, and you can feed it right out
of the shock, as the previous gentleman suggested in his talk.

Question : You don 't think there is much feed in the stalk after
the leaf is stripped off?

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART III. 121

Prof. Smith: No, sir; I do not.

Question: Which would you prefer, hauling out the manure,
or the shredded fodder or the whole stalks?

Prof. Smith : The shredded fodder. We let our manure stand
all summer, and in the fall of the year it is well rotted, and we do
not really have any difficulty in hauling it out.

Question : Don 't you find when it is cut that the cattle seem to
eat it and like it?

Prof. Smith : Yes ; they will eat it just as much where you
shred it. It is no doubt better where it is shredded. If you would
take the butt of the stalk and pay for having it shredded, it
wouldn't be of very much value to you. It seems like a useless
expense to shred the butt ; the nutrient is lacking. You can 't blame
the cattle for refusing to eat it.

Question : Is there any difference whether it has been stacked
or not?

Prop. Smith: I imagine there would be less loss in the stack;
but for earl,y feeding I think it is just as well to haul it right out
of the shock and feed it.

Question: Isn't stacking corn fodder the meanest work you
ever done ?

Prof. Smith: That depends on w^hether the bundles are well
made. We sometimes put it in long stacks and don't build high
stacks, and have it about the height of a wagon, which makes it a
good deal easier.

Question : Have you had any experience in feeding sweet com
fodder?

Prof. Smith : No.

Question : When you feed shocked corn, you have to feed a good
deal of corn besides, do you not?

Prof. Smith: At the beginning we feed shocked com and
alfalfa. We cannot produce beef any cheaper than on that com-
bination. Along towards the latter part of the feed it is well to
feed some shelled com or snapped corn in addition.

Speaking of the alfalfa question, I realize some of you are not
growing it. We can grow it in all parts of our state, and I think
you can grow it in the western part of your state. I will say this
to you: I am absolutely convinced, the ciuicker you grow alfalfa,

122

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

the better you are off. They are freighting it to us in the form of
a meal at $20.00. Although I am inclined to think, if you have to
pay $20.00 a ton for alfalfa meal, it would be just as well to keep
on feeding linseed meal.

Question: Do you thiuk shocked com and alfalfa hay would
be better than shocked com and plenty of bluegrass?

Prop. Smith : I am not prepared to say which would be the
cheaper, because we have made no tests on the subject. I know
this to be true — for 25 years we have fed just that combination,
and always get good gains, are often able to market our cattle right
off the grass and get a good fini.sh at a low cost. But for winter
feeding, shocked com and alfalfa makes a good combination.

Now, I am showing you a comparison of wheat bran versus lin-
seed meal versus cotton seed meal. I am presupposing that we are
not feeding anything but com and timothy, or corn and prairie hay,
or com and stover, as illustrated by the following table :

Table III. — Wheat bran versus linseed meal versus cotton-seed meal.

Feb., '06, to Apr
8 weeks

., '06,-

Nov., '06, to Apr., '07,—
20 weeks

^ir-ft
03

Shelled corn
90*, oil-meal
10*, prairie
hay

Shelled corn
90*, cotton-
seed-meal 10*,
prairie hay

u

.>■

■^ 0

t-aa

fl CS ti

UU 0

1 (1

o c o

Corn 90*,
cotton-seed-
meal 10*,
corn-stover

Average initial weight per steer,
lbs. — -.

1146.00

1.98

25.20

5.50

12.97

2.78

15.75
$9.31

1.00

8.31

♦$0.57

1:8

1187.00
2.52

24.60
6.80
9.77
2.70

12.47

$7.87

O.&l

7.03

*$1.43

1:7.3

1154.00
2.29

24.60
6.20

10.77
2.72

13.49

$8.50

0.68

7.91
*$0.47
1:6.8

973,00
1.76

24.97
8.91

14.19
5.06

19.25

$10.49

2.30

8.19
t$3.94
1:8.8

976.00

2.33

23 i 2

8.i',

9.88

3.85

13.73
$7.64

1.31

6.33

♦$1.65

l:S.2

988.00

Average gain per steer per day,
lbs.

2.11

Grain consumed per steer per
day, lbs. —

22.83

Average roughage consumed per
steer per dav, lbs.-

8.89

Grain consumed per lb. of gain,
lbs.

10.83

Roughage consumed per lb. of
gain, lbs. . __

4.21

Total food consumed for 1 lb. of
gain, lbs. .- .__

15.04

Cost of 100 lbs. of gain

$8.26

Value of pork produced as a by-
product for 100 lbs. of gain on

steers

1.86

Net cost of food per lOO lbs. of
gain - _ _ _

6.53

Net profit or loss per head in-
cluding pork ___ . __

*$1.32

Nutritive ratio by lots .-_ _ _

1:7.6

♦Profit.
tLoss.

I had another chart, in which I had a comparison of com and
prairie hay with oil meal, and without oil meal. I will say, that in

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART III. 123

three years' experience, feeding corn and prairie hay with or with-
out oil meal, we have been getting the best gains by the use of oil
meal. We found the gains w^ere strongly in favor of the use of oil
meal with prairie hay and com. Figuring the oil meal at $30.00
per ton and prairie hay at $6.00, we have been able to cheapen the
cost of producing beef about 11 per cent. We figure we can afford
to use oil meal when the cost does not exceed $45 per ton.

Now, the table that has been last shown you, you will observe,
by reference to the table, that we fed during one experiment, shelled
com, 75 per cent, bran, 25 per cent, with prairie hay, and in the
other column, shelled corn 90 per cent, and oil meal 10 per cent,
and in the next one we have shelled corn 90 per cent, cotton seed
meal 10 per cent, and of course, with prairie hay in each case.

The second year the roughness was com stover, and the corn bran
and oil meal in the percentage as indicated by the table. We have
to use more bran, because bran is not nearly so rich in protein
material.

No dobbt, the reason we get so much better gains by the use of
oil meal, rather than com and prairie hay alone, is because the oil
meal furnishes the protein, which is lacking in corn and prairie
hay or timothy hay. Now, in this comparison with wheat bran,
linseed meal and cotton seed meal, the average gain per steer per
day the first year is, shelled corn, bran and hay, 1.98 ; on shelled
corn and oil meal, 2.52 ; shelled com and cotton seed meal, 2.29.

You will notice the next year we fed those rations throughout the
entire period of twenty weeks ; that year, instead of feeding prairie
hay, we fed corn stover. In the cost of production, we figured oil
meal at $32 a ton and bran at $15, and cotton seed meal at $32.
The first year, the cost of producing 100 pounds of gain on the
bran was $9.31, and on the oil meal it was $8.59. The next year, as
disclosed by the table, the cost of producing 100 pounds gain on
the bran was $10.49, and on the oil meal $7.64 The cost of pro-
ducing gains, therefore, was greater watli bran. We have found oil
meal somewhat superior to the cotton seed meal. But this experi-
ment "\nll be carried on farther, and it may be we will obtain better
results this winter.

Question : I would like to know the percentage of protein in the
cotton seed meal that you use ?

Prof. Smith : It was right around 31 or 32 ; it was higher
than the oil meal.

Question : Did you use this in the finishing period ?

124 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Prof. Smith: In one experiment we used it in the finishing
period in the other during the whole period.

Question : What time of the year ?

Prof. Smith: In the winter. I am thoroughly of the opinion
that in cattle feeding, to make it profitable, we have got to feed
some form of roughness. If you should withhold roughness entire-
ly from a calf, you will find it becomes sickly and they very often
die. I have in mind an experiment performed when I was at school,
where a steer was confined without roughness. He ate the straw
under his feet; we substituted sawdust, and he ate the sawdust.
Beef production, to be profitable, presupposes the utilization of a
certain amount of rough feed, which the hog cannot utilize.

I do not want you to think that I am saying definitely that oil
meal is superior to cotton seed meal. I have simply given you the
results of two experiments as indicated in these tables, at our sta-
tion, and those experiments show slightly in favor of oil meal. I
want you to accept that simply as the result of two experiments.

I am convinced that bran is not a very satisfactory feed, espe-
cially in the way we get it to-day; so much of the nutrient being
taken out and going into the shorts ; the bran to-day is not what it
was a few years ago.

Question: I am feeding some steers weighing on an average
1100; they get all the prairie hay they want; how much oil meal
would you give them?

Prof. Smith : The amount of oil meal would depend on the
price of the corn.

The Member: The price of com is 35 cents.

Prof. Smith: At that price, I would feed more oil meal. We
have been feeding in this experiment about two pounds of oil meal
per day. In reporting the test of ten per cent, that made it about
two pounds per day. This year, with high priced corn, you might
find it more profitable to increase the oil meal to 21^ pounds per
day. I think two pounds a day wouldn't be far wrong.

Question : About what are the protein contents in the standard
oil meal?

Prof. Smith : I always give that in terms of digestible protein
— right around 29 per cent.

Question: And in the cotton seed meal?

Prop. Smith: About 31 to 32. It looks a little inconsistent to
think that coton seed meal is higher in protein, and yet we have

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART III.

125

gotten better results with the oil meal. The only explanation I can
give is, that the steers relish oil meal better than cotton seed meal.
We find they walk up to the racks with a little more enthusiasm,
and I believe the difference we get is due to the higher palatability.

Question: Which do you find is the most loosening on the
bowels?

Prof. Smith: I haven't noticed much difference. We do not
find that in either case they are too laxative ; the bowels seem to be
in good shape most of the time.

Question : Have you conducted any experiments with molasses
feed?

Prof. Smith: No. I think we ought to deal with the form of
food that is constant. When you are out of that material on the
farm, then it might be well to take up secondary material.

The trouble with these molasses feeds and feeds of that nature,
they are not the same from one year to the other. Oil meal is con-
stant, and so is bran.

We will take up next a thing I think will interest you. I have
shown to you, I think, by these experiments, that if you are feeding
corn and prairie hay, or corn and straw, something like oil meal is
desirable, or cotton seed meal.

Can we get along mthout the commercial protein food, if we
have alfalfa hay?

I will direct your attention to the following table :
Table IV. — Linseed-meal versus alfalfa.

Feb., '06, to Apr.,
•06,-8 weeks

■e :•;

C5

o oois a
o

o cS =- OJ —

»^- == 2 S

O CO cSfi ft

Nov., '06, to Apr.
'07,— 20 weeks

-*£ a (

i, lie
O ® '

.Sag

o>M o aj 31
O cO cd en P«

Average initial weight per steer, lbs —
Average gain per steer per day, Ibs..
Grain consumed per steer per day, lbs
Roughage consumed per steer per day,

lbs.

Grain consumed per lb. of gain, Ibs..
Roughage consumed per lb. of gain,

lbs.

Total food consumed for 1 lb. of gain,

lbs.

Cost of 100 lbs. of gain

Value of pork produced as a by-prod-
uct for 100 lbs. of gain on steers...

Net cost of food per 100 lbs. gain

Net profit per head including pork pro-
duced from droppings

Nutritive ratio

1187.00

2.53

24.60

9.77
2.70

12.47

$7.87

0.84
7.03

1.43
1:7.3

1164.00
2.39
23.20

976.00
2.33
23.03

8.10
10.16

8.96 i
9.88

3.55

3.85

13.71
$7.40

13.73

$7.&t

1.07
6.33

1.31
6.33

2.53

1.G5 ,

1:8.7

1:8.2

1

978.00
2.42
22.33

9.77
9.22

13.25
$6.99

1.53

5.46

6.33
1:8.7

126 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

It will be noticed, that iu one case the protein was supplied in the
form of a concentrate ; in the other, in the form of roughness, form-
ing one-half of the whole feed.

In the first column we have 90 per cent com, and the rest, 10
per cent linseed meal. In the next we have corn, 100 per cent and
alfalfa hay and prairie hay equal parts. On the com, without the
linsed meal, using alfalfa hay, the gain per steer per day was 2.29.
In the next year, for the whole period, we get a slightly larger
gain by the use of alfalfa. The cost of producing 100 pounds of
gain, in the first experiment, with linseed meal, was $7.03 : the cost
of producing 100 pounds without the linseed meal was $6.33. In
the second experiment, the cost with linseed meal is $6.33, and with
alfalfa without the meal, $5.46.

We have found, therefore, that we can get good gains when
alfalfa forms at least half the roughness, even though no com-
mercial protein food is fed. This experiment figured out shows,
that with linseed meal worth $30 per ton, as a source of protein,
alfalfa is worth $13 per ton, in comparison with it. We have found
that alfalfa at $13 per ton is just as valuable an adjunct to com, as
linseed at $30.

I have no data on clover yet. But the conclusion to be dra^^m
from this is, that you can grow your own protein on the farm in
the form of alfalfa or clover, a good deal cheaper for cattle, than
you can buy it on the market in the shape of commercial food.

Question: Have you had any experience in grinding flax?

Prop. Smith : No ; we have never tried it ; but judging from the
composition, I will say ground flax is just the same as linseed meal,
with the exception that linseed meal has less oil and slighter higher
protein contents. If I were to select from the two foods to sup-
lement corn, I would select linseed meal in preference to ground
flax.

Question : Don 't you think that the improved machinery they
now have in grinding flax, throws less feeding value in iti

Prof. Smith : I don 't know, I am sure.

Let me now review briefly some of the points gone over: First
of all, we have shown that alfaKa, fed with corn, is very much
superior to prairie hay. We may, I think, safely take it for
granted, that clover fed with com is very much superior to timothy,
millet or straw.

The other point is this : Valuable as these protein foods are, we
can get along without them, if we have clover and alfalfa. We

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART III. 127

have been careful enough to make it pretty safe to assert, that we
are producing beef in Nebraska the cheapest on a ration consisting
of corn, alfalfa and the bi-product upon which the corn grows—
stover. I am not prepared to say just yet which is the cheapest
feed, corn on the stalk or from the stalk. I believe it is cheaper
to take it from the stalk.

"We have been carrying on a test this year in which we have fed a
heavy feed of grain, as compared with a light feed of grain and
roughness', alfalfa and stover. We have fed one lot a full feed of
corn, and we fed another lot 14 pounds of corn per day. We find
that on those two-year old steers, taken from the range, weighing
900 pounds to begin with, we get exactly the same gain; we get
exactly the same gain during the six months on these light fed
cattle that we got on the heavy fed cattle ; we got a gain of exactly
2 pounds per day.

The question is, which is the more economical for the farmer, a
heav}^ feed of corn, or a light feed of corn. Last year we found
we made a little cheaper gain by the heavy feed ; but if alfalfa had
cost $5 per ton instead of $8, the cost would have been identical.
If corn had been worth 50 cents per bushel instead of 36, we would
have produced gains just as cheaply on the light feed as on the
heavy feed.

Now, the limits are somewhere between these figures. This single
experiment goes to show that high priced hay and low priced corn
made a better full feed. If you have a low priced, good quality of
hay, alfalfa or clover, and corn is high, make your beef on less corn
and more hay, even if it takes more time.

Let me say in conclusion, that I was surprised myself, when we
found that we got just as good a finish on those steers which had
only 14 pounds per day, as we did on the 20 pounds per day. Those
steers that were fed 14 pounds per day were shipped to the Omaha
market and brought just as much as the other steers did. It simply
suggests to me this possibility : if we are careful to put up good
quality of alfalfa or clover, and feed it right, we can make beef
cheaper than we have been making it. Let us no longer neglect
the roughness; do not feed some old, rotten strawstacks, but give
your cattle a good quality of roughness with the corn.

The President: The next on the program will be "Failure
with the Oat Crop in Iowa; the Remedy," by the Hon. John
Cownie.

Mr. Co^vnie : Farmers of Iowa : I desire to assure you that
it gives me sincere pleasure to meet so many live-stock shippers as' I

128 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

see this afternoon. For more than an average life-time, in the state
of Iowa, I have been feeding and shipping stock to Chicago. Many
is the night that I have spent in the caboose with fellow shippers.
I have eaten with them, slept with them and drank— water it was,
(Laughter.) My whole sympathies are with the feeders and ship-
pers of this state. We can raise cattle and fatten them; we can
raise hogs and fatten them, and we can do it, as we believe, with a
profit; but when we get them to Chicago, there are other parties
who have a say, and what we had figured on as a profit, we are
liable to come home to figure up to loss.

When I was invited to address this meeting, on the subject of the
Oats Failure in Iowa, the question came to my mind, whether I
would sit down and surround myself with books on agricultural
chemistry and prepare an address that would appear very learned,
and make you all believe I was a scientist, or whether I would drop
the books and simplj^ give you some of my own personal experience.
I chose the latter.

I had intended to come before you and give you a talk on this sub-
ject, but your secretary sent me a communication asking for a copy
of the paper I was to read, and also my photograph. I was so
highly honored by thinking my photograph would appear in the
paper, perhaps, that I decided to write a paper, in order that my
photograph might accompany it.

In the criticisms I shall make in regard to the work as it is
usually done in Iowa, I do not want one of you to consider for a
moment that it is personal. You all do your work well. It is the
man who does not attend these meetings I am referring to. But if
any of you chance to find in my remarks something that fits your-
selves, and that you would like to criticise me, I want you to bear in
mind that my fighting weight is 238 pounds, and that I never felt
better in my life than I do to-day. There is one advantage in a
written paper ; you always know when to stop, and I shall stop just
as soon as I get through.

FAILURE WITH THE OATS CROP IN IOWA— THE REMEDY.

BY JOHN COWKIE.

With land rapidly advancing in value,' and the cost of operating a farm
increasing from year to year, it would seem that more attention would
be given to details in the growing of crops, and that scientific methods
should take the place of the haphazard system that unfortunately has
been altogether too common. No one familiar with the conditions as
they exist will deny that the oats crop in Iowa for many years has

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PAET III. 129

been far from profitable, and the object of this paper is to call attention
to some of the reasons for the failure of this crop and to suggest a remedy.
The physician, when called upon to visit one who is sick, makes diligent
inquiry as to the condition of the patient, and endeavors to ascertain the
cause of the trouble, for on the successful diagnosis of the case the re-
covery largely depends. In like manner I will endeavor to point out some
of the causes for the repeated failures in the oats crop, by referring to
conditions that actually exist, the object of which is known to every ob-
serving person.

In a systematic rotation, necessary to secure the best results, the greater
part of the oats crop follows corn, and it is certainly not surprising that
failure should result when the conditions as regards seed, preparation of
soil and other requisites are carefully considered.

While in the breeding of animals and even in the selection of seed
corn, care is taken to secure the best, no heed is given to the quality of
the oats used for seed, the great majority of farmers not even using a
fanning mill to remove the light grains and the foul seeds, but sowing
the oats as they came from the threshing machine.

Cattle are allowed to wade in the mud in the cornfield when the ground
is soft in the spring, causing lumps to form when the ground dries, and
no attempt is made to have the surface of the soil- smooth and even
before seeding.

The eleven-foot seeder, which is in common use, bounces over the
inequalities of the ground, doing very imperfect work and distributing
the seed so unevenly that no amount of after-work will secure an even
and uniform stand.

The seeder is followed by the disc harrow, the blades of which are
dull and rusted, and the great majority of farmers have not yet learned
how to use this implement in a proper manner as evidenced by the
appearance of the oats field throughout the state, when the young grain
shows above the ground in a rather successful attempt to imitate in living
green, our national emblem, with its stars and stripes.

One or at most two strokes of the harrow after discing is considered
sufficient, and then the soil, the showers and the sunlight are depended
upon to bring forth a bountiful yield. And with favorable climatic condi-
tions an excellent crop is often secured, and the farmer, failing to realize
that fortune favored him, not on account of, but in spite of his slipshod
methods, congratulates himself on his success, and turns a deaf ear to
all who urge more care in the preparation of the seed, and a more thor-
ough cultivation of the soil.

In due time the oats are cut and bound, the self-binder making this
easy work in comparison with former methods, but with all the levers
for the adjustment of the different parts of the harvester, too often the
sheaves as they drop from the machine are fearful and wonderful in their
shape and appearance. The adjustment of the reel in the varying condi-
tions of the grain in going on the level and up and down hill receives
scant consideration and as a result a square butted sheaf is the excep-
tion instead of the rule, as it ought to be. The binder also requires a
watchful eye to insure the placing of the band in the proper place, but as
a rule too little heed is given to th§ handling of the levers and anything
9

130 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

but a neat, compact, square butted, well balanced, tightly bound sheaf
is the result.

These bundles, by courtesy called sheaves, are then thrown in a heap,
known as a shock, and as a rule they are a shock to the nervous system
of any one who appreciates neat, artistic work, in performing the neces-
sary labor of the farm.

The shocks are allowed to remain in the field, exposed to the weather,
be it dry or wet, it matters not, they must wait until the threshing ma-
chine arrives, be it early or late. And I need not add, for you all know,
that millions of dollars have been lost to the farmers of Iowa within the
last few years by the indefensible custom of threshing from the shock,
rather than stacking the grain in a proper manner.

Having outlined briefly the methods pursued in the production of oats,
not by all the farmers of Iowa, but by the great majority, I will now call
attention to a method by which far better results will be secured.

In the first place good seed is imperative and the best oats that can be
had should be procured and they should be thoroughly cleaned with the
fanning mill, eliminating all light grains and foul seeds, leaving only
for seed the plumpest and heaviest kernels.

As the quality of the oats the present season is very inferior and light
in weight, it might be advisable to procure seed oats from localities north
of Iowa, being sure that they had been well kept, sound, of good weight,
and free from foreign seeds.

Oats for seed, as, in fact, all other seeds, should be harvested while
they are somewhat green, as they have more vitality than when fully
ripe, and if they are put in well erected open shocks as soon as cut and
properly cared for, will give a much more vigorous growth than when they
are allowed to stand in the field until the substance in the straw that has
fed the kernel is exhausted.

In man, as well as the lower animals, the young and vigorous are much
more potent than the aged, and what is true in animal life is equally
true in plant life.

To digress while on this subject for a moment fears are entertained
by many that owing to the backwardness of the season and the imma-
turity of the corn crop much of the seed corn saved this season will fail
to germinate. No fears need be entertained on account of the corn not
being fully ripe when the stalks were killed by the early frost, provided
that the seed corn was gathered prior to the middle of October and at
once placed on racks and thoroughly dried by artificial heat. The most
vigorous seed corn I ever saw was gathered when it was hard; roasting
ears placed in a room where there was artificial heat day and night, and
so thoroughly dried that the kernels resembled pebbles in hardness.
Not a single kernel of that seed corn failed to germinate and produce a
strong, healthy stalk, and in this connection it might be recalled that
while we had probably the best corn crop in 1906 ever harvested in Iowa,
the quality also of the best, largely grading No. 2 in Chicago, our seed
corn the present year proved far from satisfactory, as there was not to
exceed two-thirds of full stand of corn in the state. This condition no
doubt resulted from neglect in saving seed corn in a proper manner and
this neglect cost the farmers of Iowa millions of dollars the present year.

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART III. ' 131

But I repeat that the immature corn of this year's crop if saved as
indicated, can be depended upon to germinate 100 per cent in the spring
of 1908.

Those of us who never have any trouble in regard to our seed corn
failing to grow, select the finest eai's we can find in the field, from the
strongest and most vigorous stalks. We select it while it is yet green
and fire dry it as rapidly as possible and if the oats intended for seed
are selected from the best of the crop cut somewhat green, put in long
shocks properly built, and in due time securely stacked, and allowed
to remain in the stack two or three months before they are threshed a
much better quality of seed than usually sown will be secured.

With good seed thoroughly cleaned all light grains and foul seeds
eliminated, the next question is the preparation of the soil. Under no
circumstances should live stock be allowed in the cornstalk field when the
ground is soft, and it is labor well spent to give the stalk ground a single
stroke of the harrow crosswise of the rows as left when last cultivated.

As usual, after the corn has received the last cultivation, the corn row
is somewhat ridged, and if the oats are sown, without leveling the ground,
the seed rolls to the lowest plane in the row, being too thin on the
corn row and too thick in the space between.

To prevent this condition, before seeding the ground should be leveled
by one stroke of the disc harrow, following the corn rows as left when
last cultivated and by careful driving and taking three rows at a time,
the ridges will be cut down, the loose soil turned into the low places
and the seed as it drops from the machine will lie where it falls, this in-
suring an even distribution of the seed, which is all important in securing
the best results.

As to the amount of seed to be used much depends upon the condition
of the soil and the weather that follows. The best crop of oats I ever
raised, four bushels of seed was sown, but the growth was so heavy that
had clover and timothy been sown with the oats the seed would have been
wasted. Every farmer should study the condition of his soil before de-
termining the amount of seed, and if clover and timothy are sown, less
seed must be used than if the only requirement is a crop of oats. How-
ever, I am not in favor of thin seeding, trusting to the stooling to give a
sufficient stand, as the stalks directly from the seed are much more vigor-
ous and far stronger than are the shoots or suckers from the parent root.

After seeding the ground should be disced crosswise of the way in
which the seeder was driven, and here let me enter a most vigorous
protest against the common method of single discing. In use, the disc
harrow throws the soil from the center towards each end, with the result
that the seed is doubled at the ends with little or none left in the center,
and no amount of cross harrowing will restore the seed to its proper
place or leave an even surface.

You have all seen the wavy appearance of our oats fields in the spring,
caused by single discing, and if cross disced the result is the wavy ap-
pearance both ways instead of one way. Any farmer who paints his
fields in living green in this manner ought to be ashamed to show himself
in public, and if he has any respect for the high calling he professes to
follow he should take himself at once to some occupation where care-

132 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

less work and heedlessness will not be so indelibly stamped upon his
work.

By lapping the disc harrow one-half and driving carefully, allowing
the outside disc to turn over the small strip left unturned in the center
of the preceding round, an even uniform surface is secured, and if the
seeding has been properly done there will not be a single streak in the
field.

But it requires careful driving to hold the outside disc exactly in line
at all times, turning over the uncut center strip, for if the disc is
allowed to vary, even slightly, a depression or ridge is made, proving
at once the incompetency of the driver.

The double discing should be followed by thorough harrowing and the
more of this the better, not one or two strokes, but four, five, or half a
dozen, crossing and crossing again until the ground is perfectly smooth
and also well packed.

In dry weather it is advisable to follow the harrow with a crusher or
roller, and this is especially true if grass seed has been sown with the
cats.

I have already referred to the careless manner of handling, or rather
the failure to handle promptly and in a proper manner the several levers
of the self-binder and I will add that with standing grain the reel as a
rule is allowed to hang too low and too far back to insure a square
butted sheaf.

Long shocks containing a dozen sheaves are to be preferred to round
shocks, and in building the shock the sheaves, one in each hand, should
be grasped firmly by the hands, and placing one on each side of the knee,
the butts of the sheaves should be brought down with force upon the
stubble. With a hand on each side, the tops of the sheaves should be
brought closely together, the opening through the center of the shock be-
ing of suSicient size that a twelve year old boy could crawl through
without moving the sheaves.

Shocks put up in this manner dry out quickly, even after a rain, thus
enabling the farmer to get his stacking done at the earliest possible
moment after cutting, and thus prevent loss by exposure to the weather.

While threshing from the shock may save some labor, it is a pernicious
practice that has cost the farmers of Iowa millions of dollars, but not-
withstanding all this loss it seems that as with saving seed corn in a
proper manner, some people will not learn by experience, no matter how
dear it may be bought. But it is not only the loss sustained by unfa-
vorable weather, but the grain threshed from the shock is never so good
as when properly stacked and allowed to stand for six or eight weeks
before threshing, the sweating process taking place in the stack instead
of the bin. Grain well stacked and allowed to sweat and dry before
threshing is invariably brighter in color and plumper in appearance
than grain threshed from the shock and will keep much better in the bin,
being less liable to mold and keeping free from dust.

But while j'^ou are not giving audible expression to your thoughts, I
know that you are agreeing with me in what I have said, but you are also
saying to yourself, this is all very well, but what about oats lodging,
which is the most serious condition with which we have to contend.

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART III. 133

You have often heard it said, and you may have said it yourself, "My
land is too rich for oats, and that is the reason for their lodging." But
let me tell you that you never harbored a greater fallacy, for the fact
is your land is too poo?- and this is the reason for your oats lodging. I
do not mean that the application of barnyard manure to the sail will pre-
vent lodging, for it will only increase it, but your soil is lacking in an
•essential element, absolutely necessary to give strength and stiffness to
the straw.

Those of us who remember the first grain crops produced on the Iowa
prairies can readily call to mind the strong stiff straw of those early
days, the crop rarely lodging on the smooth prairie, the hazel brush land
being the exception. Does any one believe that our land is richer today
than it was when the first crops were produced, for is it not a fact that we,
have taken away from the soil many of the elements that had been
accumulating for untold ages?

At one time I had a field bordering on a slough, the high land having
been cultivated for years, but as the water level lowered a strip about
three rods in width on the side of the slough was broken up and added
to the cultivated land. It being desirable to seed the field in grass, the
cultivated land that had been in corn the previous year and the new land,
the first crop, remember, were both seeded with oats at the same time.
All the ground was well cultivated, a fine growth was secured and to
within a week of the ripening of the grain there was little perceptible
difference in the appearance of the oats on the new and the old land. At
that time a severe thunder storm occurred, accompanied by a strong wind
and a heavy rainfall that leveled the oats on the old land as if a roller had
passed over them and they were all cut "one way" with the harvester.
But not one single stalk of the oats on the new ground broke down, the
line being as distinctly drawn as was the furrows made by the plow in
breaking the sod, the straw strong and stiff, standing erect, in striking
contrast with the oats lying flat on the old land.

At another time I had a grove of timber standing in a cultivated field,
a heavy growth of hazel brush covering part of the ground. The trees
were grubbed, the hazel brush cut, piled in heaps and burned, the ground
broken up and sown with oats and seeded with grass. With the excep-
tion of the spots where the brush was burned all the oats lodged, the
standing grain indicating the exact location without question, and the
exact size of the brush pile.

A neighbor attempted in the winter to move a dwelling house across
one of my fields, but failed in the attempt, and the house was taken apart,
the plaster being largely left on the ground. Several years afterward
this field was sown in oats, and as is common, the crop lodged, the only
exception being the ground on which the house was wrecked; here the
oats standing erect, and the only difference as far as I could see being
the old plaster left there years ago and which was still to be seen.

Being by nature of an observing disposition, and a sincere desire to
learn and profit by experience, I determined on a series of experiments
in an endeavor to add to the soil some element that would add strength
to the oats straw and prevent lodging.

Hog manure consisting of the droppings and decayed corn cobs were
tried upon a part of the field, horse manure on an adjoining plat, and

134 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

manure from the cow yard on another plat, the field sown in oats, with
the result that with the exception of the three plats that had heen
manured the oats stood up well. No difference was perceptible on account
of the different kinds of manure used, all three plats being so badly
lodged that it was impossible to secure more than half of the crop with
the harvester.

It is needless to say that the corn crop that followed the oats on these
plats that were manured made up for the partial loss of the crop of oats.

A number of years ago we were told by some would-be scientist that
what our soil needed was salt, and the Chicago packers promptly offered
the refuse salt after being used in the curing of hog products at a less
price than the new salt could be bought for by the barrel. Several car-
loads were sold to the farmers in our neighborhood, but the results were
not satisfactory. I did not purchase, believing that the salt having been
used,- had lost its savor, but instead tried a quantity of new salt without
any perceptible benefit.

Having in my study of agricultural chemistry learned that silica gave
firmness and rigidity to the stalks of grass, and the cereals, and not
having at hand any powdered quartz. I tried an application of river
sand to the heavy black soil, but the crop did not assimilate the cruder
article, and the straw was no stronger than in other parts of the field.

Following up my experience with the old plaster and the ashes of the
brush heaps, I mixed sand and lime together, applying the mixture to a
plat of ground, having previously tried lime, as I had sand, separate,
without results in strengthening the straw. The lime and sand mixed
proved of as little value as they did separate and on calling the attention
of a neighbor to the former result from the old plaster and no result
from the lime and sand, he reminded me that I had omitted the hair
always used in plaster.

On an adjoining plat of ground I applied a good coat of oak ashes that
I purchased from the Amana Society in Iowa county, with the result that
the oat straw was stiff er and stronger on this plat; of this there was no
question. While that season all the oats stood up I was convinced that
the oats straw had been strengthened by the potash in the oak ashes.
It was of brighter color than the balance of the field, the grain was
plumper and heavier and had it been possible to secure a supply of
oak ashes at a reasonable price this experiment would have been con-
tinued on a larger scale.

It is well known to every student of agricultural chemistry that the
three principal fertilizers are potash, phosphoric acid and nitrogen, and
if the soil is deficient in either one of these, while having the others in
abundance the crop must suffer for the lack of plant food, in other words,
plants require, as well as animals, a balanced ration.

Much more could be written on this subject, but I have already ex-
ceeded the limit I had intended and it only remains for me to repeat again
that our land is not too rich to produce oats that will not lodge, but it is
too poor. And to insure strong, stiff straw that will stand up we must
furnish the soil with the necessary plant food, in the same manner as
we feed our young animals oats, shorts and bran to make bone and
muscle, reserving the corn for fattening.

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAE BOOK— PART III. 135

Phosphoric acid we still have in limited quantities in our- Iowa soil,
and this substance enters largely in the formation of the grain. Nitro-
gen that insures the growth of the stalk we can furnish by growing
clover and the application of manure. Potash to give strength to the
stalk, that lodging of the grain may be in a large measure prevented, is
absolutely necessary, and it is for the lack of this plant food and not be-
cause our soil is too rich that the growing of oats has so often resulted
in failure.

It is yet doubtful whether the purchase of potash in large quantities
and its application to the soil would prove profitable, with the low price
that usually prevails for oats, the present season being an exception.

But of the value of the suggestions in this paper as to seed, cultiva-
tion, harvesting and stacking, there is no question, and the farmer who
follows the advice here given will not only reap a I'ich reward, but have
the consciousness that he has risen to a higher plane as a farmer than he
formerly occupied, and in adding to his own wealth he is at the same
time advancing one of the greatest industries of the best agricultural state
In the American union.

The President : This closes our program for this afternoon. I
desire to say on behalf of the audience, that we thank these gentle-
men most sincerely for their addresses, which have been so highly
entertaining, and the discussions following have been highly appre-
ciated.

This meeting will reconvene this evening, at 8 o'clock, when I
have no doubt a full and most interesting program will be carried
out.

(Adjournment taken until 8 o'clock P. M.)

TUESDAY EVENING SESSION— 8 O'CLOCK P. M.

. . I

The President : Gentlemen, we will proceed with our evening

program. I am highly pleased to announce that we have with us
tonight, Dr. A. D. Melvin, head of the Animal Industry, of Wash-
ington, D. C. We are glad for the privilege of having this gentle-
man with us to-night. I am sure Secretary Wilson could not have
pleased us better than to have sent him to address this meeting this
evening. I now have the pleasure of introducing to you Dr. A. D.
Melvin.

136 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

ADDRESS.

DR. A. D. MELVIN, CHIEF OP BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY,
WASHINGTON, D. C.

3Ir. President: I have been taken rather an unfair advantage of
in being asked to address you gentleman. I came here to listen
what you folks had to say at your meeting and to ascertain whether
there was anything in the live stock industry which the department
could do for you to further your interests.

In the first instance, I wish to present to you the compliments of
the Secretary, and assure you that he has the deepest and liveliest
interest in the welfare of this Association. This is the first time I
have had the opportunity of meeting with you, although in the
several years that I have been connected with Secretary Wilson, he
has frequently referred to this Association as one of the strongest
in the live-stock industry in the United States.

Mr. Wallace suggested to me that I touch upon the subject of
the inspection, more particularly, the meat inspection as conducted
by the Bureau of Animal Industry, and I shall therefore devote
some attention to this subject, in what I may have to say to you.
• There has been a great deal of interest in this question in the last
couple of years, on account of the great notoriety that was given our
slaughter houses and their methods, through the press, and in other
ways, and nearly all of you, I presume, are familiar with the hor-
rible conditions that were painted in the most lurid colors. Per-
sonally, I am able to say, that this coloring was very much exag-
gerated. I have been closely connected with the inspection for
many years, and so far as the law has given authority to go, the
inspection was well conducted, and in the houses where inspection
existed, the meats were inspected in good shape.

We now have authority to require modem sanitary conditions,
and re-inspection of the meats during the different stages of pro-
cessing, regulating the preservatives which shall be used in curing
meats and the labelling of the products. Many of these labels were
really misleading as to the contents. That has all been corrected,
and the work was a tremendous one.

Heretofore the work of inspection was not obligatory on the part
of the packer, except with reference to exportation of beef. Only

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART III. 137

those who desired an inspection had it, on account of the small ap-
propriation, and some who desired it were not able to get it. The
new law provides that all who do an inter-state business shall have
inspection. "With respect to retail butehers and dealers supplying
customers, and animals slaughtered on the farm by farmers, these
exceptions are made on account of the tremendous difficulty it
would entail in inspecting small houses and the slaughtering on the
farms.

I am fortunate in having with me some figures to show you some-
thing of the magnitude of the work during the past fiscal year.
There .were in all 50,953,000 animals inspected on post-mortem
examinations, of which there were 7,593,000 beef cattle, 1,757,000
calves, 9,672,000 sheep, 31,639,000 swine, and 52,000 goats ; these I
suppose went in with the sheep.

This work was conducted at 708 different establishments, in 186
different towns, and required the employment of 2,290 persons. All
final post-mortems are conducted by veterinarians, who are assisted
in part by experienced employes. The final passing on whether a
carcass shall be condemned or passed, is in the hands of veter-
inarians.

The greatest cause for condemnation in the case of cattle and
sheep is tuberculosis. .39 per cent of the cattle were condemned for
tuberculosis; .25 per cent in whole, and .14 per cent in part. Of the
hogs there was 1.04 per cent condemned for tuberculosis. .206 per
cent were condemned in whole, and in .834 per cent in part. There
were, of course, a very large number of animals that were slightly
affected, which were passed entire. Now, these figures represent the
number condemned entirely or some portion of them, in consequence
of the diseas§.

Of the total number condemned of cattle 70 per cent were con-
demned on account of tuberculosis ; the number of hogs condemned
was 62 per cent, on account of tuberculosis. Of course, the cost of
this has not been fully felt by the producer as yet. The one who
sends in a lot of cattle and hogs,- — a very large proportion of them
are affected with the disease and condemned, — is to-day receiving
the same amount practically for his stock, as the man who sends
in entirely healthy cattle. So far, there has been no discrimination
made between the breeder of healthy cattle and diseased cattle — you
are paying for it. You are familiar with the story of the traveling
man who lost his overcoat out on a trip, and he purchased a new one
and put it in his expense bill. When the bill was presented to the
house, it was promptly cut out. In his next trip he was unfortunate

138 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

enough to have his overcoat stolen again, and it was again put in
his expense account ; there was no overcoat in that bill, and it was
allowed, but it was in there just the same. That is the way these con-
demned animals are being charged up against you. You pay for
them, only you do not realize it so much as if it were a direct
charge.

The method of ante-mortem inspection is considerably different
in different localities. In Kansas City, the inspectors are sta-
tioned in the stock yards, and whenever an animal is suspected of
being in a condition to render it unfit for food, it is tagged, but the
animal proceeds with the balance of the herd of cattle or swine to
the slaughtering house which has made the purchase, and is slaught-
ered there, and the remittance is accordingly, whether it is passed
or condemned. Practically the same system obtains in St. Joe and
Omaha, although at these two places, they have an inspector ap-
pointed by, I think the Exchange and the packers jointly, who also
tag the cattle and hogs. At these two places the government inspect-
ors make out a report, giving the number of tagged and the
reason for condemnation of the animal, and that is posted in the
Exchange where every one can see whether the animal was in fact
condemned or not. At Chicago, the system is very different. We
have our inspectors in the yards, who inspect and tag, but through
an agreement with the Exchange — I suppose you are familiar with
this — these animals are then slaughtered at one particular place,
and they are there inspected both by the Federal Government and
the State Inspectors, and the remittance is made by the representa-
tive of the Exchange to the respective commission firms.

A great deal of complaint has reached the department from va-
rious sources with reference to this system in vogue in Chicago, and
that was one of" the reasons which brought me out here, to determine
the feeling of the shippers with reference to the system in pi;actice
at that point. So far as I am aware, there is no complaint in either
of the large packing centers with reference to the disposal of their
ante-mortem condemned animals.

In the matter of meat inspection the government has gone as far
as it can in that direction. It has no authority to extend the inspec-
tion beyond that which is subject to interstate commerce. When an
inspection is inaugurated in an establishment, all the animals pre-
pared in that place are subject to the same inspection, whether for
inter-state sale or export. But the government cannot go into a
town like Des Mbines and establish inspection, that is, doing a
sitrictly business within the state; and it is this inspection which

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART III. 139

must be conducted by states or cities, in order to perfect the system
of inspection which will protect the consumer. It seems rather ridic-
ulous for the national government to inspect about five-eighths of
the animals slaughtered, unless the other three-eighths are also
inspected by equally competent inspectors. It is absolutely neces-
sary that either cities or states take up this work and complete what
the Federal Grovernment is unable to do.

The department has assisted, as far as possible, in eradicating
tuberculosis, and in one way, has assisted by the free distribution of
tuberculin to various state and city officials. It has not been given
general distribution, because it was thought better, that those desir-
ing it should obtain it from their local officials. It has been alleged
that tuberculin will produce tuberculosis in animals that are
injected with it. I do not presume any of you are of that opinion.
I may briefly state how it is prepared. The bacillus of human tu-
berculosis is taken, and with it bouillon or other media is infected.
This is called a culture. The bacilli grow on the top of this fluid,
looking like a mould. It is kept in retorts at a certain temperature,
and when it reaches a certain degree of development it is shaken up
and all sterilized, completely killing any bacilli which may be pres-
ent. In addition it is filtered through very fiiie porcelain filters,
and this main product which is filtered out is then the tuberculin
which is injected into the cattle. If they are tubercular, it will
give a definite true elevation of temperature, with the exception
that in advanced stages of tuberculosis, they frequently give no
reaction at all; there often, however, is a sub-normal temperature.

So you see, there is no. possibility for cattle obtaining tuberculosis
in this manner. In the eradication of tuberculosis there is one
important fact, which all of you who are so unfortunate as to have
infected cattle, should bear in mind. It is the height of folly to go
to the expense of destroying your diseased animals, without you
thoroughly disinfect all the premises with which they may have
come in contact. We have demonstrated beyond the shadow of a
doubt, that a very large number of bacillis are passed, with infected
animals, to the hogs that follow them and in this way readily con-
tract tuberculosis. This accounts in a very large measure for the
very large amount of tuberculosis in hogs, particularly in corn dis-
tricts, where it is a general practice for the hogs to follow the
cattle.

Once tuberculosis is eradicated from the cattle herds, it will be
very speedily eradicated of its own accord from hogs. This disease
is really more prevalent in certain kinds of our cattle than most

140 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

people imagine. Recently an exporter of high grade cattle, or,
pure blooded cattle, to Argentina, required us, on account of the
laws of Argentina to test these cattle that he was to ship. He
bought those cattle subject to the test, and in every instance they
were out of fine herds, and 50 per cent of these cattle reacted with
the tuberculin test. To use his own words, the best cattle reacted.
In recent work among dairy herds we found 18 per cent of the
cows affected. In some instances this amounted to 100 per cent ; in
others, none, and in some very low, but the average per cent was 18.
These dairy men had their cattle tested under an agreement with
the department, that they would, in consideration of the free test,
if they reacted but didn't present any visible signs, or physical
signs, either segregate them and pasteurize the milk from them, in
the event of their having calves, the calves to be immediately re-
moved, and those that showed physical signs of tuberculosis were to
be slaughtered; that was one of the provisions. They did this of
their own accord to rid themselves of the disease, and because they
did not want to sell milk from such cattle to people.

There has been quite an effort or agitation recently among a num-
ber of breeders of high bred cattle, to establish free herds ; that is,
herds that were absolutely known to be free from tuberculosis and
guaranteed as such. I trust that such measures may be started,
because it is only right, that any one who is selling high grade stock
to go into a herd of some other man, it should be healthy.

This disease has been underestimated ; it is one which has not
developed very rapidly, as a rule, and the outward signs, for a long
time are so slight, or often do not exist at all, so that unless one is
very careful, animals may be diseased, and one not be aware of it
In addition to this, we have been devoting a great deal of attention
to the enforcement of the 28-hour law — that is the ordinary name
for the law, although its provision allow an extension for 36 hours
upon written request of the shipper. A number of convictions have
been had under this law, and other prosecutions are to follow. It
is thought, that by vigorous enforcement of this law, railroads
would give better service in transporting to market. I believe it
has improved the situation some, but has not accomplished what was
expected, and it may be it would be better if a minimum rate of
speed be required by the railroads in transporting live stock. This
certainly would be a very humane thing. In long shipments the
stock has to be loaded too often in reaching the markets.

We have a great deal of work which would be of interest to you,
directly, in the way of the live stock industry. Our quarantine
measures require careful inspection.

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART III. 141

Much has been done in the way of dealing with and studying the
manufacture of different kinds of cheese which have been made and
brought in, as also our domestic cheese, as to the different ways
and conditions under which it is kept in storage.

In animal husbandry, we have varied experiences in cattle breed-
ing, horse breeding, poultry and swine breeding, and sheep breed-
ing. This is done in connection with the experiment stations of
the different states.

We have also constantly studied the different problems with
reference to diseases .and the cause of diseases, the best methods of
eradicating them, where it is possible. Out Tick eradication in the
south has caused a great deal of work and been of great benefit, as
far as it has been carried out. These ticks, while conveyors of dis-
ease to northern cattle, are also very injurious to cattle in these
southern countries. They become so numerous, they are a pest;
they are blood suckers ; they deplete the animal so that in many sec-
tions of the south cattle raising cannot be pursued to advantage.
We have been at this work two years. The last Congress gave us
$150,000; the previous one had given us $83,500, and up to date,
something like 80,000 square miles has been eradicated and freed
from the tick.

The President : I would suggest that some of our people here
are very much interested in this problem, and would no doubt like
to ask some questions along the line of inspection. So I will invite
"a few minutes discussion.

A Member : I came here to see our Railroad Commissioners, and
secure information on a proposition touched upon by the speaker.
I ship in and out from the farm frequently and come in contact
with the law that is called the 28-hour law. My experience has
been, in shipping from Omaha to Chicago, if the railroad company
exceeds the 28 hours, the conductor will come to the shipper and
demand that the shipper sign an agreement releasing the railroad
company from responsibility in holding the stock over and beyond
28 hours. On this point I would like to ask for information. Who
is held responsible for the care and feeding and the damage to this
stock, is it the shipper or the railroad company? Our Railroad
Commissioners can give me no information on this point.

Dr. Melvin: The law provides that live stock shall not be re-
tained in cars without food, water and rest to exceed 28 hours,
except in case the shipper, having made a written request to the
railroad company, the time can be extended to 36 hours. Another
provision is that sheep are not required to be unloaded in the night

142 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

time, but will be hauled to the first unloading point during daylight.
As to who is responsible for the feed and care of the stock, it is the
railroad ; it is in their possession, and if the stock does not receive
food, water and rest while in their possession, they are responsible.
If the owner does not take care of it, they must.

Question: Who pays the bill?

Dr. Melvin : I presume the shipper.

Question : Do I understand you that Chicago has a different
inspection on suspected animals than other markets?

Dr. IMelvin: If I said that, I conveyed the wrong impression.
I did not mean the inspection was different ; the manner of dispos-
ing of the tagged animals is different ; the inspection itself is practi-
cally the same, made at the scales at the time the animals are
weighed. At Chicago it is made after the animals are weighed ; at
other centers it is made before the animals are weighed. But the
subsequent handling is different. At Chicago the animals are con-
trolled by the state and live stock exchange, I believe, jointly; at
any rate, the animals are slaughtered in one particular slaughter
house under the supervision of the state inspectors, and the prod-
ucts are disposed of by the representative for the Live Stock Ex-
change, who remits to the various commission firms.

Question : Then the exchanges at the other markets have noth-
ing to do with the product after they are slaughtered?

Dr. Melvin : Absolutely nothing. The animals go to the various
slaughter houses that have bought the balance of the cattle or hogs,
as the case may be, and their returns are made accordingly as to
whether the animals were passed or condemned.

A Member: I suppose you were familiar with the dispute be-
tween the packers and the commission men at Chicago. At the
time that quarrel was going on, the impression was quite general
that a man shipping cattle had no assurance that healthy animals
might not be condemned. It seems to me you would render a serv-
ice to our people here by informing them whether there is any
cliance for the shipper suffering because of unjust condemnation?

Dr. Melvin : The inspection and disposal of any condemned ani-
mals in the packing houses where we have inspection, is absolutely
in the hands of the federal authorities, federal inspectors. They
have no object whatever in discriminating in any way. To avoid
any discrimination, it would be a very simple proposition for each
shipper to tag his animals. As I understand this subject of inspec-

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART III. 143

tion was to be confined to she-cattle ; that would eliminate a very
large proportion of those slaughtered. Those she-cattle could have
been tagged by the shipper, and in the event any of them had been
condemned by the packing houses, the inspector in charge would
post in the exchange a list of those tags, and the numbers or initi-
als, whatever was placed on them, showing the cause for which
they were condemned, in whole or in part — and it would have been
absolutely above board ; every one could have seen exactly whether
his animals were condemned or not; if the number wasn't on the
board, he would know they were not condemned.

The President : I would like to ask if there is any reason why
the same system in vogue at the other markets and centers, in regard
to disposing of these sdspected animals, should not be in vogue in
Chicago also.

Dr. Melvin: No reason I know of. I suppose some one has a
reason.

Question: You mean to say the Federal Government has no
reason for not putting that system in effect?

Dr. Melvin : No, sir ; none whatever.

Question: Is it necessary, in shipping cattle from one state to
another to have them inspected?

Dr. ]\Ielvin : It is in some states.

Question: In shipping from Iowa to Minnesota?

Dr. Melvin : In shipping from Iowa to Minnesota, so far as the
Federal Government is concerned, there would be no permit re-
quired, but the shipment of animals affected with contagious dis-
eases or inoeculable diseases, is absolutely prohibited by law, and
they couldn't be shipped under permit or any other way. This
holds, with the exception of southern cattle, which are shipped and
marketed for slaughter.

A Member: I have had some experience with hogs in the last
three or four months in our neighborhood. A disease broke out
they called cholera and of course, different medicine men were on
hand to sell their medicine. I had a veterinary come in and open
one of them up and he found the trouble to be with their lungs. He
also went across the road to another farmer and opened three in
that yard that died that morning. The man took the balance and
went to Chicago; they went straight. How do you account for
that?

144 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Dr. JVIelvin : It is a question whether these animals were con-
demned or not. There may have been some condemned and some
passed. We find in some instances, particularly when they are
shipping small hogs ; in some instances there will be from 90 to 100
per cent condemned when they get into the packing house. This
statement I have shows that during the past fiscal year there were
4,506 hogs condemned for hog cholera; so there have been a good
many practicing the same thing.

A Member: We had another case, just about a year ago. A
man loaded up his hogs and brought them into our town; on the
road two of them died; they were thrown out of the wagon. He
hauled the rest in and sold them to a butcher, and in the meantime
he brought in another load and sold them to the shipper. When
the shipper went to load those hogs, he noticed them staggering ; the
bank was closed in the meantime, too late to pay at the bank, and
so in the meantime he called and took a veterinary do^vn there, and
there had three more died, and two or three more were sick. He
notified this party that he would have to bum them up or bury
them. Well, the party refused to do it. In the meantime there
were eight of those left, but they were diseased, you could see that
by their appearance, and from the way they acted. The shipper
didn 't want to get into a lawsuit, and held those hogs three or four
days and shipped them into Chicago. I saw the bill myself when
it came back for those hogs and they went through.

Dr. Melvin : I don 't know where thej'' were killed in Chicago, I
am sure.

Question: I understand, they could have been condemned and
the shipper knew nothing about if?

Dr. Melvin : He says the shipper received his pay for them. If
he received the market value for them, the packer must have stood
the loss.

QuESTiOjs' : What is the practical method of disinfection in case
of tuberculosis as to pastures?

Dr. Melvin : Practically nothing. The bacilli soon dies in the
sun and air. Nature itself would soon disinfect it.

Question: If a cow is heavy with calf, isn't it the case they
would react sometimes when they wouldn't otherwise?

Dr. ]\Ielvin : Yes, sir ; we have found that to be true in a very
large number of tests made. There were about three per cent
really mistakes, that were made on account of advanced pregnancy.

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART III. 145

where the udder would be inflamed, and conditions of that sort ap-
pear; but generally, if the veterinary is careful, he can discover
the causes in these cases.

Question: Isn't it also true that a cow in heat will react?

Dr. Melvin : In some instances, that is one of the causes.

Question: That would make it quite dangerous for a feeder
to have his cattle inspected?

Dr. ^Ielvin : No, he could defer the time in these particular
instances and have it done at a later period, or if the test has been
made, have them re-tested in the course of six or eight weeks.

A Member : We had a breeder sell a young bull to go to South
America ; he was tested and reacted ; a j^ear after that he was tested
and passed all right. What was the cause of that ?

Dr. ]\Ielvin : I w^ouldn 't be able to state. There may have been
some local condition which caused the reaction in the first place : or,
it might be the test wasn't carefully applied, or something of that
sort.

The President : I expect we had l)etter close this discussion for
the present. I am sure we have all appreciated the remarks of Dr.
Melvin and the information he has given us along this line. It no
doubt has been very beneficial, many points having been brought
out that some of us were no doubt not familiar with.

The President : The next number on our program this evening
is the ''Transportation Problems Affecting Iowa Agriculture," by
Clifford Thorne, Washington, Iowa.

Most of our people have heard of Clifi:ord Thorne. He made a
record at the state house last spring, before the Iowa Railroad Com.
missioners, in securing a reduction of freight rates on live stock
in this state, of 18 per cent. We are glad for the record this young
man has made, and I am glad to have the privilege of introducing
him to you tonight.

TRANSPORTATION PROBLEMS AFFECTING IOWA
AGRICULTI^RE.

CLIFFORD THORN, WASHINGTON, IOWA.

Mr. President: This is a pleasure, to have the opportunity I
have this evening, and I suppose, of course, that pleasure will be
all mine — like the gentleman who was requested to attend the
funeral of his mother-in-law.
10

146 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

The agricultural interests of this state, and the Iowa interests,
are synonymous terms. At the last census the total value of farm
property in this state amounted to over one billion eight hundred
million dollars ; that was an increase of 66 per cent over the census
ten years before, which was an increase of 50 per cent over the
census returns of the decade previously. The last census returns
showed the gross value of aU your agricultural products in this
state, exceeded any other state in this Nation.

This evening I am talking to representatives of the most impor-
tant industry in the greatest agricultural state in America. My
topic concerns the most widely discussed question of the day, the
railroad problem. Just at this time we must keep in mind the
tale of "The Goose and the Golden Egg" — during these financial
troubles — and remembering that, let us consider some of the
phases of our subject.

The farmer occupies a peculiar relation toward the railroads.
Why do you differ from other shippers? Simply, because of the
character of your business. A reduction in the rates on dry goods
or dressed meats, increases traffic of that character. When a man-
ufacturing establishment is seeking and negotiating for a location,
or new business, one of the first things the officer does, is to inves-
tigate the condition of freight rates. If he can succeed in impress-
ing the proper railroad official that lower rates mean more busi-
ness, the factory gets a reduction. When you are negotiating for
the purchase of a farm, do you investigate and find out what the
rates are? Under ordinary circumstances, you do not do so. The
average railroad official knows that any particular farm will pro-
duce practically the same tonnage, whether Tom Jones or Nancy
Hanks owns it.

Another difference between the factory and the farm is, that the
factory usually controls a larger amount of products under a single
management. The average Iowa farm in 1900, turned out $1,598
worth of products; while the average Iowa factory turned out
$11,108 worth of products. The average Illinois factory turned
out 32,839 worth of products. The factory that produces products
amounting to hundreds of thousands of dollars, is the one that has
the greatest effect on freight rates.

Again, a factory can locate at strategic points. It generally lo-
cates at a junction of two or more railroads. A farm is generally
on one or a few roads, or some distance away from a road.

Another difference between the factory and the farm is, that the
factory can change its location, if the roads do not give favorable
rates; it can pick up and move to some favored locality, and it

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART III. 147

generally gets the cost of removal paid by those interested in the
new location. The farm cannot change its location.

These differences between the factory and the farmer have had
a remarkable effect on the freight rates in this section of the
country.

We are confronted with the fact that there are no natural laws
of business which protect the farmer in regard to railroad matters.
Practically every reduction that has been brought about on farm
products during the past generation, has been done by government
interference. Is it strange that the pioneer steps in all these move-
ments for government regulation should originate wdth the farmer?
It is the natural place for them to originate. And now, while you
are interested, let us take a general survey of the situation, and see
what problems still confront us.

You have heard a great deal about rebates lately; that topic has
attracted wide attention. A few years ago, a member of the Inter-
state Commerce Commission, an attorney for the Cattle Raisers
Association, and the governor of a great state, and several other
gentlemen who command public esteem, testified before a Congres-
sional Committee, that the Elkins law had destroyed all rebating.
But scarcely had the sound of their voices died away, when expos-
ures in New York and Wisconsin disclosed the fact that rebates
amounting into the millions of dollars were still being given and
received annually. While this is a great question, to my mind,
there is a far greater one.

I am told that the railroads are discriminating in the furnishing
of cars in the state of Iowa. I know that the farmer located at the
junction of two or more lines can obtain his cars much easier than
the man upon a single road. When a shipper delays a car several
days, he pays damages by the day. When the railroad delays the
shipper several weeks by the failure to furnish cars, causing a loss
of hundreds of dollars to the shipper, the railroad pays nothing.
This situation is outrageous and must be rectified; and important
as that question is, yet to my mind, there is still a greater one.

A few months ago a prominent candidate for President of the
United States, a member of the Supreme Court of the United
States, and several United States Senators came out in published
statements, that in their judgments the railroads of this country
were not over-capitalized as a w'hole. Those gentlemen have won
the confidence of the public. If their statements are correct, there
is absolutely no use to make a valuation of all the railroads of the
United States by the government. If their statements are not cor-
rect, they should be among the first to retract them, because, the

148 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

American people have made up their minds they do not propose to
pay interest on watered stock. The President himself has ex-
pressed that view — that "the public will not tolerate efforts to
make them pay dividends on watered stock. ' ' Public interest justi-
fies us in demanding to know the authorities for the statements
made by these honorable gentlemen, that American railroads are
not over-capitalized. Your first question is : are there any author-
ities ? Not such an authority as the honorable member of the
Supreme Court who sits in his office in Washington, D. C, and
makes a valuation of all the railroads in the country at one huge
guess. I am informed that at the present time a gentleman is em-
ployed in making a valuation of all our railroads. Immediately
after his task is finished he is to be given the presidency of a large
eastern railroad ; and when that report comes out, it ^vill be heralded
all over this country, notwithstanding his unquestioned bias. Are
there any investigations actually made, of the valuations of the
railroads that are unprejudiced; made by men who have gone out
into the fields and obtained the real facts as they are? Yes, there
are some already made. A few years ago the Texas Commission
made an exhaustive investigation, and they found that the railroads
in that state were capitalized at more than double their actual
value.

Last year the legislature of Minnesota appointed a committee to
make a similar investigation. Their report shows that the railroads
in that state are capitalized from 15 per cent to 400 per cent more
than their actual value. One of the railroads was capitalized at
five times its value, and the president of that road testified, that in
some of their stock there "was what might be called water." Until
we find out the actual value of railroads, how are we going to
determine reasonable rates'? Even though we show the rates that
the Iowa people pay are higher than those paid by the people of
Illinois and Missouri how do you know the latter are not too high?
Until you find out the valuation of the railroads, you are merely
scratching the surface of the railroad problem.

Great and important as the matter of over-capitalization is, to
my mind there is still a greater one. Let us consider the matter
of rates for a few minutes. Railroads are built to make money,
and the way they make most of the mone.y is out of freight rates.
They are sellers of transportation ; you are buyers. I have a
simple business proposition I want to make which I think you will
accept, no matter which side of the controversy you are on. It is
this: It is to the interest of the railroads to charge just as high
rates as they can, provided these rates will not interfere seriously

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART III. 149

with business activity ; on the other hand, it is to the interest of the
public generally to obtain this service for the lowest rates which
do not seriously interfere with railroad activity. Here you have
a plain, clear-cut conflict of interests. There is no use trying to
dodge it or get around it. It seems to me that is the situation of
the buyer and seller over and over again. The seller wants to get
as much as he can, and the buyer wants to pay as little as he can.
It is to their interest to have high rates ; to your interest to have
low rates.

Now, what has been the course of the history of freight rates on
your farm products ? You people are interested in farms ; you have
to get your product to market. If I were able to show you that you
have been paying for the past seventeen years, from 30 to 50 per
cent more than the Illinois farmer who lives on the same railroad,
the same distance from Chicago, in the same territor^^ to get your
cattle to market, wouldn 't that be something concrete and tangible 1
These matters are of importance. They affect the amount of money
in circulation in our state ; they affect farm values. Let us ap-
proach the question of freight rates from a purely business stand-
point, leaving out all questions of general morality and politics.

During the past fifteen or twenty years there has been a great
many reductions on all freight rates in the country. This has been
made possible ©n account of larger engines, larger cars, stronger
road-beds, and general equipment. For the figures you may ex-
amine the Inter-state Commerce reports and the Illinois reports on
the average revenue per ton hauled.

This average in the state of Illinois was 24 per cent higher in
1891 than it was in 1906. In the United States there was a 22 per
cent decrease from 1890 to 1905 on all traffic. In group 6, that is
the Iowa group, there has been a decrease of 25 per cent. So we
have the figures ranging from 22 to 25 per cent decrease on the
revenue of all tons hauled a mile in Illinois, in group 6, and in the
United States. What is the situation as to your farm products'?
A careful examination of the schedules in force in the state of
Iowa, from Januarv' 1, 1890, to January 1, 1907, shows, that there
has been absolutely no decrease upon wheat, flour, millet, flax seed,
corn, barley and other grain and mill stuffs; horses, mules, cattle,
calves and sheep. You are principally interested in live stock —
but I want to say there was a small decrease in hogs along in 1893,
and just about the same time there was an increase in cattle and
sheep. This increase was made on the quiet. There is no record of
any consultation whatever. Our commission, with the assistance
of some learned railroad officials, when they made out the schedule

150 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

per hundred pounds, in place of the rates per car, divided the
former rates by the minimum weight of the car load, instead of the
average weight of the car load. It was cleverly done. I desire to
heartily congratulate the shrewd officials of the railroads who
manipulated the deal. Over in Illinois, when a similar change was
attempted, there was an elaborate hearing held, and I hardly need
add, 200 stock men were present and numerous railroads were
represented, and the live stock interests of the state were amply
protected. Our present commission, after a lapse of fifteen years
corrected that error the past spring. I don't know upon whose
shoulders to lay the blame.

You have heard it said that in the state of Iowa the rates are
lower than those of other states. Don't let anybody fool you by a
comparison of schedules. The railroads in this state charge the
full amount allowed by the maximum schedule. In Illinois more
than half the traffic is carried on rates below the state schedule.
The same is true in Missouri. You may also have heard that the
Iowa classification is the lowest in the west. If you have lived in
another state, you would have heard quite a different story. In
that connection I want to read a brief sentence contained in an
answer made by the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway, in a'
case heard in Illinois last year, which is as follows : " It is admitted
as a general fact that the classification of Illinois averages lower
than any other classification in the Mississippi Valley." This
statement was made over the signature of the officials of the road.

Let us take some concrete illustrations concerning rates, that
might interest you. I have placed them in the form of a table, as
follows :

RATES ON FRESH MEATS— BEEF, LAMB, VEAL, VENISON AND

PORK LOINS.
Under the State
Distance Schedule of

in Miles. Iowa. Illinois.

100 $32.00 $30.00 Iowa rate exceeds Illinois rate 6 per cent

200 46.00 39.20 Iowa rate exceeds Illinois rate 17 per cent

300 60.00 45.20 Iowa rate exceeds Illinois rate 32 per cent

RATES ON FRESH FRUITS— GRAPES, PEACHES, PEARS AND PLUMS

Under the State
Distance Schedule of

in Miles. Iowa. Illinois.

100 $32.00 $23.40 Iowa rate exceeds Illinois rate 36 per cent

200 46.00 30.00 Iowa rate exceeds Illinois rate 51 per cent

300 60.00 34.00 Iowa rate exceeds Illinois rate 76 per cent

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART III.

151

RATES ON APPLES— (Green, by Carloads.)

Under the State
Distance Schedule of

in Miles. Iowa. Illinois.

100 $16.80 $16.00

200 28.40 20.80

300 40.00 24.20

Iowa rate exceeds Illinois rate 5 per cent
Iowa rate exceeds Illinois rate 36 per cent
Iowa rate exceeds Illinois rate 65 per cent

Distance
in Miles.
100
200
300

RATES ON LIVE POULTRY.

Under the State

Schedule of
Iowa. Illinois.

'$24.00 $23.40

39.20 31.00

50.00

Iowa rate exceeds Illinois rate 2 per cent
Iowa rate exceeds Illinois rate 22 per cent

34.00 Iowa rate exceeds Illinois rate 47 per cent

RATES ON FRESH BERRIES— (In Boxes or Crates.)

Distance
in Miles.
100
200
300

Under the State

Schedule of

Iowa. Illinois.

$32.00 $24.00

46.00 31.20 ■

60.00 36.00

Iowa rate exceeds Illinois rate 33 per cent
Iowa rate exceeds Illinois rate 47 per cent
Iowa rate exceeds Illinois rate 65 per cent

In handling berries, berry boxes become a necessity.

RATES ON BERRY BOXES AND CRATES — (Nested in Crates or

Bundles.)

Under the State
Distance Schedule of

in Miles. Iowa. Illinois.

100 $32.00 $14.00

200 46.00 18.80

300 60.00 22.00

Iowa rate exceeds Illinois rate 128 per cent
Iowa rate exceeds Illinois rate 144 per cent
Iowa rate exceeds Illinois rate 172 per cent

I might go on and give you hundreds of other comparisons, but
what would be the use? There are thousands of rates in effect in
this state. Last year President Stickney, in his address before
you, estimated that if there was a rate for every town in the United
States on every commodity hauled, there would be three trillion
five hundred million rates in effect. What would be of value is
simply this: an accurate statement as to the average revenue, the
average rate on all eommodities hauled in this state. The nearest
approach to this is what we call the average revenue per ton mile.
I find, if the report of your Railroad Commissioners is correct, that
the average revenue for every ton hauled a mile in this state is 79
per cent higher than in Illinois. Perhaps you say, conditions
are different in Iowa and Illinois. Yes, that is true. But does

152 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

the difference in conditions justify such an enormous variance as
that? And in connection with this I want to refer to the Iowa
group of states, group 6, composed of Illinois, Iowa, Wisconsin,
Minnesota, that part of the Dakotas east of the ]\Iissouri River,
that part of Missouri north of the ^Missouri River, and that part of
Michigan north of Lake Michigan. These states are substantially
similar. I find, in 1905, the average distance haul for a ton in Iowa
was longer than it was in the Iowa group of states; yet, notwith-
standing that fact, I find the average revenue on every ton hauled
in Iowa, was 31 per cent greater than in the Iowa group of states.
The last report we have from the Inter-state Commerce Commission
for group 6 is for the year 1905. Let us consider the Iowa report
for the year 1906. We find the average revenue for every ton
hauled a mile in this state is 54 per cent higher than the average
revenue for every ton hauled a mile in the Iowa group of states.

These facts are appalling. For fear that the accuracy of my
statement may be questioned I refer you to the 28th report of the
Iowa Commission, pp. 100-101 ; 29th la. Com. Rep., pp. 98-99 ; 36th
111. Railroad & Warehouse Commission Report, page 149 ; and the
18th Annual Report, of I. C. C, pp. 70 and 98.

Notwithstanding this situation in regard to the freight rates on
Iowa farm products, I do not consider that the most important
problem which concerns the Iowa agricultural interests at this
moment; there is a still greater one.

You have heard a great deal about honesty lately— and some
people claim these exposures we have had have hurt business. I
am not surprised at this. If one of these great big wads of concen-
trated .juicy rottenness gets a puncture, it is not strange that an
odor arises. Yet, after all is said and done, I do not believe the
average railroad official is any more dishonest than the average
politician who talks about him. The matter of honesty or dishon-
esty is not peculiar to the railroad business. Of course, I don't think
we should trust our railroad officials any more than we do our bank
officials. I believe we should have their books examined peri-
odically by experts. But there is no issue here ; there is no disagree-
ment between you and them. They agree that they ought to be
honest, and, I believe, after an investigation you would find that
railroad men are just as honest as you are. In nine cases out of
ten they are doing precisely what you would do if you were in their
shoes and had their brains.

But there is a far greater question, far more perplexing and pro-
found. If the issue is not rebates, not discrimination, not exces-
sive rates, not over-capitalization, what is it? Would you please tell

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART III. 153

me what is the cause of these bad sores, these cancerous growths on
our industrial life? Now, while we are digging down deep into all
the filth and mire we have uncovered the past few years, let us get
down to the cause, if we can. It may hurt some, but in the long
run it is best. If one of your children should develop a persistent
hacking cough, would 3^ou be content to give it an occasional dose
of soothing syrup ? No ; you would want to get to the seat of the
trouble and remove the cause, if you could.

A few months ago I was walking down one of your streets with a
representative of one of our large western railroads, and in the
course of our conversation, I happened to make the remark, that
there would probably be considerable rate legislation during the next
few years. His reply was terse and to the point. He said: "That
will all blow over in three or four years ; these things come and go
in bunches, like the measles." That remark presents the gravest
problem. Why is it that nothing is accomplished except in the
midst of a wide-spread agitation ? The same thing that is happen-
ing to-day happened away back in the Grange times, and it hap-
pened again in the 80 's; and if my friend's prophecy is true, it
won't happen very much longer now, but will come back some time
later.

Why is it that nothing can be accomplished except in times of
agitation ? Where is the defect in our present system ? At present
there are two agencies you resort to to protect your interests ; one is
the voluntary association, and the other your railroad commissions.
Voluntary associations are splendid ; they have done some magni-
ficent work; their mission is fully vindicated by the work of the
Com Belt Meat Producers' Association.

The efforts of a voluntary association which seeks to act for vast
numbers, is generally spasmodic in its activity. While interest is
intense, men will join ; they will attend meetings a few times and
pay a few dollars, and then they will let their membership lapse.
You are all acquainted with that situation in your various com-
munities. It is unfortunate, but it is human nature. Then is it
just to let the burden rest upon the few? Nine-tenths of the
farmers leave this matter to the state. We are organized into what
we call a government. They think it is the place of the state and
national government to correct and care for such things.

Why is it nothing is done except by agitation ? Agitation is un-
desirable ; it unsettles business, makes panics and financial troubles
right along, year after year. I could never pose as a reformer.
Reform is better than standing still; but progress from year to
year is better than reform.

154 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE.

Now, while interest is keen, can we not devise some way, some
method, some means that will help to protect our interests after the
agitation has passed away? Where is the defect in our present
methods? I believe the commission system has proven a success
as a tribunal for the determination of causes brought before it by
outsiders. But I say deliberately, that I believe the commission
system has proven a failure in its capacity to take the initiative
on behalf of the public ; and this failure can be ascribed with prac-
tical certainty to the fact that we place too big a task upon our
commissions. We empower them and expect them to hear eases
brought before them, and we also empower and expect them to take
the initiative on behalf of the state in beginning proceedings and
carrying them on. In other words, we expect our commissions to
be judges, and jurors and witnesses and attorneys, all rolled into
lone — an absurd combination, wholly eontrarj^ to the entire spirit
of Anglo-Saxon legal history; almost certain to prove a failure.
And the natural result has been that these commissions have gravi-
tated into judicial tribunals, or semi-judicial tribunals — many peo-
ple object to the word judicial when speaking about railroad com-
missions.

Your present statute provides for your commission to take initia-
tory steps, just as though complaint had been filed. But where
have your important cases originated? The work accomplished in
the 80 's did not originate with the commission; the work done
when Governor Larrabee was at the State House did not originate
with the commission. The work done last year in Illinois, when
they effected a ten per cent reduction on practically all freight
rates in that state, did not originate with the commission ; it was
commenced and prosecuted to the finish by, outside sources. The
express rate case now pending before your commission was practi-
cally ordered by the legislature. Your commissioners have author-
ity over passenger fares; the reduction in passenger rates was not
effected by your commission. As I said before, this authority giv-
ing the commission initiatory power is practically a dead letter in
this state as well as elsewhere. Last year, when they reformed the
inter-state commerce act, they specifically excepted that provision,
and at the present time the Inter-state Commerce Commission has
no jurisdiction to fix rates in the absence of a complaint.

Gentlemen, you have elected your tribunal to hear and determine
the case, where are your Avitnesses and your counsel ? It is to your
interest to have low rates; to the railroad's interest to have high
rates. How do you protect your interests ; how do they protect
theirs? Here are a couple of paper bound pamphlets. In these

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART III, 155

two volumes there are rates on from one to eight different com-
modities, between over a thousand towns in Texas and neighboring
states, and several thousand towns elsewhere in the country. In
other words, we have in these two books several million rates. They
have been agreed to by over two hundred railroads ; they are issued
under the supervision of one man, Mr. Geo. W. Cahill, of St. Louis,
Mo. Millions of rates on two hundred railroads under the general
supervision of one man. I give you this as a simple illustration of
the enormous organization which the roads in the southwest have
effected. They are organized, and you are not. Each railroad has
employes and counsel in every county and state which it traverses ;
each railroad has representatives on committees, rate experts and
rate clerks by the hundred ; they have freight traffic managers, gen-
eral freight agents, etc., etc. — vast complicated machines, working
in perfect unison, put together and operated by master hands at
organization. The railroad interests to-day are protected by the
keenest brains that money can hire. How are you protecting your
interests? Did you ever investigate whether the charges you are
paying are reasonable or not? When you go to buy a horse or sell
a farm, you will stand and dicker and quibble by the hour, and you
have been kno\^Ti to waste considerable time and nervous energy
with the assessor, but when it comes to the paying of a billion dol-
lars or so every year in freight rates, you, in connection with the
majority of other shippers, sit around like bumps on a log and let
the other fellow charge whatever he wants to. Why? Simply
because, what is everybody's business is nobody's business.

Do not blame the railroads for protecting their interests. The
railroad officials who fails to look after the interests entrusted to
him, should get his walking papers. All I desire to say to you is,
that we are a bunch of big fools if we do not protect our interests.

You should have rate experts just as competent and well equipped
as the railroads have. There should be a transportation bureau
supported by the state and responsible to the state for its work.
These bureaus should make constant investigations; they should
make annual reports, giving information of practical and concrete
value to the shipping, manufacturing and producing interests of
your state. They should give us comparisons of rates and condi-
tions constantly. The Federal Government should have similar
bureaus. The exposures of the past few years merely serve as eye-
openers, and the lesson that we should learn is, that we must pro-
vide ourselves with the facilities that will prevent the recurrence
'of these evils. Unless you take definite steps with this object in
view, you will witness the same course of events which followed the

156 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Granger days, the same course of events that followed the days
when Larrabee was Governor, the same course of events my friend,
the railroad representative prophesied would occur. Don't deceive
yourselves with the idea that you can take additional steps with
ease ; they will be opposed and bitterly opposed by the very men who
you would naturally expect to oppose them — the industry of which
we are speaking. It is the most vast, the most complicated organi-
zation that ever existed on God 's footstool. These railroads build up
and tear down cities and states. At the time of the last census, the
gross value of the railroads and their equipment in this country
was greater than the combined value of all the live stock, all the
farm implements and machinery, all the manufacturing tools and
machinery, all the gold and silver bullion in this country, added to
the total capital of our national banks. In 1905 the gross earnings
and income above operating expenses of the railroads was greater
than all the gold and silver, corn, wheat, lead and copper produced
in the country. The gross earnings were four times greater than
the combined customs and internal revenue of the United States
government. It would take more gold than there is gold coin and
bullion in circulation, together with that in the national treasury
to pay the net earnings and income of the American railways for
one year — and this colossal industry has been built up within the
lives of many of those whom you pass on the streets.

Our fathers who framed this government, never dreamed of this
vast industry. We have not been studying government regulation,
tariffs, banks and colonies for centuries and centuries. "We have
just began the study of the regulation of these railroads. This is
the greatest subject that you men of this generation have to deal
with. With this stupendous task, we are but babes and sucklings.
We have not learned the alphabet as yet, and there are many who
are determined we shall not learn this alphabet.

The vast magnitude and importance of this railroad industry
justifies a department of our government second to none in the
nation. It should be supplied with a force as large or larger than
any other department of our government ; it should unquestionably
be represented in the cabinet ; it should have branch offices in every
large trade center in the United States. We have tax ferrets and
revenue collectors and bank examiners by the hundred, but our
freight bill is a greater tax to-day than all those put together.

We should go at this railroad question, not like a mob, from time
to time, reducing rates because we can, but we should build up a
comprehensive, well organized system under which we can act
intelligently. Until such means are provided we shall have to

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART III. 157

depend solely on these voluntary assoeiations and their magnificent
work. Meetings should be held everywhere in the towns and ham-
lets. You should receive the support of the public press, notwith-
standing the pressure which will be brought upon the editors to
prevent this. Up to the present time, neither in the state or nation,
have there been any additional material facilities provided above
what we had in this state for the last thirty years ; facilities which
experience has demonstrated are insufficient.

The greatest transportation problem that confronts the agricul-
tural interests of the present day, is not rebates, not discrimination,
nor over-capitalization. The question before you is, how can you
provide these facilities that will protect your interests in future
years? You may not be able to get back millions of dollars that
should have stayed on these Iowa farms, but we can save them in
future years. It is well to loek the barn door, sometimes after the
horse is stolen, that is, if you have another horse.

If you of this generation have the genius and the foresight to
grapple this tremendous question, and get things down to a prac-
tical working basis, well and good; if you fail to do this, the expe-
rience of the past forty years in the middle western states proves
that your success will be temporary. If you fail to do this, the
agitation will blow over, and public interest will die down, and we
will go to sleep for another generation or so ; twenty years later we
may wake up and we may not. It is up to you.

The President : We have with us tonight a gentleman, while his
name does not appear on the program, who represents an organiza-
tion which at one time, in the state of Iowa, was very prominent;
an organization which at least is remembered by our older members,
and perhaps by some of the younger members — the days of the
Grange in Iowa. I have the pleasure of introducing to you tonight
the head lecturer of the National Grange, ^Ir. G. W. F. Gond, of
New Jersey, who will address you for a few moments.

ADDRESS.

G. W. GOND, NEW JERSEY.

Mr. President and Fellow Farmers of Iowa: I realize full well
that you have listened to two able addresses this evening, and what
I would have to say, perhaps, might be wearing on your nerves. Per-
haps it might be well for me to say at the outset, so that no one
may begin to wonder when the end will come, that what I may have
to say will be brief, realizing, as I do, that I could hardly get

IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE.

started on this great subject of organization, without occupying too
much of your time this evening.

The last speaker has given you some very good ideas of what you
are needing in the great state of Iowa; he has ahnost made a good
Grange speech, and he has pointed out the absolute necessity of
something being done to right the wrongs of which he has spoken.
The way we have been righting wrongs in the east, has been through
organization, through organized effort.

You are here representing a great industry; you are doing a
great good among your people ; you are here for the purpose of pro-
tecting, as it were, j^our interests. You are an organization, local
in character, and you have done a great work; but suppose you had
been an organization national in character, such as has been referred
to by the gentleman who preceded me, as the Grange movement
25 or 30 years ago, in your state. I want to say to you, while the
Grange movement might be presumed to be a dead letter to-day,
for your own information, I want to say, that the Grange movement
is more alive to-day than it was ever in its history — they have pro-
duced results, accomplished things, in the past ten or fifteen years
that Avould have been impo'ssible to accomplish without this great
organization.

I come to you, gentlemen, not as one who has been educated in
college, or prepared for any special line of work; I come to you as
a farmer of the state of New Jersey, who lives on and operates his
own farm. I come here as one who has had some little experience
in organizing the farmers of New Jersey, and in the state of Iowa,
where I have spent some time in the past year.

It was a great pleasure to me to talk to the farmers of your
state, and the satisfaction of it all was, that I did not find a farmer
but who agreed with me. It is true that some of them could still
see the Grange skeleton ; their mistakes were f esh in the memory
of those who could recall some of those mistakes. I want to say to
you, the Grange of to-day is a conservative force. We are working
carefully to uplift the American farmer, whether in Iowa or the
eastern states. We are not antagonistic to any other industry ; we
are at work, fighting for a square deal; we are working for the
alleviation of the American farmer; and the past few years have
demonstrated that we had to have some organization in order to
control some of the conditions existing with which we are con-
fronted. We have been enabled in the state of New Jersey to do
things no one realized it was possible to do, in the way of securing
legislation which has been a great advantage to the farmers of our
state. Pardon me if I shall for the moment illustrate one practical

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PAET III. 159

demonstration in our state. In 1896 the electric railways of our
state were beginning to prepare themselves to carry light freight
and express packages. After some of them had got their equip-
ments and received their cars, the legislature happened to be in
session — and in the twinkle of an eye, there was a bill passed pro-
hibiting electric railways from carrying freight. We were weak at
that time in our state; we had less than 2,000 members in our
organization. Two years ago, some of our members began to real-
ize the fact that our rights had been taken away from us. We pre-
pared a bill through the organization repealing the act of 1896 and
giving us what rightfully belonged to us. Some of my friends
said: "What is the matter with you; do you have any idea you
can get that measure passed through this legislature, that has been
practically elected and controlled by the railroads of the state ? " I
said: "It won't do any harm to try; it is only asking for some-
thing along the line of fairness and justice and equity of what the
people demand, whether farmer or business man; it is for the
greatest good to the greatest number." We prepared our bill and
had it introduced in the senate. It was referred to the committee
on railroads and canals — a pretty tough proposition. We had a
hearing — had sent word to some of the subordinate granges to be
there — it was impossible for me to be there at the time. The rail-
way people were there and they defeated them. They telephoned
me, and I sent word back to stick to it and have another hearing,
and for two of our members to go to Atlantic City, the home of the
chairman of that committee, and tell him that there is an organiza-
tion back of this movement, and asked one of them to come and see
me. The result of this movement was, that the gentleman got busy,
taking notice of his constituents. We prepared telegrams and sent
them to the hundred subordinate lodges, and we prepared a letter
to follow the telegrams, that there was to be a hearing, and by
twelve o'clock we had over two hundred farmers, their wives and
boys present at the state house — ^we had become organized; we had
a set of resolutions passed by the various agricultural societies,
whose executive conunittees had called them in special session, and
all these resolutions were in line with the bill which was prepared.
At three o'clock we marched 200 strong into the senate chamber.
You should have seen the members of the legislature of the state
of New Jersey sitting up and taking notice. "What is the trouble
with these rubes; what are they doing here — they were there mak-
ing a strenuous effort to secure the passage of the Trolley Freight
Bill. The result was, when we entered the senate chamber, we
filled it. Our representatives had a list of names of those who were

160 IOWA DEPAIJTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

to speak for the bill. It was my privilege to be the first one to
speak, and others followed me. Then after a while, one of the
honorable gentlemen said, that he thought the railroads should
have a chance to have a hearing, and they finally called out the
name of Judge Collins, and the arguments were carried on for some
time. Finally the gentleman, who had told me the week before
that the bill would go to sleep at his desk, told me that it looked to
him as though there had been some effort put forth and that the
result of the hearing would be that it would be reported favorably.
The result was the bill was passed in the senate and also in the
house.

If I had time I could go into detail about the various measures
before congress, Grange measures. It was a Grange measure which
first gave us the right for a department of agriculture, presided
over by a Secretary of Agriculture. When this measure first went
before congress it was laughed at. It was the Grange that secured
the rural mail delivery. The Inter-state Commerce Commission is
another creature of the Grange.

What are you going to do about these great problems confronting
you ? You want an organization of national character. Our inter-
ests are identical. The Grange is working along the lines to uplift
the American farmer; it has been working for the parcels post,
postal savings banks, improvements of public highways, and a num-
ber of other measures have been taken up and looked after by the
legislative committee of the Grange. There is no important matter
before congress but what they consult with the national committee
of the Grange, realizing, as they do, they are the only organization
that has stood the test of time.

I want tQ say to you, for your own benefit, that at the present
time this great national organization has a membership of approx-
imately one million people, scattered over thirty states of the
Union. You should have seen the demonstration in the city of
Hartford, where over thirty thousand were present. I should have
been glad to have welcomed you to my own state, in Atlantic City,
where nearly one thousand members gathered in annual session,
and the various questions discussed here were taken up. We are
laying our plans, whereby we may create an increased growing
sentiment among our people. We are endeavoring to wake up the
farmers to a realization of the importance of their interests, so that
they can be everlastinglj^ at it 365 days in the year, as we are
working.

In the little state of New Jersey we have 119 subordinate Granges.
If the state of Iowa was as well organized as we are accordingly,

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK -PART III. 161

you could take up any question, as if one man, and you could ac-
complish things. This is why the National Grange has made such
a record in the past few years. They have received recognition
and responded in the various conferences and congresses during the
past years. These are only a few illustrations of what may be done,
by organization. Our whole purpose is continual work along con-
servative lines, building up and creating public sentiment, crystal-
lizing it so that it will become fixed and that it may demonstrate
the power there is in organization along conservative lines.

I agree with my friend who said that it is our fault as farmers —
we growl about this being done and that not done — what have we
done to help the matter? Some one may have written a postal
card to their representative in congress or state legislature.

My fellow farmers, the work we are doing is to build up American
agriculture, not at the expense of any other industry ; we want all
other industries to prosper, but simply want to have a share in
this prosperity.

It is not our intention to have this movement slumber in the
great state of Iowa; it is our intention and policy to spend our
efforts, time and money in this state, and see if the greatest agricul-
tural state in the Union can be organized.

( Adjournment. )

11

162

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

PART IV

PROCEEDINGS

STATE AGRICULTURAL CONVENTION.
December 11, 1907.

The State Agricultural Convention convened in the rooms of
the Department of Agriculture at 9 :30 o'clock Wednesday morning,
December 11th, with President Cameron in the chair.

The meeting was called to order and the president appointed the
following committees :

Committee on Credentials: L. H. Pickard of Shelby county, E. J.
Curtin of Winneshiek county and T. W. Purcell of Franklin county.

Committee on Resolutions : C. W. Hoffman of Decatur county,
H. S. Martin of Hardin county and A. L. Denio of Buena Vista
county.

Vice-President Brown was called to the chair and the president
made the following address :

PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS.

C. E. CA3IEK0N, ALTA, lA.

We are again assembled in annual convention in the interests of
the Department of Agriculture of Iowa. It becomes our business at
this meeting to review the work of the last year and to prepare for
the work for the year to come. In reviewing the work of the last year
I will leave that largely with our able and efficient secretary, Mr.
Simpson, as he has the data of all the business for the year in his
report.

I can but feel proud as a member of the directory of the Depart-
ment of Agriculture for the great fair of 1907. The Iowa State Fair
is the greatest agricultural fair held in the world, speaking from a
strictly agricultural standpoint. There are fairs that have larger gate
receipt; there are fairs that have larger gross receipts, but in exhibits
that come directly from the farm, Iowa is in a class by herself; and of all
the fairs I have visited there is none where the people are more interested
in the products of the farm than the people of Iowa.

164 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

I wish to mention a few of tlie entries in the different de-
partments of the fair for 1907: Horses 1,132, cattle 1,146,
sheep 586, hogs 2,264. The increase in all departments this year was
about twenty per cent over any year in the past, but in our gross re-
ceipts of the fair of 1907 we fell short about $6,000 of the banner year
of 1906. We think we can account for that — the weather man did not
treat us just right, as we had three rainy days, and the new adjust-
ment in passenger rates of an advance of one cent per mile for the
round trip I am satisfied cut the Iowa State Fair fifteen to twenty
per cent of the gross receipts. The people of Iowa are proud of their
state fair and they are loyal to it by their attendance. I am glad to
see the friendly feeling that has been manifested toward it by the mem-
bers of the legislature in the last few years. I know they feel a sense
of pride when they visit the fair and see the magnificent equipment
they have provided for showing to the world what Iowa can produce,
and I hope they will continue this good work until our equipment is
equal to our exhibits. New improvements have been built on the grounds
the last year as follows: Swine pavilion, horse barn, water works and
electric light plant.

There are several needed improvements that I could recommend for
the coming year, but as our means are limited I will not take the time
to enumerate them, as they are beyond our reach this year. But there
is one important improvement that I would recommend, and that is the
building of an administration building for the convenience of all the
exhibitors. We have our new and up-to-date horse barns, cattle barns
and swine pavilion, but no place for the convenience of the public and
the exhibitors. If we had an administration building, standing where
the secretary and treasurer's office now stands, large enough to accom-
modate all the superintendents of the different departments, people who
have business with the various departments would find them all in one
building. As the offices now are, located all over the grounds, exhibi-
ors do not become acquainted, as they do not come in contact with each
other, but with this new building it would be the Mecca of the fair.

There is one thing which I wish to congratulate the people of Des
Moines, especially the Commercial Club and the Greater Des Moines
Committee, for their interest in the fair the last year and taking care
of the outside people who visited the fair by appointing committees to
see that they had a place to stay and giving any information they desired.

The stand the fair has taken the last few years in keeping out objec-
tionable shows and other undesirable features has had the approval of
the press and the people generally. It has been the object of the fair
management to bring the standard higher, and I am satisfied they have
accomplished a great work in this line, as the reputation of the Iowa State
Fair stands today at the top for clean fairs. We must provide amuse-
ment features for the fair, for it takes all classes of people to make a
fair. We do not aim to provide any amusement feature to take away
any interest from the exhibits. We have no amusement program in the
mornings, which gives the people a chance to visit all the departments
of the fair and by 1:30 in the afternoon they are tired and want a rest,
and it has become second nature to wend their way to the grand stand

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV. 165

to rest and be amused for the afternoon, and I am sure they feel better
than if they tramped all day around the grounds and at night feel so
tired they want to go home. But unfortunately we have not grand stand
room to accommodate more than fifty per cent of the people who want
to take this rest and enjoyment, and I hope some day to see a grand
stand that will be in keeping with the fair and the demands of the
people.

The President : We will now listen to the report of the secre-
tary, Mr. Simpson.

Mr. Simpson : I desire to say a few words with reference to an
article published in a certain newspaper of the state (it is not nec-
essary to give the name, as no one but its editor takes it seriously)
during the past summer. In the article the editor seemed to take
delight in abusing members of the board, and calling on them for
financial report, which he stated had never been made. In
making such a statement he displayed his ignorance, or for reasons,
known only to himself, maliciously desired to misrepresent the
department. If he was at all conversant with the facts, he would
have known that at each annual meeting a statement of the receipts
and disbursements for the previous year has always been made by
the secretary to the convention. This statement is published in
the annual Iowa Year Book of Agriculture, the official publication
of the department. He would also know that the law provides for
a finance committee, appointed by the state Executive Council, to
make a yearly examination of the Department of Agriculture, pre-
vious to each annual meeting. This statement is published in the
proceedings of the Executive Council. He would also know that
the State Executive Council has regularly in its employ an expert
accountant whose duties are to annually examine the accounts of
the various state departments. No further comment is necessary
except to state that the Year Books are for free distribution, as well
as the proceedings of the State Executive Council, and may be had
for the asking.

SECRETARY'S REPORT.

I have the pleasure to present my annual report as secretary of the
Iowa State Board of Agriculture to the State Agricultural convention.

The farmers of Iowa have much to be thankful for, notwithstanding
the harvests have been less bountiful the past season than for 1906.
While the yield of almost all farm corps was lessened by a most un-
favorable crop season, first too dry and then too wet, this was over-
come to a certain extent by increased prices. The currency flurry has
had its effect on the live stock market, which will of necessity further

166

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

reduce the price of all farm products; this condition, however, will im-
prove within a short time. There is no real cause for worry or uneasi-
ness on the part of the farmer, as he is better able to withstand the
present situation than other business interests. The prices received at
the farm sales the past two months and the strength of the country-
banks is evidence of the faith of the farmer in the future.

In this report we will touch only upon the affairs of the State Board
of Agriculture, as managers of the State Fair and Exposition, its
finances to the close of the fiscal year, November 30th, the county and
district fairs and the farmers' institutes.

The Fifty-Third Annual Iowa State Fair and Exposition was suc-
cessful in all departments. The number and educational value of exhibits
was never before equalled, and showed a large increase over previous
years. Ninety of the ninety-nine counties in the state were represented
by exhibits in the various departments, supplemented by exhibits from
twenty different states, and one foreign country. The exhibitors in the
several departments number close to fifteen hundred, about three hundred
being duplicates, or having exhibits in more than one department, thus
reducing the actual number of individual exhibitors to a few less than
twelve hundred. Four thousand cash prizes, aggregating in round num-
bers $28,000.00 cash, were awarded in the various departments other than
for speed, giving an average of about $32.00 to each exhibitor. The indi-
vidual amounts received by the various exhibitors varied from $1.00 to
$750.00, the smaller amount being generally in the children's and the
larger in the stock departments. To show the number of exhibitors
and entries in the various departments the following table is given:

Department

Number of
Exhibitors

Number of
Entries

Horses

Cattle

Swine

Sheep ,

Poultry

Agriculture

Farm implements and machinery

Pantry and apiary

Dairy

Horticulture

Floriculture

Art, needle and childrens'

Total

84

97

267

28

86

108

299

114

112

29

22

235

1,481

1,132
1,146
2,264
586
1,378
1,021

1,417
112
489
281

2,493

12,319

You will notice that one-third of the entire number of exhibitors were
in the stock departments, and eighty per cent of the stock exhibitors were
from Iowa. A glance at the awards will show that the Iowa breeder
received his full share of the prizes. This speaks well for the breeders
of Iowa when you consider that only the stock from the herds of the
more prominent breeders of other states will venture into the ring at
the annual Iowa show.

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV. 167

Forty-two Short-Horn breeders from eight different states entered
305 animals. A few years ago this list in itself would have been con-
sidered an excellent show. The total number of individual cattle entered
was 805, with 1,146 entries; horses, 472, with 1,132 entries; 3,000 hogs,
and about 450 sheep, giving a grand total of over 4,700 animals listed
for entry in the four live stock departments.

As live stock is one of the chief sources of wealth for the Iowa
farmer, it is the hub around which our fair must be built to give it sta-
bility. The managing board of the fair has given due cognizance to this
fact by so arranging the prize list that the best stock exhibit may be
brought out. About seventy per cent of all cash premiums is paid out
in the four stock and the poultry departments, amounting the past sea-
son to over $18,000.00. Nor must one lose sight of the farm implement
exhibit. This year the show covered about forty acres, and was made
by about three hundred exhibitors. Inquiry of the exhibitors in this
department will convince you of the interest taken in their exhibits by
the visitors.

Special effort has been made by the management to interest the boys
and girls. For the past four years a scholarship of $200.00 cash has
been given for a boys' judging contest at the fair. This was augmented
this year by a second prize of $100.00 and a third of $75.00 cash pre-
mium; in addition, a cooking contest for girls was inaugurated with a
scholarship of $100.00 for first prize, $50.00 for second and $25.00 for
third. A lively interest was taken in both these contests; in the former,
thirty-eight of Iowa's best boys took part, and in the latter, ten girls. Some
half dozen students now at the State College at Ames have received as-
sistance through their ability to win one of these coveted prizes in the
past.

The amusements were of the same high standard that has char-
acterized this department in the past.

The attendance shows a slight decrease from 1906 — about nine per
cent. This was nothing more and indeed much less than could be rea-
sonably expected with a twenty-five per cent increase in railway rates
and unfavorable weather during the week, there being rain on three
of the five days. While the decrease in attendance was only about nine
per cent, the loss on number of passengers brought in by the various
railway companies was from twenty to thirty per cent (one road re-
ported an increased traffic). This brings out very clearly one point,
viz., that the visitor is slowly beginning to realize that it is an utter
impossibility to cover the ground, to any degree of satisfaction, in one
day, he therefore maKes his plans to spend two or more days at the
fair. This, and the fact that the city people are awakening to the fact
that the Iowa State Fair and Exposition is more than a pumpkin show,
accounts for the small percentage in decreased attendance as compared
with the larger f)ercentage of decrease of visitors brought in by the
railroads. While the receipts from the ticket sales show a correspond-
ing decrease, the receipts from other sources were slightly larger, leav-
ing a net decrease of only about six per cent in the total receipts of the
fair over 1906.

168 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

The attendance is naturally limited to Iowa, although one sees many
visitors from other states who are attracted by the large and varied
exhibit. The state fair is recognized as an important educational force
and is the most effective advertisng medium that the state possesses.
The fame of the annual stock show at the Iowa State Pair has gone
broadcast throughout the United States and Canada. It is second only
to the great international show held annually at Chicago, and as a breeders'
show for the four classes of live stock, viz., horses, cattle, swine and
sheep, has no equal.

The imperative need today in Iowa is for a thorough and concerted
effort on the part of all for a greater knowledge in the methods of more
intensive farming, followed with a well conducted and systematic cam-
paign of advertising that will show and prove to the world the almost
unlimited resources of our soil, not surpassed by any agricultural lands
the world over. For many, many years all our lands have been utilized
for farming purposes. This being true, there is no other alternative
but for the coming young man or renter to seek new fields, as he has
not been properly educated to the methods of more intensive farming.
Prove to him that it is possible to produce on eighty acres what his
father or grandfather produced on one hundred and sixty and see how
quickly he will accept the opportunity to make his future home in Iowa.
The average size of the Iowa farm at the last census was 156 acres;
it should be less than this. Then again, with the smaller farm the
great problem of help is practically solved. The trite saying, "all is
not gold that glitters," can well be applied to much of the literature giv-
ing glowing accounts of the great possibilities for farming in the semi-
arid regions. Thousands of dollars are expended annually in advertising
cheaper lands to attract the young man from the Iowa farm. Let us
do a little advertising at home, not especially to attract those from the
east, west, north or south, but to demonstrate more emphatically to our
own people that by the application of more scientific and intensive farm-
ing their condition will be bettered by remaining in Iowa. The loioa
State Fair and Exposition is the best possible medium, through which the
resources and great possibilities of our state may be advertised, for it is
here, as at no other place, one may see from year to year what improve-
ment is actually taking place.

The work of improving the fair grounds is constantly being carried
on. During the last year some substantial improvements were made.
Chief among these was the new hog barn and show pavilion, erected
at a cost of $77,000.00. This building is well put up, being of brick and
steel, with cement floor in all of the pens. Its construction is open, thus
insuring the best light and ventilation. The extreme dimensions of the
barn are 35Bx522 feet, built in the shape of the letter "E"; the show
pavilion is 113x200 feet; this makes a combined area of over three
acres under roof, two and one-half acres in the barn and one-half in
the show building. There are 1,156 pens, each 6x7 in size. The maximum
capacity of the barn is over 3,000 hogs, and at this there were many dis-
appointments this year, by breeders not being able to secure pens and
therefore unable to bring their show hogs. There is a tendency with
some of the breeders to occupy too many pens with sale hogs. While

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170

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

selling is one of the most potent factors in encouraging the breeder to
bring his show stuff to the Iowa fair, the fundamental purpose of the
institution is to stimulate pure breeding and to show its results; there-
fore, the more breeders we can have represented the more beneficial the
show will be.

A system of water distribution was installed, connecting with the
Des Moines water company's main at Thirtieth street. Six and eight
inch mains were laid and twenty-four fire hydrants put in, which not
only guarantees ample water supply for the future, but also affords
splendid fire protection. About $11,600.00 was expended for this improve-
ment. During the week of the fair the Des Moines fire department main-
tains a sub-station on the grounds.

An electric light and power plant was partially installed at an expense
of $12,000.00. The necessity for maintaining a plant for this purpose
arises by reason of the management having been unable to get the
Edison Light company of this city to furnish the current for the neces-
sary light and power.

First section of the proposed new Horse Barn at the lows State Fair and Exposition

grounds, erected 1907.

The first section of the proposed horse barn was erected at a cost
of about $10,500.00. New walks, streets and other minor improvements
were made, bringing the total amount expended for improvements the
past season up to over $116,000 .,00; $41,000.00 of this amount being avail-
able from the state fair surplus, $75,000.00 appropriated by the last
general assembly for the hog barn.

During the past six years the management has put on improvements
to the amount of $140,000.00 out of the receipts of the fair. The surplus,
if any, is always used for bettering the exposition grounds. This money
has been judiciously expended, and where most needed. The people of
Iowa, especially those who attend the fair, may feel sure that all the

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV.

171

money they expend for tickets will be used; that not needed for current
expenses and premiums, in building up the institutions and adding to
its permanence and utility. Three hundred thousand dollars in round
numbers, has been used in bettering the facilities and grounds the last
six years.

The finances of the department are in excellent condition, as the re-
port of the finance committee appointed by the executive council, will
show. There is now in the treasury substantially $35,000.00 — $15,000.00
in the reserve fund and $20,000.00 in the working fund. The total re-
ceipts from all sources at this year's fair was $104,356.75, being about
six per cent less than the receipts for 1906 ($6,000.00 in actual figures).

To show the constant and rapid growth of the institution, the receipts,
cash premiums paid, improvements made, and the condition of the
treasury at the close of each fiscal year is given for the past six years:

'§s

Improvements

1 m

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i

en

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■M

t^ a

a--

l4

■3 a

(U

CS^

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03

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"cSO

1902..
1903* .
1904. .
1905. .
1906..
1907*.

i 63,084
59,838
66,138
84,121
110,929
104.356

S21,736
23,813
24,691
28,730
31,703
35,504

47,000

$ 37,000 $ 25,936
17,855
12,640
11,963
30,035
41,391

75,000

$159,000

$139,820

$ 62,936
17,855
59,640
11,963
30,035
116,391

$30,372
28,963
29,657
39,976
50,294
35,327

* Rainy week.

It will be seen that the management has kept well within its re-
sources in the expenditure of funds. In fact each year, at the first
board meeting, a reserve fund of $15,000.00 is set aside for the next season
to guard against any deficit and to guarantee the payment of premiums.
We would also call your attention to the increased amount paid out in
premiums each year. The aggregate increase paid for this purpose in
the past four years has been about $48,000.00. This is in accord with
the policy of the board — to increase the amount of cash premiums by
a more extensive classification of the prize lists as the revenue from
our fair receipts grows, keeping in mind that the Iowa State Fair and
Exposition is not maintained for any pecuniary profit but for the prac-
tical information received through an inspection of the exhibits.

A complete statement, giving in detail the receipts and expenditures of
the department for the fiscal year ending November 30, 1907, will be
appended and made a part of this report.

FARMERS' INSTITUTES.

There were two less institutes reporting and receiving the state aid
for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1907, than for the preceding year.
Seventy-eight of the ninety-nine counties reported as having held insti-

172 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

tutes, and received the state aid through the state auditor's office to
the amount of $5,566.50. Agricultural and domestic short courses were
held in two or three counties, which are not recognized by the state auditor
as regular institutes under the Iowa statute. Through the co-opera-
tion of the extension department of the State College at Ames several
additional counties will hold short courses the coming winter. Through
this department of the college a great deal of assistance has been rendered
the county farmers' institutes of Iowa. To encourage a better corn ex-
hibit at the farmers' institutes the fair management included a class
in last year's prize list for county exhibits of corn made in the name
of the county by the farmers' institute. The prize was a cash offering
of $200.00, divided into five premiums — one hundred, fifty, twenty-five,
fifteen and ten dollars. These prizes were paid to the officers of the
institutes winning, and are to be used in cash offerings on com at
their next institute meeting. The Polk county institute was first in this
class, Dallas county second, Story county third, Mahaska county fourth
and Warren county fifth.

COUNTY AND DISTRICT FAIRS FOR 1907.

Eighty-nine county and district societies reported holding fairs the
past year and received the state aid to the amount of $16,932.00. This
is an increase of five over the number reporting in 1906. The compara-
tive financial statement will show a slight increase of average receipts,
balance on hand at the close of the year, and value of property. On
the other hand, it will also show a slight decrease in the average amount
paid out for premiums and present indebtedness. The total amount paid
out for premiums this year for eighty-six of the eighty-nine fairs re-
porting (three statements not being available at the time this report
was prepared) was $57,567.00, as against $59,961.00 in 1906 for the
eighty-four societies reporting. The total value of fair ground property
is listed at $514,496.00, as against $496,702.00 for 1906; and a total in-
debtedness of $100,007.00 as against $lOo,507.00. The average value of
property is given at $5,982.00, as against !t>5,913.00 for 1906. The aver-
age indebtedness is $1,163.00 and for 1906, $1,232.00. The following eight
fairs paid out over one thousand dollars each in premiums:

I.Union district, Muscatine county $1,515.00

2. Marshall county 1,416.00

3. Clinton district, Clinton county 1,239.00

4. Clinton county 1,122.00

5. Cass county 1,037.00

6. Henry county 1,013.00

7. Kossuth county 1,011.00

8. Columbus Junction district, Louisa county 1,006.00

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV. 173

STATEMENT OF ACCOUNT.

BECEIPTS AKD DISBURSEMENTS FOE THE FISCAL YEAE ENDING NOV. 30, 1907.

RECEIPTS.

Cash balance on hand Dec. 1, 1906 $ 50,294.87

From collections by superintendent of fair grounds.? 2,227.68

From state appropriation for swine barn 75,000.00

From state appropriation for insurance 1,000.00

From fees, division of horse breeding 2,092.50

From interest 1,132.16 $ 81,452.34

By receipts from 1907 State Fair exposition —

From rental of space. Exposition building $ 2,107.50

From rental of space, Machinery Department. . . . 1,184.50

From rental of space, Dairy Department 693.37

From rental of space, Agricultural Department. . 263.28

From rental of stalls. Horse Department 616.00

From rental of stalls. Cattle Department 987.00

From rental of pens. Swine Department 1,175.00

From rental of pens and coops. Sheep and

Poultry Departments 302.10

From rental of light and power 321.00

From sale of concessions 13,973.75

From advertising in premium list 431.00

From forage 3,548.05

From entry fees, speed department 4,350.80

From exhibitors' tickets 2,340.00

From Am. Short-Horn Ass'n special premiums. . 750.00

From Am. Hereford Ass'n special premiums 479.61

From sale of tickets 70,544.90

From miscellaneous sources, by secretary 288.89 $104,356.75

Total receipts $236,103.96

DISBURSEMENTS.

To expense warrants paid —

Issue of 1906 and former years $ 79.68

Issue of 1907 165,142.09 $165,221.77

To premium warrants paid —

Issue of 1906 and former years $ 152.50

Issue of 1907 35,401.79 35,554.29

Total cash balance in treasury, Nov. 30, 1907 35,327.90

Total disbursements $236,103.96

174 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

SUMMAET.

To cash balance Nov. 30, 1907 $ 35,327.90

Unpaid expense warrants:

Issue of 1906 and former years $' 35.00

Issue of 1907 7.19 $ 42.19

Unpaid premium warrants:

Issue of 1906 and former years $ 31.00

Issue of 1907 103.00 $ 134.00

Total unpaid warrants 176.19

To credit profit and loss $ 35,151.71

SUMMARY BECEIPTS AND DISBUESEMENTS OF IOWA STATE FAIR, OF 1907.

To total receipts $104,356.75

To total disbursements account —

1907 fair $79,151.99

To net profit, 1907 fair 25,204.76 $104,356.75

STATEMENT OF EXPENSE AND PREMIUM WARRANTS ISSUED DURING THE FISCAL
YEAR, DEC. 1, 1906, TO NOV. 30, 1907.

Improvements and repairs —

Swine barn $77,166.86

Water distribution system 11,599.96

Electric light and power plant 11,922.45

First section of horse barn 10,327.73

Fencing 324.37

Streets 712.01

Walks 718.14

Removing old swine barns 529.22

Miscellaneous improvements —

Painting $201.81

Turn stiles 299.94

Sewer 219.26

Closets 113.65

Entrances 106.90

Salary assistant foreman of improvements. 154.12

Furniture 58.41

Map of grounds 37.41

Judges' stand 54.00

Lumber 553.77

Hardware 377.99

Other building material 150.10 •

Pay roll, emergency horse barns 447.32

Miscellaneous improvements and material. 453.63 $ 3,158.31 $116,459.05

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART^IV. 175

Expenses other than for improvements of fair of 1907 —

Insurance $ 1,653.41

Fair ground maintenance 1,735.03 *

Expenses of committee on investigation of

feeds, seeds, etc 420.92

1906 bills paid in 1907 258.33

Expense of winter meeting 527.68

Clerk hire 300.00

Miscellaneous office expense 147.66 5,043.03

Expenses of 1907 fair —

Postage 548.00

Advertising 4,769.85

Meetings of executive committee 748.90

Meetings of special committee 785.56

Expenses telegraph and telephone 331.98

Printing 1,621.90

Attractions 12,035.15

Board meeting 298.20

Clerk hire 2,016.15

Expenses privilege department , 525.03

Expenses forage department 3,310.16

Expenses light department 606.88

Expenses president's department 90.00

Expenses ticket department 321.50

Expenses police department 1,430.00

Expenses treasurer's department 1,001.60

Expenses gate department 1,598.50

Expenses speed department 427.10

Expenses horse department 711.25

Expenses cattle department 701.00

Expenses swine department 600.45

Expenses sheep and poultry department.. 342.20

Expenses machinery department 354.45

Expenses agricultural department 549.75

Expenses dairy department 260.45

Expenses horticultural department 128.50

Expenses floricultural department 72.50

Expenses art and needle department .... 563.80

Expenses judging contest 95.20

Expenses rest cottage 50.45

Expenses auditing committee 61.80

176 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Miscellaneous expenses —

Flower beds $353.41

Track work 241.25

Stationery and other office supplies 111.02

Transportation 125.00

Scavenger work 197.70

Expenses special exhibits 137.70

Decorations 430.70

Water rental 122.86

Rental of tents , 312.05

Ribbons and badges 480.44

Merchandise 461.18

Admissions refunded 29.25

Sup't of grounds pay roll for labor, team

work, etc 3,686.38 $ 6,688.94

$43,647.20
Premium awards, 1907 —

On horses $4,567.00

On cattle 8,359.00

On swine 2,565.00

On sheep 1,892.00

On poultry 883.00

On agricultural products 2,745.50

On pantry products 711.00

On dairy products 615.99

On horticultural products 945.50

On floricultural products 881.80

On art and needle work 1,782.00

On scolarships 500.00

On winter corn premiums 332.00

On speed 8,725.00 $35,504.79 $ 79,151.99

Total $200,654.07

Respectfully submitted,

J. C. SIMPSON, Secretary.
Iowa Department of Agriculture.

The President: Next in order is the report of the Treasurer.
To the Board of Directors of the Iowa State Board of Agriculture:

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV. 177

REPORT OF TREASURER.

Gentlemen: — Herewith please find report of your treasurer for the
year 1907:

Receipts Disbursements

Cash on hand $ 50,294.87 Expense warrants $165,221.77

Gate receipts 55,010.25 Premium warrants 35.554.29

Amphitheater receipts 5,144.75 Balance 35,327.90

Bleachers receipts 526.65

Quarterstretch receipts 913.50

Evening receipts 952.25

Evening amphitheater receipts ... 4,961.75

Reserved seat receipts 1,631.75

Campers' tickets 1,404.00

Superintendent of privileges 13,973.75

Superintendent of agriculture 263.28

Superintendent of swine 1,173.00

Superintendent of sheep and

poultry 302.10

Superintendent of horses 616.00

Superintendent of fine arts 2,107.50

Superintendent of dairy 693.37

Superintendent of grounds 2,227.68

Superintendent of electric light. .. 321.00

Superintendent of cattle 989.00

Superintendent of machinery 1,184.50

Secretary 91,413.01

Total $236,103.96 Total $236,103.96

Balance on hand December 1,1907. 35,327.90

Respectfully submitted,

G. D. Ellyson,

Treasurer.

This is to certify that G. D. Ellyson had on deposit as treasurer of the

State Board of Agriculture at the close of business December 1st, 1907,

$15,000.00 in a savings account and $20,327.90 on open account, making

a total of thirty-five thousand, three hundred and twenty-seven dollars and

ninety cents ($35,327.90).

D. F. Witter, Vice President.

REPORT OF AUDITING COMMITTEE OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE FOR

THE YEAR 1907.

Des Moines, Iowa, December 11, 1907.
To His Excellency, Hon. Albert B. Cummins, Governor:

In compliance with the instructions of the executive council we, as
a committee, duly appointed to examine the books of the Department of
Agriculture, for the year 1907, as provided by Section 1657-Q, supplement
to the Code of 1897, beg leave to report that we have examined the ac-
counts of the sources from which money received came into its treasury,
and the vouchers and warrants of its expenditures, a detailed account of
same being attached and made a part of this report. Your committee
find that no warrants have been drawn except on duly authenticated
vouchers, which are on file, duly numbered with warrant number. We
also commend the secretary of this department for the efficiency of the
system of bookkeeping in vogue in his office, and the accuracy of his
accounts with the treasurer of said department.

A. H. Grissell,
C. W. Hoffman,
J. C. Flenniken,

Committee.
12

178

IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE.

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV.

179

Statistical Information With Reference to Improvements

at the State Fair and Exposition Park Together

With a Comparative Financial Statement

For Several Years.

MONEY EXPENDED FOR IMPROVEMENTS UPON THE STATE FAIR
GROUNDS IN THE PAST EIGHT YEARS.

From special appropriations by the legislature:

In the year 1902, for stock pavillion S 37,000.00

In the year 1904, for agricultural building 47,000.00

In the year 1907, for swine barn 75,000.00

Total $159,000.00-$159,000.00

From receipts of the state fair:

In the year 1900 $ 8,115.59

In the year 1901 13,378. 73

In the year 1902 26,457.12

In the year 1903 17,855.77

In the year 1904 12,641. 11

In the year 1905 11,963.09

In the year 1906 30,035.33

In the year 1907 41,459.05

Total $161,935.79-$161.935.7B

Total amount expended for improvements in eight years.
Reserve or emergency fund created within the past six years

8320,935.79
15,000.00— 15,000.00

Total §176,935. 79-8335,939. 79

STATEMENT OF AMOUNTS PAID FOR PREMIUMS IN 1907. 1906, 1905, 1901 AND 1896

On What Account

1907

1905

1901

1896

Horses

Cattle

Swine

Poultry

Sheep

All other premiums.
Speed

,567,
,359
,565,
883,
,892
,523,
,725,

Totals 1535,504.79 $31,703.94 $28,556.89 | $19, 203. 84 $16,194.79

$ 3,672.00 $ 2,941.00

8,133.00
2,525.00
904.00
1,456.00
7,801.44
7,212.50

7,274.00
2,179.00
731.50
1,496.00
6,790.39
7,145.00

$ 1,548.90 S 1,133.10
4,786.80 i 2,285.10
1,133.10

569.25

867.60
5,548.19
4,750.00

952.20

I 917.55

5,533.91
5,372.93

Increase In 1907 over 1906.
Increase in 1907 over 1905.
Increase in 1907 over 1901.
Increase in 1907 over 1896.

.S 3,800.78— 12i per cent
. 6,949.83— 24 per cent
. 16,300.88— 85 per cent
. 19,309.73-120 per cent

180

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

CONDENSED FINANCIAL STATEMENT OF THE IOWA STATE DEPARTMENT
Showing Receipts and Disbursements of Iowa State Fair and Other Sources and

Profit of Fair for Each

Year

Receipts

ss

ctf (-1 03

o

V

>

4) O

a*"

O ctf

sag

Si

o 2

+j 0) fl^
O V >•

H

$ 116.79 $ 36,622.10 8 7,000.00!

28,616.55
34,244.93 $12,000. 00
30,372.251 15,000.00
28,963.111 15,000.00

29,657.23
39,976.34
50,294.87

15,000.00
15,000.00
15,000.00

W, 712. 91
63,084.71
59.838.56
66,100.36
84,786.25
110,929.85
104,356.75

1,000.00
38,000.00

1,000.00:
48,000.00'

1,000.00

1,000.00
76,000.00

6,710.22

2,753.82
3,037.06
3,140.79
2,622.03
2,840.92
3,717.16
5,452.34

50.332.32$ 50,449.11
54,466.73! 83,083.28

104,121.77
63,979.35

116,722.39
88,627.17

115,647.01

185,809.09

138,366.70
94.351.60
145,685.50
118,284.40
155,623.35
236,103.96

S 539,809.39 $ 173,000.00,$ 23,564.12

$ 729,373.51

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART IV.

181

AGRICULTURE FOR YEARS OF 1896, 1901, 1902, 1903, 1904, 1905 AND 1906.
jenditures. Together With Amount Expended for Improvements, Repairs, etc., and Net.
he Years Named.

Disbursements

Profits of Fair

s

3
l^'O

il

05

Is

o

c
"^ ,^?

^ CO t-

go's

ttrt 0)

1

Disburse-
ments
other than
for fair

o

a

CO
1^

Previous
year's bus-
ihess or
outstand'g
warrants

"(3
o

■a
a

cS

o

1 o

S 4)
O 05

a

o

Q,
«

,404.29

$ 15,351.06
13,925.87
20,073.34
21.989.56
28,485.42
34,408.62
40,315.60
43,647.20

$ 7,471.95
13, .378. 73
63,457.12
17,855.77
59,641.11
11,963.09
30,035.33
116,459.05

$*14,019.88S 53,247.28$ 152.84
2,313.44 48,821.87, 34,244.93
2,608.69 107,875.46; 30,372.25
1,704.83 65,363.291 28,963.11
3,195.43 116,013 64^ 29,657.23
3,345.27 78,447.87i 39,976.34
3,385.87 105,440.74! 50,294.87
5,043.03 200,654. 07j 35,327.90

S 53,400.12 S .Sfi.«22 lo's ai.8n7..S5S i 81

,203.83
,736.31
,813.13
,691.68
,730.89
,703.94
,504.79

$ 16.48
118.99
25.20
14.63
139.81
112.26
176.19

83,083.28
138,366.70

94,351.60
145,685.50
118,284.40
155,623.35
236,103.96

50,712.91
63,084.71
59,838.56
66,100.36
84,786.25
110,929.85
104,356.75

33,129.70
41,809.65
45,802.69
53,177.10
63,139.51
72,459.39
79,151.99

17,58
21,27
14,03
12,82
21,64
38,47
25,20

,384.57l$202,S45.61

8312,790.20

$ 21,546.56 8722.616.94

■Overdraft of 1895 for $2,798.17.

182 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

The President : Gentlemen, it affords me great pleasure to pre-
sent to yon this morning- for an address upon ' ' The State Fair : Its
Economic and Educational Value," a gentleman who has been con-
nected with the State Fair of Minnesota for the last fifteen years,
and for the last twelve years has been its secretary, and now is
dean of the Minnesota College of Agriculture, and I feel he comes
to you with experience on this subject. I present to you Mr. E. W.
Eandall, of Minneapolis, Minnesota.

Mr. Randall: While listening to the reports of your treasurer
and secretary this morning I was reminded of a family I once knew
that lived out in Stevens county, Minnesota, one of the prairie
counties of that state. This was a number of years ago, before our
worthy president or anyone else found it necessary to caution us
against race suicide. In this particular family there were fourteen
children. One of the little girls, while visiting at the house of a
neighbor, was asked how many brothers and sisters she had. She
answered, "I don't know; I have not been home since day before
yesterday." It occurred to me that it would be unsafe for the
visitor to attempt to tell anything about the growth of your State
Fair. It is interesting of course to remember, as your treasurer
just reminded you, that but a few years ago you had a deficiency
to contend with ; that such a condition has been eliminated and you
now have a surplus; that there seems to be money in the treasury.
It is gratifying also that this growth has been gradual, and there-
fore is substantial — a kind of growth that will continue and which
will lead you to expect the same rate of increase in the future.

With your permission, I will use manuscript this morning, and in
doing that I hope to fare better than the clergyman I once heard
of. It seems that two Presbyterian ministers exchanged pulpits.
One of the ministers was very anxious to know whether he pleased
the brother's congregation, and after the sermon he asked one of
the elders how he liked the sermon. The elder was rather silent,
but finally admitted that there were three things about the sermon
which he did not like. The minister, of course, was somewhat per-
plexed, but finally asked what the objections were. The elder says,
"You read it." The minister braced up a little and said he was
sorry that was an objection, but that it was his custom, his own
people were used to it, and he hoped they would overlook that part
of it, and asked what further objection he had to the sermon. The
elder says, "You didn't read it well." Of course the minister was
a good deal disappointed, but finally mustered up courage for the
third objection, when the elder said, "It wasn't worth the readin'."

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV. 183

THE STATE FAIR— ITS ECONOMIC AND EDUCATIONAL VALUE

E. W. RANDALL, DEAN MINNESOTA COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE.

The state fair is constantly growing in usefulness and popularity.
Most of the states of the Union have a fair and a number of those states
not supplied are planning to organize, locate and promote such a fair
in the near future. In some of the states the organization and care of
the fair is left largely to private initiative but usually the enterprise
is of a public character and is promoted, financed, officered and man-
aged under state direction. Usually sites are well chosen, with reference
to centers of population and transportation facilities, improvements are
carefully made and the management is good. The fairs as a rule are
succeeding. The reports of the state fairs for the last dozen years will
show an almost unbroken record of growth and success. The largest
and most useful fairs of today will be found in the states of Iowa, Min-
nesota, Illinois, Ohio, Wisconsin, Indiana and Texas.

The well managed state fair places mile-posts along the pathway of
progress and is valuable to the historian. Get a bird's-eye view of the
grounds and exhibits of any state fair of fifty years ago. You will
find eight-horsepower threshing machines, small plows and crude corn,
hay and other kinds of farm machinery. Compare this with a view of the
exhibits at any of the state fairs of today and you will have at a
glance a better idea than many printed pages will be able to give. Fairs
measure and mark eras of development.

The state fair provides object lessons upon the resources of the
state in which it is held. No one can visit your own state fair without
learning of Iowa's magnificent agricultural and live stock possibilities,
her coal, her manufactures, her commerce and her transportation facil-
ities. Your fair is a success in portraying the resources of your state.
In like manner any other state fair, if successful, will portray the re-
sources of the people who have promoted it.

The ingenuity, enterprise and energy of people is indicated in a state
fair. Decadent, non-progressive communities, states or nations do not
organize or hold fairs or expositions. Those lethargic people who are
satisfied with mere existence and content with whatever is, have no
heed of exhibitions, but where there is industry, intelligence, a spirit
of progress and abounding life and energy, fairs will continue to grow
in numbers and usefulness. The holding of a good fair in any state
means that there are resources worthy of general attention and a peo-
ple who know how to improve and utilize them.

Fairs have educational value. It is conceded that a man, woman or
child will learn more of practical and lasting value at a fair in a day
than can possibly be learned elsewhere in the same length of time. A
fair with an attendance of 200,000 in a week gives more days of instruc-

184 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

tion than a school with an average attendance of 1,000 per day running
nine months of the year. Compare the cost of maintaining such a school
with the amount usually expended by a state for its fair, and the
fair becomes a paragon of cheapness as well as utility. The state re-
ceives no better returns for any of the money spent for education
than for that invested in the fairs. But few people realize the high
relative position which a properly conducted fair should occupy among
educational institutions.

State fairs provide holidays for the people. State fair week should
be known as the holiday week of the year. There is a beneficial mingling
of the people. Prejudices between city and country disappear and a feeling
of mutual interest and respect takes their place. Acquaintance is
greatly extended. All classes of people need respite from labor. Fairs
are particularly beneficial to country people in this respect for their
opportunities for recreation are not numerous. Since the days of free
rural delivery and telephones farm homes are not isolated as they once
were, but the need of such an outing as a fair affords will always exist
and can hardly be overestimated. An institution which causes a con-
siderable proportion of the people of the state to take a holiday once
a year and spend a few days enjoyably, in study, in observing and touch-
ing elbows with their fellows and in wholesome recreation is worth while
for this reason alone.

State fairs stimulate and encourage all lines of production. Well
managed fairs reach and benefit all avenues of industrial life. There
is no home, farm, factory or commercial enterprise that is not benefited,
directly or indirectly. No farmer can examine the agricultural, horti-
cultural, dairy and other products without feeling an impulse to make
the results of bis own labor equal as far as possible to that which he
is inspecting. It is not too much to claim that farm methods are better
and that crops of grain, corn, vegetables, fruits, etc., are increased from
year to year because of the comprehensive exhibits made annually at the
fairs are broadened in their scope and others become fittingly repre-
and study the best types of all the breeds of horses, cattle, sheep and
swine as shown at the fairs and again look with complete complacency
upon a lot of scrub stock at home. Initial steps toward improvement
are sure to be taken and the aggregate influence of the fairs in the up-
building of the live stock of the country is beyond computation. As
fairs are are broadened in their scope and others become fittingly repre-
sented in the exhibits, there are the same benefits for the miner, in-
ventor, manufacturer or other producer as for the farmer or stock-
man. In stimulating industry, fairs are exerting an ever widening influ-
ence.

State fairs broaden and improve markets. The general exhibition
of any article of merit increases popular knowledge and demand for it
and enhances price accordingly. A few years ago butter frequently sold
for six to ten cents per pound. Not half as much butter was made
then as now. Today creameries and good home dairies can hardly
keep up with their orders and good prices are the rule. Production and
price have both doubled. Improved quality is the prime reason for this
wonderful change, but the steady exhibition at the fairs of the best

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART IV. 185

butter made with the machinery used in making it has been a positive
influence, not only in inducing everybody to make good butter, but in
calling general attention to the improved article and in creating a larger
demand for it and at a much higher price. Let any new and useful
article appear among the exhibits at a large fair and almost immediately
there is a demand for it that will tax the capacity of its manufacturers.
In no way can producers improve their markets with so little expenditure
of time and money as in making suitable exhibits at state fairs.

State and other fairs are of large incidental value to the cities in
which they are held. The advantage in having a city overflowing with
visitors during the week of a fair is large. Hotels and restaurants are
taxed to their capacity and merchants are busy caring for the sudden
influx of customers. These advantages, it should be remembered, are in-
cidental and not primary and should be given but little attention in
planning the work of a fair. They are constant, however, and are of
suflBcient importance to warrant calling upon the favored city for a
larger need of support, in case of need, than should be expected from one
more distant, realizing only a general benefit from the fair. These inci-
dental advantages s-hould never be permitted to loom large in the vision
of fair managers or obscure the real purposes for which fairs should be
held. Give the primary objects of a fair as much attention as possible;
secondary ones will care for themselves.

There should be a worthy purpose in every fair. There must be a
beneficial object in view. Those who undertake the management of a
fair, without well defined ideas of the substantial value of such an insti-
tution, thinking only of adding another department to the political ma-
chinery of the state or the creation of places for impecunious politicians,
will meet with speedy disappointment. Loftier aims than these must be
the rule. State fair managers should have an abiding faith in the utility
of their work; they should feel that each annual exhibition has practical
educational value to every one of their thousands of visitors, and vigor
and earnestness will then characterize their every action. There should
be a purpose even in the amusements. The races should be so planned
and conducted as to encourage the breeding of better and more useful
horses, and the athletic features should be so arranged as to stimulate
the physical development of the people in the same manner as did the
Olympian games for the inhabitants of ancient Greece.

For a state fair there should be state management. Private enter-
prise is insufficient. Public spirited citizens will not make sacrifices of
time and money, nor will newspapers lend their unstinted aid, if, after
success is achieved, there are stockholders to be benefited by a division
of profits. If, however, the grounds, buildings, equipment and moneys
belong to the state; if the institution be conducted solely for the general
good and not in any way for personal advancement, and if, when the
fairs are run at a profit, it is known that surplus funds will be used for
betterments or set aside for increased premiums and a general expan-
sion of the various departments, the co-operation of press and people may
be depended upon and permanent success may be expected.

The management must be characterized by intelligence, frankness and
integrity. Men placed in charge must not only know the needs, pur-

186 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

poses and objects of the institution placed under their care, but the people
of the state, who own it and in whose interest it should be managed,
must be taken into their confidence. Any concealment of any of the
features of management will engender suspicion which in time will re-
sult in loss of interest and the ultimate failure of the fair. There must
not be even a suggestion of anything covered up, for the slightest sus-
picion of any wrong doing will cause the institution to suffer.

Not only must the managers of a fair be competent and honest, but
they must be industrious. Each member of the managing board should
be in charge of a department, one in which he is interested and one for
the management of which he should be held responsible. He should
give personal attention to all the details of his department, and be willing
to give the necessary time, thought and labor to make it successful.
There are no places for drones. Those connected with fairs who are
disposed to regard their duties and responsibilities lightly and whose
principal efforts are expended in the distribution of passes among their
acquaintances and finding jobs, or at least places on the pay roll for their
friends, should be given other employment at the earliest possible op-
portunity. They may be royal good fellows, but they are worth nothing
to a fair.

The exhibition should always be comprehensive. Those planning it
should have the clearest possible conception of all the resources, in-
dustries, and products interested and each should be fully represented.
Manufactures, transportation, commerce, art, science — all should have a
place, and the products of the mines and forests should be included.
Products of the field, garden, and orchard and dairy should be lavishly
shown and live stock exhibits should be complete in all departments.
The various departments should receive evenly balanced attention; a few
of them should not have unusual effort put upon them to the neglect and
detriment of the others. The various departments when combined in
one grand exhibition should have such magnitude, variety and interest as
to challenge the attention of visitors and prove an inspiration and educa-
tion for all of them. Give little heed to the man who speaks or writes
of the decadence of state fairs. There is as much interest in them as
ever and their field of usefulness is in no way circumscribed. Make the
Institution worthy of the hearty co-operation, interest and support of
the press and people and you will find it a more potent influence than
ever in the advancement of material interests. Its utility is unquestioned.
It presents an illumined record of development from year to year and
portends what is to be. In this great nation are many great states —
great in domain and accomplishment and possibly greater still in more
abundant resources and future development. Fairs are heralds of these
conditions. A comprehensive fair also interprets a state to each resi-
dent thereof, creating within him a keener appreciation of home and all
that home implies and gives a new inspiration to the farmer, the mer-
chant, the manufacturer and those in other walks of life, suggesting loftier
achievements in education and in the evolution of industrial conditions.
Every worthy enterprise is given a new impetus. The spirit of a fair
Is one of optimism, of hope, and of promise. It points ever forward.

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART IV. 187

The President : ' ' The State Fair and Exposition, ' ' by the Hon.
John Cownie, will be the next address.

Mr. Cownie : As you are no doubt aware, the business in which
I am now" engaged requires me to travel a great deal over the state.
Our state institutions are widely scattered, and I am thus afforded
an opportunity of seeing the methods that the farmers practice in
agriculture in different parts of the state. I had supposed when I
was at home on my own farm in Iowa county, that I had seen some
of the worst work done on farms that possibly could be done, but
when I travel throughout the state, I am inclined to believe that we
were about as good farmers in Iowa county as can be found any-
where. It was my good fortune to pass forty years of my life on a
farm in Iowa county surrounded by men who had been taught agri-
culture in Scotland and England, and there was always a rivalry
as to who would do the work best. We had plowing contests every
year, and I know if I Avere to tell some of the farmers of Iowa of
the work done there, not only at contests, but all the time, they
would scarcely believe it. When one goes about the state and takes
notice of the poor plowing done and the poorly built, tumbled down
fences on almost every hand, it certainly brings to one's mind the
need of better training of our farmers. We now and then find
men in our state institutions who clearly show their thorough train-
ing in farming. We have had a man at one of the hospitals for the
insane that turned off work equal to that of any farmer in the
state of Iowa. He is insane, but he can plow. A few years ago we
had a man at the state penitentiary — he never would tell me where
he came from, but I am satisfied he came from England — and that
man planted thirty-five acres of potatoes and I would take an oath
there wasn't one inch of variation in the furrows all the way
through. I was early taught to carry a rule with me to measure
the width of my furrows. I was told to plow nine inches deep, and
my father used to stick the rule down and if there was the slightest
variation, he would say, ' ' Now, Johnnie, you 'aint getting that deep
enough; this furrow here is not wide enough." Now that is the
training I got in the work, and naturally I like to see work done
that way yet.

THE IOWA STATE FAIR AND EXPOSITION.

BY JOHN COWNIE.

While we all recognize the almost marvelous growth of Iowa as an
agricultural state and the progress that has been made in developing our
material resources, it is particularly gratifying to know that the State

188 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Agricultural Society has kept pace with the general prosperity and was
never stronger financially or in the confidence of the people than it is
today. The annual exhibits of live stock, consisting of the choicest
animals of the respective breeds that can be found, has done more to
create an interest in the improvement of farm animals than all other
agencies combined.

The magnificent exhibits of farm implements and machines have en-
abled the dealer and the farmer to see for themselves the large and varied
lines of all the leading manufacturers, that without a fair of this kind
would have been known to but a few.

In poultry, dairying and horticulture everything possible has been done
to educate the people to higher standards, and that success has crowned
the efforts is abundantly attested by the place Iowa now holds among
her sister states.

In the amusement department of the fair new attractions ar* being
constantly sought after and while still encouraging the fullest exhibits of
live stock, dairying, horticulture, farm implements, and machinery of all
kinds used on the farm, would it not be well to add some new features?
I do not mean to make new departments merely for the novelty, but to
add something that would be of lasting benefit to the farmers of Iowa.

With this end in view I desire to offer a few suggestions in regard to
some new features that would at least be of interest to the young men
on the farms of Iowa, many of their fathers no doubt being convinced
in their own minds that there is little for them to learn in regard to
practical work on the farm that they do not already know.

One feature that would prove of immense benefit would be a plowing
contest every year, not for the benefit of manufacturers of plows, but
to test the skill of the plowman. I am aware that many will say, "I
know all about plowing, having spent my life on a farm." But let me
tell you that the chances are that you never saw a well plowed field
in your life and with all your experience, if you were to apply for a
position on a farm where agriculture is a science, the chances are that
if put to work with a plow you would not be allowed to go across the
field a second time.

As I travel over the state and see the farmers "plowing around the
field" with the breastworks thrown up against the fences, or the huge
ridge at the commencement of a land, with a ditch at the finish, with
miniature hills and valleys, following each other as fast as the plow will
make them, I often wonder how long it will take for the farmers of Iowa
to learn that agriculture is a science.

As plowing is now done on the great majority of farms, a townsman
who has perhaps never seen a plow can do as good work as the man
who has been plowing all his life. Is such a condition creditable to the
farmers of Iowa, and does it not belittle the high calling of a farmer
that he cannot do his work with the skill of an ordinary mechanic?

It requires years of patient application to become an expert carpenter,
blacksmith or shoemaker, and it requires just as careful training of the
hand and eye to become a good plowman.

Let those who have seen plowing done in a proper manner tell of the
beginning of a land with the plow without the semblance of a ridge, and

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART IV. 189

that could scarcely be detected, of the straight furrows of a uniform depth
and width, the surface of the plowed ground so even and uniform that
a straight edge would touch every furrow when laid across the plowed
ground.

By all means let us have a plowing contest at our state fair, offering
a good premium, not to the manufacturers of plows, but to the plowman,
and the young farmers of Iowa will then see that agriculture is a science,
and that it requires as much ability and skill to do the work on a farm
in a proper manner as it does in any of the learned professions. No
wonder our young men are leaving the farms; there is no incentive for
them to remain and follow in the ruts made by their fathers. The young
men of today are aspiring and they see nothing in farm work that offers
an opportunity for advancement, the most ignorant hired man doing his
work about as well as his employer.

This condition should no longer exist and we should strive by every
means in our power to raise the quality of the work upon our farms to
such a high standard that our young men would see in farm life the
greatest opportunities to show their skill and make them proud of the
high calling of a farmer.

Fence building — even the digging of post holes in a scientific manner —
is something that few farmers can do. The setting of the post, the brac-
ing of the end posts, the stretching of the wire, would make an excellent
subject for a contest at our state fair. Everyone who has the least con-
ception of a straight line and a well built fence will agree with me that
the greater part of our fences are far from being a credit to their owners.
The loss from injury to live stock every year is a serious matter, and the
greater part of this loss would be prevented by fences properly erected and
kept in good repair.

The stacking of grain in such manner that the stacks would shed rain
as well as the best shingle roof would be an object lesson to the farmers
of Iowa, who evidently for a lack of knowledge in the art of stacking —
for it is an art — follow the pernicious custom of threshing from the shock.
The losses that have been sustained by allowing grain to stand in the field
waiting for the threshing machine would, if prevented by proper and
prompt stacking after the grain was harvested, in a few years pay and
discharge in full every mortgage on every farm in Iowa.

Let the fair management raise some small grain, and offer a premium
for the best erected stack at the next fair, and thus create an interest
in this all important worli.

And what can I say of the hay and the straw stacks to be seen in
Iowa — heaps of hay and straw thrown together without skill, built in
such manner that the wind and the rain are invited to come in, and make
themselves at home, with all the hospitality possible accorded, and the
wind and the rain accept the invitation so generously extended and do go
in, and not only go in, but also take possession, and the loss to the farmers
of Iowa every year from this cause is incalculable.

Here is one more attraction that could be added to the state fair, a con-
test in stacking hay or straw, a liberal premium to be given to the one
who builds the most artistic stack, and proves after heavy rains that it
is absolutely water-proof.

190 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Is it any wonder that the farmers' sons are leaving the farms and
seeking opportunities to test their slvill, their energy, their perse-
verance and their ability to surmount obstacles, in competition with the
young men raised in our towns and cities, and it must be said that the
farmer's boy, trained to early rising, hard work, with a virtuous life and
an earnestness and ambition that overcomes all obstacles, as a rule soon
distances his competitor in the race.

I offer these suggestions to the fair management, not because I desire
to criticise the farmers of Iowa in their work on the farm, for having
striven all my adult life to elevate and ennoble the calling of a farmer,
by striving with all my might to do all the work on a farm in the best and
most scientific manner, I would fain have my fellow farmers feel the same
thrill of pleasure that I have felt when performing with my own hands
the work of the farm and creating a thing of utility and beauty that
people passing on the highway would stop and admire.

But it will not only require the approval of the fair management to add
these valuable attractions to our next exposition, of the best that our
farms produce. We must have the hearty co-operation of the newspapers
of the state, for without them to incite an interest among the farmers in
this new departure, this getting out of the ruts, this effort to prove that
modern agriculture is one of the fine arts, would fall flat and be an utter
failure.

But I depend upon the press of Iowa to champion every good cause,
and one that will advance the agricultural interests of our state as noth-
ing else will do, would undoubtedly receive the most cordial support of
the editors and proprietors of the newspapers of the state.

I remember well, when as a member of the state fair directors, calling
late one night on Mr. R. P. Clarkson, editor of the Register, in an endeavor
to secure his aid in bringing the state fair to the favorable attention of
the people of the state. Unfortunately some things had occurred that
aroused Mr. Clarkson's antagonism to one of the offlcers and the Register
was far from friendly to the State Agricultural Society. In the editor's
sanctum we talked over the matter for hours and at two o'clock in the
morning, when I at last felt that I had accomplished my purpose, and
was about to take my leave, this grand man of the most sterling integrity
and unswerving devotion to the best interests of our state, grasped me
by the hand, saying, "Mr. Cownie, the columns of the Register are open
to you to advance the interests of the farmers of Iowa, and I will see
that everything you send will appear in the Register and I will co-
operate with you as far as I am able to build up the state fair."

At that time my name, as also the names of the other officers of the
fair association, were on notes held by a Des Moines bank for about
twenty thousand dollars, private citizens carrying an indebtedness, and
responsible for its payment while stewards in charge of the property of
the state.

That night, or rather morning, I went to the hotel with a lighter heart
than I had had for many a day, assured that with the help of the press
we could pay all expenses, discharge every obligation, principal and inter-
est, and put the state fair on a solid foundation. Knowing as I did the
financial difficulties that beset the officers of the society, myself included,

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV. 191

and realizing that the dawn was approaching, is it any wonder that in
my heart of hearts I re verve the memory of Richard P. Clarkson?

The other Des Moines newspapers heartilj' co-operated with the fair
management, doing everything in their power to bring the fair out of the
financial difiiculties that had beset it for years, and I cannot allow this
opportunity to pass without expressing my heartfelt thanks not only to
the editors of the Des Moines newspapers, but also to the editors through-
out the state, for their hearty co-operation in that critical period in the
affairs of the agricultural society.

To bring the attention of the people of the state to the fact that a great
state fair and exposition was to be held we wrote a letter to nearly every
editor in Iowa, asking if they would include with one of their newspaper
issues a supplement that we proposed to have printed, lauding the fair in
the highest terms and inviting all the people of Iowa to attend.

We received the most favorable responses to our request and we negoti-
ated with the Western Newspaper Union for two hundred and fifty thou-
sand printed sheets, newspaper size, to which order an additional hundred
thousand was afterwards added, when we had ascertained that that num-
ber would be required to supply the demand.

Shortly after all the supplements had been issued we received a com-
munication from the then postmaster general stating that we were violat-
ing the postal rules in thus sending supplements to local newspapers to
be mailed without payment of postage and asking us to desist from such
infraction of the postal laws. To me the duty was assigned to reply to
the postmaster general's courteous letter and I humbly apologized in be-
half of the society, promising that we would desist, which we did, but
three hundred and fifty thousand supplements to Iowa newspapers had
been distributed among the people of our state.

Now mark the result. The attendance and receipts were large be-
yond our most sanguine expectations, and we were enabled to pay all the
expenses of the fair and wipe out every dollar of indebtedness, principal
and interest, and from that day to this the ofl&cers of the State Agri-
cultural Society have not been required to pledge their personal credit
for the debts of a state institution.

Not only the oflBcers of the fair, but also the people of the state owe a
debt of gratitude they never can repay to the editors of Iowa for their
aid at a time w^hen the fate of the fair was trembling in the balance.
The officers were getting uneasy at being called upon year after year to
assume the obligations of an institution in which they had no more interest
than any other citizen of the state, except that by the votes of their con-
stituents they had been chosen to assume the responsibility of managing
an institution that the best people of the state believed would conduce in
no small degree in developing the agricultural resources of the state.

Threats were openly made by the directors to tender their resignation
each year when new notes had to be signed for money borrowed at the
banks to make up the deficit in the receipts.

The first duty required of me after being elected a director of the Iowa
State Agricultural Society was to sign my name to notes aggregating
twenty thousand dollars, and I am frank to confess that when signing my
name with men of whose financial ability I was ignorant, the cold chills

192 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

ran up my back and my hand trembled as I thought of the price I was
paying for the honor of being a director of the Iowa state fair.

But as I look back to those days of trial and final victory I esteem
it as one of the most gratifying periods of my life that I served as di-
rector, vice president and president of the Iowa State Agricultural Society
and only severed my connection with it when it was out of debt and the
foundation laid for future prosperity.

All this is ancient history, well known to the former oflBcers of the so-
ciety, and I only refer to it as showing that it requires united effort and
hearty co-operation of the press of the state to insure a successful State
Fair. The well conducted modern newspaper molds in no small degree
public opinion, and he who thinks that a great enterprise can be success-
fully conducted without the aid of the press has yet much to learn.

Unfortunately for the fair there was some antagonism manifested to-
wards the management the present year by some of the newspapers of
the state, their proprietors no doubt believing that they were entitled to
some more compensation for their work in behalf of the fair than ad-
mission at the gate, a privilege that many are unable to accept. On the
other hand the fair is a state institution, entirely different from a private
enterprise, or a corporation, where the profits are to accrue to the in-
dividual or the firm. No matter how great the receipts of the fair may
be over the expenses, no director of the society receives more than $4.00
per day, all the profits going to the betterment of the grounds, the title
to which is in the State of Iowa.

Since the fair has been financially successful, great improvements have
been made by the erection of new buildings, the legislature having made
generous appropriations for this purpose, and these appropriations have
been supplemented by the surplus left, after paying the legitimate expenses
of the fair. If the State Agricultural Society had been required to pay in
the past for all the complimentary notices it has received at the hands of
the press it would have long since ceased to exist, and it is questionable
if it could even now exist and pay even a fraction of the values it re-
ceives from the press of the state.

The Iowa Fair and Exposition is a state institution, its chief aim and
purpose being to advance the agricultural resources of the state, and in
doing so every farmer who attends these annual fairs must be stupid in-
deed if he does not profit by something he has seen.

To get the necessary information in regard to the fair the farmer
must depend upon the enterprise of the newspapers and largely to those
that are published locally, so that, in fact, he is the one that secures the
greatest profit by the timely publication in his home paper of the attrac-
tions offered by the state fair. And as a subscriber to a newspaper he has
a right to expect that he will be kept duly informed of what is going on in
his own state. When the legislature is in session he wants to know what
the lawmakers are doing and the enterprising newspaper will keep him
informed. In like manner he desires to know of the new attractions at
the state fair, and if the suggestions made in this paper are adopted by
the fair management it is only by giving them the widest publicity that
they can be made a success. And I do not believe that there is a single
editor of a newspaper in Iowa who will willingly withhold from his

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PAET IV. 193

readers anything that he believes will conduce to more scientific methods
in performing the necessary labor on a farm.

In behalf of the young farmers of this state, who are willing and
anxious to get out of the old ruts, who realize that agriculture is a science
and that skill and faithful application will be as well rewarded on the
farm as in the business world, I appeal to the fair management to add
new attractions such as I have indicated.

I have referred to the young men leaving the farm and I do not blame
them, for myself I would not stay one day on a farm if I could not do
work with my hands in which I could take a pardonable pride and realize
that farm labor was something more than drudgery that could be per-
formed without skill or previous training.

To you, gentlemen of the State Fair management, who are looking for
attractions that are novel and attractive, I would commend the sugges-
tions in this paper. And in thus affording an opportunity to the young
farmers of Iowa to see for themselves that there is both science and art
in farm labor well performed and in the rivalry that will be encouraged,
and the interest that will be created from year to year, you will have the
hearty co-operation of the press of Iowa and the best wishes of the good
people of our state.

The President : This will close onr program for this morning.
I want to call your attention to the fact that delegates should leave
their credentials at the desk.

We will stand adjourned until two o'clock P. M.

WEDNESDAY AFTERNOON SESSION.

Convention met at 1:30 P. M. pursuant to adjournment, with
President Cameron in the chair.

The Committee on Credentials submitted the following report,
and on motion of the chairman the report was adopted :

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON CREDENTIALS.

Gentlemen: We, the Committee on Credentials, report the attached list
duly elected and entitled to vote in this convention.

E. J. CURTIN,
T. W. PURCELL,
L. H. PiCKARD,

C&mmittee.

DELEGATES FROM COUNTY AND DISTRICT AGRICULTURAL

SOCIETIES.

Buena Vista County Agricultural Society A. L. Denio, Alta

Calhoun County Agricultural Society C. G. Koskey, Manson

Cass County Agricultural Society E. F. Berg, Atlantic

13

194 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Massena District Fair Association D. P. Hogan, Massena

Cerro Gordo County, Northern Iowa Agricultural Society

G. H. Purdy, Mason City

Strawberry Point District Agricultural Society

J. C. Flenniken, Strawberry Point

Clinton District Fair Association J. 0. Shaft, Shaffton

Crawford County Agricultural Society Thos. Rae, Arion

Davis 'County Agricultural Society J. M. Lain

Floyd County Agricultural Society John R. Waller, Rockford

Franklin County Agricultural Society Floyd Gillett, Hampton

Grundy County Agricultural Society H. N. Dilly, Grundy Center

Guthrie County Agricultural Society A. H. Grissell, Guthrie Center

Hancock County Agricultural Society Jas. L. Manuel, Britt

Hardin County Agricultural Society H. S. Martin, Eldora

Henry County Agricultural Society O. N. Knight, Mt. Pleasant

Iowa County Agricultural Society Alex McLennan, Marengo

Victor District Agricultural Society J. P. Boiling, Victor

Jackson County Agricultural Society Ed Phillips, Maquoketa

What Cheer District Agricultural Society F. H. Beeman, What Cheer

Kossuth County Agricultural Society A. R. Corey, Wesley

Louisa County Agricultural Society E. Colton, Columbus City

Columbus Junction District Fair Association

T. H. Grubb, Columbus Junction

Lyon County Fair and Agricultural Association. .A. S. Wold, Rock Rapids

Madison County Agricultural Society Elmer Orris, Winterset

Marshall County Fair Association J. B. Clausen, Marshalltown

Eden District Agricultural Society H. G. Buck, Rhodes

Mitchell County Agricultural Society W. H. H. Gable, Osage

Monona County Fair Association John Sundeberg, Whiting

Union District Agricultural Society J. A. Peters, West Liberty

Poweshiek County Central Agricultural Society Jas. Nowak, Malcom

Sac. County Agricultural Society Phil Schaller, Sac City

Shelby County Agricultural Society L. H. Pickard, Harlan

Sioux County Agricultural Society J. F. Morris, Ireton

Creston District Fair Association W. W. Morrow, Afton

Forest City Park and Fair Association V. A. Jones, Forest City

Winneshiek County Agricultural Society E. J. Curtin, Decorah

Wright County Agricultural Society Sam Nelson, Clarion

DELEGATES FROM COUNTIES IN WHICH NO FAIRS WERE RE-
PORTED FOR THE YEAR 1907.

Clarke County J. L. Long, Osceola

Dallas County Chas. Rhinehart, Dallas Center

Decatur County G. W. Hoffman, Leon

Greene County Albert Head, Jefferson

Ida County D. M. Hester, Ida Grove

Montgomery County W. S. Ellis, Red Oak

Polk County Lew Burnett, Des Moines

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV. 195

Ringgold County F. E. Sheldon, Mt. Ayr

Washington County D. J. Palmer, Washington

DELEGATES FROM COUNTY FARMERS' INSTITUTES.

Adair County A. C. Savage, Adair

Buena Vista County S. R. Haines, Storm Lake

Calhoun County Henry Parsons, Rockwell City

Cerro Gordo County D. McArthur, Mason City

Clinton County E. C. Forest, Miles

Dallas County Geo. M. Fox, Dallas Center

Dickinson County J. H. Gregory, Spirit Lake

Emmet County H. W. Woods, Estherville

Franklin County T. W. Purcell, Hampton

Guthrie County S- J- Read, Guthrie Center

Hancock County John Schwab, Corwith

Ida County A. C. Garner, Ida Grove

Madison County T.J. Hudson, Winterset

Mahaska County F. F. Everett, Lacey

Marion County George Simpson, Knoxville

Marshall County E. M. Wentworth, State Center

Mitchell County W. Harvey Richards, Osage

Monona County O. J. Baston, Whiting

Monroe County E. B. Morris, Albia

Polk County W. B. Ashby, Grimes

O'Brien County D. L. Packham, Paullina

Sac County Harry Baxter, Sac City

Story County W\ P. George, Ames

Warren County E. B. Igo, Indianola

Winnebago County Eugene Secor, Forest City

Wright County F. A. Thayer, Dows

DELEGATES FROM OTHER SOCIETIES AND ASSOCIATIONS.
State Historical Society Wesley Greene, Davenport

IOWA STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.
Ex-officio.

State Dairy and Food Commissioner H. R. Wright, Des Moines

State Veterinarian Dr. P. 0. Koto, Forest City

Officers.

President C. E. Cameron, Alta

Vice President W. C. Brown, Clarion

Treasurer G. D. Ellyson, Des Moines

Secretary J. C. Simpson, Des Moines

196 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

District Members.

First District R. S. Jolinston, Columbus Junction

Second District C. W. Phillips, Maquoketa

Third District E. M. Reeves, Waverly

Fourth District R. T. St. John, Riceville

Fifth District S. B. Packard, Marshalltown

Sixth District T. C. Lego, What Cheer

Seventh District C. F. Curtiss, Ames

Eighth District John Ledgerwood, Leon

Ninth District M. McDonald, Bayard

Tenth District O. A. Olson, Forest City

Eleventh District H. L. Pike, Whiting

Mr. President: The convention will now proceed to the election of the
following officers of the State Board of Agriculture:

President.

Vice President.

Member from the First District.

Member from the Third District.

Member from the Fifth District.

Member from the Seventh District.

Member from the Ninth District.

Member from the Eleventh District.

The President named as tellers: T. C. Legoe of Keokuk county, Wm.
Clarke of Marshall county and John McMullan of Pocahontas county.

Vice-President Brown toolv the chair and called for nominations
for president. Mr. Haines of Buena Vista county placed in nomi-
nation for president, Mr. C. E. Cameron to succeed himself. Mr.
Grissell seconded the motion and moved that the secretary be in-
structed to cast the entire vote of the convention for ]Mr. Cameron.
Seconded by Mr. Schaller of Sac county. Motion prevailed. The
secretary so cast the vote and Mr. Cameron was declared duly
elected President of the State Board of Agriculture for the ensuing
year.

President Cameron again took the chair and called for nomina-
tions for Vice-President. Mr. T. W. Purcell of Franklin county
placed in nomination Mr. W. C. Brown of Wright county to succeed
himself and moved that the secretary be instructed to cast the entire
vote of the convention for IMr. Brown. Seconded by Mr. St. John.
Motion prevailed. The secretary so cast the vote, and Mr. Brown
was declared duly elected Vice-President of the State Board of
Agriculture for the ensuing year;

Mr. D. J. Palmer of Washington county placed in nomination
for member of the board of the First District Mr. R. S. Johnston
of Louisa county to succeed himself, and moved if there were no

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART IV. 197

further nominations that the secretary be instructed to cast the
entire vote of the convention for Mr. Johnston. Seconded by Mr.
Legoe. Motion prevailed. Secretary so cast the vote, and Mr.
Johnston was declared duly elected member of the Board from the
First District for the term of two years.

Mr. Van Houten of Taylor county placed in nomination for mem-
ber of the Board from the Third District, Mr. E. M. Reeves of
Bremer county to succeed himself. Mr. McDonald seconded the
nomination and moved if there were no other nominations that the
rule be suspended and the secretary instructed to cast the entire
vote of the convention for Mr. Reeves. Motion prevailed. The
secretary so cast the vote, and Mr. Reeves was declared duly elected
member of the Board from the Third District for the term of two
years.

Mr. Classen of Marshall county nominated Mr. S. B. Packard of
Marshall county to succeed himself as member of the Board from
the Third District. Mr. Buck of Marshall seconded the motion,
and moved that the rule be susended and the secretary instructed
to cast the entire vote of the convention for Mr. Packard. Seconded
by Mr. St. John. Motion prevailed. The secretary so cast the
vote, and ]\Ir. Packard was declared duly elected member of the
Board from the Fifth District for the term of two years.

Mr. Wentworth of Story county placed in nomination for member
of the Board from the Seventh District, Mr. C. F. Curtiss of Story
county to succeed himself. Mr. Grissell of Guthrie county seconded
the nomination and moved that the secretary be instructed to cast
the entire vote of the convention for Mr. Curtiss. Motion pre-
vailed. The secretary so cast the vote, and Mr. Curtiss was de-
clared duly elected member of the Board from the Seventh District
for the term of two years.

Mr. John Cownie nominated Mr. M. McDonald of Guthrie county
to succeed himself as member of the Board from the Ninth District.
Seconded by Mr. Schaller of Sac county, who moved that the rules
be suspended and the secretary instructed to cast the entire vote of
the convention for Mr. McDonald. ^Motion prevailed. The secre-
tary so cast the vote, and Mr. ^McDonald was declared duly elected
member of the Board from the Ninth District for the term of two
years..

Mr. Easton of Ida county nominated ^Ir. H. L. Pike of Monona
county to succeed himself as member of the Board from the Elev-
enth District. Mr. Sundberg of Ida county seconded the motion and
moved that the nomination be made unanimous and the secretary
instructed to cast the entire vote of the convention for Mr. Pike.

198 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Motion prevailed. The secretarj^ so east the vote, and ^Ir. Pike was
declared duly elected member of the Board from the Eleventh Dis-
trict for the term of two years.

The Committee on Resolutions submitted the following report.
Mr. Denio moved that the report be adopted, which was seconded
by Mr. Purcell. Motion prevailed.

REPORT OF COMMITTEE OS RESOLUTIONS.

Your Committee on Resolutions respectfully report the following:

The large attendance at this meeting indicates the continued interest
that the farmers of Iowa have in agriculture, horticulture, etc.

The exhibit of corn and the extensive exhibit of fruit speaks in the
highest terms of the productive qualities of the soil of Iowa and this con-
vention extends to the officers and directors of the State Board of Agri-
culture thanks for the program arranged for this meeting.

The ofScers and directors of the State Board of Agriculture are espe-
cially commended for their efforts in securing the large inci-ease in exhibits
and the great success of the Iowa State Fair and Exposition of 1907.
This was accomplished only by extraordinary efforts of the oflBcers in
working for the success of each department. Had the weather been fa-
vorable we believe the fair of 1907 would have been the greatest one
ever held in the United States.

We hereby extend our thanks to the State Board of Agriculture for
its efforts in securing the enactment of the law for the prevention of
adulteration and misbranding of condimental stock foods and commercial
feeding stuffs and the regulating of sales of agricultural seeds, and in se-
curing the passage of other laws in the interest of agriculture.

We extend our hearty thanks to the speakers who have appeared on
the program, and are especially grateful to Mr. E. W. Randall of Minne-
sota for his presence at the Iowa agricultui'al convention.

Whereas, The present accommodations provided for the various de-
partments on the State Fair Grounds are inadequate for the transaction
of the business in the proper manner, as well as being extremely in-
convenient for all exhibitors and patrons of the fair; therefore, be it

Resolved, That we earnestly recommend the erection of a suitable
Administration Building of sufficient capacity for the convenient use of
all the officers and superintendents, at the earliest possible moment.

Respectfully submitted,

C. W. Hoffman,
H. S. Martin,
A. L. Denio,
Committee on Resolutions.

There being no further business, on motion the convention ad-
journed sine die.

PART V.

SYNOPSIS OF PROCEEDINGS

OF

STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE

AND

COMMITTEE MEETINGS,

1907.

EXECUTIVE COMBIITTEE MEETING.

January 16, 17 and 18, 1907.

Committee met on call of the president with all members present.

The matter of vaudeville attractions for the State Fair of 1907
was considered but the closing of contracts was deferred until a
later meeting.

Bonds of the secretary and treasurer were presented and ap-
proved

Arrangements were made whereby the treasurer, G. D. Ellyson,
agreed to pay, through the I\Iarquardt Savings Bank, four per cent
interest on the $15,000.00 reserve fund and two per cent on the daily
balance of the State Fair funds.

Secretary notified the committee that the Greater Des Moines
committee had deeded to the state the strip of land known as the
Redhead Tract, lying between the south line of the Fair Grounds
and the Rock Island switch.

Architect 0. 0. Smith presented plans and estimates on an
amphitheater and a hog barn, and the committee decided to recom-
mend to the General Assembly that the appropriation for such
buildings be made in the following amounts: $75,000.00 for a

riS9)

200 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

steel constructed amphitheater and $75,000.00 for a hog barn
and show pavillion. Secretary was instructed to have such bills
prepared and introduced at the earliest possible date.

Mr. A. L. Denio, Superintendent of the Speed Department, met
with the committee and the speed program for 1907 was made out.

The matter of fakir and novelty stands in the Agricultural build-
ing was discussed and the committee agreed to abolish such con-
sessions in that building.

Bills to the amount of $776.72 were approved and the secretary
instructed to issue warrants in payment thereof.

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE MEETING.

February 20, 21, 22 and 23, 1907.

Committee met on call of president with all members present;
also the following members of the Board, R. S. Johnston of the
First District, C. W. Phillips of the Second District, R. T. St.
John of the Fourth District, John Ledgerwood of the Eighth Dis-
trict, and 0. A. Olson of the Tenth District, also A. L. Denio, Super,
intendent of the Speed Department.

Mr. G. W. Bissell, the engineer employed by the board to plan a
new electric lighting system, submitted a report. Action was
postponed until a later meeting when a more extensive report
would be submitted.

Secretary presented a com classification for the Fair of 1907,
also a revision of the classification for county exhibits, all of which
was approved and adopted by the committee and the members
present.

Claims to the amount of $655.89, for which warrants had been
issued since the last meeting, were approved.

Members of the auditing committee being present, all bills on file
were passed upon and secretary authorized to issue warrants in
payment thereof.

Secretary presented a classification for Suffolk Punch horses as
submitted by the superintendent of the horse department, C. F.
Curtiss, which was approved and ordered printed in the premium
list.

The executive committee, together with the other members of
the board present and some men prominent in the swine breeding
industry, appeared before the Senate Appropriation committee
and were given a hearing on Senate File No. 94, relative to the
improvements on the State Fair Grounds. The same gentlemen

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART V. 201

appeared before the House Appropriations committee the follow-
ing day in regard to the same matter.

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE MEETING.

March 19, 20 and 21, 1907.

Committee met on call of president with all members present.

Representatives of a number of advertising manufacturers were
present and the committee placed orders for advertising matter
for the State Fair.

The matter of amusements and vaudeville attractions for the
State Fair was considered and contracts were closed for the follow-
ing: Innes' Orchestral Band, several vaudeville acts, and the
pyrotechnic show "Vesuvius" produced by the Pain Pyrotechnic
Company of New York.

Mr. G. W. Bissell, the electrical engineer employed to devise a
new electric light system for the fair grounds, was instructed to
prepare plans and specifications for a plant, such plant not to
exceed an estimated cost of $10,000.

The Secretary was authorized as follows :

To have the architect prepare a sketch of the floor plan for the
proposed new horse barns.

To purchase woven wire fence sufficient to fence the land recently
secured as an addition to the fair grounds.

To instruct the architects to complete plans and specifications for
the proposed hog barn and show pavilion.

MEETING OF STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

April 5, 1907.

Board met on call of the Executive Committee and on roll call
the following members were found to be present : Cameron, Brown,
Simpson, Johnston, Phillips, Reeves, St. John, Packard, Legoe,
Curtiss, Ledgerwood, McDonald, Olson and Pike.

The object of the meeting was to consider plans and specifications
and authorize the letting of contract for the construction of the hog
barn and show pavilion for which the general assembly appro-
priated $75,000, also to authorize the letting of contracts for the
horse bam, etc. On motion the following resolution was adopted r

Resolved, That the board approve the plans for the hog bam and
show pavilion submitted by Smith, "VVetherell & Gage, and that the

202 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

executive committee be and they are hereby authorized and in-
structed to advertise for bids for the erection of the hog barn and
show pavilion provided for by the appropriation of $75,000 granted
by the Thirty-second General Assembly, and be it further

Resolved, That they are hereby authorized and instructed to
award contract to the lowest responsible bidder, limiting the total
amount of the cost of construction, including architects' fees, to
the appropriation granted for this purpose.

The board on motion approved the general plan of the horse
barn and authorized the executive committee, together with the
Superintendent of the Horse Department, to have plans and speci-
fications prepared by the architects and when completed to advertise
for bids and award contract for the erection of same.

On motion the salary of the Superintendent of Grounds was fixed
at $1,000 per year, with the proviso that $100 additional be paid
during the year 1907.

Mr. G. W. Bissell submitted a report on the proposed electric
light system and on motion of Mr. Johnston the executive committee
was instructed and authorized as follows : To finish plans and speci-
fications for the electric light plant and when same were ready to
advertise for bids and award contracts, limiting the cost to $10,000.

The president appointed the following Committee on Per Diem
and i\Iileage : Mr. Johnston, 'Sir. Olson and Mr. Reeves.

The Committee on Per Diem and ^Mileage reported as follows
and on motion of ^Ir. Pike the report was adopted :

Q «

C. E. Cameron 3 $4.00

W. C. Brown 3 4.00

R. S. Johnston 3 4.00

C. W. Phillips 3 4.00

E. M. Reeves 3 4.00

R. T. St. John 3 4.00

S. B. Packard 3 4.00

T. C. Legoe 3 4.00

C. F. Curtiss 3 4.00

Jno. Ledgerwood 3 4.00

M. McDonald 3 4.00

O. A. Olson 3 4.00

H. L. Pike 3 4.00

<

12

140

<
$14.00

$26.00

12

102

10.20

22.20

12

158

15.80

27.80

12

12.00

12

123

12.30

24.30

12

195

19.50

31.50

12

58

5.80

17.80

12

100

10.00

22.00

12

39

3.90

15.90

12

87

8.70

20.70

12

65

6.50

18.50

12

155

15.50

27.50

12

200

3. JOH

H. Rei
A. Ol

20.00

32.00

R. i
E. I
0.

$298.20

NSTON,

SVES,

SON,

Committee.

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART V. 203

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE MEETING.

April 6, 1907.

Committee met with all members present.

Committee visited the Fair Grounds and the secretary was in-
structed to authorize the Superintendent of Grounds to make the
following improvements and repairs:

To rebuild the south line of fence so as to include the track of
land known as the Redhead Tract recently deeded to the state.

To take down the old cattle shed south of cattle barn No. 10
and 13.

To have the street south of the new brick dining halls graded and
lay a cement sidewalk twelve feet in width along the south side of
this building.

To make a ditch for the construction of the water way running
back of the brick dining halls.

To rebuild the fence along the south side of the clover field and
to make any necessary repairs of fences on the east portion of the
grounds.

To remove the Rock Island entrance south to the new line of
fence.

To complete the curbing around the triangular piece of ground
north and east of the secretary's office and have same filled ready
for planting.

To change the course of the storm water sewer near the south en-
trance, running the same farther south so that it would not come
under the proposed location for the new horse barn.

Secretary was authorized to close contracts with the Iowa State
Letters Carriers' Band and Graham's Orchestra for engagement at
the State Fair of 1907.

Committee named April 24th as the date on which to receive bids
for the erection and completion of the electric light plant as per
the plans and specifications furnished by Mr. G. W. Bissell.

Secretary was instructed to let contract for grading in connection
with the new swine barn and show pavilion as per the plans and
specifications shown by the architects, and if in his opinion the bids
received were unreasonable, to instruct the Superintendent of
Grounds to proceed with the grading at once.

MINUTES IN VACATION.

April 13, 1907.
As per the authority and instructions of the Executive Com-
mittee secretary open bids received for grading in connection with

204 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

the hog bam and show pavilion. Only two bids were received,
and after consulting the architects and the Superintendent of
Grounds, contract was awarded to Smith & Day of Des Moines for
$1,500, work to be completed within four weeks from the date of
signing contract.

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE MEETING.

April 24, 1907.

Committee met as per previous agreement with all members
present, also Mr. G. W. Bissell.

Bids for the construction of the electric light plant were opened
and the following contracts awarded : One 200 H-P engine, $1,670,
Ball Engine Co. of Chicago; one 125 K. W. generator and switch-
board, $1,669, Fort Wayne Electric Company of Fort Wayne, Ind. ;
forty arc lamps, $15.80 each, Western Electric Co. of Chicago ; two
72" 16 ft. boilers, $2,195, allowing $520 as part payment on above
price for engine and boiler in the old light plant and the boiler and
pump in the pumping station, Globe Machinery & Supply Company
of Des Moines.

At the solicitation of the Greater Des ]\Ioines Committee, the
Executive Committee agreed to allow the use of the grounds during
a week or ten days in June, 1908, for the national meeting of the
Dunkard church, providing the first named committee would bear
all expense for preparing the grounds, the operation of the electric
light plant, closets, pay for the water used, provide proper fire
and police protection and leave the grounds in as good condition
as they were at the beginning of the meeting, the State Board of
Agriculture to be at no expense whatever in the matter.

Secretary was authorized and instructed to purchase two addi-
tional turnstiles.

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE MEETING.

May 1, 1907.

Committee met with all members present, also board member
R. S. Johnston.

Object of the meeting was to open bids for the construction of
the swine bam and show pavilion and the following contracts were
let: General contract, $38,235, J. B. McGorrisk of Des Moines;
structural iron work, $29,300, Des ]\Ioines Bridge & Iron Works of

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART V. 205

Des Moines; sewer and catch basins, $1,490, King-Lambert Com-
pany of Des Moines.

Committee named May 20th the date for receiving bids for erec-
tion of the horse barn.

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE MEETING.

May 20, 1907.

Committee met as per previous arrangement to receive bids for
the erection of the horse barn, with all members present, also board
member C. F. Curtiss.

Only two bids were received and contract was awarded to Chas.
Weitz' Sons for $9,651.03.

Committee decided to retain the old boiler and engine in the
electric light plant, having an option on same for thirty days at
$200.

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE MEETING.

June 5, 1907.

Committee met with all members present. Bids were opened for
the construction of the electric light and power house and the foun-
dation for the boilers and engines. The bid of Chas. Weitz' Sons
for $2,853.56 was accepted and architects instructed to draw up
contract with Mr. Weitz as per bid.

On the recommendation of ^Ir. G. W. Bissell, the proposition of
the Globe ^Machinery & Supply Company to erect the smoke stack
and do whatever work necessar\^ in connecting up the boilers and
engines in the power house, for $260, was accepted and Secretary
instructed to draw contract in accordance with such proposition.

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE MEETING.

July 3, 1907.
Committee met with all members present. Business of a general
character was transacted and committee visited the Fair Grounds
to inspect the improvements under way.

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE MEETING.

July 12, 1907.
Committee met with the President and Secretary present.
Secretary presented an offer from W. W. Potts for laying cement
floor in the pens of the new swine barn, amounting to approximately

206 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

$2,900, and contract was entered into with Mr. Potts for this work.
Contract for cement walk in front of brick dining halls was let
to Mr. Potts.

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE MEETING.

August 6, 1907.
Committee met with all members present, and business of a gen-
eral character in connection with the fair was transacted.

MEETING OF THE STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

August 23, 1907.
Board met at the president's office on the Fair Grounds at eight
o'clock p. m. with the following members present: Cameron, Bro'^\Ti,
Simpson, Johnston, Reeves, St. John, Packard, Legoe, Ledgerwood,
McDonald, Olson, Pike and EUyson. General business pertaining
to the opening of the fair was transacted.

MEETING OF THE STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

August 29, 1907.

Board met at the president's office at the Fair Grounds with the
following members present: Cameron, Brown, Simpson, Johnston,
Phillips, Reeves, St. John, Packard, Ledgerwood, McDonald and
Olson. The purpose of the meeting was to agree upon a settlement
with Roy Knabenshue, owner of the airship which had been engaged
as an attraction and which was destroj'ed by fire on Wednesday
night of the fair, and such settlement was agreed upon.

On motion the board adjourned.

MEETING OF THE STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

August 31, 1907.
Board met at the president's office on the Fair Grounds, at nine
o'clock a. m. with the following members present: Cameron, Brown,
Simpson, Ellyson, Johnston, Reeves, St. John, Packard, Legoe, Led-
gerwood, McDonald, Olson and Pike.

The following pay rolls were presented and allowed :
Floriculture department, $72.50, presented by J. C. Simpson.
Horticultural department, $35.00, presented by E. M. Reeves.

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART V. 207

Treasurer's department, $808.30, presented by G. D. Ellyson.
Police department, $1,217.50, presented by M. McDonald.
Cattle department, $623.20, presented by S. B. Packard.
Horse department, $557.55, presented by J. C. Simpson.
Swine department, $457.85, presented by R. S. Johnston.
Privilege department, $249.03, presented by W. C. Brown.
Machinery department, $245.75, presented by John Ledgerwood.
Art department, $451.50, presented by T. G. Legoe.
President's department, $12.00, presented by J. C. Simpson.
Speed department, $296.30, presented by J. C. Simpson.
Ticket department, $233.00, presented by J. C. Simpson.
Forage department, $317.00, presented by J. C. Simpson.
Secretary's department, $405.25, presented by J. C. Simpson.
Sheep and poultry departments, $189.70, presented by H. L. Pike.
Gate department, $1,475.00, presented by Mr. Olson.
Agricultural department, $446.25, presented by R. T. St. John.
Grounds, $91.69, presented by J. C. Simpson.
Dairy department, $212.45, presented b> J. C. Simpson.

The president appointed as Committee on Per Diem and Mileage,
Mes.srs. Johnston. Olson and Ledgerwood.

Several small bills of a general nature were presented and al-
lowed by the board.

Committee on Per Diem and Mileage submitted the following re-
port and on motion same was adopted :

Committee on per diem and mileage reported as follows:

« (S ^^ ■- Bo

Q K <: S < H

C.E.Cameron 19 4.00 76.00 140 14.00 90.00

W. C. Brown 37 4.00 148.00 102 10.20 158.20

R.S.Johnston 19 4.00 76.00 158 15.80 91.80

C. W. Phillips 19 4.00 76.00 76.00

E.M.Reeves 18 4.00 72.00 125 12.50 84.50

R. T. St. John 21 4.00 84.00 135 19.50 103.50

S. B. Packard.. 18 4.00 72.00 58 5.80 77.80

T. C. Legoe 20 4.00 80.00 100 10.00 90.00

Chas. F. Curtiss 19 4.00 76.00 37 3.70 79.70

John Ledgerwood 25 4.00 100.00 87 8.70 108.70

M. McDonald 19 4.00 76.00 65 6.50 82.50

O.A.Olson 19 4.00 76.00 155 15.50 91.50

H.L.Pike 20 4.00 80.00 200 20.00 100.00

R. S. Johnston,
0. A. Ol.sox.
John Ledgerwood,

Committee.
On motion of Mr. Packard the board adjourned.

208 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

EXECUTIVE AND AUDITING COIklMITTEE MEETING.

September 19 and 20, 1907.
Executive committee met with all members present for the pur-
pose of making final settlement with contractors for the swine bam,
horse barn, electric light and power house and the machinery in-
stalled in same. Secretan^ was instructed to issue warrants in
payment of the balances shown, as follows :

J. B. McGorrisk, general contractor, for swine barn:

Total amount of contract $38,235.30

For extra lumber 869.18

Total $39,104.48 $39,104.48

Previously paid $28,020.40

By credits 275.00

$28,295.40 $28,295.40

Balance due $10,809.08

Des Moines Bridge & Iron company. Contract for structural iron work.

Total amount of contract $29,300.00

Previously paid 28,500.00

Balance due $ 800.00

King-Lambert company. Contract for sewer.

Amount of contract $ 1,490.00

Extras 67.20

Total " $ 1,557.20 $ 1,557.20

Previously paid 696.58

Balance due $ 860.62

Due architects:

Swine barn, 4 per cent of $74,395.80

Horse barn, 4 per cent of 9,651.03

Power station, 4 per cent of 3, 300. .56

Four per cent of $87,347.39 $ 3,493.89

Previously paid 2,456.29

Balance due $ 1,037.60

Chas. Weitz Sons., contract for horse barn:

Amount of contract $ 9,651.03

Extras 31.50

Total $ 9,682.53 $ 9,682.53

Previously paid 7,651.03

Balance due $ 2,031.50

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART V. 209

Chas. Weitz Sons, contract for electric light and power station:

Amount of building contract $ 2,853.56

Addition 447.00

Total $ 3,300.56 $ 3,300.56

Previously paid $ 2,805.48

Credit by deduction 144.77

Total $ 2,950.25 $ 2,950.25

Balance due $ 350.31

Secretary was also instructed to issue warrants in payment of all
bills audited by the Auditing committee.

The matter of insurance on fair grounds buildings was consid-
ered and Secretary was instructed to place general form insurance
for three years upon the following buildings : the new horse barn,
the swine bam and the show pavilion, and the electric light and
power house and equipment.

The Auditing committee met with members Legoe and Johnston
present. Committee examined and audited all bills on file in the
secretary's office to date.

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE MEETING.

September 30, October 1, 1907.
Committee met on call of the president with all members present.
Business of a general character was transacted and program pre-
pared for the winter meeting.

MEETING OF THE STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

December 12, 1907.

Board met at the office of the secretary at 9 :30 a. m., Wednesday,
December 12th. Meeting was called to order by the president and
the following members responded to roll call: Cameron, Brown,
Simpson, Johnston, Phillips, Reeves, St. John, Packard, Curtiss,
Ledgerwood, McDonald, Olson, Pike and Wright.

H. L. Bosquet, Deputy Clerk of the Supreme Court, administered
the oath of office to the following newly elected members : Cameron,
Brown, Johnston, Reeves, Packard, Curtiss, McDonald and Pike.

On motion the board proceeded to the election of secretary and
treasurer.

14

210 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Mr, Johnston moved that J. C. Simpson be elected secretary for
the ensuing year, at a salary of eighteen hundred dollars ($1,800)
per annum. Seconded by Mr. St. John. Motion was made unani-
mous and Mr. Simpson declared elected secretary for the ensuing
year.

]Mr. Olson nominated for treasurer G. S. Gilbertson. IMr. Ledger-
wood seconded the nomination and moved that same be made
unanimous and the secretary instructed to cast the vote of the board
for Sir. Gilbertson. Motion prevailed and Mr. Gilbertson was de-
clared elected treasurer for the ensuing year. ]\Ir. Packard offered
the following resolution and moved its adoption ; seconded by Mr.
Curtiss :

"Resolved, That the bond of the treasurer be fixed at seventy-
five thousand dollars ($75,000), subject to the approval of the
executive committee, and be it further

"Resolved, That the salary of the treasurer shall be one hundred
dollars ($100) per annum."

Motion prevailed.

Mr. McDonald moved that Jas. H. Deemer be elected superin-
tendent of fair grounds for the ensuing year at a salary of one
thousand dollars ($1,000) per annum. Seconded by Mr. St. John.
Motion prevailed.

On motion of Mv. Legoe, seconded by Mr. McDonald, the follow-
ing marshals for the State Fair of 1908 were elected : T. D. Doke,
Bloomfield; C. M. Akes, Leon; Carl Shields, Af ton ; and T. J. Hud-
son, Winterset.

Secretary read the report of the Executive committee, reviewing
in detail the work of the said committee during the past year and
the improvements made. A schedule of estimated receipts and
expenditures for the year 1908 and suggestions for new improve-
ments Avere presented. The report in full is on file in the record
book of the department.

Secretary read the resignation of J. R. Sage, Director of the
Iowa Weather and Crop Service, to take effect December 31, 1907.
Mr. Packard moved that the board recommend to the governor as
Mr. Sage's successor, Geo. M. Chappel. Seconded by Sir. St. John.
Motion prevailed.

On motion of Mr. Ledgerwood the board adjourned until 1 :30
P. M.

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART V. 211

AFTERNOON SESSION.

Board met pursuant to adjournment with the following members
present : Cameron, Brown, Simpson, Johnston, Phillips, Reeves, St.
John, Packard, Legoe, Ledgerwood, McDonald, Olson, Pike and
Wright.

The board decided to open the fair one day earlier than hereto-
fore, and to charge admission on Friday and Saturday the first'
week of the fair. Saturday, the 22nd, was fixed as children's day.

The bond of Treasurer G. S. Gilbertson for $75,000 was pre-
sented, approved, by the Executive committee and filed with the
treasurer of state.

Compensation of marshals, police, ticket takers and ticket sellers,
and other employes for the fair of 1908 was fixed at the same rate
as for the previous j^ear.

On motion of ]\Ir. Legoe, the board adjourned until 9 A. M.
Fridav.

MEETING OF THE STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

December 13, 1907.

Board met at 9 o'clock A. ]\I. pursuant to adjournment with
President Cameron presiding. On roll call the following members
were found to be present : Cameron, Brown, Simpson, Johnston,
Reeves, St. John, Packard. Legoe, Curtiss, Ledgerwood, McDonald,
Olson, Pike and "Wright.

The chairman of the committee on Adulteration of Foods, Seeds
and other Products, reported as follows :

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON ADULTERATION OF FOODS, SEEDS
AND OTHER PRODUCTS.

Your committee held one meeting at Ames, June 24, and formulated
plans for the investigation of the weeds of the state in public places;
form (No. 1) for an. address to the people of the state and form (No. 2)
question blank signed by the committee, for general circulation, alsa
form (No. 3), signed by Prof. Curtiss through the Experiment Station at
Ames to all county supervisors and township trustees, with return gov-
ernment franked envelopes for replies. Secretary Simpson of the De-
partment of Agriculture supplied your committee with 2,000 copies of

212 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

form No. 1, 1,000 copies of form No. 2 and 6,000 copies of form No. 3.
A copy of each form is appended. The committee's address, form No. 1,
was distributed by Mr. Wright to the press of the state and form No. 3
by Prof. Curtiss, as sub-committees. The response by the press was not
what was anticipated, although quite a number of newspapers published
the address. Coming under the chairman's notice, tlie Times-Republican
of MarshalHown, the Ames Intelligencer and the Iowa Recorder of Greene,
Butler county, have- published the address and given a stirring en-
dorsement to the committee. The chairman sent a few copies of form
No. 2 under cover with his correspondence to different parts of the state
so as not to incur cost in postage and received replies generally to them.
An examination of these shows Canada Thistle or Quack Grass is re-
turned in every case and in all but two instances both these weeds are
mentioned as existing by such correspondents. Mr. Wright, for the com-
mittee, and Prof. Pammell, at the request of Prof. Curtiss, attended the
meeting of the state association of county supervisors held at Clinton in
July and secured formal action endorsing the work of this committee
and promising assistance and co-operation. Reports received from the in-
spectors in the employ of the food and dairy department indicate lax
execution of the present laws requiring weed cutting by railroads. In this
respect the Great Western, the Rock Island neglected portions of their right
of way and the Cascade branch of the Milwaukee went without cutting.

Report of the work undertaken by the botany department at the col-
lege under the direction of Prof. Curtiss is attached, showing the returns
received from the circulars of inquiry sent out and compilation for these
reports showing the prevalence of noxious weeds.

S. B. Packard,
C. F. Curtiss,
Form No. 1. H. R. Wright,

COMMITTEE ON ADULTERATION OF FOODS, SEEDS AND OTHER

PRODUCTS OF THE IOWA STATE DEPARTMENT OF

AGRICULTURE.

WEED INVESTIGATION.

To the Public:

The State Board of Agriculture, at its last meeting, passed the following
resolution:

Whereas, The alarming increase of noxious weeds in the state makes it
proper for the State Board of Agriculture to make an investigation with
the view of ascertaining the best way to remedy these evils, and to suggest
necessary legislation to impose upon the county supervisor or township
trustee, or both, the authority of the law to eradicate these pests.

Resolved, That the Committee on Adulteration of Foods, Seeds and
Other Products are instructed to investigate the subject and to report from
time to time; that the sum of five hundred dollars, or as much thereof
as may be necessary, is hereby appropriated for expenses for the year of
1907.

The undersigned committee, in view of the law passed regulating the
sale of agricultural seeds and prohibiting their adulteration, desire to

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART V. 213

bring to the notice of the farmers of the state the importance of this in-
vestigation, to the end that all noxious weeds already existing shall be
brought to the attention of the authorities and by systematic effort shall
be eventually eradicated, that we may put an end to the contamination of
Iowa grown agricultural seeds with foul weed seeds.

With the aid of the staff of the agricultural college and the help of
the farmers, county supervisors, township trustees and road supervisors,
the committee expects to locate all the patches of noxious weeds, whether
in public or private grounds, such weeds as Canada thistle, Russian thistle,
quack grass, wild mustard and wild oats. Also, to determine the extent
of the infection of the less refractory but not less mischievous weeds in
the public roads and highways, such as sweet clover, squirrel-tailed grass,
curled and smooth dock, bracted plantain, buckhorn, common mustard,
alfalfa, field dodder, and other well known noxious or diflBcult weeds.

The committee will have the services of Professor Pammell and his
assistants to aid in the study of the best methods for the extermination
of each particular weed of annual, biennial or perennial growth, and to
recommend to the general assembly such revision of the weed laws as will
effectually require the county or township authorities to inaugurate a
crusade against all noxious weeds.

The committee invites all the farmers' institutes, officers of county and
district agricultural societies, and that most potent of all reformatory
organizations, the women's clubs, to lend their services to the awakening
of the public to the demands of the fair and fertile soil of Iowa, to make
an end to its infection with vicious weed and the resultant seed dis-
semination in the public highways, railway grounds, in private lots and
public places.

The committee will supply question sheets, to be filled out and re-
turned. The information thus secured from farmers and others interested
and informed in regard to the weeds in their respective localities will be
invaluable to the committee and appreciated accordingly by them.
Respectfully,

S. B. Packard, Marshalltown, la.
C. F. CuRTiss, Ames, la.
H. R. "Wright, Des Moines, la.
Form No. 2. Committee.

COMMITTEE ON ADULTERATION OF FOODS, SEEDS AND OTHER

PRODUCTS OF THE IOWA STATE DEPARTMENT OF

AGRICULTURE.

WEED INVESTIGATION.

Dear Sir:

The information requested below will be of very great assistance in the
weed investigation. Will you kindly answer the questions below as
far as you are able and return to us. Yours very truly,

S. B. Packard, Marshalltown, la.

C. F. CuRTiss, Ames, la.

H. R. Wright, Des Moines, la.

Committee.

214 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

1. Are any of the following named weeds, or other weeds that are

dlflBcult to kill, found in your vicinity? Please check those that occur
or add the names of othei's:

Quack Grass Corn Cockle

Wild Mustard Squirrel-tail

Canada Thistle Marsh Elder

Wild Oats Cocklebur

Sweet Clover Curled Dock

Clover Dodder Smooth Dock

Alfalfa Dodder Horse Nettle

Field Dodder Jimson Weed
Cowbane

2. If there are any noxious weeds in your vicinity, of which you do
not know the name, please send samples to Prof. L. H. Pammel, Ames,
Iowa, for identification.

3. Are the weeds you have namd found in the highways?

Railway right of way? Private grounds?

4. What methods that have been used to eradicate these weeds
have failed ? • •

5. What methods have been used successfully?

Signed

Township . . .

County. . .

State .

Date

Form No.

COMMITTEE ON ADULTERATION OF FOODS, SEEDS AND OTHER

PRODUCTS OF THE IOWA STATE DEPARTMENT OF

AGRICULTURE.

WEED INVESTIGATION.

Iowa Experiment Station, Ames, Iowa, July 20, 1907.
Dear Sir:

The information requested below will be of very great assistance in the
weed investigation, being conducted by the Iowa Experiment Station, in
co-operation with the State Department of Agriculture. Will you kindly
answer the questions below as far as you are able and return to us?
Yours very truly,

C. F. CURTISS,

Director.
The remainder of form No. 3 is the same as form No. 2.

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART V.

215

TO THE COMMITTEE ON ADULTERATION OF FOODS, SEEDS AND

OTHER PRODUCTS OF THE IOWA STATE DEPARTMENT OF

AGRICULTURE.

I beg leave to report concerning the investigation ordered under your
direction. During the fall about 4,000 circulars to be filled out were sent
to the township trustees and county supervisors and others in the State.

Of the circulars sent out we received 33.5 replies, receiving reports
from sixty-nine different counties, and thirteen reports not having blanks
for township and county filled out. Considering the time of the year this
is a fairly good return of reports. The reports were from the counties
as follows:

Adams 5

Appanoose 1

Audubon 6

Benton 2

Black Hawk 1

Buchanan 8

Buena Vista ■ 2

Butler 2

Carroll 6

Cass 3

Cerro Gordo 3

Cherokee 9

Chickasaw 10

Clarke 4

Clayton 9

Clinton 2

Dallas 10

Decorah 1

Delaware 1

Dickinson 4

Dubuque 6

Fayette 3

Floyd 9

Franklin 8

Greene r .... 14

Grundy 4

Guthrie 2

Hamilton 1

Hancock 3

Henry 4

Howard 1

Humboldt 4

Ida 1

Iowa 7

Jackson 7

Jefferson 7

Johnson 4

Jones 3

Keokuk 1

Kossuth I

Lee 5

Linn 16

Louisa 2

Lyon 11

Madison 5

Marion 4

Marshall 6

Mills . . 6

Monona 9

Muscatine 1

O'Brien 8

Osceola 2

Palo Alto 1

Plymouth 7

Pocahontas 1

Sac 1

Sioux 12

Story 2

Tama 1

Taylor 5

Union 1

Van Buren 8

Warren 8

Washington 1

Webster 3

Winnebago 9

Winneshiek 15

Woodbury 3

Wright 2

Counties from which no reports were received: Adair, Allamakee,
Boone, Bremer, Calhoun, Cedar, Clay, Crav/ford, Davis, Des Moines, Em-
met, Fremont, Hardin, Harrison, Jasper, Lucas, Mahaska, Monroe, Mitchell,
Montgomery, Page, Polk, Pottawattamie, Poweshiek, Ringgold, Scott,
Shelby, Wapello, Wayne, Worth.

We received answers to the replies as follows:

One hundred and fifty-four answered all the questions, checking the
most important weeds in Question 1.

Three hundred and twenty-seven checked some of the weeds given in
Question 1.

216 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Three hundred and two replies were received to Question 3. Of these
264 listed certain weeds found in private grounds and 286 did the same
for weeds of highways; only 138 replies were received with reference to
weeds along the railways.

Two hundred and thirty-nine replied with reference to the methods
that were used in exterminating the weeds. In most cases the method
given was that of mowing.

Two hundred and fifty-five make some answer with reference to the
methods that were most successful and these answers were generally the
method of thorough cultivation.

With reference to the answers that were returned we had a fairly
good number, about 335 in all. It is of particular interest because of the
number of reports received, and especially the interest taken in the
weed investigation.

The following is a list of the number of times each weed was re-
ported: Quack grass 197, wild mustard 229, Canada thistle 160, wild oats
83, sweet clover 223, clover dodder 16, alfalfa dodder 1, field dodder 3,
cowbane 18, corn cockle 25, squirrel tail 225, marsh elder 19, cocklebur 295,
curled dock 115, smooth dock 130, horse nettle 81, jimpson weed 134, black-
heart 1, blackweed 1, big gopher vine 1, buffalo bur 1, bull thistle 7, bur-
dock 23, crabgrass 1, dandelion 3, dog fennel 3, dock 1, devil's shoestring
1, English smartweed 1, field daisy 1, foxtail 4, hemp 6, 'horse sorrel 3,
heart's ease 1, horse 'weed 1, hedge mustard 2, iron weed 3, lamb's quarter

1, morning-glory 40, milkweed 6, nut grass 2, ox-eye daisy 2, plantain 2,
prairie stalk 1, pepper grass 1, pigweed 1, prickly lettuce 3, Russian thistle
11, ragweed 16, redroot 1, reptop 1, smartweed 8, sorrel 2, sheepsorrel 2,
sunflower 7, spiny nightshade 1, sour dock 10, sand bur 8, Spanish needle
6, tan weed 2, velvet weed 46, willow 1, water dock 1, wild artichokes 6,
wild buckwheat 2, wild carrot 1, wild lettuce 2, wild parsnip 7, wild rose

2, wild rye 2, yellow dock 2.

In going over this list you will notice that a number of weeds are
reported much more frequently' than others, among these are the following:
Cocklebur, wild mustard, squirrel-tail, sweet clover, quack grass, Canada
thistle, jimpson weed, smooth dock, curled dock, wild oats, horse nettle,
velvet weed, tan weed and morning-glory. You will notice also in this
connection that the dodders are becoming more numerous in this state.
This list does not take into account some of the very common weeds
found in the state, among them the ragweed, smartweed, foxtail and a
host of others.

With reference to the reports of weeds on highways, sixty-seven re-
port the weeds mentioned in the list as occurring along the highways,
and especially important were the sweet clover, Canada thistle, quack
grass, cocklebur, dock, squirrel-tail, dcdder and mustard. Seventy-eight
report the weeds in the list as occurring on private grounds, making spe-
cial mention of jimpson weed, cocklebur, velvet weed, smartweed, foxtail,
milkweed, mustard, quack grass and Canada thistle. Only a very small
number of correspondents report the presence of weeds along railroads, out
of the reports received only twenty-five reported the weeds listed as oc-
curring along railroads, making special mention of dock, Canada thistle
and quack grass.

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART V. 217

I might add to these reports that have been received and gone through
with that, take the state as a whole, we find the same general class of
weeds along roadsides as are found in the fields, and that in many in-
stances the fields become infested with the weeds that are permitted to
grow along the roadsides. Thus in Northern Iowa, especially in the two
northern tiers of counties, mustard is quite as prevalent along the road-
sides as in the fields, and there is abundant opportunity for these weeds
to be scattered by the snow and water in the winter and spring.

In the northern part of the state, east of Kossuth county to the Mis-
sissippi river and north along the line of the Chicago Northwestern rail-
road, the quack grass is particularly abundant, and seems to be spread-
ing at a very rapid rate. Cocklebur is particularly common in the
southern half of the state and is spreading northward to a considerable
extent. The common horse nettle is spreading rapidly in the southern
part of the state, and within fifteen years has spread nearly to the Min-
nesota line. Such weeds as ragweed, morning-glory and milkweed are
native and common in the state, but cultivation has caused them to spread
and become more numerous.

Such weeds as squirrel-tail grass and bull thistle and foxtail, all
native to Europe, have spread over the greater portion of the state of
Iowa because they have such excellent means of dispersal. We have
had also frequent requests for the methods and means of exterminating
tan weed, which is known as Muhlenberg's smartweed. Northern nut grass,
too, has been frequently reported as occurring in low grounds. I have
had many requests for the identification of droopseed grass or nimble-will,
which is generally mistaken for quack grass. This grass is native to
the state and spreads by underground stems very much in the manner
that quack grass does, except that the roots are shorter and thicker;
usually, however, this weed has not given as much trouble in fields as
quack grass and morning-glory.

No one can question for a moment the importance of exterminating
these weeds. A few dollars will exterminate a small patch of quack grass
of Canadian thistle at this time, but in ten years it will require hundreds
of dollars to exterminate the same weeds. Therefore, legislation along
this line is urgently needed.

Judging from the replies that I have received on this matter I should
say that very little effort is being made, except mowing, to exterminate
the weeds along the roadsides. The following methods for exterminating
these weeds were elicited from the replies received: Burning of seed;
the prevention of seeding; thorough cultivation; salt and sheep; summer
fallow; for the dock to pull when the ground is moist or to dig down
with a spade and cut it off; one writer says: "I have found no weed
that does not yield to persistent and intelligent warfare against it, except
the butterprint; that requires a man to camp in his field three months
a year for twenty -five years." Another writer says: "A field of quack
grass owned by H. L. Emmert, Sibley, Iowa, was the worst quarter sec-
tion in this country. Portions of it he plowed and kept black continually;
some was planted to millet and some to buckwheat. A force of men
worked the worst places with forks and this year he planted most of
the land to corn. A large number of teams were kept cultivating the

218 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

corn and now the land is practically free from all foul weeds." Many
reports that fall plowing is inefficient, that mowing early is inefficient,
that mowing before seeding is inefficient, salt brine is inefficient; that
pasturing with sheep is practically successful; covering quack grass with
straw is partially successful; smothering with tar paper is successful.
Ck)cklebur can be exterminated by not allowing to seed for three years;
wild oats after kept down for two years will be destroyed; salt is recom-
mended for Canada thistle, and especially if cattle are permitted to feed
in the field. Here are some suggestions for quack grass: Take up and
dry on fence; cover with straw; plow continually; use millet; use buck-
wheat; plant to corn; summer fallow.

It appears from the above investigation that there are no uniform
methods for controlling the weed problem in the state, either as to the
weeds found on private premises, roadsides, or along railroads, and that
all efforts made to destroy the weeds along highways are more or less
spasmodic. With the increase in the price of land it will become more
and more imperative that the farmers must till better and the weeds
along the highways must be kept down, in order to prevent seedage in
the farms adjacent. A few dollars will exterminate a weed when first
observed but when it has got a stand it will take hundreds of dollars
or even thousands of dollars to exterminate the same.

I was told at Clinton at the meeting of the road supervisors that
one farmer spent over one thousand dollars on a farm in Minnesota in
exterminating quack grass. It is certainly true that the presence of
weeds lessens the value of land. During the past summer I have received
several communications from intended purchasers of land, who desired
to know the value of land where Canada thistle and quack grass occurred,
or if when present these weeds could be exterminated, and how to ex-
terminate them and would I advise buying land where quack grass oc-
curred in abundance.

I beg leave to make this preliminary report at this time, and hope
to continue the investigation and report further at some other time.

C. F. CURTISS,

Bv L H. Pammel.

The board created a new department of the Fair, to be known
as the Department of Live Stock Sanitation, with the state veter-
inarian, Dr. P. 0. Koto, superintendent in charge.

On motion of Mr. Johnston, August 20th to 28th inclusive, were
fixed as the dates for the Iowa State Fair and Exposition of 1908.

The committee on resolutions reported as follows.

RESOLUTION OF RESIGNATION OF HON. J. R. SAGE.

Whereas, The Iowa State Board of Agriculture, in annual meeting
assembled, has been advised of the resignation of Hon. J. R. Sage, who
for years has most efficiently and with much credit to himself and this
board, who has annually recommended his appointment, performed the
duties of director of the Iowa Weather and Crop Bureau; therefore, be it

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART V. 219

Resolved. That it is the sense of this board in the resignation of Mr.
Sage from this important office that the state of Iowa has lost a most
valued servant.

R. T. St. John,
M. McDonald,
John Ledgerwood,

Committee.

Mr. St. John moved the adoption of the above resolution. Sec-
onded by 3Ir. Brown. Motion prevailed.

Whereas, The Des Moines Commercial Club, the Greater Des Moines
Committee and the East Des Moines Commercial Club rendered valuable
assistance in obtaining from the Thirty-second General Assembly the ap-
propriation for the purchase of additional land lying south of the State
Fair grounds, and

Whereas, Said committees rendered valuable assistance in caring for
the visitors of the Iowa State Fair and Exposition of 1907 in establishing
and maintaining bureaus of information throughout the days of the fair,
therefore, be it

Resolved, That the hearty thanks of the Iowa State Board of Agri-
culture, in annual meeting assembled, is extended for the valuable assist-
ance rendered, and be it further

Resolved, That a copy of these resolutions be drawn and forwarded
to the committees and clubs named.

R. T. St. John,
M. McDonald,
John Ledgerwood,

Committee.

On motion of Mr. St. John the foregoing resolution was unan-
imously adopted.

RESOLUTIONS OF CONDOLENCE AND MEMORIAL.

MRS. S. B. PACKARD,
MB. FBANK M. PHH^LIPS,

Deceased.

Whereas, During the year that is now drawing to a close the homes
of two of our esteemed colleagues have been visited by the messenger of
death, taking the wife of Governor Packard, and Frank M. Phillips,
youngest brother of our member, Mr. Phillips; therefore, be it

Resolved, That the Iowa State Board of Agriculture, in annual meet-
ing assembled, do hereby extend our heartfelt sympathies to the families
of the deceased in their sad bereavement.

R. T. St. John,
M. McDonald.
John Ledgerwood,

Committee.

220 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

On motion of Mr. St. John the above resolution was adopted by
a rising vote.

The board instructed the Executive committee to have plans and
specifications prepared for an administration building on the fair
grounds, advertise for bids for the construction of same and to call
a board meeting to further consider the advisability of erecting
such building during the season of 1908.

The revision of the premium list was taken up and classifications
added for Guernsey cattle and Hampshire hogs. A detailed state-
ment of classifications as adopted and additional changes will be
found in the premium list for 1908.

On motion the board adjourned until 2 o'clock P. M.

AFTERNOON SESSION.

Board met pursuant to adjournment with the following members
present : Cameron, Brown, Simpson, Gilbertson, Johnston, Phil-
lips, Reeves, St. John, Packard, Curtiss, Ledgerwood, Olson, Pike
and Wright.

The president appointed as committee on Per Diem and Mileage
Messrs. Ledgerwood, Pike and Johnston.

Mr. Packard presented the following resolution and moved its
adoption; seconded by Mr. St. John. Motion prevailed.

Whekeas, The reports of federal meat inspectors show bovine tubercu-
losis to prevail in scattered localities throughout the state, therefore, be it

Resolved, That the State Board of Agriculture, through its secretary,
Invite the management of packing houses to report, on January 1st, the
number of cattle and swine having origin in Iowa which, during the pre-
ceding month, have been found upon post-mortem inspection to be tubercu-
lous, and that similar reports be made monthly thereafter; when practi-
cable such reports to show the name of the seller and locality where the
animals were produced.

Resolved, That all veterinary surgeons be requested to make to the
secretary of the Department of Agriculture similar reports in regard to
animals which they test.

Resolved, That the committee on contagious diseases be instructed to
investigate and report on the best methods to be pursued to eradicate the
disease from Iowa cattle and swine.

Mr. Packard: It is believed that all the packing houses will
co-operate with the Department of Agriculture in clearing the
state of this dreadful disease. At present the packing houses,
knowing the percentage of loss by tuberculosis, make their prices
and amounts low, sufficient to recoup their losses. In other words,

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART V. 221

if you and I ship and sell healthy animals our prices are cut enough
lower for the purpose of making good the loss they have sustained
by our neighbor's tuberculous animals that have been condemned
and tanked.

Second, if the stockmen utilize the time between now and Janu-
ary first, there is time to stamp out tuberculosis and there will be no
need of any legislation, save perhaps a law requiring a test of all
registered stock brought into the state so that it may not be intro-
duced. But will they? Will they undertake it, that is without
legislation, to purify their herds from this disease? Its cause,
probably, has been from conditions affecting the dairy herds. It
may be fair to presume that the same condition will exist and the
dairy people will not, unless the law compels it, clean up their
herds. Therefore it is fair for us to discuss it from the standpoint
of compelling by law the eradication of the disease.

Third, taking into consideration the fact that some pure bred
stock is infected, there is a way of dealing with it believed not to
require the entire loss of the breeding animals. As I understand
it, arrangements have been made with the national authorities in
pure bred herds whereby the herd after being tested can be sepa-
rated and quarantined by themselves. If afterward they are bred,
each calf is taken from the cow immediately and not allowed to
take its milk, but is put with healthy cows; the calves are raised
to maturity and are free from tuberculosis. So a man would not
meet' with total loss in a ease of that kind. Therefore I say that
with the pure bred herd it might be that the animal could be treated
in that way. I suppose in an ordinary herd the only way would
be that they would have to be destroyed.

For the purpose of introducing a discussion throughout the state,
I want to suggest this toward the character of the legislation : Why
would it not be well to enact a law requiring that cows from which
milk is sold in the cities where the state now maintains an inspector,
be tested for tuberculosis and no such cows allowed in the dairy
herds? Why would it not be just for the law to give the packer
recourse upon the dealer of diseased animals for the sum paid for
thera, thus making it advantageous for the owner to stamp the
disease out of his herd? Why would it not be just, when by any
means the disease is discovered in any herd, for the law to require
the state veterinarian to test that herd and destroy all animals
infected? Why should not the local butchers be restricted to the
sale of tested meat?

222 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

That is all, Mr. President, that I have to suggest in reference to
this resolution. I trust there will be a general expression.

Mr. Simpson : Do I understand you to say that you want only
reports from the packers in Iowa of the stock killed in Iowa ?

Mr. Packard: This resolution requires Iowa packers.

Mr. Simpson : Do you think that will give you the information
you want?

Mr. Packard : I thought the other packers could not separate
their stock and office records, but I should understand that the
secretary in eliciting this information would be free to go not only
to the veterinarians and packers in the state, but to go to any other
source in the end that all information on the number and locality
of the disease may be known to the State Department of Agricul-
ture, and if the packers outside the state would respond to the
same inquiries I think it would be quite right to request it there.

Mr. Curtiss: There has been discovered recently, within the
past few years, that there is an alarming increase of tuberculosis
in hogs. And as nearly as can be ascertained, the hogs most seri-
ously affected are those in the dairy states, like Wisconsin, Iowa
and other states similarly situated. As the members of the board
doubl^ess know, the packers undertook last summer to buy bulls
and dairy stock and cows of that kind subject to post-mortem
examination. This met with violent opposition on the part of the
commission houses, and the packers finally receded from their posi-
tion and have gone back to the old basis. The ground for objection
that the commission houses gave was that there were so many of
the smaller packing houses around and outside the city, outside of
the larger packers of Chicago, which buy this stuff that it would
be impossible to sell to them subject to this post-morten examina-
tion, and I think there is probably some justification for this posi-
tion at present. And that objection will probably exist until gov-
ernment inspection is established in a larger number of houses, or
practicall}^ all of the houses. The commission houses take the posi-
tion that it would limit the sale of that kind of stuff to a few houses
and thereby give them a monopoly. I think it is quite clearly
demonstrated that those outside firms are an important factor in
buying that kind of stuff, for during the period of seven weeks
while this controversy was on and while the larger houses bought
no stock of this kind, the commission houses refusing to sell them,
they disposed of aU that kind of stock to smaller and outside firms,
and after the first week the prices advanced steadily. That indi-

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART V. 223

cates that concerns aside from the larger houses were able to con-
sume that kind of stock without decrease in price. I think it is
unfortunate, however, that that condition exists, and I hope it may
be remedied by government inspection. If some of the stock could
be inspected it would trace the disease back to the producer and the
burden of loss placed on the man who furnished diseased stock.
That, of course would be incentive to each man w^hose herd is
infected to clean up his herd and reduce the loss as much as pos-
sible.

There is one suggestion which Governor Packard made in the
form of a question which I think we are not ready for yet ; in fact,
I doubt if it would be a wise or successful policy — that is as to the
state veterinarian or other veterinarians inspecting and testing a
suspected herd and condemning all the animals. That would be
the policy of wholesale slaughter undertaken in other states with
great loss. I think a more rational and conservative policy should
be adopted. It is well known that a good many of the reacting
animals are not so badly diseased as to in any way impair the value
of their carcass for meat, and where the test is applied the owTier
ought to have the privilege of selling subject to post-mortem
examination. Then the animals, although reacting, if found to be
in such condition as not to render the carcass unfit for food, could
be disposed of for full value. It is also well known now that
tuberculosis is not a hereditary disease, and that the offspring of
animals that are infected with tuberculosis may, by means of isola-
tion, be raised free from the disease. This is important, of course,
in case of valuable breeding herds where animals reacting can be
kept separate and the offspring kept separate and raised to a healthy
and sound condition. I think a large part of the disease as it
exists in this and other states is undoubtedly traceable to disease
existing in cattle fed on the same farm or through the milk as it
comes from the creamery. This, of course, is a means of distribut-
ing the disease. We conducted an experiment at Ames the past
year in which it was conclusively demonstrated that milk is a means
of transmitting the disease and that tuberculosis is readily com-
municable through disease. There was a law passed in this state
a year ago last winter requiring that all skim milk and buttermilk
be returned from the creamery be Pasteurized. And I understand
from ^Ir. "Wright that this law is quite generally observed. I think
it is an important measure and one that ought to be fully and care-
fully observed, for undoubtedly that is one of the most common
means of distributins- the disease, from the fact that tuberculosis

224 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

is found in hogs more largely in the dairy districts. Of course,
the disease is not confined to the dairy herds ; in fact, it is found to
fully as large degree in beef herds; but I think if we can adopt
some policy that we could eradicate the disease from cattle that the
matter of disease in hogs, the seriousness of the disease in hogs,
will largely disappear, for the average life of a hog is so short and
they are so constantly changing on the farm, that if the cattle
were free I think the disease would soon disappear from the hogs.

Mr. St. John: I heartity concur Avith the Governor's resolu-
tion, but as I understand the question of legislation from the Gov-
ernor's remarks, of course, it is absolutely necessary to destroy the
animals. I have given that some thought a good many years.
Knowing some cases where it would be a hardship among the
farmers, I believe it is just so far as my judgment goes, and believe
there should be some legislation along that line. I don't believe
you will ever stamp out tuberculosis in this state until some such
law is enacted, for this reason — I. know of people who have herds
of pure bred cattle, and being convinced that tuberculosis is prev-
alent in the herds, simply keep quite, for no man knows this except
the man who cares for them, until he not only makes a great
damage for the state at large but also to himself; and I do not
believe the state will be successful in stamping out the disease until
some law is enacted to warrant the farmer to take hold of it and
he will so notify the authorities and see that his herd is all right.
I believe in saving all I could of them, but I do not understand the
Governor to make wholesale slaughter.

Mr. Packard: ^ly remarks suggested two or three ways of
reaching it. First, one to demand that the cows be inspected;
second, that the packers have recourse against the seller ; and third,
if you do not like either of these two, would you be suited Avith one
which would authorize the state veterinarian to have authority
wherever it was brought to his notice that there was an infected
herd to enter and destroy those that in his judgment were past
cure? That would not mean to destroy any but those reacting.

]\Ir. Curtiss: The matter of legislation along this line is a
pretty large subject, and this involves a matter of so much impor-
tance to the live stock and agricultural interests of the state that it
will have to be approached with a good deal of careful considera-
tion. There is one difficulty with the method which you suggest,
Governor, and that is that there is no means of detecting, except
in the most advanced stages of the disease, the degree to which

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART V. 225

this disease exists in animals. The tuberculin test will g:ive as
strong a reaction in animals having minute particles of the disease
as in the animals that are in an advanced stage of the disease. So
there is no means of determining the stage of the disease in animals.
The condition of the animal with reference to tuberculosis can only
be determined, in the majority of cases at least, by post-mortem
examination. So I do not think our stock breeders would stand
for a system of putting the tuberculin test and condemning all the
animals that react. I do not believe it would be a good policy to
advocate ; but I believe we will have to approach it by more rational
and conservative methods. If the government in.spection can be
extended so as to be established through practically all of the
packing houses, the smaller as well as the larger, it would in the
first place insure wholesome and sound meat in the market. In
addition to this, if we had that system it would enable the disease
to be traced back to the farm where it originated and enable the
stock to be sold subject to post-mortem examination. It seems to
me that this is the most feasible plan of solution of this problem.
If we can arrive at a system which will enable the disease to be
traced back to the farm it would be very easy of solution, because
the burden then falls on the man whose herd has the disease and it
is to his interests to eradicate the disease. I believe pressure along
this line, as well as along the other lines suggested, viz., not bringing
the animals into the state without subjecting them to the test, and
the test of dairy herds supplying milk to the public, would go a
good way toward solving this ciuestion. I think, also, the legisla-
tion concerning Pasteurization of skim milk should be made to
cover buttermilk.

Mr. Wright : It may be of interest to know that the law with
regard to the Pasteurization of milk will not reach many of the
farmers, for the reason that from six to seven tenths of the butter is
made from cream that is skimmed on the farm and the skim milk
never leaves the farm, so is not Pasteurized.

Mr. Curtiss: There is this feature to that situation — it does
not permit the disease to extend beyond that farm.

Mr. Wright : So that the Pasteurization of milk is not universal
in the state. There is another feature that appeals to me particu-
larly, and that is that there seems to be a very great interest on
the part of the people of the state who buy milk in the city in rela-
tion to the health of the cows producing that milk. The number
of inquiries that we have is doubling and trebling every year, and
15

226 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

there is more or less movement on foot now to enact some legisla-
tion regarding cows furnishing milk to the cities. People will be
interested because it will not cost them anything to secure such
legislation. Another thing is that there has been a regular epi-
demic in pure food matters, and when the people learn a little
more about the proposition they will find that it applies principally
to cheating in foods instead of to the ingredients. The stock men
who will be affected financially when any such legislation occurs
are very interested in that part of the legislation. There is a move-
ment on foot now to require that all meat sold locally in the city of
Des JMoines be inspected both before and after the killing. The
Sioux City and Davenport councils have already enacted ordi-
nances to that effect ; whether it will be carried out in the long run,
some such thing will be carried out, and it seems to me the dairy
people will get in the clear before that happens.

Mr. Packard moved that the fund provided for the investigations
of the committee on Foods, Seeds and Other Products be open to
the committee on the Contagious Diseases when such committee
was appointed. Motion prevailed.

The committee on Per Diem and Mileage made the following
report, and on motion of the chairman the same was adopted:

Mr. President: Your committee on per diem and mileage beg to re-
port as follows:

Name. Rate. Amount. Miles. Amount. Total.

C.E.Cameron $4.00 $24.00 140 $14.00 $38.00

W. C. Brown 4.00 24.00 102 10.20 34,20

R.S.Johnston 4.00 24.00 158 15.80 39.80

C. W. Phillips 4.00 24.00 24.00

E.M.Reeves 4.00 24.00 123 12.30 36.30

R. T. St. John 4.00 24.00 195 19.50 43.50

S. B. Packard 4.00 24.00 58 5.80 29.80

T C Legoe 4.00 20.00 100 10.00 30.00

Charles F. Curtiss 4.00 24.00 39 3.90 27.70

John Ledgerwood 4.00 24.00 87 8.70 32.70

M. McDonald 4.00 24.00 65 6.50 30.50

O A. Olson 4.00 24.00 155 15.50 39.50

H. L. Pike 4.00 24.00 200 20.00 44.00

John Ledgeewood,
H. L. Pike,

R. S. JOHNSTOX,

Committee.

Mr. St. John moved that the Executive committee be empowered
to transact all unfinished business. Motion prevailed.

The president announced the standing committees for the year
1908. (List of assignments can be found in the front pages of
this volume.)

On motion of Mr. Legoe the board adjourned.

PART VI.

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

Annual Meeting of the Iowa Swine
Breeders' Association

1907

BY C. C. CAELIN, SECRETARY.
OFFICERS.

W]M. D. McTAVISH, Presidert Coggon

JOHN M. COX, Jr., Vice-President Harlan

J. A. BENSON, Vice-President Primghar

C. C. CARLIN, Secretary and Tbeasureb Des Moines

EXECUTR'E committee.

B. R. VALE Bonaparte

W. Z. SWALLOW Waukee

HARVEY JOHNSTON Logan

The annual summer meeting of the Iowa Swine Breeders' Asso-
ciation took place at Des ^loines on Tuesday, June 11th.

It was a representative gathering of men whose energies are
devoted to the development of the swine breeding industry of the
state of Iowa who met at the Savery house, in Des Moines, Tuesday,
June 11th, the occasion being the annual summer meeting of the
Iowa Swine Breeders' Association. IMore than one hundred mem-
bers of the organization were in attendance, a larger number than
has been present at any of the meetings of recent years. It is a
gratifying promise for the future of any enterprise that those who
conduct it are so nearly identified with that class of citizens upon
whom depend the social, political and business integrity and honor
of our great commonwealth. It is a flattering testimonial to the

(227)

228 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

literary attainments of the farmers of Iowa, and an evidence of
the deep consideration given the fundamental underlying principles
of their business, that these men of few opportunities in the field
of logic and eloquence should present a program of rare merit in
its treatment of the subjects under discussion. The afternoon
session was opened by Mr. Wm. D. McTavish, with the delivery
of the following :

PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS.

A retrospective view of the work accomplished by our association dur-
ing the past year, and the conditions prevailing throughout the state, give
just reason for thankfulness and felicitation. Although there have been
some losses in the swine herds from disease, yet it has been confined to
localities and has not become general. The statistics show that on Jan-
uary 1, 1907, we had 8,587,500 hogs in Iowa, practically twice the number
of any other state. Illinois came next with 4,449,705; Nebraska next with
4,080,000. Then Missouri with 3,454,950, and Indiana with 2,924,879, there
being only three other states with 2,000,000. Texas, Kansas and Ohio;
after which they drop down very rapidly. The total number of hogs in
the United States was 54,794,439, so you will see that Iowa produced more
than one-seventh of the number of hogs raised in the entire United
States. When it comes to pork products we make a still better showing,
owing to the heavier weights of our hogs, as shown by the valuation, the
valuation of the hogs in Iowa being $81,552,750; those of the entire United
States, $417,791,321. Thus it will be seen that Iowa produced a little
more than one-fifth of the entire hog product in valuation. Notwithstand-
ing this great production, we have realized five and six cents per pound
right on the farms during all this time. The hog is truly "making Iowa
famous," as well as wealthy. Our association is doing everything possible
to promote the welfare of this great industry. Although it has done much
in the past, yet there will be much more for it to do in the future which
can only be accomplished by being thoroughly organized and working
together in harmony.

We have reason to thank our legislature for recognizing the need of
providing more suitable and sanitary quarters for the great swine show
at the Iowa State Fair and appropriating $75,000 for the erection of the
same. This was sorely needed, not only for the better accommodation
of the show, but also as a means of safeguarding the swine herds from dis-
ease originating there. If a certificate of health and thorough inspection
is now required of all exhibitors before coming on the grounds, there
should be no bad results from this show. Much credit is due Hon. John
McAllister of Linn county, who was really the father of this measure in
the house. It was he who introduced the first bill a year ago last winter.
The efficient work of ex-Senator Vale at the same session had much to
do with the attitude the senate took towards our bill. The proficient work
of Secretary Carlin and the valuable assistance of James Atkinson and
W. Z. Swallow have been factors worth mentioning. We should also feel
grateful to the state board of agriculture for asking for this appropria-
tion.

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART VI. 229

This is the first appropriation the swine breeders of Iowa ever asl5;ed
the legislature to make, and I really believe that by the proper enforce-
ment of a rigid inspection and requiring exhibitors to make affidavit as
to the health of their herds at home, it may save the taxpayers of Iowa
twice the amount of the appropriation the first year. It cannot be ex-
pected that no disease will exist, but it will with proper precautions be
reduced to a minimum, which was impossible before.

"We are now entering upon another season, and it is only natural
that we should anticipate upon what it has in store for us. The pig crop
throughout the state is just reasonably good. Probably it is well that
it is no better, owing to the backward condition of the grain crops, especi-
ally corn. The price of hogs has miantained a high level during the past
year and from present indications will continue high. The outlook for a
good grade the coming season depends very much on the corn crop. With
the present high range of prices a reasonably good corn crop will make
the prospects for a big trade very certain. The swine men of Iowa are
worthy of all the prosperity that comes to them. They are one of the
factors that have made the state as great as it is. By their industry
they have acquired the power of progress. As president of our organiza-
tion I have no new policies to recommend. I would suggest that as indi-
viduals we give the subject of tuberculosis our careful consideration and
attention, keeping a very close lookout for it in our herds and breeding
no animals that give any symptoms of it. This is not a note of alarm,
but merely one of warning. There is no occasion for making a big
fuss over this matter, such as was made a few years ago in the cattle
business when whole herds were sacrificed to a test that was afterwards
found to be inaccurate. But we as swine raisers owe it to ourselves and
to the meat consuming public to know whether we are producing animals
afflicted with this disease. As compared with other animals, and the
number of hogs produced, the hog is comparatively free from it. By pay-
ing a little more attention to sanitary conditions and tanking suspicious
animals, it is possible to reduce it to a point where it would not be a
menace. As the use of the woven wire fence increased and the range for
our hogs is enlarged, with the consequent healthy exercise and pure air,
it will be much easier to cope with this as well as other diseases. For
the number produced, I think that Iowa now has less diseased hogs than
any other commonwealth. By continuing to labor for the progress and
improvement of the swine industry of our state, we will fulfill the mis-
sion for which our association was organized.

Following the president's address eanie the first paper on the
regular program, that of ]Mr. Harvey Johnson of Logan, Iowa,
whose theme was :

PIGGY'S TROUBLES.

To the old breeder, this subject seems like an oft told tale, for we
have seen it written about and heard it talked about until it does seem
threadbare, indeed; and we have long since ceased to expect anything new
about it.

230 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

But every year there are young men taking up this worlc and they
have not yet come in contact with these troubles to any extent, and so,
while the telling and re-telling of these stories may not be of any partic-
ular benefit to the old breeder, they may prove of untold value to the
younger ones if they will but make use of the experience that is thus
placed before them.

It has been said that "man is born to trouble." This applies very aptly
to little pigs, and it does not make any difference to what breed they
belong; nor whether they were sired by a hog that sold for $25.00 or one
that pretends to sell for $25,000.00; nor whether they have for their
dam the sow that holds the world's record for a high priced sow, or
whether it is the good but homely old sow that we keep in the back lot
out of sight. They are all subject to the same troubles, and require the
greatest watchfulness to avoid them, or to successfully treat them.

Among the first troubles to appear will be sore mouths. This can
often be avoided by removing the eight large teeth soon after farrowing.
It is a form of blood poisoning and is usually started by lacerating each
other's mouths in the struggle for location at the dinner table. When
started and in bad form the proud flesh should be removed and then
thproughly cleansed with a dip of carbolic solution.

Next will be thumps — that trouble that always takes the prettiest and
best, and the ones that we fancy are headed for the show ring. This
trouble can better be avoided than treated when once acquired. I have
tried a number of so-called remedies, buf there is not one of them
that I would recommend. Continual watchfulness is what counts here.
Every pig that shows a tendency to get too fa should be made to exercise,
and if this cannot be done sufficiently it »nould be removed from the
sow and kept away at least a part of eacn day. Treated in this way
they will be reduced in flesh, and when that is done the danger will be
past.

Next will be scours, the most common and the most destructive of all
the pig disorders. There are various causes for it, and fully ' as many
remedies. Among the causes are: A sudden change to damp weather, wet
and foul nests, overfeeding the sow, a sudden change of feed or feeding
something sour. Among the remedies are: Reduce the sow's feed. If an
old sow, feed less slops and more dry feeds. Feed her some parched
corn, burnt flour, some soda, copperas or lime water. In our own work
when a pronounced case appears we first clean the nest thoroughly, then
apply air slacked lime and give fresh bedding. Then reduce the sow's
feed and give her a teaspoonful of lime or copperas. In cases where the
trouble seems to originate with the sow, we feed her soda or burnt
flour or parched corn. In obstinate cases, those that will not yield to the
usual treatment, we administer direct to the pig a dose of from three to
five drops of laudanum.

The young pig will not live long before it will be troubled with worms.
Some are not troubled to the extent that is noticeable, and others so
badly that it is very noticeable, in the loss of appetite, dead appearance
of the coat and in the general unthrifty condition. The diarrhoea that
often appears in pigs of from six to twelve weeks old is almost always
carried by worms, and when they are destroyed the trouble disappears

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VI. 231

at once. Worms are the cause of more troubles in pigs and young liogs
than is often supposed. They get sick and die and we call it something
else, when the truth is that worms did it. For treatment we have found
nothing better than santonine. Take one ounce, dissolve in warm water,
mix with slop and feed to seventy-five to a hundred head of pigs, de-
pending on the age of the pigs. Feed it the first thing in the morning and
repeat the dose in three or four days.

A little further along mange will make its appearance. This is- the
trouble that makes the skin look like old leather, dry and wrinkled. It
is usually caused by sleeping in damp, foul nests, or by sleeping or working
around manure piles. The be-^*-, treatment for this is nitrate of lead.
Take one pound, dissolve in K it water and add sufficient cold water
to sprinkle thoroughly one hunared pigs. Repeat in four or five days.
In bad individual cases, take a scrubbing brush and thoroughly rub it
in. Hot, strong soap suds applied with a- scrubbing brush is also very
good. Kerosene and lard are good. Many of the dip preparations are good
for mild cases, but are not as effective as the others and care must be
taken when using them on young pigs. If made strong enough to be
effective, they will seriously injure the eyes and give them a backset.

When the pig is a little older he can expect another trouble and that
is pig measles. While all do not have it, it is quite a common July and
August trouble among pigs. It is known by the fevered condition and
the eruptions around the eyes and back of the ears, and in bad cases
covers the entire body. A mixture of lard and sulphur with a little carbolic
acid added is very good. In bad cases it should be applied warm and well
rubbed In with a cloth.

These are the principle troubles that will come to the pig while he
is small. When he has more age he will become eligible to hog cholera,
swine fever and kindred ills, and this opens up a proposition that is fraught
with deep mysteries, where the more we see of it the less we know about
it; where a cloud seems to come into our lives and fortunes are lost. We
will not touch on it for we dislike to think of it unless compelled to do so.

On every farm where hogs are raised to any extent there should
be a dipping vat and it should be used regularly during the summer
and fall, at least once in two weeks for pigs and young hogs and once
in four weeks for older ones. I know of no one thing that will do as
much toward eradicating disease and all the. ills that pigs are heir to
as will the intelligent use of the dipping tank.

Raising pigs can very truthfully be called detail work. He who
would make it a success must enjoy the work and must be willing to
look after the many details that demand attention and it will pay and
pay well. Some think the occupation is crowded. But for the careful,
honest young man who likes stock there is now and always will be a
place, whether he breed pedigreed animals or raises them for the market.

While Mr. Johnson gave an excellent paper, it had additional
merit in that it called out still further valuable information from
men of practical experience. G. A. Munson of Maxwell, Iowa,
said he had found an excellent remedy for scours to be Venetian
red given in two doses of one teaspoonful each. He, however,

232 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

considered the best remedy dried blood, fed to the sow, in doses
same as above. He would not otherwise change the diet or treat-
ment of the sow.

One gentleman asked advice a.s to the treatment of sows affected
with paralysis of the hind legs. L. H. Roberts of Paton, Iowa, said
the trouble was due to lack of lime in the system, and he had found
a little lime water given about every two weeks to be helpful.
J. A. Benson of Primghar, Iowa, said the trouble was known
as motor paralysis, and that affected animals have as good ap-
petites as healthy ones. He had successfully used for it powdered
ginger and ^ dram powdered anise seed, fed in slop twice a day.
He gets his • druggist to put it up in powders, and gets sixteen
doses for twenty-five cents. He did not give this as an unfailing
cure, but since he began to use it he had not known a sow so
treated not to get up. A question as to the cause of the disease
elicited no satisfactory reply.

J. M. Stewart of Ainsworth, Iowa, being unable to attend, had
forwarded to the secretary his paper on the subject.

CARE AND MANAGEMENT OF LITTERS.
J. M. STEWART, AINSWORTH, IOWA.

The care of the litter is a subject which cannot be covered by one
rule alone, as there are hardly two sows which can be handled alike at
farrowing time and no two litters of pigs which require the same
care to produce the desired results. One of the most essential things
is to have the sow in proper condition at breeding time and to carry
her along in good condition until time of farrowing. Yet you must
be very careful to not overload the sow with fat, for that will make
her sluggish, causing her to overlay her pigs. You must see that the sow
gets plenty of exercise. It is a good plan to make her go at least
twenty rods from her bed for feed and water. If she is properly fed
and takes plenty of exercise you will have very little trouble at farrow-
ing time. A sow in proper condition with a dry warm bed and plenty
of bedding will generally take care of her own litter. Unless you spend
a reasonable amount of time with the sows and gain their confidence
there are very few that will peaceably permit you to handle their pigs.
Sows that are easily disturbed and jump up every time you come near
them had better be left entirely alone.

After farrowing leave the sow as quiet as possible and give her plenty
of water near at hand so she may have it as often as she wishes. I feed
dry oats and bran mixed for the first few days after farrowing, then
gradually mix a little chop feed in the water and add a little corn to
the oats and bran, until when the pigs are about ten days old I have
her on full feed. No definite rule can be laid down here, because it
all depends on the size of the litter and the amount of milk given by

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VI. 233

the sow. It is far better to underfeed than to overfeed for the first few-
days, but you must feed enough to l^eep the sow quit. After the second
day if the weather permits, coax the sow away from her litter and induce
her to talie a little exercise each day. I generally call her out by the
use of a little feed and when it is needed, clean out the pen and put
in fresh bedding. Watch the pigs closely and if they begin to get too
fat feed the sow less, but if they are not gettinng enough milk increase
the feed. I keep the litters separated until the pigs are at least four
weeks old, at which time there is little danger of them robbing one an-
other. As soon as they are old enough I make them a feed pen where
they can eat by themselves and then gradually shut off the feed on the
sow and increase the feed for the pigs. A good clover pasture is one of
the best things we can have for our pigs in central Iowa, for it gives
us a protein in the cheapest way. Be careful about feeding the pigs
too much corn. We have found the best feed is sweet milk, oats, mill-
feed, some dry corn and whenever possible, good clover pasture. Too
much corn makes the pigs fat and they do not have the bone that they
should have to make a good desirable hog.

After the reading- of Mr. Stewart's paper everybody wanted to
tallv. Discussion ran riot, bringing in points with but remote eon-
ueotiou with the subject-matter. E. Z. Russell of Blair, Nebraska,
at once jumped on dangerous ground by objecting to Mr. Stewarts'
advice on feeding corn. He believed that suckling pigs, running
on good clover pasture, could not be given too much corn.

On the point of reducing the feed of the sow at time of weaning
the pigs, Mr. Munson said: "Pigs should be weaned gradually.
I put my sows on dry oats and increase the feed of the pigs, and
by this means naturally wean them away from the sow. Dry
oats seems to give the milk a flavor that the pigs do not relish,
and at the same time reduces the flow. If I am fitting a pig for a
show, or fininshing it for market, I think it cannot be given too
much com. But if I am developing it to use as a breeder, then
the less corn the better. If you will stop to think of what corn
develops you will fed less of it. On good pasture corn is of course
less objectionable, but if the pig is confined to an exclusive com
diet it does not develop but puts on fat. Corn is a fat producer
alone, and cannot develop bone or muscle. ' '

Responding to a query as to what was the proper condition of a
brood sow, Mr. Russell said: "My method of feeding sows before
farrowing is simple. I feed meal, bran, shorts when I can get it,
and com the re.st of the time. In feeding com I put it in the
wagon and take it to the top of the hill, making them go after
it and so take exercise whether they want it or not. I am not par-
ticular how much corn I leave in the field and thej^ get a good
deal there, but have to take exercise to get it. Exercise is one of

234 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

the most important factors at farrowing time. ' '

Mr. McTavish appreciated tlie need of exercise for brood sows
and obliged them to take it by making them sleep in a barn across
a forty and come to the home place for feed.

F. E. Luther of Grand Junction, Iowa, said that while he did not
raise hogs himself, he had opportunity to see many herds, and
learned that the more exercise a sow took the better for her and her
litter. He thought the breders of Nebraska had in the last five
years led those of Iowa on that matter.

Mr. Munson reiterated some previous statements and added that
the main things in keeping a sow in condition were exercise and
sunshine. He has discarded oil meal for alfalfa, believing that it
kept the bowels in better condition. Sows on exclusive corn are
more apt to eat their pigs, as it produces a feverish condition
and an abnormal appetite. His sows are given a little com in
extremely cold weather. A close observation of the droppings
of an animal, he said, would give a better indication of its con-
dition than anything else.

Aug. Sonneland thought that, rather than to adopt Mr. Mun-
son's method of feeding, it would be better to move to Canada
and raise bacon hogs.

Com gained a champion in W. L. Willey of Menlo, Iowa, who
said: "Corn will make a hog. The best hogs, I find, have been
raised on the yellow com of Iowa and the yeUow com of Ne-
braska. Whenever you take away the yellow com you take away
the vitals of the hog. Oil meal, shorts and milk are good, and
buttermilk is all right. The ultimate end of every hog is the
pork barrel. I have been successful in getting sixth or seventh
place at the state fair myself, but I wiU never lose sight of the
pork barrel. What will mature a hog quickets? Will it be shorts
and bran, or will it be com — and, yes, a little buttermilk?"

H. F. Huffman of Washta, Iowa, said: "What would you
think if I said I was feeding nitrogenous foods altogether? The
first time I visited the farm of Uncle William Roberts I found him
feeding com to his pigs. I asked him if he fed corn all the time,
and said other breeders told me they fed oats and bran, etc. 'Do
you know why?' he asked. 'They say that so you will do it.
Then they will keep on feeding com and go into the show ring
and beat you. If you have clover pasture you cannot get com
enough. ' '

Mr. Luther again arose, saying. "This meeting was called to
discuss the methods of raising breeding stock. Breeding stock and

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV. 235

stock for the pork barrel must be treated differently. If we feed
all com, there will be no bone, no muscle, no pig and no hog. We
must feed to produce better hogs for the future, to keep up size
and quality."

R. J. Harding of Macedonia, Iowa, said that corn had its place,
that oil meal, bran and shorts were good, but that all go together,
and no one alone should be relied upon.

Mr. McTavish considered the subject an important one, and
thought that as long as hogs were raised in Iowa corn would be
used as feed. It is indispensable to the hog raiser. He had paid
44 cents per bushel to feed to hogs that he sold for $2.90 per
hundred. He had made money on them because they had
been grown on good Iowa blue grass and buttermilk — stuff raised
on the farm, with the corn as a finisher. Fence farms hog tight.
It is the success of the hog business in the future. Turn the pigs
out in the spring and let them get that bone and muscle forming
food from the grass grown on the farm with clover, and some
buttermilk, and then feed them com. If you can supply the hogs
with plenty of something to balance up that com you will not
give too much corn and you will not have any broken down hogs.

Harvey Johnson practices feeding a variety as much as possible.
In winter time he provides alfalfa hay, keeping the fourth cutting
for that purpose. He urged upon breeders the importance of
alfalfa as a feed for brood sows. Those, however, who did not have
alfalfa, should have second crop of clover. His buildings are so
located that in winter the sows have access to the pastures, and in
bright days they may generally be seen picking green stuff and
getting exercise at the same time. He feeds plenty of oats and
bran, and at night com and alfalfa, with as much of the latter as
they want. In stormy weather he feeds under a shed or on a
good feeding floor.

Henry Door of Remsen, Iowa, put his alfalfa hay through a
cutter and fed it with ground oats, as he found feeding alfalfa
hay wasteful. He moistened the mixture and fed it in a trough.

0. S. Gilbert of Grundy Center, Iowa, thought breeders should
raise more feed and buy less. He had been raising a mixture of
wheat and oats sown in the proportions of one bushel each and
raised eighty to ninety bushels per acre. He thought it better and
cheaper than bought feed.

Having exhausted all phases of the subject. Dr. J. H. McNeiU
of the Iowa state college at Ames, was introduced a^.d delivered

236 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

his address on "The Influence of Proper Sanitary Conditions in
the Prevention of Swine Diseases."

THE INFLUENCE OF PROPER SANITARY CONDITIONS IN THE
PREVENTION OF SWINE DISEASES.

J. H. MCNEILL, AMES, IOWA.

Sanitary science is the study of the causes of disease and the influ-
ences which affect the operation of these causes favorably and unfavor-
ably and embraces a wide range of subjects which can be dealt with in
this paper only as they pertain to the conditions which operate un-
favorably and predisposes to certain of the more common and fatal dis-
eases of swine, both of an infectious and non-infectious nature.

We have discovered that curative medicine plays but an unimportant
part in the eradication of animal plagues, but that hygiene and pre-
ventive medicines are vastly more important, and have wielded a greater
influence than all the ills and potions given since the days of Adam.

The study of the causation of disease is ever advancing into hitherto
unexplored fields, and one can imagine that within the period of only
a few years many new and important discoveries will have been made
which are not now considered within practical solution even by the most
optimistic dreamer.

We no longer believe that disease is of supernatural origin, and the
most of us at least do not follow the teachings of the soothsayers and
priests, nor make idolotrous prayers and sacrifices when we are called
upon to check the spread of an infectious disease, but on the contrary we
get very busy with our coal-tar disinfectants and institute a general clean-
ing up.

In the early Christian ages the sign of the cross was burned upon
the heads of infected or exposed animals in the hope of curing the one
and preventing the illness of the others. In the middle of the 19th cen-
tury, processions of Greek and Turkish priests walked barefoot through
the streets of Constantinople, uttering loud peals of deliverance from the
scourge that prevailed while the air was heavy and almost unbearable with
the odors from the putrifying matters that filled the streets.

The adoption of the principles of sanitary science for the protection
of our herds and flocks has been very slow as compared to the advances
made in the improvement along the lines of breeding. Nothing permanent
is gained in raising a fine lot of animals and then by neglect allowing
them to become infected and die from some preventable infectious disease.
Why not pay some attention to the few principles that underlie this im-
portant subject, and not all to selection, pedigree and performance of the
individuals.

We have been twenty centuries in reaching the present condition of
sanitary intelligence, but even at this day some of the most important
and simple sanitary measures are neglected by intelligent people, or when
applied to animals are opposed for financial reasons. It is a significant
fact that every attempt made on the part of sanitarians to prevent the

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART YI. 237

spread of diseases among animals in this country has met with the
greatest opposition among the owners of these animals. I am led to be-
lieve that it is the immediate financial losses that cause this opposition,
and in nearly every case we may expect a yearly visitation of the divest-
ing plague and have perpetually exemplified the painful results of a
penny wise and pound foolish policy. How much better would it be if so
many of us were not so blind and could see that it was more economical
to isolate, treat or destroy all animals diseased than to permit them to
remain as disturbing centers from which the disease may be spread.

The causes of disease are simple or complicated, a single factor may
not in itself be sufficient to cause disease, but may, if associated with
another which would have been innocuous if acting alone.

We classify causes into predisposing and exciting. Predisposing causes
are such as induce a condition of the system or particular organ, or group
of organs, which renders them especially susceptible to disease. This
may be characteristic of the race or genus of the animal, or hereditary
influences, previous disease in a tissue or organ leaves for the time an im-
pairment of structure which may become an essential predisposing cause.

Exciting causes are the immediate factors in the causation of particular
diseases. Heat, if excessive and prolonged, exerts a direct influence on
the animal economy, and may become the direct cause of a number of
diseases. Cold is equally detrimental and when proper housing is not
provided for swine, chilling may take place, and pneumonia or pleurisy
result. This is especially true where large numbers are kept together
instead of having pens properly protected and large enough to hold twelve
or fifteen animals.

The condition of the atmosphere, when charged with offensive gases
or the emenation from manure pits or other foul places, is often a direct
cause of disease. The emenations from manure pits are believed to be
healthy, even by some educated persons, probably it is the ammonia that
reminds them of smelling salts. The vitiated air reduces the resistance
of the body tissues by inducing a state in which the natural defences are
weakened, and an avenue for infection established. Foul air and over-
crowding are the prime factors in the production of disease, and it may be
truly said that "disease and health are in the direct proportion of foul
air and pure air."

Darkness always deteriorates the general health and makes it possible
to have corners and other places for the accumulation of filth. Light is
invigorating, and it is also detrimental to the growth of germs.

Hog cholera, swine plague, anthrax and tuberculosis of the infectious
diseases and various other parasitic affections of the digestive and
respiratory system may be transmitted through the medium of streams.
It is not an easy matter to indicate the impurities of water which produce
disease, aside from the use of very hard water, or one holding in sus-
pension large quantities of mud and filth. These act mechanically on the
digestive canal, and their results are easy of comprehension. Impure
water is not conducive to good health, and anything which detracts from
this in the highest obtainable degree is rendering the animal more prone
to suffer from disease.

238 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

The object of hygiene is to secure the greatest degrees of bodily health
and vigor, because the animal will develop better and is less liable to
contract disease. The water trough, the puddle, shallow and polluted
well in the feed lot are the chief sources of infection, although disease
germs may be carried along the course of streams from infected farms.

The parasitic diseases so common in the domesticated animals and
which cause such losses in young animals are largely spread by water.
The ingestion of impure water contaminated by sewage has been con-
demned as a prolific cause of abortion-, but it is now known that unless it
carries the specific organism which enters from without, it cannot be
considered as a cause of this disease.

The results of recent experiments prove that contagious abortion in
cows is more readily transmitted through the contamination of food by
uterine exudate than any other means. Cows fed on contaminated fetal
cotyledons or uterine exudate will abort. The disease may be transmitted
to sows and for this reason, if for none other, hogs should not be fed on
the afterbirth or dead fetus of a cow that has aborted from any cause.
A circumstance not to be forgotten is that a cow that has calved a full
term may nevertheless sometimes furnish a vaginal discharge that is in-
fective and therefore dangerous.

Parasitic Diseases. — Two divisions are made of parasitic diseases, ani-
mals and vegetable. All vegetable parasites are fungi, and the animal
belongs to the invertebrates. Parasites are further divided according as
they live upon or within the body of the host.

The part played by these organisms was for a long time not under-
stood, some of them, because of their small size, as the trichina spiralis
and mange mite escaped detection.

The gravity of the attack from any one of the species of parasites de-
pends on the relative amount of injury caused by the individual parasite,
and the number of which the host may be assailed. Thus the necessity
of keeping the hog sheds clean to minimize the chances of infesting the
occupants.

The cystic disease of the pig is caused by consuming human excreta
or food contaminated by" the same. Thus the better observance of sani-
tary precautions in the human population. The thorough cooking of sus-
pected beef and pork will remedy this condition as far as man is con-
cerned.

Some parasites like the trichina spiralis and the echino-coccus cysts
are so likely to undergo a constant increase in the same locality in future
years, that their presence can only be looked upon as a growing menace,
and should be exterminated at any cost. If a parasite must pass through
a host in order to arrive at maturity, it will be necessary to determine
what this host is, and institute measures to prevent the animal coming in
contact with, either the host or infecting material which may be thrown off.

Most parasitisms can be dealt with by changing the condition of the en-
vironment, thus cutting off the next generation of the parasitic organism,
this injunction is very generally ignored, and will not in the end ex-
terminate the infectious principle, the thing so much desired in the ex-
termination of the infesting agent. In general we may say that each
kind of domestic animal has its parasites, and these may be found only

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART VI. 239

In or on this animal, and do not thrive in or on different species or
soon leave them.

The propagation of parasitic disease is subordinate to the condition of
the existence of the parasites. The excremental contents of the intestinal
canal contain Ihe eggs deposited by the worms living within the canal.
The parasites of the respiratory system are expelled by coughing, and
fragments or even entire worms may be thrown out, disintegrate and yield
the ova or eggs, to external agents. The majority of these are destroyed
by drying and many of them may have to remain for months or even
years before they can reach the body of the new host, sometimes it may
be the ovum itself, and at other times the hatched embryo.

The length of time the embryo is confined in the egg varies with the
different species. The ova of certain parasites do not develop if they are
kept in a moist medium, while others on the contrary die when they are
placed in a dry medium. The thickness of the shell enveloping the ova
may be very thin or thick and resistant, and in the first case the ova
usually hatch in the surrounding media, and infection takes place by the
embryo. While on the other hand the eggs possessing a thick shell pass
into the digestive canal of the host, where hatching takes place. When
the embryo is thus liberated it either remains in the digestive tract or
passes directly, or through the circulation, to the particular tissue or
organ which favors its future development.

Parasites may be transmitted from an infested animal to a healthy
animal, either by immediate contract, or some intermediate bearer. Cer-
tain predisposing conditions favor the propagation of parasites, and few
of them are common to several species of animals. Young animals with
delicate and non-resistant tissues favor the development of certain para-
sites, old animals are less able to defend themselves from attacks, and
the contraction and secretion of the digestive organs are less capable of
expelling the organisms which may be found within.

The multiplication of parasites may be favored or hindered by the state
of surroundings. Crowding and dirty habitations aid in the propagation
of parasites, the different seasons of the year have a direct influence, and
this is especially noticeable in animals affected with mange and lice.

Parasites have a varying influence on the health of their host.
Autopsies performed on animals showing every sign of health may re-
veal the presence of large numbers of parasites in the intestines. The
damage done by parasites is not so much due to the blood abstracted as
to the effect of the bite or sting, and at other times, as with the mange
parasites, the nutrition of the skin is interfered with, and consequently
the general health, and if the parasite infest the ear we may have serious
nervous disturbances. The intestinal parasites usually exert their dele-
terious effect by mechanically obstructing the intestines, and at times
impairing digestion, and in extreme cases causing perforation or rupture
of the organ.

Parasites living in the stomach and intestines are nourished by the
more or less modified alimentary matters contained in these organs. All
the others derive their sustenance from the substance of their host. The
majority of the parasites derive the materials for their development and
maintenance from the morbid products they excite the secretion of. Those

240 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

having a digestive apparatus infest tliese materials wliile others take
them through the sliin.

Of the external parasites of hogs, perhaps the one most commonly met
with is the hog louse, known as the Haematopinus suis. This is a large
louse, the female sometimes attaining the length of a quarter of an inch.
They have a long rather narrow head, and the mouth is fitted for sucking.
These lice are found mostly behind the ears, about the root of the tail
and in the wrinkles of the skin, although when they become numerous
they may be seen anywhere along the back. They cause great irritation
to the host, because of the fact that they pierce the skin with their mouth
parts many tiriies each day in their efforts to secure the blood of the host.
The free use of some one of the good dips will destroy these parasites.

The mite or parasite which causes mange or scabies of hogs is quite
frequently met with, and it is of great economic importance, because when
a drove of swine becomes affected with mange they are very much reduced
in vitality, and the financial loss is soinetimes quite great. The parasite
known as sarcoptes scabei is quite small, although it is the largest variety
of its species, the female being only about 1-45 of aa inch in length and
about 1-70 of an inch in width. It is quite difficult to locate owing to the
fact that it burrows into the skin, and it is only by removng the scab,
scraping the skin below it clear down to the quick, and then examining
the scrapings with a hand lens, that it is possible to determine definitely
the presence of the parasite.

The condition is at first manifested by a violent itching and inflamma-
tion of the skin, seemingly first on the head, especially on the ears and
around the eyes. It then spreads to the withers, croup and inner surface
of the thighs, and later it invades the entire surface of the body. The
presence of this parasite in the skin excites the secretion of a morbid
fluid-like substance, which, together with the abundant amount of epider-
mic cells, from the dry whitish-gray crusts so characteristic of sarcoptic
mange. The skin beomes wrinkled, and the bristles are usually shed,
and become glued together into small tufts which lie on the skin and fall
off after a time.

Scabies is transmitted from hog to hog either by direct contact, or
through the medium of the bedding in which the hogs sleep. The disease
travels slowly, but will in time, unless vigorous means of eradication is
instituted, spread to the entire herd. Thorough and frequent dipping or,
in bad cases, the application of turpentine eight parts and flour of sulphur
one part gives good results.

Of the internal parasites of hogs the trichina spiralis is a very im-
portant one, as it is the cause of the disease known as trichinosis, and
which disease may be readily transmitted to man through the eating of
the flesh from animals affected with the parasite.

The parasite (trichina spiralis) is, in case of the female, about an
eighth of an inch long and quite slender. The male is only about a six-
teenth of an inch long. In the adult stage they always live in the in-
testines, and it is the larval form which lodges in the muscles, there be-
coming encysted and remaining until the flesh is eaten by some other ani-
mal. The parasite is always transmitted from one animal to another by
ingestion, either of infected flesh or of excremetitious matter, in which

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VI. 241

are the sexualized parasites or their embryos. Most frequently pigs are
infected by eating the bodies of rats or mice which have been feeding
upon the feces or scraps of meat of infected pigs. It is thus seen that a
very important factor in the eradication of trichinosis is the extermina-
tion of the rodents.

Unless a large quantity of trichina are taken into the system there is
not much to be seen in the line of symptoms, in fact what symptoms are
manifested are not at all characteristic, as they are analogous to those
manifested in simple enteritis or peritonitis. If the infection is extensive
however there is great muscular pain manfested, the limbs, especially
the posterior, are stiff and movements are halting and uncertain.

Pigs will nearly always gradually recover and although they con-
tinually carry in their muscles the encysted trichinae, this fact does
not seem to interfere with their quality to lay on fat; in fact, they may
fatten to an extreme degree.

The parasitic affection of the bronchi and lungs is not uncommon in
young and growing pigs, although almost unknown in the adult animal.
It is caused by a very fine worm known as the strongylus paradoxus.
The parasite is white or brownish in color. The male is from one-half to
three-quarters of an inch and the female from one to one and one-fourth
of an inch in length. They produce their young through the medium of
eggs. The development of the parasite is probably similar to the one
that causes lung disease in sheep. The eggs may be thrown out with mu-
cous, and if they pass into water or moist earth they may remain in a
dormant condition for months. Under certain favorable conditions the
embryos, if dried up after moulting, can be preserved for a long time and
revivified when again subjected to moisture. This is important as ex-
plaining the destructive actions of these parasites in dry seasons, or in
and around the di'y and dusty pens and feed lots, as it is then possible
for the worm to enter the body in dust by inhalation, although the in-
festation usually takes place through the medium of vegetation, earth or
water.

In preventing this disease two things must be kept in mind. First,
to prevent the worms from gaining access to the system, and, second, to
keep the pigs in a condition unfavorable to the destructive work of the
parasite. The most important of the prophylactic measures under the
first division is to prevent the animals from drinking the polluted water
in infested ponds or mud holes, and contaminated food where the pens
and feed lots have not been properly cleaned. If they are watered from
a flowing stream, fence out all but the part where they drink, and this
should be where there is a decided current, and do not water from shal-
low wells that receive surface drainage. Change of pens or pasture for
the young pigs is advisable. Constant access to salt is a means of de-
stroying the young woi-ms as they are taken in, or the animals may be
ffd liberal quantities of salt, copperas and wood ashes. The medicinal
treatment does not give satisfactory results except in so far as it prevents
the introduction of viable embryos.

Of the parasites that affect the intestines, besides the ones already
named, the echinorrhynchus gigas (or thorn headed worm) and the ascaris
16

242 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

suilla are the most important. In the mature form the echinorrhynchus
infests the small intestines, particularly the duodenum. It may be found
free or fixed to the mucous membrane. Because of its presence there is
considerable irritation and the perforation of the intestinal wall may occur
in some cases. There is scarcely ever found more than five or six of
these worms in the intestines. Their presence means a serious loss not
only to the breeder, but also to the packer because of the damage done
to the intestine which is used in the manufacture of sausage casings.

The male of this species is from two to three and the female from
seven to eleven inches long. The ova are laid in the intestine of the pig
and afterwards escape with the bowel discharges. They ai'e then swal-
lowed by the larval form of the May beetle. It seems probable that the
larval stage may be passed through in a number of invertebrates which
are in turn devoured by the pig and the larva set free, and then developes
into an adult worm. The symptoms are those of other intestinal worms,
and little can be done in the way of treatment. By way of prevention
in infected localities pigs should be shut up and their discharges burned
or saturated with mercuric chloride solution to destroy the embryos as
soon as hatched, and in this way the cycle of development is brolven
oecause the pig will find no invertebrate which harbor the larvae.

The common round worm, known scientifically as the ascaris suille,
inhabits the small intestines, the male being about six inches and the fe-
male about ten inches in length. The body is white, firm and pointed at
both ends. They are usually found in pigs out of condition and vary in
numbers from 10 to 20 for each individual. When these parasites are
present in small numbers they do little harm, but when pigs are kept con-
tinuously in the same pen, or when they drink water that has drained
from other pens or sheds they often appear in great numbers, produce
serious intestinal disorders, vomiting, emaciation, obstruction of the bow-
els and a watery diarrhoea. The treatment includes both preventive and
curative. Under the rules for prevention we consider the sanitary condi-
tion under which the pigs are kept. Water should not be used from a
shallow or contaminated well. Clean feeding floors and watering troughs
should be provided, and wallow holes should not be allowed to form in
the yards. One of the simple forms of treatment consists in giving tur-
pentine in milk, about one teaspoonful to a pig weighing one hundred
pounds. This should be given on an empty stomach, and two or three
doses several hours apart.

The mode of reproduction is in fact one of the principal factors that
determines the condition under which parasitism shall take place. Some-
times complete evolution of a species only requires one host, sometimes
it demands two, successive and, in general specifically different hosts.

Much interest is centered on the study of parasites because of the dan-
ger of infesting man. From our knowledge of the modes of infestation
we know that animals can be rendered absolutely safe from the attacks
of parasites, but in order to accomplish this we must enforce cleanliness
and various other sanitary measures, and see that they get pure air to
breathe, water to drink and food to eat.

In dealing with the parasites that infest the skin, the animals at-
tacked should be isolated and the place where they occupy thoroughly

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VI. 243

disinfected, and where possible boiling water should be used for this pur-
pose, and in taking precautions against some of the parasites we should
keep away the host. Following the use of vermicides all the parasites
that have been expelled should be carefully collected and destroyed, by
fire or boiling water, and above all tuey should not be thrown on dung
heaps or any place where rain may carry them into the watering places
and thus reinfest the same individuals or carry embryos to some mem-
ber of the drove not infested.

Of the diseases due to infection or, in other words, germ diseases, we
will mention among the most important tuberculosis, necrotic stomatitis
or sore mouth in pigs, and' hog cholera and swine plague.

Tuberculosis in hogs occasions great losses to the swine breeders and
packers. Infection usually takes place through the medium of milk com-
ing from cattle suffering from tuberculosis, and one of the most fertile
sources of this infection lies in the separator milk coming from creamer-
ies where the milk has not been sterilized before being returned to the
farm. Infection may take place through the medium of the digestive
tract (which is the common port of entrance to the hog) from its eating
the dung of cattle suffering from intestinal tuberculosis, of those having
a bad form of tubercular broncho pneumonia, and it is quite possible that
small pigs may be infected by the milk of a tubercular mother, and
especially is this true when mammary tuberculosis exists. Infection may
take place from the udder or teats of the mother which has been con-
taminated by excreta from tuberculous cattle.

The prophylactic measures recommended for the eradication of this
disease among swine are, first, sterilization of all creamery milk that is
used for feed, and, secondly, to prevent the hogs from running with
infected or suspected cattle, and as there is no means by which we can de-
termine when cattle or their feces become dangerous to the health of
persons or animals, every cow should be tested with tuberculin and the
disease eradicated from the herd. The result of recent expei'iments in-
dicates that the frequency with which milk contains tubercle bacilli is
greatly underestimated, especially when it is milked in the ordinary way
from tuberculous cows with normal udders or from healthy cows kept in
a tuberculous environment.

Necrotic Stomatitis is a very virulent acute specific inflammation of
the mouth affecting pigs. It is characterized by the production of general
constitutional toxic symptoms, and locally by the formation of ulcers.
The necrotic process attacks the skin around the mouth and eyes, and may
gain entrance through the small wounds made on the lips or face by the
other pigs of the litter when they are nursing the mother. The portion
of the mouth usually involved is the region of the small tusks. The lips
are usually dry, crack and large areas of skin may necrose and drop out.
In some of the worst cases the process may extend to the eyes and cause
total blindness. When pigs are kept up too long after farrowing in a
small close dry pen, the toes, tail and ears may necrose and drop off as
a result of infection with this necrosis bacillus. The best way to deal
with this disease lies in disinfection, and keeping the pens and lots in a
good sanitary condition, which consists in the removal of all litter from

244 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

the sleeping pens, the fencing of all hog wallows and the cleaning and
disinfection of the lots.

Regarding hog cholera and swine plague, very little can be added to
what has for some time been known regarding these two very fatal
diseases of swine, except that some advance has been made by the United
States department of agriculture in the production of a serum, but this
is not yet established on a practical basis. Many so-called hog cholera
cures are upon the market, but it is a waste of time and money to fool
with them, as they have no virtue whatever. The only sensible way to
deal with this very important question is to quarantine, destroy the af-
fected and exposed animals and compensate the owner for his loss.

The increasing sale of quack remedies brought about through the
means of mendacious advertisements should be condemned. There is no
mystery in connection with drugs and no omniscence in relation to disease.

The public has acquired a notion that each disease has a specific cure
and that something in a bottle or box is necessary and will probably
be efficient.

What may be in the bottle or box is to them quite immaterial so long
as some printed assurance is given with it, and this simple faith in adver-
tised preparations will probably exist as long as men have little scientific
education and blindly act on the suggestions of others no better informed
than themselves.

There is but one way to combat diseases and that is the absolute de-
struction of the germs. We may close our eyes to the facts and say that
there is nothing in it, but if we persist in being blind we will eventually
find ourselves buried under an avalanche of public opinion and hope-
lessly lost to the advancement that is constantly being made.

Through the educating influences of the press the lay mind is being
steeped in the thoughts of our best men, and I would urge that more
facts be presented along the lines of preventive medicine instead of whole
columns being devoted to the discussion of subjects that the trained
scientist cannot after years of patient toil solve to his satisfaction, and
not until the lay mind is educated to this point shall we see the hazy
dawn of a brilliant future for our live stock breeders.

Responding to an inquiry on the question of the proper modes of
prevention of the spread of infectious diseases, the doctor said.
' ' The only remedy is in sanitation. What we advise is to thor-
oughly disinfect the places, take out the floors if they can be
removed. If it is a cement floor that is all the better. Use some
good coal tar disinfectant. About coal tar disinfectants — I am
not here to contend or recommend but I have my preferences. If
you buy coal tar disinfectants from a reliable firm you are all
right, from men who make a business of it and have some fi-
nancial backing and some honor. Usually in attempting to dis-
infect we remove everything that wnll hold germs. If the wood
is rotten or there is a lot of dirt on the floors that should be re-
moved. By removing all this material, raking it up and burning

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VI. 245

it and then going over the ground with the disinfectant with a
spray pump and using lime and then white-washing after you
have disinfected, we think that is all you can do. Don't think that
once disinfecting lasts forever. Keep doing it. It is a good habit
to disinfect from time to time. You will keep away all diseases
and prevent them by using this method. If j'our pigs become
affected with scabies or any of the minor skin affections make a
small dip tank, or if that is too much expense, simply catch the
pigs and take some disinfectant and a scrub brush and clean up
their faces and heads. Get all the matter away and then paint
them with a little iodine. That helps to disinfect. This should
be done from time to time.

At this point a somewhat scattered discussion of the presence
of tuberculosis in cattle took place but as it brought out no new
facts and is only indirect in its bearing upon the hog industry,
it is omitted from this report.

The evening session opened with a paper by R. S. Johnson of
Columbus Junction, on The Iowa State Fair and Its Object: the
Duties and Privileges of Exhibitors. Mr. John.ston is superintend-
ent of the swine department of the Iowa state fair.

THE IOWA STATE FAIR AND EXPOSITION AND ITS OBJECT;
THE DUTIES AND PRIVILEGES OF EXHIBITORS.

B. S. JOHNSON, COLUMBUS JUNCTION, IOWA.

I think you will agree with me that our secretary has elected a big
subject for us to fire at. But one satisfaction is that we can dodge around
a good deal without getting off the subject. To my mind there are four
distinct subjects under the above headings, which we divided as follows:
The Iowa State Fair, Its Object, the Duties of Exhibitors, and the
Privileges of Exhibitors.

Laclv of time has prevented me from giving the subject the careful con-
sideration I would like. While I will have all the exhibitors of the Iowa
State Fair in mind, I shall have those in the swine department particularly
in view.

Preparations are now being made for the holding of the fifty-third
annual State Fair. Never in its history was there so many improvements
under way in one year as at the present time. Something over one hun-
dred thousand dollars will be expended in permanent improvements this
year. Of this amount seventy-five thousand dollars was granted by the
last Iowa legislature for the swine building, and nearly six thousand dol-
lars by the same legislature for the purchase of ground upon which the
swine building is being erected. The balance that is being expended is
the surplus of the fair itself, which will amount to perhaps thirty thou-

246 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

sand dollars. In addition to this the fair will have its fifteen thousand
dollars surplus fund which will not be used.

A complete system of water works has been purchased and is now in-
stalled, the same to connect with the city mains. This not only insures
an ample supply of water during the fair, but is a great protection in case
of fire during the year.

The contract has been let for an additional electric light plant, which
will be a vast improvement. One of a series of large horse barns will
also be built this year.

A slight review of the early history of the Iowa state fair might be
interesting in the way of comparison.

The first fair was held in Fairfield in October, 1854. The first premium
list numbered something over four hundred items and offered $1,100.00
in premiums. For comparison we will give the report of the swine de-
partment of the first fair fifty-three years ago:

"Class No. 15 was occupied by swine of all classes. There were eleven
entries, and the board regrets that the display was so meagre in point of
numbers. It is to be regretted that the farmers who have choice breeds
or fine animals do not exhibit a stronger disposition to bring them to our
fairs for examination and comparison. One difficulty is found in the
trouble of moving them and the injury to the animals themselves, but the
greater importance of improvement in swine should outweigh all minor
considerations. The raising of swine is a source of immense revenue to
the farmers of Iowa and no effort should be neglected to produce fine
stock of this kind."

No one will deny the truthfulness of the above statement, and the ap-
peal to show at the state fair has certainly been answered when last year
over two hundred different herds were on exhibition at the fair, containing
in round numbers nearly three thousand head.

As is well known, the Iowa state fair was on wheels for a time, later
being held at Keokuk, then Cedar Rapids, and then at Des Moines on
the west side, and was moved from there to its present location. It has
been nearly twenty-five years since I first attended the Iowa state fair on
the west side. At that time it was more nearly like our best county or
district fairs of today. However, in the last few years it has advanced
by leaps and bounds, until at the present time it is the greatest fair and
exposition in the United States, especially in live stock and agricultural
products.

The object of the Iowa state fair has as its fundamental principle the
education of the people. Many an exhibitor views the fair merely as a
market place or as a means of winning a little prize money. Hundreds
of fair goers see only a frolic in the event. These people being blind,
see not; but thinking men who keep their eyes and the avenues to their
brains open, understand that education of the farm folk is the underlying
idea of the agricultural fair. The state fair is as much an educational
factor for the farmer and breeder as is the agricultural college. As an
educational force the state fair is as properly the subject of state aid as
any other educational factor which deals with the enlightenment of the
farmer and breeder. A serious mistake in the management of state affairs
has been the temporary appearance of its buildings. \\Tiile the actual use

EIGHTH

ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART VI.

247

248 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

of these buildings is but a short time each 3^ear, yet they should be per-
manently constructed and of fire-proof material. Practically all fair man-
agements are now adopting the above plan.

That the object of the Iowa state fair is the improvement of our stock
and agricultural products we believe to be true, for in no other way
would Iowa ever have achieved the high standard upon which she now
rests. It is generally conceded that in no place in the world can such a
swine show be seen as we annually find at the Iowa state fair, both as to
numbers and quality. It has been a very interesting subject with me,
both to study the exhibit and the exhibitor. I have had a young breeder
suggest to me that his stock looked pretty good to him at home, but when
he got to the show ring he was outclassed. I suppose some give up in dis-
gust and quit, but most of them go home resolved to do better next year,
and often in one year's time they are able to produce a prize winner.

The object of all fairs and expositions should be self-supporting except
in the building of permanent fire-proof buildings. It should be the en-
deavor of the management to offer as liberal premiums as possible and
to give the people the best entertainment possible. The exhibits in all de-
partments should be of the best. The show in every -way should be of a
clean, moral character, a place where we can take our families in absolute
safety. Such I believe the Iowa state fair to be. There we should find
the finest type of the various breeds of horses, cattle, swine and sheep;
the best of manufactured products and the best of agricultural products.
It is said that "Of all that is good Iowa affords the best." I believe this
to be true. I also believe that the cream of what Iowa raises and produces
can be found at the Iowa state fair. May its object be ever thus.

I believe it to be the duty of exhibitors to bring nothing but worthy
exhibits to the fair. There has been a little tendency in the swine depart-
ment, among a few exhibitors, to bring inferior animals, with the sole idea
of making sales at a price below good stuff. This, to my mind, should be
discouraged among breeders.

It is the duty of exhibitors to properly prepare their exhibits before
starting for the fair, and to bring nothing but meritorious animals. The
start from home should be made in plenty of time to get to the grounds and
in quarters by Saturday evening before the fair opens. Entries of all stock
should be made with the secretary by letter before leaving home. Like-
wise pens should be arranged for in the same way.

It is the duty of the exhibitor to keep his exhibit in the best of shape,
as well as the surroundings near him, all during the fair. Thousands of
visitors will pass his quarters during the week, and it is human to admire
seeing a neat and clean exhibit. He should be prompt in having his ex-
hibit in the ring when they are being judged. During the day there should
constantly be an attendant at or near the exhibit.

I believe it is the duty of exhibitors to follow the rules and instructions
as laid down by the fair management. These rules are made for the best
interests of all concerned. I consider it the duty of the superintendent
and his assistants to look carefully after the wants and welfare of the
exhibitor.

Of the two hundred swine exhibitors who come annually to the Iowa
state fair, I consider them a fine representative body of men and I assure

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VI. 249

you that it has been a pleasure for roe to serve as superintendent of the
department.

I am glad to inform you at this time that the swine department is
about to move into its new home; a home that will be a credit to this
great industry. The securing of this grand new home has been a hard
pull, one which took the combined efforts of all interested and I wish at
this time to thank all who aided in the work. It would seem that there
must be a new era dawning for those who exhibit swine at the Iowa
state fair.

And now a few words on the privileges of exhibitors. I suppose it is
the privilege of all exhibitors to kick; yet I believe the kick of the
kicker availeth little. I am also glad to say that kicks are scarce among
the swine men; yet there are a few among you.

I imagine the reason I was asked to speak of the privileges of exhib-
itors was because there were so few of them in the old quarters, under
the extremely cramped conditions, that many thought there were no
privileges.

There has been a rule in use for some time giving old exhibitors a
right to the pens previously occupied by them. This would seem fair
and just, as the exhibitor who comes regularly to the fair, year after
year, and helps to support it, is entitled to some consideration. How-
ever, it semed feasible this year to treat all as new exhibitors and assign
them locations in the order in which they paid for pens. This was done
under the direction of the executive committee, and all old exhibitors
have been so notified in a letter from Secretary Simpson.

It is the privilege of the exhibitor to have such information fur-
nished him as he may wish as regards the department in which he
is showing. He also has the privilege of disposing of his stock to the
best advantage possible. We would deem it his duty to boost the fair,
for he must remember that it is the fair that brings him the buyer.
Again we come to the inferior sale stuff. The fair management from
a financial point of view cannot furnish even the old pens at $1.00 each.
The strong feature of the fair is the improvement of live stock; if
nothing but sale stuff was brought to the fair we would retrograde. To
some extent the management feels a privilege is being abused.

When the proper standard is reached wherein there will be nothing
but the highest type of animal brought to the fair, pen rent, in my opin-
ion, should not be charged.

A few words as regards exhibitors tickets. The ticket problem has
given more trouble in the swine department than any other thing. Per-
haps there may have been too much leniency under the old rule in the
past. The ticket problem is a serious one with all fair managements.
However, the present plans as adopted are proving reasonably satis-
factory. The exhibitor should not ask the superintendent to break the
rules or expect him to do something he cannot do. At the bottom of
page 7 in the premium list you will find these words: "No pass out
checks issued." That is the plan adopted and no superintendent can
vary from that rule. Each superintendent is charged with every ticket
he receives and his ticket account checked over. The exhibitors and
helpers' tickets are good at the gate after nine p. m. without being taken

250 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

up, and there is a pass ticket good until 10 a. m. These are the only-
pass out tickets issued and we aim to be as liberal with them as business
would seem to justify.

Mr. Johnston's paper did not call out any discussions but
Secretary Simpson was called upon and in his remarks gave some
interesting figures on the new swine pens and show pavilion. An
architect's blue print showing the ground plans of the building
was presented. It shows that there are 1154 pens, size 6x7 feet, and
that there is an increase of two thousand square feet of floor space
over the pen room in the old buildings. This it is estimated,
will have a capacity for more than 3000 hogs. The new swine
building is in the form of three sides of a hollow square. The
total length east and Avest is 522 feet. Its width north and south
356 feet and its width throughout 107 feet. The aisles are twelve
feet in width, and these are so arranged that there is plenty of
room in all directions and every facility to avoid a congestion of
crowds in any particular part. The pens are arranged in three
double rows and two single rows running lengthwise of the build-
ing. The outside of these pens will be perforated steel, giving
strength and perfect ventilation with as little possible obstruction
to the view as can be had. The pen partitions or divisions will
be of wood of course. This building will be of brick and steel
with the exception of the roof. The outside walls to be a height
of four feet are of brick. Between the top of the brick wall and
the roof is a clear open space of ten feet, the roof being supported
by steel columns. This will afford splendid ventilation at all
times and avoid the possibility of foul air or disagreeable smells
in so far as that question can be disposed of. The ground space
in this building covers three acres. In addition, an excellent show
pavillion has been provided. This is built in the center of the
square and is practically inside the show pens although under a
separate roof. It is 113 feet wide and 200 feet in length and has
sufficient ground space to show even the largest rings. This build-
ing is constructed in the same substantial manner as the other.

These new swine buildings on the Iowa state fair grounds are
the largest, most substantial and most conveniently arranged of
any like accommodations at any of the state fairs of the country.
The plans on which they were constructed were formulated after
personal inspection of the buildings in use at all the great fairs
and with the particular intent to avoid any and all of the weak
points there shown. While the state legislature made an appro-
priation last winter for $75,000 for this building, the lowest con-

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VI. 251

tractors bid ran up to $93,000. In order therefore, to keep within
the limits of the available money, the board were obliged to, for
the present, eliminate the cement floor and one or two other
features which the plans provide for, with the intent of completing
them in these particulars another year.

The plans for the accommodation of the exhibitors have been
considered at every point. On the east of the building a strip
of ground has been reserved for camping purposes which will ac-
commodate perhaps seventy-five tents. These are on land which
will not be subject to overflow as was the case on the old location
and which will be as comfortable as on the higher lands up above.

The swine breeders of Iowa and particularly the exhibitors at
the Iowa state fair should feel very kindly toward the board of
agriculture in providing this splendid building and equipment for
their convenience.

The published programme provided for a paper by George S.
Prine of Oskaloosa, Iowa, on the subject, "Relative Value of
Spring and Fall Litters." ^Ir. Prine, however, was not present
and failed to make any provision. J. A. Benson of Primghar, Iowa,
followed with his paper, discussing, "Which is Most Detrimental
to the Business, the Breeder Who Undersells or the Boomer and
High Seller?"

WHICH IS THE MOST DETRIMENTAL TO THE BUSINESS— THE

BREEDER WHO UNDERSELLS OR THE BOOMER

AND HIGH-SELLERS.

J. A. BENSON, PRIMGHAE, IOWA.

The subject assigned to me for discussion with you is not new nor
more pressing today than at many times before in the life of this asso-
ciation, but perhaps the remunerative prices of pork and good breeding
stock this year give opportunity to bring home to the beginner, or he who
undersells, the detriment of the breeder who brings discredit to his
breed and to the painstaking fellows by selling too low and thus show-
ing a loss from his stock even in good times.

It is a proper subject for discussion at your hands as the leaders
of the greatest industry of the leading state, both in numbers and indi-
vidual value of its swine, to save those who are awakening to the prog-
ress now being made with pure-bred swine and those who are to follow you,
from the financial and moral relapse which follows surely and relent-
lessly the boomer if not the high-seller.

I know that none of the gentlemen suggested by my subject are
present, for the first named class invariably reply to the invitation of
your officers, as to the advertising man or the neighbor who wants them
to join a circuit of public sales, that "I can't afford it."

252 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

The last named gentlemen prefer to operate upon those not so well
informed as to the values, or the blessings of delivering full and satis-
factory values in every sale, for the man who understands fairly well
the business in which we are engaged will balance the value and im-
portance of the blood and breeding productiveness to be secured with the
animal offered, or sought to be sold to him, with the ability he has to
place other animals with it and develop and sell the product at a profit.

When these items are properly balanced no sale can be a boom sale
and who can say when the price is too high?

I come to these meetings each year for the direction and guidance
to be obtained from my peers always present, for the inspiration and
enthusiasm gleaned from an interchange of experience, and for the moral
support always found in the meetings and about the halls of the Iowa
State Swine Breeders' association. I come for the help I am certain
to get and I cannot but feel that this association is charged with re-
sponsibilities along the lines indicated that cannot be overestimated in
far reaching effect on the business, and those whom we fondly hope
may take your places and continue this organization faithful in the few
things and master of many greater problems.

I trust that in this discussion, for which I must have been selected
because what I do not know about the last part of the subject is so much
greater than what I do know, I shall have your liberal help, remembering
our responsibilities to those whose opportunities and temptations are yet
mostly before them. I assure you that rumors numerous and elusive of
the things I do not know about boom sales confirms me in the belief that
I shall have the advantage of a tremendous fund of mystery from which
to build theories.

To make my thought clearly understood I wish to put in a class
distinctly recognized each one of the gentlemen named in the subject,
first the lagging, indifferent, timid or disheartened breeder who undersells;
second, the nervous, prancing or plunging boomer, and third, the high-
seller who has high breeding, high class intelligence and training with
the disposition to do his best, with a proper sense of responsibility and
pride, who can properly measure the influence of small things and plac-
ing a high value on his animals also make them prove they are worth
it. This last breeder can sell very high perhaps, even higher than any,
prices yet reported and still not be a boomer.

There are many more of the first named but his operations are ham-
pered by his confines of personal acquaintance, by his limitations of capital
and running expenses, as often by parsimonj^ as poverty, and by the
lack of attractiveness which low priced articles always have for the buyer
who wishes to sell his products at a profit.

The buyer of breeding swine who builds up the business is the man who
aspires to produce better results in his own herd by good care and de-
velopment and sees the need of the best live stock his circumstances
will profitably use and who looks forward to the profit as well as the
pleasure to come from his purchase and his own efforts '\ith it If
pleasure should be a part of our lives then we should take pleasure in
the success of our industry as well as our amusements. The power
to give pleasure is everywhere made a proper object for expenditure. We

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAE BOOK— PART VI. 253

buy pictures to please the eye, we insist in buying the piano that the
case shall be beautiful to look upon. It is regarded necessary for the
high priced carriage horse to be a "good looker" and part of the intrinsic
value of either one of these is the power to please the eye. Just so
the power to please the eye is a proper quality of every pure bred animal
and should be given a value in every appraisement.

Most of the men who undersell do not place much value on this fleeting,
immeasurable quality which must always depend something on the eye
as agent for pleasure. The man who can get no pleasure from pure bred
swine through his eyes will never be a successful breeder nor will he
build up the business as a buyer unless forced to pay a profit to the
breeder by some one who does value this power to please the eye. The
man who never gets away from the pound and the price per pound in
buying or selling breeding animals will always undersell and be a draw-
back to progressive breeders.

Another breeder who undersells is he who sees things at a distance
with more or less enchantment and his own stock though good, shows
all its defects to him, and he cannot properly balance its good qualities
against its weaknesses hence offers his stock at prices which leave him
no profit and make unjust competition for other breeders. For him such
a meeting as this and tomorrow's scoring exercises should return large
profit by helping him to measure with judgment what never can be
measured with tape line or scales.

I do not include with the breeders who undersell those who sell in-
ferior, runty or ill-fed stock at low prices, for usually the stock is worth
less than its selling price and libels its ancestrj\

However, the breeder who sells well grown and well bred swine without
legitimate profit, to the buyer who gets from it a great profit under usual
conditions has been a detriment to the business not only by causing the
loss of the proper profit but by making it appear to his family and his
neighbors that it does not pay to keep pure bred stock. I contend that
the average breeder of swine should so conduct his business that he can
sell his product on the market at meat prices and show a good profit on
the cost of production up to the point of selling them for breeders.

The man who pays a good price for a sire, thereby to enable him to
sell the product to his fellow breeders for more money because of its
reputation gained either from its ancestry or its winnings, should charge
the increased outlay to "advertising or sale expenses" and see to it that
the buyer pays for it when the product is sold. If money is expended
for exhibiting or other advertising, it is for selling expense and should
be so placed as to carry to the buyer enhanced value. The buyer gets
value and his full money's worth when he pays an increased price for
the properly advertised animal. The winner is worth more than before
he won, even though he will get no better pigs. Those who undersell usu-
ally overlook this and having a high-class product they rely upon too
small a market to buy it at its worth.

The better the product the more urgent the Gemand among those who
buy, but the fewer the proportionate number who feel able to pay the
higher price it commands. Hence, the wisdom of going out with reliable

254 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

information to a wider field for buyers who can appreciate and pay for
our product.

The boomer man of mystery, who is he? How shall we know him?
I looked for him in the dictionary but did not find him; he is too elusive
to be chained down with words, but one of the things he is supposed
to do is to boom "to make a hollow sound, roar, cry." I do not know that
I can make you understand how to know him for I do not always know
him myself, but he is about the opposite of him who measures everything
by the pound or tape line, or by the head or dozen. He details mostly
those qualities which only judgment can measure and the age, weight, color
and often the pedigrees of his pigs are so beautifully indefinite that two
buyers at different times could never by comparing notes tell whether they
were offered the same thing. They are mere tribles not worth deliver-
ing to the buyer. To me the boomer makes a hollow sound when he is
setting out the merits of his stock for sale, but he usually has the
quintessence of the business "the pure blood" of the greatest individuals
of the breed" as a basis for a value which must be above that which under-
favorable circumstances (not impossible ones), his animals would show
a profit upon. That is a reasonable measure of a price. If the stock
sold will show a profit under favorable but not impossible circumstances
then it is a legitimate sale if made without fraud and the price states in
the usual measures of value.

Many sales have been properly made to persons who had not the
equipment to make use of the purchase under favorable circumstances and
have shown a loss. Jealous breeders have made use of it to prove that
any price above what they are willing or able to pay is a boom price.
Some prices are made with such qualifications to the terms of sale that
they can have no comparative value with a complete sale. It is not en-
tirely fair to call these boom sales though it seems to me they can have
no excuse except to get advertising without paying money for it. The
seller and the buyer usually in such sales make the price the leading
statement as though it were an excellence of the animal rather than
an agreement of the parties. The detriment to come from these sales of
"things heard of but not seen' is not only the financial loss to the buyer
but the loss of moral strength incident to the sale, which seems either
a losing purchase or a mysterious transaction. When a buyer announces
an unusual price and the purchase when inspected does not exhibit qual-
ities comparative to the price, when the pens, the care, the advertising
are not in keeping with such a high-priced animal and the promised
exhibit of the sure winner does not materialize it would seem that the
purchase had been boomed.

If anyone has been induced to buy upon the recommendation of that
price any of the get or kin of the purchase in question that he would
not have bought with a full knowledge of the animal without the price
announced or with the true price given then he has probably been victim-
ized by the boomer. But the boomer is not always on the selling side;
oh no, the buyer wishes to make it appear that he has put forth unusual
effort to improve his stock over his fellows and is not able or perhaps
willing, to pay the price for whic)i truly good animals are selling. He
searches for something whose breeding is from the same sources as the

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VI. 255

outstanding animal widely known, that because of its lack of favor with
sire or dam or both has not received an equal share of their estates and
by inferior development is not worth so much money. If he has had
success in development of ill-fed animals before he may honestly be-
lieve he can by painstaking care bring it out into a good animal but if
he should publish the actual price he paid those to whom he wishes to
sell without seeing the animal would feel sure it must be an inferior one
and thus look elsewhere, so he arranges with the seller no more scrupulous,
to publish a price (sometimes five times the true price), that will indi-
cate a measure of great merit. He is even more detriment to the business
than the high-selling boomer. It may be that these boomers are a safety
valve on the business by keeping among the breeds enough really inferior
animals so that there will always be need of improvement that comes
only from the painstaking and intelligent development of the product of
the best breeding animals, but like the hog cholera, they multiply the loss.
I believe that the integrity of the breeder is a most valuable asset and
should be guarded most carefully in business as much as in religion and
that his advertising like his pedigrees should be beyond question. Any
announcement of the price made by him or his customer will be recognized
as advertising.

As in athletics, we should have clean methods of advertising. Build-
ing a reputation takes time and expense of energy, intelligence, stick-to-
It-iveness and usually a good deal of money besides; it will be based upon
our actions and professions, the real comfort and the profit of it will
come after years of effort and expense. Each year's advertising of a good
business carefully and honestly conducted works on through life and he
who has advertised any given amount each j'ear and lived up to his
advertising for fifteen years is getting about fifteen times as much results
now as at the start. By advertising do not understand me to confine
the term to the use of printer's ink only, though you may limit this last
statement to that if you please and it will be found about correct. But
I mean that when a boom price has gone on record that by its very nature
it is always assailable and sooner or later, usually sooner, it is nailed in
plain sight to those who can read it, and that advertisement always re-
mains labeled "Visited the herd and found it not up to the advertising."

The boomer is a detriment to breed and breeders to a great extent by
keeping inferior animals in the herds but mostly in his effect on our
standing in the court of inquiry for pigs. Boom sales are hard to conduct,
buyers always feel it and often really meritorious animals sell below
farmers' prices because they fear a boom wherever a high price is an-
nounced. Many honest breeders pass up a good animal of popular family
just because someone has "boomed" the family, but a high price for a
really meritorious animal should not be even mentioned as "boomed"
unless other evidence very clear is shown.

Confidence in our breeders is a fundamental basis of our business and
the boomer who destroys confidence takes that which can do him no good
but leaves us poor indeed.

I would absolve the high seller who has taken the best animals and
brought out in them by painstaking care and intelligence the high develop-
ment which makes them outstanding. He should not be coupled with the

256 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE.

boomer if he sells honestly and announces his prices nonestly. Let us
have more of him and of the men who can pay high prices and go home
with their purchases and take care of them as they deserve, multiply
their kind and make them pay out. Always we need the high seller to
set a mark of excellence in achievement and prove that it pays to excel
but he should win by honest effort and methods and announce his suc-
cesses rather by the merit of his contributions to the breed than by his
advertising to create an unhealthy demand for stock by spurious argu-
ment or promise.

The boomer makes a hollow sound when he is buying and selling,
roars when he is measured by good judgment, and you hear his cry when
he is called to make good his representations or his notes. His business
is sure to relapse and all who mingle with him are besmirched.

Mr. Benson seemed to cover his subject so thoronoflily that no
one was inclined to take it np further and J. R. Harding of
Macedonia, Iowa, gave his methods of Care and Treatment of a
Crop of Pigs for the Greatest Profit.

CARE AND TREATMENT OF A CROP OF PIGS FOR THE GREATEST

PROFIT.

J. K. HARDIXG, MACEDONIA, IOWA.

I was asked to write a paper on care and treating of a crop of pigs
for the greatest profit. As I am a breeder of pure bred hogs I suppose
that the intention was to treat on that class of swine, but I shall give
my experience both in feeding for pork and for the development of
breeding stock.

My method in detail is this: The first thing is to select the sows that
are to be used in producing the crop of pigs. Great care should be taken
to select sows that show vigorous constitutions; sows that are a strong
type of the breed we are engaged in raising. I prefer a lengthy, deep
bodied sow, with a head not too broad, one which might be termed slim,
as they prove better mothers than those with broad masculine heads.
Then mate these sows to males that are especially ss;rong where these
sows might be weak. The practice of breeding one male to the entire herd
of sows regardless of their fitness is too common among the average
swine raisers for the general market, and there is a great loss in the
future development of the crop of pigs as the direct result of this mis-
mating of sire and dam. I find there is a great difference in the de-
velopment of young pigs if the dam is fed on bone and muscle making
foods instead of fat reducing food. I consider that if a sow is fed right
during the period from breeding until farrowing time, it means one-fourth
in the future development, as pigs from sows fed as I have stated are
stronger and will grow faster and have more vitality than the pigs
from equally as good a sire and dam on an exclusive corn diet.

At farrowing time, great care should be taken to provide dry, clean
saparate quarters for each sow and if the weather is cold the bedding

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VI. 257

should be changed every twenty-four hours after she farrows, as damp
bedding in cold weather will chill the little fellows, which is the cause
of most of the bowel trouble so common in young pigs.

One week before farrowing I would feed sow on moist bran and one ear
of corn morning and evening with just a little oil meal in each feed. I
would give nothing but cold water for the first twenty-four hours after
farrowing and then a little feed of bran. For the first three weeks feed
light. Watch your sows and increase the feed gradually, giving a little
more corn as the pigs grow. At three weeks old the sow should be
on full feed with one-half of her feed corn or corn meal to keep up flesh.

One of the most essential things for the well being and thrift of a crop
of young pigs is plenty of sunshine and exercise. If the sunshine is
lacking, the exercise is all the more necessary and if not exercised all
kinds of trouble may be expected. Thumps is one of the worst of all
ailments in the pig kingdom, but can generally be avoided if the little
fellows are forced to exercise freely every day at three weeks old. Pro-
vide a separate feeding place for them and feed them soaked oats. After
they commence eating well, mix corn meal, shorts, bran, oil meal and
alfalfa. Mix thoroughly and place in feeder where the little fellows
can have free access to it. Have a trough that the pigs can drink at, .
separate from their dam. If you have milk, give them a liberal allowance.
If not, clean water with the above ration will give excellent results.
As the pigs grow, if you are feeding for the market, increase the corn
from one-fifth to one-half and the last month feed three parts corn, keep-
ing up the other feeds, only reducing them as you increase the corn. By
this method I produced a carload of hogs that averaged 300 pounds at 10
months of age and topped the Chicago market with 40*000 on sale. This
is the most successful method I have tried and it has yielded the greatest
profit. The only difference in feeding for breeding stock or pork produc-
tion is the amount of corn fed, using less corn for breeding stock and
plenty of grass for both.

Mr. Harding's talk again stirred up considerable interest. Mr.
Ausman questioned the advisability of giving a sow cold water to
drink soon after farrowing, saying that he had been as careful
not to do so as he had been to avoid heavy feeding at that time.
H. C. Strater of Monroe, Iowa, said he would not give cold water
for a week after farrowing and, that if the weather was cold he
thought water pumped from the well or spring was about right.
Alonzo Baker of Colo, Iowa, said: "I don't know as I have
anything to say but I don't see the object of feeding a sow right up
to the time of farrowing and just as quick as she farrows give
her a different feed altogether and warm water. I have had a sow
go out in the cornfield where she did not have soft feed or any
care and eat and drink to suit herself. I don't know whether she
made a hog of herself or not but she did come up with a litter
17

258 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

of nice, smooth, thrifty pigs, better than any you ever raised
with all your care. ' ' Mr. Harding said a sow should not be slopped
heavily before farrowing, but if the sow had been receiving a
heavy slop before farrowing, it should be continued afterwards. If
however, slop had not been used before, bad results as a rule would
follow, commencing afterward.

Mr. Harding, being criticised for expressing his preference for
a slim-headed brood sow justified his judgment by saying: "The
best pig I raise every year is from just the type of sow I have
described. Did you ever see an outstanding winner that was the
product of a sow with a big masculine head? The point with me
is to obtain the best mother, and the masculine headed sow has
not been the one." He did mean the sharp nosed, peaked kind,
but one of the slim type. Mr. Swallow said he got his show pigs by
mating a coarse sow with a fine headed male with quality and
finish. Mr. McTavish, who breds Berkshires, said that with his
breed he had secured better results from sows that were quite
wide between the eyes, than from the narrow faced ones.

W. G. Tittsworth of Avoca, Iowa, who in the words of Artemus
Ward, proved himself "an amusin' little cuss," in his humorous
way got very close to the question and threw the lime light on the
coarse hog-fine hog controversy. Among other things he said:
"I would just like to ask what the term coarse sow means. Is
it a long, thin sow that might be smooth in her hips and shoulders,
or is it a large, broad backed, rough looking sow ? You talk about
fine hogs, small hogs, big hogs and medium hogs. I have had some
of all sizes and kinds and was not satisfied with any of them. Some
were too small, some too course, some too fine some too big. I
have asked Mr. Swallow a dozen times just what the medium was
and never could get it out of him. The gentleman both seem to
like that sow with the long head and the long neck, but I don't
know which one it means. I have had sows that ate twenty-five

ears of corn at once you needn't laugh at me, I fed it to

them — and they were not coarse, either. In one way a man
might say they were, but their hips were no wider. I don't want
it understood I like a fine boned hog at all, but I don't know
what the coarse one is — the one they are speaking about. I know
what a coarse steer is in the market, but this hog has got me
rattled. Mr. Swallow says he bought a hog that cost $100 and
that is just my kind. Now that shows that he means to make
light of my kind. He has driven out a pretty good hog into the
ring and looked at me and said, "That is your kind, Billy,"

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VI. 259

when he knew all the time he would not get a premium. You may
think I am just trying to make fun, but it is not so. I have
both kinds at home. Of course I have my idea and my notion
about the sow and what she ought to be, but I don't know what
the others mean by a coarse sow. Is it big boned, or can it be
smooth in hips and shoulders, etc., or long and thin, or deep up
and down? I am a hog breeder and come here for the purpose
of learning something that will make me breed better hogs than
I ever did before, partly because I would like to beat the other
fellow and partly because I realize the importance of the hog when
you think of the difference it would make if every hog would
be worth ten cents more, and it could be easily worth fifty cents
more. It would mean more money than I am likely to make
while I am down here. I am not a talker. I have tried it and
it won't work. But when I come here I come to learn and I
can't do it if the men don't talk plain They are afraid to
talk straight truth because some other man might not like it. I
have gone to the scoring a good many times and sat around on
boxes and whittled and thought I would give a hundred doUars
if I knew just what a real good hog was. It seemed to me the
fellows as much as said, "Well, come on boys and let's get away
from here as soon as possible." And I didn't know much more
when we got through than I did before, so I never tried to score.
I attended the school and tried to learn by lessons, but you would
not talk. This meeting is a school of the world, not for us individ-
ually but for everybody, first Iowa, then the United States, then
the world. This is just a little piece of my mind as I see it. I
don't know for sure about anything and tomorrow when we go
over there to the scoring I hope there will be a man that will
make people see and think, not one that pretends to know and
see and teach people. The fee for a judge iat the state fair ought
to be a couple of hundred dollars. He can teach several million
people a great deal in each twelve months. We can learn which
is the best hog if he will go at it right. ' '

The annual business meeting, at which is transacted such busi-
ness as may come up and at which the election of officers takes
place, is held on Wednesday evening of the Iowa state fair week.
The June meetings are devoted solely to the discussion of matters
of interest to the members.

260

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,

PART VII.

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

THIRTY-FIRST ANNUAL CONVENTION

OF THE

IOWA STATE DAIRY ASSOCIATION

HELD AT DES MOINES, IOWA,

November 20, 21, 22, 1907

OFFICEES.

W. B. BARNEY, President Hampton

L. S. EDWARDS, Vice Presidext Arlington

W. B. JOHNSON, Secretary Des Moines

F. M. BROWN, Treasurer Cedar Rapids

The Iowa Dairy association met in its thirty-first annual con-
vention at Des Moines, and was called to order eWdnesday evening,
November 20, 1907, at 7 :30 o'clock, President W. B. Barney, in the

chair.

ADDRESS OP WELCOME.

H. R. WRIGHT, DES MOINES.

Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen: — I have discovered that when
anyone falls down in this association I am called upon. Now I have
not the slightest thing to say in the line of an address of welcome. The
mayor has gone to a wedding but in view of what we know about his
family I judge it is not his own wedding.

The village of Des Moines, as you know, is a little out of the dairy
belt. About the only real bona fide dairyman I know of In this town,
besides myself, is my friend Mr. Wallace, who publishes a farm and dairy
paper. The fact is the business men and the people of this city, with
whom your officers have had to deal, have dealt very liberally with this

(261)

262 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

association and I judge from that that they are mighty glad to have you
come or they would not have put up the money to bring you here. The
absence of the mayor is unavoidable, I know, on his part, and the wel-
come the city will give you the next two or three days is not indicated by
his unavoidable absence this evening.

RESPONSE TO ADDRESS OF WELCOME.

HON. BYEON NEWBERRY, STRAWBERRY POINT, IOWA.

Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen: — I appreciate the honor of be-
ing called upon to respond to the generous welcome to the Iowa State
Dairy association, assembled here in its thirty-first annual convention.

No city within the borders of our commonwealth is as well equipped
to entertain conventions, or so accessible to all the people as Des Moines.
The people of Iowa appreciate the fact that Des Moines is a goodly city to
sojourn in even for a brief period and are proud of its recognized posi-
tion in many ways as the metropolis of the state. We admire your
motto "Des Moines does things." We appreciate your kindly greetings
and we sincerely trust your city will continue to "do things" for the best
interests of its people and the welfare of the state,

I wish to congratulate the good people of this city, that you have as-
sembled here, for the first time, I am told, the representatives of the
great dairy interests of the state, each one of whom knows when his
bread is butter side up, and who have always advocated the principle of
a "square deal," that whosoever in our broad land calls for butter to
ipread upon the right side of his bread, and has the price, is entitled to
expect pure, wholesome butter and not a substitute of unknown quality
of unwholesomeness.

The members of this association, the dairyman, the creameryman,
the buttermaker, the traffic solicitor, the commission man, the farmer,
one and all are loyal subjects, while the people from the oldest inhabitants
to the youngest child are the dependent subjects of that great and gen-
erous sovereign, the old cow, the queen of the prairies.

But few appreciate the extent and importance of the dairy interests
of Iowa. According to the auditor's report, there are 1,418,017 cows In
the state with an assessed valuation of $31,989,011. This valuation is
only about $22.50 each. The actual value of the cows Is now doubtless
$40,000,000. I am reminded by our excellent dairy commissioner that
for the year ending July 1st last, there were 101,011 creamery patrons.
The creameries received the cream from 700,000 cows. There were nearly
75,000 hand separators in operation, and the output of the creameries
the past year in round numbers is 90,000,000 pounds of butter, while the
estimated amount of butter made on the farms and outside the cream-
eries is 65,000,000 pounds, making a total of butter produced in the state
of 155,000,000,000 pounds. Any reason why our bread should not be
buttered — on one side, at least?

We are surely living in a land overflowing with milk and butter. The
local value of the buter produced during the year at twenty-five cents

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PAJRT VII. 263

per pound, amounts to $38,750,000, to which should be added $5,000,000 as
the value of the by-products, and $300,000 the value of the cheese produced,
making a vast total of over $44,000,000 as the yearly revenue to the people
of the state from the dairy interests.

The butter exported from the state annually is approximately 100,-
000,000 pounds, having a net cash value to the dairy farmer and creamery
patrons of $25,000,000. And this is substantially net profit. Go with me
through the dairy sections of the state and you will find that the farmers
who milks his cows has just as many hogs, just as many calves, just
as much of farm products as his neighbor similarly situated, but does
not milk his cows. The man who milks has his butter extra, and to the
creamery patrons this means $25,000,000 net. Quite a substantial amount
of pocket money, isn't it? Surely, a safer business proposition than
speculating in copper and other stocks in Wall street.

Numerous, just and wise laws have been enacted to protect the dairy
interests. The national and state laws pertaining to oleomargarine have
proven a great protection. These measures were enacted only through
the diligent and persistent efforts of those staunch friends of the dairy
who strenuously insisted that the imitations and substitutes should be
sold under their true name and character, and that the element of fraud
should be eliminated in the sale and traffic of dairy products. Under
recent legislation, both state and national, we have this principle ex-
tended so as to include all food products.

Dairy legislation in the near future will doubtless be along the
lines of sanitation on the farm and in the creamery. That cleanliness
is an important element of wholesomeness must be impressed and en-
forced, if need be by the strong arm of the law, on every one connected
with the production of milk and butter. The element of cleanliness is not
always apparent on the farm or even in the creamery. Our friend. Pro-
fessor McKay, truly says: "It is just as necessary to have a law regard-
ing cleanliness in milk and cream as it is to have a law regulating clean-
liness in the packing houses."

No food product is used to the extent or of such recognized impor-
tance as milk. It is a perfect and a dependent food for the young child
and an important factor in the diet of the older persons. When a child
asks for milk, is he not entitled to a pure wholesome article? Shall
he be given a life sustainer or a life destroyer? The supply of pure,
wholesome milk to our people in both city and country is of vital impor-
tance.

Perhaps I may be pardoned for referring, at this time, to one of the
menaces to public health that is attracting general attention, and that is
the increase of tuberculosis in cattle and swine. Authorities claim that
fully two per cent of cattle slaughtered are afflicted with the disease
and that the increase the past six years of the disease in swine is over
800 per cent. It is conceded that bovine tuberculosis may be transmitted
to swine either by feeding unpasteurized skimmed milk, by access to the
droppings of tuberculous cattle or eating the carcasses of cattle that were
afflicted with the disease.

Veterinarians and packers claim that tuberculosis in swine is found
in the dairy sections to a much greater extent than elsewhere, doubtless

264 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

owing to more milk being fed to young swine. Doctor Koto, our state
veterinarian, states ttiat lie lias been furnished, the past year, by the
packers and the National Bureau of Animal Industry, a list of shippers
in the state, who have placed on the market a large number of tubercu-
lous swine, and that in a majority of instances, where an investigation
was made, he could trace the disease, among swine, to tuberculous cattle.
The Thirty-first General Assembly passed a law requiring every owner
or operator of a creamery to pasteurize all skimmed milk at a tempera-
ture of 185 degrees Fahreinheit. Incidentally, the skimmed milk so
treated would be in better condition to feed; but the primary object
of the law is to prevent the spread of tuberculosis in swine and calves
fed such milk. The full compliance of this wise law would be of inesti-
mable value to the farmers of the state in restricting tuberculosis in
swine and among cattle. The tuberculin test is conceded by all author-
ities to be a satisfactory, speedy, safe and cheap method of ascertaining
the presence of tuberculosis in cattle. We now have a state law requir-
ing registered cattle shipped into the state for breeding or dairy pur-
poss to be so tested. Is there any logical reason why milch cows and
dairy herds should not be subjected to this test and all animals found
by the test to be diseased be branded and kept isolated and their sale
prohibited, except for slaughter purposes under state or federal inspec-
tion; and the sale or use of milk from such animals prohibited? Per-
haps it might be deemed advisable to pay the owner of animals slaughtered
the difference between the beef value and the carcas value, in case
the animal is condemned under federal inspection in the slaughter test.
All authorities now claim that bovine tuberculosis may be transmitted
to human beings, largely through the consumption of milk from diseased
cows, but the tubercle bacilli are said not to thrive to any great extent
in butter; but I aprehend that we would all prefer our butter made from
pure, wholesome milk or from pasteurized cream.

Cities and towns no doubt now have the power, as a regulation of
public health, to require all animals within their limits to be subjected
to the tuberculin test and all diseased animals quarantined, and all milk
offered for sale inspected, but this power is seldom invoked. A general
statue based on the high plane of the protection of the public health
and the promotion of the general welfare of the people requiring all
dairy herds of the state to be subjected to the tuberculin test and the
animals found diseased to be branded and quarantined, with the right to
the owner of selling them for slaughter purposes only, under state or
federal inspection, and, if deemed advisable, payment made by the state
of the difference between the beef value and the carcas value, in case
the animal is condemned in the slaughter test, would seem to be the only
real solution of bovine tuberculosis.

The National Department of Agriculture is lending its powerful
influence to restrict and stamp out the disease; surely, the state of
Iowa should do its full part. With bovine tuberculosis overcome, the dis-
ease in swine would soon be eradicated, while the ravishes of the great
"white plague" that is a pall over many of our homes, would be greatly
curtailed. Iowa has always been a progressive state. The excellent work
of the dairy department of the agricultural college and the able and effici-

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART VII. 265

ent service of the dairy commissioner and his capable deputy and as
sistants and the painstaking labor of her .skilful buttermakers are re-
sponsible to a great extent in maintaining Iowa in the forefront as a
dairy state. May Iowa's dairy interests be continually enlarged and im-
proved; and may this convention prove of great interest and profit to
all friends of the dairy.

The Chairman : We will now listen to the report of the secre-
tary, Mr. W. B. Johnson.

SECRETARY'S REPORT OF THE IOWA STATE DAIRY ASSOCIATION.

W. B. JOHNSON, SECRETARY, DES MOINES.

July 1st, balance in treasury $1,179.83

Checks held up '^■^^

January 1st, 1907 —

Contributions to date 735.00

Advertising to date 215.00

Membership to date 208.00

Western passenger agent IIM

Butter sales Q09.Q2

Interest on deposits 21.00

Overdraft on pro rata 10-28

Expense as per items ^ 923.04

Premiums paid pro rata 99^.25

For overweight on butter 27.47

Overdraft returned ^^-^^

Balance in hands of treasurer • 1,Z50M

rpo^al $3,303.08 $3,303.08

The Chairman : We will now have the report of our treasurer,
Mr. Frank M. Brown.

TREASURER'S REPORT, IOWA STATE DAIRY ASSOCIATION.

F. M. BROWN, TBEASTJBEE.

Expenses Iowa State Dairyman's Association:

W. B. Barney ^ ^-^^

S. B. Shilling ^-^^

F. M. Brown '^^■^^

Western Passenger Association l'''-^^

20
Exchange on checks

Jorgensen & Anderson ^^-^^

American Express Co j-o.-i-j-

American Express Co 12.75

United States Express Co "^2.79

United States Express Co 1-^8

266 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Expense machinery hall 12.65

G. L. McKay, hotel expense 3.00

S. B. Shillin, traveling expense, Cedar Rapids 6.68

W. B. Johnson, postage 26.00

Jules Lombard 11.00

Miss McGoorty, expense 17.50

J. W. Leasure, carpenter work 15.00

Huston Printing Co 12.00

W. B. Barney, expense 6.40

Expense labor, butter hall 15.29

Expense, meeting, Waterloo 5.74

Express charges on badges .70

L. McKinnon 6.50

Exchange on checks .30

Western Passenger Association 51.25

Calder Van and Storage Co 5.25

W. B. Johnson, pro rata fund 1,030.00

Fred L. Kimball estate, printing program 185.20

International Silverware Co 23.90

Georghty & Co., badges 60.00

H. G. Van Felt, expense, Cedar Rapids 7.30

J. W. Fraser, expense. Cedar Rapids 24.65

Engraving, cups, medals and boxing same 4.20

Miss McGoorty, stenographer 75.00

Loftus Bros., signs 1.00

W. B. Johnson, salary $150, postage $1.30 151.30

W. E. Smith, expense. Cedar Rapids 25.00 — $1,953.04

Receipts of Iowa State Dairyman's Association, 1906:

Cash on hand • $1,179.83

Francis D. Moulton Co 15.00

Jacob Jacobensten 5.00

Northey Refrigerator Co 10.00

Monarch Refrigerator Co 10.00

Pettit & Reed 5.00

Lesserman Bros 10.00

Chris Hanson, laboratory 10.00

Pitt, Barnum Co 5.00

Edson Bros 10.00

Johnston & Coughlin 10.00

C. H. Weaver & Co 10.00

J. B. Ford Co 20.00

Vermont Farm Machinery Co -. . . . 30.00

Jensen Manufacturing Co 10.00

Fitch Cornell Co 10.00

Wells, Richardson Co 10.00

S. B. Friday Co 5.00

De Laval Separator Co 40.00

National Creamery Supply Co. 35.00

Chicago Co-Oper. Coal Co 5.00

S. B. Friday Co., for program 5.00

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART VII. 267

Exhaust Steam Purifier Co 5.00

G. W. Kennedy 5.00

F. A. Leighton 10.00

Receipts from sale of memberships 208.00

W. B. Barney 5.00

F. W. Steinke 10.00

Waterloo Cream Separator Co 5.00

Sharpless Separator Co 20.00

Creamei-y Package Manfg. Co 45.00

J. G. Cherry Company 60.00

Spurbeck Lambert Co 15.00

Montrose Hotel 5.00

Delevan Hotel 5.00

Allison Hotel 5.00

Western Passenger Association 17.00

Jas. Roland Co., sale of butter 909.62

Howard Reynolds 10.00

Wells, Richardson Co 25.00

Diamond Crystal Salt Co 15.00

Iowa Dairy Separator Co ' 35.00

Miller, Tyson Co 15.00

City of Cedar Rapids 300.00

Fred Bishoff 10.00

Heller & Merz Co 10.00

A. H. Barber Creamery Supply Co 15.00

Worcester Salt Co 15.00

Empire Cream Separator Co 25.00

Balance pro rata fund unused 17.63

Interest to January 1st 21.00

A. R. Weims, Brush Co 10.00

Total receipts $3,303.08

Total disbursements 1,953.04

Balance, cash on hand $1,350.04

The Chairman: Tlie next on the rogram, I believe, is ap-
pointment of committees. I will appoint the following:

Legislative Committee — Hon. Byron Newberry, Strawberry Point;
Prof. G. L. McKay, Ames; W. E. Smith, Des Moines; E. R. Shoemaker,
Waterloo; F. R. Leighton, Des Moines; W. B. Barney, Hampton.

Resolution Committee. — Mr. H. J. Neitert, Walker; E. M. Wentworth,
State Center; S. B. Shilling, Mason City; J. J. Brunner, Charles City.

Auditing Committee. — Mr. F. W. Mack, Waterloo; A. C. Drysdale,
Dubuque; F. W. Stephenson, Lamont.

The Chairman : The next is the address of the president.

268 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS.

W. B. BARNEY, HAMPTON, IOWA.

This association is made up of successful business men, skilled butter-
makers and experienced dairymen.

I cannot hope to instruct you, and shall feel satisfied if I can interest
you for a short time. Custom appears to require from your presiding
officer a general report of the preceding year; with such recommendations
as may be deemed best for the future.

It affords me great pleasure today to congratulate you on this, your
thirty-first annual meeting, on the splendid condition of our association.
Your treasurer's report shows a larger balance than at any other time in
the existence of the association. Your membership has increased so that
it is far in advance of that of any other date. This has been accom-
plished without any financial aid, so much needed, from the State. Other
states are aiding their dairy associations as follows: Michigan, $500;
Ohio, $850; Indiana, $500; Wisconsin, $3,000; Minnesota, $1,500; Illinois,
$1,500.

with a yearly appropriation of $1,500 or $2,000 this association could
extend its influence in such a way as to bring returns that would repay
our state ten-fold. Our meetings could be held at points where they
would do the most good. They would not have to be peddled out as they
are now to the cities that can help us in paying our legitimate expenses.

Every man who is interested in dairying or the welfare and progress
of our state should make it a point to impress upon our senators and
representatives the fact that we are far behind our sister states in this
matter, and that it is his duty to see that there is something done at the
next meeting of our legislature. Backed by a good appropriation we
could hold three or four conventions or meetings in parts of the state
where they would be of the most benefit. Much work could be done in
conjunction with the extension department and other work at the agri-
cultural college.

Nothing has so much to do with the success of your business as the
cow. You will, therefore, pardon me if I give this, man's best friend,
considerable attention. Are you sure that you have done your best to
secure the greatest producers possible?

From all over the land comes the inquiry for more and better dairy
cows. How are you to get them? Prices were never higher and it is only
by the introduction of the pure bred dairy sire that they are to be secured.
Don't let some one who has a bull to sell lead you to believe that if you
will buy of him, should he sire a male calf, it will make a fine beef steer,
and, if a heifer, a profitable cow for the dairy. There is a place for
all the different breeds, but this sort should have no place in the dairy.

From one railroad station in Wisconsin there has been shipped in the
last year $200,000 worth of dairy cows, mostly grades. Many of these

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII. 2(59

cows brought $75 to $100. This the result of the introduction of pure
bred dairy sires for the last few years. Will steers pay any better than
this even after they are fed? The demand for the dairy cow will not be
supplied for some years. The west and southwest are taking them by the
carload, while Mexico and Japan are sending their representatives here
for our best pure breds and grades of the different dairy breeds. The
yearly record of Colantha 4th's Johanna, now drawing to a close, in which
she has produced 1,021.66 pounds of butter, 85.7% basis, in ten months
and nine days, is another evidence of what a cow, bred for a purpose, is
capable of doing, while the records of Yeksa, Sunbeam, Dolly Bloom and
Loetta D. are fresh in the minds of all. I would advise, where it is pos-
sible to do so, that in introducing pure bred sires a neighborhood agree
on some one breed and use sires of this breed. The buyer for your sur-
plus stock is much easier to attract, and the changing of bulls with a
neighbor is simplified. The most common error of today is the sending of
so many mature sires to the butcher's block and the use of immature
bulls.

It is now a well established fact that only the best results in breeding
can be obtained by the use of highly developed, mature ancestry on both
sides. Of the forty-three stallions that have sired more than one trotter
with records of 2:10 or better, all except four were developed stallions
with records, and three of the four were known to possess extreme speed
and were, in fact, highly developed, although without technical records.

Hereditary traits are handed down for many generations in animals.
It is said of the dog, which turns round and round before lying down,
that he is simply displaying a tendency he has inherited from his remote
ancestry, the wild dog, that made its bed in the tall grass by turning
round and round. It takes several generations of breeding to get any
trait well established. The Scotch Collie might in years be bred so that
he would show much the same tendencies as the hunting dog, but what
would be the object when we have in the pointer those traits well es-
tablished.

Along this same line of reasoning, why should the dairyman take up a
breed of cattle that has been bred and reared for generations for the pro-
duction of beef when he has at least four dairy breeds to make his selec-
tions from that have been bred for a purpose and have demonstrated
their ability to pay their way and make a profit for their owners.

Care and feed have as much to do with your success as the cow. Do
not get the notion that you have finished your task when you have a lot
of good cows about you, for you have just made a beginning. Only re-
cently the Iowa cow was producing an average of 140 pounds of butter per
cow. Our best authorities say now that we have her up to about 150
pounds, about half what she should produce.

The dairy business in our state is only in its infancy. We little realize
its possibilities. The fact that the cow returns to our land a larger per
cent of fertility than any other farm animal is sure to make her a strong
factor in our economic calculations in the future. The professional grain
raiser and soil robber has one friend on whom he has never called in
vain — the dairy cow.

270 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

At our last annual meeting there was some inclination to find fault
with some of our products, especially butter from gathered cream cream-
eries. There were those who intimated that our buttermakers were not
as progressive as those of other states. I dislike to admit that this is so,
as I believe our boys not so much at fault as their patrons who, by their
lax methods, are delivering cream that is far from what it should be.

The buttermaker of today must be something of an educator. The
more he knows about the cow and how to feed her the better he is
equipped to fill his position.

The very nature of this work will not allow his spending much time
with his patrons. A few instructors traveling over the state calling on
the dairymen at their homes, giving advice as to the best methods of
breeding, feeding, care of stock, and especially the care of the hand
separator — if one is in use — would go a long way toward increasing our
product and its value. About 100,000,000 pounds of butter have been
shipped out of the state in the last year; $25,000,000 worth at 25 cents per
pound. If, by better methods in handling the cream the value could be
increased one cent per pound, which is not at all impossible, the snug
sum of $1,000,000 would be realized, while the improved methods of
breeding, feeding and weeding out the poor cows should add as much
more, making a net gain of $2,000,000.

The organization of test associations would be of great value in getting
rid of the poor cow. We believe that their work among our dairymen
will result in great good and profit for all.

An appropriation of $10,000 by our state is none too large for the pur-
pose of co-operating with the local creameries and dairymen in conduct-
ing these co-operative test associations. The expenditure of the money
should be under the direction of the state.

One of the plans that has been looked on with much favor was that of
assessing the creameries a tenth mill to help pay these instructors, who
at the same time could act as inspectors. We believe a majority of the
creameries were in favor of this plan; if our state would make an ap-
propriation to assist in payment of these expenses. This is a matter
worthy of our best thought and consideration. Our laws for the eradica-
tion and suppression of tuberculosis are not what they should be. A law
permitting the shipping in of untested cattle and allowing the owner to
pasture them in a place adjoining those that have been tested is not a
just one. Some provision should be made to compensate the owner for
cattle condemned by the state.

The National Dairy Show, the National Buttermakers' Asso.ciation and
kindred organizations are entitled to our hearty support. One of the
reasons we have not been able to get more at the hands of our lawmakers
is a lack of organized effort on our part.

If we will stand by these different organizations and through them
make our wants known, we shall be able to accomplish much for the bet-
terment of our condition in the future.

When our association was invited to hold its meeting in this beautiful
and thriving city our attention was attracted to you motto, "Des Moines
Does Things." What better one could you have adopted? Why should
we not make this our watchword? What we hope for is success. Show

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII. 271

me a man or organization tliat does things and does them well and you
will not have to look elsewhere for the successful man. Let us keep
this in mind for the next year and the Iowa State Dairymen's Associa-
tion will not regret having held its meeting in the city that "does
things."

The Chairman: We will now hear from Hon. H. R. Wright.

ADDRESS.

H. R. WRIGHT, DAIRY AND FOOD COMMISSIONER, DES JIOINES.

Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen:

I suppose that most of you people remember my embarrassment at
Cedar Rapids last year. I said I was more or less at a loss to find a
proper subject to talk on on an occasion like that, but I reckon tonight I
have the right subject to bring before the buttermakers and I am not
so very much put out because the people of the city are not here, because
the things I intended to say, if I had had the time to put them together,
are things best said to you alone.

Those of you who read your bibles, and I hope you all do, will re-
member that early in the first book of the bible there is a reference made
to the product in which we are all interested. There is a story there of
how Father Abraham had a very important visitor and, like the rest of
us, he put up a good feast for his guest and, while the bill of fare was
not given, the one particular thing mentioned that he fed him was butter
and the context showed that he produced the butter at that feast because
it was a delicacj', a thing which added to the meal which he su'pplied for
his honored guest. If you will read the history of the beginning of other
civilized races, you will find similar accounts of the manufacture and use
of butter. It is true that the civilized nations of the world are character-
ized by the manner of their living in particular and in all of those cases
the use of butter is one of the things which has become a necessity. So
down the history of time, from Abraham to the present, butter has been
considered one of the foods that all civilized people have used. Indeed,
so much is this true that with us, not only now, but for the last one
hundred years, butter has been considered one of the necessities of life —
bread and butter — so that we are accustomed to think of having butter
at our meals the same as we expect to have anything else to eat.

The developments in the butter industry in the last quarter of a
century have given butter a place as a commercial article which it did not
have in the early times, did not have until the advent of the creamery
system, refrigerator cars and methods of getting it to market and dis-
tributing it to the people. But from the beginning of things down to the
present time it was supposed that butter was a good article of diet, that
it held an honored place in the list of foods which people usually eat and
that it was nutritious and that it was wholesome.

You people have heard a good deal about the quality of butter, but
the phase of it that I am going to talk about has nothing to do with the
question of whether it brings extras or not. We have come to the time

272 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

when there is an epidemic of tallc about our foods and a lot of people
have gone nearly crazy about pure foods; there are a few who have
slandered the food products of this country and in particular the product
which you people make has not escaped the slanders of people whose
supposed education and position and ability to be posted are not so great
as they might seem to be. You have perhaps recently seen in some news-
papers the story that butter is one of the filthiest articles that goes on
the table. Perhaps I had better read just what was said:

"Butter is fit only to be the food of scavengers. This is said of
most of the butter which is consumed in this country."

The article, which I will not read altogether, proceeds to say that
milk is afflicted with germs of tuberculosis and various other germs.
When the cream is skimmed from that milk all those germs go into the
cream, and when the cream is churned into butter they are all there so
that there is an extraordinary number of germs in the butter and hence
butter is the filthiest article of food we have. The contrary is the fact.
You people know well that you put in the cream germs for the purpose
of ripening the cream; you not only accept those that are there, but you
add to them, so the statement is true in a sense that there are millions
of bacteria in the butter. The mistake that the scientific gentleman made
when he wrote the article was to assume that all of us are so ignorant
as to fancy that all bacteria must be classed with vermin, parasites, or
other undesirable citizens of that kind. The thing you do to cream,
when you inoculate it with the proper kind of plant to develop the
flavor j^ou desire, is exactly the same as the housewife and bakers do
when they mix the bread and add the yeast. When the bread is ready to
go into the oven and the butter to come from the churn they are alike,
for they are full of bacteria, and if one is filthy so is the other. The
trouble is that bacteria is not an element of filth, but rather the contrary.

The learned writer suggests also that butter is the vehicle of germs of
tuberculosis and other diseases. It is unfortunately true that a great
deal of milk comes from tubercular animals, and not enough has been
done in the way of regulating that situation. It is true sometimes these
germs get into the butter, but every student in bacteria knows that butter
is not a medium in which bacteria can live. Bacteria require nitrogen
for their existence, and there is little or no nitrogen in butter, and the
scientific fact of the matter is that whereas when butter is churned it is
full of lactic acid bacteria, and perhaps a few disease bacteria which may
have got in, at the end of two or three days there are almost no live
bacteria at all. The fact is the same as it is in regard to the bread.
The bread goes into the oven swarming with bacteria, good bacteria,
the bacteria of yeast, but the heat destroys them. The butter is manu-
factured and has in it a tremendous quantity of bacteria, lactic acid
bacteria, but the impossibility of their existence there destroys them
within a very few days, so that the butter is almost or absolutely sterile.
These are facts which bacteriologists have established hundreds of times
and it does not require any expert knowledge of the subject to discover
this. So that butter, instead of being the most unwholesome article of
food, is one of the most wholesome articles of food we have on the market,
so you may all go home with a clear conscience and sleep, knowing that

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII. 273

you have not shipped any tubercular bacilli to your customers in New
York city whereby they will have tuberculosis or anything of the kind.
The fact is the butter industry is not only a great thing commercially,
but its product is one of the necessities of life, as well as a luxury. It
is one of the most easily digested and most completely digested foods,
its food value is greater than that of any other food put on the market
pound for pound, its actual cost value compared with the price in money
is not greater than the price of beef or bread or anything else of food
value, so you are not only making and sending to the markets a whole-
some product, but you are making and sending to the markets, at any
price we have had in the last four years compared to other prices, an
article which is about as cheap as anything that anybody buys, and that
is the reason why people everywhere, from the time of Abraham down to
the present, have estimated butter as a proper and legitimate article of
food, have given it an honored place in the dietary of the family and
have devoted themseles to its manufacture and sale.

The ChxVirman : We have with us a gentleman that I believe
you would all be glad to hear from. In view of the fact that we
have this time to spare, I have been requested to call on our former
president, Mr. S. B. Shilling, to say a few words to you.

REMARKS BY MR. S. B. SHILLING.

Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen:

I declare I do not know what to say to you. I would think, after
holding the position as long as I did, you would be tired of listening to
me, and another thing I think your president should have appreciated the
embarrassment of my position in standing before you without notice
and not have called on me to talk to you when I really do not know what
I want to go after you for. There are a great many things I shall want
to tell you 'before the convention is over and hope I will have an oppor-
tunity to talk to you again.

1 have just been talking to Brother Olson, who is a competitor of
mine, and he said this was the greatest audience that a first meeting of
the Iowa convention ever had, and I believe that is right. I do not think
we ever started out with a convention where the prospects were as good
and where we had as large and enthusiastic an audience as we have here
tonight. I want to congratulate you on that. I had some misgivings
about coming to Des Moines because I thought it was almost all politics
down here, but it looks as though just at present we had some dairymen,
too.

Now I want to say just a word about the matter that was mentioned
by your president, that is about the condition of Iowa. You know I have
stood before you for the last five years and have begged and pleaded
and urged everybody to do something along that line; I have been down
here to Des Moines and labored with the legislators until I have been
afraid I would be kicked out of town, trying to get that appropriation for
our association, and in many instances I did not get even a pleasant look.
18

2/4 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE.

I have the same interest in that I have always had, we want the ap-
propriation and we ought to have it, and I do not believe we ought to
give up trying to get it. We have Brother Newberry interested in it
and I want to say that whenever we wanted anything in the dairy line in
the state of Iowa we went to him to get it for us and he has never turned
us down, but we have him at our convention for the first time and I hope
we can impress him with the value of this association to the dairy industry
of Iowa so that he will go to work at the next session, with the help that
we can give him, and see if we cannot get that $1,500 we need so badly.
We need it and we are all interested in getting it. We need this money
and we all know it and it is a surprise to me that the state does not see
it and if it were not for the enthusiasm and the energy of the dairymen
of Iowa this association would have been dead long ago from lack of
support. It is a credit to the dairymen and Iowa that we have been able
to keep it up and depend only on our own resources to keep it going.
While I do not wish to cast any reflections on any other state, the people
from the state where my competitor is located feel awfully proud of their
record, but they have ten men going over the state all the time, preaching
the doctrine of good dairying and the state furnishes the money for this
work. It is the best investment the state of Minnesota every appropriated
money for, and the only thing I can feel ashamed of tonight is the fact
that the legislators of the state of Iowa cannot see that they are denying
assistance to the best industry in the state, an industry that would put
more dollars into the pockets of the people of the state than anything
else in the state.

The Chairman : I am very glad we called on Mr. Shilling, and
I do not believe that there is anyone here that will regret it. We
have another old war horse with us and, as it is not very late,
I will call on Mr. P. H. Kieffer to address us for a few minutes.

Mr. Kibffer: Mr. Chairman, I heartily thank you for this
recognition and I can tell you truthfully from the bottom of my
heart that I was glad to get onto Iowa soil, glad to meet the boys
here tonight. I shall remain with you during the convention
and know that I will enjoy it. Everybody looks natural to me
and I want to congratulate you upon the large gathering that
you have for the first night. I think it is the largest that we have
ever had at an Iowa State dairy meeting. I think you have done
well and I congratulate you all for being here.

Meeting adjourned until 10 a. m. Thursday.

THURSDAY MORNING SESSION.

Meeting called to order at 10 :30 a. m. by President Barney.

The Chairman : The first business to be taken up this morning
is election of officers. The first office to be filled is that of your
president. Nominations are now in order.

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII. 275

Mr. Shoemaker, Waterloo: I take pleasure in nominating ]\Ir.
W. B. Barney to succeed himself as president for the ensuing year.

Nomination seconded. On motion, duly seconded, the rules were
suspended and the president was elected by acclamation, Mr. Bar-
ney being duly declared elected president of the Iowa Dairy Asso-
ciation for the coming year.

The next officer to be elected is vice president for the next year.

Mr. Shilling: Mr. Chairman, it seems to me that if we were
hunting for an excuse, after the glorious convention we are having
at this time, to change any of the officers we would be a set of
"chumps." I have always voted for the buttermakers ' interests
in this organization, and the only buttermaker we have on the
board of directors is Mr. Edwards, a buttermaker of Arlington,
and I wish to place the name of Mr. Edwards in nomination to
succeed himself as vice president of the association.

Nomination seconded and on motion, duly seconded, the rules of
the association were suspended, and Mr. Edwards was elected vice
president of the organization by acclamation.

The Chairman: The next officer to be elected is secretary for
the ensuing year. Who will you have for your secretary ?

Member : I move that Mr. W. B. Johnson be nominated to suc-
ceed himself for the ensuing year.

Nomination seconded, and on motion, duly seconded, the rules
of the association were suspended and Mr. Johnson was elected
by acclamation.

The Chairman: Nominations are now in order for your treas-
urer for the coming year.

Member : Mr. President, I place in nomination the name of Mr.
Odell. Nomination seconded.

Mr. Clark: I feel a little the same as our friend Mr. Shilling
that as long as we have a tried and true treasurer and the funds
have shown that he has taken care of them in good shape, while
I am a very good friend of ^Ir. Odell 's, I feel with Mr. Shilling
that the old officers have done well for the last year and therefore
why not continue them all for another year, and consequently I
nominate Mr. P. M. Bro-^Ti of Cedar Rapids.

Nomination seconded.

Mr. Odell : You do not want to make any change in your pres-
ent officers. They have done everything possible to assist build-
ing up this association and you do not want to make any change

276 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

at all. I thank you for the compliment but I withdraw my name
as a candidate.

On motion, duly seconded, the rules were suspended and Mr.
Brown was elected by acclamation to serve as treasurer of the
Iowa State Dairy Association for the ensuing year.

The Chairman: That completes the election of officers and we
jvill now pass to the next number on our program, an address by
Mr. Hugh Van Pelt, Professor of Dairying at Ames. We will
now call on Mr. Van Pelt. We are always glad to hear him and
I believe we will all profit by what he has to give us.

SILOS AND SILAGE.

PROF. HUGH G. VAN PELT, AMES.

I am glad to speak upon silos and silage at this time because I am
sure it means more to the dairy farmer of the great corn belt, of which
Iowa is the heart, than most of us have any conception, and in the future
the silo will mean more than it has in the past. Commercial food stuffs
have been and are advancing rapidly in price. Many by-products valuable
as foodstuffs for dairy cattle that a few years ago were cheap are today
almost, if not quite, too expensive for the dairy feeder to consider when
compiling his rations. The time is present when the farmer must rely
more upon his own efforts to produce and preserve upon his own farm
those foods that will supply the needs of his dairy herds. He must, in fact,
practice intensive farming in the broadest sense. That which in the past
was waste will in the future measure to a great extent the profits. And
I dare say there is no one thing that could be added to the farm equipment
that would promote intensive farming so greatly as a good, well built silo.
The silo will make it possible to produce two pounds of milk where one
was formerly produced, and in so doing fertilizing constituents will be
made available that when returned to the land will increase the yield of
grass in the same proportions. These results will be brought about, too,
at a less expense than though any other methods of supply feed to the
herds were resorted to.

Like any other farm improvement, however, the building of a silo incurs
considerable expense, yet it is quite doubtful whether or not any other
building can be built that will have such a large capacity for the storage
of roughage as will the silo. For instance, let us compare the space re-
quired for a ton of hay as compared with a ton of corn silage. It re-
quires, as you are all aware, at least 400 cubic feet of mow room for one
ton of hay. For one ton of corn silage 50 cubic feet (one-eighth as much)
is required. Therefore eight tons of silage requires only the same storage
space as one ton of clover hay, but one ton of clover hay contains 1,680
pounds of dry matter and eight tons of corn silage contains 3,360 pounds
of dry matter — just twice as much. Therefore, 200 cubic feet of space in
the silo will preserve as much dry matter as 400 cubic feet in the haymow.

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII. 277

Figuring more closely, and comparing the digestible feeding nutrients
which indicate more nearly than anything else the value of a foodstuff,
we find that one ton of clover hay contains 886 pounds of total digestible
nutrients, eight tons of corn silage contains 2,064 pounds. Thus it is
that two and one-third times as many digestible feeding nutrients can be
stored in the same silo space as in the haymow. Summing up, then, we
find that to furnish storage space for feed in substitute of a silo having
a capacity of 100 tons of silage, a hay barn with a capacity of 800 tons
would be required, or a hay barn having a capacity of 233 tons to store
the same amount of digestible feeding nutrients, or a barn with a capa-
city of 200 tons to store the same amount of dry matter as a silo holding
100 tons of ensilage. Determine the cost of a hay barn with a capacity of
from 200 to 233 tons of clover hay, add to this the extra advantage of
supplying succulense to the cow's winter ration and the real value of a
100-ton silo readily becomes apparent.

In selecting the site for erecting the silo the following considerations
should be kept in mind. First, the silo should not be placed in the barn
where the cows are milked nor close to the milk room or the silage odors
will be present to contaminate the milk at milking periods. Second, it
should be so placed as to be convenient to feed from. To accomplish both
these results perhaps no better plan can be practiced than to erect the
silo four or five feet from one end of the feeding alley and connected
to the barn with a corridor, the door of which closes tightly and pro-
hibits all silage odors from entering the cow barn except at feeding times,
which should always occur after milking. A third and less important
consideration should be that of adding rather than detracting from the
appearance of the farm buildings.

When selecting the silo itself the following points should be considered:

1st. Shape.

2d. It should be of proper size in all dimensions to conform with the
size of the herd to be fed from it.

3d. It should be of such a character that it will preserve the silage
to best advantage.

4th. It should be built of such quality of material as will make it sub-
stantial and long lived.

5th. Its cost should be in reach of the purchaser.

When silos and silage first came into use in this country they were
invariably built rectangular or square and shallow. Then it was neces-
sary to weight the silage down to keep it from spoiling. Later it was
learned that greater depth would remove the necessity of weighting, but
still the silage in the corners would spoil because it could not be packed
in tight enough to exclude all air. The next improvement was that of
boarding across the corners, making an octagonal interior. This was bet-
ter, but not yet successful and the idea of the round silo was gained, thus
eliminating all corners or air space for silage to spoil and the losses in-
curred by the air coming in contact with the contents of the silo were
reduced to a minimum. Less lumber is required to build a circular silo
of a like capacity than a square one and the material need not be so
strong to prevent bulging and pulling apart, so that the circular silo is
not only the more eflicient type, but should be a great deal the cheaper.

278 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

For these reasons the circular silo has become much the more popular,
until at the present time we seldom see any other form being constructed.
Relative to size, it should not be less than thirty feet deep, because the
greater the depth the greater the downward pressure, resulting in a more
efficient expulsion of air from between the particles of cut corn; and as
the completeness with which the air is excluded determines the keeping
quality of the silage, importance of depth is revealed. Further than this,
the greater the downward pressure the greater amount of silage can be
stored in a cubic foot of space. And equally important is the fact that
silage capacity gained in depth rather than in diameter makes it possible
for a greater depth of top surface to be fed off daily. Silage exposed to
the air for two or three days begins to mould and spoil, and experience
teaches us that for satisfactory results from one and one-quarter to three
inches, according to climatic conditions, should be fed off of the top
each day.

It has been estimated that the feeding surface in the silo should be
about five square feet per cow in the herd. Thus, for a herd of 30
cows 150 square feet of feeding surface or a silo 14 feet in diameter will
be necessary; 40 cows, 200 square feet, or a diameter of 16 feet; and a herd
of 50 cows, 250 square feet, or an inside diameter of 18 feet. Many have
made the mistake of building silos with too large a diameter and have
experienced a considerable loss from not being able to feed a sufficient
amount from the top each day to prevent molding. It should always be
kept in mind that better results will be gained from two small silos
rather than one extremely large one, providing they are properly filled.
The depth necessary for the silo can be readily obtained after determin-
ing the proper diameter to permit the feeding of a definite number of
inches in depth to each cow. For instance, two inches are to be fed off
each day; 180 days feeding would require 360 inches or 30 feet in depth.
In determining the material for the silo, the manner in which the
silage will be preserved, the longevity of the silo and the cost should all
be considered. For wooden silos it is doubtful whether or not cheaper and
at the same time more efficient silos can be made than the commercial
stave silo made of Oregon fir or sound northern white pine. Precau-
tions should be taken, however, to demand that the staves be seasoned,
free from sap and dead knots. Live knots or those found in staves that
have been sawed from live trees are not so objectionable because they re-
main taut in the wood for many years, and often material containing these
can be bought for less money because of their presence. Of late cement
silos are attracting considerable attention and undoubtedly they are the
coming silo, especially on farms where plenty of good gravel is accessible.
In the past their cost, together with the fact that the silage did not keep
so well in them as in a wooden silo, has prohibited their use, but with
improved construction devices and a knowledge gained of preparing the
inner walls the cost will be lessened and methods placed in vogue for pre-
serving the silage to the extent that the length of time which they will
last will be a controlling factor and surely they will come into quite gen-
eral use.

Whether of wood or cement, the silo should rest on a strong foundation
set deep enough in the ground to prevent the frost from heaving it out of

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII. 279

level. This foundation need not be an expensive affair, however, be-
cause it can be put in with common farm help. Two foundations were
put in in the following manner last year at the Iowa State College:

Set a stake solidly at the point where it is desired that the center of
the silo will be. Tie a rope to the stake and measure out nine inches
greater than one-half the diameter that the silo is to be. Hold the rope
tight and mark out a circle around the stake. Shorten the rope eighteen
inches and mark out another circle in the same manner inside the first
one.

These two circles mark the inside and outside of the foundation wall,
and by digging a trench straight down between them to the required
depth the form for a concrete foundation is provided. But to fill this
trench with concrete requires a great amount of cement, incurring great
expense, which may be overcome by gathering up the broken rock, stones
and old scraps of iron from off the farm and filling the trench half full.
Make a thin mixture of one part cement and six parts sand and gravel,
pour on top of the rocks and see that every crevice is filled. Sometimes
it will be necessary to dash a few pails of water in to make the cement
mixture find every opening.

Finish filling the trench with rocks and cement as before, making the
top level with cement; and after setting for twenty- four hours there will
be a foundation that will stand for an indefinite length of time. Later
the inside can be dug out and the dish-shaped bottom of the silo put in,
but an experienced cement worker can put this in much smoother than
one who has never tried it before.

In the past many crops have been considered for silage purposes, but
invariably it has been found that corn is far superior for the purpose.
Occasionally of a wet season a crop of clover that might otherwise be lost
may be saved by storing it in the form of silage. Again, it is oftentimes
advisable in filling the silo with corn to put in one load of clover or cow-
peas with two loads of green .corn, and in so doing a silage is made that
is not only palatable, but also of a quality that conforms more closely to
a balanced ration. On the whole, however, especially in the state of Iowa,
where corn is the principal crop raised, this product alone will be found
most satisfactory in making silage, for several reasons, the main one of
which is no doubt the fact that if the corn is not put into the silo, the
stalks, which represent a large percentage of the feeding value of the
corn, will be wasted, while clover, alfalfa, cowpeas, etc., which might be
used for silage, can be stored in a small barn or even in the stack, and
as some dry foods are necessary to be fed with silage the advantage of
storing these in dry form becomes apparent, because when supplied they
furnish both dry matter and protein to the ration — 'the two constituents
which are lacking in corn silage.

Oftentimes I have been asked regarding the merits of green oats as a
product for the silo, but it should be remembered that no grass with a
hollow stem will make good silage because the air cannot be excluded,
and one of the secrets of making good silage is to exclude the air.
Sometimes it may be of advantage to drill corn for the specific purpose
of making silage, yet it is doubtful whether this should be followed as a
rule. It is mostly invariably the case on the Iowa farm that a portion of

280 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

the corn crop does not mature so early as the remaining portion, and
this crop which would otherwise be blighted by frost can be used for
filling the silo and thus be of more value than it otherwise would be.

In filling the silo there are many precautions which must be taken Into
consideration, and it will be found that to make good silage is more
difficult than to make good hay. If the corn is cut too green the silage
will be very sour, not at all palatable to the cow and more of it will be
left uneaten and wasted. If allowed to become too dry before putting into
the silo the corn fire fangs around the edges, thus permitting the air to
get in, and in this case also a large portion of the silage is wasted — 'this
time because it molds and rots before the cow has a chance to eat it.
In addition to this the chemist has found that a very large percentage of
the valuable feeding nutrients of a plant is stored up during the first
stages of maturity. Silage made from very green corn contains a very
large percentage of water and a low feeding A'-alue. In view of this fact
we find that to make the very best quality of silage there is a certain time
to cut the corn. This occurs after the corn is dented and when it
begins to glaze. At this time it will be found that two or three of the
lower leaves of the cornstalk have begun to turn yellow, and when this
stage has been reached operations should be begun and carried on rapidly,
for frost is liable to occur at any time, and at best corn matures very
quickly after it has once started. In cutting the corn for silage it is well
to start the corn harvester or two or three men with corn knives a half
day before the silage cutter starts, so that when operations are once be-
gun the cutter may be kept going at the limit of its capacity until the
silos are filled. Teams and wagons in great enough number should be
provided so that the expensive power will not lay idle at any time, if
the silage is to be made in the most economical manner. In former times
when the green corn was elevated into the silo by a simple carrier a great
amount of power was not necessary, but at the present time with the im-
proved blower which is attached to the silage cutter a considerable
amount of power is necessary, and it will be advisable to hire a steam
engine from some one in the neighborhood who perhaps used it for
threshing purposes In the summer time. If power is lacking the process
of filling the silo will be extremely slow. One precaution that should be
taken in filling the silo with a blower is to arrange for the cutter to stand
so close to the silos that the blower pipe which conveys the corn into
the silo would stand as nearly perpendicular as possible. If it slants to
any large degree sufficient power cannot be used to blow the heavy green
corn into the silo continuously and the blower chokes up, causing endless
trouble. After the corn begins to enter the silo there should be at least
two men whose duty it is to tromp the silage thoroughly in, especially
around the edges and doors of the silo. If the silage is not pressed in
very thoroughly the air is permitted to enter in between the particles
of green corn and a large portion of the silage is spoiled before feeding
time comes.

Here again the advantage of having two silos instead of one becomes
apparent. After one silo has been entirely filled the cutter may be moved
on to the other and it filled in turn. After a couple of days it will be
found that the green corn in the first silo has settled five or six feet

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII. 281

and by this time the cutter may be moved back to its former position and
the first silo refilled. In this manner, by changing from one silo to the
other, the greatest possible capacity of the silo is taken advantage of.

Once the silo is full there is no reason for w^aiting longer to begin
feeding the product, unless it be that the pastures are luxuriant and it is
desired that the silage be kept for later winter uses. In this case some
precaution should be taken to keep the top layer from decay. This is best
accomplished by running some hay, straw or grass through the silage
cutter and covering the green corn to a depth of 12 to 18 inches. This top
layer should then be thoroughly soaked with water, using 15 or 20 barrels
on a silo 18 feet in diameter. This wetting down produces decay and
five or six inches of the top layer is readily rotted and seals up the sur-
face in such a manner that the air will not be permitted to enter the lower
parts. Unless this decay is very rapid the sealing process does not take
place so readily and oftentimes three or four feet of silage is spoiled
from the top downward. An additional precaution which may be taken is
to sow oats thickly over the top of the silo before the water is placed in
it. The heat which is brought about by the decay of the silage and
moisture from the water germinates the oats so that they quickly form
a dense sod on the top of the silo by their roots and in this way seal up
the silo and exclude the air.

In feeding the silage to cows in winter it will be found a very simple
task. In the first place the silage is very palatable to the cow after she
has cultivated a taste for it, and she eats it very readily. But it is under-
stood by feeders in the corn belt that corn is used too exclusively for the
best of results. Silage, like corn, contains a great amount of carbo-
hydrates or fattening materials in proportion to the protein, which is an
all important essential in the production of milk. Again, silage contains a
very great amount of water and if fed by itself it is necessary for the cow
to eat a very great amount of the food in order to obtain for herself a
sufficient amount of dry matter. In view of these facts it becomes evi-
dent that the cow should be fed other foodstuffs in conjunction with the
silage which will not only supply protein to balance up the ration, but
also foods that will supply dry matter in sufficient amounts to overcome
to an extent the watery nature of the silage.

In the countries where alfalfa hay can be successfully raised there is
no better food to feed with silage. We find on one hand the silage is low
in dry matter and high in carbohydrates; on the other hand we find
alfalfa hay low in carbohydrates and high in dry matter and protein.
Fed together in proper proportions these foods make a perfectly balanced
ration and it is safe to say that a proportion which would be proper
would be to allow the cow to receive all of each of these foods that she
will consume. She will thus solve the problem of the balanced ration
for herself even better than her feeder can do. For cows that are dry or
giving a very small amount of milk no other food is necessary, but for
cows that are fresh and yielding a large flow of milk some concentrates
should be used, because the alfalfa contains a great amount of indigestible
matter, and as before stated, silage contains a great amount of water.
Because of this the cow producing a large amount of milk does not re-

282 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

ceive a sufQciently large amount of actual feeding constituents unless some
more concentrated foods are used.

The grain ration which is fed to the cow should be balanced up as
well as the roughage. Some corn meal may be used, but in small quanti-
ties. A large portion of the ration should be made up of foodstuffs that
are rich in protein, such as gluten feed, cottonseed meal, ground oats,
middlings, union grains, distillers' grains, malt sprouts, dried brewers'
grains, germ meal, shorts, or oil meal. These concentrated foods should
be supplied in varying quantities according to the capacity and milk-pro-
ducing ability of the individual cow under consideration. In many
vicinities, however, alfalfa hay cannot be raised, and clover hay which
has been properly made may be substituted by feeding a lesser amount of
silage and a greater amount of hay. In this section of the country a
great deal of timothy hay is used and we oftentimes find it the practice
among dairymen to use it in their feeding operations. It should be re-
membered, however, that timothy hay has a very low feeding value for
dairy cows and experiments that have been performed lead us to believe
that shredded corn fodder is almost as valuable in producing milk as is
timothy hay. On the other hand, timothy hay as a rule commands a
high price upon the market and for this reason, where it is possible, it
should be sold and the money received expended for alfalfa or clover hay
that is rich in protein and can be fed to a great deal better advantage.
The main value of either timothy or shredded corn fodder when fed in
conjunction with corn silage is to supply dry matter. For the cow that
received all the corn silage and clover or alfalfa hay that she can con-
sume needs only a small amount of expensive grain daily, and no doubt
this amount would be covered with eight pounds even if she were flush
in her milk producing period.

Care should be exercised in the feeding of silage to prohibit con-
tamination of milk. Unless it is used judiciously and in such amounts
that all which is fed will be consumed, thus insuring that none of the
feed will lie around the barn to mould, decay or impart odors, there will
be many disadvantages in its use. Even at the present time milk con-
densories are prohibiting the use of corn silage in the territory from which
they draw their milk supply. This, however, is really not the fault of
the silage and it should be borne in mind that it is not the silage that
the cow eats that taints the milk, but the silage which is allowed to
remain in the barn to contaminate the air, and thus the milk after it
has been drawn from the cow, which does the harm. Extreme care should
be taken to keep all odors of the silage out of the barn and milk room
at milking periods. The cow should be fed silage only after milking
times and then care should be taken that no more silage be given the cow
than the amount which she will readily clean up, and in case any silage
remains in the feed box uneaten the feeder should make it a point to
remove this uneaten food before the next milking period. As soon as
the milk is drawn from the cow it begins to cool rapidly and during the
process of cooling it takes up odors more quickly than at any other time,
so that if the air is permeated with the odor of silage it is readily seen
that the milk will at once become contaminated and is really unfit for
human consumption.

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART VII. 283

However, if precautions are taken to keep the silage out of the barn at
milking times it will be found that there is very little, if any, taint to the
milk produced by silage feeding.

Thus far I have spoken to you only of feeding silage during the winter
months. However, there is no doubt but what its advantages are equally
great for summer months. "We seldom have a year but that some time
during the summer months the pastures become dry and the cows decline
very greatly in their milk flow. It has long since been decided that
some soiling crops should be supplied for the cows at this period, but
there are many disadvantages in growing soiling crops for feed. In the
first place it is very difficult to determine when the drouth and short
pastures are to occur and it behooves the feeder to have green food coming
on at all times during the summer and much of it cannot be used for the
purpose of soiling. Where the summer feed is put into the silo it is
ready for use at any period. Again, the summer rains which come make
it very disagreeable to harvest the soiling crops, much time is consumed
in doing so during the busy season, and furthei'more, the soiling crops
change much from week to week in the stages of their maturity so that
there can be little regularity in feeding these crops to the cows. On the
other hand the silage which has been put into the silo the fall before
during a less busy season can be fed with ease each day and the quality
of the product remains stationary no matter what the climatic conditions
may be. In case the season has been so favorable that no soiling crop
has been necessary there is no loss, because silage once put into the
silo and sealed up from the top will keep from year to year and for
an indefinite length of time.

In feeding other farm animals besides dairy cows the silo is equally
important. This is especially true in feeding young calves through the
winter months because the succulent character of the silage keeps the
digestive tract of the animal in most excellent condition, as will be indi-
cated by soft, pliable tough of the hair and hide of the beast. By
keeping the digestive apparatus in this excellent condition the calf thrives
and grows more rapidly than if it were kept entirely upon dry feed.

Calling to mind the fact that Iowa stands first in the production of
butter, and this year second in the production of corn, it becomes evident
that the Iowa farm is not complete in its equipment unless it is provided
with silos for the purpose of converting the corn into ensilage, which is
one of the most productive sources of butter fat.

DISCUSSION.

The Chairman: Now, gentlemen, we have a little time before
closing and if there is anyone here that would like to ask Prof.
Van Pelt a question I am sure he will be glad to answer it. This
is a matter I think of great interest to the dairymen of the state
of Iowa, a matter that we should give a great deal of consideration
and one I believe that should be thoroughly talked over here. Are
there any questions for Mr. Van Pelt?

284 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Question : I would like to ask the professor what is his idea in
making a silo of extending it down five or six feet in the ground.
Would it be better than if the silo was on top of the ground ?

Mr. Van Pelt : Your question was in regard to digging down
into the ground and allowing the silage to be placed in there?
There is one disadvantage to that. If the character of the ground
is proper it is a very good thing. There is no part of the silo that
can be built as cheaply as the part beneath the ground, but there
is one thing that needs to be taken into consideration there and
that is that the drainage of your ground must be perfect. If the
water stand in the ground it is bound to soak through the walls of
your silo and ruin the silage beneath the ground. Then, too, if that
portion of your silo is so far beneath the ground it is difficult to
pitch the silage out in the winter time, but if your silo extends
down five or six feet it is all right provided your ground is well
drained and no water can soak into the silo.

Mr. Baer: Is it not possible to mix the cement and sand so as
to exclude moisture from getting through into the silage?

Mr. Van Pelt : It is very difficult with that portion of the silo
below the ground. The last few years I understand that people
having cement silos mix some cement with water making a wash
to wash the inside of the silo, and that makes it possible to keep the
water out of the silo and the silage will keep well, but my experi-
ence has shown it is almost impossible to hold the water out of
the silo. I know of one silo in Illinois dug down eight feet below
the ground and it was impossible to keep the water out of that
silo, so we simply put in a false floor and after tliat we did not
use the part below the ground at all. If we had an outlet by
which we could drain the water out from along the silo it would
have been all right but that was impossible.

Member : How would you have a wooden silo constructed, stave
or frame?

JMr. Van Pelt : I think a stave silo is the most economical sort
of silo at the present time. They are made by manufacturers who
have the machinery with which to make the staves, and when we
consider the amount of material necessary for putting up a silo
in any other form, as compared with the price of stave silos of good
quality, undoubtedly you will find the stave silo is not only more
efficient but more economical.

Member : Do you have any treatment on the inside ?

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII. 285

Mr. Van Pelt : Paint on the outside like any other frame build-
ing; they should be kept well painted on the outside but I doubt
whether it is policy to treat the inside with any material. Some
firms send out material with which to treat the staves but as a
rule the better class of silos are not supposed to be treated with
anything, in fact the manufacturers advise not treating them.

Member: What is the approximate cost of a good cement silo?

Mr. Van Pelt : That differs very materially with the locality in
which you are located. If you are where you have access to plenty
of sand and gravel, the cost would not be nearly so great as though
you needed to buy it. However, where the gravel costs a dollar
a yard the expense runs up pretty high. For fifteen cows you
would need for two hundred forty days feeding seventy-two tons
and to contain that much silage you would need a silo 15 feet in
diameter and 24 feet deep. It is almost impossible to give figures
on the cost of a cement silo, in fact the different cement men will
give different prices and they differ greatly, but for a silo of that
size, made of cement with gravel at $1.00 a yard, the cost would
be between four and five hundred dollars, while the same silo of
good stave material could be bought for $300 or probably less.

Question: Is it necessary to have a double layer of cement or
a dead air space?

Mr. Van Pelt. No it is not necessary. Probably if there were
a dead air space it would be better but it is not necessary. Where
the silo is simply built of straight cement and then treated on the
inside with cement water it will do as well as with an air space.

Question : How can a silo be kept from blowing over ?

Mr. Van Pelt: If your foundation is right there will be no
danger of its blowing over ; but in case there is, a great many firms
send out anchors with guy wires. However, if the silo has the
proper diameter in proportion to the heighth I have never known
of any trouble with it blowing over.

Member: What do you think about the silo advertised in the
Dairy Record, which does away with the wall?

Prop. Van Pelt : We are trying an experiment in making silage
in that way at the present time at the college. Undoubtedly there
will be more waste for the reason that the outside of the pile of
corn will necessarily need to rot off. To those of you who do not
understand this method I might say the corn is simply cut and

286 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

piled up in circular shape in a stack, then rods are placed on top
and by a system of chains and pressure the stack of green corn is
drawn down very tightly; after this water is placed on the top of
the com. The manufacturers advise sowing oats and the roots
form a sod which prohibits the air from getting down from the
top. Of course the outer butts of the corn are exposed all the time
to the air. The idea of the manufacturers is that about six inches
of butts will rot off and seal up the remainder and soak the silage
so it will come out in the winter and spring in good shape. What
the outcome of this will be I cannot at the present time say. One
disadvantage I can see is that it is very difficult to make your
stack straight and it is very difficult to get these bundles of corn
so as to make your stack as high as you desire. The quality of
the silage will be governed by the size of the stack to a great extent
so it is very necessary to have a large stack both in diameter and
height. If we were better prepared to make an extremely large
stack there would be rather a small percentage of com wasted,
but this system would not be successful for a small stack.

Member: How about a steel silo?

Mr. Van Pelt: The acid in the silage eats out the steel and
the life of it is not long. Each year you would need to treat it
with some material to keep the acid from coming in contact with
the steel.

Member: Would you have the inside of the foundation of a
stave silo come flush with the outside of the silo?

Mr. Van Pelt : It is not absolutely necessary. You may have
your foundation say eighteen inches thick, your staves could set
right in the center of that ; then on the inside you need to dig out
a dish shape for your bottom, fill that with cement to keep the
rats out and make it smooth, then have this bottom extend on to
your wall three or four inches. It should not form a shelf; the
inside of your silo should be absolutely smooth so the silage will
settle along the edges to the best advantage.

Member : That is the point I wanted to bring out. Some years
ago my father built a silo in Wisconsin and made the mistake of
digging down four feet in the ground and then built the silo so it
left a shelf four inches wide, and that caused a great deal of trouble
until we lined the inside of the silo, after which we had no more
trouble.

Member: Is silage good for other farm animals than cows?

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII. 287

Mr. Van Pelt : Yes, for almost any class of farm animals. To
work horses it should not be fed to such a large extent, of course.
For brood mares and brood sows it is good but should be fed in
more limited quantities.

Mr. Carpenter: I would like to give my experience in regard
to feeding brood sows. "We built a silo of split fencing and lined
it inside and out with paper between both the inside and out. We
treated the inside of it with gasoline and gasoline tar, about one-
third gasoline and two-thirds gasoline tar, and put it on with &,
whitewash brush. We used that silo for seven years and at the
time I left the farm I took my knife and went down to the bottom
but it was so hard and glossy it would turn the edge of the knife.
I found that solution was helpful to my silo. I believe the splitting
of that fencing made it thin, leaving it only a half inch thick,
and it bent around to 2x4 very readily. I believe that silo stands
there today and it was built twenty years ago; it was very cheap,
never bulged and was altogether very satisfactory. I had a cow
by the name of Louise that we milked and weighed her milk in
June and the best she ever did was to give thirty pounds a day.
We experimented with that cow, fed her ensilage with a bal-
anced ration, and during the same period of lactation she gave
us 35 pounds of milk a day in January. I believe it is generally
conceded that ensilage is almost a perfect food for the production
of milk with the bovine mother. . When land is worth $100 an
acre we cannot afford to farm as we did when it was worth $10.
We must concentrate and the ensilage is the best food for winter
feeding, and I say this from actual experience.

Mr. Baer : When refilling the silo, if there as some of the silage
left in the silo, would you advise removing that, or would it be
all right to fill on top of it ?

Mr. Van Pelt: FiU right on top of what is left. That is one
thing about corn silage, once it is sealed over it is always good. Of
course the portion of silage on top rots, this may be six inches or
two or three feet. If it is well tramped in and weU packed down
there should not be over six to nine inches of the silage spoiled.
Then it is necessary, of course, to throw off that six or nine inches
of spoiled silage, but you can fill on top of the rest and it makes
as good silage as anything else.

Member : Have you had any experience with stone silos 1

Mr. Van Pelt: No personal experience but I believe stone
makes a very good silo. Of course after the stone is laid it is neces-

288 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE.

sary to make the inside wall perfectly smooth and the cement used
for the inside of the wall should be quite strong, at least one part of
cement to three parts of sand or gravel. It would last a great deal
longer than a stave silo and of course would be cheaper in the
long run. Of course the cost would depend on how much the
rock cost and if the ma.son work was not too expensive it would
probably be cheaper to build and would make as good a silo and
better because it would last longer.

The Chairman : I believe we will have to declare this question
closed. I am sure the address and discussion has been very help-
ful to all of you. This talk on silos is something that many of us
needed and I will say that I heartily concur in what iMr. Carpenter
said in regard to the use of coal tar and gasoline on the inside of
his silo. I built a silo seven years ago and I believe there are few
if any of the boards rotted at all, and I use coal tar and gasoline
for the inside.

Now we want to bring up one or two matters that will only take
a moment and then we will adjourn. Mr. Edwards has a little matter
he wishes to present to you with reference to some local secre-
taries or vice presidents of this association, and we will now give
him an opportunity to present his ideas.

REMARKS.

MR. L. S. EDWARDS, VICE PRESIDENT IOWA DAIRY ASSOCIATION.

Mr. Chairman, Gentlemen of the Convention: — In serving you as vice
president for the last j'ear I have at least tried to make a study of the
conditions of the buttermakers and dairymen in the state and have come
to this conclusion, that we are not organized. In a sense we are not
organized. We come down here to our annual meetings once a year,
become enthusiastic and while we are here plan to go to work, but about
the time we get ready to go to work we go home and when we are
home about two weeks most of us are asleep. That is the trouble with
us; we are not close enough together; we are not organized. Now I
have a plan to offer. I do not care to have you take action on it now,
but I want you to talk it over among yourselves. My plan is that we divide
our state up into sections; I would suggest six. and that our president
appoint either local secretaries or second vice presidents, as he may see
fit, to take charge of these sections, have a secretary in each section and
hold that secretary responsible for the work in his territory, give him
charge of the local meetings and by so doing he will be in close touch
with the buttermakers, can reach any of them over the telephone. In
that way we can keep the local meetings going along nicely; keep in
touch one with another and be waked up. Not only that, but by doing

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART VII. 289

this the local secretary can get right after the buttermaker and make
each buttermaker go to every patron he has with a petition, and if we can
get every patron of every creamery in the state of Iowa to sign a petition
and turn it over here to our legislative committee, the legislature can-
not turn us down, we will be too strong. But the trouble is, we have never
been organized to go to work at this right. If we can get some good, wide-
awake fellows in these different sections that will go after the butter-
makers and stir up these local meetings and get these petitions out, there
is no doubt about our getting an appropriation to support this organization.
Our association has always been supported by the buttermakers and by
their good friends, the different commercial people over the state, but
it is a shame for the state of Iowa, with the amount of dairy business
done in the state, that the Iowa Dairy Association has to beg for funds
with which to carry on these meetings. It is a shame and disgrace to
the state. The only way to avoid this is to organize, get together and go
to the legislature in such a body that they cannot turn us down.

There are a few minor points I might mention along with this, and
that is in regard to the state meetings and the National Buttermakers'
meeting. The local secretaries can do a wonderful work along this line.
I know of quite a few men that are not here today because they knew
of no one that could take their places. The local secretary can get in
touch with the men that are idle and are willing to take the place of a
buttermaker while he comes to the convention, and that will help some
of the boys. Not only that, but he can get his local meetings together
and get the boys lined up to come to the meeting of the state association
and of the National Buttermakers' association in a body, get the boys to-
gether and get {hem to work in harmony. That is the best way I know
of in which to do things.

I hope you will consider this and will take it up at some other meeting
when we will have a little more time to consider it. I thank you.

The Chairman : I wish to say I fully concur with Mr. Edwards
in all he has said and I sincerely hope that you will talk this matter
over and bring it up a little later. It is a matter that is worthy
of consideration and I believe it is the only way to get shaped up
so we can go before the legislature with any prospects of doing
anything.

We will now stand adjourned until 1 :30 this afternoon.

THURSDAY AFTERNOON SESSION.

Meeting called to order at 2 o'clock by President Barney.

The Chairman : Gentlemen, we will open our program this aft-
ernoon with an address by Chief Webster, of the Dairy Division at
Washington.
19

290 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

WHAT THE CREAMERY RETURNS TO THE FARMER.

E. L. WEBSTER, DAIRY DIVISION, WASHINGTON, D. C.

Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen-. — I am certainly very glad to be
able to come here and meet you and talk with you a little while about
dairy matters. There are a good many things about dairying many of
us do not know. I find the longer I live the less I know about things that
I thought a few years ago I knew a great deal about. As a man grows
older he finds some of the things he knew when younger are not alto-
gether as he looked at them then.

I must apologize for reading my address this afternoon because I have
some figures and in order not to say what I do not want to, I have reduced
it to writing.

In order to intelligently discuss the return that the farmer may ex-
pect from his creamery it will be necessary, first, to analyze the cost of
manufacture. This cost has been variously estimated at from 1% to 5c
per pound of butter, depending upon the size of the plant and the economy
used in the process of manufacture. After careful analysis of a large
number of records on file in the United States Department of Agriculture
we found the average cost of manufacture, as reported by all creameries
in Iowa, Minnesota and Wisconsin, to be 2.1c per pound. In order to
arrive at some conclusion as to what the cost should be in a minimum
plant in which the overrun would pay the operating expenses, the cream-
^eries were classified into those making an average of 75,000 pounds of
butter per year, and those averaging 150,000 pounds per year. One hun-
dred and thirty-eight plants averaging 75,000 pounds, made butter at
a cost of 2.78c per pound; 46 plants, averaging 150,000 pounds butter per
year, made butter at a cost of 1.88c. As no attempt was made to select
plants particularly well managed, these averages cover everything report-
ing of approximately this output per year.

There are many creameries in operation making less than 75,000 pounds
of butter per year, but for this discussion it was considered best to take
that size of plant in which 18.5 per cent overrun would be sure to pay the
operating expenses:

Table No. I.

74,062-lb. Plant— _148,125-lb. Plant—

Buttermaker % 900 $1,000

Package 370 740

Coal 150 200

Salt 40 75

Color 10 20

Acid 5 10

Moisture test 5 10

Helper 150 250

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII. 291

Drayage 79 100

Secretary 180 200

Other officers 85 95

Printing and stationery 25 25

Butter for contests 35 • 35

Convention expenses 25 25

Total $2,059 $2,785

Average cost in 138 plants averaging 75,000 lbs 2.78c per lb.

Average cost in 46 plants averaging 150,000 lbs 1.88c per lb.

Table 1 will give an idea as to how the cost is distributed. Attention
is particularly called to two items which usually do not appear in the
expense account of a creamery — these are $35, which has been allowed
for butter sent to contests of various kinds, and $25, which is allowed
for the convention expenses of the secretary or manager of the creamery.
It is believed that these two items are legitimate expenses and should
be paid by the patrons of the co-operative creamery, or by the owners
of an individual plant. This table also shows that the total cost of man-
ufacture in a 75,000 lb. plant is $2,059, while that of the 150,000 lb. plant
is $2,785. It is believed that this allowance is ample to cover all the
legitimate expenses of operating creameries of this size. The figures
are based on the operation of a whole milk plant. The cost will not
be so great in a plant receiving a large amount of cream or In which the
total receipts are from cream deliveries.

Table No. II.

Smallest creamery in which the overrun will pay operating expenses —
500 cows
125 lbs. butter fat each per year

62,500 lbs. butter fat per year.
18% per cent overrun

11,562 lbs. butter in overrun
62,500 lbs. butter fat

74,062 lbs. butter
2.78c per lb. for making

$2,059 — Cost to maintain plant.

11,562 lbs. of butter must bring $2,059 to pay cost of making, 17.8c per lb.
Table 2 shows the business done in a small creamery in which the
overrun will pay the operating expenses. It is assumed that 500 cows
giving an average of 125 pounds of butter fat per year would supply
this creamery, which is a very low average yield per cow, much lower
than it should be. These cows will produce annually 62,500 pounds of
butter fat. If the average overrun of 18.5 per cent is used as a calculating
basis there will be made from this butter fat 74,062 pounds of butter, of
which 11,562 pounds are overrun. If the cost of manufacture in a plant
of this size, as shown in Table 1, is 2.78c per pound, this would make a

292 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

total cost of $2,059 for operating the plant. In order that the 11,562
pounds of butter should bring $2,059 it would have to net the creamery
17.8c per pound. These estimates were made at this low price in order
to prove that there has not been a time since 1897 when a creamery of
this size would not pay expenses from the overrun. At present prices
the overrun from a creamery supplied by 400 cows would accomplish* the
same results.

Table No. III.

Comparison with creamery double the size of minimum —
1,000 cows producing 125 lbs. each equal 125,000 pounds.
500 cows producing 250 lbs. each equal 125,000 pounds.
125,000 lbs. butter fat per year
18% per cent overrun

23,125 lbs. butter in overrun
125,000 lbs. butter fat

148,125 lbs. butter
1.88c per lb. for making

$ 2,785 — Cost to maintain plant

23,125 lbs. butter at 17.8c per lb $4,116

Which leaves a balance of (above cost of operation) 1,331

For the sake of comparison, Table 3 shows double the amount of
butter manufactured in one year. To do this would require 1,000 cows,
giving 125 pounds of butter each, or 500 cows giving 250 pounds each, or
750 cows giving 166 pounds each.

In this one statement there is text for a whole sermon as to ways and
means of increasing the yield per cow, and the income of the farmer.
But as this has no place in this particular discussion, nothing more will
be said upon this subject.

Prom 125,000 pounds of butter fat 148,125 pounds of butter would be
made, giving an overrun of 23,125 pounds. The cost of manufacture, as
shown in Table 1, is 1.88c per pound, making a total cost of $2,785.

If the overrun were valued at the same figure as that used in Table 2,
17.8c per pound, it would bring $4,116, or $1,331 above the cost of manu-
facture. If this buter were sold at the average price for the first nine
months of the year 1907, it would bring $3,648 above the cost of manu-
facture.

In a co-operative creamery this amount is usually distributed pro rata
to the farmers and brings the price which they receive from to 1 to 2 cents
above the prevailing market price for butter.

In various sections of the country the question has arisen from time
to time as to which is the more profitable, to make butter or to sell
cream to a' central plant. Buyers representing large interests have offered
to buy the cream received at various creameries, claiming that they could
pay enough to make it a profitable venture for the creamery. Proposi-
tions of this kind are often made to the smaller creameries and consid-
erable argument is brought to bear that it is foolish to pay the expense

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII. 293

of churning when the cream could be sold at a figure which would
not only save this expense but net them a profit in addition. A9 this
is a matter of vital interest to the farmers selling cream it is thought
best to give a few comparisons to show whether or not a small creamery
can better afford to sell its cream or make butter. Taking the minimum
plant in which the operating expenses will be paid by the overrun, 62,500
pounds of butter fat at 23c in New York, would bring a gross return of
$14,375, as shown in Table 4. We will further assume that there is to
be no deterioration in the quality of the cream and that the plant is to
be kept up to its maximum condition and that in order to do this the
buttermaker, or a man equally as good, will have to be retained to re-
ceive and forward the cream. I think it is a conservative statement that
it will cost the creamery company not less than l^/^c a pound to receive
and forward this cream, make out the checks and handle all the business
incidental to a creamery. At this rate it would cost $937 to operate
the plant on this basis, giving a net return to the creamery of $13,438.

TABLE NO. IV.

Suppose New York quotations are 23c.

Suppose New York quotations are offered for butter fat F. 0. B. place
of shipment.

62,500 lbs. butter fat at
23c

$14,375

937 equals cost of handling at l%c per lb.

$13,438 equals net returns
62,500 lbs. butter fat, plus
11,562 lbs. overrun, equals

74,062 lbs. butter
24c per lb. equals 23c, plus Ic premium

$17,774 gross returns, less
2,059 cost of maintaining plant

$15,715 returns, less

1,777 freight and commission

$13,938 net returns
13,438 net returns from selling cream

$ 500 difference in favor of running creamery.
In case of the 150,000 plant the saving would be $2,335 in favor of
churning.

If this cream were churned into butter at the plant, 74,062 pounds
would be made. From a large number of reports on file it is fair to
state that the average, first class butter brings on the New York market
or any other good market, a gross return of Ic above the highest quo-
tation for extras. Assuming that this is true, in this particular case, the

294

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

gross returns for the cream would be $17,774, deducting from this the
cost of maintaining the plant, $2,059, this leaves $15,715. From this
there must still be deducted freight and commission, which would amount
to at least 2.4c per pound, or a total of $1,777. This would leave a net
return for the butter of $13,938, which would be $500 more than would
be received for the cream, had it been sold for 23c per pound.

In the case of a plant of double this size, the saving would be $2,335
in favor of churning.

A creamery manager may well consider whether it is profitable for him
to close down his creamery and sell cream, should such a proposition be
made him. The calculation cannot stop with the loss of a few dollars
between the price received for the cream and that received for the butter
for the first year. As soon as the local creamery begins to sell its
cream to outside parties the door is opened for all sorts of competition,
the result of which is almost sure to ruin the creamery. Competition
between cream buyers in many sections is very keen and all sorts of
methods are resorted to to secure the goods. The usual prices are raised
and sometimes tests and weights are juggled.

The incentive that is given a farmer to produce a good article of
cream is largely removed because he no longer sees the result of his
cream in butter.

With the local creamery there is a certain pride in the neighborhood
which assists in keeping up the quality of the product. This is par-
ticularly true if the creamery is a co-operative one and the farmer feels
that the product is a part of his own work and he has a pride in know-
ing that it will bring the highest market price and that his creamery
will bring the most returns to himself and his neighbors.

As has been previously stated, there is a large number of creameries
reporting to the U. S. Department of Agriculture every month, on blanks
which give a complete statement of the business done, the overrun ob-
tained, the prices received for butter and the prices paid for butter fat,
and, in case of co-operative creameries, the expenss of operation.

TABLE No. V.
Comparative Prices For 1907.

Month

Average of
Creameries Get-
ting 18.5!i Over-
run or Better

o

3
C

It

o

Z

d

V

*2 CO aj
a D-S

C h Ci

d o u

a

>
<

OS 4)

22

January

144
126
108
89
82
156
145
200
152

32.56
34.84
31.05
30.98
25.07
25.11
25.89
26.54
29.95

30.80
32.54
30.61
30.69
25.07
23.60
24.70
24.76
27.68

28.47

February

29.40

March

28.20

April.

27.07

May

21.20

June

19.67

July

21.06

Angust

21.30

Saptember

23.63

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART VII,

295

There have been compiled from these statements the figures shown
in the first part of Table 5. Only those creameries making an average
of 18.5 per cent or more, overrun have been considered in these aver-
ages. The creameries making these reports are situated in Iowa, Minne-
sota and Wisconsin. Many of them are very small plants, and a few
quite large. The average amount paid to the farmers is interesting when
compared with the New York quotations for the same months. In gath-
ering these statistics it was difficult to secure information from the
large centralized creameries. They considered that it was no business
of the U. S. Department of Agriculture as to what they paid to the farmers
for cream as received for their butter. As a result they have not been
urged to make reports but, incidentally, a report has come into our hands
showing what one of the large creameries paid during the first nine
months of 1907.

TABLE No. VI.

Difference in Prices.

Month

Individual
Creameries
Paid Over
New York
Quotations

Centralizer
Paid Less
Than New
York Quo-
tations

Difference
in Favor of
Individual

January

February

March

April

May

June

July

August

September..,

Averages

1.76

2.30

.44

.29

Same

1.51

1.19

1.78

2.27

1.28

2.33
3.14
2.41
2.62
3.87
3.93
3.64
3.46
4.15

3.39

4.09
5.44
2.85
3.91
3.87
5.44
4.83
5.24
6.42

4.67

Table 6 shows the difference between the price actually paid by the
small creameries and the New York quotations, and that paid by the
central plant in question and the New York quotations. It will be noted
here that the small creameries paid an average of 1.28c above the New
York quotations and that the centralizer in question paid 3.39c less than
the New York quotation, or 4.67c less than the amount paid by the small
creameries.

It has been asserted that the prices offered by the central creameries
in Iowa and other northern states compare more favorably with the
prices paid by the coperative and individual creameries in those states
than this table seems to indicate. This probably is true, as the prices
are given for the particular centralizer in a more southern state where
there are practically no co-operative creameries and not over 50 or 60
creameries of any kind in existence, with 90 per cent of those central-
izers on a greater or lesser scale. My personal knowledge of the locality
where these prices were paid leads me to believe that were there
an appreciable number of active, aggressive co-operative creameries in that
state, the prices paid would be materially advanced. That there are
many localities in the state under consideration where co-operative
creameries could exist there is no doubt.

296 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE.

With these facts before them the farmers of Iowa should consider
well whether they want to control the situation by owning their own
creameries, or allow the cream to go to plants which are entirely beyond
their control and from which returns may not be equal to the returns
made by the smaller creameries.

Another fact gathered from the reports received from the creanjeries
is worthy of attention in this connection. There has been each month
compiled a comparative statement of those creameries making less than
18.5 per cent overrun and those making more. There was a remarkable
uniformity in the variations in prices that these creameries were able
to pay to the farmers. For the nine months of this year the difference
in the returns to the farmers between those getting less than 18.5 . per
cent and those getting more than 18.5 per cent overrun varied more than
1 to 2c per pound, and averaged in most months about l%c more per
pound of butter fat received by farmers patronizing creameries in which
the overrun was more than 18.5 per cent.

Table VII.

Returns to farmers from different overrun on 23c New York market,
Ic premium:

Creamery receiving 125,000 lbs. butter fat getting 13 per cent overrun,
pays 22.18c.

Creameries receiving 125,000 lbs. butter fat getting 18.5 per cent over-
run, pays .23.36c.

Creameries receiving 125,000 lbs. butter fat getting 23 per cent overrun,
pays 24.34c.

Creameries receiving 62,500 lbs. butter fat getting 13 per cent overrun,
pays 21.14c.

Creameries receiving 62,500 lbs. butter fat getting 18.5 per cent over-
run, pays 22.30c.

Creameries receiving 62,500 lbs. butter fat getting 23 per cent overrun,
pays 23.27c.

A large centralizer getting not less than 23 per cent overrun pays
19.60c.

This centralizer pays 1.51c less than small creamery with 13 per cent
overrun and pays 4.74c less than average creamery getting 23 per cent
overrun.

The farmer pays the difference.

In order to give these figures some meaning, we will again take for
consideration two creameries, one receiving 62,500 pounds of butter fat
and the other double that amount, 125,000 pounds, as shown in Table 7.
Assuming that the New York price is 23c and that the average premium
is Ic, these creameries would get 24c gross for their product, from which,
of course, must be deducted the freight and commission. A creamery
receiving 125,000 pounds of butter fat and getting a 13 per cent overrun
could pay on this basis 22.18c per pound. The creamery getting 18.5 per
cent overrun could pay 23.36c, while the creamery getting 23 per cent
overrun could pay 24.34c, which would be 1.34c above the quotation for
butter.

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART VII. 297

In case of the smaller creamery it would be, for the 13 per cent over-
run, 21.14c; 18.5 per cent overrun, 23.30c; and for the 23 per cent overrun,
23.27c. You will note in each case that the creamery getting only 13
per cent overrun pays more than 2c less per pound than that getting
23 per cent overrun, and more than Ic less than those getting 18.5 per
cent overrun. These estimates are based on evidence gathered from
reports and while they may appear theoretical they are very close to the
actual facts shown in these reports. At the same time, while these
creameries could pay these amounts, the statistics from the central
plant before referred to, show that with a 23c market and with an over-
run of not less than 23 per cent they paid but 19.6c per pound, 1.5c less
than the small creamery with the 13 per cent overrun and 4.74c less than
the larger creamery getting 23 per cent overrun.

These figures are not given with any spirit of "knocking" on the large
centralizers of the country. They are simply facts, gathered from re-
ports to the Dairy Division of the U. S. Department of Agriculture and
should be placed before the farmers and creamery men of the country
so that they may know what the actual condition is. I do not claim that
the centralizing creameries could pay as much as small creameries, for
the reason that their cost of operation is a great deal more. It seems
that the only legitimate way in which the creamery situation can be
considered is on the basis of a net return to the farmer in every case.
If the farmers can organize and operate their own business and save
from 114c to 4%c per pound on his butter fat, it would seem to be a
wise business proposition on his part to do so. If the community can-
not support a creamery, there being too few cows, less than 400 as a
minimum estimate, the farmer will, of necessity, have to ship his cream
to some point where it can be churned, and for these farmers the cen-
tralized creameries are a necessity.

On a number of occasions the question has been raised whether or not
the butter made in the centralized creameries will bring as much as that
made in the small creaemery. Those interested in the large plants have
persistently claimed that they could get full market value for their
butter.

TABLE No. VIII.

Average Elgin prices January 1 to September 30, 1907 ^ 27.58^

Average New York prices January 1 to September 30, 1907 27.83^

One large Centralizer gets net he under Elgin.

Any creamery making good butter gets New York + 10.

Commission and freight on butter at

27. 83^ + Ic premium equals 2.59c!.
28.830 - 2. 59C equals 26.24?.
Centralizer gets 27.08c.
Creamery getting 50,000 pounds butter fat and making 18.5? orerrun can pay on this

basis 26.980

Centralizer did pay 24.430

Or 2.55^ less than a 400-cow creamery could pay.

For purposes of comparison of values Table 8 is given. The average
Elgin prices from January 1 to September 1, 1907, was 27.58c, the average
New York price for the same period was 27.83c. The United States De-
partment of Agriculture is in possession of figures which show that

298 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

one concern got on track at the place of their factory i/^c under Elgin.
Any creamery making Extras or Specials, if it properly understand its
business, can get Ic above the New York market or its equivalent in any
large market. The New Yorlc market averaged 27.83c for the last nine
months, to which Ic premium must be added. The commission, freight
and drayage average about 2.59c. Deducting this from the quotation, plus
the premium, would leave a net return of 26.24c. According to the state-
ment of the centralizer in question its net return would be 27.08c. As-
suming that the smallest creamery could operate profitably at present
prices 400 cows and 50,000 pounds of butter fat per annum. If this
creamery got an average overrun of 18.5 per cent on the previous basis
of cost it could pay to its patrons 26.98c per pound.

As a matter of fact, from the prices given by the centralizer in ques-
tion, it paid 24.43c, or 2.55c less than a 400 cow creamery could pay.
The cost of operation in this small creamery could be nearly doubled and
still the same price be paid to the farmer as those paid by the cen-
tralizer.

There are approximately 500,000,000 pounds of creamery butter made
in the United States annually. Two alternatives naturally present them-
selves to those interested in the development of the creamery business of
the country. If a well organized co-operative or individual creamery can
pay, as shown in previous statements they are paying, 4.64c per pound
more than some of the leading centralizers can pay, which is the better
policy, to develop the co-operative and small individual creamery, or to
develop the centralizer system to such a degree that it will supersede
the co-operative and individual creameries.

It is true that large amounts of money are invested at the present
time in central plants, but their investment is only a very small frac-
tion of the investment of the farmer. The investments in hand sepa-
rators of those farmers who patronize central creameries alonfe represent
more value than the entire property used by the centralizers. That
system should assuredly stand which will give the farmers the great-
est net return. Where there are less than 400 cows in the community
the only way for the farmer to sell his produce is through the cen-
tralizing plant, large or small, until the time shall come when there shall
be enough stock and suflBcient itnerest to organize and build a co-opera-
tive plant.

When that time comes the farmers can assuredly very materially in-
crease the interest on their investment by operating their own plant.
This statement has been made a number of times by those who are in-
terested in the centralizing system. They cannot deny the fact, and yet
in the face of this, it will be found that there is scarcely a community
in Minnesota, Iowa or Wisconsin, or in any of the butter states in which
there are not at present active agencies being established for the purchase
of cream and its shipment to centralizing plants. Statistics amply show
that active co-operation amongst the farmers increases their economic
wealth.

Let us see if the centralizing system has developed or is developing
the dairy industry in such a way that this result is secured. In 1905
creameries, cheese factories and condenseries paid the farmers of the

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII. 299

United States 31.3 per cent more for milk than they did in 1900. If the
dairy industry is developing normally and equally in all parts of the
country we would expect to find the greatest proportional increase in
those sections where dairying was in its earlier stages. Let us compare
the conditions in a section in which the co-operative and the individual
system has been developed and maintained with a neighboring section
in which the central system has superseded the smaller creameries. In
the five years from 1900 to 1905 the number of creameries, cheese fac-
tories and milk condenseries in Michigan increased 29.7 per cent. In
Wisconsin the number of similar establishments increased 16.9 per cent
in the same period and in Minnesota there was an increase of 12.6 per
cent. These are typical co-operative creamery states in which the central
system has made little headway.

For comparison, let us consider the neighboring dairy states of Iowa,
Kansas and Nebraska. In 1900 the Iowa creameries were almost entirely
on the co-operative or individual basis and paid to the farmers only a
little less than was paid in the neighboring state of Wisconsin. In the
following five years the centralizers encroached on the smaller creameries
until the number of establishments was reduced 53.7 per cent. In Kan-
sas and Nebraska dairying was less fully developed and the central
system almost completely superseded the small plants. In Kansas the
decrease in numbers of establishments was 47.4 per cent and in Nebraska
57 per cent for five years following 1900. Now let us see in which of
these sections dairying has made the most progress. In Michigan the
farmers received from creameries, cheese factories and condenseries 116
per cent more in 1905 than in 1900. In Wisconsin the increase was 58.4
per cent. In Minnesota the increase for these five years was 54.9 per
cent, an average for the three of 64.5 per cent. In Iowa, where the cen-
tral system had in this period to some extent displaced the smaller in-
dividual creameries, the amount received by farmers from creameries,
cheese factories and condenseries decreased 5 per cent. This is notwith-
standing the fact that there has been a steady increase in the price of
dairy products.

In Nebraska and Kansas dairying should show for this period a
greater percentage increase than the older, more completely developed
states. In Nebraska we find an increase of 44 per cent and in Kansas
a gain of only 6.3 per cent, or an average for the three of oaly 2.2 per
cent. The increase in Nebraska is due very materially to the develop-
ment of the large central plants at Omaha. Much of the credit of this
increase should go to Iowa, instead.

Which system has been more favorable to the development of the
dairy interests?

The farmers of Iowa, Kansas and Nebraska might aptly quote from
the famous speech of Patrick Henry: "You say we are weak, but when
will be stronger?"

300 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

MICHIGAN.

Changes in Number of Creameries,
Cheese Factories and Condenseries

Change in Amounts Paid for Material by

Creameries, Cheese Factories

and Condenseries

4)

.D

a

u
si
«

a

3

o

a
<

1905

371

286

1905

7,027,263

1900

1900

"3,274,264

85 = 29.75^ increase

3,742,999 = 116« increase

WISCONSIN.

1905

2,360
2,018

1905

1900

26,406,185

1900

16,623,859

342 = 16.H increase

9,783,226 = 58.4?^ increase

MINNESOTA.

1905

771
596

1905

11,139,565

1900

1900

7,188,711

75 = 12.65^ increase

3,950,854 = 54.9* increase

IOWA.

1900

907
655

352 = 53.7^ decrease

1900

13,601,556

1905

1905

12,895,630

605,926 = 5i decrease

NEBRASKA.

1900

93
40

1905.

2,671,978

1905 . .

1900

1,854,228

53 = 51^ decrease

817,750 = 44* increase

,

KANSAS.

1900

171
90

1905

3,255,735

1905

1900

3,062,335

81 = 47.4^ decrease

193,400 = 6.3* increase

I could close with no more fitting statement than that made by Presi-
dent Roosevelt in his speech at Lansing, Mich., before the Agricultural
College, on May 31, of this year, in which he states as follows:

"The people of our farming regions must be able to combine among
themselves, as the most effective means of protecting their industry
from the highly organized interests which now surround them on every
side. A vast field is open for work by co-operative associations of farmers
in dealing with the relation of the farm to transportation and to the

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART VII. 301

distribution and manufacture of raw materials. It is only through such
combinations that American farmers can develop to the full their economic
and social power."

The Chairman: Is there anyone here that would like to ask
Professor Webster a question 1 This is a matter that I think is of
great importance and I feel certain that he will be glad to answer
any questions you may ask.

Gov. Hoard : I would like to have considered for a moment two
propositions which Professor Webster did not consider, concerning
the reflex effect of the two systems upon the welfare of the dairy
interests of this country. First, the co-operative system is like
the country district schoolhouse, it is an educational center Think
what the educational interests of this country would be if you
should destroy the country district school, depending only upon
the universities ! Why, the foundation of all the educations of
this country^ lies right there in the country district school. De-
stroy the root, and where would the branch be ? The promotion of
dairy education among the very men that need it most is wonder-
fully accelerated by the fact of the local creamery. The fact that
those men are brought into contact with each other each day and
in contrastive contact, so that A can talk with B and B with C,
and do that kind of co-operative reasoning which is at the bottom
of all progress, is brought out by the local creamery. Abrogate
that, remove the whole point of comparison and the co-operative or
communial effect and what is the result then upon the promotion of
dairy education and understanding.

Second, you very well now, you men in Iowa, something of the
contest we had from 1900 to 1902 or from 1899 to 1902 in Washing-
ton on the oleomargarine question. Your humble servant was
then President of the National Dairy Union and knows something
of the roots of this question. The creameries of the United States
were the centers from which could radiate information and under-
standing upon this point, which could be brought to bear upon the
political understanding of the members of Congress. Where would
we have been at that time if we could not reach the farmer? There
was about $20,000 spent in double postal cards; on one half was
printed what the farmer was asked to say to his member of Cong-
ress, on the other half, using his own language, and it had a tre-
mendous effect. How would we have reached this great sentiment
of the country and thus arrested the progress of a counterfeit and
fraud if we could not have had these centers to which we could
appeal. These creameries are like culture spots in the study of

302 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

bacteriology, from which spring- the bacterial effect all around, and
I want to say to you that the difficulty today with the average
farmer is that the man is dealing with a million dollar proposition
with a fifteen cent understanding.

Prof. Webster: Right in connection with what Governor Hoard
has said about the oleomargarine situation, you know the beef
men all over the country stated they would have to cut so much
off the price of their beef if the oleomargarine bill was passed.
Let me gay to you that before the Nebraska Railway Co. in Ne-
braska the question was up for influencing the dairy business, and
certain creamery interests told the farmers if they did not do
what they wanted them to do, they would cut off their pay roll at
the creamery. The co-operative creameries do not want to be
in a position to say that to the farmers.

Member: I have had some actual experience in the creamery
line and in the co-operative business. I was interested in a co-
operative creamery- and own that creamery at the present time, am
operating it now and have been operating it for several years,
and I belive it is actually the farmers' fault when they leave their
own creamery and ship their cream to the centralizers and it is
only going to be a short time until their creamery is gone and, as
Mr. Webster said, they will get at least four cents less on the mar-
ket for their product. The thing for the farmers to do is to stick
to their own creameries and stay with them. Keep it well in
mind that it will be to your benefit to do so.

Prof. Bowers: In Mr. Webster's comparison he has taken a
number of creameries from Iowa, Minnesota and Wisconsin, but
he always took those creameries that showed an average of 18^
per cent. What percentage of the creameries in Iowa, Wisconsin
and ]\Iinnesota that have reported has he used for his comparison
with the central plants? I ask this for this reason, I believe if
he made a comparison with the central plants with some of our
poorly constructed, poorly managed co-operative creameries he
would probably have shown figures as startling as is shown on
the chart here today, and I think there is a great deal of oppor-
tunity for the department to work up a comparison with the poorly
managed creamery and the better managed creamery and it would
perhaps show a little more fairness towards the centralizing plants.
I am not a friend of the centralizers ; I am a friend for everything
that makes for progress in dairjdug but at the same time I like to
see just a little more fair play to the centralizing plants. I think
the time will come when the co-operative creameries, when they

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII. 303

have adopted some of the better business methods, of the straight-
forward, honest business methods of the centralized plants, that
there will be no question but that they can compete and compete
successfully with any centralizing plant in the business. I do not
know whether you have any figures, Mr Webster, that would
show up more clearly the average earnings made by the small
creamery.

Mr. Webster: The one that showed 13 per cent overrun in a
small creamery manufacturing 75,000 lbs. of butter, would be an
average of the condition of the poorer creameries reported to us.
We divided the creameries into two classes, those getting less than
18% per cent and more than 18% per cent, and the average over-
run of these is less than 13 per cent; the average overrun of
those getting more than ISi/o per cent is 21% per cent.

I would not insult the intelligence of the men in the centralized
creameries by comparing them with poorly managed creameries.
We must compare them with well managed creameries to get like
results. At the same time I showed you actual facts as they exist
in the territory where centralizers fix the price. They pay less
than every poorly managed creamery you spoke of at the present
time.

Prof. Bowers: The point is we want to have efficient, strong
co-operative creameries. I think a lot are mismanaged and perhaps
we might emphasize that a little more. As to getting 13 per cent
overrun, I do not think it is possible to get 13 per cent overrun in
any creamery unless it is a whole milk plant where they lose a lot
of fat in the skim milk and butter milk. The fact that you have
put a 13 per cent overrun there would show that while those cream-
eries might be only geting a 13 per cent overrun, it might be due
to over-reading the tests. All these are points that should be em-
phasized in that direction.

Prop. Webster: That is another question entirely and for the
sake of this argument I tried to eliminate that feature. I could
talk half the afternoon as to what the poor creameries ought to do,
but at the same time if a difference of four cents per pound exists
between what the centralizing plants are paying and the better
class of co-operative creameries are paying, it would mean about
twenty million dollars a year, and the very worst we could say of
the situation, should all the creameries get these small overruns,
it would only lose the farmer from three to five million dollars a
year, so it is really much smaller in comparison than the other
thing I have been talking to you about this afternoon. I have given

304 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

you these facts simply to get you thinking about this situation and
encourage you in the belief that the small creamery will predomi-
nate and eventually, as in the ease in Vermont where the first cen-
tralizer was ever started it has been put out of business to-day by
the co-operative creameries in that territory. The economical pro-
position is absolutely WTong. If you double the cost of manufac-
ture by the central system it is a wrong proposition and a well
managed co-operative creamery, as you say, can walk them out and
are doing it in different parts of the country.

Mr. Hubbell : Have you figures to show that the large central-
izers pay the same price in all communities?

Prof. Webster: A centralizer told me that "because of com-
petition we have to pay more in some places than in others."

The Chairman : This is a very interesting subject and we
would be glad to give you all the afternoon if we had tlie time to
devote to this subject, but we will have to pass on to the next.

I had in mind quite a number of things that I wanted to say in
introducing the gentleman that will next address you, but I don't
know of anything I could say that will add to his reputation and
luster as a man who has stood for the last thirty years or thirty-five
years for the dairy cow. I became acquainted with Governor
Hoard about twenty-five years ago. In my work traveling through
Wisconsin I made Fort Atkinson and Governor Hoard was then
publishing the Jefferson County Union, and I think his influence
has had more to do with whatever I had to do with dairying and
the cattle interests than almost any other man. I was struggling
then to get a few hundred dollars together to get started in the
dairy business and I do not know that I ever called at Fort Atkin-
son that I did not go in and have a talk with the gentleman that
will now address you, Governor Hoard.

DAIRY FARMING.

W. D. HOARD, FORT ATKINSON, WIS.

Mr. President, Oentlemen of the Convention: — I am in some respects
like my friend, Professor Webster; I have reduced what I want to say
to you to writing for two purposes, — one for your sake that you may not
be inflicted upon by an interminable talk, the other for my sake that I
can say as little as possible.

As much as we may strive to exalt the creamery or the cheese factory,
still there remains this great, everlasting truth that we cannot go ahead
of the proposition with any safety to ourselves. It is given to but few
men to act the part of a Sherman, guide men from their base of supplies.

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII. 305

march to the sea and live off the country. The farmer is the primal
proposition and a good many years ago I saw it and pretty much all I
have tried to do has been to get the farmer to see the truth that I saw
in the distance. I hear a great deal of complaint about poor creameries;
I never saw one that existed in an intelligent farm neighborhood. Never.
An intelligent community of farmers will not have a poor creamery, and
show me a first class creamery anywhere in the country and I will show
you a first class intelligence on the part of the men who support it;
therefore, to get at the root of the matter to elevate the dairy interests,
to increase the efficiency of the creamery and cheese factory, we must
apply our thought and purpose to the real foundation of the work.

I am going to talk to you today upon the general question of dairy
farming. I might put it under a different head, but this is good enough.
I am a good deal in the condition of the old German who remarked about
his wife: "She pe not so very handsome and she pe not so very smart,
but Gott in Himmel she is the best I haf py me."

I have been a close student of dairying, particularly from the farm
end, for nearly fifty years. Fifty-six years ago I commenced the work —
a boy. It was a fortunate thing I fell into the hands of a good man. I
left my little country district school; had to go to work as a hired man
on the farm and I fell into the hands of a man by the name of Simmons,
who had fifty cows, and he encouraged me to come and work for him,
and I worked for him most of the time until I was twenty-one. He
taught me to make butter and cheese and to care for his farm and left
it in my hands the last two years, and I had to manage this farm for him.
I came west in 1857, in the midst of that great panic, the worst panic
that this country ever saw, when not only business went to pieces, but
money went to pieces and I cut wood in the woods on the Beaver
Dam river in Wisconsin for twenty-five cents a cord. I could earn fifty
cents a day. Think of it. young men who are groaning and complaining
about hard times, when 1 was paid my fifty cents a day, three dollars a
week, I did not know the next morning whether that money was worth
anything. Think of it. Take courage, oh you sons of the soil; you know
but very little of what this country has gone through to evolve this
present condition. We call these hard times, we think now we are in the
midst of a panic.

I have been a close student of dairying, particularly from the farm
end, for nearly fifty years. In all this time I have been greatly impressed
with the fact of the ignorance of men who keep cows, concerning what
I may call the foundation principles of dairy practice. My greatest
hindrance has been my own ignorance. In my lecture work in most every
state of the union and in Canada, in my study and work as editor of a
dairy paper, and on my dairy farm with a herd of forty registered cows,
everywhere has this question of the necessity of more and better light,
better understanding of plain simple dairy truth been constantly before
my eyes. Everywhere do I see farmers struggling to win success with
cows, and everywhere do I see only a very meager reward. All the time
I have been convinced that there is from 100 to 600 per cent more net

20

306 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

profit for any farmer to receive if lie will but cast aside his prejudice and
indifference and look at the question in its right light.

The more I investigate this question of net profit the more astounded
do I become at the tremendous difference that exists between the men
who think and those who will not think. Here is an illustration: There
are two patrons of the Hoard's creameries living a half mile apart. One
has thirty cows and the other nineteen. To the man with the thirty cows
the creamery paid the sum of $35.00 per cow for the milk of one year.
To the man with the nineteen cows was paid $60.00 per cow. It cost
each of those men $30,00 a piece to keep their cows for "the year. One
man got $30.00 above the cost of keeping; the other man got $5.00. Thirty
dollars is 600 per cent more than five dollars. Think of what an interest
that is. What was the matter of the five dollar man? A lack of dairy
understanding. What did it do? It caused, first, poor cows; second,
poor stabling; third, poor feeding. The best cow in the world could not
do good work unless well cared for and rightly fed.

I used to spend hours with that five dollar man to get him to see the
truth about himself, his ideas and his methods. He would not read or
inform himself. He was trying to do his work with too little exercise of
brains. There were three factors or causes for that man's loss of good
reward; poor thinking is first. Now that caused poor cows; caused him
to provide poor stabling and poor feeding. Did you ever think of what
would happen if a man went on to the race track with a 2,000-pound
draft horse to compete with a thoroughbred trotter? Would such a man
get any sympathy from the crowd if he lost his money, which he would
be sure to do? All over Iowa, as well as other states, do we see farmers
working hard to win on this dairy race track, with just about such an
equipment of ideas, cattle and fitness of things.

In my cow census work, from the Atlantic states to the Mississippi
river, I am overwhelmed with the poverty of ideas, cattle and care that
farmers invest in this business; and I am amazed that they do not see
where the trouble lies. Let me explain what a cow census is. I send an
expert into a creamery neighborhood to investigate the year's business
of 100 farmers who have been patrons of a creamery for a full year. I
want to dig down to the very bottom of each farmer's business. The
expert is to find how many cows he m^ilked for the year; of what breed
they are; how they were fed, stabled and cared for; and finally what
was the cost of keeping those cows for a year, counting pasturage at
$5.00. After all this knowledge has been obtained, at the farm end, he
goes to the creamery and finds how much milk was received and how
much cash the patron got for the year. Then he figures up from that
how much the patron's cows earned at the creamery, for every dollar
spent in feed. Lastly he inquires into how the farmer fed his own mind;
whether he was a reader of dairy papers. This was to find whether he
took any pains to be a well informed dairy farmer and note what effect
that had on his fortune. Then the expert writes ten letters to Hoard's
Dairyman describing the work of ten patrons in each letter. These
patrons are described by number from 1 to 100, and not by name.

Now, you see that from 100 average patrons I can obtain a very fair
idea of what the great body of dairy farmers in a state are doing. In

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII. 307

Iowa two of these cow censuses have been taken of 100 herds each. The
first was taken in 1900, the last was taken in 1906. Each farmer may
learn his own number if he desires it, but not his neighbor's number.
Heretofore all that has been done to get at the real truth of what the
farmers were getting from their cows at the creamery has been the
poorest kind of guess-work. Creameries are not organized to help the
farmer look into the conduct of his end of the business, and besides
most of the time he does not care to know. But every creamery ought
to be a dairy center from which should radiate all the knowledge and
information it is capable of giving back to the patrons.

Think of what a flood of light would be poured out of the creameries
of Iowa upon its patrons if a thorough cow census was taken each year
by each creamery and the farmers had a chance to see squarely and truth-
fully (1) what their own cows were earning for every dollar spent in
feed; (2) what their neighbors' cows were earning. Don't you think it
would stir thousands of farmers to change their ideas, their cows and
their methods?

It would be a great thing for the creameries, too, but they do not see
it. They will twist and wring to get an additional patron, but they will
not do a thing in a practical way to greatly increase the amount of milk
that will come from their present patronage. That is something so close
to their feet that they do not want to see it. Meanwhile the patrons are
getting only about a tenth they might get at the same expenditure for
feed and the creamery is complaining of small profits.

Let me read you some of the deductions from the last Iowa cow census.

IOWA COW CENSUS FOR 1906.
Summary of 100 Herds.

Territory: Three counties in Northeast Iowa, including patrons of
eight creameries, average price of butter fat 22.7 cents per pound. Of
these 100 herds 83, numbering 890 cows, are of the dual purpose type,
633 of these are earning a profit above their feed. Twenty-five of these
herds, numbering 257 cows, over 33 per cent, are not paying for their
feed. Seventeen herds, numbering 172 cows, are of the dairy type; of
these 16 herds, numbering 163 cows, are earning a profit above the cost
of their feed. But one herd, consisting of 9 cows, of this group, failed
to pay a profit.

The average cost of keeping the dairy bred cows was $28.33 per cow.
The cost of keeping the dual purpose cows was $27.23. The production
of the dairy bred cows over the dual purpose was 68.1 pounds of butter
fat, or $13.91. But four herds fed ensilage. They made $16.37 per head
more net profit. The 172 dairy bred cows, 9 of which did not pay for
their feed, produced $19.58 more net profit than the 890 dual purpose cows.
That is a fact worth considering, when just the difference in breeding
will make 172 cows earn $19.58 more net profit than 890 dual purpose
cows.

Now we come to the effect of reading dairy papers in its influence
on a dairy farmer's profits. Fifty of these farmers read such papers.

308 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

How did it affect their profits? They returned 24 cents more for each
$1.00 spent in feed and their reading reduced the food cost of the butter
fat over 2^^ cents a pound. The average cost of keeping both dairy bred
and dual purpose was $25.23. I told you that the mere act of reading on
dairy subjects added 24 cents more for each $1.00 spent in feed, multiply
$28.23 by 24 and you have $6.77. Did it pay these men to spend a dollar
on the enlightment of their minds? Does it pay to buy $6.77 for one
dollar? Yet nearly one-half of these 100 farmers do not believe it pays
to buy $6.77 for one dollar. Of the forty-six farmers who did not read
dairy literature nineteen did not get enough from their cows to pay for
the keeping. Of the fifty-four who did read only six did not receive
enough from their cows to pay for their keeping.

Now here is the actual condition of things in one of the most prosper-
ous dairy sections of Iowa. Does it afford any food for thought and ac-
tion? It should. Never again ought we to hear an Iowa patron of a
creamery say, "It don't pay to breed in dairy blood," or "It don't pay to
read a good dairy paper."

Understand that this cow census work has been done in twelve states,
from Connecticut and New Hampshire to Iowa and Minnesota.

Everywhere is it shown beyond a shadow of objection that the farmer
who reads on this dairy question, who thereby is made to think, is en-
dowed with a greater profit-making judgment.

The question for you in Iowa is just the same as it is in Wisconsin.
Don't think for a moment it is not. When once you become a patron of
a creamery you are subject to all the items of dairy expense. What
are these items?

(1) The feed of the cow.

(2) The labor of preparing her food, of milking and caring for her.

(3) The expense of proper stabling, for if you do not keep her com-
fortable you are losing money in milk.

(4) The expense of taking her milk or cream to the creamery.

In none of these items are you a whit different than are the special
purpose dairymen of Wisconsin. When it costs you as much to be a
patron of a creamery as it does the Wisconsin patron is it not time 3^ou
looked at the question in the light of a larger profit? To secure that
profit you must use the best cow you can get, and you must make your-
self as intelligent on dairy principles as you can. When you are faced
that way you will see clearly the truth of what I am saying to you.

Let me give you an illustration of what it means to one county in
Wisconsin to be filled with a lot of farmers who breed and milk dairy
cows and who read more dairy literature than the farmers of any other
county, I believe, in the United States.

The county of Jefferson is 24 miles square. The cows in this county,
largely Holstein, Guernsey and Jersey grades, earn over $2,000,000 cash
annually. The butter production is 250 pounds per cow. In addition to
this is the pork and veal crop from the use of the skim milk. This
makes the average cash value of product over $60 per cow a year. But
this is not all. Over $500,000 worth of dairy cows and heifers are sold
from that county annually. Buyers come there from all over the United
States and as far away as Mexico because they can buy cattle bred from

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII. 309

registered dairy sires. Don't you think it has paid these Jefferson county
farmers to read, think and act, especially on dairy lines? I have no ob-
jection to beef farming. All I claim is that if the farmer is subjecting
himself to the expense of a creamery patron he should have the most
profitable cow he can get and be himself as intelligent in his administra-
tion of a dairy farm as he can be. Farmers do not read and reason
enough on this question. They hold to worn out ideas of management:
they waste an enormous amount of labor and time in methods that no
well posted dairy farmer in the country would use. It would pay the
creamery patrons of Iowa wonderfully well to visit the town of Lake
Mills, Wis., and see how those German dairy farmers manage. There
every farmer, I believe, but five, has a silo. Every bit of the corn crop
is saved when at its highest feeding value. Compare that with the thou-
of dairy intelligence; larger dairy profit to stop these fearful leaks,
sands of acres of wasted corn fodder in Iowa and Illinois. It is the part
resolutely lay hold of two points; the improvement of their cows by the
What a dairy state Iowa could become if her creamery patrons would
infusion of dairy blood, and the improvement of their minds and judg-
ments concerning dairy problems. The average farmer does not allow
itpn^s pj^eq ui sivdA. 8Ag :^u^ds pBti i -jbaisub Jjaqi s-bav „89s puB ^ibai. hiai
himself to learn much in any other way than by what he sees.

When I first began my campaign for alfalfa eight years ago I could not
make a single one of my neighbors believe what I said about it. "We
of the plant on city lots, trying to find out a method whereby I could
make it survive in the severe climate of Wisconsin. Then I planted ten
acres on my farm. It was two years before the farmers would consent
to try it in half acre and acre patches. Now there are hundreds of acres
of this most valuable forage plant growing in that county. The past
season I harvested in three crops from 30 acres what I could have sold
for $2,700. The farmer must become a better student of the business of
farming. More than that, he must demand that the elements of agriculture
shall be taught in all the country schools so that when his sons come to
the years of understanding they can understand better than he does what
is taught in books and papers. Hundreds of farmers have said to me in
effect, "I would like to read these things, but I cannot understand the
terms that are used, and what is the use?" If they had been taught
the meaning of these terms in the country school as they were the terms
of arithmetic they would not be hampered as they are now. Every
farmer owes it to his son that he escape that bondage. Make the country
school a great lever to lift up agriculture and your children "will rise
up and call you blessed "

The ChxUrman: Gentlemen, I am sure you have all enjoyed
this splendid address and it is a talk that we have much need of in
our state and that was one of the reasons that your Executive com-
mittee asked Governor Hoard to be with us to-day. We have just
a little more time for discussion of this matter if there is anyone
here that would like to ask the governor any questions.

310 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Mr. Shilling : Governor Hoard, what do you do to get alfalfa —
how do you get it started ?

Gov. Hoard : I hung like a dog to the roots until I found out how.
Every mistake I made was worth just as much to me as a success,
but with my neighbors, if they lost one crop it set them back about
five or six years and they were only encouraged to renew their ex-
perimental work by seeing the success that I was having. One Ger-
man had four acres of as beautiful stand of alfalfa as I have ever
seen. About the first of September it was dry pasture, green and
beautiful, and he turned his herd of cows on it. I came by about
two hours after he had done that and said, "Chris, for God's sake,
what do you do that for? Why do you turn your cows on this
alfalfa?" "Oh," he said, "Mr. Hoard, what does a newspaper
man know about farming?" "Well," I said, "you fry in your
own fat and you will know how much it takes. You go ahead,
Chris, and next spring you wdll see no alfalfa." "Oh, I know
better than that," but next spring, as I told him, the alfalfa was
gone and the neighbors began to joke him, "Chris, why don't you
raise alfalfa?" "Oh, you cannot grow dat alfalfa in this county.
No. " " Well, but Hoard grows it. Why don 't you grow it ? You
ought to know as much as a newspaper man. ' ' I had told some of
them his answer to me. Finally, after he had followed this thing
down (don't you see that it is the only way we learn) he came
down to me one day and said, "I want to talk mit you on dat
alfalfa. " " Well, Chris, have you concluded you would like to talk
a little ? " " Sure. ' ' I said, ' ' I tried to have you stop. I had learned
by hard experience that you must not cut alfalfa but must let it
have its full growth. Indeed you must not cut it late; you must
always cut it early so the next crop will come on early and the next
crop and never cut the fourth crop. You put the cows on when it
was tender and young, and you killed it. That was one point that
was wrong; the other was the preparation of the soil. The soil
must be prepared nicely." I think the ideal way as we found it
in Wisconsin, if you are going to sow a piece of alfalfa and you can
get at it early enough in the fall to prepare the ground give it a
heavy dressing of manure, turn that manure under and let the
land alone. Next spring go on it with the disc harrow and work it
three or four times, as much as with a grain crop ; get the soil in
nice condition. The object of letting it stay in the winter is it
firms the land and alfalfa delights very much in a firm soil, a good
deal like wheat. Then go on and sow the alfalfa, about twenty
pounds of good seed to the acre, with three peeks of barley if you

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII. 311

want to get something for a nurse crop or weeds, and I can get
more out of a nurse crop than out of weeds. Cut the barley early
and let the alfalfa alone from that time on. If the weeds come
up pay no attention to them. The next year three cuttings of
alfalfa will kill the weeds. In addition to this, if you are in a
section of the country where the bacterial condition of the soil
is not favorable to alfalfa, get from some old alfalfa grower about
three or four hundred pounds of soil and scatter it over the land
when you sow your alfalfa in the spring.

Now, gentlemen, this alfalfa is a wonderful crop. With thirty-
five pounds of corn ensilage and ten pounds of alfalfa hay I can
almost close the circuit in a perfect ration and all I need as a key-
stone is just 50 per cent of the usual grain ration. My cows are
going through the advanced register today on thirty pounds of
ensilage and five to ten pounds of alfalfa hay, four pounds ajx
fiakes and one pound of ground meal. That is a heavier ration
than I would feed if they were not going through the advanced
register, but if I had no alfalfa I would be feeding from eight to
ten pounds of grain ration a day, so the alfalfa enables me to cut
down one-half the cost of my grain ration. Let me give you an
illustration drawn from my own experience. I have a herd of forty
registered cows. Last year from thirty-seven of them (that was
the size of the herd) they gave me 7,499 pounds of milk, making an
average of 425 pounds of butter or $101 worth of butter; counting
the skim milk worth $16.20 per cow, the average would be $117.20
per cow, and the keeping cost me $34.25. Cast up the balance
yourselves.

Mr. Winkjer: Does alfalfa fed to cows have any influence on
the quality of the milk?

Gov. Hoard: Only to increase the amount. It produces no
flavor or anything of that kind.

Mr. Ball: Have you a recipe you could give us to get good
alfalfa? We would like to know how to get it.

Gov. Hoard : I can give you no answer to that except to say that
it is a good deal like Christianity, it is exceedingly fine when you
•get it.

Member: What is the comparative value of an acre of clover
and an acre of alfalfa?

Gov. Hoard: I will come at that from two standpoints. The
alfalfa contains 11 per cent of digestible protein, and that is the
element you always want; the clover contains 6.8 per cent, nearly

^12 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

one-half that. With the clover you do fairly well if you get two
crops ; with the alfalfa you can safely get three crops. The aver-
age production with me is over five tons per acre; the average
production of clover is rarely more than two tons to two and a half
tons per acre. These facts will answer your question. The feed-
ing value of alfalfa is wonderful, wonderful. I have for several
years kept my brood sows, from the time they were shut up in the
fall until they farrowed in the sring, on nothing but alfalfa hay.
I, like most of you farmers, found myself confronted with a great
loss of young pigs, they were becoming weak and seemed to have
very little hold on life. I began to reason on this thing, and tried
to reason back to the roots of the thing. I found first that every
little pig is a mass of protein. The original protoplasm is protein
and so on up until you come to this little pig, and that mother is
called on to produce from six to ten little bodies of protein and
the farmer is not wise enough to give her the material to make
it from, he gives her carbonaceous food, gives her corn, and
the result is that the little fellows are weak, have not a strong
hold pn life. I changed this and my foreman was scared about
it, said the sows were starved. I went away to Texas and he
used to write me every week and finally wrote me and said,
"I am astonished at the way the sows have thrived. They ate
their ration of alfalfa every day and was given their drink, which
consisted mainly of water ; if there was a surplus of skim milk they
got that but there was not much with all the calves and small pigs
to feed. Those sows went through ; that was my first year feeding
alfalfa, and they gave me seventy-eight pigs; I reared seventy-five,
fattened them and sold them, and from that day to this every fall I
put my brood sows upon that ration and I have the strongest, most
vigorous little fellows that I have ever had in my experience. So
much for the feeding power of this forage, and everyi;hing eats it.
Why, my hens are in the alfalfa meadow all the summer long pick-
ing alfalfa leaves and they are very fond of the leaves that are
brushed off on the bam floor. If you take them and soak them
until they are soft the hens will eat that alfalfa leaf. These things
are given to us, as Paul says, for our understanding and I find my-
self a most earnest student of them because they are worth a lot to
me aside from their financial value.

Mr. Nichols : Are there not some of the alfalfa growers in Wis-
consin that have alfalfa seed for sale?

Gov. Hoard: No alfalfa seed is grown this side of the Rocky
Mountains.

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART VII. 313

Mr. Nichols: lou prefer sowing your nurse crop around the
Arst of August?

Gov. Hoard : That depends on your latitude. The latest I have
ever sown was when I took off a crop of canning peas for the can-
ning factory and sowed the first of July; they barely struggled
through, but I understand from Mr. "Wallace that you can sow here
in August very favorably. You can grow alfalfa all over Iowa.

Mr. Haugdahl: What is the nature of your soil?

Gov. Hoard : A heavy clay on my farm fifty feet deep. Heavy
clay and hard gravel. I have followed the alfalfa root down twelve
feet.

jMember: How long will you let the field grow alfalfa before
you take it off?

Gov. Hoard: June grass gets in in six years; my rotation is a
five-year rotation. Two years ago we had a very severe ice storm
in ]\Iarch and it killed the clover and killed the alfalfa except the
new seeding. I had about eight acres of new seeding that went
through. "Why I don't know.

Mr. Nichols: Will you tell the cause of blight in alfalfa in
Iowa, as sometimes occurs?

Gov. Hoard : I think it is usually due to a lack of the bacterial
content in the soil of Iowa.

Mr. Nichols: I put some bacteria in the soil but it blighted.

The Chairman: We have with us another student of alfalfa
that wants to say just a word. Uncle Henry Wallace will say a few
words to us and then we will close this discussion.

Henry Wallace: Governor Hoard has told you he traced the
roots of alfalfa down fifteen feet, but that is nothing like the story
I heard in Kansas. I was there one day and heard one man say he
tracked it down thirty feet along an old well, another sixty feet,
another 129 feet 6 inches, and they asked me what I knew about it,
and I said I knew nothing but I had been over in Europe that sum-
mer and called at Lord Roseberry's place and saw the finest piece
of alfalfa I had ever seen. I asked what that would yield and was
told 650 bushels to the acre. On the way back I fell in with an
Irishman and asked him to give me the four different meanings of
the word aye. "Aye — I believe; aye, I am surprised; aye, I am
astonished; aye — I am something of a liar myself."

But what I rose to say was this, Governor Hoard lives in Wiscon-
sin and most of us live in Iowa, and on account of the quack grass

314 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

and other fall weeds that come up you had better thoroughly work
your land. You can grow early oats if you get them off by the
first of July, then disc your land every week until your neighbors
call you a fool, then disc once more and keep on that way until the
middle of August, then sow your field and a nurse crop for the fall
of the year and let it alone but it is difficult to get your man to
prepare the ground thoroughly; the neighbors come along and
laugh at him and he will quit. Prepare the ground long enough
to get the weeds that come in the fall and in the spring killed; you
want it so your wife can sow radishes or garden truck ; then cover
it lightly with seed, harrow it out and absolutely let it alone. Then
the next year you can cut three times, but do not cut four times.
We put alfalfa on the land south of town here. I told the man in
June to put the brood sows in there but not to give them any com.
It is absolutely true you can keep sows on alfalfa alone. I said,
"Put them on that and let them have alfalfa and put the pigs in
this other field, ' 'but he put eighty pigs to the acre on the first field,
then eighty pigs to the acre on the other field, and they left it as
bare as a barn floor and of course about half that alfalfa died.
You can grow alfalfa on any ground fairly well drained in the
state of Iowa. You can do that but the main thing is to have your
ground prepared. The greatest trouble we have had is with blue
grass white clover and I do not know whether we can overcome
that or not. At North Platte we had a field of alfalfa of poor
stand. "We resowed it; when two years old I told the man to go
and disc that until he could not see any alfalfa and he did so.
My son was out there afterwards and he said I have ruined that
alfalfa field. My son said, ' ' I believe you have, ' ' but that was the
best alfalfa we ever had. After it once get started you cannot
Mil it.

I am not an alfalfa crank and do not want you to be. You are
going to have trouble and there are reasons why you should be a
little careful and go slow. You will have trouble with curing it
and you will have to adopt the governor's method of putting it up
and sometimes you cannot do it that way, so go slow and use it for
hog pasture. Put in enough brood sows to keep it nibbled back.
Sow it and keep it mowed, then cut that up and let your brood sows
have it in the winter ; let your hens have it and then when you find
you can do more, do more, but go slowly.

Mr. Shoemaker : I would like to say a few words on a subject
besides alfalfa. While it is not in keeping with the custom of this
organization to decide at this time where you mil hold your next

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII. 315

annual meeting, I want to extend to you the heartiest invitation I
can to come to Waterloo next year. This invitation I bring in
behalf of the Chamber of Commerce and the Board of Trade in
Waterloo, in behalf of the various manufacturers of creamery and
dairy supplies of Waterloo, in behalf of the enterprising hotel peo-
ple of Waterloo, in behalf of the dairy and creamery paper pub-
lished in Waterloo, and in behalf of the whole town. If that is not
strong enough, I will do what I can to get the W. C. T. U. and
Sunday schools to join in the invitation.

Since you met with us last we have grown some, our hotel capac-
ity is at least doubled and we are still building. I feel we are
advantageously located for holding a meeting of this sort, have
ample railroad facilities, and we assure you if you come to Water-
loo next year we will do our best to show you the greatest convention
you have ever seen, and when I say that I realize we have "to go
some" to beat this.

Mr. Ejefper : As a member of this association I am very much
pleased to hear this invitation extended from Waterloo to us to
meet there next year. We have not had Waterloo make any claim
for this convention for the past two years but I am glad that they
are again in position to ask us to meet there. I can say that when
we had our last meeting in Waterloo, I had the honor of being your
seeretar\' and that the committee that extended the invitation and
made the promises to us carried out their promises in full and did
more than we expected them to do, and I assure everyone here and
can guarantee that if you hold a meeting there next year, being
centrally located in the dairy district as Waterloo is, you wiU have
one of the largest meetings this association has ever had.

The Chairman : Gentlemen, permit me to thank you, in behalf
of the Dairymen's Association, for your kind invitation. We well
remember the cordial reception we got at Waterloo and I assure
you that we will take the matter under advisement. We will now
stand adjourned until this evening.

THURSDAY EVENING SESSION.

Meeting called to order at 8 P. M. President Barney in the
chair.

The Chairman : We will open our program with an address by
Professor G. L. McKay, on General Dairying.

316 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

GENERAL DAIRYING.

PEOFESSOE G. L. M'KAY, AMES, IOWA.

Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen: I am pleased to be with you
again at an Iowa convention, although I told your secretary when he
asked me to address you that I would prefer to have the time taken up
by some of our new men that we have not had the opportunity of meeting
often.

It is the interchange of ideas that stimulates any industry and brings
out the real pith. Very few people, I believe, outside of those directly
interested, realize the magnitude of the dairy industry of this country.
If by some chance a gold or silver mine were discovered in any part of
this state the news would be flashed across the continent almost in-
stantaneously and yet we might truly say that the man who owns an
Iowa farm has a gold mine at his back door. The value of the dairy
industry of this state alone is greater than all the gold and silver pro-
duced in the United States and Alaska annually, and the value of our
dairy products, as a country, is one and a half times greater than all the
gold and silver produced in the world and the bulk of the dairy products
is made in seven states. "Wealth may be defined as anything that ad-
ministers to the wants or happiness of man and the ownership and pos-
session of which may be transferred from one person to another. Its
original sources are the sun, soil, air, water, plants, animals and labor.
It is the task of the agriculturist to so manage these agents and agencies
as to obtain the largest and best services for himself and fellows from
them. The outcome of true culture is the exercise of intelligent pur-
pose in the activities of life; and that in his occupation should stamp the
farmer as the man of real culture.

When we look over the lists of the world's surplus products we find
that farmers are nearly all doing the same thing. They are putting their
surplus products in the same granaries of the world, and those granaries,
or markets, are setting' the prices for all. Prices in London, Denmark,
Australia and New York are practically the same, less the difference in
freights, quality and tariff, unless some shortage occurs. Cheap trans-
portation has brought all civilized countries into close competition, par-
ticularly is this true in dairying. Butter, being a condensed product, can
be transported to the leading markets of the world at very little cost.

While dairying is one of the most profitable agricultural pursuits, for
some unknown reason it is not keeping pace, in this country, with the
increase of population. Unless some radical changes take place we may
be compelled in the near future to import butter and cheese to supply the
home markets and this would be an unfortunate state of affairs, as there
is no market equal to our own.

There is not a nation on the face of the globe where the laboring man
is more able and willing to buy the best that the country affords than in

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII. 317

the United States. This means that the demand is constantly increasing
for high grade goods. Are we dairymen meeting the expectations of the
consumers? I must answer this question in the negative. Basing my
judgment on the quality of butter that I have seen during the past few
years, in the various contests that I have had the honor to officiate as
judge, I would say that our butter is slowly deteriorating in quality. So
much so that we should call a halt and seriously consider this question.
If by some chance the American tariff on butter should be wiped out and
we had high prices, as at the present time, our markets would be flooded
with foreign makes of high grade butter, and much of the butter made
at home would not be able to hold its own in competition with the same.

The dairy business is in rather a chaotic state. You who have trav-
eled over the great Canadian Rockies will remember that you came to a
place known as the "Great Divide." Here a raise of 1,300 feet is made in
ten miles and the trains have to be pushed up to the summit by three or
four engines. Down the mountain rushes a stream, formed from the
melting snow, which divides into equal parts, one part flowing on to the
pleasant Pacific, while the other slowly works its way to the stormy At-
lantic. No one looking on can fail to observe how the division weakened
the force of the stream. Today I believe the dairymen of this country
have reached this divide, so to speak. We find the centralized plants
arrayed against the co-operative and individual creameries, and the in-
dividual and co-operative creameries are arrayed against the central
plants. Thus the dairy forces of the country are divided and neither
faction can see any good in the other.

What we need is united action and more intelligent methods. The
dairy schools have been training men for years to the best of their ability,
but these men are unable to cope with the existing conditions. I think
I am safe in saying that 75 per cent of our buttermakers can produce
first class butter if the raw material is all right. They may not be able
to produce butter that will score 97 or 98, but they can produce butter
that will score 93 or 94, and the maker who can do this will have no
difliculty in holding his position. We have been for years, as it were,
trying to purify the stream by working at the lower end when the source
of contamination was at the head. The great work of the future must
be done on the farm, not only in the use of more sanitary methods in
the care of milk and cream, but the question of feeding, breeding and
barn construction, as well as testing for the purpose of weeding out the
poor cows, must claim our attention. The European countries that have
made the greatest success in dairying are the countries that keep a num-
ber of field workers or instructors.

Last year our convention passed a resolution favoring a tax of .2 of a
mill on every pound of butter manufactured in all creameries of our state.
This tax would have given us a fund sufficient to have placed fifteen men
in the field as instructors. Now I do not mean by instructors merely men
who could go into a creamery and make a good tub of butter. No
workman, no matter how skilled he may be, can turn out a first class
article if the raw material is faulty. The kind of men we need at the
present time for instructors are men who have had a thorough training
along the scientific side of dairying as well as the practical side. We

318 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

want men who understand feeding, breeding and who have a thorough
knowledge of the best sanitary methods of caring for millv and cream.
I would have such men inspect milk and cream as delivered to our
creameries, then I would have them visit those patrons that were send-
ing the poorest milk or cream and instruct them how to improve their
goods. It might be necessary for a man to spend a few weeks at one
creamery, but such work would have a lasting benefit on the community.
There is no denying the fact that since the introduction of the hand
separator the quality of our butter has greatly deteriorated. Now the
hand separator is here to stay, and the sooner we adopt methods to
meet these conditions the better it will be for the dairy industry. H. R.
Wright, State Dairy Commissioner, and I took up a correspondence with
the different creameries to ascertain their views about paying such a.
tax. Possibly about four-fifths of the creamery men responded favorably.
Among this number were practically the best creamery men of the state.
A. few, however, opposed the proposition quite strongly, therefore we
deemed it unwise to press such a measure. It is quite a common thing
at the present time to find a variation in the price of butter from 1
cent to 3 cents per pound, therefore the fraction of .2 of a mill would be
so small that it would not be missed by any creamery in the state. If
the creameries are willing to contribute this amount the state should
contribute an equal amount.

Place fifteen instructors in the state and divide the state into districts
and I believe the work of these instructors would increase the revenue of
our dairy industry from $5,000,000 to $10,000,000 annually in five years.
To some this statement might be considered a great exaggeration, but
in my judgment it is a very conservative estimate when you take into
consideration the actual amount of butter, per cow, produced in our
state. It is our boasted pride that we make more butter than any state
in the union, but if this butter is not made at a profit it avails us noth-
ing. Our agricultural resources are equal, if not superior, to any state
or to any country. Why, do you know that in some of the European
countries they are dairying successfully on land worth from $300 to
$1,000 per acre? The difference is right here; they are dairying in-
telligently with good cows. Their average is nearly 300 pounds per cow,
.while ours is about 140 pounds per cow. We need a great awakening,
among the producers of this state along intelligent lines of dairying.

The test associations, for the weeding out of poor cows, have wrought
wonders. These associations originated in Denmark some twelve years
ago; since then they have spread rapidly over European countries, Canada
and some of our own states. In Germany they have 67 test associations
and their average milk production is 7,600 pounds per cow, or a gain
of 1,380 pounds per cow in five years, or a difference in profit of $14.00
per cow. This is the result of intelligence. The milk production of Ger-
many, where they have test associations, is a little more than twice the
amount received by the average Iowa farmer per cow. An increased
profit of $14.00 per cow would mean to Iowa an increase of over $14,000,-
000. We have in this state, it is estimated, 1,250,000 cows, therefore it
is reasonable to suppose that at least 1,000,000 would be giving milk.
It will be seen from the German statistics of the work of the test associa-

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART VII. 319

tions that their average butter production per cow was about 275 pounds.
Thus at the end of five years we find that the yield per cow has in-
creased from 275 pounds to 336 pounds, basing the test on an average of
3.80.

If our average is only 140 pounds per cow, then how much easier it
would be to make an increase of 61 pounds per cow. It is not so much
the question today of keeping more cows as it is of keeping better cows
and caring for them intelligently. Possibly we do not have 25 farmers
in the state of Iowa that keep a record of their cows and in so doing
know what each cow is producing. That is, they do not know if she is
simply a boarder or if she is bringing in profitable returns. How long
do you suppose one of our business firms could exist if they carried on
their business in such a haphazard manner? A great deal of discussion
has taken place in our dairy and agricultural journals regarding the
merits and demerits of the dual purpose cow and the so-called special
dairy type. The more important questions should be what returns does
a cow give for the food and care she gets? It is immaterial what breed
of cows you get unless they are provided with proper shelter to protect
them from the inclement weather and also provided with succulent feed
they will not produce economically. All animals, man included, sooner
or later, adjust themselves to their environment. This was brought quite
clearly to my mind while visiting the Isle of Man a few years ago.
The sheep in that rocky, almost barren country were about one-half the
size of the sheep here. They had adjusted themselves to their country.
They were especially adapted for seeking their living on the rocky cliffs.
A cow is only a machine for transforming the rougher foods, such as
corn, fodder, and other grains, into finer or finished products that we call
milk and cream. The efficiency of any machine depends largely on the
care and attention it receives. Therefore it would be absurd to expect
a cow that was partly starved or fed on unsuitable foods for milk produc-
tion, to compete successfully with a cow that was receiving proper care
and attention. The Babcock test and a pair of scales have been recom-
mended for years, as the only sure means for determining the value of
a cow, but I maintain they are not the only requisites.

When the Good Master came to the fig tree and found no fruit He did
not condemn it. but gave it another chance under better conditions, and
then if it did not produce fruit it was to be hewn down and cast into the
fire. Therefore, before we condemn a cow we should be sure that we
have done our part. We might say it is largely a question of the man
behind the gun. This reminds me of a little incident that occurred while
traveling through Germany some years ago with a professional violin
player. One day we had occasion to call upon an old German farmer
and found him with his son trying to produce some music upon an old
violin. After listening to him awhile my friend took the violin and
played as only an expert can, when the German suddenly exclaimed,
"By shiminy, that violin is worth five times as much as I thought it was."
I presume many farmers have felt the same after disposing of a cow to
some one who, by care and attention, has developed all her powers. When
Denmark changed from a beef-producing country to a dairy country, be-
cause dairying gave them greater returns than they were getting from

320 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

beef production, they did not sell off all their cows and buy new ones, but
built up their herds by using good dairy sires. In many cases the farm-
ers of a community clubbed together and brought in good sires. It is
needless for me to say that the results obtained in that country showed
the wisdom of their course.

We do not need to go to Europe to find the possibilities of good dairy-
ing, as we have herds in this state that are making from 300 to 400
pounds of butter per cow, but these men are following up-to-date, in-
telligent dairy methods. Mr. Gillett of Rosendale, Wisconsin, told me a
few weeks ago that one of his famous Holstein cows would give over
1,000 pounds butter fat in ten months, thus breaking all previous records,
and he has a number of other cows in his herd making marvelous records.
This is only one instance of the many that I might quote showing the
effect of intelligent feeding, breeding and caring for a herd. While we
boast of the great dairy resources of our state, it must be admitted, to
our shame, that our state has done less to aid the dairy association in
developing the dairy resources of our state than any state in the union,
that makes any pretense of dairying. The chief reason that this con-
vention is held in Des Moines, outside of the fact that it is an ideal city
for such a purpose, is that your commercial club was able to aid the dairy
association financially, thus making it possible to hold such a meeting.
This organization depends entirely on charity, or contributions from the
public. Our secretary is actually compelled to seek aid from the com-
mission men of New York, Chicago, Philadelphia and other cities and the
supply men of the country, to furnish him with sufficient funds to hold
a convention in the state of Iowa. Practically all our neighboring states
are receiving from $1,500 to $2,500 per year and this enables them to
rent halls, take in speakers from other states and to give premiums with-
out compelling makers to contribute a tub of butter if they wish to
exhibit. This association should be in a position to hold one or two meet-
ings every year and to hold them" in parts of the state where they would
do the most good, regardless of the population or contributions that might
come from any city. An organization that represents at least $40,000,000
annually should not be an object of charity.

I am not a politician in any sense of the term, but I would say that if
the dairymen expect to get aid like other states have they will have to
organize in every county where dairying is carried on, and not only or-
ganize, but let their wants be known to their representative. The lack
of organization is manifested everywhere among dairymen. When the
present dairy standards in the new pure food bill were prepared it was
not considered necessary to consult a dairyman of the United States.
A few chemists got together and formulated the present standards. If
such standards had been enforced it would have meant a loss of hundreds
of thousands of dollars to this state alone. State Dairy Commissioner
Wright, with a few others and myself, had the temerity to go down to
Washington and enter our protest to Secretary Wilson against the en-
forcement of such an unreasonable standard. It^ is a good thing for the
farmers of this country and the dairymen, especially, that we have such
a broad, liberal-minded statesman holding the chair of secretary of agri-

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART VII. 321

culture. Secretary Wilson deserves the thanks of all the dairymen of
this country for the stand he took in their behalf.

The Creamery Journal and New York Produce Review also deserve
the thanks of the dairymen for the stand they took in regard to the butter
standards. While government aid is beneficial, we must not look en-
tirely to it for support. You have all heard the story of the farmer and
the lark. How a mother lark hovering over her little ones whose nest
was in a field of grain heard the farmer say to his son, "We must get
Mr. to cut this field of grain." The lark heard, but paid no at-
tention, but some days after this she heard the farmer say to his son,
"We must cut this grain," then she proceeded to remove her brood to new
quarters at once. So whenever we want to make a success in any line
of business we must apply individuality and create enthusiasm and the
business will succeed then, and not until then. Too many of our cream-
eries lack individuality oj- are run on the Rip Van Winkle plan. The
buildings are dilapidated and the buttermaker twenty years behind the
times, or in other words they are dead and are just waiting for the
bug-a-boo man, the central plant man, to come and perform the last
funeral rites. This reminds one of a little incident that occurred in one
of the western towns. The people had worked up quite a lot of enthusi-
asm about building a fence around their cemetery. The mayor of the
town called a meeting of the citizens in regard to the matter of funds
and some discussion arose as to the amount necessary. A little Irishman
got up and said, "Does yer honor know of anyone in this cemetery that
wants to get out?" and the mayor answered "No." Then he said, "Does
you know of anyone out that wants to get in — if not, then what is the
need of a fence" When a creamery is run down and all life seems gone
it is dead to the public and there is certainly no need of a fence to keep
the public out. A mistake that many of our co-operative and individual
plants make is in not painting the buildings and keeping things up-to-date
and letting the public know that they are alive. In appointing directors
it is well to select men who have made their own business a success.
Another important point is that the secretary should insist on having a
weekly report from the buttermaker, showing the amount of butter fat
received and the amount of finished butter made, thus keeping tab on the
business continually. I have a letter in my pocket at the present time
from a maker asking me to explain why their creamery did not get any
overrun during the month of August. The only information the writer
gave me was that they were using a Disbrow churn. Now how could
such a creamery compete with one that was getting 18 or 20 per cent over-
run and some a little more? Now, this is the kind of business that is
forcing some of our co-operative creameries to the wall. It would be
utterly impossible for anyone to make butter and not have an overrun
if accurate work was done in testing and weighing, as the majority of
you know that the Babcock test merely gives the butter fat. In the fin-
ished butter we have from 10 to 16 per cent water and from 1 to 3 per
cent salt and from 1 to 2 per cent casein or curd, therefore we must
have an overrun. A good, well-regulated co-operative creamery that makes
from forty tubs per week and up can and should be able to pay more
21

322 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

than any other concern. Two things are essential for the success of anj'
business — quality and quantity — and these are the important factors that
makers and directors must look after if they wish success.

ADDRESS.

MR. FRANK L. ODELL, ASSISTANT DAIRY COMMISSIONER.

Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen: We hope this thirty-first an-
nual convention will go down in history for being one of the best of
its kind ever held; to be remarkable for its exhibit of butter and cream-
ery supplies; remarkable for its educational features and record of at-
tendance; that each and every year these meetings may excel the
others; that peace, harmony and good will may abound; that it may
continue in that high class manner so that every buttermaker, creamery
man, supply man, commission merchant, transportation agent may look
forward to the coming events of the Iowa State Dairy Association to be
one of the crowning points in their lives.

This is not an imaginary picture, but a real live issue, an issue that
has the heart and soul of the institution at stake.

Do you know I feel just about as good as a fellow of my size is al-
lowed to feel?

Just to think, we have tubs of butter on exhibition at this convention
Who says, "What's the matter with Iowa?" Who says, "What's the mat-
ter with Iowa buttermakers?" I say they are a great, loyal set of fellows
and they have expressed their loyalty by sending to this convention
tubs of butter, which has almost eclipsed any previous record of the
Iowa State Dairymen's Association.

What would this convention be without the buttermakers? What
would this convention be without the little twenty-pound tub, the con-
tents of which is a "free gift" to the maintaining and sustaining of this
institution and represents from the giver the art and skill of his handi-
work. It also represents labor and toil, which goes to make up one of
the chief industries we have in this great state of ours.

Do we appreciate these things? Do we appreciate the fact that the
buttermakers of Iowa have helped sustain this institution for thirty-one
years, and without the aid of one cent from the state?

The legislatures in some of our sister states helps to sustain their
dairy associations, but Iowa has nothing of the kind. And in view of
these facts the Iowa State Dairymen's Association has a goodly sum of
money in their treasury, which partially represents the "loyalty" and
"generosity" from the buttermakers of Iowa. I say again, do we appreci-
ate these things? If we do let us show them that we do; let us cheer
them on to victory. Usually about all the praise mortal man gets here
below is when the last sad rites are being paid over his funeral casket,
but here today we have the living with us. If we are ever going to
pay them homage let us do it right now, here in this convention hall.

Inspiration is the stepping-stone to success. If we are inspired with
uur work, nu matter in what vocation of life it happens to be, the chances

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII. 323

are 3 to 1 chat we will succeed. And where there is union there is
strength. Now, if we are inspired with our work and every buttermaker,
creameryman and dairyman would join hands and say, we are going to
work together, to further the interest in dairying, we could elect the
next legislature. If everyone who is interested in dairying would join
hands and stand at arms length we would have a circle that would reach
nearly around the state. What an army there is of us.

Are we going to keep abreast with the sweeping tide of progress?
Are we going to keep alongside our sister states in the advancement
and building up of our dairy interests? Then let us all get into the
boat. There is an oar for every buttermaker, there is an oar for every
secretary and dairyman, there is an oar for every one who wishes to
help "build up'' one of the greatest industries we have in this state of
ours.

I wish to pay a compliment to a few of our senators and representa-
tives who have stood by the dairy department in time of need, and
through their effort we are thankful for what we have, but we want the
big majority of them on our side.

Iowa's dairy department has an annual appropriation of $20,000; it
should be $35,000; then we could get an addition to our force. We also
should have $1,500 for the support of the Iowa State Dairymen's As-
sociation. We often read and hear it remarked, "What's the matter with
Iowa?" the state abounding with beautiful homes and thriving cities,
a land of plenty and luxury. But if one should ask what's the matter
with Iowa and her six hundred creameries our loyal pride and ambi-
tion would take a jolt.

The rank and file of Iowa's loyal creameries and dairymen are trying
hard to guide the ship over rough seas and milky waves to a harbor
sheltered with more dairy laws, but legislation is indifferent to her dairy
interests. That's whats the matter. Why not say, what's the matter
with Iowa's legislature relative to her dairy interests? A state that
manufactures nearly 100,000,000 pounds of butter and brings into her
coffers nearly $28,000,000 each year, with its 600 creameries and only
two inspectors to lend their help and assistance to build up this great
work. It is plain to be seen what the matter is.

Committees have frequently met with this honorable body and pleaded
for their cause, asking for more money that the dairy department might
be strengthened, and, useless as it may seem, there is still hope.

If the creamerymen and buttermakers in the state would put forth
every effort to try and elect men at our next legislature who will sup-
port us and be in favor of voting for larger appropriations for the dairy
department, we could show what's the matter with Iowa. Commence
agitating the question now. We want to be leaders, and we can be lead-
ers if we could get the support.

In 1908 we have the next primaries. Previous to these creamerymen
and buttermakers should ascertain whether or not the candidates for
election are friendly to the dairy interests, and if so, pledge them their
support. If they seem indifferent defeat them if possible. Dairymen
should be I'ecognized and they will be if they go after it in politics.

324 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

To carry on this work it is necessary to have funds. If every cream-
ery in the state would contribute $5 to $10 each, employ a man to look
after this work, to secure the name of every man who patronizes a cream-
ery, circulate printed matter calling attention to the need of more dairy
inspectors to visit the farms, then go to the primaries and vote for the
men that will support them in the next general assembly we might be
able to get the needed appropriations.

Representatives are elected to represent the people and if the people
ask for this class of legislation they will be apt to get it. If they do not
ask for anything it is certain they will get nothing.

A great many creameries are asking for inspectors to come and stay
with them three or four days, go with them over their routes to help
get a better quality of cream. This is exactly what should be done. It
is the beginning at the foundation of the whole evil. This is impossible
with the present force. If this was done we would not get around once in
five years to all the creameries.

Iowa should have more inspectors; without them we can do no more
than has been done. In union there is strength, and if we unite our-
selves in one common cause we will have a very different answer to
the question, "What's the matter with Iowa?"

The value of thought brings us in touch with another question. We
have a number of creameries that you might call weak creameries.
They represent a part of the number we have on the list. These cream-
eries are in need of help. Help to bring them up to a more solid work-
ing basis. The point is, are we going to give them state aid? Aid that
will bring them up to this basis. The present force is not strong enough
in numbers to spare the time. The state of Minnesota has nine in-
spectors and Wisconsin has about the same number. Iowa should have
at least six, then we could commence to show you improvements in Iowa
butter. If we could improve the value of our butter one-quarter cent a
pound it would mean $250,000 a year; if we could improve it one-half
cent a pound it would mean $500,000 a year, and it has been estimated
that the loss from poor grade of cows and the loss from poor grade of
milk and cream delivered to the creameries brings up the grand total to
five or six million dollars a year. This includes all the dairy states.

The question now before us is this: Would an investment of a few
thousand dollars, in addition to what we have to put an additional force
in the field, bring results that would be beneficial?

I may be overenthusiastic in this matter, but I want to see Iowa at
the front. Even if this convention does not take any action along the
topic just discussed it may bring the thought forcibly enough among the
creamery and dairymen to ascertain if the candidates for the next elec-
tion are friendly to our interests.

I have made a few trips in the rural districts to find out the condi-
tions and it is enough to satisfy me that two-thirds of the trouble re-
sulting from low grades of butter is from the cream coming from unclean
places and from dirty and unwashed separators. I have found hand
separators that were so filthy dirty and the place where they were kept
so cussed rotten that I would compare an old "swill pail" and a hog pen
a decent place besides them. Tell me how a buttermaker is going to

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII. 325

make good butter from this kind of "stuff." I call it "stuff" and I
think this is a mild definition for it, and to add more fuel to the fire
there is always some fellow that will buy stuff of this kind, and the fellow
that sells it has no inclination to clean up, nor will he until forced to by
some inspector or some one who has authority.

I want to say a few words in regard to "creamery records." It is very
essential that the buttermaker keep a daily record of his work — essential
in more ways than one. A buttermaker that keeps a record of his every-
day work is one of the successful ones.

The one thing I want to impress upon the buttermakers is to test
every churning for moisture or butter fat, mark every tub and keep a
record of it. The government inspectors are taking samples of butter
everywhere, in the markets, in the cars or any place they can find it.
These samples are tested for moisture and if found in excess of the law
you are asked to dig up. If you do not have any record of this butter
all you can do is to "look wise" and do as "Uncle Sam" tells you.

On the other hand, if you have tested this butter, got a record of it,
put the date the butter was made on the tub and the number, you can
say to Uncle Sam, show me. Ask him to tell you the date that butter
was made and the number of the tub, and your record will go as far in
court as the other fellows. If you have no records you will be like the boy
that lost his dog. When asked to describe it he said he could not. It
was just a dog.

There are a number of different methods on the market for testing
butter and every creamery should provide for one of these and see that
their buttermaker keeps a record of every churning. If he should have
more work than he can do give him more help. It will pay you to do
this. It may save you a fine of several hundred dollars or it may make
you several hundred dollars, for when the buttermaker commences to
use the test he may find he is not incorporating enough water and by its
daily use may increase the overrun 2 or 3 per cent.

I would like to urge more of the buttermakers to join the scoring
contest. If you are having trouble to keep your grade up we want to
know it.

Possibly we could help you. At any rate, seeing the butter once a
month would give us a better idea where to work.

Covering as much territory as we have to, it is impossible to call on
all the creameries as often as we should.

The Chairman : We put the buttermakers off this afternoon
and I have an apology to offer them for not having announced the
scores, and in view of that fact I think we had better take that up
now. IVIr. Johnson will read the scores at this time.

Whole Milk Class— A. M. Whitney, Whittemore, Iowa, 97 1^; G. A.
Newell, Irvington, Iowa, 91 y^.

Gathered Cream Class — Watson Schech, Volga City, 97; A. M. Franzen,
Lynn Grove, 96.

Educational Scoring Contest — F. W. Stephenson, La Mont, first, com-
ing nearest to the official score.

326 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Our worthy vice president also wins second in the scoring contest
and third place in the whole milk class with a score of 97%.

The Chairman : We will now listen to Mr. W. C. Taber, of New
York City, on ' ' The Past and Present Methods of Quoting the New
York Butter Markets."

PAST AND PRESENT METHODS OF QUOTING THE NEW YORK
BUTTER MARKETS.

W. C. TABEE, NEW YOEK PRODUCE EEVIEW, NEW YOEK.

Mr. President and Members of the Iowa State Dairy Association: If
I understand correctly the invitation of your secretary, it was not that I
should attempt an exhaustive discussion of the relative merits of any
particular methods of quoting the butter market, but rather to talk to
you in the most conversational manner as to how values have been, and
are now, established in the great market of New York, where two to two
and a quarter million tubs of butter are sold annually.

Permit me, however, to suggest that you are vitally interested in the
matter of quotations — how they are made, by whom, and their reliability
at all times — as they affect the relations between the producers and dis-
tributers of a very considerable part of the butter product of this country.

The old idea that quotations of any article should represent as nearly
as possible the real selling value has lost none of its force, and whenever
there is any deviation from that path the situation should be so fully
explained that no one may be deceived; and even then I question the
wisdom of making merely a settling price for the convenience of the
trade, which at times will be widely at variance with the rates that buy-
ers would willingly pay over the trier.

It may be interesting to trace back a little of the history of market
reporting in New York. In 1855 the American Agriculturist began pub-
lishing a brief report of the produce markets under the direction of Solon
Robinson, who made a personal canvass of the market once a week. A
few years later the work was transferred to Clarkson Taber, who enlarged
the scope of the reports, and shortly afterwards started a similar depart-
ment for the Tribune. In 1858 Benjamin Turner began the publication
of the Producer's Price Current, issuing one edition a week, and almost
from the start this little sheet found its way into produce circles far and
near. As the years passed buyers and sellers alike came to look upon
these quotations as a clear index of market conditions, and they were
sent to shippers in all parts of the country. In 1882 the Price Current
was made a daily publication and the work of reporting the markets
passed into the hands of younger men who had been in training, and the
high standing of the market report was not only maintained, but because
of the accuracy of the prices quoted therein it became the basis upon which
a very considerable part of the wholesale business was done. The con-
venience of using these figures for settlement with the creameries, as
well as with the buyers who were distributing the product to the consum-
ing trade, was recognized and in this easy way of doing business may be

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART VII. 327

found one of the steps that led to the destructive premium system which
has been such a stumbling block to the trade.

But changes were coming in the methods of distribution and rapidly
the business was drifting from commission to merchandise. The men
who were buying or contracting for the goods felt that however much de-
pendence could be placed upon this published report of the market, there
was too much at stake to leave the matter entirely to the investigation
and judgment of any one man. Along with this was the apparent need of
establishing a price early in the day, as the jobbing trade had come to
depend upon a quotation for the settlement of both their buying and selling
prices. The next step in this movement was the appointment by the
New York Mercantile Exchange of a quotation committee composed of
eleven members of the Exchange, and later increased to fifteen. It was
my privilege to be a member of that committee, with a voice in all its
discussions, but not a vote.

For four years quotations in New York were established by that com-
mittee. The record of its work is so well known that no extended review
is necessary now. During the first year the figures given out each day
were very closely in line with selling values, but as competition in the
trade became stronger and the premiums paid shippers increased a
tendency to more conservative quotations was apparent and by slow but
sure steps the committee drifted away from the current selling prices
on the street to a merely settling basis. Sometimes this was a rate at
which the finest goods could be bought on the market, but more gener-
ally one-half cent, and at times one cent or even more below what buyers
had to pay. You will recall the fact that when you picked up your morn-
ing paper to see what the market for butter was in New York you would
read: "Official price 25 cents; street price, 25 1^ to 26 cents." The daily
press gave their reporters notice not to follow the official figures only
as they reflected the actual situation, and the Associated Press wires in-
cluded both the official and street prices.

Now the men who made these quotations had not the slightest inten-
tion of being dishonest. Under the peculiar methods of doing business
they felt justified in fixing quotations in accordance with the premium
system under which they were working, and in most instances the ship-
pers of butter got every dollar they were entitled to. Some of us knew
the system was wrong and we could not therefore get reconciled to it.
But the persistent underquoting of the market finally aroused the jobr
bing interest, which is equally as strong on the Exchange as the receiving
interest, and the opposition to these methods culminated in the famous
Martin suit, a supreme court injunction restraining the Exchange from
issuing quotations that are not based upon actual selling values, and the
disbanding of all quotation committees. These steps followed in rapid suc-
cession and they left the trade in almost as chaotic condition as was this
old world when the Almighty called it into form. Immediately on the
suspension of the official quotations the work was taken up by the re-
porters who had previously had the matter in charge and the Producers'
Price Current again became the recognized authority on the market.

But I would not pass from the methods that were in vogue during
those four years without saying that I believe it quite possible for a rep-

328 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

resentative committee to quote prices every day of the year in accordance
with the spirit of the injunction. It is reasonably easy for any well
posted operator to Tinoiv what the market really is, not what somebody
thinks it is or ought to be, and when personal interests, spite, jealousy
and unfairness are put aside right conclusions must follow.

Turning from the work of the quotation committee, which ceased on
August 12, 1907, when the supreme court injunction went into effect, let
us consider briefly the system which is now employed. If you will kindly
forget the part that I have in making these quotations I will take you
around the market and show you how the reporter digs out the informa-
tion that is needful to a proper understanding of values.

It is Monday morning and the closing quotation on Saturday was 30 14
cents. The reporter joins seventy-five to one hundred of the receivers
and jobbers of butter at 10 o'clock on the floor of the Mercantile Ex-
change. The receipts of the day as posted on the bulletin are studied
and frequently information as to whether the stock has arrived and is
ready for delivery is obtained from the fast freight line agents, most of
whom have just come from the unloading depots. Telegraphic reports
from other distributing points and country markets are read and their in-
fluence on the position here weighed carefully. However big we may
consider ourselves, it is safe to say that no important market can run
long without being influenced to some extent by what is going on at other
points. Then follows a discussion as to the situation, the force and
character of the demand, advices of supplies in transit and the prices at
which buyers and sellers are willing to do business. When trade is mov-
ing along smoothly the demand absorbing the available supply, quite
early in the day, it is clear that there will be no change in quotations.
This was the concensus of opinion by those who were on 'change that
morning, and by eleven to eleven thirty the reporter starts down the
street, visiting anywhere from fifteen to thirty of the stores to see
whether buyers are taking hold, and if the early impressions of the
market are borne out by actual trading. He meets perhaps a dozen
buyers and is shown tickets of purchases, some with the price left open,
but with the understanding that it will be whatever is quoted, and others
at a definite price. By twelve thirty or one p. m. there is no longer any
question about the market and the reporter goes to the office, prepares
his copy for the printer, and between two and three o'clock the Price
Current is ready for distribution.

Tuesday morning the posted receipts are heavy and the tone changes
a little. In a half hour the reporter is accosted by four or five of the
largest buyers with a query as to "How it looks," "Do you think there
will be any change," etc. He has already found a slight difference of
opinion among the receivers, so his reply to the buyers is, "I wish you
would see the men from whom you usually get your goods and then come
and let me know what price you can buy at." In a short time they begin
coming back and all have the same story to tell — "we can buy easily at
yesterday's price, but no less." Later investigation on the street develops
the same situation and the quotations are left unchanged.

Wednesday still shows a little unsettled feeling, which become more
pronounced on Thursday, when it is seen that stock is not selling up as

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII. 329

closely as before, and on Friday evidences of weakness come to the sur-
face. Most every one argued, however, that notwithstanding the high
price the future of the market looks good. Saturday is a short business
day. Merchants as a rule do not expect large trading and they are anxious
to get their letters out of the way as soon as possible. "Let it go un-
changed for the day," was the talk up to ten thirty a. m., when a large
receiver joins the crowd on 'change and at once advocates a decline of
one-half cent. "1 have accumulated 1,000 tubs of fine fresh butter within
the past four days and I'll sell specials at 30 cents to any one," was the
way he went at it. "Do you mean that?" said another prominent re-
ceiver. "I certainly do," was the reply. "Then I'll follow, who will buy
specials at 30 cents?" In five minutes everything had changed. The
price had broken one-half cent and the reporter recorded the fact at once.

It is Monday morning again, receipts are still heavy, plenty of stock
left over and everywhere there was pressure to sell. "Better ease off
another one-half cent" was the first suggestion, and it found so general
favor that receivers determined to try it out on that basis. But the
market did not work right, and the next day about a dozen operators got
at the reporter and insisted that he should cut the quotations one cent
and so declare his purpose at once. Then followed a half hour of hot dis-
cussion. The reporter maintained the position that he was not making
the market, that it was not his province to quote a lower price until
receivers were willing to sell. Over and over again he asked the receivers
if they would sell at 28i/^c, and the reply came back, "yes, if you quote
it," which was an unsafe proposition for the reporter to stand on. "I
am offered my selection at 28i/^c if you will quote it," volunteered several
buyers, to which reply was made, "buy your goods, show me the tickets
and I'll know what to quote." The situation was so unsettled that the
reporter had to go down the street with the price left open, to be de-
termined by actual business, which later, left no doubt of the market
being one cent lower than the day before. This decline seemed to be
sufficient for the moment, and for the remainder of the week the re-
porter could find so little variation in the transactions that he felt justi-
fied in maintaining the quotation of 28i^c. But subsequent events proved
that these few days were but a lull before a fiercer storm.

Another week opens with the most conflicting opinions. It soon
leaked out that two or three big houses were getting carload after car-
load of consigned goods from a western market, financial matters began
to play an important part, and new and unlooked for elements were
thrown into the market, which caused a feeling that something serious
would happen. From the start values began to tumble. Open offers to
sell at Ic decline soon convinced most receivers that unless quotations
were lowered at once buyers would refuse to operate beyond the most
pressing needs, and no one was in humor to accumulate stock on which
not a dollar could be borrowed from any warehouse or bank in the
city. Now for the part that the reporter had to play. He was taken
aside by a prominent receiver and this sort of advice was gratuitously
given: "You occupy a position of great importance just now. Whether
you like it or not, you are no longer merely a commercial reporter.
Your work is so closely linked with our interests that you must take a

330 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

broad view of the butter situation and not be governed solely by the
business of a single day. Whatever you do, always be on the con-
servative side of the market." Sounds like good advice, does it not? But
why should a reporter lean to either side of the market? What possible
excuse can he give to any fair minded man for ignoring the bulk of
the daily business, and to make an arbitrary quotation because he or
any considerable number of operators feel that it will be the best for
the trade? Market values like water sooner or later will find their own
level, and the controlling factors in the final analysis are the supply
and demand. The moment a reporter fails to have important transactions
on which to base his quotations he is as helpless as a ship in a storm
without a rudder or compass. To get at the actual business is the re-
porter's most difficult task. Thirty years of the closest acquaintance
with the trade has placed him in possession of the best sources of infor-
mation, but at times the most reliable merchant does not care to open
his books or give away certain information that is so essential to a
correct understanding of the market. Besides, some men will lie, and
their names are not always on the black list that the reporter carries
in his vest pocket. A few staunch friends — men who are doing business
every day and who are honest to the core — have to be relied on when
other avenues of information are temporarily closed. But, I have not
completed the story of that eventful week. The quotation of 27i^c, which
was made on Monday, held only a day or two, then there was a drop
to 26 1/2 c, later to 25i^c, and on Saturday to 25c — a slump of 3i^c a
pound for the week, or a matter of $2.10 a tub.

I fear that I have wearied you with so long a recital of the way
quotations are now made in New York, but I want to assure you that
every effort is being made to represent as nearly as possible the open
wholesale prices of all grades of butter.

Whatever criticisms may be hurled at the reporter, any fair minded
man will recognize that it is the reporter's duty to reflect the market
after it has been made by actual business; that the receivers can and
must determine the prices at which they are willing to sell butter, and
in this way make a market which the reporter must quote. There are
special channels into which some stock will go at an advance over the
quotations no matter what figure is given, but the price at which large
buyers can secure supplies on the open market will hereafter be the
basis of the quotations. And let me say to you, farther, that this system
of quoting gives fuller recognition to fancy butter. Already there is a
noticeable discrimination in quality, and this will gradually become more
pronounced. ,

Buttermakers of the state of Iowa, you will now have a greater in-
centive to make fancy butter. Go back to your creameries from this
convention with the determination burned deep into your souls that you
will raise the quality of your product to a higher standard.

Member: I want to ask if there ever was an agreement among
the commission merchants of New York to return any premium?

Mr. Taber: There never has been any agreement between the
commission merchants regarding that matter.

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART VII. 331

The Chairman: It has been suggested that, in recognition of
the services rendered this association by ]\Ir. Jules Lumbard at
various times for the last twenty-five years, he be made a life mem-
ber of the association and a gold medal properly inscribed be pre-
sented to him. I would like to hear from you on the subject.

Mr. S. B. Shilling: I do not believe there is a member of the
Iowa Dairy Association that does not appreciate what Mr. Jules
Lumbard has done for us in the past and I want to say to you this,
that while I am in favor of the gold medal that our president has
suggested, and the life membership which I know would please
him, I know that Mr. Lumbard is in straightened circumstances
financially to-day, and he needs something more than a gold medal
and a life membership in this association. Now I speak with actual
knowledge on the subject and it seems to me it would be a pleasure
for the members of this association to individually make a con-
tribution of what they can afford to go to this man. If there has
ever in the world been a friend to this association Mr. Lumbard
has been, and I know I will not have to stand here and plead in
vain for a small contribution from every one of you to give him.
If I did not know the circumstances of the gentleman and was not
positive of the statements I make to you, I would not make them
in this way. Inside of the last year he had a benefit given him in
the city of Chicago by his old friends, and he has not a dollar in
the world excepting a small pension from the Pennsylvania road to
support him to-day. He has none of the luxuries of life, simply
enough to live on and it seems to me, in recognition of the services
he has rendered to this association, we should give him something
more substantial than a gold medal and a life membership in the
association.

Just one thing more I want to say. This has been recognized by
other states, and two other states, at least, during the last year have
done what we should have done before they did, because he first
recognized the state of Iowa, but two other states have made this
contribution at their annual convention.

The Chairman: I am quite in accord with doing just as Mr.
Shilling has suggested, but I also think he should have the gold
medal and the life membership and I will entertain a motion to
that effect, if some one will offer it.

Mr. Shilling : I had not thought of any plan, but I move, I\Ir.
Chairman, that the association vote to give Mr. Jules Lumbard a
life membership in the association along with a gold medal, and

332 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE.

that we individually contribute to the amount that we feel we can
give in a voluntary contribution to him.

Motion seconded by ]\Ir. Wright and unanimously carried.

A collection as taken up which resulted in a sum close to $100
being taken up for the benefit of Mr. Lumbard, and Mr. S. B. Shil-
ling was appointed to present the purse to Mr. Lumbard.

The Chairman : We are fortunate this evening in having with
us President Storms, of the Ames Agricultural College, who will
now address you for a few minutes.

REMARKS.

PRESIDENT STORMS. AMES, IOWA.

Mr. Chairman, Gentlemen of the Association: — I have not the faintest
idea why my friend Mr. Wentworth should have laid his hand on me
when I entered the room a few minutes ago and threatened to bring me
here before you. I am sure it could not have been a malicious purpose
as I call him friend and still believe he is a friend. I did feel a little
bit strange in this company until just this moment, but the taking up
of a collection makes me feel quite at home. For several years I have
faced audiences from this room and from this platform, but never a
better looking audience than this, never one more intelligent, never ap-
parently one more righteous, never one more in earnest. Naturally I
ought to feel at home and then I have somehow a very deep interest in
this association and the interest there which you will understand because
I was born on a dairy farm and I have been connected with one at long
range ever since.

You are dealing, gentlemen, with one of the fundamental and grow-
ing and important industries upon which our civilization and prosperity
depends. I have had the fortune, good or ill, of falling in more or less
with men who are interested in the financial situation and I am always
glad to realize that' our prosperity and our success does not depend upon
the fluctuating markets of Wall street, but it does depend upon the farm
and upon the interests largely which you represent who are gathered in
this association tonight. Possibly in just four minutes, for I understand
that is my limit, I may be allowed to suggest to you that we have a
double interest in your association and in you personally. We are
connected at Ames with college and with station interests, and if there is
any man who ought to be widely concerned in the affairs of the world
it is the man connected with educational work. They used to say to
me that a lawyer needed to know two things, viz., the law and every-
thing else, and an educator, especially if he be interested in the newer
developments of educational work, needs to be in touch with two worlds,
the world of intellectual interest and the world of industrial interest. We
never could live, we would be in a vacuum at an institution like the one
at Ames, were it not for vital and constant and ever increasing of im-

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PAET VII. 333

portant relations with the industrial people and industrial interests of the
great state with which we are connected. It is our business to take
the choicest product of our homes, the boys and girls, and in their edu-
cation, we trust not in any way inferior in quality or in extent to that
which is given in any institution, to so lead them in their educational
work that they shall have an intelligent interest in the industrial affairs
of the world in which they must live; and it is gratifying to know that
when young men and women go out from that institution and others
like it they find a place ready for them in the world of affairs. Industrial
efficiency is the key word of our school for as we shall be able to
progress in the actual industrial efficiency of the individual man and
woman, too, shall we be able to keep step with our own progress in other
respects.

We are educating all the time to wider and more varied interests that
require wider ministry. Every man in the humblest home today has
needs, such as he considers needs at least, which would have been luxuries
to his grandfather, and your children have needs which to you are the
greatest of luxury, so we must have a like advancement in industrial
efficiency so there shall be ability to meet the important needs.

You in this association are aiming to increase the industral product
of the acre, the industrial efficiency of the boy and man and the girl.
You are working at two problems just as we are. We want to keep in
close touch with you, with your homes and with your interests. We
want our young men and young women to be in close contact with the
problems with which we are dealing. We aim to have it so and are glad
to know when it comes to matters of contest in school and knowledge
and application of knowledge, that the student of the college is not
second to any. We are glad to have this affiliated relation. We want
your interest and support and we want your presence whenever you can
give it to us. We are engaged in many phases of the problem in which
you are interested, and we want you to know, while you do not always
understand just what we are aiming at, we are trying to do something
nearly the same as you are and hope sometimes to hit the mark.

I am very glad, indeed, to have this very pleasant privilege of meet-
ing you men. Some of you I recognize and others I do not, but not so
much personally as the fact that I do happen to be connected in a sort
of way, as the head janitor, you know, with the institution which is
your institution and which is interested in the same problems with which
you are dealing.

Mk. Edwards : I spoke to you this morning about this division of
the state into different sections and the appointment of local secre-
taries in the different divisions. I promised to bring this up later
on, after you had time to consider the matter. I am going to leave
it to the association as to what to do. If you feel it is the proper
thing to do, you can appoint a committee to make this division and
allow your secretary to appoint the local secretaries, or follow any
plan you desire. I would like to hear from some others in regard
to this.

334 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

The Chairman: If any of you think this is a good plan and
will authorize your board to do something with reference to this
matter I think it can be attended to through them, if we have not
the time to attend to it tonight ; or possibly it might be well to bring
it up in the morning. Has any one any suggestions to offer?

Mr. Kieffer: With relation to these district meetings, as the
members present at this meeting are not in position to name officers
for these different districts, I believe it would be best for us to leave
this at the present time with the executive conunittee of the Iowa
State Dairy Association, they to select the officers for the different
districts, and I beg to offer that as a motion.

Motion seconded and carried.

The Chairman : Now we will have just a few words from Mr.
Shilling before we adjorn.

REMARKS.

MR. S. B. SHILLING, CHICAGO, ILL.

Mr. Chairman, Gentlemen of the Convention: — I feel as though it is
almost an imposition for me to stand before this audience, which has
been here for such a long time today, but if you will give me five
minutes I will say all I want to and quit.

There are two things I want to bring before you this evening because
they are matters of importance; important to you and important to the
dairy interests and to everybody connected with the dairy industry.

The first I want to speak to you about is the oleomargarine situation,
and I will only say this about it to you: You know the situation as well
as we; you know the high price of butter has aroused a feeling of an-
tagonism to the law that has protected us. So strong is this feeling that
a movement has been started in the Retail Grocers' Association for the
purpose of securing a repeal of our law. I was called before the officers
of the association this last week and was questioned in regard to the
matter and warned at last that they had taken measures to appoint a man
to go to Washington during the present winter, for the purpose of securing
a low tax or an original package. I want to say to you on that score,
do not forget the National Dairy Union, because we are capable of protect-
ing your interests in the future, providing you stand back of us, as you
have in the past. I am positive of my position when I say this to you,
because we know our strength and the backing we have in congress, but
we have to have you back of us to prevent any action being taken.

Another thing I want to bring before you is the National Butter-
makers' Association. We have a common organization and it seems to
me as though it would be almost useless for me to stand before an
audience of buttermakers in the state of Iowa and urge them to be loyal
to their own institution. I believe it is unnecessary to do that because
I feel that you are going to stand by it.

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII. 335

Our convention is in March, at St. Paul. St. Paul has offered us $4,000
to come there with our next convention, and if we accept that $4,000 we
will have to reciprocate something. Where they are so liberal as to offer
us in cold cash $4,000, we owe them something in return. The National
Creamery Buttermakers' Association belongs to you, it is your organiza-
tion; it is exactly what you make it and I know the loyalty of the boys
of the state of Iowa, they have never shirked a duty, and I just want
to say that I have already attended three state conventions and have a
pledge from all three of a certain amount of butter, but I am going
to expect something handsome from Iowa and I have a reason for ex-
pecting it. The state of South Dakota, where I attended the convention
three weeks ago, with 126 creameries in the state pledged 75 tubs of
butter; I was next in Minnesota. We expect great things of Minnesota;
it is a great state, but they have pledged us 400 tubs for that convention,
and it will be no surprise to me if they make it 500; 500 tubs, my com-
petitor, Mr. Olson, says. I do not want to put it to you too strong, it
is your organization and we want you to support it.

I live in Iowa. I am not a Chicago citizen; I live in Iowa today as
much as ever and I am just as proud of anything Iowa does as ever,
although I am out of the state a great deal of the time and live in Chi-
cago three-quarters of the time, but I want to say to you that we have
nothing in Chicago that comes up to the building they offer us in St.
Paul for this convention. We are going to give you the best conven-
tion in St. Paul next March that has ever been held anywhere; we are
going to give you the biggest one with the grandest attractions that
has ever been held, and I know the loyalty of the buttermakers of the
state of Iowa will cause them to stand by their institution and give it
the support they have never given to any organization heretofore. I
thank you.

J. J. Brunner : I noticed this afternoon that some of the butter-
makers had gone home and I heard them say that they wanted to
see their butter before leaving, therefore I move that hereafter the
butter room be opened the second day of the convention after the
afternoon session. Motion seconded and carried.

Meeting adjourned to 9 o'clock Friday morning.

FRIDAY MORNING SESSION.

Meeting called to order at 9 A. INI. by President Barney.

The Chairman : The first topic on our program this morning is
an address, "The Management of a Co-operative Creamery," by
Mr. Ross, of Clarksville.

336 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

THE MANAGEMENT OF A CO-OPERATIVE CREAMERY.

J. J. ROSS, CLARKSVILLE.

Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen; Members of the Iowa State
Dairy Association:— When our worthy secretary asked me if I would ac-
cept a place on the program, taking for my subject "The Management of
the Co-Operate Creamery," I at first felt like declining the invitation, for
I thought the subject was far too important to be intrusted to one with
my limited experience and ability; however, after thinking it over I
decided to try and possibly I might throw out a few hints that might
be of interest to some.

It seems to me that there never was a time in the history of the
creamery business when the co-opefative creameries were in such need
of successful management as at the present time, especially in localities
where competition with the larger concerns is so keen, where the co-
operative creameries are obliged to be successful or go out of business,
and I sincerely think that if a co-operative creamery is run successfully
they need have no fear of any centralized creamery or condensed milk
factory freezing them out. As I said before the subject is very broad
and important and I will try in a brief way to tell you how I manage
a creamery and make it a success.

In the first place it is necessary in all co-operative creameries to have
a board of directors, a secretary, treasurer; usually the president may
be one of the members of the board of directors, and right here I would
suggest to limit the board of directors to three or not more than five
members, as there seems to be less friction and more harmony among
the board of directors where there are only three members. The board
of directors should have jurisdiction over all the business of the creamery,
but the management of the creamery should be placed in the care of one
competent man, either the secretary or one authorized to do the business,
and on whom rests the responsibility of making a success, or otherwise,
of the co-operative crfeamery.

His duties are many and he should be untiring in his efforts and
striving all the time if he would keep harmony and good will among the
patrons and all interested.

The manager should understand the creamery business thoroughly
and not depend too much on the buttermaker. He should insist upon
having a daily report of the business done at the creamery, and in that
way he would know at night the exact condition of the business, the
same as the banker or the successful merchant.

Since the question of moisture control came up it is all the more im-
portant that a record of the daily make be kept — in that way the man-
ager knows exactly how many pounds of butter fat has been taken in,
and has a good idea of how much butter will be churned from the same.
In our creamery we make a report of the fuel consumed daily and all

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAE BOOK— PART VII. 337

the expense of running the creamery is shown on the daily report, and
at the end of the month the manager submits a monthly report of
business done at the creamery for the month to the board of directors,
who in turn audits his accounts. In this way the manager is in touch
with the working at the creamery, and the board of directors are in touch
with the manager, and the books are closed each month.

It is not only necessary for the manager to keep in touch with all
the workings at the creamery, taut on him rests the responsibility of keep-
ing in line the patrons of the creamery, and I am sure those of you who
have been in this position will agree with me that this is no small
responsibility. In his dealings with the patrons he must be careful,
accurate and prompt, treating all courteously. Should he make an error,
be prompt to correct it and treat all with respect — above all be per-
fectly honorable and in this way you will gain the confidence of the
patrons that will be unshaken.

I find it necessary and very profitable to get out among the patrons
and get acquainted — take an interest in their business, instruct them in
the handling and care of milk and cream, and invariably after such
visits you will be well paid by having better cream and milk delivered
and the patrons seem to respect you more for taking an interest in their
welfare.

The manager should also be very close to the buttermaker. In fact,
the success of the creamery rests a great deal on the buttermaker. He
should be diligent, honest and up to date, one that understands thor-
oughly his work in the manufacture of good butter, and I would say
that such a man is more valuable to the co-operative creamery at $100
per month than a great many buttermakers I know of that are working
for $60 per month. I think where a great many of the co-operative
creameries make a mistake is by thinking some other man will do
the work just as well and will let the old buttermaker go because the
centralized creamery offers him more money.

I sincerely believe that if the co-operative creameries were as careful
to employ only first class buttermakers, regardless of the price necessary
to secure them, as are the larger concerns, it would mean a great saving
to the creameries and a higher average price paid for butter fat. When
you secure such a man give him complete charge of the creamery plant,
authorizing him to maintain right and justice to all and insisting on all
connected with him in doing their work promptly. Take him into your
confidence; consult him in regard to selling the butter, etc., and in all
changes or improvements in the plant. With this confidence existing it
will inspire the buttermaker to perform his duties to the very best of
his ability.

I think a very important factor in the success of the co-operative
creamery is in marketing the butter. Be sure the commission house to
whom you ship is responsible and ascertain through them the require-
ments of the market. Try to furnish at all times as near as possible
the goods that will give the best satisfaction. By this method you will
make a reputation for the goods, and they will sell more readily and at
a better price than if you were not particular. I firmly believe in keeping
22

338 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

the quality of butter to the highest standard possible, though it is neces-
sary sometimes to lose a little in quantity. We had an experience along
this line this summer. A neighboring creamery started up and fought
for business, regardless of quality. They would receive cream that we
rejected. In the course of time they were getting a nice run and they
marketed the butter in a market where they supposed quality cut no
figure, but Instead of getting a premium, they were unable even to get
top. The result was they were compelled to pay a great deal less for
butter fat. Finally the commission house advised them to ship else-
where. They tried different markets and at last suspended business. In
a report to the creditors it was claimed that poor sales were the direct
cause of suspension. Sometimes, I think, it is well to divide shipments
to see how weights, etc., compare, but as a rule, I think, if you stand
by your commission house so they can get a reputation on this certain
brand of goods, I think they can do better for you a great deal, than
by changing around. I have at least had the experience of a trial for I
have made weekly shipments to the same commission house for the
past ten years and would say that I have found them entirely satis-
factory. Of course it is necessary to secure a reliable house.

In conclusion, let me say that the manager of a successful co-oper-
ative creamery finds something doing all the time, from visiting the
patron on the farm, where the raw material is produced, to the finished
product delivered to the consumer's market, and I think were it not for
the encouragement we receive from our national and state governments
some of us would feel like laying down. I feel like commending the
work of Chief Webster, especially in sending out blanks to secretaries
and managers of creameries for monthly reports. In this way they seem
to' be more interested and become better informed as to the workings of
the creamery.

We also feel very grateful to our State Dairy Department for the in-
struction and help we are permitted to receive. The only regret we have
is that we do not see them more often. And I sincerely hope that ere
long our state legislators will see the great need of more help for this
department and will appropriate sufficient funds so that we may be
kept somewhere near abreast of our neighboring states in the way of
more creamery inspectors. But, Brother Buttermakers and Creamery
Managers, until we get such help as we are urgently in need of we must
shoulder the responsibility ourselves and now as we go to our respective
homes from this the greatest meeting that the Iowa State Dairy As-
sociation has every known and filled with enthusiasm from having listened
to addresses by Chief Webster, Ex-Governor Hoard, Professor McKay
and others, let us strive to interest our patrons to better dairying; try
to educate them along the lines that they seem to be the most in need
of and I think from the remarks of Professor McKay that we butter-
makers need to be very careful if we would keep the reputation on
our butter up or rather get it back to the standard to which is expected
of us. Let each one of us try and do the very best we can to make a tub
of butter and send it to St. Paul to the National Creamery Buttermakers'
Association in March, even though some of our butter did not score as

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII. 339

high as we thought it would; do not be discouraged; try again and pos-
sibly we may stand higher next time. I thank you.

The Chairman : If there are no questions we will pass on to the
next on our program, which will be an address by Mr. N. H. Trim-
ble, of Alden.

ADDRESS.

N. H. TRIMBLE, ALDEN, IOWA.

Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen: — If they had allowed me to
make my speech or address before Mr. Ross I might have been able
to say something. Mr. Ross told you a good deal about what a butter-
maker should do. He said when the secretary asked him to make an ad-
dress on the management of a co-operative creamery he was going to
decline. Well, the secretary did not use me that way; I did not know
that I was going to speak until I read it in the Marshalltown Times-
Republican; saw my name there for an address on the manufacture of
butter from the manufacturers' standpoint. I suppose because I was so
well acquainted with President Barney, Secretary Johnson and Brown
the treasurer they knew that Trimble was pretty good natured. Presi-
dent Barney and Mr. Brown were down at a picnic we had in June and
we gave them a good time, as we always try to do down there, and if
they comei back we will give them another good time and we are capable
of doing it in Alden.

We have a little creamery up there doing a small business on the co-
operative plan. I have been buttermaker there for almost seven years
and my wife says I am going to stay there for seven years more. The
manager is here and I suppose he has something to say about that, but
I am going to say a few things on the manufacture of butter from the
manufacturer's standpoint.

Those of us who were fortunate enough a year ago to hear Mr.
Wright's speech at Cedar Rapids heard him use such an expression as
this: "Of all there is good Iowa affords the best, of all there is best
Iowa produces the most," and there is one thing we can say, we have
one of the best dairy commissioners, if not the best, in the United
States. He did not exaggerate any when he said that we produce good
dairy commissioners. Then we have a dairy school that in my opinion
is the best in the United States. I am very much interested in the
school at Ames. I have been there for only a short course
myself, but during that course I learned a good deal about mak-
ing butter, and there is no excuse for any buttermaker in the state of
Iowa to plead ignorance or, as Professor McKay said last night, to be
twenty years behind the times, and he seemed to blame the buttermaker
for all that. In a creamery managed in the way suggested by Mr. Ross
a buttermaker would have no excuse for poor goods for he would have a
manager who would give him the machinery necessary to run it; he
would have all the modern equipments for making butter. I know of
creameries that claim to be too poor to get up to date machinery and

340 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

the buttermaker is struggling along without the proper machinery to
work with, and in that case I do not think the buttei'maker is altogether
to blame.

I believe in making the butter we should first begin at the farm end
of it. Professor McKaj' intimated that last night. If he cannot get
good raw material no man on earth can make good butter. A few years
ago when I was running a whole milk plant I did not know a third as
much about making butter as I do now; it was my first year making
butter and I have a score in New York city yet on ninety tubs, a tub of
each day's make, and it scored 98. 1 evidently have not scored 90 at
this convention for mj' name is not on the list, and yet I do not feel
at all bad about it. I have fallen down before and expect to fall down
again, but I expect to keep on making butter because I love the busi-
ness.

To begin at the farm, I think it is the duty of every buttermaker
to become acquainted with his patrons, talk to them, visit with them.
We may not have much time to visit, a man that is making a ton of butter
a day has very little time to go in the country and visit his patrons,
but most of the patrons come to our creameries once a week anyway, and
that is quite often for some of them to deliver cream, but they come
there once a week and you can talk to them and be friendly with them.
Never be out of humor. That is pretty hard to practice. The machinery
may not run right and we are liable to go edgewise. I think that some-
times happens to every buttermaker; I am not going to brag any at all,
but a man told me one day last summer that he had known me for five
years and never saw me out of humor. Well, I used to get out of humor
and I used to go out to the boiler and start a fire or something of that
kind until I cooled off, but I have no outlet now because we are running
the creamery by motor, so I have to keep cool. After you become ac-
quainted with your patrons talk to them, advise them about the kind of
milk and cream they are bringing to the creamery, tell them it is to their
own advantage to bring good milk and cream, cream I would say at our
creamery, because that is what we are mostly receiving. We have ten
milk patrons and 290 cream patrons. You can handle most men in this
way and they will listen to you. Occasionally you come across a man
that you have to handle without gloves. I had a little experience this
fall. We had a man that had been bringing rotten cream; we are not
supposed to take rotten cream, that is, if the dairy commissioner finds
it out, but this man brought cream all summer that was not good. On
the 18th of September, pay day, he came in and poured his cream into
the weigh can and I said to him, "Do you think that is good?" "Yes,"
he said, "that is fine." 1 said, "Well, you nor any other man can make
good butter out of that; it is hardly fit for a hog. What have you been
doing with your cream since the 5th of the month?" He said, "I churned
some." We have not seen that man since. I had to use him just a little
bit rough, but he is an exception. I have had other instances where by
speaking to a man in a kindly way and being good natured with him
would get him to deliver good stuff out of which I could make good butter.

The next step is the weigh can. I believe in the buttermaker being
at the weigh can just as much as possible. In the seven years I have

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART VII. 341

been at Alden I have had just one boy that could weigh to suit me, and
that is my own boy. He is at Ames now and going to stay there for the
next three years if nothing happens. He weighs, and I think the man-
ager will bear me out in the statement that the patrons like him and if
anything goes wrong he calls me. I like to be at the weigh can, where I
can meet the farmers. We have farmers that have not been in our
creamery for over a year and they come to the creamery every other
day. They will come there and fill up their skim milk cans, or if they
bring cream, go away. We enlarged our creamery this spring and one
man was in there the day before yesterday. He said, "I have not been
in here since you built on," and he was a stockholder, too.

After you get through at the weigh can go to the starter can. I
have been called a crank on starter; perhaps I am. I have been making
butter twelve years and I think twelve batches of butter would take in all
I ever made without a starter. I made starter when there was no starter
can that I knew of. I believe I got the first Haugdahl starter can that
was made. It had a wooden bottom in it and I think about the second
day the wood spread and the bottom and whole thing was gone; it leaked.
That did not discourage me. Make a starter and if you do not know how
to make a starter go to the college and have Prof. Bouske teach you how
to make a starter; it will only take a few days to learn how and it will
bring up the grade of your butter. Some of you may ask why my butter
did not score more than 90 here if I had a good starter. I had a good
starter, but I may have had some of that old cream. I did not aim to,
but likely got it. At the short course at Ames in the winter you can
learn how to make a starter. I was told not long ago about a man about
whom we boast a good deal in Iowa, who got a starter can; he used
Ericsson culture, pasteurized his milk in the starter can, put the culture
right in the starter can and let it stand there until it got sour; then he
used a pail of that starter every day for a week. Now if any man on
earth with any judgment thinks that will make good butter he is mistaken.

After we have a good starter we want to come to the cream vat. If
you have an open vat you can make good butter with it if you try. The
supply houses will tell you one kind or another is best; I do not know
which is best; I am not prepared to say; I never used any until the last
few days, but be sure and ripen your cream. Now I am not going to ad-
vise you to do as Mortenson, of Portland, did. He came to a cr^mery
where I was making butter and remained there eleven days and he would
sit up with the cream until 2 o'clock in the morning or get it just right
before he would leave. I sat up with him during that time until way
into the night to get the cream right and I told him if I had to make
butter that way I would quit the business in twenty-four hours. There
is a lot of hand separator cream that is ready to churn when it is re-
ceived at the creamery. In that case I cool it down to 48 and hold it
over until I get ready to churn.

Then comes the last operation, the churning of it. Prof. McKay said
something last night about a man churning in a Disbrow churn at 56 to
58 and not getting any overrun. Well, I can churn at 56 in the Disbrow
churn and I will not tell you what overrun I could get if I wanted to.
We have to be a little careful now since the moisture question has come

342 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

up. My conscience used to trouble me, or perhaps it was not my con-
science, for they say when a man makes butter he has no conscience, but
the manager and I used to tallc about selling water in New York city for
butter and we decided it was not right. Then the time came when every-
body was doing it and our creamery, with the others, had to fall in line
or go out of business. The centralizing plants had us scared to death, but
we have no fear of them now, not the slightest, because, as we heard
several times yesterday, if a co-operative creamery is run on the right plan
no centralizer on earth can beat it in price. A co-operative creamery can
pay from three to five cents more in spite of anything the centralizer can
do, even if they sell 23 per cent to 25 per cent of water, as I have heard
of them doing. I have tested butter that I churned that had 23 per cent
of water, but I was very careful to see there was only one churning like
that. With the apparatus we have today, the Gray and Irish moisture
tests, and the right kind of bottle, we can come very close to telling what
we are doing each day. Churn your butter at 52 in the summer, work it
enough and salt right, but remember about the package. Have the pack-
age appear right. Then Mr. Ross said something about marking the tubs.
Well, I used 'to do that; do yet when I have a churning of butter that I
think it very bad. I do not claim to make the butter that I did five years
ago. Seven years ago, when I first came to Alden, we were getting thirty
thousand pounds of milk a day. Now if we get eight hundred pounds in
three days we think we are doing well. We are making more butter to-
day than we did then.

We as buttermakers must keep abreast of the times and not get twenty
years behind, as Prof. McKay said last night. There is no excuse for
falling behind. We must keep abreast of the times, and if we have a poor
batch of butter mark it and notify your commission house to look out for
whatever mark you put on that particular package, and in ninety-nine
cases out of a hundred, indeed, I might say in the one hundred cases,
you will lose nothing on the butter. The commission house that is hand-
ling your goods will see you through on it. We have a commission house,
or the commission house has us, to which we have been shipping goods
during the entire time I have made butter with the exception of a ship-
ment or two that we would send somewhere else for experiment, but we
would come back home again. I do not know whether we will ever quit
that hpuse or not; certainly will not if I have anything to say about it.
Notify your house if you have butter that is off grade and give them a
fair show.

Be careful about your refrigerator. I saw some score cards the other
day in a whole milk creamery and I noticed on four or five of the cards
"mouldy tubs." I do not know that the buttermaker is to blame for that.
That does not have much to do with the manufacture of butter, but it has
something to do with the finished product. Be careful of your tubs, soak
them right, pack them neatly, do your work well, as though you were do-
ing it for yourself. Be careful about expense. Chief Webster told us
yesterday about it costing 1% cents to manufacture butter. It cost us a
little over 1 cent a pound to manufacture our butter during the month of
October.

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAE BOOK— PART VII. 343

The co-operative creamery will pay a bigger price if it is properly
managed; the patrons will get New York price or one or two cents above;
I have heard of as high as five cents about New York being paid. I don't
know just how that was done, but some do it. But if the creamery is well
managed the patrons will stay by the home plant, and I think in ninety-
nine cases in one hundred the buttermaker is responsible for the success
of the co-operative creamery.

Another thing, I see Prof. Bower back there. Last fall he went out
soliciting cream for the state college and he said if he went into a com-
munity where the patrons had confidence in the buttermaker he could not
touch them with a ten-foot pole; he could not buy cream there at all; but
in a neighborhood where they had no confidence in the buttermaker he
could get all the cream he wanted.

The Chairman: Gentlemen, I am sure Mr. Trimble has done
very well. I don't know whether the influence the treasurer and
myself had on him at the picnic had anything to do with it or not,
but they certainly do treat one well at Alden, they know how to
treat people. Are there any questions anyone would like to ask
Mr. Trimble?

Member: I would like to ask Mr. Trimble if he ever saw any
cream that the patrons thought was bad? In my experience of
twelve years I have never found a customer that would admit his
cream was bad ?

Mr. Trimble : I had a case of that kind come up this summer.
A man living within two miles of town came twice a week. He sent
his little daughter, a girl of about ten years, over. We are good
natured over there and would lift the cream and empty it and send
the can back in the buggy. I wanted to get a chance to tell that
man his cream was not good but I did not say any thing to the
little girl. The man came over one' morning, poured his cream into
the weigh can, (by the way, I have a strainer in the weigh can), the
top of his cream remained in there and the bottom was whey. I
said, "William, what do you think about that cream? Just smell
your can." He said, "It is rotten." He was honest and he ac-
knowledged it and I have had good cream from that patron ever
since.

The Chairman : We will now hear from Professor Bower, Assis-
tant Professor in dairying at Ames.

SOME STANDARDS IN DAIRYING.

JOHN BOWER, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR IN DAIRYING, AMES.

Mr. Chairman: It was with both pleasure and pride that I responded
to the call of your secretary to address the members of the dairymen's

344 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

association of the state of Iowa. It is a pleasure to be here because of a
natural liking for association with dairymen wherever found and it is a
source of pride because I feel honored to be thought worthy of filling so
important a position as speaker before such an intelligent audience. Nor
do I use the word intelligent in a flattering sense, for dairymen, wherever
found, and those who attend such meetings as these in particular, stand
head and shoulders above those who are content to work, irrespective of
what progress is going on about them, irrespective of any interest other
than petty interests which come within their own narrow horizon.

You are a force in progressive dairying. You represent as individuals,
and collectively as members of this association, what might be termed the
forward movement or vanguard in everything which makes for improve-
ment. To a large extent the future of dairying lies in your hands. As
an association you mould opinion, influence in no small degree the char-
acter of legislation respecting things vital in dairying, create sentiment
either for or against the industry whose foundation is that queen among
animals, the dairy cow.

It is right then that we, as members of this association, should have
a keen appreciation of our position, should have such standards of thought
and action that they with whom we come in contact, moved by our ideas,
enthused with our enthusiasm, will place dairying where it ought to be, in
forefront of agricultural thought and agricultural endeavor in this most
productive of all states, the state of Iowa. Instead of being considered a
side issue, a tail end, tacked to other industries, or linked in unfortunate
alliance with anV other industry, dairying should stand out pre-eminently
the chief of all, the most profitable of all industries, providing for its pa-
trons not only hire for their labor, but something of the better things,
the comforts and blessings of life. Self-sufficiency should be then one of
the leading standards held before the dairymen of this country. If we
as dairymen are content to count dairying as of secondary importance in-
stead of that position that it should hold as an industry of primal im-
portance because of fundamental economic principles involved, how much
more will others, not interested in dairying, be willing to consider it as
a side issue of no value except as a minor factor in other schemes of
agriculture. We must be willing to stand on our own feet, fight our own
battles, unmoved by any interests except those that will place dairying
in its proper position among the activities of agriculture in this state.

To do this it is essential that dairying should have as its creed two
outstanding features, the purity of its products and honesty and integrity
of purpose of its partisans. It should have as its advocates men of under-
standing, men impelled to work in its behalf because of a consciousness
of its possibility, not only as affecting their further prosperity, but as
affecting the prosperity of their fellow men and this state to which we
are proud to belong, and where else can such men be found if not among
those here before me? Yet you know and I know that there are many
among us who are not alive to the best interest of dairying, who are will-
ing to sacrifice the good of the industry and with it their own best interest
for immediate private gains?

We, who are familiar with conditions as they exist throughout our
state, are aware that at least purity of our products is not always the

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII. 345

guiding principles which direct our efforts. We are aware also that
questionably honest practices are the rule of some.

In the keenness of competition which now exists quality seems to be
forgotten. The cry comes, how can we make a good grade of butter from
the cream we are now receiving. Makers and managers are willing to
go to almost any limit if they can cover up or hide from the consumers
of butter the decomposed condition in which much of the cream is now
received. How many makers are engaged in creameries, guaranteeing
"extras" out of cream, some of which is scarce fit for the "swill barrel,"
let alone human consumption. Cream two, three, yes, ten days old, is be-
ing made into butter notwithstanding everything scieifce has to teach us
in regard to possibility of ptomaine poisons as produced in old cream and
milk, notwithstanding other fermentations which so far as we know or
care are a menace to public health. Pasteurization is being used not as
a scientific process in the manufacture of butter of good quality, but
rather as a "cure all" for the indifferent quality of cream now received.

Surely it is not too much to say that such standards as motives of
action are not conducive to the best interests of dairying. Instead of
working for quality in the raw material we seem to be content to doctor
up, what cannot be doctored without in some way working to the detri-
ment of the industry. Whatever comes we must not give up until we in
Iowa have raised the standard of quality from its present rather unde-
sirable position. To do this we must have better raw material. To get
this better raw material should be then our purpose rather than in im-
proving what after all cannot be permanently improved, this low grade
cream that is now being received. We cannot make gold out of silver
ore, much less can we honestly place before the consuming public a high
grade butter made out of raw material which is of very questionable qual-
ity, made so by fermentations which show very clearly that the cream was
produced under careless, if not unclean and even filthy conditions.

There are managers and directors who feel sore if we do not make a
high grade quality of butter out of a low grade quality of raw material.
Gentlemen, it can't be done, and the sooner we realize this the better.
Taste some of the cream and one would require to have a strong stomach
if he would retain any portion of such stuff. Yet we are forced to receive
it as it is, make it into butter as best we can and in some instances place
it in a beautifully illustrated carton, on one side of which a herd of cows
is seen to graze peacefully in clover, kne'e deep, by a clear limpid brook
babbling peacefully. On the other side we read that this special brand is
made of pasteurized cream, guaranteed to be pure, sweet and clean, while
inside is found a grade of butter which, to tell the truth, we are heartily
ashamed of. Such practices are a menace to the industry and unworthy
of a dairyman.

Nor is this all. Most of us know of men, if they are worthy of the
name of men, who, when a patron of another creamery comes to him with
cream, "boosts the reading," so to speak, as he chuckles to himself, "I
guess I fixed the other maker that time." Others there are who are small
enough, 2x4, and mean enough to "cut" the tests that he may show an
overrun that he has not brains enough to obtain by any other means,
justifying himself that it is a co-operative creamery anyway and it all

346 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

goes the same road. Others, too, there are who pay reasonable prices
where competition compels it, but who are actually stealing from the pa-
tron whom he has in his power. Still others there are who are willfully
and with purpose aforethought still loading their butter with water to an
extent beyond the standard set by law, trusting that the revenue oflBcer
may not reach them. Such men are unwilling to compete on a fair and
open basis, but are willing to shelter themselves behind their rascality,
which they call business perception.

This may sound to some as an exaggerated condition of affairs brought
about by the present competition. 'Tis true that the major portion, the
great bulk of the industry in this state, is on firm, honest basis, and we
as dairymen are proud of it. On the other hand there is much that adds
to the discouragement of increased dairying throughout the state. Pa-
trons have the right to honest weights and honest tests whether it comes
from a centralized plant, a private creamery or a co-operative one, from
agent or anyone engaged in the testing of cream. Over reading and
under reading are alike to be condemned as being inimical if not fatal to
interests represented here today. It affects the competition between manu-
facturers very vitally. One per cent may not mean much to you or to
me here, yet one per cent on the 25 per cent cream may increase or de-
crease the overrun 5 per cent and either put us out of business or place
us in a position to crush out honest competition. It also affects the rela-
tions existing between manufacturer and producer. The producers are not
getting correct tests, and I fear that there are many instances where they
do not, not because of any intentional dishonesty on the part of the oper-
ator, but because of ignorance of principles and practices involved in the
correct manipulation of the Babcock test, there can be but distrust and
dissatisfaction in place of that co-operation and harmony that should and
ought to exist. I can recall in our work with the short course men an
instance where as much as 5 per cent difference was made by four men in
testing cream out of the same sample. Fancy, if you will, what sort of
tests are now being handed out to the producers of Iowa by agents who
have never received any special training in the sampling and testing of
cream and who are not suflBciently interested to know just how variations
in test affects the producer and the manufacturer and dairying in gen-
eral in this as well as other states. An intelligent appreciation of the
correct value of testing in its relation to progress in dairying cannot be
too strongly emphasized. I fear in some of our creameries that the pro-
ducer has some justice in his accusation that the Babcock test is largely
a matter of guess-work, if not actual stealing. What standard shall you
and I adopt in regard to this important question? What standard shall
you and I insist shall be enforced in this state of Iowa? The producer
has also the right to fair returns for his product. I fear he does not
always get it. Now, I am not one who would confine the income of in-
vestors to a paltry 3 and 4 per cent interest on money invested. They
should have over and above the man who sits in his chair and lends his
money out under safe security. To the shrewd business men of foresight,
faith and initiative who are willing to risk their time and money through
years of depression as well as prosperity, I take off my hat and would
grant them all that they are entitled to for their courage and enterprise.

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART VII. 347

But I fear that there are some of our producers who are not receiving
all that they are entitled to. Advantage is taken of the position of the
producer, advantages are taken of his ignorance of values as related to
dairy products, of his ignorance of factors in creamery management. It
would seem that if we are to encourage dairying in this state, if we are to
arouse any sort of interest in districts where little or none exists, we
should be willing to so exert ourselves to manufacture in the greatest
possible quantity conducive with best quality the raw material given into
our hands, to so manage our business that we can, while obtaining for
ourselves the maximum lawful and just returns for labor and capital in-
vested, give to the producer every cent possible. Not only must we en-
courage dairying by cultivating in a greater degree that spirit of confi-
dence between producer and manufacturer that is so essential to in-
creased business enterprise, but we must, to a still greater degree, en-
courage dairying by stimulating increased interest in better cows. If
you can get your patrons to see the importance of proper breeding, weed-
ing and feeding you have in part solved the question of quality and in no
small degree done away with that harrowing competition between neigh-
boring creameries by supplying close at hand the necessary raw material.

You as makers and managers should also be fully informed as to the*
latest triumphs in dairy production. Are you aware that there is a cow,
Colantha's 4th Johanna, who bids fair to beat all official records of pro-
duction, even that wonderful record of Yexka Sunbeam, of over 1,000
pounds butter in one year? Are you aware that there are a large number
of cows which have produced over 500 pounds butter fat per year?
Do you know that there are dairy herds of 30 cows and more which pro-
duce over 450 pounds butter fat per cow per year? Are you familiar with
the high prices that are being paid for dairy excellence as it is found
in individual animals when $10,000, $15,000 and $20,000 is not considered
too much to pay for blood of the right strain? Knowing these things, are
you making use of these facts to stimulate the dairymen of your district
to still greater achievements in dairy production?

On the other hand, do you know that of the many cows that are being
milked in this state nearly 500,000, or one-third, are being kept at a loss?
What are you doing to aid the producers of this state to get rid of these
parasites? Are you advocating the beef cow, the dual purpose cow, or the
special dairy cow to the producers of this state? I can understand why
breeders of pure beef stock are advocating the former two types, but I can-
not understand why dairymen, wherever found, should not advocate the
special dairy cow. With land worth $100 to $125 per acre, she alone at
ruling market prices can return to her owner a margin of profit over and
above value of money invested in land and labor. She can, in a single
year, if she is the right type and handled in a proper manner, produce
in value, in butter fat and skim milk, as much as the selling price of
two steers, in many cases ten times the profit. Not only that, but she
can do it over again the next year. Many of us are afraid to mention a
special dairy cow to our patrons much less advocate them. It would seem
as if we were ashamed of her. Is it any wonder then that she is ignored
by those not so well informed as we are or should be in matters pertaining
to dairying?

348 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

It would seem then that there are at least three lines of advance that
we as dairymen may undertake, first, improvement in quality; second,
improvement in and enforcement of such legislation as will encourage
dairying through guaranteeing to manufacturers a just and even basis of
competition, and to the producer fair and honorable treatment; thirdly, by
arranging a campaign in favor of the special dairy cow. The last Is In
our own hands; the first and second are only in part under our control.
It would seem as if we had given up the fight for quality. We would
seem to have been beaten back by the tide of competition. It would look
like as if Iowa is to take a back seat to Minnesota, Wisconsin and other
progressive states. Such states are, through their respective governments,
employing trained men whose business it is to aid the dairymen of the
state by enforcing laws which are a credit to the legislators of those states.
In the province of Ontario, Canada, there are a force of Instructor in-
spectors ten times as large as poor Iowa can afford whose duty it Is to
enforce laws which might be called drastic in Iowa, but wihch are pro-
ducing a cheese which is without equal for quality anywhere. Is Iowa
to stand still in this matter? We have a few able men, 'tis true, such
men as Mr. Wright and his secretary, Mr. Smith, Mr. Johnson and Mr.
Odell, we are proud of, and well we may be, but they are not enough.
If we can improve the quality of our butter to the extent of 1 cent per
pound it means $1,200,000 to the state of Iowa. I think It is possible In
many Instances to improve It 5 cents per pound and at the same time to
encourage consumption 20 per cent by supplying a better quality, besides
relieving we poor buttermakers of the job of making butter out of cream
which is already made, so far as its quality is concerned. I would we
had with us some of the legislators of Iowa. If we could only get them
infected with the dairy microbe, that they would be so impressed with
the imperative necessity of this matter that they would divert from the
treasury sufficient funds to employ at least a dozen men to enforce such
laws as are absolutely essential, what a change there would be in dairying
In Iowa.

If we turn to those countries where greatest progress has been made
In dairying, as Denmark, Australia, New Zealand, we find that government
inspectors and co-operation is the writing that Is found on the wall. That
writing spelled success to them; it would spell success to us, and place
Iowa in the forefront of the states as the most economical producer of
dairy products of the highest possible quality. As members of the Iowa
Dairymen's Association let us do everything in our power to build dairy-
ing on a firm and sure foundation, backing in every way possible every-
thing that tends to Improvement in quality, supporting the enforcement
of such laws as are essential in fair and open competition, encouraging
dairying everywhere by submitting in no undecisive manner its ad-
vantages over other phases of agriculture, not neglecting to impress the
need of dairying with a dairy cow even in Iowa.

The Chairman : Are there any questions ? If not, we will pro-
ceed with the program and will now listen to an address on ' ' Breed-
ing up the Dairy Herd," by Mr. P. J. Julian, of Algona.

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII. 349

BREEDING UP THE DAIRY HERD.

p. J. JULIAN, ALGONA, IOWA.

Mr. President, Fellow Dairy Farmers of Iowa: Between myself and
the newspaper men the address I had prepared for this occasion has dis-
appeared, so I will be obliged to give you what is called an impromptu
address.

When a man enters upon any proposition or trade it seems to me that
he should give considerable thought, time and study to that proposition or
trade. Before I go on I would like to know how many real farmers I
have in the audience. How many men in this audience are milking cows
at the present time? Well there are a few, but not as many as we ought
to have in the country surrounding Des Moines. As my subject pertains
to you especially, it would seem to me that the dairy farmer or the farmer
milking, no matter how many cows, should be here to hear what can be
said on the subject, because, as I said before, when he or anyobdy else
enters on a trade or proposition, he should study^ up everything per-
taining to that before engaging in that occupation, so as to be as well
posted as it is possible to be.

Now then, when a farmer enters on the production of milk the first
thing that suggests itself to him is what kind of cows am I going to keep?
What am I after, fun or profit? Now there is no one that thinks it much
fun to milk cows twice a day, night and morning, year in and year out,
but you can have more fun if you milk the dual purpose cow than you
can if you milk the special purpose cow, because the dual purpose cow
does not give much milk for a long time and you can have lots of fun
during that time, while on the other hand the special purpose cow is
pegging away all the time and at the end of the year you will have a profit
and if a profit does not make a man feel good I don't know what does.

Now in selection of the dairy cow you want to look first to type. I
am aware that there is a sentiment prevailing largely in the minds of
Iowa people that the dual purpose cow is the cow for Iowa. That has
been instilled and pounded into their minds for all time by the editorial
press because they could raise a steer beef for less, losing sight of the
fact that butter and milk was the main object they were striving for.
Now it is true that in times past and perhaps up until very recently the
dual purpose cow had a place on the farm in Iowa. Lands were cheap,
grass was plenty, and the fact is that not more than twenty years ago a
man could keep all the cattle he wanted at the expense of herding, hiring
a herdsman or paying 40 or 50 cents a head to keep those cattle five
months in the year, and the other seven months he could keep them on
coarse forage that cost him practically nothing, because I have within
the past twenty years put up hay on other people's land, people who had
it for speculation, for the cost of labor, and at that rate a man could milk

350

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

almost any kind of a cow and make money. I have taken considerable
pains to investigate the price of lands in other countries to ascertain what
they are doing on those high priced lands. I find in Holland that land
is worth from $500 to $1,200 an acre; in the Island of Jersey and Guernsey
land is worth from $600 to $1,750 an acre. Now it occurred to me that
the men in those places must be doing some extra work in order to make
land as valuable as that, so I went a little farther and tried to find out
what those men were doing to make land so valuable that they could
command from $600 to $1,750 an acre, and I found in all cases that
dairying is the principal occupation of those people. Here in Iowa we
have land worth from $50 to $150 an acre, and yet those people in Hol-
land and the Islands of Jersey and Guernsey are competing with the mar-
kets of the world, are buying Iowa grain, paying the freight from here to

Ayrshire cow "Croftjane Dinah 19th", owned by W. P. Schank, Cruon, N. Y.

Holland, Guernsey and Jersey and shipping their butter into the London
markets in competition with our American butter. How are they doing
it? Are they doing it with those dual purpose cows that the agricultural
press of Iowa and the agricultural college of Iowa have been advocating
so long? Not a bit of it; they would not think of such a thing. They
have dairy breeds there that were established before the time of Julius
Ceasar and they have been going along in that same line ever since, and
here in this country we have been trying to milk cows from a breed or
breeds that for one hundred or more years have been made for the beef
block. How are we to expect to make money milking cows out of such
animals as that?

I yield in admiration to no man for those grand beef animals I have
seen down at the International Stock Shows at Chicago, animals that are

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PAET VII. 351

bred as the best talent in the country can breed them, grand animals
they are; but I say keep those things distinct, you beef men, raise your
beef animals, but you dairymen, find your special purpose cow and stick
to her. I make bold to make this statement, although I am aware that
the agricultural press in this state are to a large extent opposed to it,
that the special purpose dairy cow, regardless of her calf, we will not
take her calf into consideration at all, will make you more profit, more
clear profit, than the combined annual production of milk or butter and
your steer calf for one year. I say I make bold to make this statement
that there is more clear profit in the production of butter and milk alone
from the special purpose dairy cow than there is in the combined product
of your milk and butter and your steer calf from your dual purpose cow.

Now then, why go to work and spend time and money and profit taking
care of a whole lot of calves and yearlings up to two years old and then
find you could have made more money by not employing so much help
or doing so much work yourself to take care of those steer calves, when
you could have made more money taking care of the special purpose
cows?

I said the agricultural press of this state was antagonistic to the special
purpose cow, but I want to make one exception that I know of to that.
There is a little paper printed down here in Waterloo; it is not very big,
but it contains the very essence of dairy thought. I am speaking of
Kimball's Dairy Farmer, and that, in combination with Hoard's Dairy-
man, will give a dairyman the literature he needs to build up one of the
special dairy herds, give him the knowledge he needs, give him the under-
standing he needs, and if he takes both those papers and studies them
carefully and goes according to the light that is given him there I will
guarantee that in the course of ten years he will have a herd of cows that
no matter how hard the times are or how high the price of labor is he
will come out on the right side of the ledger at the end of the year, and
you cannot say that of your dual purpose cow.

I heard a statement here last year by my good friend. Dairy and
Food Commissioner Wright, and it seems to me he rather exulted in the
statement that the dairy cow of Iowa had made 140 pounds of butter on
the average during the year. Just think of it! If I did not make more
than 140 pounds of butter a year off my herd I would be in the poor house
after a while, because I would gradually go down and down. Do you
know while I am away I have hired a man to take my place doing chores,
and he will not milk, and I am paying that fellow $2.00 a day and his
board to do ordinary chores? Can we stand that kind of work with the
dual purpose cow? Then again, look here. If 140 pounds is the average
how many cows are there under that? There are a whole lot above that,
but how many are there under that? How many cows are you milking
that will not give you more than three or four thousand pounds of milk
a year? It does not matter whether you are selling your milk or making
it into butter, the amount of milk you make and the per cent of butter
fat in the milk determines the price of butter and the amount of milk
you are selling determines the profit you will get by the price you get
and the number of pounds of milk you get. Governor Hoard said here
yesterday that he made nearly eight thousand pounds of milk out of

352

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

his Guernsey cows. Now, I am no breed man; that is, I do not believe
in praising up a breed that I am using and I'unning down every other
breed. We have five or six grand breeds of dairy cattle. He has a
Guernsey herd that is a full blooded herd. I think he said his annual
production of butter amounted to about $101.00 a year; then he
values his skim milk at 15 cents per hundred, bringing up the annual
production of his herd to $117.50. Mr. Griswold, at La Crosse, Wis., has
bred Guernsey cattle that he graded up to an -annual production on butter
alone of $100 a year, taken from the creamery report. Is there any dual
purpose cow in the state of Iowa that will do that?

I have read the statement in Wallace's Farmer that there are herds
of cattle in this state that will produce beef animals and also produce
300 pounds of butter a year. I challenge the statement. I would like to

Gurnsey cow "Meistress Joe", owned by Charles S. Besley, Edison Park, III.

have any man or number of men make a sworn statement, taken from the
creamery books and showing the number of cows they milk, as to what
they are doing, because I do not believe there is a herd of full blooded
beef animals in the state of Iowa that will give 300 pounds of butter
a year. A number of years ago, when I first started in the cow business
in Iowa, I was fortunate in picking up a few cows of the dual purpose
type to milk. We had a sire in that county that would give grand good
milkers, a shorthorn registered bull, but he never gave a steer calf that
was worth taking to Chicago any more than our dairy steer calves were,
but he was a good begetter of heifers and cows. The first cow I bought of
this sire was in the spring and I turned her out on grass, gave her a little
screenings, but nothing very heavy, but that old cow, under the condi-
tions I raised her, came through in the spring and gave me over twelve

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII. 353

pounds of butter a week. That was pretty good. Then I found I could buy
six more from the same sire and I bought them and those cows gave me
grand results. If I could have continued on that line and raised cows
equal to them that breed would have been fine, but I bought some calves
along with those cows, bred to a beef sire. The calves were from a
beef sire and I raised them up, took great pride in them, worked over
them a great deal, took a great deal of care of them and fed them along
dairy lines. They were fine looking animals; men would drive along the
road and say, "Those are the finest looking animals I ever saw," but
when those calves came in there was not one of them worth spending
your time milking them. I kept them all until the second year and bred
them to the best bull I could find, but I was just as bad or worse off than
before.

A dairy cow has two purposes, one in the milk that she will produce
and the amount of butter fat, and the other is the traits that she can
hand down to her offspring. The first dies when the cow dies and if she
has not the trait to pass on then her value is gone when she is dead;
but there is an inherent value in that cow and that is the reason the
special dairy cow, of the full blood at least and the high grade, is worth
more money than another cow that will give equal production, but has
not the characteristic to pass on to her offspring. That is the kind of
cow you want. If we are to make money out of dairy cows in this state
we will have to raise our annual production considerably over 140 pounds
of butter a year. As Governor Hoard said, in Jefferson county, Wiscon-
sin, his home county, with the Guernsey, Jersey and Holstine breeds, they
have raised the annual production to over 250 pounds of butter a year.
How are they doing it? Using the dairy sire exclusively and raising
the heifer calves.

Those men will tell you to look at the rough food we raise in Iowa.
It puts me to my wits end to know how to raise the rough food my cattle
consume. A dairy calf will consume more rough food than any beef animal
I ever saw. That is what we want; we want to make a big digestive
tract for the food to pass through, and there is nothing like good clover
hay and rough food to feed to those dairy heifers and dairy cows. The
dairy cow will consume more rough food than any animal on earth of the
milking type.

Do you know I think the time is passing when we are going to have
our big corn fields, with forty per cent of the value of the corn plant left
out in the field, to be worth perhaps 50 cents an acre for cattle to pick
over? We have got to stop that and we are going to do it by the silo.
We cannot afford, with land worth $100 or more per acre, to allow nearly
half of this valuable product to lie out of doors. The other day when I
came down on the train corn was standing in many places and I saw
cattle out in the corn fields with the snow coming down, the worst pos-
sible thing that could happen to a dairy cow. When I left home after
dinner my cattle had been out to drink and were back in the barn lying
down. There will be no stop in the production of milk in that herd if
the man in charge will take anywhere near the care I did, and when I
23

354 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

get home the cows will be giving the same amount of milk they did when
I left.

It is up to you, farmers. Are you going to get the cow that will keep
on giving milk the year round by proper selection, feed and care, and do
away with the dual purpose cow?

Now, then, in taking up the subject of breeding up a dairy herd, the
first thing you want to give your attention to is selection of a sire. That
is the first thing that must be done. I want you to do this, want you to
study all the dairy literature you can, learn everything about the dairy
business you can, make up your mind which breed you like best, then
buy the very best sire of that breed you can get. Write to some good
breeder or a half dozen of them if you desire, and tell them what you
want; tell them you want a sire from one of the best cows they have.
See that she has a good udder and teats, for I tell you that is a mighty
important matter. If you sit down to milk a cow and she is short teated
and her back is out of shape it is not a very desirable job, and the sire
from such a dam as that is apt to carry that trait on. You want to see
that your sire is dammed by a cow that has a good udder and teats and
is a large producer; the larger the better. That is where a lot of you
farmers make a mistake in selecting your dairy sire; you are looking for
something cheap instead of something good. Now you will never get
the best without paying a fair equivalent for it; if you want something
good you must expect to pay a fair price for it, and I can name you breed-
ers of dairy cattle in this state who are paying $500 or $600 to get a
sire, and how can you expect to get an animal from such a sire as that
for a song? It cannot be done. The sires from which you want to get
your heifers ought to be worth more money than those that you can pick
up around the country are worth. I will say right here that there is
no breeder in the state of Iowa or anywhere else that can go to work and
carefully select a herd of cows, put in the time required, and every two
or three years buy a new sire at a price of possibly not less than $500
and afford to let you have anything under $100. It cannot be done and
the breeders make money, and you cannot afford to buy one worth less
money than that; you cannot afford to keep one for less money.

As I said, the sire is the principal thing. The next thing I would do
would be to take such cows as I had in the herd. The average farmer
will not bother much with the milk scale and the Babcock test. I do
not do it as much as I really ought to, but once a week you can weigh
the milk and two or three times during the season you can take a sample
of the milk to your buttermaker and get him to test it for you. Pay him
a little for doing that so as to be on the right side of him. It will help
him out; his time is worth something. Get him to test your milk for
you and take a fair sample from each cow; pour it from one vessel to
another, stir it up or do something and take a fair sample. The butter-
maker will give you a tablet that will keep the milk sweet until you get
it to him in a bottle. Milk those cows until you find which cows are
losing you money, and when you find out that the quicker you sell your
poor cows the better. If you have cows that are going to come out even,
if you have not too many, it might be well to keep them a while. They
pay their board and you have the fertilizer to help you out.

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII. 355

If you use this special purpose sire j'ou do not want to bother with the
steer calf. I do not claim those steers will make good beef; once in a
while you get a fine steer, but it is not very often. We special dairymen
might as well say because we have a good beef calf now and then that
we have a good beef breed, as the beef man to say he has good cows for
milk. I would veal these steer calves and raise the heifer calves and give
them the best care possible. I have rarely ever left the calf with the mother
more than a day or two, sometimes not more than the first day, because
I have the cow where I can look after her, in a good box stall. I place
her there by herself some time before she freshens, except in the summer.
I watch her closely. When the calf arrives, if everything is all right, I
let her stay a day or two, depending on the cow's udder; if her udder is
bad I let the calf stay a little longer, because it aids me, but the sooner
you get the calf on milk the better. Do not give it too much at a time.
By that I mean, two or three quarts three or four times a day, depending
on the calf. Do not vary the amount; that is where many farmers make
a mistake and the first thing they know they have trouble on their
hands. Measure or weigh every drop of milk you give the calf; feed
it for a while two or three times a day. After ten days dispense with the
three times a day and feed it twice. When about two weeks old your
calf will nibble at something; then have a little hay there, just enough so
they can nibble at it and clean it up; then put a little meal in their
manger, after they have drank their milk. Keep a little iu the trough;
do not put enough in so they will nose it over and over and keep it be-
fore them all the time; just give them enough to eat and clean up in a
short time and no more.

Now I am not one of those that want to see a dairy heifer or calf a
clothes rack. There is no need of it. W. J. Gillette, of Rosendale, Wis.,
the greatest dairyman of the United States, because he has produced the
most wonderful cow the world has ever seen, says, "Flesh does not hurt
a milk cow." You can feed a calf corn and ruin her for a dairy cow,
but feed it plenty of oats, clover hay and some bran and you will raise a
calf that will have a good deal of flesh, but still constitutional develop-
ment, and when she comes to milk I believe you will have a better ani-
mal than if you try to stint that calf along. I do not believe in doing
anything of the kind. I know some breeders say that is the way to do,
but I do not believe you can raise a calf any more than you can a boy or
girl without giving them plenty of good wholesome food and all they
want.

If you have a spring calf I would not turn it out on the grans. I never
could raise a calf where I turned it on grass and fed it milk at the same
time; then along comes the fly season and you do not want that calf ate
up by flies. You want a good, well ventilated stall to keep your calves
in during the day and let them out at night, and after the flies have gnoe
those calves are big enough and strong enough to go on the grass, but
you must also keep up the bran and oat feed all winter, plenty of good
clover hay, silage and all that. Those are all good so keep them going. I
would rather raise a fall calf than a spring calf for this reason: That
you feed the fall calf right through the winter; in the barn give him
proper care, let him out in the sun, and when grass comes in the spring

356 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

he is going right on to grass, the natural diet for him, and you will have
no more trouble until next winter caring for the calf, providing you have
plenty of grass.

When the calf is about to become a mother I would continue along in
the line of feeding good wholesome dairy foods, and I do not mean by
that that you have to give the heifer high priced stuff. You want to get
great udder development and you can do your part with that, too, by
feeding oats, bran, a little oil meal, or something of that kind, feeding
along the lines that will develop that cow and give great udder develop-
ment, and when she. becomes fresh you are going to have a grade cow that
I would almost guarantee, providing your sire is a prepotent one, that
the poorest one of those heifers will produce practically as much as one
of the best cows that you have in the barn. When you continue right
along in this line, and if you feel that you cannot afford to buy a new
sire, continue with this same sire on those heifers for a second genera-
tion, and if the sire is prepotent, if he has the right stamp that you
want, he will transmit those qualities to his heifers in an intense form
and you will build up your dairy herd in that way better than any other
I know of, but by all means do not continue this sire any farther. Buy
a new sire and when you buy a new one buy the best you can get, get a
better one than the first you bought. Continue in that line and I will
guarantee you will have a herd you will take pride in because there is
profit in it for you; you will be willing to spend time and care in taking
care of those animals because you will know at the end of the year the
balance will be on the right side of the ledger. I thank you.

]\Iember : I want to ask one thing in reference to breeding. Mr.
Julian made the statement that a cow would transmit her good
qualities to her offspring. I do not understand it that way. I
understand that the characteristics of the sire predominate at all
times and unless you have a good milking sire the daughters of a
good cow will not have the traits of their mother.

Mr. Julian : I think you will admit if you have a cow that is a
large producer and if she is mated with certain animals, she will
transmit those qualities in combination \^dth the sire to a greater
extent than another animal that has not those large milk producing
qualities. I understand the sire predominates but we do not know
all about that. Some of the best authorities think that about 60
per cent of the sire and 40 per cent of the dam. I tell you there
are a whole lot of those things that we do not understand but I will
say that I would rather take a sire from a large producer and breed
him in a herd of small producing cows and I will get better results
in his offspring than I would to take a sire from a low producing
dam and also grand dam a low producer and put him into a herd of
large producing cows.

The Chmrman : Now, gentlemen, there is a matter that I wish
to bring before you this morning which is later to come before our

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART VII. 357

executive committee. We have the authority to fix the salary of
our secretary. Mr. Johnson took the place of Mr. Kieffer a few
years ago and at that time ]\Ir. Kieffer 's salary was $300. Mr.
Johnson continued the year out at $150. What I want an opinion
on is how much we are to pay our secretary, and I will entertain a
motion as to what it shall be from this time forward.

Mr. Wentworth: Mr. Chairman, I move that the salary be-
fixed at $150, as stated, from this time forward. Motion seconded
and unanimously carried.

The Chairman : I will now call for the report of the resolutions
committee.

RESOLUTIONS.

Resolved, That we express our appreciation of the generous offer of
the city of St. Paul to the National Creamery Buttermakers' Association,
endorse the action of the executive committee in selecting St. Paul as the
place of holding the next annual meeting and pledge our hearty support
to this organization.

Resolved, That the thanks and appreciation of the association be ex-
tended to the State Dairy and Food Department for their continued ef-
fective work in the interest of the creameries of Iowa.

Whereas, The Iowa State Dairy Association receives no support from
the state, while other dairy states are annually given large and increas-
ing appropriations, and,

Whereas, The needs of the association work and work of dairying in
general in Iowa require immediate and ample financial assistance; be it

Resolved, That we petition the Iowa state legislature for appropria-
tions as follows: $3,000 for the Iowa State Dairy Association and $15,000
for the use of the State Dairy and Food Department, in increasing the
number of instructors and otherwise extending their work.

Resolved, That we are opposed to the enactment of the law conveying
special privileges to any class or working to the disadvantage of the local
merchants, as proposed in the suggestion of Postmaster General Meyer
for a parcel post law.

Resolved, That we express our appreciation of the good work of the
Iowa State College, congratulate them on their splendid dairy equipment
and pledge our co-operation in carrying out the work of the dairy de-
partment and the dairy farm on specialized dairy lines.

Resolved, That we believe that the best interests of the dairy industry
would be served by making the dairy division of the bureau of animal
industry a separate and distinct bureau, under the United States depart-
ment of agriculture.

Resolved, That our heartfelt thanks are hereby extended to the city of
Des Moines, the ofBcers of the association, Jules Lumbard, Edward C.
Lytton, Miss Kleo Odell, the creamery and dairy press and all who have
contributed to the success of this meeting.

358 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Resolved, That we appreciate the good work of the National Dairy
Union in their fight to protect the sale of pure butter and hereby pledge
the organization our future support.

Whereas, The present trend of the dairy business in the state of Iowa
is towards the centralizing of the creamery interests in a few hands, which
we deem to be against the best interests of the. producer and consumer
through smaller returns to the producer and poorer quality to the con-
sumer, be it

Resolved, That we express our heartfelt thanks to Secretary Wilson
and his assistants in the dairy division for collecting and giving out in-
formation as to the facts in this connection from all parts of the country,
and for the presentaton of these facts by the chief of the dairy depart-
ment at this convention.
(Signed)

E. R. Shoemaker,
J. J. Bkunnee,
S. B. Shilling,
E. M. Wentwokth;

Committee.

On motion, duly seconded, the resolution was adopted.

The meeting stood adjourned, and arrangements having been
made, a number of buttermakers visited the Agricultural College
at Ames.

PART VIII

EXTRACTS FROM
STATE DAIRY COMMISSIONER'S

REPORT OF 1907.

TWENTY-FIRST ANNUAL

H. R. WRIGHT, Commissioner

CONDITIONS OF THE DAIRY INDUSTRY.

There have been no extraordinary changes in the dairy and creamery
conditions in Iowa during the last twelve months, other than might
easily have been forecasted a year ago. The change from the whole-milk
system to the hand and sepai-ator and gathered cream system has con-
tinued to a marked degree and the patronage of the so-called centralizing
creameries has increased in the aggregate. The strife between centraliza-
tion and the system of local co-operative creameries has become more in-
tense. As heretofore pointed out, nearly one-half of the area of this State
is without local creameries, and the farmers in those sections must of
necessity patronize the central plants. There is no point in Iowa more
than seventy miles by rail from at least two central plants, and consider-
able quantities of cream are shipped out of the State to Minneapolis,
Chicago, Omaha and St. Joseph, Mo. Considerable quantities are shipped
into the State from Northern Missouri and from South Dakota and North-
eastern Nebraska. The movement of cream on passenger trains in this
State has become a matter of very great moment both to the railroads
and to the larger creameries.

The combined efforts of the dairy forces, of the college, of this de-
partment, of the Farmers' Institutes of the State, and of the creameries
themselves, have in the last several years very greatly improved existing
conditions. The change from the whole-milk to the gathered cream sys-
tem resulted disastrously to the quality and value of butter made, but
gradually the quality has become better and the last year has seen a

(359)

360 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

considerable improvement — partly because of legislation, but largely be-
cause of the efforts of the creameries themselves and still more for the
reason that the shipment of cream long distances has been lessened in
this State to a very marked degree. A continued improvement in the
character of dairy buildings, machinery and surroundings is noted to a
greater degree each year.

THE WORK OF ASSISTANT DAIRY COMMISSIONERS.

The work of the assistant dairy commissioners during the past twelve
months has been along lines of sanitation, and of investigating the condi-
tions in relation to the policies of the various creameries as affecting their
profits or losses. Some astonishing things have been discovered in rela-
tion to the overrun. One of them is that very few creameries actually
know what their overrun is. The books of various creameries show an
overrun all the way from nothing at all to 30 per cent, and the butter
shows an overrun from 10 to 25 per cent or more. It is quite evident
that a difference of 5 per cent in the overrun of the average creamery,
whose business is nearly $40,000, amounts to a very considerable sum of
money and the efforts of this department have been to insist upon it that
the buttermaker and secretary know actually what the overrun is, that
it should be as high a figure as is consistent with honesty and safety
under the laws and that it should be a real overrun and not an apparent
one secured by low testing, or other means not legitimate. The work '
of the assistant commissioners is suggested more at length in the discus-
sions following.

OLEOMARGARINE.

As suggested in report of last year, manufacturers of oleomargarine
are more than ever pushing the sale of the uncolored product on its
merits. While there are still innumerable instances where oleomargarine
is sold or furnished to the consumer as butter, it is true that a very large
number of retail dealers are attempting to sell oleomargarine for what
it is, and in strict compliance with the law. The statistics given below
show considerable increase in the manufacture of oleomargarine for the
year ending June 30, 1907.

The following table shows the production of oleomargarine in the
United States for the last six years. The year ends in each case
June 30th:

1902 128,316,472

1903 71,804,102

1904 48,071,480

1905 49,880,982

1906 53,146,659

1907 68,988,630

The prevailing high price of butter for the last eighteen months has
been a great factor in this increase, and the fact must be recognized
that when butter retails at from thirty to thirty-five cents a pound the
legitimate demand for oleomargarine is necessarily increased. This is
particularly evidenced at the present writing (Nov. 1, 1907), by the in-
creased number of retail dealers' licenses issued in this State.

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK- PART VIII. 361

The best argument at the command of the dealer in oleomargarine
is the presence on the market of butter of poor quality. The next best
argument is the presence of too many so-called pound bricks of butter
actually weighing an ounce or more short in weight. The dealer in
butter who sells a product of poor quality or a short weight package is the
greatest enemy that the butter industry has at the present time. His
practices, besides being dishonest, make possible too often successful
competition by the dealer in oleomargarine.

Successful prosecutions for violation of the oleomargarine law have
been undertaken at Centerville, Burlington and Waterloo, and one un-
successful prosecution at Ottumwa.

SANITATION.

Section 2522 of the Code provides: "Every person or corporation, or
the employe of such person or corporation, who operates a creamery,
cheese or condensed milk factory, or re-works or packs butter, shall main-
tain his premises and utensils in a clean and hygienic condition. * * *
Whoever shall violate any provisions of this section shall be punished by
a fine of not less than twenty-five nor more than one hundred dollars, or
by imprisonment in the county jail for not more than thirty days."
Under this section, fines have been inflicted on one buttermaker and upon
the secretary of another creamery. A careful reading of the above quoted
statute shows that the responsibility for cleanliness in the creamery
rests equally upon the buttermaker and his helpers, and the secretary, or
manager, or proprietor. The assistant commissioners have done a great
deal of effective work among the creameries by insisting in a great many
cases upon a radical change of conditions on pain of prosecution, and this
policy of the department will be further carried out in the future. There
is never any excuse for unsanitary conditions in a creamery, and such
conditions are the more inexcusable under present prosperous business
conditions.

The law above quoted was intended to insure the consumer of Iowa
butter that it is made in a cleanly place. A good many of our creameries
were built a number of years ago and ought now to be replaced with new
and more substantial and permanent buildings. A very large number of
creameries have been this year replaced with buildings composed of
buildings made with brick or cement, and the tendency towards better
buildings is more marked every year.

There are two things absolutely essential to the highest degree of
cleanliness and sanitation in every creamery. They are: First, a ce-
ment floor; second, proper drainage. Unfortunately, a great many cream-
eries are so located that there is not sufficient fall to permit of proper
drainage. Some of our creameries under such conditions have put in a
septic tank and the results have been very successful. This department
will be glad to furnish information and plans for such a system of caring
for the drainage on request from officers of any creamery.

TESTING CREAM. .

Innumerable complaints come to this department concerning the samp-
ling and testing of cream by cream haulers, cream purchasing agents,

362 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

the creameries themselves and nearly all of these complaints allege that
the inaccuracies arise either from the dfesire to cheat the seller of cream
either on weight or on test, or a desire to win away the patrons of a
creamery by giving higher tests or higher prices than the facts or condi-
tions warrant. The testing of cream may be, and usually is, as cer-
tainly correct as the weighing of it, but carelessness in sampling, in-
accuracy in weighing the sample for the test, too high temperature of fat
column when the test is read, and inaccurate measurement of the fat
column, all lead to wrong results. The carelessness exhibited by a good
many users of the Babcock tests is little short of actual criminality. Un-
fortunately, it is impossible under our present statute to convict the
tester for such carelessness in the test. It is necessary to show that the
inaccurate results arise from actual intention to deceive or fraud, and in
most cases it is almost impossible to bring any positive, affirmative evi-
dence of such intention, even though the results are clearly shown as
they would be if such criminal intention were actually present. The
dairy law requires the operator of the test to "produce correct measure-
ments of butterfat." It also puts upon the operator "the burden of es-
tablishing the use of reliable tests and the results therefrom." This
is another way of saying that if the patron sues the creamery man for
shortage in tests and payment, the burden of proof is upon the operator
of the test to show that the results arrived at were correct. Unfortunately
the amounts involved are always so small that the expense of a suit pro-
hibits bringing it.

Cream is the one product which the farmer sells of which he does not
know the actual value with very close approximation. His other products,
whether sold by weight or number, are such that he knows with very
close accuracy what the weight or count should be, but usually when he
sells his cream he not only doesn't know the weight of the cream, but is
unable to ascertain the test even approximately, and he usually permits
the buyer to fix the price. There are two ways in which he can protect
himself. One is to learn how the sample must be taken in order to be
accurate, and then insist that the sample shall be taken and the test
made and read in his presence; the other is to secure a test machine
and other necessary apparatus and chemicals to make the test and then
weigh, sample and test all his cream before the same is sold, so that he
will know accurately how many pounds of butterfat is delivered.

There have been serious suggestions that proper legislation be had
and system devised for examination and license for users of the Bab-
cock test. A part of the system would necessarily be authority lodged
in some proper person for revocation of the license when it is shown that
tests arrived at were not accurate. Whether such arbitrary regulation
should be made is a question for consideration for dairy and cream people
before the meeting of the legislature in 1909.

PURCHASE OR SALE OF UNWHOLESOME MILK OR CREAM.

(From Chapter 10, Title XXIV, Code as Amended.)

Section 4989. Sale of impure or skimmed milk — skimmed milk cheese

— labeling — purchase of unwholesome milk or cream. If any person shall

sell, exchange or expose for sale or exchange or deliver or bring to an-

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART VIII. 363

other, for domestic or potable use, or to be converted into any product of
human food, any unclean, impure, unhealthy, adulterated, unwholesome
or skimmed milk, or milk from which has been held back what is com-
monly known as strippings, or milk taken from an animal having disease,
sickness, ulcers, abscess or running sore, or which has been taken from
the animal within fifteen days before or five days after parturition; or if
any person shall purchase, to be converted into any product of human
food, any unclean, unhealthful, adulterated or unwholesome milk or
cream, or shall manufacture any such milk or cream into any product of
human food, * * * he shall be fined not less than twenty-five nor more
than one hundred dollars, and be liable for double damages to the person
or persons upon whom such frauds shall be committed. * * *

Attention is called to the fact that the above law provides the same
penalty for the purchase by manufacturers of butter as for the sale of
unwholesome milk or cream. Six successful prosecutions under this
statute have been undertaken during the last year. The larger receivers
of cream report; that conditions have very greatly improved within the
last twelve months. They have uniformly taken advantage of the law
to press upon the shipper the absolute necessity of sending in cream that
is fit for making into butter and the net results have been the improve-
ment mentioned.

WATER IN BUTTER.

The increased activity of internal revenue officials among creameries
has been one of the incidents of the last season. The presence of more
than the legal maximum of 16 per cent of water in butter is so flagrant
an offense, and the sale of such butter such an inexcusable blunder, that
one can not sympathize much with the creamery manager or creamery
buttermaker who gets into the net of the internal revenue official. De-
spite the efforts of the dairy papers, the officers of this department, and
others interested in the welfare of the industry, the buttermaker who
actually tests every churning of his butter for water is the exception and
not the rule; and the manager who insists that his buttermaker shall so
test every churning on pain of discharge has not been discovered.

It may be of service to have it stated here that a number of Iowa
creameries have been assessed from $250 to much greater amounts, which
they have paid; that an official of another state paid $1,600 for sale of
butter containing too much water; and that practically all makes of but-
ter are being examined in the markets by internal revenue officials to see
if they violate the law; that if the make of a creamery shows more than
16 per cent of water at any time it is almost certain to be discovered
and the penalty inflicted upon the creamery management; that the rea-
son why these cases and penalties are not more exploited in the dairy
papers is because the penalties are inflicted by the internal revenue offi-
cials in the way of license fees required and payments of tax at the rate of
ten cents a pound upon the butter seized, and there is no publicity as
there would be if the creamery manager were prosecuted and fined in open
court. However, those who imagine that the internal revenue officials
are not active in the enforcement of this law are wholly deceived as

364 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

to the facts. The law is a proper one and the department having its en-
forcement is competent and energetic.

The effect of recent agitation for a proper amount of overrun in
creameries has resulted in too many cases in efforts on the part of the
buttermaker to increase the amount of water present and that without
taking any pains to know how much water is present in the butter when
it is shipped to market. Assistant dairy commissioners have tested butter
at various creameries and have found butter containing all the way from
7 per cent to 28 per cent of water, and in every case where abnormal
quantities of water have been discovered, the buttermaker was wholly
ignorant of the fact and asserted that his overrun as shown by the secre-
tary's books was only about what it ought to be. Such condition of ig-
norance will certainly result in the payment of penalties for violation of
the national law relating to water in butter.

There are three forms of apparatus now sold by all creamery supply
firms for determining the amount of water in butter — the Gray's moisture
test, the Irish test and the butter test bottle. None of these pieces of
apparatus is found to give absolutely accurate results in the hands of
buttermakers generally, but they do give results sufficiently accurate so
that the buttermaker can avoid loss in the way of small overrun on the
one hand and penalties for manufacture of butter adulterated with water
on the other.

The creamery manager should furnish the buttermaker with proper
apparatus for testing his butter, and should then insist, on pain of
discharge, that every churning of butter be tested for water content
before it leaves the factory. The business of the average creamery in
this State amounts to about $10 or $12 a day, or $30,000 or $40,000 a
year. A loss of even one per cent makes a considerable sum of money.
The detection of a single shipment of butter containing too much moisture
may cost the creamery a very large sum of money, and to neglect pre-
cautions against possibilities of this kind amounts to a betrayal of the
interests of the patrons of the creamery.

COAL TAR COLORS IN BUTTER.

For fifteen or twenty years coal tar colors have been used to a very
large extent in the manufacture of butter. There has always been more
or less of a prejudice existing in the minds of a good many people against
the use of these colors in any food product. There has never been a
prosecution for sale of butter containing one of these products in any
state so far as known to this department, and there is not a particle of
evidence that butter so colored ever did injure the consumer or that it
could injure him. However, it is perfectly well known that certain coal
tar colors used in other food products were of a slightly poisonous nature,
and one or two of the States, for the sake of consistency, have by law
prohibited the use of coal tar colors in every food product. Under au-
thority of the national food law the Board of Food and Drug Inspection
on July 13, 1907, in Food Inspection Decision 76, says: "The use in food
for any purpose of any mineral dye or any coal tar dye, except those
coal tar dyes hereinafter listed, will be grounds for prosecution. Pending
further investigations now under way and the announcement thereof, the

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VIII. 365

coal tar dyes hereinafter named, made specifically for use in foods, may be
used in foods." The colors named as permitted in food products are none
of them colors which have been used or probably would be used in a
butter color, so that the practical effect of this decision is to prohibit the
use of coal tar colors in butter. The national law is a law relating to
interstate commerce, and it applies to practically all the butter manu-
factured in creameries in this State for the reason that ninety per cent
of it is shipped to points outside the State of Iowa. It is therefore quite
apparent that coal tar colors in butter can no longer be used without fear
of prosecution by the Board of Food and Drug Inspection at Washington.
There is nothing in the State food or dairy law and nothing in the
national law to prevent the coloring of butter with harmless color, and
buttermakers and creamerymen should secure from manufacturers of
color offered to them a guaranty not only that the color itself is legally
sold under the food law, but that it is such a color as may be legally used
in the butter to be made.

TUBERCULOSIS.

Reference is again made to law requiring the pasteurization of skimmed
milk before the same is returned by the creamery to the patrons.

The law reads as follows:
Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the State of Iowa:

Section 1. That every owner, manager, or operator of a creamery
shall before delivering to any person any skimmed milk cause the same
to be pasteurized at a temperature of at least one hundred and eighty-five
(185) degrees Fahrenheit.

Sec. 2. Whoever violates the provision of this act shall, upon con-
viction, be liable to a fine of not less than twenty-five dollars nor more
than one hundred dollars."

The following is a quotation from Bulletin No. 92, Iowa Experiment
Station :

"With the probable exception of hog cholera, there is no disease more
dreaded among swine growers than tuberculosis. The disease is of fre-
quent occurrence and according to statistics the numbers of animals so
affected is annually on the increase, particularly in dairy sections. Pack-
ers are most rigid in their inspections in an attempt to protect the pork
consuming public, even going so far as not to buy hogs from localities
known to have had a considerable number of swine affected with the
disease. The carcass of an infected animal is utterly unfit for human
food. Compared with this phase of the subject the thrift of the hogs is
unimportant to say the least, as this only reduces the feeders' profit. It
is the health of the public that must be guarded. A knowledge of the
source of infection and of the extent to which the disease is rapidly
spreading is, therefore, of primary importance to those engaged in checking
its advance.

"It is known that the same bacilli which produces tuberculosis in
cattle also produces the disease in hogs. The exact extent to which cattle
are responsible for its presence among hogs is, however, not known. Di-
rect hereditary transmission among swine rarely ever occurs according
to European investigators, who are unanimous in the theory that the

366 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE.

disease is caused by infection of dairy products containing the tubercle
bacilli. Instances are common where droves of hogs, which at some time
in their lives had been fed whole milk, skim milk or buttermilk, when
slaughtered, showed a large proportion of the number to be infected with
tuberculosis. This is proved by the fact that tuberculosis prevails mostly
where the dairy industry is the most extensive, namely, northern Ger-
many and Denmark. It is a difficult matter to find hogs raised under
common farm conditions that have not been at some time in their lives
fed cow's milk. It is thus apparent that the consensus of opinion has
some foundation when it is generally believed that cow's milk is re-
sponsible for the rapid spread of this disease to the swine herds of the
country.

"The subjecting of milk intended for hog feeding to 176 degrees of
heat, or 'pasteurization,' to kill any tubercle bacilli that might be present
is now a common practice on the modern dairy farm and at the leading
creameries. There is a desire with many to know whether there is any
practical necessity of this pasteurization in this State. The only answer
to the question is the results of actual experimental investigations into
the transmissibility of the disease to hogs from cow's milk."

An experiment in feeding pasteurized milk to two separate lots of
pigs and milk infected with tuberculosis germs to two other lots was
carried on for a period of about eight months. The pigs at the beginning
were free from tuberculosis. Of the twenty pigs fed infected milk every
one was found upon slaughter to have acquired disease of tuberculosis,
while of the twenty pigs fed on pasteurized milk only two showed slight
traces of the disease.

The swine industry in this State is of such great importance that every
effort ought to be made to protect it from loss by disease. The pasteuriza-
tion of skimmed milk at the creamery, as shown by the foregoing experi-
ment, is effective in preventing the spread of tuberculosis among swine.
For a creamery to refuse to obey the law requiring such pasteurization
is to disregard the interests of the whole community, and those of the
patrons of the creamery in particular. A considerable number of prose-
cutions has been undertaken in cases where the creameries have not been
pasteurizing the skimmed milk. The matter is of such very great im-
portance that this department will continue to make prosecutions for
failure to comply with this statute wherever it is possible to secure evi-
dence of such violation.

During the year there have been fines inflicted for violation of the
statute in relation to the pasteurization of skimmed milk upon creamery
managers at Ackley, Harlan, Bristow, Ladora and Ottoson.

BUTTER PRICES.

Below is given a table showing New York prices on butter of the high-
est grade by months for the last eleven years. The average price for
1896 was about the same as that for 1897 given below and these two years
mark the lowest prices for butter in the last twenty years.

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAE BOOK— PART VIII.

367

TABLE No. L

Showing average monthly price of fancy western creamery butter in New-
York market.

<s a

MtH

OQth"

a .

fl .

s^

a>

Cm

<D □

v a

^;^^

^ScM

^§2

H

H

peg

November

December

January

February

March

April

May

June

July

August

September -—
October

Aver. val. per
lb. per year

.2113
.2250

.lyoo

.20tO
.1900
.1880
.1530
.1500
.1500
.1675
.1930
.2290

.2325

.2290
.2040
.2042
.1937
.1980
.1580
.1687
.1687
.1860
.2025
.2235

.2337

.2160
.1975
.2100
.2075
.1902
.1790
.1881
.1835
.2000
.22(32
.2400

$ .1885

$ .1971

$ .2065

.2600

.2720
.2650
.2500
.25.50
.1960
.2012
.1950
.1960
.2100
.2150
.2190

$ .2487
.2540
.2262
.2250
.2212
.2099
.1900
.1925
.1960
.2050
.2110
.2200

$ .2278

.2412
.2510
.2425
.2862
.2840
.2825
.2275
.2195
.2131
.1990
.2170
.2362

? .2165$ .2416

.2650
.2920
.2762
.2600
.2860
.2725
.2200
.2160
.2012
.1940
.2075
.2100

.2317

.2423
.2270
.2517
.2452
.2284
.2012
.1803
.1767
.1793
.1947
.2095

$ .2417

$ .2140

.2481
.2688
.2910
.3218
.2807
.3008
.2371
.2049
.2056
.2111
.2068
.2184

.2350
.2480
.2650
.2709
.2700
.2188
.2017
.2022
.2062
.2257
.2462
.2811

$ .2487

$ .2375

$.2762
.3164
.3080
.3254
.3061
.3069
.2501
.2380

. 2481
.2483
.2781
.2915

$.2826

CITY MILK INSPECTION.

The growth of the city milk inspection in this State is indicated by
the following table, showing the number of permits for milk dealers issued
in the years from 1896 to 1907. The years end in every case on the
4th of July:

1896

1897

1898

1899

1900

1901

1902

1903

1904

1905

1906

1907

566

620

574

676

714

784

821

783

780

827

893

1,006

Cities

Inspectors

Burlington ..
Cedar Rapids

Clinton

Council Bluflfs
Davenport -—
Des Moines —

Dubuque

Fort Dodge —

Keokuk

Marshalltown

Muscatine

Ottumwa

Sioux City —
Waterloo

25,318
28,759
23,756
25,321
39,797
75,626
41.941
14,369
14,604
12,045
15,087
20,181
40,952
18,071

394,737

Oscar C. Hoerr
Chas. B. Thomas
Dr. J. AV. Griffith
H. A. Lennox
H. J. High
J. P. Morey
Harry Barmierier

D. C. Benjamin
A. .J. Anderson

Dr. B. M. Singleton
Dr. .John Tillie

E. B. Hill

J. B. Huffman
Theo. Peek

The inspection and tests carried on by this department in fourteen
cities lead to the belief that there is very little adulteration of milk by
skimming or watering, and little adulteration with chemical preserva-
tives or coloring matters. In the city of Des Moines during the summer
months the chemist of this department has analyzed over six hundred
samples of milk secured from city milk dealers and not a single case of the

368 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

use of preservatives has been discovered. Newspaper accounts of ex-
tensive adulterations of milk are not warranted by any known facts.

The inspection carried on by this department does not extend to the
farms or the cows that produce the milk sold in these cities, and hence
does not give any assurance that the milk sold is produced from healthy
animals nor that it is handled in a cleanly manner up to the time that it
appears for sale to the consumer. Neither the funds nor the authority
given this department enable us to carry on any such inspection.

CENTRALIZATION OF CREAMERIES.

It is impossible to give any inclusive and exclusive definition of the
centralized creamery in this State for the reason that the State possesses
all the varieties of creameries that exist anywhere. There are in the
State ninety plants that answer aflBrmatively to the question, "Do you
receive any cream by rail?" It is believed that about half this number
actually receive one-fourth or more of their butterfat by rail. Twenty-
one of the largest centralizing plants report that they make 24,357,637
pounds of butter. If we include another score of the smaller centralizing
plants, they doubtless make one-third of the creamery butter manufactured
in this State. Attention is called to the fact that the numbers given in
the tables in this report show only the place of manufacture of the butter
and not the place where the cows are kept or the butterfat actually
produced.

Another interesting fact shown by a study of the individual creamery
reports is that in the smaller local creameries each patron produces about
a thousand pounds of butter, while the centralized creameries appear to
make from five hundred to seven hundred pounds of butter per patron
which they report. The question is asked all creameries, "How many
patrons did you have on July 1, 1907?" The patronage of the creamery
with fifteen hundred to three thousand patrons is naturally fluctuating,
but the number on the books any one day ought to represent about the
average number for the year. It is hardly possible that the centralizing
creameries particularly attract the small producer, and just why their
patrons should produce only half or three-fourths as much as the patrons
of the local' creameries is a question that this department is unable to
answer.

This department is bound to accept as correct the statements made by
creamery managers as to the number of patrons and the number of
pounds of butter made, for the reason that the necessary records of the
creamery, are at hand. The number of pounds of butter made by the 21
creameries included in the above paragraph divided by the number of
the patrons they reported as being on their books July 1st gives 590
pounds as the average amount of butter produced by each patron. The
average for the State is more than a thousand pounds per patron as
shown by Table 2 of this report. This low average per patron and the
consequent low apparent production per cow for the State, which appears
from an inspection of the same table, is occasioned by the extremely low
figures given by the central plants, which report about one-third of the
butter of the State, but which report one-half the number of patrons and
about one-half the cows embraced in the figure given in Table 2. The

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART VIII.

369

low production per patron by the centralizers is uniformly low and is
about half as much as the production in the best dairy counties. The
tables given below are first figures reported by three central plants in
different parts of the State; second the statistics compiled in Tables 1
and 2 of this report for the counties indicated:

Number of Patrons

Number Pounds of Butter

Average Pounda

3,200
3,800

900

1,765,659

1,739,019

455,358

551

457
505

County

4)

it

ai

o

a
*- o

o

O <6

O t.

o

Pn

o a

o

z

z

z

Us.

t;^

Buchanan .
Chickasaw
Delaware -.
Fayette —
Kossuth _-.
Palo Alto -
Winneshiek

Total

7

1,273

13,790

10

1,626

13,719

17

2,223

18,433

20

2,615

23,870

19

1,708

14,366

14

1,317

12,933

13

2,684

21,372

99

13,446

118,483

1,570,562
1,859,679
2,875,738
3,758,483
2,226,227
1,599,935
2,422,288

16,312,851

114
135
156
154
154
123
113

Average number of cows per patron 8

Average number pounds of butter per creamery 174 877

Average number pounds of butter per patron 1,212

SHIPPING RATES ON CREAM.

More than a year ago creameries in the northern part of Iowa raised
strenuous objections to the extremely low rates on cream which certain
railroads were making to Chicago. The net results of these rates was
that the Chicago centralizing plant could get butterfat into Chicago in
the shape of cream for less money than the State of Iowa could ship
butterfat to the same point after it was made. On representations made
by them, in which the dairy commissioner joined, these rates to Chicago
were raised to rates practically equivalent to rates for like distances ob-
taining inside the State of Iowa, though not all the railroads joined in
the raise of rates. Later an attempt was made by the Beatrice Creamery
Company to have rates in Iowa lowered by authority of the Railroad Com-
mission. This effort was opposed by the dairy commissioner and the
rates from Iowa have remained the same as they have been for a number
of years heretofore.

It is apparent that a large number of producers of cream in this State
are, under present conditions, compelled to transport their cream to mar-
ket from a distance that precludes a possibility of any transportation
other than rail transportation. As heretofore suggested, there is no point
in Iowa further than seventy miles from two or more centralizing plants,
and hence it is apparent at once that the necessity for a low rate for
cream shipment does not obtain over greater distance than suggested.
Efforts to reduce cream rates have been along the line of reducing the

370 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

rate for long distances. There is wide-spread movement on the part of
the centralized creameries all over the west to maintain as low rates as
possible, or to secure lower ones where the tariff equal to the Iowa rates
obtains. There is a movement equally wide-spread on the part of rail-
roads to make a higher rate for cream than for milk and thereby to raise
rates on shipments of cream for buttermaking purposes, so that the mat-
ter is one which has been brought to the attention of the Interstate
Commerce Commission and the Railroad Commission in Minnesota, Ne-
braska, Iowa and Wisconsin, and indeed has got into federal courts on
a petition for injunction against raising rates.

Different conditions may exist elsewhere. Iowa conditions do not de-
mand a rate on cream shipments different from rates on other products
which naturally go by express. The shipment of cream long distances
inevitably causes a loss in quality and value of cream, which loss is in-
evitably visited upon the seller of that cream. To make a rate of 21 co
22 cents for seventy-five miles and a rate of about 30 cents for two
hundred miles is unfair as between two persons, one of whom wishes to
ship the shorter distance and the other who wishes to ship the longer
distance. To make an extremely low rate for greater distances still
gives an advantage which is not shared by the purchaser in any degree,
directly or indirectly, if we may argue from experience in this State
and elsewhere. The majority of creamery patrons already have a market
at their doors without shipping by rail. The producer of cream who has
no such market is entitled to a fair rate on his cream in exactly the same
sense that he is entitled to a fair rate on his grain or live stock, but
neither he nor the plant to which he ships is entitled to have his product
carried free, nor to have it carried at a rate which is out of proportion
to fair rates on other products. To so reduce rates upon cream shipments
is to enable concerns with large capital and superior business resources
to monopolize in large proportion the dairy business and will be disastrous
to the dairy business of this State. Dairy people of this State should
understand that this is a question which will continue to be agitated and
will take such action as seems to them proper as safeguarding the in-
terests of the business as a whole.

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VIII.

871

TABLE No. III.

Table ehowing number of hand separators, number of patrons and
number of cows.

County

m

S^

a^

o o <u

0,0,
• o <u
O u m
Z

P

a

<o
u
o

>

o c«

10

O

1

00 %^

^^
□ D

a

41 0

ga

0 (hCS

z

0)

to
d
0

oS
.0
0 P.
Z

i

u

%
0
0

U

Adair -.

Adams -—

5
3

8

1

1,003

293

1,441

5
3

8

1,139

312

1,846

6,740
2,472
13,074

Audubon

7
4

10
1
4
5
6

12
4
5
2
4
4
2
7

1

..

1
2
2
1
.-

1,020
488
390
59
119
270

1,063
595

2,759

1,877
192
165

1,133
140
496

8

4

15

1

23
7
6

19
4
4
2
4
4
2

10

1,351
553

1,723

59

1,786

1,273

1,130

2,076

3,604

1,742

192

271

1,3:36

290

1,626

11,200
3.600

Black Hawk - . .. - .

13,258

Boone

Bremer

309
19,884
13,790

Buena Vista .. . - -

10,162

Butler --

18,499

Calhoun -

39,020

Carroll

15,932
1,520

2,247

10,777

1,800

Cliickasaw

13,719

Clarke

Clay -

7
10
6
1
4

1

1
3
1
2

740
1,758

720
1,500

833

7
11

6

1
4

990
2,873

514
1,241

912

8,22-5

Clavton - -_ - - - . --

21,528

Clinton -- -—

3,160

10,000

Dallas

4,100

Delaware

12

1

1,030

17

2,223

18,433

Dickinson

Dubuque

Emmet

Fayette

Floyd

6

15
6

7
5
4

i

2

1
1
1
1

566
2,080
337
835
373
351

6
20

7
20

5

5

612
2,827

485
2,615

795
1,179

5.165
20,945

4,229
23,870

5,621

8,855

1
7
6
4
7
11

-.

1

2
2

15
639
586
492
807
1,128

1

8
7
3
7
11

59

1,069

1,090

585

907

1,512

500

8,636
8,496

3,700

7,686

12,494

5

8

1

7
11

2

3
...

367
629
386
297
1,524
93
396

"1^504"

6

8

1

7
11

2

3
...

886
727
393
613

1,748
152

1,457

"2413'

5,600

6.445

Ida

2,500
4,711

Jackson

Jasper

13,506
1,195
1,940

Jones

"19^042

372

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

TABLE No. Ill— Continued.

County

■2 2

^ to

O m

4) a o

I- u

*:; o (S

■ V v

O t4 in

^§

t.1

rp

b

0

en

«

IS

d
o

£^?

rt

"t:

"so

0.T3

fH Oi

■oK

O 0_i

ft5

ot,

a a?

. lU C

. o

- tot.

o tH ce

oa

a

Z

Z

Keokuk

Kossuth

Lee

Linn

Louisa

Lucas

Lyon

Madison

Mahaska

Marion

Marshall

Mills

Mitchell

Monona

Monroe

Montgomery .

Muscatine

O'Brien

Osceola

Page

Palo Alto

Plymouth

Pocahontas -—

Polk

Pottawattamie

Poweshiek

Ringgold

Sac

Scott

Shelby

Sioux

Story

Tama

Taylor

Union

Van Buren _—

Wapello

Warren

Washington ..

Wayne

Webster

Winnebago

Winneshiek .-

Woodbury

Worth

Wright

Total

1,143
1,500
1,770

1
1

i

1

1

4

11

1

1

2

7

6

1

350
450
321

e50
141
90

i5
856
495

1,750
483
544
489

5,900
275

1,005

905

580

650

1,523

610

550

1,998

2,075

1,214

100

1,700

800

536

1,773

6,000

534

864

74,906

1,706
1,750
2,915

720
450
545

1,826
147
130

lao
649
528

1,900

1,317
655
449

5,910
300

1,665

961

653

591

1,593

1,093

525

1,998

2,150

1,184

100
1,700

900
1,150
2,684
6,200

705

857

101,011

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VIII.

373

Table showing number of pounds of milk received, number of pounds of
cream received, pounds of butter made and pounds sold to patrons in Iowa
so far as reported by the creameries.

County

C
u

o

a

o

S

3
Z.

—

s

m
to >

a o

P 0)

o t-

P

5
1)

u
a

0^
X >

Co
3 a)

V
3

O

P

Ph

o

2

o

IB a,

a

2
o
«

•a eS

0^
30

Oh

Adair _ . . _

5
3

8

1,277,087
506,182

2,781,215

594,456

7,022,104

1,041,147

206,433

1,911,747

20,050
7,117
24,304

19,520

3,192

Allamakee .

40,333

Appanoose

Audubon

8
4

15
1

24

6
19
4
5
2
4
5
2
10

11

7
1
5

13,416,647

1,162,625

37,535,478

335,820

70,011,567

31,479,929

143,167

40,334,33o

2,264,001

18,000

3,104,541

1,731,133

3,214,654

49,327

633,457

563,744

3,680,180

2,296,658

4,168,793

3,960,203

6.52,92.)

787,583

4,389,613

326,000

2,544,612

1,637,933

518,946

2,144,320

27,204

3,101,934

1,570,562

1,067,995

2,306,882

1,987,433

1,490,880

210,034

279,616

1,145,510

120,000

1,859,679

65,592
2,285

149,470
1,354

248,109

122,608
15,072

158,436
3,560
7,130
520
6,054
9,053
6,000

137,874

16,630

Benton „_

7,050

Black Hawk — -. -

377,579

Boone ,

2,850

Bremer _. _- _ _

97,. 509

69,834

Biiena Vista .„ - ._

3,812

Butler -

87,719

Calhoun - -— — - - — -

22,179

Carroll

9,683

Cass — _ - . _- . _ _

9i2

Cedar _

922,664

1,158,860

5,500

24,335,101

"5^360^170

15,018,828
2,831,141

58,151

Cerro Gordo . _- _ __

78,949

Cherokee .-

3,000

Chickasaw -

24,680

Clarke — - - — —

Clay - .

2,135,751
7,400,860
1,150,310
1,767,372
1,664,663

851,855
2,694,935
418,039
774, a5i
648,629

43,475
65,673
14,299

11,801

Clayton

38,787

Clinton

2,494

Crawford --

Dallas

1,487,625

12,584

45,031

Davis .

Decatur

Delaware

17

35,465,198

4,808,916

2,875,738

200,451

123,407

Dickinson __

6
19

20
5
5

757,998

18,867,113

6,622,133

61,827,805

1,073,933

4,700,391

1,911,389
5,880,091
874,827
3,001,831
2,729,250
2,280,170

601,747
2,416,473

576,907
3,758,482

795,327

887,406

23,887
79,765
45,368
261,474
52,801
28,671

16,311

Dubuque _- _.

290,418

Emmet .

2,710

Fayette

Flovd

144.080

11,944

Franklin .

55,420

Fremont — .

Greene

1
8

4

7

11

527,353
16,895,353

4,555,077
4,705,429
1,904,459
8,667,277

10,397
2,590,335
2,711,608
1,098,268
2,922,845
4,172,173

13,124

1,472,535

1,0.51,837

557,215

996,425

1,. 583, 709

522
77,711
31,447
8,381

29,845
93,698

Grundy ._

64,203

Guthrie _ .. ._ — -

24,478

Hamilton

1,628

Hancock -

9,430

Hardin -

30,425

Harrison .— --

Henry ..

Howard ..

6
8
1
7
11
2
3

6,431,512
3,165,207
96,000
8,189,463
6,714,977
1,990,579
847,948

2,277,479

1,947,578
849,720
981,825

4,243,470
362,411

1,466,524

787,094
692,672
326,714
609,684
1,475,839
182,990
362,496

34,856
45,6(M

1,470
58,561
31,980

9,859
10,060

12.568

Humboldt

10,763

Ida

Iowa _- . _- ._

160,969

Jackson __ _ ._

25,348

Jasper . __. . .-

44,678

Jefferson .

42,104

Jones

11

23,341,426

5,867,730

2,859,316

115,802

91,383

374

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

County

60

a

o

a

4>
U

t-i

a>
Q

a

z

a

" <u
m >

P
O f-

Pounds of cream
received

u

O

|l

o

2
o
a> oD

a

2
0

Keokuk

Kossuth

Lee

20

1

13

18,912,437

300,000

16,589,392

4,504,182
1,440,000
5,236,835

2,226,227
"'i^897^290"

165,097
53I733"

105,233

Linn

363,403

Louisa

Lucas

Lvon -

3

1
3

1,454,170

1,094,938

829^008'

446,000

1,412,672

414.217

250^483"
160,500
439,678

4,000

43^586'

11,000

34^628

15,616

120,332

Madison

Mahaska - -— .

Marion

Marshall .. .

1,728,653

12,ia5

Mills

Mitchell

10

1
1

334,495
60ii069"

6,761,631
391,137
161,272

1,574,937
98,408
70,715

73,7.54

305

1,178

259,397
117

Monroe

Montgomery _.

14,794

Muscatine -

1
5
5

213,577
2,367,238
1,354,818

51,775
918,152
405,168

1,570
11,564
7,174

18,700

11,362

4,206

O'Brien

Osceola _- .

209,708
306,657

Page .-

Palo Alto

14
4
4
4
1
5

24,097,788
97,606

1,641,510
1,723,547
1,033,179
17,107,117

1,599,935
648,923
354,628

4,172,472
60,000

1,264,155

165,817
13,509
9,381

45,911

15,956

4,135

983,377
60,000

212,300

Plymouth

Pocahontas _. . —

Polk

877,590

1,500,000

378,831

Pottawattamie --

Poweshiek

6,795,898

3,600

Ringgold

Sac

8
3

6
6
9
3
3
3

969,747

10,401

3,336,317

2,269,936

748,038
1,712,378
4,399,703
1,543,803

741,437
5,300,000
3,160,611

806,415

355,537

583,383

1,743,093

1,012,2.59

342,981

1,383,859

981,067

28,074
3.50
21,303
22,316
91,628

1,842
11,000

1,608

5.320
163, .520

5,733
15,569
20,. 599

5,101
13,624

2,778

Scott

Shelby .. ..

Sioux _. -.. _. .

Storv -

11,680,530
551,575

Tama

Tavlor .. ...

Union

Van Buren

4,300

Wapello . . .

2

650,658

1,212,442

318,074

5,400

18.179

Warren

W^ashington

1
1
1
7
13
1
7
6

300,000
3,344,920
1,700,000
3,114,311
8,913,000
15,005,4.50
1,881,783
8,014,933

83,210

671,976

455,358

1,496,772

3,433,028

6,200,376

843,633

819,596

12,216
12,000

Wayne

Webster

Winnebago „-

19,673,586

106,458
16,692
4,000
54,229
33,911

23,537
16 680

Winneshiek . .. . .

Woodburv _ ._ ..

4,000,000

6,908,770

512,117

226,000
7,234
47,120

Worth

Wright .

Total

503

581,436,806

235,376,278

89,936,982

3,317,848

5,063,625

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VIII.

375

CREAMERY BUTTER MANUFACTURED.

In the following table is given the amount of creamery butter made
for the respective years. The amounts are partly estimated in the fol-
lowing manner:

The average amount obtained by dividing the total butter by the
number of creameries so reporting is multiplied by the total number of
churning stations. It has never been possible to get a full and complete
report of absolutely all the creameries. In making average mentioned
above the amount made by the large centralizing creameries and the
number of them is subtracted before the average is attempted, so that
there are no unusual or uncertain factors in the figures given. The make
of the centralizing creameries is, however, included in the total:

1897 — 88,900,000

1898 87,704,214

1899 , 87,972,470

1900 84,965,062

1901 82,706,944

1902 — 77,885,696

1903 64,565,970

1904 . 70,000,000

1905 82,707,588

1906 91,202,a54

1907 -- 91,164,363

COMPABISONS.

1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903

1904 1905 1906 1907

Total No. of creameries and skim sta.'s

Ownership.

Individual — -.

Co-operative

Stock company

State property

954 967 994 960 919 792

691 655 596 594

187

319

87

1

RAILROAD BUTTER SHIPMENTS.

The following table shows the number of pounds of butter, net,shipped
from each county in the State to points outside the State, which is found
by subtracting sixteen per cent of the gross weight as reported by the
railroads of the State. This department is under obligations to the
freight oflBcials of the different railroads for furnishing us these figures:

376

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Table showing net pounds of butter shipped out of the state, as reported
by the railroads, for the year ending September 30, 1907.

Counties

1906

1907

Increase

Decrease

Adair .- -

1,079,890

85,444

1,468,626

32,797

1,188,008

793,839

1,480,132

53,466

3,473,678

3,098,132

1,331,824

3,333,328

1,531,481

3,030,441

286,452

290,940

884,721

612,881

2,468,370

10,967

1,218,797

2,373,250

1,137,963

1,093,109

647,464

973,566

105,324

85,444

1,573,193

35,868

1,124,303

241,756

989,073

115,3.50

2,773,413

1,886,103

1,128,072

1,722,565

1,400,018

1,888,055

203,379

177,725

1,185,823

508,939

2,056,017

11,051

935,814

2,418,368

1,019,196

942,591

937,234

546

163

3,799,336

359,284

583,516

2,223,196

771,489

2,517,736

761,792

588,481

5,716

80,352

895,148

864,650

874,014

963,934

1,728,263

26,788

38,620

794,768

684,713

277,505

246,7:59

1,592,207

128,772

134,599

21,679

4,630,275

40,305

1,758,215

3,503,813

1,607,382

8,217

103,567
3,071

61,702

Benton -

552,083

Black Hawk

511,059

61,784
299,734

1,212,029

Buena Vista

193,752

Butler --

510,663

Calhoun

131,463

Carroll - -

132,386

Cass _

83,073

Cedar - - ..- .. .

113,215

Cerro Gordo

301,103

Cherokee -_ -

43,942

Chickasaw -- ._

412,353

Clarke

84
45^18'

Clav ..

282,983

Clavton

Clinton . „_ .- _

118,767

Crawford _ _. _ __

150,518

Dallas -

289,760
546

Davis - - _- -- --

Decatur

14,496

2,740,132

250,565

739,938

3,371,330

644,165

2,766,049

777,435

122,854

14,333

59,214
8,719

Des Moines

Dickinson - . .

146,422

Dubuque --

48,134

Emmet . — _

127,324

Favette -

248,313

Floyd -- .- -- -_

15,633

Franklin — - - --

465,62rr
5,716

Fremont - -

Greene _.

137,579

844,965

896,143

1,400,683

888,937

1,784,853

36,345

12,458

808,384

657,326

431,692

653,054

1,594,125

87,169

146,734

43,250

3,752,833

194,030

2,433,053

3,993,365

1,734,959

14,009

57,227

Grundy -. _ - _ __ _

50,183

31,493

Hamilton _ „ ..

74^97'

526.669

Hancock .-

Hardin

56,590
9,557

Harrison - -

Henry . .„ ._.

26,162

Howard -„ - _ . _ ..

11,616

Humboldt -- .—

27,386

Ida

154,187

406,315

1 918

Iowa -- — - - -- -- -

Jackson .

Jasper .-. -- -..

39,603

Jefferson -. -- „- — - ._

12,135
21,571

Johnson

Jones . - -- .. . __ _. ._

877,442

Keokuk ._

153,725
664,838
489,552
127,577
5,793

Kossuth - . _

Lee

Linn .

Louisa -- --

Lucas

"

Lvon _..

1,016

1,013

jMadison

3,561

3,561

EIGHTH ANxVUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VIII.

377

1906

1907

Increase

Decrease

Mahaska

Marion

Marshall

Mills

Mitchell

Monona

Monroe

Montgomery .-

Muscatine

O'Brien

Osceola

Pa<Tg

Palo Alto'.^II-

Plymouth

Pocahontas -—

Polk

Pottawattamie

Poweshiek

Ringgold

Sac

Scott

Shelby

Sioux

Story —

Tama

Taylor

Union

Van Bureu

Wapello

Warren

Washington -—

Wayne

Webster

Winnebago

Winneshiek -—

Woodbury

Worth

Wright

Total

61,775
165,526
387,066

13,440

1,582,822

121,596

35,884

39,382

702,789

207,138

645,633

2,303,861

968,641

622,391

5,117,540

284,351

85,262

160,625

936,510

367,482

574,071

1,762,771

850,053

386,111

1,289,519

1,3&3,3S6

27,626

408,224

2,966

41,595

996,7.58

643,096

1,426,005

1,957,822

6,342,346

768,180

1,185,815

98,181,607

134,541

135,063

393,076

8,355

1,673,441

231,700

33,474

29,632

410,8J8

312,949

644,664

1,147,832

716,375

480,291

4,790,804

5,478

274,875

499

683,747

1; 577, 194

504,279

1,845.873

1,037,671

354,755

1,304,194

1,285,826

13,390

635,862

945

66,029

926,743

656,531

1,342,858

1,366,537

5,965,465

1,325,380

1,113,957

122,766

5,990

90,619
110,104

30,463

"s'^osB

"2^410

105,811

92,174,776

1,209,712

8'.. 107
187,618

14,675

227,638

24,434

"i3"435'

9,750
221,891

969
1,156,029
352,266
142,100
325,736
279,873

'"'i60'i26
247,763

69^792

31,356

97,560
9,233

2,021

"to^oIo

"83^37

91,285

376,881

"'71^853

5,813,428

11,833.253

Net decrease, 6,009,831 pounds.

378 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Counties shipping more than 1,000,000 pounds net, of butter in the year
ending September 30, 1907.

1907. Counties. 1906.

5,965,465 Woodbury 6,342,348

4.790,804 Polk 5,117,540

4,630,275 Jones 8,758.833

3,503,813 Lee 3,yy3,365

2,799,336 Delaware 2,740,122

2,773,412 Bremer 2,473,673

2,517,736 „ Fayette 2,768,049

2,418,368 Clayton 2,373,250

2,233,196 Dubuque 2,271.330

2,056,017- Chickasaw 2,468,370

1,888,055 Carroll 2,020,441

1,886.103 Buchanan 3.098.132

1,866,537 Winneshiek 1,957,822

1,815,878 Sioux — 1,762,771

1,753,215 Kossuth 2,423,053

1,728,263 Hardin 1,784,853

1,732,565 Butler 2,233.228

1,673,441 Mitchell 1,582,832

1,607,382 Linn 1,734,959

1,593,207 Jackson 1,594,125

1,577,194 Scott .- 367,482

1,572,193 ..Allamakee 1.468,626

1.400.018 Calhoun 1.531.484

1,342.868 Winnebago 1,426,005

1,325.380-.- Worth 768,180

1,304.194 .- Taylor 1,28^.519

1.285,826 Union __ 1.383.386

1.185,833 Cerro Gordo 884,721

1.147,832 1 ...Palo Alto 2.303.861

1,128.072 Buena Vista 1,321,824

1,124,806 Audubon 1,185,008

1,113,957 Wright 1,185,815

1,037,671 L Story 850,053

1,019,196 Clinton 1,137,963

68,811,598 — Total 71,595,016

These thirty-four counties ship 74 per cent of the 92,165,775 net pounds of
butter shipped from the state.

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VIII.

379

Table showing total net butter shipments of the state for the years 1890 to
1907, inclusive, from Iowa to points outside the state; also increase or
decrease as compared with the year preceding.

1899
1900
1901
1902
1903
1904
1905
1906
1907

6,009,331

PART IX

IOWA STATE FAIR AND EXPOSITION

1907

PRESS REPORTS AND LIVE STOCK AWARDS

Results in Boys' Judging and Girls' Cooking Contests

Awards in the Corn Show at the State Farmers' Institute
Meeting December, 1907

PRESS REPORTS.

Wallaces' Farmer, Des Moines, Iowa.

In everything except attendance the Iowa State Fair last weelv ex-
ceeded all previous years, and but for unfavorable weather the attendance
would have been in keeping with the magnitude of the exhibition. Mon-
day opened with cloudy skies and a drizzling rain that discouraged those
who had planned to come early. The rain was not severe, taut the skies
were threatening throughout the day, not only reducing Monday's attend-
ance, but Tuesday's as well, for people do not like to start for the fair in
the face of threatening weather. Tuesday was an ideal fair day and the
attendance fell but little short of the corresponding day last year. Wednes-
day was a repetition of Monday on a somewhat larger scale. Enough
visitors were in Des Moines to make a record attendance at the fair, but
many thousands preferred to stay in the city, visiting the state buildings
and other points of interest rather than visit the fair in the rain. There
were, however, almost as many on the grounds as Wednesday a year ago.
Wednesdaj^ night came the deluge. Shortly after midnight a heavy rain
and wind storm began and continued long enough to blow down one or two
insecurely fastened tents and wet things not properly protected. During
this storm a live electric light wire was blown against the large tent
covering the airship, setting it on fire and entirely destroying tent, airship
and captive balloon. A drizzling rain continued into Thursday morning,
still further reducing the attendance. The daily press of the city greatly
exaggerated the damage done by the wind.

(381)

382 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Notwithstanding the unfavorable weather conditions, however, the
cash receipts for the week were more than suflBcient to meet all expenses
as nearly as can be estimated at the present writing. The total receipts
were about $98,000, as compared with $101,000 last year and $78,000
two years ago. After all expenses are paid it is estimated that the sur-
plus will be close to $20,000. Had the weather been favorable the at-
tendance would have broken all records. Those who predicted a greatly
reduced attendance because of the refusal of the railroads to grant re-
duced rates were false prophets. It is possible that more would have
come had reduced rates been offered, not so much because of the saving
in fare, but because of the more extensive advertising. The railroad ad-
vertising, which has been heavy heretofore, amounted to nothing this year.

It is safe to say that nothing but unfavorable weather conditions can
seriously interfere with the Iowa State Pair in the future. Its place as
a great State institution is now established and its greatness grows with
each succeeding year. The fact of the matter is that the Iowa farmer
who wants to keep in touch with the agriculture of the State cannot af-
ford to miss the State fair, nor is he doing justice to his wife and his
boys and girls if he permits them to miss it. Nowhere in the world can
there be found a better opportunity to study improved live stock, farm
machinery designed to save and improve upon hand labor, the develop-
ment of new grains and grasses, or to meet the people who are making
Iowa the greatest agricultural State in the union. A visit to the fair
if the time is properly employed is worth many times its cost.

After once reaching the fair grounds one can be comfortable and spend
his time profitably whatever the weather may be. The largest crowd can
now find shelter in the many buildings scattered over the grounds. The
new swine pavilion alone, erected this year, will shelter many thousands.
The need for this new building has been pressing for several years. A
few years since when the rain began on Monday and continued until
Thursday afternoon the swine barns were flooded and the passageways
were a part of the time under six inches of water. It is fortunate, how-
ever, that the building of the new barns and pavilion was delayed until
this year. Had it been built a couple of years ago it is reasonably certain
that insufficient allowance would have been made for the. future and the
building would have been inadequate. The present building is almost an
ideal structure for the purpose. Some idea of its construction can be
obtained from the photographs printed in this issue. It is roomy, per-
fectly ventilated and convenient and comfortable for both exhibitors and
the public. The barns proper containing the pens are in the form of a
great quadrangle open at one side, which is mostly filled by the judging
pavilion. There is room to place another string of pens between the
judging pavilion and the barns to the north. This structure is located
on the ground purchased this year between the Rock Island station and
the south entrance, and covers several acres.

A couple of weeks prior to the fair a correspondent suggested in
Wallaces' Farmer that folks who tented during the fair should provide

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX. 383

themselves with large placards bearing their names to be placed on their
tents and thus enable friends to find them. Had this suggestion been fol-
lowed it would have saved an immense amount of time and trouble. The
number of people who camp on the grounds is increasing each year.
This is really the satisfactory way to see the fair when a number of the
family come. The annoyance of going back and forth from town is done
away with, and by living on the grounds one can go over the exhibits
in a leisurely way and at a time when he is not crowded and can thus
get the greatest good from them. An effort was made this year to erect
the tents in an orderly way on streets. This should be worked out
another year. The tenting ground should be completely platted, streets
laid out and numbered and named and a record kept of the occupants
of each street. If this is done and the names of the occupants of each
tent displayed in plain sight it would make the tent life on the grounds
still more popular.

If there are any pessimists among Iowa farmers they do not come
to the State Fair, or if they do come, do not make themselves known.
Wallaces' Farmer's pavilion was thronged each day with farmers from
all parts of the State, and we made it a point to ask each one with whom
we talked concerning the crops in his locality. We found the reports gath-
ered in this way confirm the judgment we have already expressed in the
paper. It is not a bumper year, but the general expression was that
there would be plenty and to spare, while the high prices prevailing for all
sorts of farm products leaves the producer in a most comfortable condition
financially. The Iowa farmer is feeling pretty well satisfied with his
conditions.

Notwithstanding the unfavorable conditions early in the season, the
fruit exhibit in the Agricultural building was particularly strong. In
point of numbers the display of all classes of fruit was greater than in
former years, but it was not up to the standard in quality, most speci-
mens being off in color and undersized. A very interesting thing in the
fruit department was a plate of seedling gooseberries exhibited by the
horticultural department of the Iowa Agricultural College. This particu-
lar variety is known as the Craighead gooseberry, and was introduced
from Utah, where they have been propagated, by Professor Beach. This
variety promises to be of great value and Professor Beach will determine
its hardiness in this State in the nursery plots at the Iowa experiment
station. The Craighead came from a native Utah variety and promises
to be very productive.

The dairy interests of the State were well represented, there being 116
tubs of butter scored by Professor McKay. The buttermakers scoring
highest were L. C. Peterson, of Story City, with 97 Va points; F. H. Fisher,
Greene, Iowa, with 97^4 points; and P. N. Peterson, Rake, Iowa, with 97
points. In the ladies' buttermaking contest first place was given to Mrs.
J. A. Peters, of Ankeny, Iowa, who has been the champion buttermaker of
the State in the ladies' class for the past several years. Mrs. Peters' but-
ter scored 95 points. There was the usual display of dairy machinery and
utensils, with practical demonstrations during the day.

384 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

The corn entries were all of last year's crop and of splendid quality.
The northern section was not as well represented as it was last year, but
the central and southern sections were better both in numbers and qual-
ity. Mr. George Steen, of West Liberty, Iowa, was the owner of the grand
champion single ear, with W. A. Hook second. Mr. Hook's ear was the
champion ear in the southern section of the State. The grand champion
ten ears of corn went to Mr. 0. Osborne, of Maxwell, Iowa. In the ten-
ear samples of yellow corn A. J. Door, Greene, Iowa, was given first place
in the northern section; O. Osborne, Maxwell, Iowa, first place in the
central section; and Shaw & Nims first place in the southern section.
In the ten-ear samples of white corn George Henry, West Union, Iowa,
secured first place in the northern section; Fred Hfethershaw, Des Moines,
first place in the central section; and T. B. White, Oskaloosa, Iowa, first
place in the southern section. Mr. J. Sundberg, Whiting, Iowa, awarded
the premiums in all the corn classes, assisted by Mr. D. G. Wilson of
Panora, Iowa.

The chief attractions Monday forenoon were the boys' and girls' judging
contests for the free scholarships at the Iowa Agricultural College at
Ames. The boys' contest has been a regular feature of the fair for the
last three years, but the contest for the girls was introduced only this
year, due to the earnest efforts of Miss Mary F. Rausch, who has charge
of the domestic science work in the Iowa agricultural extension work.
The girls' contest promises to be a regular feature of the fair in the future
and we predict a great many more entries next year than this. At the
exposition building Miss Rausch also had four nice rooms fitted up in a
very home-like fashion, showing what can be done with small means
to make the home cheery and comfortable. Nine of Iowa's best girls
competed in the cooking contest and they were eagerly watched by an
interested crowd throughout the test. Many of the visiting ladies ex-
pressed themselves as getting more out of the lectures and demonstration
work than anything else at the fair. These lectures on domestic science
were given at the rest tent and were always well attended, the tent being
filled to its full capacity at each lecture. During the week Mrs. L. D.
Mathos of the Woman's club of Dubuque lectured on "Clothing for Young
Children," and assisted Miss Rausch in showing the visitors through the
cottage.

The boys in the stock and grain judging contest were put through a
most severe test, lasting from nine o'clock in the forenoon until nearly
four in the afternoon. This scholarship contest is open to any boy in
Iowa under twenty-one years of age, who has not been enrolled in any
of the regular courses at the college. There were more boys participat-
ing this year than ever before, and their work consisted in the placing
of two samples of corn, and two classes each of cattle, horses and hogs
by each contestant. The money prizes are given in the form of scholar-
ships at Ames.

The exhibit of the Agricultural College was better this year than ever
before. All the departments were represented, including the animal

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX. 385

husbandry department, which exhibited the international grand champion
steer Defender, giving him a tent to himself just south of the entrance
to the stociv pavilion, where he was constantly surrounded by a throng
of curious spectators. Defender is coming along in very good shape and
in December will again compete at the international for the coveted po-
sition at the head of the line. At present his ration consists of three
pounds, four times daily, of equal parts of corn, bran and oil meal, with
a little oats.

The soil map of the State, which created so much interest last year,
was duplicated again this year and was studied and appreciated by a
constant stream of visitors. The extension department of the college
has been doing a great work the past two or three years and had a fine
exhibit of their county experiment station work. The experimental
plots at the various county stations were a very effective manner. These
were worthy of very careful consideration. At these county stations dif-
ferent kinds of crops are experimented with to ascertain what are the
best and most profitable kinds to raise, their yields, etc., alfalfa, clovers,
and the small grains are tested, and a fund of knowledge is thus secured
which is invaluable to the farmers over the State. This year a com-
plete report of their work will be published in bulletin form and can be
better appreciated by those who saw the exhibits at the fair.

IOWA'S GREATEST STOCK SHOW.

The above heading fittingly describes the stock show of the Iowa State
Fair of 1907, and Iowa has set a pace that it will be hard for the other
shows to keep up with. In all divisions this show was strong and in
some divisions a record breaker, notably in the horse department and in
the Short-horn rings. Also in the swine department, where the superin-
tendent was forced to turn hundreds of hogs away a week before the
fair opened, notwithstanding the mammoth new swine pavilion which
has been erected to take care of the exhibit. It was an even show and
one which the Iowa and neighboring farmers from other states appreci-
ated to the utmost. The live stock pavilion w^as crowded to its capacity
from early morning until late at night and it took the entire week ■ to
finish the judging. The cattle, horse and swine entries were the largest
in the history of the association. If the Iowa show continues to grow
as it has in the past several years it will require buildings of larger
capacity and an extra show pavilion to take care of the show in the way
it should be taken care of. A gratifying feature of the show, too, was
the large number of Iowa exhibitors. Iowa cattle, hogs, horses and sheep
all being strongly in evidence. For example, in the cattle department 66
per cent of the entire exhibit was made up of Iowa cattle. In the horse
department 70 per cent; in the hog department 87 per cent; in the sheep
department 43 per cent, and Iowa cattle, horses, hogs and sheep, too, are
better than they have ever been before. While the 1907 Iowa State Fair
set the mark high, yet we predict that the breeders will rise to the
25

386

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

emergency and that future shows may even yet surpass the great show
of 1907. We congratulate the fair management, the breeders and the
people of Iowa on the magnificent displays made and the interest which
it created among Iowa farmers. They were quick to take advantage ot
the opportunity for the study of the breeds which it afforded and a more
intelligent lot of students or critics no fair or show has ever had. The
Iowa State Fair is attended by the best farmers throughout the State
and they are quick to appreciate the opportunity for study and com-
parison it affords.

A Prize Winning Short Horn Bull at the Iowa State Fair and Expositloa, 1907.

THE SHORT-HORNS.

Fortunate indeed will be the show this year that eclipses the record of
the Iowa State Fair. We say fortunate advisedly, as rarely has a greater
show of Short-horns been seen in any show as was lined up before the
judges at the Iowa State Fair in the initial contest of the year. Its
strength, in both numbers and quality, was astonishing. The show made
a record that far exceeded the most sanguine expectations of either the
state fair officials or the Iowa Short-horn breeders and others interested in

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX. 387

the progress of the breed. As has been the case for several years a
most pleasing feature of the Short-horn show was the Iowa state cattle
on exhibit. Iowa breeders have certainly picked up on showing, bringing
their cattle out in better shape and also bringing better cattle than they
ever have before. We congratulate them upon the splendid showing
this year, as it added much to the interest of the show throughout the
week. It is at it should be, as Iowa is the greatest Short-horn State in
the union and it is but fitting that she should have a great show of her
own great product in the cattle line. The entire Short-horn show came in
for universal praise and was fully deserving of all the compliments re-
ceived.

From the very start it was evident that it was to be a record-breaker,
as the opening ring of aged bulls was the best not only that has ever been
seen at the Iowa State Fair, but it is very questionable if as many good
aged Short-horn bulls have been seen in any show ring of recent years
as that which opened the Iowa show. Generally the aged bull class has
one or two outstanding good bulls and then tails down pretty badly.
This was not the case at the Iowa State Fair this year, however, as there
were bulls entirely outside of the prize list who would have been prize
winners in former years. The veteran breeder, C. B. Dustin, of Summer-
hill, 111., made the awards, but before going through all the classes, so
stupendous was the task, that he asked for permission and received it, to
have a consulting judge. E. B. Mitchell, for years a Short-horn breeder,
and the late manager of the famous Tebo Lawn herd, rendered assistance
in most of the classes, after the first few rings shown, the placing being
made jointly by Mr. Dustin and Mr. Mitchell. Competition as usual was
strong and it will not be at all surprising if future shows will tell a
somewhat different story, as there are few judges who could entirely
agree as to the many excellent entries the Short-horn rings at the Iowa
State Fair brought out this year. Most of the prize winners will meet
again at Minnesota next week and the continuation of the state fair show
will be watched with especial interest.

A comment upon a few of the classes will probably be of interest.
With the exception of the aged bull class, which has already been com-
mented upon, the bull calf class was the banner class of the show. There
were thirty-two entries in this division and a splendid lot of calves
they were, more good calves it seemed to us than are usually seen in a
state fair ring, and it would have been but little trouble to pick out
double the number of prize winners which were worthy. It is an encourag-
ing feature to see the young classes so strong as it promises well for future
shows. The aged bull class should not be passed without special men-
tion. In this class the winner was Whitehall Marshall, the champion
of last year now in the hands of the Elmendorf Farm of Lexington,
Ky., who are bringing out a show herd of excellent character this
season. Whitehall Marshall is showing in splendid form and will make
the strongest kind of a fight against all comers. It was a tug of war
for second place between the Bellows Good Choice, a Choice Goods bull of
sterling quality, and the Harding entry, Whitehall King, half brother to
Whitehall Marshall,

388 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP" AGRICULTURE.

Whitehall Sultan's get again held sway in the two-year-old
class when Avondale, a roan of much the same type as Whitehall
Marshall, who promises to make a stronger bid for championship honors
later in the season, landed first place. Iowa had the honor of furnish-
ing the second prize winner in Burge's Hopeful Knight, an excellent
type of bull which made a strong show, defeating the junior champion
of the Iowa State Fair last year. Both the senior and junior yearling
classes were good and another son of Whitehall Sultan again carried
off first honors, with a Choice Goods calf Gondimar, second, and Charley
Daw's Nonpareil Prince, a son of H. D. Parson's former show bull.
Nonpareil King, third. In the junior class, the Flynn Farm com-
pany, who have entered the show yard arena this year brought forth
a prime entry in Premier, by Choice Goods, and he easily headed the
class. He is smooth, even, uniform, and altogether one of the best
young bulls that has come to our notice for some time. So strong were
his claims, he was easily winner in the junior championship award
which afterward followed. The Flynn Farm also furnished the first
prize junior bull calf.

The aged cow class was not particularly strong, nor for that matter
has it bern for several years. It is simply a good lot but nothing sen-
sational. The Tomson entry, Cherry Lass, received the verdict. She
is a I'ed cow with lots of scale and received the verdict over Anoka
Broadhooks, who graduates into the cow class this year from last year's
two-yeai"-old class, where she was winner. There were nineteen cows
in all in this class.

The two-year-olds were a stronger lot than the aged cows. The three
first prize winners being particularly close. The good junior heifer of
last year, Missie of Brownsdale, has graduated into the two-year-old
form in fine shape and received the verdict. She had mighty strong
competition, however, in the Choice Goods heifer, Clara Bell, and 1?»
her half sister, Browndale Rose, both of which are prime heifers. The
latter is not as strongly fitted as her competitors but is a heifer with
lots of outcome and she will make the fight interesting whenever
they meet in future shows. It was Wisconsin against Kentucky in the
yearling class, but the Wisconsin heifer received the verdict. In the
junior yearling class, Missouri furnished the winner in Wornall's Rose
O'Dea, a roan yearling heifer of sterling merit, and Messrs. Wornall
also furnished the second prize winner in Maid Marion, a Choice Goods
heifer of style and quality. In the senior calf class Whitehall Sultan
scored honors again, the Tomson heifer. Poppy Girl, a very close second.
The junior class went to Plerr Bros. & Reynolds of Wisconsin, who also
scored third honors.

In the championship, Whitehall Marshall was made senior champion
and grand champion, the junior champion winner being Flynn's Premier.
Missie of Browndale v/as made senior champion female and grand
champion over the junior champion winner. Rose O'Dea. The complete
list of awards which follows tells the story in part. To really ap-
preciate the magnitude of the show, however, . one would have, to see
it. It was so much better than words can describe it that it must
have been to be fully appreciated.

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART IX. 389

THE ANGUS.

The "Doddies" have always presented a strong front at the Iowa
State Fair and this year was no exception to the rule. Quality, as it
has been in previous shows, was a conspicuous feature of the Angus
rings. It was hardly as strong a show as the previous two years, which
have been remarkable for the strength of the Angus exhibit, but one,
nevertheless, of which those interested in Angus could well be proud.
With the exception of one heard from Missouri, it was entirely an Iowa
show, and Iowa breeders furnished all of the first prize winners and
most of the other prize winners as well. The Iowa State Fair nearly
always brings out the new contestants for show yard honors who make
good. This is the case this year, as O. V. Battles, making his initial
show this year, made a splendid record, succeeding in carrying off a
number of firsts, among them first on heard and getting more firsts in
classes, not counting the groups, than any other one exhibitoi'. It was
a record of which any breeder making his initial show could well be
proud.

In the bull classes there were not nearly as many entries as usual.
For example, there were only two aged bulls, both good ones, however.
Jim Delaney, Mr. Binnie's winner of last year, came out in much
stronger form than usual this year and is altogether a show bull of
pronounced merit and one who promises to make good throughout the
season. The two-year-old bulls, six in number, were also a
good lot in which Glenfoil Thickset 2d, last year's yearling winner,
proved the winner. He has come into the two-year-old class in splen-
did form and proved so strong a contestant that he was made cham-
pion bull of the show. There were four junior yearlings, in which Mr.
Battles again carried off the honors, with a Black Woodlawn calf. There
were likewise four entries in the junior yearling class, H. J. Hess of
Waterloo, Iowa, furnishing a winner in Delgarno. There were eleven
entries in the senior calf class in which the McHenry entry. Autocrat,
carried off the honors, with Silas Igo's Black King of Homedale the
closest kind of second and Binnie's Royal Barbara took third. There
were only four entries in the junior class, Binnie's Lord Elmere taking
the honors with Rosenfeld & Siverly's Peter Pan second.

In the cow classes, Glenfoil Rose, showing in the strongest form
since a two-year-old defeated last year's champion Eileen Lass and also
last season's Iowa State Fair winner Snowflake of Kirkbridge 2d. The
ring, seven in number, was quite a strong one and will prove interest-
ing competition throughout the circuit. Glenfoil Queen 2d is the winner
in the two-year-old class. In the senior yearling heifer class. Pride
McHenry 53d, proved the best of the lot, while the junior winner brought
out one of the best animals of the show in Binnie's Queen Lass of
Alta 3d, a heifer which Mr. Binnie considers the best he has ever bred.
She is right in her prime and Prof. Kennedy considered her claims so
strong that she was made the grand champion female of the show, de-
feating Glenfoil Rose, who had friends for the honor, as well as the
two-year-old. Of this heifer Prof. Kennedy said that she was the best
heifer that he had seen anywhere this year; that he had visited the

390 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

English Royal and the Highland shows and there was not a heifer in
either of these shows that would compare with this great yearling. Mr.
Battles scored first in the heifer calf class on Brookside Quality Queen,
another daughter of Black Woodlawn. In the junior class H. J. Hess
again scored first honors on Blackbird Quietdale 6th. The herd awards
proved decidedly close and interesting. Mr. Battles received the first
on aged herd, with the Binnie herd a very close second and the McHenry
herd third and Miller fourth. In the young herd the verdict went to
McHenry, with Binnie second and Hess third. The calf herd went to
Binnie with Miller second and Hammers third. Mr. Binnie also won
on get of sire and produce of cow.

HEKEFORDS.

The Hereford rings did not present as much competition as was
seen in either the Short-horn or Angus classes. In both the male and
female classes the big majority of the blue and red ribbons went out-
side the state, largely to Cargill & McMillan and to "W. S. Van Natta &
Son. Some of the Hereford rings showed little competition for first
place, the work of the judge being in picking the remainders of the
class. The Iowa exhibitors in the Hereford classes were Ben Broughton
of Lake View; G. W. Way & Son New Sharon; and Dale & Wright
Pleasanton. The champion bull Bonnie Brae, and the champion female
Mignonette, both belonged to Cargill & McMillan, La Crosse, Wisconsin.
Iowa is a fertile territory for the Hereford breeders to cultivate, and it
is to be hoped that next year will bring out a stronger show both of
breeders from a distance and at home, as there is no reason why Iowa,
like her sister, Missouri, should not be one of the greatest Hereford
states. A stronger show in comparison with the other breeds would
undoubtedly do much for the breed in this territory. Prof. Boss of the
Minnesota Agricultural college, made the awards.

GALLOWAYS.

The Galloway show which has been rather light at the Iowa State
Fair for some two years past, shows some improvement. Exhibitors were
G. W. Lindsey & Son, of Red Cloud, Neb.; F. E. Bales & Son, of Stock-
port, Iowa; A. G. Abney, North Loup, Neb.; and A. F. Craymer, of Morris,
111. The classes ranged in entries from three to ten and the female
rings were particularly good, the aged cow class being particularly
strong.

POLLED DXJRHAMS.

Polled Durhams in this year's show were all exhibited from Iowa
with the exception of the herd belonging to William Smiley, of Albany,
Wis. Messrs. Shaver & Deuker, of Colo, Iowa, who have been strong
contenders at previous Iowa State Fairs, brought out an excellent herd
this year and secured both championships on bull and female, also
first on aged herd, as well as other good premiums. John Wilson & Son, of
Avoca, Iowa, also made a creditable showing, these two herds winning
most of the prizes. The awards were made by E. T. Davis, the veteran

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX.

391

Aberdeen Angus breeder of Iowa City, whose work proved quite satis-
factory, Mr. Davis being a good judge of cattle. There were some ex-
cellent Polled Durhams in the show and it was the kind of exhibit
to do the breed good.

RED POLLS.

The dual-purpose animals were placed by Prof. James Wilson, of
Brookings, South Dakota, the type selected inclining somewhat more
to the beef than to the dairy type of animal. There were a goodly
number of Red Polls in the cattle show and competition was close, it
taking the judge nearly as long to place the rings of these animals as
as it did in the Short-horn classes. It was Iowa against Nebraska
and South Dakota, the exhibitors being Frank L. Clouss, Clare, Iowa;
B. A. Samuelson, Kiron, Iowa; W. S. Hill, Alexandria, South Dakota; and
Charle3 Graff. Bancroft, Nebraska.

Champion Holstein-Friesian cow. "Parthenea Hengerveld 46004", shown by
W. B. Barney & Co., Hampton.

HOLSTEINS.

Each year of the state fair sees more and more interest attached to the
judging of the dairy cow classes. Although the entries were not materially
larger than heretofore, there were more people interested in the dairy cow
classes than formerly. They have not commenced raising pure bred stuff
yet, but the future fairs promise to see more dairy animals in the rings.
The Holstein classes were good and bad. W. B. Barney & Co., Hamp-
ton, Iowa, secured the great majority of the premiums and practically
all the first and second prizes. Their closest competitor was C. F. Stone,

392 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE.

Peabody, Kansas. Mr. Stone secured the first premium in the yearling
bull class on Karl Netherland De Kol, and first on Sissy Baker Nether-
land in the yearling heifer class (in milk). Barney's bull Jewel of
Home Farm, was the champion bull in the show while the champion
cow was Parthenea Hengerveld, also owned by the W. B. Barney Co.

There was a small but good showing of Jerseys, and the majority of
the prizes went outside of the state. The exhibitors were Dixon &
Deaner, Brandon, Wis.; Hunter & Smith, Beatrice, Neb.; Mrs. S. B.
Thomas, St. Joseph, Mo.; and the Hunkydory Farm, Bella, Iowa.

THE HORSE SHOW.

One of the most gratifying features of the Iowa State Fair this year
was the splendid exhibit of heavy draft and harness horses. Professor
Curtis took hold of this department of the show a year ago and in
the two years that he has been in charge has brought it into the prom-
inence it rightly deserves, as it is fitting that the Iowa Fair should
represent by its show the position the state occupies in the production
of good horses. The horse show this year may be classed as one of the
best that has ever been made at any state fair. Indeed, it is question-
able if any show, save the International at Chicago a year or two ago,
has surpassed the show put up by the breeders participating at the
Iowa State Fair this year. All classes were splendidly represented
and stronger in numbers than they have been at any previous fair. The
Percherons were out in the strongest force but all breeds made an ex-
cellent showing. As was the case last year it was impossible to show
the horses and cattle at the same time. The live stock pavilion, there-
fore, was turned over to the horse department in the morning and to
the cattle department in the afternoon. . If both the horse exhibit and
the cattle exhibit maintain their present pace, however, it will only be
a question of time until two separate pavilions will have to be pro-
vided, as it was only by the hardest kind of work on the part' of the
judges that the awarding of premiums was completed during the week.
The horse show is a very popular feature of the Iowa State Fair and
we congratulate the management heartily on the splendid record made
this year.

PERCHERONS.

The Percheron horse is a general favorite throughout the Corn Belt,
and it was but natural that they should take the lead in the Iowa show.
This has always been the case and it was again true this year. The
various rings came in for much favorable comment and it was generally
considered that the Percheron show was one of the best, if not the best,
that the Iowa State Fair has yet made. It was strong both in numbers
and quality and the Iowa horses were quite strong in the competition
for awards, fully holding their own. The American bred horses proved
their worth in competition with the imported stock. The veteran horse-

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX,

393

man, Alexander Galbraith, of Wisconsin, sized the aged stallion class
about right when he said: "It was the hardest class to place correctly
and yet be consistent, that I ever tried to judge." Other classes were
scarcely less trouble, as the rings, some of them, were badly mixed,
varying in type so that the judge had anything but an easy time. The
stallion class in the three-year-old ring was the banner ring of the
show. There were fifteen entries and they were a magnificent lot. Indeed it
is questionable if even the International Live Stock Show ever produced
a better class thau this and it is seldom that a better lot of draft stal-
lions is brought together. The ring came in for much favorable com-
ment from those who have seen not only the best shows in America,
but also the best shows in France as well. As will be noted by the list
of awards which follows, Iowa breeders were much in evidence in the
Percheron rings, Messrs. McMillan and Singmaster Bros, both making
a very creditable showing indeed. Mr. McMillan again carried off the
championship in the mare classes.

First prize two-j oar-old Clydesdale Ally at the Iowa State Fair and Exposition, lUUT.
Shown by W. V. Hixson, Maringo, Iowa.

CLYDESDALES.

There was a better showing than usual of the Clydes. Practically
all of the classes were well filled with the exception of the class for
horse foals and stallions over three years old. The three-year-old stal-
lions were an exceptionally strong class, showing lots of form with
plenty of quality and not lacking in style. Iowa had the honor of
furnishing the first prize winner, Mr. W. V. Hixson, of Marengo, Iowa,
showing a very acceptable representative in Baron Clifton. The Clyde
breeders are coming more and more to the long bodied type, as was wit-
nessed in the show this year.

394

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

THE BELGIANS.

The exhibit in this division was highly creditable. There were good
representatives of this heavy draft type in all the classes. In the aged
stallion class there were ten animals in the ring, all good types of the
Belgians and competition was close. Iowa breeders made a particularly
good showing in the Belgian classes. The various strings came in for
much favorable comment and deserved it.

ENGLISH SHIRES.

The Shire classes held up their end of the show in fine shape. The
classes throughout were of splendid quality. In fact the showing was
rather more uniform than in the other divisions and was one of which
the exhibitors could well be proud.

M.ORGANS.

The Morgans, though not as large in point of numbers as were the
other light horse classes, made a splendid showing at the Iowa State
Fair. In th»> aged stallion class the blue ribbon was given to Gold Dust
Abdallah, which satisfied the audience, the remark being made that
"He's the very image of old Justin Morgan himself."

An American Carriage Horse in action.

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAK BOOK— PART IX. 395

SADDLERS AND DRIVEES.

The standard bred trotters were judged by W. A. Dobson. The class
was as good as in former years, but did not attract the attention that
the wallv, trot and canter classes did, nor the high school horses. The
high school horses furnished a fine show and were greatly appreciated
by the crowds. The new class of American carriage horses were entered
this year and showed some very commendable animals.

OTHER CLASSES.

The heavy and light harness classes were well filled and there was
also a splendid showing of Shetland ponies, Geo. Heyl, of Illinois, and
Cassidy & Thompson of Iowa being the principal exhibitors in this
division. Harness horses were also in evidence, this department of the
show stowing improvement and attracting much attention.

S. F. Williams and H. L. Orcutt were the only exhibitors of mules,
Williams winning on heavy mules and Orcutt on the light. McLay Bros,
won first on single mare or gelding in the draft horse classes.

THE HOG SHOW.

The Iowa hog show seems to be bounded only by the limitations of
space. Each year exhibitors are turned away for lack of pens. This
year, with a mammoth new building built especially to accommodate the
largest hog show in the world, the story is the same. Even before the
building was near completed many were turned away because they
could not be accommodated with pens. The new building contains 1,154
pens, 7x7 feet all under one roof. If the exhibitors brought mostly
young pigs the capacity would be around 3,500 head, but this year there
were more mature hogs on exhibition than usual, and considering that
some who secured pens did not exhibit, the number in the pens was
about the same as last year, which was in the neighborhood of 3,000.
Of course much of this was sale stuff, and not all of it by any means
of a character that should be admitted to valuable space at the state
fair. Sales as far as learned were fairly good on the better class of
stuff and a number of breeders paid fancy prices for stock of exceptional
merit. The common stuff, especially that lacking size and bone to meet
the farmer's requirements, was slow sale.

There were large exhibits, as usual, of Duroc- Jerseys and Poland-
Chinas, and about the usual number of Chester Whites and Berkshires.
In the bacon breeds there was a good showing of Tamworth, and also
of the large Yorkshires, and a small exhibit of Hampshires. The char-
acter of the exhibits throughout was better than usual.

The hog show was doubly pleasing this year, both to the exhibitor and
to the visitor, because of the splendid new building in which the hogs
were quartered and the big judging pavilion in which the prizes were
awarded. These are the newest, largest and undoubtedly the best build-
ings of the kind in existence. These improvements have been needed for
some time and are very much appreciated by the swine breeders in par-
ticular. At the annual meeting of the Iowa Swine Breeders, held on the

396 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

grounds during fair week, resolutions were passed expressing themselves
as well pleased with the improvements and heartily thanking the state
fair management, the State Board of Agriculture, and the legislature
for providing such splendid improvements.

rOLAND-CIIINAS.

The Poland-China show this year was very much a repetition of what
it is every year — a show in numbers and great in quality, with the
prize winners of the early maturity, quality type, and, as usual, at Des
Moines, quality predominating regardless of size and bone. In this re-
spect the Poland winners differ from the prize winners of the other breeds,
the Polands as a rule having more quality and less size and bone than
the winners of other breeds. The Polands are noted for early maturity
and quality, although many breeders are breeding the large, heavy
boned type of Polands. Both types were represented at the fair this
year, as usual, but the large type was not the winning type. Breeders
of this type complain that size and bone are not duly considered at the
Iowa State Fair, but that brings up the question of whether the judge
should make his awards in accordance with the requirements of the
trade, and particularly the farmer's trade, or whether he should award
the prizes to the hogs with the most quality and finish and having the
best show yard confirmation. Of course the latter qualities are more
readily found in the small, early maturing type of hog. Mr. Wilson Rowe,
superintendent of the hog department at Ames, made the awards this
year. He started in by selecting for first place a hog of the smaller
type, with much quality and finish and of unquestioned show yard
conformation, and his judging all through was consistent, his type being
practically the same all through, although most of the winners had more
length than the hog he selected to head the first class he judged. Those
who secure their herd headers of the type that won the prizes will lose
nothing in quality or fancy points, but those who v.ish to breed for more
size and bone will hardly select this type.

The Poland exhibit this year was not the largest that has been seen in
Des Moines, which was due to the fact that a numlier of exhibitors were
crowded out because the pens were all taken before they made appli-
cation. For this reason, too. some old exhibitors were missed.

THE DUROC JERSEYS.

For the first time in the history of the Iowa State Fair the red hogs
outnumbered the blacks. From the insignificant showing that this breed
made a decade ago, when the Duroc Jersey exhibit was stuck off in one
corner only to be poked fun at by the exhibitors of other breeds, the
red hog show has steadily grown from year to year until now it is the big
end of the biggest hog show on earth and the principal exhibit at nearly
every hog show in the corn belt. While the increase in numbers has
been very marked from year to year the improvement in the breed
has also been very noticeable. A decade ago the specimens on exhibition
were nearly all of the rough, coarse type, while the prize winners at the
present time have so much more quality and finish that they almost
look like another breed. Yet the type is still the lengthy, good boned
type that made the breed popular. Of course there are exceptions, and

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX. 397

enough of them to put the breeder on his guard to not sacrifice size and
bone for quality. It must be said to the credit of the judge in this
great showing of red hogs that, while he did not always give satisfaction,
the type he almost invariably selected was the lengthy, good boned type.
Duroc Jersey breeders are to be congratulated on the splendid show-
ing of this popular breed at Des Moines last week, not only for the
numl;er of Durocs on exhibition but also for the good type of
their show hogs in general, and especially for the large number of
good, big smooth ones in the older classes. There were more good
boars over twelve months old than were ever seen together before, and
the classes were remarkable for the good ones clear down the line.

The pig classes brought out a number that were overfitted and down
on their feet, which is always the case, and not all the overdone ones
were in the pig classes, either. The sow classes were strong and the
l)rizes were pretfy well divided up.

CHESTER WHITES.

This breed made a very creditable showing, .as usual, although in
numbers the Chesters never make nearly so big a showing as the Durocs or
Polands. However, the fair goer who is always looking for the biggest
hog on the grounds can usually find him among the Chesters. This year
one of the winners weighed 980 jiounds, and was in rather thin condition.
The Chester White sweepstakes boar of a year ago was on the same big
order, and as long as the prize winners are of this big type there is
no danger of the breed becoming extinct, and the farmer or breeder who
selects his boar from this type will lose nothing in size, bone or prolific-
ness. Not all the old exhibitors usually found at the Iowa State Fair
were represented, but there were new exhibitors to take their places.

L.\rvGE YORKSniUES.

While the showing of this mammoth breed of bacon hogs was not
large, it was good for an "all Iowa" exhibit, at'.d indicates a growing
interest in this popular bacon breed in Iowa.

TAMWOHTIIS.

Not since the St. Louis Exposition has there been such a showing of
Tamworths, and the St. Louis show excelled the Des Moines show in
numbers only and not in quality. The exhibit offered the Iowa farmer
at the fair a good opportunity to study at close range some of the best
specimens of this long-nosed, long-legged, and long-bodied bacon breed of
hogs. While the Tamworth is a long, slim, hungry-looking fellow, he
develops as much size and bone as any breed.

BERKSHIRES.

The Berkshire show Vv'as not what one would expect to find at a state
fair that makes the biggest hog show in the world. There were no ex-
hibitors from outside the State and only a half dozen exhibitors all told.
The show, however, brought out some splendid specimens of the breed.

SHEEP SHOW.

The sheep pens were well filled and offered a good showing.

398 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

The Homestead, Des Moines, Iowa.

The corn-belt state fair circuit for 1907 was opened last week at Des
Moines, Iowa, having been placed first on the circuit two years ago by
the state fair association. Advanced predictions indicated that the fair
would eclipse all former records, and in some respects this was the result.
Never before did the fair at Des Moines open under more favorable
auspices, and seldom has it closed, having to its credit more things
accomplished. The attendance was cut somewhat and the pleasure of
sight-seeing marred by an unusually severe mid-week storm. Even
with this to work against, however, the total receipts of the fair ap-
proached within a very few thousand dollars of the record made in 1906.
The actual income from all sources amounted to practically $100,000.

Although there is at the present time some magnificent equipment
on the Iowa State Fair ground, the experience of last week revealed
more than ever the need of still more. Canvas makes but a flimsy
protection to high-priced manufactured goods, and it is marvelous how
manufacturing concerns have continued to exhibit under such unfavor-
able conditions. There should be erected in the immediate future a
so-called manufacturers' building, and the State can make no better in-
vestment than to appropriate money for this purpose, if possible, at the
next session of the legislature. Iowa's sister State, Minnesota, is far
in the lead in this regard in the provision that has been made for
exhibiting manufactured goods on the state fair ground. It is like
repeating an old tale to bring up again the matter of an amphitheatre,
but this year, even with a somewhat lessened attendance compared with
1906, revealed the great need for a new structure of this character.
It is here where the State has actually been parsimonous. The people
are demanding amphitheater accommodations and they are able and willing
to pay for it. The receipts from this source, if a suitable structure were
erected, would do much toward making other needed improvements, but
trailing along as we are now the people are disappointed every day of the
fair on account of lack of accommodations in this regard, while at the
same time there is lost to the State a handsome annual revenue. The
need for the two improvements mentioned is so great as to make it appear
entirely feasible that the legislature should meet both at the next session.

The improvements made from the earnings of the fair and from money
appropriated by the State during the past year proved to be exceedingly
well adapted to the end which they were intended to serve. The new
swine pavilion, for which swine men have so persistently fought for

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX. 399

years, seemed to perfectly meet the needs of exhibitors as well as visitors.
It is light, roomy, well ventilated and convenient and, without question, it
stands in a class by itself among pavilions of its kind. To say that
applications were made for every pen in this mammoth structure four
weeks in advance of the show gives some indication as to the size and im-
portance of Iowa's swine industry. Another pavilion of its size could be
filled and there were not a few who expressed themselves during the
week as believing that the State eventually should make provision for all
those who desire to enter. For the present we take it upon ourselves to
express for the swine men of the corn belt the fullest and keenest appre-
ciation for what the State has done during the last year for this depart-
ment. We heard not a single criticism of the new building, so that the
State for its liberality, as v/ell as to the architect and to the builder,
swine exhibitors are truly grateful. It is hoped that out of the receipts
of the 1907 fair there will be found an amount sufficient to place seats
in the swine judging pavilion. This will add immensely to the comfort
of those who are interested in this department and it will make it more
convenient for exhibitors. According to the present arrangement there is
necessarily a little confusion in the judging ring on account of the pres-
ence of too many visitors. The opportunity for seeing from the sides is
naturally so poor in the absence of raised seats as to make it difficult to
keep exhibitors and interested parties from the ring. With the instal-
ment of seats, however, a new rule should be put in force whereby only
those who are actually showing hogs, as well as properly credentialed
newspaper men, should be allowed in. Only in this way can the judging
of the swine be made educational to the greatest possible extent.

The state fair grounds were never in better shape than they were this
year and they were never better kept during the week. On account of
the storm the entertainment features of the fair were interfered with con-
siderably, but sightseers, as a body, were not knockers this year. The
burning of the airship by coming in contact with a live wire, put an end
to one of the much-advertised features of the fair, but no one is es-
pecially to blame, as the disaster was due entirely to the storm. The
races also were interfered with and yet the race program was practically
carried out, though scarcely in order as to the day indicated on the pro-
gram. The entertaining features in general were up-to-date and whole-
some and in this regard Iowa's example might well be followed by other
states. The elimination of fakes and fakers has not detracted from the
fair's revenue, but their absence has contributed immensely to the whole-
someness of the fair.

In county exhibits Iowa, from the standpoint of numbers, has never
made the display that is usually made in sister states. This year the
number of entries was less than usual, there being only one county exhibit
from the northern section of the State. This was made by Mr. F. S.
Ross, who brought a fine collection of farm and garden products. Mr.
Ross has been a faithful exhibitor and it is singular that not another
county in northern Iowa should take up this matter and compete for the
liberal prizes that are offered in this class. In the central district there

400 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

were but two county exhibits, one from Polk, prepared by Mr. Fred
Hethershaw, who won first; and the other from Delaware, prepared and-
installed by the well-known exhibition man, L. G. Clute. These exhibits
were tasteful in design, while the quality of the products shown were
high-class in every detail. In the southern district Lucas county was en-
tered by the Messrs. Plow; Cass by Mr. C. Malone; Warren by Mr. Shet-
terly. The latter two counties were tied for first money and the first
named county placed second. The exhibits made were creditable in every
way and few features of the fair attracted more favorable comment.

Agricultural hall this year held more than its usual quota of educa-
tional exhibits. The agronomy and soils department of the Iowa Agri-
cultural College had installed exhibits that attracted much attention. In
addition to making a show of the best corn that has been exhibited during
the last few years, the result of various experiments was illustrated in a
graphic manner. For instance, piles of corn showed the difference in the
product from a single car, this varying in some cases as much as 100 per
cent. It indicated plainer than any words could convey that there is a
marked difference in the yielding ability of two ears of corn that look
nearly alike. Then there was the illustrated exhibit in which the yield
was shown when corn is planted in different thicknesses. The yield in
1906 from one kernel per hill was fortj^-two bushels; one and one-half
kernels fifty-two bushels; two kernels sixty-four bushels; two and one-
half kernels sixty-nine bushels; three kernels seventy-three bushels; three
and one-half kernels seventy-four bushels; four kernels seventy-five bush-
els; four and one-half kernels seventy-six bushels, and five kernels sev-
enty-seven bushels. These results were the average made from ten county
experiment stations in the year mentioned. Another feature in the Agri-
cultural hall was the exhibit of Garton Bros., of Warrington, England.
This notable firm of grain improvers made their appearance in America
for the first time with samples of their grain which they have improved in
such a marked degree during the last twenty-five years. They were mak-
ing a specialty of oats, both the spring and winter varieties, and no de-
partment in the Agricultural hall attracted more attention than the sam-
ples of grain shown by this firm. The Garton Bros, are of the opinion
that the corn belt needs regenerated grain; that is, grain that has been
improved by crossing and selection. The work in England has resulted
in increasing the yield as much as fifty per cent, and the possibility of
attaining a similar result in the corn belt seems feasible.

The judging contest between young men under twenty-one years old in
competition for scholarships offered by the agricultural society to the
Iowa Agricultural College continue to be popular. This year thirty-three
young men were on hand to judge the live stock and the corn. The
winners of first and second premiums are given a $200 and $100 scholar-
ship, respectively, third getting $25 and fourth a Scotch collie pup. A
contest was also conducted for j^oung women by the Iowa Agricultural
College. There were nine contestants, each being called on to mix and
bake a tin of biscuits and cook a porterhouse steak. This was followed
by each giving written reasons for the various steps of the operation.

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART IX. 401

This contest terminated satisfactorily in every way and it is altogether
likely that the department of agriculture will add a new building in the
very near future so that it may be greatly enlarged. Illinois fair has
made this a feature for many years and much good has been accomplished
by way of disseminating sound principles relating to cooking, sanitation
and the care of the sick.

It is hardly possible to give credit to all those who contributed to make
the fair the great success that it proved to be. The city railway never
handled the crowds better, and we believe that the citizens' committee of
Des Moines made good their promise to care for those who made applica-
tion for lodging and for board. Des Moines had room for all visitors and
every precaution was taken to prevent strangers from being hoodwinked.
Considering the large number to be cared for, we believe that the city is
entitled to no small degree of credit for the record made. Officers of the
fair have profited each year by the last year's experience, and the manage-
ment this year not only in a general way, but in detail, was better than
ever. Things were made convenient for exhibitors, there being less than
the usual amount of red tape that is found at the average fair, while
visitors wore handled as if they were in the hands of their friends. Of
course the management is greatly handicapped by lack of a proper amphi-
theater to care for the crowd, and we repeat that the State should over-
come this difficulty by making a suitable appropriation for a new structure
of this character.

CATTLE.

SHOKT-IIORNS.

The Short-horns make important history at the Iowa State Fair each
year, as it is the first fair in the great corn belt circuit. The history
made last week by this notable breed will always remain an important
page in the annals of the red, white and roan. There were upwards of
300 animals of this breed entered and more than 275 actually on exhibi-
tion. This number exceeds any former record at the Iowa fair, being
practically, equal to the record of the 1906 International. Some idea of
the merit of this class may be conveyed by staling that in 1906 Mr. F.
A. Edwards, of Webster City, won third on the Cruickshank bull, Secret
Viscount. This year the same bull was up again in fully as good form
and stood in tenth position. This was largely due to the competition
found in new material introduced this year.

HEREPORDS.

The white face contingent was not as much in evidence as has been
seen on Iowa grounds. Some good Herefords were on exhibition, however,
from "Wisconsin, Indiana and Missouri, as well as a number of Iowa herds.

ABERDEEN ANGUS.

The Aberdeen Angus show was confined almost exclusively to Iowa.
The old guard of Angus breeders from the Hawkeye state were nearly
all out.
26

402 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

GALLOWAYS.

The shaggy-coated Galloways were more numerous this year than usual
and made a better showing than they have at this fair for a number of
years. The females among the Galloways were exceptionally good; in
fact, the best ever seen on the fair grounds. Some of the bulls were
good and rated well up with the females, but did not rank so uniformly
good. It was the general comment by the breeders of the other beef
breeds that the Galloways were certainly making a creditable showing.

POLLED DUKHAMS.

There were five herds of Polled Durham cattle shown at the Iowa State
Fair this year. Although the number in any one class was not large,
yet competition was not lacking and the prize winners in most cases
were animals of more than ordinary merit.

RED POLLS.

The exhibitors of Red Polls were Chas. Graff, Bancroft, Neb.; W. S.
Hill, Alexandria, S. D.; Frank J. Clouss, Clare, Iowa, and B. A. Samuel-
son, Kalona, Iowa.

JERSEYS.

A splendid exhibit was made in the Jerseys this year and keen com-
petition was the rule in every class. Hunter & Smith, of Beatrice, Neb.,
were there with their renowned herd and carried off some of the best
premiums, winning sweepstakes on their yearling bull, Guenon's Cham-
pion Lad.

HOLSTEINS.

There were three herds of Holsteins shown, the following being the ex-
hibitors: W. B. Barney & Co., Hampton, Iowa; C. F. Stone, Peabody,
Kan., and A. Winter, Boyden, Iowa.

HORSES.

With the addition of Lefebure and Garner, the exhibitors of this popu-
lar breed were quite the same as in the Percherons. The bulk of the
showing, however, was in the stallion classes, there being two extra good
classes of these. Judge W. E. Pritchard, who also officiated in the Shire
classes, had charge of the placing. Some very excellent individuals were
shown here, and in spite of the smallness in numbers it was better in
general quality than that of the 1906 fair. A total of forty-four head
made up the entries which appeared in the ring, there being one or two
empty classes. Lefebure, of Fairfax, had the largest exhibit and took
away the most prizes. As a general thing the animals shown seemed to
possess more quality than in previous years, although, as is often found in
Belgian classes, there were some quite lacking in quality. The big, drafty
fellows seemed to attract the eye of the visitors and with their great size,
good feet and the ease with which they move over the ground, size con-
sidered, made them deserving all the attentign given them. No wonder

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX. 403

a great many farmers use them on their farm mares to give size to the
progeny. Taken as a whole, considering numbers, quality and absence of
"tail enders," this year's showing should be considered superior to that
of 1906.

THE CLYDESDALES.

Among the Clydes, as last year, were numbered many very good, use-
ful animals, which would undoubtedly have won in much stronger com-
pany. Some mighty weighty individuals were entered, as shown by the
fact that some of these entries in the breeding classes were shown in
draft classes, and carried off the lion's share of the ribbons. A Clyde
of weight, with the style of the breed, when shown in heavy work harness,
is as pretty a picture as lovers of heavy horses would care to see. W. V.
Hixon, of Marengo, an Iowa breeder, had some very good entries. ■ His
horses competed quite favorably with the cream of the outside firms.
Some old familiar horses of last year's fair circuit were here, but not
always were they so fortunate as then. The judge, Robt. Ogilvie, of Chi-
cago, fixed the rings according to his usual satisfactory custom.

PEBCHKRONS.

While not advertised as the attraction of this year's fair, as was the
case last year, the showing of the French breed was in some ways su-
perior to that of a year ago. In 1906 the stallion classes were larger and
in most cases the competition was more keen, although the judge stated
that the class of three-year-old stallions was the most difficult one he had
ever passed on. This year's most prominent feature in Percheron division
was the excellent showing made in the mare classes. Not only were they
good from point of numbers, but they were of a higher class than at
previous Iowa fairs. Not all the firms which showed last year came
back, but their places were creditably filled by new ones. Messrs. Burgess
& Son of Wenona, 111., and Trumans' Pioneer Stud Farm, of Bushnell, III.,
both of whom have been well known exhibitors of Clydesdales and Shires,
were here with excellent individuals of the Percheron breed. Another
newcomer was the Singmaster firm, from Keota, Iowa. These firms brought
over an excellent importation this season and made a good bid for honors
in nearly every class. The Keota firm are not strictly newcomers, but
have not shown in recent fairs. H. G. McMillan, Iowa's old, reliable
breeder, from Rock Rapids, deserves special mention for his excellent
string of home-bred animals, particularly his mares. Nebraska and Min-
nesota, in addition to Iowa and Illinois, were also well represented. Alex
Galbraith, of Janesville, Wis., did the judging and was busily engaged
throughout the entire three days. The Perpherons were the only breed
which lasted through the three days of the horse judging. Almost a hun-
dred head made up the showing of this breed, lacking but two of the
round hundred.

The English horses did not come up to the other heavier breeds in
point of number and several classes had only one entry, but quality never
was higher. The aged stallion class was strong.

404 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Glorious Red Cloud, a gocd representative of the American carriage class.

AMERICAN COACH HORSES.

This is a new classification, given this year for the first time in any
American horse show. Professor Curtiss, who is interested in the pro-
duction of a new breed, distinctly American, of the coach horse, made
this class for the purpose of arousing new interest in light horse produc-
tion. W. A. Robson, than whom there are few better judges of coachers
in this immediate section of America, passed on the division. He could,
however, find no animal which was of the type desired for the classifica-
tion, the result being that in most cases only second awards had to satisfy
the best in each class. It is to be hoped that in the future more interest
will be taken in these horses and, if other fairs wore to add a like divis-
ion to their list, a co-operation with the breeding experiment would be
established, thereby helping greatly those most interested in the above
mentioned experiment.

HACKNEYS.

While Iowa is strong in other classes than light horses, this fact did
not mean that classy entries were not on hand in the Hackney classes this
year. Although only seven divisions were made In this class, each ring
brought out some good types. Queen of Diamonds, coming from Trumans'
Pioneer Stud Farm, at Bushnell, 111., was an exceptionally fine example of
the best in the Hackney breed. She awoke the audience to the fact that
"something was doing" when she was taken out to act.

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX.

405

STANDARD BRED TROTTERS.

A goodly number of standard bred trotters were entered for the con-
test, although but a few actually entered the ring. Part of the exhibits
were judged in the pavilion, the others being taken out in front of the
amphitheater. W. 0. Dobson was judge. Horses of excellent quality were
shown, all of good conformation and showing plenty of capacity for speed.
In the aged stallion class it was indeed an aged one which won. Hail
Cloud, the well-known old sire, it being placed first, at the age of sixteen
years.

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Only three classes of Morgans were shown, but there were some good
ones among them. The judge, Mr. Bell, from the Bureau of Animal In-
dustry at Washington, seemed, in the aged stallion class, to pick the more
coachy type In preference to that generally accepted as the old Morgan

406 IOWA DEPAIJTMENT OP AGRICULTURE.

type. Gretna Farm, of Wheaton, 111., had some beautiful animals of
great quality and finish, winning first and second both in aged stallion
class. S. B. Mills, of Ames, Iowa, had some good ones in the mare classes.
Perry Wood, of Marne, Iowa, had a very beautiful little black, quite a
typical Morgan in form, which won third in aged stallion class.

HABNESS HORSES, AMERICAN OB FOREIGN BRED.

Matched heavy or coach team was won by Garner, of Des Moines, on a
beautifully matched pair, with excellent appointment. Second went to
R. Boude, Story City, Iowa, on a pair of chestnuts not so well matched
nor so stylish actors. John Garrison came next with a pair of sorrels of
good style and somewhat deficient in high quality as found in the win-
ning pair. For single animal only one entry showed, that of J. P. Garri-
son, who was awarded a blue, and who then took Judge W. A. Dobson, of
Marion, Iowa, out of the ring in his gig, and the horse fair at Des Moines
was finished.

DRAFT GELDINGS OR MARES.

There was a small showing in this class, McLay Bros, and Finch Bros,
having the only entries, McLay Bros, winning first on single animal over
1,750 pounds, and Finch Bros, taking first and second. In the class for
animals under that weight McLay Bros, took first and second. A pair of
McLay's mares took first in pair 3,400 pounds. No pairs shown under that
weight nor were there any entries in four or six-horse teams. R. B.
Ogilvie was judge.

gentlemen's DBIVERS, ROADSTERS.

Only two classes were entered in, but some excellent horses were
shown. In driving team, pairs, to pole, Clara E. Monahan, of Des Moines,
was first with a beautifully matched pair of blacks, with good type and
swinging, rapid action. J. R. Peak drove the second pair, the chief char-
acter of which was their speed. Third was won by Shaw Bros., of Mitch-
ellville, Iowa, with Miss Macklin and Baby Alice, while W. L. Moles, of
Bayard, Iowa, finished up fourth with a pair of useful sorrels. Single
driver to harness went to Peak on Vivian M., second to Thos. Bass on
Petra M., third to Peak on Noretta and fourth to Black Bess, owned by
Clara E. Monahan, of Des Moines. These entries were placed by W. A.
Dobson, of Marion, Iowa.

THE SHETLANDS.

John Garrison, who judged ponies from Shetland, passed on more in-
dividuals than were numbered in some of the larger breeds. These
diminutive fellows were quartered in the small hog pavilion, but attracted,
it is safe to say, a maximum of interest from the children, and not a little
from their elders. Every class in the ring was exceptionally well filled and
a great deal of deliberation was necessary in some cases to make the
awards correctly.

MULES.

Only six mules were shown, S. T. Williams and H. L. Orcutt making
the entries. In class for mules four years or over, Williams won with a
large gray. Mule two years old and under three, H. L. Orcutt took first.

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART IX. 407

Mine mule fifteen liands or over was won by H. L. Orcutt, lie taking first
and second. Best mule, any age, went to Orcutt. In pair of mules over
2,400 pounds, only a second was given, that being won by Williams, who
also got only a second with a single entry in class for pair mules any age or
weight. Pair under 2,400 pounds was won by Orcutt, who was allowed
only a second by Judge W. J. Rutherford, of Winnepeg, Canada.

SWINE.

DUROC JERSEYS.

Probably the largest and best show of this breed that was ever wit-
nessed was made last week on the Iowa State Fair grounds. With nearly
1,200 animals in the pens it assumed the proportions of what might have
been expected of a corn-belt exposition of the breed. Something like 330
were brought out in the individual classes, to say nothing of the numbers
in the group classes. Those who came to see the exhibit were much im-
pressed with the headway being made by this breed and no doubt scores
of converts returned home with the expectation of helping the breeder
on to greater popularity. Breeders spared neither time nor expense to
bring the best from the best herds in the land together. Ohio and Illinois
sent herds of conservative types, while Nebraska came over with big ones
and of splendid merit. Ribbons were pretty well scattered, and .1. E.
Drake, of Yellow Springs, Ohio, who placed them, worked hard to please
all interested. He was very particular in passing by no defects and with
a few exceptions, in both the boar and sow classes, awards met the ap-
proval of ringsiders until the selection of a champion boar. It was gener-
ally expected that this prize would fall to Iowa. However, this hope
failed to materialize. Never before were classes so large and so uni-
formly good. With the one exception of the second boar class, the whole
space of the new pavilion was frequently required. The proportion of
males to females was about equal and in the under six months old class
of boars seventy-six were shown, while sixty gilt came out in the females
of this age. One of the features of the show was the strong backs, but
good feet and pasterns were altogether too uncommon in view of the fact
that the supporters of the breed claim this to be one of its strong points.
Every person interested in the future popularity of the breed should use
their influence to impress upon exhibitors the importance of showing only
sure-footed animals. Much good judgment was shown by breeders in fit-
ting and animals loaded with uncomfortable rolls of fat were few. This
was gratifying.

POLAND CHINAS.

Wilson Rowe, of Ames, Iowa, who made the awards on this breed, found
the show so good that he took a day and a half to judge it. His
type of Poland is a hog of medium size, with abundance of quality. Speci-
mens of the highest type were found at the top in the awards. The plac-
ing was generally conceded as consistent. Plenty of material was on hand
and from the abundance it was not a little difficult to select the seven tops.
Classes, barring the groups, averaged three times the number for which

408

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

ribbons were provided. In the ten classes for single animals something
like 250 animals came under the eye of the judge. Something like 950,
all told, were on the ground. Few animals were overfitted this year and
few were not fitted enough. Trim, neat-bodied forms were the rule in the
classes under two years; and even in the aged classes this was generally
true. The weather was cool most of the week and stock suffered little
from heat. The pavilion arrangement was also conducive to comfort —
a fact universally appreciated by breeders. The representation of herds
was wide, coming from all parts of the corn belt and as far east as the
Hoosier state, from whence came a splendid bunch of animals sired by
L. & W.'s Perfection. They excited favorable comment for their size and
quality.

CHESTER WHITES.

The Chester White show was sirictly one of the home-breds. A careful
estimate placed the number on the grounds at 460 head. It was probably
a better exhibit than has been seen at any of the past fairs. Much inter-
est was shown by visitors and stockmen and a great many prophesied a
rapid gain in the popularity of the breed. There were good reasons to
substantiate this belief, too. The quality of the show was good and met
with general approval by those particularly interested either in herds
at home or at the show. Practically every exhibitor sent out something
for competition. Humbert & White, of Nashua, and New Hampton, Iowa,
came with over a half hundred and got a proportionate share of the rib-
bons, as the awards indicate.

^ Duke Of Czdar Hbghts df689,

'm Sc CHAMPION IOWA STATE FAlPl mi

First prize and champion Berksliire boar, exhibited at Iowa State Fair and
Exposition 1907, by H. U. Hainline, Orient, Iowa.

£IQHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PAET IX. 409

BERKSHIEES.

The Berkshire exhibit was a creditable one from all standpoints con-
sidering the position of the breed in the corn belt. While small in num-
bers, some animals of notable merit were found in many of the classes.

TAMWORTHS.

Approximately seventy head were on exhibition. Considerable interest
was shown in the exhibit by visitors and many questions were asked.
Tamworth breeders can, however, greatly increase the popularity of the
breed by more publicity.

LARGE YORKSHIRES.

The largest number of Large Yorkshires were on exhibition this year
that have ever been shown in Iowa, there being between ninety and 100
animals shown. The Yorkshire exhibit throughout was wonderfully uni-
form and no department of the hogs attracted more attention than this.

SHEEP.

The exhibit of sheep was one of the largest on the grounds and gave the
public a very good idea of what breeders and importers are doing in the
way of improvement. Without an exception worthy of note the animals
shown were in creditable shape, which speaks well, especially for home
breeders, who have not in the past met outside competition quite as
successfully as this year.

Farmers' Tribune, Sioux City, Iowa.

The fifty-third Iowa State Fair, the greatest live stock exposition ever
held in Iowa, yes, the greatest show of pure-bred live stock ever held in
the world, came to a close on Friday, August 30. It was a proud day for
the Hawkeye State; it was a proud day for Iowa farmers and breeders, as
well as for breeders from other states, for all rejoiced in Iowa's continued
progress and permanent prosperity. To say that the fair was "better
than ever" or "bigger than ever" would not express the superiority of the
1907 show over those of former years. It was more than that; it was the
greatest show of horses, cattle, hogs and sheep ever gathered together
under one management. It was magnificent in proportions, superior In
quality and educational in the fullest sense of the word. It told a living,
breathing story of man's wonderful progress in making more useful and
more valuable to him the beasts of burden and the milk and meat pro-
ducing animals. It told a great story of intelligent, well-directed effort,
successful effort, on the part of our great breeders in the animal as well
as in the plant world. It excited the admiration of the old and inspired
the young. It taught in a practical, forceful manner the power of mind
over matter; that physical efforts properly directed by mental force, fore-
thought, determination and action bring success. It called attention to
the worth of friendly rivalry in competition and indeed taught a lesson
to the thoughtful that might well be applied to the more serious questions
confronting the American people of today. Rivalry for honors in the

410 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE.

show yard was keen, competition severe, yet everyone was satisfied with
the outcome. All had absolute confidence in the integrity of the judges
and those in charge of the show. Merit counts in the American show
ring, nothing else has standing.

While it is not to be assumed that every individual showman thought
his animal or animals got full credit for their worth, their good qualities
and beauty of form, while it is not asserted that some honors might not
have been placed dii3ferently and perhaps pleased a few people better,
every exhibitor felt that such difference of opinion as might exist in a
few cases were not due to mistakes on the part of the judges, but rather
to different points of view of individuals.

Exhibitors and breeders left the grounds feeling satisfied that honors
won were justly won and that they had been earned. Farmers returned to
their homes with clearer and better defined ideas concerning animal form
and function, with a fuller comprehension of the benefit derived from the
feeding and breeding of pure-bred live stock and many with a strong de-
termination that the best, not necessarily the most expensive, is none too
good for the farmer who tills the soil on the high-priced corn belt farms.
Young men, farmers of the future, went back brim full of pulsing ambi-
tion to dream of new herds, new studs and flocks to be started at some
future day. In short, the great fair spoke in no uncertain tones of the un-
told value to the State, and of the large returns the State annually derives
from the few hundred thousand dollars invested in land and permanent
improvements on the fair grounds.

Nowhere can the State invest money to better advantage than in the
building up of educational institutions, and included among these in-
stitutions is the great State fair, which in some respects is really the great-
est of all. The State fair is not a school for the young so much as it is
for the adult, the man and woman of experience from the practical walks
of life.

Iowa is recognized everywhere as the greatest agricultural State in
the Union. It is but fitting that she should build up the greatest fair
of any State but this cannot be done without a most liberal policy on
the part of the legislature. There are still many things needed to en-
able the fair management to take care of the ever increasing number of
exhibitors who desire to bring their stock to compete for honors at the
State fair. It is almost impossible to comprehend the tremendous growth
and development that has taken place in Iowa and the surronding
states during recent years. It was thought, for example, that when the
$80,000 hog pavilion, completed just before this year's fair, was being
planned that it would be large enough to accommodate all the hogs that
would be brought to the show for many years to come. Such was not the
case, however. It is large enough to accommodate about 3,000 hogs.
It held 3,200 this year but between 500 and 700 head were turned
away because of lack of space. Had the pavilion been built twice its
present size, large enough to accommodate 6,000 hogs, it would have
been none too large. This has been the experience, not only of the Iowa
State Fair, but at otlier state fairs as well for the past decade. Accommo-
dations provided have always been too small.

EIGHTH ANNUA! YEAR BOOK— PART IX.

411

One of the things that is needed by the Iowa State Fair, and very much
needed, is a grand stand for the accommodation of the people. A first
class grand stand would also be a money maker for the fair association,
and in a few years would pay for itself. The present grand stand is
only half large enough to accommodate the ever increasing crowds,
besides it is old and unsafe. Thousands of people refuse to patronize it
for fear it will break down.

New and up-to-date horse barns are also needed and should by all
means be provided for the next year's exhibition. The present barns
are old, out of date and not in keeping with the high class horses that
must be housed in them. They are poorly ventilated, the roofs leak and
in fact, they are inferior in the fullest sense of the word to say the
least. The horse industry is one of the most profitable industries for
the farmer of the corn belt and should be encouraged by the State as
much as possible.

Kentuck Belle and foal, a typical brood mare of the American carriage type.

This year's horse show was the greatest that has ever been held
on the Iowa State Fair grounds. It was the greatest horse show in
fact that has ever been held in this or any other country. The high
class mare exhibited this year far out-numbered those of the International
exposition last winter. "This Is the greatest show of draft horses that
has ever been exhibited at any fair or exposition in the world," said
Prof. C. F. Curtiss, superintendent of the horse department. Similar
expressions were heard on every hand from leading American horse

412 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

breeders as well as from importers. It is a notable fact that one of
the greatest Percheron brood mares that has recently been imported
and that won all the prizes at the leading shows in France was ont-
stripped by an American-bred mare that took first in her class and
the championship prize. This again called attention to the fact that
the day is passed when it is necessary for us to go to France or any
other foreign country to secure the best horses. American-bred horses are
today not only equal to imported horses, but they are actually superior,
as this and other shows have demonstrated heretofore. In view of this
it is time for American farmers to patronize breeders of American
bred horses as well as American-bred cattle and to realize that we
have as good, if not better, live stock in this country than can be
found anywhere in the world.

The cattle show was also immense. The Shorthorns were especially
strong and it was considered on every hand that this breed made the
largest and best show ever seen. The classes were large and the quality
of the animals unsurpassed. The Hereford show was fully as
large as last year and the quality of the cattle, taking the show as a
whole, superior. The breed was complimented by producing the cham-
pion steer of the show. Fair Lad 1st. The Angus cattle were out in
their best clothes; they were in fine show condition and excited the
usual admiration of the spectators in the show pavilion. Perhaps the
Angus show was not quite as large as it has been in former years
but the quality was there.

SWINE.

The hog exhibition was magnificent. There was no less than 3,200
porcine beauties in the new pavilion, which is the finest structure of
its kind in the world. Every breeder seemed entirely satisfied with
the magnificent accommodations provided for their swine. The hogs
did not suffer from the heat in spite of the fact that over 3,000 were
gathered under one roof, and in spite of the fact that the weather was
hot and sultry all through the fair. It was due to the unique manner in
which the building is constructed that the pens remain cool and perfectly
sanitary at all times. The only objection to the pavilion is that it
is too small. It should have been built twice its present size. Pro-
vision must be made in the vei-y near future, either for enlarging the
building, or for the construction of another one of equal size. First
class accommodation must be provided for the Iowa mortgage lifter. It
is due to swine breeders that they should have the best accommo-
dations for their stock. There is no class of men that do more for
the up-building of the State than do the breeders of swine. Iowa pro-
duces more swine than any other two states in the Union. Hogs in
Iowa have increased from January 1, 1897, to January 1, 1907, from
3,738,000 to 8,585,000.

Breeders' Gazette, Chicago, Illinois.

Nothing troubled the Iowa State Fair last week except a deficit of
room and a surplus of water. It takes a lot of water to run a big fair

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART IX. 413

ground, but it is wanted from the ground, not from the clouds. Iowa
aforetime has demonstrated its ability to rise superior to the elements,
and here was another proof. Preparation had been made for an exhibit of
surpassing excellence in most departments, and all other conditions con-
joined to write new records concerning this great display of live stock
and machinery, but it seems impossible to turn off the faucets of the
sky this season. They like water in the Hawkeyo State. By statutory
enactment they have recorded their preference for that fluid over others
of more harmful character, but there nevertheless is a place for every-
thing, and the place for rain is not on a fair ground. Writing at this
early date, it is impossible to submit anything lilie a summary of the
week's attendance, but the promise of the preliminary preparation days,
when thousands of people flocked to the grounds, was much marred
by the rains on Monday, Wednesday and Thursday. About midnight on
Wednesday a windstorm and a deluge joined forces over the grounds
and after a number of tents had been torn from their moorings the
exhibits they contained were waterlogged. The airship and the captive
balloon went up — in flames, kindled by contact of the gasbags with
a live electric light wire. Between two and three inches of water fell.
The country round about was in a panic the next morning over the
swollen streams and the engines which pulled the excursion trains
into the city consumed little coal in handling the few country people
who ventured away from home. The surrounding section of the State
was deluged. Gate receipts were materially reduced for the week,
which is unfortunate indeed, as the fair needs every penny it can acquire
through earnings and appropriations.

The Iowa State Fair resembles somewhat a lad in his last summer's
pants. The work of rebuilding outgrown and antiquated quarters goes
bravely on, however, and the realization of hopes and plans is clearly
to be seen. Never was the money's worth better obtained than in the
use of the stock judging pavilion this year. Those who had shown on
its site a quarter of a century ago, on a railed-in grass plot, appreciate
its comfort, its convenience and its protection not only to the stock,
but to the thousands of men, women and children who sought its
friendly portals when the pelting rain drove them to seek shelter.
Its inadequacy in size was again demonstrated. The attractions of the
arena were quite sufficient to keep the seats and promenades full the
week long, saying nothing of the demands on the pavilion for shelter dur-
ing showers. We were all of too small faith when the pavilion was built
only a few years ago. Nothing remains but to follow the example of
Illinois and knock out the end of the building and enlarge it fully
one-third if not one-half.

That the horizon of the fair manager has materially broadened in
recent years finds unimpeachable proof in the magnificent swine depart-
ment which greets exhibitors at Des Moines. Iowa farmer's banks accounts
are bottomed on corn and hogs. The swine show on this fair grounds
has for years been unexcelled and seemingly unapproachable. Its housing
might have been called a joke, if it were not a serious matter. Some

414 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

years ago the swine department was rebuilt, and a nice little exhi-
bition pavilion erected. When the first class came to be judged, it
was found that a very small per cent of the entries could be accommo-
dated in the pavilion! The new pavilion will hold them for a while.
In the big square there is room to add another row of pens, but when
that is done the board certainly will have met all reasonable demands
on it for accommodations for this exhibit. It is not incumbent on any fair
management to furnish costly quarters for sale stock. Enough has been
done when show stock has been comfortably housed.

Our pictures preclude the necessity of description of the architecture
or arrangement of the new swine department. Up to date it has cost
around $77,000, and when the judging pavilion is seated and all finishing
touches added about $20,000 more will have been expended. The
Iowa State Pair does not anticipate its income from receipts or appropria-
tions, hence when funds available for the swine department were ex-
hausted, it left the plans uncompleted. Fair goers who respect them-
selves, their safety, their comfort and the decencies of travel sufficiently
to pass by the congested trolly cars and use the capital Rock Island
train service to the grounds, will remember a vacant strip between the
train sheds and the entrance to the fair. That land has been added to
the grounds, and on the east of the main entrance the new swine Qe-
partment has been placed. The buildings cover about three and one-half
acres, with about one-half acre in a fine high and light show pavilion.
The pavilion and pens are built of steel and vitrified brick, with
gravel roofs. The pens count up 1,154 and around 3,200 hogs filled them,
with something over 1,000 hog entries rejected on account of lack of
room.

These new swine quarters are not only unique; they are grand.
Light and ventilation have been sought, along with permanency of
construction, and all these ends have been finely attained. Criticism
may perhaps be directed at the placing of the show pavilion at one
side of the quadrangle formed by the pens. It puts it rather far away
from quite a number of the pens, and makes it a long drive, especially
if the going happens to be muddy. The desire to obtain ample light
and ventilation in the pens led to this placing of the big building. An-
other row of pens can be built north of it, and thus fill the square,
when the approaches to the pavilion can be roofed over for wet weather.
Certain it is that no fair ground boasts so large, so convenient, so costly
an equipment for its swine department. In one season it goes far to
dim the memory of the nightmare conditions which have attended this de-
partment for a quarter of a century.

Eight acres were added by the purchase of the new land, and directly
across the main street to the west of the swine department, a
new sheep department will be built on similar lines, although not so
extensive a scale. Temporary sheds were needed up on the hillside this
year to accommodate the overflow exhibit of sheep, and a new home will
assuredly bring out yet more numerous entries.

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART IX. 415

A sample of the projected rebuilding of the horse department is
furnished by the new barn, of steel and vitrified brick construction, that
now stands not far from the swine department. It is 73x128 feet, and
contains 88 stalls, five feet in width, and with oak posts and iron
mangers and hay racks. The plans of the board contemplate spending
about $100,000 in rebuilding the horse department, and the first new
stable is gratifying assurance of the permanency, safety, comfort and
convenience of the equipment.

Water and light, essentials to the satisfactory occupancy of a fair
grounds, have received the attention of the board. The old pumping
station and tank have been abandoned and connection made with the
Des Moines water works system. Twenty-eight fire hydrants have been
scattered about the grounds, and around $12,000 expended in bringing
in the city water and giving fire pressure protection. An "all-hog" policy
on the part of the electric light plant in Des Moines prevented connection
with that system, and hence the first section of fair ground lighting
plant was installed, at a cost of about $12,000. It is planned eventually
to expend about $32,000 on this plant and in wiring buildings, so that
each one may be outlined in globes of fire. The profit of this costly
system of night decoration has been amply proved in hundreds of
electric parks and pleasure resorts the country over, and the value of
night performances as gate-receipt pullers has been clearly proved to
the managers of this fair, so that they are preparing to make the
grounds beautiful by night, in order that they may possess greater
drawing power. Counting the $2,000 expended in repairs which are
scarcely preceptible to the eye — so hidden, says Secretary Simpson, that
he has to point them out to members of the board — the managers of
the Iowa State Fair expended in permanent improvements last year
approximately $115,000. They evidently got their money's worth. And
this is just the beginning. A big, new steel grandstand will prove the
greatest dividend payer of any improvement, so far as receipts are con-
cerned, and it will be provided by next fair time. This will necessitate
moving the race track, as it encroaches on space imperatively de-
manded by a rapidly expanding implement department. It is a par-
ticularly pleasing operation to watch Iowa State Fair grounds grow.
Its managers are men who know how to cultivate its growth.

Even the most careless visitor must have been deeply impressed
by the exhibit of machinery; 1,212 exhibitors covered 60 acres with
their displays. This is an increase of more than 100 exhibitors over
the 1906 number and many an applicant for space had to be turned
away for lack of room. The removal of the race track farther to the
north and west will relinquish ground available for the desired expansion
of the machinery department. When President Cleveland informed
lowans years ago on the occasion of a visit to that State that it was an
agricultural State, they were inclined to resent his lack of knowledge of
their manufacturing industries, important at that time, but vastly more
so now. Many of the towns and cities of the Hawkeye State boast manu-
facturing plants, and it has assumed a position of much importance

416 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

in the trade. Especially is this true of implements designed for farm
work. A canvass of the exhibitors at Des Moines reveals the fact that
greater interest than ever was taken last week by the farmer visitor
in the display of implements and farm machinery at the fair.

It is early in any year for an impressive display of corn at this fair,
and only "roasting ears" would have been available this time. The
display in the fine new horticultural and agricultural building was rather
meagre, but the products of last year's fields were available for ex-
hibition and for decorative purposes. Much of the fruit was nipped by the
late frosts, but the long tables of attractive apples indicated that green
apple pie has not entirely passed out of the bill of fare of the Iowa
farmer. A significant feature that demands comment was the number
of advertising displays of grains and grasses from various sections
west and north, appealing to the Iowa farmer. He has no one but
himself to blame for this "proselyting." He has spent so many millions
of dollars the past ten years in western or northwestern lands, either
for speculative purposes or future homes, that the land boomers of
those regions have learned thoroughly his opulence and seem to have im-
bibed an idea that he is dissatisfied with his conditions. Canada, the
Dakotas, Colorado and Nebraska were among the sections which sought
to draw the Iowa farmer by their displays of products, while down
under a tent, amid the sideshows, was a tempting display of farm
products from the Texas Panhandle, erstwhile producer of horns and
hides! Verily, westward the star of agriculture takes its way.

Live stock is the main theme of the Iowa State Fair. Around this
exhibit the enterprise revolves. The interest in pedigree stock breeding
sprang quickly to the front in this State early upon the introduction of
improved blood to this country, and its herds, flocks and studs have
been brought to a commanding position of importance. Added to this
fact is the fondness which many prominent exhibitors in other states
have for this fair. They like the country, they like the classification
and prizes, they like the conduct of the fair, and inasmuch as it opens
the circuit for the season, it is not strange that accommodations
have for many years overflowed. At Des Moines the circuit divides,
and part of the showmen take up their journey toward Hamline and
part toward Lincoln, while a number of the home exhibitors either begin
their rounds at the local fairs or retire with their taste of State fair
experience.

The cattle exhibit was large and excellent on the whole. Short-horns
readily took the lead in numbers, outranking in that respect any ex-
hibition of the breed that this country has seen, but the average quality
suffered somewhat from this very fact. Herefords were in comparatively
small numbers but of admirable quality for the most part, and the
Aberdeen-Angus sustained in the female classes the traditions of the
breed on these grounds, albeit bulls were nothing to brag of as a lot.
In the minor breeds some interesting exhibits were presented, and
taken altogether the cattle section was quite satisfactory.

Draft horses made impressive display, especially in the female classes.
Nothing is more gratifying than this indubitable evidence of expanding

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX. 417

interest in draft liorse breeding, to whicti feature must be added tlie
pleasing fact that home-bred mares in several classes were good enough
to be set ahead of imported females that had won distinction in French
shows. Swine overflowed even the extensive new accommodations. The
red hogs executed a flank movement on their rivals through early entries,
and when the pens were filled nearly half of them took on that hue
suggestive of a blistered harvest field face. Sheep required emergency
accommodations, and made a very interesting presentation, although
interest in this section of the show is decidedly less than in any other
live stock department. Evidently the golden-hoofed animal does not
enter closely into the economic calculations of the Iowa farmer.

THE CATTLE DEPARTMENT.

Some few changes in classification were made with a view of adding
strength to this department. Breeders of Ayrshire and Dutch Belted
cattle asked representation on the list and it was granted, provided three
herds of each breed would make entries; but the required number did
not fill, hence those breeds were missing from the show. The division of
the yearling classes in the beef breeds into juniors and seniors was
gratifying to exhibitors, and indeed in some breeds it was fairly de-
manded by the numerous entries. Governor Packard and his efficient
assistants kept things moving promptly, and only in the Short-horn section,
where entries were in disconcerting numbers, was there any drag in the
programme. Keen interest was manifested throughout the week in the
ring work, and those fortunate enough to get admitted to the arena some-
times so far forgot themselves in their desire to get as good a look as
the judges, as to impede the work of those officials. Horses held the
ring in the morning hours, and at 1 p. m. the herdsmen took up
their march toward the arena at the heads of their carefully-groomed
cliarges, and their session lasted well on toward six in the evening,
watched to the last by large companies of spectators. Only the dis-
reputable weather dimmed the glories of the 1907 show at Des Moines.

THE SHORT-HORNS.

Several of the leading exhibitors whose herds set the standard of
our fall shows have acquired the Iowa fair habit, and presented the
strength of the Short-horn exhibit at this time. In addition to this
feature, which in Itself give assurance of one of our most satisfactory
show seasons for this breed, the offer of prize money limited to Iowa
breeders brought out the overflowing classes which in one or two rings
of single animals totaled over thirty entries, and which filled the arena
when the group prizes came to be judged. For the most part the presence
of these home entries did not add strength to the exhibit. Indeed, it
brought out many an animal never intended by nature or by prepara-
tion for a place on any show ground, and which could not by any possible
course of reasoning be thought to lend that impressiveness to such an
exhibit which lends converts to the breed.
27

418 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE.

THE BULL CLASSES.

From the unusually uniform company or fifteen aged bulls (which
evoked commendation that was finally crystallized into a megaphone
announcement, credited to Senator T. J. Wornall and R. B. Ogilvie, that
in excellence these bulls surpasses those of similar age seen at the
English Royal show in June) Whitehall Marshall emerged the winner.
Kentucky bluegrass evidently agrees with him, as he is again grand
champion, although the runners up for this honor, the heads of the
younger bull classes, numbered some surprisingly flash youngsters.. Du-
bious looks grew to dissenting headshakes as Good Choice was left
above Whitehall King, and it would be no difficult matter to rank Scot-
tish Champion ahead of Scotch Mist. Avondale did not need the help of
the judge among the two-year-olds, as his position was assured both by his
outstanding character and the mediocre character of the rest of the com-
pany. The senior yearlings required small attention after Anoka Sultan
and Gondomar had been placed. The white bull has made much growth
and is very attractive despite some palpable v/eaknesses. The tone
changes when the junior yearlings are reached. No less than sixteen of
them contained high promise for future show yard exhibitions. Premier
in name the fleshily-marked roan from Flynn Farm was handily premier
in this company of superior young bulls. There was a lot of contest
up top in this class. When thirty-two senior bull calves assembled Mr. Dus-
tin called for reinforcements, and Mr. Mitchell gave him the benefit of his
counsel — which v/as not always taken — in the remaining classes. Quite a
lot of Sultans and Marshalls will be found scattered through the prize list.
Whether the winner here will make good his name of Marshall's Best
must be left to the verdict of time, but he has a pretty good lap already
to his credit in the race for that honor.

THE FEMALES IN THE RING.

A score of cows presented almost all conditions,' from dairy shape to
staleness. There was plenty of the latter, indeed bloom was quite want-
ing in most instances. A couple of very choice ones In type were the
reds Cherry Lass and Lovely of Grassmere, a pair of sweet character
and breeding type. Cherry Lass brought with her the pledge of greater
usefulnes than show yard performance, as her heifer calf is among the
tasty ones. But both of them have been too long at the game. They
should have been ranked together, as the low-set thick roan Anoka Broad-
hooks is of a little different stamp and looked odd between them. She
was in real bloom but some deficiencies of form scored against her.
The big company of two-year-olds passed up the grand champion in
Missie of Brondale 12th which seems to have restrained her too forward
growth of last year and made her form in keeping with it. She cer-
tainly carries much show yard strength this year. Superior sweetness
is found in Clara Belle, and form and substance enough to give her
clear title to second place. Browndale Julia presented a very attractive
front and Grace carries much substance in blocky form. Some good
heifers were further down the line but this company did not hold much
of show yard excellence outside the winners. Among the score of senior

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX. 419

yearlings it looked for a time as if Elmendorf Farm did not need on
this occasion the heifer Anoka Gloster 2d which it had endeavored to
buy, as that farm's Sinnissippi Rose 2d stood at the top of the line an •
ominously long time, but finally the proper rating was accorded. De-
lightful has ample scale and very attractive eveness. The junior year-
lings succeeded in going the seniors one better in numbers, and Senator
Wornall was not content without the two leading positions in this
comely company. Of the beautiful light roans Rose O'Day and Maid
Marian the latter was rather generally preferred for pride of place, but
the judicial talent decreed otherwise, and as it was all in the family there
was little to say. Sweet Duchess of Gloster has plenty of depth but
lacks width through the heart. No great violence would have been done
the equities if she and Ramsden Flower had been further down on the
list. Numerically and perhaps in quality the senior yearlings capped
the climax No less than thirty-seven asked position, among them
several "dumplings" just over the age limit that were seriously handi-
capped among the older ones. Mr. Harding declares Sultan's Athene is
the best calf he ever exhibited, and an argument is scarcely possible on
that proposition. She is about the acme of youthful feminine Short-
horn excellence. The home rating and the judicial allotment between
Poppy Girl and Demure (the latter the calf shown at the heels of the
first prize cow) do not agree, but it is all in the Tomson family, and
these beautiful calves were separated on the list only by the precocious
little Lady Rosita, which is just within the limits in age, and one the
eye lingers on in delight. The juniors were an admirable company, and
it was nip and tuck between Rosetta of Grassland and Princess Royal
with plenty of argument in favor of the foi'uier named "dumpling,"
which is strongly reminiscent of the famous Dewdrop; but the taller
calf finally headed the list.

TUB HEREFOBDS.

A comparatively small but altogether excellent exhibit of the "white-
faces" came from the herds of the following named exhibitors: Cargill
& Price, Lacrosse, Wis.; W. S. Van Natta & Son, Fowler, Ind., G. W.
Way & Son, New Sharon, Iowa; James E. Logan, Kansas City, Mo.; Dale
& Wright, of Iowa; J. J. Early of Missouri; Ben Broughton and Dorr &
Redhead of Iowa. The awards were placed by Prof. Andrew Boss, of
the Minnesota Agricultural College, St. Anthony's Park.

THE ABERDEEN-ANGUS.

It could not be claimed that the male section of this breed was up
to its standard at this fair, although it developed a clinking good two-
year-old as the grand champion, and numbered among the youngsters
some promising material. In the female classes, after the aged cows
were passed, the tone took on its accustomed quality, and some decidedly
attractive presentations of "doddie" flesh and bloom were in evidence.
Prof. W. J. Kennedy, of Ames, rated the contestants. Jim Delaney, the
aged bull, is in capital form this year with a lot of flesh smoothly carried,
but still wanting the balance of heft in the hind parts. The two-year-old
Glenfoil Thickset 2d lacks little of satisfying a high ideal in Angus bulls.

420

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

He is the right stamp and meets inspection in most parts besides carry-
ing very attractive bloom. Two of the senior yearling bulls were de-
servedly sent to the barn as so far below show yard standard as to re-
move them from title to recognition.

Glenfoil Rose has been very active in acquiring ribbons and continues
to accumulate them, although it cannot be said that she carries quite
the bloom that a high class show cow of the breed should present. She
holds her form quite well and is a beautifully-fronted broad-bosomed, wide-
ribbed matron. She is somewhat fresher than her companions however,
all of which have been asked to do the trick too often. It was some
better among the two-year-olds, and the senior yearlings contained quite
a sprinkling of beauties. Pride McHenry 5:3d and Gaylawn Bonnie are
splendid representatives of the breed. Among the junior heifers the

(iJhampion polled durham bull, "Roan Hero fi313," shown at the Iowa State Fair and
Exposition 1907, by Shaver & Deuker.

judge found his grand champion female — Queen Lass of Alta 3d — a rare
combination of Angus excellencies, and he did not hesitate to assign her
the crowning honors against older ones forward in the contest. A lot
of real "black diamonds" had a setting in the ring for senior heifers.

THE POLLED UURIIAMS.

Since the establishment of a classification for Polled Durhams at the
Iowa State Fair two years ago this hornless type of Short-horn has
been making friends in Iowa. Especially favorable was the impression
made by the exhibit this year. Numbers considered, no breed was more
creditably represented. The usual ringside comment that Polled Durhams

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART IX. 421

are improving rapidly was distinctly empliatic on this occasion. Per-
haps the chief flaw in the exhibit as a whole was the tendency toward
unovenness of flesh covering in the older animals. Several entries, how-
ever, were not to be faulted in this direction. Altogether the display
marked another upward step in the stride of Polled Durhams toward
meeting the demand for which the type was evolved.

In the aged bulls Roan Hero was the outstanding entry. He was
presented in pleasing foi'm, and is one of the smoothest bulls of his age.
Big in girth, short-legged and strongly backed he is a show bull from
head to tail. Young Fairbanks is a rugged big-framed sort, nicely fitted
and even in his lines. His white hind feet give his red body color a
dashy showy effect. A bull with an outcome is Iowa Chief, and Orange
Boy is a big one for his age. Both added much strength to the yearling
class.

THE RED POLLS.

Breeders rejiresenting three states made a creditable exhibit of Red
Polled cattle. It was fully up to the high standard which they have set
at this fair from year to year. Especially noteworthy is the uniformly
good condition in which the animals were presented. Rarely have we
seen a better fitted collection of Red Polls.

Prof. James W. Wilson, director of the South Dakota Experiment Sta-
tion, Brookings, made the awards, following closely and with well balanced
judgment the new standard and scale of points recently published by
the Red Polled Cattle Club.

As heretofore the females made a better impression than the bulls, the
younger stock of the former sex showing strongly. One Price is by
odds the largest Red Polled bull that has been seen in years. He combines
a comely massiveness with remarkable smoothness and impressive bull
character. A bull with a bolder crest and strength of head and front
is not often uncovered. The new standard calls for bulls weighing from
1,800 to 2,200 pounds. If One Price were fitted up to near his limit he
would exceed the maximum by several hundred pounds. He is distinctly
on the beef side, although his dairy indications commend him as a
double-decker sort. In the two-year-olds Nelson illustrated quite satis-
factorily the beef-and-milk type. Of the half dozen yearlings Ivanhoe
gained premier place by virtue of his superior milk indications. Nine
bull calves presented a variety of types and sizes. Burke, smooth as an
egg and capitally finished for the show ring, is a prospect to watch. Lyman,
a half-brother, is built along the same approved lines.

Eight aged cows were a pleasing class, with Daisy Princess as their
leader in honors. At least three standard dual-purpose cows distinguished
this collection, and they were recognized by the judge. Ruperta and
Ruberta are ample in size with excellent udders and veins. Moppet is
equally strong in this respect. Inez headed the two-year-olds. This is
at once the Red Polled sensation of the year. The beef-and-milk idea in
one hide has rarely had a more striking illustration. Ten yearlings aver-
aged high in their conformity to the standard, a couple of South Dakota
entries having some advantage in condition. Rosalind is not so showy

422 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

as Queen, but the judge found more to commend her when he looked for
dairy possibilities.

THE GALLOWAYS.

Improvement in condition was noted in the exhibit of Galloways.
Numerically, the show was probably not so strong as it has been on sev-
eral occasions at Des Moines. Some breeders, however, persist in show-
ing animals that are ill prepared to make friends for the breed. Most
of the classes included several substandard sorts that needed a deal more
fitting. The tops of the rings were uniformly satisfactory. Especially
strong were the aged cows, four distinguished showyard winners com-
peting. Females made a better impression than the bulls. Scottish
Samson was the bull show in himself. He is particularly big and bold
in front, with unusual girth, and is finished smoothly to the tailhead. A
little bareness over his shoulders represents a breed defect which Gallo-
way men are eliminating. He is low enough and of striking masculine
presence. The yearling bulls were a mixed lot of various types and lack-
ing in condition. Four fairly good senior bull calves were shown. Lady
Charlotte is not so large a cow as some of her companions in the aged
class, but she is a beautifully finished matron back to the hooks. All of
these show ring winners have been seen in better form than they pre-
sented here. Evaline 2d of Avondale did not keep her top line as even
as it has been. Favorite 16th of Locheukit excelled in depth of flesh.
The senior heifer calves were a star feature, with Vala and Vada
palpably at the front. Of this comely pair the second would best suit
breeders who are seeking to improve the breed strictly along beef lines.

GALLOWAY STEEKS.

A few Galloway steers were shown by C. D. McPherson of Iowa and
G. W. Lindsey of Nebraska. Mr. Thompson, who judged the breeding
classes of Galloways, declined to award prizes on several of the entries.
Only two animals received prizes. Buster Brown, owned by Mr. Mc-
Pherson, was given first in the two-year-old class and Red Cloud Chief,
owned by Mr. Lindsey, first In the yearling class. The latter also was
made champion of the breed.

GRADE AND CROSS-BRED STEERS.

Some capital material for the International was uncovered in the
show of grade and cross-bred steers. Some of them will stand a lot of
fitting for that show, but others are already in good form. Grade and
cross-bred Short-horns made a conspicuously strong showing in this
section. E. T. Davis, Iowa City, la.; Prof. W. J. Rutherford, Winnipeg,
Ont., and C. B. Dustin, Summer Hill, 111., were the judges. In the two-
year-olds J. R. Peak & Son of Illinois were first on Joker, a grade Short-
horn; Silas Igo, Palmyra, la., second on a grade Angus, and C. A.
Saunders, Manilla, la., third on a grade Short-horn. In yearlings Peak
was first on Robin, grade Short-horn, Cargill & Price, Lacrosse, Wis.,
second on Bonnie, grade Hereford, and Saunders third on Ike, grade
Short-horn. In calves My Choice, grade Angus shown by Col. Igo, was
first Metz Jo, grade Angus shown by W. J. Miller, Newton, Iowa, second.

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX.

423

and Peak's grade Short-horn, My Surprise, third. My Choice was the
champion grade or cross-bred steer. In groups Pealv was first, Igo second
and Saunders third.

The grand champion steer of the show was Fair Lad 1st, pure-bred
Hereford, shown by Cargill & Price, and the grand champion group was
shown by the same firm, the entries being pure-bred Herefords.

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424 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

THE IIOLSTEIN-FEIESIANS.

W. B. Barney & Co., Hampton, la., and C. F. Stone of Kansas for
several years have been trying conclusions at Des Moines with their
Holsteiu-Friesians. They were on hand again this year and some spice
was added to the contests by the entries of August Winter of Iowa.
Last year the Kansas cattle carried away the bulk of the top prizes; it
was different last week, the Barney entries having the best of the show-
ing. And the judge in both cases was F. H. Scribner, Rosendale, Wis.,
who always does his work with painstaking care. There was consider-
able difference in the condition of the two herds, the Kansas entries
losing in several instances on account of inadequate preparation. Jewel
of Home Farm, now eleven years old and champion in many stout shows,
was sent out to add new honors to his list. The old bull still looks fine
in the arena, and the judge could not find a better bull in the exhibit.
The bulls did not average up with the females. Partheuea Hengerveld
led aged cows and gained the championship with equal freedom. Consid-
ering her age — eleven years — she is a surprise. Her veins, udder and
great capacity meet critical requirements. She is a rare old cow. Sissy
Baker Netherland carries a standard Holstein-Friesian udder with well
placed teats of good size, and they do not breed them to score higher in
what breeders call quality.

THE JERSEYS.

One of the best small exhibits of Jerseys that have been made in years
represented the old-established herds of Mrs. S. B. Thomas of Missouri,
Dixon & Deaner of Wisconsin, Hunkydory Farm, Bella, Iowa, and Hunter
& Smith of Nebraska. A sprinkling of imported entries served as an
educational contrast with the more rugged home-bred animals. Almost
without exception the cattle were beautifully finished. It was a quality
lot of very impressive individuality. Mr. Scribner tied the ribbons.
Emanon retains his bloom and shows as formidably as ever. Cotillion's
Bachelor is a good pattern of nice finish. The top of the bulls was
Guenon's Champion Lad, one of the outstanding representatives of the
breed. He is a cracking good yearling of style, quality and balance. "He
handles as good as he looks" was the judge's laconic estimate.

The nine aged cows were a study in Jersey type. Imp. Sultan's Won-
der has long been a winner in the strongest shows. She is a grand old
cow of the Island stamp throughout, but the judge prefers more constitu-
tion and capacity. He therefore placed Morey's Golden Lass at the head
of this attractive company of matrons. She is naturally less refined than
her foreign adversary, but she is in no sense coarse. Her udder con-
forms right up to the standard, being exceptionally well balanced, and
the teats are of ample size and perfectly placed. One of the most satis-
factory types seen in the show was presented in Silver Coo, carrying a
remarkably well developed udder.

THE SWINE SHOW.

A big exhibit of hogs was expected. The new pavillion invited a veri-
table avalanche of porkers, and they came from all sections of Iowa and

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART IX. 425

from several other states as well, more than 200 herds being represented.
Some less than 1,000 entries were rejected on account of want of pens,
leaving about 3,200 hogs to make the show. Applicants for pens were
served in the order of their requests, first come being first served. Duroc-
Jersey breeders took advantage of this situation and were fortunate in
securing a lion's share of the space in the new pavilion. By actual count
the breeds numbered as follows: Duroc-Jerseys, 1,125; Poland-Chinas,
969; Chester Whites, 471; Berkshires, 130; Large Yorkshires. 97; Tam-
worths, 53.

Poland-Chinas were not so strong as a year ago at Dos Moines. They
were not so well fitted. Indeed, the exhibit contained a considerable
sprinkling of hogs that had no business in the ring. The prize-winners,
however, averaged high, probably as good as the breed affords. The aged
boars made an excellent impression. Seldom has a more uniformly high-
class lot of matured boars- of this breed been seen. Wilson Rowe, Ames,
la., distributed the ribbons.

Each class was little short of sensational in Duroc-Jerseys. Never has
this breed made such a stout display of its merits. Never have its breed-
ers taken such pains to fit their hogs for the showyard. From the aged
boars, of which there were twenty-one good ones shown, down to the pigs,
the classes fairly teemed with well fitted hogs. There was not a weak
spot in the display. J. B. Drake, Yellow Springs, 0., essayed the big
task of allotting the prizes. His work was done with much credit.

Berkshires made a small showing, and the percentage of good ones
fell below that of the other kind. The chief strength of the show was in
the younger classes. N. H. Gentry, Scdalia, Mo., awarded the prizes. He
also judged the Chester Whites, which made perhaps the best exhibit in
the history of the breed. Certainly there never has been a better fitted
lot of Chester Wliites than those which breeders presented on this oc-
casion.

Large Yorkshires and Tamworths were well represented, the entries
coming almost entirely from Iowa. In the former breed Prof. James
Atkinson and B. F. Davidson, both of Iowa, won most of the prizes, the
latter securing most of the top honors. Frank Thornber of Illinois had
the best of it in Tamworths, though the prizes were well distributed
among other exhibitors, including C. C. Roup, J. W. Justice, E. O.
Thomas and Nye Patterson, all of Iowa. Prof. J. J. Ferguson, with
Swift & Co., Chicago, judged these two bacon breeds.

THE SHOW OF SHEEP.

About 40 per cent larger than a year ago is the best word from the
sheep pens at the Iowa State Fair this year. All the breeds for which
classifications have been provided were represented, though in several of
them competition was lacking. So substantial has been the gain in the
number of entries of sheep that the management of the fair already is
planning larger and better accommodations for this class of stock. Pres-
ent quarters are not only inadequate, but unsuited to the purpose in case
of rain and storm, as last week. A delay of more than a day in the

426

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

judging of Cotswolds was occasioned by the rain leaking and blowing
through the pens and wetting their fleeces. There was a healthy, en-
thusiastic tone to the trading consummated by flockmasters during the
fair.

A Prize Winner at the Iowa State Fair and Exposition 1907.

SHKOPSHIRES.

It was probably the stoutest show of Shropshires that has been seen in
years at a State fair. Imported and home-bred sheep in the finest bloom
which fitters can give competed, making every class highly interesting
and instructive to spectators. Prof. J. A. McLean of the Iowa State Col-
lege, Ames, was the judge.

THE HORSE DEPARTMENT.

Much of the interest in the live stock section inhered in the draft horse
exhibit. It occupied the morning hours and the pavilion was always full
of interested spectators, while as many as could crowd along the arena
rail held tenaciously onto their positions. In this department, under the
direction of Prof. C. F. Curtiss of Ames, a class for American carriage
horses has been added and four more classes have been given to saddle
horses. The ponies have received additional recognition, and in all the
more important classes cash prizes have been increased from three to five
and six. Stall fees in this section have been reduced about 50 per cent
since the last fair and altogether the conduct of the department has been
•quite in keeping with the needs of exhibitors. The judging has been

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX. 427

brought forward to Monday, the opening day, and in most cases each
breed has had a judge of its own. The parades of horses in front of
the grandstand each afternoon were highly interesting features of the en-
tertainment provided for the crowds.

THE PERCHERONS.

An exhibit of history-maldng character came forward under these col-
ors. There have been stronger rings of aged stallions, but it quite taxed
memory to recall so uniformly excellent a collection of three-year-olds —
a class so even in strength and so free from sub-standard animals. All
through the male classes there was a capital exhibit, and it is hazarding
nothing to write that so great a show of Percheron females has not before
been assembled in America. Herein is found great cause for congratula-
tion, and the results of the contest emphasize again what is so generally
known, that we can breed the big horses just as good on this side as on
the other, if we have the right material. The adjudications fell to the
seasoned and discriminating eye of Alexander Galbraith, Janesville, Wis.,
and left small ground for criticism or revision.

Among the aged stallions Mr. McMillan's well known Olbert was the
leader. He is somewhat drawn of middle, but an all round estimate would
set him at the head, with his grand size and bone and his free stride.
The Singmasters' gray Alger, second at Nogent this year, was counted
on to win this class, but many of the importations of the season have
shipped quite badly and he was among those that have had trouble. He
will need time to pull himself together again, when he should certainly
prove a very formidable contestant in any company. Banquet has a
grand top, a draft horse middle and back and Guignol is also splendid in
his top and an easy goer. The three-year-olds numbered twenty and
cut out the work for the judge a plenty. The Singmasters were particu-
larly stout in this sensational company and three of their colts landed on
the prize list. No attempt at individual comment is made, but the class
is left with a repetition of the compliment that it was of very unusual
excellence. The two-year-olds appeared to be quite well grown, some of
them so far forward that the "vets" took a look at their teeth, but none
was disqualified.

In the collection of aged mares there appeared two Paris winners in
the pair with which the Singmasters got second and third honors here.
The pick of the company was found in the beautiful black Victorine,
which Mr. McMillan bred — one of the real Percheron type, with sym-
metrical body, rare quality and superb finish, and a weight around a ton.
The Singmasters were in the front rank among the three-year-olds with
capital specimens of the breed, winning the blue ribbon, while the red
went to Patterson & Erickson of Minnesota on a choice filly. The two-
year-olds continued the excellence of the females and its head also came
from the Singmaster farm, a black of most admirable sort. The second
prize filly in this class was also of splendid character. Along down the
lines, through all the group prizes and specials, appeared the most gratifj'-
ing evidences of a determination to acquire the best of the French stocks
of mares and of marked success in mating them.

428 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

CLYDESDALES.

Speaking of a clean, attractive standard exhibit of any breed, ttie
Clydesdales presented it here. It was almost uniformly a capital illustra-
tion of the excellencies to which breeders have bent their efforts for many
years. The Scotch foot and feather were in palpable evidence and in
addition form and substance took on approved draft horse standard. Num-
bers were sufRcient to give proof of continued interest in the breed, which
was accentuated by the very impressive displays of mares and fillies.
Clydesdale breeders have long prided themselves on the accuracy of action
which they have developed in their horses, and it was particularly appar-
ent in the contestants in this arena. Exhibitors had the benefit of the
services as judge of R. B. Ogilvie, secretary of the American Clydesdale
Association, Chicago, and the ratings were made with his accustomed
accuracy.

It was a very impressive company of aged stallions and was headed
by the International winner. Baron Doune, a stallion of well-marked bal-
ance of parts from head to heels, and one which should prove of much
value in service. Prince Punctual, which has size and distinct masculine
character, and stands over a lot of ground in impressive draft horse fash-
ion, might have been higher in the running under other estimates, but
there were some points of strength in Ethelbert on which to hang the de-
cision as recorded. Baron Nisbet was somewhat wanting in condition,
else his rank would have been more prominent; he is one to wait for.
The three-year-olds were an excellent lot. Among the mares there was
much gayety and snap and ample draft form and power. Not in recent
years has the breed given so pleasing an exhibit in the female classes,
down to the foals. It afforded no little comfort to the Clydesdale con-
tingent to see so fetching a display of mares and fillies.

A continuance of the exhibit of the quality-character displayed by the
Shires at this show will win great extension of favor for the breed. It is
to be hoped that we have done with the importation of the post-legged
kinky-haired kind. Judging from the very attractive character of the
lot seen at Des Moines, the old-fashioned sort is now only a memory, so
far as the latter-day importations are concerned. The judge, W. E. Prich-
ard, Ottawa, 111., was greatly pleased with this feature of the exhibit and
was free in his commendation of it — a valuable tribute from so reputable
a judge. There could be no questioning the title of Premvictor to pride
of place in the company of aged stallions, as he is in very attractive bloom.
He has had a large season and needs not the prestige of his exhibition
in the consignment sent last year by the King and Lord Rothschild to
give him prominence this year. Broughton Mormaco is a very massive
brown, distinctly better in his forelegs than the blue ribbon stallion, and
altogether a drafty clean-legged sort. Girton Senator is an upstanding
unfurnished black of grand presence and the way he mai'ked it off up
and down the arena when the Highland bagpipers entered was a caution.
The three-year-olds combined a lot of weight with pleasing quality, and

almost without exception presented feet and legs that were acceptable.

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX. 429

Dunsmore Rector is one to watch out for, as he is destined for high ranlv
by reason of his toppiness, his substance and his stout and clean under-
pinning. The right sort of bone and feather is found in the black two-
year-old Beachendon Fascination, and he has the body that fills the eye.
It was the same story here — bigness of hoof, length and set of pasterns,
flatness of cannon bones and a nice quality of hair. Mares were in small
numbers, but among them the three-year-old Prospect Gloaming must be
mentioned as one of the best that has crossed the water.

THE BEXQIANS.

Importers of Belgians are wise in their day and generation. They
evinced the most accurate knowledge of the tastes of the American breed-
er of draft horses and are exerting themselves to meet it. It is not
strange that this breed has grown rapidly in popular favor. When such
bulk and power can be brought into the ring on such acceptable under-
pinning it is bound to meet with favor. Certainly exhibitors are to be
congratulated on the showing they presented to this ring of the Belgian
horses. It is to be regretted that a couple of the three-year-olds and one
two-year-old were disqualified by the official veterinarians as over age.
They belonged to W. W. Garner. The roan Robert horse of Finch Bros,
has developed into a magnificent specimen of the breed and made an im-
pressive winning here. Another red roan that holds high promise is the
two-year-old shown by the same exhibitors.

A good representative of Ihe American carriage horse.

AMERICAN CARRIAGE HORSES.

The new class for American Carriage Horses, for trotting-bred horses
of suitable size and conformation, had a lot of entries, and few blue rib-

430 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE.

bons. The judge, W. A. Dobson, Marion, Iowa, a dealer in carriage
horses, could not find one worthy of a blue ribbon in the first seven classes
before him. In a foal he finallj^ came upon one that he believed would
make a good seller in heavy leather if he developed according to promise
and showed sufiicient action.

HACKNEYS.

Only a few Hackneys were shown, but they included Prickwillow
Connaught and Queen of Diamonds, two of the top-notchers in this coun-
try. John Garrison, of Des Moines, judged them.

MORGAN HORSES.

When the blue ribbon was awarded to the high-headed, long-backed,
wasp-waisted, spindle-shanked leggy Golddust Abdallah, an aged Morgan
stallion, the dust of Justin Morgan must have collected itself into form
and rolled over in its grave. There was a real old-fashioned Morgan in
the ring and he was third prize. Mr. Bell, of the animal husbandry divis-
ion of the department of agriculture, made the awards. The passing of
the Morgan could not have been more plainly proved than in this class.

SADDLE HORSES.

Some fair good specimens of the gaited saddle horses were shown and
judged by A. W. Hawley, Pioneer, la. The handsome cup, offered by the
American Saddle Horse Breeders' Association for the best stallion, mare
or gelding, was won by the ever-youthful and brilliant Jack o' Diamonds.

SHETLAND PONIES.

An astonishing exhibit of these diminutive ponies was made, the aged
stallion and the aged mare rings numbering a score each. Some very
capital specimens appeared throughout the class, and very few poor ones
were to be found. The usual variation in height was apparent, but for
the most part the exhibit was pleasing and indicates clearly the very large
interest at present manifested in the breeding and use of Shetlands.
Eight pairs of ponies in harness were in the ring.

Tioentieth Gentury Farmer, Omaha, Nebraska.

The Iowa State Fair of 1907 has come and gone, recording one of the
greatest agricultural events of the twentieth century. The Iowa State
Fair has probably no equal in the United States as an agricultural show
and exposition, covering as it does so completely the varied and diversi-
fied industries of general agriculture, as found today in the great grain
growing and live stock producing agricultural belt of America.

The Iowa State Fair is the product of the Iowa State Board of Agri-
culture, an organization of the people, in whose hands have been entrusted
the administering of the agricultural exhibition interests of the State. That
this trust has been well reposed and that efiicient and trustworthj^ men
have been selected for the active duties of carrying out the great objects
and aims of the organization, in furthering the work of agriculture by
agricultural education, is fully verified by the rapid and permanent growth
of this fair.

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART IX. 431

"Iowa is a great State," is the oft-repeated expression of the lowan.
There is, however, a truism in the expression, no matter in what words
clothed or how vain and boastful this self-evident truth is announced.
Iowa has in recent years developed in agricultural conditions far beyond
the average State. It has not alone developed in its soil producing ability,
but it has developed along with this every kindred interest and industry,
until its manufacturing and business standing is on the same high plane
of prosperity.

"lOWA IS A GREAT STATE."

Iowa is today an active producing district of country. Few states have
a smaller area of waste lands. Each year its farms are receiving more
attention in kinds of crops produced, and better tillage. The voice of the
scientific agriculturist and farm crops educator is being heard and his
suggestions and admonitions heeded. The State is growing more populous
through its division of large farms into smaller holdings. Its villages,
towns and cities are building, improving and widening out as the in-
creased production from the farms demands. The farm being the basis
of all business prosperity, in its increased or decreased producing ability
will rest the success or failure of business enterprise, dependent thereon.
Again we join with the lowan in the most friendly and earnest expres-
sion, "Iowa is a great State."

Iowa in its State fair grounds and location has planned well. Too
much credit cannot be given to the promoters of the new fair grounds,
where the fair has been held for several years. The distance from the
city of Des Moines is not objectionable; the large acreage is not exces-
sive, as the various demands of this show enterprise keeps crowding
farther and farther back each year. It is only a matter of a few years
at its present rate of growth until the entire space within the gates will
be fitted up and occupied with some form of exhibition, concession or
State fair building.

The transportation plans and facilities of street car and railroad trains
for carrying the people to and from the fair grounds could not well be
improved upon. It is safe, rapid and well handled by every interest
concerned in the transportation traffic. The fair grounds depots, plat-
forms and enclosures offer protection to the crowds so that an accident
is almost an impossibility.

LIBERTY OF THE SIGHTSEER.

When the crowds are once within the gates they are free to roam at
will over the hundreds of acres of beautifully shaded and grassed lawn,
with streets, walks and drives leading to all pai-ts of the fair grounds.
No annoying signs, "Keep off the grass," are to be seen anywhere. The
stranger within the gates can walk on the beautiful sward to his heart's
content; he can lay down, roll over and go to sleep if he chooses; no
one to fear, no one to make him afraid. There are, however, in sight
everywhere on the grounds, big, uniformed policemen, but their clubs
hang peacefully by their sides, and their pleasant, courteous manner in-
vites questions, which they delight in answering, and otherwise assist
the weary sightseer in finding his objective points of interest on the fair
grounds.

432 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

The Iowa State Fair grounds are each year adding new features of
interest by the erection of one or two new buildings, to relieve the
cramped condition of some department that has not room for its exhibit
or the building not in accord with the general plan of architecture on
the grounds.

The feature of sensation this year in building is the new hog barn.
This is without question the largest exhibition hog barn in the world.
It will accommodate approximately 3,000 hogs and may be added to, so as
to accommodate the possibilities of increased exhibition demand for all
time to come. It is not only large, but it is conveniently laid off into
streets and blocks and lettered so that each exhibitor may be readily lo-
cated when his correct address is known. The building is airy, cool and
well lighted. It is highly satisfactory to the hog men for whom it was
built. It is the greatest advertisement the Iowa State Fair has ever
had in the way of fair grounds improvements. It was provided by an
appropriation of $75,000 by the last legislature after an urgent demand
of the swine growers of the State.

GKEAT IIOG EXHIBITION CENTER.

Iowa is the greatest hog producing State of the Union. It is not only a
hog exhibition State, demanding large space at its fair for the exhibition
of its pure bred herds, but it is also a popular Slate away from homo, in
its hog producing and hog breeding interests. Large numbers of good ex-
hibition hogs come to the Iowa State Fair from all over the hog raising
districts of the United States. It is the general and local exhibition in-
terests that combine to make the Iowa State Fair the great hog exhibition
center.

In hog produclion Iowa, in comparisou with the five leading hog grow-
ing states on January 1, 1907, stands as follows: Iowa, 8,584,500 head;
Illinois, 4,4^9,705 head; Nebraska, 4,080,000 head; Missouri, 3,544,950 head;
Indiana 2.924.S79 head. It will be observed that Iowa has almost double
the hog lopulatioa of any other State and more than the combined popu-
lation of the next two leading states, Illinois and Nebraska. These figures
will in a measure explain Iowa's position as a hog exhibition State and
why it deserves just such a $75,009 hog barn on its State Fair grounds

The interest in the swine department of this fair has been steadily in-
creasing and exhibitors have been added each year for a dozen or more
years in such numbers as to plainly indicate a healthy growth in the pure
bred interests of the State. The number of hogs exhibited last year, 1906,
as compared with the present year, 1907, were: Poland-Chinas, 1,162;
Duroc- Jerseys, 1,001; all other breeds, 705; total, 2,868. This year: Po-
land-Chinas, 950; Duroc-Jerseys, 1,180; all other breeds, 706; total, 2,836.
The present year's show was represented by 206 owners, individuals and
firms.

HORSES CAPTURE THE VISITORS.

The horse department was, as usual, full, and a great attraction. In
the judging pavilion the audience was greater during this entire show
than the seating capacity of the building could accommodate. The large
string of finely-groomed horses, with their flash and dazzle of ribbons and

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX.

433

splendor, seemed to captivate the visitors and they never grew weary of
their seat in the horse show. Every conceivable style and breed of horse
was to be seen that was worth looking at, from the immature little Shet-
land pony up to the great draft horse of a ton or more in weight.

The American-bred horse and the American breeder met the importer
and the imported in the same ring on the same terms of show ring de-
mands as have prevailed, and are still the friends and admirers of their
former fancy, notwithstanding an adverse distribution of the blue, the
red, the yellow and the purple may have been ordered. The horse show
is a great feature at the Iowa State Fair and especially has the heavy
horse of the draft type been an especial favorite with the Iowa farmer
and Iowa buyer. Iowa has become largely interested in the production
of draft horses. This is one of the rapidly developing industries of the

American carriage liorse "Wilbrino Boy" owned by E.J. Bronhard, Colo, Iowa.

State, and no district of country is better prepared today to give this
feature of live stock production attention than is Iowa.

The cattle show was not only interesting in point of numbers entered,
but in quality and show ring finish; there was more than the usual appre-
ciative comment from the visitors. A fine, well conditioned lot of show
stock meets with the quiet approbation of thousands of sightseers, and
may be seen to count for nothing in the light of show ring appreciation,
yet there is an impression carried away which helps form public senti-
ment that reverts to the good of the live stock industry.

The Short-horn cattle were In numbers and interest in the lead with the
breeders and exhibitors. The very strong classes that were shown excited
28

434

IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE.

great interest among the visitors and a great deal of guessing was in-
dulged in as to what animals would be selected as the prize winners by
the expert judges. The beef breeds were all strongly backed by their
fanciers and the best breed is still a matter of dispute with the best cattle
judges of the country. The show ring has never fully settled this ques-
tion and never will, notwithstanding its great influence in moulding
public opinion.

The fine show of breeding cattle that is made at the Iowa State Fair
and the great number of good herds that stand to the credit of the State,
is again reflected in a more convincing and practical demonstration of
beef cattle improvement, by the superior quality of its common farm
herds that are to be seen by the stranger as he travels over the State.
State fairs are not all a key to the State improvement and State condi-
tions, but Iowa's State fair is.

CATTLE AND HOGS AT IOWA FAIR.

So that our readers may have a clear idea of the growth of the cattle
and hog show at the Iowa State Fair we print tables showing the number
exhibited for the last six years:

Cattle

1902

1903

1904

1905

1906

1907

106

138

176

123
41
121
101
51
36

160
24

89
85
43
80

250

♦Polled Durhams

43

Herefords.

69
108
62
42

ios

91
45
40

68
105
57
47

80

Aberdeen- Angus

95

61

Red Polled

53

Total

387

419

453

473

481

582

* Polled Durhams were shown with Short-horns prior to 1905.

Hogs

1902

1903

1904

1905

1906

1907

Duroc-Jersey

403

777
366
168

853

1,074

435

209

5

886
980
409
92
56

768

1,071

469

107

1,001
1,162
462
169
35
41

1,180

Poland-China

950

Chester White

474

Berkshire

73

Yorkshire

69

Tamworth.

88

2

Total.

1,174

2,576

2,423

2,415

2,870

2,836

IMPORTED MUTTON SHEEP THE FAD.

The sheep department of this fair has been steadily improving in
numbers and quality of animals exhibited, until it has attained a standing
among the good sheep shows of the country. In the mutton breeds there
was an exceptionally good lot of animals, especially in the Shropshire,
Oxford and Hampshire classes was the show close and evenly contested
by half a dozen leading exhibitors of the country. The imported mutton
sheep is the fad now among breeders and handlers and their growth and
show ring preparation is hard to excel.

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX. 435

The prefix "Imp." stands for much at the present time with the breeder
and dealer in this class of sheep. It means about 100 per cent added in
price over the American-bred sheep of same quality. English imported
is the desirable animal. The Canadian is not valued much above the
home-grown American, unless of greatly superior quality. The prices
now prevailing for rams of breeding age is anywhere from $100 to $150,
depending, of course, on the quality and finish of the animal and the
elasticity of the conscience of the seller.

Most breeders buy reputation now days, when getting a breeding ani-
mal, and are willing to pay a good price for it. It is a good thing for a
breeder to have, especially when it can be used as a commodity in the
market. It is often cheaper to buy it in the purchase of a good animal
than to attempt to breed up to it.

SOME OF THE DISADVANTAGES.

The fine wool classes were not well filled, there being little competi-
tion in the American Merino and Delaine Merino class. The throwing of
these two breeds of sheep together as one class worked a great disad-
vantage to the exhibitors and judge, as they are directly opposite in
style and finish, and cannot show together in fairness any more than the
coach horse and the saddle horse. The showing of outdoor field sheep
was another feature of disadvantage that one breeder saw fit to add to his
chances of defeat, which are always suflnciently strong in the show ring
under the best system of care and attention.

The Rambouillet, or French Merino class, was well represented with the
usual well-fitted and half-fitted representatives in the ring. The varia-
tion that this breed of Merinos encourage and maintain in breeding char-
acter, both in form and fleece, gives rise to much difference of opinion
as to which should be encouraged. The desirability of a strong-charac-
tered animal as a breeder, with heavy, close turned horn, broad head,
short, strong neck with some folds about the neck, and heavy dewlap,
are recognized properties with experienced breeders in maintaining den-
sity of fleece and guarding degeneracy of the one important property of
this breed, a large, desirable fleece of excellent wool.

So desirable have been these qualities in the Rambouillet sheep that
over-zealous breeders, it is feared, have gone out of the beaten path of
close adherence to family blood and breeding and introduced American
Merino blood as a quick and sure way of attaining the desired end. This
method, however, carries with it some danger of overdoing the work and
producing in the cross a sheep of decidedly American Merino character.
A better sheep in many cases than either of the breeds distinct.

The machinery department affords one of the most generally interest-
ing features of the fair. This department has outgrown State fair limits,
practically, and might be classed a machinery exposition. It would re-
quire several days' constant travel to even take a peep at the thousands
of things that are on display in this division of the fair grounds.

When one stops to consider what constitutes this great exhibit that
takes many heavily laden freight trains to bring to the Iowa State Fair,
there may be some realization of what is to be seen there. Added to the
immensity of this great display the fact that it is almost entirely an ex-

436 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

hibit of farm machinery, farm implements, farm tools and appliances of
one kind or another for the aid of farm operations, the mind then be-
gins to comprehend the importance of the farm.

The increased interest on the part of manufacturers and dealers in
farm machinery may be guessed at, when we say that in addition to the
large acreage platted and staked for machinery last year and which ac-
commodated one of the largest machinery exhibits ever made at a State
fair, up to that date, required an additional five acres for the show of
1907. In addition the open ground which is filled with tents and tempo-
rary sheds and buildings for housing these displays, there is a regular
machinery town built. It is laid off in streets where permanent machin-
ery exhibition halls are erected and equipped with all the comforts of the
modern State fair building. The State fair management owns four very
large buildings in this section from which exhibition space is sold at so
much per square foot floor space. There are in addition to these more
than a score of exhibition buildings erected and owned by manufacturers
from various parts of the country, who use them each year free of rent or
charge of any kind.

A special attraction in the machinery department is the Pittsburg Steel
Wire Pence company, manufacturing wire fencing; welding the wires by
electricity instead of looping or weaving the wires. The novelty of this
work is the attraction. The machine which is used weighs eight tons
and is said to have incurred an expense of $3,000 to put it in operation on
the Iowa fair grounds. This is only one of the many interesting and
startling features of manufacture that is being carried on for the en-
tertainment and edification of the visitor.

The Iowa Agricultural College made quite an educational exhibit under
the auspices of the experiment station, with Professors Beech and Little
in charge. They showed up some fifty varieties of apples from the sta-
tion. Some of these were Russians that had been imported by Professor
Budd away back in the '80s and had been tried and tested over a large
extent of territory and were proven to have much value. Others were
hybrids and seedlings and were produced by different plant breeders and
also the outgrowth of the work of the experiment station. They exhibited
many varieties of plums, many of them showed crosses with very marked
distinction, and one could see that with the line of work in hand by the
college that great good would l)e accomplished in the future in building up
fixed types of fruits adapted to our different soils and climatic conditions,
that we even have in Iowa. Professor Beech exhibited some fine samples
of the Craghead gooseberry, which is attracting a good deal of attention
at the present time in Utah and western states. It is no doubt a hybrid,
but shows strong markings of the native wild gooseberry, only in size it
is larger than Downing, perfectly smooth, with a very thin skin, with a
delicate pulp and few seeds. The professor thinks that it is worthy of
trial by the fruit growers and experiment stations of our State. H^
thinks there is no doubt but what it will prove hardy and if it does it will
prove an acquisition to our small fruit list. The Beta grape which was
exhibited will also have a great future for planting away up in the Da-
kotas and Minnesota. It is only an improved, large variety of wild grape,
but it is so compact in bunch, healthy of vine and foliage, and able to

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX. 437

stand very low degrees of temperature, that we see no reason why grape
growing cannot be pushed a degree further north, with the great possibil-
ity of some hybrids of this variety adding others to the list. From what
we could see and learn the Iowa experiment station is doing great work.

DEPARTMENT OF AGRONOMY.

The experiment station of the Iowa Agricultural College made a very
fine artistic display in the agronomy department, which was composed
largely of specimens of corn that had taken premiums in different corn
shows and fairs in the last year. But they had in evidence their many
prizes and trophies which had been awarded this department in the last
few years. Professor Bowman and his able corps of assistants were there
explaining to the farmers that it was not expected of each farmer that
he would run a scientific experiment station, but by the proper selection
of seeds of different kinds that the farm crops could be doubled many
times from 30 to 50 per cent. They showed their experience in wheat
growing, different grasses and other farm products. The good derived
by farmers in coming in contact with these gentlemen is not to be calcu-
lated in dollars and cents, and pays Iowa or any State many fold the
money expended in giving back to the people the information that they
want along these lines. The artistic corn displays in this department
were very large and some of them very fine, indeed, and it was the opin-
ion of the experts in corn growing and breeding that the corn display
was one of the best ever shown and gave evidence of high degree of work
In this line. It was highly spoken of by experts.

CATTLE DEPARTMENT.

SIIORT-nORNS.

This year's Short-horn show at the Iowa fair was by unanimous vote
by far the greatest and best ever witnessed by visitors at that great ex-
position. It outnumbered last year's exhibit by nearly 100 head and at
the same time there was greater merit throughout. The long classes of
beautiful beefy forms clad in rich robes of red, white and roan were in-
deed an impressive sight that will long remain in the memory of Iowa
fair visitors who admire good cattle. While Iowa made the largest con-
tributions, the five other states represented made competition pretty -hot
for the former, who frequently had to be satisfied with the money awarded
for Iowa breeders only. There were some notable exceptions, however, as
the list of awards will show. On frequent occasions the judge found his
task exceedingly difficult and, after the first few classes had been disposed
of, Mr. E. B. Mitchell was called in to assist.

HEREFORDS.

"What's the matter with the Hereford breeders?" was a question fre-
quently asked at the ring side. Somehow the classes as they passed
seemed to leave the impression that the Hereford end of the show was
far below the standard that had been set at stock shows in previous years.

438 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

There is no doubting that the breeders of this race of cattle have the
"goods," but they certainly failed to bring them out in sufficient number
on this occasion. True, there were several very acceptable individuals,
but the tailenders were usually very weak. It is to be expected that the
Hereford men will realize that thei'e is danger of allowing the favorite
breed of a multitude to sink into undeserved obscurity through lack of
proper exhibitions.

ABERDEEN-ANGUS.

This is the breed in which Iowa alone can make a great showing with-
out the aid of other states. Of the twelve exhibitors only one was from
another state, and yet the show was a very good one, with the exception
of a few classes. The bulls were somewhat of a disappointment, but
when the female classes began to appear the Angus side of the pavilion
immediately attracted its share of attention. On the whole the breeders
of the famous "doddies" have reason to congratulate themselves on the
splendid showing. The exhibit was somewhat larger than last year, but
there was probably a slight falling off in average quality.

GALLOWAYS.

A decided improvement was noted in the Galloway show over that of
last year. There were more of them and they were better. Another
commendable feature was the good condition in which most of the entries
appeared. This is a matter on which Galloway breeders had previously
been subject to adverse criticism, and it is well for them and their breed
that the fault has been remedied for the present season. The judging was
very carefully done and seemed to give universal satisfaction.

RED POLLED.

Considering the fact that only four herds were represented, the Red
Polled contingent was as good as could reasonably be expected. The ex-
hibit lacked somewhat in the uniformity that usually prevailed, but aver-
aged very well. As usual, the judge had difficulty in placing the awards
in the "double decker" rings, where evidence of meat and milk producing
capacity is desired in proper combination.

POLLED DURHAM.

The breeders of Polled Durhams came out stronger than usual. Had
some of the cattle been fed a little more liberally they would have
strengthened some of the classes very materially. A select few stood out
rather prominently because of individual merit and proper fitting.

JERSEYS.

The Jersey exhibitors, although few in number, showed a very choice
lot of cattle. This was especially true of the female classes, where a
high average quality usually prevailed. Hunter & Smith of Beatrice, Neb.,
led in the winnings.

HOLSTEINS-FRIESIANS.

While a few high class Holstein-Friesians appeared, the exhibit as a
whole scarcely did the breed justice. Only three exhibitors were present

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX. 439

and, with the exception of the aged cows, the classes were small and usu-
ally ragged.

HORSE DEPARTMENT.

PERCHERONS.

There was a splendid showing in the Percheron classes. There was a
falling off in numbers from last year's entries, but nevertheless there
was quality in abundance. Several importers that are in the habit of
showing at the Iowa fair did not appear on this occasion. Conse-
quently some of the stallion classes were scarcely as strong as they have
been on previous occasions. The splendid exhibit of mares and Ameri-
can-bred horses is worthy of comment here. There were indications of
increasing interest in the horse-breeding industry and the product of
some of the breeding farms in several instances proved to be superior
to their imported competitors.

BELGIANS.

The aged Belgian stallions and the three-year-olds, as well, were an
extraordinary bunch of heavy drafters. Powerful horses stood in line,
with great bone and muscular development that could not fail to attract
the visitor interested in draft horses. Beyond the two classes mentioned
only a few individuals were entered. The awards were made in an able
manner by W. E. Pritchard of Ottawa, 111.

CLYDESDALES.

The character of the rather small Clydesdale exhibit was unusually
good. A few specimens represented almost the highest type of the breed
and there were few of the ordinary sort. It was a show that made a good
impression by virtue of its quality rather than magnitude. Some ex-
cellent American-bred horses were shown.

There were only five exhibitors of Shires, with a total of thirty-three
head. It was a fairly good show, in spite of these facts. There was
. plenty of competition in the stallion classes and it took a good horse to
win a blue ribbon or even a red. It was frequently observed that several
of the winning horses showed much more quality than is usually found
in horses of such weight. Certainly some of the leading stallions did not
lack in cleanness of bone.

SWINE DEPARTMENT.

The hearts of swine breeders were made glad at sight of the new swine
pens and judging pnvilion. Last year they were obliged to house their
magnificent stock in poorly constructed sheds and flimsy pens and in or-
der to have room for it were compelled in many instances to place five
times as many hogs In a pen as should be placed there for the comfort
and good of the hogs.

440

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

The new sheds are not surpassed by any in the world and the only criti-
cism which can be made is that an additional shed might have been placed
along the vacant side. This would have necessitated the building of the
pavilion in the center of the court, but ample room would have been left
for the exercise of the hogs. Some of the additional room might have been
used this year, for we are told by the superintendent of swine that he was
obliged to turn down many applications for pens because of the lack of
same.

Last year the hogs for judging were placed in hurdles scattered promis-
cuously over several acres of ground, among sheds and tents, and along
the paths. The judges were compelled to do their work with hundreds
of people gathered around the hurdles. This year the new pavilion
gave a pleasant change. A fence separated the workers from the sight-
seers and work was carried on with comfort during the hard rains which
frequently visited the fair. Iowa is to be congratulated on its new swine
buildings.

The number of hogs on the ground this year was not as great by thirty-
six as last year. There were the same number of breeders showing as
last year. We have prepared a table for reference which we think breed-
ers will find interesting. It shows at a glance the number of breeders
making exhibits, and the number of hogs shown in each breed during
the last three years. The Duroc-Jersey gained in number this year
while the Poland-China lost. Last year witnessed the showing of two new
breeds, the Yorkshires asd Tarn worths, while this year brought in one
more, the Hampshires. Following we print the table:

Hogs

1905

* t

1906

* t

1907

* t

Duroc-Jersey

51

85

25

6

768
1,071

107

81
97
22
8
2
2

1,001
1,162
462
107
35
41

91

83
24

5
4

5

1

213

1,180

Poland China

950

Chester White

474

Berkshire

73

Yorkshire

68

Tamworth.

88

Hampsliire

2

Totals

170

2,415

212

2,863

2,835

Total for 1904, 2,423; 1903, 2,576.

The general impression prevailed that the show was of better quality
than last year. Some strong hogs appeared in every breed, while in the
two large breeds many excellent ones were shown. All told it is probably
the greatest and best hog show of the year. A ribbon won at the Iowa
fair is not to be overlooked in breeding circles.

DUEOC-JERSEYS.

The Duroc- Jerseys led in numbers. It has been increasing in numbers
and quality for several years and this year was no exception to the rule.
Everywhere were heard remarks as to the excellency of the showing as a
whole and the outstanding breed characteristics of many of the individuals.

The very first showing set the tongues of the onlookers wagging with
wonder. Twenty-two big Duroc boars over 2 years old were walked into

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX. 441

the ring, and for the most part they were a fine lot, well finished and well
balanced. The senior yearlings did not make such a good showing and
was perhaps as weak as any of the classes shown.

A judge untried in western fields, in the person of Mr. Drake, did the
work. His work was consistent and on the whole satisfactory. There is
always an element of dissatisfaction in every large ring, and it is probable
there always will be as long as man is human.

Kruger Lad was a remarkable boar and had a strong following for the
championship, but the judge saw more good points in Red Wonder.

The red men are happy and say next year will see them still stronger
in numbers and quality. All the Duroc exhibitors were from Iowa but
eleven. Nebraska, Missouri, Illinois, Indiana and Ohio were represented.

THE POLAND-CHINAS.

Taken as a whole the Poland-China show was about the same as last
year, which means that it was a fine showing. Many Poland-China friends
were disappointed, however, and called the show only average. The cham-
pion boar was very smooth and of the compact order. He was not an
Iowa product. He was sold during the fair for $.5,000.

The young boars showed up stronger than last year and the same was
true of the young sows.

There were not as many Poland-China breeders present as usual, nor as
many of the breed. This was also rather a disappointment to the friends
of this great lard producer.

CHESTER WHITES.

Next in order or importance, as far as numbers go, and in points of ex-
cellence, come the Chester Whites. More and better hogs and more ex-
hibitors sums it up fairly well. Mr. Gentry, who judged this class, was
not sparing in his compliments to the breeders. Humbert & White again
carried off many important ribbons. Their exhibit showed the customary
bloom and finish. The Chester White men may well feel proud, for their
herds were complimented on all sides.

BERK SHIRES.

The Berkshire show would be classed by the college youth as "rotten."
In our comments on this class last year we gave our readers the word
of the Iowa Berkshire breeders that they were going to show the other
breeds in 1907. Last year they had eight exhibitors, with 167 hogs. This
year there were five exhibitors, with seventy-three hogs. Last year the
quality was average to good. This year it was poor to average. The
judge was a Berkshire man, but had very few words of praise for the
showing at Iowa. It was one of the poorest showings he was ever called
upon to judge. If the Iowa Berkshire men want to keep in the procession
they should make an effort next year to bring the best hogs of the State
out. All the exhibitors this year were from Iowa.

442 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

MEETING OF THE EX-OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS OF
IOWA STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY.

President's Office, State Fair Grounds.
August 27, 1907.

Pursuant to a call issued by Hon. E. F. Brockway and others
the following ex-offieers and directors of the Iowa State Fair met
at the president's office to form an association: L. S. Coffin, Fort
Dodge; N. S. Ketehum, MarshalltowTi ; M. J. Wragg, Des Moines;
Albert Head, Jefferson, L. H. Piekard, Harlan, Geo. C. Duffield,
Keosauqua ; Al. L. Plummer, Altoona ; W. W. Morrow, Af ton ; John
A. Evans, J. P. Manatry, Fairfield; J. D. Brown, Leon; C. S. Wells,
Knoxville; E. F. Brockway, Letts; G. W. Franklin, Des Moines;
John Cownie, Des Moines ; B. J. Moore, Dunlap ; A. H. Grisell,
Guthrie Center. On motion John Cownie was made president of
the meeting and A. H. Grissell secretary. The meeting then re-
solved itself into a series of reminiscences by the following: John
A. Evans talked of the contrast in the times now and when he was
president. Geo. Duffield spoke of the growth of the fair since the
first one was held in Fairfield, and which he attended, and all
since. J. D. Brown and L. S. Coffin spoke of the location of the
fair on its present site, and the objections made thereto. Captain
Head spoke of the growth of the fair and its benefit to the farmers
of the state. N. S. Ketehum gave a reminiscent talk which was
interesting. E. F. Brockway gave an account of the trial of the
fair in its early da}^ and the adverse legislation of 1874, and con-
trasted it with the present attitude of the general assembly towards
the fair. A motion was made and carried that this organization
be permanent and that the temporary officers be the permanent
ones, which was carried. On motion each Wednesday of the fair
was to be set aside for the meeting of this association, place to be
designated by the president of the fair. W. W. Morrow, in behalf
of the fair, assured this association that every courtesy would be
extended to them.

A. H. Grissell, Secretary. John Cownii}. President.

AWARDS

In Live Stock Departments

Iowa State Fair and Exposition
1907

HORSE DEPARTMENT.

SUPKRINTENDENT C. F. CURTISS.

STANDARD BRED.
EXHIBITORS.

Tom Bass, Mexico, Missouri; E. J. Brouliard, Colo, Iowa; John W.
Bruere, Tracy, Iowa; Cassidy & Tliompson, Jamaica, Iowa; Fred Craw-
ford, Des Moines, Iowa; Crawford & Griffin, Newton, Iowa; A. T. Cole,
Wheaton, Illinois; W. H. Davis, Des Moines, Iowa; Wm. Grey, Mechanics-
ville, Iowa; W. A. Heck, West Liberty, Iowa; Tom James, Des Moines,
Iowa; J. A. Mason, Carlisle, Iowa; W. L. Moles, Bayard, Iowa; Clara E.
Monahan, Des Moines, Iowa; J. A. Minteer, Van Meter, Iowa; J. R. Peak &
Son, Winchester, Illinois; Shaw Bros., Mitchellville, Iowa; Otto
Shroeder, Des Moines, Iowa; James Watt, Des Moines, Iowa; Wilson Bros.,
Menlo, Iowa; J. P. Wilson, Indianola, Iowa.

AWARDS.

Judge W. A. Dobson, Marion, Iowa.

Stallion Four Years Old and Over— First, Hail Cloud 23606, James
Watt; second, McNaught 37375, J. R. Peak & Son; third, Barondale 20184,
Tom James; fourth, Iowa Sphinx, Jr. 33654, Wilson Bros.; fifth, Kokane
40095, A. T. Cole.

Stallion Over Three and Under Four— First, Red Francis, J. R. Peak
& Son; second. Prince IXL 43530, J. A. Minteer; third, Golddust-Abdallah
43052, A. T. Cole; fourth. Elastic, Jr., Cassidy & Thompson.

Stallion Over Tivo and Under Three — First, Jerry Devon 42679, W. L.
Moles; second, Malta Vita, J. R. Peak & Son.

Stallion Over One and Under Two— First, J. A. Mason; sec-
ond, Orange Leaf, J. R. Peak & Son; third, Tom James.

(443)

444

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

"Kokaae" a prize winner in the American carriage class at the Iowa State Fair and

and Exposition 1907.

Horse Foal — First, E. J. Brouhard; second, E. J.

Brouliard.

Mare Over Four Years Old — First, Vivian M., Vol. 17, J. R. Peak & Son;
second, Petra M., Tom Bass; third, Noretta, Vol. 17, J. R. Peak & Son.

Filly Over Three and Under Four Years — First, Marian, Vol. 17, J. R.
Peak & Son.

Filly Over Tivo Years and Under Three — First, Lindy Girl, Vol. 17, J. R.
Peak & Son; second. Lady Hail, Otto Shroeder; third, Baby Axineer, Vol.
17, Shaw Bros.

Filly Over One Year and Under Two — Noretta 2d, J. R. Peak & Son;
second, Tom James.

Mare Foal — First, May Hail, Fred Crawford; second, Anna Boyde, J. A.
Mason; third, Lena Rivers, J. A. Mason.

Get of Stallion — First, J. R. Peak & Son; second, J. R. Peak & Son;
third, Jas. Watt.

Produce of Mare — First, J. R. Peak & Sou; second, Shaw Bros.; third,
Tom James.

AMERICAN CARRIAGE HORSES.

EXHIBITOES.

Tom Bass, Mexico, Missouri; E. J. Brouhard, Colo, Iowa; John W.
Bruere, Tracy, Iowa; A. T. Cole, Wheaton, Illinois; W. H. Davis, Des
Moines, Iowa; E. J. Hadley, Grinnell, Iowa; J. A. Mason, Carlisle, Iowa;

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK- FART IX.

445

S. B. Mills, Ames, Iowa; J. A. Minteer, Van Meter, Iowa; Clara E. Mona-
han, Des Moines, Iowa; J. J. Lyncs, Plainfield, Iowa; J. R. Peak & Son,
Winchester, Illinois; Shaw Bros., Mitchellville, Iowa; James Watt, Des
Moines, Iowa; Wilson Bros., Menlo, Iowa; J. P. Wilson, Indianola, Iowa.

AWAEDS.

Judge W. A. Dobson, Marion, Iowa.

Stallion Four Years Old and Over — Second, McNaught 37375, J. R.
Peak & Son; third, Ellerslie Russell, E. J. Hadley.

Stallion Three Years and Under Four — Second, Golddust-Abdallah
43052, A. T. Cole; third, Prince I. X. L., J. A. Minteer.

Mare Four Years Old and Over — Second, Vivian M., J. R. Peak & Son.

Mare Three Years and Under Four — Second, Marion, J. R. Peak & Son.

Mare Two Years and Under Three — Second, Lovey, J. R. Peak & Son.

Mare One Year and Under Two — Second, Cousin Elizabeth, A. T. Cole;
third, Minnie Winburn, A. T. Cole.

"Burnle Brino", a prize winner at the Iowa State Fair and Exposition, in the
American carriage class.

Mare or Stallion Foal — Second, Burnie Brino, E. J. Brouhard; third,
Lena Rivers, J, A. Mason.

446 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Oct of Stallion — Third, J. R. Peak & Son.
Produce of Mare — Third, J. R. Pealt & Son.

Pair of Mares or Geldings — Third, Lovely Lady and Boo Peelv, J. R.
Peak & Son.

GENTLEMEN'S DRIVING HORSES.
EXHIBITOES.

Tom Bass, Mexico, Missouri; R. Bonds, Story City, Iowa; John W.
Bruere, Tracy, Iowa; W. W. Garner, Des Moines, Iowa; J. F. Garrison, Des
Moines, Iowa; J. J. Lynes, Plainfleld, Iowa; W. L. Moles, Bayard, Iowa;
Clara E. Monahan, Des Moines, Iowa; Tom James, Des Moines, Iowa;
J. R. Peak & Son, Winchester, Illinois; Shaw Bros., Mitchellville, Iowa;
James Watt, Des Moines; Wilson Bros., Menlo, Iowa.

Judge W. A. Dobson, Marion, Iowa.

Driving Team (pair) to Pole — First, Black Bess and Melrose, Clara E.
Monahan; second, Noretta and Vivian, J. R. Peak & Son; third. Miss
Macklin and Baby Alice, Shaw Bros.; fourth, Bellmont and Clermont,
W. L. Moles.

Single Driver to Harness — First, Vivian M., J. R. Peak & Son; second,
Petra M., Tom Bass; third, Noretta, Vol. 17, J. R. Peak & Son; fourth.
Black Bess, Clara E. Monahan.

HARNESS HORSES, AMERICAN OR FOREIGN BRED.

EXHIBITOBS.

R. B. Brown, Newton, Iowa; R. Bonde, Story City, Iowa; W. W. Garner,
Des Moines, Iowa; J. F. Garrison, Des Moines, Iowa; Clara B. Monahan,
Des Moines, Iowa; J. R. Peak & Son, Winchester, Illinois; Shaw Bros.,
Mitchellville, Iowa; Truman's Pioneer Stud Farm, Bushnell, Illinois; Wil-
son Bros., Menlo, Iowa.

AWARDS.

Judge W. A. Dobson, Marion, Iowa.

Matched Heavy Carriage or Coach Team — First, Pet and Flora, W. W.

Garner; second, R. Bonde; third, J. F. Garrison;

fourth, Midnight and Duster Maid, Wilson Bros.

Single Heavy Harness Mare or Gelding — First, J. F. Gar-
rison.

SADDLE HORSES.

exhibitors.

Tom Bass, Mexico, Missouri; Ed Clapper, Unionville, Missouri; R. W.
Crumpacker, Unionville, Missouri; A. S. Harris, Mystic, Iowa; Tom H.
Jones, Lucerne, Missouri; Clara E. Monahan, Des Moines, Iowa; J. R.
Peak & Son, Winchester, Illinois; L. F. Potter, Harlan, Iowa; A. J.

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX. 447

Richardson, Mystic, Iowa; W. 0. Robbins, Unionville, Missouri; Marlt H.
Whitcomb, Cedar Rapids, Iowa.

Judge A. W. Hawley, Pioneer, Iowa.

AWARDS.

Oelding Four Years or Over — First, Jack 0' Diamond 1794, Tom Bass;
second. Top Notch, A. S. Harris; third, Oakland Chief, A. J. Richardson;
fourth, Harold Diamond, Ed Clapper.

Stallion Four Yeais Old or Over — First, Grand McDonald, Tom Bass;
second, Reckless Squirrel, Tom H. Jones; third, Cleburn Denmark, Ed
Clapper; fourth, S. Russell, Clara E. Monahan.

Stallion Three Tears and Under Four — First, McLeod, Mark H. Whit-
comb; second, Dick Nailer, Tom Bass; third. Rex Le Grand Diamond, A.
J. Harris.

Mare Four Years Old or Over — First, Eunice, Tom H. Jones; second,
Melrose, Clara E. Monahan; third, Bessie Lee, L. F. Potter; fourth.
Affable, Mark H. Whitcomb.

Mare Three Years Old and Under — First, Mamie, Tom Bass; second,
Cherry, Mary H. Whitcomb.

Champion Stallion, Mare or Gelding — Jack O' Diamonds, Tom Bass.

WALK, TROT OR CANTER.

Stallion, Mare or Gelding, Any Age — First, Louis A., Tom Bass; second,
Melrose, Clara E. Monahan; third, Harold Diamond, Ed Clapper; fourth,
McLeod, Mark H. Whitcomb.

COMBINED HARNESS .\ND GAITED SADDLE HORSES.

Stallion, Mare or Gelding, Any Age — First, Grand McDonald, Tom
Bass; second, S. Russell, Clara E. Monahan; third. Reckless Squirrel,
Tom H. Jones.

HIGH SCHOOL HORSES.

stallion. Mare or Gelding — First, Louis A., Tom Bass; second, McLeod,
Mark H. Whitcomb; third, Cleburn Denmark, Ed Clapper.

SPECIAL CHAMPIONSHIPS. (Silver Cup).

Offered by the American Saddle Horse Breeders' Association.
Best Five-Gaited Saddle Stallion, Mare or Gelding — Jack O' Diamonds,
Tom Bass.

SHETLAND PONIES.

EXHIBITORS.

Cassidy & Thompson, Jamaica, Iowa; H. C. Davis, Ames, Iowa; John
Donhowe, Story City, Iowa; W. W. Garner, Des Moines, Iowa; Hanna &
Bellamy, Harvey, Iowa; Geo. A. Heyl, Washington, Illinois; J. R. Peak &
Son, Winchester, Illinois; J. F. Pease, Earlham, Iowa; W. T. Roberts &
Son, Luther, Iowa.

448 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE.

Judge J. F. Gaerison, Des Moines, Iowa.

Stallion Three Years Old or Over — First, David Harum 4146, Geo. A.
Heyl; second, Peter the Great, W. W. Garner; third, McDougal 5697,
Geo. A. Heyl; fourth, Anton 4342, John Donhowe.

Stallion Two Tears Old and Under Three — First, Dandy, H. C. Davis;
second. Dale Harnett, Geo. A. Heyl; third, Teddy, Geo. A. Heyl.

Stallion Foal — First, Bob, John Donhowe; second, Colonel Harum, J. F.
Pease; third, H. C. Davis.

Mare Three Years Old or Over — First, Lucy Lee, Geo. A. Heyl; second.
Cockatoo 2385, Geo. A. Heyl; third, Maud D., John Donhowe; fourth,
Topsy 6424, John Donhowe.

Mai-e Two Tears Old and Under Three — First, Garceful Harum, Geo.
A. Heyl; second, Gladis Harum, Geo. A. Heyl; third, Gertie Harum, Geo.
A. Heyl.

Mare Foal — Lady, John Donhowe; second, Nettie, John Donhowe; third,
Queenetta Harum, Geo. A. Heyl.

Shetland Pony in Harness — First, Geo. A. Heyl; second,

Geo. A. Heyl; third, Peter the Great, W. W. Garner; fourth,

Geo. A. Heyl.

Pair of Shetland Ponies in Harness — First, Geo. A. Heyl;

second, Geo. A. Heyl; third. Pearl and Gladys, W. T. Roberts

& Son; fourth, Midget and Dandy, H. C. Davis.

Four-in-Hand Shetland — First, Geo. A. Heyl; second,

Geo. A. Heyl; third, H. C. Davis.

Tandem Team of Shetlands — First, — Geo. A. Heyl; second,

Geo. A. Heyl; third, H. C. Davis.

Shetland Pony Under Saddle — First, Geo. A. Heyl; second.

Pearl, W. T. Roberts & Son; third, Teddis, John Donhowe; fourth. Jolly
Boy, J. F. Pease.

Shetland Stallion and Four of His Get — First, Geo. A. Heyl; second,
John Donhowe; third, Cassidy & Thompson.

Grand Display — Best five animals bi'ed by exhibitor: First, Geo. A.
Heyl; second, John Donhowe; third, Cassidy & Thompson.

MORGANS.

EXHIBIl'ORS.

C. T. Ay res, Osceola, Iowa; Cassidy & Thompson, Jamaica, Iowa; A. T.
Cole, Wheaton, Illinois; J. J. Lynes, Plainfiold, Iowa; S. B. Mills, Ames,
Iowa; P. F. Smith, Montezuma, Iowa; Perry Wood, Marne, Iowa.

Judge. G. A. Bell.

StaUion Three Tears Old and Over — First, Golddust-Abdallah, A. T.
Cole; second, Kokane, A. T. Cole; third, Green Mountain Boy, Perry Wood.
Stallion Under Three Tears Old — First, Dart 5130, J. J. Lynes.

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART IX.

449

"Dart" Morgan stallion, first prize winner in class lor stallion under three years old
at Iowa State Fair and Exposition.

Mare Three Years Old and Over — First, Nellie, S. B. Mills; second,
Nettie, S. B. Mills-; third. Lady Morgan, C. T. Ayres.

Mare Under Three Years — First, Princess, S. B. Mills; second, Grace
Roach,- J. J. Lynes; third, Jessie Hudson, Vol. 3, J. J. Lynes.

HACKNEY.

EXHIBITORS.

Finch Bros., Joliet and Verona. Illinois; Alex Galbraith & Son, Janes-
ville. Wis.; Leitch & Hathaway, Lafayette, Indiana; Trumans' Pioneer
Stud Farm, Bushnell, Illinois.

.A. WARDS.

JvDGE J. F. Garriso", Des Moines, Iowa

Stallion Four Years Old and Over — First, Prickwillow Cannaught
(7573), Trumans' Pioneer Stud Farm; second, Hockwold Bordeaux
(8190), Trumans' Pioneer Stud Farm; third, Ely Imperial (9208), Tru-
mans' Pioneer Stud Farm; fourth, Ely Ringleader 8130, Finch Bros.

Stallion Over Three Years and Under Four — First, Bally Blaze, Tru-
mans' Pioneer Stud Farm; second, Troutback, Finch Bros.

Stallion Over Two Years and Under Three — First, Glassmoor Prince
(10013), Trumans' Pioneer Stud Farm; second, Ely's First Choice, Finch
Bros.

29

450

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Imported Hackney stallion, "Prickwillow Canuaught" first prize winner at Iowa
State Fair and Exposition 1907.

Mare Over Four Tears Old — First, Queen of Diamonds (17565), Tru-
mans' Pioneer Stud Farm; second, Copalder Firefly (17887), Trumans'
Pioneer Stud Farm.

Filly Over Three Tears and Under Four — First, Truman's Beauty, Tru-
mans' Pioneer Stud Farm.

Grand Display — Best five animals owned by exhibitor: First, Tru-
mans' Pioneer Stud Farm.

CLYDESDALE.
EXHIBITOES.

Alex Galbraith & Son, Janesville, Wisconsin; W. V. Hixson, Marengo,
Iowa; Leitch & Hathaway, Lafayette, Illinois; McLay Bros., Janesville,
Wisconsin; James Pedley, Algona, Iowa; Frank P. Shekelton, Lawler,
Iowa; A. G. Soderberg, Osco, Illinois; J. T. Stratton, Collins, Iowa.

Judge R. B. Ogilvie, Chicago, Illinois.

8talUon Four Tears Old and Over — First, Baron Doune 12613 (13254),
Frank P. Shekelton; second, Ethelbert 12025, A. G. Soderberg; third,
Prince Punctual 9644, McLay Bros.; fourth. Baron Nisbet 12563, McLay
Bros.; fifth, Milton 13020, A. G. Soderberg; sixth, Rosemack 10406, W. V.
Hixson.

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK -PART IX. 451

Stallion Over Three Years and Under Four — First, Baron Clifton 12611
(13252), W. V. Hlxson; second, Belleflower 13199, McLay Bros.; third,
Black Acme 12855, A. G. Soderberg.

Stallion Over Two Years and Under Three — First, Golden Prince 12346,
McLay Bros.; second, Merryman 13628, McLay Bros.; third, March On
2d 12486, A. G. Soderberg; fourth, Sefton 12331, W. V. Hlxson.

Stallion Over One Year and Under Two — First, Royal Gordon, McLay
Bros.; second. Black Prince 13018, A. G. Soderberg.

Horse Foal — First, W. V. Hlxson; second. King Charming,

James Pedley.

"Queen ot the Clydes" Mare four years old, prize winner at the Iowa State Fair and
Exposition, shown by James Pedley, Algona.

Stallion Over Three Years Old, Bred by Exhibitor — First, Prince
Punctual 9644, McLay Bros.; second, Rosemack 10406, W. V. Hlxson.

Stallion Under Three Years, Bred by Exhibitor — First, Golden Prince
12346, McLay Bros.; second, Royal Gordon 12979; third, March On 2d
12486, A. G. Soderberg; fourth, W. V. Hixson.

Mare Over Four Years Old — First, Princess Handsome 9758, McLay
Bros.; second. Princess Goodwin 9849, McLay Bros.; third, Osco Sweet-
ness 11114, A. G. Soderberg; fourth, Queen of the Clydes 10934, James
Pedley.

Filly Over Three Years and Under Four — First, Mayoress 12582, Mc-
Lay Bros.; second, Osco Bloss 12056, A. G. Soderberg; third. Lady Ele-
gant 11846, W. V. Hixson.

Filly Over Two Years and Under Three — First, Palmerston's Darling
12332, W. V. Hixson; second, Bessie Sorbie 13213, McLay Bros.

452 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Filly Over One Tear and Under Two — First, Peach Blossom 12584, "W.

V. Hixson; second, A. G. Soderberg; third, Fair Helen 12973,

McLay Bros.

Mare Foal — First, Princess Refiner 13183, J. F. Stratton; second,
W. V. Hixson; third, W. V. Hixson.

Mare Over Three Years Old, Bred by Exhibitor — First, Princess Hand-
some 9758, McLay Bros.; second. Princess Goodwin, 9849, McLay Bros.;
third, Osco Sweetness 11117, A. G. Soderberg; fourth, Osco Bloss 12056,
A. G. Soderberg.

Mare Under Three Years, Bred by Exhibitor — First, Peach Blossom
12584, W. V. Hixson; second, Palmerston's Darling 12332, W. V. Hixson;
third. Princess Refiner 13183, J. F. Stratton; fourth. Fair Helen 12973,
McLay Bros.

Get of Stallion — First, A. G. Soderberg; second, W. V. Hixson.

Produce of Mare — First, A. G. Soderberg; second, McLay Bros.; third,
W. V. Hixson.

Grand Display — Four animals bred by exhibitor: First, McLay Bros.;
second, W. V. Hixson; third, A. G. Soderberg; fourth, W. V. Hixson.

ENGLISH SHIRE.

EXHIBITOES.

B. M. Boyer, Farmington, Iowa; R. B. Brown, Newton, Iowa; Robert
Burgess & Son, Wenona, Illinois; Crawford & GriflBn, Newton, Iowa; Finch
Bros., Joliet and Verona, Illinois; Alex Galbraith & Son, Janesville, Wis-
consin; Leitch & Hathaway, Lafayette, Illinois; Singmaster Bros., Keota,
Iowa; A. G. Soderberg, Osco, Illinois; Trumans' Pioneer Stud Farm, Bush-
nell, Illinois; Chas. J. Winter, Washington, Iowa.

f W. E. Pkitchard, Ottawa, Illinois.
J^''^^^ i W. J. Kennedy.

Stallion Foxir Years Old and Over — First, Prem victor 8645 (19947),
Robt. Burgess & Son; second, Broughton Mormaco (21215), Trumans' Pio-
neer Stud Farm; third, Girton Senator (20519), Trumans' Pioneer Stud
Farm; fourth, Wiseman (24812), Trumans' Pioneer Stud Farm; fifth,
Dearnsdale Pilot 9033 (23216), Robert Burgess & Son; sixth, Saxon Jet
21843, Trumans' Pioneer Stud Farm.

Stallion Over Three Years and U'nder Four — First, Dunsmore Rector
(23277), Robt. Burgess & Son; second, Armthrope (23953), Trumans'
Pioneer Stud Farm; third. Bury Client (23112), Trumans' Pioneer Stud
Farm; fourth, Moulton Florizel 23514, Finch Bros.; fifth, Crossmoor
Masterman (23205), Trumans' Pioneer Stud Farm.

Stallion Over Two Years and Under Three — First, Beachendon Fasci-
nation (23985), Trumans' Pioneer Stud Farm; second, Boro Regent
(24051), Trumans' Pioneer Stud Farm; third, Keota Boxer 2d 8760,
Singmaster Bros.

Stallion Over One Year and Under Two — First, Surveyor (24818), Robt.
Burgess & Son; second, Moulton Dandy, Vol. 29, Finch Bros.

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX. 453

Stallion Under Three Tears Old, Bred by Exhibitor — First, Keota Boxer
2d 8760, Singmaster Bros.; second, Keota Addison 8762, Singmaster Bros.;
third. Pinch's Buster Brown 8322, Finch Bros.; fourth, Lawrence 9112,
Robt. Burgess.

Mare Over Four Tears Old — First, Osco Spinet 7084, A. G. Soderberg.

Filly Over Three Tears and Under Four — First, Prospect Gloaming,
Vol. 27, Finch Bros.; second, Osco Sylvia 8206, A. G. Soderberg.

Filly Over Two Tears and Under Three — First, Lady B. 8249, Finch
Bros.

Filly Over One Tear and Under Two — First, Queen of the Roses 8728,
A. G. Soderberg; second, Cottered Princess, A. G. Soderberg.

Mare Over Three Tears Old, Bred by Exhibitor — First, Cottered Prin-
cess, A. G. Soderberg; second, Osco Spinet 7084, A. G. Soderberg.

Mare Under Three Tears Old, Bred by Exhibitor — First,

Finch Bros.; second, Cottered Princess, A. G. Soderberg.'

Oet of Stallion — First, Finch Bros.

Produce of Mare — First, A. G. Soderberg; second, R. B. Brown.

Grand Display — Four animals bred by exhibitor: First, Finch Bros.

PERCHERON AND FRENCH DRAFT.

EXHIBITX)ES.

Robert Burgess & Son, Wenona, Illinois; Cresap Bros., Altoona, Iowa;
Crawford & Griffin, Newton, Iowa; H. C. Davis, Ames, Iowa; Loren Dun-
bar, Earlham, Iowa; Erickson & Patterson, Worthington, Minnesota; Finch
Bros., Joliet and Verona, Illinois; S. B. Frey, Ames, Iowa; W. W. Garner,
Des Moines, Iowa; Geo. W. Guthrie, Newton, Iowa; J. G. Hurst, Norwalk,
Iowa; Leitch & Hathaway, Lafayette, Illinois; Lewis Bros. & Rickert,
Marshall town, Iowa; McLaughlin Bros., Columbus, Ohio; H. G. McMillan,
Rock Rapids, Iowa; Maasdam & Wheeler, Fairfield, Iowa; W. H. Mason,
Carlisle, Iowa; F. 0. Nutting, Indianola, Iowa; Rhea Bros., Arlington,
Nebraska; Singmaster Bros., Keota, Iowa; Trumans' Pioneer Stud Farm,
Bushnell, Illinois; J. P. Wilson, Indianola, Iowa.

Judge Ales Galbraith, Janesville, Wisconsin.

Stallion Four Tears Old and Over — First, Albert 42815, H. G. McMillan;
second, Alger (58071), Singmaster Bros.; third. Banquet (58755), Robt.
Burgess & Son; fifth, Arago (59553), Trumans' Pioneer Stud Farm; fifth,
Guignol (57894) 50531, W. W. Garner; sixth, Carlo 41774, Rhea Bros.

Stallion Over Three Tears and Under Four — First, Favori 47075
(63822), Singmaster Bros.; second, Santeur (62250), Robt. Burgess & Son;
third, Reveur 47065 (63816), Singmaster Bros.; fourth, Serpolin 47074
(63378), Singmaster Bros.; fifth, Turcos 48449, Crawford & Griffin.

Stallion Over Two Tears and Under Three — First, Loualaba 68247,
Robt. Burgess & Son; second, Lyndon 50635, Robt. Burgess & Son; third,
Maraicher (65504), Singmaster Bros.

454 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Stallion Over One Year and Under Two — First, Helmar, Robt. Burgess
& Son; second, Colonel Lapin 45474, Geo. W. Guthrie; third, Gadsden
46783, Patterson & Erickson.

Stallion Foal — First, Best 50666, Patterson & Erickson; second. Coco
2d, F. 0. Nutting & Son; third, Altoona, H. C. Davis.

Stallion Over Three Years Old, Bred by Exhibitor — First, Toreador
46269, H. G. McMillan; second, Moneil 45590, S. B. Frey; third. Black
Dandy 40772, F. 0. Nutting & Son.

Stallion Under Three Years Old, Bred by Exhibitor — First, Lyndon
50635, Robt. Burgess & Son; second, King Midas 50651, H. G. McMillan;
third, Charlatan 50652, H. G. McMillan; fourth, Keota Saul 49088, Sing-
master Bros.

Mare Over Four Years Old — First, Victorine 31378, H. G. McMillan;
second, Ukraine 46231 (46344), Singmaster Bros.; third, Ubrique 46232
(46347), Singmaster Bros.; fourth. Amy 19304, Patterson & Erickson.

Filly Over Three Years and Under Four — First, Coulisse 62284, Sing-
master Bros.; second, D'Elda 41966, Patterson & Erickson; third, Bi-
chette 46227 (62605), Singmaster Bros.

Filly Over Two Years and Under Three — First, Gaufrette (67534), Sing-
master Bros.; second, Blondy 44086, Patterson & Erickson; third. Lady
Delphine 46864, Robt. Burgess & Son.

Filly Over One Year and Under Two — First, Adelaide 50646, H. G. Mc-
Millan; second, Sybil 46789, Patterson & Erickson; third. Alma 50636,
Robt. Burgess & Son.

Mare Foal — First, Myrtle Belle 49521, J. P. Wilson; second,

W. H. Mason; third. Jewel 50253, Cresap Bros.

Mare Over Three Years Old, Bred by Exhibitor — First, Victorine 31378,
H. G. McMillan; second, lolanthe 40925, H. G. McMillan; third, Cosette
41969, Patterson & Erickson; fourth, Uva 41972, Patterson & Erickson.

Mare Under Three Years Old, Bred by Exhibitor — First, Sarah 44079,
Patterson & Erickson; second, Adelaide 50646, H. G. McMillan; third,
Aima 50636, Robt. Burgess & Son; fourth, Beatrice 44070, Patterson &
Erickson.

Get of Stallion — First, H. G. McMillan; second, H. G. McMillan; third,
Patterson & Erickson.

Produce of Mare — First, H. G. McMillan; second, Robt. Burgess &
Son; third, Crawford & Griflln.

Grand Display — Four animals bred by exhibitor: First, H. G. McMil-
lan; second, H. G. McMillan; third, Patterson & Erickson.

SPECIAL CHAMPIONSHIPS GOLD MEDAL EESEBVE EIBBON.

Offered by the Percheron Society of America.

Best American Bred Stallion, Any Age — First, Crawford & GriflBn;
second, Rhea Bros.

Best American Bred Mare, Any Age — First, H. G. McMillan; second,
H. G. McMillan.

Champion Stallion — First, H. G. McMillan; second, Robt. Burgess &
Son.

Champion Mare — H. G. McMillan.

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX. 455

Best Five Stallions — Robt. Burgess & Son.
Best Three Mares — H. G. McMillan.

Best Stallion and Four Mares, Any Age, Owned ty Exhibitor — H. G.
McMillan.

SPECIAL CHAMPIONSHIPS GOLD MEDAL RESERVE RIBBON.

Offered by the Percheron Registry Co.

Champion Group — Five or more animals belonging to one exhibitor:
Robt. Burgess & Son.

BELGIAN.

EXHIBITOBS.

Robt. Burgess & Son, Wenona, Illinois; Crawford & GriflBn, Newton,
Iowa; Finch Bros., Joliet and Verona, Illinois; W. W. Garner, Des Moines,
Iowa; G. W. Grigsby, Sheldahl, Iowa; Henry Lefebure, Fairfax, Iowa;
J. A. Loughridge, Delta, Iowa; Trumans' Pioneer Stud Farm, Bushn'^ll,
Illinois; C. E. Weston, Manning, Iowa.

AWARDS.

Judge W. E. Pritchard, Ottawa, Illinois.

Stallion Four Years Old and Over — First, Robert De Scailmond 29576,
Finch Bros.; second, Monte Carlo (30396), Henry Lefebure; third. Cham-
pagne Mecht (25514), C. E. Weston; fourth, Martin Duhazoir, G. W.
Grigsby; fifth, Coco-de-Pousset (41848), Henry Lefebure; sixth. Sultan
(37480), Robt. Burgess & Son.

Stallion Over Three Years and Under Four — First, Lingot d'Or (37466),
Robt. Burgess & Son; second, Baron De Dender 37468, Finch Bros., third;
Monaco-de-Thor (39692), Henry Lefebure; fourth. Prosit 2568, Crawford
& Griffin; fifth, Bruno de Hubaumont (38490), Robt. Burgess & Son.

Stallion Over Two Years and Under Three — First, Caesar Crags 58367,
Finch Bros.; second, Bizar 1994, Henry Lefebure.

Stallion Over One Year and Under Two — First, Geant de Rhode, Vol.
15, Henry Lefebure; second, Grenadier, Vol. 15, Henry Lefebure.

Stallion Foal — First, Lucifer, Henry Lefebure.

Stallion Under Three Years Old, Bred by Exhibitor — First, Bizar
1994, Henry Lefebure; second, Lucifer, Henry Lefebure.

Mare Over Four Years Old — First, Lisa de Wales 48781, Finch Bros.;
second, Fauvette 118, Henry Lefebure; third, Tillyette 190, Henry Lefebure.

Filly Over Three Years and Under Four — First, Madam II. 55719, J. A.
Loughridge.

Filly Over Two Years and Under Three — First, Plane, Henry Lefebure.

Filly Over One Year and Under Tioo — Rosetta, Vol. 15, Henry Lefe-
bure; second, Follette, Henry Lefebure; third, Mirza, Vol. 15, Henry
Lefebure.

Mare Foal — First, Mignonette, Henry Lefebure.

Mare Over Three Years Old, Bred by Exhibitor — First, Fauvette 118,
Henry Lefebure; second, Tillyette 190, Henry Lefebure.

456 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Mare Under Three Tears Old, Bred by Exhibitor — First, Follette, Henry
Lefebure; second, Mignonette, Henry Lefebure.

Get of Stallion — First, Finch Bros.

Produce of Mare — First, Henry Lefebure.

Grand Display — Four animals bred by exhibitor: First, Henry Lefe-
bure.

DRAFT GELDINGS OR MARES.

EXHIBITORS.

Finch Bros., Joliet and Verona, Illinois; W. V. Hixson, Marengo, Iowa;
J. A. Loughridge, Delta, Iowa; McLay Bros., Janesville, Wisconsin; H. G.
McMillan, Rock Rapids, Iowa; F. 0. Nutting, Indianola, Iowa; James
Pedley, Algona, Iowa; J. T. Stratton, Collins, Iowa; Trumans' Pioneer
Stud Farm, Bushnell, Illinois; J. P. Wilson, Indianola, Iowa.

Judge R. B. Ogilvie, Chicago, Illinois.

Single Mare or Gelding Under 1,150 Paunds — First, McLay Bros.; sec-
ond, James Pedley; third. Finch Bros.

Single Mare or Gelding Oi>er 1,150 Pounds — First, McLay Bros.; second.
Finch Bros.; third, Finch Bros.

Pair of Mares or Geldings Under 3,500 Pounds — First, Finch Bros.

Pair of Mares or Geldings Over 3,500 Pounds — First, Finch Bros.

Four-Horse Team — Finch Bros.

MULES.

EXHIBITOES.

H. L. Orcutt, Monroe, Iowa; F. F. Williams, Des Moines, Iowa.
Mule Four Years Old or Over — First, F. F. Williams.
Mule Two Years Old and Under Three — H. L. Orcutt.
Mine Mtde, Fifteen Hands or Over — First, H. L. Orcutt; second, H. L.
Orcutt.

Mule Any Age — H. L. Orcutt.

Pair of Mules Over 2,400 Pounds — F. F. Williams.
Pair of Mules Under 2,400 Potinds — H. L. Orcutt.
Pair of Mules, Any Age or Weight — F. F. Williams.

CATTLE DEPARTMENT.
Superintendent S. B. Packard, Marshalltown, Iowa.

SHORT-HORNS.

EXHIBITORS.

0. V. Battles, Maquoketa, Iowa; R. E. Baldwin, Osceola, Iowa; Bellows
Bros., Maryville, Missouri; E. W. Bowen, Delphi, Indiana; G. H. Burge,

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX. 457

Mount Vernon, Iowa; R. B. Brown, Newton, Iowa; Carpenter & Ross,
Mansfield, Ohio; John Cresswell, Hillsboro, Iowa; C. W. Daws & Son,
Harlan, Iowa; Elmendorf Farm, Lexington, Kentucky; F. A. Edwards,
Webster City, Iowa; Ernest Funke, Greenfield, Iowa; Forest & Dunham,
Miles, Iowa; Flynn Farm Co., Des Moines, Iowa; John Gedney & Son,
Numa, Iowa; W. E. Graham, Prairie City, Iowa; A. F. Graves, King City,
Missouri; F. W. Harding, Waukesha, Wisconsin; G. F. Hart, Summerfield,
Kansas; Herr Bros. & Reynolds, Lodi, Wisconsin; J. T. Judge, Carroll,
Iowa; R. W. Livingston, Monroe, Iowa; C. F. Mitchell & Son, Farragut,
Iowa; H. D. Parsons, Newton, Iowa; G. E. Paul, Haverhill, Iowa; J. M.
Pease & A. J. Pinck, Colfax, Iowa; H. Pritchard & Son, Avoca, Iowa; J,
H. Richards, Batavia, Iowa; C. A. Saunders, Manilla, Iowa; Shadewell
Stock Farm, Carthage, Missouri; John E. Smith, Laurel, Iowa; 0. 0.
Smith, Des Moines, Iowa; Aug. Sonneland, Harlan, Iowa; T. K. Tomson
& Sons, Dover, Kansas; M. A. Wagner, Fremont, Ohio; C. R. Warren,
Glenwood, Iowa; R. E. Watts & Sons, Miles, Iowa; J. G. Westrope, Harlan,
Iowa; G. H. Whitem, Emerson, Iowa; Miles Wilson, Numa, Iowa; T. J.
Wornall & Sons, Liberty, Missouri; J. S. Zook & Son, Fontanelle, Iowa.

Judge C. B. Dustix, Summer Hill, Illinois.

Bull Three Years Old or Over — First, Whitehall Marshall 209776, Elm-
endorf Farm; second. Good Choice 227852, Bellows Bros.; third, White-
hall King 222724, F. W. Harding; fourth, Scotch Mist 224249, Carpenter &
Ross; fifth, Scottish Champion 224435, H. D. Parsons; sixth, Archer
205740, T. K. Tomson & Sons.

Bull Two Years Old and Under Three — First, Avondale 245144, Carpen-
ter & Ross; second. Hopeful Knight 244229, G. H. Purge; third. Champion
of Lyndale 265011, A. F. Graves; fourth. Banner's Victor 242584, C. R.
Warren; fifth. Contractor Banner Bearer 250894, G. H. White; sixth,
Mysie's Lancaster 250737, R. W. Livingston.

Senior Yearling Bull — First, Anoka Sultan 264212, F. W. Harding;
second, Gondomar 253394, C. F. Mitchell & Son; third. Nonpareil Prince
262931, C. W. Daws & Son.

Junior Yearling Bull — First, Premier 280263, Flynn Farm Co.; second,
Red Sultan 269243, F. W. Harding; third, Carless Conqueror 2d 265303,
T. J. Wornall & Sons.

Senior Bull Calf— First, Marshall's Best 285233, F. W. Harding; second.
Royal Kintore 281530, Herr Bros. & Reynolds; third. Temptation 285244,
T. K. Tomson & Sons; fourth, Bruce 285232, F. W. Harding; fifth. Clear
the Way 2d, J. T. Judge; sixth, Mario's Champion 278776, Elmendorf
Farm.

Junior Bull Calf— First, Marshall Bold 285234, F. W. Harding; second.
May King 280869, T. J. Wornall & Sons; third. Royal Archer 285243, T.
K. Tomson & Sons.

Cow Three Years Old or Over — First, Cherry Lass, Vol. 60, T. K. Tom-
son & Sons; second, Anoka Broadhooks, F. W. Harding; third. Lovely of
Grassmire, Elmendorf Farm; fourth, Helen of Troy, Herr Bros. &
Reynolds; fifth, Sonerila 12th, C. A. Saunders; sixth, Fenimore Princess,
F. A. Edwards.

458 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Heifer Two Years Old and Under Three — First, Missie of Browndale
12th, F. W. Harding; second, Clara Belle, Vol. 64, Bellows Bros.; third,
Browndale Julia, Carpenter & Ross; fourth, Grace, Vol. 66, T. K. Tomson
& Sons; fifth, Sarah McCubbing, Vol. 64, Flynn Farm Co.; sixth, Lovely-
Belle, Elmendorf Farm.

Senior Yearling Heifer — First, Anoka Gloster 2d, F. W. Harding; sec-
ond, Sinnissippi Rose 2d, Elmendorf Farm; third, Delightful, Vol. 68, T. K.
Tomson & Sons; fourth, Victoria Countess, F. A. Edwards; fifth, Mina
Princess 4th, Vol. 71, Carpenter & Ross; sixth, Sinnissippi Butterfly, Elm-
endorf Farm.

Junior Yearling Heifer — First, Rose O'Day, T. J. Wornall & Sons; sec-
ond. Maid Marian, T. J. Wornall & Sons; third. Sweet D. of Gloster, Vol.
68, Carpenter & Ross; fourth, Ramsden Flower, F. W. Harding; fifth,
Hampton's Queen Beauty 2d, Vol. 68, Bellows Bros.; sixth, Annagather,
Vol. 68, Carpenter & Ross.

Senior Heifer Calf — First, Sultan's Athene 15141, F. W. Harding; sec-
ond, Poppy Girl 15155, T. K. Tomson & Sons; third, Rosita, Elmendorf
Farm; fourth, Christmas Lassie 15153, T. K. Tomson & Sons; fifth, Elmen-
dorf Lassie, Elmendorf Farm; sixth. Merry Lady, Vol. 70, Bellows Bros.

Junior Heifer Calf — First, Princess Royal, Herr Bros. & Reynolds; sec-
ond, Rosetta of Grassland 10019, T. J. Wornall; third, Lady Flora, Herr
Bros. & Reynolds; fourth, Queenly Malaka, H. D. Parsons; fifth. Prudence,
Elmendorf Farm; sixth. Bridesmaid, Elmendorf Farm.

ExJiihitor's Herd — First, F. W. Harding; second, Elmendorf Farm;
third, T. K. Tomson & Sons; fourth. Carpenter & Ross; fifth, Bellows Bros.

Breeder's Young Herd — First, F. W. Harding; second. Bellows Bros.;
third, T. K. Tomson & Sons; fourth, Flynn Farm Co.; fifth, Herr Bros.
& Reynolds.

Calf Herd — First, T. K. Tomson & Sons; second, F. W. Harding; third,
Herr Bros. & Reynolds; fourth, H. D. Parsons; fifth, Flynn Farm Co.

Get of Sire — First, F. W. Harding; second. Bellows Bros ; third, T. K.
Tomson & Sons; fourth, F. W. Harding; fifth. Bellows Bros.

Produce of Cow — First, Carpenter & Ross; second, F. W. Harding;
third, T. J. Wornall & Sons; fourth, T. K. Tomson & Sons; fifth, Herr
Bros. & Reynolds.

Senior Champion Bull — Whitehall Marshall 209776, Elmendorf Farm.

Junior Champion Bull — Premier 280263, Flynn Farm Co.

Senior Champion Cow — Missie of Browndale 12th, F. W. Harding.

Junior Champion Heifer — Rose O'Day, T. J. Wornall.

Grand Champion Bull — Whitehall Marshall 209776, Elmendorf Farm.

Grand Champion Female — Missie of Browndale 12th, F. W. Harding.

IOWA SPECIALS.

Bull Three Years Old or Over — First, Scottish Champion 224435, H. D.
Parsons; second. Clear the Way 231482, J. T. Judge; third, Victor of Ever-
green Park 4th 184631, John Gedney & Son; fourth. Secret Viscount 212705,
P. A. Edwards; fifth. Silver Star 232024, R. B. Brown.

Bull Two Years Old and Under Three — First, Banner's Victor 242584,
C. R. Warren; second. Contractor Banner Bearer 250894, G. H. White;
third, Mysie's Lancaster 250737, R. W. Livingston.

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART IX. 459

Senior Yearling Bull — First, Nonpareil Prince 262931, C. W. Daws &
Son; second, Gloster Marshall 263130, O. O. Smith; third, Hampton's
Counsellor 264533, G. H. White; fourth, Prince Lavender, J. G. Westrope.

Junior Yearling Bull — First, See A Cumberland 267738; C. A. Saunders;
second, Scottish President, 261716, J. M. Pease & A. J. Pinck; third, Mc-
Dougal 282341, G. H. Purge.

Senior Bull Calf — First, Clear the Way 2d, J. T. Judge; second. Pine-
hurst Champion 285286, C. W. Daws & Son; third, Nonpareil Prince, Vol.
71, Flynn Farm Co.; fourth, King, C. A. Saunders; fifth, Jessie's Boy,
J. G. Westrope.

.Junior Bull Calf — First, Prince F. 2d, Vol. 71, Flynn Farm Co.; second,
Lovat Lad, H. D. Parsons; third, Scottish Clement, H. D. Parsons.

Goto Three Years Old or Over — First, Sonerila 12th, C. A. Saunders;
second, Fenimore Princess, F. A. Edwards; third. Choice Blythsome, H. D.
Parsons; fourth. Roan Princess, C. A. Saunders; fifth, Sapho, Vol. 47,
Flynn Farm Co.

Heifer Two Years Old and Under Three — First, Sarah McCubbing, Vol.
64, Flynn Farm Co.; second. Fashion's Roan, Vol. 70, R. E. Watts & Son;
third, Independence Lady 4th, C. A. Saunders; fourth, Pleasant Ridge
Athene, F. A. Edwards; fifth, Daisy 2d, G. H. White.

Senior Yearling Heifer — First, Victoria Countess, F. A. Edwards; sec-
ond, Poppy 7th, Vol. 70, Flynn Farm Co.; third, Rock Dale Duchess 2d,
C. A. Saunders; fourth, Florella, Vol. 68, G. H. Purge; fifth, Sweet Violet
12136, R. E. Watts & Sons.

Junior Yearling Heifer — First, Dora 5th, H. D. Parsons; second, Miss
Ida 6th, C. A. Saunders; third. Countess Cumberland, C. A. Saunders;
fourth, Sweet Briar D., Vol. 70, Flynn Farm Co.

Senior Heifer Calf — First, Scottish Rose 12228, Forest & Dunham; sec-
ond, Bernice, F. A. Edwards; third, Malaka's Marian, H. D. Parsons;
fourth. Dainty Girl, H. D. Parsons; fifth, Janette's Beauty, Ernst Funke.

Junior Heifer Calf — First, Queenly Malaka, H. D. Parsons; second^
Miss Ramsden 20th, Ernst Funke; third, Veronica 5th, J. T. Judge;
fourth, Acacia 13th, Ernst Funke.

Exhibitor's Herd — First, H. D. Parsons; second, C. A. Saunders; third,
G. H. Burge.

Breeder's Young Herd — First, Flynn Farm Co.; second, C. A. Saunders;
third, H. D. Parsons.

Get of Sire — First, H. D. Parsons; second, C. A. Saunders; third, G. H.
Burge.

Produce of Cow — First, H. D. Parsons; second, G. H. Burge; third, C.
W. Daws & Son.

Senior Champion Bull — Scottish Champion 224435, H. D. Parsons.

Junior Champion Bull — Clear the Way 2d, J. T. Judge.

Senior Champion Cow — Sonerila 12th, C. A. Saunders.

Junior Champion Heifer — Victoria Countess, F. A. Edwards.

Grand Champion Bull — Scottish Champion 224435, H. D. Parsons.

Grand Champion Female — Victoria Countess, F. A. Edwards.

460

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

rv

Grand Champion Cow Victoria Countess In the Short Horns for Iowa cattle at the
Iowa State Fair and Exposition 1907. Shown by F. A. Edwards, Webster City.

HEREFORD.

EXHIBITOES.

Ben Broughton, Lake View, Iowa; Cargill & McMillan, La Crosse, Wis-
consin; Carrothers Bros., Ryan, Iowa; Dale & Wight, Pleasanton, Iowa;
J. J. Early, Baring, Missouri; Jas. E. Logan, Kansas City, Missouri; W. S.
Van Natta & Son, Fowler, Indiana; G. W. Way & Son, New Sharon, Iowa;
Hugh Whiteford, Guilford, Missouri.

Judge Andrew Boss, St. Anthony Park, Minnesota.

Bull Three Years Old or Over — First, Privateer 2d 182143, Cargill &
McMillan; second. Sunny South 121189, J. J. Early; third, Dudley 176275,
Ben Broughton; fourth. Beau Brummel 4th 194318, G. W. Way & Son;
fifth, General Grove 137741, J. J. Early.

Bull Tico Years Old and Under Three — First, Bonnie Brae 3d 203317,
Cargill & McMillan; second, Prime Lad 9th 213963, W. S. VanNatta &
Son; third. Preceptor 232358, Dale & Wight; fourth. Young Beau Brum-
mel 207148, Jas. E. Logan.

Senior Yearling Bull— First, Bonnie Brae 6th 230547, Cargill & Mc-
Millan; second, Sunset King 228551, Jas. E. Logan; third, Beaumont Jr.
233039, Ben Broughton.

Junior Yearling Bull— First, Beau Brummel 13th 238389, G. W. Way
& Son; second, Beau Brummel 10th 238386, G. W. Way & Son; third, Beau
Brummel 9th 238385, G. W. Way & Son.

Senior Bull Calf — First, Princepts 11th 264204, Cargill & McMillan;
second. Prime Lad 38th 261816, W. S. VanNatta & Son; third, Keystone

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX. 461

King 248135, Jas. E. Logan; fourth, March Lad 261699, W. S. VanNatta &
Son; fifth, Zilcaade 260258, J. J. Early; sixth. Early Reaper, 260249, J. J.
Early.

Junior Bull Calf — First, Castor 259475, Jas. E. Logan; second, Prin-
cepts 15th 268046, Cargill & McMillan; third, Bonnie Brae 12th 268042,
Cargill & McMillan.

Coiv Three Years Old or Over — First, Princess 197988, W. S. VanNatta
& Son; second, Twilight 167464, Cargill & McMillan; third, Kiowa 163892,
G. W. Way & Son; fourth, Hesiod Maiden 139853, J. J. Early; fifth, Dulci
189225, Ben Broughton; sixth, Nettie 1st 169808, J. J. Early.

Heifer Two Years Old or Under Three — First, Magnonette 209141, Car-
gill & McMillan; second. Pretty Face 207319, W. S. VanNatta & Son; third,
Ethel 2d 203170, Cargill & McMillan; fourth, Linzette 2d, W. S. VanNatta
& Son; fifth. Bright Countess 5th 254965, G. W. Way & Son; sixth. Lady
Dudley 201821, Ben Broughton.

Senior Yearling Heifer — First, Miss Filler 2d 230514, Cargill & Mc-
Millan; second, Margaret 234336, W. S. VanNatta & Son; third, Mary.
Gertrude 219966, Jas. E. Logan; fourth, Laurie Lass 234334, W. S. Van-
Natta & Son; fifth. Bonny Lucy 6th 254964, G. W. Way & Son; sixth,
Geneva 236958, Ben Broughton.

Junior Yearling Heifer — First, Miss Filler 5th 230517, Cargill & Mc-
Millan; second, Miss Filler 6th 239659, Cargill & McMillan; third. Lassie
234333, W. S. VanNatta & Son; fourth, Fredonia 231970, Jas. E. Logan;
fifth. Beau Anna 238380, G. W. Way & Son; sixth, Kiowa 2d 238393, G. W.
Way & Son.

Senior Heifer Calf— First, Princess 2d 264207, Cargill & McMillan; sec-
ond. Princess 3d 264208, Cargill & McMillan; third, Leona 261811, W. S.
Van Natta & Son; fourth, Miss Roseberry 251471, Jas. E. Logan; fifth.
Princess 4th 264209, Cargill & McMillan; sixth. Sister Margaret 261817,
W. S. VanNatta & Son.

Junior Heifer Calf — First, Princess 7th 267032, Cargill & McMillan;
second, Susan 270994, W. S. VanNatta & Son; third, Princess 8th 267033,
Cargill & McMillan; fourth, Jessica 259478, Jas. E. Logan; fifth, Sunny
Maiden 268466, J. J. Early; sixth, Mirthful 270803, Ben Broughton.

Exhihitor's Herd — First, Cargill & McMillan; second, W. S. VanNatta
& Son; third, G. W. Way & Son; fourth, Ben Broughton.

Breeder's Young Herd — First, Cargill & McMillan; second, W. S. Van-
Natta & Son; third, Jas. E. Logan; fourth, W. S. VanNatta & Son; fifth,
G. W. Way & Son.

Calf Herd— First, Cargill & McMillan; second, W. S. VanNatta; third,
Jas. E. Logan.

Get of Sire — First, W. S. VanNatta & Son; second, Jas. E. Logan; third,
Cargill & McMillan; fourth, W. S. VanNatta & Son; fifth, J. J. Early.

Produce of Coiv — First, Cargill & McMillan; second, W. S. VanNatta &
Son; third, W. S. VanNatta & Son; fourth, Cargill & McMillan; fifth,
Jas. E. Logan.

Champion Bull, Any Age — Cargill & McMillan.

Champion Cote, Any Age — Cargill & McMillan.

462 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

IOWA SPECIAXS.

Bull Three Years Old or Over — First, Dudley 176275, Ben Broughton;
second, Beau Brummel 4th 194318, G. W. Way & Son.

Bull Two Tears Old and Under Three — First, Preceptor 232358, Dale
& Wright.

Senior Yearling Bull — First, Beaumont, Jr. 233039, Ben Broughton.

Junior Yearling Bull— First, Beau Brummel 9th 238385, G. W. Way
& Son.

Senior Bull Calf — First, Gem 265739, Ben Broughton; second, Vern
256742, Ben Broughton.

Junior Bull Calf— First, Iowa Brummel 268357, G. W. Way & Son.

Cow Three Years Old or Over — First, Kiowa 163892, G. W. Way & Son;
second, Dulci 189225, Ben Broughton.

Heifer Two Years Old and Under Three — First, Bright Countess 5th
254965, G. W. Way & Son; second, Lady Dudley 201821, Ben Broughton.

Senior Yearling Heifer — First, Bonny Lucy 6th 254964, G. W. Way &
Son; second, Geneva 236958, Ben Broughton; third. Dimples 236954, Ben
Broughton.

Junior Yearling Heifer — First, Beau Anna 238380, G. W. Way & Son;
second, Kiowa 2d 238393, G. W. Way & Son; third, Lady Audley 236960,
Ben Broughton.

Senior Heifer Calf— First, Golden Leaf 4th 257494, G. W. Way & Son;
second, Ruth Anna 4th 257495, G. W. Way & Son.

Junior Heifer Calf — First, Mirthful 270803, Ben Broughton; second,
Ben Broughton.

Exhibitor's Herd — First, G. W. Way & Son; second, Ben Broughton.

Breeder's Young Herd — First, G. W. Way & Son; second, Ben Brough-
ton.

Get of Sire — First, G. W. Way & Son; second, Ben Broughton.

Produce of Cow — First, C. W. Way & Son; second, Ben Broughton.

Champion Bull, Any Age — Dudley 176275, Ben Broughton.

Champion Cow, Any Age — Kiowa 163892, G. W. Way & Son.

ABERDEEN-ANGUS.

EXHIBITORS.

0. V. Battles, Maquoketa, Iowa; A. C. Binnie, Alta, Iowa; Oliver Ham-
mers, Malvern, Iowa; J. J. Hasbrouck, Humeston, Iowa; H. J. Hess.
Waterloo, Iowa; Silas Igo, Palmyra, Iowa; Albert Lust, Monroe, Iowa;
Geo. Lust, Monroe, Iowa; W. A. McHenry, Denison, Iowa; McDonald &
Brantley, Princeton, Missouri; W. J. Miller, Newton, Iowa; Chas. J. Off,
Peoria, Illinois; Rosenfeld & Severly, Kelley, Iowa; Wurzbacher & Merrit,
Morley, Iowa.

AWARDS.

Judge W. J. Kennedy, Ames, Iowa.

Bull Three Years Old or Over — First, Jim Delaney 62767, A. C. Binnie,
second, McDonald's Las 66952, W. J. Miller.

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PAET IX. 463

Bull Two Years Old and Under Three — First, Glenfoil Thickset 2nd

88142, O. V. Battles; second, Woodlawn Elfin 90063, Silas Igo; third,
Star of Denison 82426; W. A. McHenry; fourth. Lord Ellemere 84115,
Wurzbacher & Merrit; fifth, Eglamour of Quietdale 82111, H. J. Hess;
sixth. King McDonald 80599, W. J. Miller.

Senior Yearling Bull — First, Golden Gleam 93256, O. V. Battles; second,
Prince Pico 93306, W. A. McHenry.

Junior Yearling Bull — First, Dalgarno 94796, H. J. Hess; second. Black-
bird Barney 93324, W. A. McHenry; third, Bonnie Ben Royal 95006, A. C.
Binnie.

Senior Bull Calf — First, Autocrat 104127, W. A. McHenry; second,
Black King of Homedale 2d 104254, Silas Igo; third. Royal Barbara, A. C.
Binnie; fourth, Sir Blackwood 105816, Oliver Hammers; fifth. Idealist
106034, J. J. Hasbrouck; sixth, Sir Novice 2d, W. J. Miller.

Junior Bull Calf — First, Laird Ellemere, A. C. Binnie; second, Peter
Pan, Rosenfeld & Siverly; third, Ogarita's Prince, McDonald & Brantley.

Cow Three Years Old or Over — First, Glenfoil Rose 63489, W. A. Mc-
Henry; second, Eileen Lass 73102, O. V. Battles; third, Snowflake 2d of
Kirkbridge 64016, W. J. Miller; fourth, Mina of Alta 5th 73111, A. C.
Binnie; fifth, Gussie of Kirkbridge 64008, W. J. Miller; sixth. Pride of
Fashion 68592, H. J. Hess.

Heifer Two Years Old and Under Three — First, Glenfoil Queen 2d

88143, 0. V. Battles; second, Abbess McHenry 6th 82419, W. A. McHenry;
third, Home View Lady Idessa 2d 68247, H. J. Hess; fourth, Blackbird
Lassie of Alta 83368, A. C. Binnie; fifth. Pride McHenry 45th 82421, W. A.
McHenry; sixth, Queen of Cherokee 10th 83078, W. J. Miller.

Senior Yearling Heifer — First, Pride McHenry 53d 93305, W. A. Mc-
Henry; second, Gaylawn Bonnie Lass 100608, O. V. Battles; third, Enna
Lassie 2d 90052, A. C. Binnie; fourth. Coquette Lass of Alta 95003, A. C.
Binnie; fifth. Queen of Hillhurst 92910, McDonald & Brantley; sixth,
Duchess 3d of Mt. Vernon 96652, Oliver Hammers.

Junior Yearling Heifer — First, Queen Lass of Alta 3d 95007, A. C. Bin-
nie; second. Blackbird Lady 4th 95005, O. V. Battles; third, Blackbird
McHenry 66th 93314, W. A. McHenry; fourth. Home Dale Erica 3d 98818,
Silas Igo; fifth, Snowflake's Queen 94354, W. J. Miller; sixth. Black
Darling C. 96123, O. V. Battles.

Senior Heifer Calf— First, Brookside Quality Queen 2d 102335, 0. V.
Battles; second, Eza Lass, A. C. Binnie; third. Blackbird McHenry 67th
104119, W. A. McHenry; fourth. Queen 11th of Mount Vernon 105812,
Oliver Hammers; fifth. Queen 12th of Mount Vernon 105814; sixth, Pre-
mier Queen, McDonald & Brantley.

Junior Heifer Calf— First, Blackbird of Quietdale 6th 105554, H. J.
Hess; second. Pride McHenry 62d 104113, W. A. McHenry; third, Esthonia
of Alta, A. C. Binnie; fourth, Snowflake's Queen 2d, W. J. Miller; fifth,
Blackbird 5th of Alta, A. C. Binnie; sixth, Metz Erica, W. J. Miller.

Exhibitor's Herd — First, O. V. Battles; second, A. C. Binnie; third,
W. A. McHenry; fourth, W. J. Miller; fifth, H. J. Hess; sixth, W. J. Miller.

Breeder's Young Herd — First, W. A. McHenry; second, A. C. Binnie;
third, H. J. Hess; fourth, W. J. Miller; fifth, Oliver Hammers; sixth,
McDonald & Brantley.

464 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Calf Herd — First, A. C. Binnie; second, W. J. Miller; third, Oliver
Hammers.

Get of Sire — First, A. C. Binnie; second, Silas Igo; third, W. A. Mc-
Henry; fourth, W. J. Miller; fifth, O. V. Battles.

Produce of Cow — First, A. C. Binnie; second, W. A. McHenry; third,
W. A. McHenry; fourth, A. C. Binnie; fifth, O. V. Battles; sixth, W. J.
Miller.

Champion Bull, Any Agre— Glenfoil Thickset 2d 88142, 0. V. Battles.

Champion Cow, Any Age — Queen Lass of Alta 3d 95007, A. C. Binnie.

GALLOWAY.

EXHIBITORS.

A. G. Abney, North Loup, Nebraska; J. E. Bales & Son, Stockport,
Iowa; A. F. Craymer, Morris, Illinois; C. S. Hechtner, Princeton, Illinois;
G. W. Lindsey, Red Cloud, Nebraska.

Judge A. M. Thompson, Nashua, Missouri.

Bull Three Tears Old or Over — First, Scottish Samson 23542, A. F.
Craymer; second, Wild's McDougal 24673, J. E. Bales & Son.

Bull Two Years Old and Under Three — First, Standard Favorite 25550,
C. S. Hechtner; second, Sioux of Graybill 30276, G. W. Lindsay; third,
Ned of Red Cloud 26253, A. G. Abney.

Bull One Tear Old and Under Two — First, Dorothea's Prince 28813;
second. Maple's Favorite 29045, C. S. Hechtner; third, Graham 5th
28885, C. S. Hechtner; fourth, Osage Chief 29576, G. W. Lindsay; fifth,
Hardy Jim 29793, A. G. Abney; sixth, Gaudee of Rivers 28774, A. F.
Craymer.

Senior Bull Calf — First, Observer of Red Cloud 30518, G. W. Lindsay;
second, Fitz-James of Rivers 30637, A. F. Craymer; third, Roderick of
Rivers 30638; fourth. Earl of Maples 30656, C. S. Hechtner.

Junior Bull Calf — First, Canty Lad 2d, J. E. Bales & Son; second.
Pride, G. W. Lindsay; third, Duke of North Loup 30599, A. G. Abney.

Coic Three Tears Old or Over — First, Lady Charlotte 24814, G. W. Lind-
say; second. Myrtle of Avondale 24942, C. S. Hechtner; third, Evaline 2d
of Avondale 20124, A. F. Craymer; fourth. Favorite 16th of Lockinkit
21205, G. W. Lindsay; fifth. Graceful 3d of Garliestown 19297, J. E. Bales
& Son; sixth, Jessie A. 21918, A. G. Abney.

Heifer Two Tears Old and Under Three — First, Druid's Lelia 26218,
C. S. Hechtner; second, Hawkeye Lady 27121, J. E. Bales & Son; third.
Standard's Pet 27190, A. F. Craj^mer; fourth. Mischief of Rivers 27191,
A. F. Craymer; fifth. Appointee 30181, G. W. Lindsay; sixth, Tillie Bell
6th 28177, A. G. Abney.

Senior Tearling Heifer — First, Druid's Lelia 2d 29214, C. S. Hechtner;
second, Annie Davids 5th 28780, J. E. Bales & Son; third, Vinola 3d of
Maples 28855, C. S. Hechtner; fourth, Darletta of Rivers 28762, A. F.
Craymer.

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX.

465

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First prize Junior yearling Galloway heifer, "Lady Graceful," Iowa State Fair and
Exposition 1907, shown by J. E. Bales & Son.

Junior Yearling Heifer — First, Lady Graceful 28783, J. E. Bales & Sou;
secoud, Cora of Maples 30642, C. S. Hechtner; third, Princess Graceful
28781, J. E. Bales & Son; fourth, Defender's Pet 28761, A. P; Craymer;
fifth, Lady Elgin 28843, G. W. Lindsay; sixth, Orcela, G. W. Lindsay.

Senior Heifer Calf — First, Vala, J. E. Bales & Son; second, Vada, J. E.
Bales & Son; third, Orlinda 29384, G. W. Lindsay; fourth. Careful of
Maples 28856, C. S. Hechtner; fifth, Olive 2d 29395, G. W. Lindsay; sixth,
Orange Blossom 29394, G. W. Lindsay.

Junior Heifer Calf — First, Eva of Maples 30644, C. S. Hechtner; second,
Lily May, J. E. Bales; third, Grace of Rivers 30635, A. F. Craymer; fourth,
Lily Gay, J. E. Bales & Son; fifth, Pride of the Valley, G. W. Lindsay.

Exhibitor's Herd — First, C. S. Hechtner; second, J. E. Bales & Son;
third, A. F. Craymer; fourth, G. W. Lindsay.

Breeder's Young Herd — First, C. S. Hechtner; second, J. E. Bales &
Son; third, G. W. Lindsay; fourth, A. F. Craymer.

Calf Here/— First. J. E. Bales & Son; second, G. W. Lindsay; third, A.

F. Craymer.

Get of Sire — First, C. S. Hechtner; second, J. E. Bales & Son; third,

G. W. Lindsay; fourth, J. E. Bales & Son; fifth, A. F. Craymer.
Produce of Cow — First, C. S. Hechtner; second, J. E. Bales & Son;

third, J. E. Bales & Son; fourth, A. F. Craymer; fifth, G. W. Lindsay.
Champion Bull, Any Age — Scottish Samson 23542, A. F. Craymer.
Champion Core. Any Age — Lady Charlotte 24814, G. W. Lindsay.
30

466 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

RED POLLED.

EXHIBITORS.

Frank J. Clouss, Clare, Iowa; Chas. Graff, Bancroft, Nebraska; W. S.
Hill, Alexandria, South Dakota; B. A. Samuelson, Kiron, Iowa.

AWARDS.

Judge James W. Wilson, Brookings, South Dakota.

Bull Three Years Old or Over — First, One Price 8522, Chas. Graff;
second, Jeff 9400, Frank J. Clouss.

Bull Two Tears Old and Under— First, Nelson 14070, W. S. Hill; sec-
ond, Logan 13500, Frank J. Clouss.

Red Polled Bull exhibited at Iowa State Fair and Exposition 1907, by Frank J. Closs,

Clare, Iowa.

Bull One Year Old and Under Two — First, Ivanhoe 14372, W. S. Hill;
second. Improver 15961, B. A. Samuelson; third, Dexter 16225, Chas.
Graff; fourth, Dorsey 15694, W. S. Hill; fifth, Bart 15880, Frank J. Clouss;
sixth, Ben 15881, Frank J. Clouss.

Bull Calf Under One Year— First, Burke 16055, W. S. Hill; second,
Oscar 16658, B. A. Samuelson; third, Lyman 16054, W. S. Hill; fourth,
Joe 15065, B. A. Samuelson; fifth, Victor, Vol. 20, B. A. Samuelson; sixth,
Roby's Sport 16649, Frank J. Clouss.

Cow Three Years Old or Over — First, Daisy Princess 13369, W. S. Hill;
second, Ruperta 18993, Chas. Graff; third, Ruberta 22307, Chas. Graff;
fourth. Moppet 18692, W. S. Hill; fifth. Saucy 14234, Frank J. Clouss;
sixth, Cresco Ray 5th 23459, Frank J. Clouss.

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART IX. 467

Heifer Two Years Old and Under Three — First, Inez 23477, W. S. Hill;
second, Lucy 24979, Frank J. Clouss; third, Doretha 23517, Frank J.
Clouss; fourth. Garnet 23475, W. S. Hill; fifth, Floss 24527, Chas. Graff;
sixth, Molly 25394, Chas. Graff.

Heifer One Year Old and Under Two— First, Sula 26261, W. S. Hill;
second. Buttercup 24686, W. S. Hill; third, Inas 25786, Chas. Graff; fourth,
Fanny 27075, Chas. Graff; fifth. Darling 24967, Frank J. Clouss; sixth,
Mandellne 24971, Frank J. Clouss.

Heifer Calf Under One Year— First, Rosalind 26262, W. S. Hill; second,
Queen 26613, B. A. Samuelson; third, Miss Saucy 26676, Frank J. Clouss;
fourth, Ina 26250, W. S. Hill; fifth, Faydora 2d, Chas. Graff; sixth, Grace
26686, Frank J. Clouss.

Exhibitor's Herd — First, W. S. Hill; second, Chas. Graff; third, Frank
J. Clouss; fourth, Frank J. Clouss.

Breeder's Young Herd — First, W. S. Hill; second, B. A. Samuelson.

Get of Sire— First, Frank J. Clouss; second, W. S. Hill; third, B. A.
Samuelson; fourth, Chas. Graff; fifth, B. A. Samuelson.

Produce of Cow— First, W. S. Hill; second, W. S. Hill; third, W. S.
Hill; fourth, Chas. Graff; fifth, B. A. Samuelson.

Champion Bull, Any Age — One Price 8522, Chas. Graff.

Champion Coio, Any Age — Inez 23477, W. S. Hill.

POLLED DURHAM.

EXHIBITOBS.

L. S. Huntley, Chariton, Iowa; J. H. Jenning, Streator, Illinois; Wm.
Smiley, Albany, Wisconsin; Shaver & Deuker, Kalona, Iowa; David Weath-
erby, Denison, Iowa; Jas. Wilson & Sons, Avoca, Iowa.

Judge E. T. Davis, Iowa City, Iowa.

Bull Three Years Old or Over — First, Roan Hero 3613, Shaver &
Deukef; second. Marshal of Orange 2758, James Wilson & Sons; third,
Carrie's Son 2241, L. S. Huntley.

Bull Two Years Old and Under Three — First, Young Fairbanks 5274,
David Weatherby; second, Champion of Iowa 4739, James Wilson & Sons;
third, John D. 5273, David Weatherby.

Bull One Year Old and Under Two — First, Iowa Chief 5721, James
Wilson & Sons; second, Orange Boy 5105, James Wilson & Sons; third,
Amity Bence 5879, L. S. Huntley.

Bull Calf Under One Year — First, Lord Brant 5749, James Wilson &
Sons; second, Oscar, Shaver & Deuker; third, Amity Major 5881, L. S.
Huntley.

Coio Three Years Old or Over — First, Royal Flora, Vol. 3, Shaver &
Deuker; second, Brunett's Birdie, "Vol. 4, L. S. Huntley; third. Vellum
41st, Vol. 4, James Wilson & Sons.

Heifer Two Years Old and Under Three — First, Scottish Belle 4th, Vol.
4, Shaver & Deuker; second, Strathearn Queen 62d, Vol. 4, James Wilson
& Sons; third, Guyola, Vol. 4, L. S. Huntley.

468 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Heifer One Year Old and Under Two — First, Royal Queen, Vol. 4,
Shaver & Deuker; second, Lily Brant 68th, Vol. 4, James Wilson &_Sons;
Maryland Queen, David Weatherby.

Heifer Calf Under One Year— First, Victoria 89, Vol. 4, James Wilson
& Sons; second, Scotch Belle oth. Vol. 4, Shaver & Deuker; third. Butter-
fly 82d, Vol. 4, James Wilson & Sons.

Exhibitor's Herd — First, Shaver & Deuker; second, James Wilson &
Sons; third, Wm. Smiley.

Breeder's Young Herd — First, James Wilson & Sons; second, Wm.
Smiley.

Get of Sire— First, James Wilson & Sons; second," L. S. Huntley; third,
Wm. Smiley.

Produce of Cow — First, James Wilson & Sons; second, James Wilson
& Sons; third. Shaver & Deuker.

Champion Bull, Any Age — Roan Hero 3613, Shaver & Deuker.

Champion Cote, Any Age — Royal Flora, Vol. 3, Shaver & Deuker.

HOLSTEIN.

EXHIBITORS.

W. B. Barney & Co., Hampton, Iowa; C. F. Stone, Peabody, Kansas;
August Winter, Boyden, Iowa.

AWARDS.

Judge F. H. Scribxer, Rosendale, Wisconsin.

Bull Three Years Old or Over — First, Jewel of Home Farm 24340. W. B.
Barney & Co.; second, Ethel's Alexander 2d, Sir Netherland 26423, C. F.
Stone

Bull Two Years Old and Under Three — First, Captain Wayne 40453,
W. B. Barney & Co.; second, Empress Laddie 2d 38529, August Winter.

Bull One Year Old and Under Ttvo — First, Karel Netherland De Kol
41760, C. F. Stone; second, Wit Gem Colantha, W. B. Barney & Co.

Bull Calf Under One Year — First, Sir Colantha Gem 46947, W. B. Bar-
ney & Co.; second, De Kol Paul Empress 47367, August Winter; third,
Henry Empress Laddie 47366, August Winter.

Cow Three Years Old or Over — First, Parthenea Hengerveld 46004, W.
B. Barney & Co.; second. Queen Josephine :Mechtchilde 48655, C. F. Stone;
third. Lady Truth, C. F. Stone; fourth, Colantha's Florence Herbert 5th
61231, W. B. Barney & Co.; fifth, Wayne Lady Mechtchilde 52790, C. F.
Stone

Heifer Tico Years Old and Under Three — First, Empress Gerben of
Home Farm 3d 79243, W. B. Barney & Co.; second, Josephine Gerben De
Kol Wartena 78622, C. F. Stone; third, Tinnie De Kol 79198, August
Winter; fourth, Sophia Elgin 83444, August Winter; fifth, Magaretha
Friedericke De Kol, August Winter.

Heifer One Year Old and Under Two (In Milk)— First, Sissy Baker
NetherlancJ 94909, C. F. Stone; second. Lady Myrtle De Kol 86698, W. B.
Barney & Co.; third, Josephine Gerben Netherland 88432, C. F. Stone.

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART IX. 469

Heifer One Tear Old and Under Two (Dry) — First, Melva 4th's Tritor-
nia 2(1 89802, W. B. Barney & Co.; second. Princess Netherland Colantha
89564, W. B. Barney & Co.; third, Lily Henry De Kol, August Winter;
fourth, Snowflock Netlierland 89483, August Winter.

Heifer Calf Under One Year — First, Wit Duchess Abelvirk, W. B. Bar-
ney & Co.; second, Shadybrook Lady Parthenea Henry 95632, C. F. Stone;
third. Lady Truth's Gerben Alexander 95630, C. F. Stone; fourth. Em-
press Duchess Gem 94512, W. B. Barney & Co.; fifth, Wayne Lady of
Rosedale 95631, C. F. Stone.

Exhibitor's Herd — First,. W. B. Barney & Co.; second, C. F. Stone;
third, August Winter.

Breeder's Young Herd — First, W. B. Barney & Co.; second, C. F. Stone;
third, August Winter.

Get of Sire — First, W. B. Barney & Co.; second, W. B. Barney & Co.;
third, C. F. Stone; fourth, August Winter; fifth, August Winter.

Produce of Coiv — First, C. F. Stone; second, W. B. Barney & Co.;
third, C. F. Stone; fourth, August Winter; fifth, August Winter.

Champion Bull, Any Age — Jewel of Home Farm 24340, W. B. Barney &
Co.

Champion Cow, Any Age — Parthenea Hengerveld 46004, W. B. Barney
& Co.

JERSEY.

EXHIBITORS.

Dixon & Deaner, Brandon. Wisconsin; Hunkydory Farm, Pella, Iowa;
Hunter & Smith, Beatrice, Nebraska; Mrs. S. B. Thomas, St. Joseph, Mis-
souri.

AWARDS.

Judge F. H. Scbibnee, Rosendale, Wisconsin.

Bull Three Years Old or Over — First, Emanon 52299, Hunter & Smith;
second, Zelay's Fancy Lad 65883, Dixon & Deaner; third. Gold Link's
Gold Boy 61897, Mrs. S. B. Thomas; fourth, Vic's Successor 68163, Hunter
& Smith; fifth, Hunkydory King 73399, Hunkydory Farm.

Bull Two Years Old and Under Three — First, Catillion's Bachelor
73836, Hunter & Smith.

Bull One Year Old and Under Tivo — First, Guenon's Champion Lad
73959, Hunter & Smith; second, Gorgeous' Uncle Peter, Mrs. S. B. Thomas;
third. Coin Harvey, Hunkydory Farm.

Bull Calf Under One Year — First, Uncle Peter's Successor 77042, Mrs.
S. B. Thomas; second, Golden Reverie's Lad, Dixon & Deaner; third, St.
Paul, Dixon & Deaner; fourth, Libbie's Golden Lad, Dixon & Deaner;
fifth, Victoria's Central Lad, Hunter & Smith.

Cow Three Years Old or Over — First, Morey's Golden Lass 168471,
Dixon & Deaner; second. Sultan's Wonder Imp. 168524, Hunter & Smith;
third, Uncle Peter's Fawn 181811, Mrs. S. B. Thomas; fourth, Georgeous'
Nigretta 177201, Mrs. S. B. Thomas; fifth, Beechfield's Francis 192138,
Dixon & Deaner.

470 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUHB.

Heifer Two Tears Old and Under Three — First, Uncle Peter's Prim-
rose 190607, Mrs. S. B. Thomas; second. Uncle Peter's Belle 190608, Mrs.
S. B. Thomas; third, Sultan's Lady Wonder 199588, Hunter & Smith;
fourth, Lorena Golden Lady 199581, Dixon & Deaner; fifth. Fox's Antoin-
ette 186799, Hunkydory Farm.

Heifer One Tear Old and Under Two (In Milk) — First, Victoria's Fair
Lady, Hunter & Smith; second. Uncle Peter's Elfin, Mrs. S. B. Thomas;
third, Victoria's Gem of St. Lambert 207505, Hunter & Smith; fourth,
Silver Coo 198362, Hunkydory Farm.

Heifer One Tear Old and Under Two (Dry) — First, Frinklin's Golden
Beauty, Dixon & Deaner; second. Uncle Peter's Carnation 207955, Mrs.
S. B. Thomas; third, Fancy Brier 2d, Hunter & Smith; fourth, Linda's
Golden Lady 199196, Dixon & Deaner; fifth, Mary Belinda 208251, Hunky-
dory Farm.

Heifer Calf Under One Tear — First, Brandon Pet, Dixon & Deaner;
second. Uncle Peter's Blue Belle 207957, Mrs. S. B. Thomas; third, Gold
Boy's Coldstream 207956, Mrs. S. B. Thomas; fourth, Victoria's Vera
Vexer, Hunter & Smith; fifth, Emanon's Love, Hunter & Smith.

Exhibitor's Herd — First, Dixon & Deaner; second, Hunter & Smith;
third, Mrs. S. B. Thomas; fourth, Hunkydory Farm.

Breeder's Toung Herd — First, Hunter & Smith; second, Mrs. S. B.
Thomas; third, Dixon & Deaner; fourth, Hunkydory Farm.

Get of Sire — First, Mrs. S. B. Thomas; second. Hunter & Smith; third,
Mrs. S. B. Thomas; fourth, Dixon & Deaner.

Produce of Cow — First, Mrs. S. B. Thomas; second, Dixon & Deaner;
third, Mrs. S. B. Thomas; fourth, Hunter & Smith; fifth, Dixon & Deaner.

Champion Bull, Any Age — Guenon's Champion Lad 73959, Hunter &
Smith.

Champion Cow, Any Age — Morey's Golden Lass 168471, Dixon &
Deaner.

TEST OF MILCH COWS.

EXHIBITOBS.

C. F. Stone, Peabody, Kansas; W. B. Barney & Co., Hampton, Iowa;
Dixon & Deaner, Brandon, Wisconsin; August Winter, Boyden, Iowa.

AWARDS.

Judge H. G. VaxPelt, Ames, Iowa.

Test of Milch Cows — First, Nellie Elgin 62189, August Winter; sec-
ond, Parthenea Hengerveld 46004, W. B. Barney & Co.; third, Mary
Choraline Mercedes 50380, August Winter.

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX.

471

Name of Cow and Owner

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Nellie Elgin 62189, August Winter, Boyden, Iowa

Parthenia Hengerveld 46004, W. B. Barney Co.,
Hampton, Iowa

Mary Cboraline Mercedes 50306, August Winter,
Boyden, Iowa

Lady Truth Gerben Mathilda, C. F. Stone, Pea-
body, Kansas

Lizetta DeKol 74154, August Winter, Boyden,
Iowa

Marge Elgin 67677, August Winter, Boyden, Iowa

Queen Josephine Meclithilde 488.55, C. F. Stone,
Peat)ody, Kansas

Colantha Florence Herbert 5th 61231, W. B.
Barney Co., Hampton, Iowa

112

110

110.5

100

103
94.2

81.6

78.6

2.8

3.0

2.7
3.0

2.7

2.93

3.23

2.8

3.18

$.795

108.8

.218

i.OSSi

.7595

106.96

.214

2.984

.746

107.52

.215

2.99

.747

97.01

.194

3.727
2.755

.682
.689

99.27
91.44

.198
.183

2.62

.655

78.98

.158

2.17

.543

76.47

.153

$1,013
.974
.955
.941

.881

.872

.814
.695

Hugh G. Vax Pelt, Director of Test.

FAT CATTLE— SHORT-HORNS.

EXHIBITORS.

J. R. Peak & Son, Winchester, Illinois; C. A. Saunders, Manilla, Iowa;
Shadewell Stock Farm, Carthage, Missouri; Elmendorf Farm, Lexing-
ton, Kentucky.

AWARDS.

Judge C. B. Dustin, Summer Hill, Illinois.

Steer, Spayed or Martin Heifer, Two Years and Under Three — First,
First, John Peter, J. R. Peak & Son; second, George P., C. A. Saunders;
third. Line of Scott, J. R. Peak.

Steer, Spayed or Martin Heifer, One Year and Under Two — First,
Look Me Over, C. A. Saunders; second, Bob Winkle, J. R. Peak & Son;
third, Frank Beesure, J. R. Peak & Son.

Steer, Spayed or Martin Heifer, Under One Year — First, Look at Me,
C. A. Saunders; second, Kentucky Cardinal, Elmendorf Farm; third,
Brilliancy, Elmendorf Farm.

Champion Steer, Spayed or Martin Heifer — Look Me Over, C. A.
Saunders.

Champion Group of Three Head Oioned by One Exhibitor — First, C. A.
Saunders; second, J. R. Peak & Son; third, J. R. Peak & Son.

FAT CATTLE— HEREFORDS.

EXHIBia-OBS.

Cargill & McMillan, LaCrosse, Wisconsin.

AWARDS.

Judge Andrew Boss, St. Anthony Park, Minnesota.

Steer, Spayed or Martin Heifer, Two Years and Under Three — First,
Fair Lad 1st 203171, Cargill & McMillan.

472 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Steer, Spayed or Martin Heifer One Year and Under Two — Fulfiller
6th 230511, Cargill & McMillan.

Steer, Spayed or Martin Heifer Under One Tear — First, Pioneer 256688,
Cargill & McMillan.

Champion Steer, Spayed or Martin Heifer — Fair Lad 1st 203171, Car-
gill & McMillan.

Champion Group of Three Head Otvned by Exhibitor — First, Cargill
& McMillan.

FAT CATTLE— ABERDEEN ANGUS.

EXHIBITORS.

Silas Igo, Palmyra, Iowa; W. J. Miller, Newton, Iowa; Chas. J. Off,
Peoria, Illinois; Rosenfeld & Siverly, Kelly, Iowa.

Judge W. J. Kennedy, Ames, Iowa.

Steer, Spayed or Martin Heifer Two Years and Under Three — First,
South Oaks Chance 1383, W. J. Miller.

Steer, Spayed or Martin Heifer One Year and Under Tivo — First, Rol-
licker 1473, Rosenfeld & Siverly; second, Metz Prince 2d 1450, W. J.
Miller; third. Home Dale Defender, Silas Igo.

Steer, Spayed or Martin Heifer Under One Year — First, Metz Prince
3d, W. J. Miller.

Champion Steer, Spayed or Martin Heifer — Rollicker 1473, Rosenfeld
& Siverly.

Champion Group of Three Head Owned by Exhibitor — W. J. Miller.

FAT CATTLE— GALLOWAYS.
exhibitors.
G. W. Lindsey, Red Cloud, Nebraska; C. D. McPherson, Fairfield, Iowa.

AWARDS.

Judge A. M. Thompson.

Steer, Spayed or Martin Heifer Two Years and Under Three — First,
Buster Brown 27244, C. D. McPherson.

Steer, Spayed or Martin Heifer One Year and Under Two — First, Red
Cloud Chief, G. W. Lindsay.

Champion Steer, Spayed or Martin Heifer — Red Cloud Chief, G. W.
Lindsay.

FAT CATTLE— GRADES AND CROSS BREEDS.

exhibitors.

A. G. Abney, North Loup, Nebraska; Cargill & McMillan, LaCrosse,
Wisconsin; Carrothers Bros., Ryan, Iowa; Door & Redhead, Des Moines,
Iowa; Silas Igo, Palmyra, Iowa; W. J. Miller, Newton, Iowa; J. R. Peak

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX. 473

& Son, "Winchester, Illinois; C. A. Saunders, Manilla, Iowa; David
Weatherby, Denison, Iowa.

AWARDS.

/ W. J. Rutherford, Winnipeg, Canada.
•^^^^^ t C. B. DusTiN, Summer Hill, Illinois.

Steer, Spayed or Martin Heifer Tioo Years and Under Three — First,
Joker, J. R. Peak & Son; second. Sunshine 2d, Silas Igo; third, John, C. A.
Saunders; fourth. Wild Tom, W. J. Miller; fifth. White Foot, A. G. Abney.

Steer, Spayed or Martin Heifer One Year and Under Two — First, Robin
J. R. Peak & Son; second, Bonnie, Cargill & McMillan; third, Ike, C. A.
Saunders.

Steer, Spayed or Martin Heifer Under One Year — First, My Choice,
Silas Igo; second, Metz Joe, W. J. Miller; third, My Surprise, J. B.
Peak & Son.

Champion Steer, Spayed or Martin Heiger — First, My Choice, Silas Igo.

Champion Group of Three Oivned by One Exhibitor — First, J. R. Peak
& Son; second, Silas Igo; third, C. A. Saunders.

FAT CATTLE— GRAND CHAMPION.

EXBUBITOES.

Cargill & McMillan, LaCrosse, Wisconsin; Silas Igo, Palmyra, Iowa;
G. W. Lindsey, Red Cloud, Nebraska; Rosenfeld & Siverly, Kelly, Iowa;
C. A. Saunders, Manilla, Iowa.

Judges .

W. J. Rutherford, Winnipeg, Canada.
C. B. DusTix, Summer Hill, Illinois.

Steer, spayed or Martin heifer, any age or breed, limited to sweep-
stakes or champion steers, spayed or Martin heifers winning in pure bred
Short-horn, Hereford, Aberdeen-Angus, Galloway and the grade and cross-
bred sections. Fair Lad 1st 203171, Cargill & McMillan.

FAT CATTLE— GRAND CHAMPION GROUP.

EXHIBITORS.

Cargill & McMillan, LaCrosse, Wisconsin; J. R. Peak & Son, Win-
chester, Illinois; C. A. Saunders, Manilla, Iowa.

-, , f W. J. Rutherford, Winnipeg, Canada.

'^^^^^^^ \ C. B. Dustin, Summer Hill. Illinois.

Grand champion group of three steers, spayed or Martin heifers, con-
sisting of one steer, spayed or Martin heifer two years and under three,
one one year and under two, and one under one year, owned by one ex-

474 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

hibitor. Competition limited to the champion groups in Short-horns,
Hereford, Aberdeen-Angus, Galloway and grade and cross-bred sections.
Awarded to Cargill & McMillan.

SWINE DEPARTMENT.
Superintendent R. S. Johnston, Columbus Junction.

POLAND CHINA.

EXHIBITOKS.

Chas Ash, West Union, Iowa; A. J. Banks, Montour, Iowa; M. W. Bate-
man, Monroe, Iowa; John Bell, Wellman, Iowa; J. B. Blackley, Crown
Point, Indiana; Henry Bowman, Monroe, Iowa; S. N. Boyd, Russell, Iowa;
H. G. Boyer, Lovilla, Iowa; J. F. Bonner, Panora, Iowa; F. L. Brumback,
Cissna Park, Illinois; F. L. Bunton, West Union, Iowa; S. P. Chiles, Fair-
field, Iowa; S. P. Chiles & F. D. Winn, Fairfield, Iowa; J. I. Davis, Mount
Hammill, Iowa; A. W. DeWitt, Russell, Iowa; J. R. Elben & Sons, Massena,
Iowa; J. T. Elerback, Beatrice, Nebraska; J. H. Fawcett, Woodstock, Illi-
nois; O. L. Fay, Oneida, Illinois; R. H. Fitchenmiller, Farmington, Iowa;
John Francis & Sons, New Lenox, Illinois; J. M. Frey & Sons, Wadena,
Iowa; G. Friday & Sons, Sigourney, Iowa; J. Walter Garvey, Thayer,
Illionis; Gates Bros., Ravenwood, Missouri; John H. Gibbens, North
English, Iowa; M. J. Giblin, Parnell, Iowa; A. Glenn, Chicago, Illinois;
J. A. Goltry, Russell, Iowa; B. L. Gosick, Fairfield, Iowa; Hanson, Black
& Gaffery, Holbrook, Iowa; W. H. Harrison, Wright, Jowa; J. H. Harvey
& Son, Marysville, Missouri; Hemmerling & Palmer, Dike, Iowa; A. W.
Holland, New London, Iowa; J. R. Hoover & Sons, Oskaloosa, Iowa; M.

C. Howard, Grand Junction, Iowa; L. Hunsberger, Elgin, Iowa;
B. F. Ishmael, Laredo, Missouri; Harvey Johnson, Logan, Iowa F.

D. Kenworthy, Avon, Iowa; Wm. Kirk, Logan, Iowa; Chas. A. Lewis,
Beatrice, Nebraska; Lingenfelter & West, Altoona, Iowa; Jas. W. Locke &
Co., Remington, Indiana; J. L. Logg, Maxwell, Iowa; A. J. Lytle, Oska-
loosa, Iowa; J. A. Mason, Carlisle, Iowa; N. F. Miller, Knoxville, Iowa;
B. M. & A. D. Mitchell, Reinbeck, Iowa; Moon & Brown, Cromwell, Iowa;
Morris Bros. & Nicholson, Lohrville, Iowa; D. S. Needham, Woodward,
Iowa; O'Donnell & McCoy, Colo, Iowa; F. N. Orr, Albia, Iowa; E. G. Pace,
Muscatine, Iowa; J. M Pease & A. J. Pinck, Colfax, Iowa; Wm. Pedrick &
Son, Ottumwa, Iowa; G. A. Perry, Knoxville, Iowa; M. D. Porter, Van-
dalia, Missouri; Geo. Preston, West Branch, Iowa; J. S. Price. Musca-
tine, Iowa; Probert Bros., Wadena, Iowa; C. L. Prouty, Council Bluffs,
Iowa; C. W. Ramsey, Oakley, Iowa; B. T. Ray & B. O. Hunt, Ravens-
wood, Missouri; Andrew Rossow, Lohrville, Iowa; P. F. Sanders, Sig-
ourney, Iowa; Al Schwaller, Burlington, Iowa; E. A. Seaba, Sigourney,
Iowa; Mark I. Shaw, Monroe, Iowa; Smith & Fay, Oneida, Illinois; Chas.
H. Stone, Muscatine, Iowa; W. G. Stevenson, Knoxville, Iowa; Strater
Bros., Monroe, Iowa; W. Z. Swallow & Son, Waukee, Iowa; Dr. R. W.
Thomas, St. Joseph, Missouri; A. G. Tweed, LeGrand, Iowa; E. G.
Tweed, LeGrand, Iowa; M. M. Unterkirchner, Wever, Iowa; R. C. Walker,

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IXi 475

Augusta, Illinois; J. H. Watson, Madrid, Iowa; Wellington & Arbuckle,
Hope, Indiana; R. E. West, Altoona, Iowa; G. H. White, Emerson, Iowa;
Oliver Whiteman, Biggsville, Illinois; Wm. Wingate, Trenton, Missouri;
F. D. Winn, Randolph, Missouri; Frank Wolgamuth, Elgin, Iowa.

Judge Wilson Rowe, Ames, Iowa.

Boar Two Years Old or Over — First, Oliver Whitman; second, J. R.
Eblen & Sons; third, F. N. Orr; fourth. Moon & Brown; fifth, G. H. White;
sixth, M. D. Porter; seventh, Chas. A. Lewis.

Boar Eighteen Months and Under Two Years — First, Frank Wolgamuth;
second, S. P. Chiles; tiiird, H. G. Boyer; fourth, L. Hunsberger; fifth,
F. L. Bunton; sixth, F. L. Brumback; seventh, Chas. A. Lewis.

Boar One Year and Under Eighteen Months — First, J. Walter Garvey;
second, A. W. Holland; third, Dr. R. W. Thomas; fourth, Chas. A. Lewis;
fifth, John H. Gibbens; sixth, Al Schwaller; seventh, 0. L. Fay.

Boar Six Months and Under One Year — First, J. W. Fawcett; second,
Wellington & Arbuckle; third, W. Z. Swallow; fourth, M. M. Unterkirch-
ner; fifth, Jas. W. Locke & Co.; sixth, Harvey Johnson; seventh, Dr. R.
W. Thomas.

Boar Under Six Months — First, Wm. Wingate; second, B. L. Gosick;
third. S. P. Chiles & F. D. Winn; fourth, S. P. Chiles & F. D. Winn; fifth,
Wm. Wingate; sixth, J. S. Fawcett & Sons; seventh, Geo. Preston.

Sow Two Years Old or Over — First, Hemmerling & Palmer; second,
W. Z. Swallow; third, Wm. Kirk; fourth, A. W. DeWitt; fifth, E. G. Tweed;
sixth, E. G. Tweed; seventh, Chas. A. Lewis.

Sow Eighteen Months and Under Two Years — First, F. D. Winn; second,
F. D. Winn; third, Wellington & Arbuckle; fourth, Jas. W. Locke & Co.;
fifth, E. G. Pace; sixth, Hammerling & Palmer; seventh, Jas. W. Locke &
Co.;

Sow One Year and Under Eighteen Months — First, F. D. Winn; second,
F. D. Winn; third, E. M. & A. D. Mitchell; fourth, B. L. Gosick; fifth,
Wellington & Arbuckle; sixth, F. D. Winn; seventh, Jas. W. Locke & Co.

Sow Six Months and Under One Year — First, Wellington & Arbuckle,
second, J. H. Fawcett; third. Dr. R. W. Thomas; fourth, Jas. W. Locke
& Co.; fifth, O'Donnell & McCoy; sixth, Wellington & Arbuckle; seventh,
Wellington & Arbuckle.

Sow Under Six Months — First, S. P. Chiles; second, S. P. Chiles; third,
Wellington & Arbuckle; fourth, Wellington & Arbuckle; fifth, Jas W.
Locke; sixth, Jas. W. Locke & Co.; seventh, Probert Bros.

Boar and Three Sows Over One Year — First, F. D. Winn; second, A.
W. Holland; third, Wellington & Arbuckle; fourth, Jas. W. Locke & Co.;
fifth, Hammerling & Palmer; sixth, Chas. A. Lewis; seventh, W. Z.
Swallow & Son.

Boar and Three Sows Under One Year — First, J. H. Fawcett; second,
Wellington & Arbuckle; third, Jas. W. Locke & Son; fourth, Al Schwaller;
fifth, E. G. Tweed; sixth. Dr. R. W. Thomas; seventh, J. T. Elerback.

Boar and Three Sows Under One Year Bred by Exhibitor — First, F. D.
Winn; second, Jas. W. Locke & Co.; third, Hammerling & Palmer.

476 .IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Boar and Three Sows Under One Tear Bred by Exhibitor — First, J. H.
Fawcett; second, Wellington & Arbuckle; third, Jas. W. Locke & Co.;
fourth, Al Sch waller; fifth, E. G. Tweed; sixth, Dr. R. W. Thomas; sev-
enth, J. T. Elerback.

Get of Sire— First, F. D. Winn; second, J. H. Fawcett; third, Welling-
ton & Arbuckle; fourth, Jas. W. Locke & Co.; fifth, Jas. W. Locke & Co.;
sixth, Al Schwaller; seventh, Dr. R. W. Thomas.

Produce of Sow — First, S. P. Chiles; second, S. P. Chiles & F. D. Winn;
third, Geo. Preston; fourth, Jas. W. Locke & Co.; fifth, Wm. Pedrick &
Son; sixth, Wm. Pedrick & Son; seventh, C. W. Ramsey.

Champion Boar Any Age — Frank Wolgamuth.

Champion Sow Any Age — F. D. Winn.

Champion Boar Any Age Bred by Exhibitor — J. Walter Garvey.

Champion Sow Any Age Bred by Exhibitor — F. D. Winn.

BERKSHIRES.
EXHIBITOBS.

H. U. Hainline, Orient, Iowa; Houghton & Braman, Marshalltown,
Iowa; C. D. Johnson, Nashua, Iowa; W. O. Knapp, Guthrie Center, Iowa;
John C. Miller, Harlan, Iowa; Miller & Deitrich, Menlo, Iowa.

AWABDS.

Judge N. G. Gentry, Sedalia, Missouri.

Boar Three Years Old or Over — First, H. U. Hainline; second, C. D.
Johnson; third, Miller & Deitrich; fourth, Houghton & Braman; fifth,
Houghton & Braman.

Boar Eighteen Months and Under Two Years — First, C. D. Johnson;
second, Houghton & Braman.

Boar One Year Old and Under Eighteen Months — First, C. D. Johnson;
second, C. D. Johnson; third, Houghton & Braman.

Boar Six Months and Under One Year — First, C.' D. Johnson; second,
H. U. Hainline; third, H. U. Hainline, fourth, Miller & Deitrich; fifth,
Miller & Deitrich.

Boar Under Six Months — First, Miller & Deitrich; second, H. U. Hain-
line; third, C. D. Johnson; fourth, H. U. Hainline; fifth. Miller & Deitrich.

Sow Two Years Old and Over — First, H. U. Hainline; second, C. D.
Johnson; third, John C. Miller; fourth, Houghton & Braman.

Sow Eighteen Months and Under Tico Years — First, C. D. Johnson;
secoHd, John C. Miller.

Sow One Year and Under Eighteen Months — First, C. D. Johnson;
second, C. D, Johnson; third, C. D. Johnson; fourth, Houghton & Braman;
fifth, John C. Miller.

Soto Six Months and Under One Year — First, C. D. Johnson; second,
Miller & Deitrich; third, fourth and fifth, H. U. Hainline.

Sow Under Six Months — First, Miller & Deitrich; second Miller & Dei-
trich; third, H. U. Hainline; fourth and fifth, C. D. Johnson.

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX.

477

Boar and Three Sotcs Over One Tear — First and second, C. D. Johnson;
third, John C. Miller; fourth, Houghton & Braman.

Boar and Three Sous Under One Tear — First, C. D. Johnson; second,
Miller & Deitrich; third and fourth, H. U. Mainline; fifth, Houghton &
Braman.

Boar and Three Soivs Over One Tear Bred by Exhibitor — First, C. D.
Johnson; second, Houghton & Braman.

Boar and Three Soivs Under One Tear Bred by Exhibitor — First, C. D.
Johnson; second. Miller & Deitrich; third H. U. Hainline; fourth, H. U.
Hainline; fifth, Houghton & Braman.

Get of Sire — First and second, C. D. Johnson; third. Miller & Deitrich;
fourth, H. U. Hainline; fifth. Miller & Deitrich.

Produce of Soic — First, Miller & Deitrich; second, H. U. Hainline;
third, C. D. Johnson.

MODEL H. 5Th 90593.

CHAMPJOH^^mMD Cm/^PfOJ^^OWA STATE
SAIR JSOI '^jJ

Berkshire sow exhibited at Iowa State Fair and Exposition 1907 by H. U. Hainline,

Orient, Iowa.

Champion Boar Any Age — H. U. Hainline.

Champion Sow Any Age — H. U. Hainline.

Champion Boar Any Age Bred by Exhibitor — C. D. Johnson.

Champion Soic Any Age Bred by Exhibitor — H. U. Hainline.

CHESTER WHITE.

EXHIBITOES.

Allen Bros., Russell, Iowa; J. L. Barber, Harlan, Iowa; W. T. Barr,
Ames, Iowa; B. M. Boyer, Farmington, Iowa; E. J. Brouhard, Colo, Iowa;
G. T. Clark, Bella, Iowa; W. H. Dunbar, Jefferson, Iowa; B. M. Eastburn.

478 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Hillsboro, Iowa; A. B. Heath, Newell, Iowa; W. F. Hemmerling, Dike,
Iowa; J. W. Holowell, Fairfield, Iowa; Humbert & White, Nashua, Iowa;
A. J. Johnson, Brighton, Iowa; Geo. H. Lawshe, Harlan, Iowa; E. J.
Leavens, Shell Rock, Iowa; J. A. Loughridge, Delta, Iowa; J. H. Mahanna,
North English, Iowa; Wm. Michael, Selma, Iowa; S. B. Mills, Ames, Iowa;
E. L. Nagle & Son, Deep River, Iowa; H. L. Orcutt, Monroe, Iowa; O.
Osborne, Maxwell, Iowa; N. A. Ranck & Co., Niota, Iowa; Clark Richard-
son, Pella, Iowa; S. W. Stevens, Collins, Iowa; Wm. Whitted, Monroe,
Iowa.

AWABDS.

Judge N. H. Gentry, Sedalia, Missouri.

Boar Two Years Old or Over — First, H. L. Orcutt; second, S. W.
Stevens; third, Humbert & White; fourth, A. B. Heath; fifth, E. L.
Nagle & Son; sixth, J. W. Holowell; seventh Humbert & White.

Boar Eighteen Months and Under Two Years — First, Humbert &
White; second, Humbert & White; third, Wm. Michael; fourth, N. A.
Ranck & Co.; fifth, A. J. Johnson; sixth, Humbert & White; seventh, W. T.
Barr.

Boar One Year and Under Eighteen Months — First, W. F. Hemmerling;
second and third, Humbert & White; fourth, E. J. Brouhard; fifth, Allen
Bros.; sixth, J. L. Barber; seventh, E. J. Brouhard.

Boar Six Months and Under One Year — First and second, Humbert &
White; third and fourth, W. P. Hemmerling; fifth and sixth, Humbert &
White; seventh, J. L. Barber.

Boar Under Six Months — First and second, J. H. Mahanna, third, W.
H. Dunbar; fourth, E. L. Nagle & Son; fifth, J. L. Barber; sixth, W. T.
Barr; seventh, Allen Bros.

Sow Two Years Old or Over — First, J. L. Barber; second, Humbert &
White; third, W. F. Hemmerling; fourth, Humbert & White, fifth and
sixth, J. L. Barber.

Sow Eighteen Months and Under Two Years — First and second, Hum-
bert & White; third, J. L. Barber; fourth, Humbert & White.

Sow One Year and Under Eighteen Months — Frst, J. L. Barber; second
and third, Humbert & White; fourth, J. L. Barber; fifth, Humbert &
White; sixth and seventh, Geo. H. Lawshe.

Sow Six Months and Under One Year — First and second, Humbert &
White; third, J. L. Barber; fourth, W. F. Hemmerling; fifth, Humbert &
White; sixth, E. L. Nagle & Sons; seventh, N. A. Ranck & Co.

Sow Under Six Months — First and second, J. A. Loughridge; third, W.
T. Barr; fourth, J. A. Loughridge; fifth, W. T. Barr; sixth, J. L. Barber;
seventh, E. J. Brouhard.

Boar and Three Sows Over One Year — First and second, Humbert &
White; third and fourth, J. L. Barber.

Boar and Three Sows Under One Year — First and second, Humbert &
White; third, W. F. Hemmerling; fourth, J. H. Mahanna; fifth, J. L.
Barber; sixth, J. A. Loughridge; seventh, W. T. Barr.

Boar and Three Sows Over One Year Bred by Exhibitor — First and
second, Humbert & White; third, J. L. Barber.

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART IX. 479

Boar and Three Sows Under One Year Bred by Exhibitor — First and
second, Humbert & White; third, W. F. Hemmerling; fourth, J. H. Ma-
hanna; fifth, J. L. Barber; sixth, J. A. Loughridge; seventh, W. T. Barr.

Get of Sire — First and second, Humbert & White; third, W. F. Hem-
merling; fourth, J. H. Mahanna; fifth, J. L. Barber; sixth, J. A. Lough-
ridge; seventh, W. T. Barr.

Prodxice of Sow — First, J. H. Mahanna; second, .J. A. Loughridge; third,
W. T. Barr; fourth, A. B. Heath; fifth, Allen Bros.; sixth, Wm. Whitted;
seventh, J. L. Barber.

Champion Boar, Any Age — H. L. Orcutt.

Champion Sow, Any Age — J. L. Barber.

Champion Boar, Any Age, Bred by Exhibitor — H. L. Orcutt.

Champion Sow, Any Age, Bred by Exhibitor — Humbert & White.

DUROC JERSEY.

EXHIBITORS.

Edw. Aldrich, Rosemond, Illinois; H. S. Allen, Russell, Iowa; A. P.
Alsin, Boone, Iowa; Geo. Askren, Tingley, Iowa; L. Baker, Mingo, Iowa;
Balmot & Son, Mason City, Iowa; E. & C. V. Beaver, Anita, Iowa; W. R.
Bennethum, Madrid, Iowa; Reynold Blafield, Central City, Iowa; O. H.
Chitty, Toledo, Iowa; S. G. Collicot, Lake City, Iowa; Comer & Gilliland,
Carlinville, Illinois; E. J. Compton, Newell, Iowa; J. A. Cottingham, In-
dianola, Iowa; E. E. Courtright & Son, Pilot Mound, Iowa; M. C. Cramer,
Monroe, Iowa; H. G. Davidson, Brooklyn, Iowa; U. G. Davidson, Manson,
Iowa; John Dulaney, Blair, Nebraska; Easton Bros., Galva, Iowa; Sher-
man Edwards, Bondurant, Iowa; M. M. Elmendorf, Lacona, Iowa; F.
Fowler & Son, Menlo, Iowa; S. P. Freed, Ames, Iowa; F. B. Garrett, Lohr-
ville, Iowa; F. W. Geno, Sigourney, Iowa; S. A. & G. A. Grimes, Russell,
Iowa; Hanks & Bishop, New London, Iowa; R. J. Harding, Macedonia,
Iowa; W. J. Hartung, Maxwell, Iowa; John Henderson, Panora, Iowa;
Mrs. F. H. Herring, Kalona, Iowa; Dwight Hills, Cedar Falls, Iowa; G. W.
Hockett, Manning, Iowa; G. N. Hoffman, Sigourney, Iowa; W. H. Hudson,
Lohrville, Iowa; Claude Huffman. Scranton, Iowa; Edw. Hummer, Iowa
City, Iowa; Ira Jackson, Tippecanoe City, Ohio; Johnson Bros. & New-
kirk, Brooklyn and Rose Hill, Iowa; John Justice, Ankeny, Iowa; W. D.
Kail, Carlisle, Iowa; 0. A. Kilpatrick, Harlan, Iowa; W. F. Kilpatrick,
Harlan, Iowa; Kilpatrick & Wilson, Bethany, Nebraska; Geo. Kopf, Far-
rar, Iowa; H. W. Lineweaver, South English, Iowa; C. E. Longnecker,
Maxwell, Iowa; Geo. L. Lust, Monroe, Iowa; C. A. McCune, Menlo, Iowa;
Chas. G. McGinnis, Nevinville, Iowa; S. J. Madison, Nevinville, Iowa;
Geo. Manfold, Shannon City, Iowa; B. C. Martz, Polk City, Iowa; May &
Porter, Remington, Indiana; E. D. Michael, Selma, Iowa; Geo. H. Miller,
Chariton, Iowa; C. R. Mills, Central City, Iowa; M. S. Moats & Son, Ran-
dolph, Nebraska; O. L. Mossman, Polk City, Iowa; A. W. H. Orr, Lorimer,
Iowa; O. Osborn, Maxwell, Iowa; O. E. Osborn, Weston, Iowa; J. M.
Pease & A. J. Pinck, Colfax, Iowa; Gus A. Pederson, Ocheyedan, Iowa;
D. J. Pollock, Thayer, Iowa; A. E. Pousch, Chariton, Iowa; W. J. Prather,

480 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Russell, Iowa; W. A. Rankin, Carson, Iowa; A. J. & C. H. Reiser, Sanborn,
Iowa; Austin Renshaw, Blair, Nebraska; L. H. Roberts & Son, Paton,
Iowa; W. H. Rodenbough, Macedonia, Iowa; E. J. Russell, Blair, Nebraska;
Sexsmith & Strong, Greenfield, Iowa; J. C. Smith, Eagle Grove, Iowa;
Aug. Sonneland, Harlan, Iowa; Aug. Sonneland & A. Voge, Harlan, Iowa;
C. M. Stout, Rose Hill, Iowa; Ed Stout, Rose Hill, Iowa; G. W. .Stout,
Rose Hill, Iowa; W. F. Stout, Delta, Iowa; J. Stroh, DeWitt, Nebraska;
A. T. Sundell, Paton, Iowa; F. S. Taylor, Wellman, Iowa; Taylor & Allen,
Humeston, Iowa; G. W. Trone & Son, Rushville, Indiana; C. E. Veak,
Essex, Iowa; Aug. N. Voge, Portsmouth, Iowa; A. N. Voge & A. Sonneland,
Portsmouth, Iowa; J. E. Wehr, Portsmouth, Iowa; Weighton & Ashby,
Audubon, Iowa; Roy West, Bondurant, Iowa; West & Jones, Bondurant
and Berwick, Iowa; White & Dewey, Shannon City, Iowa; W. L. Wiley,
Menlo, Iowa; C. A. Wright, Rosendale, Missouri; W\ L. Wright, Jr., Rosen-
dale, Missouri.

AWARDS.

Judge J. E. Drake, Yellow Springs, Ohio.

Boar Tiso Years Old or Over — First, G. W. Hockett; second, Johnson
Bros. & Newkirk; third, E. J. 'Russell; fourth, S. P. Freed; fifth, M. S.
Moats & Son; sixth, L. H. Roberts & Son; seventh, E. J. Russell.

Boar Eighteen Months and Under Ttco Tears — First, A. N. Voge & A.
Sonneland; second, Ira Jackson; third, R. J. Harding; fourth. Hanks &
Bishop.

Boar One Tear and Under Eighteen Months — First, Comer & Qilliland;
second and third, Johnson Bros. & Newkirk; fourth, 0. E. Osborn; fifth,
Gus A. Pederson; sixth, Hanks & Bishop; seventh, Kilpatrick & Wilson.

Boar Six Months and Under One Year — First, Ira Jackson; second, R.
J. Harding; third, H. W. Lineweaver; fourth, Johnson Bros. & Newkirk;
fifth, W. F. Stout; sixth, A. T. Sundell; seventh, W. H. Rodenbough.

Boar Under Six Months — First, F. Fowler & Son; second, O. A. Kil-
patrick; third, Johnson Bros. & Newkirk; fourth, Edw. Aldrich; fifth,
W. P. Kilpatrick; sixth, Sexsmith & Strong; seventh, W. H. Rodenbough.

Sow Two Tears Old or Over — First, Ira Jackson; second, Johnson Bros.
& Newkirk; third, W. F. Kilpatrick; fourth, L. H. Roberts & Son; fifth,
L. H. Roberts & Son; sixth, G. W. Hockett; seventh, Claude Huffman.

Sow Eighteen Months and Under Tivo Years — First, F. E. Garrett; sec-
ond, O. E. Osborn; third, Johnson Bros. & Newkirk; fourth, A. E. Pousch;
fifth, Balmot & Son; sixth, Ira Jackson; seventh, Easton Bros.

Sow One Year and Under Eighteen Months — First, F. E. Garrett; sec-
ond, G. W. Hockett; third, Aug. N. Voge; fourth, Johnson Bros. & New-
kirk; fifth, Easton Bros.; sixth, L. H. Roberts & Son; seventh, A. T. Sun-
dell.

Soiv Six Months and Under One Year — First, W. H. Rodenbough; sec-
ond, Ira Jackson; third, Johnson Bros. & Newkirk; fourth, W. F. Kil-
patrick; fifth, Roy West; sixth, R. J. Harding; seventh, A. T. Suudall.

Sow Under Six Months — First, Johnson Bros. & Newkirk; second. Easton
Bros.; third, Geo. Manfold; fourth, G. \Y. Trone & Son; fifth. Hanks &
Bishop; sixth, Mrs. F. H. Herring; seventh, F. Fowler & Son.

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART X. 481

Boar and Three Sows Over One Year — First, G. W. Hockett; second,
Johnson Bros. & Newkirk; third, L. H. Roberts & Son; fourth, O. E. Os-
borne; fifth, Ira Jackson; sixth, L. H. Roberts & Son; seventh, Johnson
Bros. & Newkirli.

Boar and Three Sows Under One Year — First, Ira Jackson; second, R. J.
Harding; third and fourth, Johnson Bros. & Newkirk; fifth, W. F. Stout;
sixth, A. T. Sundell; seventh, W. J. Prather.

Boar and Three Soios Over One Year Bred by Exhibitor — First, John-
son Bros. & Newkirk; second, O. B. Osborne; third, Johnson Bros. & New-
Ivirk; fourtli, Ira Jackson; fifth, H. S. Allen; sixth, Easton Bros.; sev-
enth, E. J. Compton.

Boar and Three Sows Under One Year Bred by Exhibitor — First, Ira
Jackson; second, R. J. Harding; third and fourth, Johnson Bros. & New-
kirk; fifth, F. Fowler & Son; sixth, Johnson Bros. & Newkirk; seventh,
G. W. Trone & Son.

Get of Sire — First, Johnson Bros. & Newkirk; second, Ira Jackson;
third, E. J. Russell; fourth, R. J. Harding; fifth, L. H. Roberts & Son;
sixth, Johnson Bros. & Newkirk; seventh, G. W. Trone & Son.

Produce of Soic — First, Johnson Bros. & Newkirk; second, G. W. Trone
& Son; third, Geo. Manfold; fourth, J. A. Cottingham; fifth, W. F. Stout;
sixth, Sexsmith & Strong; seventh, W. F. Kilpatrick.

Champion Boar, Any Age — Comer & Gilliland.

Champion Sow, Any Age — F. E. Garrett.

Champion Boar, Any Age, Bred by Exhibitor — Johnson Bros. & Newkirk.

Champion Soiv, Any Age, Bred by Exhibitor — Johnson Bros. & Newkirk.

LARGE YORKSHIRE.

EXHIBITORS.

Jas. Atkinson, Des Moines, Iowa; B. F. Davidson, Menlo, Iowa; Mike
Messenger, Dale, Iowa; J. L. Todd & Son, Woodward.

AWARDS.

Judge J. J. Ferguson, Chicago, Illinois.

Boar Tioo Years Old or Over — First, Jas. Atliinson; second, B. F. David-
son.

Boar One Year and Under Eighteen Months — First, B. F. Davidson;
second and third, J. L. Todd & Son.

Boar Six Months and Under One Year — First and second, B. F. David-
son; third, Jas. Atkinson; fourth, B. F. Davidson; fifth, Jas. Atkinson.

Boar Under Six Months — First, second, third and fourth, B. F. David-
son; fifth, Jas. Atkinson.

Sow Two Years Old or Over — First and second, B. F. Davidson; third
and fourth, Jas. Atkinson; fifth, B. F. Davidson.

Sow Eighteen Months and Under One Year — First, J. L. Todd & Son.

Sotv One Year and Under Eighteen Months — First, B. F. Davidson;
second, J. L. Todd & Son; third, B. F. Davidson; fourth, Mike Messenger;
fifth, J. L. Todd & Son.
31

482 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE.

Sow Six Months and Under One Year — First and second, Jas. Atkinson;
third, fourth and fifth, B. F. Davidson.

Sow Under Six Months — First and second, B. F. Davidson; third ana
fourth, Jas. Atkinson; fifth, B. F. Davidson.

Boar and Three Sows Over One Tear — First, Jas. Atkinson; second, B.
F. Davidson; third, J. L. Todd & Son; fourth, Mike Messenger.

Boar and Three Sows Under One Tear — First and second, B. F. David-
son; third, Jas. Atkinson; fourth, J. L. Todd & Son.

Boar and Three So^vs Over One Tear Bred by E xhibitor— First, Mike
Messenger.

Boar and Three Sows Under One Tear Bred by Exhibitor — First and
second, B. F. Davidson; third, Jas. Atkinson; fourth, J. L. Todd & Son.

Get of Sire — First and second, B. F. Davidson; third, Jas. Atkinson;
fourth, J. L. Todd & Son.

Produce of Sow — First, B. F. Davidson; second, Jas. Atliinson; third,
B. F. Davidson; fourth, J. L. Todd & Son; fifth, Mike Messenger.

Champion Boar, Any Age — Jas. Atlvinson.

Champion Sow, Any Age — B. F. Davidson.

Champion Boar, Any Age, Bred by Exhibitor — B. F. Davidson.

Champion Sow, Any Age, Bred by Exhibitor — B. F. Davidson.

TAM WORTH.

EXHIBITORS.

J. W. Justice, Kalona, Iowa; Nye Patterson, Kalona, Iowa; C. C. Roup,
Kalona, Iowa; Dr. E. O. Thomas, Kalona, Iowa; Frank Thorntaer, Carth-
age, Illinois.

AV^^AKDS.

Judge J. J. Fergusox, Chicago, Illinois.

Boar Two Tears Old or Over — First, Frank Thornber; second, J. W.
Justice; third, Frank Thornber.

Boar Eighteen Months and Under One Tear — First, Nye Patterson.

Boar One Tear and Under Eighteen Months — First, C. C. Roup; second,
J. W. Justice; third, Frank Thornber; fourth, J. W. Justice.

Boar Six Months and Under One Tear — First, Frank Thornber; second,
J. W. Justice; third, C. C. Roup; fourth, Frank Thornber.

Boar Under Six Months — First, Dr. E. 0. Thomas; second and third,
J. W. Justice; fourth, Nye Patterson; fifth, Frank Thornber.

Sow Tioo Tears Old or Over — First, C. C. Roup; second and third, Frank
Thornber; fourth, J. W. Justice.

Sow Eighteen Months and Under Tivo Tears — First, Frank Thornber;
second, C. C. Roup.

Sow One Tear and Under Eighteen Months — First, Frank Thornber;
second, C. C. Roup; third, J. W. Justice; fourth, Frank Thornber; fifth,
Nye Patterson.

Sow Six Months and Under One Tear — First, C. C. Roup; second, Frank
Thornber; third, C. C. Roup.

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 483

Sow Under Six Months — First, Frank Thornber; second. Dr. E. O.
Thomas; third, J. W. Justice; fourth, J. W. Justice; fifth, C. C. Roup.

Boar and Three Sows Over One Year — First, Frank Thornber; second,
C. C. Roup; third, J. W. Justice.

Boar and Three Sows Under One Year — First, Frank Thornber; second,
J. W. Justice; third, Nye Patterson.

Boar and Three Sows Over One Year Bred by Exhibitor — -First and
second, Frank Thornber.

Boar and Three Sows Under One Year Bred by Exhibitor — First, J. W.
Justice; second, Nye Patterson; third, Frank Thornber.

Get of Sire — First, Frank Thornber; second, J. W. Justice; third, C. C.
Roup; fourth, Nye Patterson; fifth, Frank Thornber.

Produce of Sow — First, J. W. Justice; second, Nye Patterson; third,
Frank Thornber; fourth, C. C. Roup.

Champion Boar Any Age — Frank Thornber.

Champion Sow, Any Age — C. C. Roup.

Champion Boar, Any Age, Bred by Exhibitor — Dr. E. O. Thomas.

Champion Sow, Any Age, Bred by Exhibitor — C. C. Roup.

SHEEP DEPARTMENT.
SxjPERiNTENDEXT H. L. PiKE, Whiting, Iowa.

MERINOS, AMERICAN, SPANISH OR DELAINE.

EXHIBITORS.

E. M. Moore, Orchard Lake, Michigan; M. L. Wheeler, Belknap, Iowa.

AWARDS.

Judge G. W. Hervey, Omaha, Nebraska.

Ram Tico Years Old or Over — First, E. M. Moore; second, M. L.
Wheeler; third, E. M. Moore.

Ram One Year Old and Under Tivo — First and second, E. M. Moore.

Ram Lamb — First and second, E. M. Moore.

Ewe Tico Years Old or Over — First, second and third, E. M. Moore.

Etve One Year Old and Under Tico — First, second and third, E. M.
Moore.

Ewe Lamb — First and second, E. M. Moore.

Get of Sire — E. M. Moore.

Flock — First and second, E. M. Moore.

Champion Pure Bred Ram, Any Age — E. M. Moore. i

Champion Pure Bred Eice, Any Age — E. M. Moore.

RAMBOUILLET.

EXHIBITORS.

P. Clark & Son, Cable, Ohio; Dixon & Deaner, Brandon, Wisconsin; E.
M. Moore, Orchard Lake, Michigan; M. L. Wheeler, Belknap, Iowa; Robt.
Taylor, Abbott, Nebraska.

484 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

AWARDS.

Judge G. W. Hervey, Omaha, Nebraska.

Ram Two Tears Old or Over — First, Robt. Taylor; second, Dixon &
Deaner; third, B. M. Moore.

Ram One Year Old and Under Tico — First, E. M. Moore; second, Dixon
& Deaner; third, E. M. Moore.

Ram Lamb — First, P. Clark & Son; second, Robt. Taylor; third, E. M.
Moore.

Ewe Two Years or Over — First and second, E. M. Moore; third, Dixon
& Deaner.

Ewe One Year Old and Under Two — First and second, Robt. Taylor;
third, Dixon & Deaner.

Ewe Lamb — First, E. M. Moore; second, R. Clark & Son; third, E. M.
Moore.

Get of Sire— First, P. Clark & Son; second, Robt. Taylor.

Flock — First, Robt. Taylor; second, Dixon & Deaner.

Champion Pure Bred Ram, Any Age — Robt. Taylor.

Champion Pure Bred Ewe, Any Age — Robt. Taylor.

COTSWOLDS.

EXHIBITORS.

F. H. Coriell, Stockport, Iowa; F. W. Harding, Waujvesha, Wisconsin;
Lewis Bros., Camp Point, Illinois.

AWARDS.

Judge Howard A. Chandler, Chariton, Iowa.

Ram Two Years Old or Over — First, Lewis Bros.; second. F. W. Hard-
ing; third, Lewis Bros.

Ram One Year Old and Under Two — First, Lewis Bros.; second and
third, F. W. Harding.

Ram Lamb — First, F. W. Harding; second, Lewis Bros.; third, F. W.
Harding.

Ewe Two Years Old and Over — First and second, F. W. Harding; third,
Lewis Bros.

Ewe One Year Old and Under Tivo — First, F. W. Harding; second,
Lewis Bros.; third, F. W. Harding.

Ewe Lamb — First, Lewis Bros.; second and third, F. W. Harding.

Get of Sire — First, Lewis Bros.; second, F. W. Harding.

Elock — First, Lewis Bros.; second, F. W. Harding.

Champion Pure Bred Ram, Any Age — Lewis Bros.

Champion Pure Bred Eioe, Any Age — F. W. Harding.

LEICESTERS.
exhibitors.
Robt. Taylor, Abbott. Nebraska.

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 485

Judge G. W. Hebvey, Omaha, Nebraska.

Ram Two Years Old or Over — First, Robt. Taylor.

Ram One Year Old and Under Tivo — First and second, Robt. Taylor.

Ram Lamb — First and second, Robt. Taylor.

Ewe Two Years Old or Over — First and second, Robt. Taylor.

Ewe One Year Old and Under Two — First and second, Robt. Taylor.

Ewe Lamb — First and second, Robt. Taylor.

Get of Sire — First, Robt. Taylor.

Flock — First and second, Robt. Taylor.

Champion Pure Bred Ram,, Any Age — Robt. Taylor.

Champion Pure Bred Ewe, Any Age — Robt. Taylor.

LINCOLNS.

EXHIBITOBS.

Alex A. Arnold & Sons, Galesville, Wisconsin.

AWABDS.

Judge G. W. Hebvey, Omaha, Nebraska.

Ram Two Years Old or Over — First, second and third, Arnold & Sons.

Ram One Year Old and Under Two — First, second and third, Arnold

Sons.

Ram Lamb — First, second and third, Arnold & Sons.

Ewe Two Years Old or Over — First, second and third, Arnold & Sons.

Ewe One Year Old and Under Two — First and second, Arnold & Sons.

Ewe Lamb — First and second, Arnold & Sons.

Oet of Sire — Arnold & Sons.

Flock — First and second, Arnold & Sons.

Champion Pure Bred Ram, Any Age — Arnold & Sons.

Champion Pure Bred Ewe, Any Age — Arnold & Sons.

HAMPSHIRE DOWNS.

EXHIBITOBS.

Alex A. Arnold & Sons, Galesville, Wisconsin; Blanchar Bros., Winne-
bago, Minnesota; F. W. Harding, Waukesha, Wisconsin; Robt. Taylor,
Abbott, Nebraska.

AWABDS.

Judge Howabd A. Chandler, Chariton, Iowa.

Ram Tico Years Old or Over — First, F. W. Harding; second and third,
Renk Bros.

Ram One Year Old and Under Tivo — First, Renk Bros.; second, P. W.
Harding; third, Renk Bros.

486

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Champion Hampshire Down ram one year old and under two shown at Iowa State
Fair and Exposition 1907, by Renk Bros.

Ram Lamb — First, F. W. Harding; second, F. W. Harding; third, Renk
Bros.

Ewe Two Years Old or Over — First, Renk Bros.; second and third,
F. W. Harding.

Ewe One Year Old and Under Two — First, F. W. Harding; second, Renk
Bros.; third, F. W. Harding.

Ewe Laml) — First and second, Renk Bros.; third, F. W. Harding.

Get of Sire — First, Robt. Taylor; second, Alex A. Arnold & Sons.

Champion Pure Bred Ram, Any Age — Renk Bros.

Champion Pure Bred Ewe, Any Age — Renk Bros.

SHROPSHIRES.

EXHIBITORS.

Blanchar Bros., "Winnebago, Minnesota; Chandler Bros., Chariton, Iowa;
Dixon & Deaner, Brandon, Wisconsin; J. S. Fawcett & Sons, Springdale,
Iowa; F. W. Harding, Waukesha, AVisconsin ; Kaufman Bros., Monroe,

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X.

487

Iowa; F. P. McAdoo, Indianola, Iowa; Geo. McKerrow & Sons, Pewaukee,
Wisconsin; O. H. Peasley & Son, Indianola, lov/a; Plumly Bros., Spring-
ville, Iowa; Renlv Bros., Sun Prairie, Wisconsin; C. J. Wilkinson, Colfax,
Iowa.

Judge J. A. McLean, Ames, Iowa.

Ram Two Years Old or Over — First, Geo. McKerrow & Sons; second,
Chandler Bros.; third, Geo. McKerrow & Sons.

Ram One Year Old and Under Tico — First, Chandler Bros.; second,
Geo. McKerrow & Sons; third, F. AV. Harding.

Ram Lamb — First, Chandler Bros.; second, Geo. McKerrow & Sons;
third, Renk Bros.

Ewe Tico Years Old or Over — First, Renk Bros.; second, F. W. Hard-
ing; third. Chandler Bros.

Ewe One Year Old and Under Two — First, Geo. McKerrow & Sons; sec-
ond, Renk Bros.; third, F. W. Harding.

Eice Laml) — First, Geo. McKerrow & Sons; second. Chandler Bros.;
third, Renk Bros.

Get of Sire — First, Chandler Bros.; second, O. H. Peasley & Son.

Flock — Geo. McKerrow & Sons.

Champion Pure Bred Ravi, Any Age — Chandler Bros.

ChavifAon Pure Bred Ewe. Any Age — Geo. McKerrow & Sons.

Champion Shropshire ram shown by Chandler Bros, at the Iowa State Fair and

Exposition 1907.

488 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTXIEIE.

SPECIAL PREMIUMS OFFERED BY THE AMERICAN SHEOPSHIEE REGISTRY
ASSOCIATION.

Ram Two Years Old or Over — First, Chandler Bros.; second, Geo. Mc-
Kerrow & Sons; third, Blanchar Bros.

Ram One Year Old and Under Tivo — First, Blanchar Bros.; second, Geo.
McKerrow & Sons; third, Plumly Bros.

Ram, Lamb — First, second and third, O. H. Peasley & Son.

Ewe Two Years Old or Over — First, Chandler Bros.; second, Plumly
Bros.; third, Kaufman Bros.

Ewe One Year Old and Under Tivo — First and second, Blanchar Bros.;
third, Plumly Bros.

Eioe Lamb — First, J. S. Fawcett & Son; second, Plumly Bros.; third,
O. H. Peasley; fourth, Plumly Bros.

Champion Ram, Any Age — Chandler Bros.

Champion Ewe, Any Age — Chandler Bros.

Get of Sire — First, O. H. Peasley & Son; second, Plumly Bros.; third,
Blanchar Bros.

Flock — First, Blanchar Bros.; second, Plumly Bros.; third, 0. H. Peas-
ley.

IOWA SHROPSHIRES.

EXHIBITORS.

Chandler Bros., Chariton, Iowa; W. L. Farmer, Indianola, Iowa; J. S.
Fawcett & Sons, Springdale, Iowa; Kaufman Bros., Monroe, Iowa; F. P.
McAdoo, Indianola, Iowa; 0. H. Peasley & Son, Indianola, Iowa; Plumly
Bros., Springville, Iowa.

AWARDS.

Judge J. A. McLean, Ames, Iowa.

Ram Two Years Old or Over — First, 0. H. Peasley & Son; second, Kauf-
man Bros.; third, J. S. Fawcett & Son; fourth, Plumly Bros.; fifth, F. P.
McAdoo.

Ram One Year Old and Under Tivo — First, Plumly Bros.; second, O. H.
Peasley & Son; third and fourth, Plumly Bros.; fifth, F. P. McAdoo; sixth,
J. S. Fawcett & Son; seventh, O. H. Peasley & Son.

Ra77i Lamb — First, second, third and fourth, 0. H. Peasley & Son;
fifth, J. S. Fawcett & Son; sixth, W. L. Farmer; seventh, J. S. Fawcett
& Son.

Ewe Two Years Old or Over — First, Chandler Bros.; second, Plumly
Bros.; third, F. P. McAdoo; fifth, J. S. Fawcett & Son; sixth, O. H. Peasley
& Son; seventh, Plumly Bros.

Ewe One Year Old and Under Tioo — First, second and third, Plumly
Bros.; fourth, O. H. Peasley & Son; fifth and sixth, J. S. Fawcett & Son;
seventh, W. L. Farmer.

Ewe Lamb — First, J. S. Fawcett & Son; second, Plumly Bros.; third,
0. H. Peasley & Son; fourth and fifth, Plumly Bros.; sixth and seventh,
Kaufman Bros.

Get of Sire — First, J. S. Fawcett & Son; second, 0. H. Peasley & Son;
third, Plumly Bros.

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART X. 489

Flock — First, Plumly Bros.; second, O. H. Peasley & Son; third, J. S.
Fawcett & Sons.

Champion Ram, Any Age — 0. H. Peasley & Son.
Champion Ewe, Any Age — Chandler Bros.

OXFORD DOWNS.

EXHIBITOBS.

F. H. Coriell, Stockport, Iowa; John Graham & Son, Eldora, Iowa; F. P.
McAdoo, Indianola, Iowa; Geo. McKerrow & Sons, Pewaukee, Wisconsin;
W. W. Waltmire, Peculiar, Missouri.

Judge J. A. McLean, Ames, Iowa.

Ram Two Years Old or Over — First, Geo. McKerrow & Sons; second,
F. H. Coriell; third, Geo. McKerrow & Sons.

Ram One Year Old and Under Ttvo — First and second, Geo. McKerrow
& Sons; third, F. H. Coriell.

Ram Lamb — First, W. W. Waltmire; second and third, Geo. McKerrow
& Sons.

Ewe Two Years Old or Over — First, W. W. Waltmire; second, Geo. Mc-
Kerrow & Sons; third, W. W. Waltmire.

Etve One Year Old and Under Two — First and second, Geo. McKerrow
& Sons; third, F. R. Coriell.

Ewe Lamb — First and second, W. W. Waltmire; third, Geo. McKerrow
& Sons.

Get of Sire — First, John Graham & Son.

Flock — First, Geo. McKerrow & Sons; second, W. W. Waltmire.

Champion Pure Bred Ram of Any Age — Geo. McKerrow & Sons.

Champion Pure Bred Eice of Any Age — Geo. McKerrow & Sons.

IOWA OXFORD DOWNS.

EXHIBITORS.

F. H. Coriell, Stockport, Iowa; John Graham & Son, Eldora, Iowa; F. P.
McAdoo, Indianola, Iowa.

AWARDS.

Judge. . . . -. J. A. McLean, Ames, Iowa.

Ram Two Years Old or Over — First, John Graham.

Ram One Year Old and Under Ttoo — First and second, John Graham &
Son.

Ram Lamb — First, F. P. McAdoo; second, F. H. Coriell; third, John
Graham & Son.

Ewe Txoo Years Old or Over — First, John Graham & Son.

Ewe One Year Old and Under Two — First and second, John Graham
& Son.

490 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Ewe Lamb — First, F. H. Coriell; second and third, John Graham & Son.

Get of Sire — First, John Graham & Son; second, F. H. Coriell.

Flock — John Graliam & Son.

Chavipion Ram, Any Age — John Graham & Son.

Champion Eive, Any Age — John Graham & Son.

SOUTHDOWNS.

EXHIBITORS.

Geo. McKerrow & Sons, Pewaukee, Wisconsin.

AWARDS.

Judge G. W. Hekvey, Omaha, Nebraska.

Ram Tivo Tears Old or Over — First and second, Geo. IMcKerrow & Sons.

Ram One Year Old and Under Tico — First and second, Geo. McKerrow
& Sons.

Ravi Lamb — First, Geo. McKerrow & Sons.

Ewe Tivo Years Old or Over — First and second, Geo. McKerrow & Sons.

Ewe One Year Old and Under Tivo — First and second, Geo. McKerrow
& Sons.

Eioe Lamb — First and second, Geo. McKerrow & Sons.

Flock — First and second, Geo. McKerrow & Sons.

Charnpion Pure Bred Ram, Any Age — Geo. McKerrow & Sons.

Champion Pure Bred Ewe, Any Age — Geo. McKerrow & Sons.

DORSETS.

EXHIBITORS.

Harry H. Wheeler, Elburn, Illinois.

AWARDS.

Judge G. W. Hervey, Omaha, Nebraska.

Ram, Two Years Old or Over — First, Harry H. Wheeler.

Ram One Tear and Under Two — First, Harry H. Wheeler.

Ram Lamb — First, Harry H. Wheeler.

Ewe Two Years Old and Under Two — First, Harry H. Wheeler.

Ewe Lamb — First, Harry H. Wheeler.

Champion Pure Bred Ram, Any Age — Harry H. Wheeler.

Champion Pure Bred Ewe, Any Age — Harry H. Wheeler.

CHEVIOTS.

EXHIBITORS.

M. P. & S. E. Lantz, Carlock, Illinois; G. W. Parnell, Wingate, Indiana.

AWARDS.

Judge Howard A. Chandler, Chariton, Iowa.

Ram Two Years Old or Over — First and second, G. W. Parnell; third,
M. P. & S. E. Lantz.

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 491

Ravi One Yeai- Old and Under Two — First, G. W. Parnell; second and
third, il. P. & S. E. Lantz.

Ram Lamb — First, M. P. & S. E. Lantz; second, G. W. Parnell; third,
M. P. & S. E. Lantz.

Ewe Ttvo Years Old or Over — M. P. & S. E. Lantz; second and third,
G. W. Parnell.

Eice One Year Old and Under Two — First, G. W. Parnell; second, M. P.
& S. E. Lantz; third, G. W. Parnell.

Eice Lamb — First, M. P. & S. E. Lantz; second, G. W. Parnell; third,
M. P. and S. E. Lantz.

Get of Sire— First, M. P. & S. E. Lantz; second, G. W. Parnell.

i^'Zocfc— First, G. W. Parnell; second, M. P. & S. E. Lantz.

Champion Pure Bred Ram, Any Age — G. W. Parnell.

Champion Pure Bred Eice, Any Age — M. P. & S. E. Lantz.

POULTRY DEPARTMENT.
SuPERixTE>-uENT H. L. PiKE, Whitiug, lowa.

AMERICANS.

EXHIBITOKS.

Allen Bros., Russell, Iowa; A. L. Anderson, Indiauola, Iowa; Mrs. N. B.
Ashby, Des Moines, Iowa; Barker Bros., Indianola, Iowa; C. A. Bloom,
Ohio, Illinois; Marion Bruce, Rolfe, Iowa; Floyd BroUier, Stuart, Iowa;
M. H. Buck, Prairie City, Iowa; Robt. S. Cooper, Winterset, Iowa; Dr. H.

E. Say, Durant, Iowa; John Duff, Winterset, Iowa; Dr. M. M. Evans, Le-
Grand, Iowa; Ewing Poultry Farm, Carlisle, Iowa; C. J. Fisher,. Des
Moines, Iowa; A. E. Goodman, Indianola, Iowa; Alma Hanson, Dean,
Iowa; Hanson Bros., Dean, Iowa; F. H. Hall, Des Moines, Iowa; W. A.
Hartman, Winterset, Iowa; W. 0. Harvey, Des Moines, Iowa; F. H. HoU-
way, Lytton, Iowa; J. R. Hoover & Sons, Oskaloosa, Iowa; Hunkydory
Farm, Pella, Iowa; F. W. Johnson, Luther, Iowa; Geo. Judd, Des Moines,
Iowa; F. L. Lambert, Des Moines, Iowa; J. S. Mares, Cedar Falls, Iowa;
Geo. L. Marsh, Waterloo, Iowa; Dr. N. E. Meghill, Marshalltown, Iowa;

F. M. Molby, Creston, Iowa; Ralph I. Moore, Newton, Iowa; North Hill
Poultry Farm, Creston, Iowa; D. M. Palmer, Rolfe, Iowa; S. H. Page,
Waverly, Iowa; Walter Perkins, Ames, Iowa; Peterson Bros., Indianola,
Iowa; Elliott Purmort, Des Moines, Iowa; J. E. Rawson, Cambridge, Iowa;
H. H. Rich, Des Moines, Iowa; J. W. Rodebaugh, Indianola, Iowa; E. G.
Roberts, Fort Atkinson, Wisconsin; Chas. Scroufe, Rolfe, Iowa; Fred
Sherman, Rolfe, Iowa; H. A. Smith, Deep River, Iowa; Anthony Stocker,
Des Moines, Iowa; G. W. Stout, Rose Hill, Iowa; F. Summey, Monroe,
Iowa; Mrs. Clem Thompson, Albia, Iowa; F. J. Tishenbaumer, Gilmore
City, Iowa; H. A. Trimble, Indianola, Iowa; F. F. & V. G. Warner, Bloom-
field, Iowa; Chas. A. Waymen, Carlisle, Iowa.

492 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

[ F. H. Shellabaeger, West Liberty, Iowa.
Judges \ W. S. Russell, Ottumwa, Iowa.

B. P. Eock Cock — First and second, S. H. Page; third, E. G. Roberts;
fourth, J. R. Hoover & Sons.

B. P. Rock Hen — First and second, S. H. Page; third, E. G. Roberts;
fourth, G. W. Stout.

B. P. Rock Cockerel— First and second, S. H. Page; third, G. W. Stout;
fourth, S. H. Page.

B. P. Rock Pullet — First, S. H. Page; second, M. H. Buck; third and
fourth, G. W. Stout.

Buff P. Rock Cock — First, E. G. Roberts; second, H. H. Rich; third,
F. H. Hall; fourth, Ewing Poultry Farm.

Buff P. Rock HcH— First, H. H. Rich; second, F. H. Hall; third, H. H.
Rich; fourth, Ewing Poultry Farm.

Buff P. Rock Cockerel — First, F. H. Hall; second, E. G. Roberts; third,
H. H. Rich.

Buff P. Rock, Pullet — First, second and third, H. H. Rich.

W. P. Rock Cock — First, E. G. Roberts; second, F. H. Hollway; third,
Ewing Poultry Farm; fourth, Chas. Scroufe.

W. P. Rock Hen — First, Barker Bros.; second, E. G. PtOberts; third,
Hunkydory Farm; fourth, J. W. Rodebaugh.

W. P. Rock Cockerel — First, Hunkydory Farm; second and third, F. H.
Hollway; fourth, Chas. A. Waymen.

W. P. Rock Pullet — First, Hunkydory Farm; second, F. H. Hollway;
third, Chas. A. Waymen; fourth, Chas. Scroufe.

P. P. Rock Cock — First, E. G. Roberts; second, Allen Bros.; third,
E. G. Roberts.

P. P. Rock Hen — First, Allen Bros.; second and third, E. G. Roberts;
fourth, Allen Bros.

P. P. Rock Cockerel — First and second, E. G. Roberts.

P. P. Rock Pullet — First and second, E. G. Roberts.

Parlridge Wyandotte Cock — First, Dr. N. E. Meghill; second, E. G.
Roberts; third, Allen Bros.

Partridge Wyandotte Hen — First, F. F. & V. G. Warner; second, Dr.
N. E. Meghill; third and fourth, Allen Bros.

Partridge Wyandotte Cockerel — First, F. F. & "V. G. Warner; second.
Dr. N. E. Meghill; third, E. G. Roberts.

Partridge Wyandotte Pullet — First, Dr. N. E. Meghill; second, F. F. &
V. G. Warner; third, E. G. Roberts.

8. L. Wyandotte Cock — First, Walter Perkins; second. E. G. Roberts;
third, F. W. Johnson; fourth, A. L. Anderson.

8. L. Wyandotte Hen — First, F. F. & V. G. Warner; second, F. W. John-
son; third, A. L. Anderson; fourth, E. G. Roberts.

S. L. Wyandotte Cockerel — First, F. F. & V. G. Warner; second, E. G.
Roberts; third, John Duff; fourth, Walter Perkins.

8. L. Wyandotte Pullet— First, F. F. & V. G. Warner; second, John
Duff; third, E. G. Roberts; fourth, Peterson Bros.

8. P. Wyandotte Cock— First, E. G. Roberts.

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 493

S. P. Wyandotte Hen — First, E. G. Roberts; second and third, F. F. &
V. G. Warner.

S. P. Wyandotte Cockerel — First, F. F. & V. G. Warner; second, E. G.
Roberts.

S. P. Wyandotte Pullet — First, E. G. Roberts.

Golden Wyandotte Cock — First, Peterson Bros.; second, E. G. Roberts;
third, A. L. Anderson.

Golden Wyandotte Hen — First. E. G. Roberts; second, Peterson Bros.;
third, A. L. Anderson.

Golden Wyandotte Cockerel — First, Peterson Bros.; second, E. G. Rob-
erts.

Golden Wyandotte Pullet — First, Peterson Bros.; second, E. G. Roberts.

White Wyandotte Cock — First, Geo. L. Marsh; second, E. G. Roberts;
third, Mrs. N. B. Ashby; fourth, W. O. Harvey.

White Wyandotte Cockerel — First and second, W. 0. Harvey; third,
Mrs. N. B. Ashby; fourth, Anthony Stocker.

White Wyandotte Pallet — First. Mrs. N. B. Ashby; second, Anthony
Stocker; third, E. G. Roberts; fourth, Mrs. Clem Thompson.

Buff Wyandotte CocA:— First, E. G. Roberts; second, F. F. & V. G.
Warner; third, A. L. Anderson; fourth, C. J. Fisher.

Buff Wyandotte Hen — First, A. E. Goodman; second, C. A. Bloom;
third, C. J. Fisher; fourth, Peterson Bros.

Buff Wyandotte Cockerel — First, M. H. Buck; second and third, C. J.
Fisher; fourth, C. A. Bloom.

Buff Wyandotte Pullet — First and second, C. A. Bloom; third, M. H.
Buck; fourth, C. A. Bloom.

Black Java Cock — First, E. G. Roberts.

Black Java Hen — First, E. G. Roberts.

Black Java Cockerel — First. E. G. Roberts.

Black Java Pullet — First, E. G. Roberts.

Orpington Cock — First, Dr. M. M. Evans; second and third. Dr. H. E.
Day; fourth, Ewing Poultry Farm.

Orpine/ton Hen — First and second, Dr. H. E. Day; third, J. R. Hoover
& Sons; fourth, D. M. Palmer.

Orpington Cockerel — First, J. R. Hoover & Sons; second, Robt. S.
Cooper; third and fourth, J. R. Hoover & Sons.

Orpington Pullet — First and second, Geo. Judd; third, D. M. Palmer;
fourth, Robt. S. Cooper.

Rose Comh R. I. Red Cock — First, Marion Bruce.

Rose Comb R. I. Red Hen — First, F. J. Tishenbaumer; second and
third, Marion Bruce.

Rose Comb R. I. Red Cockerel — First, F. J. Tishenbaumer; second, E.
G. Roberts; third, Hanson Bros.; fourth, J. E. Rawson.

Rose Comb R. I. Red Pullet — First, E. G. Roberts; second, Marion
Bruce; third, J. E. Rawson; fourth, Marion Bruce.

Single Comb R. I. Red Cock — First, E. G. Roberts; second, J. E. Mares;
third, Elliott Purmort; fourth, J. W. Rodebaugh.

Single Comb R. I. Red Hen — First, J. C. Mares; second, E. G. Roberts;
third, Elliott Purmort.

494 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Single Comb R. I. Red CocJcerel — First, E. G. Roberts; second, J. C.
Mares; third, J. W. Rodebaugh; fourth, Elliott Purmort.

Single Comb R. I. Red Pullet — First, J. W. Rodebaugh; second, J. C.
Mares; third, E. G. Roberts.

Silver Gi~ay Dorking Cock — First and second, E. G. Roberts.

Silver Gray Dorking Hen — First and second, E. G. Roberts.

Silver Gray Dorking Cockerels-First, E. G. Roberts.

Silver Gray Dorking Pullet — First, E. G. Roberts.

ASIATICS.

EXHIBITOKS.

Mrs. E. M. Brinkler, Stuart, Iowa; Floyd Brollier, Stuart, Iowa; M. H.
Buck, Prairie City, Iowa; R. T. Cameron, Ottumwa, Iowa; Dr. L. D. Car-
penter, Indianola, Iowa; Hanson Bros., Dean, Iowa; Wm. Hewitt, Indian-
ola, Iowa; J. R. Hoover & Sons, Oskaloosa, Iowa; F. W. Johnson, Luther,
Iowa; L. M. McKay, Des Moines, Iowa; Dr. N. E. Meghill, Marshalltown,
Iowa; Osborne Bros., Des Moines, Iowa; Walter Perkins, Ames, Iowa;

E. G. Roberts, Fort Atkinson, Wisconsin; R. E. West, Bondurant, Iowa;

F. M. Ziegler & Son, Muscatine, Iowa.

Light Brahma Cock — First, E. G. Roberts; second, R. T. Cameron;
third Dr. N. E. Meghill.

Light Brahma Hen — First, Dr. N. E. Meghill; second and third, R.
T. Cameron; fourth, J. R. Hoover & Sons.

Liglit Brahma Cockerel — First, Dr. N. E. Meghill; second, R. T. Cam-
eron; third, Hanson Bros.

Light Brahma Pullet — Dr. N. E. Meghill; second, R. T. Cameron; third,
Hanson Bros.

Dark Brahma Cock — First, E. G. Roberts; second, M. H. Buck

Dark Brahma Hen — First and second, M. H. Buck.

Dark Brahma Cockerel — First, M. H. Buck.

Dark Brahma Pullet — First, M. H. Buck.

Buft Cochin Cock — Dr. L. D. Carpenter, second, J. R. Hoover & Sons;
third, Dr. L. D. Carpenter; fourth, Floyd Brollier.

Buft Cochin Hen — First and second. Dr. L. D. Carpenter; third, E. G.
Roberts; fourth, Floyd Brollier.

Buft Cochin Cockerel — First, Floyd Brollier; second, F. W. Johnson.

Buft Cochin Pullet — First, Floyd Brollier; second, F. W. Johnson.

Partridge Cochin Cock — First, E. G. Roberts; second Osborn Bros.

Partridge Cochin Hen — First, E. G. Roberts; second, Osborn Bros.

Partridge Cochin Cockerel — First, E. G. Roberts; second, Wm. Hewitt;
third, M. H. Buck.

Partridge Cochin Pullet — First, E. G. Roberts; second, M. H. Buck;
third, Wm. Hewitt; fourth, Mrs. E. M. Brinkler.

Black Lang Shan Cock — First, E. G. Roberts; second R. E West; third,
Walter Perkins.

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART X. 495

Black Langshan Hen — First, F. M. Zeigler & Son; second, E. G. Roberts;
third, Hanson Bros.; fourth, F. M. Zeigler & Son.

Black Langshan Cockerel — First and second, R. E. West; third, E. G.
Roberts; fourth, F. M. Zeigler & Son.

Black Langshan Pullet — First and second, F. M. Zeigler & Son; third,
E. G. Roberts; fourth, Walter Perkins.

MEDITERRANEANS.

EXHIBITORS.

A. E. Banta, Wheatland, Iowa; Barker Bros., Indianola, Iowa; M. H.
Buck, Prairie City, Iowa; W\ O. Coon, Des Moines, Iowa; W. A. Harvey,
Winterset, Iowa; W. 0. Harvey, Des Moines, Iowa; J. R. Hoover & Sons,
Oskaloosa, Iowa; F. W. Johnson, Luther, low-a; T. L. Lambert, Des
Moines, Iowa; John C. Miller, Harlan, Iowa; J. L. Moore, Rolfe,
Iowa; Osborn Bros., Des Moines, Iowa; Walter Perkins, Ames, Iowa;
Peterson Bros., Indianola, Iowa; John D. Reeler, Mason City, Iowa;
E. G. Roberts, Fort Atkinson, Wisconsin; J. W. Rodebaugh, Indianola,
Iowa; Mrs. S. P. Rodgers, Pleasanton, low'a; Anthony Stocker, Des
Moines, Iowa; W. T. Wilkinson, Des Moines, Iowa.

/Sf. C. Broion Leghorn Cock — First, A. E. Banta; second, F. W. Johnson;
third, E. G. Roberts; fourth, M. H. Buck.

S. C. Broicn Leghorn Hen — First, A, E. Banta; second, F. W. Johnson;
third, M. H. Buck.

S. C. Broicn Leghorn Cockerel — First, A. B. Banta; second, E. G. Rob-,
erts; third, W. 0. Coon; fourth, M. H. Buck.

S. C. Broicn Leghorn Pullet — First, A. E. Banta; second, M. H. Buck;
third, E. G. Roberts; fourth, F. W. Johnson.

R. C. Brown Leghorn Cock — First, J. R. Hoover & Sons.

R. C. Broion Leghorn Hen — First, Barker Bros.; second, J. R. Hoover &
Sons; third, M. H. Buck; fourth, Peterson Bros.

R. C. Brown Leghorn Cockerel — First, Barker Bros.; second, M. H.
Buck.

R. C. Broicn Leghorn Pullet — First, Barker Bros.; second, M. H. Buck.

S. C. White Leghorn Cock — First, E. G. Roberts; second, W. O. Harvey;
third. Barker Bros.

S. C. White Leghorn Hen — First, E. G. Roberts; second. Barker Bros.;
third, W. O Harvey; fourth, Barker Bros.

&'. C. White Leghorn Cockerel — First, Peterson Bros.; second, E. G.
Roberts; third. Barker Bros.; fourth, W. A. Hartman.

8. C. White Leghorn Pullet — First, W. 0. Harvey; second, E. G. Roberts;
third, W. O. Harvey; fourth, Barker Bros.

R. C. White Leghorn Cock — First, John D. Reeler; second, E. G. Rob-
erts; third, M. H. Buck; fourth, Mrs. S. P. Rodgers.

R. C. White Leghorn Hen — First. Mrs. S. P. Rodgers; second E. G.
Roberts; third, Mrs. S. P. Rodgers; fourth, J. L. Moore.

496 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE.

R. C. White Leghorn Cockerel — First, E. G. Roberts; second, J. L.
Moore; third, John D. Reeler; fourth, J. L. Moore.

R. C. White Leghorn Pullet — First, E. G. Roberts; second, J. L. Moore;
third, John D. Reeler; fourth, J. L. Moore.

Biiff Leghorn Cock — First, B. G. Roberts; second, Osborn Bros.; third,
E. G. Roberts.

Buff Leghorn Hen — First and second, E. G. Roberts; third, Osborn Bros.

Buff Leghorn Cockerel — First and second, E. G. Roberts.

Buff Leghorn Pullet — First and second, E. G. Roberts.

Black Minorca Cock — First, E. G. Roberts.

Black Minorca Hen — First, E. G. Roberts.

Black Minorca Cockerel — First, J. W. Rodebaugh; second, E. G. Rob-
erts.

Black Minorca Pullet— First, E. G. Roberts; second, J. W. Rodebaugh.

Blue Andalusian Cock — First, E. G. Roberts.

Bhte Andalusian Hen — First, E. G. Roberts.

Blue Andalusian Cockerel — First, E. G. Roberts.

Blue Andalusian Pullet — First, E. G. Roberts.

POLISH.

EXHIBITORS.

M. H. Bucli, Prairie City, Iowa; Osborn Bros., Des Moines, Iowa;
E. G. Roberts, Fort Atliinson, Wisconsin.

AWARDS.

W. C. B. Polish Cock — First, Osborn Bros.; second, E. G. Roberts.
TF. C. B. Polish Hen — First, E. G. Roberts; second, Osborn Bros.
W. C. B. Polish Cockerel— First, E. G. Roberts.
W. C. B. Polish Pullet— First, E. G. Roberts.
Golden Polish G. or P. Cock — First and second, E. G. Roberts.
Golden Polish G. or P. Hen — First and second, E. G. Roberts.
Golden Polish G. or P. Cockerel — First and second, E. G. Roberts.
Golden Polish B. or P. Pullet — First and second, E. G. Roberts.
Silver Polish B. or P. Cock — First and second, E. G. Roberts.
Silver Polish B. or P. Hen — First and second, E. G. Roberts.
Silver Polish B. or P. Cockerel — First and second, E. G. Roberts.
Silver Polish B. or P. Pullet — First and second, E. G. Roberts.

HAMBURG.

EXHIBITORS.

M. H. Buck, Prairie City, Iowa; Miss L. Coolc, Morning Sun, Iowa;
Osborn Bros., Des Moines, Iowa; Peterson Bros., Indianola, Iowa; E. G.
Roberts, Fort Atkinson, Wisconsin.

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART IX. 497

(S. -S. Hamburg Cock — First, Miss L. Coolc; second. Peterson Bros.

S. S. Hamburg Hen — First and second, Miss L. Cook; third and fourth,
Osborn Bros.

<S. /S. Hamburg Cockerel — First and 'second. Miss L. Cook.

8. S. Hamburg Pullet — First and second, Miss L. Cook; third and
fourth, Peterson Bros.

G. S. Hamburg Cock — First, E. G. Roberts.

G. S. Hamburg Hen — First, E. G. Roberts.

G. 8. Hamburg Cockerel — First and second, E. G. Roberts.

G. 8. Hamburg Pullet — First and second, E. G. Roberts.

White Ha7nburg Cock — First, E. G. Roberts.

White Hamburg Hen — First, E. G. Roberts.

White Hamburg Cockerel — First, E. G. Roberts.

White Hamburg Pullet — First, E. G. Roberts.

Black Hamburg Cock — First, E. G. Roberts.

Black Hamburg Hen — First, E. G. Roberts.

Black Hamburg Cockerel — First, E. G. Roberts.

Black Hamburg Pullet — First, E. G. Roberts.

FRENCH.

EXHIBITOBS.

M. H. Buck, Prairie City, Iowa; E. G. Roberts, Fort Atkinson, Wiscon-
sin; W. T. Wilkinson, Des Moines.

Houdan Cock — First, E. G. Roberts; second, W. T. Wilkinson.

Houdan Hen — First, E. G. Roberts; second and third, W. T. Wilkinson.

Houdan Cockerel — First and second, E. G. Roberts.

Houdan Pullet — First and second, E. G. Roberts; third, W. T. Wilkinson.

GAMES.

EXHIBITORS.

F. E. Bickel, Des Moines, Iowa; M. H. Buck, Prairie City, Iowa; Peter-
son Bros., Indianola, Iowa; E. G. Roberts, Fort Atkinson, Wisconsin.

Cornish Indian Game Cock— First, E. G. Roberts; second. P. B. Bickel.

Cornish Indian Game Hen — First, E. G. Roberts; second, third and
fourth, F. E. Bickel.

Cornish Indian Game Cockerel — First, E. G. Roberts; second, F. E.
Bickel.

Cornish Indian Game Pullet — First, E. G. Roberts; second, F. E. Bickel.
32

498 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE.

B. B. Red Game CocA;— First, E. G. Roberts.

B. B. Red Game Hen— First, E. G. Roberts.

B. B. Red Game Cockerel — First, second and third, M. H. Buck.

B. B. Red Game Pullet — First and second, M. H. Buck.

Silver Duckwing Game Hen — First, E. G. Roberts.

Golden Duckiving Game Hen — First, E. G. Roberts.

BANTAMS.

EXHIBITORS.

M. H. Buck, Prairie City, Iowa; W. O. Coon, Des Moines, Iowa; J. L.
Moore, Rolfe, Iowa; Peterson Bros., Indianola, Iowa; H. H. Rich, Des
Moines, Iowa; E. G. Roberts, Fort Atkinson, Wisconsin; F. F. & V. G.
Warner, Bloomfield, Iowa; W. T. Wilkinson, Des Moines, Iowa.

AWAKDS.

B. B. Red Game Bantam Cock — First, E. G. Roberts.

B. B. Red Game Bantam Hen — First, E. G. Roberts.

B. B. Red Game Bantam Cockerel — First, E. G. Roberts.

B. B. Red Game Bantam Pullet — First, E. G. Roberts.

Red Pyle Bantam Cock — First, E. G. Roberts; second, M. H. Buck.

Red Pyle Bantam Hen — First, E. G. Roberts.

Red Pyle Bantam Cockerel — First and second, E. G. Roberts.

Red Pyle Bantam Pullet — First, E. G. Roberts; second, M. H. Buck;
third, E. G. Roberts.

Silver Duckwing Bantam Cock — First, E. G. Roberts.

Silver Duckwing Bantam Hen — First, E. G. Roberts.

Golden Duckwing Bantam Cock — First, E. G. Roberts.

Golden Duckwing Bantam Hen — First, E. G. Roberts.

Golden Duckwing Bantam Cockerel — First, E. G. Roberts.

Golden Duckiving Bantam Pullet — First, E. G. Roberts.

Golden Seahright Banta^n Cock — First, E. G. Roberts.

Golden Seabright Bantam Hen — First, E. G. Roberts; second and third,
W. 0. Coon; fourth, Peterson Bros.

Golden Seabright Bantam Cockerel — First, E. G. Roberts; second, W. O.
Coon; third, J. L. Moore.

Golden Seabright Bantam Pullet — First and second, E. G. Roberts.

Silver Seabright Bantam Cock — First and second, E. G. Roberts.

Silver Seabright Bantam Hen — First and second, E. G. Roberts.

Silver Seabright Bantam Cockerel — First, M. H. Buck; second and
third, E. G. Roberts.

Silver Seabright Bantam Pullet — First M. H. Buck; second and third,
E. G. Roberts; fourth, M. H. Buck.

Buff Cochin Bantam Cock — First, E. G. Roberts; second, F. F. & V. G.
Warner.

Buff Cochin Bantam Hen — First, E. G. Roberts; second, F. F. & V. G.
Warner; third and fourth, H. H. Rich.

Buff Cochin Bantam Cockerel — First, E. G. Roberts;' second, F. F. &
V. G. Warner.

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX. 499

Buff Cochin Bantam Pullet — First, E. G. Roberts; second and third,
F. F. & V. G. Warner.

B. T. Japanese Cock — First, E. G. Roberts; second, W. T. Wilkinson.
B. T. Japanese Hen — First, E. G. Roberts; second, W. T. Wilkinson.
B T. Japanese CocTcerel — First, E. G. Roberts.
B. T. Japanese Pullet— First, E. G. Roberts.

TURKEYS.

EXHIBITORS.

M. H. Buck, Prairie City, Iowa; Hanson Bros., Dean, Iowa; Mrs. F. H.
Jewell, Bristow, Iowa; E. G. Roberts, Fort Atkinson, Wisconsin; F. F. &
V. G. Warner, Bloomfield, Iowa; J. G. Watts, Berwick, Iowa.

AWARDS.

Bronze Ool>l>ler Old — First, J. C. Watts; second and third, F. F. & V. G.
Warner.

Bronze Hen Old — First, F. F. & V. G. Warner; second, J. C. Watts;
third, F. F. & V. G. Warner.

Bronze Gobbler Young — First and second, F. F. & V. G. Warner.

Bronze Hen Young — First and second, F. F. & V. G. Warner.

White Holland Gobbler Old — First, Mrs. F. H. Jewell; second, Hanson
Bros.; third, M. H. Buck.

White Holland Gobbler Young— Yirst, F. F. & V. G. Warner.

White Holland Hen Young — First, F. F. & V. G. Warner.

Narragansett Gobbler Old — First, E. G. Roberts.

Narragansett Hen Old — First, E. G. Roberts.

Narragansett Cobbler Young — First, M. H. Buck; second, E. G. Roberts.

Narragansett Hen Young — First, M. H. Buck; second, E. G. Roberts.

GEESE.

EXHIBITORS.

Floyd Brollier, Stuart, Iowa; M. H. Buck, Prairie City, Iowa; Hanson
Bros., Dean, Iowa; E. G. Roberts, Fort Atkinson, Wisconsin; Harry H.
Wheeler, Elburn, Illinois.

AWARDS.

Toulouse Gander Old — First, E. G. Roberts; second, Floyd Brollier.

Toulouse Gander Young — First, E. G. Roberts; second, Floyd Brollier;
third and fourth, Hanson Bros.

Toulouse Goose Old — First, E. G. Roberts; second, Floyd Brollier.

Toulouse Goose Young — First, E. G. Roberts; second, Floyd Brollier;
third and fourth, Hanson Bros.

Embden Gander Old — First, E. G. Roberts; second, Harry H. Wheeler.

Embden Gander Young — First, Floyd Brollier.

Embden Goose Old — First, E. G. Roberts; second, Harry H. Wheeler;
third, Floyd Brollier.

Embden Goose Young — First, Floyd Brollier.

500 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

DUCKS.

EXHIBITORS.

Floyd Brollier, Stuart, Iowa; M. H. Buck, Prairie City, Iowa; Mrs. F. C.
Ericksen, Reinbeck, Iowa; Hanson Bros., Dean, Iowa; Geo. L. Marsh,
Waterloo, Iowa; E. G. Roberts, Fort Atkinson, Wisconsin; F. F. & V. G.
Warner.

AWARDS.

Aylesbury Drake Old — First, E. G. Roberts.

Aylesbury Drake Young — First, B. G. Roberts.

Aylesbury Duck Old — First, E. G. Roberts.

Aylesbury Duck Young — First, E. G. Roberts.

Pekin Drake Old — First, F. F. & V. G. Warner.

Pekin Drake Young — First, E. G. Roberts; second and third, F. F. &
V. G. Warner; fourth, Hanson Bros.

Pekin Duck Old — First, Mrs. F. C. Ericksen; second and third, F. F.
& V. G. Warner.

Pekin Duck Young — First, Mrs. F. C. Ericksen; second and tliird, F. F.
& V. G. Warner; fourth, Hanson Bros.

Rouen Drake Old — First, E. G. Roberts.

Rouen Drake Young — First, E. G. Roberts.

Rouen Duck Old — First, E. G. Roberts.

Rouen Duck Young — E. G. Roberts.

White Muscovey Drake Old — First, M. H. Buclv; second, E. G. Roberts.

White Muscovey Drake Young — First, E. G. Roberts.

White Muscovey Duck Old — First, E. G. Roberts; second, M. H. Buck.

White Muscovey Duck Young — First, E. G. Roberts.

Colored Muscovey Drake Old — First, E. G. Roberts; second, M. H. Buck.

Colored Muscovey Drake Young — First, E. G. Roberts; second, M. H.
Buck.

Colored Muscovey Duck Old — First, E. G. Roberts; second, M. H. Buck.

Colored Muscovey Duck Young — First, E. G. Roberts; second, M. H.
Buck.

BREEDING PENS.

AWARDS.

B. P. Rock Fowls — First, S. H. Page; second, M. H. Buck; third, G. W.
Stout; fourth, F. W. Johnson.

B. P. Rock Chicks — First, G. W. Stout; second and third, S. H. Page;
fourth, W. A. Hartman.

Buff P. Rock Folds — First, H. H. Rich; second, M. H. Buck; third, H.
H. Rich.

Buff P. Rock Chicks— First and second, H. H. Rich; third, M. H. Buck.

White P. Rock Foivls — First, Chas. A. Waymen; second, Chas. Scroufe;
third, Hunkydory Farm.

White P. Rock Chicks— First, F. H. Hollway; second, Chas. A. Way-
men; third, W. T. Wilkinson; fourth, Chas. Scroufe.

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX. 501

Silver Wyandotte Fowls — First, Walter Perkins; second, F. F. & V. G.
"Warner.

Silver Wyandotte Chicks — First, F. F. & V. G. Warner; second, John
Duff; third, Walter Perkins.

Golden Wyandotte Foivls— First, F. F. & V. G. Warner; E. G. Roberts;
third, Peterson Bros.

Golden Wyandotte Chicks — First, Peterson Bros.; second, F. F. & V. G.
Warner.

White Wyandotte Fowls — First, Geo. L. Marsh; second, M. H. Buck;
third, Mrs. N. B. Ashby; fourth, F. F. & V. G. Warner.

White Wyandotte Chicks — First, Mrs. N. B. Ashby; second, North Hill
Poultry Farm.

Buff Wyandotte Fowls — First, A. E. Goodman; second, F. F. & V. G.
Warner; third, E. G. Roberts.

Buff Wyandotte Chicks — First, F. F. & V. G. Warner; second, C. J.
Fisher.

Partridge Wyandotte Fowls — First, Dr. N. E. Meghill; second, F. F. &
V. G. Warner; third, A. B. Adams.

Partridge Wyandotte Chicks — Dr. N. E. Meghill; second, F. F. &
V. G. Warner.

8. P. Wyandotte Fowls — First, E. G. Roberts.

R. C. R. I. Red Chicks — First, J. E. Rawson; second, Hanson Bros.;
third, Mrs. 0. B. Hudson.

S. C. R. I. Red Fowls— First, J. C. Mares.

S. C. R. I. Red Chicks — First, J. C. Mares; second, Elliott Purmort.

Light Brahma Fowls — First Dr. N. E. Meghill; second, E. G. Roberts;
third, J. R. Hoover & Sons; fourth. Dr. H. E. Day.

Light Brahma Chicks — First, Dr. N. E. Meghill; second, R. T. Cameron.

Dark Brahma Fowls — First, M. H. Buck.

Dark Brahma Chicks — First, M. H. Buck.

Buff Cochin Fowls — First, Dr. L. D. Carpenter; second, E. G. Roberts;
third, J. R. Hoover & Sons; fourth, Floyd Brollier.

Buff Cochin Chicks — First, F. W. Johnson; second, Floyd Brollier.

Par'tridge Cochin Fowls — First, Mrs. E. M. Brinckler; second, M. H.
Buck.

Partridge Cochin Chicks — First, E. G. Roberts; second, Mrs. E. M.
Brinckler.

Bulf Orpington Fowls — First, Dr. H. E. Day; second, J. R. Hoover &
Sons; third, D. M. Palmer.

Buff Orpington Chicks — First, F. M. Molby; second, D. M. Palmer;
third, Ewing Poultry Farm; fourth, Floyd Brollier.

Black Langshan Fowls — First, Walter Perkins; second, E. G. Roberts;
third, R. E. West; fourth, F. M. Ziegler & Son.

Black Langshan Chicks — First, R. E. West; second, F. M. Ziegler &
Son.

S. C. White Leghorn Fmcls — First, E. G. Roberts; second, Walter
Perkins; third, Barker Bros.; fourth, Peterson Bros.

iS. C. White Leghorn Chicks — First, E. G. Roberts; second. Barker
Bros.; third, Peterson Bros.

502 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

R. C. White Leghorn FoicJs — First, John D. Reeler; second, M. H.
Buck; third, Mrs. S. P. Rogers.

R. C. White Leghorn Chicks — First, J. L. Moore; second, John D. Reeler.

8. C. Broivn Leghorn Fowls — First, Wes Patterson; second and third,
W. 0. Coon; fourth, F. W. Johnson.

8. C. Brown Leghorn Chicks — First, Wes Patterson; second, A. E.
Banta; third, M. H. Buck; fourth, Peterson Bros.

R. C. Brown Leghorn Fowls — First, M. H. Buck; second, Barker Bros.

R. C. Brown Leghorn Chicks — -First, Barker Bros.

Black Minorca Fowls — First, E. G. Roberts.

Black Minorca Chicks — First, J. W. Rodebaugh.

8. 8. Hamburg Fowls — First, Miss L. Cook.

8. 8. Hamburg Chicks — First, Miss L. Cook; second, Osborn Bros.

Golden Seabright Bantam Foicls — First, E. G. Roberts; second, J. L.
Moore.

Golden 8eabright Bantam Chicks — First, M. H. Buck; second, E. G.
Roberts; third, J. L. Moore.

Buff Cochin Bantam Fowls — First, E. G. Roberts; second, H. H. Rich.

Buff Cochin Bantam Chicks — First, M. H. Buck.

PIGEONS.

EXHIBITORS.

M. H. Buclc, Prairie City, Iowa; W. Mat Head, Jefferson, Iowa; Hunky-
dory Farm, Pella, Iowa; Peterson Bros., Indianola, Iowa; Everett Sher-
wood, Des Moines, Iowa.

Pair Homing Pigeons — First, Peterson Bros.; second, W. Mat Head;
third, Peterson Bros.

Pair Fantail Pigeons — First and second, Everett Sherwood; third and
fourth, W. Mat Head.

Pair 8wellow Pigeons — First, W. Mat Head.

'Pair Tumbler Pigeons — First, W. Mat Head.

Pair Turbit Pigeons — First, Peterson Bros.

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX.

503

SCORING IN BOYS' LIVE STOCK AND CORN JUDGING CONTEST, IOWA STATE
FAIR, 1907, FOR IOWA STATE COLLEGE SCHOLARSHIP.

Address

o

a
u

o

s:

<u

u

u

o

(U

Si

K

CQ

-5 I

1 ks
OO So
3 liol

Q a.

-. O

« a
o I

o

■2°

Howard Vaughn Marion

Carl N. Kennedy ! Ankeny —

Ivan O. Hasbrouck Humeston

Willie Lynes ! Plainfleld -

J. B. Mitcliell Farrag-ut .

Alliert W. Weston Audubon .-

Rov A. Wood Soldier

Carl E. Pliillips \ Centerville

Paul C. Taff

Robert Wallace Leffler..

C. R. Hutcheson

James C. Nell

Rvle McKee

Harley Walker

Jolin Hartwell ._

Bonar McKee-—'

E:irl Escher

Clarke Geo. Terrell

Edmund Hanson

Elvin L. Quaife

Lloyd Eveland

Loren L. Van Ginkle

Ctiarles Walter ! Mitchellville

Harral A. Longworth Polk City

Forrest Fraseur \ Tipton

Byron Ralpli Snider-
Roy Buckley

G. Glen .Tones

Lester Cessford

Leonard Kennedy...

Joseph Blumer

John A. Vader

J. M. Hales

Panora

Stockport

West Branch

Arthur

Indiauola

Swan

Tipton

Indiauola

Tipton

Montezuma ..

Dean

Ionia

.Jamaica

Des Moines

Abingdon 52

Monroe

Marion

Tipton

Rolfe

Wheatland
Pocahontas
KeasauQua

91

&5

78

,58

74

68

84

5.3

92

45

90

67

86

.52

90

48

32

87

80

72

72

.59

69

82

.S5

77

80

61

S5

70

64

43

66

80

68

74

a5

.50

.=>4

49

45

78

5i

79

67

44

.35

37

67

.52

52

28

59

58

91

37

69

60

32

45

48

43

62

.57

33

47

52i
46!
49,
53
46l
41:
.531
52
.52 j
52
50'
49,
54!
76
72
57 i
49
49 46
53' 46:
36 50|
34 54

506|173i579i
40712.3i!530J
415 108^1 52:3i

403 112.\ -ilSS
372 13(31 ■iOS'-,
395 I02I 497i
385100 ,494
340147 !487
359 124i 483>.
354 124 J478
365113 478

mi 116

365,103
364 104
363 I 99i
ai6|ll3
33911081
353 81
314|1191
321 105
324 1 101
309ill0
301 117
.300112
342 65i
297 "97 394

309 711 3801

310 63 i373
294 69 i363
257 881 1 34.51

477

471

468

4621

459

4471

437

43:B1

426

425

419

418

412

4071

2.51 93
302 371
246 90i

344
3391
336j

Per cent of highest, 72.4.
Per cent of lowest, 42.1.

J. A. McLBAN.
Superintendent of Contest.

SCORING IN GIRLS' COOKING CONTEST, IOWA STATE FAIR, 1907, FOR IOWA
STATE COLLEGE SCHOLARSHIP.

Address

20

40

Method

Finished
Product

Florence Dunham

Margaret J. Gray...

Velda J. Wilson

Emma Tellier

Edith C. Bliss

Nellie R. Pattersou-

Grace R. Scott

Gladys Gormley

Mary Day

Jessie Mae Roberts..

Ames

Aines

Sigourney

HnmboMt

Diagonal R. No. 1.

Burt

Griswold

Bondnrant

Afton

Luther

8

9 (17)

16

8

9 (17)

17

7

8 (1.5)

18

S

8 (16)

17

8

7 (1.5)

18

0

8 (13)

14

6

6 (12)

14

5

'3 (11)

13

7

7 (14)

13

6

7 (13)

13

18 (34)

17 (34)

18 (38)
161(3.31)

iri(35i)

17 (31)

17 (.31)
15 (28)

18 (31)
15 (28)

91

89
88

871

74
73

69
65
61

MISS MARY RAUSCH,

Superintendent of Contest.

Winners of the Scholarships in the boys corn and stock judging cogtest
and girls cooking contest at the Iowa State Fair and Exposition 1907.
Girls— 1. Florence Dunham Ames, first. 5. Margaret J. Gray, Ames,

second.

Boys— 6. Howard Vaughn, Marion, first. 4. Carl N. Kennedy, Ankney,
second. 2. IvanO. Hasbrouck, Humeston, third, 3. Willie Lynes, Plain-
field, fourth.

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART IX. 505

AWARDS-MATURE CORN SHOW

IN CONNEGTIOX WITH

State Farmer's Institute and Agricultural Convention

DES MOINES, DECEMBER 10-11, 1907

Northern District:

Division No. 1—Ten Ears Yellow Corn— $10; $8; $6; $4.

First, Geo. M. Allee, Newell; second, Victor Felter, Quinby; third,
J. W. Eral, Pocahontas; fourth, A. J. Doore, Greene.
Division No. 2— One Ear Yellow Corn — $6; $5; $4; $3.

First, H. L. Felter, Washta; second, J. J. Allee, Newell; third, Geo. M.
Allee, Newell; fourth, J. W. Eral, Pocahontas.
Division No. 3— Ten Ears White Corn — $10; $8; $6; $4.

First, Henry George, West Union; second, A. J. Doore, Greene; third,
W. P. Dawson, Quinby; fourth, T. F. Cook, Durango.
Division No. 4 — One Ear White Corn — $6; $5; $4.

First, Henry George, West Union; second, D. Mc Arthur, Mason City;
third, T. F. Cook, Durango.

Central District:

Division No. 5— Ten Ears Yellow Corn— $10; $8; $6; $4; $4; $2; $2; $2.
First, R. H. Ghormely, Bondurant; second, Edison Bennett, Ames;
third, 0. J. Easton, Whiting; fourth, 0. Osburn, Maxwell; fifth,
Asa Turner, Farrar; sixth, D. G. Wilson, Panora; seventh, Ray
Bennett, Ames; eighth, A. L. Garrett, Altoona.
Division No. 6— One Ear Yellow Corn — $6; $5; $4; $4; $2; $2; $2.
First, C. D. Schaal, Polk City; second, Fred Hethershaw, Des Moines;
third, Edison Bennett, Ames; fourth, L. Brier, Des Moines; fifth,
J. J. Proudfet, Altoona; sixth, E. W. Wilson, Panora; seventh, 0.
J. Easton, Whiting.
Division No. 1—Ten Ears White Corn— ^10; $8; $6; $4; $2; $2.

First, Chas. O. Garrett, Mitchellville; second, C. O. Garrett, Adelphi;
third, N. J. Harris, Des Moines; fourth, J. B. Cook, Epworth;
fifth, H. V. Hethershaw, Des Moines; sixth, F. M. Mercer, Victor.
Division No. 8-— One Ear White Corn — $6; $5; $4; $3; $2.

First, C. O. Garrett, Adelphi; second, Chas. O. Garrett, Mitchellville;
third, Fred Hethershaw, Des Moines; fourth, D. A. Marts, Polk
City; fifth, F. M. Mercer, Victor.

Southern District:

Division No. 9— Ten Ears Yelloiv Cor?i— $10; $8; $6; $4; $2.

First, W. A. Hook, Packwood; second, Samuel Shakespear, Lamoni;
third. Bill Moyher, Villisca; fourth. Thos. Thompson; Villisca;
fifth, M. Shivvers & Son, Knoxville.

506 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Division No. 10— One Ear Telloiv Corn— $6; $5; $4; $3; $2.

First and second, J. F. C. Finnell, Hamburg; third, W. A. Hook,
Packwood; fourth, J. C. Frame, Salem; fifth, Ned G. Olliver, Pack-
wood.
Division No. 11— Ten Ears White Corn— $10; $8; $6; $4; $2.

First, Lenus Hagglund, Essex; second, T. D. White, Oskaloosa; third,
Eli Wright, Winterset; fourth, J. C. Frame, Salem; fifth, J. L.
Crawford, Winterset.
Division No. 12— One Ear White Corn— $6; $5; $4; $3.

First, Charley Willhoit, Oskaloosa; second, J. C. Frame, Salem;
third, W. A. Hook, Packwood; fourth, Lenus Hagglund, Essex.

Sweepstakes for State:

Ten Ears Yellow Corn — $5. Won by W. A. Hook, Packwood.
One Ear Yellow Corn — $5. Won by J. F. C. Finnell, Hamburg.
Ten Ears White Corn — $5. Won by Lenus Hagglund, Essex.
One Ear White Corn — $5. Won by C. O. Garrett, AdelphL

Grand Sweepstakes:

Ten Ears any Variety — $5. Won by W. A. Hook, Packwood.
One Ear any Yariety — $5. Won by J. F. C. Finnell, Hamburg.

PART X.

Papers on Live Stock, Agricultural and
Miscellaneous Topics

FROM

BULLETINS, AGRICULTURAL PRESS

AND

Papers Read Before County Farmers Institutes

THE MAN WHO WORKS WITH HIS HANDS.

ADDRESS OF PRESmENT ROOSEVELT AT THE SEMI-CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION OF

THE FOUNDING OF AGRICULTURAL COLLEGES IN THE UNITED STATES,

AT LANSING, MICHIGAN, MAY 31, 1907.

The fiftieth anniversary of the founding of this college is an event of
national significance, for Michigan was the first state in the Union to
found this, the first agricultural college in America. The nation is to
be congratulated on the fact that the congress at Washington has
repeatedly enacted laws designed to aid the several states in establishing
and maintaining agricultural and mechanical colleges. I greet all such
colleges, through their representatives who have gathered here today,
and bid them godspeed in their work. I no less heartily invoke success
for the mechanical and agricultural schools; and I wish to say that I
have heard particularly good reports of the Minnesota Agricultural High
School for the way in which it sends its graduates back to the farms to
work as practical farmers.

OUR EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM AND WHAT IT LACKS.

As a people there is nothing in which we take a juster pride than our
educational system. It is not our boast that every boy or girl has the
chance to get a school training; and we feel it is a prime national duty
to furnish this training free, because only thereby can we secure the
proper type of citizenship in the average American. Our public schools

(507J

508 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

and our colleges have done their work well, and there is no class of our
citizens deserving of heartier praise than the men and women who teach
in them.

Nevertheless, for at least a generation we have been waking to the
knowledge that there must be additional education beyond that provided
in the public school, as it is managed today. Our school system has
hitherto been well-nigh wholly lacking on the side of industrial training,
of the training which fits a man for the shop and the farm. This is a
most serious lack, for no one can look at the peoples of manldnd as
they stand at present without realizing that industrial training is one of
the most potent factors in national development. We of the United
States must develop a system under which each individual citizen shall
be trained so as to be effective individually as an economic unit, and
fit to be organized with his fellows so that he and they can work in
eflBcient fashion together. This question is vital to our future progress,
and public attention should be focused upon it. Surely it is eminently
in accord with the principles of our democratic life that we should fur-
nish the highest average industrial training for the ordinary skilled
workman. But it is a curious thing that in industrial training we have
tended to devote our energies to producing high-grade men at the top
rather than in the ranks. Our engineering schools, for instance, com-
pare favorably with the best in Europe, whereas we have done almost
nothing to equip the private soldiers of the industrial army — the me-
chanic, the metal-worker, the carpenter. Indeed, too often our schools
train away from the shop and the forge; and this fact, together with the
abandonment of the old apprentice system, has resulted in such an ab-
sence of facilities for providing trained journeymen that in many of our
trades almost all the recruits among the workmen are foreigners. Surely
this means that there must be some systematic method provided for
training young men in the trades, and that this must be co-ordinated
with the public school system. No industrial school can turn out a fin-
ished journeyman; but it can furnish the material out of which a finished
journeyman can be made, just as an engineering school furnishes the
training which eables its graduates speedily to become engineers.

We hear a great deal of the need of protecting our workingmen from
competition with pauper labor. I have very little fear of the competi-
tion of pauper labor. The nations with pauper labor are not the for-
midable industrial competitors of this country. What the American
workingman has to fear is the competition of the highly skilled working-
man of the countries of greatest industrial efficiency. By the tariff and
by our immigration laws we can always protect ourselves against the
competition of pauper labor here at home; but when we contend for
the markets of the world we can get no protection, and we shall then
find that our most formidable competitors are the nations in which
there is the most highly developed business ability, the most highly
developed industrial skill; and these are the qualities which we must
ourselves develop.

DIGNITY AND lilPORTANCE OF LABOR.

We have been fond as a nation of speaking of the dignity of labor,
meaning thereby manual labor. Personally I don't think that we begin

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 509

to understand what a high place manual labor should take; and it
never can take this high place unless it offers scope for the best type of
man. We have tended to regard education as a matter of the head only,
and the result is that a great many of our people, themselves the sons
of men who worked with their hands, seem to think that they rise in the
world if they get into a position where they do no hard manual work
whatever; where their hands will grow soft, and their working clothes
will be kept clean. Such a conception is both false and mischievous.
There are, of course, kinds of labor where the work must be purely
mental, and there are other kinds of labor where, under existing con-
ditions, very little demand indeed is made upon the mind, though I am
glad to say that I think the proportion of men engaged in this kind of
work is diminishing. But in any healthy community, in any commu-
nity wit hthe great solid qualities which alone make a really great
nation, the bulk of the people should do work which makes demands
upon both the body and the mind. Progress can not permanently con-
sist in the abandonment of physical labor, but in the development of
physical labor so that it shall represent more and more the work of the
trained mind in the trained body. To provide such training, to encour-
age in every way the production of the men whom it alone can produce,
is to show that as a nation we have a true conception of the dignity and
importance of labor. The calling of the skilled tiller of the soil, the
calling of the skilled mechanic, should alike be recognized as professions,
just as emphatically as the callings of lawyer, of doctor, of banker,
merchant or clerk. The printer, the electrical worker, the house painter,
the foundry man, should be trained just as carefully as the stenographer
or the drug clerk. They should be trained alike in head and in hand. They
should get over the idea that to earn twelve dollars a week and call it
"salary" is better than to earn twenty-five dollars a week and call it
"wages." The young man who has the courage and the ability to refuse
to enter the crowded field of the so-called professions and to take to
constructive industry is almost sure of an ample reward in earnings, in
health, in opportunity to marry early, and to establish a home with rea-
sonable freedom from worry. We need the training, the manual dexter-
ity, and industrial intelligence which can be best given in a good agri-
cultural, or building, or textile, or watch-making, or engraving, or me-
chanical school. It should be one of our prime objects to put the me-
chanic, the wage-worker who works with his hands, and who ought to
work in a constantly larger degree with his head, on a higher plane of
efficiency and reward, so as to increase his effectiveness in the economic
world, and therefore the dignity, the remuneration and the power of his
position in the social world. To train boys and girls in merely literary
accomplishments to the total exclusion of industrial, manual, and technical
training tends to unfit them for industrial work; and in real life most
work is industrial.

The problem of furnishing well-trained ci'aftsmen, or rather journey-
men fitted in the end to become such, is not simple — few problems are
simple in the actual process of their solution — and much care and fore-
thought and practical common sense will be needed, in order to work It
out in a fairly satisfactory manner. It should appeal to all our citizens.

510 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

I am glad that societies have already been formed to promote industrial
education, and that their membership includes manufacturers and leaders
of labor unions, educators and publicists, men of all conditions who are
interested in education and in industry. It is such co-operation that offers
most hope for a satisfactory solution of the question as to what is the
best form of industrial school, as to the means by which it may be ar-
ticulated with the public school system, and as to the way to secure for
the boys trained therein the opportunity to acquire in the industries the
practical skill which alone can make them finished journeymen.

THE FABMEE IN RELATION TO THE WELFARE OF THE WHOLE COUNTRY.

There is but one person whose welfare is as vital to the welfare of the
whole country as is that of the wage-worker who does manual labor;
and that is the tiller of the soil — the farmer. If there is one lesson
taught by history it is that the permanent greatness of any state must
ultimately depend more upon the character of its country population
than upon anything else. No growth of cities, no growth of wealth, c?
make up for a loss in either the number or the character of the farming
population. In the United States more than in almost any other country,
we should realize this and should prize our country population. When
this nation began its independent existence it was as a nation of farmers.
The towns were small and were for the most part mere sea coast trading
and fishing ports. The chief industry of the country was agriculture,
and the ordinary citizen was in some way connected with it. In every
great crisis of the past a peculiar dependence has had to be placed upon
the farming population; and this dependence has hitherto been justified.
But it can not be justified in the future if agriculture is permitted to sink
in the scale as compared with other employments. We can not afford
to lose that pre-eminently typical American, the farmer who owns his own
farm.

ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL FACTORS AFFECTING RVRAL POPULATIONS.

Yet it would be idle to deny that in the last half century there has
been in the eastern half of our country a falling off in the relative con-
dition of the tillers of the soil, although signs are multiplying that the
nation has waked up to the danger and is preparing to grapple effect-
ively with it. East of the Mississippi and north of the Ohio and the
Potomac there has been on the whole an actual shrinkage in the num-
ber of the farming population since the civil war. In the states of this
section there has been a growth of population — in some an enormous
growth — but the growth has taken place in the cities, and especially in
the larger cities. This has been due to certain economic factors, such
as the extension of railroads, the development of machinery, and the
openings for industrial success afforded by the unprecedented growth of
cities. The increased facility of communication has resulted in the
withdrawal from rural communities of most of the small, widely dis-
tributed manufacturing and commercial operations of former times, and
the substitution therefor of the centralized commercial and manufacturing
industries of the cities.

The chief offset to the various tendencies which have told against the
farm has hitherto come in the rise of the physical sciences and their

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART X. 511

application to agricultural practices or to the rendering of country con-
ditions more easy and pleasant. But these countervailing forces are as
yet in their infancy. As compared with a few decades ago, the social
or community life of country people in the east compares less well than
it formerly did with that of the dwellers in cities. Many country com-
munities have lost their social coherence, their sense of community
interest. In such communities the country church, for instance, has
gone backward both as a social and a religious factor. Now, we can
not too strongly insist upon the fact that it is quite as unfortunate to
have any social as any economic falling off. It would be a calamity
to have our farms occupied by a lower type of people than the hard-
working, self-respecting, independent, and essentially manly men and
womanly women who have hitherto constituted the most typically Ameri-
can, and on the whole the most valuable, element in our entire nation.
Ambitious native-born young men and women who now tend away from
the farm must be brought back to it, and therefore they must have social
as well as economic opportunities. Everything should be done to encour-
age the growth in the open farming country of such institutional and
social movements as will meet the demand of the best type of farmers.
There should be libraries, assembly halls, social organizations of all kinds.
The school building, and the teacher in the school building should, through-
out the country districts, be of the very highest type, able to fit the boys
and girls not merely to live in, but thoroughly to enjoy and to make the
most of the country. The country church must be revived. All kinds
of agencies, from rural free delivery to the bicycle and the telephone,
should be utilized to the utmost; good roads should be favored; every-
thing should be done to make it easier for the farmer to lead the most
active and effective intellectual, political, and economic life.

There are regions of large extent where all this, or most of this, has
already been realized; and while this is perhaps especially true of great
tracts of farming country west of the Mississippi, with some of which I
have a fairly intimate personal knowledge, it is no less true of other
great tracts of country east of the Mississippi. In these regions the
church and the school flourish as never before; there is a more success-
ful and more varied farming industry; the social advantages and oppor-
tunities are greater than ever before; life is fuller, happier, more useful;
and though the work is more effective than ever, and in a way quite as
hard, it is carried on so as to give more scope for well-used leisure. My
plea is that we shall all try to make more nearly universal the condi-
tions that now obtain in the most favored localities.

■pBOGKESS IX AGEICULTXJRAL SCIEJ^^CE.

Nothing in the way of scientific work can' ever take the place of
business management on a farm. We ought all of us to teach ourselves
as much as possible; but we can also all of us learn from others; and
the farmer can best learn how to manage his farm even better than he
now does by practice, under intelligent supervision, on his own soil in
such a way as to increase his income. This is the kind of teaching
which has been carried on in Texas, Louisiana, and Arkansas by Doctor
Knapp, of the national department of agriculture. But much has

512 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

been accomplished by the growth of what is broadly designated as agri-
cultural science. This has been developed with remarkable rapidity
during the last quarter of a century, and the benefit to agriculture has
been great. As was inevitable, there was much error and much repeti-
tion of work in the early application of money to the needs of agricul-
tural colleges and experiment stations alike by the nation and the
several states. Much has been accomplished; but much more can be
accomplished in the future. The prime need must always be for real
research, resulting in scientific conclusions of proved soundness. Both
the farmer and the legislature must beware of invariably demanding
immediate returns from investments in research efforts. It is probably
one of our faults as a nation that we are too impatient to wait a suflB-
cient length of time to accomplish the best results; and in agriculture
effective research often, although not always, involves slow and long-
continued effort if the results are to be trustworthy. While applied
science in agriculture as elsewhere must be judged largely from the
standpoint of its actual return in dollars, yet the farmers no more than
anyone else can afford to ignore the large results that can be enjoyed
because of broader knowledge. The farmer must prepare for using the
knowledge that can be obtained through agricultural colleges by Insist-
ing upon a constantly more practical curriculum in the schools in which
his children are taught. He must not lose his independence, his ini-
tiative, his rugged self-sufficiency; and yet he must learn to work in the
heartiest co-operation with his fellows.

EDUCATIONAL AND RESEARCH WORK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICTXLTTJRE.

The corner stones of our unexampled prosperity are, on the one hand,
the production of raw material, and its manufacture and distribution on
the other. These two great groups of subjects are reprsented in the na-
tional government principally by the departments of agriculture and of
commerce and labor. The production of raw material from the surface
of the earth is the sphere in which the department of agriculture has
hitherto achieved such notable results. Of all the executive departments
there is no other, not even the postoffice, which comes into more direct
and beneficient contact with the daily life of the people than the depart-
ment of agriculture, and none whose yield of practical benefits is greater
in proportion to the public money expended.

But great as its services have been in the past, the department of
agriculture has a still larger field of usefulness ahead. It has been deal-
ing with growing crops. It must hereafter deal also with living men.
Hitherto agricultural research, instruction and agitation have been di-
rected almost exclusively toward the production of wealth from the soil.
It is time to adopt in addition a new point of view. Hereafter another
great task before the national department of agriculture and the similar
agencies of the various states must be to foster agriculture for its social
results, or, in other words, to assist in bringing about the best kind of
life on the farm for the sake of producing the best kind of men. The
government must recognize the far-reaching importance of the study and
treatment of the problems of farm life alike from the social and the

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 513

economic standpoints; and the federal and state department of agriculture
should co-operate at every point.

The farm grows the raw material for the food and clothing of all our
citizens; it supports directly almost half of them; and nearly half the
children of the United States are born and brought up on farms. How
can the life of the farm family be made less solitary, fuller of oppor-
tunity, freer from drudgery, more comfortable, happier and more attract-
ive? Such a result is most earnestly to be desired. How can life on the
farm be kept on the highest level, and where it is not already on that
level, be so improved, dignified and brightened as to awaken and keep
alive the pride and loyalty of the farmer's boys and girls, of the farmer's
wife, and of the farmer himself? How can a compelling desire to live
on the farm be aroused in the children that are born on the farm. All
these questions are of vital importance not only to the farmer, but to the
whole nation; and the department of agriculture must do its share in
answering them.

The drift toward the city is largely determined by the superior social
opportunities to be enjoyed there, by the greater vividness and move-
ment of city life. Considered from the point of view of national effi-
ciency, the problem of the farm is as much a problem of attractiveness
as it is a problem of prosperity. It has ceased to be merely a problem
of growing wheat and corn and cattle. The problem of production has
not ceased to be fundamental, but it is no longer final; just as learning
to read and write and cipher are fundamental, but are no longer the
final ends of education. We hope ultimately to double the average
yield of wheat and corn per acre; it will be a great achievement; but it is
even more important to double the desirability, comfort and standing of
the farmer's life. •

We must consider, then, not merely how to produce, but also how
production affects the producer. In the past we have given but scant
attention to the social side of farm life. We should study much more
closely than has yet been done the social organization of the country,
and inquire whether its institutions are now really as useful to the
farmer as they should be, or whether they should not be given a new
direction and a new impulse, for no farmer's life should lie merely
within the boundary of his farm. This study must be of the east and
the west, the north and the south; for the needs vary from place to place.

First in importance, of course, comes the effort to secure the mastery
of production. Great strides toward this end have already been taken over
the larger part of the United States; much remains to be done, but
much has been done; and the debt of the nation to the various agencies
of agricultural improvement for so great an advance is not to be over-
stated. But we can not halt here. The benefits of high social organiza-
tion include such advantages as ease of communication, better educational
facilities, increased comfort of living, and those opportunities for social
and intellectual life and intercourse, of special value to the young people
and to the women, which are as yet chiefly to be had in centers of popu-
lation. All this must be brought within the reach of the farmers who

33

514 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

live on the farms, of the men whose labor feeds and clothes the towns
and cities.

BENEFITS RESULTING FROM CO-OPERATIOX.

Farmers must learn the vital need of co-operation with one another.
Next to this comes co-operation with the government, and the government
can best give its aid through associations of farmers rather than through
the individual farmer; for there is no greater agricultural problem than
that of delivering to the farmer the large body of agricultural knowledge
which has been accumulated by the national and state governments and
by the agricultural colleges and schools. Nowhere has the government
worked to better advantage than in the south, where the work done by the
department of agriculture in connection with the cotton growers of the
southwestern states has been phenomenal in its value. The farmers in
the region affected by the boll weevil, in the course of the efforts to fight
it, have succeeded in developing a most scientific husbandry, so that in
many places the boll weevil became a blessing in disguise. Not only did
the industry of farming become of very much greater economic value
in its direct results, but it became immensely more interesting to thou-
sands of families. The meetings at which the new subjects of interest
were discussed grew to have a distinct social value, while with the farmers
were joined The merchants and bankers of the neighborhood. It is
needless to say that every such successful effort to organize the farmer
gives a great stimulus to the admirable educational work which is being
done in the southern states, as elsewhere, to prepare young people for
an agricultural life. It is greatly to be wished that the communities
whence these students are drawn and to which they either return or
should return could be cooperatively organized; that is, that associations
of farmers could be organized, primarily for business purposes,, but also
with social ends in view. This would mean that the returned students
from the institutions of technical learning would find their environment
prepared to profit to the utmost by the improvements in technical methods
which they had learned.

The people of our farming regions must be able to combine among
themselves, as the most efficient means of protecting their industry
from the highly organized interests which now surround them on every
side. A vast field is open for work by co-operative associations of farm-
ers in dealing with the relation of the farm to transportation and to the
distribution and manufacture of raw materials. It is only through such
combination that American farmers can develop to the full their eco-
nomic and social power. Combination of this kind has, in Denmark,
for instance, resulted in bringing the people back to the land, and has
enabled the Danish peasant to compete in extraordinary fashion, not
only at home, but in foreign countries, with all rivals.

KIND OF EDUCATION NEEDED.

Agricultural colleges and farmers' institutes have done much in
instruction and inspiration; they have stood for the nobility of labor
and the necessity of keeping the muscles and the brain in training for
industry. They have developed technical departments of high practical

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART X. 515

value. They seek to provide for the people on the farms an equipment
so broad and thorough as to fit them for the highest requirements of our
citizenship; so that they can establish and maintain country homes of
the best type, and create and sustain a country civilization more than
equal to that of the city. The men they train must be able to meet
the strongest business competition, at home or abroad, and they can do
this only if they are trained, not alone in the various lines of husbandry,
but in successful economic management. These colleges, like the state
experiment stations, should carefully study and make known the needs
of each section, and should try to provide remedies for what is wrong.

The education to be obtained in these colleges should create as inti-
mate relationship as is possible between the theory of learning and the
facts of actual life. Educational establishments should produce highly
trained scholars, of course; but in a country like ours, where the educa-
tional establishments are so numerous, it is folly to think that their main
purpose is to produce these highly trained scholars. Without in the least
disparaging scholarship and learning — on the contrary, while giving hearty
and ungrudging admiration and support to the comparatively few whose
primary work should be creative scholarship — it must be remembered that
the ordinary graduate of our colleges should be and must be, primarily, a
man and not a scholar. Education should not confine itself to books.
It must train executive power, and try to create that right public opinion
which is the most potent factor in the proper solution of all political and
social questions. Book-learning is very important, but it is by no means
everything; and we shall never get the right idea of education until we
definitely understand that a man may be well trained in book-learning
and yet, in the proper sense of the word, and for all practical purposes, be
utterly uneducated; while a man of comparatively little book-learning
may, nevertheless, in essentials have a good education.

IMPROVEJIENT OP CONDITIONS AFFECTING COUNTRY LIFE.

It is true that agriculture in the United States has reached a very
high level of prosperity; but we can not afford to disregard the signs
which teach us that there are influences operating against the establish-
ment or retention of our country life upon a really sound basis. The
overextensive and wasteful cultivation of pioneer days must stop and
give place to a more economical system. Not only the physical but
the ethical needs of the people of the country districts must be con-
sidered. In our country life there must be social and intellectual ad-
vantages as well as a fair standard of physical comfort. There must
be in the country, as in the town, a multiplication of movements for
intellectual advancement and social betterment. We must try to raise
the average of farm life, and we must also try to develop it so that it
shall offer exceptional chances for the exceptional man.

Of course the essential things after all are those which concern all of
us as men and women, no matter whether we live in the town or the
country, and no matter what our occupations may be. The root prob-
lems are much the same for all of us, widely though they may differ in
outward manifestation. The most important conditions that tell for
happiness within the home are the same for the town and the country;

516 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

and the relations between employer and employee are not always satis-
factory on the farm any more than in the factory. All over the country
there is a constant cor.iplaint of paucity of farm labor. Without at-
tempj:ing to go into all ihe features of this question I would like to point
out that you can never get the right kind, the best kind, of labor if you
offer employment only for a few months, for no man worth anything will
permanently accept a system which leaves him in idleness for half the
year.

A WORD REGARDING THE FARMER'S FAMILY.

And most important of all, I wanr to say a special word on behalf
of the one who is too often the very hardest worked laborer on the
farm — the farmer's wife. Reform, like charity, while it should not end
at home, should certainly begin there; and the man, whether he lives
on a farm or in a town, who is anxious to see better social and economic
conditions prevail through the country at large, should be exceedingly care-
ful that they prevail first as regards his own womankind. I emphatically
believe that for the great majority of women the really indispensable in-
dustry in which they should engage is the industry of the home. There
are exceptions, of course; but exactly as the first duty of the normal man
is the duty of being the home maker, so the first duty of the normal
woman is to be the home keeper; and exactly as no other learning is as
important for the average man as the learning which will teach him how
to make his livelihood, so no other learning is as important for the aver-
age woman as the learning which will make her a good housewife and
mother. But this does not mean that she should be an overworked
drudge. I have hearty sympathy with the movement to better the con-
dition of the average tiller of the soil, or of the average wageworker, and I
have an even heartier sympathy and applause for the movement which is
to better the condition of their i-espective wives. There is plenty that is
hard and rough and disagreeable in the necessary work of actual life;
and under the best circumstances, and no matter how tender and con-
siderate the husband, the wife will have at least her full share of worlv
and worry and anxiety; but if the man is worth his salt he will try to
take as much as possible of the burden off the shoulders of his help-
mate. There is nothing Utopian in the movement; all that is necessary
is to strive toward raising the average, both of men and women, to the
level on which the highest type of family now stands, among American
farmers, among American skilled mechanics, among American citizens
generally; for in all the world there is no better and healthier home life.
no finer factory of individual character, nothing more representative of
wliat is best and most characteristic in American life than that which
exists in the higher type of American family; and this higher type of
family is to be found everywhere among us, and is the property of no
special group of citizens.

The best crop is the crop of children; the best products of the farm
are the men and women raised thereon; and the most instructive and
practical treatise on farming, necessary though they be, are no more
necessary than the books which teach us our duty to our neighbor, and
above all to the neighbor who is of our own household. You young

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART X. 517

men and women of the agricultural and industrial colleges and schools —
and, for that matter, you who go to any college or school — must have
some time for light reading; and there is some light reading quite as
useful as heavy reading, provided, of course, that you do not read in a
spirt of mere vacuity. Aside from the great classics, and thinking only
of the many healthy and stimulating books of the day, it is easy to pick
out many which can really serve as tracts, because they possess what
many avowed tracts and treatises do not, the prime quality of being in-
teresting. You will learn the root principles of self help and helpfulness
towards others from "Mrs. Wiggs of the Cabbage Patch," just as much
as from any formal treatise on charity; you will learn as much sound
social and industrial doctrine from Octave Thanet's stories of farmers
and wageworkers as from avowed sociological and economic studies; and
I cordially recommend the first chapter of "Aunt Jane of Kentucky" for
use as a tract in all families where the men folks tend to selfish or
thoughtless or overbearing disregard of the rights of their womenkind.

Do not misunderstand me. I have not the slightest sympathy with
those hysterical and foolish creatures who wish women to attain to easy
lives by shirking their duties. I have as hearty a contempt for the
woman who shirks her duty of bearing and rearing the children, of
doing her full housewife's work, as I have for the man who is an idler,
who shirks his duty of earning a living for himself and for his house-
hold, or who is selfish or brutal toward his wife and children. I believe
in the happiness that comes from the performance of duty, not from the
avoidance of duty. But I believe also in trying, each of us, as strength
is given us, to bear one another's burdens; and this especially in our
own homes. No outside training, no co-operation, no government aid
or direction can take the place of a strong and upright character; of
goodness of heart combined with clearness of head and that strength
and toughness of fiber necessary to wring success from a rough w6rk-a-
day world. Nothing outside of home can take the place of home. The
school is an invaluable adjunct to the home, but it is a wretched sub-
stitute for it. The family relation is the most fundamental, the most
important of all relations. No leader in church or state, in science or
art or industry, however great his achievement, does work which com-
pares in importance with that of the father and the mother, "who are
the first of sovereigns and the most divine of priests."

THE TWO WEEKS' ANNUAL SHORT COURSE AT THE IOWA STATE

COLLEGE.

A total enrollment of 748 students was registered in the eighth annual
short course of the Iowa State College at Ames. This was practically
the same number in attendance a year ago. Without a doubt the crowd
would have swelled to a larger size if untoward financial conditions had
not come upon the whole country just previous to thife meeting.

The interest was keen in all branches of agricultural study, with live
stock and grain drawing the most devotees, as usual. The dairy course
showed a healthy increase over twelve months ago. In place of the

518

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 519

special course in horticulture and forestry, which had only a small pa-
tronage last year, daily one-hour lectures on these two subjects and the
additional subjects of rural engineering and soils were given to all
students. This was a good precedent to establish and gave great satis-
faction to all, for these industries are really only of minor importance in
Iowa. The domestic science registry bespoke 50 present for the two
weeks' work along this line. Some of the talks in this department, how-
ever, were at times listened to by 200 ladies. The latter branch of the
short course is assuming greater interest each year it is offered.

In many ways it was a cosmopolitan assemblage of farmers and their
wives, a truly good representation of Iowa agricultural intelligence and
enterprise. A growing number of this class of Iowa people encourage this
latest Iowa idea with their presence.

To show how the influence of the work is spreading and how the gospel
of the short course is expanding throughout the state, it is interesting to
note that the most prominent and best farmers of the state come back
each year with a party or club of their neighbors. These men devote
themselves faithfully and earnestly to the work in hand. Men who have
amassed fortunes are among this number and they emphatically state that
the increased knowledge that they gather enables them not only to direct
their work far more profitably, but to add to life's duties a tinge of
pleasure.

The class of men found at the annual short course are of the type
which has been responsible for the past development of the farm interests
of the state. Engage them in conversation for even a few minutes and
it will be discovered that they are the men who stand out as safe, ener-
getic and honored citizens, actuated by a desire to help their neighbors
as well as themselves. They extend their influence in a modest way in
their own communities and as a whole they are of the type of citizens
who are constantly striving to leave the world better for their having
lived and been a factor in its work.

An outstanding good collection of live stock and small grains, a practi-
cal creamery course and a daily evening program of well known agri-
cultural speakers were the attractions which drew the large crowd. The
attendance gathered from all parts of the State and was most noteworthy
for the large number of young men. This was perhaps due to the com-
petition for the Armour and Rosenbaum scholarships, which were com-
peted for at the close of the short course by 52 of the young men who
were under 21 years of age. A sprinkling of second year students and of
graduates of the regular four-year course was also noticed. Several men
with degrees from other institutions were present. No matter what the
class, condition or age of the short course students, they took great inter-
est in studying what had been assembled in Ames for their benefit in the
way of winners of America's best show rings and the best grains of the
great expositions. Dean Curtiss had arranged a practical course in agri-
culture and his efforts were well repaid by a goodly crowd.

Naturally the greatest emphasis was placed upon live stock and this
year the work in judging breeding and feeding was at high tide. Splendid
animals were assembled by Professor W. J. Kennedy and as a whole they
probably will rank as the best live stock exhibit that ever graced a win-

520 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

ter school. The first work of this cource was with 29 sheep picked out
of a flock of 1,100 owned by Chandler Bros. The college flock was also
drawn upon for types in the wool and mutton work. An outstanding
individual in this collection was a champion wether from the herd of
King Edward VII., which later in the meat demonstration was pro-
nounced by John Gosling as the model animal.

The cattle exhibit, in addition to animals from the college herd, was
assisted by the presence of Short-horns from Flynn Bros, and Mansfield
& Harmon. The Angus classes were strengthened by nine individuals
from the herd of O. V. Battles. The dairy classes were handled by Pro-
fessor H. G. Van Pelt and consisted of lectures and demonstrations of
the different dairy breeds.

This year the horses represented more breeds than ever before and
there was every type of desirable western animal. The college furnished
the draft mares from its own stables — Clydesdales and Shires and the
Clydesdale stallion Kuroki. He was supported by stallions of the Perch-
eron, Belgian, German Coach and Hackney breeds from the barns of
A. B. Holbert.

Three of the prize winning Berkshire barrows at the International had
been returned for short course work and furnished good classes of typical
fat hogs. Breeding classes of Duroc Jersey sows, Poland-China sows,
Berkshire sows and Chester White gilts were also considered. York-
shires were used to emphasize the bacon type, which is not so well known
in Iowa as is the fat hog type.

In the meat demonstration John Gosling dwelt on the merits of Iowa
fattened beef, pork and mutton. Little Jack, a Hereford-Angus cross
shown at Chicago, was the principal exhibit in this class. In contrast
to his well-proportioned lean and beautifully marbled cuts were cuts from
the same parts of a medium good steer and a canner. Mr. Gosling pro-
nounced Little Jack one of the finest quality animals on foot that he ever
saw and the slaughter proved that his judgment was good. The educa-
tional features of this demonstration cannot be overlooked. As an aid to
both the breeder and feeder it has no equal and the work of John Gos-
ling has made many a man a better stock judge and many a feeder a
wiser man. A very interesting feature was the lectures of Dr. J. H. Mc-
Neil and his assistants on conformation and soundness, diseases of ani-
mals and general bacterial diseases.

The pre-eminence of Iowa as a corn state was evident as one looked
upon the students who were busying themselves with learning more of
this great cereal. The second week was given to the same kind of work
with small grains. Lectures on alfalfa, Mendel's law, eradication of
weeds, seed testing and handling of small crops varied the laboratory
work in this course. Professor M. L. Bowman, assisted by Professor B.
W. Crossley and the members of the two champion grain judging teams,
did the teaching work in this course. The 400 members of the Iowa
Corn Growers' Association, which holds its annual meeting at Ames dur-
ign the short course, were the backbone of the agronomy crowd. This
association distributed $5,000 in prize money. The grand championship
for ten ears was won by C. R. Bishop, an amateur exhibitor, who also
captured the Whiting trophy. The grand champion single ear, shown by

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X.

521

,/\- 'i

522 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

J. A. Mason, won the Allee trophy, a $150 painting by Montgomery. At
the annual auction sale of this association something over $1,000 was
taken in for seed corn values. While no extraordinary prices were re-
ceived for any single ear exhibits, the grand champion single ear bring-
ing only $26, against $150 last year, the steady uniformity of prices given
for the large exhibits of seed corn was the feature which brought a steady
level of prices. The best 100 ears of corn were shown by Edson Bennett,
who last year exhibited the best 10 ears of corn, any variety. The best
50 ears of Legal Tender corn were shown by a son of D. B. Nims. In a
class of 90 students who took the examination for certificates as corn
judges, J. W. Coverdale of Elmwood was first. "The Wallaces' Farmer
Cup," for the best corn judging done by club of five, was awarded to the
Packwood Corn Club of Packwood.

All the short course students assembled in the college chapel to hear
such men as Assistant Secretary Willet M. Hays of the United States
agricultural department, the noted Angus breeder, O. E. Bradfute, of Ce-
darville, Ohio; Mrs. Caroline M. Hunt of the University of Michigan,
Miss Jessie Field, the energetic and pushing county superintendent of
schools of Page county; Editor James Atkinson of the Des Moines Home-
stead; President Asa Turner of the Iowa Corn Growers' Association; J. C.
Simpson of the Iowa State Fair, Dean Waters of Missouri Agricultural
College, and Professor C. F. Curtiss talk on subjects in which all had a
mutual interest. These talks were full of inspiration and practical ex-
perience and the hearing of them is sure to redound to the promotion of
the highest ideals of farming and the country home.

At the election of officers John Sundberg of Whiting, Iowa, was made
president; J. W. Coverdale, Elmwood, Iowa, vice president; B. W. Crossley,
Ames, Iowa,- secretary, and Fred McCulloch, Hartwick, Iowa, membership
secretary and treasurer.

The ticket of vice presidents for the following year are:

District 1. Geo. M. Allee, Newell.

District 2. M. S. Nelson, Goldfield.

District 3. A. E. Quaife, Ionia. ^

District 4. Paul C. Ta£f, Panora.

District 5. C. O. Garrett, Mltchellville.

District 6. L. C. Hutcheson, West Branch.

District 7. F. H. Klopping, Neola.

District 8. Fred Wooley, Garden Grove. '

District 9. W. A. Hooli, Paeliwood.

Iowa won in the aggregate about $2,000 of the Armour and Rosenbaum
scholarships money offered by the 1907 International Live Stock Expo-
sition on its live stock exhibits and team judging work. Dean Curtiss
distributed this money to short course students in the form of six Armour
and one Rosenbaum scholarships based on their proficiency in judging
four classes of corn and eight of stock — two classes each of sheep, swine,
cattle and horses and one class each of the following varieties of corn,
Reid's Yellow Dent, Leaming Boone County White and Silver Mine. The
Armour scholarships, valued at $250 each, were awarded to Walter Cooper,
Knierim, age 19; H. B. Cornwell, Ankeny, age 19; Frank Sanders,
Hartley, age 19; B. C. Brown, Anamosa, age 17; Harry Steenboch, Peri-
sia, age 20, and Ray Gatewood, Packwood, age 18. The Rosenbaum

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X.

523

524 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

scholarship was awarded to Thomas Burford, Des Moines, age 20. The
conditions of the competition for the Armour scholarships were that
the young men were to be under 21 years of age and of limited means
which would render them incapable of getting through college on their
own resources. The contest was limited to students who had not at-
tended an agricultural college course previously. There were no restric-
tions as to financial standing in connection with the distribution of the
Rosenbaum scholarship.

The tribute paid to the work of Dean Charles F. Curtiss and his as-
sistants by the Breeders' Gazette, is worth repeating. "Iowa ideas are
growing. Some are fruiting in economic reforms, others in the improve-
ment of farm crops and farm practices. It is fitting that a farm state
should be the incubator of helpful ideas for agricultural people. The
Iowa Agricultural College at Ames has fairly inoculated the State with
the virus which compels farmers to think, to plan, to improve and to
help one another."

"THE SHORT COURSE AT AMES."

Miss Mahel C. Peters, Sac City, Iowa, tefore Sac County Farmers' Institute.

I arrived in Ames about dusk and took the electric motor, which
rapidly carried me to the college grounds. I was shown to Margaret Hall,
where I was to receive room and board while there, which is a very home-
like place. The next morning when daylight appeared I was very favor-
ably impressed with the location.

We were told to get goods for a shirt waist before we came to our worlv
at 9 o'clock. The mornings of the first few days were spent in each girl
making herself a shirt waist, with Miss Donovan as instructor. The
afternoons of those days were spent in the chemical laboratory working
out some experiments in chemistry, very much like I had in my chemistry
work here in the academy last year, only it had more bearing on foods.
Mr. Mitchell was instructor in this work.

On Saturday our work in the cooking department commenced. The
mornings were spent in the cooking laboratory throughout the remainder
of the short course. At 9 o'clock every morning we assembled in Clio
Hall and listened to a half-hour talk from Mrs. Feulhing, which was very
instructive. From there we went to the cooking laboratory, which is on
the third floor in Mai'garet Hall. Here there are three kitchens, a dining
room and a pantry. Very cheerful, tidily kept rooms. Each kitchen is
provided with several tables, in each three or four drawers containing
cooking utensils. The short course students were equally divided among
these three kitchens, with an instructor presiding over each kitchen.
Three or four girls were assigned a place at each table. Each girl had at
her place a little gas stove on which to do her cooking and a drawer con-
taining her cooking utensils. As soon as we had taken our places at
the table a printed slip was passed to each containing recipes of the
cooking for that day. Every one went immediately to work. After the
cooking was done the dish washing came, as usual. There was a certain
order in which these utensils were to be kept. After these were put

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X.

525

526 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

away you were supposed to sit down until your instructor came and
viewed your work. If it was properly done and everything in order
you were excused, if^not, you were told wherein it failed and expected to
put it in order. Dish towels were to be hung up neatly and while at work
you must keep your table tidy.

One thing that I very much liked about the work there was the strong
emphasis placed upon order, which I consider is one of the first principles
of good housekeeping in the true sense of the word.

The first morning was spent in cooking vegetables, the next cereals, the
two following days the cooking of meats, next the cooking for the sick and
the last day fruits. Here we learned many ways of cooking and serving,
some very apetizing and attractive dishes, and obtained some very helpful
ideas, some new and some old. I will give a few of them, which might
be of benefit to some of you.

Pepper is a superfluous article of diet, there being no nutrition what-
ever in it. Scientific cooks use less spices. The day is coming when we
will have less and less highly spiced foods.

We must eat what we can procure and what satisfies every need of the
body. Prepare your foods, not in the easiest way, but the most palatable
and nutritious. The basis of palatable foods is sanitary cooking, and the
cooking of our foods the proper length of time for each article, and in the
proper manner.

They advised cornmeal, oatmeal and vitos as the nutritious breakfast
foods. The reason so many people do not like breakfast foods is because
they are not thoroughly cooked and not served in an appetizing way. Oat-
meal is of very high food value. Mrs. Feuling says: "I have never found
a more appetizing, palatable and nutritious dish than the breakfast foods
when properly cooked and properly served." Long cooking is very impor-
tant. They may be served with cream and sugar and an addition of jelly or
fruit, if so desired. The uncooked breakfast foods are not of very high
food value for the bulk and are high priced and are for lazy people.
There is more nurition in yellow cornmeal than in white.

So much lies in the way an egg is cooked in respect to its digestability.
They should never be cooked at boiling temperature. Have been tested
in test tubes with the strongest of acids and found absolutely indigestible
when cooked at the boiling point. This is the way they advise cooking
them: Take one pint of boiling water to each egg; take off the stove,
then drop in the eggs and let stand ten minutes for a soft, nice, creamy
egg, for a firm egg, twenty minutes.

Use forethought about your meals, meats especially, vegetables some-
times, cereals always.

The chief principles in meat cooking lies in what it is to be used for.
If for meat sear it over by using boiling water to keep the juices within,
and if for soup use cold water. Cook all meats at a temperature above the
boiling point and longer than the ordinary recipe. Have your frying pan
hot before putting meat into it. Never stick a fork into frying meat, as
it permits the juices to escape, but slip the fork under and turn it over.

When planning a meal one should use good taste in the appearance
of the table, serving what will give a contrast of colors. As an illus-
tration carrots and potatoes at the same meal make a pretty contrast.

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 527

They taught the importance of serving articles that were the most pala-
table together. They also brought forth the importance of economy in
cooking by making over into tasty and palatable dishes what was left.
We obtained some very practical and tasty recipes. In this school they
are not taught paultry fashion, either in cooking or serving.

One of the greatest treats of the short course was Mrs. Blair from the
domestic art department of Minnesota. We all looked forward to her
talks from day to day. In her talks she dwelt largely upon home deco-
rations and dress. She says: "The greatest art of housekeeping is sim-
plicity." She advocates having tasty, plain and neat furnishings in the
home. In the sitting room restful pictures, and above all things have it
comfortable. In the dining room have a few tastily kept plants, con-
venient kitchen and flowers in the back yard. Will give you the article
she gave us on dining room cheer.

"One set of fine, spotless table linen, sprinkled, not too thickly, with
pretty glass, china and silver and well lighted with brightness, tempered
to the right consistency not to dazzle. To this adtl a few sunny faces,
some good conversation, spiced with gayety. The unpalatable, distasteful
portions having been previously eliminated. Then quietly and by degrees
add food which has been carefully and daintily prepared and arranged.
Over all scatter little flecks of kindness and courtesy till an inward glow
is produced and keep at this point from half an hour to an hour or longer."

Taking up the subject of dress, she says: "Do not follow fashions
and fads, but wear what is becoming, small figured goods always being in
good taste." She does not consider silk in good taste for children. In
her talk she referred to people who considered their appearance consisted
in the amount of money expended in their dress, making very forcible
the fact that it is not so much the expense they put in their apparel as it
is in having them tasty, neat and care in putting them on, and that they
are neatly attired throughout. They wish the girls in their schools of
domestic economy to dress neat and plain.

Another good talk which we had was by Miss Fields, a county superin-
tendent, who stated that it was injurious to the minds of the children to
have teachers from the city go into the country to teach the schools; that
they were blue, oh, so blue, and lonesome; this was contagious and culti-
vated discontent among the children. She had had such teachers in her
county who had come to her and said they could not do anything with
those unruly boys and made a failure and gave it up. She then sent a
country girl to take her place, who interested the children by making
flower beds, etc., making the grounds attractive, interesting them on agri-
cultural lines, which brought about happiness and contentment. And she
heard no more of those unruly boys and it proved a success. She also
stated that we often read in the paper that Mr. and Mrs. So-and-So had
moved to town so that their children may have better educational ad-
vantages. She fully expects to see the day come when you will read in
the paper Mr. and Mrs. So-and-So has' moved into their beautiful country
home so that their children may have better educational advantages. She
says that she believes it more since she has been to the short course at
Ames and sees what kind of farmers Iowa has and what influence they

528 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

can have at the capitol down here at Des Moines. She stated that her
sympathies and feelings were with the country.

They have a very pleasant campus at Ames and Margaret Hall makes
a very pleasant home for the young ladies and the Y. M. C. A. building
for the young men. They also have social events in connection with the
work there. Mrs. A. B. Storms very kindly entertained the girls of the
short course one evening at her home, which we greatly appreciated.

Among the many courses offered at this school is a four years' course
in domestic science.

If one is choosing a college course I consider this course at Ames a
very much more practical course for the average young lady than many
of the courses. I fully believe that one of the highest callings for a
young lady is to be a good housekeeper, which, I judge from their talk,
many of the teachers there are.

I consider this year's method of their short course an improvement on
former years, as heretofore they had demonstration work done by the
teachers, while this year each student did actual laboratory work. They
expect next year to give a second year's work on the short course, which
is another improvement.

There were between 40 and 50 young ladies taking the short course this
year and next year I hope to see twice that number, as I consider it very
beneficial and I believe the day is coming when there is going to be
more attention given to this subject.

WHO SHOULD BUY IMPROVED BREEDING STOCK?
Wallaces' Farmer.

It is not every farmer who should attend public sales to buy breeding
stock. The scrub farmer, the farmer who has made no better than the
ordinary provision for the pasturing, feeding, and sheltering of stock,
has no business to buy improved stock. The scrub is a hardy fellow, can
stand almost anything, is satisfied with little, and is worth little. Hence
the proper kind of stock for the scrub farmer is scrub stock.

The scrub farmer who is accustomed to raising scrub stock is a direct
menace to the breeding interests, and it is unfortunate for any breeder of
improved stock to sell them to the man who cannot give them improved
care. For this improvement has been made by better feeding and better
housing as well as by careful observance of the laws of heredity or breed-
ing. If they are taken out of this better environment they will naturally
degenerate into scrubs, and worse than scrubs; for they do not have the
vitality of the scrub and hence succumb the more quickly to the hard,
scrub conditions.

The man who undertakes to invest in improved cattle before he has im-
proved pastures and sufficient buildings makes a mistake which he will
sooner or later find to be very costly. Farmers who have improved pas-
tures very often make an almost equally costly mistake in the line of
shelter. They have paid big money for improved stock, have pasture and
feed enough; but, like the pious old lady who filled her pastor's cup up

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 529

with molasses on the theory that nothing was too good for the preacher,
they have built costly buildings without providing for ventilation and
sunlight, which are quite as essential to improved stock as improved feed.
Improved stock requires good buildings, but housing which does not supply
ventilation and sunlight is not good housing, and will sooner or later
bring trouble to the man who undertakes to work a miracle by growing
improved stock under these conditions.

The reason why farmers have graded up their hogs until in the corn
belt they are almost all practically pure bred is because it has been com-
paratively easy to provide the proper feed and proper housing as well as
to buj' improved sires.

Who, then, should buy improved stock? Every man who has improved
his pastures and provided proper housing? It is not every man who
should buy improved stock for the purpose of establishing a breeding
herd, especially in cattle or horses. He should confine his purchases at
first to the sire and note the results. If he has provided the proper en-
vironment, he will be astonished at the results of the first cross. He will
find this first cross capable of very great but not nearly the proportionate
improvement. After he has graded up it will be time for him to buy
a few pure bred females and lay the foundation of a pure bred herd.

The breeding interests have suffered great loss in past years by the
purchase of pure bred females by farmers who have not yet learned the
art of growing high grade stock. These females have degenerated by
adapting themselves to the poor environment, and this man, who might
possibly have become the continued patron of larger and better breeders,
becomes disgusted with the pure bred business and concludes that the
grade is the best after all; and so it is for him, but not necessarily for
the man who has advanced far enough to furnish pure bred conditions.

In buying pure bred cattle at the various sales the farmer should use
wise discrimination. He should not for a moment allow himself to be
infected with the color craze or any other fad. What he is after is qual-
ity, which does not lie in the color of the hair, though it should be of the
color recognized in the breed. Neither should he allow himself to be
infected with the fad of paying big prices for any particular fancy breed-
ing that may happen to be the rage. He should by all means buy cattle of
sound pedigree.

Farmers should use wise discrimination in selecting the type of cattle
for which their farms are fitted. A great many of our readers are more
or less engaged in dairying. In buying Short-horns they should pay
especial attention to the milking qualities of the dams and grandams of
the sire. It is not easy to get this information except so far as the type
of the animal reveals it, which it does not always do with certainty.
There is no danger in buying Short-horns of getting sires from cows that
give too much milk; the more the better. Neither is there any danger in
buying Herefords or any other breed of getting them from cows that are
too heavy milkers; the more the better. Breeders of the distinctly beef
breeds recognize this by their use of nurse cows, "wet nurses," to push
forward their show stock to the greatest possible extent. Where the
farmer is buying with the intention of letting the calves run with the
34

530 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

cows, this is not a matter of so great importance; but even here, unless he
is on the range, there is no danger of getting a cow that gives too much
milk.

Who, then, should buy improved live stock for breeding? Every man
who is fit to handle them wisely. The breeding interests are not benefited
but injured by the purchase of improved cattle by men who are not
themselves improved up to the point where they can take care of them.
No man, however, who has good grass such as can be grown on land worth
from fifty to one hundred dollars an acre should for a single moment be
satisfied with scrub or low grade cattle. To be satisfied with this means
impoverishment sooner or later.

No man should be satisfied to buy a poor individual, no matter what
its pedigree may be. The condition of the animal is a better testimony
to the pedigree than the paper on which it is written. If it has the right
breeding and the right care it will be a good individual. If it has the
right breeding and not the right care it will not. No matter how good
the individual and the care, or how perfect the environment, the animal
will not be what it should be unless it has been born right and is
descended from good parentage on both sides.

The high price of land in the corn belt is a most potent and weighty
reason for buying the best kind of live stock now offered at public sale.
Neither the scrpb nor the low grade sire nor the poorly fed individual,
no matter how good its pedigree, will pay interest on these high priced
lands. Every animal fit to eat the grass or grains that grow on these
high priced lands must be well bred, at least on one side, and then it
must have that human environment that will supplement the natural and
artificial environment, and thus bring out the latent capacities to their
utmost extent.

Our hogs are pretty well bred up. The same may be said of our sheep.
Now may there be "a long pull and a strong pull and a pull all together."
to grade up the cattle on these western prairies and thus get full value out
of the grains and grasses which we are growing at such a large expendi-
ture for high priced machinery and labor.

OIPROVED STOCK ON $100 LAND.
Wallaces' Farmer.

As land advances in price the kind of live stock that can be kept at a
profit becomes a matter for very careful study. When land was worth
fifteen to twenty dollars, or when there was free range, it was quite pos-
sible to make good money by keeping a cow for the chance of a calf. The
man who kept a scrub bull might then be regarded as unwise, but not alto-
gether foolish.

As land advances in price, even though there should be a correspond-
ing advance in the price of beef, it becomes important to use only the
machine for converting the grains and grasses into beef that will do it to
the best advantage. The high grade animal or the pure bred may not
make any more pounds of beef per ton of corn or hay; for the making
of the pounds depends not upon breeding, but upon the capacity of diges-

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAH BOOK-PART X. 531

tion and assimilation, which may be quite as high in the scrub as in the
pure bred. The unfortunate thing, however, is that these pounds wall
not sell, and when scrub beef will sell at three to four cents well bred beef,
properly fed, may sell at from six to seven cents. Therefore, the one
may be grown at a loss and the other at a very considerable profit.

For a long time agricultural papers have been preaching the gospel that
the scrub will have to go; but their gospel, if heard, has not always been
practiced. Fortunately, the forces of nature help the advocates of any
good cause, whether it be reform in agriculture or in politics or in the
lives of men. These high prices of land are compelling farmers to think
more carefully than they ever did before of the advantages of well bred
stock of whatever kind.

Farming has become more diversified than it has ever been before.
We are discovering that the farm, with its environment and its im-
provements, especially the man who manages it, may be adapted to feed-
ing beef cattle, or growing hogs, or feeding sheep, or to dairying; and
it is wisdom to select the kind of stock to which the fai-m is best
adapted, but particularly to which the farmer is adapted. It is very
much easier to change fields and modify the buildings to accommodate
the man who runs the farm, whether owner or renter, than it is to
make a man over. This, however, is not enough.

When any kind of live stock is selected, for instance cattle, as the
main product of the farm, then it becomes necessary to decide whether
they shall be grown and fed, or purchased and fed for beef production;
or if they are to be used exclusively for milk production; or if they are
to be used for combined beef and milk production. This having been
decided, the question of the kind of stock they should use, especially
the kind they should grow, and consequently the kind of sires they should
purchase, will determine itself.

As farms advance in value and in price, an increasing number of
them must be used for both milk and beef production and fewer of them
for the exclusive growing and feeding of beef cattle. This will not pre-
vent an Incrase in the number of farms devoted to special purpose dairy-
ing. These two increases will go side by side, together with feeding
operations, while the growing of calves exclusively for beef must in the
very nature of things be confined to lower priced lands.

This inevitable drift of things, the result of the advancing price of
land, should lead breeders to modify where necessary their methods
of breeding, and particularly so in the case of cattle that are used both
for dairying and for beef production. The growers of exclusively beef
cattle will not need to make any changes, nor will the growers of special
purpose dairy cows; but the growers of improved cattle that are capable
of being used profitably for this double purpose will need to make some
changes which we have been suggesting to them for a number of years.

It is very important that breeders of this class pay special attention
to the development of the milking qualities in such breeds as the Short-
horn, Red Poll, Polled Durham and Brown Swiss; nor would any harm
come to the breeders of Herefords, Aberdeen Angus, and beef Short-horns
through increasing the milking qualities of these breeds. It
is a noticeable thing that in many cases the steers that have won prizes

532 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

at the great shows of the past have had for dams phenomenal milkers,
so that it was not necessary to furnish a nurse cow to help out the dam.
We have always regretted that some of the breeders of Red Polls and
Polled Durhams have endeavored to make special purpose beef cattle
out of these breeds. In doing so they bring themselves into sharp com-
petition with the special beef breeds; and to do this effectively they pur-
chase sires of pronounced beef qualities, and thus get away from what
is really the special purpose in the development of these breeds.

The development of the habit of milking is quite as important as
the inheritance of milking qualities; and to this end the cows intended
for the production of bulls to head these dual purpose herds should
be milked and thus form the habit. The fact is that it is milking that
develops milk cows, just as it is the practicing of the teachings of the
Master that develops followers of the Nazerene. No matter what milk-
ing qualities may be transmitted, no matter how great the potency is
in this line, unless the habit is formed the potency will not be trans-
mitted very effectively.

This will require a change in the methods of the breeders of these
breeds that are valuable for what is known as the dual purpose, and
which we prefer to describe as the special purpose cow for the quarter
of half section farm, where it is necessary not merely to obtain the
quantity and quality of milk, but to provide packages in which the rougli-
age of the farm can be profitably transported to market ; in other words, to
condense freights.

They must henceforth be able to state not merely that a cow is a
good milker, but how good a milker she is. We confess we are rather
tired of hearing at breeders' meetings the praise of the dual purpose
cow sung without any proof of it. It is not enough to be able to say:
"The dam of this bull is a splendid milker," or "Why, it is hard to keep
her udder from spoiling." or "She gives enough milk for two calves,"
or, "She milks up to the time of calving." If this is true, then it is
possible to furnish the proof. There are so many men that like to
blow their own horns that buyers may well be excused from believing
unless the seller has the actual proof of it. as demonstrated by the
weighing and testing of the milk.

Changes in our agricultural and animal industry are not introduced
by the blast of the trumpet. They come gradually, as the changes in the
seasons come; but the man who will study the development of agriculture
can scarcely fail to see that this change is coming, and that breeders
of breeds of cattle that are capable of being used for dual purpose must
aim to meet that double purpose, and to meet it in an intelligent way,
and in a way that will be convincing to the customer.

This change has been coming for some time. It will come more
rapidly in the two or three years to come than it did in the past; for
experience is furnishing accumulated evidence every year that farms
now given over to exclusive corn growing, especially the best corn lands in
Illinois and Iowa, must hereafter be devoted to growing stock — horses,
hogs, sheep, or cattle.

Inasmuch as it does not pay to keep a brood mare for the chance of
a colt, the profitable growing of horses is limited to the number of brood

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 533

mares that can be worked on the farm, and hence they cannot make
much headway in getting rid of the grasses that must be grown in the
rotation on the quarter section farm. Hogs will of course be grown in
increasing numbers, but the hog is not primarily a grass-eating animal,
and hence he cannot get away with the pastures that the rotation ab-
solutely requires. Sheep will do better; but the parasitic enemies of
sheep will prevent their being grown in sufficient numbers on a grass
farm in the humid states to meet the requirements of the needed ro-
tation. Hence the only thing left is cattle, either to be grown for the
chance of a calf, or to be purchased elsewhere and fed out. or to be
kept for both milk and beef production. Breeders should therefore
listen to the voice of the corn root louse, the corn root worm, the corn
root borer, and the mold that is affecting the corn fields in so many
sections this year, pleading with farmers to adopt systems of rotation,
and then supply these farms with live stock adapted to that purpose.

THE OVERHEATED HORSE.

By A. S. Alexander, Breeders' Gazette.

It puzzles many a farmer to explain why some horses seem es-
pecially prone to heat exhaustion or sunstroke and they are also at a
loss to know how to ward off the attack or to treat it intelligently when
first observed. It may therefore be of interest to explain that apparently
every horse attacked with sunstroke is ailing the day of attack and
otherwise would not be affected. If this be not so it certainly is difficult
to explain just why one horse suffers out of a number kept in the same
stable and fed and managed alike; but if we keep a careful watch
over the horses in our care it becomes possible in many instances to de-
tect slight departures from normal conditions which may be taken as
premonitory of serious trouble if not checked in time. Inability to
stand work in hot weather, when not due to a previous attack of heat
exhaustion, seems dependent upon disturbance of the digestive organs.
Indigestion, in short, usually is present when a horse suddenly shows
the symptoms of distress which are characteristic of heat exhaustion
and which precede sunstroke or "heat apoplexy" as it might better be
termed. This indigestion does not always appear immediately before
or just at the time of the attack; it may come on gradually, or has
been chronic in the subject attacked and quiet unfits him for hard
work in the field during the heated term, did the owner but recognize
the trouble and appreciate the danger it entails.

The horse affected with indigestion of chronic form sheds late or
tardily, has a tightness of Skin indicating emaciation or lack of perfect
health and often the hajr remains long and course and tends to stand
on end while the ribs are too apparent and the horse lacks spirit, vigor,
appetite and staying qualities. Such symptoms, however, may be indica-
tive of several different ailments, or indeed of almost any depleting
sickness the nature of which is not patent to the eye of the attendant.
Any one of these weakening maladies renders a horse peculiarly subject
to sunstroke so that its known presence should make the owner or at-

534 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

tendant especially careful of his charge during any prolonged spell of ex-
tremely hot, muggy, fatiguing weather. But most often indigestion is
the trouble leading up to heat exhaustion and its presence is proved if
the horse shows in addition to general signs of ill health, or apart from
the chronic symptoms, a sudden or continued lack of normal consistency,
color, and odor in the manure he passes. Instead of the feces coming
away in balls of golden yellow color and devoid of other than the com-
paratively slight and not offensive odor, it is voided in slushy masses of
abnormally pale color and highly offensive smell; or it may come away
in slime-covered, clay-colored or almost white balls, or in the liquid state
characteristic of diarrhoea. Whether these signs of derangement of the
digestive organs are seen for some time or suddenly they make it cer-
tain that the affected animal is unfit for work in the fields if the weather
is extraordinarily hot or if he is put to work at such times it will be at the
risk of an attack of heat exhaustion, if indeed, a preliminary attack has
not caused the derangement in cases where nothing was apparently
wrong when the horse started the day's work.

Indigestion, such as we have outlined, is induced by keeping work
horses in badly ventilated, dirty stables; paying no attention to groom-
ing; overworking the horses in times of stress; allowing too little time
for the proper mastication of food at the noon hour; giving cool water too
seldom and then in too large quantities, or too soon after a meal; feeding
corn during hot weather or giving bran mashes to horses not ac-
customed to such food or allowing them to eat cut grass that has heated,
or feeding new oats or new hay before they have become fit by aging or in
too large quantities without accustoming the horse to the change. In
other words, almost anything that disturbs the general health of the
horse will affect his digestive organs in hot weather and such disturbance,
therefore, makes him subject to heat exhaustion. This being the case the
greatest possible attention should be paid by every farmer and horse-
man to the general health of his horses during the heated term of the
summer, and especially if much hard work has to be done in the fields.

Thorough grooming at least once a day by keeping the pores of the
skin unclogged and giving the sweat glands a proper chance to work
perfectly; allowing the horse sufficient time to chew his food well and
therefore prepare it for perfect digestion; giving him cool, pure water
often, but not immediately after feeding, to provide for the extra de-
mands made upon the liquids of the body during hot weather; sur-
rounding him with all possible comforts in his stable, such as fresh air,
freedom from irritating gases and flies, providing clean and sufficient
bedding, shading the windows to prevent direct sunlight from injuring
the eyes, keeping the feed boxes and mangers clean and sweet and
removing all food that is not eaten up clean at each meal — all of these
things help to keep a horse healthy and prevent trouble in hot weather
and who can deny that they are the richly deserved right of every
hard worked horse?

At the first sign of derangement of the digestive organs cut down the
grain ration and see that all food used is sound and free from mould or
other taint. Allow free access to rock salt and mix powdered wood
charcoal, or a mixture of that and bicarbonate of soda, freely in the food

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 535

twice daily. If the manure is pale in color and offensive in odor give
half an ounce of hyposulphite of soda twice daily in the food or dis-
solved in the drinking water, if the horse will take it that way.
If the dung comes in balls but clay-colored and slimy give an ounce of
glauber salts twice daily in the food or drinking water until improvement
is seen; then once daily until conditions are normal. If much gas is
passed with the feces, or at any time during the day, give charcoal freely
and add hyposulphite of soda. If the horse pants at work and has dry,
hot skin and is easily exhausted, so that the owner concludes that some-
time or other he has been "overhet," work him early in the morning
and late in the afternoon or evening, but not in the middle hours of
the day; keep his head shaded, but do not burden it with a big soggy,
heavy, dirty sponge which is not protective but adds much to the
misery of the horse. Air should pass freely under anything used to
protect the poll of the horse's head while at work in the field. Then
too, if the easily tired horse has a thick, coarse coat of hair clip it off
at once as this will tend to prevent exhaustion and at the same time
prevent "summer itch."

Despite all that can be done to prevent, a horse will now and then
succumb to the heat and the attack is ushered in by sudden stopping of the
sweat, lagging, panting, distension of the nostrils, redness of the lining
membranes of the eyelids and nostrils, passing of gas or thin feces,
bloating, staggering, stumbling, weakness, and finally falling and un-
consciousness.

At the first sign of any one of these symptoms or the combination
unhitch the horse, remove his harness, get him into a shady place, under
a dense tree where there is a draft of air by preference, and as soon as
possible sprinkle him from head to foot with cold water from a sprink-
ling can, keep cold wet swabs to the poll of his head and give him large,
frequent doses of any stimulant that can be had, but do not bleed him
or administer dangerous drugs like tincture of aconite, acetanilid, or
strychnia. In severe cases the veterinarian should be called as soon
as the horse has been treated as we have suggested and we feel sure
that by following the advice given as to the prevention and giving first
aid intelligently and promptly when needed losses from sunstroke will be
materially lessened in our farming districts.

THE DRAFT HORSE.

Chas. E. Baklicin, Spencer. Iowa, before Clay County Farmers' Institute.
It seems to me that we farmers have a just claim on this one class
of horses. He is the product of the farm and the best friend we have
on the farm. He plows our land, plants and sows our seed, tills our
soil, keeps down the weeds and corrupt vegetation, harvests and hauls
our grain to market. All these things he does and many more. What
is more wonderful, there is never any complaint on his part. The draft
horse is truly our "Beast of Burden."

536 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

What is understood bj' the draft horse? Does it mean the 2,000
pound horse? Does it mean the Percheron, Shire, Clyde, Belgian or
any particular breed of heavy horses? No, it doesn't mean any one
breed but all of them. When we say draft horse we do not refer to
trotting horse, runner, or bucking broncho. We mean the horse that
every honest farmer loves best. The draft horse that we, as farmers,
think so much of, need not necessarily be a pure-bred horse, but he
ought to be a well fed horse. Well fed and not pure-bred is far better
than pure-bred and not well fed.

As to the best weight for a draft farm horse, there is a wide dif-
ference of opinion. Some men prefer the heaviest horse they can raise,
from 1,700 to 1,800 pounds in weight. Others prefer those ranging from
1,400 pounds to 1,600 pounds; and still others cling to the 1,200 to 1,400
pound horse. In my opinion the last class when regarded as an all
around general farm horse has far more admirers than the heavier
types.

There is very little if any work for horses on the farm that can not
be done by a good 1,200 pound horse and as a general rule when it
comes to making needed trips of a farmer to town or elsewhere on the
road the lighter draft horse has the advantage. But there is another side to
the question, viz., the selling value. Other points being equal, the man
with the heavier type of draft horse is hunted by the horsebuyer while
the man with the smaller type is hunting a buyer, and it is needless to
say that when a dealer finds a good heavy draft horse he will leave a
nice little sum of money. If a farmer has a surplus of good heavy
draft horses he need not be burdened by their presence as he can always
sell them to good advantage. This is not always true of the smaller
draft horse.

There is another argument in favor of the smaller type. It requires
less feed to grow and keep a smaller horse. As a rule horses require
feed in proportion to their size and in feeding five or six horses for
a year with grain at present prices, a difference of a few ears of corn
to each horse every feed is no small item, although a farmer ordinarily
would not stop to consider these facts. All things considered I think
it is best to raise as heavy a draft horse as you can.

As to the best breed of draft horses to raise, there is another wide
difference of opinion among farmers. Each and every breed has its ad-
mirers and good qualities.

Personally I think that ordinary mares should be bred to a stallion
that will give the colt good heavy bone and limbs. I do not like to
see heavy horses with small bones in their limbs. They can not endure
with the heavy boned horse. I have seen some very good results from
crossing ordinary draft mares with pure-bred Shire stallions, also from
the same class of mares to the pure-bred Belgian stallion and in fact
the same can be said in reference to the other pure-bred draft stallions.

I do not wish to be understood as saying that when you have made a
certain cross with a pure-bred stallion you have made the horse. The
colt must be grown. We should begin to grow the colt before he sees
the light of day. The way to begin is to take good care of the mare
and give her plenty of the proper kind of feed. For the farmer who

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 537

does not buy feed but depends upon what he raises on his farm. I think
oats are about the best feed for the brood mare. Always be kind and
gentle to the brood mare. If you are otherwise she may become very
nervous.

When the colt is old enough and will eat oats, do not be stingy with
them. Ten dollars' worth of oats at the present prices will go a long way
toward giving him all the oats he will eat during the first winter, and
the first winter with a colt comes very near determining his fate. If he
is half starved, gets lousy, etc., it is next to impossible for him to ever
make the horse he would make with extra care during his first year. Of
course you can not do it all during the first year, you should be just as
particular with him each year until maturity.

The draft colt as a rule is easily broken but should become accustomed
to being handled from the very start. Halter them when only a few days
old and keep them familiar with the halter and you will avoid a great
deal of trouble that you otherwise would experience if he is left until he
is two or three years of age. Train your draft horses before they are
matured.

Will it pay the average farmer to keep pure-bred draft mares?

How is this question to be answered? Can you, farmer friends, answer
it? No, we can not. We can not because the average farmer is not
keeping pure-bred mares, consequently our answer would be only guess
work. We can only give our opinions and that is what I shall en-
deavor to do.

The average farmer! Who is the average farmer? He is the farmer,
generally who does not have eight hundred, ten hundred or twelve hun-
dred dollars to invest in two or three pure-bred draft mares and wait
from three to five years for any returns on the investment.

There are several reasons why the average farmer does not invest
in pure-bred draft mares. In the first place if he has a few hundred
dollars lying idle he can invest where he can get quicker returns.
Secondly, there are great risks to run. Your mares are liable to get
in a barbed wire fence and lose their lives. There is great danger of
loss at foaling time. You may lose the mare, or you may lose her foal, or
you may lose them both. It may seem strange to some people that the
average farmer is not keeping pure-bred draft mares just the same as
he is keeping pure-bred cattle and pure-bred hogs. But it is not so
strange when one stops to consider the question. While it requires
less capital to engage in raisng pure bred cattle and still less to raise
pure-bred hogs, it is a safer proposition and the returns come sooner.

The price of horses fluctuates more than on other stock, but when a
farmer once enters into the business of raising pure-bred draft horses he
should make up his mind to stay right by it.

When we consider that $1,000 put into a couple of pure-bred draft
mares, some extra money in the proper kind of fences, etc., and wait
four or five years for any returns, knowing as we do, that the same
money invested in cattle, sheep, hogs or poultry will give quick and cer-
tain profits, is it any wonder that there are so few average farmers
branching out into this kind of business.

538 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

I think the very best way for the average farmer to keep pure-bred
draft mares is to begin with one mare and build up from this. It would
seem slow at first, but after a few years he would be greatly surprised at
his success. Commence with an extra good mare right on the start and
when she Is found to produce extra good colts, then never part with her at
any price unless you know where you can replace her with a better one.

To be sure the first cost will be greater than it would be for a grade
draft mare that would be practically as good an individual but when
the first cost is met there will be no more expense than there would be
in raising colts from a grade draft mare.

Coming back to the question again "Will it pay the average farmer
to keep pure-bred draft mare," my opinion is that it would not pay
every farmer to keep them as they are not all adapted for raising pure-
bred horses. But I do think that it would pay a few average farmers
in every community, who are good horsemen, to keep pure-bred draft
mares and raise pure-bred draft horses.

SENSE WANTED IN BUYING SHORT-HORNS.

Breeders'' Gazette.

We referred recently to a mistake often made by those who are seek-
ing the popular Scotch blood in connection with Short-horn breeding.
That this blood should be in such demand is no mystery. It was resorted
to a quarter of a centurj^ ago as the only available means of checking the
apparently irresistable onslaught of the Herefords and Black Polls through-
out the cornbelt and on the range. The tenant farmers of Aberdeen-
shire, who had for so many years been pursuing the even tenor of their
way unmindful of the fads and fashions followed by their fellow breeders
in England and the States, succeeded in evolving a well established type
of Short-horns distinguished as a rule for early maturity, quick feeding
quality, depth of flesh, and, strange to say, in many cases retaining one
of the original excellencies of the breed, the milking habit.

Since the early SO's these north country Short-horns have been carry-
ing practically all before them at the great American breeding shows.
Moreover, they have practically revolutionized the type of Short-horn
steers coming to market; the big, upstanding 2,000-pounders of the old
day have given place, largely through the use of this same Scotch blood,
to a type of animals approximating the best "baby beef" standards now
demanded by feeders and butchers alike. One need in fact but turn to
the record of the last International exposition to find ample justification
for the high regard in which this Scotch blood is still held; but too
much popularity often carries with itself the germs of its own downfall.
When any strain of blood becomes in such general demand that every
animal produced by it, good, bad or indifferent, is retained religiously
for reproductive purposes, trouble is surely brewing for somebody. The
Scotch Short-horns are being subjected to this ordeal at the present
time.

As has often been said, the weeds produced by any crop should be
freely discarded. The trouble in this case arises from the fact that

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 539

the best specimens of Scotch breeding are quickly picked up by the more
prominent breeders and exhibitors, who have ample funds to enable
them to skim the cream, leaving thin milk for those who do not feel able
to invest so much in the richer product. In other words, there are not
enough good Short-horns of the so-called "pure" or "straight" Scotch
breeding to go half way around. As a matter of fact the bulls of this
blood have now been used in America so long that it is not difficult to
find cattle that have been so strongly topped out with Aberdeenshire bulls
that the progeny is, for all practical purposes, just as useful as animals
tracing in all directions to the original Scottish stock. It is most la-
mentable that better judgment is not used in this matter. It is ob-
viously good sense for a buyer of limited means to purchase one of the
so-called Scotch-topped American-bred animals if he be a good individual
and carries upward of 85 per cent of the desired blood, in preference to
picking up one that can be rated as "pure" Scotch but which at the
same time may be wanting in the first essentials of a good Short-horn.
The more frequent use of the tabulated pedigree will tend to a more
rational balancing of values in these cases and we commend it to all
who are starting out to buy a bull.

If any proof is needed to show that Scotch cattle carrying so-called
"outcrosses" should not be turned down simply on that account, it is
afforded in abundance by reference to the breeding of the champion
animals in the Short-horn class at the late International exposition. The
great senior champion bull Whitehall Marshall 209776, bred by Mr. Kelly
and shown by Mr. Harding, is out of a so-called straight Scotch cow, imp.
Missie 167th, bred by the late Mr. Marr. His sire, Whitehall Sultan, famous
throughout all America not only as a show bull but as one of the most
extraordinary stock-getters of the present day, while bred by Mr. Dean
Willis, the great manipulator of the Cruickshank blood in the south of
England, receives through his sire, Bapton Sultan 163570, several in-
fusions of the blood of English cattle that never saw Aberdeenshire. As
a matter of fact Mr. Willis — who as a constructive breeder of Short-horns
probably has no peer on either side of the water at the present time —
has had marked success in outcrossing the Scotch cattle that form the
foundation of his great herd.

Now nobody in America will regard these infusions of English Short-
horn blood as detracting five cents' worth from the admitted value of Mr.
Harding's splendid bull; that is to say, if an outcross is put in by a man
residing anywhere in Great Britain, Ireland or any other country across the
sea, "it goes" without any question from anybody on this side of the water;
but if any American breeder, no matter how intelligent or experienced,
has the courage to pursue a similar course and secures like results,
his work is criticised, his animals are sacrificed when they come into the
sale ring and he is either driven back into the "straight" and narrow
path marked out for him by our "purists," or he quits the business in
disgust. In other words we allow old country breeders greater liberties
than we permit ourselves to indulge in. The English or Scotch breeders
can pick their bulls anywhere in the Kingdom, without regard to their
breeding, and we on this side accept the cross, whatever it may be,
without a murmer, even though it may have been put on by the most in-

540 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

significant tenant farmer to be found in any out-of-the-way corner of His
Majesty's dominions. The most inexperienced breeder in Great Britain
is allowed to do that which the oldest and most eminent men in the pro-
fession in America are apparently not permitted to do.

This is of course putting a premium on British enterprise and feedom
and placing these same essential qualities among our own people under
a heavy discount. What must be the inevitable result of this policy?
It comes simply to this: that so long as we discriminate thus unfairly
against ourselves we shall have to continue indefinitely to go abroad
after cattle where the conditions are such that they can be bred man-
fashion. Our own policy would be well suited to a class of small boys.
In other words it is childish, and we will never have any great original
constructive work in our own country until we learn to recognize good
results however obtained.

Another striking illustration of the fact that there is good blood other
than the Scotch in the herd book that should be recognized and not ignored
is seen in the case of the champion cow of the International, Mr. Clark's
great Welcome of Meadow Lawn 9th. Anyone who will take the trouble to
tabulate her pedigree will find about as good a mixture as can be made.
Scotch bulls predominate, but you will also run quicldy into Bates-Duchess
blood. The case of Mr. Renick's junior champion bull Signet, blending
the Marr and Duthie blood with that of "Uncle Abe's" fine old Bates
crossed American stock, affords further striking demonstration of the
truth of our contention. Many of the other winners were of course
squarely within Scotch lines in all directions, but the fact that they
were all outclassed in the opinion of the judges by the three outcrossed ani-
mals just mentioned should give some pause to those who are disposed
to be hypercritical on this subject of the . blood of thousands of good
Short-horns that have been produced in England or the United States.

AS TO BREEDING SHORT-HORNS.

John Dryden, Whitby Co., Out. in Breeders' Gazette.

I read with much satisfaction the article entitled "Sense Wanted in
Buying Short-horns." It touches a most important question concerning
which all has not yet been told. I dare not consent to the declaration
that every outcross mingled with the standard blood of the herd will be
successful. That depends on so many things, all different in each herd,
that he who can wisely weigh the constituent parts and with an unerring
intuition come to the right conclusion as shown by results deserves the
highest praise.

Where the breeders in America have erred according to my judge-
ment is in the use of the term "pure Scotch." Nothing could be more
misleading. It means that all Short-horns bred and reared in Scotland
are of equal value. The managing editor of the Gazette knows, for he
has stated it in his interesting history of the breed, that all Short-horns
in Scotland are not equal in prepotent value; that large numbers ought
to be labeled Scotch weeds instead of pure Scotch. It is obvious that no
breeder is or can be benefited by transporting them across the sea. The

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 541

editor knows also, and I know from personal visits, that the Scotch blood
which has since been utilized to change the type from a slow-maturing
tallow-bearing carcass to one more fleshy and ready for the block, at a
much less age emanated from one single herd. Moreover, the cattle most
in demand by many of the best breeders in that country now carry the
most of that blood. But there are to be found hosts of Short-horns in
that counti^' with scarcely a trace of it. Now to label all promiscuously
pure Scotch and thus leave the impression that it is equally prepotent is
entirely misleading.

You are quite right when you say that many of these so-called "pure
Scotch" are neither in quality nor probable prepotency equal to many of
the bulls seemingly neglected because of so-called outcrosses. The whole
thing is based on mere names which when analyzed have in them neither
"rhyme nor reason" nor meaning, and I do not wonder that you plead:
"Let us have more sense in buying Short-horns."

It is well known that the late Mr. Cruickshank, long before he parted
with his Short-horns, felt that the time had arrived when some outside
blood of a similar character should be judiciously intermingled with the
Sittyton strains, but the American cry for "pure Cruickshank" at that
time forbade him doing it. If he felt it necessary then, how much more is
it years after his retirement as a breeder? But who dares to do it now?
Most breeders fear the force of public opinion. There is great need of
boldness, even though you may know that you are right. We seem to be
ever and anon going back to the theory which ruined the Bates Short-
horns; to study out only the breeding as represented in the pedigree and
if it read right no need to study the individual animals.

To put it a little plainer: It was an effort to make pedigrees instead
of producing superior cattle. At that time the cry was "pure Bates." It
failed utterly and the whole structure fell with a crash probably never to
rise again. But they were not all bad cattle and I agree that mingled
with the best of the Scotch blood before applying the cross you are liable
to improve rather than injure the cattle of the present day. Who ought
to start public opinion in the right direction? I answer, a journal like
The Gazette. Because I believe you are right I am willing to stand be-
hind you. Nay, more than that, I have not hesitated to put it into prac-
tice even years ago. At that time Cruickshank-bred cattle were, as I be-
lieved, becoming too small and too weak in reproducing powers. Too
many were non-breeders and others irregular breeders. We could not
then import on account of foot and mouth diseases, so I selected a
Canadian bull of similar characteristics whose dam and sire were both
by Cruickshank bulls, but in their foundation of different blood. Would
this mix satisfactorily? It certainly did. This bull gave me size, vigor
of constitution, regular breeders and good milkers. But this bull had one
weakness; his head was not ideal and his horns were too strong and not
well placed. These are minor points which we have now overcome.'
What I want to say is that many point to this bull in the pedigree ex-
pressing great regret that it does not read "straight Cruickshank."

My answer is that I have better and more useful cattle and I know I
am right. I have used "more sense" and therefore T rejoice that The
Gazette has come to my help in forming public opinion which will enable

542 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

us all to stand for better cattle, which must mean in reality "better
pedigrees."

May I offer another suggestion? It is that we should have annually
more history of leading Short-horns. Let it take the form of a book of
actual photographs, accompanied by the pedigree, also prizes won, if any,
and a fair and full description. Such a book would be valuable for refer-
ence in after years and greatly help the breeder of the future in studying
the proper mixture of blood to attain his ideal. To be certain of im-
provement it must be clear, not merely that the blood runs steadily
along one line, thus making it prepotent, but that the individual animals
were each superior. Otherwise you will find no prepotent strength or ex-
cellence, but in its place weakness and inferiority. At that stage the
end of your "pure" this or that, be it Bates, Booth, Scotch or Cruick-
shank, is very near.

PREPARATION OF CATTLE FOR SHOWS.
Breeders' Gazette.

Among the most famous and most successful of the world's cattle feed-
ers Wm. Watson stands in a conspicuous position. He was born in May,
1827, and was the eldest son of Hugh Watson of Keillor, Scotland, whose
fame as the eldest great improver of the Angus cattle is world wide in
its extent.

Mr. Watson claimed to have been raised up on the milk of the historical
Aberdeen-Angus "Prima" cow, "Old Grannie." He received the full benefit
of a liberal education at the leading seminaries in England and Scotland;
but when seventeen years of age and after a two years' study in Edin-
burg university, he bade a farewell to classics. Born a stockman, his
indulgent father gave him ample scope for his talents and handed him
over for several years to the tuition of such eminent breeders as Bates,
John and Robert Booth, Maynard, Torr, William Wetherell and Earl
Spencer, under whose training he soon became deeply versed in Short-
horn lore and general cattle management. To his father and Jonas Webb
he practically owed his knowledge of sheep and he stoutly maintained
that they understood the management and handling of the flock better
than any other breeder he had ever met.

For eighteen years Mr. Watson was the manager of his father's herd
of Keillor "doddies," renting also a farm on his own account where he
bred Angus cattle, sheep and horses. He was widely sought after in all
the three kingdoms. In 1865 he left his native heath for the colonies,
landing in New Zealand. On arrival he was appointed and for several
years was manager of the Clydevale ranch, where general agriculture and
breeding of live stock of all kinds was carried on upon a princely scale.
Anxious for variety and fresh knowledge he next steered his bark for
Australia, where he spent twelve months devoted exclusively to traveling
and inquiring into all the live stock industries that continent could
boast. Leaving Australia, he crossed the Pacific, landing in San Fran-
cisco, taking a stockman's glance in passing at the Fiji and Sandwich
Islands. On American soil he was first appointed by the San Francisco

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 543

Wool Growing Association as manager of the Santa Cruz range, with
50,000 head of sheep in charge, taut tiring of isolation he sought a new
home in Oregon, where, under Messrs. Reid & Ladd of Portland, he built
up a magnificent establishment, stocking it with all the good things that
money could buy. We next find him manager of several live stock es-
tablishments in the western states and Canada, and he was chosen by
T. W. Harvey of Chicago as manager of the Turlington herds and flocks.
Under his fostering care and fame of that establishment steadily increased
and "Uncle Willie's" great victories in 1897 at the fat stock shows of
Kansas City and Chicago with Turlington entries he had fed form an im-
portant part of fat stock show history. He there gained sixty-one out of
sixty-three awards — a record unprecedented. Mr. Watson was the only
man within our knowledge who has ever made the rounds of the world
in the capacity of judge of stock and as an exhibitor, having gained
laurels in both capacities on three continents.

Mr. Watson died November 1, 1897, in the employ of A. P. Grout, Win-
chester, Illinois, a "doddie" enthusiast to the very last, although he
vas one of the most unique characters ever known to the live stock world,
a man of vast value in his lifetime to the beef cattle and mutton and
sheep industries.

His success as a feeder was outstanding and yielding to repeated re-
quests for a full statement of his methods he gave this to the world in the
Gazette of December 26, 1888. His methods have formed the basis of the
education of many of our successful cattle feeders the past twenty years.
In response to a request we print Mr. Watson's statement in full:

''Introduction. — As an introduction I may say the first step is to breed
the animal right; it matters little what you feed, if you have not the right
sort to consume it. Before commencing training the first point to inquire
into is whether the animal be worthy or not to entitled the owner to
lavish the expense and trouble on him so necessary to bring him out a
prize winner in first class company. If you have a doubt about it throw
him aside at once; if it is in the animal go at him and lose not a day nor
an hour in sending him to the front.

"Formation — Before the calf is a week old a practical eye can tell
whether he is likely to turn out a good one or not. Get its bone forma-
tion right at birth, then you have a foundation to build on; if faulty at
start, then your pillar is worthless; no feed will upset the bone structure.
Suppose the calf pleases your eye, say about two weeks after birth, by his
general character, style and proportions. First see that he has the sweet
countenance and honest, broad face so marked in early maturing animals;
then see that he is fully built behind the shoulder, just under the heart;
if he is hollow there reject him. Then from hip bone center to bone of
tail (center) he should measure the same number of inches as across the
loin and from hip bone to hip bone. The bones on either side the tail
should be set a good width apart; from the hip bones forward to the
shoulders should be as broad as possible, with a little spring out or nar-
rowing as may be. At once reject a calf narrow over the loin; as Mr.
McComble used to express it, get them "well ribbed home" — compact;
pay marked attention to the straightness and soundness of the hind legs,
for as they give way, so will the back in proportion.

544 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

"As to the formation of shoulders there is much diversity of opinion.
Some contend for the oblique shoulder like that of the horse, others again
are in favor of the more upright or roomy shoulders. I myself think the
truth lies midway between the two extremes of opinion. Shoulders
closely laid back like a race horse's do not seem to me to be the right
sort to admit of the free and thick growth of the best beef, while one
that is moderately oblique and not tied up at the top of the blades, but
rather loose and open, can fill up to perfect form, and give room for the
development of the choicest meat. I always observe that it is the animals
with rather free shoulders that have the heaviest forequarters. Let the
vertebrae, or backbone, be a little higher than the scapula, or shoulder
blade, then you are certain of beautiful crops and as a general rule a
smooth, full chine.

"Feeding. — Feeding at the present date is more an art than a science.
There are hosts of undiscovered facts in regard to it which, if known and
rightly used, would redound to the advantage of stockmen. I am not a
scientific man, merely a practical one; but as feeding is a branch of agri-
culture I feel convinced that before arriving at success we farmers and
stock-raisers must know something of agricultural chemistry, and before
we can study it successfully we must know at least the rudiments of
chemistry itself. By a little research we can learn to class the protein or
muscle-forming foods from the carbo-hydrate or fat-forming elements.
After mastering this most essential point then you can form your proper
nutritive ratio, which means the bulk of the digestible protein in com-
parison to the digestible carbo-hydrates and fat. Much can be learned by
taking the monthly live weight of your cattle. If you have had occasion
to make a change of feed your scales will prove truthful and you can
learn at once whether that change has been to your advantage or not.
Remember the true feeding value of an article of cattle food can be de-
termined only by actual trial, for in the long run there is no chemist like
digestion.

"In feeding we must all be aware that as a general rule farmers make
the feeding day too short, consequently the night too long. I mean by
that the animals are only fed three times daily — say at 6 or 7 in the
morning, at 12 noon, and between 5 and 6 in the evening. Now cattle
to be made most of — I speak of show cattle especially — ought to be fed
four times a day, viz.: at 5 a. m.. at 11 a. m., at 4 p. m., and a good hot
supper at 8 o'clock at night. The ingredients for supper should be the
same in substance as those which I am about to detail. The several
items should be measured into a pail, adding flaxseed and molasses gravy,
and over all let there be a handful of finely cut hay chaff, so as to absorb
all steam. Now pour on boiling water and cover well with a sack, so as
to prevent evaporation and waste. Before feeding mix the chaff with
the mess. Do this about 4 o'clock in the afternoon and the mush will be
in a nice milk-warm state for feeding by 8 at night. The cattle will eat
it greedily and rest till 5 the following morning. Always put a little
sweet hay beside the animal, so that he may eat if he feels so inclined.
If you have a number of cattle in training it will be found most convenient
to have a large water-tight feed box for scalding the meals.

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X.

545

"Feed in Small Compass. — The minute subdivision of food enables the
stomach to contain at least 25 per cent more in quantity than with loose
hay or large roots, so always present your food in the smallest possible
compass requiring the least mastication. Every half hour saved in feed-
ing is so much added to rest — a most important item in fattening. Dry,
finely cut chaff mixed with the meals will prevent laxity and flatulence,
producing also a sufficient and healthy excitation to the stomach, while
it will afford to the gastric juices a ready access to every part of the
mass of food. Cattle lay on a much larger quantity of flesh in comfort-
able quarters than they do in cold. This is consistent with the well-
known fact that the rapid abstraction of caloric by a cold atmosphere
renders necessary a large quantity of food to keep up the supply of
carbon; but while there is warmth there must be ventilation.

It may be interesting to my readers to know how closely my system
of feeding agrees with the German standards. I present a table giving
the average amount of digestible matter in the food used.

PERCENTAGE OP DICxESTIBLE MATTER IN POODS USED IN lOO POUNDS.

Feeding Stuffs.

Protein

Carbohy-
drates

Fat

Oats --

9.5

9.2

8.-I:

12.6

9.7

19.7

18.9

44.4
&4.9
64.9
44.1
63.2
55.0
19.9
4.8
4.8
38.5

3.9

Wheat - - -

1.4

4.7

Bran -- -- --

2.9

1.3

Peas and beans

Flaxseed -- _. -_ . _

1.5

32.4

Beets ......

1.2

6.9

Chaff-clover _

1.2

From this table we construct the second which presents the amount of
protein, carbo-hydrates, and fats in the several food articles.

AMOUNT OF FOOD GIVEN A 1.200 POUND STEER DAILY.

Feeding Stuffs.

No. lbs.

Protein

Carbohy-
drates

Fat

Oats - - --

.380

.368

.sm

.504
.388
.788
.189

1.78

2.60

2.60

1.76

2.53

2.20

.20

.60

.19

.54

.153

Wheat

.053

Corn - _. _ . .

.188

Bran „. . .. .- _.

.113

Barley .. .. ., _.. .. .

.052

Peas and beans

Flaxseed -. -- — _- . . .. _ ..

.060

Molasses

Beets .- --_ ._ _ .. _

.018
.276

Chaff .. ..

.1)48

34

3.277

16.00

1.000

"It will be seen that our 1,200-pound steer consumes daily 3 277 pounds
of protein, 16 pounds of carbo-hydrates and 1 pound of fat. Prom this we
calculate that for each 1.000 pounds weight of animal fed we supply 2.73
pounds of protein, 13.33 pounds of carbo-hydrates and 0.83 pounds of fat.
This agrees so closely with the German standard that it might appear that
I had got my ideas of the proper portions from them. This is not so, as it
;S5

546 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

is only a few months ago that I learned the German standard, whereas I
have worked on my principle for many years, and as yet I see no good
reason for change in favor of the German.

"Frequency in Feeding. — Frequency in feeding with as much variety
as possible in the bill of fare and no greater 'quantity given at each time
than will be directly consumed are in my belief the first principles to
successful feeding. To supply more than will be eaten at once is not
only wasteful, but it encourages the animal to become dainty of its food,
which bad habit in the end prevents the eating of a proper quantity.
As soon as the animal has finished feeding let the man in charge clean
most scrupulously the feed boxes, as daintily fed animals loathe food that
has been blown upon. It is seldom two animals feed alike, so the herds-
man or feeder must study exactly the quantity each animal will consume.
If they do not get sufiicient they will remain restless and not lay on fiesh
as they ought to; if they are overfed they become disgusted and refuse to
eat. Many animals, if judiciously handled, will eat a heaped pailful of
my mixture four times a day; that is, from eighteen to twenty pounds
at each feed.

"It is very necessary to question your stockman daily as to the condi-
tion and health of the animals, as they are apt to forget to tell you if
an animal shows any deviation from his healthy habit&. Should sickness
appear, avoid as much as possible the use of medicines. Overfeeding
is generally the cause of sickness in pampered animals, and in such
cases a good dose of flaxseed oil will give relief, but there is nothing
to compare with diet. Keep the animals short of feed for a day or
two and they will soon return to their normal state.

''Feed Ration. — Now for the main point — the feeding ingredients.
In order to make the calculation simple of the measurement and mixing
of the several meals we will consider their relative weights by the pound
as follows:

1st. One pound oats, crushed.

2d. One pound barley, crushed.

3d. One pound maize, or Indian corn, crushed into meal.

4th. One pound wheat, crushed.

5th and 6th. One-half pound peas, One-half pound beans, crushed
into meal. (One pound peas can take the place of both.)

7th. One pound bran. ,

8th and 9th. One pound best flaxseed, ground into flour and one
pint molasses; mix both together for soup, and divide into four portions,
one-quarter for each feed.

10th. One double-handful of sweet hay chaff given in every feed, so
as to promote digestion and rumination.

11th. One double-handful of pulped roots— about four pounds — in
every feed, mixed with the grains.

"Mix all thoroughly together, and feed the animals four times a
day, according to appetite and constitution. Water four times daily,
and always before feeding; never fail to take the chill off the water
during winter; let the temperature be about 50 degrees Fahrenheit.
Make soup of the flaxseed and molasses; put as much water in a pail
as you think will be necessary to saturate the entire mess of meal, etc.,

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 547

with the soup, taking care not to make the meals sloppy. After thoroughly
mixing the soup with the meals your ration is fit for use.

"Preparation of Gruel. — In preparing the flaxseed gruel the proper
way is to drop the flour with one hand into a pail with sufficient water
for admixture, all the time stirring with the other hand to prevent
lumping; allow the flaxseed plenty of time to soak and become jelly-like.
Once a day will be sufficient for the preparation of the jelly or gruel in
cold weather, but in warm weather twice a day will be found necessary on
account of souring. Keep the soup pails sweet and clean. Before adding
the flaxseed gruel to the grains, add the molasses allowance at the rate
of one-quarter pound for each animal at a feed, stirring the two well
together; now pour the contents over the feed and mix most thoroughly;
cover up with sacking and kneed well down before feeding. Again rub
the compound well through your hands; by this time it ought to have
soaked for several hours, and should feel gritty and dry to the
touch. As soon as you have fed the animals at once get ready the forth-
coming feed, mixing in the usual manner, thereby giving the grains
sufficient time to absorb the soup and cause slight frementation. If an
animal will consume more than one pound of flaxseed and one pint of
molasses daily, then by all means let him have it, taking care not to
overfeed, in case of their becoming too laxative. I never use oil-cake
for show-yard preparation; as a general rule it is much adulterated
and the precentage of oil is very low. Flaxseed contains all its original
'good properties. From observation I have found one pound of flax-
seed equal to about four pounds of average cake.

"It is almost needless to add that all feed-stuffs must be of the best
quality. Never think of expense; if you do you will never make a
successful exhibitor. It is unnecessary to measure out the daily pro-
portions of meal, etc., for each animal; the better plan is to weigh a week's
supply at a time and sack it up. Be most particular as to mixing so
that each animal may get equal proportions of the several ingredients.
I never use condiments. One of the foremost secrets in feeding is to
make a food both palatable and digestible; it is not the total amount
of food eaten, but the amount of digestible matter which it contains,
that determines the food value of a ration. Mixing as I do I am con-
fident it renders the mass more easy of digestion, enabling the animal
to extract the maximum of nutritive material the ration contains. Owing
to the high percentage of protein or muscle forming elements in bran
and shorts, some may suppose I have been rather sparse with them
in the feed mixture, but you must consider that the cattle have the
full benefit of the bran or husk from the ground wheat in addition to
the prescribed allowance. As for the shorts I consider that contained
in the bran and wheat quite sufficient. Shorts, like oatmeal, are very
free from crude material such as the skin or husk of the grain, con-
sequently they are much more indigestible, and, therefore, cannot give
results equal to the wheat with its shell, or peas and oats with their
rougher skins.

"Surnmer Treatment. — In summer give the animals a moderate al-
lowance of cut-clover or green corn-fodder.

548 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

"Roots. — These give a great stimulus to feeding and digestion, yet I
would not use them to excess. A few judiciously fed as a relish or
appetizer to the meals is, I think, sufficient. There is little solid matter
in turnips. Analysis teaches us that turnips contain 90 to 92 per cent
of water, and mangolds 88 per cent; so a bullock as they used to be
fed in my younger day in Scotland, consuming 150 pounds of turnips
daily, was compelled to take thirteen and a half gallons of water with
fifteen pounds of dry food. With cold weather and roots at a very
low temperature, imagine what an absorption of caloric must be taken
from the stomach and system of the ox, which has to raise to the
digestive temperature thirteen and a half gallons of water at 40 or 50
degrees. Before long ensilage will take the place of roots.

"Water. — As I have stated, you should offer the stock water four
times daily. Always water before feeding, never after; and let me here
advise that wherever at all practical every one handling stock should
take off the chill from the drinking water during the winter months.
Heating apparatus is now contained in small space, and is moderate in
price.

"Exercise. — It is a general practice among exhibitors of stock to run
their show cattle at pasture during the night, instead of keeping them
in roomy, well-littered boxes and soiling them in moderation with
clover and other green feed. This turning-out system I thoroughly
condemn; it is the cause of great bodily waste and loss of fat; yet at
times there may be some special reason for it, such as an animal's going
off his feed or becoming rickety on his legs. My system is to keep the
animals in boxes all day and turn them into an open court for two
hours in the cool of the evening; then they will give themselves
abundant exercise and be glad to return to their boxes with a keen
appetite for their hot supper. When out take care they do not get access
to anything they can eat. A show animal should never be allowed
to consume any food except what is laid before him. By exercising in
a yard they have no opportunity of resting on the cold ground, of ex-
posures to cold dews, or wet nights, or filling themselves with washy
grass, depriving them of their appetite and keeping them from con-
suming a full amount of grain-feed. I consider that keeping cattle
housed by day and night is one of the great secrets of getting them
in first-class form. Have their beds well littered and comfortable for
them on their return to their boxes, so that they may enjoy their rest
and groan that sweet music of contentment so charming to the breeder's
ear.

"Calf Feeding. — In forcing a calf there is no way so satisfactory as
abundance of milk, pure and simple, from the udder. If the calf's
dam has not sufficient to raise him or her to perfection then have a
nurse in addition; if one is not sufficient give two, and if necessary add
a third. Always teach your show calves to steal; that is, to suckle
every cow they are offered. The advantage of this is evident. When
required they will take to any cow, whereas if you confine them to
one nurse and wish to add to their milk they will, after four or six
months of age, invariably refuse the fresh udder. Teach them to steal
and all udders are alike to them. Be particular as to the formation

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK- PART X. 549

and quality of the calf's dam. Always test the dam's or nurse's milk
to see if it is sufficiently rich; if not, change at once. Some feed by
hand. This system has one great advantage. You can carry on the
feeding as long as you please, and can enrich the milk by adding
scalded oil-cake, flaxseed tea, eggs, or molasses, yet I put most faith in
suckling the youngster till he is eight or ten months old. Wean your
calves by degrees; that is, if they have the use of two nurses deprive them
of only one at a time. Feed the calf judiciously and frequently, giving
small quantities at a time; rather under than overfeed. Give them the
same mixture that I have prescribed for the show animals. Let them have
flaxseed gruel and molasses gravy in their ration, taking care not to
overfeed and induce scouring.

"Feet. — Be most particular about the feet of your show animals.
Overgrown hoofs are a great eye-sore and excessive growth invariably
throws the animals off their hocks and hind legs. Feet should be fre-
quently dressed and kept in good shape. The tools necessary are a
heavy wooden mallet, an inch and a half chisel, a blacksmith's re-
pairing knife, and a strong rasp or flle.

"Salt, Chalk, and Turf. — Never allow the animals to be without a
lump of rock salt within reach; also a lump of chalk. We all know the
beneflt of salt. It replaces the saline matter washed from the system
thi'ough various channels. It also greatly increases the flow of saliva,
therefore hastens fattening. Chalk counteracts acidity of the stomach,
which animals are subject to when housed and kept on rich feed; and
as the animals are deprived of access to earth or dirt you will find that
the best substitute is to provide them with a piece of fresh turf twice a
week, which they will greedily eat.

"Temperature. — Cattle thrive amazingly well at a temperature ranging
from 45 to 50 degrees in winter. At 10 degrees higher they generally
sweat profusely. A thermometer ought to be in every stable.

"Clipping. — When you have a few choice animals feeding during the
winter months for any particular purpose, such as exhibition, it is a
great advantage to have them clipped closely down their backs in a
line with the lower part of their hip bones, and continuing along the
upper part of the neck. Where warmly housed you will find this adds
greatly to the comfort of the cattle; it will prevent profuse sweating
and make easy the destruction of lice or other vermin.

"Flies. — Where you have plenty of food, warmth, and stock, you will
have abundance of flies. During y season cattle do little good
unless you at once check the nuisance. There is nothing so perfect in
its results as darkness.

"Shoiving in the Arena. — Some time previous to exhibition be careful
to train your stock to lead well and show themselves off to the greatest
advantage. The nearer an ox is made to stand in his natural state
the better — few can improve on Nature. Generally cattle in the show-
ring are twisted into every conceivable shape. With their heads high
in the air, their backs are consequently down, and their hind legs
stretched far from under them. This false and airy position no doubt
proves attractive to outsiders, but to the experienced judge it con-

550 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

stitutes a great eyesore. It may be you occasionally hide a fault, but
as a rule for every one you hide you add two.

"Grooming. — Grooming is as necessary with show-cattle as with horses.
No matter how you feed, if you neglect elbow grease you will never join
the front ranks, that is if the cattle are to show to perfection. In the
case of cattle, grooming need not be commenced until within three
months of the date of show. The cattle, it is presumed, have for several
months previous been well fed and kept clean. In this condition to
begin with, three months thorough grooming should put them in form.
Half the game in showing cattle is to have them good in their coats, and
stock-owners who fail to handle their animals so as to make them look
their very best need not expect to win against those who do. Provide
a warm rug, the same as is used for horse clothing; if one is not
sufficient take two. Unless the weather is very cold the blankets do not
require to be on all the time; they can be taken off during the night or
during exercise. If the blankets are kept on fourteen hours daily
they will soon do their work in taking the old hair off. If the weather
is not frosty a good washing with carbolic soap and tepid water should be
given at the commencement of the sheeting period; this will help to
lessen the dandruff in the hide. If the bedding be well looked after once
a month will be often enough to wash.

"A dandy brush, a thoroughly good soft brush, a chamois skin or piece
.of thick flannel, are the tools for putting on a polish, and the skin be-
comes soft under their treatment. A currycomb should never be used
except for the purpose of combing down the hind parts when necessary,
as the comb, except when very lightly applied, is certain to scratch and
irritate the skin. In rubbing with the cloth it must be done quickly.
It takes an enormous amount of work to make the skins of cattle shine,
but nothing else will do it. For putting on the final touch no brush or
cloth can equal the bare hand, hand-rubbing will also remove the old
coat quicker than either comb or brush. Some fancy they can, with one
washing and a few times grooming, do all that can be done, but this is
a mistake. There is the greatest difference imaginable between the one
that has been prepared by months of labor and the other hastily got up.
The one article is genuine and will last, the other will fade between
the stall and the ring.

"Advice. — I advise every exhibitor not only to be the feeder but the
breeder of the animals he exhibits; then he has no divided honors, but
harvests the full fruits of his enterprise. Masters, encourage a deserv-
ing feeder or herdsman; you are in a great measure in their power;
show them you appreciate the struggle they are making for you. A few
kind words, instead of grumbling, will often prove more acceptable to
a faithful conscientious man than pecuniary reward. Master and man
must work hand in hand. If the herdsman's labors are duly recognized,
depend on it he will do his duty by you. Many of them are men of
marked intelligence, anxious to attain eminence in their sphere of life.
Lastly commence training your show animals in early youth, and in
feeding let your motto be, Give the stomach a chance."

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 551

FEEDING AND MARKETING CATTLE.

One thousand stockmen from Missouri, Illinois and Iowa, feeding and
marketing each year 2,000,000 cattle, have given to Dr. H. J. Waters,
dean of the Missouri agricultural college, the results of their experiences.
These experiences extend over a period of twenty years. Dr. Waters has
carefully summarized them for the use of the students and practical
feeders, and the results cover the entire range of feeding cattle for the
market in the middle west.

"The professional feeder," said Dr. Waters, "is among the most intelli-
gent of farmers, is a specialist in this particular branch of agriculture,
has opportunities for checking up his observations and judgment with
accurate data that men in other lines of farming do not have. He buys
his cattle by weight, and has, therefore, an accurate knowledge of cattle
at the time he begins his feeding operations. He always sells them by
weight, and has, therefore, the weight of his cattle at the close and can
easily determine quite accurately the gain. Furthermore, he buys
a large portion, and frequently all of the feed used, which enable him
to determine with a fair degree of accuracy the amount of feed con-
sumed.

As an experimenter he is forced by the varying supply of different
kinds of feed to vary the material fed from season to season, and hence
one season, while he may naturally prefer a certain kind of grain or hay
the supply is inadequate or the price is too high, and he adopts another.
Normally he may prefer to feed his corn whole, but the price may be
such as to warrant him in grinding it, and so on throughout the entire
range of feeding. These conditions justify giving the conclusions of the
practical feeder the greatest weight. The 1,000 men from whom the in-
formation has been secured include many of the largest feeders in three
states.

Twenty questions were asked of the practical feeders. They included
questions as to the length of the feeding period, most profitable seasons
for feeding, winter feeding, shelters, varieties of feed, daily gain, margin
of cost price necessary to make profitable, age of steers, method of
feeding, experiences with various kinds of feed.

Beef Steer Most Profita'ble. — The most profitable class of cattle pro-
duced in Missouri, according to the answers of Dr. Water's questions,
is the so-called dressed-beef steer, weighing from 1,200 to 1,400 pounds
on the market. This is primarily because of the steady and uniform de-
mand for cattle of this class on the market, rather than because this
particular age or weight of cattle were produced more cheaply than
lighter and younger ones. There has been during the past twenty-five
or thirty years a marked change in the market demands of cattle.
Formerly, added to the diflBculties of making the cattle fat, was the further
disadvantage that light weights would not bring as good a price as
heavier weights.

552 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Most of the feeders interviewed prefer cattle in the two-year-
old form. This is evidenced by their stating that the average length of
feeding period was six months, which is about the time required to
make two-year-old cattle prime, is longer than is necessary for three-
year-olds and is too short for yearlings or calves. It is further evidenced
by the average weight which they considered they had found most
profitable, viz., approximately 1,350 pounds. This is too light for three-
year-olds and too heavy for yearlings or calves. Then, again, the
question put to them directly as to whether they had found 1,500 or 1,600
pound steers profitable as a rule, out of 721 replies, in round numbers, 70
per cent answered in the negative. All of this is further confirmed by the
answer to the question direct as to what age they usually put their cattle
on full feed. A study of this age summary is exceedingly interesting and
instructive, as the results are very striking. For example, out of a total
of 680 replies from Missouri, 257 or nearly 40 per cent, gave two years
as the age at which their cattle were put on full feed, which would mean
with a six months' feeding period, as was reported by them in answer to
previous questions, thirty-months-old cattle when finished and ready for
market. Thirteen per cent gave two and one-half years of age, and eleven
per cent gave essentially the same answer, namely, "between two and
three years, of age," as their preference. Thus more than 62 per cent
of the Missouri feeders reported that they put their cattle on feed at
between two and three years, as contrasted with less than four per cent
who put them on feed as calves and less than four per cent who put
them on fee3 at one and one-half years of age. What is true of reports
from Missouri is essentially true of Iowa and Illinois.

Tetidency to Baby Beef. — Whatever may be said about the production
of baby beef, the feeders of the corn belt are not yet making baby beef.
There has been, however, a very strong tendency in this direction within
the last third of a century. \

Baby beef is quite another thing from what it was even twenty-five
years ago. Then a 30-months' old steer, weighing 1,400 pounds
would have been classed as baby beef, and it would really have been a
baby compared with the three, four and five year old bullocks then stan-
dard on the market, weighing from 1,600 to 1,800 or even 2,000 pounds,
thick, fat and hard. G. A. Bradford, a veteran feeder of Boone county, re-
ports the sale in the early 60's of a car load of cattle, weighing an average
of more than 2,500 pounds, for $11 per hundred, and adds that at that
time the larger and older the cattle the higher price they brought.

Our point of view has changed radically. The market demands have
been revolutionized. These huge bullocks are no longer on the market
and would be no longer in demand if presented. We have been gradually
hastening our cattle to market, cutting down their ages and weights, until
a twelve-months'-old steer, weighing 800 to 900 pounds, will bring as
high a price as any other age and weight, provided he is fat and pro-
vided such calves be not offered in too great numbers. Size and weight
do not any longer constitute a limitation to baby-beef production. Accord-
ing to our present interpretation of baby beef no steer would be so classed
outside of his yearling form, and as a rule, the maximum weight is from
1,100 to 1,300 pounds.

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK -PART X. 553

This means that the feeding operation must begin with the calf at
weaning time and continue without internn tlon until the calf is fat.
Some even go farther and begin the feeding poriod as soon as the calf
is old enough to eat and while it is still running with its dam, and place
these animals on the market fully fat at the beginning of June or July,
fourteen or fifteen months of age, and weighing from 800 to 1,100 pounds.

Heavy Cattle Made. — There are a number of reasons why the breeder
still insists on making rather heavier cattle, notwithstanding the fact that
it costs considerably more to carry them to this age and that it costs
somewhat more per pound to finish them after they are brought to this
point. First is the fact that the cattle feeder is, as a rule, not a cattle
raiser. At least he raises a very small portion of the cattle he feeds.
The cattle raiser, on the other hand, is, as a rule, not a cattle feeder,
seldom feeding even those of his own raising. The raising of cattle and
the fitting of them for the market are two separate and independent
operations, conducted as a rule by two different men, each operating
independently of the other and the one not especially interested in the
scope or outcome of the other's operations.

The cattle feeder is interested in the cattle raiser only to the extent
of having him supply him with animals of the proper quality and at such
prices as will enable him to fit them for market with a profit. This means
that under the conditions prevailing in the feeder and stocker market,
in recent years at least, the younger animal in an unfinished condition
sell for enough more per pound to, in a considerable measure, counter-
balance any advantage it maj^ possess in the cost required to make it
fat. Or, stated differently, the older animals may be bought for enough
less per pound to overcome a considerable part of the excess cost per
pound required to finish them for the market. Or, in feeders' parlance,
the margin of profit in feeding older cattle is greater than in feeding
younger ones.

This may be illustrated by statistics furnished Dr. Waters by a
number of experienced feeders in Central Missouri who were interviewed
on this point. Taking calves as a quality which in the fall (October 1)
would be worth say five cents per pound, or would bring twenty-five per
head, as a basis, cattle of the different ages could be bought, one year
with another, at the following prices: Yearlings, $3.75 per hundred;
two-year-olds, $4.00 per hundred; three-year-olds, $4.25 per hundred.

These same cattle the next spring would stand the feeder, in the judg-
ment of these men, on the basis of the same market as in the fall, as
follows: Yearling (which are the calves referred to above), $5.00 per
hundred; two-year-olds, $4.50 per hundred; three-year-olds, from $4.75
to $5.00 per hundred.

Older, Less Fat Required. — According to Dr. Waters, it seems to be
a well-established law in the cattle trade that the older and larger the
animal is the less fat beyond a certain point it is required to sell well up
toward the top of the market for its class. It not infrequently occurs
that heavy three-year-olds will bring the top of the market with heavy
cattle, while a yearling equally as fat would not sell within fifty cents of
the market and might even be classed on the market as a well-advanced
feeder rather than as a fat steer. One cannot fail to be impressed with

554 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

the unanimity with which these men agree that the so-called
dressed beef steer, or the two-year-old, weighing from 1,300 to 1,400
pounds is in the most active demand and sells at a better price one day
with another, year after year, than any other age or weight of similar
quality and of equal finish. It is furthermore significant that the feeder
has said with striking unanimity that the two-year-old steer weighing be-
tween 1,300 and 1,400 pounds has returned him the greatest profit.

If the raiser and feeder of cattle were the same man, it would be but
a short time until the cattle would be going to market at from fourteen
to eighteen months of age, instead of from thirty to thirty-six months
of age, under the conditions now prevailing in the corn belt. Already
there has been a marked tendency on the part of the farmer of the high
priced land in the corn belt to go out of the business of raising beef cat-
tle. This has been practically true under the influence of the high
prices of corn that have prevailed in recent years, and a steady advance
in the price of land and labor. This. is very strikingly true of the best
corn regions of Illinois, Missouri, and Iowa, and has forced the feeder
to rely more and more upon western or range cattle, which in the mean-
time have been greatly improved in quality, so that a two-year-old range
steer now is as large and almost as mature in form as was the three or
four-year-old steer of twenty years ago from the same region.

The season of the year exercises a profound influence upon the economy
with which steers may be made fat. Few feeders express a preference for
winter feeding. More than half the feeders express an unqualified
preference for summer feeding; thirteen per cent prefer spring and sum-
mer; eight per cent prefer summer and fall; eleven per cent prefer fall.
Thus practically ninety per cent express a preference for feeding other
than winter, which, broadly speaking, means a preference for sum-
mer feeding. The advantages of summer over winter feeding are sum-
marized by Dr. Waters thus:

1. Gains made in summer require less grain.

2. The gains are made more rapidly, so that the animal is finished
in less time.

3 Steers may be made thick and prime on corn and grass in summer,
without the use of expensive supplementary feeds like cotton-seed meal
or linseed meal, and will carry to market a lustrous coat. It is impos-
sible by the use of corn and such roughage as timothy or prairie hay to
bring animals within a reasonable time to anything like the degree of fat-
ness that may be easily made with corn and grass, and they will never
carry the blood that is put on by full feeding of pasture. Presumably
the green grass contains suflScient protein to give the high finish and
excellent coat required of animals that bring a high price. To approxi-
mate this finish in winter feeding requires the use of a considerable
quantity of expensive grain like cotton-seed meal or linseed meal, or the
use of clover, cowpea or alfalfa hay or roughage.

4. More Profltahle in Summer. — The hog makes larger gains and shows
a much lower death rate in summer than in winter feeding.

5. There is a considerable saving in labor in summer feeding over
winter feeding in view of the fact that only the grain has to be hauled
and in view of the further fact that as a rule the steers need to be fed

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X.

555

but once a day, either about sunrise or sunset. To offset this, however,
labor on the average farm is scarce and much higher priced in summer
than in winter. The manure is scattered by the cattle themselves and the
hauling of it but upon the ground is dispensed with. Grass is cheaper
than hay, as has already been pointed out and make better gains. The
handling of the roughage is likewise disposed of.

In the latitude of Missouri the winter weather is quite variable and
this is particularly true of February to the middle of April. It is par-
ticularly costly to attempt to finish cattle in this season. Fairly rapid
and economical gains can be made in this variable weather on those
cattle that have been freshly put on feed, but when the steers approach
the finishing period, when their appetities become dainty and when at
best it is diflicult to induce them to eat enough to make substantial and
economical gains, the disturbance of the weather is particularly noticeable
and ofttimes when cattle are almost finished they will stand for thirty
and sometimes sixty days without making scarcely any gain at all. This
is quite likely to be true if the lots are muddy and if the roughness
is not particularly palatable and is fed in the open, where it is drenched
with rain soon after it is put in the rack.

The most favorable portion of the winter season for feeding is in the
late autumn and during December and January, unless these months be
wet or variable. Many of the most successful feeders do not finish their
cattle in these unfavorable parts of the winter, but utilize them for get-
ting the cattle started or "warmed up," as they express it.

These replies, received from the 1,000 Missouri, Illinois and Iowa
stockmen, will be summarized by Dr. Waters in a bulletin to be issued,
showing the results of experience in beef production in the corn belt,
together with a summary of some of the feeding experiments conducted
in the Missouri Agricultural college experiment station.

AUCTIONS OF PURE-BRED BEEF CATTLE IN 1907.
(From the Breeders' Gaette.)
Annual summary of the public sales of pure-bred beef cattle held in the
United States during 1907.

SHORT HORNS.

Date

Jan.

16

Jan.

23

Jan.

29

Feb.

20

Feb.

22

Feb.

21

Mar.

1

Mar.

5

Mar.

12-13

Mar.

14

Mar.

20

Mar.

21

Mar.

28

Apr.

2

Apr.

9

Apr.

10

Apr.

U

Apr.

18

Seller and Place

Kind of

■ •a

Total

Aver-

Sale

Price

Prlce

Comb ..

64

$5,528

$ 86.40

Comb --

46

6,734

146.40

Draft ..

32

6,020

188.15

Draft -

40

5,115

127.85

Draft —

40

2,943

72.00

Comb „

60

3,900

65.00

Comb .-

51

8,925

175.00

Draft —

39

3,982

102.35

Disp

90

18,290

203.20

Disp -—

27

3,118

115.50

Comb —

39

3,440

88.20

Draft —

47

5,&35

158.00

Draft ..

54

17,605

325.90

Disp _—

24

3,280

136.65

Draft —

38

12,075

317.70

Draft —

48

18,025

375.00

Disp —

32

8,630

2(70.00

Comb -

37

6.060

163.80

Various breeders, Grinnell, Iowa „

Various breeders, Denver Colo.

F. A. Edwards, Webster City Iowa

J. F. Stodder and others, Wichita. Kan. ..

J. II. Denher, Cascade, Iowa

Jo Daviess Co. (111.) Cattle Breeders' Asso

elation. Galena, 111.

Good, Ryden, & Failon, Galesburg, 111

J. A. Countryman & Son, Rochelle, 111

('. R. Steele, Ireton, Iowa

Carrier & Son, Newton, Iowa

Various breeders. Ft. Worth, Tex

T. K. Thompson & Sons, Manhattan, Kan...

N. P. Clarke, So. Omaha, Neb.

W. M. Randel, Bainbridge, Ind.

11. F. Brown, Minneapolis, Minn. ^-._-

F. W. Harding, Waukesha, Wis

H. S. Bright, Versailles, Ky.

Hill, Hanna and Cowley, Fredonia, Kan

556

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

AUCTION OF BEEF CATTLE-CONTINUED.

Apr.

22

Alay

8

May

10

May

23

May

24

May

39

May

31

May

31

June

4

June

11

June

12

June

13

June

13

June

20

June

21

Aug.

15

Sept.

3

Sept.

5

Sept.

10

Sept.

11

Sept.

17

Sept.

26

Oct.

1

Oct.

2

Oct.

2

Oct.

2

Oct.

3

Oct.

7

Oct.

8

Oct.

9

Oct.

10

Oct.

10

Oct.

11

Oct.

15

Oct.

17

Oct.

17

Oct.

17

Oct.

18

Oct.

22

Oct.

22

Oct.

23

Oct.

23

Oct.

25

Oct.

26

Oct.

26

Oct.

29

Oct.

30

Oct.

30

Oct.

31

Nov.

5

?Jov.

6

Nov.

7

Vov.

8

Vov.

9

Nov.

9

Nov.

13

Mov.

14

Nov.

19

)iov.

22

Nov.

23

Nov.

27

Dec.

3

Dec.

11

Dec.

10-11

Dec.
Dee.

12
12

Seller and Place

Kind ot
Sale

Geo. Botiiwell, Hamilton, Mo.

A. Chrystal, Marshall, xMich.

Various breeders, Indianapolis, Ind.

I'^orbes, Prather & Hanua, Chicago

J. W. Palmer & Sou, Albion, Ind.

Harvey, Wray, Maryville, Mo.

W. A. B'orsythe, Greenwood, Mo.

H. G. Teel, Rushville, 111.

M. E. Jones, Williamsville, 111.

Franli O. Lowden, Chicago

Various breeders, Rossville, Ind.

Thomas, Jameson & Mitchell, Kansas City

Andrew Wilson, Argenta, 111.

S. K. Quick & Sons, Indianapolis

Jos. Duncan, Osborn, Mo. ..

NV. M. Dewess & Son, Monticello, 111.

\V. H. Schafer, Keensburg, 111

Various breeders, Hamline, Minn.

C. C. Bigler & Sons, Victor, Iowa

Various breeders, Victor, Iowa

Dr. H. K. Givens, Fayette, Mo.

C. L. McClellan, Lowden, Iowa

Jeffrey & Wallace, Ainsworth, Iowa

Woods Investment Co., So. Omaha, Neb. __
G. P. Tyrrell & Son, Oxford Junction, Iowa

J. M. Stewart, Ainsworth, Iowa

Gray & Ricliey, Columbus Junction, Iowa .

L. B. Converse, Maryville, Mo.

Ira Cottiugham, Eden, 111.

F. A. Schafer & Son, Estherville, Iowa

N. P. Ewing, McLean, 111.

Burge & Brown, Mt. Vernon, Iowa

Dr. J. S. Wilson, Macy, Ind.

J. A. Kilgour, Stei-ling, 111.

Various breeders, Kansas City

Hale and others, Anamosa, Iowa

C. A. Branson, Cadiz, Ohio

Dawdy & Son, Galesburg, 111.

W. H. Michael. Lowell, Ind.

Walpole Bros., Rock Valley, Iowa

W. J. McLean, Rock Valley, Iowa

Forest & Dunham, Miles. Iowa

Hart-Alexander, Edinburg, 111. . __ .

J. H. Miller, Shelbyville, 111

Green Bros and others. Farmland, Ind.

.lohn Rasmess, Lake City, Iowa

Hector Cowan, Paullina, Iowa - _ _

Renick-Hall, Paris, Ky.

H. G. McMillan, Rock Rapids, Iowa

E. D. Ludwlg, Sabetlia, Kan.

Purdy Bros., Kansas City

Flynn Farm Co., Des Moines, Iowa

N. A. Lind, Rolfe, Iowa

Anton Williams, Gilmore City, Iowa

F.M. Marshall, Kansas City

Howard Cattle Co., Newman, Cal. _
Dr. A. C. Berry, Unionville, Mo.

B. H. Hakes, Williamsburg, Iowa ..
Thompson-Cookson, West Liberta, Iowa_
Innes & May, Granville Center, Pa.

Isaac Argenbright, Blandinsville, 111.

Various breeders, Chicago

McDermott, Anita, Iowa

E. Funke, Greenfield, Iowa

Hancher and others, Rolfe, Iowa

Various breeders, Freeport, 111.

Disp .

Draft

Comb

Comb

Disp .

Disp .

Draft

Disp .

Draft

Draft

Comb

Draft

Draft

Disp .

Draft

Disp .

Draft

Comb

Draft

Comb

Draft

Draft

Draft

Comb

Draft

Draft

Comb

Disp .

Draft

Draft

Disp .

Comb

Draft

Draft

Comb

Comb

Draft

Draft

Draft

Draft

Draft

Draft

Comb

Draft

Comb

Draft

Draft

Comb

Draft

Draft

Draft

Draft

Draft

Draft

Disp .

Draft

Draft

Draft

Comb

Draft

Disp _

Comb

Draft

Disp -

Comb

Comb

.•o

Total

^C/3

Price

59

9,400

7i

17,680

44

4,930

34

9,935

33

3,775

45

4,500

41

5,450

44

2,650

41

12,635

61

38,635

40

3,537

51

10,330

37

4,100

40

4,.5<JO

43

7,:iU5

27

2,902

46

5,385

37

4,921

76

13,135

44

3,300

49

7,680

37

4,020

40

2,910

38

8,740

40

3,8iO

28

2,135

43

3,010

62

8,5TO

30

1,775

40

4,895

40

4,172

42

4,000

27

2,215

33

4,065

51

11,945

52

6,575

25

2,000

44

7,645

30

1,779

46

8,085

40

4,627

3J

6,ra3

40

9,550

26

3,090

43

6,111

28

7,745

42

7,5i0

47

3,052

41

4,487

23

2,236

49

6,970

45

13,250

55

13,815

47

4,393

25

4,015

50

4,340

37

4,105

40

5,970

43

7, -535

40

5,. 345

24

2,004

50

13,825

33

5,570

98

14,770

50

5,000

38

2,935

age
Price

159.30
2i0.00
112.00
2j2.0j
114.00
100.00
133.00

60.00
314.00
633.35

88.50
202.55

80.00
104.00
172.00
107.00
117.00
133. UO
172.70

75.00
156.70
108.90

73.25
230.00

96.00

76.25

70.00
138.25

88.75
122.35
104.00

95.00

83.00
123.00
234.20
126.45

80.00
174.00

59.30
175.75
115.65
172.40
238.75
118.00
142. 1>
276. CO
180.00

65.00
109.45

86.00
142.25
294.45
251.20

95.50
154.40

86.40
110.95
149.25
125.00
1S3.00

83.50
276.50
168.80
150.70
100.00

77.25

3,608 head sold for i&5r?,799; an average of $160.15.
*Polled Durhams included.

HEREFORDS.

Jan.

17

.Tan.

22

Jan.

22-25

Jan.

23

Hooiier Farm Co., Spencer, Ind. Disp

Various breeders, Denver, Colo. Comb

Various breeders, Denver, Colo Comb ._

Various breeders. Wyoming, 111 j Comb .

35

4,340

48

5,640

64

8,036

21

1,313

12t.00
117.65
125.60
62.00

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X.

557

AUCTIONS OF BEEF CATTLE-HEREFORDS-CONTINUED.

Date

Jan.

23

Feb.

1

Feb.

12

Feb.

21

Feb.

21

Mar.

7

Mar.

12-14

Mar.

28

Apr.

3

Apr.

4

Apr.

4

Apr.

9

May

2

May

15

June

13

June

20

July

9

Sept.

4

Sept.

27

Oct.

15

Oct.

22

Oct.

23

Dec.

i

Nov.

26

Nov.

28

Seller and Place

D. W. Ohl, Iowa City. Iowa

Avery & Hines Co., East St. Louis

Various breeders, Chicago

Jo Daviess Co. (111.) Cattle Breeders' Asso-
ciation, Galena, 111.

Various breeders, Wichita, Kan.

G. W. Graves, Bunljer Hill, Ind.

Various breeders, Kansas City

F. A. Nave, Attica, Ind.

Edmonds, Shade & Co., and Stanton Breed-

imr Farm Co., Sioux City, Iowa

W. G. Swinney, Kansas City

G. J. Anstey, So. Omaha, Neb.

Giltner Bros., Nashville, Tenn.

Gudgell & Simpson, Kansas City

Mrs. K. W. Cross, Emporia, Kan.

G. H. Hoxie, Thornton, 111.

Sotham Co., Kankakee, 111.

Sotham Co.,* Kankakee, 111

Various breeders, Hamline, Minn.

F. D. Woods, Muscatine, Iowa

Various breeders, Kansas City

Ilemenway and others. Steward, 111.

Jliuier Bros., Craig, Neb.

Various breeders, Chicago

W. W. Wheeler, Harlan, Iowa

M. Boyd Co.,* Windsor, Ont.

Kind ot

."O

Total

Sale

Zee

Price

Draft -

■60

3,040

Disp ...

63

7,980

Comb .-

5:1

5,74-3

Comb ..

4

277

Comb ..

37

2,3:il

Disp ...

47

5,190

Comb ..

l:il

13,815

Draft -

70

16,065

Draft ..

38

4,570

Disp ...

GO

6,&95

Draft .-

46

4, a))

Draft ..

43

7,G88

Draft .-

47

7.0:»

Disp .__

64

8,2)0

Draft ..

42

12,970

Comb ..

31

2,480

Draft ..

13

2,915

Comb ..

54

3,19(5

Draft .-

88

4,810

Comlj ..

51

7,5<30

Comb ..

48

5,300

Draft .-

37

4,775

Comb ..

46

6,220

Draft ..

20

2,154

Draft ..

37

3,500

1,358 head sold for $168,009; an average of $123.70.
*PoIled Herefords.

ABERDEEN-ANGUS.

Jan.

16

Jan.

17

Feb.

15

Apr.

24

May

1

Mav

28

June

4

June

5

June

6

June

19

June

25-26

Aug.

22

Oct.

29

Oct.

30

Nov.

5

Nov.

20

Nov.

21

Dec.

5

H. J. Hess, Waterloo, Iowa

A. G. Leonard, Chicago

Rosenfeld & Siverly, Kelley Iowa

Allison, Fisher and Freeman, Homer, 111.

Various breeders, Chicago

C. J. Martin, Adaza, Iowa

Lakeside Farm, Storm Lake, Iowa

A. C. Binnie, Alta, Iowa

James Williams, Marcus, Iowa

Various breeders, Kankakee, 111.

L. H. Kerrick, Bloomington, 111.

A. P. Grout, Winchester, 111.

Miller-McMurray, Newton, Iowa

AV. H. Goodwine and others, Chicago ...

J. O. Strubinger, Barry, 111.

Collins-Dysart, Nachusa, 111.

W. A. McHenry, Denison, Iowa

Various breeders, Chicago

Draft

Disp .

Disp .

Comb

Comb

Draft

Draft

Draft

Draft

Comb

Disp .

Draft

Comb

Comb

Disp

Disp .

Draft

Comb

47

7,05.5

50

4,135

40

4,630

62

5,860

66

6,470

52

14,020

48

4,2(35

38

11,610

43

6,580

46

3,385

243

25, 4»;

40

6,080

34

4,440

66

6,120

56

8,409

82

5,:330

44

14,250

62

12,730

1,119 head sold for $150,795; an average of $134.75.
GALLOWAYS.

.Jan.

24

18
6

Various breeders.
Various breeders.
Various breeders,

Chicago .-

Comb -.
Comb -.
Comb ..

S5
48
40

4,181
5,955
6,970

126.70

Oct.

Kansas City . .. .

121.05

Dec.

Chicago

174.. 35

123 head sold for $17,106; an average of $139.05.
POLLED DURHAMS.

June 18
June 19
Nov. 23

F. S. Hines, Indianapolis

Hadley and Marvin, Indianapolis
Wash. Cortner, Farmland, Ind. ..

Disp .

Draft

Draft

29

5,545

40

5,990

37

2,294

191.00
138.00
62.00

106 head sold for $13,829; an average of $130.35.
RED POLLS.

Apr. 3 Borden Stock Farm, Chicago

Apr. i Geo. H. Smith, Chicago

Dec. 6 I Various breeders, Chicago

97 head sold for $8,113; an average of $83.65.

Disp .
Disp .
Comb

47

3,985

29

2,068

21

2,040

558

IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE.

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Short-hor
Hereford
Aberdeen
Galloway
Polled D
Red Poll

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 559

A SUCCESSFUL HOG AND SEED-CORN FARM.

TJ. S. Department of Agriculture, Farmers' Bulletin No. 212, By W. J.

Spillman.

Nearly all highly successful farms are unique in their management.
In the absence of a science of farm management they represent systems
wrought out by men of unusual energy and intelligence, who have gone
resolutely about discovering and utilizing the full possibilities of their
farms. These men have been governed largely by chance in the locations
chosen, and to some extent in the type of farming followed. Hence it Is
they are distributed here and there over nearly' the entire country and
represent every type of farming that can be made highly profitable.
From such men, who utilize the full possibilities of their land with a
given system of farming, we are learning the facts which, when properly
classified, will constitute the science of farm management.

Although such farms are widely distributed they are seldom plenti-
ful in any section. Few men have comprehended a system of farming
fully and developed it to its full possibilities. Cropping systems are
seldom planned with a view to keeping the land busy and to meeting
the exact requirements for highest success in the system followed.
But when problems of this kind have been successfully met on a given
farm, that farm becomes an object lesson of inestimable value to every
farmer in the country. The lesson taught is not so much how to work
to a given system as it is how to meet the problems that present them-
selves. Such farms demonstrate the great value of intelligent man-
agement as compared with hard work applied unintelligently. Their
success, when the cause of it is understood, lends encouragement to other
intelligent men.

THE SYSTEM OF MANAGEMENT.

The farm here described is that of Mr. W. H. Rowe. It is located in
west-central Illinois, on dark prairie loam, and is devoted to hog raising
and the production of fine seed corn. For roughage the hogs are pro-
vided with clover pasture in summer and soy bean or clover hay in
winter. They are fed grain every day in the year. Before the business
of growing seed corn was undertaken the amount of corn raised was
nearly sufficient for the needs of the farm. At present a considerable
quantity of grain and mill feed is bought to replace the seed corn sold
and to supply the demands made by the increased number of stock kept.

The cropping system followed for several years past is as follows:
(1) Corn (four-fifths) and soy beans (one-fifth); (2) corn; (3) oats;
(4) clover.

Eighty acres of land in 4 equal fields are devoted to this rotation.
The soy beans are cut for hay, which is fed to the hogs in winter. The
clover is used for hog pasture. The oats are used as feed for the work
stock and hogs. What hay is needed is bought. Not much is needed,

560 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

however, in addition to the soy-bean hay, corn stover, and sheaf oats or
oat straw produced on the farm. Last year 450 bushels of seed corn were
sold at an average price of $1.82 per bushel. The remainder of the crop
Is fed, any deficiency being made up by purchase.

This system has been in vogue without essential change for ten years.
Adjacent land, poorly managed, produces probably 35 bushels of corn per
acre. During the past four years the average yield of corn on this farm
has been 80 2-5 bushels per acre. During the past few years oats have
lodged more or less, and Mr. Rowe is seeking a substitute for this crop.a

The yield of oats this year was 50 bushels per acre. On another simi-
lar farm owned by Mr. Rowe the yield was 63 bushels. The oats on the
home farm were pastured to some extent this spring, because of a partial
failure of the clover pastures. No commercial fertilizers have been used
until this year, when a carload of ground phosphate rock was bought. It
would seem that the system of cropping and the use made of these crops
have so added to the nitrogen content of the soil as to render the plant
food supply somewhat unbalanced for oats, though not for corn, as the
corn crop can utilize the nitrogen to better advantage than oats.

The 80 acres are divided into 4 equal fields, all fenced hog tight. The
fences consist of 5-foot woven wire, with a barbed-wire above it around
part of the farm. The 4 fields meet at the center of the farm, where
there is a well, a small feed yard for use in winter, and a shed for storing
feeding troughs, etc., in summer. The feed yard is partially floored so
that the hogs may eat without standing in mud during unfavorable
weather in winter.

In addition to the 80 acres in the rotation, there are 31 acres of
timber, 10 acres of permanent bluegrass sod (for 5 horses, 2 cows, and
the brood sows in winter), and 10 acres devoted to orchard, garden,
yards, and barn lot, making 131 acres in all.

Fifteen brood sows are kept. These are well-bred Duroc-Jerseys, a
breed especially adapted to the production of large, late-maturing hogs.
These sows farrow once a year, early in April, or after danger of severe
winter weather is past. They raise 8 pigs to the litter on the average.
In spring the 20-acre clover field is divided into 2 parts by means of a
temporary wire fence 30 inches high. One part contains 12 acres and
the other 8. One hundred and twenty yearling hogs, weighing about 200
pounds each, are placed in the 12-acre inclosure in early spring and re-
main until they are sent to market about August 1 to 10. The 15 sows
and 120 pigs are turned into the 8-acre division, where they remain till
the large hogs on the 12-acre division are marketed, when they are al-
lowed the run of the whole 20 acres.

At first each sow and her litter receives 3 pounds of corn a day.
Sometimes a little oats is substituted for part of the corn. The amount
of grain is gradually increased until by fall each sow and litter receives
about 17 pounds a day. The sows are allowed to wean the pigs of their
own accord. At one side of the field a pen is constructed in such manner
as to admit the pigs, but not the sows (fig. 1, B), and the pigs may thus
be fed separately so as to insure their getting a proper share of the feed

o See proposed change In the cropping system, p.

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 5G1

By the end of summer the pigs weigh about 100 to 125 pounds each,
most of this gain being due to clover.

On the approach of winter the sows are removed to the bluegrass
pasture previously mentioned, where they are confined on 2 acres of land,
with suitable shelters provided. The pigs are then penned on about 4
acres of the clover sod next the central well. The shelters which stood ■
in the field during summer are moved to this pen.

The brood sows are fed in winter about 4 pounds a day of mixed
grains. Last winter this consisted of ground rye, shorts, oil meal and
corn. In the absence of rye, bran is used. They are also fed clover hay,
a small crop of which is cut from the clover pastures. This amount of
feed keeps them in thrifty condition, but does not fatten them.

The pigs in winter are fed soy-bean hay and an average of about 5
pounds of grain per head per day. During a portion of the time this
grain consists of a mixture of about 3l^ pounds of corn, % pound of
shorts and % pound of oil meal per head per day. The amount fed is
less in early winter and gradually increases as the pigs increase in size.
By spring these pigs weigh 200 to 225 pounds each.

When clover pasture becomes available in spring these yearling hogs are
turned into the 12-acre inclosure, while the sows and their new litters are
given the remaining 8 acres. While the clover is at its best each of the
120 large hogs receives about 2i/^ pounds of grain daily. This amount is
gradually increased until by August 1, when the large hogs are marketed,
each is receiving about 4 pounds a day. The daily average for this period
is about 3% pounds. When sent to market these hogs weigh 325 to 350
pounds each. They are a fine, uniform lot, and always bring top prices
in their class.

One of the most interesting features of this system is the fact that
the hogs are kept until they are 16 months old and reach the large size
just mentioned. The reasons for this are as follows:

The clover furnishes most feed the first half of summer, and the
double number of hogs on hand at this time makes it possible to utilize
this growth to best advantage. Again, pigs handled as these are, if
sold at 200 pounds, will have made a large proportion of their growth
during winter on expensive grain feed, while by keeping them till mid-
summer a larger proportion of the gain is made from clover, which is
cheaper than grain. These points have received careful consideration by
Mr. Rowe, and he believes he makes more profit by producing these large
hogs under his system than he could make from the same area of land
by selling the hogs earlier. He is undoubtedly correct in this. However,
this would not be true for sections where good winter pasture can be
made available. In this case it would doubtless pay better to secure two
litters of pigs a year and sell them at not much over 200 pounds weight.

When the large hogs go to market the sows and pigs are given the
run of the whole 20 acres. A little later, when the oats have been re-
moved from the field, the pigs are also allowed access to the new seeding
of clover if this is rendered desirable by the condition of the older clover
field.

36

562

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

The temporary fence between the 12 and 8-acre divisions of the clover
field consists of ordinary hog wire fastened to driven posts. These posts
may be set at any time during the fall or winter when the ground is in
proper condition.

E E E £ E E

c

D

C

F

G

F

Fig. 1— Arrangement of shelter houses in the field. A A Is the partition fence that
separates the yearling hogs from the sows and pigs. B is the special pen in which
the small pigs get their grain. C, C are two shelter houses, 8 by 14 feet; they stand
facing each other, about 70 feet apart. D is a temporary shed, covered with straw,
which furnishes ample shade in hot weather. E, E, E, E, E, E are small A-shaped
houses, each large enough for sleeping quarters for a sow and her litter. Most of
the sows sleep in the shelters C, C, or under the open shed D. F, F are shelter
houses, 8 by 14 feet, like C, C, for the yearling .hogs. G is shed similar to D.

SHELTERS.

The arrangement of the shelters during summer, when the hogs are
on clover sod, is shown in figure 1.

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART X.

563

During summer the grain is fed mostly in the vicinity of the shel-
ters. If the feeding ground becomes muddy, the grain is distributed

in a new place. In winter a good deal of
mill stuff is fed, as previously stated (6 1-3
tons last winter). For this purpose troughs
are placed on the wooden floor in the small
feed lot at the center of the farm. The con-
struction of these troughs (fig. 2) shows how
carefully Mr. Rowe and his son, who has
been an instructor in one of the short
courses of the agricultural department of
the University of Illinois, have worked out
their problems. Troughs enough are pro-
vided so that for 100-pound pigs each pig has
18 inches standing room at the side of the
trough. As the pigs increase in weight this
allowance of space increases to 24 inches
for 200-pound hogs. The center board (fig.
2, b) prevents the hogs from getting their
feet into the troughs, but does not inter-
fere with their eating. It also prevents
fighting across the trough.

When the pigs are placed in their winter
quarters (on about 4 acres of clover sod), the
shelter houses are moved thither. Corn
stover is used for bedding.
The larger shelters are 8 by 14 feet, 7 feet high in front and 4 feet
in the rear. They are built on skids made of 2 by 8 inch stuff that act
as sled runners and permit the buildings to be drawn from one location
to another. The skids are so attached that when they decay new ones
can be put in place. The corners are braced inside to prevent racking
when the buildings are moved. There are no floors, but there Is a cross
sill at the center which practically makes two sleeping compartments.
The front ig open below, with two swinging doors above that can be
pushed inward and fastened to the roof in good weather, thus letting in
the sunshine. In winter the houses face to the south. The walls are
battened inside. To prevent the wind from overturning these shelters
each building is anchored to a post driven close beside it. These
structures cost about $20 each.

The small A-houses are 6i/^ by 8 feet in size and iVz feet high.
They rest on a frame of 6-inch boards, to which they are securely fastened.
These boards are the only parts of the structures that are in contact
with the ground, and can easily be replaced when they decay. One end
of the shelter is left open. The cost of these small shelters is about
$7 each.

WATERING DEVICE.

The device used for watering the hogs is exceptionally well adapted
to the purpose in the absence of a natural water supply. In fact, it is
perhaps more desirable than ponds or even running streams on the score
of cleanliness and decreased liability to infectious diseases. A sled large

Fig. 2.— Cross section of hog
trough for winter feeding.
a, o are guy wires, which hold
the 2 by 12 inch board (6) in
in place. There are three of
these wires on a 16-foot
trough. The crosspiece (c)
is made from 2 by 4 inch stufl,
as a support for 6. There are
Ave of these to each trough.
The bottom of the feed box d
is made from 2 by 12 inch ma-
terial and the sides e, e from
2 by 8 inch planks.

564 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

enough to hold an ordinary barrel is covered with a heavy water-tight
floor boarded up water-tight 4 inches around the edges. The barrel is
provided with a large bung or wooden stopper in the upper head in
order that it may readily be filled with water. A half-inch hole is bored
in the side of the barrel about 3 inches from the bottom (i. e., the open-
ing is 3 inches from the floor on which the barrel stands). The lower
hole being stopped, the barrel is filled with water. The large bung is
then inserted air-tight. The sled is now drawn to the field, near the
shelter houses, and the small stopper is removed. The water runs out,
filling the shallow box forming the top of the sled to the level of the
small opening in the barrel. The hogs may drink at any corner of the
box. As the water is consumed more runs out. Two such barrels are
placed in each inclosure, and filled once or twice a day or as often as
they become empty.

New barrels are frequently not air-tight. To remedy this defect, when
the openings which admit the air are not plainly visible the barrels are
given a good coat of paint. This usually stops all small crevices. If a
single coat of paint does not accomplish the desired result another is
added, and so on till the barrel holds water and excludes air.

SOY BEANS.

The practice which led to the introduction of soy beans into the crop-
ping system is of interest. The hogs in winter are penned on about 4
acres of the clover sod. During the winter the soil of this pen, or lot,
becomes more or less puddled and is rather difficult to bring into condi-
tion for a good seed bed in spring. This can be accomplished, however,
by continued stirring and clod crushing. But this takes time, and ne-
cessitates late planting. Here was a need for a crop that could be
planted in late spring or early summer and yet fit into the general farm
scheme. Several crops were tried, and a variety of soy bean known as the
"Yellow Dwarf" was selected as most suitable for the purpose. In a
letter to the writer concerning this crop Mr. Rowe says: "We have some-
times fed down our soy beans, but now we cut them to feed in winter
and have them cover a long period. We grow the Yellow Dwarf, but are
making some experiments with other varieties, and may change when
we think we have something better. We plant in June; the first week in
June is an excellent time, but there may be good reason for deferring it
if the land is not in good order or is weedy. On weedy land it is best
to destroy as many crops of weeds as possible before planting. We
planted this year the last week in June, and the beans have matured
nicely." The reader should not infer that this farm is weedy. Mr.
Rowe has such an abhorrence of weeds that an acre of land having on it
a dozen weeds would be considered weedy. The writer did not see a
weed in the 4 acres of soy beans the latter part of July this year.

The soy beans are drilled in rows 20 inches apart, the amount of seed
used per acre being one-third to one-half bushel. They are given the best
of cultivation.

CORN.

The average yield of corn on this farm for the past four years has been
80 2-5 bushels per acre. The manner of preparing corn land and the sub-

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART X. 565

sequent cultivation accounts in part for this very satisfactory yield. Mr.
Howe's cornfields in July of this year were the cleanest the writer has
ever seen. In preparing the land for corn sometimes one and sometimes
the other of the two methods described below is followed, depending on
the condition of the soil:

First Method. — Disk, lapping one-half; harrow; disk and harrow again
in the same manner; repeat if there is time to do so.

Second Method. — Disk, lapping one-half; break with ordinary turning
plow, then harrow twice before planting.

Cultivation. — The following is as outline of the subsequent tillage;
harrow after planting, before the corn is up. After the corn is up, go
over the land with a rotary hoe; then cultivate twice with rear shovels
next the row and once with front shovels next the row. After this, culti-
vate between the rows with a one-horse cultivator at intervals of about
two weeks till the first week in August. The cultivation should be
shallow, so as not to disturb the roots of the corn. If any weeds survive
this treatment they are removed with a hand hoe.

Breeding Seed Corn. — The most careful methods of breeding seed corn
are practiced. In the breeding plat every alternate row is detasseled
to insure cross-pollination. This insures seed of high vitality on the de-
tassled stalks. Each year the choicest plants are selected for planting
the breeding plat the next year.

FEEDING VALUE OF EACH CEOP.

Mr. Rowe believes that when fed without waste a bushel of corn will
produce 10 pounds of increase in live weight in hogs; an acre of clover,
400 pounds; and an acre of soy beans, 600 pounds. This agrees fairly
well with the best estimates that can be made from the data given above as
to the amount of grain fed, as may be seen from what follows:

Grain and mill feed used annually: Pounds.

15 litters, 6J months during summer (estimated 7 pounds a day per litter) 20,790

120 pigs, 5J mouths during winter, at 5 pounds per day 100,200

130 yearlings, 120 days during summer, at 3J pounds per day 50,000

Total grain and mill feed 170,990

Estimated production of pork:

170,990 pounds of corn equals 3,050 bushels, which, as 10 pounds of pork

per bushel, would produce 30,530

18i acres of clover,* at 400 pounds of pork per acre, would produce 7,400

4 acres of soy beans, at 600 pounds of pork per acre 2,400

Total estimated production of pork 40,330

Actual results in pork:

120 hogs, averaging 337 pounds 40,440

Difference in favor of actual results 110

The actual results are seen to differ only one-fourth of 1 per cent from
the estimated total product. This shows that Mr. Rowe's estimates of the
feeding value of these crops is very accurate.

PROPOSED CHANGE IN CROPPING SYSTEM.

It has already been stated that oats are not a satisfactory crop on this
farm. In a recent letter the owner says: "We think now we shall change

•From the 20 acres of clover 1^ is deducted for the 15 sows which made no gain.

566 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

our rotation and have one division in alfalfa, running a rotation of corn,
corn, clover on three fields; or we may use soy beans and omit the
clover." If alfalfa proves to be a satisfactory crop on this land, the clover
can de dispensed with, as alfalfa is a better hog pasture than clover. Mr.
Rowe's plan is to leave the alfalfa down as long as it thrives, then set a
new field in this crop and plow up the old one. The alfalfa will thus ro-
tate slowly around the farm without interfering with the three-year rota-
tion,

SUBSTITUTES USED WHEN CLOVEE FAILS.

The clover fails to catch about once in five years on the average. It
failed completely in 1901 and partially this year (1906). In 1901 it was
replaced by rye sown in the fall, oats and rape sown in early spring, and
soy beans sown in late spring. This year a light seeding of oats and rape
was added to the clover sod. When the pastures are short the deficiency
is made up by feeding more grain.

One man is hired by the year and another from spring until late fall,
about nine months in all. When the temporary employee is a good hand,
employment is found elsewhere for him for the winter months, so that
he may be available the next year. Mr. Charles Rowe, the son of the
proprietor, when at home, takes an active part in the work of the farm.
This labor is not at all confined to the home farm, however, as Mr. Rowe
owns three other farms. He estimates that the labor used on the home
farm, in addition to that done by himself and son, amounts to about one
and a half men for the year. The wages paid are $22 a month and board.

The work stock consists of one team of mules, one team of horses and
one driving horse.

FINANCIAL RESULTS.

During the past ten years the owner of this farm has been able to buy
another similar farm of 96 acres a few miles away, paying over $100 an
acre for it. Exactly the same system has been instituted on the new farm
with highly satisfactory results. This second farm is in charge of an
intelligent hired man, who gets good wages and a small percentage of the
profits. The owner and his son superintend both farms very closely and
the son does much of the work on the home farm. The father does his
share also, but not so large a proportion of the work as he formerly did.
He also owns another farm some miles away, too far to be managed di-
rectly by the owner. During the present summer an 80-acre farm near
by has been added to his holdings. Eight acres of this are to be put down
in permanent pasture and the remaining 72 acres divided into four equal
fields, to be managed exactly like the home farm.

Last year 450 bushels of pedigreed seed corn were sold from the home
farm and a like amount from one of the other farms. On a neighboring
farm under Mr. Rowe's direction 200 bushels more were grown. The aver-
age price received was $1.82 per bushel. As already stated, about 120
head of hogs are sold annually from the home farm, A like number is

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART X, . 567

sold from the other farm. The average annual result from the home farm

are shown in the following table:

120 hogs, at 337 pounds weight pounds 40,440

40,440 pounds, at 6 cents* $2,426

450 bushels of seed corn, at $1.82 819

Gross income $3,245

646 bushels corn, bought at 40 cents $ 258

6i tons mill feed, bought at $20 127

Wages and board of of 11 men 576

Total outlay $ 961

Available for general expenses, family income, etc $ 2,284

From this net income should be deducted an amount sufficient to cover
insurance on buildings and loss from deterioration of buildings and other
improvements, farm machinery, work horses, etc. The remainder repre-
sents (1) interest on the investment, (2) wages for the labor of Mr.
Rowe and members of his family, and (3) clear profit.

It is evident that quite a large part of Mr. Rowe's success is due to the
production of high-bred seed corn and the sale of the same at more than
four times the price of ordinary marketable corn. This is the result of
Mr. Rowe's intelligence, enterprise and business ability. His success in
this line can be duplicated by many other farmers either in the produc-
tion of high-bred seed of some farm crop or in some other special line of
production. However, it may be instructive to eliminate the production
and sale of seed corn and see what would be his success if he restricted
his efforts to hog farming.

Since Mr. Rowe is a man who understands fully the possibilities of his
farm, it is fair to assume that if he depended entirely on hogs for his
income he would keep as many hogs as his system of farming would per-
mit. At present the number of hogs kept is limited by the area of clover
pasture. Now, by adopting two two-year rotations of corn and clover,
sowing clover in the corn at the last cultivation — a practice which is en-
tirely feasible — he could double his area of clover pasture, thus doubling
the number of hogs kept. Presumably, he would also insert 4 acres of soy
beans in the other cornfield in order to have hay for winter feed. He
would thus have 32 acres for corn on which he would produce 2,560 bush-
els. As he would need 6,152 bushels for feeding his hogs, it would be
necessary for him to buy 3,592 bushels. Figuring the financial results on
this basis we have the following:

Hogs, aiO, averaging 337 pounds, or 80,880 pounds, live weight, at 6 cents

per pound $ 4,852.00

Corn bought, 3,593 bushels, at 40 cents $1,436.80

Mill feed bought, 13 3-3 tons, at $30 254.00

Wages and board of two hands 768.00

Total outlay 2,458.80

Net income $ 3,393.20

It is here seen that the net profit would be slightly larger than under
the system actually in vogue. In discussing this point with the owner of

*The price received this year was over 6 cents a pound live weight. With hogs
at 5 cents a pound the net income would be $1,767.

568 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

the farm, it developed that the reason why the system just outlined is not
followed is the ever-present danger from hog cholera. Because of occa-
sional losses from this disease the system which includes the production
of seed corn would, Mr. Rowe believes, in the long run prove to be more
profitable than the one in which hogs represent the sole source of income.

CONCLUSION.

There is much satisfaction in contemplating the methods and results
on this farm. The influence of the agricultural college is distinctly seen.
Sound judgment and good management are apparent. Presumably, every
farm in the United States, barring differences in soils, could be made as
profitable if all our farmers knew how to farm as well and had the
necessary executive ability. The object of this and other similar articles
is to aid in giving others a knowledge of the essential details of manage-
ment required for such success. Unfortunately executive ability can not
so easily be acquired; yet there are thousands of farmers who are today
running unprofitable farms who lack only the knowledge of how to farm
in order to succeed as this farmer has.

The one ever-present element of danger in hog raising is the liability of
loss from cholera. The farm described has met such losses. During the
present year only 90 hogs were sold from each of the farms because the
numbers had recently been depleted by cholera. This disease is probably
carried from farm to farm by farmers themselves as often as in any other
manner. In a field or lot of sick hogs the soil becomes infested with the
germs. These are carried on men's shoes, on wagon tires and in other
similar ways from one farm to another. Strict quarantine will frequently
carry a herd of hogs safely through an epidemic of cholera, but there is
at present no satisfactory way of avoiding this disease. The farmer who
depends largely on hogs for his income must therefore be prepared to
meet occasional losses from this cause.

FEEDING HOGS FOR PROFIT.

Fred Vi'atson, Spencer, Iowa, Before Clay County Farmers' Institute.

We must bear in mind the old adage, "There is no excellence without
great labor," and paying attention to the little details in hog raising, as in
every other work in life, constitutes the difference between successful and
unsuccessful hog raising.

If we would feed hogs for profit we must have a profitable type of hogs
with which to begin. Taking it for granted then that we have got the
foundation stock of hogs or brood sows, having chosen the breed of hogs
that comes nearest to suiting our fancy, we must then procure a male
animal that is equally as good in the standard of excellence. If possible
select one that is good in points in which your brood sows are deficient.
Get one as gentle in disposition as possible.

The male hog should have good breed characteristics, should have good
back, good feet, standing pretty well upon toes, good heart girth, indicat-
ing constitution and quality. Moreover he should be long and deep in

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK -PART X. 569

body, even in width and smooth in the side. The length of body must be
obtained in the proper place, namely, from the rear of the shoulder to
the back end of the hog, with as much length as possible from the back
end of the rump to the front end of the loin. The shoulder should not
be overly thick nor the neck or snout be too long, but it goes without
saying that the ham cannot be too good.

The young sows that you wish to use as brood sows should be sepa-
rated from the hogs you wish to fatten for the market. At least by the
first of November, and fed less corn and more oats, thus acquiring more
muscle and larger bone. It is very necessary that the sows have plenty
of exercise during the winter months. If they are prevented from get-
ting too fat they will be more liable to exercise themselves.

The best time perhaps to have the sows farrow is from the middle of
April to the first of May, but if you see that you will not have feed enough
to keep your pigs in a good thriving condition until you raise some more
feed it is better to have your sows come in later than this, for a well fed
June pig win make a much more profitable pig than a starved April pig,
and he will be ready for the market just as soon and the chances are a
little sooner than the starved April pig. Now as farrowing time draws
near we should prepare to give the little baby piggies a warm, dry and
comfortable reception by having suitable dry and sunshiny quarters for
them. If you have difficulty in getting the sow into this place you have
prepared for her procure a bushel basket and place it over her head.
By so doing she will begin to back up, or perhaps whirl around a few
times. Now remove the basket and the chances are she will go in the
direction you wish her to go. If not repeat the operation, but by all
means be gentle with her. Do not get her excited, for you cannot be too
careful with her at this time. There should be no noise in the farrowing
quarters, as the sows at this time are exceedingly nervous. If the
weather is very cold do not leave the pen long at a time. The little pigs
should be picked up and placed in a bushel basket with some dry chaffy
straw in the bottom, carried to warm quarters for an hour or so and then
returned to their mother. Fortunate is the swine raiser if his sows far-
row at or near the same time, as this lessenes the chance of his having
many runts to contend with during the season. When the little fellows
are about four weeks old they will be large enough to eat a little and they
will eat shelled corn as soon or sooner than any grain you can give them.
There should be a small pen made for them to prevent the sows getting
their feed. If you have skim milk this is an excellent feed for either
pigs or sows, and I doubt if there is any better. But they should be
taught to eat oats while they are young, lest they refuse to eat them
when the cows go dry and the milk supply low. Good oats constitute the
best substitute for milk.

The dam should be fed oats once a day while she is nursing the pigs,
but if you have plenty of skim milk she will raise her pigs very nicely
on that, and corn. The sow should be fed about the same kind of feed
a week or ten days before she farrows that you expect to feed her after she
farrows, thus avoiding sudden changes of feed, as this is fatal to little
.pigs. I have found it advisable not to give the sow anything to drink for
at least twenty-four hours after farrowing. At that time she may be

570 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE.

given a little lukewarm water, or better still, a little warm milk; 36
hours after she may be given a very light feed of oats or mill feed, but
be sure to increase the feed gradually to avoid trouble. We should never
feed sour milk or any sour feed until the pigs are eight or nine weeks
old and even then given gradually. Care must be taken to give the sows
and pigs plenty of exercise; if not the pigs are liable to get the thumps
and die. Do not overfeed the sows while the pigs are small, as the
result, you are aware, is to dry up the sow, and then you will begin to
wonder what is making the little pigs squeal, when the chances are the
little fellows are not getting enough to eat. The pigs may be weaned at
10 weeks old or even sooner if a second crop is desired. It is exceedingly
difficult to raise fall pigs unless you can have September or early October
pigs for the reason that they do not get strong enough to withstand the
cold weather. Get the sows and pigs on grass as soon as possible. Clover
pasture, in my experience, has proven best. By all means keep the pij-'
growing.

Pigs are very fond of pumpkins and I believe they are good for them.
They seem to take the place of oats. Those fed with corn in the fall,
when you are getting them on to full feed, produce excellent results.
Pigs and hogs require salt once a week, and when you are crowding
them very hard they will bear salting twice a week. Perhaps the best
way to give them the salt is by mixing the salt with wood ashes, but if
you have not wood ashes they can be salted by scattering the salt in a
discarded pig trough and then by putting a few oats over the top of it.
They will not get more salt than is good for them. The salt aids diges-
tion and at the same time causes them to drink more slop. Now I think
the best time to feed fattening hogs their regular feed of oats is before
you feed them their corn in the morning. This seems to put a saliva
in the hog's mouth and aids very materially in digesting the feed of corn
that is to follow a little later.

We should be regular in the time of feeding and also never feed
more than they will eat up clean. I believe a hog to be the most profitable
should be ready for market at 8 months old and he should weigh from
225 to 250 pounds at that age.

THE RED HOG.
George D. Black, in Breeders' Gazette.

The rise and progress of the Duroc-Jersey is a rather striking phe-
nomenon in the realm of animal industry. Not very many years ago it
was so uncommon at the fairs as to be an object of curiosity. The claim
made for it then was that it was remarkably prolific and hardy, but the
types varied and were not very prepossessing at best. The specimens
that I saw ten years ago wei'e coarse in form and hair, and presented
a poor picture compared with the Poland-China at that time. As one
looked at them there seemed little likelihood that here was a hog that in
ten years would be widely spread over the United States, would bring

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 571

the highest prices for fancy specimens and be ahead of several other long-
time favorites.

Yet the red hog is not a recent production in this country. It reaches
back at least to 1823. At that time there were a few red hogs in New
York, called, so the legend goes, Duroc, from a famous stallion in the
state by that name. Just why they were so called does not appear in
the tradition any further than that the owner of the stallion had some of
these hogs. About this time, or a few years thereafter, there were red
hogs in New Jersey, evidently of Spanish origin. They were of enormous
size, weights of mature specimens ranging high. The New York hogs were
finer in bone, easier to fatten, but not so large. Evidently further along
these two strains were blended and the result has come down to us in the
Duroc-Jersey as we have it today.

But the red hog of today is a vastly improved animal compared with
Its ancestors. While retaining in a large measure the constitutional viril-
ity and thriftiness of the early eastern hogs, it has been grown more and
more to a certain type, till today there is no hog in America, perhaps,
more definitely established in breed qualities. It is true that sometimes
you come across red hogs that are like the olden type that used to be on
exhibition, coarse, slow to mature, hard feeders; but they are never seen
in herds of careful breeders. The well bred Duroc- Jerseys of today is an
excellent grower, easily fattened at any age and as attractive as any
other hog that goes into the show room.

Without in any way minimizing the good qualities of other breeds
there are certain things which may be confidently claimed for the Duroc-
Jersey. One of these is prolificacy. I think it is generally conceded that
in this respect this breed has no superior and few equals. It is seldom
that a Duroc-Jersey breeder has any cause to complain that his litters are
too small. My own experience has been that the litters are generally too
large to be raised, and with only one occasional exception the number
raised is all that could be desired. The Duroc dam is a good mother, a
good milker as we say of cows, and for this reason she is able to take
care of a large number. This prolificacy is owing to the wonderful con-
stitutional vigor of the red hog, and as long as it is maintained the power
of reproduction will continue.

Another quality that is marked in this breed is docility. This is the
general verdict of red hog breeders. The Duroc-Jersey is naturally quiet
and gentle and easily handled. Nearly all in my own herd can be petted
just as one pets a dog. This is a point of immense value in farrowing
sows, as every one of experience knows full well. I am sure it saves us
a large number of pigs every year. Moreover, the feeder learns that the
quiet, docile hogs gain faster than the wild, nervous ones. But who wants
any animals around him that are resolutely determined to reject all over-
tures of kindness and are averse to the friendly touch? Half the pleasure
one gets out of the little world of animals around him on his farm is in the
friendly relation which he sustains with them in the world of animal life.
A real stockman lives in a good fellowship with his animals, like the
Scotchman with his cattle and the Frenchman or Arab with his horse.
Whenever you see a farmer whose sole interest in his stock is in the
money he can make out of it he is sure to be a poor stockman. He has no

572 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE.

sympathy with their sufferings and no pity for their foibles. The man
who said that the more he saw of men the better he liked dogs did not say
a smart thing; in fact, he said a very silly thing; but the man who is
much with chickens and sheep and hogs and horses and does not have a
growing interest in them, does not find the study of them increasingly
attractive, is unfortunately lacking in one of the prime qualities of a
husbandman, or, what is of more importance, in one of the prime qualities
of human sympathy. The more one sees of men the more he ought to
like animals, but not because he likes men less. The more he sees of
animals the more he ought to be in sympathy with all life, most of all
human life.

If one is in the Duroc-Jersey business — that is, the pure-bred business —
he must give some attention to the fancy points of the hog. That is, he
must get and keep the approved type as nearly as possible, and this means
a certain amount of care in regard to the things that constitute elegance
in the Duroc-Jersey. And yet I am moved to say that that statement needs
to be taken with considerable caution, in view of the fact that there is a
manifest tendency often to sacrifice utility points to fancy qualities. This
is seen in several lines of breeding — in poultry, in cattle and in hogs. For
instance, I read the other day an article from a noted breeder of Barred
Plymouth Rocks, in which he compared the finest specimens of that breed
today with the best of ten years ago, and he went on to say that a
marvelous progress has been made in that time in this great American
fowl, that in the next ten years a like development may be expected,
and that indeed there is no limit to be set to what might be done. But
he is in error. There is a law which the economist calls the law of
diminishing returns that puts its decree of limitation upon what can
be done. For instance, it is good to exercise, it promotes strength and
health and long life, but one can exercise till he passes the pivotal point
and then it becomes a menace to health and life. Eating gives strength
to a certain point, but carried beyond that it induces disease and death.
People wonder often whether there is any limit to the speed at which a
train of cars may be run. It can reach the point at which the expenditure
of force and the risks are too great to be profitable.

This law is in force in breeding. There are limits to fine breeding.
You can push the demand for fancy points, for certain elegant qualities,
till you pass the point of progress when the animal suffers a loss in
stamina and a consequent loss in the power of reproduction.

The show room and the sale room and the ambition to produce some-
thing just a little more elegant than anybody else are things that threaten
the virility of the red hog, as they have already worked harm in other
breeds. The Duroc-Jersey can be made to reach the overripe stage when
elegant specimens will vex their owners with litters of from three to
five pigs.

The red hog first of all must have a good back and loin, good legs and
feet. These are the foundation, and no number of merely pretty points
can make amends there. The Duroc-Jersey should carry its size
throughout from head to tail, should stand up well on its feet; its back
should be arched enough to indicate strength, and there should be every
indication of constitutional vigor. Another thing that needs careful

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 573

watching is length. I find some breeders forgetting that the red hog is
one of generous length. Little dumpy brood sows are never satisfactory,
and they are out of place in this breed. I should avoid the other extreme
of breeding for length until I had a herd of hard feeders on my hands.
I should maintain as much length as I could do with quick response to
generous feeding.

After these elemental things have been settled the breeder may turn
his attention to color, eye, ear and tail; and in what I say about fancy
points let it be remembered that I assume that these primary things are
kept first in importance.

It is difficult to describe a color. We can do it only by comparison,
and then it is seldom accurate. The color which has proved to be the
most satisfactory to the majority of red hog breeders is a rich glistening
brilliant red. The standard calls for a "cherry red," but cherry red is
a very dark red, darker indeed than the generally approved Duroc- Jersey
color. Sometimes one hears it said, under a misapprehension, that the
approved, standard color is cherry. Now there is a difference between
cherry and cherry red. Cherry is a light red and cherry red is a dark
red. Neither one is the ideal Duroc-Jersey color. It is rather between
the two, but whatever the distinctions, it is to be borne In mind that
the color is not yellow, nor buff, nor straw, nor brown, but red. The
Duroc-Jersey is a red hog. In a color like red, which is bound to vary
even with the most careful breeding, the tastes of breeders diverge
somewhat, but it will be found that the safest, soundest and most
attractive color, and the one most in demand, is a medium rich red. The
breeder that sticks to that color will always find himself on sure ground,
and his stock will be in demand if it is meritorious in other respects.

The head of a fancy Duroc-Jersey is rather small, wide between the
eyes, slightly dished (a little more than the Poland-China and less than
the Berkshire), heavy jowl, large eyes and tapering nose. The ear is
rather small, pointing outward from the head and drooping downward
from about one-third the length of the ear from the point. It is true
that this sort of an ear is a rather distinguishing mark of the breed and
should be maintained when it can be done without sacrificing more
important things. The head (including the ear) indicates the nervous
quality of the hog and so is an index of its power of assimilation. The
Duroc-Jersey with an ideal head is always an easy feeder.

Finally I want to say that the red hog breeders should keep in lively
remembrance the fact that the final test of any breed of hogs is its market
value. If it fails to be valuable to the men who grow the world's pork
it is doomed, no matter how elegant and fine it may be. Hobbies in
breeding are things to fight shy of. The show room and the sale room
have their dangers. Daintiness, smoothness, beauty can be had sometimes
at too great a cost of virility. The Duroc-Jersey is a wonderfully virile,
prolific, useful hog, but it may be injured by its friends. Never sacrifice
the elemental things to the mere fancy, though fancy points are all right
if the foundation on which they are built is sound.

574 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

HOW TO RAISE HOGS SUCCESSFULLY.
John F. Myerly, Deep River, Iowa, before Poweshiek County Institute.

The necessity of housing swine by artificial methods comes principally
from two causes: First, the natural protection furnished by the forest
has generally been removed; and, second, the hog is becoming more of
a creature of civilization, which is taking from him the necessity of
rustling for his feed, which is likewise lessening his aiblity to withstand
an excess of rain, snow, cold and even sunshine. It is a fact that hogs
which are not housed in some manner will not only make small growth
at high cost, but also are much more liable to diseases of all kinds.

By housing I do not mean confinement, as exercise is always needed.
The two common forms of housing, which in slightly modified ways fit
nearly all conditions, are the large stationary house and the portable
house.

In the large stationary house we get the most floor space under cover
at the least cost. A permanent building is generally built near other
stock buildings, thus bringing the feeding work all together. This
building can be so arranged with loft that all kinds of feed and bedding
can be conveniently located where needed. But the fact that the building
is stationary calls for a lot or yard in which the grass is soon killed. It
generally becomes rooted up and filled with hog wallows. A permanent
building calls for a strong structure and the use of much lumber, which
makes it difficult to disinfect thoroughly. It is almost impossible to make
one house, no matter how large, to accommodate hogs of all ages. The
most needed use for a well-built hog house comes at farrowing time. Now,
if the structure be a large one with stalls for each sow, the first one
which farrows may do all right, but if another follows soon this second
sow is generally disturbed by the squeals and noises arising from the
pen where the other pigs are. To me this fact is one of the greatest
drawbacks to the stationary house. How often we have heard men say:
"That sow got restless and killed all her pigs," when the cause for it was
a squeal from a pig in another pen near by.

MAKING PORK QUICKLY.

When my pigs are three weeks old I place a shallow trough near that
of the mother, put a little shipstuff and skim milk in it, give them a
little soaked corn near by and in a short time they will learn to come
and eat by themselves. At eight weeks old they will be able to feed
themselves and in this way will receive no check at weaning. From
this time on the pigs should be pushed as rapidly as possible, for the
sooner they will weigh 250 pounds the more profit there is in them. Hog
raising is seldom profitable unless you have plenty of good pasture.

I do not feed them all the corn they will eat while on clover, for if
they eat too much they will not eat enough clover. Of course, clover will

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 575

not last all season, but by the time the clover is gone they will be big
fellows and ready for a full feed of corn, which is the cheapest feed for
us to finish them with.

No matter what the subsequent use of the pig on the farm is to be,
his early development should be carefully guarded. As compared with
other farm animals, the pig is obliged to sustain a heavy weight on his
feet and legs. This suggests the advisability of giving considerable
thought to the proper development of bone and muscle. Milk is the
natural food for the young pig, and that of the mother should, as the
pigs grow older, be supplemented with skim milk from the dairy. In
case this is not available, a good substitute will be found in fine wheat
middlings. Not only is it advisable to feed the young pig skim milk, or
some other feed well calculated to make bone and muscle, because of
the necessity of having strong feet and legs, but because the flesh of the
pig is perhaps as much or more susceptible to influence from, feed than
that of any other farm animal. That is, feed the young and growing pig
a nitrogenous ration like an abundance of skim milk or middlings and a
superior flesh is produced.

THE DIPPING OF SHEEP.
By W. J. Kennedy, Ames, Iowa, in Iowa State Register and Farmer.

The strongest argument for the dipping of sheep lies in the fact that
it is the best way of freeing them from external parasites. This is so
generally accepted that it is only necessary to mention it. Sheep are
very frequently troubled with red lice which can hardly be seen, and yet
they cause the sheep unlimited annoyance. Dipping will completely
destroy these. Ticks cause the farm flocks of this country untold annoy-
ance, and for these dipping is thoroughly effective. Ticks and red lice
do more damage than we are aware of, because the evidences of the
annoyance that they give the sheep are not so marked as in some other
troubles, but they are none the less a severe check to their well-doing.
Dipping, followed faithfully each year, will completely remove the baneful
results from the presence of these parasites. For the eradication of scab,
thorough dipping stands first among remedial measures.

While the destruction of these pests is usually the mainly accepted argu-
ment for dipping, yet there are others that, grouped together, make a
more favorable indorsement for the operation. Among these may be
briefly mentioned cleansing the skin, cleaning the wool, and, particularly,
encouraging the best growth of the latter. To get the fullest returns in
these directions, the dipping should be done twice each year — in the
spring shortly after shearing, and again in the fall just before the advent
of winter.

Shortly after shearing it is an advantage to dip the flock thoroughly
so as to cleanse the skin. This not only adds to the thrift of the sheep
and the lambs, but in all instances it favors the growth of wool and
secretion of yolk. Not only is the growth of wool better from it, but it
adds indirectly to the function of the fleece as a protection to the sheep.
The fleece of a sheep that has been dipped is more likely to remain intact

576 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

throughout the season, as there is no cause for the sheep rubbing or
otherwise breaking the compactness of it. Another advantage to the
fleece that seems to follow dipping at this time is that it seems to lessen
the tendency for the sheep to lose their wool in spots too early in the
season. When the fleece is clean and healthy it seems to continue growing
longer and the wool does not peel in patches.

Dipping in the fall is more for the purpose of removing from the fleece
such foreign matter as may have been gathered during the summer, and
also freeing it from any of the parasites that prove such an annoyance
during the winter season. Even under the best conditions the fleece is
likely to become filled with sand and other foreign matter, which during
the winter would produce such irritation as causes the sheep to rub
against sharp surfaces and destroy the compactness of the fleece. By
dipping them late in the fall, when the ground is frozen, and then keeping
them away from the straw stacks, feeding them in racks that prevent the
chaff from falling into the wool, it is possible to put a clip on the market
in the spring just as clean as if the sheep had been washed previous to
being shorn.

It is hard to measure the damage that is done to the fleece alone, to say
nothing of the thrift of the sheep, by overlooking dipping in the fall. It
is quite common to see sheep in the ordinary markets of the counrty with
fleece badly broken by tearing at them, rubbing under wagons, or through
some such means, through the endeavors to get rid of the irritation of
the dirt that was left in the fleece. Such fleeces are likely to become
cotted, especially if the sheep have not been dipped in the spring so as to
encourage the secretion of yolk. A fibre of wool is covered with scales
that overlap each other similarly to the shingles on a roof. To keep
these scales down and to prevent them from warping just as shingles
would do, there must be a liberal supply of yolk in the fleece. If this
yolk is not secreted, owing to the unthrifty condition of the skin, the
scales rise and the fibres become matted, and finally so bad as to be
known as cotted. Fleeces of this kind sell for three or four cents per
pound less than they otherwise would on the general market. The fleece
of a sheep that has not been dipped — one that is dirty or discolored — also
sells three or four cents per pound less in the Chicago market than the
fleece of a sheep that has been cleaned by dipping. These are facts that
may be verifled every spring in the Chicago market. This difference,
applied to a fleece, would pay for the dipping of more than a dozen sheep.

While the foregoing applies especially to breeding flocks, there are just
as forcible reasons for dipping feeders. In feeding sheep it is of prime
importance to have them reach as rapidly as possible that sappy and
thrifty condition which is conducive to good gains. Dipping will hasten
this, and it also removes the risk of unlimited losses through an outbreak
of scab. It is good policy to take it for granted that the feeders are in
ni'ed of dipping, rather than wait tor the evidences of it, which usually
come when the sheep should go to market.

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 577

THE UNIVERSAL SHEEP— A SCHEDULE OF ITS REQUISITES AND
MANY ADVANTAGES.

Howard A. Chandler.

Every farmer or breeder has his own ideas about the sort of live stock
he admires. All who are acquainted with the sheep industry have pictured
in their minds an ideal sheep. Through exhibiting at the fairs and
meeting all sorts of buyers both there and at our farm, we find that the
general trend of ideas is toward much the same sheep. In speaking of
"The Universal Sheep" we do not mean the sheep that is raised every-
where, but rather the sort of sheep that would be bred if all breeders
could nearly approach their desires. Such a sheep, we think, would be
of rather exceptional size, with a straight back and wide hind end, heavy
bone and a dense fleece of good length. That would be very close to it.
Experience is the teacher that gives most farmers their lessons, and it is
a good teacher, too.

Size is to be desired for several reasons. On most farms the flock is
let have the run pretty well all over and in the autumn or winter the
lambs are sold. Sheep which will mature to a greater weight during
that length of time are the ones which the farmer will want to produce.
There is plenty of grass, weeds, etc., and even though the larger sheep
does consume more feed, he is the right one. For "The Universal Sheep"
perhaps there are more farmers who would choose the rather too large
sheep than there are farmers who would choose the sheep with under-
size. A good big sheep is all right and we all admire him, but there is a
limit and other things must be considered. The straight back is desirable,
but there are other things about it to consider. We do not want an
arched back like in the hog. This will bring back the subject of size.
When we find the exceptionally large sheep, as a rule, they are coarse.
The back may be straight, but it is bare, even though the sheep is fat.
The large sheep has bareness throughout. What is wanted in the packing
house are the lambs with large amounts of natural flesh; well covered
with lean meat all over. Get this desirable covering of flesh and then
what size you may wish for.

HOW TO EXAMINE SHEEP.

The way to determine the amount of flesh upon the back, loin, etc., is
to take the hand flat and commence on top of the shoulder. Pass down-
ward and ascertain the covering on the shoulder. Bring the hand along
the back and besides learning the flesh covering you will know of the
atraightness. After passing the loin take both hands and find the width
of loin and also ascertain the depth. Also notice how w«ll the general
width is carried back to the tail-head. Passing on down to the hind
quarters, with your hands learn the filling of meat there. Remember that
37

578 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

the back and hind quarter make the highest priced cuts of mutton. Don't
think that the buyers on the market will not pay more for the good ones
than they will for the common sort. It is true that a few years ago sheep
were sold in quite mixed bunches, but the sheep industry is on a different
footing now and market receipts are sold exactly for what they are.
Some lambs may go at $5 and others at $7.25 per cut the same day. This
desirable mutton form can be bred in sheep of good size, but rarely in the
monsters of each breed.

UTILITY OF STRONG BONE.

Although bone is not eaten, it seems desirable in the breeder's flock.
For the real mutton sheep to dress out the highest per cent of meat, it is
desirable to have the bone as light as possible. But the breeder must
maintain bone of good size in the flock or sometime he will have a few
sheep which would not be able to carry their weight when fattened. Of
course, we must bar against the extremely heavy bone, because that
would mean carelessness throughout. To have the wool dense and of
good length is a prime requisite. Although the breeders in the corn belt
must pay close attention to the mutton qualities in their flocks, a good
fleece can also be added. The Merino need not be introduced for this
purpose. By careful selection rams of the English mutton breeds can
be obtained which have extremely heavy fleeces and very dense. There
is a great variation in fleeces, and when making selection of your flock-
header it is well not to be too easily satisfied. The fleece should be of
good length and the fibre dense. Density means the number of fibres to
the square inch. Of course, they cannot be counted, but you can easily
ascertain the density by the hand with fingers close together. Take the
hand full of wool on the side of the different sheep and you will find that
there is lots more wool in your hand on some sheep than on others.
Notice carefully the wool covering the belly. We must guard against
bareness there for several reasons: Proper wool will increase the weight
of fleece and also serve as protection from cold when the sheep is lying
on wet ground, etc. A good, heavy fleece can be produced on mutton
sheep of the highest type and we must still strive to have that sort. Not
only does it increase your profits at home, but it increases the price of
the lambs you send to market. In our large market centers sheep pelts
are considered quite an item, and the lambs with heavy, dense fleeces will
outsell the others.

BUGGED CONSTITUTION REQUIRED.

There is one very important thing which has not been mentioned and
which is ofttimes never thought of or taken into consideration by the
breeder or buyer. That is constitution. You cannot make an engine do
its work without steam, and to produce the steam there must be a big
boiler. A good sheep cannot be produced without the proper assimilation
of large quantities of food and the correct action of the blood throughout
the body. This cannot be done unless the sheep has a large, deep chest,
giving plenty of room for the proper action of the heart and digestive
organs. The sheep must have a strong constitution in order that it may
give the best results either in the breeding pen or in the feed lot.

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 579

Weak sheep cannot produce good, strong lambs, neither can they give
good returns in the feed lot. The healthy, strong constitutioned sheep
has much different appearance and general make-up than the weak one.
In examination of a sheep I always start at the end of the nose and work
back. The indications of strong constitution are: A wide, well-opened
nostril, a short, broad head, width and depth of chest, fullness behind
the shoulder both on top and at the side, well-sprung ribs coming wide out
from the backbone. Such a sheep has room for the vital organs to perform
their work in a proper manner. Neither the breeder nor the feeder can
afford to lose sight of constitution in his sheep, because his profits will be
cut short from what they would have been just as much as the sheep
lack in constitution from what they should be.

VALTJE OF PEDIGREE.

After you have correct sheep selected for individuality, it is well to
look to their breeding. The old saying that "blood will tell" is a very
true one. Pedigree is a list of an animal's ancestors. A sheep with a
"short pedigree" might be a good one, but his ancestors of rather inferior
quality. The sheep with the "long pedigree" has noted ancestors for many
generations. When placed in the breeding flock the characteristics of the
ancestors are sure to be in evidence in a greater or less degree. There-
fore, the lambs from the well-bred ram will be uniform and show the
results of years of careful breeding. The lambs from the ram with the
"short pedigree" will also copy after their ancestors and some will show
that inferiority that was in those ancestors. Therefore, the lambs from
this ram are more liable to be a "mixed lot" than those from the ram with
better breeding. The same facts will come about year after year. It
pays to be careful in the blood lines you introduce either into grade or
pure-bred flocks. The mutton buyers on the market always pay a premium
for the uniform lots.

Considering that the universal sheep of today is the big fellow with a
dense fleece of good length, heavy bone, a straight back and wide, well-
filled hind quarter, we wish to add that a great improvement for the
industry will have been accomplished when we add to these qualities the
all-important ones of constitution, covering over all parts with natural
flesh of lean meat, and pedigree which will help us maintain the good
qualities in a uniform manner throughout.

INFLUENCE OF THE RAM ON PROLIFICACY.

FroTTi the Ruralist.

The question of the relative influence of the ram and ewe on prolificacy
has been much debated. The controversy has waxed fierce and warm, and
what has been the outcome? It has lingered largely on the question, first,
as to whether the male can create increased prolification in the female, as
the outcome of a single mating; and, second, as to whether the male can
transmit an increased tendency in the female progeny to the same because
of inheritance. Id the controversy some have claimed, and confidently,

580 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

that the male exercises no influence on prolificacy. Others claim that the
male does exercise an influence that is far-reaching. Some go to the length
of saying that the influence thus exerted is as great as that exerted by the
female, but a majority of those who hold to the view that males do
exercise such an influence are ready to concede that this influence is less
than that exerted by females.

In the present discussion the question will first be examined as to
whether the male does influence j)rolificacy in procreation; and, second,
what is the relative strength of the influence compared with that of the
female. Of course, a negative conclusion as to the question first discussed
would preclude the necessity for discussing that other question.

With quadruped females capable of producing more than one at a birth,
and which produce one in some instances and two in others, the different
results are the outcome of some influence exerted on procreation in the
dam rather than the result of chance. It is evident that such influence
comes entirely from the dam or entirely from the sire or partly from
both, or it comes from one or more of the sources named, aided by
external conditions such as food and environment. The ewe capable of
bearing twins does not always produce twins. Why should there be such
variation? The sow capable of producing twelve pigs at a birth, as
Sihown by the fact of such production, in another instance will produce
but six pigs at a birth. Why should that be?

That the female does exert an important influence on prolificacy is
universally conceded. Some ewes produce only one lamb at a birth,
while others produce two, though mated to the same ram for successive
years. It may be asked, then, does not this prove that the ram does not
influence prolificacy? I answer no. The most that it can prove is that
the ram does not exercise as much influence on prolificacy as the dam.
Such evidence is negative rather than positive, for the same ram mated
with other ewes will in some instances result in but one at a birth and in
other instances in twins, which at least makes it possible, in the absence
of evidence to the contrary, that the ram does exert an influence on
prolificacy.

It has been noticed that when but one ram is used in a flock the propor-
tion of twins from the earlier births is greater than from those later.
From this it has been argued that this result follows from the greater
vigor possessed by the ram. But if vigor in the ram influences prolificacy
then, by parity of reasoning it does in the ewe, hence it is conceivable
the result stated may come partly or chiefly or even wholly from the
ewe, as the more vigorous among the ewes come first into heat. But it is
almost certain that some of the influence resulting in plural births comes
from the ram, as, if the said ram, enfeebled by excess of service, was then
turned in to mate with the ewes of another flock, equal in prolificacy and
vigor to the former, it is almost certain that a less proportion of twins
would be produced in the earlier births. It is also true that Poland-
China sows enfeebled by injudicious management when mated with
Poland-China boars similarly enfeebled will produce fewer at a birth than
if mated with vigorous Tamworth sires. This at least is the result of
limited observation. If it could be sustained by facts the result of well
conducted experiments, it would settle the question, at least as to the

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 581

fact that the male does exercise some influence in prolificacy, but it would
not determine the degree of such influence. From the argument given
above, therefore, it would be correct to say that it is extremely probable
that the male does exercise an influence on prolificacy.

But the argument thus far has only recognized vigor as the source of
such increased prolificacy. To this may be added judicious feeding. The
ewe pastured on rape or roots for some time before mating will be more
prolific than the ewe confined to dry prairie grasses. Likewise the sow
habitually fed on a variety of succulent foods will be more prolific than
the sow fed habitually on corn. It is taken for granted, then, that vigor
and food do exercise an influence on prolificacy. No one well informed
on these questions will deny this. And it is almost certain that these
influences are so operative through the male as well as through the female.

Once grant that the male does exert such influence as the outcome of
judicious feeding, and it is then not difficult to show that this influence on
the part of the male will be strengthened or weakened, as the case may
be, by inheritance. Some persons claim that the female influences only
certain parts of the organization and that transmission in the male
influences certain other parts. This I do not subscribe to. It has never
been proved. Until it is proved, the conclusion is justifiable that the
Influence of both parents extends to every feature of the organization,
including breeding tendencies, not necessarily in equal degrees nor always
in the same degree. Now, if this is true, and I believe it true, then it
follows that the power to transmit tendencies to prolificacy or the opposite
inheres in both male and female as the result of inheritance. No one
will doubt this in the case of the female, but many do doubt it in the
case of the male. If it is true that the male does exert influence on
every part of the organization, including capabilities in the line of per-
formance as well as physical features, then it is true that the male,
as the result of inheritance, does transmit tendencies to increased pro-
lificacy, the influences that govern reproduction being so effected by the
degree of this inheritance, but this may to some extent be modified by the
influences of quality in foods and by vigor inherited or acquired. To
increase prolificacy in ewes, therefore, it would be in order to choose
rams from ancestry that have produced twins for generations previously.

From what has been said, it will be obvious that though males should
have the power to transmit tendencies to prolificacies as well as to beget
prolificacy in the female, it will be impossible to determine the degree of
the influence which they will thus exert, absolutely or relatively, since, as
previously intimated, it will be a varying quantity because of the influence
from the various sources mentioned, but it is to be expected that the influ-
ence on increased prolificacy will be greatest when the influence exerted
by the male and female operate in conjunction rather than in opposition.
In other words, when both ram and ewe come of ancestry noted for
prolificacy, than when such inheritance belongs only to one parent.

BREEDING OR FEEDING.
Howard A. Chandler.
There are what you might call two different kinds of sheepmen: the
breeders and the feeders. Of course, all breeders are feeders, because

582 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

they give food to their flocks; but all feeders are not breeders. Those
men who have practiced both phases of the subject know how it goes; but
here let us repeat a few facts about both sides, for the beginner.

In all paths of life the industrious man wishes to do all he can, but
because you are a successful master of a medium-sized breeding flock it
does not mean that you can make a "pot full of money" on a big drove
of feeding lambs.

The life of a breeder is a steady one, and your energy is rewarded with
steady increase. Any farmer can take a small bunch of ewes and turn
them in some little pasture and soon he has a flock. Not every beginner
can make a success of going to market and buying a big bunch of lambs
and bringing them home to fatten and keep for a raise in the market.
Sheep breeding is an industry which any farmer can enter into, and the
field is large and there is room for all the expansion that anyone's energy
could desire. Suppose you start with a small flock of grades and have
a desire to some day reach the height of success. The amount to be
invested in a bunch of grades would be small, so nearly anyone can begin
wlio desires to.

Now, supposing you have started with your little bunch of grades. The
first spring your crop of wool did not amount to such a large pile, so you
sold it with your neighbor when he sold his. This money is placed in the
sheep treasury to pay feed bills and it will pay it for the whole year. If
your lambs have come early, perhaps you sold a part of them for "early
lambs" along in June. Now there is more money for the sheep treasury.
Soon it is time to buy a ram, and as your ideals have been high you have
decided to get one of the very best obtainable. So you write to several
of the oldest and most reliable flockmasters and get description and prices.
Some rams are priced much higher than others, but the owners assure
you that there is a vast difference in their size, quality and breeding.
Finally you make your decision and send the draft for a neat little sum.
In a few days the ram comes and Is admired by all who see him. They
all say he is about the best sheep they have ever seen, but most of them
think "that fellow is crazy for paying so much for a ram. Who ever
heard of paying over $15 for one?"

The next spring your lambs are the best in the neighborhood and the
other farmers commence wondering if it really does pay to use good rams.
By the time you are ready to sell your ram there are three or four fellows
after him. You have had two crops of lambs from him and sell at a
good price. Now you have added some of his best ewe lambs to the
breeding flock, and when you buy another ram must have a still better
one. By this time the wether lambs that have been sold have placed
quite a pile to the credit of the flock in the bank. You want to still
improve your flock, so you decide this time to visit one of the best
breeders and importers. You go and have a thorough look through the
flock and learn all you can. Finding a few ewes and a ram pretty well
to your ideal, you purchase them. Now you have a little flock of pure-
breds started. The next autumn you sell off your grades and add more
registered ones. Now you are a pure-bred breeder and have quite good
knowledge of producing the good ones. Some ram lambs are sold to
neighbor breeders. The next season you show at the county fairs, but

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 583

some fellow beats you in part of the classes. You decide right there that
"he won't do it again." The next year you have your flock in better form
and have bought a show sheep or two. This time you did well and also
had good sales. Soon you will have quite a bunch of rams and perhaps
a few ewes to sell, and then you advertise in some of the papers. Soon
you have large numbers of sale sheep and are advertising more extensively.
Your name is becoming known among the breeders and you will soon be
selling to pure-bred breeders. In this business you can go on and on and
strive for higher ideals.

The words just read will give you an idea of what success any indus-
trious farmer can attain. Fully that rapid advancement has been made
by many a young fellow, and that shows that it can be done. Or the
following up of grade breeding can be practiced with large returns.

Now let us. view the feeding proposition. First of all, you must be a
good sheep judge before you are capable of purchasing a bunch of feeding
lambs. Lambs must be properly bought, fed and marketed, and the
time for it all is so short that it takes a veteran to make the success. The
right quality of lambs in proper condition must be purchased, and then
only experienced feeders can properly feed them for the greatest returns.
Knowing the market enables the veteran to get his lambs on the market
at the proper season. The farmer who has a little money and goes off to
the market and buys a bunch of lambs, brings them home and does not
properly care for them, and then markets them at a wrong season, will
usually come out "at the little end of the horn," as the old saying is.

Feeding market lambs is a business by itself and should be done by
those who know how. It is true that not all make a success at it. But
any farmer who succeeds at anything will get along all right with a flock
of breeding sheep. Don't try to do it all, because there are other business
men in the world beside yourself. Put forth your extra energy in making
the breeding flock better and you will be well repaid for all your time.
It is a good thing not to be satisfied, but to be always working higher.
Make what you have better instead of trying to branch out too wide.
Get some of those old culls out of the flock and replace them with the
best that can be obtained.

Breeding sheep and not feeding is the steady, profitable business for
all farmers. Be sure to get good ones when you are starting, and they
will yield the largest returns and will also afford you much pleasure and
encouragement. It is scrub sheep that make men "tired of them." The
good ones are welcomed anywhere, and the little breeding flock will yield
larger returns on the investment than in anything else.

FOUNDING A PURE BRED FLOCK.
From the Ruralist.

To become successful in the breeding of pure breds we must go to
work with all our energy and with an aim for the top of the ladder of
success. A successful shepherd always has a love for his sheep and is
always on the alert to know of any news or ways of improvement of the

684 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

sheep industry. By this way he becomes well acquainted with other
sheepmen, thereby opening the doors to better shepherding whenever such
a chance comes his way. But before the flock is founded, as a rule, the
beginner often questions himself and probably many of his neighbors as
to which breed he would like best. Before a decision can be made, careful
study should be made of the many involving factors. One of the greatest
questions is, "Which breed would be the most profitable to me?" It
certainly is well to choose a breed that you would enjoy raising, yet it
vould hardly be advisable to commence with a breed for which there is
little or no demand. Right here is where the Shropshire leads all other
breeds. It is the most universal breed almost the world over and there
is always strong demand for good representatives of the Shropshire
breed. But the best way for the novice to find out which breed sells best
is to go to the fairs and to read the leading journals pertaining to sheep
husbandry and it will soon be quite easily determined what breed does
best and what breed sells best in the locality in which the flock is to be
founded. Of course, if the breeder intends to build up a wide reputation
he must, in order to receive the largest possible profits, choose a breed for
which there is universal demand, because the increase from a large flock
could not all be sold in hardly any immediate vicinity. Now that the
breed has been chosen, comes another important factor — that of proper
selection. The beginner, before he commences to purchase, should have
a correct idea of just what his desires are. Constitution, natural cover-
ings of flesh and breed type are three of the most essential points to keep
in view at all times.

To have the greatest success in the sheep industry the beginner must
choose only those sheep which have strong constitutions, for it is this that
insures thrift and vigorous production.

Much emphasis must be placed upon breed types, because no breeder
can derive the greatest benefits either in the sale or show ring unless his
sheep show strength of character and true breed type.

If Shropshires have been chosen study the Shropshire standard and
adhere closely to it. Be sure that each individual has good mutton form
and a dense fleece of good length all over and under the body, and then
get as many fancy points as possible, such as exceptional wool covering
on head, the color of nose and legs, etc.

But whatever the chosen breed may be, learn the breed characteristics
and then go ahead accordingly. In buying the foundation flock it is
never best to be in a hurry. Take your time and find out what several
different good breeders have to offer and then you can much oftener find
sheep which come close to your chosen ideal.

Never buy inferior sheep simply because they are cheaper than the
good ones. When you begin with the inferior ones it takes many, many
years to get rid of this undesirable blood, while on the other hand, if the
foundation flock has been good, it would always be more pleasure to care
for them and also to receive the profits derived from the flock.

After the ewes and ram have been selected and the flock is founded,
there are many things that will have to be considered, such as feeding, the
shelter and the selling, all of which count a great deal in the profits to be
derived from the flock.

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART X. 585

First, and also one of the most essential points, is the feed. No good
stockman will dispute that good feeding is one of the most essential
points, in fact as important as good breeding. Without good feed no
progress can be made, and it also stops the progress that has been made.
But with good fed and plenty of it, or high feeding coupled with good
sound judgment, every chance for improvement is pushed to the greatest
possible extent.

A very large per cent of pure-bred stock are hindered more today from
the lack of good feed than from any other one cause, or spoiled by over-
feeding. In order to be a good feeder one must know what to feed as
well as how much to feed. Corn should be fed very sparingly to breeding
flocks. Plenty of clover, hay and corn fodder in the rack and oats, with
a small ration of bran, and a liberal supply of roots come nearer being
an ideal feed. A very large quantity of Ruta-bagas can be raised on a
small patch of ground. We believe that every sheep owner should raise
at least a few bushels per sheep to feed for the winter feed. Corn is all
right to use as part of the ration for fattening stock, but even for rams we
are fitting for sale we do not like too much corn. It does not make them
as strong for the breeding season as oats and oil meal.

Breeders as a rule want to send their rams out in the best possible
shape, but we would rather see one a few pounds less in weight with a
good strong constitution than a big blubbery fellow that is not capable of
siring a strong, robust lot of lambs. Here lies the main trouble in buying
flock-heading rams, especially with rams just imported. They have as a
rule been fed so high that care must be taken in reducing them to breeding
condition.

Plenty of exercise and cooling foods such as roots and brans are good
to reduce the flesh of the ram, but the grain ration must not be discon-
tinued entirely. Ewes that have been highly fitted rarely prove to be good
breeders.

A great deal could be written on feeds, and also in the manner of
feeding, but the beginner must learn gradually from every available
source.

Visiting a flock of some well-known and reliable breeder is time and
money well spent. Some breeders do not lay enough stress on good shelter.
We think it very important and prefer a closed shed with plenty of
ventilation. It must be kept clean and well bedded, also disinfected once
in a while with a good dip. We never intentionally let our sheep get wet.
Cold rains are our chief cause of annoyance in this line, and it certainly
causes their systems to get out of condition.

After being in such a storm it is impossible to find as many clear pink
skins as before.

In the winter, when much shedding is called for, we see that the flock
receives plenty of exercise each day.

Once in a great while it is so wet and stormy we do not let our sheep
out, but these are exceptions in Iowa's climate.

It is not a great while after a flock is founded till a few rams and ewes
are ready to sell. Then comes the idea of showing at the fairs; also
advertising in a good sheep paper. When fitting for fairs every effort must
be made "to win." To be defeated does some beginners more good than to

586 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

win. It stirs them to more rapid improvements and to come better fitted
next season.

Anyone founding a floclv and caring for them as outlined in this article
will find a ready sale for his surplus stock at good figures.

But start a good flock of ewes, and give plenty of good feed, shelter
and advertising and you will enjoy the sheep business as long as you live,
and then your boys and girls will gladly succeed you.

FEEDING THE EWE FLOCK AT MATING TIME.

''The Ruralist."

Now is a time when the breeding flock should be receiving good care
and feed, while ofttimes it is the case that they are most neglected. The
flock is just let run on the same pasture that they have been on all
summer. Such a method would err quite a ways from the best. The
flock at this time of the year should be on a new patch of clover or some-
thing that way. The ewes should be gaining in flesh at the time of theic
mating with the ram, in order that they may have the correct beginning
for raising a good strong lot of lambs the coming spring. It will always
be noted that ewes which have had good feed will rear a larger number
of stronger lambs than the poorly fed ones. Besides the run of good
clover, it is well to give a small allowance of oats. Cut pumpkins up fine
and cover them well with oats and you have a most excellent fall feed
for sheep in connection with their pasture. When given such feed the
ewes will get nice and smooth and plump, thereby pleasing the eye and
pocketbook of any good shepherd. Ewes should be kept in strong condi-
tion all the year around, because the lamb is draining their systems to
a certain degree at all times. Some breeders have the idea that breeding
ewes should be thin, some exceptionally thin, in order that they may
raise the best lambs. Yet it has been demonstrated time and time again
that the best feeders are the most successful in live stock circles. The
breeder who doesn't feed his ewes well will wonder why his ewes did not
drop a large number of twins, or why his ewes do not give a liberal flow
of milk for the little lambs, while the good feeder and careful shepherd
will be rejoicing over his large number of lambs and how strong th? y
are and how they start right to growing. The sheep breeder has his
choice of the above two circumstances and now is the time to commence
for results. Feed the ewes well in the fall and get them well prepared
for winter, and then when winter comes keep them right on going by
feeding clover, fodder, oats and bran and whatever other strength-giving
foods that are at hand, but it is always well to avoid feeding much corn
to breeding sheep. Many of the best shepherds are careful to remove a
majority of the corn from fodder given the flock. Corn tends to fatten,
and it is not fat that is desired. The aim should be to keep the flock
in perfect bloom, strong and full of vigor at all times. The good and
judicious feeder always has a good demand for his surplus stock at good
prices and most certainly receives good pay for his work and feed
expended. There is a large reward awaiting the man who will produce

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART X.

587

better sheep than have ever been produced, and, although it would be hard
to reach that goal, the nearer you approach it the larger the profits.

GESTATION TABLE.

Farmers' Trihune.

Here is a gestation table arranged for convenient farm use. The first
column gives the date of service. The columns headed "mares," "cows,"
etc., give on the same line the date when the progeny may be expected
from such service. For example: If the date of service of a mare is
January 1 she will foal December 6. A cow served on the same date
would calve October 10, and so on for ewes and sows. The table follows:

Time of Service

Marea 340 Days

Cows 283 Days

Ewes 150 Days Sows 112 Days

Jan. 1 _«-

Jan. 6

Jan. 11

Jan. 16

Jan. 21

Jan. 96

Jan. 31

Feb. 5

Feb. 10

Feb. 15

Feb. 20

Feb. 25

March 2

March 7

March 12 :.

March 17

March 22

March 27

April 1

April 6

April U

April 16

April 21

April 26

May 1

May S

May U

May 16

May 21

May 28

May a

Tune 5

June 10

Tune 15

June 20

Tune 25

Tune 30

Tuly 5

Tuly 10

Tuly 15

July 30

July 25

July 30

-Vug. 4

Aug. 9

Aug. 14

Aug. 19

Aug. 24

Aug. 29

Sept. 3

Sept. 8

Sept. 13

Sept. IS

Dec. 6

Dec. 11

Dec. 16

Dec. 21

Dec. 26

Dec. 31

Jau. 5

Jan. 10

Jan. 15

Jan. 20-

Jan. 25

Jau. 30

Feb. 4 —

Feb. 9

Feb. 14

Feb. 19

Feb. 24

March 1

March 6

March 11

March 16

March 21

March 26

March 31

April 5

April 10

April 15

April 20

April 25

April 30

May 5

May 10

May 15

May 20

May 25

May 30— -

June 4

June 9

June 14

June 19

June 24.,

June 29

July 4

July 9

.Tuly 14

July 19

.Tuly 24

July 29

Aug. 3

Aug. 9

Aug. 13

Aug. 18

Aug. 23

Oct. 10

Oct. 15

Oct. 20

Oct. 25

Oct. 30.

Nov. 4

Nov. 9

Nov. 14

Nov. 19

Nov. 24

Nov. 29

Dec. 4

Dec. 9

Dec. 14

Dec. 19

Dec. 24

Dec. 29

Jan. 3

Jau. 8

Jan. 13

.Tan. 18

Jan. 23

Jan. 28

Feb. 2

Feb. 7

Feb. 12

Feb. 17

Feb. 22

Feb. 27

March 4

March 9

March 14

March 19

March 24

March 29

April 3

April 8

.Vpril 13

April 18

April 23

April 28

May 3

May 8

May 1.3

May 18

Mav 23

May 28

June 2

June 7

June 12

.Tune 17

June 22

June 27

May

June

June

June

June

June

June

July

July

July

July

July

July

Aug.

Aug.

Aug.

Aug.

Aug.

Aug.

Sept.

Sept.

Sept.

Sept.

Sept.

Sept.

Oct.

Oct.

Oct.

Oct.

Oct.

Oct.

Nov.

Nov.

Nov.

Nov.

Nov.

Nov.

Dec.

Dec.

Dec.

Dec.

Dec.

Dec.

Dec.

Jan.

Jan.

Jan.

Jan.

Jan.

Jan.

Feb.

Feb.

Feb.

30.-

4..

9..
14.-
19--
24-
29-.

4..

9..
IL-
19..
24-.
29..
.3.
8.

IS-
IS.

2:?-

28-
2.
7-

12-

17.

22-

27.

2_.

7-
12--
17..
2a. .
27.-
1.
6.

11.

16.

21.

26.

1..

6..
11-.
16..
21--
23..
31--

5--
10..
15..
20.-
25..
30.-

4..

9.-
14-

April 22
April 27
May 2
May 7
May 13
May 17
May 23
May 27
June 1
June 6
June 11
June 16
June 21
June 26
July 1
July 6
July 11
July 16
.Tuly 21
July 26
July 31
Aug. 5
Aug. 10
Aug. 15
Aug. 20
Aug. 25
Aug. 30
Sept. 4
Sept. 9
Sept. 14
Sept. 19
Sept. 2t
Sept. 29
Oct. 4
Oct. 9
Oct. 14
Oct. 19
Oct. 24
Oct. 29
Nov. 3
Nov. 8
Nov. 18
Nov. 18
Nov. 23
Nov. 28
Dec. 3
Dec. 8
Dec. 13
Dw. 18
Dec. 23
Dec. 28
Jan. 2
Jan. 7

588

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Tflmeiol Service

Mares 340 Days

Sept. 28'.—

Sept. 28

Oct. 3

Oct. 8

Oct. 13

Oct. 18-

Oct. 23

Oct. 28-

Nov. 2

Nov. 7

Nov. 12

Nov. 17

Nov. 22

Nov. 28

Dec. 2

Dec. 7-

Dec. 12

Dec. 17-

Dec. 22

Dec. 27

Dec. 31-- -

Aug. 28-
Sept. 2-
Sept. 7-
Sept. 12.
Sept. 17.
Sept. 22-
Sept. 27.
Oct. 2-
Oct. 7..
Oct. 13..
Oct. 17..
Oct. 32..
Oct. 27..
Nov. 1.
Nov. 6.
Nov. 11.
Nov. 16.
Nov. 21.
Nov. 36-
Dec. I.-
Dec. 5..

Cows 283 Days

Ewes 150 Days Sows 112 Days

July 3..
July 7..
July 12..
July 17..
.Tuly 22..
.July 27..
Aug. 1--
Aug. 6..
Aug. 11--
Aug. 16..
Aug 21..
Aug. 26-.
Aug. 31..
Sept. 5.
Sept. 10.
Sept. 15.
Sept. 20-
Sept. 25.
Sept. 30.
Oct. 5..
Oct. 9.-

Peb. 19...
Feb. 2t.-.
March 1.
March 6.
March 11.
March 16-
March 21-
March 26.
March 31.
April 5..
April 10..
April 15..
April 20..
April 25—
April 30..
May 5...
May 10...
May 15...
May 20...
May 25-..
May 29...

.Jan. 12
Jan. 17
Jan. 22
Jan. 27
Feb. 1
F'eb. 6
Feb. 11
Feb. 16
Feb. 21
Feb. 26
March 3
March 8
March 13
March 18
March 23
March 28
April 3
April 7
April 12
April 17
April 21

COST VS. VALUE OP A GOOD DAIRY SIRE.

Wilbur J. Fraser, Chief of Dairy Husbandry, University of Illinois, in

Wallaces' Farmer.

A few poor cows may do little permanent harm to the dairy herd, but a
poor sire will do untold damage. Frequently dairymen hold the penny so
close to the eye it is impossible to see the dollar a little farther off, and
this is just what a man is doing who has a good dairy herd of grade cows
and thinks he is economizing by buying a poor or even common sire.

If the good pure-bred sire improves the milking capacity of his
daughters only one and one-half pounds of milk at a milking, above the
production of their dams, this would mean an increase of 900 pounds of
milk for the ten months or 300 days an ordinary cow should give milk.
The daughter would also be a much more persistent milker; that is,
would give milk for a longer time in the year, and she would regain her
flow of milk better after an unavoidable shortage of feed as In a summer
drouth. These daughters may certainly be credited with 1,000 pounds
more milk per year than their dams produced. At the low estimate of
$1 per 100 pounds this extra amount of milk would be worth $10 per
year. The average cow is a good producer for at least six years, or until
she is eight years old. It will on the average be four years after pur-
chasing the sire before his first daughters will have brought in the first
extra $10. Eight dollars and twenty-three cents kept at compound interest
for these four years at 5 per cent will equal $10, so the daughter's
improvement or increase of income the first year is worth $8.23 at the
time her sire is purchased. The cash value of the daughter's improve-
ment (inherited from the sire) figured in the same way for each of the
six years she gives milk is shown in the following table:

Improvement first year $ 8.23

Improvement second year 7.83

Improvement third year 7.46

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 589

Improvement fourth year 7.11

Improvement fifth year 6.77

Improvement sixth year 6.45

Improvement for six years $13. 8j

The total increased income of a cow over her dam by having a good
sire is therefore $43.85.

In an ordinary dairy herd of thirty-five to forty cows an average of
seventeen heifers per year should be obtained, and twelve of these should
be worth raising, making it easily possible for a bull to earn twelve times
$43.85, or $526 per year. This would amount to $1,578 in the three years
that a bull is ordinarily kept in service.

Cost of providing every heifer one good parent:

Pure bred. Scrub.

Cost of sire $150.00 | 30.00

Interest, three years, 5 per cent 22. lO 4.50

Cost of keeping three years 100.00 100. CO

Risk, three years , 50.00 10.00

Total expense, three years $322.50 $144.50

Value at end of three years 100.00 30.00

$222.50 $1U.50

114.50

Extra cost good sire, three years $108.00

Extra cost good sire, one year aiS-OO

Extra cost good sire, one daughter 3.00

Considering the male calves as worth no more than if sired by a scrub,
it would then cost $36 to provide one good pure-bred parent for the twelve
heifer calves which are raised each year, or $3 per heifer. Where else
can such an investment be found? Thj'ee -dollars expended brings in an
average return of over $7 per year for six years, or $43.85 in all. This
makes a clear addition of $43.85 to the income of each daughter, or a net
profit of $40.85 and of $1,470 for thirty-six daughters in the three years.
Here is nearly 1,000 per cent profit on the investment. The original cost
of the good sire looks very small beside the $1,470. It really pays, as
nothing else on the farm pays, to put $150 into the right kind of a dairy
sire that will return practically ten times $150 within three years.

An examination of details will show these estimates to be conservative.
There is plenty of margin left for failures and unfavorable conditions.
One thousand pounds of milk per year is a conservative estimate of the
improvement of the daughter's production to credit to a good sire, but
the details of figuring it may be varied to suit conditions in different
herds and different localities. One hundred and fifty dollars is certainly
a liberal allowance for the purchase of a pure-bred sire, and results here
named are based upon having a first-class animal at the head of a herd.
A herd of only thirty-five or forty cows is taken for illustration, while a
vigorous sire properly fed and exercised is sufficient for a herd of forty-five
to fifty cows, providing he is not allowed to run with them. There is
another distinct improvement of the good sire's daughter besides her
milk production; it is the improvement of her b^cod or breeding, as the
result of which her daughters will he better milk producers. This blood

590 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

impovement of all the daughters accumulated through a series of years
means a remarkable increase in the efficiency of the herd.

It is the common experience of all dairymen who have used a really
good improved dairy sire that the investment has made them royal
r(»turns. The $150 cost price looks "too big" only to the narrow vision
that cannot see the natural improvement of the herd certain to follow.
Many a dairyman might have reason to say that he cannot afford to pay
a big price for a fine cow, but the same argument does not apply at all to
the purchase of an improved bull, because the sire's influence spreads so
much farther and faster than that of the cow.

If the heifer calves are to be raised for dairy cows there is absolutely
no business or reason on earth for keeping a scrub bull. The dairymen
who think there is pay a heavy price annually for maintaining that tradi-
tion. The scrub bull is the most expensive and extravagant piece of cattle
flesh on any farm. He does not stop at being merely worthless, but will
lose the farmer the price of two or three good bulls every year he is kept.
The dairyman could not afford to keep a scrub bull if the animal were
given to him, if he were paid for boarding the beast and given a premium
of $100 per year for using him. The presence of the scrub sire in so many
Illinois herds — many times without a single qualification except that he
is a male — is an offense and disgrace to the dairy business and a plain
advertisement of the dairyman's thoughtless bid for failure. The only
thing on earth the scrub sire is good for is sausage, and it is high time
that this plain and simple truth was given practical acceptance on every
dairy farm.

By all means get a good dairy sire, if you have to sell two or three cows
to do it. The improved sire is without question the most economical
investment in any dairy herd.

THE GENERAL PURPOSE COW.

C. B. Enowles, La Porte City, Iowa, before Black Hawk County Farmers'

Institute.

In approaching a subject like this, "Which is the better for the farmers
of this community to breed, the general purpose or the dairy breed of
cattle?" one is bound to try to generalize the conditions surrounding the
average herd of cattle and their respective owners, all the while contem-
plating what is or should be the most profitable purpose for which these
cattle are raised and kept. In looking the ground over and reviewing the
cow history of this section we find that the larger droves of the past
were a very indifferent class indeed of native or "scrub" cattle, as they
were termed at times. They were raised mostly for beef, with just
enough milking done to supply the table with those things of which milk,
butter and cream were the component parts and inspire the barefoot boy
with cheeks of tan with a mad desire to enlist or go to sea or some other
equally safe and congenial place where the sloppy surroundings of the
cow-shed were conspicuous by their absence. And if there is any one
thing about the farm that is calculated to make a boy want to turn pirate

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 591

it is manipulating tlie mammary glands of a refractory female bovine by
the light of the pale moon or a vile smelling lantern under the conditions
that used to prevail in this section.

Entering into the proposition in the first place was the cow of uncertain
lineage who gave at best but a portion of the mess required today. This
creature, whose breeding was mainly just "cow," was not exactly a thing
of beauty and a joy forever in all ways, but she got there just the same
in many and was really the general purpose cow in the widest sense, for
did she not provide us both beef and milk for our inner man, leather and
tallow to shoe us and lighten our ways; but also was she not the mother
of the ox whose very name furnished our early pedagogues such an
excellent word with which to start us on the sea of knowledge? I
believe that the word cat is used since oxen have gone out of fashion.
And what could we have done without that self-same ox wherewith to
scratch these wide, expansive prairies of Iowa and tickle the face of
Mother Earth until she laughed with ever-Increasing bountiful harvests
and got into the Iowa habit of bumper crops that are renowned the
world over? All honor to the cow of our daddies; she was a diligent,
faithful, dear old creature in many ways, and filled her place nobly,
raising descendants who have in many instances been worthy of their
breeding, lining their owners' pockets while helping to lift mortgages,
clothe children, enlarge farms, pay preachers and provide for old age
and dependent relatives.

A glance back down the vista of vanished years, searching for past
experiences that will guide us in our search for the ideal cow of the future,
reveals the fact that conditions have changed so that we must of necessity
have something different from the critter who very properly was the
mother of a sturdy race of work-oxen and furnished the table with cow
delicacies. With very little and poor shelter, ofttimes tethered to the lee
side of a threadbare haystack in winter and running at large in summer —
and when we say running you may take it literally, for didn't old Tige
or Rover, as the case may be, stimulate their lagging tendencies in the
Junetime of that summer long ago as they were driven up from the
woods or dogged out of the corn upon occasions when they had crawled
the wormiest kind of a worm fence? What would you expect such a
condition of things to produce in the way of a milk cow? A good one?
Not on your life. Imagine one of our placid demeanored cows of today,
with the generous milk veins and pendant udder, racing and tearing over
stumps and stones, across half-cleared patches, swimming creeks and
wallowing through mud to the merry tune of some savage biting cur who
was apt to deprive such as he was able to outrun of their sole defense
from the attacks of flies, gnats and mosquitoes, leaving only a stump
whose frequently resounding thwack on the cranium of her milker was
the only protest she was able to offer for such curtailing. Would such
treatment improve her disposition or milk-giving qualities, think you?
No! But in the past the creature that was able to withstand such
strenuous shocks served many and eflBcient purposes in the economy of
the community. But today conditions have changed and are so different,
land values are so much higher, range even in the extreme west is so
reduced and everything so specialized in all lines of business that to

592 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

succeed as the general manager of a bunch of cows one must study the
actual conditions surrounding them in detail and select a breed which
will produce what he finds will be the most in demand and consequently
the most profitable. In this community there seems to be a steady demand
for both beef and butter, and I suspect that like conditions prevail in
most farm districts that are in easy reach of creameries and centers of
population and the production of both is not only profitable but necessary.
We have now reached the dividing of the ways and upon admitting that
there is a place for both the beef and dairy types here the only question
remaining for us to answer is if both are to be secured from one breed, as
the little Devon or Brown Swiss, or perhaps some milking strain of some
beef breed, or shall the milk producer keep the special dairy cow, as the
Jersey, Guernsey, Holstein or Ayrshire, and allow his neighbor who grows
some beef to keep the large, fine-looking beef breeds, all the while smiling
at the delicate, modest herds of high-strung fawn-like creatures whose
palling qualities are their main recommendation to consideration and
referring to their owners as men who haven't money enough to buy cows
and are ashamed to milk goats.

On large farms, where considerable quantities of feed are produced or
can be bought cheap, where forage is abundant and whose owners coft-
template fattening many steers, thus converting this cheap feed into beef,
it is perhaps better to raise the dual purpose cow, but if beef is to be the
only end why not cleave to one of the many excellent beef breeds with
which we are so well supplied? In the case just spoken of don't try the
Jersey, as she might have calves, and the calves might be steer calves;
which I find for some strange reason to be 'persona non grata" in the
feed lot. I remember hearing a pillar of respectability offer a Jersey
heifer's calf for $2 and upon the transfer taking place the purchaser
raised his voice in lamentation when he found that he was the possessor
of a Jersey steer. He was promptly informed that he had been told in the
first place that it was a Jersey heifer's calf and that the question of
sex had not been referred to.

On the other hand, the small farmer who milks cows as a business
and is not prepared to give steers the whole course from the cradle to
the grave had better keep an exclusive dairy breed and try to sell his
steer calves to the folks across the river or any one who thinks he can
produce beef from them at a profit. He will find his little cow as big
in the bucket as the biggest beef bred animal if not more so, weight
considered; and certainly more profitable for milk as she has a far
smaller body to be carried over the dry seasons, and the periods of
drouth are apt to be shorter and less often. Gov. Hoard whose utter-
ances have ever been "cow gospel to the dairy man," is authority for
the statement that somewhere near 60 per cent to 65 per cent of the feed
consumed must, under the best of conditions, go to the keeping up of
the repair of the bodily tissues of the cow and the milk must be made
from the remaining 35 per cent to 40 per cent. It follows that with the
lighter dairy cow there is less feed needed to maintain the animal
itself, while with the highly specialized milk producing apparatus and
shorter period of vacation it produces in the whole year a quantity of

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART X. 593

milk far in excess of the beef bred cow from wherever she comes when
weights of cows are compared.

Many of our leading agriculturists who have for years advocated the
dual purpose cow are abandoning their positions on the subject and have
given up in despair the breeding of cows combining both character-
istics. Witness the lamentable collapse of the Red Poll boom which has
proven a very indifferent beef as well as milk animal.

It is so often found that where both these opposite tendencies are at
work in the same breed that it is almost impossible to be sure that
the heifer shall be a good milker and the steer shall be a good beef
animal. The results seem to be very uncertain and more than one
farmer has imparted to me in confidence that though he has always kept
his best milkers for breeding purposes, somehow it seemed as though his
heifers never would quite come up to the standard of the old cows. I have
in mind as I speak one who to my knowledge had several excellent milkers,
some ten years ago, the descendants of which today on his place are very
indifferent in milk producers.

But after all has been said the blooded beef bred cow that is milked
some has a place and quite an important one as the matron of and
the instructor in primary methods to her vast family that produces the
steers required to furnish our cuisine with the juicy roasts and savory
steaks, soups and stews that seem to be ever in more demand as the
bonds of the Anglo-American alliance tighten. She belongs where land
is cheap and forage abundant and where some way of harvesting the
rich succulent grasses of the plains and producing from them a product
in a condensed and convenient form for shipment to a distant market
is essential.

But as the value of land rises we will gradually drift into more dairy-
ing with better dairy methods. On high priced land it seems almost
impossible to keep up the fertility of the soil and produce sufficient to
pay taxes and interest on the money invested without milking cows.
But regardless of the breed the farmer of the future will have to know
just what each cow is doing for her country and weed out all drones.
He will have learned that proper milk producing feed in sufficient
quantities, correctly balanced, is essential to produce a profitable in-
crease over just living in which all the feed given is thrown away.
His methods of feeding and caring for cows will be vastly in advance
of ours and he will use the scale and weigh sheet at each milking of
each cow. Frequent tests of the cream content and actual butter pos-
sible to produce from each cow's milk will be made. When the question
of severing connection with one of these faithful, well kept cows is
taken up her past record will be gone over in detail and if it is one
at which she can point with pride perhaps it may lengthen her term of
office as one of our milk producers. This is said to be one of the secrets of
the success in breeding dairy cows on the island of Jersey, where
about ten thousand cattle are kept on the island of only about ten
thousand acres extent. They are ever selling their best and producing
still better.

38

594 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF 'AGRICULTURE.

I have sometimes thought that perhaps part of the hustle to maturity
on the part of the Jersey calf was ifs effort to get big soon to avoid its
early diet as soon as possible. It seems that cod-liver oil forms quite a
part of its early food on its native heath.

This may account in part for the scarcity of consumption among Jersey
cattle.

BUILDING UP A DAIRY HERD.

From Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture Bulletin No. ISl/.
By Mr. Eclivard Van Alstyne, Denmark, N. Y.

I want to talk to you in a very practical way, to, I presume, a com-
pany of very practical men. I suppose the aim of this address is that
we may obtain a more profitable cow in our dairy. And in what I
have to say to-day, as well as to-morrow, I wish you to understand
that it is not to the wealthy man, the man with unlimited means
at his command to purchase the very best that money can buy, that I
am talking; he is not the man that I have in view at all; he is a very
popular factor in society, but the man whose every wish is obtainable
is not the man that I have in sight. It is the ordinary man, like
myself. I say this because I think it will be best for us to clearly
understand one another.

I think that we to-day want a better dairy cow than ever before. I
say that, because I fear that in many instances the farmer is keeping
his cows with but little profit. What is the profit on the dairy cow?
Is it that she simply pays for he keep, and makes a minimum of profit?
That is not going to pay off the mortgage, and clothe the children, on
the farm. The first thing we expect of a cow is that she will pay interest
on the money invested in her. If we take three or five hundred dollars
to the savings bank, we get three and one-half per cent interest, without
the trouble of working for it. If we put it out at interest, we get
from five to six per cent; as you increase the risk, you increase the
interest. When we Invest it in a cow, three and one-half per cent is not
enough, nor five, nor six per cent, because we are not sure that we
can get it back when we want it. I find that in a herd of twenty-five
cows it is necessary to replace at least five each year to keep the herd
in good condition. Some of them may go barren, and some of them
may lose part of the udder, one may die. So I figure that on the
money invested in the dairy cow, I should have at least ten per cent
to equal the interest on the same amount of money invested elsewhere.
So if we pay fifty dollars for a cow we should have at least five dollars
profit on her. The next practical thought is her feed. As I said before,
she should pay for her keep before we begin to make any profit on her.
And the labor; what does it cost to milk her three hundred days in
the year, Sundays and holidays included? At least ten dollars more on
that. So I figure that I must have at least ten dollars over and above
the cost of her feed, and the interest on the money invested in her, be-
fore I begin to make money on her.

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 595

Now, we have to have a better dairy cow, and I am very sure that it is
not of any particular breed. A man starts out thinking he is going to
make money right out of this particular breed, or that one. Now, let
me say that each particular breed have their use for special purposes.
I want to make myself clear on this point, because you may infer
from what I say later on, that I am not a believer in pure bred cattle
for the ordinary man. Yet I am a most firm believer. I believe firmly
that all the best things we have in our dairy herd today are the result
of careful breeding. We will take the superb Holstein, which for two thou-
sand years has been bred in Freisland, Holland, where she is given a
large amount of rather bulky feed, with a view to producing large quan-
tities of milk, without reference to quality, and in which purpose they
have succeeded. The Holstein will produce a quart of milk — regardless
of its interest — on the feed given her cheaper than any other cow.
Then we will take the Jerseys and Guernseys, bred on the rocky Channel
Islands, milk high in fat and other solids and yellow, more scant in
quantity than is that of the Holstein. They have not been bred so
much to produce a large quantity of milk, as to produce one high in
fat with a large globule, easily churned when made into butter. They
have succeeded in that as the Holstein breeders have succeeded in their
object. The Channel Island cattle produce a pound of butter cheaper
than any other cows on earth. Not only because she produces butter
cheaper, but because she produces a better butter. That is where many
have fallen down. At the Buffalo exposition it cost for food, for the
Holstein cattle to make a pound of butter, about twelve cents. The
Channel Island cattle, butter for food costs about nine cents. You
can't improve on the cream or butter of the Channel Island cattle, be-
cause they are bred for that purpose. I will illustrate this: Those of
you who were at the Exposition will remember that we had a small
dairy-room that was often at a temperature of seventy degrees. On
those hot day we took the ci'eam from any other breed than the Channel
Island cattle, and churned it at sixty degrees, we had grease pure and
simple. We had to take such cream and reduce it to a temperature of
forty, and then churn it for two hours, before we had butter, and then
we often had to set the butter away for twenty-four hours before it
was hard enough to print. We could take cream from the Channel
Island cattle, churn it at between fifty and sixty, take it out of the
churn and print it and set it up on the form no matter what the tem-
perature. Therefore I say that the Holstein is not the cow for the
man who wants to make butter for the market. The man who wants
rich milk or who wants to make butter is a very foolish man if he
attempts to make it from any other breed than those bred for that pur-
pose. But there is a cow between the two, the Ayrshire, from Ayr, in
Scotland, where they have not so much feed to give her, and she has
had to hustle for her living. She gives a large supply of milk, with about
four per cent fat. For the man who wants a good milk, and fair quality,
where the feed supply is not abundant the Ayrshire is the cow. Again,
the man who wants to make beef is very foolish if he attempts to make
it from any other breed than those bred for that purpose, such as the
Short-horns or Hereford. You see I am not a believer in the dual pur-

596 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

pose cow. You say you want a cow on which you can make a little on
the milk, a little on the butter, and a little on the carcass, but you
can't do that and not lose in every respect. I will take for illustration,
the Holstein, the extreme dairy breed, and the Hereford or Short-horn,
the extreme beef bred. We will put both on the market, both equally well
fed, and weighing the same, and the Hereford will bring from one-half
cent to one cent per pound more than the other. Why? Because the Hol-
stein is developed in the lower portion of the body and the other up where
the cuts are worth the least, in the back and loins. Again, the man
who attempts to use the beef cow in the dairy, is as foolish as the man
who would hunt birds with a bull dog. Get cows of the type that will fit
your needs. "I thought," you will say, "you said you were going to talk to
the average farmer, and now you tell us to go to an importer and buy
our stock." Yes, if you have plenty of money which most of us haven't.
We have come to the point where most of us realize that we must
have a better dairy cow, and that a cow that has been bred for a particular
purpose. What shall we do? We go to a man who has good pure bred
cows for sale, and select some that we think will answer our purpose
and find that they will cost from one hundred and fifty to two hundred
and fifty dollars each, and we can't afford to take them. The animals
are worth it, but we simply can't afford to pay the price. What then?
We have our heads set on pure bred stock, and we go down the line until
we find something that fits our pocketbook, and we say "these are pure
bred?" And they answer "Oh, yes." "They are registered?" "Oh, yes."
And we buy them, and take home the man's culls. He wouldn't have
sold them at that price if they had not been culls.

I repeat that these animals have been bred for the particular pur-
pose for wjiich we want them. When we have made up our minds we
want a large supply of milk, and have plenty of feed, then we take the
Holstein; if butter, then we take the Channel Island cattle; if better
milk, and hilly pastures, then we take the Ayrshire, and if moat, then we
take the Hereford or Short-horn. A good cow is cheaper at sixty dollars
than a poor one is at ten. I am going to describe the requirements of a
good cow a little later. With the best grade of the particular type
desired, we will get a bull of the breed we want. Let me emphasize the
importance of a good bull. The importance of pure breed, I don't think
we emphasize that as we should. When we consider the breeding of
animals, the strain of the sire should be very carefully noted. Why,
gentlemen, what is a pure bred animal? It is simply one that has been
bred in a certain line so long that the type has become fixed. There
is always a tendency to go back to the characteristics of the ancestors,
and the better these characteristics and the longer they have been
bred, the nearer we get to the animals we want, and the more certain
we are of producing the tendencies of that line. The more we breed,
indiscriminately, the more likely we are to go back to the original ten-
dencies. To illustrate this, let us take the human family, and go right
back to the Jew. Since the days when Abraham went out from Ur of
Chaklea and went whither he knew not, down through the centuries,
there has been the Jew, and to-day when for more than two thousand
years he has had no country, he is as separate and distinct as he was

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART X. 597

four thousand years ago in Palestine. You can pick him out to-day by
his facial characteristics, and by the same characteristics which Jacob
exhibited when he entered into that cattle deal with Laban, and in Jos-
eph, when he got up that coi'ner in grain. Scan their names and you
will find them foremost in finance, in music^ in trade and in politics.
They are masters of whatever they undertake. Why does the Jew suc-
ceed in spite of the persecutions he has endured? Because he is smarter
than the other fellow. It is just this: The marriage of Jew with Jew,
the breeding of the racial characteristics, until we know to a certainty
when we see a Jewish family, that the child is going to be the same Jew
that his parents are.

And this is the way our type of domestic animals is fixed. You will
buy a sire of the best breed. I believe it is more necessary for me to
have a good sire in my herd of grades, with his breeding capacity
proven, than it is for my neighbor, who is breeding pure breeds entirely.
He has the pure blood in his cows. You get a grade sire, the descendant
of pure blood on one side and of anything on the other; you breed him
with a good cow, and you say he will reproduce the traits of his pure
breeding; how do you know this? There is always a tendency to go
back to the traits of the ancestors, but how do you know that he will
not produce the bad traits, instead of the good ones? He is just as likely
to do so.

Then comes the cross-bred, the result of breeding two pure breeds to-
gether. For instance, I will take a Holstein that gives plenty of milk,
but it is not rich, and I will breed him with a Jersey who has plenty of
richness but not so much milk, and then I will have the excellencies
of the two? What is the result? I get the quantity of the Jersey and
the richness of the Holstein. It is the old story of avatism, the going
back to the original tendencies of the ancestors. Darwin in his "Origin
of Species" claimed this, and made the statement that all breeds of
pigeons could be traced back to the old Blue Mediterranean pigeon. To
prove it, he crosed the Pouter and the Fan Tail and what did he get but the
blue tail feathers of the Mediterranean pigeon. We see the same thing in
our cross-breeding. When we bring together two pure breeds, we increase,
for some unknown reason, the tendency to get the bad qualities of
both lines. I can bring this right down to you. It is not the simon
pure negro that causes the most trouble; it is the mulatto, who de-
velopes the worst traits of both his black and white ancestors. We have
the same thing in the Indian. Up in New York, we have not many
Indians, but we still have a few, who are a conglomeration of the old Six
Nations mixed with whites, combining the evil traits of the white blood
in them, with the same traits of their red blood. They are the laziest
and most shiftless beings on earth. They won't work if the can beg
or steal. I could not help, at the Exposition, but compare them with
the real simon pure Indian of the plains. You know they had an
Indian village there. These were dignified, a fine type of pure breeding,
the other, the evil product of the two races. Perhaps I am spending too
much time on this, but I realize the importance of it.

We had first the grade sire, then the cross-bred sire, but what we want
is a pure sire. So we get one, and use him with the herd, and if his

598 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE.

calves are what they should be, and he proves to be a good animal, we will
keep him just so long as he is serviceable. There is more deterioration to
be laid to the yearling than from most any other cause. "We want the
strength and stamina of fully matured ancestors. I prefer to have a
bull eight or nine years old; I never know just what he is going to do
until he is four years old. I sacrificed one of the best bulls that I
ever had when he was three years old, and never knew it until his
daughters came to milk. So I have learned to keep my sires just as long
as they are serviceable. With grades, I would use a bull with his
daughters. You will say this is incestuous breeding. That is true, but
when we bring these two lines of blood together we get three-quarters
of the line-blood that we want. If there are no weaknesses in either sire or
dam there will be little to fear from such a course. And when we
buy again, buy a bull that is bred along that line. That is where
many a farmer makes a fearful mistake; he would like a little more
size, so he takes another breed to get it; he would like a little more
butter, so he goes to the Jerseys to get it, and perhaps he would like a
little more beef, so he goes to the Hereford to get it. He is like the
woodchoppers; they were Canucks, their work was cold, and they gen-
erally wanted a little something to warm them up. On one occasion
they tried to tell the landlord at the tavern what they wanted; they
didn't know the name, so the Canuck said: "You take a little whiskey
to make it strong, and a little water to make it weak; a little lemon to
make it sour, and a little sugar to make it sweet." "Oh," said the land-
lord, "that is a flip." An so it is with our farmer. You get a little
Holstein for the milk, and a little Jersey for the cream, and a little
Short-horn for the beef, and you have a "flip" every time, and if I want
to see poor cattle, I will go to the place where they have followed
this course.

When I went into breeding, I raised all my heifer calves. But there
was something wrong; I didn't get results; so I said "I will have to be
more careful," and I selected them only from the best cows, and I got
nearer what I wanted, but I still drew a good many blanks, until I
began to examine the calves themselves. Now it is a fact that a good
many heifer calves fail to be as good as their dams. Do you ever
think how much we ask of the dairy cow? We ask her in twelve months
to support herself, to reproduce herself, and give us an amount of milk
often equal to the weight of her body. Now I have begun to examine my
calves, and if I flnd a calf that is weak, and aenemic, I don't try to raise it,
and this you can tell by looking at the calf. Open its mouth and look
at its teeth, and if you find only four of the milk teeth, that calf is
not worth raising. Why? That mother had too much of a strain on
her, and she was not able to put strength and stamina into the calf she
was raising. I have raised some of these calves, and they have always
been a disappointment. Then I examined the naval, and the teats;
one of the tests of a good udder is to have the teats placed right. This
fall I was a judge at a fair up in my state, and man brought in a heifer.
She v.as a fine Jersey, and I thought "that is the prize winner, sure,"
until I examined her udder and found two of the teats joined together.

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART IX. 599

I asked him why he raised her, and he said he never looked at that;
he had never seen it.

Now, when a calf passes muster, then we keep it, but do not forget
that their value as cows will depend largely upon their treatment for
the first two years. They must be well cared for. After the first few
months it is better to turn them out and let them work a little
for their feed; it helps to develop them. They should have a large
stomach, for it shows great storage capacity, even if it makes them
appear pot-bellied. They must have a place where to carry the feed.
I was at Moorestown, New Jersey, last winter, to see a herd of cattle
that were large producers. I saw nothing abnormal about the cows ex-
cept that they all seemed unusually large, and that many of the two-
year-old heifers were larger than those two and a half and three years
old as usually seen of that breed. I could not understand it until they
told me that they fed those calves on milk until the were a year old.

Now, then, we have selected our stock, and are breeding along that
line year after year. We have found what we want, and we will go on
breeding along that line, and in ten or twelve years we will have a herd
that is nearly equal to pure bred. They are really pure bred, only they
can't be registered. When we are adding to our stock we will get In
one or two good pure bred females, and at the end of ten or twelve
years we will have a herd of fine, pure bred stock, and when we come
to sell them we can get better prices for them.

Now, all good cows have certain points. What are they? To show them
I have had the picture made. It is a very fair picture of a good grade
cow I had. First, let us see the characteristics of the cow of way back.
Now, the cow that Adam had after he left horticulture, was not much of a
cow. What was she? Well, she was fitted for her work. She had
to live out in the jungle, and fight for her existence with the
wild beasts, and it was a case of the survival of the fittest.
She had to fight her way through the heavy brush and overhanging
trees. Let us see her characteristics: A small barrel, for she had only
what food she found closed ribbed for protection; a small udder; a
short neck and heavy horns, characteristic of the fighter. We should
call that a very sorry cow, but she was probably the best suited to the
times and her environment. Now, as to the points of the good cow:
We cannot fail to be impressed by her girth through here (the body),
by the large nostril, and bright eye. The animal that has a prominent
and snappy bright eye is the one that is likely to have a good consti-
tution. The large wide nostril means a good pair of lungs; and a heart
that is doing its duty. Then we have the thin head, with light horn,
and prominent pointed shoulder; the sharp, not flat back, widespread
at the haunch, to insure easy delivery of the calf; ribs well set; high
pelvic arch, long tail. What has the tail to do with It? Only this,
that tail Is the extension of the spinal column, and a long tall Indicates
a strong nerve force.

We can just as well breed good udders and easy milkers as the con-
trary. I have to-day descendants of the fourth generation of easy
milking cow, and they have all more or less of her tendencies. Then I

600 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

have two or three heifers descended from a cow that was not an easy
milker, and I don't raise any more of them. Life is too short.

Then comes a large, crooked, milk vein. Some people are rather
inclined to ridicule that, but I have found it a good test. It shows the
flow of blood from the udder to the heart. Now, when there is not much
milk, there is not much blood there. What I lay most stress on is the
hole in the end of it; if the hole is large, it indicates that it is built
to carry plenty of blood. We will probably find this larger on the left
side than on the right. These are always things that are present in
a good dairy cow, and they are characteristic of a good dairy cow.
We find the same characteristics in the sire.

I want the head and neck to be thin. I want him to have the same
arched spine, and the same contour here as in the cow, and I want to
find four good, rudimentary teats in the sire, which are well placed.
I lay great stress on their being placed, because the sire reproduces
himself, and you will find four times out of five that the teats of the
heifer are much the same as the rudimentary teats of the sire. Then
I like to see a good milk vein. Then I take the loose skin at the flank
and stretch it; if it stretches out long an flexible, it is a good indi-
cation of the udder on his heifers. I was judging at a fair up in
Washington County, my state, and there was a farmer there who was in
the habit of carrying off the prizes each year, and I gave him a
premium for one or two of his cows, but none for his heifers, and none
for his sire. He came to me and said, "I wish you would tell me why
you turned down my bull and my heifers," well, we brought out the bull;
I could not find in him any of the rudimentary lines. He said he never
knew of the existence of anything like that. Then we looked at the heif-
ers; not one of them had an udder bigger than a sheep, and he said he was
disappointed in them, but didn't know the reason. He didn't take offense
at being turned down, but declared his intention of trying to breed
along the lines I had pointed out to him. In this case, the sire simply
reproduced himself.

I want a good bull with good ancestry; the best I can get; but when
we get to a place where we must choose between a bull with a good
registered ancestry of performances and is not himself a good specimen,
and one who is a good individual, I would rather have a bull that has
the record of performance every time than the one with no known
ancestry, but a good individual. Keep a record of his milk strain and
breed from that. Give me a bull with an ancestry of producers, and he
will produce himself in his descendants.

Given these things, I know we can develop a herd of better quality
and better producers than we can in any other way.

The Chairman — We might devote a few minutes to the discussion of
Mr. "Van Alstyne's address.

Mr. Rodgers — What effect would it have on the cream where a farmer
keeps one-half Holstein and one-half Jersey cows? Would it churn
together properly?

Mr. Van Alstyne — Yes; there would not be so much loss if separated
by machine. Of course, we know that cream passes in the separator as
rapidly as the gravity allows", and the butter globules would not be mixed

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 601

with those of the Jersey, and it would not turn out quite so rich. And
there is another point: what mal-ces a good ration for the Holstein will
not malve a good ration for the Jersey. So I would rather have them one
grade. Now, a man may have to keep a Holstein and a Jersey if he
sells the milk, to make it a little rich. I have heard people say that the
butter of the Holstein was of excellent flavor, while that of the Jersey
was not so ideally flavored. That is not so at all. It is due to the feed
and to the manipulation of the cream.

Mr. McCrcary — A yellow skin on the animal, would that count in its
favor?

Mr. Van Alstyne — A yellow skin on a Holstein, as well as on any other
animal, will be a good indication that there is some butter fat there, but
it is not always a sure indication. Now, for instance, the Guernsey
cream is more highly colored than that of the Jersey, yet the Jersey has
the richer skin, but has not, consequently, the richer cream. A better
way, I have found, is to turn back the ears and if they are oily, and
to look again at the shoulder, and again at the end of the tail, and if you
find there an oily substance the milk will be pretty sure to be rich in
butter fat.

The Chairman — Do you consider the Ayrshire a good dairy cow?

Mr. Van Alstyne — Yes; I do. When a man wants a cream of 4 i/^ per
cent or a little better, present, I believe that the Ayrshire is better for
that purpose than any other, but it seems to me that she is not as highly
appreciated as she should be. I suppose the reason for that is that she
has been a good cow and they have been satisfied to keep her and not
attempt to put her to the front.

Mr. Herr — Is it not one objection to the Ayrshire that her teats are
very slender, making her hard to milk?

Mr. Yan Alstyne — Well, yes; the Ayrshire in Scotland is milked by the
women, and time is not valued, so that the teats are very slender, but in
the last ten years her teats have been very much improved.

Mr. Snavely — Is not the Ayrshire coming to the front during the last
few years?

Mr. Van Alstyne — I want to say this; and I don't want anyone to
think that I am opposed to the Holstein, because I think the Holstein is
the best cow in the country today, but I have seen a good many indications
in our country, where they make cheese to a large extent, that would
seem to show that the Holstein is taking second place. I should be sorry
to see it, but just as sure as he sun rises tomorrow morning, in a few
years you will see the Ayrshire displacing the Holstein in our country.

Mr. Chubbiick — How about the Brown Swiss? She is a good cow, and
some of my friends here are perhaps aware of it; she gives as much
milk as the Holstein, and nearly as rich as the Jersey, and has a heavy
carcass. I don't believe in going abroad when you have your choice of
the best at home.

TESTING CATTLE WITH TUBERCULIN.

Breeder.^' Gazette.
Any intelligent person can test cattle- with tuberculin after receiving
the necessary instructions, but it requires a considerable degree of skill

602 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

and some experience properly to determine the presence or absence of the
disease. If you cannot command the services of a graduate veterinarian
to do the work you should not hesitate to do it yourself, and to that end
the following instructions will be found useful:

In the first place, the quality of the tuberculin to be used is all-
important, and there is much distressing evidence to show that commercial
tuberculin is not always reliable, but frequently fails to detect the
presence of the disease, and owing to this cause the disease has for
years spread gradually in many a fine herd, whereas by use of govern-
ment tuberculin its presence might have been instantly detected and the
plague promptly stamped out.

The tuberculin should be fresh as well as reliable, and then should be
used intelligently. If old it may be inert or weak and so prove useless
as a detecting agent; if used unintelligently it may fail to detect the
disease or apparently detect it when really absent.

Tuberculin acts by causing a marked, gradual increase in the tem-
perature of the tuberculous cow tested, and after attaining the maximum
the temperature as gradually falls. A very sudden rise and a fall that is
sudden, each within a short period of time, scarcely can be considered
perfectly indicative of tuberculosis. Before accepting such spasmodic
increases as indicative of the disease all circumstances and conditions
affecting the animal at the time should be carefully taken into account,
and it is in this phase of the work that experience and special skill are
most required.

For the work of testing one requires, in addition to the supply of
reliable tuberculin, a strong clinical thermometer, several short, sharp
hollow needles of comparatively large calibre and a strong graduated
hypodermic syringe. All of these may be purchased from any dealer in
veterinary instruments.

Before commencing the test the cows should be accustomed to the
stable, if they have been running out of doors, and should have quited
down and become accustomed to their new quarters if shipped in from a
distance. It is best not to test cattle in hot weather, as their temperature
is very easily affected by heat and indeed by all marked extraneous,
internal and incidental influences such as change of food, fright, drinking
of cold water, change of milkers, coming in heat, nearing calving time or
effects of calving or retention of afterbirth. It is well, therefore, not to
test a cow that is in any way sick, in heat, nearing calving, just calved,
retaining her afterbirth, affected with garget or greatly excited and,
therefore, showing an abnormally high temperature from any cause or one
of those mentioned.

When all is in readines for the test preliminary temperatures of each
cow should be taken by inserting the thermometer in the rectum for not
less than five minutes. The mercury in the thermometer is first to be
shaken down to 100 Fahr. and on removal the column is to be
carefully read and the reading set down on a card or paper opposite the
cow's name. The first temperature is to be taken before 8 o'clock a. m.,
the second at noon and the third at 6 p. m. or thereabouts, and these
three temperatures show the average normal temperature of the cow
before injection of the tuberculin. No cow that shows a temperature of

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 603

103 Fahr. should be tested with tuberculin, as this temperature taay be
considered indicative of some disturbed condition of the body which will
interfere with testing and possibly lead to wrong deductions from the
test. Having set down the three preliminary temperature readings to
determine the normal temperature before testing, the tuberculin is to be
injected at 9 or 10 p. m. of the same day.

The customary dose of tuberculin is two cubic centimeters, or half a
cubic centimeter for each 500 pounds of live weight. It is well to increase
the dose for heavy cattle in the ratio indicated, a ton bull taking four
cubic centimeters but no animal (adult) taking less than two cubic centi-
meters. It also is a good plan to give all suspicious appearing animals
an extra large dose, as it is a well proved fact that the more infection
from tuberculosis there is in an animal the less may be the reaction or
rise in temperature following the use of tuberculin. Indeed an animal
may be so thoroughly impregnated with the bacilli of the disease that
tuberculin has no effect, but in all such cases the experienced veterinarian
should be able confidently to determine the presence of the disease by
physical examination.

The method of injection is simply to insert the hollow needle in the
thin skin of the animal's neck or back of the shoulder; then, making sure
that the point of the needle is free from the tissues underlying the skin,
slowly inject the tuberculin. The needle, syringe and skin should be
perfectly cleansed before operating.

Next day, commencing at 6 o'clock, the temperature of each cow should
be taken every two hours and set down on the chart opposite the pre-
liminary temperatures of the previous day. The cows need not be fed or
watered until all of the necessary temperatures have been taken, but they
should have been fully fed and watered just before or after the injection
of tuberculin the night before, and some practitioners believe in allowing
a little feed and a swallow or two of water after taking the first morning
temperature. The cows are to be kept in the stable until the test is
complete.

If a cow's temperature the next morning after injecting tuberculin is
found to have risen one and one-half degrees above the normal tem-
perature of the previous day, to have stayed up for some time and then
gradually declined to the normal temperature, she is to be considered
"suspicious" and should be held for a retest in three months.

If a cow's temperature rises two or more degrees above normal in the
same manner as that just indicated she is to be considered tuberculous
and dealt with accordingly, but unless she is physically affected or has
tubercular hardening of the udder she should be isolated and tested again
in three months. Only those animals which react decidedly and at the
same time are quite evidently diseased should be slaughtered or shipped
to the city for slaughter under government inspection, but all reacting
cattle should be kept separate from the well cattle and their milk should
not be used for man, beast or poultry.

Reliable tuberculin affords us a safe and fairly certain means of
detecting the presence of the disease and there is already considerable
data to prove that the new method of inocculating against tuberculosis as
proposed by VonBehring is a success.

604 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

BUILDINGS, SHEDS AND YARDS FOR POULTRY.

By W. J. Kennedy. Ames, Iowa, in Iowa State Register and Farmer.

Poultry, like other classes of live stock on the farm, requires suitable
protection if we are to look for the greatest gains from our flock. The
many different forms of houses — to suit the fancier, specialist and farmer
■where only a few fowls comparatively are kept — though differing some-
what in size, design, materials used, convenience and cost, must be in the
main constructed upon the same general principles if the greatest success
in the end is attained. Successful results have been achieved in, so many
different kinds of houses that it would be impossible in this article to
describe them, so we shall content ourselves with the outline of a few of
the principles that prevail in all well-managed poultry houses.

In the first place, all are agreed that a poultry house should stand on
high, dry ground — preferably a gravelly or sandy knoll, as such locations
easily drain themselves. If such are not to be had, then the scraper
should be used to make a slightly elevated spot on which to build. If
advantage can be taken of a windbreak or a location behind other build-
ings, so as to protect it from the cold north and west winds, all the better.

Successful poultry raising so far as housing is concerned makes the
following demands: That there be furnished a large amount of room,
light, warmth, pure air, dryness, freedom from draughts, roosts, nests,
comfort and cleanliness. The sheds, if such are provided, and the yards
should furnish ample space for exercise.

Room. — Fowls should not be crowded nor Is it wise to keep them in
very large flocks — much success has been achieved where only 15 to 25
hens were kept in a bunch while success has attended also the bunching of
from 60 to 70. It is safer to deal in the smaller numbers, as one is less
apt to experience the losses that sometimes result from housing in the
larger flocks. If but one room is provided, each fowl should have from
10 to 15 square feet of floor space. If roosting and scratching pens are in
separate apartments each fowl should have 5 to 6 square feet of floor
space in the roosting pen and 10 to 12 in the scratching pen. Provide a
roosting space of 7 to 8 inches for the smaller Mediterranean fowls, such
as the Leghorns, 8 to 10 for Rocks and Wyandottes, and 10 to 12 for the
larger Asiatic breeds — the Brahmas and Cochins. In the yard in summer
from 100 to 150 square feet of grass should be allotted each fowl.

Light.— Sunlight purifies the floors, roosts and drop boards and helps to
keep the fowls in a vigorous, healthy condition. In order to make provision
for a large admission of sunlight at least one-third of the south and east
sides should be glass. The windows, if placed high up, will allow the
winter sun to do its most effective work in shining into the remotest
corners of the house. In some cases windows are placed in the roof of
the scratching pens.

Warmth. — The roosting apartment must be warm and comfortable for
the fowls while at rest. In order to make the roosting apartment warm

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 605

a small part may be curtained off from the rest of the house so that the
heat from the fowls' bodies will warm it sufficiently. The scratching or
exercising part should be light and cool, but free from draughts.

Pure Air. — Ventilation must be secured, as fowls cannot remain in a
healthy condition in foul, damp, stagnant air. But in securing change of
air we must be careful to prevent draughts, especially in those apartments
where the fowls roost.

Roosts. — Roosts should be made of 2x3's. They should be planed off
smooth, rounded slightly on the upper corners and should be free from
splits or cracks, as vermin lodge in these crevices and are hard to dis-
lodge. The roosts should be placed low — not more than 3 feet from
the floor — and should be at least 18 to 20 inches from the wall. If more
than one roost is used, all should be on a level, for if you put one higher
than another the fowls will crowd for the higher roost. Low roosts are
easier to mount and to fly from. A drop board should be placed under
the roosts 20 inches in width for single roosts and 36 inches for two
roosts. This must be made of planed inch lumber, so that it can be easily
cleaned at least twice a week.

The nests can be placed under the drop board. They must be 15 inches
wide and 18 inches deep. Hens like to steal away in a quiet place to lay,
so it is best to leave the opening on the side next to the wall. A little
drop door may be arranged on the back from which to gather the eggs.

Roosts, nests and drop boards should be so arranged that all can be
taken out easily should you wish to give the quarters a thorough cleaning.
The inside must be whitewashed now and again. This will add to the
appearance as well as imprison vermin that may be lurking about in the
crevices.

A ground floor serves a good purpose. Raise it 4 to 5 inches above the
ground outside. Put in 3 Inches of coal ashes or gravel and fill in the
remainder with sand, or make it entirely of sand. In August the upper
2 inches of sand may be removed and the space filled in again with fresh
material. Let this be done early, so that the fioor may be well dried out
before the poultry have to be inclosed. The sand floor should then be
covered with chaffed clover hay, alfalfa or straw, which must be frequently
renewed. As has been already mentioned, the drop board and roosts
should be put in so that they may be easily taken out for cleaning and a
sun bath.

The partitions ought to be made of matched lumber to about 4 feet in
height, and the remainder of wire netting. Each partition should have
a door large enough for a person to walk through. Down at the bottom
of the wall, leading from the pen to the yard or scratching pen, there
should be a small opening, 10x12 inches, through which the hens may
pass in and out.

A cheap, convenient, suitable house for the ordinary farm is made
somewhat as follows: It is made in the form of a lean-to 16 feet long,
10 feet wide, 8 feet high at front and 4 at rear. The frame is made of 2x8
scantling. It is single-boarded and battened all around except in the little
roosting compartment farthest from the door. This part is made warm
by means of paper and matched lumber on the outside, and in front of the
roosts there is hung a canvas drop curtain which in severe weather may

606 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

be lowered to keep in the heat generated by the fowls themselves. A
door is left in the corner, and this doorway has hung over it a piece of
sacking or something of that nature. In the upper front is a large window
for the admission of light. A pen of this kind has given excellent satis-
faction for the production of winter eggs, the hens continuing to lay
except in the severest snap.

Large yards are necessary for the poultry to run in during the summer
months, if they must be confined. Let the yard be at least 50 feet long
by 30 feet wide. If there are trees in this yard, all the better, as they
will provide the shade that is required during the hot weather. The yard
may be fenced with wire netting 6 feet high for the larger fowls, while at
least a 7 or 8-foot fence will be required for the lighter breeds. The
yard should be well grassed, clean and supplied with pure water for
drinking purposes.

FEED STUFFS SUITABLE FOR POULTRY.

By W. /. Kennedy, Ames, Iowa, in Iowa State Register and Farmer.

"Out of nothing nothing can come," is a maxim which has long since
been recognized as a basic fact. Perhaps in the feeding of no other class
of live stock is this so true as in the case of the poultry flock. No person
can successfully feed a flock of poultry, whether for meat or egg produc-
tion7 unless he or she has a clear conception of what constituents are
demanded of the fowl in the building up of the body work or in the
production of the egg. This must flrst be ascertained, and then the
rations should be made up of those feeding stuffs which will supply the
necessary compounds at the very lowest possible cost. It might also be
added that concentrated feeding stuffs are very- necessary, as fowls are not
capable of assimilating those feeding stuffs which are of a bulky nature.

A study of the composition of the body and feathers of a fowl shows
clearly that they consist of water, ash, protein and fat. Thus it is clear
that the rations fed must contain the compounds that will supply these.
Almost one-half of the dry matter in the body of the fowl is protein, and
about 8 per cent is ash. investigations made by Jeneter at the New York
experiment station show that the body of a Leghorn hen — body, blood,
bones, feathers and viscera — contains 55.8 per cent water, 21.6 per cent
protein, 3.8 per cent ash and 17 per cent fat. The composition of a fresh
egg shows it to be made up of shell, 11.4 per cent; water, 65.7 per cent;
fat, 8.9 per cent; protein, between 11 and 13 per cent. Of the total dry
matter in an egg, including the shell, there is 35.6 per cent ash, 25.9 per
cent fat and from 33 to 38 per cent protein.

A study of the above analyses will show clearly the importance of
supplying a liberal allowance of both protein and ash matter in the rations
of poultry. While a considerable amount of fat is contained in the body
composil^n, this is amply supplied in the ordinary grains which are to be
had on any farm, all of which contain an abundance of carbohydrates and
fat — the source from which body fat is supplied. With the protein and
ash matter this is not the case, as the ordinary grains, as a rule, are
seriously lacking in these compounds. This being true, the poultry feeder

EIGHTH ANNUAI YEAR BOOK— PART X. 607

must make up this deficiency from some other source which will supply
the same in a palatable and concentrated form at a minimum cost.

A gneat variety of feeding stuffs may be used to good advantage at
the different seasons of the year. So far as possible those grown on the
farm or those which can be had at any of the feed stores should constitute
the major portion of the ration. These should be supplemented by the
use of concentrated feeding stuffs which contain a high percentage of
both protein and ash matter.

Animal Feeds. — The by-products of the packing houses furnish by all
odds the most valuable and economical source from which to secure the
necessary protein and a large amount of the ash matter. These consist
of highly nitrogenous feeding stuffs, made from meat scraps, dried blood
and dried fish. Blood meal, for instance, is a concentrated food, con-
taining a large percentage of protein. The method of preparing the same
is so complete that it is absolutely free from any source of infection.
When fed in mashes it gives excellent results in the feeding of growing
chickens and laying hens. This is especially true when fed in conjunction
with corn meal and the other common farm grains. Meat meal may also
be used to good advantage in the feeding of the hen flock for egg produc-
tion, but is not so good as the blood meal for chickens, due to the fact
that it is composed of more bulky material.

Bone Meal. — Bone meal made from the steamed bones is also much
relished and serves an excellent purpose in supplying ash matter. Raw
bones, when ground up fine, make a very desirable food. Some form of
bone meal should always be supplied to the hen flock.

Lime. — A large amount of lime is utilized by laying hens in the manu-
facture of shells. This can be furnished them during the summer or
winter, if confined, by giving them finely powdered oyster shells, lime,
previously dried egg shells, or beef bone, finely ground. The egg-eating
habit is oftentimes forced upon hens by our failing to furnish them with
the necessary elements for the structure of the shell.

Milk. — Both sour skim milk and buttermilk are excellent feeds for
fattening poultry or for laying hens. Whenever obtainable they should
be fed, as no other feeding stuff has ever been found that will satisfactorily
take the place of these feeds.

Vegetable Food. — In compounding a ration for fowls, vegetable foods,
such as cabbage, turnips, mangels, carrots, clover and alfalfa, serve an
exceedingly valuable purpose in supplying the bulk and succulence. They
also may be used to good advantage in inducing regular and abundant
exercise. For instance, a cabbage may be suspended from the ceiling so
that it will hang above the floor within reaching distance of the fowls.
In this way they are induced to take exercise. Turnips and other roots
may be suspended in a like manner, or they may be fastened on a nail on
the wall. Clover and alfalfa make a valuable litter and also furnish some
food in the leaves, which are greedily eaten by the hens during the
winter season.

Graiyis. — A wide range of grains may be used to good advantage in
the feeding of the poultry flock. The kinds to use are those which are
most easily and cheaply obtained. For the laying hen wheat is the food
par excellence. From the standpoint of fattening corn is a most excellent

608 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. .

food. It should always be fed in the cracked or ground state. The
ground corn can be fed to best advantage in mashes with other grains,
while cracked corn gives best results, especially when fed to laying hens,
when it is scattered in the litter, as the hens must scratch for the same,
thus securing exercise. Buckwheat partakes somewhat of the nature of
corn and is a good fattening food. In order to accustom hens to it it is
well to boil it the first two or three times. After that they will usually
take to it readily.

Bran and shorts both serve an excellent purpose in a poultry ration, in
that besides furnishing growing material they tend to keep the digestive
system in a good, healthy condition.

Oats with the hulls on are somewhat bulky, and on this account are not
so desirable, but when hulled the oat grain for growing or fattening
poultry gives excellent results. It causes a development of firm flesh
which is so desirable in all poultry markets.

Barley, on account of its coarse hulls, is better to be ground and fed
in mashes with other grains. It, too, is somewhat of a fattening food,
thus should not be used extensively in the feeding of the laying flock.
Cooked barley, fed occasionally during the winter season, gives good
results.

Peas are used extensively in the fattening of poultry. For laying pur-
poses they are not very desirable. For fattening purposes cooked pea
meal has few equals.

There are many seeds, too, around the farm that can be used to good
advantage in the feeding of poultry. It should always be kept in mind
that variety in the rations is the secret of much of the success in poultry
feeding.

Oi'it.- — As a hen has no teeth, her food is masticated in what we call
the gizzard. This is a strong muscular sack with a strong membraneous
lining. This sack contains numerous small, sharp, hard stones, which
serve to crush and grind up the food that must pass through it. When
hens are confined they should be furnished with gravel or some other
substance from which they can secure the necessary "grit" with which
to grind food.

Pure fresh water should be supplied in abundance at all times.

In conclusion, the writer must again urge the importance of supplying
plenty of protein and ash compounds.

CARE OF THE CHICKS.

J. F. Scfiureman, Editor Comercial Poultry.

It would almost seem that at this day and age it would be superfluous
to try to advance any now thoughts, methods or theories in regard to the
proper care of the young chicks. It would seem that after the years of
careful investigation and thought that have been given the subject it would
be thoroughly mastered and that there would be no need for further
investigation or discussion. But such is not the case, by any means.
In fact there is not today a subject pertaining to poultry culture that

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 609

needs more thorough, painstaking investigation and discussion than this
one — "The Care of the Chicks."

The above statement is substantiated by the fact that not more than
50 per cent of the chicks that are hatched the country over ever reach
maturity or even marketable age. In fact we believe it safe to say that
nearly 50 per cent of the chicks hatched each year die before they are
four weeks old. If this is true — and we believe it is — it seems to us no
further argument is needed to prove that the careful investigation of this
subject is of the utmost importance.

It is a comparatively easy matter to hatch almost any number of
chicks, but an entirely different matter to raise the larger per cent of
them to maturity. There are almost numberless causes for the great
mortality among the chicks each season, among which may be mentioned
lack of inherited vitality, improper feeding, bowel trouble, lice, exposure,
white diarrhoea, etc., and occasionally the little fellows die off from causes
that are not explainable.

In a majority of cases the trouble is due to either carelessness or
ignorance on the part of the caretaker, and the lives of the chicks are
simply sacrificed, while in other cases they die in spite of the fact that
they receive the very best of care and attention. Even those who have
made a scientific study of the matter covering a period of years tell us
that ocasionally their chicks die from causes that are inexplainable.

How many of our readers can tell us the cause of white diarrhoea in
little chicks? We venture to say that not one poultryman in a thousand
can tell with any degree of certainty what causes it, though there are
hundreds who will make a guess at it. Numerous theories have been
advanced, and numerous remedies recommended, but we have yet to hear
of a sure cure for the disease when once it gets a foothold in a flock
of chicks.

Prof. James E. Rice, of Cornell University, has for several years been
making a careful study of the cause and cure — or prevention — of the
numerous diseases that cause the death of hundreds of thousands of
chicks yearly, and his investigations have led him to believe that one
great cause of mortality is the failure on the part of the digestive
organs of the chicks to properly digest the yolk of the egg remaining in
their bodies at the time of hatching. Mr. Rice says:

"If we can solve this one problem — the cause of the anaemic condition
of chicks that follows this failure to absorb the yolk of the egg — more
money will be saved in one year to the farmers and poultry raisers of
New York state than it costs to run the State Agricultural College for
ten years."

Mr. Rice says he is confident that environment has little, if anything,
to do with the disease, as has been generally supposed. When he first
began his investigations this theory was worked upon and followed up,
but as the investigation progressed it was found that the same conditions
existed under almost any and all circumstances — in dry places, in damp
places, in light brooding houses and in dark brooding houses; in fact he
found no conditions under which this trouble did not exist. Mr. Rice is

39

610 IOWA DEPAIJTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

confident, however, that the investigations being conducted will ultimately
solve the problem.

While there are some causes of mortality among the chicks that baffle
even the experts, there are other causes that are easily overcome if a
little care and common sense will be exercised. For instance, there is
no good reason why chicks should be lacking in inherited vitality, if the
ancestral stock has been properly bred and nourished; but some people
are foolish enough to imagine that they can get strong chicks from weak,
emaciated, anaemic, inbred stock, and are surprised when they get only
half a hatch (or less) of puny, weak, undersized chicks with barely
enough life and strength to get clear of the shell. Within twenty-four
hours they begin to die off, and it's dollars to doughnuts that not one of
them will be alive a fortnight after hatching. It takes good, rich, red
blood in the parent stock to produce strong offspring, and without this
inheritance the chicks are bound to be weaklings, totally unfit to success-
fully wage the battle for existence and growth and development.

When it comes to the proper feeding of chicks there is no need for
anyone remaining ignorant on this subject, as it has practically been
reduced to a science and the poultry papers are full of it. Not all writers
agree in every detail, but the methods employed by the successful, up-to-
date poultry men and women are essentially the same. The dry feeding
method is the proper one today — and the successful one — although occa-
sionally we find those who still stick to the old methods of our grand-
mothers and feed mushes and mashes and other soft food.

Something like a year ago we wrote an editorial on "Getting Back to
Nature," in which we advocated the rearing of the chicks along lines and
under conditions similar to those surrounding the young of the wild birds
of the prairie and forest. We said then — and still believe — that we coddle
and pamper the chicks altogether too much. Our very treatment of them
ofttimes has a tendency to make them delicate and proves a handicap
rather than a help to the little fellows. The newly hatched chicks of the
prairie hen, the grouse, the quail, etc., have no soft mashes prepared for
them, but pick up dry seeds, bugs, worms, tender grass shoots, etc., and
they live and thrive and mature into strong, healthy, vigorous birds. We
can imitate Nature's way of feeding by giving our chicks foods similar
to the above, instead of wet mashes, corn meal mush, etc., which often
becomes sour and unwholesome before it is eaten up, and more often
sours in the crops of the little fellows, causing all kinds of trouble.

It must be borne in mind that the baby chicks are delicate little things,
at best, and that they need not only warmth and protection, but foods
that are best suited to their needs and somewhat limited powers of
digestion and assimilation during the first few days of their existence.

Appreciating the importance of this subject and the value of a free
and full discussion of the same, the publishers of Commercial Poultry
have arranged with successful poultry men and women in every part of
the country to furnish us articles for publication, and the first installment
appears in this number as a symposium on "Care of the Chicks." It con-
sists of articles from nine different states, viz.: Maine, Massachusetts,
Virginia, Tennessee, Texas, Indiana, Ohio. Nebraska and Washington. In
our April and May numbers articles on the same subject will appear from

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 611

poultry men and women in other states, so that the entire country will be
covered. The writers of these articles are practical and successful poultry
raisers, and not theorists. This series of articles will be worth ten times
a year's subscription to Commercial Poultry, but nothing is too good for
our readers.

COST OF FILLING SILOS.

IJ. S. Department of Agriculture, Farmers' Bulletin No. 292, by Lyman

Carrier.

The data contained in the following pages were gathered in the months
of September of 1905 and 1906. The writer visited all of the thirty-one
farms mentioned in this paper and took notes on the number and
arrangement of men and teams, the machinery used and the length of
time taken, and he also made measurements of the silos, etc. Information
in regard to the quantities of twine and fuel used and the number of
acres cut was given by each individual farmer.

It was thought advisable to confine this inquiry to localities in which
the silo has been in use for several years. The places chosen were in
Jefferson and Fond du Lac counties, Wisconsin, and in Branch and
Lewanee counties, Michigan.

METHODS EMPLOYED.

The methods employed by the different farmers in filling their silos
varied greatly, no two being exactly alike. This was occasioned largely
by scarcity of help or teams and by the kind of machinery used. With
a few exceptions the different methods may be classified in three groups:

(1) The most common practice was to have one man with three
horses on a corn harvester cutting corn in the field; two men to load
the wagons in the field; three or four men with teams, depending on the
distance from the field to the silo, to haul the corn to the cutter; one
man to run the engine when steam was used for power, and, occasionally,
when gasoline engines were used, one man to feed the cutter and one
man in the silo to spread and tramp the silage. Each teamster pitched
off his own load. This makes a crew of eight or nine men, exclusive of
the man who tends the engine.

(2) In cases where there is a shortage of teams the following method
is generally practiced. One man, with three horses, cuts the corn; two
men load the wagons in the field; two men, or boys, with teams, haul the
corn to the cutter; one man unloads the wagons; one man feeds and one
man works in the silo. As soon as a load arrives at the cutter the
teamster changes his team for an empty wagon and goes back to the
field after another load. When a wagon is unloaded it is run out of the
way by hand. With this method boys who are not strong enough to
handle the green corn can be utilized to drive the teams. This method
requires a crew of six men and two boys, exclusive of the engine tender.

(3) When enough horses are available and help is scarce, the following
arrangement of men and teams is a good one. One man, with three

612

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

horses, runs the harvester in the field; four men with teams haul the
corn to the silo; one man feeds and one spreads the corn in the silo.
Low trucks or wagons with racks suspended below the axles should be
used, so that the teamsters can put on their own loads. This requires
a crew of seven men, besides the engineer.

Table 1 gives a comparison of these three methods.

Table 1. — Number and Aerangement of Men Employed in Filling
Silos by Various Methods.

Kind of Work

Method 1 Method 2

Method 3

Operating binder

Loading wagons

Driving teams

Unloading wagons

Feeding cutter

In silo

Total number of men.

Number of teams hauling

1
2

3 on
Teamsters
1
1

8 or 9
3 or 4

1

2

2 (boys)

1

1

1

1
0
4
Teamsters
1
1

The difference between methods is in the arrangement for loading,
hauling and unloadi-ig. When there is a sufficient number of teams the
teamsters do their own loading and unloading. When teams are scarce
two loaders and one unloader are needed; but boys may drive the teams
to and from the field.

In figuring out the cost of filling the silos were measured and the
amounts of silage determined from King's tables. It must be borne in
mind that these weights are for cured silage. The actual weights of
green corn put in the silos would be from 15 to 2.5 per cent greater than
those mentioned.

The cost of labor varied considerably. In order to compare the different
methods a uniform rate of 15 cents an hour was made for men and the
same for a team of two horses. Engine hire was rated at $4.50 a day,
which includes the engineer. This may be too high in the case of gasoline
engines, as they did not require attention all of the time; yet they caused
more delays from getting out of order than did the steam engines, which
probably offset the difference in attention demanded.

Twine was rated at 11 1-2 cents a pound, coal at $5 a ton and gasoline
• at 13 cents a gallon. No charge was made for wear and tear on
machinery or for boarding the help. Nearly every one of these men
owned his silage cutter. The others depended on hiring cutters. The
charge for an engine, engineer, silage cutter and one man to feed is
usually $10 a day.

Ten hours were considered a day's work. No deductions were made
for delays unless the helpers were set at some other work. The average
quantity of silage cut daily by each man was computed by dividing the
number of tons of silage cut by the total hours worked and multiplying the
result by ten.

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X.

613

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614

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

The average yield of silage per acre was 9.01 tons. The average cost
per ton of silage was 64 cents. The average amount of silage cut daily
per man was 4.9 tons. The average cost per acre for putting the corn in
the silo was $5.98.

AKEANGEMENT OF LABOE.

The following table shows the distribution of the men employed in
cutting, loading, hauling, feeding, etc.:

Table 3.— Arrangement of Labor in Filling Silos on Thirty-One

Farms.

Curing

a

Corn

60(0 X

Pitching Off

to

o

0)

a

C0

m

o

Remarks

O

6

d

0)

o

C

382

•a

a

a

■;:! t<

0^'

S5

S

K

^

35

Pi<

W

H

1

3

2

3

Teamsters.

1

0

0

7

2

3

1

1

3

1

1

8

3

3

3

i

1

1

1

11

Teamsters helped unload.

4

3

3

i

Teamsters.

1

1

10

5

3

3

3

Teamsters.

1

1

9

6

3

3

3

Teamsters.

1

1

9

7

i

0

4

Teamsters.

1

1

8

Changed teams on binder ev-
ery hour.

8

3

1

3

Teamsters.

1

1

8

9

3

2

3

Teamsters.

1

1

9

10

3

2

3

Teamsters.

•3

3

U

11

3

3

3

Teamsters.

1

0

8

Had man in silo last two days

13

3

2

3

1

1

1

8

One boy drove team.

13

3

3

6

Teamsters.

1

1

13

14

3

2

4

Teamsters.

1

1

10

15

3

3

3

Teamsters.

1

1

10

16

3

3

5

Teamsters.

*2

2

14

Did not use any twine.

17

3

3

4

Teamsters.

0

3

11

Engineer helped feed the
cutter.

18

3

2

3

1

1

1

9

Two men in silo last two days

19

3

3

3

Teamsters.

*2

2

12

20

3

0

3

1

0

1

6

21

3

3

3

Teamsters.

*3

0

8

23

3

3

4

Teamsters.

1

2

11

23

3

2

2

1

1

1

9

Zi

3

2

2

1

1

1

8

One boy drove team.

35

3

2

4

Teamsters.

1

2

13

Binder failed; cut mostly by
hand.

26

3

2

4

Teamsters.

1

2

11

One man in silo first day.

27

3

1

3

Teamsters.

1

1

8

28

3

4

4

Teamsters.

•3

3

14

29

3

2

?

1

1

1

9

30

2

4

1

4

Teamsters.

1

1

10

Three teams hauling first 2i
days.

31

1

3

3

4

Teamsters.

•2

2

1

13

•Cutter did not have self-feeding attachment.

The question at once arises. Why can some farmers fill their silos at
a cost of 46 cents a ton while it costs others 86 cents? Quite often the
higher cost is due to unavoidable causes, such as long hauls, lodged and
tangled corn, and accidents to machinery. In many cases, however, a poor
arrangement of the help is responsible for the extra expense. The best
method is that in which the working force is the most evenly balanced;
that is, where all are working continually. It is not necessary that men
and teams should be rushed to their fullest extent in order to get the
work done cheaply. Some of the most expensive work was conducted
with the greatest furore and hurry. The scheme where all are working

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X.

615

and no one is hindered by the others is the most economical. Too many-
men in the field for the number at the cutter, or vice versa, and too large
a crew for the size of the silage cutter are common sources of loss. Two
or three men and teams with loaded wagons waiting their turns to unload,
a similar condition in the field where they are waiting to be loaded,
or a delay owing to a lack of teams represents a decided loss of valuable
time. The factor that controls the size of the crew is the capacity of
the silage cutter.

At farm No. 28 too many men were employed (see Table 3). If there
had been only two men instead of four pitching on in the field, three
men instead of four with teams hauling, and one man instead of two
in the silo, just as much silage could have been cut in the same length
of time. The cutter was of medium size — too small for the number of
men supposed to be at work. Deducting the wages of the four men and
one team that were not needed would lower the cost of filling at this
place from 80 cents to 64 cents a ton.

A small cutter may be used almost as economically as a large one, but
most farmers wish to get the silo filling done as quickly as possible and so
prefer the larger machines. There was only 2 cents per ton difference
between the cost on farms 7 and 8, yet at No. 7 a new machine with an
18-inch cylinder was used, while at No. 8 a 13-inch cylinder machine that
had been in service eighteen years was still in use.

SIZE OF LOADS.

There seems to be an inverse ratio between the size of loads hauled and
the cost per ton for filling. It is unfortunate that a record of the total
number of loads was not kept for each farm. The importance of this
feature was not fully appreciated at the beginning of the study. The
table below gives the average size of load of ten farms where such a
record was kept. As before stated, the weights given are for cured silage
and are not the weights of the green corn as it comes from the field.

Table 4. — Relation of Size of Loads to Total Cost of Silage.

Number of Farm

Size of
Loads

Cost Per
Ton of
Silage

Number of Farm

1 Cost
Size of 1 Per Ton
Loads of

1 Silage

1 .

Tons.

1.37
1.54
1.00
1.16
.94

$0.46
.48
.51
.56
.62

16— —

Tons.

0.72 $0-63

2

19

.76 .67

26

.75
.90
.77

.77

10.- - -

fB

tt

.80

15

.m

The extra large loads hauled at farm No. 2 kept the cost remarkably
low. There was only one team with two wagohs hauling. Had smaller
loads been drawn, the help of the eight men employed could not have been
utilized to good advantage. ■ The men, teams and machinery at farm
No. 14, where the cost was 60 cents, were almost identically the same as
those at No. 26, where the cost was 77 cents. No record was kept of
the total number of loads hauled at these two farms, but the loads at
farm No. 26 were much smaller than those at No. 14, owing to a steep

616 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

hill that had to be climbed to reach the cutter. It is difficult to explain
in any other way the difference in cost of 17 cents a ton at these two
farms.

CEOPS USED.

At farm No. 22 a 20-acre field of alfalfa was ready to cut at silo-filling
time. The owner tried the experiment of putting the green alfalfa in
the silo, mixing it with corn. The alfalfa was cut with a mowing machine
and raked into windrows with a 2-horse hayrake. One man with a team
was set to hauling the alfalfa while three were hauling corn. It is not
a difficult matter for one man to put on a load of this green stuff alone.
The man who did this work would bring in five big loads a day^ estimated
at two tons each. The three men and teams hauling corn, with two
loaders in the field, would draw from 35 to 40 loads in that time. The
silo was an extra large one, over 38 feet in diameter, and so the two
crops were quite evenly mixed.

Corn alone was used at all of the other farms. There is considerable
difference of opinion as to the relative value of different varieties of corn
for silage. Some farmers grow very large southern kinds that do not.
mature grain in latitudes as far north as Michigan and Wisconsin.
Others prefer the ordinary dent sorts which produce a large percentage of
grain. The total amount of digestible matter per acre is about the same,
whether it is a large ensilage corn or the ordinary field variety, the
difference in bulk being mostly water. Some farmers combine the two
by planting one part of some large southern variety and two parts of
common field corn. This is said to make a very satisfactory silage.

CONDITION OF THE CROPS WHEN CUT.

A few years ago it was thought necessary to ensilage corn in an
immature state in order to have it keep. This made a sour silage with
a strong pungent odor. The consensus of opinion now favors letting
the corn go until the grain is fully matured. In ordinary seasons there
is a period, lasting but a few days, in which the corn ears are ripe and
the leaves and stalks are green. This is the ideal time for putting it in
the silo. If the corn is allowed to mature beyond this stage water should
be added to the cut material at filling time to prevent "fire fanging" of
the silage. The results of many chemical analyses show that the food
materials in the corn plant increase very rapidly as the plant approaches
maturity, and do not reach their maximum until it is fully ripe. Most
feeders prefer the silage made from mature corn because it contains less
acid and possesses a milder odor than it does when cut in a greener
condition.

EQUIPMENT HARVESTERS.

With the price of labor high and help difficult to obtain it becomes
necessary to take advantage of all the labor-saving machinery possible.
The corn binder has come to be almost indispensable at silo-filling time.
Most of the farmers whose work is described herein own their own
harvesters. The others were able to hire them.

The cost of cutting corn with a machine is about the same as when
it is cut by hand and laid in small bunches on the ground. But there is

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 617

a considerable saving of time in handling bundles rather than loose stalks.
It takes fully twice as long to unload the same quantity of corn when
loose as when in bundles. At farm No. 16 (Table 2) the corn was cut with
a harvester, but no twine was used. It is evident that the increased cost
of labor more than offset the saving of three or four cents per ton of
silage for twine. Several inventors are trying to construct a corn
harvester with an elevator attachment to load the corn as soon as cut
on a wagon driven alongside. Some of these machines give promise of
success.

WAGONS.

Until a loader has been perfected the style of wagon used in hauling
needs careful consideration. The rack should be as low as possible. A
low, solid-wheeled truck gives good satisfaction on smooth, level farms,
with short hauls. The draft is too heavy for other conditions.

The rack that is quite commonly used in Wisconsin consists of two
4-by-6-inch bed pieces, 18 or 20 feet in length, bolted together at one end
to form a V. On top of these timbers is built a rack 6 feet in width.
The bottom of this rack is about 8 feet long. The end boards are 4 feet
high, built flaring so they do not quite touch the wheels. The apex of
the V is suspended below the front axle of an ordinary farm wagon by
means of a long kingbolt. The other ends are attached below the hind
axle by U-shaped clevises. This rack can be easily made. The materials
needed in its construction are 80 board feet of 4-by-6-inch plank, 96 feet
of boards 1 by 12 inches, 22 feet of lumber 2 by 4 inches, one long kingbolt,
two stirrup rods and bolts and nails.

Hauling green corn is heavy, tiresome work, and too much attention
cannot be paid to details of method in order to avoid unnecessary lifting.
Before the advent of the corn harvester, when the corn was cut by hand
and hauled unbound, it was a common practice to have the cutter set
on a platform about 2^/^ feet above the ground. A man could pick up
an armful of corn on the wagon and, stepping on the platform, place
it on the feeding table. With the corn bound in bundles this arrange-
ment causes much extra labor; nevertheless many farmers still keep the
cutter upon the platform and lift the corn up to it when they could
much more easily drop it on the table if the cutter were down on the
ground.

SILAGE CUTTERS.

There are several first-class silage cutters on the market — machines
that will cut the corn as fast as two men can pitch it on the table. The
self-feeding table that is found on most of the modern cutters saves the
labor of at least one man. This table should be long enough to hold
two bundles of corn lapped at the bands.

ELEVATORS.

There are two types of elevators in general use. One is the old-style
slat, or rattle carrier, and the other is the blower, in which the cut corn
is forced up through a tube by means of a current of air. The chief
objection to the blower machine is that it takes so much power to run it.
While the blower requires more power to operate than does the slat

618 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

carrier, very few blowers require more than a 12-horsepower engine.
With but one exception the power used on any one of these 31 farms
would have been sufficient to run a medium-sized blower machine, and
in most cases would have handled the largest machines without any
trouble. It is interesting to note that blower machines were used by the
five men having the lowest cost per ton of silage. Where the carrier
elevators were used it cost on an average 65 cents per ton to fill the silo,
while it cost those who used the blower elevators 61 cents. A carrier
unless covered on top and fitted with a return trough underneath is very
untidy, especially during windy weather. At one place there was litter
to the depth of half a foot about the silo that had blown out of the
carrier. This trouble is avoided by the use of the blowers.

The blower pipe should stand as nearly perpendicular as possible. In
one case that was called to the writer's attention a blower at first proved
unsatisfactory. The trouble lay in having the cutter set too far from
the silo, with the pipe leaning at an angle of 30 degrees from the per-
pendicular. The pipe clogged frequently, and a 12-horsepower engine was
insufficient to handle the cutter when it was crowded to anything like its
full capacity. After two days of annoyance and discouragement the
owner changed the position of the machine, putting it close to the silo.
The difference could be noticed at once. There was no further trouble
from lack of power, and it was impossible to clog the pipe by overfeeding.

SILAGE DISTRIBUTERS.

In a silo more than 36 feet in depth it is not necessary to have a
man to tramp the cut corn. If the surface is leveled two or three times a
day while filling, the silage will pack sufficiently to keep. But there is one
objection to doing this. If the cut corn is allowed to pile up in the form
of a cone, the heavier parts will roll to the outside of the pile and the
grain and leaves will not be evenly mixed.

Several devices have been invented for distributing the cut material
in the silo, but few of them are successful. One of the most satisfactory
distributers where a blower is used consists of two boards, 8 or 10 inches
wide and about half as long as the diameter of the silo, nailed together
at right angles to form a trough. A 12-inch board is nailed over one end
of this trough, the other end being left open. For use, the trough is sus-
pended from the roof with the open side downward and the closed end to-
ward the center of the silo. The open end rests above the top of the
blower pipe. As the cut material leaves the pipe it follows along this
trough until it strikes the closed end; then it is scattered about the silo.
If a little care is exercised in adjusting this device, it will give very good
results.

PABTNERSHIP ARRANGEMENTS AMONG FARMERS.

The high cost of machinery for cutting silage and the difficulty in se-
curing help prevent many farmers from building silos. It is highly im-
portant to be able to get an outfit when it is needed. An early frost or a
spell of hot, dry weather may so affect the crop that it is necessary to fill
the silo several days before the usual time. For this reason a man should
own his cutter and engine, especially if enough silage is cut each year to
warrant this outlay of capital. It is usually easier to hire an engine than

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 619

it is a cutter. For this reason many buy the latter and depend on being
able to rent the former when it is needed. The next best arrangement
to owning an outfit individually is for two or three farmers in the same
neighborhood to buy the necessary machinery in partnership.

The owners of farms Nos. 14, 17. and 26 bought a silage cutter to-
gether. At filling time each man furnishes two laborers and one team
while the others are filling. By varying the seeding time in the spring
they have been able to control the time of harvesting so that all three
get their silos filled with corn in good condition.

THE SILO FOR IOWA FARMS.
Martin Rittenhour. loica State Register and Farmer.

I believe I voice the opinion of all when I say that in this day of ad-
vancement and with high-priced land we can ill afford to take a backward
step. I wish to say a few words about siloG and their importance to the
Iowa farmer. It is a well known fact that we take to new things very
slowly and we are all too slow in availing ourselves of such improvements
over old methods that appear to be beneficial. In my opinion nothing can
be of more real value to the modern farmer who owns his farm than the
silo. It was some years before I could convince myself that the silo was
the thing for me to build on my farm. I studied silos, made inquiries about
them and finally I visited a farm where a farmer had had one for three
or four years and in talking to him I became fully convinced that prosper-
ity and a silo went hand in hand.

Deciding to build one 1 built a silo sixteen feet in diameter and thirty
feet high, not including the foundation. For machinery to fill it I used
a self-feed cutter with a 36-foot elevator run by a gasoline engine. With
this machine we can cut and, elevate from six to eight tons per hour. If
I have to haul the corn very far I use four teams and five wagons, with
one man in the field to help load and one in the silo to help pack the cut
corn. After having had some experience I believe it a most excellent plan
to keep the silage well tramped. It begins to ferment in two or three
days. In filling I fill the silo as full as I can and then in a few days
1 fill it again after it has become settled. For teams, men and gasoline it
costs me about $30 per day. It requires about one and one-half days to fill
it at first and about a half day to complete it after it has settled.

My silo will hold about one hundred tons of silage and it costs me about
$70 to put it up and care for that amount of first class feed. It requires
from ten to twelve acres to fill the silo and the nearer the corn is to ma-
turity the better the silage for feed. Moisture is necessary to preserve
the silage and if the silo is filled in a dry time or when the corn is very
ripe water will have to be supplied, which is most conveniently done by
pumping it into the elevator as the cut corn is being elevated. A good
time to fill a silo is of a damp day when it is too wet to thresh.

I regard the feeding qualities of silage the very best cheap feed we
can provide. It has given me the best results when fed with a grain ra-
tion, but 1 have been fairly successful in feeding it alone. WTien my
stock has plenty of it they care but very little for hay. I feed it to all
kinds of stock, even the hogs seem to relish and enjoy a ration of silage.

620

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

With good silage I know we can produce beef at a profit, for it saves
a good deal of heavy expense for so much valuable feed. I have not car-
ried on any carefully conducted experiments with feeding silage, but judg-
ing by the condition of the stock it seems to fill the bill all right.

Prom tests made, it is safe to conclude that silage is a good feed as well
as a cheap one, and is so easily available for immediate use that for stock
raising it is of the best. With me a well-filled silo for winter the feed
problem is solved and it is always ready and available. During the cold-
est of the winter the silage will freeze around the walls of the silo, but
as soon as warmer weather prevails the silage will thaw out and drop
down, and as far as I have been able to observe there is no difference in its
feeding value. Stock seem to relish it either way.

The question for many to solve is, "Can I afford to build a silo?" Of
course this depends on several things. A silo will not furnish the brains to
fill it or to feed out the silage. I believe it is a mistake to plant the corn
so thick that ears will be scarce. Without ears I regard silage very poor
feed. When the corn has few ears or is immature the sugar turns to acid
and does not make an ideal feed. One stalk with a good ear on it is
worth four stalks without ears.

OATS.

V.\RIETIES, SEED, SJIUT, SEED-BED, SEEDING.

From Bulletin No. 96, Experiment Station, Iowa State College of Agri-
culture and Mechanic Arts.

The past season had a most unfavorable influence upon the oat crop
of the state. The scarcity of suitable seed oats is very forcibly brought
to the attention when we consider that there is not enough of the
1907 crop of standard weight (32 lbs. per bu.) to sow the fields that
will go into oats this spring.

The oats are extremely light, being from 30 to 50 per cent hull, and
average from 16 to 25 pounds per bushel. There are comparatively
few exceptions where they weigh more than the maximum given.

Percentage of Hull in Oats Grown in Favorable And Unfavor-
able Seasons.

Favorable 1906

Unfavorable 1907

Variety

u

C

u

a

si

Kherson — .

36
35

35

36

33

3^

31

36

3:3

34

35

32

31

36

28
28
28
28
31
32
27
35
25
32
31
28
36
36
3o

24i
22i
24
23^

18
19
20
19
20i
17

m

16
20
19

34
35
39
40
39
41
45
39
49
43
45
50
43
45
49

Joanette

Green Russian _.

Early Champion

White Russian

Irish Victor

National

Myrick

Wisconsin No. 4

Early Gotham

Silvermine -_ . . ._

Minnesota No. 6

Siberian _

Dun

Tartar King

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X.

621

The question confronting a very large number of Iowa farmers is,
"What am I to do for seed oats this spring?"

It is to be noted that Iowa devotes on an average 4,144,463 acres
annually to oats having an average yield of 29.5 bushels per acre,
a total of 123,422,880 bushels worth $35,764,205.00.

*IOWA'S OAT CROP, 1903-1907.

Year

M
BS
4)

O
<

a)
a

■a

Average
price
per
bushel

2 a «
o tS >

1903 .

3,822,822
4,018,980
4, 177, .545
4,166,800
4,536,170

35.9
29.4
33.8
34.0
34.5

99,012,660
118,435,570
146,439,240
143,036,530
111,190,400

$ .30
.26
.25
.27
.39

$39,703,987
30,793,284
36,60^,810
38,. 349, 878
43,384,263

1904

1905 .--

1906

1907 -

Average

4,144,463

29.5

123,422,880

.294

$^5,764, 205

*Year Book, Iowa Dept. of Agriculture.

The past season has been a very exceptional one. It has influenced to
a marked degree all varieties of oats. Those which have proven the
best in yield during a period of years with favorable conditions, though
affected by the unfavorable conditions of the past season, have stood
the test, proving to be varieties of high yielding value.

The oat crop is one of the most neglected. The matter of special
varieties, preparing the seed, treatment for smut, and proper preparation
of the seed bed is generally overlooked. This kind of management has re-
sulted in a low income per acre until it has become common to hear the ex-
pression that "Oats are not a paying crop but are necessary for a
rotation."

It is the purpose of this bulletin to assist farmers in selecting their
seed oats, treating the seed, and preparing the seed bed. Proper at-
tention to these matters will add millions of bushels annually to the
Income of the state.

THE VARIETY TEST.

During the past ten years 70 varieties of oats have been grown at the
Iowa Experiment Station. These have been raised on plats of equal size
and of as nearly equal fertility as the Station fields will permit;
so that the unprofitable kinds could be weeded out and a higher average
maintained. This average deals with both yield and quality and the
varieties dropped have been discarded for low yield, poor quality or
lack of power to resist disease and drought.

The number of days growth required by these varieties ranges from 90
to 110. While it may be said that early oats are usually the best yielders,
still some of the medium varieties ripening in from 95 to 100 days have
done fully as well, and in some seasons have even exceeded them. The
comparative yield of these two groups is largely a matter of season and
depends upon the weather conditions at the time of flowering and
filling. In years like 1906, with its splendid growing season, the best
medium varieties out-yield the earlier ones. In seasons with very hot.

622

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

wet weather during the flowering period, the earlier oats may be out of
danger before these evil conditions arise.

In order to be safe it is recommended that the farmer raise a field
of each, an early and a medium variety. There is also the advantage
of distributing the labor at harvest time and of not being obliged to
cut part of the crop after it is dead ripe and shattering badly.

How the Test Was Conducted. — The original test was started with 13
varieties in 1898. During the five years 1898 to 1902, inclusive, this
number was increased to 36. Of these, 23 give sufl&cient data to war-
rant the drawing of some conclusions. The results of these years work
will be found in the tibles on pages 624 to 627.* Of these varieties
only six have continued through the last five years (1903-1907), and
of these six only one, Silvermine, can be said to have held a place as a
leading oat of the state. These are seen in the following table:

AVERAGE FOR FIVE YEARS, 1898-1902.

Variety

bote <»

Early Champion

7-12
7-26
7-24
7-25
7-24
7-26

51.6
49.7
49.6
49.0
46.8
40.0

3U

Siberian

Green Mountain

Joauette

Silvermine - - ..

29
30

29i

White Russian

273

During the last five years (1903-1907) 44 varieties have been grown.
Some of these have only been raised one year and do not have suffi-
cient data for conclusions, but there are 25 with more than a two year
record. These are arranged in tabular form on pages 628 to 631, and
their average on page 628.

Of the six original varieties still grown at the Station, the Silvermine
now has a place at the top of the list in the average of the last three
years yields. The second place has been taken by the Kherson, a
Turkestan (60 day) oat, first raised at Ames in 1903. In the average
for four years and for five years the Kherson has outranked the Silver-
mine in yield. The two may be considered of equal value from the
standpoint of yield. Silvermine ripens in from 95 to 100 days; the
Kherson in from 90 to 95 days.

*The same number is retained by a variety tbrougliout five years.

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X.

623

The relative merits of the oats we have been growing for the last
three years is well set forth in the following chart showing the average
yield for the last five, four and three years respectively:

AVERAGE YIELD OF OATS FOR FIVE, FOUR AND THREE YEARS AT AMES.

Five Year9-1903-1907

Variety

«=*

:oa

Four Years— 1904-1907

Variety

Three Years— 1905-1907

Variety

^s

Kherson

Silvermine --

Joanette

W. Alaska -

Early Champ
Siberian

54.9

303

47.1

m

45.1

29

42.8

31J

42.3

m

41.7

24?

Kherson

Silvermine

Wis. No. 4

W. Russian _-
Minn. No. 36.

National

.Toanette

W. Alaska

Minn. No. 6

Irish Victor ..
Early Champ
Siberian

32.4
55.8
52.1
50.9
50.9
19.8
49.8
49.7
48.6

47.5
4S.8
42.5

Tartar King

Silvermine

Kherson

Wis. No. 4

W. Russian

National

Minn. No. 26

.Toanete

Irish Victor

Minn. No. 6

W. Alaska

60 Day

Siberian

Early Champ.

Russ. (Brnner)

Tartar King

Danish

White Tartar

Canadian

Sparrowbill

Dun

29J
30i
31J

281
301
27i
29i

2ri

2S\

32J

30

273

3IJ

27

28]

26

27

30J

23

26

The average yield of oats for the state during the period of time
shown in the chart above has been:

For 5 years, 1903-1907 inclusive 29.6 bu.

For 4 years, 1904-1907 inclusive 30.4 bu.

For 3 years, 1905-1907 inclusive 30.7bu.

The average yield of all varieties at the Experiment Station for
three years, 1905-1907 inclusive, has been 47.7 bushels. This includes
20 varieties, ranging from 62.5 to 26.2 bushels per acre.

From these figures it may be seen that, after considering all other
factors that influence yield, the general use of a superior variety of
oats would add from eight to ten bushels to every acre grown.

624

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

VARIETY TEST OF OATS.
FIVE years' average— 1898-1902 inxlcsive.

Maturity

Yield

Variety

a

(D

p.

n

■a

%'^

h

C to

O 4)

ca'O

>*

SJ

-J

<

Z

5" ^='

1. Early Champion

2. Earlj' Dawson

6. Black Kussian

1. Dep't Imp. No. 534

5. Texas Ked Rustproof --

t>. Dep't Imp. No. 541

7. Dep't Imp. No. 533

8. Dep't Imp. No. 545

9. New Salt Lake

10. Siberian

11. Imp. Clydesdale

12. White Belgian

13. Lincoln

14. Illinois

l'>. Nebraska Goldmine

16. Green Mountain

17. Silvermine

18. White Swede

19. Joanette

20. White Russian

21. New Zealand Rustproof

22. New Zealand

23. Probesteier

4

7- 6-00

7-21-02

4

7-11-01

7-25-02

4

7-11-01

7-28-02

3

7-14-0O

7-29-02

4

7- 5-01

7-28-02

3

7-14-01

7-2J-02

3

7-14-01

7-29-02

2

7-12-00

7-30-02

7-19-00

7-29-02

7-19-00

7-29-Oa

7-17-00

7-30-02

7-17-00

7-28-02

7-18-0O

7-29-03

7-18-0O

7-29-02

7-18-0O

7-30-02

7-20-00

7-30-02

7-17-0O

7-29-02

7-19-00

7-?.>-02

7-19-0O

7-31-02

7-2301

7-31-02

3

7-23-01

7-30-99

3

7-21-00

7-31-02

2

7-25-00

7-29-99

7-12
7-17
7-18
7-19
7-19
7-20
7-20
7-21
7-23
7-23
7-23
7-23
7-23
7-24
7-24
7-2 i
7-24
7-^
7-25
7-26
7-26
7-27
7-27

99
97
99
102
101
106
104
103
104
103
103
104
107
101

lot

101
105
107
101
110
104

31i

304

29

28i

28i

2Ji

273

25

27i

29

311

28

29

29J

28

30

29i

27J

29i

273

2Si

25i

24|

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X.

625

VARIETY TEST OF OATS.

1899.

Variety

Maturity

Yield

p'O

01

P3

.Sfs

Early Champion

Early Dawson

Black Russian

Dep't Imp. No. 534

Texas Red Rustproof

Dep't Imp. No. 511

Dep't Imp. No. 533

Dep't Imp. No. 515

New Salt Lake

Siberian

Imp. Clydesdale

White Belgian

Lincoln

Illinois

Nebraska Goldmine

Green Mountain

Silver mine

White Swede

.loanette

White ■ Russian

New Zealand Rustproof

New Zealand

Probesteier

Dep't Imp. No. 546

Dep't Imp. No. 527

Dep't Imp. No. 538

Dep't Imp. No. 613

Dep't Imp. No. 536

Dep't Imp. No. 617

Dep't Imp. No. 613

Black Tartarian

Russian Dep't Imp. No. 3800-
Russian Dep't Imp. No. 2963.
Domestic Clydesdale

4-15
4-15
4-15
4-34
4-15
4-23
4-23
4-23
4-15
4-15
4-15
4-15
4-15
4-15
4-15
4-15
4-15
4-15
4-15
4-15
4-15
4-15
4-15
4-22
4-23
4-22
4-24
4-22
4-24
4-22
4-15
4-18
4-18
4-15

7-12
7-19
7-20

7-24
7-23
7-31
7-25
7-23
7-25
7-25
7-25
7-27
7-25
7-25
7-27
7-30
7-29
7-39

7-26
'7"24'

101

100
99
lOO
101
99
101
101
101
103
101
101
103
106
105
105

102

ioo'

63.5
59.1
61.3
73.0
64.5
81.0
54.8
63.2
54.5
58.1
54.3
60.0
47.6
45.5
58.0
52.5
68.0
48.3
54.5
36.3
30.0
48.3
42.6
71.8
67.5
57.2
56.4
51.6
35.5
a5.4
26.9
34.0
21.2
6.0

28

25

26

25

25i

24

34

22

25

28

25

34

25V

26

26

25

25

25J

22

23

26

24

25

25i

30J

261

22i

26

22

29

21

18

40

626

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

VARIETY TEST OF OATS.
1900.

Variety

Early Champion

Early Dawson

Black Russian

Dep't Imp. No. 534

Texas Red Rustproof

Dep't Imp. No. 541

Dep't Imp. No. 533

Dep't Imp. No. 545

New Salt Lake

Siberian

Imp. Clydesdale

White Belgian

Lincoln

Illinois

Nebraska Goldmine

Green Mountain

Silvermine

White Swede

.Toanette

White Russian

New Zealand Rustproof

New Zealand

Probesteier

Dep't Imp. No. 538

Dep't Imp. No. 617

Dep't Imp. No. 546

Dep't Imp. No. 536

Dep't Imp. No. 527

Dep't Imp. No. 612

Dep't Imp. No. 613

Russian Dep't Imp. No. 3963

Russian Dep't Imp. Imp. No. 2800.

Maturity

4-14
4-14
4-14
4-14
4-14
4-14
4-14
4-14
4-14
4-14
4-14
4-14
4-14
4-14
4-14
4-14
4-14
4-14
4-14
4-14
4-14
4-14
4-14
4-14
4-14
4-14
4-14
4-14
4-14
4-14
4-14
4-14

z

Yield

m o
si ^

n

a-

7- 6

83

47.8

7-12

87

53.8

7-15

92

40.0

7-14

89

48.8

7-16

93

47.5

7-18

95

50.3

7-16

93

54.1.

7-13

87

72.5

7-19

96

63.1

7-19

96

57.7

7-17

94

48.4

7-17

94

47.3

7-18

95

55.3

7-18

95

55.6

7-18

95

58.4

7-20

97

62.5

7-17

94

49.4

7-19

96

61.9

7-19

06

44.4

7-25

102

42.2

7-24

101

26.9

7-21

98

40.0

7-35

102

27.8

7-13

88

53.4

7-20

97

53.5

7-15

92

50.0

7-13

88

49.7

7-18

95

47.8

7-17

94

46.9

7-18

95

36.9

7-13

88

36.9

7-13

88

33.7

31|

29

27

29i

24^

291

281

25

25J

271

28i

24^

39

29

231

311

36J

34

271

27i

26i

2^

25

23i

27

2^

26J

27i

284

29

26%

28|

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X.

627

VARIETY TEST OF OATS.

1901.

Variety

Maturity

Yie

a

^

Q.

u.

U

Z'i

m

u

<a

<D

aa

ss

ca

a-d

-3 a

O

Q

z

ca

1. Early Champion

2. Early Dawson

3. Black Russian

4. Dep't Imp. No. 534

5. Texas Red Rustproof

6. Dep't Imp. No. 541

7. Dep't Imp. No. 533

9. New Salt Lake

10. Siberian

11. Imp. Clydesdale

12. White Belgian

13. Lincoln

14. Illinois

15. Nebraska Goldmine

16. Green Mountain

17. Silvermine

18. White Swede

19. .Toanette

20. White Russian

21. New Zealand Rustproof -—

Pioneer

Imported

Garton's Tartar King

Sweden Dep't Imp. No. 5471

4-18

7- 9

83

45.0

4-18

7-11

84

49.2

4-18

7-11

84

.59.7

4-18

7-14

87

54.5

4-18

7-23

78

53.5

4-18

7-14

87

49.5

4-18

7-14

87

44.0

4-18

7-22

95

45.9

4-18

7-22

95

42.4

4-18

7-23

96

30.0

4-18

7-23

95

48.5

4-18

7-22

95

54.7

4-18

7-23

96

55.9

4-18

7-23

96

51.8

4-18

7-23

96

44.5

4-18

7-22

95

58.4

4-18

7-22

95

43.9

4-18

7-24

97

50.0

4-18

7-23

96

50.3

4-18

7-23

96

55.5

4-18

7-21

94

49.8

4-18

7-20

93

41.4

4-18

7-20

93

32.9

4-18

7-23

96

26.7

3^

41i

3^

31

37J

354

30J

384

38J

42i

39

3Si

37^

;«3

40

38J

39

37J

37i

373

38J

35i

40

42

VARIETY TEST OF OATS.
1903.

Variety

Maturity

Y'ield

c
o

Oi

<a

cS

Q

4)
ft

'u
<a
cS

Q

z

u

M

a-

1.

0

Early Champion

3-27
3-27
3-27
3-27
3-27
3-27
3-27
3-27
3-27
3-27
3-27
3-27
3-27
3-27
3-27
3-27
3-27
3-27
3-37
3-27
3-27
3-27
3-27
3-27
3-27

7-21
7-35
7-28
7-39
7-2S
7-29
7-29
7-30
7-29
7-29
7-30
7-28
7-29
7-29
7-30
7-30
7-29
7-29
7-31
7-31
7-31
7-28
7-31
7-26
7-26

116
120
123
134
123
134
134
135
124
124
125
123
13i
124
135
135
134
134
136
126
126
123
126
121
121

60.0
21.5
52.9
48.2
49.7
40.0
64.1
51.5
40.3
34.1
51.5
37-0
48.3
54.1
38.3
38.8
37.3
31.3
50.9
40.0
43.2
49.1
27.3
26.7
21.5

30
25

3

Black Russian _ _

28

4

Dep't Imp. No. 534 — -

28i

5.
6.

7

Texas Red Rustproof

Dep't Imp. No. 541

Dep't Imp. No. 53:3

29
Z7i

8.
9.
10

Dep't Imp. No. 545

New Salt Lake

Siberian u

26
23i
25

n

Imp. Clydesdale

27i

13.

White Belgian

Lincoln - _ -.. . _ _

24

35

14.

Illinois

Nebraska Goldmine -- — - - -_ - - — -

25
24

T>

Green Mountain . — _ — . _.

23

IT.

IS

Silvermine

White Swede '. .

28

19

Joanette .. ..

274

?0

White Russian .

231

23.

New Zealand

Sweden Dep't Imp. No. 5471 — _

25i
27

Goldflnder .

23

Pioneer .

20

Garton's Tartar King . . _. .

21i

628

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

VARIETY TEST OF OATS.

FIVE YEARS AVERAGE — 1903-1907 INCLUSIVE.

Variety

Maturity

is «

a m

O CO

;3 U

P P.
03

^.

Sixty Day

White Alaslia —
Early Cliampion -

Ktierson

Green Mountain .
Wisconsin No. l
Minnesota No. 6 .

Tartar King

Canadian

Myrick

Early Gotham __-
Minnesota No. 26

Silvermine

Green Russian .-.

National

Irish Victor

Russian (Bruner)

Danish

Siberian

Joanette

White Bonanza ..

Dun

Sparrowbill

White Tartar

White Russian --.

.s

7- 8-06

5

7- 8-06

5

7- 8-06

.•>

7- 8-OS

3

7-13-04

4

7-16-04

4

7-17-04

!>

7-1S-06

3

7-18-06

2

7-18-»3

2

7-2O-06

4

7-1800

5

7-18-05

2

7-20-06

4

7-20-Ot

4

7-18-06

3

7-18-06

3

7-22-06

5

7-20-06

5

7-22-06

3

7-10-04

3

7-23-07

3

7-22-0'3

3

7-25-06

4

7-2.5-06

7-18-07
7-23-03
7-19-07
7-21-03
7-23-03
7-25-07
7-25-07
7-24-Or
7-25-07
7-26-07
7-24-07
7-25-07
7-25-05
7-23-07
7-25-07
7-29-05
7-26-07
7-25-07
7-29-0.5
7-29-05
7-20-05
7-29-a5
7-31-05
7-31-05
8- 2-Qi

7-14

93

3

48.3

7-15

93

5

42.8

7-15

92

5

42.3

7-16

94

5

54.9

7-17

95

3

43.8

7-21

101

4

52.1

7-21

101

4

48.3

7-21

100

4

37.7

7-21

lOO

3

37.4

7-22

90

2

55.2

7-22

lOO

2

51.8

7-23

101

4

50.9

7-22

lOO

5

47.1

7-23

98

2

50.7

7-23

101

4

49.8

7-23

103

4

47.5

7-23

100

3

46.7

7-24

ia3

3

42.0

7-2 1

101

5

41.7

7-25

las

5

45.1

7-25

104

3

42.5

7-26

104

3

36.2

7-27

105

3

31.2

7-29

107

S

41.8

7-30

109

4

50.9

30
31i

30i

30^

313

29

28i

26

30i

25

25

27

28V

23^

30i

27

27

26

241

29

25i

28

23

27

29i

VARIETY TEST OF OATS.
1903.

Variety

Maturity

Resistance

Yield

o

m

o

O

4)

n

(U

p

3

a

to

3
«

•o
o

60

•a
o

0)
m 0)

pa

u
a>

a—

9

White Alaska ..

4-18
4-18
4-18
4-18
4-18
4-18
4-18
4-18
4-18
4-18
4-18
4-18
4-18

7-23
7-18
7-21
7-23
7-24
7-21
7-25
7-25
7-20
7-23
7-25
7-25
7-23

96
91
94
96
97
97
98
98
93
96
98
98
96

7
60
18
20
35
18
8
8
80
45
18
12
35

15.0
36.2
2.5.0
31.2

3

4

5

Green Mountain - -

8

Tartar King .

13

Silvermine -

11.2
38.7
26.0
35.0
31.1
30.0

19

Siberian — .

?0

•Toanette .— _ — . --

Early. Dawson

Pioneer

Lincoln ___

Goklflnder

Danbury __. ._ .

1

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X,

629

VARIETY TEST OF OATS.
1904.

Variety

Maturity

Resistance

Yield

a

0

B

cS

Q

z

3

B
CO

-ts.

X

3

s

■d
o

m o
in <U

m

ft.-.
« ®

■OS

?,

White Alaska --

4-12
4-13
4-12
4-13
4-13
4-13
4-13
4-13
4-13
4-13
4-13
4-13
4-13
4-13
4-13
4-13
4-23

7-13
7-13
7-15
7-13
7-16
7-17
7-20
7-21
7-21
7-20
7-31
7-23
7-23
7-19
8- 2
7-23
7-22

92
91
94
91
95
95
98
99
99
98
99
100
101
97
111
101
90

0.9

0.1

0.

0.2

0.

0.

0.2

0.

0.2

0.1

0.

0.

0.

0.

1.5

0.

0.

80
70
50
70
6.5
50
80
65
65
65
40
40
50
75
40
20
70

-- -

70

30

0

2

40

30

75

35

40

20

5

5

15

2

40

4

3

47.5
35.5
57.5
36.6
37.2
41.9
18.4
48.4
36.6
41.2
35.3
28.7
45.6
46.9
44.1
62.5
29.7

29

s

27J

4

Klierson - - -

32

Green Mountain _ -

28

fi

23

7

Minnesota No. 6

2S

S

Tartar King _ -.

18

1?

25

18

Silvermine . . — .

26

T>

National

30

16.

Irish Victor

Siberian _.

24

16

90

Joanette _- _

28

?1

White Bonanza - . — .

27

?.5

White Russian ... .. _

31

Rustless -- -

31

Lincoln .- ..

25

Variety

Maturity

Resistance

a

^

a

Li

^

o

® »,

4->

m

Li

S n!

3

&o

(U

O

H

3

S

es

ct

3-3

c»

K

CO

G

Q

2

-<s.

-*

t»

3 a
n

r

1. Sixty Day

2. White Alaslia

3. Early Champion _.

4. Kherson

5. Green Mountain _.

6. Wisconsin No. 4

7. Minnesota No. 6

8. Tartar King

9. Canadian

12. Minnesota No. 26..

13. Silvermine

15. National

16. Irish Victor

17. Russian (Bruner)

18. Danish

19. Siberian

20. .Joanette

21. White Bonanza

22. Dun

23. Sparrowhill

24. White Tartar

25. White Russian

4-12

7-17

97

2.2

light

0.

4-8

7-15

98

25.2

med.

0.

4-8

7-15

93

10.2

light

2.5

4-8

7-17

100

0.9

light

10.0

4-8

r.-:15

98

12.6

light

0.

4-8

7-25

108

0.3

light

5.0

4-S

7-25

108

0.7

light

8.0

4-8

7-21

104

2.6

0

0.

4-12

7-21

100

1.3

0

0.

4-8

7-25

108

0.

bad

16.0

4-8

7-25

106

0.4

light

7.2

4-8

7-25

108

2.7

light

9.5

4-8

7-29

112

3.0

light

10.1

4-12

7-25

104

0.3

0

0.

4-12

7-25

lot

1.3

light

0.

4-8

7-29

112

2.5

0

0.

4-8

7-29

112

0.

light

5.0

4-8

7-29

112

0.7

light

0.

4-12

7-29

108

0.2

0

0.

4-12

7-31

110

0.2

0

0.

4-12

7-31

110

0.

light

0.

4-8

7-31

114

2.4

light

18.7

0
0

25

50

0

75

100

0

0

no

75
75

7r,

0
0

0

75
0
0

;)

0

32

a5i

35

30i

35i

37

34

31

33

31

33

33i

31*

32

28J

31

30i

32

28

.30

m

32

630

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

VARIETY TEST OF OATS.
1906.

Variety

Maturity

Resistance

Yield

d
o

*

O

a
'u

S cS

S
CO

m

D

K

a

S

•0
41
M

•d
0

u
id t-i
ffl

1°

1

4-13
4-12
4-12
4-11
4-11
4-11
4-11
4-13
4-12
4-13
4-11
4-13
4-16
4-16
4-12
4-11
4-12
4-16
4-13
4-12
4-12
4-12
4-13

7-8

7-8

7-8

7-8

7-18

7-18

7-18

7-18

7-18

7-20

7-18

7-18

7-20

7-32

7-18

7-18

7-33

7-30

7-32

7-25

7-22

7-25

7-25

87

87

87

88

98

98

98

97

97

99

97

97

95

97

97

98

101

95

101

104

101

104

104

7.0

"is'o"

7.0
light

I'.q"

5.0

0.

S.O

5

'light"

1

18

2"

1

light

0

64.8
52.3

54.7
61.6
72.4
67.4
54.6
68.6
84.2
78.7

n.6

30.0
65.3
58.2
69.6
63.6
34.3
58.1
59.6
35.6
54.2
65.0
69.0

33

9

White Alaska - --

35

•^

Early Champion _

35

4

36

fi

Wisconsin No. 4

Minnesota No. 6 _

36

7

35

S

Tartar King

36

q

Canadian

35

10

31

n

Early Gotham

33

IP

31

IS

3.0

5

34

14

32i

38>

Ti

National _- - _ --

1.0

light

1R

Irish Victor

33"

17

Russian (Bruner)

""7^0"

1.0
0.

""g'.q"

34

IS

Danish

Siberian - --

iq

10
light

io"

3?

90

Joanette

Dun -.-.....-

35

«?.

31

9?.

Sparrowbill

White Tartar

9<)

?4

3?

?T

White Russian _. — . „. _._

10.0

15

36

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X.

631

VARIETY TEST OF OATS.
1907.

Variety

Maturity

, D.

Z

Resistance

•o

V

"

^j

s

tc

m

ic

■a

s

S

o

O)

K

m

.J

■*

■*

■*

»

Yield

'- 2.— .
00 CJ , a

05 ^

1. Sixty Day

2. White Alaska

3. Early Champion

4. Kherson

6. Wisconsin No. i

7. Minnesota No. t>

3. Tartar King

9. Canadian

10. Myrick

U. Early Gotham -.

12. Minnesota No. 2(3

13. Silvermine

U. Green Russian -.

15. National

16. Irish Victor

17. Russian (Bruner)

18. Danish

19. Siberian

20. Joanette

21. White Bonanza -.

22. Dun

23. Sparrowbill

24. White Tartar

25. White Russian —
New Sixty Day
Kan. Sixty Day

Red Texas -^

American Banner

.Johnson

Dom. Clydesdale

Probesteier

Portland

Black Beauty

Imp. Clydesdale

Lincoln

G. G. Side Oats
Welcome

4-15
4-15
4-15
4-15
4-13
4-13
4-13
4-13
4-15
4-13
4-15
4-15
4-15
4-13
4-13
4-13
4-13
4-15
4-13
4-11
4-13
4-13
4-13
4-13
4-11
4-11
4-11
4-U
4-10
4-13
4-13
4-13
4-11
4-13
4-11
4-10
4-10

7-18

7-18
7-19
7-19
J-25
7-2.5
7-24
7-25
7-26
7-24
7-25
7-24
7-26
7-25
7-25
7-28
7-25
7-25
7-26
7-27
7-23
7-27
7-30
7-30
7-18
7-18
7-21
7-31
7-24
7-27
7-25
7-23
7-29
7-25
7-23
7-29
7-23

94
94
95
95
103
103
100
108
102
103
101
lOO
102
103
103
104
103
101
104
107
101
105
108
108

101
111
105
105
103
101
109
103
103
110
103

0.

0.

0.

1.0

0.

0.

1.5

0.

0.

1.2

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

3.7

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

1.5

0.

0.

4.0

1.0

0.

0.

8.5

0.

0.

0.

1.8

0.

0.

0.

4.9

79
78
9S
71
1
81
73
64
87
74
76
71
64
20
24
53
2
2
81
51
57
83
83
72
93
89
80
76
74

23

15

33
36
14
20
10
8
14
9
15
1

15

12

17

10

7

9

13

12

31

8

7

5

4

44

9

15

18

12

31

24

18

19

60

57

25

28

23i
24J
20i

0 16
19J
23
19
17

20i
24

19

18

15i

20

2^

18

19

13

18i

18

25

24

30

22J

163

19

17*

ISh

0 17i

2 : 18

8 I 15J
3 17

PREPARING THE SEED.

The practice of securing seed oats from the bin is both undesirable
and expensive. It is not uncommon for an endgate seeder to be backed
up to a bin and loaded with oats that have not been rehandled since
coming from the thresher.

An exceedingly small percentage of the oats used for seed have been
sufficiently fanned and cleaned. Seldom are they run through the
machine more than once. Once is not enough to make the proper
separations. A third and fourth time through is often necessary. It
may be conservatively said that from 25 to 40 per cent of the oats gen-
erally used for seed should have been eliminated. Take a handfull of
oats and examine them carefully. A large percentage will be found
to be small or of just medium size, and many extremely light because
they are largely composed of hull. By thoroughly fanning and grading,
the light oats will be fanned out. The larger, heavier grains should be
retained for seed, and the small and medium sized ones may be fed.
Oats for seed purposes should never weigh less than 28 pounds per

632

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

bushel. This may be considered low for the best results.

Undoubtedly a large amount of seed oats will be used this season
that has been grown outside the state. In such case, care should be
taken that they are properly cleaned and free from objectionable weed
seeds. Seed secured from the north may, under ordinary conditions, be
expected to give satisfaction (especially so this season). Oats from the
irrigated regions have not been tested sufficiently by this Station to
permit their being recommended for use in this district.

SMUT ADVANTAGES OF TREATMENT.

The occurrence of smut in the oat crop of the state is a serious prob-
lem and its effect is greatly underestimated. Comparatively few farm-
ers give this disease any attention whatever, and it is apparent that
every smutted head is an absolute loss.

In the years 1904-1906-1907 circulars were sent out to the members
of the Iowa Corn Growers' Association and the Short Course students
of the college, asking that they calculate the percentages of smut in the
crops of the ensuing season. The following replies were received:

In 1904 131 farmers 13 treated for smut
In 1906 84 farmers 7 treated for smut
In 1907 147 farmers 33 treated for smut

These counts represent:

19(M 321 fields of which 30 were treated for smut

1906 89 fields of which 8 were treated for smut

1907 248 fields of which 17 were treated for smut

The treatment of oats for smut with formalin is a simple process and
its effect as it is used by different farmers may be seen in the following
tables :

Post Office

Variety

« S

1907

Gamble, T. H

Miller, B. A

Iowa Experiment Station...
Iowa Experiment Station...
Iowa Experiment Station...

George, B. T...

Miller, W. J

Bberle, J. H

Hodson, .1. L

Behrens, O. C

NefC, C. H

Bennington, G. W

Bates, H. A

Hofier, J. T

Mead A. E

1906
Saunders, J. F

1905
Iowa Experiment Station...
Iowa Experiment Station...

1904

Bailey, .7. H

Ward. Walter E

Humboldt ...

Kalona

Ames

Ames

Ames

Janesville

Ankeny

Manilla

Agency

Volga

Liscomb

Volga

Algona

Nora Springs
Manchester .

Rudd

Ames

Ames

Diagonal

Kiron

Big 4

Progress

Wisconsin No. 4.

Silvermine

Kherson

Early Champion .

Early Champion

Kherson

80th Century

Early Champion .
Early Champion .
White

Early Champion

.Toanette

White Russian .

Early Champion

Average

0.

0.6

0.

0.

0.

0.

1.3

0.

0.3

0.5

0.4

0.4

0.

0.4

1.3

0.
0.6

2.7
2.7
0.4

0.

0.3

0.5

1.4

1.8

1.8

2.2

2.2

2.5

4.1

4.2

6.1

6.3

0.
2.4

5.4
5.4
3.9

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART X.

633

The following table shows the comparative results obtained in 1907
in 40 fields, 20 of which were treated and 20 not treated.

Treated

Not Treated

a

d

Variety

3
S

CO ■
•*

s

13

a
■d M

Variety

s

CO
-*

1

White Russian

2.7

2.7

1.3

0.9

0.8

0.7

0.6

0.6

0.5

0.5

0.4

0.5

0.4

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

21
22
23
24
2.5
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40

Green Russian

4th July

Early Champion

Early Champion

4th July

Swedish Select

June

Green Russian _.

11 7

?.

Klierson

11 6

R

Silvermine — . -- - --.

9 7

4

,5

Golden

Silvermine - - .

8.8
8 1

fi

Minnesota No. 26

7 9

7

7 5

8

Yellow

Swedish Select . . . „.

7.5

9

Early Champion

7 2

10

n

Early Champion

Silvermine

7.2

7 1

12

Early Champion _ -- — _ -

6 9

1R

Early Champion

6 7

14
15

Silvermine

White Gem . .

Early Champion

6.2
6 1

Ifi

Early Champion

Early Champion

4th July

Early Champion

Early Champion

Average

5 9

17
18
19
90

Early Champion

Lincoln

Early Champion

Silvermine —

5.9
5.9
5.8
5 4

Average

0.6

7.9

The average of the 80 fields given above shows tliat the treated
fields have an average of 0.5 percent smut while those that were not
treated have more than ten times that amount (5.9 per cent) or an
actual loss of 5.4 per cent of the crop. This means a loss of 1.6
bushels per acre when it would have cost but 8 cents per acre for
treatment. "When this is figured up to a 40-acre field we find the farmer
has sold 64 bushels of oats for about $3.00.

The formalin treatment for smut in oats is inexpensive. It is given
in detail in Bulletin 89, la. Exp. Station, which may be had on application.

PREPARATION OF THE SEED.

This is a much neglected operation, in fact, the practice very gen-
erally carried on is not to first prepare the seed bed before the oats are
put in, but rather to sow the grain, then disc and harrow that the seed
may be covered.

This will be shown by the following table which has been compiled
from answers received by the Department of Soils to a circular letter
sent out to the farmers of Iowa in 1905, inquiring as to the preparation
of the seed bed. Four hundred and fifty-two replies were received:

3.4 per

3.5 per
21.4 per
71.7 per
13.3 per
16.7 per
70. per

9.2 per
11. per

cent
cent
cent
cent
cent
cent
cent
cent
cent

Put oats on other than stalk grounds

Raked and burned corn stalks

Broke stalks

Neither broke, harrowed nor burned stalks

Disced ground before sowing the oats

Disced both before and after sowing

Disced after sowing oats

Harrowed both before and after sowing

Harrowed ground before sowing

634

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

97.5 per cent Harrowed after sowing
3.7 per cent Harrowed small grain after it was up
0. per cent No one reported rolling small grain

It will be observed that practically all sow oats on stalk ground and
that 71 per cent sow on unprepared stalk ground. Almost all harrow
in the oats after seeding, while 70 per cent disc the ground after sowing.

The burning of the stalks may be considered a wasteful practice.
Our soils in general are in need of humus making material. A good
sharp disc will cut the stalks up very well. However, it will have to be
admitted that the seed bed can be put in a much more satisfactory con-
dition for receiving the seed, insuring a more even stand, when the
stalks have been broken down, raked and burned. Many stalks interfere
with an even covering of the seed, especially where the stalks have not
been pastured and are heavy.

If the disc be sharp much of this trouble can be eliminated. To
prepare a suitable seed bed for oats, corn stalk ground should be disced
at least twice, lapping the disc half, and in addition to this it will pay to
double harrow. Some seasons may require more discing. Seldom can the
seed bed be prepared with less. The disc drill will be found especially
suited for putting in oats on stalk ground.

As to whether the ground should be harrowed afterward depends
largely upon conditions. In general it is not necessary when a good
seed bed has been prepared before hand. It is essential that the seed
be covered, and as evenly as possible, at a depth of from li^ to 2%
inches. A deep seed bed is not recommended, as oats respond better to
one more firm; 3 to 3% inches in depth is sufficient. It is all important
that the seed bed for oats be properly prepared for oats before the oats
are put in.

BATE OF SEEDING.

The amount of seed which should be sown on an acre will vary some-
what with the land and method of seeding. In all the experiments car-
ried on at this Station with reference to rate of seeding, a disc-drill
has been used. It will be seen by the following table that three
bushels per acre has, in every instance but one, given us a heavier
yield than has a less amount. The table shows the results for three
years work with an early and a medium variety:

Six Experiments Showing The Effect of "Rate of Seeding" Upon

Yield of Oats.

Rate Per Acre

1899

1906

19

d

pX

«

o

d

m 9)

043

a
o

S

d
o

OS

" 5

u

t- J-

V

>

<U

^,

J3

ijo

«

4 pecks

6 pecks

8 pecks

10 pecks

13 pecks

35.1

50.9

61.2

54.7

40.9

41.4

65.0

69.3

61.9

48.7

41.6

66.8

66.9

62.5

50.9

41.0

68.7

74.3

65.0

45.6

38.7

70.3

74.3

77.5

53.1

22.5
24.6
27.8
23.4
35.6

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART X.

635

DRILLING VS. BROADCASTING.

When the oats are sowed broadcast instead of drilled, a heavier seed-
ing is desirable as much of the seed remains uncovered or at best is only
shallowly buried and thus fails to sprout until several days late. This
produces a field that looks spotted all through the season.

The use of the drill is a much neglected point in the oat culture of
the state. It has been held that drilling is not a very important factor
with the oat crop, but it is evident that the drill not only saves seed
but also increases the yield.

In seasons like 1907 with its cold, dry spring it is surprising to note
the small number of acres required to offset the cost of a drill. Our
data shows an increase of over nine bushels per acre in favor of drilling.
Figuring this at 33 1-3 cents per bushel we find that less than 35 acres
would have paid for a drill last year. So large a difference would hardly
be expected in years more favorable to oat production, still an even
stand is always desirable. A large amount of broadcast seed never
comes up. The following table shows the results for the season of

1907with our two best varieties on plats side by side:

Table Showing The Loss Occasioned by Broadcast Seeding of Oats.

a

Disc Drill

Broadcast

u

u

S«

<D

<u

9

(U

1907 Variety

en Q

OJ o

^S

tn o

Q-H

o2

"3 ^

i:-fl

S'i

s^^

s: -^

m2

ssi^

6r2

(U 0)

cc o

■T, 3

(B a>

•T, ^

M ft

3a

«p

3 a

up

tf

n

^

CQ

^

2i
21

54.3
35.6

25
22

46.4
24.2

22

21

Average

44.9

m

35.3

m

In addition to the above advantages secured by drilling over sowing
broadcast, the drill has a decided advantage when oats are used as a
nurse crop. Grass seeder attachments may be purchased with the drill.
By drilling north and south the rays of the sun can more easily reach
the young clover and timothy plants than when the grain has been
sown broadcast. This is very helpful in producing plants that are
stronger and more vigorous.

CONCLUSION.

Iowa raises on an average of 29.5 bushels of oats per acre. The
highest yield in five years has been 34 bushels. The result of the work
at this Station shows that the yield of oats in Iowa can be substantially
increased. By the use of better varieties, a better quality of seed,
treatment for smut, better preparation of seed bed and drilling, this
average should be raised to more than 40 bushels per acre. Oats would
not then be merely "A crop necessary for rotation."

636 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

AMOUNT OF OATS TO SOW PER ACRE.

Farmers' Tribune.

There is considerable difference of opinion among farmers as to the
amount of oats to sow to the acre in order to obtain the best results.
It is true that no set rule can be laid down as to the exact amount of
seed to sow for the reason that the quality of the seed, the manner in
which the seed bed has been prepared, and the fertility of the soil are
factors all of which have more or less influence on this 'question. We are
Inclined to think however, that it is a subject which might profitably
be studied by our experiment stations with a view of obtaining in-
formation on the effect of thick and thin seeding on the quality of the
straw and upon such other characteristics as go to make up a first-class
crop.

Generally speaking, the less the amount of seed sown, the more the
plants tiller, and the greater the amount of seed sown the less the
tillering. In other words. Nature attempts to bring about a full stand.
Judging from the results obtained by the Garton Bros., of England, it
would appear that we are not sowing enough seed per acre in this
country. The Garton Bros, sow from four to five bushels of oats per
acre, and we understand that they claim to obtain a stiffer straw from
thick seeding, their theory being that plants which come direct from
seeds produce a stiffer straw than suckers or tillers. Our experiment
stations have investigated this question to some extent with some of
the other grains but it appears to us that it has not been so fully in-
vestigated in the case of oats as the importance of the subject seems
to warrant.

Mr. C. H. Fuller, a farmer at Ottosen, Iowa, is a believer in thick
seeding of oats. He has done a little experimenting along this line on his
own hook, and in a recent letter sends us the following information for
the benefit of our readers: A few years ago, my brother bought a farm
adjoining mine. He moved to this county (Humboldt) from the eastern
part of the state, and clainmed that 2.5 bushels of seed was enough for
an acre of oats. I said 'sow more' because it had been my experience
that heavier seeding gave a better yield. Our conversation resulted in
making a test of the matter. We laid off a piece of uniform ground on
my brother's farm and seeded three strips of oats along side of each
other. This resulted in obtaining the following yields in the fall: With
two and one-half bushels of seed per acre, we received 35 bushels of
oats in the fall; with three bushels per acre, we obtained a yield of 49
bushels and with three and one-half bushels per acre, a yield of 65
bushels. This experiment was repeated the following year and the results
were: From two and one half bushels of seed per acre, a crop of 32.5
bushels was harvested; from three bushels per acre, 45 bushels was har-

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART X. 637

vested; from three and one-half bushels, 61 bushels, and from four, 65
bushels.

"The third year I purchased four bushels of Big Four oats of a
seedsman in Wisconsin, and sowed them on one acre of ground with the
result that I harvested 140 bushels in the fall. The year following this
experiment, I seeded 13 acres to Big Four oats at the rate of four bushels
per acre, and harvested a crop of 80 bushels in the fall. From these and
other facts that I have gathered on my own and my brother's farms, I
have reached the conclusion that the best results are obtained by sowing
three and one-half bushels of well cleaned oats per acre or four bushels
of uncleaned seed. I -do not, however, advise any man to sow uncleaned
seed; good seed graders and fanning mills can now be obtained at small
cost and they will pay for themselves, on the average farm, in a
year's time."

It will be seen from the above that our correspondent, as an average
of the first two years' trial, obtained at harvest time per bushel of seed
sown, the following yields: 13.5, 15.7, 18 and 16.3 bushels, when the
following number of bushels of seed per acre was used: 2i/^, 3, 3% and
4. In view of the fact that much of the land in Iowa is getting too rich
for profitable oat culture, it would undoubtedly pay our readers to in-
vestigate this question of thick and medium heavy seeding on a small
scale for themselves. We should be pleased to hear from those who
have facts at hand showing how much seed per acre to sow and what
effect thin and thick seeding has upon the quality of the straw, as well
as upon the yield of grain.

OATS IN THE CORN BELT.
Wallace's Farmer.

The com belt proper, broadly defined as the corn surplus states, Ohio,
Indiana, Illinois, Iowa, Missouri, Kansas and Nebraska, or those portions
of the corn surplus states which actually produce a surplus, is not and
never will be a first-class oats country for the reason that the climatic
requirements of corn and oats are markedly different. Hence it is a
common saying among farmers in those states that you cannot expect
a bumper crop of corn and a bumper crop of oats in the same season.

The hot weather which is necessary to produce a bumper crop of corn
tends to decrease the crop of oats, while the cool weather required for
the development of a first-class crop of oats is fatal to a first-class crop of
corn. The land cannot well be too rich for a crop of corn; and, there-
fore, the methods which farmers employ to maintain their lands in a
very high state of fertility renders a crop of oats following very liable to
lodge.

While this section of the country can never be a first-class oats country,
it is exceedingly important to grow the largest amount of oats possible, at
least until we are able to substitute to a large extent some other crop
such as winter wheat for the oats. How to improve the oats crop under
the climatic conditions existing in this territory is therefore one of the

638 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

most perplexing problems with which the corn belt farmer has to deal,
and we will discuss the various methods briefly.

The first thing toward enabling farmers to get the most out of the oats
crop is to persuade the grain dealers to buy oats on their merits instead
of by an arbitrary standard. There is very little inducement for the farmer
to improve the quality of his oats if the grain dealers at the stations pay
the same price for oats that weigh thirty-two pounds that they pay for
oats weighing twenty-four pounds per bushel. The farmer says, "What's
the use of my trying to produce oats of a fine quality if I get no greater
price for them than the farmer who gives the subject no special atten-
tion? We have known dealers in a year when oats ran from twenty-
four to thirty-two pounds to fix twenty-eight pounds as the standard and
pay the same price for the extremes. This is the same foolish policy,
ruinous to all concerned, that was followed by the country stores before
the advent of the creamery, when they paid the "same old price" for
grease that they did for farmers' butter fit to grace the table of royalty.
It is the same policy as was followed by the early buyers of cattle who
paid a uniform price for yearlings without any special reference to weight
or quality.

There are several methods by which the quality and quantity of oats
can be very materially increased in the corn belt states. Just which one
of them fS the best is not yet certainly known. There is one method,
however, which can always be followed to great advantage, and that is to
separate the heavy oats in any sample from the light, and then sow only
the very best, always treating them for smut. Not more than two-thirds
of the ordinary sample of oats is fit for seed. The smaller seed should be
sieved out, and the lighter seed, irrespective of size, blown out, for the
simple reason that these will produce weak and very likely immature
plants, and thus deteriorate the quality without increasing the quantity.

One method worthy of more extensive trial than it has been given
that of procuring seed from the oats country proper, that is, the latitude
of Minnesota, northern Wisconsin and North Dakota. The basis of the
theory is that in these sections, on account of the climate, oats secure
their highest development; and that if oats are brought down to a less
favorable climate they will retain their vitality for two or three years,
of course giving an increased yield and of better quality. We would like
very much if those who have tried this method would give us an accurate
report of the results.

Another method is to secure oats from countries of similar climate, on
the theory that having been grown for a very long period in that climate
they have adapted themselves to it, and hence will give a greater yield
than varieties that must become acclimated before they can produce the
best results. As illustrations of this method we might cite the introduc-
tion of the Kherson oats into western Kansas and Nebraska, and the good
results which have followed from their introduction into the more humid
climates of Iowa and Illinois. Similar results have followed from the in-
troduction of Turkish Red wheat, Manshury barley, Turkestan alfalfa and
various fruits from the more northerly sections of the fruit belt in Europe.
We believe that the introduction of such varieties, followed by careful
selection, will lead to a very considerable increase of oats in the corn belt.

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 639

Another method is that of the gradual acclimation of oats that have
already become acclimated to a warmer climate and are capable of re-
sisting the rusts, smuts, and blights which so seriously interfere with the
yield of oats in a climate adapted to the growth of corn. The Kansas
Experiment Station, for example, has found the Texas Red oats and other
varieties from Tennessee to be the best yielders in the experiments con-
ducted with oats at that station for three years. It further notes that
the Texas Red has improved in quality after being under cultivation
some years at Manhattan, yielding much better on three-year trials than
some of the improved varieties brought from North Dakota and almost
as well as Kherson oats brought from the Nebraska Experiment Station.

Still another method is that of cross-breeding. This method is prac-
ticable only at the experiment stations, one object of cross-breeding being
to take advantage of the variations produced by that method, and another
to secure greater vitality by crossing with wild types.

We were greatly interested recently in studying samples of improved
oats from the Garton plant breeding establishment near Liverpool, Eng-
land, and particularly in a type of hulless oats produced by crossing the
British oats on a wild Chinese hulless type. Photographs were made of
each of the successive crosses. The result was a type of hulless oats
practically destitute of the hairs found on all of our common varieties of
oats, which give the bitter taste to oat meal made from them. The im-
provement made in various grains, and especially in oats, at that estab-
lishment furnishes most conclusive proof that our plant breeders by
adopting the same methods can produce some very surprising results.

A still further method of improvement would be the development of
winter oats suitable to the latitude of the corn belt. Winter oats are
grown successfully in the cotton belt.

OAT HAY.

Wallaces' Farmer.

We are sometimes asked whether, in case there is a short hay crop, it
is advisable to use oats for a hay crop. Why not? Oats is a grass and
can be used quite as well as timothy. Where a man has no timothy
meadow and has plenty of oats, about the best thing he can do is to cut
that oats when it is in the dough stage and make it into hay — not in the
hard dough stage, but the soft dough, when you can take a grain of oats
and mash it between your fingers.

It should be cured just like any other hay, but it should not be put in
the barn. Why? Because if you do j^ou will find by next spring that you
have the biggest stock of mice on hand that you have ever had. Put it in
the stack, cover it with slough grass or corn fodder, and keep plenty of
cats.

There are other conditions when it is desirable to make oats into hay.
For example, if your land is too rich to grow oats, which it is apt to be
when you have plenty of stock and haul out the manure; or when the land
is naturally rich and the season favorable to lodging, especially when you

640 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

have seeded to timothy and clover. Under these circumstances we would
not hesitate to mow the oats and use them for hay, curing them precisely
as we would timothy and clover.

In the more eastern portions of our territory and in the more northern
portions, where there are heavy dews and less sun heat during the day,
farmers cure them in the cock. This is all right, but the cock should not
be allowed to stand any longer than is necessary where the land has been
seeded to clover and timothy, for the reason that while timothy will not
be seriously injured, the clover under the cock will undoubtedly be killed.

Even when the oats do not lodge, if the season is dry and on examina-
tion it is found that the clover is becoming yellow and delicate looking,
and you are anxious to have a good crop of clover, then you had better
mow the oats and cure them for hay.

In fact, we believe that the man who has plenty of dairy cows and young
stock will make quite as much net profit from his oats by making them
into hay at the soft dough stage as he would if he went to the additional
expense of cutting and thrashing.

ALFALFA AS A FOOD AND HOW TO GROW IT.

Wm. B. Goodrich, Climbing Hill, Iowa, Before Woodbury County Farmers'

Institute.

The value of alfalfa is but little realized by the farmers of Iowa as a
class, and in my opinion but few of the small number who are raising it
fully appreciate its great usefulness and the extent to which its general
and intelligent cultivation would add to the wealth of the farmers of this
part of the State. Its importance is by no means limited to its use as feed
for live stock. Its wonderful ability as a feeder and builder of the soil is
found to be more and more appreciated as its cultivation is extended and
its effect on the soil observed.

Nitrogen is one of the most necessary elements of fertility, and the
most expensive. Alfalfa gathers it from the air for its own use and stores
a surplus in the soil for the benefit of other crops which may follow on
the same land. Its roots, penetrating the soil to great depths, bring up
mineral elements of plant food, leaving them near the surface, and also
draw up an immense amount of moisture. The surface soil of an alfalfa
field becomes so moist that the space between the plants is frequently
covered with moss.

The mechanical effect of these roots on the subsoil is very beneficial, es-
pecially where it is of a clayey or of a compact nature, by making it more
porous for the passage of air and water. The decay of these roots, and
the leaves which fall to the ground at each cutting add a large amount
of. necessary humus to the soil. Further than this the barnyard manure
where alfalfa is fed is a richer fertilizer than that from any other forage
crop and will be of greater benefit to the soil when returned to it.

This question of restoring fertility to our soils is one of growing import-
ance, and one to which we must turn our serious attention, for it is the
keynote of successful agriculture. No soil, however rich in a virgin state.

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART X. 64L

is inexhaustible, and the longer its resources are drawn upon without
compensation the greater will be the difficulty of restoring it when it
finally refuses to yield an adequate return for its cultivation.

To be sure, we have valleys that are annually enriched by the wash
from higher land, and will never grow poorer so long as the higher land
has fertility to supply it. But what of this higher land? It is being
robbed both by nature and by the short-sighted farmer and the time has
already arrived at some of it, here in Woodbury county, must be fed and
nursed back to a more productive state or it will not pay for the labor of
farming.

The fact that alfalfa will produce twice as many tons of hay per acre
as any other forage plant we can grow here and that it has a greater
value per ton, thus enabling us to keep more stock on a given amount
of land to help sustain its fertility, added to its power to build up the
soil while growing, proves its great value for this purpose. When we
further consider that at the same time our live stock return us a greater
net profit because of the cheapness and excellence of alfalfa as a feed, the
conclusion is that when its .value is appreciated and its cultivation under-
stood it must become one of our staple crops.

Well cured alfalfa contains more feeding value per ton, especially pro-
tein (which so many of our other feeds lack) than any other hay. All
kinds of live stock relish it and do well on it, including hogs and poultry.
It is especially valuable to the dairyman and the cattle feeder, as with it
a balanced ration can be made without buying high-priced oil meal or
other concentrates.

Any well drained land in Woodbury county that will grow fair corn
will grow good alfalfa. The thin soil of our ridges will yield big crops of
it if well manured before sowing, but if the ground is poor it will be a slow
process getting it started. We have always practiced sowing alfalfa in
the spring. The land intended for alfalfa is planted to corn the previous
year and kept as clean from weeds as possible. In the spring all stalks
and trash are removed and the ground leveled, stirring the soil no more
than is necessary to do this, or to cover the small grain which we usually
sow for a nurse crop. The disc drill is an ideal tool for putting in alfalfa.
When this tool is used 15 to 18 pounds of seed to the acre is enough. If
sowed broadcast and harrowed in I would advise 20 pounds and if the
seed does not all sprout when tested add enough to make up for the poor
seed, but it is more satisfactory to have good seed. We use either oats
or barley for a nurse crop. When oats is used we sow one and one-half
to two bushels per acre and cut it for hay as soon as it is headed. Last
year we sowed five pecks of barley per acre on rich ground and allowed
it to ripen, but as a rule it is dangerous to the young alfalfa to let the
nurse crop ripen.

After the nurse crop is removed we leave all after growth for winter
protection. As early as possible in the spring, some day when the stubble
is dry and the ground moist, we burn it off to get rid of the trash. Alfalfa
will yield three and sometimes four crops a year here. It should be cut as
soon as it fairly begins to blossom. When you find by looking at the
crown of the plant, at the ground, that the next growth is starting, it is
41

642 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

ready to cut. The aftermath in the fall should be left for protection and
stock kept off at all times. Do not cut the last crop later than the middle
of September.

It is easier to make first-class alfalfa hay in all kinds of weather than
any other kind of tame hay we grow here. This statement may cause some
surprise and there may be some inclined to dispute it from their own
experience, but I believe no one who has practiced the right method will
question its truth. I will endeavor to describe in detail how we haye
handled it with uniform success during the past five seasons, which, I
think, you will agree have not been without an abundance of rain during
the alfalfa haying season. We always take off the dividing board of our
mower. This is an important point. I wish to impress on you that it is
essential to success that the cut alfalfa must lay in an even, thin layer
on the ground so that it may dry sufficiently for raking as evenly as pos-
sible. This is especially important if rain should fall soon after cut-
ting. If it lies as it falls it will dry as quickly as though cut after the
rain and without damage, provided it had not already dried too much
before the rain, whereas, if the dividing board is used the thick ridges
and bunches made by it will not be in condition to rake for from one to
three days, and in the meantime the balance has been parched to a crisp,
and perhaps another rain falls and it is all seriously damaged.

We never cut more at one time than we can put into cocks before it
is dry enough for the leaves to break. The secret of success lies in never
letting alfalfa get dry until after it is in the mow or stack. On a good
drying day the morning's cutting can be raked and cocked in the after-
noon. We have sometimes handled it three hours after cutting. If very
heavy when raked small cocks should be made and it will take a little
longer for it to get dry enough for the stack or mow, but the quality of hay
will not suffer. In cutting it is not necessary to wait for dew or rain to
dry off, as with clover, as it does not mat to the ground, but lies loose
enough for air to pass through. Windrows should not be made too
large; in a good crop they should only be about 10 steps apart. We put
two or two and one-half dumps of the rake in a cock, and never bunch it
with the rake, but make neat, round-topped cocks by stacking one forkful
on top of another. Alfalfa handles so nicely that this work can be done
very rapidly, especially by making rather small cocks, which are the best
in every way. We never risk any hay in the windrow. If it is to be
rained on before it is cocked up we prefer it in the swath. Therefore,
if the weather is threatening we only rake a little at a time and never
leave any windrows over night. When safely in the cock we consider it
practically secure. No ordinary wind will disturb it nor rain damage it to
any extent if it is left alone. It should never be touched after a rain
until the weather has settled and it has dried out so that by turning the
cocks upside down in the morning they will do to put in the same day.

If the cocks are not too large all the surplus moisture will be found next
to the ground and will evaporate very rapidly when exposed to the sun and
wind. They will be set and firm, shaped like half an orange and a man
can turn over a row of them as fast as he can walk across the field. If
more are turned over than can be put in that day the rest can be turned

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART X.

643

upright in a few minutes and will be in nearly as good shape as if never
disturbed.

Alfalfa hay made in this way retains all its leaves (the most valuable
part), is bright green, and is as much better than the bleached, leafless
stems put up by more careless methods and often with as much, or more,
labor, as bright well cured corn fodder is better than weather-beaten
stalks we saw in the fields along the road today.

To the skeptical, who are looking for the easy way and think this in-
volves too much labor, I will only say try it; especially if you have al-
ready had some sad experience following some other method. Remember,
never let one part of the work get ahead of another. Get the hay into the
cock as soon as possible after it is cut and never tear those cocks to pieces
until you are ready to puf the hay in immediately.

WAGES ON THE FARM.

The Orange Judd Farmer has collected reports on wages paid farm
hands in the principal agricultural states for the last three years with the
results shown in the following table:

State

1906

1905

1904

Illinois

$20 to $32
20 to 28
20 to 30
20 to 28

22 to 30

23 to 36
18 to 23
23 to 30
18 to 25
20 to 35

15 to 25
20 to 30
18 to 30

16 to 22
20 to 30
22 to 30
20 to 30
25 to 30

$20 to $30
20 to 25
18 to 24
18 to 22
20 to 25
20 to 25
15 to 21
20 to 28
18 to 24
20 to 28
15 to 22
18 to 28
18 to 25
15 to 20
20 to 25
20 to 26
18 to 26
24 to 27

$20 to $30

Iowa

20 to 24

Nebraska

18 to 22

Indiana

16 to 21

Minnesota

20 to 25

Michigan

18 to 23

Missouri

18 to 20

Wisconsin

20 to 25

Kansas

18 to 22

North Dakota

20 to 26

Pennsylvania

15 to 20

Oklahoma

15 to 25

New York

18 to 25

New Jersea

14 to 18

Massachusetts

18 to 24

Vermont

20 to 22

Connecticut

16 to 22

Maine

23 to 25

EVERGREENS IN IOWA.
Seymour G. Piatt, Oelwein, Iowa, in Iowa State Register and Farmer.

The evergreen, as its name implies, is the tree for all the year around.
It does not serve us for but a part of the year like the fruit tree, nor like
other deciduous trees which are stripped of their foliage after the kill-
ing frosts of autumn have made their first few visits. The evergreen re-
mains through frost and snows to break the fierce attacks of the west-
ern winter winds. Who has not observed what a protection in the cold-
est windy days of winter a well-grown evergreen windbreak affords?

It is surprising that in a prairie state like Iowa not more evergreen
windbreaks are planted. The climate, the soil, the moisture and all the es-
sentials for evergreen growing are found here. However, close attention
and hard labor must be combined with nature to secure desirable re-

644 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

suits. Since we can not place the blame upon nature for our failures in
growing evergreens, we must find someone else that is culpable. The
three reasons for so few successful windbreaks may be these: First, a
large number of Iowa farms are rented; second, a great many farmers
have not been educated to appreciate the value of windbreaks, and, third,
the farmers who set out evergreens often fail to give them proper care at
the right time.

Too many farm owners, who rent their farms, say that it does not pay
to set out evergreens because the renters will not take care of them. If
they but knew how much a windbreak adds to the value of a farm, simply
as a protection and an ornament, they would be very willing to set the
trees themselves and care for them.

There are many farmers who do not know the use and the value of trees.
They know that trees will break the wind, that trees around farm build-
ings will keep them warmer than buildings in the open, and that trees
make lumber and firewood. Few understand the influence of trees upon
the evaporation or the cultivation of moisture, or the influence on temper-
ature in the time of cold winds of winter and hot and dry winds of sum-
mer. No one can fully appreciate the value of trees unless he understands
the scientific problems in which they are involved. If these reasons are
not valid as to why there are not more windbreaks in Iowa, there is still a
greater reason, and that is found in the lack of care and attention after
the trees have been planted. A man may buy the best grade of evergreens,
set them in his richest soil and fence out the poultry and stock, but if his
efforts end there his success is in danger. In the busy rush with farm
crops the farmer too often neglects mulching his evergreens and water-
ing them in dry seasons. 'Tis only a little work if done at the proper time
that will insure success provided the rest of the work has been carefully
done.

The kind of trees is the question that troubles many, while others bare-
ly give it a second thought. Most buyers want a tree that will grow fast
and will give quick returns on the investment, and they do not stop to
think that the fast-growing tree is the shortest lived and usually of the
poorest quality. For quick growing trees which will do well on coarse
and gravelly soils the Scotch pine can be recommended. It reaches a
height of 25 to 30 feet in from ten to fifteen years, according to the kind
of soil and the amount of moisture. At maturity it is a coarse, open
tree with crooked trunk and irregular branches. It should be planted
with other higher growing trees so that after these have grown large
enough the Scotch pine may be cut out. The Austrian pine is a more
valuable tree, because it is more regular and straighter in its habit of
growth and equally as hardy. Its color is a darker green and the leaves
are longer.

Perhaps the two most common and most largely planted evergreens in
this State are the white pine and the Norway spruce. Both are long lived
trees, very hardy and sturdy growers in proper conditions. The white
pine is considered among the best of windbreak trees because of its density
of foliage, its height and symmetry. It branches low and is wide spread-
ing, making a solid, compact windbreak. The Norway spruce, while not
so long lived, perhaps is more hardy when young and not so tender rooted.

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAK BOOK— PART X. 445

It is quite good as an ornamental tree owing to its regularity of branches
which gives it a symmetrical form. The white spruce is a tree of good
quality, since it branches low, close and even. The arborvitae, flat-leaved
tree is used in windbreaks to some extent with taller growing trees. It
does very well in low, wet, heavy soils. It is largely used in hedges
because it stands severe pruning and fills out well. For ornamental lawn
trees the Silver fir and the Colorado blue spruce are among the best.
Their bright, fresh, green foliage makes them cheerful and attractive.
There are many other varieties of good qualities, but these named are
among the best and will serve for all general purposes on the Iowa farm.

Having decided upon the kind of evergreens that best suit his condi-
tion, the farmer should next have a knowledge of the best methods of set-
ting the trees, and how to care for them afterward. In all cases it is
best to prepare the ground before the evergreens are delivered at the farm.
For windbreaks the land should be well plowed and then furrows made
for the rows. Furrowing is not practical for trees under two feet high,
but for larger trees it facilitates the work of digging the holes. By all
means have the rows straight and even. The trees should be set a few
inches deeper than in the nursery. Give the roots plenty of room and
be sure to firm the soil about them. If the earth is dry give each tree
a half pail of water after the first few shovelfuls of dirt have been packed
about the roots. One precaution in setting evergreens is to expose but one
at a time. Do not string them out like a row of fence posts and then
plant them afterwards, but get the tree into the ground as soon as pos-
sible after taking from the packing in which the trees were shipped.

The T)est method, and the one most usually followed, is to raise pota-
toes, corn or other annual crops along with the evergreens until they
have reached a considerable size. The advantage of this method is that
the ground between the rows does not go to waste, and at the same time
the evergreens get the necessary cultivation. Another plan quite often
followed is to mulch the trees heavily with straw or coarse manure. This
has a tendency to make the trees shallow-rooted, for they will not send
their roots downward, as they do when frequently cultivated.

Either of these plans worked out alone will not give the best results.
Cultivate in the growing season of early summer and after the drier
weather comes on. Give the trees a heavy mulching. During the first
years evergreens need water if there are not good rains every two weeks.
Water when they need it and give them plenty. The best time for water-
ing is late in the afternoon or evening.

With good trees to start with, rich soil and plenty of rainfall, and then
a little hard work and careful thinking, the Iowa farmer can have a wind-
break of which any man may well be proud.

DOES IT PAY TO SPRAY?

By Prof. S. A. Beach, Iowa State Register and Farmer.

In answer to this question we invite our readers to read carefully the
accompanying report of an experiment in spraying apples conducted by
Prof. S. A. Beach of Ames the past season:

646 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF A&RICULTURE.

The work was done at the Trigg orchard, located at Rockford, Floyd
county. There are 2,900 trees in this orchard. They were planted in
1895 and 1896, which makes them now ten and eleven years old. They
are mostly of the Wealthy and Patten Greening varieties. In 1905 the
Patten Greening bore a good crop and perhaps for this reason they did not
set very much fruit last season. So far as can be determined the crop of
Wealthy in 1905 was largely destroyed by the scab fungus. In 1905 the
Wealthy set considerably more fruit than the Patten Greening, but not a
good crop. The average yield for the orchard was less than one-fifth
bushel per tree, while in one of the plots under experiment the yield
averaged two bushels per tree. Had the entire orchard yielded propor-
tionately as much as this experiment plot it would have produced over
5,000 bushels instead of less than 500. This would have made the spray-
ing much more profitable, for the cost of spraying the whole crop would
have been but little greater than the cost of spraying the small crop which
the orchard produced.

The entire orchard was sprayed with the exception of the plots of
trees called I and IV, which were located in a portion of the orchard
where there appeared to be the best prospect for a good crop of fruit.
Each of these plots contained fifteen trees. Plot I contained six Patten
Greening and nine Wealthy trees. Plot IV contained three Patten Green-
ing and twelve Wealthy trees. The corresponding sprayed plots were num-
bered II, III and V. Plot II lay immediately south of plot I and con-
tained likewise six Patten Greening and nine Wealthy trees. Plot III
lay immediately north and plot V immediately south of plot IV. Like
plot IV, they each contained three Patten Greening and twelve Wealthy
trees.

The first spraying was given just before the blossoms opened, the second
just after the blossoms fell, and the third from June 21st to June 25th.
About the first of August the fourth spraying was made to combat the
second brood of the codlin moth. The materials used were Bordeaux
mixture, paris green and arsenate of lead. All of the trees except the
checks were sprayed each time except at the last treatment, when only
those havipg more than a hatful of apples were sprayed.

TOTAL YIELDS COMPARED.

Taking into account all grades of fruit, a comparison of the sprayed
plats with unsprayed plats shows in every case a decided increase in the
total yield of the sprayed trees. A comparison of plot I and plot II shows
that the yield of the sprayed Patten Greening was 164 per cent tha
the unsprayed, and the yield of the sprayed Wealthy was 123 per cent
that of the corresponding unsprayed Wealthy. When the unsprayed plf^t
IV is likewise compared with the corresponding sprayed plats III and V
it is seen that the yield of the sprayed Patten Greening is respectively 422
per cent and 255 per cent that of the unsprayed, while the yield of the
sprayed Wealthy is respectively 546 per cent and 653 per cent of that of
the unsprayed Wealthy. In other words, sprayed Wealthy yielded in one
case five and one-half times as much, in another case six and one-half
times as much, and in the third case twelve and one-half times as much
as the corresponding unsprayed Wealthy, while sprayed Patten Greening

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X.

647

yielded one and one-half, two and one-half and four and one-half times
as much, respectively, as the corresponding unsprayed Patten Greening.
The total yield of both Patten Greening and Wealthy fruit is shown in
the following table:

GRAND TOTAL PATTEN GEEENINQ AND WKALTHY.

YIELD
PLAT BUSH. PER CENT.

Plat I, unsprayed 5.75 100

Plat II, sprayed 23.33 406

Plat III, sprayed 28.06 529

Plat IV, unsprayed 5.31 100

Plat V, sprayed 28.5 537

The total yield of sprayed plat II is 406 per cent of that of the corre-
sponding unsprayed plat; the yield of sprayed plat III is 529 per cent and
that of sprayed plat V is 537 per cent of that of the corresponding un-
sprayed plat.

GRADES OF FRUIT COMPARED.

But the benefits of the treatment were not confined to increasing the
yield. Not only was there more fruit and finer fruit where the trees were
sprayed, but the fruit hung to the trees better. The amount and per-
centage of dropped and picked fruit are set forth in the following state-
ment. The fruit was not graded into firsts and seconds, but the great su-
periority of the sprayed fruit over corresponding grades of the unsprayed
fruit was apparent to everyone who examined the crop.

Patten Greening.

yield of patten greening and wealthy under experiment in the trigg

ORCHARD.

Plat

2

Yield

Bushels

Dropped

Picked

Total

Per Cent

Dropped

Picked

Plat I, unsprayed..

Plat II, sprayed

Plat III, sprayed...
Plat IV, unsprayed
Plat V, sprayed

Plat I, unsprayed.

Plat II, sprayed

Plat III, sprayed...
Plat IV, unsprayed
Plat V, sprayed

2.

2.87
1.8
1.12
1.75

2.5
4.5
5.75
.43
2.25

4.5

7.37

7.55

1.55

4.

44.4
38.9
23.8
72.3
43.8

55.6
61.1
76.2
27.7
56.2

WEALTHY

8.41
12.5

3.
16.5

.56
7.5

.75

1.25
15.91
20.5

3.75
24.5

54.4
52.9
61.0
80.0
67.3

45.6
47.1
39.0
20.0
32.7

In every instance the percentage of dropped fruit was greater on the un-
sprayed plats than it was on the corresponding sprayed plats. This dif-
ference at least in the case of Wealthy from plats I and II, where it
amounted to only one and one-half bushels in a hundred, but Wealthy in

648 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

plats IV and V showed a difference of about thirteen bushels in a hundred
and in plats IV and III a difference of nineteen bushels in a hundred in
favor of sprayed fruit. Patten Greening showed a difference in plats I
and II of five bushels, in plats IV and V of twenty-eight and one-half
bushels and in plats IV and III of forty-eight and one-half bushels in a
hundred in favor of the sprayed fruit.

Note that these comparisons have no reference to the relative amounts
of the yield of the different plats, but refer to the percentages of picked
and dropped fruit in the total yields regardless of the amount of that yield.

It is interesting to observe in this connection that the Patten Greening
fruit hung to the trees much better than did the fruit of the Wealthy. In
plat III, which was sprayed, Wealthy showed 61 per cent of dropped fruit,
while Patten Greening showed 24 per cent. In plat IV, which was un-
sprayed, the percentage of dropped Patten Greening rose to 72 per cent
and that of Wealthy to 80 per cent. The highest percentage of dropped
fruit on any of the sprayed plats was found in plat V, where 44 per cent
of the Patten Greening and 67 per cent of the Wealthy dropped. This
leads me to raise the question whether it would not be a good practice in
handling varieties like the Wealthy and Patten Greening to make at least
two pickings, one when the earliest ripening fruit first reaches marketable
condition and the other when the most of the later ripening fruit is in
prime condition. I am of the opinion that in large commercial orchards
of these varieties it would pay to make at least two pickings.

A study of this experiment leads to the following conclusions:

First — Where an orchard is badly infested with the apple scab and
has not been previously sprayed it should have two thorough treatments
before the blossoms open instead of one, the first to be given when the
green tips of the leaves first push through the bud scales, the second just
before the blossoms open.

Second — It is best to make the treatments very thorough and timely.

Third — In Iowa it pays to spray for the second brood of the codlin moth.

Besides the two treatments which should be given before the blossoms
open as indicated above, the control of scab and codlin moth requires that
the orchard be sprayed just after the blossoms fall and again in from ten
to fourteen days. The season's spraying operations will then include the
following line of treatment: _

1. When the leaf buds are opening.

2. Just before blooming.

3. Just after blooming.

4. About two weeks after the third treatment.

5. The last of July or first of August.

In all of this work it is best to use liquid Bordeaux mixture with paris
green or some other effective poison.

HORTICULTURE.

Mr. Buffln, Estherville, Iowa, before Dickinson County Farmers' Institute.

Volumes have been written on this topic and still it is not exhausted.
It ranks second to none, save, perhaps, agriculture, of which it is practi-
cally a branch.

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 649

We, in our county, are practically on the horizon of fruit growing. We
have just begun to see victory ahead. Thirty years ago some of our early
settlers from the east were determined to have their own fruit and to
many of these we are indebted for many valuable lessons both in failures
to be avoided and success to be made use of.

Listen to them for a moment. They will tell you of their trials, of the
ravages of prairie fires, of deep snows and of the jack rabbits eating the
tops off the trees, of their blasted hopes when, after years of care and
labor, their trees turned out, in many instances, to be of worthless sorts,
often resulting from dealing with fake tree agents and sometimes in using
poor judgment in selecting.

Coming down to the present, we are situated in one of the best counties
of northwestern Iowa for growing apples. If you will consider, acre for
acre, we have no crops that pays better returns than our apple orchard,
considering the amount of labor expended. Add to this the care and man-
agement used in the east and what are our possibilities?

We don't grow apples here. We plant a tree and let it take care of
itself and expect a crop. Our friends in southern Iowa, Missouri and all
of the other apple-growing states are fighting the enemy of the apples
with profit.

It has been repeatedly said by several different persons that the apple
exhibit at your state fair last fall was far superior to that at the Minne-
sota state fair. I believe that our lakes have something to do with our
fruit growing; that is, I believe many varieties can be grown near these
that cannot be made a success 15 or 20 miles from them on open prairie.

It is well known that there is a location southwest of Minneapolis, near
Lake Minnetonka, that almost any kind of fruit that will grow in Iowa
will succeed, and I believe that the conditions are similar here around
our lakes and streams. I once asked Prof. Budd of Ames what he
thought of our county for growing apples and he replied something like
■this :

"I believe there is no better place in Iowa to grow fine apples of high
color than along the banks of the Little Sioux and in the vicinity of the
lakes of Dickinson county, of such varieties as are adapted to your
climate."

From what I see and have learned from actual planting I am con-
vinced that no one need be alarmed if his land is level or nearly so if well
drained. However, I would prefer rolling, if handy. I would not want
to plant on land with any appearance of alkali or blue clay near the
surface. This is found in places in the southern part of the county.
Land that will grow good corn will grow good apples or other fruit.

Plant with a view to the future. Aim high. It is no disgrace if you
do not quite reach the mark. If you wish to plant thick plant your trees
thicker in the rows north and south. But leave room east and west for
plowing and working the soil the first few years to some other crop.
This will give you room to get through some day to spray your trees
and room to drive out with your load of apples.

Trees planted about 16 by 24 is about right to my mind. Plant less
crabs and more of something salable. I find I have something like 60
sorts in my orchard, which is about 57 or 58 too many for profit. It pays

650 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

to take pains in planting. Marie off your ground, get your rows marked
out straight so it will not make you cross eyed to cultivate along the row.

Dig a good-sized hole and when you think you have done it about
right get down in the hole and spade it up a spade depth deeper. This
will loosen the earth so new roots will penetrate to moisture. Plant
the tree as soon as the hole is dug, while the earth is yet moist, and
it will need no watering.

Always keep the roots moist. Stand your tree up in the hole, leaning
to the one o'clock sun, and work fine moist earth in among the roots.
Fill in till the hole is nearly full, then tramp with the feet till the
ground is very firm. Then fill up till level and leave loose. Planted in
this way they will need no watering; 99 per cent or better should grow.

It is well to trim the top back at planting time. Know what you are
planting. If for family use you may plant several sorts, but if for market
plant such as there will be a demand for.

Our fruit crop last fall taught many lessons. About the time the Duch-
ess apples were maturing I looked into the market question somewhat
and wrote some commission houses that there were some surplus apples
at Milford. They requested to know when the fruit would be ready to
ship and as a result a commission man from Mason City, Duluth
and two from Minneapolis were on the ground on short notice. Likewise
when the Wealthy were ready buyers were plentiful.

A cold storage firm in Kansas wrote me to know if I could furnish
them twelve carloads of Wealthy at a good figure. The only requirements
were that they had been sprayed and were sound fruit.

Here is a hint to our local storage plant. Get busy next time and
store the best fruit.

I understand two or three carloads of Spirit Lake Wealthy apples are
in storage at Mason City at the present time. These ought to be here.
I think we should look into the matter of spraying more thoroughly.

I am satisfied we have got to come to it and that if properly done it
will pay a large dividend. I found a great difference in my trees that
were sprayed last season. I am not an agent nor have no axe to grind
for any spray company, but think it is a mistake for the average farmer
to attempt to mix his own spray. I find I get better results from the
ready prepared mixtures.

Am sorry I cannot be at your institute and learn from your experiences
along this line. I have only touched on a few lines in horticulture.
Much might be said of other fruits and varieties, but I know well that the
subject is in good hands when entrusted to Mr. BufRn.

THE IMPROVEMENT OF CORN THROUGH BREEDING.
By W. A. Hook in Iowa State Register and Farmer.

(This article was the first prize winner in the Iowa corn growers'
contest, written from the viewpoint of the breeders).

The greatest improvement in our corn must come through increased
yields as associated with better quality. The knowledge of this needed
improvement is spreading rapidly through the agency of natural forces,

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART X. 651

chief among which is the continual increase in the price of our best corn
lands, bringing with it higher rentals and taxes, causing the corn grower
and breeder alike to exert all their energy and skill to meet the new
conditions.

The breeder, so far as he himself is concerned, will soon adapt himself
to the change, but the average farmer must change his methods or else he
will be compelled to give up corn growing to some other fellow who can,
by his skill and good management, make the land pay a profit. It should
be the purpose of every breeder to try to reach all those farmers in his
community who are raising the low yields of corn. Some, of course, will
not thank him for advice, but most of them will be ready and willing to
grasp any new ideas that will help them in increasing the value of their
crops. He should demonstrate by actual practice the value of intelligent
methods and at harvest time show results that will convince the most
skeptical.

To accomplish this end a breeding plot should be operated by the
breeder and at harvest time a picnic planned in order to get a crowd of
farmers together to see the results. In this plot should be planted sev-
eral ears in separate rows. One of the highest yielding varieties should
be used. The ears should all have been strong in vitality as shown by
the germination test and should be uniform in appearance. The yields
can then be noted and the need of careful selection of seed made apparent.
Seed from the highest yielding rows should be planted in the general
field the following year, while the best ears of the same rows should be
kept for the breeding plot. If a part of the parent ears have been kept
they will be of great help in comparing results. In this way the move
toward better methods can be started and in a few years great good will
be accomplished.

After the corn is harvested and the results recorded the seed should be
hung up under an open shed to dry. This should be done in the presence
of the visitors and at the same time they should be instructed that, after a
month's drying naturally, the corn should be stored in a dry place where
it would be safe from the ravages of mice and rats. Impress on their
minds that it should be the purpose of every corn grower to hang up more
seed than is necessary to plant his crop. This method gives a chance to
eliminate those ears that are undesirable, after a closer inspection has
been made as to the depth and shape of the kernel or as to its germinat-
ing power.

A germination box should be ready for opening on this day so that a
study of the method of testing each ear separately could be made. Most
any average farmer could readily see that by numbering the ears to
correspond with the squares in the box would be all that is necessary in
obtaining the germinating power of each and every ear tested. Make
plain to them that kernels from all sides of the ear should be tested and
explain that a large box is not best for use in this work as the center
of the box would not get enough air for strong, vigorous germination.
A half hour's sfiidy of a box opened for inspection in this way would
suffice to convince most any one of the need for testing his seed corn.

Another thing that the breeder should be instrumental in bringing
about is a corn show at the nearest village. He can get the merchants.

652 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

through the advertisement they will get, to donate the premiums. Do
not give money premiums, but let the dealers donate some article that
they handle and then average the premiums so the values will be in about
the proportion of $5, $2.50, $1 and 50 cents. No definite number of classes
need be represented, but make as many classes as your premiums will
warrant. The main good that will come from a contest of this kind will
be the education of farmers in the different varieties and the inspiration
he will absorb by being thrown into contact with other growers who may
or may not have better corn than himself. Always get an expert judge
(from the State college if possible), to judge the corn and let him give a
talk on corn. The picnic gathering and the corn show will work wonders
in the improvement of corn during the next few years, and it is one of
the main stimuli that urges each and every grower on to greater effort,
resulting in permanent good to the community and to the nation at large.

No breeder can contribute to the permanent improvement of corn and
follow the "scoop shovel" method in saving seed corn for future sale.
Neither can he afford to sell it shelled, for corn that is not fit to be shown
in the ear should never be planted for seed. Not more than 10 per cent
of the crop should be kept for seed, depending somewhat on the season.
No breeder should sell for seed any corn that he would not plant himself
in his general field.

There should be a corn breeder in every community and it would not
be long before there would follow systematic breeding for high yields prac-
ticed on many farms. I do not think that it is necessary for the breeder
to go further than to breed for high yield of superior quality ustil he has
enlisted a large share of his neighbors in the cause. Too many are
chasing vague fancies in breeding for show qualities alone. I do not be-
lieve, from the results of my experiment plot this year, that high yield
and show quality are in any way associated for this reason: My highest
yielding row did not yield a single show ear, while the next highest yielder
produced ten show ears on fifty-three hils. Two of the low yielding ears
produced a like number of show ears, while the finest ear planted in the
plot did not reproduce itself once.

Some breeders are breeding for high feeding values, but I believe that
a large amount of the results thus accomplished are soon lost when corn
is turned to other men for seed purposes. What the great need for im-
provement in corn, at the present time is, is not so much higher feeding
value or greater show quality, but higher yields of mature corn, and the
only way this can be accomplished is by enlisting the corn breeders in the
work and through them reach the man who is raising the small yields.
He is the farmer we must stimulate to greater effort if we expect to ma-
terially increase the average yields of corn in the corn belt.

Such then should be the purpose of every corn breeder and, while his
methods might be dissimilar to those of other breeders, any system of
breeding that will increase the yield of corn will be very beneficial to the
community. The great good that will surely come to the breeder, who is
devoting his life work for the benefit of his neighbor farmers, will not
be that of financial gain, but will be that of the satisfaction of doing good
for the benefit of others; and this result alone would well repay him for
his work.

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 653

COST OF AN ACRE OF CORN.
From Illinois Farmers' Bulletin No. 10.

EACH ITEM OF PRODUCTION FIGURED OUl^-^SIMPLE AND PRACTICAI- SYSTEM OF

FARM BOOKKEEPING.

Joseph R. Fulkerson, of Hazel Dell Stock Farm, Jerseyville, III.
It is not always the man who knows the most who makes the greatest
success, but the man who thinks. It is necessary to read, and as a rule
the one who reads the most thinks the most. The day of haphazard farm-
ing by plenty of brawn and no brains has gone by. No two farms are
exactly alike. Every farm is a separate and distinct problem, to be
worked out by itself. So much depends upon the man.

LUMBER DEALER KNEW EVERY ITEM OP COST.

A man said the other day, "Lumber is high." But a lumber dealer re-
plied that lumber had been too low and now simply had advanced along
with pork, corn and wheat. He was able to tell to a penny the cost of
the timber, the labor and freight rates; what it cost him to haul and skid
the logs; to put them over the saw; to stack and load the lumber and to
deliver it to the market; and what per cent of culls had to be reckoned
upon. That was a man who thinks. He knew exactly what it cost to
produce the lumber he was selling.

I wonder if a boy here knows what it cost per acre for seed corn last
year; what it cost to plow the ground, to work it down, to cultivate it;
and what, from a previous record, will be the probable cost to husk and
deliver this corn. It is necessary that the farmer keep accounts and
know the cost of production, that he may be able to figure out methods
of cheaper production. The man who finds that there is "no money in
farming" and says, "I'm going to quit," doesn't think or he doesn't keep
accounts.

FINDING THE COST PER DAY OF MAN AND TEAM

We will first study what a man and team are worth per day. There
are four Sundays in a month and probably two other days on which the
man will not work. It took me three years to figure out the cost of a
horse's work. I found that the average price of farm horses was $125.00,
and figured that they were good for ten years' work, and worth $50.00
when 15 years old. You know what corn, oats and hay you feed the
horses. I gave them the usual amount of hay and then took it out of
the mangers and weighed it. A certain amount must be counted for the
horses' feed in the stalk field or the pasture. In Massachusetts or Penn-
sylvania the cost of the horse is figured at 40 to 50 cents a day. Here

654 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

the horse costs about one-half of that, as horses, feed and pasture are
cheaper. The horse includes the use of the harness and the repair bills.
I found that it cost 22 cents a day to keep a horse and figured the man
at $1.35 — $1.80 per day for man and team. That is the cost to us. It
may cost more or less upon other farms and under other conditions. It is
almost impossible to get the exact cost, but if we make an effort to do so
we will come a great deal nearer to it than by guessing.

ADDING UP EVERY ITEJI OF LABOR.

We keep a work book at Hazel Dell farm. It takes but five or ten
minutes to write it up every evening. This diary gives the name of each
man who worked and states the kind of work, how long he worked and in
what field. Here is a sample record:

"John Jackson cultivated corn, field number 3, second time over, two
horses, half day; started binder and cut wheat in field number 5. three
horses, half day."

By running over this book at the end of the season we can easily get
the number of days spent in working each field and with the price per
man and per horse, can figure the cost of the crop grown in that field.
There is certain labor on the farm which must be charged to the place as
a general expense, and not per acre to any crop. For instance, a forty-
acre field of corn may have four sides fenced. This fence is not for the
benefit of the corn, but for the purpose of keeping live stock, and it should
be charged to the live stock. We found it was more expensive to rake
and burn stalks than it was to disk the land.

COST OF PRODUCING ONE ACRE OF CORN.

We have found, by the careful figuring of every item, the average cost
for three years of growing an acre of corn, as follows:

Work with the stalks $ . 12

Plowing 80

Working the ground 60

Planting 18

Seed 15

Cultivating 1.07

Husking 1.72

Wear and repair 40

Total $5.04

Credit to stalk-fleld 60

Net cost of one acre of corn $4.44

These accounts, kept similarly, will vary in different sections of the
State, as the cost of labor varies, the average being higher in the northern
and lowed in the southern part. We never haul an ear of corn to market
and so I have put in nothing for marketing the corn. Another three years
the cost might vary somewhat from the above, but not very much. We
must have land upon which to grow corn and should figure rent or interest
upon this investment, in addition to the above labor. But do not put this
too high. The safer investment always bears a low rate of interest.

Similar figures for a crop of wheat are as follows:

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 655

Plowing $ .78

Working the ground 94

Seed 87

Drilling 19

Harvesting 77

Wear and repair 34

Threshing 2. 48

Total $6.37

Credit the stubble-fleld 26

Net cost of one acre of wheat $6.12

JIANNEB OF KEEPING THE FEED BOOK.

To get at the cost of making beef and pork a feed book is kept. It is
written up every Saturday night and shows the average amount and kind
of feed consumed "by each bunch of live stock and the number of animals
in each bunch during the week. From this we can figure very close to the
cost of the animals at marketing time. Following is a sample record from
this book:

"Fifty-six steers were on grass in east pasture, getting sixteen baskets
of broken corn per day. Two milk cows and nine with eleven calves in
lot and upper pasture; five ears each twice a day to the milk cows."

"When the steers are fed the corn is weighed in the bulk and figured at
seventy pounds to the bushel.

THE DAY BOOK AND ITS ENTRIES.

Our object in farm bookkeeping is to get the business record in such
shape that it will be simple, condensed and plain. We want to do the
minimum of writing and yet have the ledger show every transaction at a
glance without referring to several other books. "We use simply a day
book and ledger of the single entry form kept by the double entry system.

Our day book is a "counter book," or "order book," for writing with
pencil, and costs but 5 or 10 cents. The day's transactions should be
recorded every evening, and for this it is not necessary to get pen and
ink, or even to wash one's hands. When convenient, the oftener the
better, these items should be posted to their proper accounts in the ledger.
Following are some samples of the day book entries:

March.

Sold to Jas. Wilson—

12 fat shoats, 10 months old; average 236 ® $5.90; check deposited

Gave John Allen-
Check for 257 bushels corn ® 40c

3 calves e $10.00

Amount of check

Sold Wm. Barton-
Team of horses— Jim and Molly— to be paid in corn. 1,000 bushels
e 40c

Wm. Barton delivered—

1 ,008 bushels corn ® 40c

J. R. F. paid him cash to balance account

00

OO

The Above Accounts Transferred to the Ledger.

656 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

CASH

1906
March

To hogs— 12 shoata to Wilson; 236 & $5.90
By corn— 257 bushels of Allen O 40c. .
By cattle— 3 calves ot Allen & $10.00. .

167

102
80

CATTLE.

1906

7

To cash 3 calves of Allen & $10. 00

30

00

CORN.

1906
March

To cash— 257 bushels of Allen © 40c

Horses— 1,000 bushels of Barton @ 40c
To J. R. F.— 8 bushels of Barton ® 40c....

102

80

400

00

3

20

HOGS.

1906
March

6 By cash— 12 shoats to Wilson; 236 e $5.90.

HORSES.

167 08

1906
March

16

By corn— 1,000 bushels received of Barton— "Jim &
Molly"

400

00

J. R. FULKERSON.

1906
March

16

By corn— Paid Barton for 8 bushels extra on horse
trade

3

90

WHAT THESE ENTBIES MEAN.

The third item of the above day book entries (March 10) is simply
a memorandum of the trade that was made, and does not appear on the
ledger until the transaction is completed (March 16). As you will see,
every item on the ledger shows exactly what it is the moment you open
the book, without referring to the day book, while the ordinary double
entry form is not much more than an index referring to the pages of the
day book for the real account of the transaction.

In addition to the ledger accounts here given, a separate record is
kept of the oats, wheat, hay, chickens and labor, as well as the accounts
of any merchant or other business man dealt with.

NO LEDGER ACCOUNT WITH INDIVIDUAL LABOEEES.

All bills and labor accounts are paid in checks payable to order, thus
saving inconvenience or trouble is case a check is lost, and making
it unnecessary to take a receipt.

All labor is paid every Saturday night, the time being taken directly
from the work book. This saves keeping the ledger account with every

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 657

hired man, and no misunderstanding can arise as to tlie number of days'
worlv.

ANNUAL INVENTORY.

On Feb. 1 of each year we pay all outstanding bills and make an
effort to settle with every person having an account with us. We measure
all hay, corn and other grain on hand and estimate its value according
to the local market; estimate the value of horses, tools, machinery, etc.;
weigh all cattle and hogs and figure them at city market prices, less
freight. Brood sows, being heavy at this season, are not marketable, so
are not weighed, but are listed at $15.00 each, regardless of the market.
We think this a minimum price should we ever sell out entirely, and
as we try to have the same number of brood sows on hand every spring,
that item remains practically unchanged from year to year and does not
atfect the net results. Feb. 1 is chosen for this inventory because most
merchants can have their bills ready at that time, and there are no
growing crops except wheat. Everything on the farm is then in the
most condensed form.

SWEET CORN CANNING IN IOWA.
Wallaces' Farmer.

A can of sweet corn is rather a prosaic and insignificant thing in
itself, but the economic value of our corn canning industry runs up into
the millions of dollars every year. It may be news to many that Iowa
leads the Union in the production of canned sweet corn. The next time
you open a can of "sugar corn" for corn oysters, corn fritters, escalloped
corn, or some other delicious dish, it will perhaps add a bit of spice to
this humble article of food if you know something of its "life history,"
in which some 200 or 300 people have a part. In the typical Iowa country
village of Grimes is located a factory devoted to the sweet corn canning
industry. The factory is up-to-date, successful, and may be taken as an
example of the high-grade canneries of the state. This is a stock com-
pany and most of the stock is held in Grimes or by the farmers near
Grimes, which makes the plant pretty much of a mutual affair. A
description of the methods there employed, when supplemented with the
views given herewith, gives one a very clear idea of the whole process.

In the spring the acreage is contracted for, the present price being
$8 a ton net husked corn for Evergreen and $11 for Country Gentleman.
About 700 acres is needed to keep the factory going properly during the
canning season, and this season extends over three to five weeks, depend-
ing on the season. The acreage per farm varies from ninety acres for
the largest patron down to small patches of two or three acres, but
about twenty to thirty acres is found most profitable for the average
grower. More than this necessitates too much hired help at harvest time
in order to secure the crop in prime condition. Good seed is of vital
importance and is hard to obtain on the general market. During recent
42

658 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

patrons with choice seed at a nominal price. A few acres of corn is
bought from several of the best sweet corn growers. The matured seed
is carefully sorted and stored in heated rooms to prevent freezing, and
in the spring resorted, the tips and butts shelled off, the ears tested, and
only the best sold for seed. There is now no trouble with poor seed, but
under the old plan where each man saved his own or bought it wherever
he could there was each year a large acreage with weak stand or to be
replanted because of poor seed. Sweet corn seed seems more susceptible
to severe freezing than field corn. Under the best of conditions it does
not sprout as readily nor grow as vigorously, hence the double importance
of good seed. Rich, clean land gives the best results. In general, land
that grows the best field corn grows the best sweet corn. The cultivation
is practically the same, with the exception that an ideal seed bed is more
important with sweet corn because of its slower and more delicate growth
at first. It must be kept free from weeds at any cost to be profitable,
and an extra plowing pays well. The planting is thick, about five stalks
to a hill on the best land. The planting begins about the first of May
and extends till about the 10th of June. This gives a succession of fields
ripening in the fall and distributes the harvesting over three or four
weeks.

The earliest fields are in choice roasting ear and ready for canning
about the middle of August. The corn is snapped and hauled to the
factory, where it is weighed and tested. The test consists of taking a
measure of the snapped corn, husking out and weighing the ears suitable
for canning, and thus determine the per cent of net husked corn in the
load. A test of 75 to 80 is considered good, but this depends a great deal
upon how close the corn is snapped and upon how carefully the corn is
selected in the field. No matter at what season the harvesting is done,
there is always a greater or less per cent of immature ears and ears
that are past the best stage for canning. A careful snapper will leave
most of these ears in the field, and they add a great deal to the feeding
value of the fodder, besides saving unnecessary labor in snapping and
handling. Where labor could be secured at a reasonable price it would
no doubt pay to make two gatherings, but. practically all the large
growers make one gathering, as nearly as possible when the most ears
are prime.

The general average yield is around two to two and one-half tons net
per acre. On good land well farmed three to four tons is not uncommon,
and ocasionally a field runs even higher. Three tons is considered a good
crop. Besides this, the fodder is worth $1.00 to $1.50 in the field, or $3.00
cut and shocked, so in average years sweet corn is a paying crop; in fact,
one of the best crops on the farm up to a certain limit.

The advantages of growing sweet corn are that it is a profitable cash
crop; it distributes the work of corn gathering over the fall; it produces
a large amount of high-grade fodder, stock preferring it to field corn or
sorghum; the stubble field makes an ideal seed bed for winter wheat and
permits of reasonably early planting. The closer the fields to the factory
the more profitable the crop, because the gathering and hauling are big
items of expense. Little is grown over three miles out, and practically
none over five miles out. A good man in heavy corn can snap and haul

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 659

three to four tons close in per day, while two to three tons is good work
out a couple of miles. A man with team is paid $1.35 a net ton for close
work and $1.50 for a mile or two out.

The snapped corn is scooped from the wagons into both sides of the
long open husking shed and twenty or thirty wagons unloading and
waiting at one time is a common sight. The husking is mostly done by
women and children, who receive three cents a bushel for the work. An
extra good husker can husk fifty bushels a day, but most of them run
around twenty-five to forty. The husked corn is dumped into a long
conveyor, which is simply a long open box with an endless belt in the
bottom and running the full Jength of the shed. Another carrier takes
the corn from the conveyor to the cutting machines on the third fioor of
the factory. Along this conveyor are stationed ten to fourteen sorters,
depending on the quality of the corn coming in, whose duty it is to pick
out any ears not strictly choice, and very little else gets past the sharp
eyes and nimble fingers of these sorters. Some factories are not so
particular about sorting and use only a few hands at the conveyor, hence
their output is nearly all one grade. After the choicest corn has been
"run up," the balance is again dumped on the conveyor and resorted.
The ears unfit for canning are thrown out into a refuse pile which is
sold back to the growers at $1.00 a load and makes a cheap feed for
stock. All the corn that is a little too green or too hard or otherwise
not suitable for the choicest grade is then run up into "seconds" and
sold at a lower price than the choicest "firsts." These "seconds" are
handled chiefly by grocers whose trade demands cheap goods and also to
feature as "bargains" for the benefit of the well-meaning but sometimes
short-sighted bargain hunter. Take it from us, dear reader, the best
is the cheapest in canned goods; don't buy any "bargains" in cheap
foodstuffs of any kind unless you absolutely know you are getting a
high-grade article.

The husks are raked into another conveyor and carried out to the
husk pile. Patrons are permitted to haul away all the husks they wish
free of charge and the balance is stacked into a huge pile. This pile
heats and silos nicely, and except for a foot or so spoiling on the outside,
it comes out green and sweet ensilage in the winter and sells readily to
dairymen at $1.00 a load.

The husked corn as it is carried up to the cutting machines is washed
by a spray of water and then dumped into chutes over the cutters. A
girl at each side of the machines, which are fitted with a double set of
knives, feeds the corn into the knives. These knives are set to cut the
kernel about through the middle and the ear is then forced between
scrapers that scrape out the pulp and leave the indigestible hull on the
cob. The trade demands a kernel that is visible but small, not too green
and not overripe. The cobs are carried out to the cob dump and hauled
off in manure spreaders and scattered on the fields for fertilizers, and
some of the patrons haul them back for feeding purposes.

After leaving the cutting machines the work of canning is nearly
automatic. The cut corn drops through a chute to the second floor and
passes through the "silker," a machine that takes out the silks and tiny
strips of husks and also strains out the tips of ears, pieces of cob, etc.

660 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

From the silking machine it passes to the mixer, where it is mixed with
the "syrup," composed of granulated sugar, salt and water. This mixing
is done automatically and with absolute accuracy. Some folks have the
impression that some sort of an acid or preserving compound is used to
keep the corn sweet in the cans, but this is not true. The "syrup" simply
flavors the product and adds plumpness or tone to wilted kernels. The
cooking is the real secret of preservation.

From the mixer the corn goes to the preliminary cooker, where it is
raised to a temperature of 175 degrees, which is as hot as can be used and
make the solder on the caps work. This first cooking is really a process
of primary sterilization. The corn is then automatically filled into the
cans, which are capped by hand, soldered and tipped by machinery, and
stacked into open steel baskets that hold 1,000 cans each. The filled
baskets are then conveyed to the cooking retorts, where the sealed cans
are steam cooked for about one hour at a temperature of 250 degrees.
This cooking is a very important process. The heat must be kept steady
and the cooking stopped promptly at the proper time or a low-grade
product results. Overcooking makes brown corn and undercooking would
promote spoilage. The only reason the factory can put up corn that
keeps and the housewife can't is simply because she is not equipped to
maintain the corn at the high temperature necessary to perfect keeping.
The whole secret of perfect keeping nicely flavored corn is proper cook-
ing and the right amount of syrup.

From the cooking retorts the filled baskets pass through a long cooling
tank into the store room and the cans are filled into cases and stored.
After the season is over the cans are labeled and packed into cases ready
for shipment. This work is usually done as the stock is shipped so the
labels are fresh and clean and also to save extra handling. The finished
product wholesales at 50 to 65 cents per dozen cans. There is a fair
margin of profit in the latter figure, but none for high-grade goods at
the former price. The market is vast, but in recent years the demand
has not been equal to the supply and many small factories have been
closed on account of low prices. New markets and an increased demand
have this year advanced prices to a point where most of the factories are
making money.

Nearly every small town is sooner or later enthused with the possi-
bilities of a canning factory, but an enterprise of this magnitude cannot
be successful at every point. First it requires heavy financial backing.
Take the Grimes factory, for instance. This is a two-line factory; that
is, there are two complete sets of machines in the mixing, filling and
soldering departments. The plant and machinery represent an expendi-
ture of over $35,000. A good season means an output of a million to a
million and a half cans, this year about one and one-third millions. The
can bill alone is over $20,000. Cases represent $6,000 more, labels $2,500,
raw product $16,000. The pay roll during the season is $6,000, besides
the salaries of the superintendent and the regular employes during the
year and extras during the shipping season. Add to this insurance,
interest on investment, repairs and incidentals, and it requires nearly
$100,000 to swing the enterprise. A one-line plant would require more
than half as much, because each additional line does not double the

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 661

expense of investment, pay roll, etc., but does double the capacity of
the plant.

Sufficient acreage for a full season's run must be assured; the financial
success of the business depends upon a large output, since the margin of
profit is small. There are not many mixed canning factories in Iowa,
because the Iowa farmer and his high-priced hired man do not take
kindly to raising tomatoes, peas, beans and other truck. Sweet corn
must be the main canning crop in most localities, perhaps supplemented
in a small way by some of the other canned products. The hearty
co-operation of the growers is vitally essential.

Careful management and efficient and abundant labor is essential. The
Grimes factory employs 200 to 300 hands, and that in a small town
means a lot of folks for a month's business each year. Here the farmers'
families and the townsfolk all turn out and earn spending money and
money for school supplies and winter clothes. It is "fashionable" to
work at the factory, and young and old lend a willing hand. Wages
vary from 10 to 40 cents an hour for time work, depending on the work,
and the piece workers are paid good wages. This factory has been
operating five years and the school children and dozens of others look
forward each year to the "run" to earn a tidy sum. School begins when
the "run" is over. Not every town will give a canning factory that kind
of support. There is always employment outside the "run" for a few
steady hands in making up boxes, labeling, shipping, unloading crates
and cans, repairing, and other odd jobs.

THE CARE OF FARM MACHINERY.
H. M. Bainer, Colorado Agricultural College, in Wallaces' Farmer.

There is perhaps no other source of loss so great to the average
farmer as that produced by lack of the proper care of farm machinery.
As a general rule, the prosperity of a farmer may be estimated by the
way he cares for his machinery. Poor care indicates shiftlessness, waste,
lack of energy, and that the owner must necessarily buy more tools and
implements in a short time. Good care, on the other hand, indicates
prosperity, development, bank deposits and the buying of less machinery.

The American farmer buys annually $100,000,000 worth of farm
machinery. According to statements made by different manufacturing
companies, the farmer would not have to buy over one-half this amount of
machinery, provided it received the proper care. A season without shelter
detracts more from the value of farm machinery than the wear caused by
its use during the same season.

Every owner of farm machinery should be able to understand and
properly adjust it. Every implement should be looked over carefully
before it is used, to see that all bolts are tightened and all moving parts
work freely.

Moving parts on new machinery frequently run hard on account of
paint in the bearings. This paint can be easily removed by the use of
kerosene or one-half kerosene and one-half machine oil mixed. New

662 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

machinery should be carefully examined every day, as bolts often work
loose or boxes may fit too tightly, causing them to heat. When the work
with a certain machine has been finished it should be thoroughly cleaned
and all parts that are liable to rust should be carefully wiped with an
oiled rag or waste. They should then be stored in a shed of some kind,
rather than left in the corner of a field or under a tree where the
chickens roost on them.

With good care and housing an ordinary grain binder on the average
160-acre grain farm will last from twelve to sixteen years. In comparison
with this, a binder doing no more work, without extra care or housing,
will last but from five to eight years. Records show that many farmers
have kept their tools in constant use by good care for more than twice
the average life of the machine.

We will assume that a farmer starts in farming with $1,000 invested
in new machinery and that if sheltered and well cared for it will last
ten years and if not sheltered only five years. If the implements stand
out in the weather it will cost another $1,000 to replace them at the
end of five years. The compound interest on this amount for five years
at 5 per cent amounts to $276.28, or the total amount of money paid out
for machinery with its interest amounts to $1,276.28.

A good tool shed large enough for this machinery can be built for $200.
The compound interest on this amount for ten years at 5 per cent equals
$125.60, or the shed may be considered to have cost $325.60 at the end of
ten years. After paying for the shed it leaves us at the end of the ten
years a balance of $950.68 in favor of housing the machinery, and the
shed is perhaps good for ten years more use.

THE COST OF HOUSING FARM MACHINERY.

Wallaces' Farmer.

E. A. White, in the Illinois Agriculturist, gives some interesting figures
on housing farm machinery, as follows:

"On the average farm we will usually find the following tools:

Three gang plows $ 60 $ 180

One -walking plow 16 16

One 20-foot harrow 22 22

One roller 25 25

One disk harrow 30 30

Onediskdrill 80 80

One corn planter 40 40

Three two-row cultivators 40 120

One mower 43 43

One hay rake 25 25

One side delivery rake 50 50

One hay loader 50 50

One binder (8 feet) 125 125

One manure spreader 120 120

Three wagons 70 210

One hay rack 20 20

One double carriage 135 135

Two single carriages 100 200

One cart 25 25

Total SI, 516

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 663

"The machinery necessary to operate the average farm successfully
costs about $1,516. A shed 70x30 feet would house every tool in the
above list. Building the shed without a floor, setting the posts in cement
blocks one foot square, and putting doors on both sides, would cost
$492.60, or, in round numbers, $500.

"The question simply resolves itself into this query of farm economics:
Is it cheaper to have $1,516 worth of necessary machinery in a shed
worth $500 or leave it exposed to the deteriorating action of the weather?
We will assume that the shed will last fifty years, which is not unreason-
able, and will have to be painted five times during that period. We will
also allow $300 for new roofs and other repairs. Our expenses per year
would then be as follows:

Interest on S500, at 5 per cent $25.00

Depreciation of shed 10.00

Painting 2.50

Roofing and other repairs 6.00

Total S43.50

"For $43.50 per year $1,516 worth of machinery can be housed. If
these machines are left out of doors they will depreciate 10 per cent (and
that is putting it mildly) of their value per year, or $151.60. It is thus
readily seen that it is neater, cheaper, more convenient and more business-
like in every respect to build a machinery shed and then see that the
tools are put inside when not in use. Simply by having the shed to
house the machinery we are making a great saving, namely, the difference
between $151.60 and $43.50, or $108.10. A paying proposition, to say
the least."

SCALES ON THE FARM.

Breeders' Gazette.

Guesswork has cost farmers a deal of money. Years ago it was a
pardonable business breach; it is not today. In the experimental stage
of farm scales, when these inventions were very costly and the necessity
of conducting farming operations on a strictly economic basis was little
appreciated, the sale of live stock and farm produce at guessed weights
was among the unavoidable evils. Experienced buyers with eyes trained
in the calculation of animal avoirdupois almost invariably had the better
of sellers. Usually the buyer greatly underestimated weights and the
seller went to a similar extreme in the other direction, with the result
that in effecting a compromise large advantages quite uniformly accrued
to the clever buyer. Many a farmer, for example, has sold hogs at
guessed weights and the next day been humiliated to learn that the buyer
sold them off the scales at advances ranging from 20 to 50 pounds per
head. It is singular that while farmers esteem themselves highly as
guessers of the weights of farm animals, and many times seem more
interested in their heft than in breed character or perfection of feeder
type, their cocksure estimates are often ridiculous when compared with
the readings of the scale beam. It is not within the ability of the eye

664 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

to measure the weight of a beast with sufficient accuracy to make the
plan commercially prudent. While the eye of the master fattens his
cattle, it is not to be relied on in fixing their weights for sale.

In an age that teems with perfected inventions designed to place farm-
ing on a business footing, any sort of guesswork in this field is inexcusable.
Everything that the farmer sells by weight should be weighed on his
own scales. Upon the facts furnished by them he can make accurate
deals. If he has first-class farm scales he can swear by them, and their
determinations will be respected by purchasers of his goods. Such scales
are now within the reach of almost all farmers. Not to own one is an
extravagance. Experience yields the emphatic verdict that business-like
farming can not be conducted without them.

Economists who with breadth and balance interpret modern industrial
developments and deduce principles with which to guide practice, agree
that the largest net profits come from full equipments operated by skilled
labor under wise direction. Farming is an exceedingly complex art. It
therefore requires complexity of mechanical organization and equipment
•involving the use of those machines and devices which not only reduce
labor but enhance its efficiency.

Like many other accessories useful to the farmer, scales may be
classed as indispensable luxuries. They accompany and promote careful
business methods in every department of agricultural activity. They are
eflBcient means to exact ends. So important and definite are the results
from their use that farmers rightly consider them investments. The
classification is sound. An investment implies subsequent returns repre-
senting a fair rate of interest on the capital involved. Scales put to the
dozens of uses within their sphere on any stock farm will in a short
time wipe out their first cost and for years afterward pay a handsome
usury on the original outlay. Any standard agricultural tool or machine
after it pays for itself becomes an actual creator of net wealth. Scales
will offset their cost about as quickly as any device used on the farm.

By increasing the equipment of the farm we increase its productive
capacity and enlarge the possibilities of clear profit. Crudity in agri-
culture practices war against maximum returns. We can get along
without certain machines and appliances, but we can augment profits by
using them. Inadequate equipment may confer fair rewards, but a com-
plete outfit will place the largest end in reach. From the most enlight-
ened point of view, investments in those tools and devices which consti-
tute a complete mechanical outfit for a farm are fundamentally sound.
No outfit can be complete if it lack a standard farm scale. In the course
of a year there are hundreds of questions that can be submitted to the
scales. Are the cattle making profitable gains? Are the hogs fattening
satisfactorily? Is the corn weighing out? What is the yield of the
meadow? Is that draft well grown for his age?

Scales will yield money-making information almost every day on the
stock farm. This explains the remarkable activity which prevails in the
scale manufacturing plants of the country.

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 665

ECONOMY IN FARM OPERATIONS.
Breeders' Gazette.

I sometimes really wonder if there are any of us who do not take
many more steps each day than we need, to do our regular daily work.
Is it not too true that we often go about our work in a roundabout man-
ner when we could save time and energy by using a little forethought?
"We allow our season's work to come upon us unprepared and then
hurriedly plan some temporary arrangements which usually stand indefi-
nitely, however inconvenient they may prove to be. Perhaps in the
spring we discover the ground in condition to turn and suddenly remember
the plowshares are dull and the harness needs oil and rivets. In the fall
maybe rough weather sets in and the feed lot and racks are not in
shape to use.

Now from my first statement I would not have you think that I am
at all in sympathy with any short-cut method if it comes at the expense
of efficiency. I never yet have seen any pressing the button system for
doing the chores around the barn that impressed me as being altogether
satisfactory. I remember when my older brother and I were small we
were entrusted with the milking of several cows. Not being particularly
fond of this kind of work, as it sometimes happens with boys, a notion
crept into our heads that it would mean a great saving of labor if we
could draw all the milk from but two teats of each cow and still get the
same amount; four were more than a cow needed anyway — for any sensi-
ble boy need not be told that a cow's udder is one undivided vessel.
Accordingly, unbeknown to my father, we tried the experiment on one
of the cows for two weeks with dire results, when we were compelled to
abandon the experiment and very nearly the cow. But you see we were
trying to improve upon one of Nature's ways of doing things, which are
invariably far ahead of anything that man can devise.

Suppose we are feeding a bunch of steers on shock corn from the field
and want to feed twice a day. It is so easy to set aside a lot for the
purpose, patch up a few boxes and begin operations. Then it follows
that the team must stand in the barn with the harness on all day and
be hitched up again at night to haul feed, or perhaps they are busy in
the field when they must drop their work for the feeding. Only a few
hours' work in the fall would put a partition through that lot, which no
doubt is too large anyway, and thereby one round in the morning would
place feed in the racks on one side for morning and the other side for
night; then at feeding time in the evening all that is necessary is opening
a gate and the work is done. This necessitates a few more racks, but
this outlay is not to be compared with the saving of time from their use.
I have used this plan for several years and find that one round will bring
very nicely enough fed for twenty head of cattle.

666 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

I always aim to have a nice bunch of early fall pigs to follow the cattle
when the older ones have gone to market, and it is a joy to me to watch
them as they diligently look after the waste and to notice how fast they
grow; but for various reasons we are not feeding cattle this winter and
so we have had to handle our pigs differently. After the clover pasture
gave out I added a slop of middlings to balance their corn and this is the
way I have arranged it. I am not fortunate enough to have any fancy
hoghouse on the place, but I judge one who could not make money today
raising hogs without an expensive hoghouse ought to hire out to someone
who can.

There is a nice barn, however, with a shed 30x40 feet in one end of the
basement. I fenced off one-fourth of this for my slopping and feeding
pen. I placed two troughs lengthwise of this pen and with my box of
middlings in one corner, a tank of water in another, a salt bucket hung on
a pin and the pig creep closed I can prepare the slop undisturbed and with
a minimum amount of time and labor. I have always observed that
when we have things handy we usually attend to our stock just a little
better.

I dislike so much to see pigs root pretty golden ears of corn around
in the mud or on a dirty floor, and at best it is difficult to prevent this
wholly in rainy muddy weather. The thought struck me some time ago
that if self-feeders work so well for lambs, why not for pigs? I made
one, hitched the power to the sheller and ran through about 40 bushels
of corn. This feeder is about 27 inches wide, 12 inches deep and 6 Inches
high and is set in one corner of my slopping pen, fastened to the wall.
It works like a charm and I wonder why I never thought of it before.
Someone says the pigs get too much corn. I think not; they will always
squeal for their slop with water at their side. I never could figure any
profit in limiting the feed to a maintenance ration for pigs anyway. No
crowding and fighting, no feet in the trough. They begin when they wish
and quit when they wish and I never had pigs do better. The power and
sheller had been standing idle for some time, but now with a little time
occasionally we can keep forty-eight shoats going and the beauty of it all
is that the feed is always fresh and clean and always on tap.

THE HABITS OF THE BEE AND SOME MISAPPREHENSIONS.

From Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture Bulletin No. 148.

By Everett F. Phillips, Ph. D., (Fellow for Research in Zoology, University

of Pennsylvania).

Of all animals, aside from man himself, there are very few that have
been the object of more admiration and interest to men of every age
than the common honey bee. The domestic animals have, of course, been
the objects of much study, but it is much to be doubted whether they
surpass the bee in interest. On account of its value to man as a honey
producer, as well as because of its most interesting habits, but few insects
are as well known as is the hive bee. Apis mellifera.

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 667

It may be profitable for us to review together for a short time some
of the things that we know about bees, and it has occurred to me that
possibly it might be even more profitable to find out what we do not
know. There yet remains much to be done along the line of observations
on the habits of the bee, and lest we forget that we do not yet know
all that is to be known, let us first examine the difliculties in the way of
observation and then hastily review our present knowledge in so far as
our time will allow.

First of all, let us give credit to the men who in the past have spent
their time in observation, for by their labor we of the present are enabled
to read in a short time the results of years of work and profit in the
practical work of apiculture by their recorded results. He would be an
ignorant bee-keeper indeed who would fail to acknowledge his debt of
gratitude to the men who have worked on the habits of the bee, for api-
culture is founded on their work and would not exist today as a science
were it not for such workers. The name of Aristotle, Swammerdam,
Reaumur, Bonnet, Schirach, Huber and others well known to you must
ever be venerated by beekeepers for the light these men threw on the
activities in the hive. Huber, with his loss of sight, stands out among
these as an example of a man who could do work of the greatest value
in spite of an afiliction which would make most men of little value to
mankind at large. Later we come to the names of Dzierzon, the founder
of the theory of Parthenogenesis, Von Berlepsch, Von Siebold and "Weie-
mann. We must also include Langstroth, Cowan and possibly Cheshire
in the list, for they have done much in apiculture. There are many more
men whose work has helped, but we cannot enumerate all of them.
I regret to say that relatively few Amer^ans have done much toward
a scientific study of the bee, but what this nation lacks on that side has
been more than made up in practical appliances and methods. The source
to which every beekeeper should go for a knowledge of the habits of the
bee is not a book written by any of the men that I have named, nor of
any other man, but the one place to study the habits is beside a bee hive.
First-hand information, properly obtained, is worth more than any amount
of second-hand facts, and here, as everywhere, we can profitably follow
the advice of the celebrated naturalist Agassiz, "Study Nature, not
Books."

The study of the behavior of animals is not easy. I am well aware
that many persons think that they could not want an easier task than
to study the habits of the bee, but there are difliculties which make
such work very trying and unsatisfactory.

In the first place, it is often hard to see just what a bee is doing.
Let us take as an example what happens when we shake the bees from
a frame in front of the hive entrance. In a short time a few bees nearest
the entrance turn their heads toward the opening and begin to fan their
wings; others soon do the same, and before long almost every bee is
fanning as if its very life depended on it. Gradually they begin to move
toward the entrance and enter the hive. Every beekeeper has seen this
repeatedly, especially when hiving a swarm, but how many could tell
what is going on among the bees? This action has been referred to
as the "joyful hum" of the bees as expressive of their pleasure at finding

668 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

again the hive in which they belong. Others have said that the noise
of those nearest the hive is heard by the bees farther away, and they
know where the colony is located. Whether bees can hear or not is a
question which need not be discussed here, but these conclusions are
inaccurate because the observations are incomplete. If you will care-
fully notice this particular action at the next opportunity you will see
that the abdomen is raised to an angle of about forty-five degrees and
that the last segment is bent down, exposing a light yellow strip between
it and the next anterior segment. On this yellow area there appears
a glistening drop of some fluid, and when the bee begins to fan a very
peculiar odor is easily detected even by the human nose. Bees are, as
is well known, governed largely by scent, and this particular action
consists in the fanning back of the odor produced by this liquid. The
difficulty in earlier observations was that the whole attitude and action
was not observed, and consequently the conclusions were incorrect. It is
not so much because this is hard to see, but because the observers were
satisfied with a partial observation, that we long remained ignorant of
this important habit. We pride ourselves on our ability to see things,
yet any person who has investigated the subject knows how difficult it
is to get two people to tell the same story concerning any observation;
and this is not because their eyes do not see alike, but because they
perceive only part of the event and let their imaginations fill up the
gaps. In no place is this human fault more noticeable than in work on
observation of habits, and as a result I feel free to say that this is one
of the most difficult problems in the study of animals.

A second difficulty is that of giving reasons for the things observed.
We are not satisfied with meje observations of actions unless we can
see why they are performed, for otherwise the action is meaningless.
Since the bee is constructed on a plan so totally different from ourselves,
we often are unable to interpret the habits and doubtless many important
things are still unknown for this reason.

A third difficulty, and one to which too much attention cannot be
called, is the difficulty of distinguishing between verifiable and unverifiable
truth. As an example, let us take the action of the worker bees toward
the queen. The actual observation is this: The workers surround the
qUeen on the comb and touch her with their antennae. Whenever she
approaches a worker as she moves over the comb the worker turns toward
her and at once begins touching her with its antennae. So much all
observers see, but here they separate. One says the workers hold the
queen in greatest respect and that they care for her and caress her
because they know that on her depends the life of the colony; another
observer denies all ability of a worker bee to feel any affection or similar
emotion. Now who is right? No one can tell, for at the present time this
is unverifiable. The actual movements are verifiable by any observer,
but when we try to explain the inner feelings of an insect we enter the
realm of unverifiable truth, where our imaginations are our only guides,
and consequently our results are worse than worthless. This is the
rock on which many observers of bees are shipwrecked. If only there
were some way to eradicate the unverifiable statements from the books
on bees what a marvelous advance it would be. The very best writers

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 669

are at fault here and scarcely a bee journal appears that does not contain
some such statements.

As another example of this, allow me to quote from one of the more
recent works, the author of which may perhaps remain unmentioned.

"The antennae, in some mysterious way, afford means of communica-
tion. By them the bee says all it feels to its friends and relatives.

"Watch two bees meet on a window frame; they instantly cross feelers,
and if they come from the same hive there ensues such an outpouring of
bee talk, such a tremor of crossed antennae, such an evident condition of
excitement all through their bodies, as might well fill the most practised
gossip with envy.

"One can imagine the graphic terms in which they relate the recent
awful experience of their capture, how they were suddenly and rudely
jerked from a sweet blossom, and after indescribable shaking about in
a strange thing made of bands too close together for them to get through
and too tough for them to bite through, finally found themselves, as they
supposed, free.

"The joy after the fear! but alas, their happiness was of short dura-
tion; for when they attempted to return to the clover field visible in the
distance, they found themselves suddenly checked in mid-career by what
seemed a wall of thickened air, a strange, hard, cold, transparant night-
mare or a barrier which they could see through but could not pass.

"Poor little bees. No wonder their antennae fly in the discussion of
such strange facts, and how fortunate that the ears of the ogre, their
captor, are not attuned to the remarks of their antennae, as they express
their opinion concerning him morally, mentally and physically."

Truly this author has wandered far afield in the realm of the unverl-
flable! I am not one of those who would eliminate all the poetic from
our daily life, nor would I fetter the imagination as long as it leads to
the truth, but to put such an array of obvious fabrication into a book
which is intended to instruct us on bees is far from justifiable. It is
just this sort of thing which has caused many persons to look with dis-
favor on much of the so-called "Nature Study" of our schools. It is
really a pity that this author did not discover that there are more won-
derful facts concerning the bee which were verifiable than any which
were concocted to fill the book.

The three things which I have mentioned are difficulties which even
men have who are well trained in observation. It takes much practice
before the observations made by any person are of any value, and if
we could but prevent people from publishing their results until they really
know how to observe, what a blessing it would be to apiculture. There
are other obstacles which we continually meet, such as the tendency to
generalize from one or two observations, and the drawing of wrong con-
clusions because of bad logic. "We may find examples of these later, but
there is one other grave fault of which I wish to speak before leaving
this subject. I refer to the use of the word "instinct."

I have no desire at this time to go into a discussion of the causes and
nature of insTincts. An instinct may be defined as a natural impulse,
leading animals, even prior to all experience, to perform certain actions
tending to 'the welfare of the individual or the perpetuation of the

670 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

species, apparently without understanding tl^e object at which it may be
supposed to aim or without deliberating as to the best methods to employ.
There are many actions of the bee which are carried out by newly hatched
bees and for which we can see no cause. The difficulty here is that
whenever an observer comes across an action which he cannot understand,
and for which he can find no method of formation, he throws it into the
general pile of "instincts" without further effort to find a cause. Is it
not evident that what we so often call instincts are but actions which
we do not understand? I believe, and I am not alone in my belief, that
every instinct has a physical cause in the structure of the animal or its
environment, and unless we do our utmost to arrive at the ultimate
cause of these actions we have not finished our problem. There is a
tendency for all men to think that when they have a name for a thing
and can use the word fluently that they understand all the details of
the question, but we must constantly avoid this. As an example of this,
let us take the duties of the bees at different ages. Briefly, they work
as follows: For the first day or two the young bees do not work, on
account of their weak condition, but they soon take up the duties inside
the hive, such as wax-building, nursing the developing larvae, cleaning the
hive, etc. Later, generally when about sixteen to nineteen days old, they
begin to fly from the hive and ordinarily never do any of the inside
work of the hive which they did before. Of course, it must be under-
stood that varying conditions may change their actions, but this is what
normally happens. Young bees do, of course, fly from the hive in what
is called their exercise flight on warm afternoons, but they do not go
so far from the hive but that they can be guided back by their sense of
smell. "Why do they go through this cycle? We can, of course, say that
instinct impels them to do all these things, but how much more do we
know about it when we have given a name to the impulse unless we
look farther?

I have not investigated this problem very much, and do not wish it
understood that I think that I have arrived at the ultimate and complete
cause of this cycle of action, but certain facts seem to me to indicate
that there is an organic cause back of all this. The large compound
eyes, as well as the ocelli of the young bees, are covered with fine hairs,
each one of which' is much longer than a single unit of the eye. These
hairs are not sensory, as Cheshire claims, since they are in no way con-
nected with the nervous system. I can also see no reason why they
should be considered as protective, since the chitinous lens of the eye
is very dense and seemingly needs no protection of this kind. These
hairs come off gradually and by the time the bee is ready to fly they are
nearly all gone. 1 do not wish to make the mistake of failing to distin-
guish between accompanying and casual factors, but I am inclined to the
belief that these hairs on the young bees so obscure their vision that they
do not fly from the hive to forage because they cannot see clearly enough to
do so. As we know, young bees do fly for exercise, but, as before men-
tioned, only so far that they might be guided back by scent.

Whether my view is correct or most erroneous, all must admit that
it is no worse than the position of the man who says that it is all due to

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART X. 671

instinct, for he doesn't know anything about it and I profess to know
but little.

That bees as well as other animals do certain things instinctively is
too evident to be discussed, but what we now need, above all else, in the
study of habits is to recognize the fact that the word "instinct" is too
often a confession of ignorance and we must look for other and more
fundamental causes where possible.

I have enumerated at some length the difficulties and liabilities of
error in a study of the habits of the bee, and if I could but impress on
every beekeeper the fact that these really exist I would be thankful. On
the other hand, I know of no more favorable animal for study than the
honey bee, and if I spend more time on the difficulties than on the
advantages it is because the favorable side is better known.

The work of others in the past makes it possible for us to begin where
they left off, and this advantage applies particularly to work on bees,
where so much has already been done. The interest which we have in
the bee from a commercial standpoint makes the work easier, for a
person working on bees is doing something of interest to many people,
and but few of us have reached that height of scientific perfection where
we do not care for at least some popular interest in our work. Lastly,
the numerous modern appliances of apiculture make it possible for us
to study bees under many varied conditions, and these changed conditions
bring out peculiarities in the habits which would not be seen, except with
difficulty, under ordinary conditions. Movable frames, observation hives,
mating nuclei, and swarm boxes are of inestimable value in the study
of habits.

In discussing the habits of the bee it is hard to know where to begin.
Perhaps there is no better way to arrange what is to be said than to
follow a colony through a season, taking up the various phases of their
activities in the order in which they occur in nature. We can thus
avoid unnecessary repetition and still get in all the desired points.

In the spring of the year the colony consists of a queen, whose duties
consist in laying the eggs in the cells of the comb, and many workers
or undeveloped females. At this time there are no males or drones.
During the winter the bees remain quiet, and the queen lays no eggs, so
that in the spring there are no developing bees in the hive. The supply
of honey is then also low, for they have eaten their stores all winter and
none has been collected and placed in the cells. As soon as the days
are warm enough the bees begin to fly from the hive in search of the
earliest spring flowers. From these flowers they collect nectar, which
is transformed into honey, and pollen, which they carry to the hive on
the pollen baskets on the third pair of legs. The nectar is taken into the
bee's mouth and then passes to an enlargement of the alimentary canal,
known as the honey-stomach, where it is acted upon by certain juices
secreted by the bee. On its arrival in the hive the bee places its head
in one of the cells of the comb and deposits there the nectar which it
has carried in. By this time the nectar has been partially transformed
into honey, and the process is completed by the bees by fanning the cells
to evaporate the excess of moisture which still remains. When a cell
has been filled with the thick honey the workers cover it with a thin

672 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

sheet of wax, unless it is to be eaten at once. The pollen is also deposited
in cells, but is rarely mixed with honey. The little pellets which the bees
carry in are packed tightly into cells, and if a cell of pollen be dug out of
the comb one can usually see the layers made by the different pellets.
This collecting of nectar and pollen continues throughout the summer
and ceases only with the death of the last flowers in the autumn.

Almost as soon as the honey and pollen begin to come in, the queen of
the colony begins to lay eggs in the cells in the center combs. The title of
■queen has been given to the female bee which normally lays all the eggs of
the colony, under the supposition that she governs the colony and directs
its activities. This we now know to be an error, but the name still remains
Her one duty in life is that of egg-laying. She is most carefully watched
over by the workers, and is constantly surrounded by a circle of attend-
ants who feed her and touch her with their antennae; but she in no way
dictates what shall take place in the hive. The eggs are laid in the bot-
tom of the hexagonal cells, being attached by one end to the center of
the base. The first eggs laid develop into workers, and are deposited in
cells one-fifth of an inch across. As the colony increases in size by the
hatching of these workers, and as the stores of honey and pollen increase,
the queen begins to lay in larger cells measuring one-fourth of an inch
across, and from the eggs laid in these cells drones develop. The size
of the cell does not determine the sex, as will be explained later; but the
queen almost invariably lays the worker eggs in the smaller cells and
the drone eggs in the larger ones. As these male eggs develop and hatch,
drones begin in the colony, generally about the first of May in temperate
climates.

The eggs do not develop directly into adult bees, as might be inferred
from what has just been said; but after three days there hatches from
the egg a small white worm-like larva. For several days the larvae are
fed by the workers, and the amount of food consumed is truly remarkable.
The larva grows rapidly, until it fills the entire cell in which it lives,
and then the workers cover the cell with a cap of wax while the larva
inside spins a delicate cocoon under the cap. The worker brood can at
once be distinguished from the drone brood by the fact that the workers
place a flat cap over worker brood and a high arched cap over drone
brood; and this often is of great help to the beekeeper in enabling him
to determine at once what kind of brood any hive contains. Twenty-one
days from the time the egg is laid the young worker bee emerges from
its cell, having gone through some wonderful transformations during the
time it was sealed up, this stage being known as the pupa stage. For
drones the time is twenty-four days.

About the time the drones begin to appear, the inmates of the hive
begin to prepare for swarming, which to anyone watching the habits of
bees is one of the most interesting things that takes place in the colony.

The workers now begin to make queen cells. In our previous descrip-
tion of the development of the young from the egg nothing was said
about the queen, and there are some decided differences in her growth
which we will now take up.

As was stated earlier, the queen and the workers are all females.
Schirach, an old authority on bees, discovered that the bees can take a

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART X. 673

young worker larva soon after it hatches from the egg, and, by giving It
special food, royal jelly, all during its larval life, and, by constructing
for it a special cell, make of the otherwise worker larva a fully developed
queen. This it is that the workers of a colony do when they are pre-
paring to swarm. Several young worker larvae are chosen as the material
for queen-rearing, generally located near the margin of the comb. The
workers now begin to feed these chosen larvas an extra amount of food,
and at the same time the sides of the cells containing them are remod-
eled and enlarged by the destruction of surrounding cells. The queen (or
royal) cell is nearly horizontal at the top, like the other cells of the comb,
and projects beyond them; later the workers construct another portion
of the cell into which the queen larva moves. This is an acorn-shaped
cell placed vertically on ihe comb, about as large as three ordinary cells.
As the cell is being built the queen larva continues to grow until the
time comes for her to be sealed up and enter the pupa state. Although
it takes the worker twenty-one days to complete its development, the queen
passes through all the stages and reaches a considerably larger size in
but sixteen days.

Before leaving the subject of the raising of queens, it might be well
to state that if, for some reason, a queen is killed in the hive, or by
chance gets lost, the workers can at any time replace her by the same
method, provided, of course, they have worker larvae on which to work.
In the same way they will replace or supersede an old queen when she
begins to show signs of decreased power of egg-laying, so that this
peculiar performance is not characteristic of swarming only.

In the swarming season, at about the time the new queens are ready
to leave their cells, the old queen leaves the hive and takes with her a
part of the workers, this being known as "swarming." This generally
takes place in the morning of a warm, pleasant day. It may as well be
confessed that we know very little about this remarkable instinct of the
bee. In the first place, under ordinary conditions, the old queen would
not allow queen cells to be constructed in her colony, nor has anyone
told us why she allows it now. Neither do we know what starts the actual
swarming, nor which bees, workers or queen, first set the hive in motion.
We are equally ignorant of what is the thing which compels certain bees
to leave with the old queen and why the others stay in the old hive with
the young queen. Since the prevention or control of swarming is such
an important problem in practical apiculture, the value of research along
this line is evident. Since our original hive has now divided, let us
follow the swarm with the old queen and later return to the old hive to
observe the actions of that.

In the hands of a beekeeper the departing swarm may be put into
another hive, provided he wishes to increase the number of his colonies;
but in nature the swarm will find an old hollow tree or some similar
place in which to establish itself. The bees, before leaving their old
hive, fill themselves with honey until the abdomen is greatly distended,
and for this reason it is not necessary for them to collect nectar for a
day or two, for they have other work to do. Some of the bees begin to
clean up the new quarters and get it fit for occupancy; but most of them
43

674 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

begin the construction of new combs. To do this they suspend themselves
in curtains from the top of the hive and remain motionless for some
time. The wax used in building comb is secreted by the workesr in eight
small pockets on the lower side of the abdomen while they thus hang in
curtains. Finally, after considerable wax has been thus formed, they
begin to build. The small flakes of wax are passed forward to the
mouth, there mixed with a salivary secretion to make them pliable, and
then are placed against the top of the hive. Other workers then come
and place their small contributions of wax on those first deposited, and
this continues until the combs are finished. There is more to comb-
building than the mere sticking on of wax plates, however; and nothing
in all bee habits is more wonderful than the beautiful plan on which they
build the comb. The cells are hexagonal in shape, so that each cell in
the center of the comb is surrounded by six others; nor is this the only
remarkable thing in their architecture, for each comb is composed of a
double row of cells, the base of each cell being formed of three parts,
each one of which is likewise a part of a separate cell on the other side
of the comb. By this method the bees obtain the greatest possible
capacity for their cells with the least expenditure of wax. The accuracy
of the cells of the comb has in all ages been an object of admiration of
naturalists and beekeepers; and while the degree of perfection assigned
to these cells has undoubtedly been over-stated by most writers, yet we
cannot but admire and wonder at the remarkable instinct, almost border-
ing on intelligence, which enables the bees to build cells so well suited to
their purpose.

As soon as there are some cells constructed, and even before they are
entirely completed, the queen begins to lay eggs, and the workers begin
to collect stores of honey and pollen. They also collect in considerable
quantity a wax-like substance from various trees, commonly called
propolis, with which the inside of the hive is made tight, closing up all
openings except the one which serves as an entrance. In this way the
new swarm prepares for itself an abode like the one it left; and by
sealing up the crevices and gathering stores it prepares for the coming
winter.

We may now return to the colony which remained after the swarming
took place to see what happens there. The colony left in the old hive
retains all the brood and honey stores, and has a newly hatched' queen.
There is then no necessity for wax building nor for sealing up the hive;
but this colony is already in a normal condition except that the queen
is not yet ready to perform her duties, and she will receive our attention
now. A very young queen receives little attention from the workers, but
goes about the combs practically unattended. When about five days old
(the exact time depending on the weather), in the afternoon, the virgin
queen flies from the hive to mate with a drone. She first takes several
short, preparatory flights to get her hive located so that she may find it
on her return, and finally she flies upward in constantly enlarging circles,
high in the air. Thus far she may be easily followed; but few have been
fortunate enough to observe the actual mating. Sometimes the mating
takes place at a lower point, and a few men have recorded the fact of
witnessing the completion of the mating flight. The queen, on leaving

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART X. 675

the hive, in some way attracts a great many drones to her from all parts
of the apiary, provided her hive is located in a bee-yard, and the swiftest
and strongest is successful in the race. The other drones often follow
the queen back to her hive, and for an hour or two remain on the outside
of the hive after she has entered, but later they return to their former
hives.

The queen returns from the mating flight in about half an hour,
carrying with her the generative organs of the male, which is killed
during the union of the two. Near the posterior end of the queen is a
small sac, which, before the flight, is filled with a clear liquid, but after
her return this sac is filled with an opaque fluid; and it is the reception
of this opaque substance which is the essential thing in mating. This
liquid contains millions of spermatozoa, or male sex cells, each one of
which is capable of fertilizing an egg as it glides past the opening of the
sac. This supply of spermatozoa is almost always sufficient to supply
the eggs laid by a queen for three or four years — it rarely happening that
she mates a second time before laying. Since a queen can, during her
lifetime, lay a total of 500,000 eggs, most of which receive one of these
spermatozoa, it will be seen that the apparatus for preserving them is
very perfect, since the queen cannot generate more and they do not divide
or increase in number in any way.

The mating of queen and drone never occurs in the hive, but always
in the air, on the wing. This fact prevents what is known as in-and-in
breeding; for if the queen mated in her hive she would receive sperma-
tozoa from her brothers, and we know that such close breeding is unde-
sirable in all forms of life. The cause of the undesirable results of
in-breeding are yet a mystery; but we do know that they follow, and
this habit of the queen of mating outside the hive renders close crossing
less probable. After the queen has returned to her hive the workers
remove the male organs. These parts of the male are not absorbed by
the queen, as is sometimes claimed; but the spermatozoa contained in
them are taken into the spermatheca and the rest dries up and is re-
moved. Almost as soon as the queen returns from her flight there is a
difference in the treatment which she receives from the workers. It
happens at times that she is not received kindly after taking her flight,
and may be killed by the workers, which do not recognize her as their
queen, probably on account of some new odor which she has acquired
during her absence. This is rare, however, for ordinarily she is the
object of much attention on her return. From this time on, whenever she
stops for a moment on the comb, either to deposit an egg or to rest, she
is surrounded by the workers. In about two days after mating the
young queen begins to lay, and this one duty she performs until her
death, never again leaving the hive except with a swarm.

The colony with the young queen is now in the same condition as the
one which left the hive, both having laying queens, combs, brood and a
sealed hive. Their histories, under normal circumstances, are then prac-
tically the same. Both prepare for winter, and the following spring both
cast swarms again, and so the cycle is repeated. Such is the activity of
bees under favorable conditions; but, needless to say, this ideal is not
always realized, and we will now follow colonies under other conditions.

676 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Let us take a colony with a virgin queen like the one left after a
swarm is cast. It sometimes happens that the queen is defective in some
way so that she cannot fly from her hive to meet a drone. This may be
caused by mutilated or weak wings, or possibly the queen shows no
disposition to fly. On the other hand, the weather may not be favorable
for her flight, or there may be no drones in the air when she does fly.
Evidently any of these conditions will prevent mating; and when this
occurs we are enabled to see one of the most remarkable phenomena of
the hive. The observer who wishes to study this phase of bee activity
may bring about the same conditions bj^ cutting off the wings of the
queen or by covering the entrance of the hive with perforated zinc so
that it is not necessary to depend on chance to bring about what we are
now to observe.

If a queen remains unmated for a period of three weeks she is
incapable of mating and loses all desire to leave the hive to meet a drone.
After that time she may begin to lay eggs, but, strangely enough, these
eggs produce nothing but drones and the queen is then what is known as
a "drone layer." Obviously then, drones are produced from eggs which
have not been fertilized. Not all unmated queens become drone layers;
in fact, many queens die if not mated, and many others never lay at all;
but if any eggs are laid they produce only drones. From my own experi-
ence in trying to bring about this condition I can say that the person
wishing to verify the statements made concerning this strange phenome-
non should start several virgin queens in hives and possibly one or
two will lay.

This introduces us to one of the most remarkable phenomena which
Is known to occur in nature, but it is not characteristic of bees alone.
In the vast majority of cases in the animal kingdom eggs disintegrate
unless fertilized by spermatozoa of the same species. Just why fertiliza-
tion is necessary is still a disputed point among scientists; but we know
that it is necessary in most cases. To the development of egg without
the usual fertilization the name "Parthenogenesis" is applied.

The parthenogentic development of drones was first completely
described by Johannes Dzierzon, a priest of Karlsmarkt, Germany, and
a beekeeper of long experience. It has since been verified by many
workers on the subject. As the eggs pass down the oviduct on their way
from the ovaries of the queen they pass the opening of the spermatheca,
and if the egg is to become a female it receives from this spermatheca
one, and only one, spermatozoon; if it is to become a drone it receives no
spermatozoon, and consequently remains unfertilized, as do all the eggs
of a drone layer. A normally mated queen rarely lays a drone egg in a
worker cell, or vice versa, provided both kinds of cells are present, and
consequently we are forced to the conclusion, as much as we dislike to
admit it, that the queen in some way can control the laying of eggs of
different sex, but how this is done is a mystery. I say we dislike to
admit this because it is entirely beyond our comprehension and as stated
in the earlier part of this talk, one of the difficulties in recording observa-
tion is the giving of reasons for things observed.

Another fact which supports the theory of parthenogenesis is that
workers in a colony which is hopelessly queenless will often begin to lay

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 677

eggs. As we have said, workers as well as queens are females, but they
are incapable of mating, and the eggs laid by them produce nothing
but drones.

This statement of the theory of parthenogenesis or the "Theory of
Dzierzon," as it is commonly called, differs from the usual statements of
the theory that find place in the books on apiculture. The Theory of
Dzierzon can be divided into two parts. (1) Drone eggs are unfertilized,
while female eggs are fertilized. To this part all observations lead us to
subscribe. (2) All the eggs in the ovary of the queen are male eggs and
the fertilization of the egg changes its sex and it becomes female.

The latter portion of the theory is not founded on actual observation
but on logic only, and not on sound logic either. Let us state the theory
in a different manner. Male eggs are unfertilized and female eggs are
fertilized. As far as we can see this is the only difference between them,
and since we can see no other difference this must be the thing which
changes the sex. Is it not clear that the conclusion does not necessarily
follow, for is it not possible that there is some difference between these
eggs not yet observed, which is the all-determining factor, rather than
that fertilization is?

Fertilization may have nothing to do with sex-determination: (1)
Nowhere else is the animal kingdom, except in animals exhibiting parthe-
nogenesis, is it claimed that fertilization has any influence on sex. (2)
The ants, which were formerly considered to be similar to the bee in
their parthenogenesis, sometimes, according to some recent work, have
females produced from unfertilized eggs. (3) In the vast majority of
cases where the problem of sex has been investigated there is strong evi-
dence that the sex of the offspring is determined before the egg leaves
the ovary. (4) Certain observations made during the past two summers
tend to show that there is some other difference between male and fe-
male eggs.

In studying the problem of parthenogenesis I was struck by the illogical
conclusion concerning sex, and to test the theory spent some considerable
time in observations on the subject. I found that many of the eggs laid
by a drone-laying queen never develop at all. According to the theory
as propounded by Dzierzon and his followers, all the eggs in the ovary
are male and if they are unfertilized all should develop and become
drones. But all do not develop. I have observed drone-laying queens in
one-frame observation hives, and in eight-frame hives, and in all my ob-
servations there were always a considerable number of eggs which dried
up and did not develop. Of course, all that did develop became drones.

From these facts it is possible that the sex may be determined in the
ovaries before fertilization. Male eggs do not require fertilization, and
therefore can develop when laid by a drone-layer, but the female eggs of
a drone-layer require fertilization, and since they do not get it they die.
I am as yet unable to give an exact ratio between the number of eggs
which develop and those that do not, owing to difBculties in observation,
but of the fact that some do not develop I am sure.

Of course, it will be recognized that this is but a theory with a
somewhat small basis of fact, but the facts observed seem to me to be
enough to throw doubt on the second part of the Dzierzon theory — that

678 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

sex depends on fertilization. For fear of being misunderstood, let me
repeat that my observations confirm the view that drone eggs are un-
fertilized, so that the first part of the Dzierzon theory remains un-
challenged, as far as I am concerned. The entire subject of the parthe-
nogenetic development of the drones is still but little understood. A
few facts are well known, but around these facts there has been woven a
mass of good and bad guesses which must be cleared up. If the theory
could be stripped of these surmises, the whole subject would be much
clearer; and one who undertakes to work on this line must drop all
but well-verified facts.

There is one other line of work on bees in which I have been inter-
ested for some time and on which there is yet considerable work to be
done. According to the views of the majority of zoologists, the varia-
tion of animals is the result of crossing of two lines of heridity. In
other words, worker bees would tend to vary all the way between their
two parents, while drones would tend to be like their single parent. This
is certainly logical, but by this time we know that it is not possible to
figure out in advance what animals are going to do. To test this I have
measured something over a thousand each of drones and workers. In
this work I chose certain characters on the wings, for reasons which
need not be discussed here. Briefly my results are as follows: Drones
vary considerably more than workers, rather than less, as we would
logically conclude; and furthermore, this variation depends more on
the environment under which they are raised than on any inherited
tendency. Some as yet unpublished measurements confirm this view most
strongly.

I have mentioned but relatively few of the habits of the bee, and if I
seem to have taken the view that our present knowledge is meager I
hope you will overlook it if you think me pessimistic. The study of the
habits of the bee are of the utmost importance to apiculture and since
so much remains undetermined, let us hope that many will be enough
interested to take up the work. My acquaintance among bee-keepers is
not as wide as I would wish, but let me say that the best and most
successful that I know are the ones who most carefully study their bees.
On this account I urge the necessity for still more work on the habits.

I have carefully avoided a discussion of modern appliances in bee-
keeping, and especially cut very short any mention of queen rearing,
since this subject will be ably discussed tomorrow by a man who knows
that subject better than I do. It is not because I undervalue the practical
side of bee-keeping that I have confined my remarks to more theoretical
matters, but because I fear that most apiarists rather undervalue the so-
called theoretical work concerning the bee. I hold that one depends on
the other and neither one alone will ever be a full success. This is my
justification in giving expression to the views and facts here spoken.

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART X. 679

FOUL BROOD AND OTHER DISEASES OF BEES.

By Hon. N. E. France, Wisconsin State Inspector of Apiaries, Platteville,

Wisconsin.

Foul Brood — Bacillus alvei is a fatal and contagious disease among
bees, dreaded most of all by beekeepers. The germs of disease are
either given to the young larval bee in its food when it hatches from
the egg of the queen bee, or it may be by contagion from a diseased
colony, or if the queen deposits eggs, or the worker bees store
honey or pollen in such combs. If in any one of the above cases the
disease will soon appear, and as the germs increase with great rapidity,
going from one little cell to another, colony to colony of bees, and then
to all the neighboring apiaries, thus soon leaving whole apiaries with
only diseased combs to inoculate others. The island of Syria in three
years lost all of its great apiaries from foul brood. Dzierzou in 1868
lost his entire apiary of 500 colonies. Cowan, the editor of the British
Bee Journal, recently wrote: "The only visible hindrance to the rapid
expansion of the bee Industry is the prevalence of foul brood, which is
so rapidly spreading over the country as to make beekeeping a hazardous
occupation." Canada's foul brood inspector, in 1890 to 1892, reported
2,395 cases, and in a later report for 1893 to 1898, that 40 per cent of the
colonies inspected were diseased.

In Wisconsin I know of several quite large piles of empty hives, where
all the bees have died from foul brood; also many other apiaries where
said disease had gotten strong foothold. By the kindness of the Wis-
consin beekeepers, in most cases, I have, during the last eight years,
gotten several counties free from disease, and at the present writing.
May 27, 1905, have the disease under control. Foul brood is often im-
ported into Wisconsin, so we must expect new cases until all states have
such laws as will prevent it. Arizona, New York, California, Nebraska,
Kansas, Colorado, Utah, Ohio and Texas have county inspectors. Wis-
consin, Illinois and Michigan have State inspectors. Copy of Wisconsin
laws are now pending in legislatures of Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Maine,
Minnesota, South Dakota, Idaho and Washington.

CAUSES OF FOTjX BROOD.

Causes of Foul Brood — 1. Not from chilled, pickled, starved or any
form of dead brood. But such conditions are most favorable for growth
of disease. Foul brood germs do not float in the air. If they did why
would not every brood cell in an infected hive become diseased?

2. Bees sold, having disease, and new locations thus inoculated.

3. Combs, or implements from one apiary used by others in their
apiaries.

680 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

4. Robber bees, getting honey from infected combs — greatest danger.

5 Buying queen bees from infected apiaries. To be perfectly safe
in this deal, on arrival of queen place her alone in a clean queen cage
with plenty of good honey. Introduce her in this last cage and burn
the just received cage and attendant bees and no evil results, even from
such queens out of infected hives.

EXPERIMENTS.

Experiments — 1. A Wisconsin beekeeper had foul brood among his
bees so bad that he lost 200 colonies with it before cured. Having an
extractor, wax press, etc., at home, he placed the bees in boxes while
he boiled the hives, extracted the honey from all the combs and boiled
the honey, also all combs making beeswax into comb foundation. He
then placed the bees in their same hives on foundation made from in-
fected combs, and fed the infected BOILED honey. Ten years has passed
and no signs of disease there since.

(2) Dried Scales — If the disease has reached advanced stages all of
any danger of disease. To prove this I took a quantity of badly in-
fected combs, rendered the wax myself, and had two of the extensive
manufacturers of' comb foundation make into foundation this lot of wax.
Then selected twenty of the best apiaries in Wisconsin, where no disease
ever was known, and in sixty-two colonies placed this foundation. Five
years have passed and no signs of disease in any of those hives.

(3) Honey or wax from a sun heat extractor is not safe to use until
same is boiled.

SYMPTOMS OF FOXJL BROOD.

(1) Brood in combs badly scattered, many empty cells, cappings dark
and sunken, some with holes in cappings, part of the brood hatching while
others are dead. The dead larvae of a dark brown color, or blackish, ac-
cording to age. The lightest colored will upon inserting a toothpick draw
out much like rubber or glue and at that stage has most odor, much like
stale glue when warm.

(2) Dried Scales — If the disease has reached advanced stages all of
above conditions will be easily seen. According to its age of development
there will be either the shapeless mass of dark brown matter on the
lower side wall of the cell or the dried scale. This scale nearly black
and dried hard to wall of comb as thin as side wall of the cell. The head
of the bee often dies in a small bunch and turned up some. In size,
about half size of pin head.

HOW TO DETECT FOTIL BBOOD.

Take out carefully the oldest hatching brood in the hive and first see
if the cappings are smooth or sunken and scattered, with some having
small holes in the cappings. This is more noticeable in old black combs.
Now bring the brood comb right side up to the level of your chin, tip the
top of the comb towards you so your view strikes the lower walls of
brood cells about one-third distance from front. Next turn your body so
that bright cTaylight comes over your shoulder and shines in each cell
where your view of suspected disease is found. Gas or electric light will
not take the place of sunshine or strong daylight.

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAE BOOK-PART X. 681

On the lower side wall, just back from front end of the cells, will be
seen the apparently dead foul brood, nearly black, with a sharp pointed
head slightly turned up. The body portion o'f the bee flattened to a
mere black lining of its cell, no thicker than one side wall of the comb
cells. The other side walls and bottom of the cell look clean. The scales,
if present as described, are a sure proof of foul brood. Such infected
combs must be burned or melted in boiling water, thus killing all disease
and saving the wax. Diseased combs melted by sunshine heat will not
kill all disease. I always use abundance of boiling water in saving wax
from old combs. I first melt the combs in large kettle of boiling water,
and when all melted and well stirred, is then strained through the wax
press, thus saving everything of any value.

TREATMENT.

McEvoy Treatment — In the honey season when the bees are gathering
honey freely remove the combs in the evening and shake the bees into
their own hives; give them frames with comb foundation starters and
let them build combs for four days. The bees will make the starters into
comb during the four days and store the diseased honey in them which
they took with them from the old comb. Then in the evening of the
fourth day take out the new combs and give them comb foundation (full
sheets) to work out, and then the cure will be complete. By this method
of treatment all the diseased honey is removed from the bees before the
full sheets of foundation are worked out. All the old foul brood combs
must be burned or carefully made into wax after they are removed from
the hives, and all the new combs made out of the starters during the
four days must be burned or made into wax on account of the diseased
honey that would be stored in them. All the curing or treating of dis-
eased colonies should be done in the evening, so as not to have any
robbing done, or cause any of the bees from the diseased colonies to
mix and go with the bees of healthy colonies. By doing all the work in
the evening it gives the bees a chance to settle down nicely before morn-
ing and then there is no confusion or trouble.

TO PREVENT SWARMING OUT WHEN TREATED.

This same method of curing colonies of foul brood can be carried on at
any time from May to October, when the bees are not getting any honey,
by feeding plenty of sugar syrup in the evenings to take the place of the
honey flow. It v/ill start the bees robbing and spread the disease, to
work with foul brood colonies in warm days when the bees are not gath-
ering honey, and for that reason all work must be done in the evening
when no bees are flying.

When the diseased colonies are weak in bees put the bees two, three
or four colonies together, so as to get a good sized swarm to start the
cure with, as it does not pay to spend time fussing with little weak
colonies. When the bees are not gathering honey any apiary can be
cured of foul brood by removing the diseased combs in the evening and
giving the bees frames with comb foundation starters on. Then also in
the evening feed the bees plenty of sugar syrup and they will draw out
the foundation and store the diseased honey which they took with them
from the old combs; on the fourth evening remove the new combs made

682 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

out of the starters and give the bees full sheets of comb foundation and
feed plenty of sugar syrup each evening until every colony is in first
class order. Make the syrup out of granulated sugar, putting one pound
of water to every pound of sugar, and bring it to a boil. As previously
stated, old combs must be burned or made into wax and so must all new
combs made during the four days. No colony is cured of foul brood by
the use of any drug.

All the difference from the McEvoy treatment that I practice — I dig
a deep pit on level ground near the diseased apiary and after getting a
fire in the pit such diseased combs, frames, etc., as are to be burned are
burned in this pit in the evening and then the fresh earth from the pit
returned to cover all from sight. Often I use some kerosene oil, a little at
a time being poured on old brood combs or those having much honey in,
as they are hard to burn. If diseased combs with honey in are burned
on the surface of the soil there is great danger; the honey when heated
a little will run like water on the soil and in the morning the robber
bees will be busy taking home the diseased honey that was not heated
enough to kill germs of foul brood.

I also cage the queen while the bees are on the five or six strips of
foundation. It helps to keep the colony from deserting the hive and going
to other colonies.

I do not believe in or practice burning any property, such as hives,
bees, beeswax or honey that can be safely treated and saved. Many times
it is poor economy to save all and as so many beekeepers are not so
situated as to keep all diseased material from robber bees while taking
care of it, I take charge of the treatment, using my wax press to save
all the beeswax that would have been wasted.

NEEDS OF THE RURAL SCHOOLS.
Miss Mary Riley, Spencer, Iowa, Before Clay County Farmers Institute:

The student of our educational history cannot fail to be impressed with
the wonderful progress made in the past century in the development of
our public school system, and yet, with its marvelous growth and its
limitless possibilities for the future have some element of weakness that
in many cases are impairing its usefulness. Its founders did not intend
that it become a place of leisure, but a place where brain, if not brawn,
should receive some degree of development. It is conceded, I think, that
the object of the public school is to train for citizenship. This is true
of the rural schools as well as the graded schools. But the rural school
advancement has not kept pace with the wonderful progress of the sec-
ondary schools and colleges.

For one thing, the rural school has made little preparation regarding
the health of the child. There are very few rural school buildings in
the State of Iowa today in the construction of which any special attention
has been paid to the proper heating, lighting and ventilation. The only
respect in which most of the rural school buildings differ is in length,
breadth and height. So much do they resemble one another in style of
architecture that the horse of any county superintendent will soon recog-

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 683

nize a country school house at sight and turn in without any guidance.
Inside is found many times an old stove standing in the center of the
room that roasts the children sitting near by, while those farther away
are nearly freezing; windows on opposite sides lighting the room by
cross lights, which are occasionally raised or lowered to supply a little
fresh air. These are the common provisions made for the heating, light-
ing and ventilating of the school room.

At a very little extra expense a jacketed stove, a double flue, one for
smoke and one for an outlet for foul air, and high windows on one side
and rear of building could be provided, which would add much to the
health and comfort of teachers and pupils. I think the time has come
when a law should be placed on the statute books fixing the maximum
requirements in the construction of a rural school building, and making
it mandatory that some provision be made for the proper heating, light-
ing and ventilating of the building.

"Cleanliness is next to Godliness" is an old maxim and measured by
this standard I am sorry to say that many, if not most, of our country
schools have wandered far away from Godliness. Some of the schools, I
am sure, have not had a thorough scrubbing and cleaning for years.

What we need today is not so much additions to the course of study
as we do more attention to the simple things connected with the everyday
life and experience of the pupils in the schools. It has been truthfully
said: the public school is the place to which we should turn our chief
attention in the effort to promote a more beautiful public life in America.
The school house and the school grounds should be as beautiful as any
home in the country, and the child should be surrounded with neatness
and beauty from first to last. Trained in the habit of seeing the good
and beautiful and knowing it, he will come instinctively to hate ugliness
and deformity wherever he sees it, whether it be physical or moral.
Dozens of our school houses present unsightly appearances. Many of the
future citizens of this republic are getting their education under most un-
favorable conditions. I do not know of anything that needs the attention
of the country people more today than the healthfulness, cleanliness and
beautifying of the school house and its surroundings. It is within the
power of pupils, parents, teachers and all friends of education to change
these conditions until we shall have everywhere attractive buildings,
standing on attractive grounds, leading attractive pupils and attractive
teachers to higher ideals of beauty and order.

Have the advantages for the education of the farm boy and girl kept
pace with the advancement in all other lines of society? Is the little
schoolhouse with its poor equipment — in some places I have found only
one map to aid in the teaching of geography and that a map of Iowa
furnished by the' railroad commissioners, no dictionary, no chart, a few
painted boards across one end of the room the only blackboard, with the
poorly brained teachers in many instances, with very poor work in the
common branches — are these sufficient to meet the demands of today for
the common school education?

Have you not reached the period where nothing short of a well-equipped
schoolhouse, a first-class teacher and a course of study to meet the de-
mands of the times are a necessity for your children?

684 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

One of the great needs in the country schools today is a public opinion
which will demand a high grade of service and willingly pay for it, one
which will equip the school for its work as well as the modern farm is
equipped for its work. Another need is a supply of efllcient teachers,
teachers of culture, training and character, teachers whose whole hearts
are in the work.

A few years ago a State superintendent in our State asserted that we
had 5,000 teachers in Iowa who had no farther training than that gained
from the country schools. No doubt some of these people are by nature
good teachers and do good work, but what shall be said of the schools of a
majority of these teachers? A competent teacher at $60 per month will
accomplish three times as much as an incompetent one at $30 per month.
Waste in time is not the most serious thing with children in a poorly
conducted school. Low ideals of duty and of the value of effort are far
greater evils than loss of time alone. A noted educator has said, "You call
no uneducated quack or charlatan to perform surgery upon the bodies of
your children lest they may be deformed, crippled or maimed physically
all their lives. Let us take equal care that we entrust the development
of the mental faculties to skilled instructors of magnanimous character,
that the mentabilities of your children may not be mutilated, deformed
and crippled to halt and limp through all the centuries of their never-
ending lives. The deformed body will die and be forever put out of sight
under the ground, but a mind made monstrous by bad teaching dies not,
but stalks forever among the ages, an immortal mockery of the divine
image."

But you say we must take the teachers we can get. How can we
better conditions? Teachers are very scarce now. The secret and the
solution of the whole thing is in the wages paid the teachers. When
uneducated, unskilled laborers are paid from $30 to $40 per month and
board besides for farm or any other kind of labor it is very unreasonable
to expect to get educated labor for the same wage and pay for board.
It has been suggested that our financial prosperity causes our peda-
gogical poverty. Many who used to desire positions as a means of liveli-
hood are no longer under the necessity of working for the salary offered.
Public opinion yet tolerates the filling by very young women of the
ordinary positions while they are awaiting new honors, but ridicules the
young man who teaches in a country school unless he does it as a make-
shift while he is preparing himself for a life work. The reason for all
this is not that the work itself is debasing, but that the financial results
are inadequate and belittling. Not until the remuneration is put upon a
basis that will compare with other professions, not until the skilled teacher
is paid fully as much as the unskilled laborer, not until as desirable a
livelihood, not for a year, but for life, as is found elsewhere Is assured,
can we expect fully prepared, professional teachers. This wage must be
increased to a point that will restore honor to the work, to a point where
men as well as women will respond to the call, to a point where a
family and not the individual alone may derive support.

The brevity of the term in our rural schools also affects the problem.
Few of us can afford to be idle four or five months of the year. This

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 685

would not matter for hibernating animals, but for men and women cloth-
ing and food must be had for the whole twelve months.

Success along any line cannot be secured unless one gives his whole
time to his work. Who knows a man who is a success as a farmer six
month of the year and success as a merchant, a druggist, a banker or a
politician the other six months? No. No man is so constituted that he
can be jumping from one vocation to another every six months and still
be a leader in any profession. Men may be interested in many kinds of
business and succeed in all, but no man can be six months this, two
months that and four months something else, and still retain a mastery
or leadership in anything.

No more can a teacher be seven or eight months in a school room and
the other four or five in the hammock, or the kitchen, or a clerk. A
teacher must be a teacher all the time, just as a doctor must be a doctor
or a lawyer be a lawyer all the time. Each may and should have a short
vacation, but should not engage in a new line of work. Our rural schools
should run not less than nine months each year. Why should the pupils
in the cities and towns be given better school privileges than the pupils
in the country? But there is yet another reason for the scarcity of teach-
ers, and a reason for which the parent is directly responsible, and that
is the lack of co-operation between the home and the school. If I were
asked to name the one greatest need of the rural schools I would un-
hesitatingly say it is the need of a more sympathetic understanding be-
tween the parent and the teacher.

That the teacher will make mistakes is a foregone conclusion. That
she will sometimes misunderstand the pupils under her charge is equally
certain. Children are sometimes misunderstood in their own homes. How
many of you who so severely censure the teacher for an occasional mis-
take have made any attempt to assist her in understanding the mental
makeup of your child? How many of you who do so recognize the fact
that the environment of the school room is different from that of the
home, and that, therefore, the teacher may not always be able to employ
your methods in dealing with your child? How many of you realize that
offenses which would be trivial in the home become serious matters in
the school room because of the crowded conditions, the pressure of time,
the stress of work and the different natures of the children therein? How
many of you realize that an accumulation of small offenses becomes as
serious as a great offense? How many of you are training your child in
insincerity and falsehood by allowing him to work you with their talk
of abuse at school which they know well you will make little effort to
verify. Just the other day a parent came to the office highly excited over
the shortcomings of one of the teachers. After listening to his story I said,
"You know all these charges are true, of course; you have been to the
school and Investigated the conditions?" I was not surprised at the reply,
"Oh, no, but my child told me so." Subsequent investigation on my part
showed there was very little ground for the charges made.

How many of you allow your children to speak in disrespectful terms
of the teacher at home? How many of you extend the same courtesy and
consideration to the teacher that you do to your other friends? How
many of you praise the teacher's virtues as loudly as you condemn her

683 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

faults? Not long ago a teacher in a very troublesome school said to me,
"I just hate teaching in the country. The parents critisise the teachers
so that the children hate her before they even start into school. Think,
parents, what an injustice you are doing, not only to the teacher, but to
your own child. The bugbear in the eyes of the rural teacher is, I am
sorry to say, the average parent. So many parents interfere with the
management of the country school without properly understanding condi-
tions, insisting upon his child passing on, covering ground regardless of
what he is getting out of it. In many cases the young teacher does not
dare put the child in the class where he properly belongs for fear of in-
curring the displeasure of the parents.

It used to be regarded as a privilege to attend the public school of the
past, but in modern times the pupils seem to feel in many cases that his
presence honors the teacher and often threatens to deprive her of that
honor if she attempts to include him in any regulation that is not exactly
to his liking. This is a wrong sentiment, parents, and you are responsible
for it. How often we hear the question asked of a child, "Well, .John,
what did your teacher do to you today?" implying that some injustice
had been done him. Or, "Well, John, how do you like your teacher?"
Would it not sometimes be wiser to ask, "Well, John, how does your
teacher like you?" Do not make him feel that he is always the one to be
pleased. Have him know that he, too, must stand in judgment.

All teachers are not perfect by any means. They need your assistance,
advice or suggestions and need to know what the trouble is with their
work. If your child is having trouble in school call on the teacher out
of school hours, have a friendly talk with her in regard to the trouble,
remember there is no one beside yourself more interested in your child's
welfare than the teacher. Work with the teacher instead of against
her and you will soon see the improvement in your child, both mentally
and morally.

Again, parents often tell children they do not need to study certain
branches required by the teacher. This, too, is wrong. When a pupil
enters school he is expected to follow the course of study. He is not
thought to have the knowledge necessary to decide what studies are for
his future good.

How can a child tell what is best for him? Why should he be a law
unto himself? The experiences of the past century should certainly have
thrown some light on the relative value of studies usually taught in the
public schools. Why should any boy be permitted to study hard on what
is easy and give up that which is difficult.

If we go to a physician we do not tell him how he must treat our ill.
If we go to a lawyer we do not dictate how he shall try our case. These
men are professional men who are supposed to know best what can and
should be done in the line of their life work. It is the same way with
teachers. Your children go to them for instruction and the teachers, not
the children, should lay down the rules of conduct so far as school work
or school results are concerned. Otherwise you have no right to hold the
teachers accountable for results.

Education should be a training for life, a preparation for future work.
The leading educators all see the great necessity for co-operation between

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART X. 687

the home and the school in order that the best results may be obtained.

Then, for the sake of your child, make a friend of his teacher, visit
the school, take an interest in the child's school life and do not criticise
the teacher in his presence, even though you feel that circumstances jus-
tify you in so doing.

I cannot close without urging upon you the advisability of putting
into the rural schools the topics directly relating to agricultural and farm
life.

If the boys and girls are to know the value of their native soil and how
best to make use of their environment, where can they better begin to
learn these things than in the public schools? Over fifty per cent of the
population are educated in rural schools. The greater part of these
leave school and follow the pursuit of agriculture. This is a matter then
in which we all feel a deep interest. There is, therefore, much cause for
congratulation that in so many different states and under such a variety
of conditions honest and substantial efforts are being made to test the
usefulness of agricultural instruction as a means of improving country
life and perpetuating agricultural prosperity.

AGRICULTURE IN COUNTRY SCHOOLS.

How Page County, Iowa, is Starting the Work.

By Jessie Field, County Superintendent.

One of the best farming communities in the State, four thousand bright
country boys and birls, two hundred loyal and enthusiastic teachers, a
large number of progressive farmers, and Professor Holden and the rest
of the splendid extension department at Ames, have beea the assets and
the inspiration for the agricultural work that has been done in the com-
mon schools of Page county.

The work began in March, 1907, at a county educational rally. Pro-
fessor Holden was present and in talking to the rural teachers suggested
that it would be a good plan for a few of the strongest and most successful
teachers, who were really interested in the work, to meet again and make
some definite plans for work to be done that spring. These teachers
were selected the following week by the county superintendent. They
were teachers who had the respect and confidence of the communities
in which they taught and who were sure to "make good" in introducing
the new agriculture into their schools. Teachers who had good control
of their schools, yet held the friendship and confidence of their pupils.
These teachers would introduce agriculture in a sane and practical way
that all who knew of it would believe it to be a move in the right direc-
tion.

The teachers — fourteen in number — met with Professor Holden the Sat-
urday following the county rally. Professor Holden came in with some
cornstalks under his arm and spent several hours with the teachers plan-
ning for work to be done. Corn was examined and the germination test
box explained. There was informality and enthusiasm in the highest de-
gree. Before leaving everyone present had caught from Professor Holden

688 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

the spirit that is proud to be seen carrying cornstalks. They took this
spirit back to their schools. Seed corn tests were most successfully car-
ried out. Some school gardens were made, and work along some other
lines carried out.

One day of the teachers' institute was set apart for the report of these
teachers on the work done. There was also an address and some actual
milk testing by professor Holden and plans were outlined for the agricul-
tural work of the coming year. The reports were most interesting. There
was the teacher whose boys had walked five miles in a snow storm to
secure the sawdust for the germination box. One who had used his lap-
robe on a cold drive home to wrap the precious box and save it from
freezing. A brave girl teacher had gone back to her school after supper
to build up the fire and keep the temperature of the room even. Several
instances were reported of patrons who had been inclined to scoff at first,
but who have become more deeply interested in this work and in all the
work of the school than ever before. Germination tests in the schools
resulted in germination tests in homes where this had never been done
before.

At the close of this afternoon conference practically every teacher in
the county had caught the spirit and was anxious to take up the work, too.
They realized that it could be done; that the children enjoyed the new
world it opened up to them; that untold good would result from it to the
neighborhoods in which they taught. In fact, one very successful grade
teacher came to the county superintendent and said: "How it does make
me want to be a country teacher." Yes, it is true that just at this transi-
tional period the country teacher has wonderful opportunities; she is free
to carry out her own plans and ideas and her influence will reach far in
the making of the splendid country school of the future.

This fall the first work taken up was in regard to the harvesting and
storing of seed corn. On the basis of material furnished by the extension
department at Ames — I always want to spell the "Extension Department"
with large letters, for it is always such a great and splendid help — enough
circulars were sent to each teacher to furnish every child with one, which
was to be taken home after being considered at school. It was suggested
to the teachers that they have each child go into his father's cornfield
and pick the best ear of corn he could find and bring it to school with
him, where it should be labeled and hung up to dry in the approved man-
ner. After this was done Bulletin No. 77 on "The Selecting and Pre-
paring of Seed Corn" was sent to each teacher and the corn is being care-
fully studied. Very often the first question that greets the county su-
perintendent at inttermission is from some bright boy or girl who asks,
"WTiich ear is the best? We have been waiting to ask you." Before
planting time each school will have a germination test, using this corn.

A number of schools also have taken up the study of weeds. They
have learned to recognize the common weeds, made collections of seeds,
and studied the best methods of exterminating them. We expect to do
more thorough work in this later on.

The superintendent has purchased a Babcock milk tester and a complete
testing outfit, including a convenient portable case. This is being passed
to different schools, both in the country and towns, who wish to learn

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 689

how to test milk. The demand for it is great. There is a wonderful field
of work in this line and the general weeding out of worthless cows could
be secured through the schools more quickly and effectively than in any
other way. Not all boys are born scholars, but there is not a boy alive
who cannot be interested in a Babcock tester and in working with it he
will learn more practical knowledge, gain more in accuracy of judgment,
than from all the text-books he has ever been compelled to pore over.

This account of our work in Page county would not be complete, or at
least the boys and girls.in the schools would not think so, unless something
were told about "their tulip beds." Three thousand tulip bulbs were
divided among the schools of the county, with directions as to the plant-
ing and caring for them. The pupils themselves, under the direction of
their teachers, planted the bulbs with due regard to soil and drainage.
Now, under a covering of leaves, the bulbs are preparing for their bright
burst of blossoms which will help beautify every school ground next
spring. Tulips were chosen because they are sure to blossom and to blos-
som before the schools are out in the spring. Also because it was hoped a
bright tulip bed in every school ground would help in the campaign for
better and more attractive school houses and grounds.

"We feel that we have made only a beginning, and can see far greater
things to be accomplished in the future along these lines. But we have
tried to make our beginning of the kind that counts; to take up the work
in a common sense, practical way; to keep close to the ground and get
some result from our work; and, above all, to create a public sentiment
that will appreciate the value and vital importance of such work in the
training of boys and girls. Already there is a greater interest shown in
the schools because these things are being considered.

Ian MacLaren said just before his death, "I'll tell you the problem of
Iowa is not a political or industrial one; it is the problem of the bairns
scattered over your prairies." A weak ear of corn — a nubbin — you can
sort out and throw to one side, but if the training of the boys and girls
in our commonwealth does not bring out the very best in even the weak-
est of them, if it does not fit them to deal intelligently and successfully
with the very problems they are to meet, then it is time that we made it
such that it will do this. That is why we believe thoroughly in this line
of work in Page county.

RURAL EDUCATION.

From Pennsylvania DEPAETiiENT of Agriculture, Bulletin No. 157.

By Dr. A. C. True, Director Experiment Station, U. 8. Dept. of Agriculture:

Washington, D. C.

Ladies and Gentlemen: It gives me a great deal of pleasure to come
to Pennsylvania and, in some slight measure, get in touch with your
Farmers' Institute work. You have given me an important subject to
discuss, but I shall hardly undertake at this late hour to more than touch
upon certain phases of it.
44

690 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Fortunately, we have had brought before us tonight already the three
great elements that enter Into education — the church, that appeals to the
spiritual life of man; the school, that teaches him how to think and act
as a rational being, and the family, wherein he works out day by day
the plan of life. All these things must enter into life and unto the educa-
tion of the man on the farm, as well as the man in town.

Before taking up the question of normal schools we will look at the
training of the different branches of these educational institutions. Rural
education is a particular subject, and we must have different kinds of
institutions to make a full system of rural education. Within the past
week I have attended the semi-centennial of the first agricultural college
of this country and we have had brought before us very vividly the cause
of forwarding the work of our agricultural colleges, which stand at the
head of our system of rural education. We are training laborers for the
upbuilding of the nation along agriculture lines. We will have a great
place in the world along these lines, and this is only one plea among
many in the claim for rural education.

Today I spent a few hours at the National Farm School, near Doyles-
town, in this State, where we have an institution which is training city
boys to be farmers. Now, that is an important evolution, and it seems to
me they are doing it very well there to a limited number of boys from
the town. There is, as you know, a considerable movement of the people
from the city to the country, and we will all undoubtedly agree that there
is a place for this farm school for city boys, but in between the agricultural
college and this farm school for city people there is a great loss to our
country people, and we must have other institutions to give them the
education they need to fit them for country life, and so I wish to speak
tonight briefly concerning this phase of rural education, which we should
have in connection with the common schools and the secondary schools.

It will not be necessary now to state why we should have a change in
the common schools of the country, but I will say simply that the chief
preliminary is to so grade our common schools that they will adapt them-
selves to the education, the elementary educational study of the modern
phases of country life. The conditions under which you are farming, as
the older members of this assembly at least will strongly recognize, are
quite different from the conditions which existed in the country in past
years. Now, to make these country schools what they should be, it is not,
in my judgment, necessary that we reorganize our school system. We
should rather build on what we already have, and make such changes from
time to time as will strengthen our schools and make them better adapted
to modern conditions. Some of the changes, however, which I think will
necessarily come in the character of these schools are very important in
their character. For example, the course of study in our country schools
has been one that has tended to draw people away from the country into
the city. That has come about naturally enough, because the teachers
in these schools have mostly been educated along these lines which are
best adapted to city conditions, and we must change that; we must bring
into these schools teachers in touch with country life; and country condi-
tions, and we must so grade our schools that they will tend to the pro-

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 691

motion of country life, rather tlian be the instrument for taking people
as rapidly as possible away from the country.

There must be, and will come a general improvement in the country
elementary schools. There must be some regrouping to make them
more efficient. We have heard a great deal about the consolidation of
schools. Now, there is no magic in that, and I do not think it is a
panacea for the ills of our country schools, but it seems to me that in
thinking about that we must face the situation as it is. If we could have
the ungraded school with forty or fifty scholars, as they used to have it in
the old days, and with a well educated man as the teacher of that school,
who had the power to inspire his pupils and direct them in useful lines,
then we should not need to propose that we re-group our schools, but,
actually, we have schools that are so small that it is not possible in that
condition to grade them properly, and because they are so small, because
the districts are so small from which the children come, it naturally fol-
lows that it would be too expensive to bring the best type of teachers into
such cases, and whatever sentiment we may have about the old-time
country school, that should not, I think, stand in the way of our re-
grouping these schools, consolidating them if you will, is order to make
them the best kind of schools, and then we can give more attention to-
ward making the situation as it already exists in the schools contributory
to agriculture and country life. There is no doubt but that the ordinary
studies of reading, arthmetic and geography may be so arranged as to be
primarily connected with the work and life on the farm, and when that
is done we should change the curriculum so as to make much better
schools than we have today, and I think that is possible in these days, and
bring into our country schools when they are properly reorganized and
provided with good teachers a certain element of nature study, and of
agriculture, which will be very helpful in instilling the proper spirit in
these schools and in turning the attention of the children to the newer
ideas in agriculture to the new, progressive agriculture, and leading them
to see that in agriculture itself are found many subjects of study which
will be useful to them in their future life, and benefit them in many ways.

I think we should do something to promote the teaching of the ele-
ments of agriculture in the public schools and through the association of
agricultural colleges and experiment stations, working in harmony with
the national experiment station, there has been produced a set of working
materials which may be used in elementary schools. I have here a bul-
letin which we have just issued, entitled "Experiments in Elementary Ag-
riculture." Now, I cannot go into this subject, but I shall be very glad to
have you take the number and if you are interested in the matter write
to the office of the experiment station for a copy. It is Bulletin 186, of
the office of experiment stations, the title being "Exercises in Elementary
Agriculture." Now, in this bulletin we have tried to show what may be
done with the simplest kind of apparatus, much of which can be made by
any boy who can use an ordinary knife, and making the exercises of such
character as will be suitable to the common schools. These exercises, I
might say, we do not claim any particular originality for. They have
been gathered from various sources and most of them have been suc-
cessfully used in schools. Now, we do not expect that exercises like that

692 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

can be used in the poorest type of country schools. If you have a school
building which it is impossible to heat in winter, of course you can't grow
plants in the winter. Some of the exercises can be used in city schools.
To make good use of these exercises in a complete way you must have
a schoolho.use that is fairly warm through the week and other things of
that sort. Then, of course, this is not material which can be used with
very young children. It is really intended to be used in a common school
which is graded to a certain extent at least, in the seventh or eighth
grade. That is, for children anywhere from twelve to fifteen years of age.
I don't think I will take the time any more to go into the matter to call
attention to its imperfections. Of course, this work has been taken up
in "a, great many places already.

Then, a number of good elementary text-books have been prepared
and I am informed on good authority that one of these text-books has
already reached an edition of 200,000 copies, and I know it is being used
very extensively, and with very considerable success in a number of
states. Of course, in elementary schools we can do but little in teaching
that which relates directly to agriculture, so we must supplement the
elementary school as far as possible with the high school. Now, the high
school is practically a new institution in this country, although it is fa-
vored with a considerable number of pupils. If you had gone back, I
think, about fifteen years you would have found the number of pupils at-
tending high school in this country, but then the high schools were
chiefly in the larger cities and did not exceed 200,000 of the entire popu-
lation. In the course of the next ten years the number had risen to over
600,000 and today we have probably 800,000 students in our high schools.
That shows how rapidly people have taken to the idea that the public
should support elementary education.

Now, if secondary education is a good thing for the city people, I think
a fair presumption would be that it is a good Oing for the country people
also. Now, the city high schools have been more and more modified to
suit the conditions of city life, until today, in many of our cities, we have
not only the ordinary elementary studies in the high school, but we have
a high school business course, and a domestic course, and a scientific
course, and a manual training course, and these are growing more and
more popular. Now, in the same way we must have this specialized edu-
cation for our country people. "We must introduce into these schools spe-
cial studies on the conditions of country life, and in these schools we can
teach a considerable amount of agriculture, and subjects relating thereto,
and there is no doubt about it; it can be done successfully. It has been
done in other countries, and the system of secondary agricultural educa-
tion now existing in a number of European countries is thoroughly suc-
cessful. All the students of education that have looked into this matter
are, I 'think, agreed on this point. We are beginning to organize such
schools in this country. There have been organized, I think, eight. We
have them connected with our agricultural colleges and we have also in a
number of places rural high schools.

I cannot enter into a discussion of the best plan. Indeed, I am not sur
that there is a best plan. The probability is that we shall come to have
high schools with different agricultural courses, graded according to the

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 693

different conditions in those regions and states. The main point is to get
a fundamental elementary education along agricultural lines. We have
recently been interested in the department of agriculture, in an effort
made last year to establish a secondary agricultural school in a rural com-
munity in Maryland, and it may be of some interest to you, if you have
not followed that movement, to learn something about that school, which
is a little different in some respects from other schools of the same class.
There was a rural community in Maryland which found itself without high
school advantages and the people began to be waked up and of their
own motion want the high school. They took up the question with the
school commissioners and the more they talked about it the more they
thought they wanted to have agriculture taught in their schools. So they
called upon the department of agriculture at Washington and also upon
the Maryland Agricultural College, and we found there the first man, a
man who had already had experience in teaching agriculture in secondary
schools, and so there was established at Calvert, Cecil county, Maryland,
a school known as the Calvert Agricultural High School, and Mr. H. 0.
Sampson was made the teacher.

Now, this finally became a town enterprise, and local people put
money into it, the county commissioners making an appropriation, to
get the school established. They were also fortunate in finding a build-
ing ready for their enterprise, which had been used as a denominational
school, and which they were able to obtain at a nominal rent. The school
opened on the first Monday in November with thirty-two pupils enrolled,
in age from twelve to eighteen year. They were arranged in two classes,
the one with what would be the first year in a literary high school, and
the other with what would be the seventh grade as a preparatory class.
It was thought that one teacher would be enough, but the attendance
increased so fast that they were soon obliged to secure an assistant teacher,
the attendance finally reaching fifty-two.

This is simply an example to show you what can be done where the
people are interested in agricultural education. That school has the ordi-
nary high school course — a considerable amount of English and math-
ematics, some literature, and science and history. In the last two years
they have either a modern language, German, perhaps, or Latin, if they
prefer it, and after the pupils have completed the course they are en-
titled to admission to the Maryland Agricultural College. Now, the agri-
cultural part of the work includes text-book studies, talks by the teacher
supplementing this, and also demonstrations and experiments in practical"
agriculture, tree-growing and pruning, corn growing, stock judging, and
so far as possible, the ordinary studies are so planned as to co-relate with
the agricultural studies, so that with arithmetic and physical geography
they also have agricultural work. Then, during the first year, special
prizes were offered to create more interest in agriculture. Then an agri-
cultural program was given, in which outside speakers tried to interest
the people in Farmers'- institutes. This was held in a little town about
four miles from the school, and the school went out there in big farm
wagons and the boys showed how they could judge corn and stock. Now,
one of the most interesting things about this school is the number of
pupils who took no interest in the ordinary school course, but when they

694 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

found something doing in regard to agriculture, they came to school and
became greatly interested, and more than this, the establishment of this
school has led to the organization of a large number of elementary classes
in agriculture in the surrounding schools. I wish I had the opportunity
and could go into this matter further with you, and tell you more about
this school, but that will be impossible at this time. We will, of course,
be glad to give you any information about this matter if you will write
us about it.

These are, in a general way, the lines in which I think we ought to
work; that is, first in elementary schools, then by the establishment
of these secondary schools, in which agriculture shall be taught, and
which shall be chiefly a preparation for actual farm life, and, of course, if
you once get these secondary schools, they will be a good preparation for
our agricultural colleges.

Now, as to the situation here in Pennsylvania, I have given it a little
attention and I think you are ready for the advance movement along the
line of rural education. You have, I understand, made a very large ap-
propriation for schools, and for good roads. Now, these two things go to-
gether. You have your high schools, which you can proceed to reor-
ganize for agriculture, and you are reorganizing your agricultural college
with the idea of making it more eflBcient as a college, and of allying it
more closely with the educational system of the school, so it will be able
to help in this movement for the improvement of rural education. You
are bringing into this State, to the head of the agriculture at your State
college, one of the best teachers of agriculture in this country, and I am
sure if you are loyal to him, he will do a great work here in reorganizing
along these lines. The United States has been doing its part to help you
by increasing the national appropriations to the agricultural colleges and
schools, and to what better use can these appropriations be put than to
training the teachers for these elementary and secondary schools, and I
understand that the colleges in this State, like the colleges in other
states, is considering a plan now for carrying out that part of the work.
Among other things I understand you are thinking of summer schools
for teachers. Now, it is possible for the intelligent teacher in a summer
school course to go through all the exercises that are contained in this
bulletin, and that is enough for a year's work in elementary agriculture,
so it is possible to help your teachers very greatly if they will attend
these summer sessions at the agricultural college and get in line with
this movement in education.

At this late hour I will not undertake to go further into this matter.
I thank you for your patient attention and shall be glad, through the
office of the experiment stations, to give you any information which you
judge may be useful to you in this great work.

THE SUCCESSFUL FARMER'S EDUCATION.
Froji Pennsylvania Depaetment of Ageicultube, Bxjixetin No. 157.

By Prof. Wm. G. Owens, Lewisburg, Pa.
Before trying to discuss the subject, it will be necessary to determine
what we mean by a successful farmer. Is he a success who knows not

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 695

what goes on in the great world around him, who living in the Twentieth
century uses implements of the Nineteenth and the methods of the Middle
Ages? Is that man a success who, working early and late, without
taking time to enjoy life as he goes along, becomes so overpowered with
greed for gain that never a kind word is spoken or a gracious act per-
formed unless he can see a dollar in it? Or could you call that man
a success who, by fair means and foul, has added acre to acre, farm to
farm, until he owns a vast tract of land? Is he who makes a simple
living only or he who acquires wealth always a success? The questions
are a sufficient answer.

Whom then can we call a successful farmer? He is the best farmer,
as he is the best citizen and the best man, who can make the best use
of every opportunity that presents itself, who uses his brain to save
his back, who is interested in and is kind and helpful to his fellow-man;
who makes a cheerful home where wife and children are contented and
happy, enjoying to the full the many good things Providence has placed
within his grasp. What things are required of a successful farmer? The
demands today are varied and numerous, and to prepare for them
requires an education of no mean type. The competition of the times
and the scarcity of help require that the farmer should be able to use
the latest and most improved machinery in all branches of farm work.
Most trades today are specializing, each man is doing a small part of
the work in any industry, but with the farmer it is just the reverse.
There was a day when the mechanic in the shop was a man of varied
accomplishments. He could run any machine in the shop or do any kind
of work. Now he runs but one machine. The day was when a shoemaker
made shoes; now he only repairs them. The shoe is made by many
different hands, each doing but a small part of the work on each shoe.
From Monday morning till Saturday night the man at the last does
nofbing but drive pegs until it becomes second nature to him and requires
no mental effort on his part, but he moves like an automaton. The
watchmaker once made watches, cutting out every wheel, fashioning every
part, and the watch had some individuality, but now brass rods are fed
into a machine and at the other end come out wheels cut and polished,
ready to be assembled into a watch. Ten thousand of them, all alike,
interchangeable of course, therefore easy to repair. But in a thousand
no one could discover a difference except in the number stamped on
each. All character and individuality has gone not only in the watch
but in the watchmaker as well. The same has happened in nearly every
trade. The individual has become a machine or the machine has taken
his place.

On the farm how different? While there has been a change it has
been in the opposite direction, to broaden the farmer's sphere of action
and make him a more all-round man. Fifty years ago the farmer alone,
or with the help of a blacksmith, could make most of the tools used oa
the farm. The plow, harrow and plank drag, the sickle, scythe, wagon
and home-made rake, and the fork and flail comprised the farmer's tools.
Things so simple required but little skill to keep them in repair. There-
fore it was supposed that anyone could be a farmer, and that he needed
no education. Then a little scratching brought abundant crops from a

696 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

virgin soil. But now how changed. What knowledge and skill are
required of the farmer today when he must use and keep in repair disc
and sulky plows, patent harrows, drills and rollers, binders and threshing
machines, hay elevators and silage cutters, engines which take the place
of an ox and horsepower, and a score of other things of which our
grandfathers never dreamed. To successfully handle these machines
requires a skill far surpassing that required by the so-called mechanic
in the shop, who only runs one machine or does one operation day after
day for months and years. The farmer of today must be versed in prac-
tical mechanics. When the binder breaks he must know how to fix it.
Many farmers are near water power which could be converted into elec-
trical, to be used in house and barn. Or the alcohol engine may soon
be a factor on every farm, and the farmer must understand them all. As
help becomes more scarce these sources of energy must be employed.

The farmer of the future must understand breeding. He will not raise
scrub stock as his father does today. No other calling would or could
stand such a drain as the profitless cow and hen impose upon the farmer
today. When the farmers realize that today half the cows in the United
States do not pay their keep, and that it is within his power to make
each one yield a handsome profit, then he will begin to do something to
improve his stock. The scrub cow belongs properly to the scrub farmer,
and that man had better move to town. Of course a high breed cow or
horse will not stand abuse like a scrub, but needs intelligent care. This
can only be possible through a knowledge of animal physiology.

If he goes into the raising of fruit he finds as much need of brains
as in any other branch of farm industry. The varieties suited to his
soil, climate and market, the insect and fungus pests and how to keep
them under control, the proper culture and marketing of fruit all call for
an ample supply of brain power. In the feeding of both cattle and land
the farmer in Pennsylvania is so well protected by the law that he need
not be cheated in what he buys, nor wasteful in what he uses, but to
calculate a balanced ration for field and feed room requires that the
farmer should have some idea of chemistry. To produce, keep and suc-
cessfully put upon the market the various mill products and to properly
construct his home and other buildings, it is almost necessary for the
farmer to be a sanitary engineer. If the consumers in our cities only
knew how much of the value and the enjoyable quality was lost and how
much filth and other poisonous material was introduced through the
improper handling of the dairy products they would think twice before
they buy. The farmer must also be a business man. Not only must he
be able to produce in the most economical manner something which will
bring the highest price, but he must be able to put it on the market in
the most acceptable manner. He must also be an experimenter. From
the first paper presented at this institute we have been constantly told
that the men who are successful are those who experiment, observe, ply
nature with questions and are able to get from nature the correct
answer. That this is no easy task is seen by the fact that college pro-
fessors and experiment station experts often hold opposite views on the
same subject, and the institute lecturer is often at a loss to know what
is the truth or the best practice. He must keep account of what it costs

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 697

to produce, and he must have the nerve to cut off or change that which
does not realize a profit.

Not only this, but as the making of money is not the final end of the
farmer's existence, though an important one, there must be a broad and
kindly spirit which will enable the farmer to enjoy life and help others
to do the same. The rural delivery enables the farmer to have his daily
paper at his noon-day meal and so keep in touch with all the world. He
must be prepared to act on the school board, or go to the Legislature if
his neighbors think best, and be a leader in the community. If these
points which I have mentioned are essential to a farmer's success from
a financial, social and political standpoint, what kind of an education will
he require? I can imagine someone saying, "That would mean a college
education, with half a dozen years in the graduate schools." While I
do not agree with the sentiment that a college education will ruin a good
farmer, and would go so far in the opposite direction as to say that every
good farmer would be improved by a college education, nevertheless I
believe that public schools should furnish an opportunity to every farmer's
boy and girl to get all the schooling necessary for a successful life upon
the farm. What the country boy needs is thorough grounding In the
rudimentary elements of knowledge in the several branches of science.
Where did the leaders who do the actual work in the cities come from?
In the vast majority of cases from the country.

That he can acquire and use this knowledge is abundantly proven
when we look at the leaders in every branch of life today who have come
from the farm. No calling is without them, no trade could get along
without having its ranks constantly recruited from the country. The
education which this condition demands is a thorough common school
course devoted mainly to those branches which the schools will use in
later life. But you ask. Is such a course possible for a farmer's boy and
girl in a rural community? I answer yes; it is. The farmer's boy and
girl are entitled to just the same advantages that the children in the
towns and cities enjoy; first, because the farmers are the great producers
of the wealth. They take it first hand from the earth. As most all other
branches of industry are dependent, directly or indirectly, on the farm,
what would become of the town if the farmer should disappear? Why
do we have great railroads, which have turned themselves into gigantic
trusts, if not to haul the produce from the farm? Mills and factories are
built to work up the farm products. The iron and steel industries exert
to a large extent to house, transport and manufacture that which is
yielded by the farm. Let one crop fail over an extended area and every
trade and occupation feels the effects. A failure of a single staple crop
would mean failure and widespread ruin. Should not, then, those who
manage the most important factor in the country's prosperity receive the
best education possible? Today every town and village has its high school,
and in the cities many of them are better than the colleges were a few
years ago, but the country, on which the nation depends for its prosperity,
has the same old school that was the pride of the community a century
ago. It has the shortest term and the poorest schools. The teachers are
the cheapest, and often the most inefficient, the schoolhouse poorer still,
while the equipment is the least the law allows. The millions in the

698 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

city depend upon the farm, yet every man's child has the opportunity to
get a good education except the farmer's. It has long been the disgrace
of the country districts that the cattle and horses are better provided for
and trained than the children. Farmers who have ventilators in their
barns have been known as school directors to vote against putting modern
heating and ventilating systems in the schoolhouse because it cost too
much. A few months in the year when the weather is the coldest and
mud and snow the deepest is the only time the country children have a
chance to prepare for life's work.

As a second reason, it may become necessary in the near future as a
means of self-preservation. A few years ago Dr. Vv'illiam Cook, in a
lecture before a British association, showed by statistics that as man
advances in civilization he requires a wheat diet, that about all the land
adapted to the growth of wheat is under cultivation, and that unless
more grain can be raised per acre the wheat crop will soon be below the
demand. He suggested the fixation of atmospheric nitrogen as the remedy.
May it not be possible that a cheap source of nitrogen will not alone
solve the problem? Would not inore intelligent farmers who could under-
stand and apply the laws of nature be a more likely solution than the
mere cheapening of a fertilizer? If what I have said is true the suc-
cessful farmer's education demands that the future farmer and his wife
should be educated in the elementary principles of mechanics and elec-
tricity, to understand the machines which he has to handle, and enough
chemistry must be added to enable him to understand and work out a
balanced ration or a fertilizer; bacteriology and sanitary science so that
he may combat the lower enemies which are on every hand; mathematics
and bookeeping sufficient so that he can keep account of the profit and
loss account; enough of nature study that he may find pleasure as well as
profit in observing what is going on around him and make and interpret
such experiments as will improve his crop production. Enough independ-
ence should be installed that the young man may think for himself and
be able to cut loose from the methods used by the forefathers and try
up-to-date methods; enough history, literature and art to make the farmer's
boy and girl appreciate the surroundings in which they live and the
country life around them, so that they will appreciate their surroundings
and not be in a hurry to go to the cities where they can make a few
more dollars.

This, it seems to me, is what the successful farmer's education demands.
This, I realize, would necessitate a great change in our common school
system, but you see with few exceptions it is only trying to teach the
children what the Farmers' Institutes are trying to teach the farmer and
his wife. We all realize that "it is hard to teach old dogs new tricks."
The time to inoculate new ideas is during the years of school life. Then
all could be reached. What a small percentage of the farmers now get any
benefit from the instruction which the state so liberally supplies in the
institutes. Centralizing rural schools would be necessary. The cost of
education, in the long run it would be an investment that would pay well
and of which we could well be proud.

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 699

A Memeber: I would like to ask a question. In the township high
schools, which are coming, would you omit literature, Latin, algebra,
geometry, etc.?

Professor Oioens: As far as literature Is concerned, no; so far as Latin
is concerned, yes; I would substitute French or German or some other
modern language for it. I think geometry should be omitted, but I would
put in algebra. My reason is this: By taking French or German one
can read some of the best literature in these languages and get the same
exercise for his brain as he would get with Latin. The same thing applies
to algebra. Some of the best problems are worked out by algebra. As
for geometry, it is not so much in demand. This covers what I think we
are trying to teach at institutes. Now, you get the farmer to understand
that he is not a slave, that life is not only a matter of money, and you
lift him out of the rut and put him on a higher plane of living. To do
this you need literature. It will help to keep the young men on the
farm, and our girls will not care to rush into the factory, where they may
not make quite as much as they do in the kitchen, but where they have
no brain work. It does not take nearly so much brains to make a stock-
ing as to make a cake. If a girl works in the kitchen she has to use her
brains; she has to make a cake; then she has to make bread, and so on.

THE FARMER'S BOY AND WHAT BECOMES OF HIM.
A. M. Leichliter, Spencer, Iowa, Before Clay County Farmers' Institute.

He is a factor that has to be reckoned with. He is by no means a
nonentity, and must not be treated as such. He is very much in evidence
on the farm, and oftentimes elsewhere. By birthright he belongs to the
farm, and by the right of inheritance or succession the farm ought some
day to belong to him. Whether it does or not will depend upon himself
more than upon luck or chance or upon any other person.

There comes a time early in the life of every boy when he knows a
great deal. He cannot learn very much, for he already knows everything
that is really worth knowing. About this time he begins to wonder why
Father is always scolding him about the way he does his work, and why
Mother is everlastingly lecturing him about his personal habits and his
company. In fact, he comes to think of himself as a very much abused
person. He reflects upon the drudgery of the farm. He envies the town
boy his good clothes, soft hands and easy ways, and comes to the con-
clusion that he was never cut out for the farm. He therefore resolves
that just as soon as he is of age, or, better still for him, as soon as he
can buy his time, he will quit the farm and seek his fortune in the city.
It is often disastrous enough for the father, after years of economy and
discipline on the farm, and after accumulating a modest competence, to
leave the farm, move to town and take up the role of the idler, but for
that boy, without the fortune, without the discipline, and often unaware
of the many temptations and pitfalls in the city, such a career is extremely
hazardous and often disastrously so.

But "that farmer's boy" is just like any other real live boy. He has
desires, ambitions and hopes that must be satisfied. He has industry.

700 IQWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

push and energy which must have an outlet. He has genius and inventive
powers which must have a scope. Give the boy a chance is as wholesome
advice today as it was when it was first given. But of what does that
chance consist, and where is it found. At the present time, when vast
fortunes are made in a day and often lost in an hour, the question should
confront everyone, Along what line shall my efforts be expended and
where shall the field of my operations be? The get-rick-quick schemes
may be very fascinating, but they are extremely deceptive and dangerous.
It is therefore wise for the boy to seek or have sought for him that line
of business that will be safe.

So farm life may seem irksome and plodding to the boy, and he may be
enticed to the city to try his fortune, forgetting that in such a career he
has the sharpest competition by competitors who have been long in the
business. On the farm the only real competition he has is the example
of the thrifty farmer who is only an incentive by his successful methods
to help the boy to succeed.

But it may not be best for our farmer boy to stay on the farm. He
may have real talent along other lines, and if it be bad policy to spoil
a good farmer to make a poor preacher, teacher or business man, it cer-
tainly is just as bad policy to spoil a good preacher, artisan or inventor
to make a poor farmer, for a boy whose genius is crying out for liberty
of action along some other line will make nothing but a poor farmer.

What, then, shall be done with that boy"'

First try to find out what he has real talent for. Then develop that
talent and help him get to the top. But at any rate give him a liberal
education. If he is a farmer it will do him no harm to go through high
school and college. Just recently someone has published the result of
extensive investigation in which he declares that in all branches of indus-
try the facts show that college men attain a greater degree of success
than those without a college education. In the present day a fair knowl-
edge of the common branches, mathematics and bookkeeping are almost
indispensable to the farmer. Then he needs to learn soil properties and
their adaptability to different crops. These things he may learn by experi-
menting on the farm, but he will learn them much more quickly and
thoroughly under proper teachers in the proper schools.

Some months ago the Young People's Weekly told us of a man bowed
down under the weight of debt and hard work, while the soil of his little
farm yielded less bountifully year by year, while the mortgage grew no
less. But one day his son John came home from Agricultural College to
help his father and assume the heavy responsibilities, and the father,
worn out, eagerly submitted to John's new methods. It was soon found
that the farm which formerly had yielded a very light crop was now
yielding three times as much and of a far superior quality. What is
most needed by the farmers today is not more farming, but better farming;
not more land, but a better use of what they already have; more care in
the selection of profitable crops and stock and in cutting out the unprofit-
able; better cultivation and more fertilization. Once wheat was grown
here in abundance; now there is scarcely any grown, simply because
experience has taught the farmers that it doesn't any longer pay. The
years to come may and undoubtedly will reveal the fact that some of

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 701

the things now raised on the farm and some of the methods employed
now will no longer pay. The boy ought to be taught these things.

Above all, teach him the sanctity and blessing of his calling as a
farmer, and that in times of financial disaster the farmer "surest sits and
fears no fall."

KEEPING THE BOY ON THE FARM.
Breeders' Gazette.

A few days ago I overheard a conversation between two lads of some
fifteen or sixteen years, sons of two prominent farmers who have large
fields overflowing with the fruits of nature and teeming with golden
grain. One of the boys was stating to the other what he was going to
buy with the money which he was soon to obtain from the sale of an
aged sow and her six young ones. The boy said his father allowed him
the privilege of rearing and of having "for his very own" several pets
each year, and the pets were usually young pigs which were weakly and
would soon have died had the boy not rescued them and raised them by
hand. In this way he acquired quite a great deal of spending money and
generally put it to a good use, investing in other lines of farmer boy
business which his father always referred him to.

But alas for the other boy! It seemed to him that no matter how dili-
gently and faithfully he worked, and how fond he was of a pet that he
could sell and have money, his father would never give him a pet, nor even
a tiny runt, and generally remarked when the boy would ask for some
spending money, that "his boy spent more money for foolishness than
he had during his whole life." The facts seem to show that but few were
the nickels and dimes that this prominent farmer gave to his son. The
lad was not satisfied, and no one could blame him, for when a boy works
hard all day from 5 in the morning till 7 at night he feels that his work
should be appreciated and that he should have some slight recompense for
his labor.

I do not insinuate that he should be paid a regular amount for his
work, as he is not a hired man by any means; but this particular lad
would have felt better, had a greater respect for his father, worked better
and, last but not least, would have stayed on his father's farm longer, if
he had been allowed to have a part of the gains from the farm. It would
have made him feel that in later years, when he was in the very prime of
life and his father being old and unfit to manage the farm, it would be
his duty to stay and manage in his father's place. But where one will
stay hundreds will leave for the city, the factory, the mill — any place
almost where they can feel that their labor is worth a just and liberal pay.

It is no wonder then that farmers are often heard to say: "I do not
know what's getting into my son John's head; he acts like he does not
care whether he works or not." But the old farmer cannot awaken to
the fact, it seems, that times have changed since he was a young man,
and the young man of today should be equal to and in some cases ahead
of the old man of fifty years ago. It is true that the farm may be left
to him when his father is gone, but would not he work better, feel better

702 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

and take better care of the estate if he had been allowed to help earn it
instead of getting it given to him?

The outside world appeals to a healthy, ambitious young man, and it
should, but in a way that comparison between the farm and the city will
bring out the advantages of both. While it is true that our country's
greatest men have come from the farm, it is also equally true that the
farm has use for these bright and energetic young men.

The time is coming, if indeed it is not already here, when it will take a
man of considerable education and business ability to be a farmer, and
why not give the young man a chance, from the very first school — the
home? There is no more independent and healthful occupation than that
of farming, and if this be so it would be to the father's, the boy's and the
whole world's benefit to keep the boy on the farm. Give him an opportunity
and watch him develop and I am sure he will "do his best and leave the
rest to Providence."

SOIL MANAGEMENT IN RELATION TO THE PERMANENT PASTURE.
By W. H. Stevenson, Iowa Agricultural College, in Wallaces' Farmer.

Within recent years so much has been spoken and written regarding
the relation of crop rotation to the maintenance of the fertility of the
soil that many farmers who own high-priced land now question the
advisability of keeping their permanent pastures.

Much effort and several years' time are required to secure a first-class
blue grass pasture, and therefore it is well worth while to attempt to
understand the true relation of the permanent pasture to the other features
of the farm befoi-e the plow is permitted to turn over a well-established
sod.

In the first place, there are many farms on which there is land which
is well suited to permanent pasture but which is not desirable or profit-
able for rotation; such areas, for instance, as hilly land or land that Is
broken up by wet spots; land with sandy or gravelly out-crops; land which
is subject to periodical overflow and that which is so located with respect
to the improvements on the farm that it cannot be economically culti-
vated, rt is nearly always a mistake involving financial loss to change
areas of this kind from pasture into cultivated fields. On lands of this
class the permanent pasture is of special value for the reason that corn,
valuable as it is for feeding purposes, is not a complete ration. The
breeding stock, the young animals and the dairy cows on our farms must
have a variety of feed stuffs if they are to be kept thrifty and in the
most profitable condition. And high-priced land, high-priced labor and
high-priced feed products of all kinds make it essential that the cost of
maintaining this stock in this condition be made cheaper by means of
the rations which are used and the methods of handling which are em-
ployed. We believe that the permanent pasture affords the most practical
means of accomplishing this end; first, because a good pasture furnishes,
at a comparatively low cost, the constituents which balance the corn
ration, and, secondly, because such a pasture makes it possible to extend
the grazing season from two to three months in the year, except for dairy

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 703

cows — a condition which lessens the amount of labor expended in care-
taking, and which tends always to pi'omote the health and vigor of the
animals.

No doubt the majority of land owners agree with this proposition that
a considerable area may with profit be devoted to the permanent pasture
on farms which are more or less broken, but there are a goodly number
who contend that land which is worth a hundred dollars per acre is
worth too much to be kept down in grass. For two reasons we are
convinced that a first-class pasture will pay on hundred dollar land. In
Great Britain land which is worth three or four times this amount is
devoted to grass crops at a profit; second, when a considerable area of our
farm lands is kept seeded down and relatively less is used for corn and
small grain production we are following lines of soil management which
more than any others tend to maintain our farms in a high state of
productive capacity. So much regarding the value of the pasture as an
investment. It is well to note, however, that only well-kept pastures are
profitable on high-priced land. But far too many pastures, possibly 75
per cent of the entire number, are not well kept. As a rule, the farmer
gives less attention to the work of maintaining his grazing lands in good
condition than he gives to any other portion of his farm. Consequently
many pastures are poorly drained, have a poor stand of grass, are overrun
with weeds at certain times of the year and yield crops which are very
far short of those which the same land is capable of yielding under proper
systems of soil management. But, fortunately, it is possible to improve
these pastures.

Thousands and thousands of acres of pasture land need drainage. It is
difficult to understand why so many land owners persistently fail to tile
drain their wet pastures. Pasture lands respond to drainage just as cer-
tainly and with as great profit as cultivated lands. Sweet, palatable grass,
in maximum quantities, is found only in well-drained pastures. Therefore
In many instances adequate drainage should be the first step in the line
of improvement.

Again, many pastures have a poor stand of grass, in many cases not to
exceed a half stand. Neglect, a lack of plant food, and too close grazing
very often bring a pasture into this condition. An earnest effort should
be made to improve the stand without delay, for a poor stand of grass,
like a poor stand of corn, cuts down the profits to a greater extent than
is understood by the average farmer. In order to get grass on the bare
spots where weeds have taken possession and on places where the grass
is thin and lacks vigor, do not plow up the entire pasture with the
thought of reseeding with blue grass and other grasses. The chances are
that the old pasture, if properly treated, will be superior in a year or two
to the new pasture after the lapse of one or two decades. The better
plan is to thoroughly disk and harrow the spots which are weedy or
thin; do this in the spring, just as soon as the frost is out of the ground.
There should be no half-way work with these implements, but the surface
of the ground should be thoroughly cut up and loosened. In other words,
a first-class seed bed should be prepared. This treatment of the land will
not destroy the sod, although it may seem greatly injured But this is
not enough. Additional treatment is essential for the best results. Clover

704 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

and timothy seed and alsike should be sown on the disked area at the
rate of two or three pounds to the acre. An improved condition will be
noted in a few weeks. The blue grass starts with increased vigor and
the other grasses rapidly thicken the stand and afford many a palatable
mouthful of nutritious feed. A portion of an old blue grass pasture which
was sod-bound and which yielded very light crops was treated in this
way by the owner a few years ago. The field was not pastured heavily
for a time; it is estimated that the productive capacity was nearly doubled
the first season and that the land was brought into a condition which
would tend to maintain some such increase for many years to follow.
The treatment which was given this Illinois pasture was not expensive,
but it was effective. Cannot thousands of other pastures be improved with
equal success? The disking and harrowing loosen and mellow the soil,
thus making possible a more free circulation of air, the grasses crowd out
the weeds and furnish valuable forage, and the clover furnishes the blue
grass a more or less liberal supply of nitrogen and there are not many
old pastures which are not in need of this element of plant food.

These facts seem to warrant two conclusions: The permanent pasture,
when kept in good physical condition, with a perfect stand of grass, and
when not pastured too closely, is one of the most profitable parts of the
farm, even though the land is valued at one hundred dollars an acre.
Secondly, continued neglect makes it an unprofitable area. No doubt the
better method of soil management in the latter case would be to abandon
all idea of keeping a pennanent pasture and to bring the land under
rotation.

RESTORING AND MAINTAINING THE FERTILITY OF AN IOWA

FARM.

William I. Raymond, St. Charles, loiva. Before Madison County Farmers'

Institute.

That old proverb, "Necessity is the mother of invention," I feel, applies
to me to a certain extent. Perhaps if it had been quoted, "Necessity is
the mother of investigation," it would better have applied to my particular
case. As for myself, there is not much invention in my make-up; but I
find it quite a pleasure, and perhaps profitable, to investigates by reading
and putting into practice what others have invented or discovered.
Therefore, as we found ourselves some years ago located on a run-down
and impoverished farm we saw that something must be done; and so, if
it be in my power to interest you for a few minutes on this topic, you see
it is the surroundings I find myself placed in which must get the credit.

We are all familiar with the term crop rotation, but perhaps we are
not all so well posted on just what the f^al meaning of the term implies,
or the alleged benefits to be derived from its practice.

Scientific men find that one crop takes a certain element from the
soil; another crop takes another, or a certain number of other elements,
and so on. Therefore, it will be seen that by changing and having a
knowledge of what elements it takes to grow a certain crop, and also a
knowledge of the elements of growth contained in fertile soil, it is possible

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK- PART X. 705

to follow one crop with another which takes different properties of fertility
than the preceding one, with benefit to the crop as well as to the pro-
ducer. But if it were so that there were only a certain amount of fertility
or elements of crop growth stored in a given soil and there was no way
of getting an additional supply, even by rotating intelligently, we would
soon be, as the boys say, "up against it." But we find the soil is not
the only storehouse of fertility — the very air is a vast storehouse of cer-
tain elements of growth, which we may, and do, draw upon to our benefit,
more or less, as we undersfand the structure or elements of the different
crops.

To illustrate: As you perhaps know, wheat, Indian corn, oats, etc.,
draw their elements of growth almost entirely from the soil, while the
scientists tell us, and we find it works out in practice, that that list of
crops called the legumes — clover, cow peas, etc., draw the most of their
substance from the air and not only make the present crop but store up
certain elements in the soil for the use of the future crops of corn, wheat
and such crops as do not draw fertility from the air.

Now we are told by our experiment stations (and we know it ourselves
if we only stop to think of it) that even an intelligent system of crop
rotation is only a clever trick on the part of the farmer to draw the
supply of available fertility stored in the soil out the quicker. In that
case, what is the remedy? Do not sell anything off of the farm that can
be fed at home. Do not sell your raw material, but sell the finished
product. You would think the manufacturer needed a conservator
appointed who would sell his raw material as soon as he received it,
instead of making it into a finished product.

We find by reading the station bulletins that when we sell one ton of
corn we sell in it fertilizing ingredients which if purchased in the form
of commercial fertilizer would cost us $3.78; one ton of timothy hay,
$5.10; one ton of wheat, $7.91; one ton of clover hay, $9.07, etc. Now, if
these crops are fed to animals upon the farm it is found in the mature
animals, which are neither gaining or losing in weight, that they return to
the soil practically all the fertilizing ingredients contained in the food con-
sumed; growing animals and milk cows, from 50 to 85 per cent; fattening
or working animals, 90 to 95 per cent. Now, to go a step farther; if it
pays to feed what we grow upon our farms it pays to huy additional
feeds and fed them for the manurial benefits to be derived, for it is
assumed that we will get a profit from the feed bought, through marketing
the animal, besides being ahead on the fertilizing question.

To guide us a little on what feed to purchase, from a fertilizing stand-
point— that is, to see what kinds of feed give us the most manurial value
for our money — let us again consult the bulletins and quote: "As regards
the value of manure produced, the concentrated feeding stuffs, such as
meat scrap, cotton-seed meal, linseed meal and wheat bran stand first;
the leguminous plants (clover, peas, etc.) second; the grasses, third;
cereals (oats, corn, etc.), fourth; and root crops, such as turnips, beets
and mangle-wurzels, last." And, by the way, the feeds which we find
have the largest manurial value have also the largest protein content,
which food element is the most expensive for the farmer in Iowa to obtain.
45

706 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

It builds lean meat and muscle; also the hide, hair, etc., or, in other words,
the growth of the animal. ■

Now, after studying out an intelligent rotation of crops especially
adapted to our particular soil, and feeding it to farm animals that are
adapted to give us the largest return for the money invested, both in
money and fertilizer, then, if any foods are purchased which cannot be
grown at home, buy those which are known to return, after being fed,
the largest amount of fertilizer for the money invested in the feed.

Then, after doing all this, see to it that every particle of manure is
saved and applied back to the soil, the quicker the better. Draw it out
every day if possible, and if it is undertaken you will be surprised to find
how nearly you can accomplish what you undertake. And another point
in this connection: Commercial fertilizers if purchased and applied fall
short of the benefits to be derived from farm manure. They supply ele-
ments of fertility, nothing more, while barn manure contains the same
elements of fertility (if properly taken care of or applied when first made),
besides having the additional effect of being mechanical in its action,
inasmuch as it adds huynus or vegetable matter to the soil, which, by
the way, is what is lacking in the most of our depleted soils, rather than
the fertility. The humus makes a heavy, compact soil light and pliable,
lets in the air, enables it to take up more water, also to hold moisture
longer during drouth, etc.

If you will bear with me a few minutes longer I will try to give you
a working plan as to how the above theories, or truths, rather, are applied
to one Iowa farm. Said farm is divided into three fields where all tilled
crops are raised, besides there being a permanent pasture for cows and
horses; also hog pasture which will enter into the rotation if need be.
Every morning, when the weather permits, which is, happily, most of the
time, the team is hitched to the spreader, the barn is cleaned into it
and the manure hauled at once to the field, which is in meadow to be
followed by a crop of corn the following year. We have a field of corn
each year, one of oats or barley and one of clover. It takes three years
to complete the rotation. We find that first the oats, being a shallow-rooted
crop and drawing lightly on fertility, do fairly well on a run down soil;
the clover crop which follows takes nitrogen, a very essential element of
fertility, from the air and deposits it in the soil; the roots also grow to
a great depth and aid greatly in opening up the subsoil so that drainage
is increased; then, when this field receives its coat of manure we have
added all the elements of crop growth, also the much needed humus.

We feed everything raised on the place, besides buying considerable
supplementary feeds whic"h we find have the most protein and manure
value. We stable or house all animals and save all the manure possible,
with the result that in a comparatively short time our farm, from being
called the worst f armed-out farm in the country (it being one of the
oldest) will now produce crops with the newer farms, and while still
gaining in fertility, under the present system, it has and is producing
an income equal to the best.

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 707

A GOOD SEED BED FOR CORN AND HOW OBTAINED.
By A. Member, Before Linn County Farmers' Institute.

It has been said, "The first reform needed in American Agriculture is
to feed the soil better, and the next reform is to till it better," and in
these days of high-priced land it is surely the better plan to try to produce
morn corn per acre than to produce more acres of corn.

Agricultural writers are trying to impress upon our minds the im-
portance of good seed corn. Our institute speakers are also trying to force
the same fact home to us, but no matter how good the seed it must be
planted in a good sed bed to bring proper results. The ground must be
well prepared or it will be impossible to get an even stand, and young
corn plants will not thrive among clods or where the soil is not in
good tilth.

An ideal seed bed for corn is one where there is an abundance of plant
food and where the soil is in good physical condition (mellow, free from
lumps, porous and warm). To get this ideal seed bed we must practice
a rotation of crops with clover in the rotation. The clover plant is a
great soil restorer and renovater. It takes nitrogen from the air and
stores it in the soil for the use of the future corn plant. Its roots delve
deep into the earth and bring up plant food from below, and when the
roots decay places are left for water and air to enter the ground and
get the soil in the best of physical condition.

In plowing a piece of land for corn it is not as important to plow at
some particular depth as it is to do a good job of plowing. The man who
"cuts and covers" when plowing will not have an ideal seed bed. Fall
plowing is preferable to spring plowing, except in certain circumstances.
Rolling land, if plowed in the fall, washes badly with the spring rains,
and some stiff clay soils when fall plowed "run together." Under those
circumstances it is better to plow in the spring.

One of the best means of getting a good seed bed is to harrow down
the newly plowed ground each day after the plow. Harrowing after the
plow fines the soil and conserves moisture and does much to keep the
ground from being cloddy. Many farmers nowadays have a light section
of a harrow attached to their plows and harrow as they plow, and that
certainly is a method that is worthy of imitation.

In preparing a field for corn which was in corn the year previous it
is important that the field be thoroughly disced before the plow. The
stalks should be cut up by the disc and plowed under instead of being
burned, as there is need of humus or decayed vegetable matter in the
soil. Discing breaks the surface crust so that when turned by the plow
a better connection is made with the lower soil, allowing the moisture
from below to work up freely to the young corn roots.

708 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Fall plowing should be disced as soon as dry enough, in the spring, so
as to break the crust and keep the soil from baking and becoming hard
and lumpy and out of condition.

If the ground gets packed by rains before planting time it should be
loosened with the disc before seed is placed in the ground, as corn needs
a loose porous seed bed.

Do not start the planter till the ground is in first-class condition, and
do not be afraid of working the ground too much. The nearer ground
can be gotten into garden condition the better will be the yield of corn.

Frequent stirring of the surface warms the soil. At one of our experi-
ment stations, by a thermometer test, it was found that a piece of cold
ground cultivated with the disc was much warmer than another along-
side which had not been stirred at all, and this fact is surely a good argu-
ment in favor of frequent stirring of the soil, as corn in the early stages
of its growth needs all the warmth that can be obtained for it.

In conclusion I will say that "in a nutshell" the way to obtain a good
seed bed is to have good soil, well plowed, followed by plenty of work
with harrow, disc, float or other implements, and mixing the whole thing
with brains.

THE MORNING-GLORY.

Wallaces' Farmer.

Morning-glory and bindweed, which is frequently mistaken for morning-
glory, belong to a class of weeds which spread from the root as well as
from the seed. Cuting off the tops even at the very surface of the ground
does not kill them. The ordinary shovel plow cultivator, while killing
them in one place, is very apt to plant them in another by carrying the
underground rootstocks from one part of the field to another on the
shovel.

This is one of a most difficult class of weeds to manage. They can be
killed out by strangulation; that is, by preventing the leaves from having
access to the air. The rootstocks, not being fed, will necessarily die.

They usually give the greatest trouble in the corn field, and when the
field becomes foul give very serious trouble in wheat or oats that follow
corn. They can best be attacked in the corn field by a thorough prepara-
tion of the seed bed and shallow cultivation. The tools used should be
such as would shave them off just below the surface of the ground and
leave them on the surface near where they grew. A surface cultivator, or
what are known as "glory" blades, and similar devices, that can be
attached to any cultivator, is the best thing to use where the field is
infested with morning-glories.

When the time comes that farmers have their fields sheep-tight and
hog-tight the morning-glory problem will cease to vex us; for either sheep
or hogs, if given the opportunity, will strangle them more surely and
cheaply than any other process we know of. Some thirty years ago we
broke up a bottom farm, a portion of which was badly infested with
morning-glories. We made that portion of it a hog pasture, and while the

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 709

morning-glories grew luxuriantly for years just outside the fence, they
never gave us any trouble inside. We will get rid of a good many of
our bad weeds when we reach the point of having our fields properly
fenced, so that we can utilize them for hogs or sheep when weeds of
this kind multiply. Morning-glories prefer good land, but will thrive on
poor land, mainly because they are more hardy than the common grasses
and multiply even on poor land because the slight growth of other grasses
gives them room to grow.

THE COST OF PRODUCING FARM PRODUCTS IN MINNESOTA.

Wallaces' Farmer.

There is a great lack of knowledge at the present time concerning the
cost of production on the farm. In fact, most farmers know only in a
general way what it costs them to operate their farms from year to year
Neither are there many reliable statistics which can be applied to th&
actual working conditions of the farm. At a considerable cost of timb
and money the Minnesota Experiment Station, in co-operation with thb
United States Department of Agriculture, have compiled rather extensive
data concerning the cost of producing the various farm products and the
cost of the various farm operations. Their data covers a period of three
years and was secured from representative farmers from three sections of
the state. This data will not apply to sections other than those similar
to the upper Mississippi valley, but is of interest to all, as it is compre-
hensive and can be made valuable to both the tenant and the landlord.
We give the gist of their investigations.

The average length of the working day for men on the farms at North-
field, southeastern Minnesota, is 8.59 hours for the week days and 2.89
hours for Sundays; and at Halstad, in northwestern Minnesota, 7.43 hours
for the week days and 2.19 hours for Sundays. The average length of the
working day for horses at Northfield, southeastern Minnesota, is 3.08
hours, and at Halstad, northwestern Minnesota, 3.30 hours.

The cash value per hour of farm labor ranges from 9 cents in the winter
months to 14 cents in the seasons of greatest activity, and an average of
all months is approximately 12 cents per hour. Cash value of farm labor
is based upon wages paid to men hired by the month or season, plus the
cost of their board. The cost of board on farms is approximately $11.00
per month, or 37 1/^ cents per day.

The average cash value per hour of horse labor on farms is approxi-
mately 7% cents. Cash value of horse labor is based upon the cost to
the farmer of maintaining the horse. The total cost of feeding and
maintaining a farm horse for one year, including interest on investment
and depreciation, is from $75 to $90.

The total cost per acre of producing the staple crops of ear corn, fodder
corn, hay, oats, barley and wheat is as follows: Northfield, southeastern
Minnesota, corn, husked from standing stalks, $11.77; fodder corn, $12.20;
clover and timothy hay, $6.97; wild hay, $5.85; oats, $9.48; and barley,
$9.13. Marshall, southwestern Minnesota, corn, husked from the standing
stalks, $9.96; wild hay, $5.18; oats, $8.83; barley, $8.58; and wheat, $7.89.

710 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Halstad, northwestern Minnesota, fodder corn (shocked in the field), $8.08;
wild hay, $2.87; oats, $6.31; barley, $6.41; and wheat, $6.26. Large farm
in northwestern Minnesota, fodder (shocked in the field), $7.52; wild hay
$2.29; oats, $5.88; barley, $5.97; and wheat, $5.82.

The total cost per bushel of thrashing wheat from the shock at Halstad,
northwestern Minnesota, is 7.4 cents, and when stacked and stack-thrashed,
10.1 cents. Oats when thrashed from the shock at Northfield, southeastern
Minnesota, cost 4.3 cents per bushel to thrash, and when stacked and
stack-thrashed, 5.2 cents per bushel. Thrashing oats from the shock at
Halstad, northwestern Minnesota, cost 3.6 cents per bushel, and stacking
and stack-thrashing 4.9 cents per bushel. Barley, thrashed from the
shock at Northfield, southeastern Minnesota, cost 4.8 cents per bushel, and
when stacked and stack-thrashed, 5.9 cents; and at Halstad, northwestern
Minnesota, barley cost 4.4 cents to thrash from the shock, and when
stacTted and stack-thrashed 5.4 cents.

For the majority of farmers stacking and stack-thrashing the grain
crops is advisable, particularly so in those localities where labor is scarce
and thrashing machinery not readily available. Well stacked grain is
cheap insurance against bleached, sprouted and bin-burned grain, and
helps toward early fall plowing.

The cost per acre for producing winter forage for cattle in the form of
mixed clover and timothy hay is $6.97; field cured fodder corn, $12.20;
and the corn silage $I?.21, at Northfield, southeastern Minnesota. The
use of the more expensive forage crops is profitable only where farms are
located close to large cities, where the cattle to be fed are highly bred
and highly productive, and when the soil is productive and the crop so
well handled as to yield maximum yields of forage (four to five tons per
acre of field cured fodder corn and fourteen to fifteen tons per acre of
corn silage). Mixed clover and timothy hay, alsike and alfalfa are un-
doubtedly the most profitable forage crops for a vast majority of the
farms of the upper Mississippi valley.

The cost per acre of raising field corn at Northfield, southeastern Min-
nesota, and cutting and shocking the corn and shredding and husking by
machinery is $14.74. The cost of raising field corn and husking the ears
from the standing stalks is $11.77 per acre, and a crop of thickly planted
fodder corn can be raised and the fodder hauled into the barn for $12.20
per acre.

The most profitable plan of growing a given acreage of corn, partly for
grain and partly for forage, in that agricultural region is to devote a
small portion of the corn ground to thickly planted fodder corn and the
remainder of the acreage to corn grown for ears which are to be husked
from the standing stalks, and the stalks pastured off by cattle. Shred-
ding corn stover is a costly practice that should be resorted to only in
case the hay crop is badly weathered or other unforeseen conditions
demand an additional supply of winter forage.

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK—PART X. 711

METHODS OP DESTROYING RATS.

U. 8. Department of Agriculture, Farmers' Bulletin No. 297 — By David

E. Lantz.

The brown or Norway rat (Mus norvegicus) is the worst mammal
pest in the United States, the losses from its depredations amounting to
many millions of dollars yearly — to more, indeed, than the losses from all
other injurious mammals combined.* In addition to its destructive
habits, this rat is now known to be an active agent in disseminating
infectious diseases, a fact which renders measures for its destruction
doubly important.

Introduced into America about the year 1775, the brown rat has
supplanted and nearly exterminated its less robust relative, the black
rat, and despite the incessant warfare of man has extended its range
and steadily increased in numbers. Its dominance is due to its great
fecundity and its ability to adapt itself to all sorts of conditions. It
breeds three or four times a year and produces from 6 to 12, and even
more, young at a litter. Young females breed when only 4 or 5 months
old. The species is practically omniverous, feeding upon all kinds of
animal and vegetable matter. It makes its home in the open fields, the
hedge row, and the river bank, as well as in stone walls, piers, and all
kinds of buildings. It destroys grains when newly planted, while growing,
and in the shock, stack, mow, crib, granary, mill, elevator, or ship's hold,
and also in the bin and feed trough. It invades store and warehouse and
destroys fur, laces, silks, carpets, leather goods, and groceries. It attacks
fruits, vegetables, and meats in the markets, and destroys by pollution ten
times as much as it actually eats. It carries disease germs from house
to house and bubonic plague from city to city. It causes disastrous con-
flagrations; floods houses by gnawing lead water pipes; ruins artificial
ponds and embankments by burrowing; destroys the farmers' pigs, eggs,
and young poultry; eats the eggs and j^oung of song and game birds; and
damages foundations, floors, doors, and furnishings of dwellings.

METHODS OF DESTEOYING RATS.

A compilation of all the methods of destroying rats practiced in his-
toric times would fill a volume. Unfortunately, the greater number of
them are worthless or impracticable. Few have more than temporary
effect upon their numbers, and even the best of them fail unless per-
sistently applied. Conditions vary so much that no one method of dealing

a Several gpecies of rats are known as ' ' house rats , ' ' including the black rat {Mus
rattus) , the roof rat (Mus alexandrinus) , and the brown rat (Af«s norvegicus) . Of
these, the last is the commonest and most widespread in this country. Not one of
these is a native, but all were imported from the Old World. As their habits in gen-
eral are similar, the instructions given in the bulletin apply alike to all.

712 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

with this pest is applicable in all cases. Among the more important meas-
ures to be recommended for actively combating the brown rat are: (1)
Poisons; (2) traps; (3) ferrets; (4) fumigation; and (5) rat-proof con-
struction of buildings.

POISONING.

Barium Carbonate. — One of the cheapest and most effective poisons for
rats and mice is barium carbonate, or barytes. This mineral has the
advantage of being without taste or smell; and, in the small quantities
used in poisoning rats and mice, is harmless to larger animals. Its action
on rodents is slow, but reasonably sure, and has the further advantage
that the animals before dying, if exit be possible, usually leave the prem-
ises in search of water. Its employment in houses, therefore, is rarely
followed by the annoying odor which attends the use of more violent
poisons.

The poison may be fed in the form of a dough made of one-fifth barytes
and four-fifths meal, but a more convenient bait is ordinary oatmeal, with
about one-eighth of its bulk of barytes, mixed with water into a stiff
dough; or the barytes may be spread upon bread and butter or moistened
toast. The prepared bait should be placed in rat runs, a small quantity at
a place. If a single application of the poison fails to drive all rats from
the premises, it should be repeated with a change of bait.

Strychnine. — Strychnine is a more virulent poison, but its action is so
rapid that the animals often die upon the premises, a circumstance which
prohibits its use in occupied dwellings. Elsewhere strychnine may be
employed with great success. Dry strychnine crystals may be inserted
in small pieces of raw meat, Vienna sausage, or toasted cheese, and these
placed in the rat runs; or oatmeal may be wet with a strychnine sirup,
and small quantities laid out in the same way.

Strychnine sirup is prepared as follows: Dissolve a half ounce of
strychnia sulphate in a pint of boiling water; add a pint of thick sugar
sirup and stir thoroughly. A smaller quantity of the poison may be pre-
pared with a proportional quantity of water. In preparing the bait it is
necessary that all the oatmeal should be moistened with sirup. Wheat
is the most convenient alternative bait. It should be soaked over night
in the strychnine sirup.

Other Poisons. — The two poisons most commonly used for rats and
mice are arsenic and phosphorus, nearly all commercial preparations con-
taining one or the other as a basis. While experiments prove that rats
have great powers of resistance to arsenic, it may sometimes be used
advantageously as an alternative poison. Preparations of phosphorus sold
by druggists are often too weak to be effective; and home-made mixtures,
when of sufficient strength, are dangerous, as rats may carry the baits into
walls or crannies and thus cause fires. For these and other reasons the
Biological Survey does not recommend preparations containing phos-
phorus.

Poison in the Poultry House. — For poisoning rats in buildings and
yards occupied by poultry, the following method is recommended: Two
wooden boxes should be used, one considerably larger than the other, and
each having two or more holes in the sides large enough to admit rats.
The poisoned bait should be placed on the bottom and near the middle

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X, 713

of the larger box, and the smaller box should then be inverted over it.
Rats thus have free access to the bait, but fowls are excluded.

Trapping, if persistently followed, is one of the most effective methods
of destroying rats. The improved modern traps with a wire fall released
by a baited trigger and driven by a coiled spring have marked advantages
over the old forms, and many of them may be used at the same time.
These traps, sometimes called guillotine traps, are of many designs, but
the more simply constructed are to be preferred. Probably those made
entirely of metal are the best, as they are less likely to absorb and
retain odors.

In illustration of the effectiveness of traps, it may be related that a
year or two ago a large department store in Washington experienced
heavy losses of gloves, lace curtains, and other merchandise from rat
depredations. For several months the damage amounted to from $10 to
$30 nightly. After many unsuccessful attempts to abate the nuisance the
managers were advised to try the improved traps. As a result 136 rats
were killed during the first twenty nights, when the losses practically
ceased, and the method has been continued in. the store ever since with
satisfactory results.

Guillotine traps should be baited with small pieces of Vienna sausage
(Wienerwurst) or bacon. The trigger wire should be bent inward to
bring the bait into proper position to permit the fall to strike the rat in
the neck.

Other excellent baits for rats are oatmeal, toasted cheese, toasted
bread (buttered), and sunflower or pumpkin seeds. When seed, grain, or
meal is used with a guillotine trap, it may be placed on the trigger plate,
or the trigger wire may be bent outward and the bait sprinkled under it.

Wire cage traps (French) also are useful for catching rats, but in the
long run the kinds recommended above are much more effective. While
trapping, all other food should be removed and the trap bait should be
changed often. Rats are very suspicious, and baits and traps should be
handled as little as possible. Increased success may be secured both in
trapping and poisoning if the rats are fed for a night or two with the
kinds of food to be used for bait.

USE OF FERRETS AND DOGS.

A ferret is useful for the purpose of driving rats out of burrows and
other hiding places so that dogs can capture them. An experienced per-
son with dogs and ferrets trained to work together can kill many rats
when they are numerous. But the amateur ferreter is likely to be greatly
disappointed.

In the rice fields of the far east the natives build numerous piles of
brush and rice straw and leave them for several days until many rats
have taken shelter in them. A portable bamboo inclosure several feet in
height is then set up around each pile in succession and the straw and
brush are thrown out over the top while dogs and men kill the trapped
rodents. Large numbers are killed in this way, and the plan with modi-
fications may be utilized in America with satisfactory results. A wire

714 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

netting of fine mesh may be used for the inclosure. The scheme is
applicable at the removal of grain, straw, or hay stacks, as well as
brush piles.

FUMIGATION.

Rats may be destroyed in their burrows in the fields, and, still more
important, in levees and rice-field dikes, by the use of carbon bisulphid. A
wad of cotton or other absorbent material is saturated with the liquid and
pushed into the burrow, the opening being packed with soil to prevent
escape of the gas. All animals in the burrow are asphyxiated. Fumiga-
tion about buildings is not so effective, as the gas cannot readily be
confined.

BAT-PEOOF CONSTRUCTION.

The best way of excluding rats from buildings, whether in the city or
country, is by the use of cement in construction. As the advantages of
this material are coming to be generally understood, its use is rapidly
extending to all kinds of building. Dwellings, dairies, barns, stables,
chicken houses, ice houses, bridges, dams, silos, tanks, citerns, root-cellars,
hotbeds, sidewalks, and curbs are now often made wholly of concrete. In
constructing dwelling houses the additional cost of making the foundations-
rat-proof is slight as compared with the advantages. The cellar walls
should have concrete footings and the walls themselves be laid in cement
mortar. The cellar floor should be of "medium" rather than "lean" con-
crete, and all water and drain pipes should be surrounded with concrete.
Even an old cellar may be made rat-proof at comparatively small expense.
Rat holes may be permanently closed by a mixture of cement, sand, and
broken glass or sharp bits of stone.

Rat-proof granaries, corn cribs, and poultry houses may be constructed
by a liberal use of concrete in the foundations and floors.

Rats, mice, and sparrows may be excluded from corncribs by the use
of either an inner or an outer covering of fine mesh wire netting suffi-
ciently heavy to resist the teeth of rats.

The common custom of setting corncribs upon posts with inverted pans
at the top often fails because the posts are not long enough to insure
that the lower cracks of the structure are beyond jumping reach of rats.
The posts should project at least three feet above the surface of the
ground.

NATURAL ENEMIES OF BATS.

The value of carnivorous mammals and the larger birds of prey in
destroying rats should be more fully recognized, especially by the farmer
and the game preserver. Chief among the animals that are useful in
destroying these rodents are the fox, skunk, and weasel, and the larger
species of owls and hawks. Rats destroy more poultry and game, both
eggs and young chicks, than all the birds and wild mammals named com-
bined, yet some of our most useful birds of prey and carnivorous mam-
mals are persecuted almost to the point of extinction. An enlightened
public sentiment should cause the repeal of all bounties on these animals,
and afford protection to the majority of them.

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART X. 715

CONCLUSIOiSrS.

By the persistent use of traps, occasional resort to poison, and the
exercise of forethought in the construction of farm buildings so as to
minimize the opportunities for harborage, farmers and others may prevent
the greater part of the loss and annoyance they now experience from rat
depredations. The same statement applies in great measure to city and
village conditions. Hence co-operation in the warfare on rats is particu-
larly Important and cannot be too strongly urged.

THE VALUE OF THE AGRICULTURAL NEWSPAPER TO THE SWINE

BREEDER.

Henry Wallace, Before the Iowa Duroc Breeders' Meeting.

This topic is not of my own choosing, and I am not sure that I know
what was in the minds of the gentlemen who selected it. A paper on
this topic could have been more properly prepared by one of the swine
breeders, who naturally would be the best judge of the value to him
of the agricultural paper. To ask the editor of an agricultural paper
to talk of the vaule of his or any other publication to the swine breeders
puts him in the position of sounding his own praises, blowing his own
horn, which the natural modesty of the average agricultural editor
forbids. He is not accustomed to taking one of the pages of his paper
to tell its readers how good it is; but permits his light to shine, satisfied
that those who see the rays will not need any advertisement of the
fact.

Not knowing exactly what was in the mind of the person who sug-
gested the topic, I avail myself of the opportunity to state the position
of the up-to-date agricultural paper in relation not merely to the swine
breeding industry but to the live stock industry in general.

You are probably well aware that if the agricultural newspaper
were to consider its own profit and loss account for the current year
it would change the entire conduct of the paper. It would aim to secure
as large a circulation as possible, publish such reading matter as would
interest the greatest possible number of farmers, and then sell adver-
tising space only to general advertisers, who are willing to give consider-
able more for the space than the live stock breeders can afford to give or
should be asked to give. This advertising can be secured at about on-
third of the expense of live stock advertising. For live stock ad-
vertising necessitates the employment of experts, who can become ex-
perts only after a thorough training and years of experience. When
expert they command among the highest salaries connected with the busi-
ness, and a higher salary than most other traveling salesmen. The live
stock advertising solicitor is much more than a seller of advertising
space. He must not only understand the different breeds of live stock,
but he must be well posted on pedigrees. He must be a judge of the
individual and the breeding. He must have a thorough knowledge of human
nature; must be a pleasant fellow in the home. He must be able to
talk offhand of the lovliness of the daughter, the promise of the son, and

716 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

the charms of the younger children. He must be able to point out the
superior qualities of the head of the herd and of the matrons; and
must be able to mention them all by name when he meets the men to
whom he wishes to sell advertising space.

The large expense connected with securing live stock advertising is
due not merely to the expense of employing solicitors, but involves large
expense in the way of traveling. Securing the contract requires one
trip; the writing up- of the herd just prior to the sale requires a
second trip; and where the sale is large enough to justify it still
further expense is incurred in attending and reporting the sale.

Securing the advertisements of hog sales is more expensive than
cattle or horse sales, for the reason that the amount involved is always
less and hence involves a much larger proportionate cost. Furthermore,
it is subject to cancellation at the appearance of disease even after a
large portion of the expense has been incurred.

I wish to state this frankly, because I think there is a misappre-
hension on the part of many breeders, and especially swine breeders,
on this point. If an agricultural paper was to make money-making its
chief end and was looking for immediate returns, the largest revenues
could be obtained by omitting advertisements of live stock altogether
and confining the editorial matter to such of the common things of
agriculture as would be appreciated by the largest number of sub-
scribers. From this point of view — when a paper is conducted on this
line — in order to get circulation it can afford to sell the paper at a
nominal price; and, if the PostoflBce Department premitted it, to give it
away altogether.

If I am asked, therefore, how it comes that the editors of papers
that deal largely in live stock advertising are so magnanimous and self-
sacrificing as to forego immediate profits and incur such large expense,
I will give the reason frankly: They realize that by devoting large
space to live stock and to the illustrations which are necessary in
teaching the principles of animal husbandry, they lay broad and deep
the foundation of future success. The agricultural newspapers realize that
the permanent prosperity of the country will never be secured by ex-
clusive grain growing; that exclusive grain growing is simply soil
robbing, and that the art of exclusive grain growing is the art of the
soil robber, while successful stock growing involves a knowledge of
the science of agriculture, maintaining the fertility of the land and
increasing it as far as possible; thus making grain growing in so far
as it is carried on much more profitable in the end.

In fact, no state and no country has ever been permanently prosperous
or can be permanently prosperous unless live stock has a large place in its
agriculture. Agricultural newspapers of the better class understand this
and therefore, are willing to take live stock advertising at rates which fur-
nish the minimum of profit when the expense is taken into account; be-
cause they know they are laying the foundation for the permanent
prosperity of the country and the permanent success of their patrons.
I think I have fairly stated the position of the agricultural papers which
aim at permanent success. They realize that this permanent success
can be secured only by the permanent prosperity of the country, and

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 717

that this permanent prosperity can rest on no other foundation than
that of the permanence of the fertility of the soil.

Speaking now particularly of swine breeding as distinct from the
breeding of other classes of live stock, it is well to notice that the
average swine breeder has before him this problem: To grow the
maxium corn crop and best hog pastures at the minimum of expense; to
feed this grass and grain grown on the farm in the form of the best bal-
anced ration possible to swine bred to make the best possible use of this
balanced ration. To grow these grains and grasses, to feed them in the
proper proportions to the class of hogs that will make the best use of
them, and sell these hogs at the minimum of expense and the maximum
of profit, is the mission of almost every swine breeder, the only practi-
cal exception being those who buy their grain instead of growing it.

In the solution of this problem the agricultural paper can give more
eflScient help to the swine breeder than any other publication known to
mortal man. The swine breeder, unfortunately, is often disposed to look up-
on the agricultural paper as simply an advertising medium, a means by
which he can sell his stock to the best advantage. This is a very
narrow view. For the breeder must grow his stock before he can sell
it. He must secure the best strains if he expects to market his hogs to
the best advantage. He must feed his crops in the form of properly
balanced rations. He must grow his own feed if he is to secure it at
the minimum of expense and at the same time maintain the fertility
of his land, in order that he may grow more and greater crops.

Now the growing of the corn crop involves a good deal more than
the preparation of the seed bed, the selection of the seed corn, the culti-
vation and harvesting of the crop. It involves a knowledge of the
rotation of crops; a knowledge of the various forms of insect life in-
jurious to the corn plant. It involves the whole question of breeding
corn as well as of breeding live stock. If for no other reason than
that of aiding him to grow corn the swine breeder who would succeed
should secure the best agricultural paper or papers available, and study
them with the greatest care. An agricultural paper which devotes
much space to live stock matters is often of greater value to the swine
grower in teaching him how to grow the grain and feed it than in
helping him through its advertising pages to dispose of his surplus
stock.

The agricultural paper can be of great help to the swine breeders in
suggesting the best methods of balancing rations. Ordinarily swine
breeders are" well up on the question of balanced rations. Sometimes,
in fact, they are much better posted on the subject than they would
have us believe. I remember of visiting a herd one time which the
owner assured me had been raised on corn and water. I knew he was
lying to me at the time, but said nothing until I had an opportunity to
examine his swill barrel. I found that it differed very much from the
ordinary swill barrel in that there was no swilly smell about it. I
found it contained an admirable mixture of wheat and oats and oil
meal, and I know not what, but evidently a balanced ration that would
make any well bred or ill bred pig's mouth water, and like the wine

718 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Solomon tells about, evidentlj^ went down so smoothly as to "make
even the lips of him that was asleep to speak."

None the less the up-to-date agricultural paper can be of value to
even the most advanced swine breeders by calling their attention to
the results of experiments conducted at various experiment stations at
an expense which the* farmer or breeder could not afford to undertake,
giving the results of varied rations, whether grown on the farm or pur-
chased in the market. Ordinarily the swine breeder must buy more
or less concentrates, and the agricultural paper can give him valuable
pointers as to the kind it is best for him to buy, if given the prices of
grains and of these concentrates at the nearest railroad station.

The reports of state, interstate, international, and foreign shows,
which can be found only in first-class agricultural and live stock papers,
are of inestimable value to the swine breeder, and he can well afford to
subscribe for these papers if for no other purpose than to read the
show reports and reports of sales, and to study the picture with an eye
trained by experience, to detect high quality in his favorite breed
of stock.

The agricultural newspaper is of great value to the up-to-date swine
breeder in disposing of his stock. If a man is going into the business
of swine breeding he should go into it for blood and with a determination
to succeed. As long as he has any stock to sell, even if he does not ex-
pect to sell beyond the limits of his own and adjoining counties, he
should have a yearly card in his favorite agricultural paper. This is to
apprise his fellow citizens far and near that he is in the business.
Very often the farmer — who, after all, is the best customer of the swine
breeder — can find quite as good stock and quite as well bred in the
herd of some small breeder near home as he can in the herd of some
larger breeder at a distance. The small breeder should therefore, put
up his sign where it can be seen by the farmers of his own and ad-
joining states, and give them to understand that he is in the race and
expects to stay in and achieve success.

When it comes to a public sale he should use discretion in placing
his advertisement. The amount of money which can profitably be
spent in advertising must be determined according to circumstances in
each individual case. The man who has been in the business a long
time and has established a reputation as a breeder of good hogs can
afford to advertise more liberally than the young breeder. On the
other hand, unless the latter advertises freely he will never estblish
a reputation. The important thing is to have hogs of the right sort
to sell. If you are sure you have these, do not hesitate to advertise freely.
In selecting the papers to be used, keep always in mind that the object in
advertising is to reach the men who are likely to buy hogs.

The swine breeders may receive very great help from the solicitors
and agents of an agricultural paper in the way of recognizing the de-
fects of his herd and individual animals. If he really wishes to know
wherein his herd fails he should plainly so state to the solicitor and
convince him that he is in earnest and not fishing for compliments. An
honest advertising solicitor will frankly tell him what to him seem
to be the defects of his herd, and suggest how they may be remedied.

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAH BOOK— PART X. 719

He will sometimes say: "I came here to solicit your advertisement and
incidently acquaint myself with the merits of your herd, but I do not
believe that under the circumstances I can render you the services you
might expect." It is a foolish breeder who will take offense at this. The
wise one will think all the better of a solicitor who has the candor and
courage to tell him the truth. In this way the agricultural paper
through its solicitors can be immensely helpful, especially to the young
breeder who has it in him to succeed in producing swine of the highest
quality, but has not yet reached the goal.

While the agricultural newspapers can be of great advantage to the
swine breeding interests, it can also do untold injury by praising a herd or
strain far beyond its merits, and thus lulling the breeder into a false
security, doing this for immediate profit to the paper and not to the
industry. Again, it may do untold injury by booming one particular
strain or breeder and speaking sligntingly or derogatorily of other strains
or other breeders. The solicitor who will do this should be promptly
dismissed. For the mission of the paper is not to build up any one
individual but to build up the industry.

Agricultural newspapers sometimes do untold injury to the industry
by encouraging booms, by permitting their solicitors to carry ficticious
bids to sales, and by aiding breeders to unload stock at higher prices
than their merits justify. Especially is the agricultural paper an enemy
to the swine breeding industry if it encourages boom prices for any
particular strain, however meritorious that strain may be. For boom
prices for hogs of particular strains that have won favor in the eyes of
judges of live stock are the sure percursor of disaster to the entire
swine breeding industry. For all the good qualities of the swine are
not in any one strain or breed. No man has a corner on porcine merits.
We always fear for the welfare of any breed when a boom sets in; for
we know as certainly as that the sun will rise that when speculators
get hold of any particular breed, or any particular strain or family of
that breed, that breed or strain or family will in a short time be in
disfavor with the farmers who breed and feed the vast majority of the
swine population of the country. When speculators come in, good
stock goes out. No breed or strain or family or swine can stand un-
usual prosperity any better than the breeder himself.

I may perhaps have surprised you by some of my suggestions; but 1 am
sure that you do not expect me to say anything but what seems to me to
be the truth on this or any other question.

HOW TO IMPROVE PASTURES.

Wallaces' Farmer

Farmers seem to be satisfied with but small returns from their per-
manent pastures. They piously and meekly take what comes, doubtless
feeling that because they have expended no labor upon them they are
entitled to no great reward. They seem to Imagine that the pasture is
resting, and while it is resting it would hardly be right to make it
worlv.

720 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Pastures are just like farmers and other people. They rest best not
by idleness or doing little, but by change of work; and if a field is resting
by growing grass instead of grain, it should work just as hard as when
growing grain, and will work quite as effectively if properly managed.

You ask how to manage it? First, no field ought to be turned out to rest
without a good stand of grass. To ask a field to produce a large crop
of grass without the tools to work with. How much we would sow
depends altogether on the thickness or thinness of the stand.

The first thing to do is to cover it over this winter with a coat of
manure put on with a spreader. Five or six loads per acre will be
enough. That manure will grow on the ground and will double itself
in the next year. We do not want the above statement to be taken in
all its literality. There will be no more loads on top of the ground than
there was before; but manure being vegetable matter and grass being
vegetable matter, the increase in the grass roots from the added fertilitj'-
will actually double the amount of vegetable matter applied in the
manure.

Don't turn your cattle out on the average pasture as soon as they
can see anything green. If you have a blue grass pasture that has
been allowed to grow along in the fall and has been covered with snow
you can turn on your cattle as soon as the grass begins to grow. They
will take the old grass and the young together and be ready to shed
off from two to four weeks earlier than cattle that are kept in a dry lot
and fed on dry food. But if you have no old grass on the pasture, let the
grass have a chance to furnish a full bite before you turn on your
cattle. If you keep your pastures gnawed down from the time the first
grass begins to show until June you must not expect very much pasture
the rest of the year. Let your crop have time to grow before you harvest
it with your cattle.

Next, don't overpasture. That is a besetting sin of farmers. In a
visit to our old home we passed through a pasture that had been leased
to a couple of sons of a pretty wise old farmer. Meeting us one day,
he asked how the grass was on the pasture. We told him that con-
sidering the acreage, the number of cattle, and the condition of the
grass, the steers would not be fit for market very soon. The old gentle-
man studied a little, and then replied: "If my b-oys s-see a s-stalk of
t-timothy g-growing, t-think t-they must g-go to the b-bank and b-borrow
a hundred d-dollars to g-get a car load of c-cattle to eat it!"

Give the pasture tools to work with in the shape of a full stand.
Give it manure with which to feed the grass roots. Don't harvest it
too soon, and don't pasture it too short during the dry summer season,
and you will get about twice as much value from your pasture as the
ordinary farmer does

WASTE ON THE FARM.

D. C. Hall.

How to prevent waste on the farm is the constant aim and en-
deavor of every conscientious farmer, who farms not merely because

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 721

he is compelled to do so for a living but because he enjoys the work
and seeks thereby to make himself a successful and self-respecting mem-
ber of community. The broader phase of the topic might and would
naturally include every subject for discussion on this program. The
more limited view is the one undoubtedly intended, however, and the
one I shall attempt to discuss.

Some of the every day wastes occurring on the average farm make
a constant drain on its revenue which so often means the margin
between success and failure. A few of these items of waste, then, I shall
mention, often leaving the remedies to be inferred, sometimes hinting
at possible remedies.

The first I wish to make is care of farm machinery. These ma-
chines which it becomes necessary for a farmer to purchase in order to
carry on modern farming successfully are expensive and should be
kept in working order for as long a time as possible. There are two
ways in which this may be done. In the first place by careful housing
when not in use, and again and more important by careful and thought-
ful handling while in use. In the housing of machinery care should
be taken that all the parts be put away together and in such a manner
that they may be easily accessible at any time. If this is not possible
then they should be put away in the fall with the idea of the order
of removal for the spring work ever in mind. It often happens that
enough time is wasted in getting ill arranged machinery out of a ma-
chine house to pay for their loss due to their laying out over winter.
One often hears the remark about a machine, "Any one can run that;
all you have to do is drive," and similiar statements. This is far from
the truth. The very simplest machine must be used with an accompani-
ment of brains or the work will be poor and the machine will suffer.
"Lost a burr, lost a bolt, broke this or that," is a common expression as
the man returns from the field, a waste of half an hour, often due to a
lack of proper attention before starting out. I have seen windmills go
through the winter without oil and the owners wonder why there was
so little wind. Much waste may be avoided through this one item of
machinery alone with frequent applications of oil and constant appli-
cation of brains.

There are two ways of wasting the grain used as feed (and I believe
that all grain raised on the farm should be fed on that farm). One is
by feeding it and the other is by not feeding it. There is now and then
a farmer who wastes his feed given to horses, cattle or hogs by giving
more than the animal requires for its best development. I know a
man who started to feed his calves a certain amount of feed each day
without any regard to the amount they required, with the result that
what was left soon spoiled each successive feed until the calves would
have none of it, and he was brought forcibly to the realization of the
fact that he must study the needs of his stock more closely. So rarely
does this occur, however, that it is like a green oasis in a sandy
desert when compared with the great multitude of farmers who let their
stock shift for themselves during the winter, losing the gains made while
on summer pasture and that they should make in the winter. This,
46

722 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

it seems to me, is the most foolish of all wastes and cannot be too
strongly condemned.

In this connection let me say, in regard to o-verstocking the pastures,
it will pay much better in the long run to cut down the amount of stock
to suit the size and condition of the pasture than to attempt to carry
a larger amount through the summer on little and through the winter
on nothing.

I never could see how an old cow could chew her cud all winter with
nothing to eat unless she had contracted the habit. Then don't waste
the growing ability of your stock by saving the feed.

Stock of any kind should have as nearly as possible a balanced ration
if we expect to get the full value from the feed and then not waste any.
In other words, they should receive all the essential food properties
in about the right proportion.

Grain is often wasted in handling also. Not long ago I saw a man
haul about five bushel of oats from the granary to another building
and drive away leaving a half bushel on the ground. For waste of
this kind there is no excuse save pure carelessness, and such men think
more of their ease than of their success, or more likely do not think at
all.

Another great waste on the farm is with regard to buildings and
fences. The farmer must be ever watchful to keep them in repair, for
what can give a farm so forsaken an appearance as to see fences sagging,
posts broken, and wires broken and down, while the buildings are un-
painted and delapidated? This may be convenient for the neighbors
whose stock runs loose on the highway, but means money out of the
pocket of the fellow who feeds it. Keep the buildings and fences in repair.
It takes but little time when a board first comes loose to put it back in
place, but if neglected i,t soon gathers together others of its kind and
before long the building will be beyond the need of repair.

One of the most valuable products of the farm is its manure, yet
how often is this asset neglected or disregarded altogether. The waste
of this item alone on some places would if judiciously utilized make
of the dependant renters successful farmers and often independant land
owners in a few years time. There is a partial and a total loss of the
soil building properties of manure depending on the method used in
handling it.

And in this connection I cannot do better than call your attention
to the experiments conducted at the Ohio experiment station. The results
of the experiments are briefly as follows: Manure hauled from the
stalls and spread with a spreader at the rate of eight tons per acre
gave an increased crop yield of $23.70, or a net value for the manure
of $2.96 per ton. Where the manure was hauled out in the spring
from the yard all conditions being the same, the net gain was but $2.15,
or a loss of 81 cents per ton. Further estimates indicate that the manure
if left through spring and summer and hauled after harvest would be
worth not to exceed $1.50 per ton, or a loss of nearly half. These figures
speak for themselves and no further comment seems necessary.

All these points and more will occur to the mind of the average
farmer upon a casual glance at the subject, but the greater avenue of

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 723

waste is that of time, the most valuable asset on any farm. Any man
can see buildings decay, feed go to waste or machinery constantly de-
preciate unnecessarily, but it is so easy to let a little time slip by
unaccounted for and unimproved that it becomes the greatest enemy of
success on the farm. There is a prevalent idea among so many farmers
with but a small amount of stock that as soon as the fall work is done
and the grain all hauled to town that they are at liberty to hibernate
for the winter months, only coming out of cold weather quarters oc-
casionally to look around and see if everything is alive. If the average
city business man should pursue such a course it would soon mean ruin
and bankruptcy. Is it to be wondered at, then, that such farmers are
compelled to move from farm to farm each succeeding year with less to
move each spring save the debt? These winter months which are so often
wasted should be devoted to at least two things: (1) — Careful attention
should be given to all stock on the place to see that they have every
possible advantage in the way of food, water and comfortable sleeping
quarters, and if they must shift for themselves at any time during the
year let them do it in the summer when feed is to be had for the
picking. In other words, give your stock a square deal and it will make
you some money.

And again the winter season is the time to get ready for the spring and
summer work. "In time of peace prepare for war" is advice particularly
pertinent to the farmer. All seed for spring planting should be carefully
selected and cleaned, machines should be overhauled and repaired, feed
for spring and summer use should be placed most conveniently for
saving time in the busy season, and all the plans for the summer's
work should be carefully worked out.

This leads me to speak of the lack of system on many farms as an
aid to the waste of time. Work by a carefully arranged plan instead of
leaving every phase of the work to be prepared for after it is time to
do it.

Too much time is spent in town and this is double waste, since it
adds to the expense and diminishes the revenue to be derived by the
man who is always on the job.

The question of hired help must almost be considered under this
head also, and is one which is constantly facing many farmers.

Now I am a hired man myself and shall speak with that idea always
in mind. For the man who goes out to work on the farm for wages,
willing to give his employer honest, intelligent service, 1 have the greatest
respect. But the time server who makes it his boast that he will not
work hard enough to hurt himself, or that he will do just what he is
paid for doing and no more, or who entertains similar ideas and who
constantly attempts to slight his work and do as little as possible for
the most pay, that kind of a man is an expensive luxury to have on the
farm even if he works for his board, for his own time is largely wasted
and much of his employer's time is wasted in looking after his work.

May not the arrangement and management of the crops be such that
the farmer will be able to handle them with the minimum of hired
help? Especially if he has taken advantage of the winter months in
getting ready for and planning his summer's work.

724 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Other items of waste, such as wasted land along line hedges, wasted
poultry possibilities, wasted fuel material, the waste through the farm
kitchen, etc., might well be considered but I have already taken too
much of your time.

It is not that the farmer does not recognize these avenues of waste,
for he knows that they exist, and just a little extra effort and careful
thoughtful attention is all that is required to check them or put a stop to
them so far as is possible.

And now with a few pertinent proverbs for the producer I close:

Do it now.

An ounce of prevention is worth a ton of regret.

A place for everything and everything back to its place.

He that wasteth while he farms will want when he moves to town.

A calf in the pasture is worth two on the right of way.

The meek shall inherit the earth, but the wise farmer shall reap
the products of its fertility.

The words of the wise are as jewels. Read your farm papers that
you may become rich.

A nail in time saves nine and often more.

The soil is the basis for all wealth. Give back to it that you may
receive more abundantly.

Consider the hired man: he chores not, neither does he sweat, yet
the farmer with all his broad acres cannot afford a driving horse like his.

BENEFITS DERIVED FROM FARMERS' INSTITUTES.

Mrs. Martha F. Thornton, Ankney, loica, Before PolJc County Farmers'

Institute.

The question is frequently asked, what benefits do we receive frorn
the farmers' institute? In a farm paper of recent date I was reading that
"Wherever a farmers' institute is held that has well trained speakers,
finely equipped, expert, enthusiastic lecturers, agreeable and capable man-
agers, comfortable suroundings, and a live, wide-awake up-to-date pro-
gram, there will be expected in that community an interest, intelluctual
and practical that will not die out with the close of the institute session."
If the best results are to be obtained, all old shop worn goods must be
gotten rid of regardless of cost. Nothing except clean, fresh up-to-date
material can be permitted in the modern institute. Every institute
ought to be a show window that will be remembered, an exhibition never
to be forgotten by the community that beheld it, and impression ought
to be made that will never be obliterated or cease to influence for good
those who have received them. Those having control of the institute
will make it their chief concern to see that there is presented to the
audience something new and useful to think about and that it is served
up in an agreeable and interesting way. It is a conceeded fact that
the men of the community have become much interested and the results
are they have improved their talents in acquiring more information,

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 725

and to deny our farmers raise better grain and more of it, they have
better and higher grade stocli. Almost any farmer is willing to tell
the methods he has used that has brought the best results and by this
exchange of thought and practical demonstration the good ideas are
passed along and even the spirit of friendship has well been cultivated.

But how is it with the women? These institutes have caused a
radical change from some cause. The first institute that was held in
Ankney, seven years ago last March, was attended in the morning ses-
sion by about twelve men and two women, and the women were ex-Mayor
Allen's wife and myself. Today it takes the greater part of this hall
to give room for the women. We are glad they have become interested,
many of them are on the anxious seat, really desirous of obtaining new
knowledge in this field of work.

B. L. Hathaway, says in Rural Home, "The constant study of other
methods and the careful observation and thinking necessary to adapt
varying ends to one's own condition will do more to broaden the mind
and develop the thinking qualities in the good farmer and his wife than
any other agency under heaven."

"We are glad that so many of our women have abandoned old methods
that new labor saving machines (but not as many as should be) have
been installed in the homes, saving both time and strength, and we all
realize that time is money to the women, the same as it is to the man.

Life is too short to make many mistakes, and as we travel this road
but once, we can not go back and make repairs. The idea held good a
half century ago "that we did not need anything for recreation, that a
change of work was as good as a rest, but we are glad that idea has been
exploded, and every woman in attendance at this institute will go home
with some new thought to help her over some of the hard places, and
will work with such willing hands, that she will never know that she
lost a day's work she will be so full of new ideas, new thoughts and
suggestions that the work will slip through her hands almost unheeded.
You interest a child in a new story and it seemingly forgets it is tired
or sleepy. We are only grown up children, and like them want to be
entertained.

F. Hopkinson Smith, says: "We should never forget, that the one
and only one thing that makes us all better than a machine is our
imagination."

Grandma Beaumont, when she celebrated her one hundreth anniver-
sary at the old peoples' home, was asked the secret of her long and happy
life, answered, "Don't worry, keep busy and think of other people
• rather than yourself." How many of us come here today to impart
something to this institute, that would do good to many, or have we
come only to absorb. Have we not learned by coming to the institute
year after year that there are those that have been trying to improve
their talents. Some may have greater talents than others, but if I
improve my two talents, my rewards will be as great as yours with ten
talents. And we are all responsible for what we do not do, as for what
we do do. Let every one here add their mite to help make this intsitute
a success. We know that a prize at the end of the race is a great

726 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

incentive to work. I would suggest that we have a membership roll for
the women and have an annual membership fee and all competitors for
prizes to be paid up members, and in this way we will have what money
we need and not be under the necessity of some one going around to
solicit friends. We like to be a little independent.

Ella Wheeler Wilcox wrote a little poem on leaning and lifting my sis-
ters. Which are you, a leaner or lifter? Let us encourage every one who
is willing to make an effort to either improve themselves or help lift up
some one else and not be contented with ourselves until we have done all
we can. I do not recommend this way for our institute alone, but in our
church work, our homes, our schools or wherever anything can be made
better, so that it will bear the test of criticism, but let the critic use kind-
ness, not doing anything that would wound. We may get valuable sug-
gestions and helps from others, yet it is your mind, your brains, your
efforts, the right application of your knowledge, that will bring you true
success. And with intelligent co-operation with the many that are ad-
vancing new and profitable ideas we may in a measure be assured of a
reward. This institute work is a great and good work and far reaching
in its influence. It has been said that the sliding along the line of least
resistance will end up in oblivion. Are we going to look for the easiest
places to fill or shall we take hold of any and everything that is in reason
that comes our way and stay by it until success perches on our banner.
Let us work with all earnestness to improve our surroundings, help build
up our homes, our schools, our churches, in fact, our community and leave
a good imprint on our future institutes.

With the ample amount of material at command and a systematic ar-
rangement of subjects for discussion a two or three days' institute can
be held both with pleasure and profit.

"LIFT WHERE YOU STAND."

Mrs. A. P. Ines, Algona, Iowa, Before Kosstith County Farmers' Institute.

Lord Macauley has said, "A people that takes no pride in the noble
achievements of their ancestors will never achieve anything worthy to be
remembered by remote generations." A record of bare facts by them-
selves does not constitute history. Such a record may be of value, but to
attain the dignity of history we must have social events and evolution de-
tailed with considerable fullness, and the growth of society from one
phase to another, distinctly traced and recorded. We only know that this
is a progressive age by comparing it with the past. And to whom can we
give the credit for the up-to-date condition of things? Surely not to the
younger generation of which the young man is a member. He may yet
place his shoulder to the wheel of progress and a half century hence he,
too, may be able to boast that he had helped to move the world along.
History teaches everything, even the great future. To study it is to fa-
miliarize ourselves with the whole realm of art, philosophy, science and
biography. Never before have events moved more rapidly than they are
moving today. We are making history as rapidly as ever before. In the

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 727

field of agriculture as great changes are taking place as elsewhere. Yet
with all these advantages and privileges there is still room for improve-
ment. The day has gone by when farmers will be satisfied with mere
hard work. The day is gone by when a farmer's boy or girl ought to be
expected to live in surroundings as devoid of comforts as many of their
parents lived in. No, if the farmer's boy or girl stays on the farm, if
they enjoy life there, it will be because their surroundings are such as
make life enjoyable.

Few indeed are the influences that are stronger than the influences of
home. So it is the duty of every farmer to make those influences good, to
place his children in such an environment that they shall go out fitted for
hard and faithful work in whatever they may undertake, so that they may
look back upon their home as a place of pleasant associations and sur-
roundings, a place which is truly an incentive for good. The present
need then for many farmers is along the line of those things which add
to the beauty and attractiveness of the farm home. Many are realizing
this and are acting accordingly, but more should be done. We are fairly
well supplied with labor-saving machinery, good buildings and other
practical devices, yet we must not forget that other side of our nature
which demands attention and without the development of which we can-
not become well rounded and broad-minded men and women.

The longest rainy day and evening vanishes if the table is covered with
papers, magazines and good books. One may go into many farm homes
and find the Chicago or Des Moines daily, stock and farm papers and
also religious papers. All these are good. Every boy and girl should
be encouraged to read the newspapers. There are many who object to
this and give good reasons, but much of the news of today will be the
history of tomorrow, social, financial and legislative. There is certainly
much in our daily papers neither elevating nor instructive; in fact, very
objectionable, but with proper training the child soon knows the good
from the bad, the true from the false and early in years learns to follow
the great moves of the world and loses all interest in the petty worthless
affairs that have little or no impression upon the canvas of life.

In addition to this, magazines that review and discuss the questions
that are stirring the minds of the people should be found in every home.
In these days of clubbing rates a few dollars go a long way in supplying
a number of the best magazines of the day. There are very few farmers
who are not able to add each year a few new volumes to their library;
by doing this an atmosphere is given a home that it can attain in no
other way and will serve as a magnet to keep and hold the rising genera-
tion to the farms and no matter where their lots may be cast they will
not be strangers in a strange land, for their reading has kept them in
touch with all people and all lands.

When studying the life of a nation, race or clan how anxious we are
to know something of the homes of the people in whom we are interested.
There is no surer index to the intelligence, culture and tastes of a people
than the homes they maintain and from which they send representatives.
Every advancement of the human race has been marked by the bettering
of its habitation, in our own land from the wigwam of the red man to the

728 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

palatial homes of the twentieth century. Sixty years ago log cabins dotted
our prairies of the west. Today houses with conveniences undreamed of
by our ancestors are found on many farms. There is nothing that adds'
to or detracts more from the life of the farmer and his family than the
home and all the environments and influences that go to make that home.

The poet has sung of the meadows, brooks, hills and trees and in his
imagination he smells the fragrance of the new mown hay and the fresh
perfume of wild flowers and sees the glistening of the jeweled dew in the
grass, and so on. But we who have spent our lives on the farm know
that this is the poetry of farm life and that most of it is prose. Yet
there is no life that so nearly reaches an ideal one as that of a farmer.
No vocation has as great an unfolding, enlarging, cultivating, educative,
elevating process as its results. Then why shouldn't the home and its
surroundings be an ideal one.

Outside of the immediate home no feature of country life helps or
hinders the making of an ideal home as the school, where the most vigor-
ous hours of the child's days are spent. The farmer has the entire re-
sponsibility of the making of this school. The welfare of our country
school is said to effect more homes directly or indirectly than the educa-
tional system of the towns and cities. Were the farmers' school tax three
times what it is now he couldn't put his money where he would realize
one-third as much from the investment as when used for the bettering
of his school.

There is growing interest in the improvement of the rural schools, but
owing to the conservativeness of the farmer himself improvement has been
slow. When we know that in many states eighty-five per cent of the
children of the country schools never pass beyond the boundaries of the
school district so far as school training is concerned it is time to ask
are these children getting the best there is to be obtained along the lines
of instruction and training? The character of the home life on the farms
of future generations dpends upon this instruction and training. With
the uniform course of study now used there is no reason why a good
business education with the realities of a larger life should not be given
every boy and girl. To accomplish this, adequate compensation must be
given to justify teachers to qualify themselves not simply to meet the
requirements of the superintendent, but to acquire breadth and depth in
training that will make that teacher an inspiration to the farmer's chil-
dren to aspire towards the best things of life, to that which will develop
them into citizens who will stand for what is noble, good and true, who
will have a wider outlook and who will be in sympathy with all that is
best and richest in country life.

It has been a hard matter to arouse the average farmer to the im-
portance of requiring a thorough preparation of those who desire to be
teachers in our country schools, but in no other way can our rural schools
be made what they should be. The consolidated school plan may be the
future solution of this question, but the present must be dealt with in
some other way. In a recent conversation with one who has had a life-
long experience in furthering the education of boys and girls from city
and country schools he declared the pupils whose fundamental training

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 729

had been received at the home ou the farm was well adapted to concen-
trate and hold the wind to his task, be it long or short, interesting or tire-
some to him. This may be accounted for by knowing that every child
at an early age is given his work. Usually made responsible for the life
and well being of some plant or animal, from this beginning they soon
feel the responsibility of several plants and animals resting upon them,
and so on until they learn to devote all the energy they possess upon any
charge given them, caring for animals or plant life, translating a sentence
in Latin or solving a problem in geometry and finally as men and women
meeting successfully all requirements of the world, be it in the line of
finance, state affairs or leading armies to victory.

When that patient, persistent Scotch tenant farmer, Amos Cruickshank,
began his work of creating modern and more practical type of cattle, up
amid the bleak hillsides of his native country, he lifted higher where he
stood than his fellow breeders. Close application, intelligent methods
and persistence of purpose evolved at the end of twenty years a breed of
cattle recognized the world over. "When the late M. W. Dunham, as a
young farmer, saw the first Percheron horse brought into Illinois he be-
came impressed with the possibilities and the immense value to the farm-
ing interests of improving the horses of the United States. This led to
the establishment of a princely estate which stands as a beacon light in
American agriculture. When that veteran Clydesdale breeder, Colonel
Holloway, bought the first Clydesdale he already had in mind the type of
draft horses which was later to command the admiration and approval
of two continents.

When James Reid, then an obscure farmer, conceived the possibility of
creating a more profitable and pure bred type of seed corn he lifted where
he stood in the improvement of this great staple crop of the Mississippi
valley.

There are many new problems before the young farmer today. The
work calls for the highest talent and the best training available.

The oflBcers of our county fair believe thoroughly in lifting where they
stand. See the decided improvement on our picturesque fair grounds.
These grounds are the most beautiful and complete of any in the State
and additions constantly are being made that add to their beauty and
convenience. The new barns are the pride of the cattle and horse men.
Floral hall, the finest in northern Iowa. The ladies' rest cottage a blessing
of which any fair can well be proud. What a blessing this fair has been
to the farmers. It has been the high school, the college or the university
for many of us. All the year we have been living in the narrow circle of
our own small community and have been traveling in the same old rut.
But the announcement of the county fair arouses us from our bed of con-
tentment, and we go forth to see better animals than we have seen in
many a day, to examine the fruits of the fields and the latest improve-
ment in farm machinery, and best of all, to just mingle with the crowd,
where we shake hands with old acquaintances and form new friendships.
And we go home with new inspirations and aspirations, feeling better and
bigger and broader, learning lessons which we can carry home and put
into practice on the farm.

730 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

The ubiquitous falvir was much in evidence, but a decided change for
the better is noticed in the character of the side shows. The best part of
most of them, however, can be seen on the outside of the canvas, which
is evident they are not as clean and unobjectionable as they might be.
How many sandwiches and ice cream cornucopias were consumed during
the week we have not been able to ascertain. You might think that the
Kossuth county diet consisted of sandwiches and ice cream unless you
tried the church ladies' spread, which was quite like home. The live
stock, perhaps, attracted more working farmers than any other feature of
the fair. This year it was well up to the previous offerings in quality and
numbers. Draft horses made a fine showing; light horses and ponies
also were well represented. Sheep, hogs, fat cattle, dairy breeds and
poultry had high scoring animals in every class, and taken together made
an educational influence which cannot be measured. The seed corn show
was very complete, even the boys taking an active part. You who
viewed the tables groaning under the weight of luscious fruit told that
the old saying is true that "horticulture is the refinement of agriculture
and a willing guide for its regeneration." Paintings and flowers, fancy
articles, domestic department, educational and pantry stores all shared
alike the admiration of the visitors, showing there is one kind of educa-
tion that is rapidly growing in popularity, namely, the useful education.
After leaving the fair grounds last September we felt there was on thing
lacking. No lecture or classes had been conducted pointing to the visitors
the points of difference and advantages of each type shown.

Now we are proud of our splendid college of agriculture and we are
glad of the short course that is fitting our men and women for better
work. But we find so few farmers or their wives are able or so disposed
to attend the short course held at Ames college every year. Would it
not be practicable to conduct a short course in all departments at our
county fair, calling it the local agricultural school. A corn judging de-
partment conducted by an expert from our state college at Ames. A live
stock judging course will also be included and for this purpose some of
the very best herds from our own county and adjoining counties can be
used for instruction purposes. There ought also to be included in this
short course a course in domestic science under the supervision of some
instructor from the agricultural college. I believe that a few hours daily
during the four days of our county fair would be the beginning of a new
era for the farm woman and one that is worth the best efforts of every
woman interested in the uplift of home life in our midst. If the educa-
tion of right living teaches better and easier ways of doing things, if it
helps to economize our household expen-ses and to secure better results
for our labor, if it saves time and strength and means better health and
brighter intellects and a more wholesome family life then it is surely
worth trying for. When this short course is an established fact at our
county fair such side show as "Nova, She Eats Mud," and the "French
Theater" will be a thing of the past, and the young men and women will
feel that a better and larger life is coming their way. In the doing and
accomplishment of this the home life on the farm will be such an at-
tractive one that the question of how to educate our young men and
women to stay on the farm will be settled and settled right.

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART X. 731

THE DIGNITY OF LABOR.
Mrs. Thos, Eain, Algona, Iowa, Before Kossuth County Farmers' Institute.

We live in a day when the poet and the philosopher have combined to
sound the praise and dignity of labor. Idleness is no longer deemed
honorable; work is the new patent of nobility.

We live in an age of industry. In an age that demands the union of
brain and muscle to supply the call for men of mechanical and con-
structive ability.

The present tendency of nearly all school life is to fit the boy for a pro-
fessional career; we shrink from the rough edges of life, those things
that temper the will and purify the soul.

For the average boy who becomes an average man great advantages are
now open to him. If we make the most of the period in which we live
we should absorb and apply the spirit of that age. We are in an age of
practical doings and expect practical results.

Though most of you have performed manual labor, which ran some-
thing like this, trying to raise more corn to feed more hogs, to buy more
land and this same routine year after year, few of us have had the ad-
vantage of manual training, that developing of the combined efforts of
brain and hands. Manual training departments are being started in all
parts of the country, some of them on a very limited scale, but conveying
the right principle, and this would not be so were it not for the unsup-
plied demand for the tranaed brain and hands. The child interested in
manual training has a definite standard; that standard is his ideal. The
man interested in dairying has his standard, be it Jersey, Guernsey,
Alderney or Holstein.

Train for practical work, but train for ideals as well. This training
gives us a people not only more practical for domestic life and better
skilled in trades, but also gives us citizens of an entirely different in-
tellectual fibre. It also cultivates a habit of observation, a knowledge of
the difference between accuracy and inaccuracy.

We have big respect for the vigorous one in work. Energy is essential
to an active life. American manufacturers claim they cannot secure Ameri-
can skilled workmen to meet the development of American opportunities,
and many of their competent workmen are foreigners, skillful in their
work, but ignorant of our language and customs.

While the professions are overcrowded the mining, the chemical and
the constructive fields are unsupplied with skilled labor, though the
salaries exceed many of the professions.

Education is no longer just one narrow thing. True education de-
velops our usefulness, trains our mind to find the truth, trains our hands
to do the work.

Why do we call Lincoln an educated man? Is it because he struck
the shackles from 4,000,000 slaves? No. Because his heart was right to

732 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

feel; his brain was clear to think; his hand was powerful and skillful to
do. How came he to be educated? By being directed by a loving and
righteous stepmother to love the right and the good; by striving at all
times to know the truth in every situation; by working industriously to
be of the highest service to his fellow men. It was in the school of labor
which he dignified that he was educated; it was not in the school of
learning.

No honest work is degrading; the only disgrace comes from the manner
in which it is performed. The works of the head, the hand and the heart
all are alike necessary, all are alike honorable.

There is no more dignified or wholesome way of earning a living than
by forming a partnership with the forces of nature.
"There are millions of positions in the busy world today.
Each a drudge to him who holds it, but to him who doesn't, play;
Each believes that his real calling is along some other line
Than the one at which he's working — take, for instance, your's and mine.
Many a farmer's broken hearted that in youth he missed his call,
While that same unhappy farmer may be the envy of us all."

If you want to dignify any calling put the stamp of public opinion upon
it. You put the stamp of approval upon a farmer's vocation when you
put the science of agriculture in our schools. You may think that science
does not apply to the practical farmer, that there is ngthing of value in
book farming. But science is simply the truth — the facts and the prin-
ciples discolsed by the most complete experience of practical men. The
useful man is he who contributes to the general welfare.

An eminent writer makes one of his characters give it as his opinion,
"that whoever could make two ears of corn, or two blades of grass to
grow on a spot of ground where only one grew before would deserve
better of mankind and do more essential service to his country, than the
whole race of politicians put together." Dean Swift's imaginary char-
acter was very must disposed to find fault with politicians, but he
was evidently sound on the relation of corn and grass to human happiness.

We tend to strive for learning beyond our surroundings, we are not
satisfied with small development we want big results. We may -make
drudgery of our work, or we may combine the Intellect with the working
of the hand.

How many of us as we watch the growing of a plant from a tiny seed
to its maturity can tell the conditions necessary for its development,
though plant life is our daily companion.

We may demonstrate a problem but can we tell how the soil can be
better tilled in order to conserve its fertility. Henry Wallace says the
farmer of this century is a land robber. If we do not educate our
farmers our fertile fields will become, not in our day, but come it will,
as barren as the farms of New England.

There must be a permanent agriculture to support a prosperous com-
munity. Land should not only maintain its productiveness it should
increase its productiveness, and the 'knowledge of how to secure this may
come to us through our Agricultural institutions and in this instructive
world of nature, our daily associate, we may be able to see more than

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART X. 733

only trees, only clods in fields, only labor for which we expect a recom-
pense. For through those schools the student not only receives a knowl-
edge of the laws of nature but also a practical knowledge of the appli-
cation of science in relation to life thereby fitting himself to be useful
to mankind.

The present and the future, demand men prepared to solve the great-
est of problems, the problems which concern the living natural features
of our time. Tillers of the soil have too low an estimate of the standard
of their work, they lack a manly pride, they are not proud of being agri-
culturists the oldest of occupations imbedded in the very structure of
the earth.

For a time we have favored the people who work chiefly with the brain,
the lawyer is an interpreter of some laws that men behind him have made.
A banker is an interpreter of financial laws that men behind him have
made, a farmer is an interpreter of the laws of nature a force before
which all men bow in subgujation. 'Tis true his work may not be what
we consider clean, but all matter is clean when in its proper sphere, and
the soiled clothes and marked hands have always been and always will be,
the genuine badges of creative toil.

We are told that farmers are today our leisure class, not our idle
class, but our liesure class. The awful competition, the swift pace at
which the professional man and the business man lives is out of the
range of the farmer, for he can still control his time to a certain extent.
But our development is incomplete if we ignore our hours of leisure and
demand activity of muscle as the highest of ideals, leisure is beneficial
to all when used wisely, it broadens our ideas, it quickens our thoughts,
it brings us in contact with new principles and with many classes who
in various ways are working for the benefit of humanity.

"A certain merchant placed a blackboard in his store, and asked
his customers to write their names upon it, and after the name to write
what they were doing for humanity. First came a lawyer and he wrote,
"I plead for all." Next came a doctor who wrote, "I prescribe for all."
The third was a minister and he said, "I pray for all." Then came a
farmer who after writing his name, thought awhile, then put down,
"I pay for all."

Well, that may be the farmer's especial gift, and he is given plenty of
chance to cultivate it, still we call the farmers the independent class,
but after all no class is wholly independent.

Do not hold up before young eyes the almighty dollar as a scale by
which to measure the length and breadth of labor but rather, teach the
results of conscientious thought and toil, will daily gain in force and
Influence, while the minted coin diminishes in value by constant circu-
lation.

Life presents varied demands. You cannot make the best kind of a
citizen out of a man who thinks his calling the only one worthy of
consideration, so there is need of studies dealing with topics of general
interest. When we add to the knowledge of these, training in some es-
pecial line, we may feel well equipped for some position. Educate for
the fulfilling of some vocation, not for the getting of vacations.

734 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

The world of mechanics is asking for the vigorous educated man who
is capable of performing brainy labor. We are in a period of con-
struction work, greater than that performed by the ancient Romans. As
a nation we are building, building as no nation ever built before.

The most remarkable railroad in the world is in operation for 81
miles, and most of the construction work is done which will unite Florida
and Key West by rail. Cars run on a track 31 feet above high water, and
passengers may sit in the windows of Pullman coaches in all serenity,
and have an opportunity to seeing how the Atlantic ocean looks in a
gale. Experts who have studied this work consider it the most ingenious
piece of engineering of modern times. It is being built under the super-
vision of J. C. Meredith, an Iowa man educated at the Agricultural College
at Ames. In many respects this work is considered more difficult than
the Panama Canal. It was not only necessary to bring all the workmen
from distant sources of supply but they must be lodged and fed in enor-
mous floating dormitories, which were anchored from place to place as
the work progressed. The owner of this road sees a vision of the future.
He- sees the commercial growth which is following the independence of
Cuba, that with transportation her products may be distributed over
the United States and her natural resources is atracting millions of
capital. Beyond is dawning a vast industrial opening of South America
and Mexico. Our own Northwest has scarcely started to grow in a
practical way. To meet this progression various methods for the better
industrial education of the youth of our country are being discussed by
educators. All agree on the necessity for better mechanical training but
they differ widely on the methods.

Brain training is well, but that is only a part of a balanced educa-
tion. When we consider that we have two channels of expression, one
being the tongue and the other the hand, we may believe the statement
that we have undertrained the hand and overtrained the tongue. Ability
to work out ideas that can be expressed by objects made by the hand
gives the world the men and women who have done most to beautify
our lives.

Men in every age of the world have scorned the idler and if we judge
by the fruits of idleness, no honor comes to him who shirks his duty.
W%at stores of wisdom, what breadth of knowledge, labor brings.
Learning is not an instinct, and we shall never get beyond the need of
having more and more, for knowledge is boundless in extent, and may-
be a power when properly organized and under control; but he who
excels must work for it, and J)y his labor he becomes dignified.

A single practical life has more than once changed the aspect of the
whole civilized world. A poor drudging mechanic has by his invention of
a machine, or by the application of a force, more than once doubled the
energy and wealth of mankind.

Steam was as mighty in the days of Solomon as it was when brought
under the control of man and yoked to an engine to do the world's work.
Electricity played through the heavens since the dawn of the world wait-
ing for some practical mind to harness it. Our field of labor is widening.
Now industries are constantly being organized, educated labor is demand-

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAK BOOK-PART X. 735

ing its proper place — and in many ways pays handsomely — in money — in
strength in life in the open — in eonstructiveness — in invention.

No real successes are won without patience and labor. It is lesson
after lesson with the scholar, it is venture after venture with the mer-
chant, it is trial after trial with the inventor, it is failure after failure
with him, who still persevering wins the goal for which he strives.

The world honors honest labor, but despises the idler.

WHAT THE INVESTIGATOR HAS FOUND OUT.

From Illinois Farmers' Bulletin No. 10. '

YKA.RS OF Tests That Have Solved Practical Problems of the Farm.
Testing Each Ear of Seed Corn. — The value of applying the germiaa-
tion test to each individual ear of seed corn was well demonstrated in
the testing of ten lots of from 43 to 414 ears. The average results were
as follows: The composite test of all ears showed 84.6 per cent of
germination. When the poor ears, as indicated by the test, were dis-
carded, the germination of the good ears averaged 93.7 per cent, while
the discarded ears averaged only 60.4 per cent. The rejection of those
poor ears, made possible only through a separate test of each ear, made
a notable improvement in the seed corn and in the stand of the plants
grown from that seed.

Best Planting Time is May 4 to May 25. — The best time for planting
corn has been carefully tested for eight years, with the following average
yields per acre from the plantings at the dates named: Corn pllanted April
22 to 26 yielded 48 bushels per acre; April 27 to May 4, 60 bushels; May
4 to 11, 62 bushels; May 11 to 18, 62 bushels; May 19 to 25, 61 bushels;
May 26 to .June 1, 56 bushels. Succeeding weeks yielded respectively 50,
39 and 21 bushels per acre. The results show that there was very little
difference in the yield of corn planted during the three weeks from
May 4 to May 25. The lesson is that it is not necessary to plant corn the
first fair day. The farmer would better take plenty of time to prepare the
seed bed thoroughly and get the ground mellow and finely pulverized.

Changing the Height of Ears Upon the Stalk. — It has been clearly
proven that the height of ears upon the stalk of corn may be changed
either upward or downward by breeding from respectively high or low
ears. Five years' breeding from high ears resulted in producing ears of
the following average heights: In 1903, 54.4 inches; 1904, 50.2 Inches;
1905, 63.2 inches; 1906, 56.3 inches; 1907, 72.3 inches. Breeding in the
opposite direction, that is, from low ears, produced five successive crops
in which the ears averaged respectively 42.8 inches, 35 inches, 41.6 inches,
26.6 inches, 33.3 inches. Here is a difference the fifth year of 39 inches
between the high ears and the low ears as the result of seed selection,
and the average difference for the whole five years is moi-e than 23
inches.

736 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Shallow Cultivation Increases Yield Four Bushels. — In a five-year series
of tests comparing shallow cultivation of corn with deep cultivation the
results were an average yield of 70-3 bushels per acre for the former and
66.7 bushels per acre for the latter — an average increase of 3.6 bushels
due to shallow cultivation.

Drilling Oats Increases the Yield Four Biishels per Acre. — In ten com-
parisons of sowing oats broadcast and drilling them in, there was a dif-
ference in yield of four bushels per acre in favor of drilling.

Large Seed Increases the Yield. — Results from the Ontario Experiment
Farm were quoted to show the benefit of using seed of large size. Seven
crops of oats showed an average yield of 62 bushels per acre from large
seed and of 47 bushels per acre from small seed — a difference of 15
bushels per acre in favor of large seed. As the average of six years'
work witli winter wheat the large seed increased the yield from 40 to
47 bushels per acre. The same number of experiments with field peas
resulted in an average increase of five bushels per acre due solely to
large seed.

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART X.

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EFGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X.

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EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI. 741

PART XI

FINANCIAL STATEMENT

/ AND

Report of Agricultural Conditions

BY

County and District Agricultural Societies
In Iowa, 1907

ADAIR.

W. W. Wkst, Greenfield, October 26, 1907.

General Cunijition of Crops and Season — Average condrtiou. Season
backward.

Oats — Very poor crop. Much of this grain was not harvested but
turned under for next year's corn crop. Quality poor.

Wheat— Not much raised but quality very good.

Rye — Acreage above the average and quality good.

Barley — Same report as rye.

Flax — None raised.

Buckwheat — Small acreage; quality fair.

Millet — Crop generally above the average.

Sorghum — Small acreage; good quality.

TiJioTHY — Excellent crop. A great deal cut for seed with large re-
turns.

Clover — First crop short. Second crop better and of good quality.

Prairie Hay — None.

PoTAiX)ES — Fair crop of good quality.

Vegetables — Generally unfavorable conditions throughout spring and
early summer made the vegetable crop below average.

Apples — Crop generally short. A few varieties of fall and winter
apples have yielded a fair crop.

742 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE.

Other Fruits — An abundant crop of small fruits of all kinds. Peaches,
pears, etc., almost a total failure.

Cattle — About the average number on hand at this time of the year.
All kinds of cattle command a good price, but good dairy cows with beef
quality especially in demand.

Horses- — More than usual raised and of better quality. Heavy home
demand for heavy draft mares and colts.

Swine — Good prices and no disease have made the hog the big money
maker the past year. Some disease in the county at this time, but seems
to be confined to a few herds.

Sheep— More sheep in the county than in any previous year. A large
number of western ewes shipped in this fall and sold quickly in small
bunches.

Poultry — Increase in price of both eggs and poultry has brought about
the breeding of much better stuff.

Bees — Not many raised or kept.

Drainage — A great deal of tiling has been done the past year and
our factory Is filled with orders for winter delivery to the farmers.

Lands — Considerable land has changed hands during the past three
months at prices ranging from fifty to one hundred dollars per acre.

Report of Fair — Held at Greenfield, September 3 to 6. Good attendance
and some old indebtedness paid. Good exhibits in nearly all depart-
ments. Swine exhibit largest ever made here. No gambling, side shows,
etc., allowed on the ground.

ADAIR.

A. C. Savage, Adair, October 26, 1907.

General Condition of Crops and Season — First of season backward
and cold; later too dry. Small grain crop light; hay light; corn of fair
quality and about eighty-five per cent crop. Has been an excellent fall for
threshing and harvesting.

Corn — Generally good; about eighty -five per cent of crop. Some com-
plaint of corn being light in weight.

Oats — Light and chaffy but price good.

Wheat — Fair quality; yield light.

Rye — None raised.

Barley — Very little raised but fair quality.

Flax — None raised.

Buckwheat — None raised.

Millet — Very little grown.

Sorghum — None grown, except for fodder.

Timothy— Hay generally quite light but yielded well; good price.

Clover — Light.

Prairie Hay — None.

Potatoes— Yield light and potatoes rather small. Too dry at growing
time.

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PAET XI. 743

Apples — Crop almost a failure and of poor quality.

Other Fruits — Not much fruit on account of late frosts in spring.

Cattle — Not as many being fed as formerly. More cows being milked
and conditions generally improving as to quality of stock.

HOESE.S — Good prices have prevailed for the year and quality im-
proving.

Swir^'E — Conditions generally have been quite favorably for hogs;
good prices the past year; very little sickness, though in the spring a
number of pigs were lost on account of wet, cold weather.

She^ep — Only few handled.

Poultry — More poultry raised than for some years, with quality of
stock improving and good prices.

Drainage — Being improved and more tiling being done than formerly.

Lands — Prices have advanced steadily.

Report of Fair — Held at Adair, October 2 to 5, 1907. First of week
rainy and cold and fair held over one day more than planned. Larger
number of exhibits than at any former fair. Excellent attendance. More
interest taken than heretofore and there seems to be a disposition to
put the fair on a more solid financial basis. A marked improvement
shown in the quality of exhibits compared with previous exhibits.

ADAMS.

Geo. E. Bliss, Corning, October 1, 1907.

General Condition of Crops and Season — Season unfavorable except
for oats; too much heat and moisture at a critical period.

Ccrn — Average yield about forty bushels.

Oats — Average yield about twenty-six bushels.

Wheat — Spring wheat yielded about sixteen bushels, and winter
wheat about twenty-four bushels per acre.

Rye — Spring rye yielded about nineteen bushels and winter rye twenty-
two bushels per acre.

Barley — Yielded about thirty-three bushels per acre.

Buckwheat — None raised.

Millet — About two tons per acre. •

Sorghum — Promises well.

Timothy — Averaged half a ton; too dry in April.

Clover — All clover killed by drought last year. Splendid stand this
year's seeding. Very little clover hay this year.

Other Grains and Grasses — Speltz yielded forty bushels.

Potatoes — Good quality; fair yield.

Vegetables — Extra good parsnips, carrots, etc.

Apples— About thirty per cent of crop. Janets will yield well.

Other Fruits — Strawberry, raspberries, blackberries and gooseberries
made an excellent yield.

Cattle — Made good gain and growth this season, but calf crop is
short.

Horses — Demand exceeds the supply; nearly all shipped south.

744 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Swine — About average number of pigs this spring but a great many
died of scours.

Sheep — Very few in the country; too many dogs.

Poultry — Crop of chickens very good.

Bees — Not enough honey made to supply the demand; shipped from
adjoining counties.

Drainage — Hundreds of acres of land are being drained with tile.

Lands— Selling from $55 to $150 an acre and quite a good deal chang-
ing hands.

Report of Fair — Held at Corning, August 19 to 22. Very good attend-
ance, but county fairs are becoming a one day affair.

ALLAMAKEE.
A. C. Larson, Waukon, September 28, 1907.

General Condition of Crops and Season — Good.
Corn — Poor; half a crop.
Oats — Poor.
Wheat — Good.
Rye — Good.
Barley — Good.
Flax — Good.
Buckwheat — Good.
Millet — Good.
Sorghum — Good.
Timothy — Good.
Potatoes — Fair.
Vegetables — Good.
Apples — Extra good.
Other Fruits — Fair.
Cattle — Good.
Horses — Good.
Swine — Good.
Sheep — Good.
Poultry — Good.
Bees — Fair.

Lands — Prices advancing.

Report of Fair— Held at Waukon, September 17-20. Rain on Wednes-
day cut down the gate receipts about $1,000.

AUDUBON.
O. B. Train, Audubon, September 23, 1907.

General Condition of Crops and Season— Season rather backward
and dry; small grain started slow and was a light crop, although general
conditions were satisfactory.

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI. 745

Corn — Corn was generally late, but fine weather the fore part of
September has matured it in good shape; will average sixty bushels per
acre; price fifty cents.

Oats — Averaged thirty bushels per acre; 'quality poor, affected by rust.
Price forty-nine cents per bushel.

Wheat — Not very much raised; yield about fifteen bushels per acre;
quality fair; price eighty cents.

Rye — Very little raised.

Baki.ey — Average yield thirty bushels; somewhat colored. Price sev-
enty cents.

Flax — None raised.

Buckwheat — None raised.

Millet — Small amount raised for hay.

SoKGHUM — Average yield per acre seventy gallons; price fifty cents
per gallon.

Timothy — Light yield on account of dry spring; quality good; prac-
tically no seed.

Clover — Rather light yield; quality good, although some badly dam-
aged by rain in harvesting; very little seed.

Prairie Hay — Practically a thing of the past in this county.

Potatoes — Average yield forty bushels per acre; price one dollar per
bushel; quality generally poor.

Vegetables — Fair crop of most vegetables, although too dry for some.

Apples — Not over twenty-five per cent of crop; quality poor.

Other Fruits — Strawberries about half a crop; raspberries, medium;
blackberries good; cherries none; plums, very few; grapes, fair crop
and good quality.

Cattle — Principal breeds, Durham, Hereford, Holstein and Jersey.
Average price of cows, thirty-five dollars per head. No diseases. Total
number assessed, 29,125; value, $637,965.

Horses — Principal breeds, Norman, Clydesdale, coach and grade. A
good many western horses. Prices high. Number assessed, 10,507;
value, $719,519.

SwiNE — Principal breeds, Poland China, Duroc Jersey and Che.ster
White. Great improvement; no disease; number assessed, 61,389; value,
$463,561.

Sheep — Cotswold, Southdown and Shropshire. Number assessed, 5,420;
value, $22,416. Prices good.

Poultry — Plymouth Rocks seem to predominate. Eggs eighteen cents.
Ducks, geese and turkeys not very plentiful.

Bees — This industry has almost died out, presumably on account of
dry seasons.

Drainage — A great many tile are used, but the county being rolling
there are no drainage ditches.

Lands — Getting better from year to year by the use of tame grass,
especially clover, and considering the price of material, the improvements
made are wonderful. Land sells from seventy-five to one hundred and
fifty dollars per acre, depending upon improvements and distance from
town.

746 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Report of Fair — The Twenty-eighth annualy fair was held at Audu-
bon September 3 to 6. Weather generally favorable; largest attendance
in the history of the fair on Thursday. Receipts larger than ever before
and the fair was generally considered the best ever held in the county.
Stock exhibits were fine and attracted much attention. Speed entries
and races good. The old soldiers' reunion was held during the fair and
a fine program given.

BENTON.
Arad Thompson, Vinton, October 21, 1907.

General Conijition of Crop.s and Season — This has been a good year
for the farmers. Some crops not up to the average, but taken as a
whole, considered an average year.

Corn — Eighty per cent of an average crop.

Oats — Poor quality and light yield.

Wheat — Not enough raised to report.

Rye — Average.

Barley — Average.

Flax — None raised.

Buckwheat — Average.

Millet — Average.

Sorghum — Light crop.

Timothy — Good quality and good yield.

Cix)VER — Average.

Prairie Hay — Very small number of acres left for prairie hay.

Potatoes — Short crop; fifty per cent.

Vegetables — Average.

Apples — Short crop.

Cattle — One hundred per cent; great year for cattle of all grades.

Horses — The best property a farmer has in the county today. Many
have been marketed for good price.

Swine — An average year for swine.

Shb:ep — Improving in number and quality. The show at the county
fair was pleasing to the patron.

Poultry — One of the best agricultural pursuits in the county. More
than an average crop has been raised this year.

Bees — Few kept.

Drainage — Many farmers have improved their farms in this respect
this year.

Lands — Steady advance in price the past year and land is now on an
upward tendency.

Report of Fair — Held at Vinton September 24 to 27. Good weather
except the last day. Good attendance and great interest shown. Show
of stock not up to the average, but all in all a successful and profitable
fair.

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI. 747

BLACK HAWK.
B. L. Manwell, LaPoete City, October 10, 1907.

General Condition of Crops and Season — Crops were backward, owing
to cold and rainy weather retarding plowing and cultivation."

Corn — About two-thirds of an average yield; quality poor.

Oats — One half crop and very light weight.

Wheat — Very little raised.

Rye — Good crop but little raised.

Barley — An average crop of good color and quality.

Flax— None raised.

BucKWHE^^T — Very little raised.

Millet — Good average crop.

Timothy — About two-thirds average crop.

Clover— Good crop but damaged by rain.

Prairie Hay — Nothing but slough hay.

Potatoes — About half a crop.

Vegetables- — Good.

Apples — Good crop and free from worms.

Other Fruits — Good crop.

Cattle — Plentiful and a little lower in price than last year; not so
many being fed as this time last year.

Horses — Scarce and high priced.

Swine — Average number raised and free from disease.

Sheep — ^Very few raised in this county.

Poultry — This industry is constantly increasing; more raised this
year than ever before.

Bees — Have about regained the loss of 1905 and 1906.

Drainage — A great deal of tile laid this year.

Report of Fair — Held at LaPorte City September 17 to 19. Weather
threatening but no rain during the fair. The. management made no mis-
take in increasing the admission fee from twenty-five to thirty-five cents.
All departments were well filled; the racing good; the attractions pleasing
to the people.

BOONE.

W. C. Treloar, Ogden, October 21, 1907.

General Condition of Crops and Season — Not a very good crop season;
too much wind; not enough rain for the hay and potato crops.

Corn — Not as good as last year; yield from forty to fifty bushels per
acre; quality not very good.

Oats — Light and of poor quality.

748 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Wheat — Good quality but very little raised.

RvE — Very little raised.

Barley — ^Very little raised.

Flax — None raised.

Buckwheat — None raised.

Millet — A good crop and of good quality.

Sorghum — Small quantity but of good quality.

Timothy — Light crop; about one half that of last year.

Clover — No clover cut for seed.

Prairie Hay — About an average crop.

Potatoes — Yield short, although a good many are being shipped away.

Vegetables — Average crop and of good quality.

Apples — Light crop.

Other Fruits — About an average crop.

Cattle — About the same amount as usual being raised; many being fed.

Houses — More raised than for many years previous; some high class
horses.

Swine — Crop is not quite as large as last year.

Sheep — Few raised, but of good quality.

Poultry — A great deal of poultry raised.

Bees — Honey crop is good.

Drainage — A great deal done in the county during the summer

Other Industries — Coal mines just opened; good supply of coal of
the very best quality.

Lanls — Land is selling from ninety to one hundred dollars per acre.

Report of Fair— Held at Ogden September 25 to 27. Week rainy; only
one good day.

BOONE.

A. M. BuRNSinE, Boone, Octorer 11, 1907.

General Condition of Crops and Season — The season was backward
and crops were late in growth on account of drouth.

Corn — A large acreage planted but considerable drowned out on the
lowlands. An average yield of early planted; frost damaged the l.tte
planting.

Oats — Light yield and poor quality.

Wheat — Acreage small but of good qualilty.

Rye — None raised.

Barley^ — Good.

Flax — None sown.

Buckwheat — Very little sown and of poor quality.

Millet — Small acreage and good yield.

SoRGiiuM — Good.

Timothy — Very light crop on account of dry spring.

Clover^ — Fair.

Prairie Hay — Acreage small but good yield.

Other Grains and Grasses — Good.

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI. 7-19

Potatoes — Small yield and quality poor.

Vegetables — Good.

Apples — Light crop.

Otheb Fruits — Light crop, damaged by late frosts.

Cattle — Condition good; not many being fed.

Horses — Draft horses scarce and demand high prices; a noticeable
improvement in the grade raised.

Swine — Very few old ones on hand. Spring crop of pigs on a average
with other years. No disease reported.

PouLTRY^ — More attention given to this industry than formerly. A
large number raised and in healthy condition.

Bees — Very few bees; condition good.

Drainage — More drains being constructed each year. Fifty county
drains in operation and a number more petitioned for. Good crops are
being cultivated now on land which a few years ago was covered with
ponds.

Other Industries — New coal fields being opened and have ready mar-
ket for their product; also brick and tile plants are working to their
full capacity.

Lands— Not much land changing hands, but prices range from ninety
to one hundred and twenty-five dollars per acre.

Report of Fair — Held at Boone September 18 to 20. Good weather
throughout the fair. Exhibits in most departments good, though light
in live stock department. The first agricultural fair held in Boone for
fifteen years and a growing interest promises well for its future success.

BUCHANAN.

Chas. L. King, iNDEa-ENDENCE, September 25, 190'i

(jtNERAL Condition of Crops and Season — Fair crops; season back-
ward on account of excessive rains.
Corn — Seventy-five per cent of crop.
Oats — Fifty-five per cent of crop.
Wheat — None.

Rye — Eighty-five per cent of crop.
Barley — Eighty per cent of crop.
Flax — Eighty per cent of crop.

Buckwheat — Amount harvested too small to estimate.
Millet — Very little grown.
Sorghum — Very little raised.
Timothy — Good.
Clover — Good.
Prairie Hay — Never better.
Other Grains and Grasses — Extra good.
Potatoes — Sixty per cent of crop.
Vegetables — All good except potatoes.
Apples — Scarce.
Otheb Fbuit* — Medium crop.

750 IOWA DEPAnrMENT OF AGRICULTURE

C.»TTi.E — Good; prices high.
Horses — Top notch prices.
Swine — Good crop and good prices.
Sheep — Average number.

Poultry — Good year for poultry; prices never better.
Bees — Very few kept.

Drain vce — More put in than for two years previous.
Lands — Prices range from sixtj^-five to one hundred and twenty dollars
per acre depending upon location and improvements.

Report cf Fair — Held at Independence, September 17 to 20.

BUENA VISTA.
Wm. Zeilman, Alta, October 23, 1907.

General Condition of Crops and Season — Crops below the average for
the past ten years. Temperature for the season considerable below the
average for the spring months; remainder of the season about normal.

Corn — Acreage up to the average, but on account of cold backward
season and early frosts the yield is estimated at about seventy-five per
cent.

Oats — About eighty per cent of average crop; quality poor; acreage
a'cout the average.

Wheat — Not much raised; fair quality and average yield.

Rye — Very little raised.

Barley — Eighty per cent of crop; quality poor on account of rust.

Flax — Not much raised but of good quality and average yield.

Buckwheat — Very little raised.

Millet — Very little sown; average yield.

SoRCHUM — None raised.

TiiMOTiiY — Good quality but light yield. Seed good, above the average.

Clover — New seeding good; second year poor; no seed.

Prairie Hay — Average yield and good quality.

Potatoes — Yield above the average; quality good.

Apples — Large crop but of poor quality.

Other Fruits — Very scarce.

Cattle — Average number of cattle raised, but in poor flesh, on account
of late pastures; prices low.

Horses — Number increasing and prices good.

Swine — Average number raised and in good condition, except in south-
eastern part of the county where cholera is prevalent.

Sheep — Gradually increasing in numbers and in a fair condition.

Poultry — Not up to the average on account of cold spring.

Bees — Some bees lost during the winter and not a full crop of honey.

Drainage — A great deal of tiling being done and a number of drainage
districts formed in the county.

Lands — Increasing in value from ten to twenty dollars per acre;
considerable improvements being made.

Report of Fair — Held at Alta August 20 to 23.

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI. 751

BUTLER.

M. B. Speedy, Allison, Octohek 5, 1907.

General Condition of Ckops and Season — Rather poor.
Corn — Quality poor and not more than half a crop.
Oats — =Below the average in yield; quality about an average.
Wheat — None raised.

Rye — Good quality; average about twenty-nine bushels to the acre.
Barley — Not much sown and yield poor.

Flax — Very little sown; crop poor on account of wet season.
Buckwheat- — Very little sown but yielded a good crop.
Millet — Very little sown but quality good.
Sorghum — None raised.
TIMOTHY' — About an average crop.
Clover — ^Very little in the county but quality good.
Prairie Hay — Good.

Other Grains and Grasses — Below the average.
Potatoes — Poor; about one third crop.
Vegetables — Below the average on account of wet season.
Apples — Poor crop, having been injured by late frost in the spring.
Other Fruits — About an average crop.
CATTI.E — About an average.
Horses — About an average.
Swine — Good.
Sheep — Good.
Poultry — Good.
Bees — Average.

Drainage — About an average; considerable tiling has been done.
Other Industries — Average.

Lands — Not many sales, but price about sixty- dollars per acre on
what has been sold.

Report of Fair — Held at Allison, September 17 to 19.

CALHOUN.
B. E. Sebern, Manson, October 10, 1907.

General Condition of Crops and Season — Season backward; crops fair
Corn — Fair; about two-thirds crop and about ten per cent of yield
soft.

Wheat — Very little raised.
Rye — Very little raised.
Bakley — ^Very little raised.
Flax — Very little raised.

752 IOWA DEPARTMENT 01" AGRICULTURE.

Buckwheat- — Very little raised.

Millet — "Very little raised.

Sorghum — Very little raised.

Timothy — Fair crop.

Clover — Pair crop.

Prairie Hay — Fair yield.

Potatoes — Good.

Vegetables — Good .

Apples — Good.

Other Fruits — No cherries or plums; everything else very good.

Cattle — Good.

Horses — Good.

Swine — Fair crop of pigs; some cholera reported.

Sheep — Not many kept.

Poultry — Plentiful.

Bees — Average amount of honey.

Drainage — Most farms drained.

Lands — Prices range from seventy -five to one hundred and twenty -five
dollars per acre; not much land on the market.

Report of Fair — Held at Manson, September 3 to 6. Pronounced by
all a success; attendance good; exhibits fine. On account of the back-
ward season the farmers did not have time to fit their stock, conse-
quently the exhibit in this line was not as large as usual.

CALHOUN.
W. Q. Stewart, Rockwell City.

General Condition of Crops and Season — Not up to average; back-
ward spring and crops uneven in germinating, making corn two or three
weeks late; late corn injured by frost on September 25th.

Corn — Seventy-five per cent of crop.

Oats — Seventy-five per cent of crop; uneven in weight, ranging from
twenty-two to thirty pounds to the bushel.

Wheat — None raised.

Barley — Quality good; yield not up to the average.

Flax — Average crop.

Buckwheat — None raised.

Millet — None raised.

Sorghum — ^None raised.

Timothy — Average crop.

Clover — Average crop.

Prairie Hay — None raised. j

Potatoes — Fifty per cent of crop.

Vegetables — Seventy-five per cent of crop.

Apples — Average crop.

Other Fruits — Seventy-five per cent of crop

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART XI. 753

CASS.
E. E. Marquis, Atlantic, January 1, 1903.

General Condition of Crops and Season — Season has been very un-
favorable.

Corn — Average acreage; fair yield-.

Oats — Poor yield and poor quality.

Wheat — Fair yield; good quality.

Rye — Not much raised.

Barley — Small acreage; yield and quality good.

Flax — None raised.

Buckwheat — Small acreage; good quality.

Millet — None raised.

Sorghum — None raised.

Timothy — Good.

Clover — Good.

Prairie Hay — Grood.

Potatoes — Average acreage; yield good.

Vegetables — Large crop; quality good.

Apples — Poor.

Other Fruits — Light crop.

Cattle — Good.

Horses — Increase in the number raised; prices good.

Swine — Good condition; no disease.

Sheep — Good condition and on the increase.

Poultry — Large number raised; -very profitable.

Bees — On the increase; output extra good.

Drainage — Natural drainage, very little tile.

Other Industries — Manufacturing on the increase.

Lands — Prices steady, ranging from sixty to one hundred and twenty-
five dollars per acre.

Report of Fair — Held at Atlantic, September 23 to 29. Weather con-
ditions favorable; attendance good; fair a great success.

CASS.
C. L. Herring, Massena, October 22, 1907.

General Condition of Crops and Season — Good, except oats.
Corn — Good; better than an average.
Oats — Half a crop.
Wheat — Fair to medium.
Rye — Very little grown.
Barley — Good.
48

754 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Flax — None.
Buckwheat — None.
Millet — Good.
Sorghum — Good.
Timothy — Fair to good.
Clover — Fair to good.
Prairie Hay — Slough hay good.
Potatoes — Fair. •

Veg eta bles — Goo d .
Apples — Poor crop.
Other Fruits — Poor crop.
Cattle — Good crop; good price.
Horses — More good colts; prices high.
Swine — Good crop and healthy.
Sheep — Good crop; good condition.
Poultry' — Good.
Bees — Good.

Drainage — Considerable draining being done.
Lands — Prices increasing.

Report of Fair — Held at Massena, September 9 to 12. Best in
history of the association; attendance large; weather good.

CEDAR.
F. H. Conner, Tipton, October 19, 1907.

General Condition of Crops and Season — Crops were thin in places and
the season was two weeks late.

Corn — There will not be a great crop of grade corn; crop about sixty-
five per cent.

Oats — Thin and very light.

Wheat — Very little grown.

Rye — Fairly good in the east and south portions of the county.

Barley — Same acreage as last year, and fairly good crop in east and
south portion of the county.

Flax — None.

Buckwheat — Not much planted and a poor stand.

Millet — Scarce.

Sorghum- — None.

Timothy- — Light and thin.

Clover — Fairly good but seed light.

Prairie Hay — Not much cut.

Potatoes — Quite a good acreage but a very poor yield.

Vegetables — Not very good; tomatoes did not ripen.

Apples — Very poor crop.

Other Fruit.s — Scarcely any this year.

Cattle — Good.

Horses — Getting better every year.

Swine — Quality the best and a large number raised.

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI. 755

Sheep — Better quality and more raised than last year.

Poultry — More interest is being taken in poultry and larger numbers
and better grades raised.

Bees — Not much honey this year.

Drainage — Lands are fairly well drained but farmers are using more
tile than last year.

Other Industries — Canning factories report about the same amount of
business as last year; brick yards are running day and night and other
industries are running full force.

Lands^ — Lands and town properties increasing in price.

Report of Fair — Held at Tipton, October 10 to 13. Weather fairly good.
Although the attendance was somewhat light, we had the best fair in ten
years; everyone was well pleased and the outlook is good for next year.

CERRO GORDO.
C. E. SOMERS, Mason City, October 15, 1907.

General Condition of Crops and Season — Most unfavorable in twenty
years.

Corn — Average twenty-four bushels per acre; quality fifty per cent.

Oats — Average acreage; quality sixty-five per cent; average twenty-two
bushels per acre.

Wheat — Very little raised.

Rye — Very little raised.

Barley' — Average about fifty per cent.

Flax — Very little raised.

Buckwheat — Very little raised.

Millet — Very little raised.

Sorghum — Very little raised.

Timothy — Average acreage; about one and a half tons per acre; quality
fifty per cent.

Clo-s^r — Average acreage; about one and a quarter tons per acre; qual-
ity eighty per cent.

Prairie Hay — Very little raised.

Potatoes — Little below average acreage; about fifty bushels per acre;
quality fair.

Vegetables — Fair.

Apples — Below normal. ■

Other Fruits — Fair.

Cattle — Normal condition; average number.

Horses — Normal condition; average number.

Swine — Good.

Sheep — Small per cent raised; quality good.

Poultry — Nor'-.-ctl amount raised; condition good.

Bees — Very few kept.

Drainage — Increased interest in drainage,
i, Lands — Average price sixty-five dollars per acre.

Report of Fair — Held at Mason City, October 1 to 6. Was considered
successful considering conditions.

7,5() IOWA DICPAHTMENT OF AflRICULTURK

CHICKASAW.
G. C. HoYER, Nashua, October 10, 1907.

General Condition of Crops and Season — Season was cold and late and
about three weeks late; crops were fair.

Corn — About half a crop, not a very good stand; about twenty-five per
cent of crop is good marketable corn, balance soft.

Oats — Half a crop; quality very light.

Wheat — None.

Rye — Good.

Barley — Good.

Flax — None.

Buckwheat — Good.

Millet — Good.

Sorghum — Fair.

Timothy — Good.

Clover — Good.

Prairie Hay' — Very good.

Other Grains and Grasses — Fair.

Potatoes — Yield good; but rot set in, especially in wet ground.

Vegetables — Verj^ good.

Apples — Good.

Other Fruits — Good.

Cattle — In fine condition on account of good conditions.

Horses — Good condition.

Swine — Farmers are well supplied. Some are selling quite small on
account of poor prospects for corn.

Sheep — Good condition.

Poultry- — Very good.

Bees — Not many in the county.

Drainage — Most of the land is rolling but considerable has very poor
drainage; on undrained land the crops were very small.

Lands — Lands continue to enhance in value in spite of light yield of
crops this season.

Report of Fair— Held at Nashua, September 3 to 6. A successful fair
in every respect; attendance very good and in all departments the display
was fine. The exhibit in the cattle, horse and swine departments was far
greater than on previous years.

CLAYTON.

Henry Luehsen, Garnavillo, September 25, 1907.

General Condition of Crops and Season— Not up to the average; season
backward; too much rain.

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI. 757

Corn — Average crop about sixty to seventy per cent; a good deal of
soft corn reported from all sections of the county.

Oats — ^Very light; about seventy per cent crop.

Wheiat — Very little raised.

Rye — Good but not much raised.

Bakley — Good quality and good price.

Flax — None raised.

BuK WHEAT — Very little raised.

Millet — Up to the average.

Sorghum — Good crop; quality fair.

Timothy — Excellent crop.

Clover — About up to the average.

Prairie Hay — Large crop; good quality.

Other Grains and Grasses — Good.

Potatoes — Fair in yield and quality.

Vegetables — About up to the average.

Apples — A good crop.

Other Fruit.s — An average good crop.

Cattle — Farmers continue to improve their already excellent herds; a
number of herds of Short-horns, Herefords, Polled Angus, Red Polled and
Galloways, and some fine specimens were on ehibit at our fair.

Horses — Are bringing top notch prices; more raised than formerly.

Swine — One of the principal industries in this section of the county,
many of the farmers shipping from two to three carload every year.

Sheep — Farmers are beginning to realize that sheep raising is a very
profitable business; some very fine and large flocks in the county.

Poultry — Another growing and profitable industry in this county.

Bees — An average crop.

Drainage — Natural.

Other Industries— We have a creamery which ships more butter than
any creamery of its size in this county.

Lands — Very fine, prices ranging from seventy-five to one hundred dol-
lars per acre, but none for sale.

Report of Fair — Held at National, September 3 to 6. Fair weather
except the last day when rain spoiled the attendance somewhat. The
exhibits were large in every department, particularly the stock dep; rt-
ments.

CLAYTON.

W. W. Davidson, Elkader, October 25, 1907.

General Condition of Crops and Season — Up to the average year.

Corn — A little late and somewhat damaged by frost.

Oats — ^Good in some places, others light.

Wheat — Good.

Rye — Very little raised.

Barley — Good yield and of fine quality.

Flax — None raised.

758 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Buckwheat — None raised.
Millet — None raised.
Sorghum — Good in quality.
TiMOTHY^Large crop and of good quality.
Clover — Good crop.
Prairie Hay — None.
Other Graixs and Grasses- — Good.
Potatoes — Good crop but late and affected by rot.
Vegetables — Excellent.
Apples — Short crop but quality good.
Other Fruits — Short crop.
Cattle — Fine condition and selling well.
Horses — Scarce and selling at high prices.

Swine — The principal Industry; large number raised and of good
quality.

Sheep — ^Very few raised.

Poultry — Large number raised, mostly well bred.

Bees — None raised or kept.

Drainage — Natural conditions excellent.

CLAYTON.
J. C. Flenniken, Strawberry Point, October, 1907.

General Condition of Crops and Season — Unfavorable season; crops
below the average.

Corn — Fairly good but most of it did not mature.

Oats — Average yield but quality not the best.

Wheat — Very little raised.

Rye — Good.

Barley — Good.

Flax — None raised.

Buckwheat — Good.

Millet — Fairly good.

Sorghum — Average acreage but quality poor on account of early frosts.

Timothy — Good quality but yield a little light.

Clover — Fairly good.

Prairie Hay — Usual yield.

Potatoes — Light yield and quality not the best.

Apples — Light crop.

Other Fruits — Average yield.

Cattle — Special attention given to milch cows, this being a dairy
section.

Horses — A good many draft and roadsters raised.

Swine— One of the leading industries of this community; several
farmers make a specialty of raising the best breeds of stock.

Sheep — Not many raised.

Poultry— Large amount raised with profitable returns.

Bees — Yield of honey below the average. s

EIGHTH ANNUAL YP]AR BOOK-PART XI. 759

Drainagk — Natural conditions favorable for good drainage.

Other Industries — The largest creamery of its kind in the United
States.

Lands — Good; crop failures unknown in this locality.

Report ov Fair — Held at Strawberry Point, September 10 to 13. Ex-
hibits up to the usual standard; premiums paid in full. Renewed interest
manifested in many departments, especially in swine and poultry.

Other Industries — Thriving.

Lands — Continually advancing in price; large amount changing hands.

Report of Fair — Held at Elkader, September 17 to 20. Rain the middle
of the week spoiled the attendance somewhat. Large exhibits in all
departments.

CLINTON.

Phil Butterfuss, Clinton, September 23, 1907.

CoR.N — Very backward; good in spots; light frost September 22d.

OATs^Light in yield and weight; prices good.

Wheat — Very small amount raised.

Rye — Small amount raised; light weight.

B.\rley — None raised.

Flax — None raised.

Buckwheat — None raised.

Sorghum — None raised.

Timothy — A No. 1 large yield and high in price.

Clover — Good.

Prairie Hay — Good, but not much raised in this part of the county.

Potatoes — Not many planted and small yield.

VEGETABLES^POOr.

Other Fruits — Poor condition.

Cattle — Doing well and high prices prevail.

Horses — Well sold out at top notch prices.

Swine — A No. 1; plenty of them and prices good.

Poultry- — Few in this part of the county but prices are good.

Bees — Very few kept.

Drainage — The low lands are well drained and more drains being put in.

Other Industries — Business of all kinds in a very satisfactory condi-
tion.

Report of Fair — Held at DeWitt, August 27 to 30. A rainy week but
the attendance was good considering the weather. Races were slow on
account of the heavy track; three hundred hogs were on exhibition and a
good showing of horses; the show of farm products was light.

760 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

CLINTON.
J. B. Ahrens, Clinton, October 1, 1907.

General Condition of Crops and Season — Crops fair. The season has
been very unfavorable this year. First frost September 21st damage^]
considerable corn.

Corn — Fair yield; will average about forty-five to fifty bushels per
acre; quality fair.

Oats — Yielded only about twenty-five to thirty bushels per acre; of
fair color.

Wheat — Yielded twenty-five bushels per acre and of good quality.

Rye — Very little raised; averaged from twelve to fifteen bushels per
acre.

Barley — Fair quality; yielded from twenty -five to thirty bushels per
acre.

Flax — None raised.

Buckwheat — None raised in this vicinity.

Millet — Very little raised, but fairly good yield.

Sorghum — Very little raised; quality fair.

Timothy — Good yield and of good quality.

Clover — Fair but of good quality.

Prairie Hay — None raised.

Other Grains and Grasses — Fair to good.

Potatoes — Yield not up to a fair average.

Vegetables — Plentiful and of good quality.

Apples — Not half a crop in this vicinity.

Other Fruits — Very light crop.

Cattle — The same as usual. The attention to breeding is improving.

Horses — Scarce; good horses selling from $200 to $300. A great deal of
attention is paid to breeding.

Swine— Average number raised; at present dyi;::^ with cholera.

Sheep — Not many raised or kept.

Poultry — Fairly good considering the weather.

Bees — None raised.

Lands — Active demand for farm lands at prices ranging from $85
to $130 per acre.

Report of Fair— Held at Clinton, September 10 to 13. Weather ex-
tremely good. Cattle and swine exhibit taxed capacity; other exhibits fair
except grains and fruits. Attendance unusually large.

CRAWFORD.

M. B. Nelson, Arion, September 19, 1907.

General Condition of Crops and Season— About two weeks late.

Drouth in spring with cool weather retarded germination and growth.

hay crop short and feed scarce and high. Season at close very favorable

for maturing corn.

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAE BOOK— PART XI. 7«l

Corn — Will be about eighty per cent of last year's crop.

Oats — Light crop; average about sixty per cent of last year's crop;
light weight.

Rye — Very little raised.

Barley — Eighty per cent of crop; fair quality.

Flax— None raised.

BuciiwiiEAT — None.

Millet — Fair crop; little raised.

SoRCiiiuM — Very little raised, fair crop.

Timothy — About sixty per cent of last year's crop; good quality.

Clover — About ninety per cent of crop; good 'quality.

Prairie Hay — Eighty-five per cent of crop; good quality.

Potatoes — Light crop, about seventy per cent; poor quality.

Vegetables — Good.

Apples — Very scarce; fair quality.

Other Fruits — Good crop of blackberries, grapes and raspberries; no
peaches; very few cherries and plums.

Cat'ile — Very good; supply going cheaper on prices of feed.

Horses — Many colts raised the past two years but good horses are
scarce and high, having been bought up last spring for shipping.

Swine — Medium crop; some sickness due to worms; dying in some
localities.

Sheep — Fair; not many raised in the county.

Poultry — Medium crop but late.

Bees — Fair; not many in the county.

Drainage — Too good.

Lands — Advanced from $10 to $25 per acre in the last year.

Report of Fair— Held at Arion September 11 to 13. The first fair for
the present organization, the last county fair being held at Denison
about fifteen years ago. Attendance good, and all well pleased. The aim
is to make the premiums on stock and agricultural products especially
s.rong and attractive and moderate on races and attractions. More per-
manent improvements contemplated for the coming year.

, DAVIS.

J. C. Brouhari), Bloomfield, October 24, 1907.

General Condition of Crops and Season — Although an excess of rain in
May and June the general condition of crops has been good.

Corn — Large acreage; good yield and good quality.

Oats — Fair yield of good quality.

Wheat — No spring wheat; winter wheat yielded about twenty bushels
per acre and of good quality.

Rye — Small acreage; fair yield and good quality.

Barley — None raised.

Flax — None raised. •

Buckwheat — None raised.

Millet — Not extensively grown; yield of hay and seed good.

762 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Sorghum — Small acreage; quality good.

Timothy — Good; the seed crop was the best in years.

Clover — Good.

Prairie Hay— None.

Potatoes — Fair yield and of good quality.

Vegetables — Fair.

Apples — A total failure, killed by late freeze.

Other Fruits^ — Strawberries, blackberries and raspberries yielded fair
and were of good quality; cherries, plums and peaches a failure.

Cattle — An increased interest is being taken in the breeding of cattle
generally; Short-horns predominate.

Horses — A great many are raised and their breeding has been im-
proved during the last few years, especially in the draft classes.

Swine — A great deal of interest is taken in the improved breeds.

Sheep — Not extensively raised but are of good quality; farmers who
have kept them have found them a good investment.

Poultry — A growing and profitable industry.

Bees — Wintered poorly; honey crop light.

Lands — Range in price from $50 to $100 per acre.

Report of Fair — Held at Bloomfield, September 10 to 13. Attendance
largest in the history of the society; exhibits good in all departments.

DELAWARE.

J. J. Pentony, Manchester, September 30, 1907.

General Condition of Crops and Season — Very wet and backward.
Corn — About seventy-five per cent of usual crop.
Oats — About half a crop.
Rye— Small acreage but good.
Barley — Sixty-five per cent of the usual crop.
Buckwheat — Very little raised.
Millet — Very little raised.
Sorghum — Good.

Timothy — Good. •

Clover — Good.
Prairie Ha\- — Good.

Potatoes — Poor yield and poor quality.
Vegetables — Good.
Apples — About an average crop.

Other Fruits— Grapes good; plums killed by late frost in the spring.
Cattle — Not much change from last year.
Horses — Good horses are scarce and high.

Swine— Full an average crop of hogs; good quality and free from
disease.

Sheep — Not many. but good.

Poultry — Good.

Drainage— Fair; a good deal of tiling being done this fall.

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI. 763

Other Industries — Dairies.

Lands — Show steady increase in values.

Report of Fair — Held at Manchester, September 3 to 6. Attendance
smaller than last year. Exhibit of horses best ever shown on the grounds,
but cattle and hog ehibit not as good as last year.

EMMET.
A. J. Rhodes, Bstherville, October 23, 1907.

General Condition oe Crops and Season — Crops in general are good.
Early spring weather was favorable to planting, but later the heavy rain-
fall interfered with corn cultivation and damaged the crop on some of the
wet farms. The weather for haying and hai'vest was exceptionally good.
Late pasturage is in a fine condition.

Corn — Average yield about thirty-five bushels per acre. There were no
early frosts and that partly counterbalanced the damaging effect of the
spring rains.

Oats — Average yield about thirty-five bushels per acre; goed quality.

Wheat — Very little wheat is raised in this county.

Rye — Not extensively raised in this county but yield was good.

Barley- — Average yield thirty-five bushels per acre; quality and color
good.

Flax — Yielded from ten to fifteen bushels per acre; quality good.

Buckwheat — Not extensively raised in this county.

Millet — Not extensively raised but of good quality.

Sorghum — None raised.

Timothy— Fine crop and well put up.

Prairie Hay — An abundance of prairie hay this year both on the low
and the upland.

Clover — Yield good though the acreage was small.

Other Grains and Grasses- — This has been a splendid year for all
small grains and grasses.

Potatoes — The best crop ever known in this country. There was a
large exhibit of numerous varieties at the fair.

Vegetables — The yield of all vegetables was good in quality and
quantity.

Apples — The apple crop this year is the largest ever known in this
county.

Other Fruits — There was a fine exhibit of grapes at the fair.

Cattle — Cattle raising is one of the principal industries in this county;
many fine herds; Short-horns seem to predominate.

Horses — Are extensively raised and breeders are using none but pedi-
greed stallions. Good young horses are selling at an average of $150 to
$175 per head; a large number are shipped from this county.

Swine — A very profitable industry, and a fine display at the fair.

Sheep — Many farmers are raising sheep, but usually on a small scale.

Poultry — Great interest is taken in poultry and some fine birds are
owned in the county. A poultry show is given each winter.

764 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Bees — Not many raised.

Drainage — Several county ditches under construction at this time and
the farmers realize the advantage of extensive tiling.

Other Industries — Estherville has a flour mill, a butter factory, a clay
tile factory and cement products factory. The tile and cement factories
have been enlarged this year and the latter is making a large number
of cement drain tile.

Lands — Hardly a foot of poor soil in this county. Most of the land is
rich black loam. Improved farms are selling for $60 to $85 per acre.

Report of Fair — Held at Estherville September 23 to 28. The fair was
considered a fine success, although the association owns no ground, a feed
yard and sheds and a large brick building being rented to accommodate
the exhibits. Exhibits in all departments were very good; two espe-
cially good features of the fair were the stock parade and the floral
parade.

PAYETTE.
E. A. MclLLREE, West Union, October 10, 1907.

General Condition of Crops and Season — Unusually wet and cold.

Corn — Not more than half a crop.

Oats — Fair yield but light in weight.

Wheat — ^Very little sown, but of fair quantity and yield.

Rye — Not much sown.

Barley — Fair yield but poor quality on account of color.

Flax — None raised.

Buckwheat — Small acreage; fair quality.

Millet — ^^Good yield and quality.

Sorghum — Frosted.

Timothy — About ninety per cent of average crop.

Clover — About the same as timothy.

Prairie Hay — Good yield and quality.

Potatoes — Not more than half a crop.

Vegetables — Generally good.

Apples — Not more than three-fourths of crop; quality generally poor.

Other Fruits — Strawberries three-fourths of a crop and of good quality;
raspberries about half a crop; blackberries, good yield and quality.

Cattle — In good condition..

Horses — Numerous and in good condition.

Swine — Healthy and numerous.

Sheep — Good condition.

Poultry — Healthy and plentiful.

Lands — Increasing in value.

Report of Fair— Held at West Union, September 3 to 6. A success
in every particular; all debts paid and money on hand.

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI. 765

FLOYD.

' W. B. Johnson, Charles City, October 28, 1907.

General Condition of Crops and Season^ — Crops as a rule below the
average; fruits badly injured by frost. Fore part of the season very
wet; fall fine and dry; killing frosts about the middle of September.

Corn — Very uneven; some pieces very good but there will be much soft
corn.

Oats — Stand fair; quality rather poor and light.

Wheat — Very little in county; quality fair and yield about average.

Rye — Small acreage; quality and yield fair.

Barley — Good stand; yield and quality above the average.

Flax — Not raised to any extent.

Buckwheat — Small acreage; quality fair.

Millet — More sown than usual; quality and yield good.

Sorghum — Very little raised.

Timothy — Stand rather light; quality good.

Clover — Winter-killed to quite an extent; new seeding looking well.

Prairie Hay' — Yield and quality good.

Potatoes — Yield fair; quality good; some complaint of rot.

Vegetables — Below the average in yield and quality.

Apples — Quality fine; crop about an average.

Othek Fruits — Small fruit only a partial crop.

Cattle — Rather less than the usual number in the county; very few will
be fed. Quality of stock being gradually improved.

Horses — About the usual number of colts raised; draft breeds largely
raised.

Swine — About the usual number in the county; demand not as good
as a year ago.

Sheep — Very few in the county.

Poultry — Fine condition; increasing quantity of poulti-y and eggs mar-
keted; quality improving yearly.

Drainage — Considerable tiling being done by individuals; no county
drainage.

Other Industries — Gasoline traction engine factory employs about
200 men; furniture and bank fixtures factory about 40; sash and door
factory about 50; disc harrow factory about 40; nurseries employ about
300 men; also smaller industries.

Lands — Demand fair; prices advancing.

Report of Fair — Held at Charles City September 10 to 13. Exhibits
far surpassed those of previous years; attendance light owing to farmers
being busy threshing and finishing up work which the wet season delayed.

766 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

FRANKLIN.
Floyd Gillett, Hampton, October, 26, 1907. «

General Condition of Crops and Season — Very poor crops and poor sea
son ; unseasonable weather.

Corn — Will not average more than about twenty bushels per acre.

Oats — Will average about fifteen to twenty bushels per acre.

Wheat — Very little raised.

Rye — None raised.

Barley — Very little raised.

Flax — None raised.

Buckwheat — None raised.

Millet — Fair crop.

Sorghum — None raised.

Timothy — About half a crop.

CixJVER — Was mostly frozen out.

Prairie Hay — Very little left but a fair crop.

Potatoes — Yielded about forty bushels per acre.

Vegetables — Very poor year for vegetables.

Apples — Fair crop but mostly shipped out.

Other Fruits — Poor year.

Cattle — Plenty of cattle but not much feeding being done.

Horses — Many raised; demand good and prices high.

Sheep — Very few raised.

Poultry — Lots of poultry.

Bees — Not many kept.

Drainage — Badly needed in some parts and a great deal being done.

Other Industries — Practically nothing here but fai'ming.

Lands — Prices higher than ever.

Report of Fair — Held at Hampton September 10 to 12; attendance very
good, and fair was a financial success.

GRUNDY.
C. E. Thomas, Grundy Center, October 20, 1907.

General Condition of Crops and Season — Crops below tho average for
the past five years. The season has been unfavorable and farmers have
been unable to keep the weeds out of their corn and potatoes.

Corn — Poorest in years; very light and chaffy on account of wet
weather.

Oats — Yielded about thirty-five bushels per acre; quality poor.

Wheat — Small acreage; yield fairly good.

Rye — None raised.

Barley — Fair crop but badly colored.

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART XI. 767

Flax — None raised.

Buckwheat — None raised.

Millet — None raised except on low land; quality good.

Sorghum — Very little raised.

Timothy — Good crop.

Clover — Good crop.

Prairie Hay — No prairie hay; some slough hay but of poor quality.

PoTA'ixJES — Very large acreage; yield uneven, from sixty to three hun-
dred bushels per acre.

Vegetables — Small crop.

Apples — Poor crop; badly damaged by wind.

Other Fruits — Light crop.

Cattle — In fine condition; very few being fed on account of scarcity
of corn.

Horses — Good grade but scarce, being bought close by eastern buyers.

Swine — A great number in the county; some cholera in a few localities.

Sheep — Not many in the county but of good quality.

Poultry — All the best varieties raised in goodly numbers.

Bees — Not many; honey crop short.

Drainage — County is well drained by small streams which afford a
splendid outlet for tiling.

Other Industries — Brick and tile factories are doing a good business.

Lands — Rolling prairie with excellent natural drainage; soil is of a
deep rich black loam underlaid with clay; prices from $100 to $130 per
acre.

Report of Fair — Held at Grundy Center, September 10 to 12; the
weather was fine and attendance good; all classes of exhibits were well
filled and the fair was a financial success.

GUTHRIE.
T. E. Grissell, Guthrie Center, December 1, 1907.

General Condition of Crops and Season — The season was favorable
for corn but too dry for oats and hay in the earlier season of their
growth.

Corn — An average crop in quality, but there is some complaint that it
does not average up in feeding quality.

Oats — Poor in yield and quality.

Wheat — Not enough raised to be taken as a factor.

Rye — Very little sown.

Barley — Good yield but little grown.

Flax — None raised.

Buckwheat — Not a staple crop.

Millet — Only a small amount grown.

Sorghum — None raised.

Timothy — Of fine quality, but only about half a crop, owing to the
dry weather in April and May.

Clover — Same condition as timothy.

768 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Praieie Hay — None raised.

Potatoes — About half a crop.

Apples — Apples a failure.

Other Fruits — A failure, except Damson plums.

Swine — Some cholera exhibits in the northwest part of the county.

Report of Fair — Held at Guthrie Center, October 2 to 5. Weather was
very unfavorable, Friday and Saturday being the only clear days of the
week; the receipts were sufficient to pay expenses and premiums.

HAMILTON.
F. A. Edwards, Webster City, October 17, 1908.

Corn — About seventy per cent of a crop; quality fair to good.

Oats — About sixty per cent of crop; quality fair.

Rye — None raised.

Barley — None raised.

Flax — None raised.

Buckwheat — None raised.

Millet — ^Very little raised but those who planted had a fine crop.

Sorghum — None raised.

Timothy — Eighty to eighty-five per cent; quality good.

Clover — Eighty to eighty-five per cent; quality good.

Prairie Hay — Good crop.

PoTATOEs-^Ninety-five per cent; quality good.

Vegetable.s — Fairly good.

Apples — Poor yield.

Other Fruits — Very poor.

Cattle — Good; a few being fed.

Horses — Good; prices excellent; many colts raised this year.

Swine — Good; some sickness but outlook good.

Sheep — Good; few raised but very successful.

Poultry — Excellent.

Bees — Very few kept.

Drainage — Several hundred thousand dollars are being invested by the
county in drainage ditches in this vicinity; lots of small tiling.

Other Industries — Good.

Lands — Fairly active demand; prices range from $70 to $100 and $125
per acre.

Report of Fair— Held at Webster City, September 10-13; fair very suc-
cessful.

HANCOCK.

John Hammill, Britt, October 23, 1907.

General Condition of Crops and Season — Corn drying out well; crops
forty per cent of normal; pastures good; fall plowing well along; season
fine and frost delayed until September 28th.

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI. 769

Corn — Much soft corn; forty per cent will shell but will not keep
expect the winter be continuously cold.

Oats — Light in weight and average twenty-five bushels; quality poor.

Wheat — Very little raised.

Rye — None raised.

Barley — But little raised.

Flax — Gk>od but acreage light; yield seven to twelve bushels per acre.

Buckwheat — Good crop; nearly all ripened although some late.

Millet — Fine crop; mostly cut for hay.

Sorghum — None.

Timothy — Good crops but weather damaged much hay.

Cix)VER — Average crop.

Prairie Hay — Average crop.

Potatoes — Fine on sandy or well drained land; some rot on mucky
soil; acreage light.

Vegetables — Average or better.

Apples — Some orchards extra good, others very light to total failure
on account of late spring frosts; probably two-thirds average crop in the
county at large.

0THE2J Fruits — Small fruits very light, owing to continued summer
rains.

Cattle — Average crop or better; prices good; many brought in to feed.

Horses — High in price but sellers scarce. The county has been scoured
by foreign buyers and A No. 1 horses went at seller's price.

Swine — Pretty well sold out at this date; high prices prevailed and
soft corn crop made farmers cautious. Stockers about average in num-
ber; fat stock below the average in numbers at this time of the year.

Sheep — Very few kept here.

Poultry- — High in price and crop about the average in numbers and
quality.

Bees — Average yield of honey and hives in good shape for winter; hives
usually very strong.

Drainage — More drainage every year; tile factories are behind with
orders and many farmers cannot get tile this year.

Other Industries — Two tile factories running at full capacity most of
the time; self propelling dredges manufactured and operated, also ditchers.

Lands — Selling no lower although sales have been slow on account of
continuous rains.

Report of Fair — Held at Britt, September 4-6; attendance good, per-
formance satisfactory; gate receipts, etc., ahead of expenditures.

HARDIN.

H. S. Martin, Eldora, September 21, 1907.

Corn- — Stand about three-fourths.
Oats — Light.
Wheat — Fair.
Millet — Good.
49

770 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Timothy — Fair.

Clover — Light.

Potatoes — Poor.

Vegetables — Average.

Apples — Light crop.

Other Fruits — Grapes good, others light.

Cattle — Average condition.

Horses — In good condition.

SwiiNE — Healthy.

Sheep — Good.

Lands — Prices high.

Report of Fair — Held at Eidora, September 3-6.

HARRISON.
W. H. Withrow, Missouri Valley, Octouer 2G, 1907.

General Condition of Crops and Seiason — ^Owning to frequent rains in
the early spring, planting was done quite late; corn crop will be about the
usual average, with a larger acreage.

Corn — Crop will be about an average compared with former years.

Oats — Yield not up to the average; quality fair.

Wheat — An increased acreage; yield and 'quality good, especially with
fall wheat; prospects good for increased acreage next year.

Rye— Acreage averages with former years; quality and yield only fair.

Barley — Acreage about the same as in former years, with average yield
and quality.

Flax — Very little raised.

Buckwheat- — Usual yield and quality; not much raised.

Millet — Good crop on high lands, but light on low lands owing to too
much early rain.

Sorghum — Usual acreage and average yield.

Timothy — Crop about an average with former years with somewhat
increased acreage.

Clover — Good yield on well drained land; nor good in low lands.

Prairie Hay — A very large crop in drained lands; not so good on low
lands.

Potatoes — Not as good quality as usual to this soil; acreage about an
average; quantity not an average.

Vegetables — Very good quality but yield only about one-third of that
of 1906, owing to late spring frosts.

Other Fruits — Not quite up to the usual production.

Cattle — Have done very well; not much summer feeding, majority of
feeders prefering winter feeding.

Houses — County not overstocked with horses, but improvement in
breeding shown each year; producers are beginning to realize there is more
profit in raising well bred stock.

Swine — The usual number raised, but cholera has created havoc in some
parts of the county.

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI. 771

Sheep — Very few farmers interested in slieep raising or feeding, but
those few are feeding about tlie usual number.

Poultry — A good year for poultry and good home demand for well
fed stock; apparently not much interest in raising fancy poultry.

Bees — "Very little attention given to this industry, although it has
proved profitable to those interested.

Drainage — Drainage system is nearly completed and the good effects
will be very noticeable next year in the western part of the county.

Lands^ — Values remain steady, ranging from $50 to $100 per acre;
quite a number of sales to eastern parties who will hold for increased
prices.

Report of Fair — Held at Missouri Valley on September 17-19; weather
was fine; entries of agricultural products very light; all premiums have
been paid in full and all of the outstanding indebtedness will be wiped out.

HENRY.
O. N. Knight, Mt. Pleasant, October, 1907.

General Conditkjn of Crops and Season — Weather conditions were gen-
erally good, except for harvest when it was too wet, and much small grain
was lost on that account; a great season for grass and the fall has been
ideal for ripening corn.

Corn — Yield about seventy per cent. Numerous replantings required
to get a good stand, but many acres of late corn has matured be-
yond expectations and the quality is very good.

Oats — Unusually large acreage but wet weather during harvested dam-
aged the crop badly; generally light in weight and yield about two-thirds
of an average crop.

Wheat- — Not extensively raised, but yield and quality good.

Rye — Not extensively raised but crop was considered very good.

Barley — Acreage small, but generally satisfactory.

Flax — None raised.

Buckwheat — Very little raised.

Millet — Acreage small but yield heavy.

Sorghum — Good, though but few acres planted.

Timothy' — An excellent crop.

Clover — Very good and a heavy second crop.

Other Grains and Grasses — Blue grass is our main pasturage and is
always good.

Potatoes— Small acreage and only two-thirds crop.

Vegetables — Not quite up to the average.

Apples — A failure.

Othesj Fruits — A few peaches and grapes; a fair crop of berries.
' Cattle — Not extensively fed in this county, but they are generally in
good condition as pastures have been good.

Houses — An exceptional good class of draft horses in this county and
some very good roadsters; saddle horses are scarce. Farmers are taking
more interest in breeding.

772 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Sheep — Are numerous in this county; in good demand and bring a
very high price.

Swine — A big crop of spring pigs and they are generally in a healthy
thriving condition.

Poultry — Is universally raised and return good profit.

Bees — Few kept.

Drainage — Good; much tiling is being done in this county.

Other Industries — Tile and brick works and numerous stone quarries,
all doing a prosperous business.

Lands— Command good prices; many farms sold at $150 per acre.

Report of Fair — Held at Mt. Pleasant August 13-16 and was a very suc-
cessful and satisfactory meeting. Exhibit of fruits and farm products
light on account of lateness of season, but a good showing in all classes
of live stock; racing was exceptionally good. Inclement weather some-
what interferred with the attendance on Thursday but the receipts for the
week covered all premiums and purses and left a good surplus in the
treasury.

HENRY.

Will D. Garmoe, Winfield, October 15, 1907.

General Condition of Crops and Season — Cold late spring caused seed-
ing to be delayed and resulted in a poor stand of corn and oats.

Corn — Will make a fair yield of medium quality.

Oats — Not up to the average either in quality or -quantity.

Wheat — Very little raised.

Rye — Only small quantity sown.

Barley — Little sown.

Flax — None raised.

Buckwheat — Acreage very small.

Millet — Small acreage; good yield.

Sorghum — Small amount planted but a fair yield.

Timothy- — Good quality; heavy yield.

Clover — Crop very heavy.

Other Grains and Grasses — Blue grass pastures have been of excel-
lent growth.

Potatoes — Good quality but only about half a crop.

Vegetablies — Generally good in quality but a short crop.

Apples — Very few and quality poor.

Other Fruits — All fruit crops short on account of cold backward
spring and late frosts.

Cattle — In good condition.

Horses — In good condition except where distemper has been prevalent.

Swine — About the average number raised; generally in good condition
but a few reports of cholera.

Sheep — Good and generally healthy; farmers are increasing their
flocks.

Poultry — Large number raised; fancy stock increasing.

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK- PART XI. 773

Bkes — Very few kept.

DuAiNAGE — Good; most of the land thoroughly tiled.

Other Industkies — Are in a prosperous condition.

Lands — Have steadily increased in value; being generally level and
well tiled are not affected by drouth or wet; prices range from $60 to
$100 per acre.

Repokt of Fair — Held at Winfield, September 17-20. This was the
second year under the new management; exhibits in live stock generally
good, but short in agricultural products and fruits. The attendance was
the largest in years.

HUMBOLDT.
Jt UN Cunningham, Humboldt, Septemder 24, 1007.

General Condition of Crops and Season — Crops are below the average
on account of the backward spring and heavy rains In June. A destruc-
tive hailstorm occurred in July.

Corn — Backward; if no killing frosts occur before October 10th the
corn will be of fair quality though below average yield.

Oats — Light in weight and yield.

Wheat — Yield and quality fair.

Rye — None grown.

Barlev — Very little grown; yield and quality good.

Flax — None grown.

Buckwheat — None grown.

Millet — Very little grown but a fair crop.

Sorghum — None raised.

Timothy — Light yield.

Clover — Light yield.

Prairie Hay — Light yield.

Other Grains and Gkasstiis — A little alfalfa was grown and made a
good crop.

Potatoes — Yield below the average; quality good.

Vegetables — Light crop.

Apples — Good except in the district visited by hail.

Other Fruits — Light yield. •

Cattle — In good condition; prices good.

Horses — In good condition; prices very high.

Swine — Good crop and free from disease.

Sheep — Good crop and free from disease.

Poultry— Rather light crop; no disease.

Bees — Have done fairly well.

Drainage — A large amount of public drainage being done by the county
and considerable private work started.

Other Industries — In a flourishing condition.

Lands — Moving slowly; prices range from $60 to $100 per acre.

Report of Fair — Held at Humboldt September 10-13; the best ever held
here; large attendance. Exhibits in all lines except agricultural products
the largest in the history of the fair.

774 • IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

IOWA.
Alex McLennan, Makengo, October 23 1907.

General Condition of Chops and Season — The quality of crops in gen-
eral not good on account of cold wet spring and late frosts; considerable
fall plowing being done; fall pastures good and stock in good condition.

Corn — About seventy-five per cent of crop, of mixed quality; much had
to be replanted. About two-thirds of the crop was out of danger of the
frost on September 24th; balance more or less harmed; will be chaffy.

Oats— Light in yield and quality; average about twenty-four bushels
per acre; good harvesting weather; straw and grain look bright.

Wheat — But very little grown; yield from ten to twenty bushels per
acre; of excellent quality.

Rye — Very little grown; good yield and quality.

Barley — About the usual acreage; fair quality.

Flax — None raised.

Buckwheat — Very little grown.

Millet — Very little grown.

Sorghum— Very little grown but quality good.

Timothy — Very short on account of cold wet spring; qual'ty of hay
and seed excellent but yielded light.

Clover — Not much harvested except for hay; a good year for clover
and last spring's seeding is exceptionally good.

Prairie Hay— None in the county.

Potatoes — Very small yield but of excellent quality; many shipped
in and are selling at seventy-five cents per bushel.

Vegetables — About the average amount raised and quality very good.

Apples — Very scarce on account of late frosts in the spring; some late
apples and of good quality.

Other Fruits — Peaches good in most localities where grown; not many
trees in the county although the number is increasing. Light crop of
plums and cherries on account of late frosts.

Cattle — Larger number than usual on exhibition at our fair and of
better breeding and quality; Aberdeen Angus, Herefords and Short-horns
predominate. General condition good, better than last year; fall pastures
good and cattle will be in fine shape for the winter.

Horses — Good demand and higher prices for good horses than for a
number of years; there is a tendency among the farmers to raise more
horses and raise only the best. Many western horses shipped in and met
with ready sale at good prices.

Swine — Pig crop fair; better than last year; all well bred. No cholera
in the county and prices are good.

Sheep — Not generally raised among the farmers.

Poultry — Increasing interest taken in poultry raising; large number on
exhibition.

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART XI. 775

Bkes — Very few stands in the county.

Drainage — Considerable wet land has been reclaimed in the past year,
both by machinery and hand tiling; increase considerable over last year's
work.

Other Ixdustrie.s — Woolen and flouring mills report increase over last
year's business and are behind with orders. Canning factories did not do
as well on account of unfavorable season. Creameries have done an ex-
ceptional business this year. Brick and tile factories rei)ort good business
and are behind with orders.

Laxos — Improvement in methods of cultivation and more attention be-
ing given to fertilizing. The use of manure spreaders increased one hun-
dred per cent over last year. More intensive farming practiced by the
farmers. Building improvements on the increase. Farm lands range in
price from $75.00 to $150 per acre.

Report of Pair — Held at Marengo, September 10-13. Ideal weather
and very large attendance. Largest exhibit of stock, poultry and ma-
chinery ever on the grounds; exhibit of farm products light on account
of lateness of the season; exhibit of fine arts the finest ever on the
grounds. More new features in entertainment and instruction than ever
before.

IOWA.
J. P. Bowling, Victor, September 16, 1907.

General Condition of Crops and Season — Season backward.
Corn — Acreage not as large as last year. If frost holds off corn will
make a fair crop of fair quality.

Oats — Poor quality and small yield.

Wheat — Not much raised but quality good.

Rye — Fair crop and of fair quality.

Barley — Fair in quantity and quality.

Flax — None raised.

Buckwheat — Very little raised.

Millet — Very little raised.

Sorghum — Very little raised.

Timothy — Good crop and of good quality.

Clover — Good crop and of good quality.

Prairie Hay — Good crop.

Potatoes — Very light crop.

Vecetarles — Good.

Apples — Fair.

Other Fruits — Poor.

Cattle — Good price.

Horses — Scarce, and prices high.

SwiNE — Good prices, and good reports from all over the county.

Sheep — Not many raised.

Poultry — Good prices.

Bees — None kept.

Lands — Good prices prevail.

Report of Pair — Held at Victor, August 13 to 15.

77G IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

IOWA.

Chas. Fletcher, Williamsburg, October 15, 1907.

General Condition of Crops and Season — Not up to normal in this
section; spring too cold. Corn was of slow growth in the early part of
the season and weeds alomst took possession of some fields.

Corn — Early corn planted on favorable ground yielded about a normal
crop, but farmers generally report the yield uneven and light in yield.

Oats — Not up to normal in either yield or quality.

Wheat — Very little sown in this section.

Rye — None sown.

Barley — None sown.

Flax — None sown.

Timothy — Crop was exceptionally good, especially in quality.

Clover — About normal.

Prairie Hay — Scarcely any in the county.

Potatoes — A poor yield both in quality and quantity.

Apples — Light crop owing to late frosts in the spring.

Cattle — The splendid showing at our fair indicates a growing interest
in this branch of farm industry.

Horses — Good; many sold.

Swine — Farmers make a specialty of this industry; Duroc Jersey, Pol-
and China and Chester White breeds prevail.

Sheep — ^Very few raised.

Poultry — An increased interest in this industry and both poultry
and eggs are brought to market in large quantities.

Lands — Prices range from ^80 to $160 per acre, according to the lo-
cality and improvements.

Report of Fair — Held at Williamsburg September 3-6 and was a
pleasing and successful meeting. Exhibits in all departments were
good and there seems to be a growing interest in the fair as an educa-
tional factor.

JACKSON.
B. D. Ely, Maquoketa, September 8, 1907.

General Condition of Crops and Season — Season has been wet and
backward.

Corn — Will be a short crop on account of wet backward spring.

Oats — Will be the shortest crop and the poorest quality ever known in
this county.

Wheat — Not much sown but yield was of fairly good quality.

Rye — Very little sown.

Barley — Fair yield and good quality.

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART XI. 777

Flax — None raised.

Buckwheat — Very little raised.

MiLLET^ — Very little sown.

Sorghum — Not much raised in this county.

Timothy — Very good crop both in quality and yield.

Clover — Big crop.

PRAUtiE HAY — None grown.

Potatoes — Very good yield and quality, but some complaint of rot
on account of wet weather.

Vegetables — Grood.

Apples — A failure.

Other fruits — Very good crop of blackberries but no other fruits.

Cattle — County well stocked with the best grade.

Horses — High prices have induced farmers to raise more colts than
formerly.

Swine— Large number raised and no disease reported.

Sheep — Very few raised.

Poultry — A growing industry in this county; exhibit at the fair larger
and better than ever before.

Bees — A great many kept and a large amount of honey was shipped
this year.

Drainage— Have good natural drainage.

Other industries — The burning of lime is about the only other in-
dustry in this county.

Lands — Increasing in price every year; farms being sold for $125 per
acre.

Report of Fair — Held at Maquoketa, September 3-6. Most successful
fair ever held. Exhibits were a little light in some departments; races
were good. The weather was fine and the attendance the largest on
record for this fair.

JASPER.
E. L .McMuRRAY, Newton, October 1, 1907.

General Condition of Crops and Season — GrOod.

Corn — Full crop.

Oats — Light.

Wheat — Small acreage.

Rye — Very little raised.

Barley — Very little raised.

Flax — Very little raised.

Timothy — Good crop.

Clover — Good crop.

Prairie Hay — Good crop.

Potatoes — Fair crop.

Vegetables — Crop short.

Apples — Crop short.

Report of Fair — Held at Newton, September 9 to 12.

778 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

JEFFERSON.
D. R. Bka'ity, Fairfield, Octoiser, 1907.

General Condition of Crops and Season — Good.

Corn — Good.

Oats— Fair; damaged by rain.

Wheat — Good although acreage small.

Rye — Fair; small acreage sown.

Barlbty — Ver-y little sown.

Flax — None sown.
■ Buckwheat — Small acreage.

Millet — Fair crop.

Sorghum — Fair crop.

Timothy — Good.

Clover — Good.

Prairie Hay' — None.

Vegetables — Good.

Applets — Very light crop and poor quality.

Other fruits — Berries a good crop.

Cattle — Good.

Horses — Good quality.

Swine — Good quality and plenty of them.

Sheep — Very few kept.

Poultry — Good; many raised.

Other Industries — Hay tools and wagon factory, iron foundry and
many smaller factories, all in a flourishing condition.

LANDS^Prices high.

Report of Fair — Held at Fairfield, September 10 to 13; weather fine
and the fair fairly well patronized; good show of horses, hogs and cattle.

JONES.

J. J. LoL'iiER, Monticello, October, 1907.

General Condition of Crops and Season — Fair; all crops more or less
affected by the late, rainy season.

Corn — Average crop; some will be a little soft.

Oats — Small yield, light in quality.

Wheat — Very little raised.

Rye — ^Very little raised.

Barley' — Quality very good.

Flax — None raised.

Buckwheat — Very little raised.

Millet — Fair,

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI. 779

SoRGUuii — Little planted.
Timothy — Good crop, plenty of hay.
Clover — Good crop.
Prairie Hay — Little if any.

Other Grains and Grasses — Grass in abundance the entire season.
Potatoes — Poor yield; too much moisture.
Vegetables — Below the average.
Apples — Very few.

Other Fruits — Poorest in years excepting an abundance of grapes.
Cattle — In fine condition owing to abundance of feed.
Horses — Good demand and raising of same profitable.
Swine — Large crop of pigs.
Sheep — Few if any raised in this commiuiity.
Poultry — Good prices prevail and a goodly number raised.
Bees — A good year; yield of honey large.
Drainage — A great deal of tile being laid.
Other Industries — Thriving.
Lands — Steadily increasing in value.

Report of Fair — Held at Monticello, September 2 to 6. Most suc-
cessful fair in the history of the association. Agricultural exhibits light.

JONES.

L W. Russell, Anamosa, October, 1907.

General Condition of Crops and Season — ^Very wet season.

Corn — About three-fourths of a crop; quality only fair.

Oats — Very small crop; poor quality.

Wheat — Very little raised.

Rye — Very little raised.

Barley' — Very little raised.

Flax — None.

Buckwheat — None.

Millet — None.

Sorghum — None.

Timothy — Good crop and good quality.

Clover — Good crop and good quality.

Prairie Hay'^ — None.

Other Grains and Grasses — Pastures fine.

Potatoes — Crop and quality fair.

Vegetables — Fair.

Apples — None.

Cattle — A good year for cattle.

Horses — In good condition.

Swine — Good.

Sheep — Very few.

Poultry-' — Good year.

Bees — Very few kept.

Drainage — Good.

780 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Report of Fair— Held at Anamosa, August 26 to 30. Good attenance
considering that the weather was rainy the entire week Exhibits in the
stock departments and floral hall were exceptionally strong, as were
also the free attractions. Under the circumstances the fair was a grand
success.

KEOKUK.
Geo. a. Poff, What Cheer, October 14, 1907.

General Condition of Crops and Season — Fair.

Corn — Fair crop; average from forty to fifty bushels per acre.

Oats — Will average from twenty to thirty bushels to the acre, and
much of it is poor quality.

Wheat — Small acreage; average yield fifteen to twenty-five bushels.

Rye — Small crop.

Barley — Small acreage but good crops; yield about twenty bushels per
acre.

Flax — None raised.

Buckwheat — None.

Millet — Small acreage.

Sorghum — Very little.

Timothy — Good crop and fine quality.

Clover — Good; will average two tons to the acre.

Prairie Hay — Good yield and good quality.

Other G«ains and Grasses — Good; fall pastures very good.

Potatoes — Will yield from seventy-five to eighty bushels per acre.

Vegetables — Very plentiful and of good quality.

Apples — Fair crop and selling at a good price.

Other Fruits — A good yield.

Cattle — Cattle are in fine condition; several large herds of fine stock.

Horses — Doing well; a number of breeders and dealers in imported
stock in this county.

Swine — A great many raised and of the best breeds.

Sheep — Doing well, although not so many raised as in former years.

Poultry — This industry is increasing and is fast becoming a very
profitable one for the farmer.

Bees — An average crop of honey.

Drainage — A great deal of tiling is being done.

Lands — Sell for $75 to $110 per acre, according to improvements.

Report of Fair — Held at What Cheer, September 23 to 26. With the
exception of one day the weather was very unfavorable. Large exhibit
of horses, cattle and swine; races were the best for several years and
the attractions first class. Fifteen hundred dollars was expended for
improvements on the grounds during the year.

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI, 781

KOSSUTH.
T. H. Wadsworth, Algona, Septemher 23, 1907.

General Condition of Crops and Season — A cold, wet season, un-
favorable for growing crops.

Corn — Quite a good crop of corn will be gathered; better than antici-
pated a month ago.

Oats — Yield from twenty to thirty-five bushels per acre but rather
light in weight. .

Wheat — Little raised.

Rye — Very little raised.

Barley — An average crop.

Flax — Very little raised.

Buckwheat — Very little raised.

Millet — An average crop.

Sorghum — Good crop.

Timothy — Good crop.

Clover — A good average yield.

Prairie Hay — A good average crop.

Potatoes — Yielding very well, but some complaint of rot.

Vegetables — A good display at the fair.

Apples — A good crop of summer and fall apples.

Other Fruits — Not as good as usual.

Cattle — Are looking fine; some fine pure bred cattle on exhibition at
the fair.

Horses — Not as plentiful as a few years ago but are of good quality.
A good show of horses at the fair.

Swine — A good many in the county; a fine show of exceptionally
good swine at the fair.

Sheep — Sheep raising is not followed to any great extent, yet there
are some very good sheep in the county. --

Poultry — Quality improving.

Bees — Have done well.

Drainage — Much drainage being done, both with tile and large open
ditches.

Lands — Not much being sold but prices have advanced over those of
former years.

Report of Fair — Held at Algona, Septemebr 10 to 13. A great success;
the weather was pleasant and the attendance large. A new amphitheatre,
a horse barn and a hog house were built this year.

LEE.

Chris Haffner, Donnellson, September 30 1907.

General Condition of Chops and Season — Forepart of the season was
cold and wet; crops fair but backward on account of unseasonable weather.
Corn — Fair to good.

782 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Oats — Yield light and quality poor.

Wheat — Yield good but somewhat damaged by wet weather.

Rye — Good quality and good yield.

Baeley — None raised.

Flax — None raised.

Buckwheat — None.

Millet — None.

Sorghum — Fair crop.

Timothy— Yield good; quality only fair.

Clover — Light crop.

Prairie Hay — None.

Potatoes — Fair crop and of good quality.

Vegetables — Good.

Apples — A total failure.

Other Fruits — None.

Cattle — Short-horn and Polled Angus breeds predominate.

Horses — Roadsters and Percherons predominate.

Swine — Duroc Jersey, Poland China and Chester White breeds pre-
dominate.

Sheep — Shropshire and Delaines predominate.

Poultry — All kinds raised in large quantities

Bees — ^Very few kept.

Drainage— Good.

Lands — Range in price from $80 to $125 per acre.

Report of Fair — Held at Donnellson, September 4 to 6. Exhibits were
very good in all departments. The weather was exceptionally favorable
the entire week and the attendance large. The fair was a success in
every particular.

LEE.
John Walljasper, West Point, September 23, 1907.

General Condition of Crops and Season — Unfavorable; a late back-
ward spring and too much rain during harvest.

Corn — Late in maturing; much replanting was necessary; estimated
yield three-fourths of a crop.

Oats — Fairly good; average crop.

Wheat — Very good but somewhat damaged by wet weather at harvest;
average in yield and about the average in quality.

Rye — Very good.

Barley — Very little sown.

Flax — None sown.

Buckwheat — Small acreage; average crop.

Millet — Very little Sown.

Sorghum — Not much planted; season too wet.

Timothy — A good average crop of hay.

Clover — Good.

Praihie Hay — None.

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI. 783

Potatoes — Poor in quality and quantity.

Vegetables — Fair yield; quality good.

Apples — Crop a failure on account of late spring frosts.

Other Frxhts — Light yield.

Cattle — Many high grade cattle in this vicinity, for which the fairs
are responsible; the state fair educates the breeders and the county and
district fairs educate the other farmers in this line.

Horses — Horses have grown in importance the past five years and
prices are high. Many western horses have been sold here on account
of prices being too high for good and well bred horses.

Swine — This industry is greatly responsible for the present pros-
perity; prices are good and there is little disease.

Poultry — Quality is improving.

Bees — Did well

Drainage — Much tiling being laid in the level lands.

Other Industries — Thriving; plenty of room for more factories.

Lands — Prices steadily advancing.

Report of Fair — Held at West Point, August 20 to 22. Attendance was
somewhat reduced on account of the farmers being too busy with de-
layed harvests to attend. The horse and cattle exhibits were fair; the
swine, sheep and poultry exhibits first class; races were the best ever
held on our grounds. All in all our fair was a success.

LINN.
E. E. Henderson, Central City, October 4, 1907.

General Condition of Crops and Season — Season very wet; corn and
all grains very weedy.

Corn — Not over three-fourths stand; fairly well matured; less than
usual cut for fodder.

Oats — Very light yield and of poor quality.

Wheat — None raised.

Rye — Very little raised; light yield.

Barley — Pair average yield.

Flax — None raised.

Buckwheat — Very little grown; light yield.

Millet — Good; small acreage.

Sorghum — Very little raised.

Timothy — Fair average yield of good quality.

Cix)ver — Fair crop; spring seeding doing fine.

Prairie Hay — Very little raised; light yield and not very good quality.

Other Grains and Grasses — Blue grass pastures in fine condition.

Potatoes — Fair in quality and yield.

Apples — Poor crop.

Cattle — In splendid condition; pastures have been good. This is a
dairy country and nearly all farmers sell milk or cream to local creameries.

Horses — In good demand; good ones are scarce and prices are high.

Swine — Average in number; no sickness reported.

784 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Sheep — This industry is increasing; mostly high grade flocks.

Bees — Poor season for bees.

Lanus — Very few farms offered for sale; values range from $75 to $100
per acre.

Report of Fair — Held at Central City, September 10 to 13. Splendid
Weather; largest attendance and largest exhibits in several years; purely
an agricultural fair, with no racing.

LOUISA.

A. H. RuNDORFF, Wapello, October 30, 1907.

General Condition of Crops and Season — Fair.
Corn — Fair.
Oats — Not very good.

Wheat — Very good; better than average.
Rye — Very fair.
Barley — None raised.
Flax — None raised.
Buckwheat — Very little raised.
MiLLET^ — Good average crop.
SoROHUM — Light crop.
TmoTH Y — Fai r.
Clover — Good average crop.
Prarie Hay — None.
Potatoes — Light crop.
Vegetables — Fair, except cabbage.
Apples — None.

Other Fruits — Fair crop of small fruits.
Cattle — Many stock cattle; few dairy cattle.
Horses — Good horses scarce; prices high.
Swine — Many spring pigs.
Sheep — Very few kept.
Poultry' — An abundance; prices high.
Drainage — Much tiling is being done.
Lands — High prices prevail.

Report of Fair — Held at Wapello, September 25 to 27. On account
of iinfavorable weather the fair was not a financial success.

LOUISA.
J. R. Smith, Columbus Junction, September. 28, 1907.

General Condition of Crops and Season — General condition is good;
too much rain in the early part of the season prevented the necessary
cultivation of growing crops in many cases.

Corn — In prime condition on high rolling lands and safe from danger
of frost; on low lands the crop is injured by excessive rains.

Oats — Yield in measured bushels was up to the average, but of light
weight; small injury by green bugs.

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI. 785

Wheat — Wheat growing has been somewhat neglected but acreage is
largely increasing; mostly winter varieties; yield and quality good.

Rye — Is steadily grown on the lighter soils. Yield about normal.

Barley — Fair; but little grown except with oats for feed.

Flax — None grown.

Buckwheat — Good.

Millet — Very rank growth.

Sorghum — Fair.

Timothy — Excellent; the principal hay crop, generally grown with
clover.

Clover — Good.

Prairik Hay- — But little grown; tendency increases to run to weeds.

Potatoes — On loose dry soil, quality good but yield small; on heavy
moist land the crop is poor.

Ve(ietai5Les — Have done well.

Apples — Very nearly a failure, both in quality and quantity.

Other Fruits — Very nearly a failure.

Cattle — Have done well; appearances indicate that not the usual
number will be fed on account of high price of stock for feeding and
the price of corn.

Horses — One of the leading industries; condition of stock good; prices
firm.

Swine — General condition good; some isolated cases of cholera re-
l)ortcd in a few localities.

Sheep — Not grown in large numbers but in good condition.

Poultry— A large and profitable industry; condition good.

Bees — Have not done well.

Drainage — Some extensive drainage systems are in process of con-
struction in the county. Tile drainage is steadily increasing.

Other Industries — Two pearl button factories and a canning factory
in the county.

Lands — Not so much cha.nging hands as formerly; prices firm.

Report of Fair — Held at Columbus Junction, August 27 to 30. The
attendance was good, but exhibit of stock was not up to that of former
years. Receipts will about equal the expenses.

LYON.

A. S. Wold, Rock Rapids, October 22, 1907.

General Condition of Crops and Season — Crops generally good. The
season has been favorable and farmers have been able to attend to their
crops in proper time.

Corn — Acreage large and conditions have been very favorable for its
growth and maturity; average yield thirty-five bushels per acre; quality
good.

Oats — Y'ield good, but light in weight; average forty bushels per acre.

Wheat — Acreage small; quality good, yield an average of twelve bush-
els per acre.
50

786 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Rye — ^Very little raised; yield about forty bushels per acre.

Barley — Yield good; quality first class; averages thirty bushels per
acre.

Flax — Very little raised; yield twelve bushels per acre.

Buckwheat — Small acreage.

Millet — Yield good.

Sorghum — None raised.

Timothy — Large acreage and good crop; acreage increasing every year.

Clover — More clover being sown each year; crop this season was very
heavy.

Prairie Hay — Small acreage.

Other Grains and Grasses — Pastures did well this season.

Potatoes — Acreage large; quality first class and yield very large; will
ship four hundred car loads this year.

Vegetables — Matured in good season and were of the best quality.

Apples — A large yield of all varieties; quality good; some being shipped.

Other Fruits — All kinds of small fruits, including grapes and plums,
yielded a large and excellent crop.

Cattle — In fine condition; a majority of the farmers have dairy herds;
feeders will be fully up to last year's number.

Horses — Scarce and high in price; many colts being raised; a number
of high class pure bred stallions in the county.

Swine — Have done well; prices high and there is a big demand for
shoats; no disease reported.

Sheep — This industry is increasing; many pure bred flocks In the
county, also a great many western sheep being fed.

PoLTLTRY — A profitable industry and more attention is being paid to
the better breeds than in former years.

Bees — A paying industry and increasing each year.

Drainage — Natural conditions very good, but farmers are doing a great
deal of sub-drainage, making it possible to cultivate all the flat and
slough lands, thereby increasing the value of the farms.

Lands — Deep black loam with heavy yellow clay subsoil. Will stand
considerable rain and requires more than the ordinary dry weather to aifect
crops; prices range from $65 to $100 per acre.

Report of Fair— Held at Rock Rapids, September 3 to 6. The weather
was favorable and the fair a grand success. Entries in all departments
were heavy, especially in the horse department. Extensive improvements
in the way of buildings were made this year and prospects for the future
of the fair were never brighter.

MADISON.

Elmer Orris, Winterset, October 31, 1907.

General Condition of Crops and Season— Good. Season fair.

Oats — Light crop. About 25 per cent of average yield.

Corn — About 90 per cent of an average yield.

Wheat — Not much raised. Fair yield.

Rye — About 75 per cent of an average y'*>ld.

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI. 787

Baeley — Not much raised. *Fair yield.

Flax — None raised.

Buckwheat — None raised.

Millet — None raised.

Sorghum — Good yield and quality, but very little raised.

Timothy — An average yield.

Clover — Good.

Prairie Hay — None to cut in this locality.

Potatoes — Light crop.

Vegeta bles — Goo d .

Apples — About one-half the usual yield.

Other Fruits — Light yield.

Report of Fair — Held at Winterset September 24 to 27. Had the
best exhibit ever held in the county in all classes, but weather was
against us and on account of rain and lack of attendance the last day
we had hard work to meet the indebtedness of the society which was
brought about by improvements.

MAHASKA.
T. S. OsBOENE, New Sharon, September 25, 1907.

General Condition of Crops and Season — Crops were fair. Season
about two weeks late in opening up.
■ Corn — Good crop. Nearly all out of the way of frost.

Oats — Poor yield and quality.

Wheat — Very little raised.

Rye — Small acreage, but good quality.

Barley — Fair crop.

Flax — None raised.

Buckwheat^— None raised.

Millet — None raised.

Sorghum — Only small patches raised; late in maturing.

Timothy — Splendid yield, good quality and good price.

Clover — Extra good hay crop, but poor prospects for seed.

Prairie Hay — Not any to cut in this locality.

Potatoes — Small acreage, but a fair yield.

Vegetables — Generally good.

Apples — Poor quality and small yield.

Other Fruits- — Good.

Cattle — Feeders are looking forward and making preparations for early
feeding, with prospects of getting good prices.

Horses — Out of sight in price. Most of the breeders are raising draft
horses.

SwiNE^ — Cholera has been causing some heavy losses, but we have it
well eliminated at present. Prices have been good.

Sheep — Good demand for sheep in this locality and they bring a good
price.

Poultry — None better.

Bees — Not many here.

788 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE.

Drainage — Practically all farms are well tiled out.

Lands — Price ranges from $100 to $125 per acre.

Report of Fair — Held September 17 to 20 at New Sharon. Good attend-
ance, paid all premiums in full and had some money left in the treasury.
Best showing of live stock in the history of the association.

MARION.
T. D. TicE, Pella, October 26, 1907.

General Condition of Crops and Season — The backward season affected
the crops.

Corn — An average crop.

Oats — Very light.

Wheat — Average; little sown.

Rye — Average.

Barley — Average.

Sorghum — Good average crop.

Timothy — Crop about seventy-five per cent.

Other Grains and Grasses — Fair.

Potatoes — Half a crop.

Vegetables — Half a crop.

Apples — Light crop.

Other Fruits — None. .

Cattle — Eighty per cent; farmers selling freely on account of high
price of land.

Horses — Eighty per cent; prices high; marketed as soon as possible.

Swine — Ninety per cent; some sickness.

Sheep — One hundred per cent; seem to be on the increase.

Poultry — Ninety per cent; in good demand.

Bees — Did not do well, owing to unfavorable season.

Drainage — Compares with former years; about seventy-five per cent.

Other Industries — Prosperous.

Lands — Increasing in value; prices range from $75 to $125.

Report of Fair — Held at Pella, September 24 to 27. Weather un-
favorable. Small debt after payment of premiums and expenses. Every
department was well represented except the horse department.

MARSHALL.
W. M. Clark, Marshalltown, October 15, 1907.

General Condition of Crops and Season — The season has been back-
ward and crops are below the average.

Corn — A very poor stand; crop will not average over sixty-five per
cent of the usual yield.

Oats — Light in weight; yield thirty to thirty-five bushels per acre.

WiiELiT — Yield of winter wheat twenty-two to twentynfive bushels
per acre; spring wheat eighteen to twenty bushels.

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI. 789

Rye — Very little raised.

Barley — But little raised; quality fair.

Flax — None raised.

Buckwheat — Very little raised.

Millet — Small acreage; quality and yield good.

Sorghum — Only a small quantity raised for local consumption; dam-
aged by early frost.

Timothy — A fair yield of hay and of good quality.

Clover — About the average; light yield of seed.

Prairie Hay — None.

Potatoes — A good average yield and of nice size and quality.

Vegetables — Good.

Apples — A light crop but of fair quality.

Other Fruits — Below the average; plums and cherries a failure; some
peaches raised as an experiment, with excellent results.

Cattle — Are looking well and healthy.

Horses — More attention being paid to the breeding of draft horses for
eastern markets; prices high.

Swine — One of the leading industries in the county; many fine herds
of pure bred swine and in a healthy condition.

Shebs" — Number of sheep raised is increasing and proving a profit-
able investment for the farmer.

Poultry — Large numbers raised; prices of eggs and poultry high.

Bees — None kept for commercial purposes.

Drainage — Some drains being constructed along the bottom lands
adjacent to the Iowa river, with very beneficial results; a large drain is
now under construction in Marshall and Story counties.

Other Industries — Manufacturing of buggies, furnaces, iron and steel
bridges, gasoline engines, steam governors and many other articles are
on the increase and proving profitable to the manufacturers.

Lands — Land is steadily increasing In value; farms with good improve-
ments are selling from $90 to $125 per acre.

Report of Fair — Held at Marshalltown, September 16 to 20. Exhibits
crowded every available space, especially in the swine and fruit depart-
ments; in the latter department several varieties of peaches as well as
perpetual bearing strawberries were exhibited. Attendance was large, the
weather fine, and all premiums were paid in full at the close of the fair.

MARSHALL.
H. F. Stouffer, Rhodes, October 15, 1907.

General Condition of Crops and Season — The general average of
crops is fair and of good quality considering the unfavorable season;
work was retarded first by the late season then by wet weather, and as
early frost did considerable damage.

Corn — Acreage above the average; crop about seventy -five per cent of
the average; a rather poor stand in some places.

Oats — Yield light and of poor quality; in places badly damaged by rust.

Wheat — Very little raised; yield and quality good.

Rye — Very little raised.

790 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Barley — Acreage small but yielded well.

Flax — None.

Buckwheat — None.

Millet — But little raised.

Sorghum — Very little raised, but good.

Timothy — A good average crop and of fine quality; put up generally
in good shape.

Clover — Probably below the average; much of the new seeding winter-
killed; second crop not as heavy as usual.

Prairie Hay — Very little in this district.

Other Grains and Grasses — Above the normal.

Potatoes — Yield rather light; quality good.

Vegetables — Good, both in yield and quality.

Apples — Rather light yield, except early fall apples, winter apples
about an average yield.

Other Fruits — Most small fruits were good, especially grapes; a very
light crop of plums.

Cattle — Many pure bred cattle in this community; also a great many
feeders. A fine season for pastures and cattle are in good condition.

Horses — This district is well stocked with good horses; heavy draft
horses are principally bred; prices have been good and more attention is
being paid to this branch of stock raising.

Swine — District well stocked with good hogs and good prices have
ruled the past year; some disease among the new crop.

Sheep — Doing well and free from disease; few sheep raised but many
shipped in for feeding.

Poultry — Poultry raising is extensively carried on in this section;
present season has been fair for this industry, although some loss on young
stock on account of wet weather.

Bees — But few kept; a poor season for honey.

Drainage — Tiling has been carried on to a large extent all over the
district; the county ditch now under construction will greatly improve
several hundred acres of wet lands.

Other Industries — Little attention is given to other industries than
farming and stock raising; several brick and tile factories, a plant for
cement fence posts, and some canning factories in the district.

Lands — Farms generally well improved and in a good state of culti-
vation; some farms sold for $100 to $150 per acre.

Report of Fair — Held at Rhodes, October 1 to 3; rain somewhat in-
terferred with the attendance but exhibits were good, especially in cattle,
horse and swine departments.

MILLS.

J. T. Ward, Malvern, September 25, 1907.

Gene^ial Condition of Crops and Season — Season two weeks late; most
crops good.

Corn — Good, average from forty to seventy bushels per acre.
Oats — Poor, from eighteen to thirty bushels per acre.

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI. 791

Wheat — Good.

Rye — Yield from eighteen to thirty bushels per acre.

Barley — Yield about thirty bushels per acre.

Flax — ^None sown.

Buckwheat — But little grown.

Millet — Very good.

Sorghum — None raised.

TIMOTHY' — Good quality and yielded from one to three tons per acre.

Cix)VER — 'Good yield and good quality.

Prairie Hay' — Best in years and put up in good condition.

Other Grains and Grasses — Alfalfa quite good, three crops cut.

Potatoes — Yield and quality poor; price from seventy-five cents to
one dollar per bushel.

Vegetables — Only fair.

Apples — Very scarce and of poor quality; two to five dollars a barrel.

Other Fruits — Scarce, except berries.

Catti.e — In fine condition but few in the feed yards, plenty in the
pastures.

Horses — In fine shape with most of the heavy drafters shipped out.

Swine — Plenty of young pigs; some disease.

Sheep — Very few raised.

Poultry' — A good supply and in good condition.

Bees — Very few raised.

Drainage — Very little tiling needed.

Other Industries — All branches report a good year.

Lands — Prices range from $75 to $150 per acre.

Report of Fair — Held at Malvern, August 6 to 9; stock exhibit and
races good but too early for farm products. Attendance fairly good and
everyone pleased, though receipts did not quite meet the expenditures.

MITCHELL.
H. H. Gable, Osage, October 19, 1907.

General Condition of Crops and Season — All crops fairly good;
season unfavorable for crops in general.

Corn — Season very unfavorable, a large per cent of the corn did not
mature; acreage not as large as usual; yield only fair.

Oats — Crop rather light.

Wheat — Very little raised.

Rye — Average crop.

Barley — Small acreage; quality good.

Flax — Rather light crop; acreage small.

Buckwheat — Crop and yield good.

Millet — Good crop.

Sorghum — Not much raised. '

Timothy — Good crop.

Clover — Good average crop.

Prairie Hay — Not much grown.

792 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Other Grains amd Grasses — Crop good.

Potatoes — A good yield and quality good.

Vegetables — An excellent crop.

Apples — A fine crop, many barrels shipped to other markets.

0THE31 Fruits — Only a fair yield of small varieties.

Cattle — In excellent condition; nearly all the farmers of the county
are breeders of pure bred cattle, the Short-horn breed predominating.

Horses — Continued activity is noted in breeding and raising horses;
prices continue high.

Swine — A steady increase in number raised; no disease reported.

Sheep — Many raised and proving very profitable.

Poultry — A growing industry and quite profitable.

Bees — Very few kept and did poorly the past season.

Drainage — Natural conditions very good, although some tiling is
being done to a very good advantage.

Lands — A great demand for farm lands in this county by eastern
farmers, with prices gradually on the increase.

Report of Fair — Held at Osage, September 17 to 20. Attendance good
although the weather was somewhat unfavorable. Every department
was well filled with fine exhibits and the fair was a success in every
particular. The single judge system is used in the stock departments
and gives satisfaction.

MONONA.
A. W. Burgess, Onawa, September 25, 1907.

General Condition of Crops and Season — Season was dry and warm in
March, dry and cold in April, no moisture until May 15th.

Corn — Fairly good yield; acreage about the same as in 1906.

Oats — Good quality; twenty to forty bushels per acre.

Wheat — Winter wheat good, yield twenty to forty bushels; spring
wheat fair quality, ten to twenty bushels.

Rye— None raised.

Barley — Very little raised.

Flax — None.

Buckwheat — None.

Millet — None threshed.

Sorghum — None.

Timothy — None threshed.

Clover — None threshed.

Prairie HAY^Yield and quality good. •;

Potatoes — Acreage smaller than 1906; quality good.

Vegetables — Good crops of nearly all kinds.

Apples — Good yield and fairly good quality.

Other Fruits — Plums and grapes plentiful.

Cattle — About the same as 1906.

Horses — About the same- as 1906 and quality improving.

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI. 793

Swine — About the same as 1906; some cholera in different parts of
the county.

Sheep — Very few raised.

Poultry — A slight increase in the number raised.

Bees — Average crop of honey; quality good.

Drainage — Our county is awakening to the importance of drainage
and many ditches and cutoffs in the river are being made; big drainage
canal under way.

Lands — Prices increasing; land selling near town for $125 to $150
per acre.

Report of Fair — Held at Onawa, September 3 to 6. Fairly good
weather and good attendance; more interest being displayed in the suc-
cess of the fair.

MUSCATINE.
W. H. Shipman, West Liberty, October 26, 1907.

Geneiral Condition of Crops and Season — The first part of the sea-
son was backward, cold and wet and crops show the effect of it.

Corn — Shows the effect of backward season in yield and quality.
Some very good corn, but low ground produced nothing.

Oats — Poor quality and light. ^

Wheat — None raised.

Rye — Very little raised but of fair quality.

Barley — Very good crop and of a good quality.

Flax — None raised.

BucKWHEAT^Very little raised but of fair quality.

Millet— Only a few scattering pieces raised.

Sorghum — None raised.

Timothy — Quality very good, but a short crop.

Clover — An average crop, but weather unfavorable for curing.

Potatoes — Late potatoes good. The early varieties made a short crop.

Appi-es — A short crop and the quality not up to average.

Cattle — Among the beef breeds the Short-horns predominate. The
demand and better price for milk and butter is causing the farmers to
become interested in dairy breeds.

Horses — Breeders are improving the grade, by keeping better mares
and securing the service of good stallions. There is a noticeable interest
in the driving breeds, and the price for all kinds of horses are high.

Swine — An average litter of pigs and no disease. Breed is being
improved.

Sheep — Better breeds are taking the place of grades.

Poultry — The farmer's wife looks after the "Great American Hen"
and the hen takes good care of the farmer's wife.

Drainage — The advanced price of land has caused the farmers to lay
considerable tile, and the county is expending money on county ditches.

Other Industries — The condensed milk factory at this point has
made a good market and good price for all the milk produced in this
locality.

794 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Repokt of Fair — Held at Muscatine August 17 to 20. Attendance close
to a record. Our early dates and late season made the display in farm
products light, but in every other department the show was good. We
had an especially good show of the single drivers, and had a good list of
entries in the speed department and some very good racing. We use
the single expert judge in all departments and find it satisfactory.

MUSCATINE.
H. WrLDASiN, Wn.TON Junction.

General Condition of Crops and Season — Season has been too wet and
backward for good crops.

Corn — About sixty per cent of a full crop.

Oats — About fifty per cent of a full crop.

Wheat — Very little grown.

Rye — About seventy-five per cent of a full crop.

Barley — About sixty per cent of a full crop.

Flax — None grown.

Buckwheat — Very little grown.

Millet — Practically none grown.

Sorghum — Fair.

Timothy — Good.

Clover — Good.

Prairie Hay— None.

Potatoes — Fifty per cent of a full crop.

Vegetables — Fair.

Apples — Very small yield.

Swine — Large number of spring pigs.

Poultry — More poultry raised this year than usual.

Report of Fair — Held at Wilton Junction, September 17 to 19.

O'BRIEN.
Ray R. Crum, Sutherland, October 7, 1907.

General Condition of Crops and Season — The acreage of corn and
oats is greater, but on account of the backward season the yield will not
be as great as that of 1906. Farmers are doing considerable fall plowing.

Corn — Acreage large, but yield will fall short of that for 1906. Quality
is good and will average about forty to sixty bushels per acre.

Oats — Large acreage, light in weight and will average about thirty
bushels per acre.

Wheat — No winter wheat raised. Small acreage but good yield of
spring wheat.

Rye — None raised.

Barley — Fair yield, but small acreage.

Flax — None raised.

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART XI. 795

Buckwheat — Practically none raised.

Millet — Small amount produced, but of good quality.

Sorghum — None raised.

Timothy — Very good quality and an average yield.

Clover — Fair crop, not well filled out.

Prairie Hay — Good yield and good quality.

Other Grains and Grasses — The pasturage was good for summer and
fall, but backward in the spring.

Potatoes — Good quality and good yield.

Vegetables — Plentiful.

Apples — The quality is not up to standard, but every mature orchard
seems to be well filled.

Other Fruits — Strawberries, blackberries, raspberries, grapes, pears
and peaches were very light yield.

Cattlf: — There will be a large number of cattle fed this year.

Horses — Are not so plentiful and are high in price.

Swine — Cholera is depleting the herds and shoats are high priced.

Sheep — Are quite plentiful and the better breeds are much in evidence.

Poultry — Plentiful and some very fine flocks.

Bees — Not many in this county.

Drainage — Well tiled out.

Lands — Price ranges from $65 to $135 per acre, rents from $3 to $5
per acre.

Report of Fair — Held at Sutherland, September 3 to 6. Good exhibits
and a success as a fair.

OBRIEN.

Joe Morton, Sheldon, September 28, 1907.

General Condition of Crops and Season — The general condition of
crops is below the average, about seventy-five per cent of a usual crop.
The season was cold, wet and backward.

Corn — Fair quality, and about seventy-five per cent of an average
crop.

Oats — Poor quality, and about sixty per cent of a full crop.

Wheat — Poor quality, and forty per cent of the usual crop.

Rye — None raised.

Barley — Fair quality, and about sixty per cent of full crop.

Flax — Average crop and of a good quality.

Buckwheat — None raised.

Millet — Average crop and good quality.

Sorghum — None raised.

Timothy — Average crop and of good quality.

Clover — Average crop and a fair quality.

Prairie Hay' — Average crop.

Potatoes — Good crop and good quality.

Vegetables — Good.

796 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Apples — Good quality and a big crop.

Otiiek Fruits — Small fruit very poor crop.

Cattle — Usual number raised in the county.

Horses — Increase in number of horses.

Swine — Large increase in number of swine.

Poultry — General increase.

Bees — Have done well, good yield of honey.

Drainage — Considerable tileing and ditching done the past year.

Lands — ^Value Increased, average price $75.00 per acre.

Report of Fair — Held at Sheldon, August 2-9. Large attendance, good
exhibits and attractions, races were well filled and were enjoyed by the
people.

PAGE.

J. C. Beckner, Clarinda, October 15, 1907.

Corn — Fair.
Oats — ^Very poor.
Wheat — Average crop.
Rye — Average crop.
Barley — Average crop.
Flax — None raised.
Timothy — Fair yield.
Pbaieie Hay — Good yield.
Potatoes — Poor.
Vegetables — Fair.
Apples — Poor yield.

Other Fruits — Strawberries, raspberries and blackberries average
crop.

Cattle — Average number of cattle in the county.

Horses — There seems to be a few more colts than usual.

Swine — Average number of swine.

Sheiep — About the usual number.

Poultry — About the same in this vicinitj'.

PAGE.

A. W. Goldberg, Shenandoah, October 17, 1907.

General Condition of Crops and Season — Good in every respect ex-
cepting light oats.
Corn — Very good.
Oats — Light.
Wheat — Above average.
Rye — Good.

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART XI. 797

Barley — Not much raised.

Flax — None raised.

Buckwheat — None raisod.

Millet — None raised.

Sorghum — None raised.

Timothy — Light yield.

Clover — Fair yield.

Prairie Hay — Not much to cut in this county.

Potatoes — Medium yield and a good quality.

Vegetables — Fairly good.

Apples— Poor.

Other Fruits — Poor.

Cattle — Good supply and high priced.

Horses — High priced.

Swine — Average number.

Sheep — Not many in the county.

Poultry — Extra good.

Bees — Fairly good.

Drainage — Well drained out.

Lands — High priced, and gradually on the raise.

Report of Fair — Held at Shenandoah, August 12-16. Large attendance.
Program carried out to the letter and everybody felt gratified with the
result. Voted extension of charter for twenty years.

PALO ALTO.
F. H. Wexls, Emmetsbubg, October 22, 1907.

General Condition of Crops and Season — The dry warm weather in
the early spring put the land in such shape that it could be cultivated
and crops put in. May and June were cold and wet, damaging corn, small
grain and fruit. September and October have been dry and corn ripened
nicely. Small grains of all kinds are of light weight and will average
about sixty per cent of a full crop. Corn will average little over one-
half a crop and the quality varies according to drainage, etc.

Corn — Wet weather during cultivating season done great damage to
the corn crop. Figuring total acreage planted it will average little better
than fifty per cent of a full crop.

Oats — Will average about 26 pounds per bushel and the yield was
from twenty to forty bushels per acre.

Wheat — ^Very little raised, yield about fourteen bushels per acre.

Rye — ^Very little raised.

Barley — Barley was the best small grain crop this year, yielding from
thirty to forty bushels per acre. The quality good, but badly colored.

Flax — Not much raised.

Buckwheat — ^None raised.

798 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

MrLLET — On high ground very good, but on low ground in most cases
a total failure.

Sorghum — None raised.

Timothy — Good quality averaging from one and one-half to two and
one-half tons per acre. Well cured and very little rained on.

Clover — Old clover is good crop, but new seeding very light.

Prairie Hay — Good yield and nearly all cut in season to make good
salable hay.

PoTATOES^ — Potatoes are yielding fairly well, but are rotting on ac-
count of wet weather. Most of the potatoes are free from scab and the
later varieties are nearly all sound.

Vegetables — Large crop and good quality.

Apples — The apple crop is large. Wealthy, Snow, Plumb Cider and
Hass of large size and well colored. Walbridge and Famouse small and
pale.

Other Fruits — Plumbs were a failure on account of frost. Rasp-
berries a small crop, and gooseberries about an average crop.

Cattle — We have many herds that are headed by prize takers and in-
dividual animals that are good enough to be shown at the large shows.

Horses- — At least six car loads of draft horses varying in price from
$125 to $200 each have been shipped out of this county.

Swine — Chester White, Duroc Jersey and Poland China are the leaders
among our farmers. Our farmers are dipping their hogs which proves
to be successful method of keeping out cholera.

Sheep — This branch of stock raising is in its infancy in this county.

Poultry — Much money is lost by neglecting the poultry.

Bb:es — None kept.

Drainage — This county has twenty-three drainage districts established
or in the course of establishment, and large tracts of land otherwise un-
productive are being made ready for cultivation.

Lands — Are selling quite readily at prices ranging from $45.00 to $80
per acre.

Report of Fair — Held at Emmetsburg, September 17-20. Attendance
was good, and the exhibits of horses, cattle, swine and agricultural pro-
ducts were the best in the history of our fair.

POCAHONTAS.
John Forbes, Fonda, October 18, 1907.

Genhsal Condition of Crops and Season — Below the average of formal-
years.

Corn — The yield will not be as large as last season, will average about
thirty-five bushels per acre.

Oats — ^Quality very poor, about half a crop.

Wheat — Not much raised in this county.

Rye — Yield good, but very little raised.

Barley — Good quality and fair yield.

Flax — Very little raised.

Buckwheat — Small acreage, but good yield.

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI. 799

Millet — Good.

Sorghum — Good.

Timothy — Fair yield.

Clover — Fair crop.

Prairie Hay — Liglitcr crop than last season.

Potatoes — Yield about an average, good quality.

Vegetables — Good.

Apples — The largest and best crop ever raised in the county.

Other Fruits — Good crop.

Cattle — Are doing well and in good condition for winter. Very few
on feed.

Horses — Command a good price, and are scarce.

Swine — About the usual number raised, some dying with cholera.

Sheep — Increased number and doing well.

Poultry — Great many raised and doing well.

Bees — Good.

Drainage — More tiling and ditching has been done this season than
ever before.

Lands — Advancing .in price and a great many sales reported.

Report of Fair — Held at Fonda, August 6-9. Weather very threatening
first two days, but on a whole a larger attendance than for many years.

POTTAWATTAMIE.
Caleb Smith, Avoca, October , 1907.

General Condition of Crops and Season — Crops were about an aver-
age with former years. Dry weather during June and July retarded the
growth of young clover, grass and pasture. Favorable season for har-
vesting hay.

Corn — About an average crop. Considerable replanting being done and
a thin stand.

Oats — An average yield, but of light weight.

Wheat — Both winter and spring wheat raised, but average not up
to former years.

Rye — Very little raised.

Barley — Good quality but very little raised.

Flax — None raised.

Buckwheat — None raised.

Sorghum — None raised.

Timothy — Light yield, but of good quality.

Clover — Yield medium, but of good quality.

Prairie Hay- — Average yield, quality good.

Potatoes — On account of dry weather the yield was light, but quality
was good.

Vegetables — Season was a little too dry, but of good quality.

Apples — Early varieties yielded a good crop, but the late ones hardly
enough for home consumption.

Other Fruits — Cherries, plums, blackberries and strawberries were
plentiful and of good quality. Some peaches grown.

800 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE.

Cattle — Receive a great deal attention and a majority of the slock
raisers have a pure bred at the head of their herd. Dairying is carried
on extensively in this vicinity.

Horses— Command a good price and have done well. More interest
is being paid to the care and breeding of horses than formerly.

Sheep— Very few raised, but more interest taken in them than in the

past.

Poultry— A growing industry, carried on mostly by the farmer's wives

and daughters.

Lands — Advancing in price. Good land two to four miles from town
selling at $125 to $130 per acre.

Report of Fair— Held at Avoca, September 10-13. The gate receipts
show a larger attendance than any other meeting in the history of the
Association. The stock exhibits were better than usual and exhibitors
and horsemen were well pleased with the treatment they received.

POWESHISK.
James Nowak, Malcom, October 28, 1907.

General Condition of Crops and Season — The season was very late
and backward, fruits of all kinds were killed by late frosts.

Corn — Planting was late and the acreage less than usual on account
of the wet weather. Owing to early frosts some corn will be soft. Yield
thirty-two and a half bushels per acre.

Oats — ^Yield light, quality poor; price high.

Wheat — Medium crop of fair quality. Price $1.00 per bushel.

Rye — Very good fair crop; good price.

Barley — Fair in quality, yield and price.

Flax — ^Very little raised.

Buckwheat — Fairly good.

Millet — ^Very good.

Sorghum — Fair crop, good quality.

Timothy — Fair crop and good price.

Clover — Good crop and good prices.

Prairie Hay — Fair crop and good quality; price very good.

Other Grains and Grasses — Pastures have been excellent since the
middle of August; plenty of rain.

Potatoes — ^Very good yield; good quality. Price seventy-five cents per
bushel.

Vegetable's — ^Very scarce on account of late spring.

Apples — Very light crop and quality not first class; prices high.

Other Fruits — Light yield.

Cattle — Have done well. Supply about normal. Prices high.
■ Horses — Prices higher than last year. Good horses command quick
sale and high prices.

Swine — Have not done as well as last year. Some cholera reported
since September 15th. Prices high.

Sheep — Have had a good year; prices good.

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART XI. 801

Poultry — Poultry higher in price than ever before; eggs high in
price all season.

Bees — Light crop of honey.

Drainage — Much tiling being laid every year. The new road law is a
success where put in operation.

Lands — Good farms are selling at from $100 to $140 per acre.

Report of Fair — Held at Malcolm, August 20-22. The weather was
fine but the attendance was somewhat diminshed owing to the farmers
being engaged in threshing. Exhibits in general were good; racing was
excellent and the people were satisfied with the management of the fair.
A fine new swine barn was erected during the past season at a cost of
several hundred dollars.

POWESHIEK.
I. S. Bailey, Jr., Grinnell, September 23, 1908.

General Condition of Crops and Season — Condition of crops fair; sea-
son was backward and a large amount of rainfall during the summer
months.

Corn — About two-thirds of a crop. Not all out of danger of frosts at
this writing; about two weeks needed to ripen it properly.

Oats — Very poor crop; light in weight, yielding from ten to thirty
bushels per acre.

Wheat — Very poor crop of wheat; yield about ten to fifteen bushels
per acre.

Rye — Very fair crop of rye.

Barley — Fair crop.

Flax — None raised.

Buckwheat — Very little raised; fair crop.

Millet — Good crop.

Sorghum — Good crop, but very little raised.

Timothy' — Good crop and put up in good condition.

Clover — Good, and put up in good condition.

Prairie Hay — None raised.

Other Grains and Grasses — Good.

Potatoes — Good; not as large acreage as usual.

Vegetables — Good.

Apples — ^Very poor crop.

Other Fruits — Very poor.

Cattle — Fine condition; pastures have been .excellent throughout the
season.

Horses — In fine condition.

Swine — Good condition; not as many on hand as at this time a year
ago.

Sheep — Good condition small flocks.

Poultry — In good condition, many raised and prices high.

Bees — In good condition and a large amount of honey secured this
season.
51

802 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Deainage — Large amount of tile being used each year, bringing into
cultivation many hundreds of acres of our best land.

Other Industries — Manufacturing industries increasing from year to
year.

Lands— Selling from $90 to $228.50 per acre.

Report of Fair — Held at Grinnell, September 3-5, 1907. Weather good
and attendance large; exhibits larger than ever before.

SAC.
Ed Welch, Jr., Sac City, September 27, 1907.

Corn — Fair.

Oats — Light.

Wheat — Fair.

Rye — Light.

Barley — Light.

Flax — None raised.

Buckwheat — Fair.

Millet — Good.

Sorghum — Fair.

Timothy — Light.

Clover — Light.

Prairie Hay — Fair.

Potatoes— Fair.

Vegetables — Quite good.

Apples — Average crop.

Other Fruits — Light yield.

Cattle — Generally in good condition; quite a number have died with
"Black Leg"; vaccination has checked the disease in most of the herds.

Horses — Good condition.

Swine — Considerable sickness among the swine in this locality, caused
by worms and kidney trouble.

Sheep — Good.

Poultry — Good.

Bees — Good.

Drainage — Considerable tiling and drainage work done past season.

Other iNousTRiES-^Canning factory at this point canned 1,250,000
cans of corn. Cement tile factory furnish a large number of drain tile
and a fine durable stone.

Report of Fair — Held at Sac City, August 13-16.

SHELBY.

W. E. Cooper, Harlan, October 14, 1907.

General Condition of Crops and Season — Somewhat below the aver-
age. The early spring was dry and cold retarding the growth of all kinds
of crops.

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI. 803

Corn — A fair stand with about the usual acreage. Good quality, with
but few fields injured by the frost. Yield a little below that of last
year.

Oats — Below the average both in quality and quantity. Early oats
almost a failure, and late oats about two-thirds of a crop.

Wheat — Fair quality. About the usual acreage and yield.

Rye — Not much sown except for hog pasture.

Barley — About the usual yield and of good quality. Acreage not up
to former years.

Flax — Not much sown.

Buckwheat — Good yield but very little sown.

Millet — Small acreage.

Sorghum — Small amount raised average quality.

Timothy — About one-half crop, but of good quality.

Clover — The crop for hay was good, but not much cut for seed.

Potatoes — Good quality, about one-half crop, and price double from
last year.

Vegetables — All an average crop.

Apples — Y'ield below the average, but of good quality.

Other Fruits — Light crop.

Cattle — Not as many steers on feed as usual. Our farmers have some
very fine herds of pure bred cattle, some of which are the finest in th*^
state.

Horses — High prices for horses has stimulated the breeders to raise
more colts than In former years. All standard breeds are represented.
Buyers are busy picking up horses for the eastern market.

Swine — The number of spring pigs a little below the average. Not
much disease among the hogs in this county.

Sheep — Very few in the county.

Poultry — Plentiful and high priced.

Bees — Not many in the county.

Drainage — Good.

Other Industries — Brick plant, gas engine factory, loom factory, rug
factory and canning factory located at the county seat furnish employ-
ment for about one hundred men.

Lands — Advancing in price, market value fully $10 per acre more
than last year.

Report of Fair — Held at Harlan, September 17-20. Attendance largest
in history of the association. The fair was a success in every particular,
largest and best exhibit of stock and the fastest field of horses ever on
the grounds.

SIOUX.

H. Slikkerveer, Orange City, October 17, 1907.

General Condition of Crops and Season — Crops below the average.
The early spring was dry and then it came on wet and cold and done
considerable damage to corn and other crops.

Corn — "Will yield from thirty to forty bushels per acre.

804 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Oats — Very light in weight, will yield from twenty to forty bushels
per acre.

Wheat — Will average about twelve bushels per acre.

Rye — None raised in this locality this year.

Baeley — Will yield from twenty-eight to thirty bushels per acre.

Flax — None raised.

Buckwheat— None grown.

Millet — Average crop.

Sorghum — Small acreage, but yielded a good crop.

Timothy — Above the average crop.

Clover — Above the average crop.

Prairie Hay — Very little to cut except low land hay.

Other Graixs axd Grasses — Good.

Potatoes — Below the average.

Vegetables — Very good.

Apples — Poor quality and about sixty per cent of a full crop.

Other Fruits — Below the average.

Cattle — In good condition.

Horses — Have done well.

Swine — Number of pigs a little below the average and some cholera
in different localities.

Sheep — Have done well and are in good condition.

PoL^LTRY" — Have done fairly well this year.

Bees — Have not done as well as usual, not very much honey.

Drainage — Natural condition, and nature of soil are such that do not
require much drainage.

Other Industries — Dairy farming and gardening have been profitable
the past season.

Lands — Good demand for land, and price ranges from $85 to $100 per
acre.

Report of Fair — Held at Orange City, September 18-20. The attendance
was the largest in the history of our society. All the exhibits were good
with the exception of the cattle exhibit which was not quite up to the
average. The last day of the fair was designated as "Holden Day" and
Prof. Holden of Ames delivered one of his splendid lectures on corn which
was instructive and pleasing to our farmers. Racing and other attractions
were good and all those in attendance were well pleased with the fair. We
allow no gambling or games of chance of any kind on the grounds.

STORY.

F. H. Greenawalt, Ne\'ada, October 23, 1907.

Condition of Crops and Season — The season has been favorable, al-
though not a banner year. We will have a fine crop.

Corn — Average number of acres planted. Inclined to be soft, but will
mature fairly well. Will yield about forty-five to fifty bushels per acre

Oats — Usual acreage. Will yield about twenty-five bushels per acre, but
are light in weight.

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI. 805

Wheat — Very little raised. Small acreage of winter wheat and went
as high as forty bushels to the acre.

Rye — Small acreage, but will yield well.

Barley — None raised.

Buckwheat- — None raised.

Millet — Only small patches raised.

SoKGHUM — Small acreage raised.

Timothy — Small acreage.

Clover — Good crop.

Prairie Hay — Good crop, but less of it to cut each year.

Potatoes — Not as good as usual, will yield about one hundred to one
hundred and twenty-five bushels per acre.

Vegetables — Good crop.

Apples — Good crop.

Other Fruits — Short crop.

Cattle — An exceptionally fine lot of well bred cattle raised this year.

Horses — There is a large number of good horses in the county. '

Swine — We have lost about one-half of our hogs from cholera.

Sheep — Have done well.

Poultry — A greater number of chickens are being raised each year.
Many farmers raise from 500 to 1,000 and a few as many as 2,000 each
year.

Bees — Did not do well.

Drainage — The county is becoming thoroughly tiled, and several large
open ditches have been put in during the past few years.

Lands — Increasing in value. Sales run from $100 to $137 per acre.

Report of Fair — Held at Nevada, September 24-27. Good attendance.
We had a good fair and it was a financial success. We run a purely agri-
cultural fair, no races.

TAMA.
A. G. Smith, Toledo, October , 1907.

General Condition of Crops and Season — On account of the cold wet
weather during May and June the wheat and barley crops are the only
ones that made creditable showing.

Corn — Larger acreage planted than last year, but on account of so much
being drowned out on low and wet lands the acreage to be harvested will
be about the same as last season. Cold weather and rain during the
months of May and June made a poor stand and will reduce the yield
to about forty-five bushels per acre.

Oats — Damaged by hot weather and rain during time they were ripen-
ing. Will average about twenty bushels per acre.

Wheat — Not a general crop in this locality. Spring wheat averagea
about fifteen bushels per acre and was of good quality; winter not as
good quality and averaged about twenty bushels.

Barley- — About the usual acreage and yield about twenty-five bushels
per acre. Slightly colored and weighed about forty-three pounds to the
bushel.

806 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Flax — Practically none raised in the county.

Buckwheat — But little raised in this section.

Millet— Only a few patches and a general thing they were caught by
the frost.

SoEGHTJM — Very little grown.

Timothy — Good yield and of a good quality.

Clo\t:r — Old clover badly winter killed, but yielded well where not
killed. 1907 seeding good stand.

Praieie Hay — Practically none in the county.

Potatoes — Generally good quality but inferior yield. Selling for
double the price they brought last season.

Vegetables — Fair yield; damaged some by hail during month of July.
Tomatoes were slow to ripen.

Apples — Almost a failure, but bring good price.

Other Fruits — Small yield. Few plums or cherries. Early grapes
ripened evenly, but the later ones were damaged by hail and ripened un-
even;

Cattle — In good condition and are bringing good prices.

Horses — In good condition, and a large number of colts were raised.
Good prices are being paid for all grades.

Swine — No epidemic. Not quite the usual number of pigs raised.
Prices good.

Sheep — Gradual increase in number and of a good breed.

Poultry — Heavy rains during the months of May and June were fatal
to about thirty-five per cent of chickens hatched. Eggs brought a good
price all the season.

Bees — Have not produced the usual amount of honey.

Drainage — A large amount of tile has been laid during the past
season.

Other Industries — The usual amount of corn cannned and about two-
thirds the usual amount of tomatoes.

Lands— ^Show an increase of ten or fifteen per cent in value.

Report of Fair — Held at Toledo, September 24-27. Pair entries in
ihorse, cattle, swine, sheep and poultry departments. Creditable exhibits
in all other departments. Receipts were about equal to expenses. If the
rain had held off that drove the crowd away the last days of the fair
we would have had a nice balance in the treasury to make some mucli
needed improvements.

TAYLOR.

P. N. Lewis, Bedford, September 14, 1907.

General Condition of Crops and Season — Very backward.
Corn — About two-thirds of a full crop and late in maturing.
Oats — Light weight and about one-half a crop.
Wheat — Grood average crop for this locality.
Rye — An average crop.
Barley — Very little raised.

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI. 807

Flax — None raised.
Buckwheat — None raised.
Millet — Good crop.
SoRGHTJM — Good crop.
Timothy — Fair crop.

Prairie Hay — Not much to cut in thiis locality.
Potatoes — About one-half crop.
Vegetables — Good average crop.
Apples — Very poor crop.
Other Fruits — About one-fourth crop.

Cattle — Number and condition compares favorably with former years.
Horses — Good breeds are being raised and command good prices.
Swine — Very good.
Sheep — Very good.
Poultry — Extra good.

Bees — About the average amount of honey produced.
Drainage — Poo r .

Lands — Gradually increasing in value.

Report of Fair — Held at Bedford, September 3-6. Good attendance,
good exhibits and a success financially.

UNION.

J. M. McCoRNACK, Creston, October 2, 1907.

General Condition of Crops and Season — All crops will fall slightly
below an average crop. Dry weather early in the season cut the hay
crop short and retarded the growth of all crops.

Corn — Little more than an average acreage, and it is estimated that
it will be an average yield. Quality is good.

Oats — The yield is not quite up to the average.

Wheat — Slight increase in acreage and a fair yield.

Rye — Fair yield on acreage sown, but not much raised in this county.

Barley — None raised.

Flax — None raised.

Buckwheat — A fair yield on the small patches that were sown.

Millet — The yield is above the average, but very little sown.

Sorghum — Good yield, but very little grown.

Timothy — Late rains this season resulted in a light crop, although the
■quality is good.

Clover — An excellent crop of fall clover, although little of it was cut
for seed.

Prairie Hay — None.

Other Grains and Grasses — Some attention is being paid to alfalfa,
but it has not been tried long enough to determine whether it will be a
profitable crop.

Potatoes — Good quality and a little above the average yield.

Vegetables — An excellent crop of all kinds of vegetables.

Apples — Almost an entire failure on account of frost.

808 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Othee Fruits — Large amount of small fruit grown.

Cattle — Number slightly below an average. In excellent condition
and much attention is being paid to the breeding of better cattle in this
section.

HoESES — There is an increase in the number of foals and horses in the
county, and a great many are being shipped to the eastern markets at
very good prices. Attention is being paid to better breeds of draft
horses.

Swine — Attention is being paid to better breeds of swine. Number
of swine in the county is slightly below the average.

Sheep — Large number are being shipped in for feeding purposes, and
a greater number are being raised locally than in past years.

PouLTEY — Largely on the increase with good results to the producer
and greater profits for the money invested than any other product from
the farm.

Bees — But little attention is being paid to the bee industry.

Drainage — More tiling is being done than in any one season in the
past.

Other Industries — Dairying is largely on the increase.

Lands — During the past year there has been a good demand for lands
and the price has made a steady increase.

Report of Fair — Held at Creston, August 20-23. Attendance very
light. Good live stock exhibit, but lack of interest shown by the farmers
in the agricultural exhibits.

VAN BUREN.

D. A. Miller, Milton, Octobee 1, 1907.

General Condition of Crops and Season — Good.
Corn — Fine crop excepting low lands.
Oats — More than average yield.
Wheat — Above average.
Rye — An excellent crop.
Barley — Not much grown.
Flax — Not much grown.
Buckwheat — Fair crop.
Millet — Excellent yield.
Sorghum — Good.
Timothy — About one-half crop.
Clover — Below average.
Prairie Hay— Good crop.
Potatoes — About one-half crop.
Vegetables — Good .
Apples — Almost a failure.

Other Fruits — Almost a failure excepting small fruits which were
good.

Cattle — Up to the average number and condition.
Horses — Good condition and usual number.
Swine — Good.

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI. 809

Sheep — Good.

Poultry — More raised each season.
Drainage — Excellent.
Lands — All advancing -in value.

Report of Fair — Held at Milton, September 17-20. One of the most
successful fairs ever held by association.

WAPELLO.

H. R. Baker, Eldon, October 10, 1907.

General Condition of Crops and Season — Season very unfavorable
during spring months on account of cold wet weather; later part of season
more favorable and crops are good.

Corn — Large acreage and the indications are that it will yield from
thirty to sixty bushels per acre.

Oats — Fair yield and good prices.

Wheat — Small acreage, but yield and quality good.

Rye — Very little raised; yield and quality good.

Barley — Very little raised.

Flax — None raised.

Buckwheat — Very little grown.

Millet — What little there was sown made a good crop.

Sorghum — Small amount sown for feed and yielded well.

Timothy — Good crop, but weather was unfavorable about harvest time
and considerable of it damaged.

Clover — Good crop. Splendid second growth although there was not
much cut for seed.

Prairie Hay — Very little to cut in this locality.

Other Grains and Grasses — Some are experimenting with alfalfa and it
is doing well.

Potatoes — Fair crop and of good quality.

Vegetables — Very good crop.

Apples — Scarce and high in price.

Other Fruits — Very little raised on account of late frosts during the
spring.

Cattle — Are in better than average condition on account of excellent
fall pasture. Also a noticable improvement in breeding.

Horses — In good condition, and good animals command a good price.

Swine — Large number raised and are in a healthy condition.

Sheep — Not many raised in this locality.

Bees — Poor season for the production of honey.

PoLXTRY — Raised quite extensively and there is a noticable improve-
ment in breeding.

Drainage — More than the usual amount of tile laid during the past
season.

Lands — Price ranges from $40 to $125 per acre.

Report of Fair — Held at Eldon, September 4-6. Attendance not quite
up to average.

810 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE.

WARREN.
Lee Talbott, Indianola, September 23, 1907.

General Condition of Crops and Season — The season has been a
fairly favorable one, and all crops will be up to the average.

Corn — A very good crop.

Oats — Fair crop. Early varieties light in weight. Late oats much
best crop this year.

Wheat — A very good crop of both winter and spring wheat.

Rye — Small acreage, but good yield and quality.

Barley — Very little grown.

Flax — None raised.

Buckwheat — None grown.

Millet — None raised.

Sorghum — Very little grown.

Timothy — Good yield and was put up in good condition.

Clover — First cutting not put up in good condition. Second crop good.

Prairie Hay — Small acreage, but quality good.

Potatoes — Early potatoes good, late crop light.

Vegetables — All varieties yielded well.

Apples — A very light yield and of poor quality.

Other Fruits — Cherries and plums almost a failure, other small fruits
a good crop.

Cattle — Farms are well stocked with good breeds of cattle. The
pasturage has been good all season and cattle have done exceptionally
well.

Horses — Large number of the heavy draft breeds raised in this county
and shipped to the eastern markets.

Swine — Usual number in the county and are free from disease.

Sheep — A few are raised in the county and seem to be doing well.

Poultry — Raised in large numbers by all classes of farmers.

Bees — Only a few kept. Have done well this season.

Drainage — Farms are as a general thing well drained.

Lands — Selling from $60 to $125 per acre.

Report of Fair — Held at Indianola, September 3-6. Good attendance.
All departments were well filled with exhibits.

WAYNE.
Edd Aten, Humeston, 1907.

General Condition of Crops and Season — Season was backward In the
early spring, but all crops are up to the average.

Corn — ^Yield and quality was very good excepting a few fields that
were replanted in June. Some fields yielded seventy-five bushels per
acre.

Oats — Early oats made the best crop and would weigh out. Average
yield from twenty to forty bushels per acre.

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI. 811

Wheat — Not raised to any great extent. Twenty bushels per acre
consdered a good crop.

Rye — Small acreage, but yielded a very good crop.

Baeley — Very little raised.

Flax — None raised.

Buckwheat — Very good, but not much raised.

Millet — Only small patches, but yielded a good crop.

Sorghum — Not much raised.

Timothy — Good yield and was put up under favorable conditions.

Clover — Farmers begin to realize the value of clover. Acreage small,
but yielded well.

Pkairie Hay' — Most of the land is under cultivation consequently not
much to cut.

Other Grains and Grasses — Excellent crop of blue grass.

Potatoes — About an average crop, and are selling at seventy-five cents
per bushel.

Vegetables — Good.

Apples — Fair crop. Plenty of winter apples.

Other Fruits — Fair crop. Good yield of grapes.

Cattle — Large number of young cattle raised past year. In good con-
dition and is our principal industry.

Horses — Large number raised for the eastern markets and nearly all
from well bred stallions.

Swine — Large number of the good breeds raised, and are free from
disease.

Sheep — More interest shown in raising sheep, and they have done well
the past season.

Poultry — Have yielded a better profit on the amount of money in-
vested than any product on the farm.

Bees — Have done fairly well.

Drainage — Not much needed in this locality.

Lands — Command good prices and are steadily increasing in value.

WINNEBAGO.

J. A. Peters, Forest City, October 19, 1907.

General Condition of Crops and Season — Some very wet periods,
and the temperature was considerable below the normal every month
during the growing season. All crops will be just about up to the
average.

Corn — More attention is being paid to breeding up seed com. Will
average about thirty-five bushels per acre.

Oats — Light in weight and yield, run about twenty-five bushels per
acre.

Wheat — Good quality, but very little raised.

Rye — Not much raised.

Barley — Exceptionally good quality and fair yield.

Flax — None raised.

812 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Buckwheat — ^Very little raised.

Millet — Small acreage, but good yield.

Sorghum — Very little raised except for fodder which yielded well.

Timothy — Yielded about two tons per acre, and about five bushels
of seed per acre.

Clover — None raised for seed. Hay crop good.

Prairie Hay — Yielded two tons per acre and of fine quality.

Potatoes — Average yield and bring a good price.

Vegetables — An average yield.

Apples — About 10,000 bushels were marketed this season. Wealthy,
Hibernal, Northwest Greenings, Patons Greenings and Longfield prin-
cipal varieties.

Other Fruits — Small fruits and berries were an average crop.

Cattle — Herds show more attention is being paid to breeding.

Horses — Are in great demand and our farmers are raising a great
many colts.

SwixE — Principal breeds are Poland China, Berkshire and Dujoc
Jerseys.

Sheep — Only a few are raised in this locality.

Poultry — A greater interest is being taken in full bloods.

Bees — Only a few aparies. Poor season for bees.

Drainage — Many large county ditches are being put in and a large
number of tile are being laid.

Lands — Taking value of land into consideration, the prices paid for
land in this county are lower than in any of the surrounding counties.

Report of Fair — Held at Forest City, October 1 to 3. Rain on entry
day kept away several exhibitors, but nevertheless the exhibits were
the finest we ever had. We will be able to pay out in full without
leaving much, if any, deficit.

WINNEBAGO.

J. P. BOYD, BUTFALO CENTER, OCTOBER 15, 1907.

General Condition of Crops and Season — Taken as a whole the
season was quite a favorable one.

Corn — Sixty-five per cent of average crop, with fifty per cent matured
before frost.

Oats — About sixty-five per cent of of an average crop, testing from
twenty to thirty pounds.

Wheat — About eighty-five per cent of an average crop.

Rye — Practically none grown.

Barley — Very little grown though an average crop.

Flax — Small acreage with an average crop.

Buckwheat — Very little raised.

Millet — Small acreage but the yield was heavy.

Sorghum — Practically none raised.

Timothy — Average crop of hay and fully as good as last year, about
half the amount cut for seed as last year.

CLo^^:R — Average crop cut for hay, practically none cut for seed.

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 813

Prairie Hay — Exceptionally good.

Potatoes — Yield per acre very large and of good quality.

Vegetables — All kinds did exceptionally well.

Apples — Yielded a large crop although very few are raised in this
part of the county.

Cattle — Number raised is increasing each year, noticable improve-
ment in the breeding.

Horses — Have done well; better grades are being raised each year.

SwixE — A big increase in swine raising with improvement in tne
grade of stock.

Sheep — Very few here but of good breeding.

Poultry — All grades raised extensively.

Bees — Honey crop good but the industry is not engaged in extensively.

Drainage — A great interest is being taken in drainage and several
county drainage districts have been established.

Lands — While we have as good land as can be found for agricultural
purposes; the price is very cheap considering other localities.

Report of Fair — Held at Buffalo Center, September 24 to 26. Ex-
hibits and races were good. The attendance was good and the fair was
a success financially the first time for several years.

WINNESHIEK.
E. A. Waterbury, Decorah, September 30, 1907.

General Condition of Crops and Season — Crops generally fair; sea-
son cold, wet and backward.

Corn — About two-thirds of an average crop; some not matured yet.

Oats — About half a crop and light weight.

Wheat — Very little raised.

Rye — Only raised for feed.

Barley — Fair crop; average yield and fine quality.

Flax — Good crop and good quality.

Buckwheat — None raised.

Millet — None raised.

Sorghum — None raised.

Timothy — Fair crop and fine quality.

Clover — Not a successful crop, winter killed.

Other Grains and Grasses — Fair crop.

Potatoes — Good yield but considerable complaint of rot.

Vegetables — Good yield and fine quality.

Apples — Big crop of summer apples; winter apples a fair crop and
fair quality.

Other Fruits — Good crop, fair quality.

Cattle — Fine condition; prices high.

Horses — Scarce; market twenty-five per cent higher than one year ago.

Swine — No disease reported; prices range from $5.00 to $5.75.

Sheep — Not many raised; condition good; prices high.

Poultry — Plenty of poultry and in fine condition; prices high.

814 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Bees — Honey scarce and high.

Drainage— County very rough and thoroughly drained naturally.

Othee Industries — Everything prosperous; no failures.

Lands— Prices range from$50 to $80 per acre.

Report of Fair— Held at Decorah, September 10 to 13. Fine weather;
good attendance; most successful fair in years. All premiums and
expenses paid in full and surplus left.

WORTH.
E. H. MnxER, NoETHwooD, October 3, 1907.

General Condition of Crops and Season — Crops medium; season wet
and cold.

Corn — Poor and damaged by frost.

Oats — Light in yield and weight.

Wheat — Not much raised but good quality.

Rye — Very little raised.

Barley — Fair yield but poor quality.

Flax — Medium crop.

Buckwheat — Injured by frost.

Millet — Good crop.

Sorghum — None.

Timothy — Medium crop.

Clover — Only average.

Prairie Hay — Only medium.

Potatoes — Yielded fairly well but are rotting.

Vegetables — Good.

Apples — Good in quality and quantity.

Cattle — Average number; quality improving.

Horses — Scarce and high.

Swine — Good; average number.

Sheep — Not many raised.

Poultry — PI enti f ul .

Bees — Have done poorly.

Drainage — Farmers are just beginning to tile and much will be done
next year.

Lands — Not advancing but holding their own.

Report of Fair — Held at Northwood, September 23 to 25. Weather
somewhat unfavorable for good attendance. Hope to pay all premiums.

WRIGHT.

0. P. Morton, Clarion, October 1, 1907.

General Condition of Crops and Season — Spring was cold and dry
and vegetation was very late; heavy rains and destructive hailstorms
In July and killing frost September 25th.

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI. 815

Corn — Fields weedy and crop late; not over elghty-per cent matured
at time of frost; about sixty per cent of a full crop.

Oats — Averaged twenty-five bushels per acre and tested twenty-seven
pounds.

Wheat — Yielded thirteen bushels per acre of No. 3 grade.

Rye — Very little raised.

Barley — Yielded twenty-four bushels per acre .

Flax — Very little raised.

Buckwheat — Very little raised.

Millet — Little raised.

Sorghum — Little raised.

Timothy — Seventy-five per cent of crop.

Clover — Good full crop but owing to frequent rains was put up in
poor condition.

Prairie Hay — Eighty-five per cent of full crop, good quality.

Potatoes — Will make eighty per cent of a full crop.

Vegetables — Fairly good.

Apples — Good crop of Wealthy apples but other varieties poor; crop
sixty-five per cent of crop.

Other Fruits — Plums and cherries almost a failure, other fruits gen-
erally good.

Cattle — Healthy and in good condition.

Horses — Good condition.

Swine — Generally healthy; about seventy -five per cent of pig crop.

Sheep — Healthy.

Poultry — Crop was late but the average number of chickens raised;
turkey crop light.

Bees — A poor season for honey.

Drainage — A large number of drains are being constructed and over
twenty county ditches have been dug or are contracted for varying In'
length from three to twenty-nine miles.

Lands — Not much land changing hands but sales have been made
recently at prices ranging from $52.50 to $100 per acre.

Report of Fair — Held at Clarion, September 3 to 6, with good ex-
hibits and attractions; receipts suflBcient to pay expenses.

816

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

1907 FINANCIAL STATEMENTS OF COUNTY AND DIS

County or District

Receipts

Adair

Adair District

Adams

Allamaliee

Audubon

Benton

Black Hawli— La Porte City District

Boone

Boone — Driving Park Association

Buclianan

Buena Vista

Butler

Calhoun

Cass

Cass— Massena District

Cedar— Tipton Fair Association

Cerro Gordo — Northern la. Agr'l Soc.

Chicksaw— Big Four Fair

Clayton

Clayton— Strawberry Point District-
Clayton— Elkader Association

Clinton

Clinton — Clinton District

Crawford

Davis

Delaware

Emmet— Bstherville Society

Fayette

Floyd

Franklin

Guthrie

Hamilton

Hancock

Hardin

Harrison

Henry

Henry- Winfield Association

Humboldt

Iowa

Iowa — Victor District

Iowa — Williamsburg Association

Jackson

Jasper

Jefferson

Jones

Jones — Anamosa Association

Keokuk— What Cheer District

Kossuth

Lee

Lee — West Point District

Linn — Wapsie Valley Association .-

Louisa — Wapello District

Louisa— Columbus Junction District

Lyon

Madison

Mahaska — New Sharon District

Marion — Lake Prairie District

Marshall

Marsall— Eden District

Mills

Mitchell

Jlonona

Muscatine — Union District

Muscatine — Wilton Association

O'Brien

O'Brien— Sheldon District

Page— Clarinda Association

Page — Shenandoah Association

Palo Alto

« a (8
a osi

279.80
268. 3S
364,28

25.40
11.49
85.15
44.88
144.40

1,170.87
393.99
22.71
71.69
199.64
136.94

153.35

2.65
64.74

24.61

60.50

46.85

7.70

13.49

11.51

209.00
131.14

68.08
300.00
247.51
358.10
132.54

39 60
195 56

20.20

21.41

769.. 38

442.11

44.11

1,123.04

124.31
358.38

115.70

433.87
391.66
128.56

« 2 S
o S o

— a fci

2,506.30
882.85
3,525.00
2,523,90
3,145.93
1,987.68

1,232.20
936.40
1,962.95
6,207.40
3,920.98
2,896.40
3,736.07
3,196.89
2,515.15
7,917.33
3,191.95
3,610.75
3,126.46
2,972.95
4,4.53.13
6,174.03
1,014.80
3,147.68
3,202.65
1,697.03
3,721.31
3,201.62
2,553.39
2,510.15
2,286.55
1,573.75
5,038.90
2,671.65
6,63;. 8,1
3,281.44
2,338.74
3,223.82
1,874.00
2,727.85
5,537.50
4,002.40
3,0)0.00
4,837.20
6,521.20
3,788.71
9,118.20
2.157.55
2,524.77
3,577.10
2.423.95
3,161.00
11,541.14
3,498.32
3,527.50
3,055.38
8,457.23
1,007.90
3,442.65
3,655.80
2, .308. 00
4,637.80
2,709.66
3,111.38
5, (.33.25
5,574.&4
6,484.45
2.042.95

4) 0.2
2 ft(8

200.00
159.86
200.00
160.60
200.00
126.80

200.00
112.80
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
92.10
200.00
151.60
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
139.38
200.00
200.00
18). 80
200.00
200.00
200.00
173.18
160.00
200.00
201.00
200.00
200.00
151.10
200.00
200.00
200.00
197.58
125.87
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
196.73
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
183.90

706. :»
042.71
0O4.8J
9.50.82
710.21
114.48

432.20
0i9.20
162.95
432.80
132.47
181.55
980.95
541.29
715.15
117.3:5
562.82
204.74
.349.17
244.64
S52.77
510.97
106.90
3!7.a8
383. 9
8)7.03
074.63
404.27
818.13
710.15
450.54
773.75
299.40
908.30
841.51
497.93
538.74
411.51
343.00
058.9)
835.53
502.40
537.. 51
349.40
853.74
082.31
513.76
375.33
672.05
777.10
623.95
361.00
510.. 50
140.43
771.61
255. .38
780.27
207.90
766.96
214.18
508.00
827.80
906.38
427.08
067.12
166.50
813.01
226.85

EIGHTH AN^'UAL YEAR BOOK— PART Xf.
TRICT FAIRS IN IOWA RECEIVING STATE AID 1907

817

Disbursements

5 <n (U
go , d

"O

as a> g
i* ^ 5

r, C »3

:3 as
o

Profit and Loss

Assets and Liabil-
ities

O .

n

>'0
O

1,705.24

633.73

555.41

1,3&5.40

1,093.98

885.54

$ 635.00 !$

1,045.00

1,038.25

1,309.15

640.00

518.54
399.65
698.50
401.50
520.19
317.00

2,888.78
1,033.38
3,298.91
3,825.15
2,923.33
1,842.54

9,33
705.89
125.67
786.89
271.94

$ 182.48

$ 6,300.00

$ 1,270.00

10,000.00
4,000.00
6,000.00
6,000.00

700.00
2.000.00

1
2

3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24

950.00 25
3,645.60 26
27

666.10

371.97
1,465.55
2,664.35
2,462.06
2,005.46
1,314.88
2,049.53
1,684.90
4,573.11
1,215.2.5
3,213.22
1,533.60
1,678.69
3.967.91
3,743.81

514.00
1,340.33
1,196.98
1,114.10
3,434.67
1,613.36
3,307.93
1,196.85
1,163.03

867.20
3,100.00
1,033.67
3,648.50
1,161.77
1,229.77
1,473.40
1,121.00
1,498.00
3,201.56
1,597.29

811.23
3,553.00
5,162.88
3,210.00
6,857.18

846.52
1,052.33
2,464.04
1,820.11
1,425.00
7,561.70
2,005.12
1,817.67
2,467.64
3,985.37

507.21
1,354.86
2,938.03

710.00
1,452.98
1,175.44
3,056.80
2,863.97
2,756.97
5,146.84

879.10

52

85.00
500.00

2,775.00
790.50
270.00

1,150.00
757.99

1,002.00

1,221.00

610.00
1,105.00
1,347.50
1,270.00
1,385.00

225.00
1,215.00

758.00

442.75

1,000.00

120.00

800.00

508. .50

442.14

1,800.00

1,0.50.00

2,6.50.00

1,272.00

736.00

1,500.00

722.00

727.00

3,270.00

1,5-53.00

3,060.00

835.00

1,067.50

1,500.00

1,610.00

860.00

1,285.00

465.00
990.00
2,981.00
1,200.00
1,350.00
388.50
2,018..50

i,8so"oo

178.00
1,088.75
1,770.00
1,268.00

1.55.00
1,642.50

888.00
1,. 575. 90

888.00

613.70
282.00
613.91
936.00
676.65
605.00

1,037.05
537.25
561.33
913.80
856.00
740.35
655.25
642.55

1,122.30

1,239.75
230.25
892.35
379.00
.573.75
779.75
731.85
664.25
635.15
348.45
540.18
852.25
474.. 50

1,013.70
948.10
727.55
433.95
400.00
639.30
734.20
862.97
717.50
385.25
.568.80
.526.50

1,011.95
493.95
314.68
975.95
681.10

1,006.75
705.00
903.30
.597.87
.578.80

1,416.75
595.. 50
532.10
.540.10
509.25

1,515.50
491.80
534.95
571.25
682.00
880.20
459.75

1,364.80
1,153.97
3,079.46
6,375.35
3,929.23
2,880.46
3,501.93
3,344.77
3,348.23
6,707.91
2,071.25
3,563.51
3,293.85
3,568.74
6,360.21
6,368.56
969.25
3,347.68
2,.333.98
1,687.85
3,657.17
3,345.11
2,992.17
2,622.00
2,019.98
1,849.52
4,752.25
3,558.17
6,312.20
3,381.87
3,693.32
3,406.35
3,243.00
3,864.30
5,205.76
4,013.26
3,608.73
4,753.25
6,799.18
4, 2.36.. 50
9,479.13
2,200.47
3,652.01
3,439.99
2,966.21
3,421.75
11,247.70
4,108.42
3,765.54
3,432.94
7,420.62

i,io3.n

3,766.96
3,656.13
2,308.00
4,738.48
2,935.24
3,746.75
5,077.72
4,326.97
7,602.94
3,226.85

67.40

83.49

57.45
203.24
301.09
479.03
196.52

1,409.42
1,491.57

6,000.00
12,000.00
8,. 500.00
15,000.00
4,500.00
7, .500.00
8,000.00
3,911.34
6,000.00

2,400.00
4,000.00
1,173.. 53

400.00
1,600.00
2,900.00

"s^oooTod

142.41
137.65

324.10
1,507.44

6,000.00
3,000.00
4,500.00
8,000.00
5,.5OO.0O
10,034.10

3,000.00

1,150.00
3,965.00
1,600.00

29.41
209.18
417.49

59.16

"ss'is"

430.53

7,000.00
5,000.00

10,000.00
5,000.00
6,000.00
7,000.00

9.50. OO
1,870.04
1,200.00

547.15
350.13
.529.39
116.03

194.69
629.83
489.14

".593^1.5
54.56

34.63
174.86

20.04
337.11

342.26

60.75

1,262.80

32.01

6.07

"2^359.65
105.19

5.58.05
200.00
89.33

989.40
1,839.53

28.86
319.67

3,000.00
5,000.00

10,000.00

12,000.00
6,000.00
3,000.00
4,500.00
2,000.00
4,500.00

10,000.00
6,000.00
7,000.00
4,500.00

12,000.00
5,000.00
1,. 500. 00
2,000.00
4,400.00
4,500.00
5,000.00
7,000.00

16, 861. .52
6,000.00
6,600.00
7,800.00
5,534.46
2,400.00
5,000.00
4,000.00

12,000.00
5,000.00
1,500.00
3,125.00
3,000.00

10,000.00

12,000.00

i29
.30
i31
32
133
fH
.35
36

37

38

1,500.00.39
.550.00 40

1,100.00
1,100.00

6,400.00

"2J5oTo6
2,400.00
1,800.00
3,700.00

2,. 313. 93 141
3,000.00 42
1,300.00 43
1,600.00 44
,45
2,100.00 46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
53
57
58

.504.04 59
711.76 60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67

2,000.00
400.00
731.56

3,000.00

1,200.00

818

IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE.

1907 FINANCIAL STATEMENTS OF COUNTY AND DIS

County or District

Receipts

70 Pocaontas— Big Four District

71 Pottawattamie

72 Poweshiek at Malcom

73 Poweshiek at Grinnell

74 Sac

75 Shelby

76 ; Sioux

77 , Story

78 ! Taraa

79 Taylor

80 Union— Creston District

81 Van Bnren— Milton District

82 Wapello— Eldon Big Four Ass'n

83 Warren

Si Winnebago— Forest City Association
85 Winnebago— Buffalo Center Ass'n—

Winneshiek

Worth

Wright

48.64
618.31
200.92

97.20
80.95
195.78
200.51

485.82
11.20

Total

For comparison with 1906 statement;
84 Fairs reporting —

3.53

87.51

$ 11,338.32

$ 20,061.26

^ m ft

o O S

tn oj a,

5a £

5,320.20
3,933.88
3.010.83
3,838.20
4,315.55
4,068.68
1,565.77
2,379.85
2,328.53
2,269.87
4,097.30
1,930.35
4,010.60
3,941.90
1,280.29
1,202.20
2,954.86
1,606.05
2,072.75

$298,725.41

$279,427.42

200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
173.46
200.00
187.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
73.64
200.00
200.00
174.30

$ 16,532.61

$ 16,596.23

5,568.84
4,752.19
3,411.75
4,038.20
4,489.01
4,385.88
1,833.74
2,775.63
2,729.04
2,469.87
4,783.12
2,141.55
4,210.60
4,141.90
1,521.90
1,275.84
3,158.39
1,893.56
2,246.95

$ 326,596.34

$ 316,084.91

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART XI.

819

TRICT FAIRS IN IOWA RECEIVING STATE AID 1907— CONTINUED

Disbursements

Profit and Loss

Assets and Liabil-
ities

Miscella-
neous
ex-
pense

<u u a
nap

t> 1) a =8

gas P
O )

o

o ,

<u a
a <u

0)

a

a

3

2.25O.0O
1 961 47

2,700.00
1,554.00

1,200.00
1,495.00
2,250.00
1,870.00
384.01

627'50"
1,326.70
1,777.00

&10.3T
1,636.25
1,713.75

512.00
767.18
694.00
564.25
433.65
817.09
467.55
947.70
772.45
619.38
980.50
506. 5';
916.95
937.35
603.99
134.10
532.25
565.17
435.50

5,462.00
4,282.65
3,371.66
3,585.72
4,475.85
4,553.83
1,321.70
2,486.52
2,659.85
2,469.87
4,695.25
2,261.03
3,941.35
3,296.10
1,504.77
1,208.00
2,505.01
1,770.10
2.246.95

106.84
469.54

40.09
472.48

13.16

10,000.00
6,000.00
7,')00.00
9,000.00
3,000.00
9,000.00
4,000.00
4,500.00
2,500.00
4,000.00

10,000.00
3,000.00
4,500.00

10,000.00
5.000.00
2,500.00
1,500.00
4,000.00
5,000.00

1,500.0070

1,100.00 71

1 477 66

200.00 72

1,506.47

1,792.20

1,866.74

470 14

"'liiT.ol'

3,875.0073
74

75

512.04
289.11
69.19

87^87"

"" 269.25

845.80

17.13

67.84

653.38

123.46

700.00
3,028.42

76

77

1,259.90

"'lij'ls'

78

79

1,937.75
914.12

1,388.15
645 OO

80

81
83

1,650.00
1,900.00

7,600.00 83

900 78

84
85
86
87

70.00

270.00

181.50

1,040.00

1,000.00

1,702.76
1,033.43

246.50

2,000.00 83

$161,231.53

$ 89,526.49

$ 58,222.94

$308,980.96

$ 23,316.34

$5,700.96

$518,996.42

$101,157.01

$159,334.43

$ 83,583.91

$ 59,961.20

$302,879.54

$ 18,090.14

$4,884.77

$496,702.71

$103,507.47

PART XII

Horse Breeding Industry in Iowa

Law Governing State Enrollment of Stallions Standing in

Public Service, With List of Certificates Issued

to May 1, 1908

WORTHLESS GRADE STALLIONS.
From ''The Horseman.''

Not many years ago it was thought a national good was being done
when farmers and other stock breeders were showing a disposition to
improve the horses of the country by the use of grade stallions. These
half or three-quarter grades which were brought into use were indeed
superior to the local scrub stock, and in some instances an improvement
was noted. But on the whole, little good ever came of the use of grade
stock of any kind for the purpose of improving a scrub group.

Grade horses, it should be known, are not bred from grade stallions.
Such breeding constitutes mongrelizing. True grades are the product of
pure blood on one side and such grades which are half-breeds in the first
instance may be graded up by breeding them on the pure bred sire or dam.
And the further this grading process is carried on the higher the grade
becomes, until, finally, an animal is produced which will be in the matter
of prepotency essentially pure.

Grading up common stock by the use of pure bred stallions makes al-
ways for an improvement in the general group, but any attempt to grade
up or improve a horse group by the use of grade sires themselves is a
waste of time and money, and is as a breeding folly and generally speaking
a failure.

Of so much importance to the State is the character of its stock that it
is only the part of wisdom for such governments to take a paternal interest
in the horses within its borders at all times, and, when warranted by
conditions, takes absolute control and regulate by laws the use of stallions.

The states are doing this to some extent now, only they have not yet
gone quite far enough. Wisconsin, a State that can boast of a large num-

(821)

822 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

ber of pure bred horses of a variety of breeds, can also lay claim to a
premium on worthless grade stallions which are used to pollute the horse
blood of the state. Slowly but surely the state officials who know the
value of good blood are devising means of ridding the state of its worth-
less stallions. These officials realize that we have long since passed even
the good grade stallion period. There are plenty of well bred, pure bred
horses in the country of all varieties and there is no sort of excuse for
the natural resources of a state being wasted on poor horses. Premiums,
to which the State contributes, for grade stock should be abolished. A
prerequisite for entry at any show using state money should be a pedi-
gree denoting purity of blood from a breeding point of view. We do not
care to know which horse is the best of a lot of grades. We do want to
know which is the highest type of horse of a recognized breed. The State
can afford to encourage good breeding through subsidies, but it should
discourage the use of grade stallions by all means within its proper power.

LAWS OF IOWA.

A Bill for an act to repeal Chapter Ninety-eight (98), Acts of the Thirty-
first General Assembly, and to enact a substitute therefor, relative to
the registration and publication of pedigrees.
Be It Enacted by the General Assembly of the State of Iowa:

Section 1. That Chapter Ninety -eight (98) of the Acts of the Thirty-
first General Assembly be, and the same is hereby repealed, and the
following enacted in lieu thereof:

Sec. 2. Any owner or keeper of any stallion kept for public service, or
any owner or keeper of any stallion kept for sale, exchange or transfer,
who represents such animal to be pure bred, shall cause the same to be
registered in some stud book recognized by the Department of Agri-
culture at Washington, D. C, for the registration of pedigrees, and
obtain a certificate of registration of such animal. He shall then forward
the same to the Secretary of the State Board of Agriculture of the State
of Iowa, whose duty it shall be to examine and pass upon the correctness
or genuineness of such certificate filed for enrollment. In making such
examination, said secretary shall use as his standard the stud books
recognized by the Department of Agriculture at Washington, D. C, and
shall accept as pure bred any animal registered in any such stud books.
And if such registration is found to be correct and genuine, he shall issue
a certificate under the seal of the Department of Agriculture, which cer-
tificate shall set forth the name, sex, age and color of the animal, also the
volume and page of the stud book in which said animal is registered.
For each enrollment and certificate he shall receive the sum of one
dollar, which shall accompanj' the certificate of registration when for-
warded for enrollment.

Sec. 3. Any owner or keeper of a stallion for public service, who rep-
resents or holds such animal as pure bred, shall place a copy of the
certificate of the State Board of Agriculture on the door or stall of the
stable where such animal is usually kept.

Sec. 4. Any owner or keeper of a stallion kept for public service, for
which a State certificate has not been issued, must advertise said horse
or horses by having printed hand bills, or posters, not less than five by

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII. 823

seven inches in size, and said bills or posters must have printed thereon
immediately preceding or above the name of the stallion, the words "grade
stallion," in type not smaller than one inch in height, said hills or posters
to be posted in a conspicuous manner at all places where the stallion or
stallions are kept for public service.

Sec. 5. If the owner of any registered animal shall sell, exchange or
transfer the same, and file said certificate, accompanying the same with
a fee of fifty cents, with the Secretary of the State Board of Agriculture,
who shall, upon receipt of the original State certificate, properly trans-
ferred, and the required fee, issue a new certificate to the then new owner
of the animal. And all fees provided by this act shall go into the treasury
of the Department of Agriculture.

Sec. 6. Any person who shall fraudulently represent any animal, horse,
cattle, sheep or swine, to be pure bred, or any person who shall post or
publish, or cause to be posted or published, any false pedigree or certificate,
or shall use any stallion for public service, or sell, exchange or transfer
any stallion, representing such animal to he pure bred, without first
having such animal registered, and obtaining the certificate of the State
Board of Agriculture as hereinbefore provided, or who shall violate any
of the provisions of this act, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and be
punished by a fine of not more than one hundred dollars, or imprisoned
in the county jail not exceeding thirty days, or by both such fine and
imprisonment.

Approved March 30, 1907.

824

IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE.

STUDBOOKS RECOGNIZED BY THE UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT
OF AGRICULTURE.

HORSES.
American Books of Record.

American
Trotter

Belgian Draft.

Cleveland Bay.
Clydesdale . . .
French Coach.
French Coach.

French Draft . .
German Coach.

Hackney

Morgan

Oldenburg . . . .
Percheron
Percheron . . . .
Percheron . . . .

Saddle Horse . .
Shetland Pony,

Shire

Suffolk

Thoroughbred

"Welsh Pony
and Cob

American Trotting Regis-
ter.

American Register of
Belgian Draft Horses.

American Cleveland Bay
Studbook.

American Clydesdale
Studbook.

French Coach Horse Reg-
ister.

French Coach Studbook.

National Register of
French Draft Horses.

German, Hanoverian, and
Oldenburg Coach Horse
Studbook.

.American Hackney Stud-
book.

American Morgan Regis-
ter.

Oldenburg Coach Horse
Register.

Percheron
America'

Studbook of
Percheron Register. . . .

The American Breeders'
and Importers' Perche-
ron Register.

American Saddle Horse
Register.

American Shetland Pony
Club Studbook.

American Shire
Studbook.

Horse

American Suffolk Horse
Studbook.

American Studbook.

Welsh Pony and Cob
Studbook.

American Trotting Register Associa-
tion, Wm. H. Knight, secretary, 355
Dearborn street, Chicago, 111.

American Association of Importers and
Breeders of Belgian Draft Horses,
J. D. Conner, Jr., secretary, Wa-
bash, Ind.

Cleveland Bay Society of America, R.
P. Stericker, secretary, 80 Chestnut
avenue. West Orange, N. J.

American Clydesdale, Association, R.
B. Ogilvie, secretary. Union Stock
Yards, Chicago, 111.

French Coach Horse Registry Com-
pany, Charles C. Glenn, secretary,
Columbus, Ohio.

French Coach Horse Society of Amer-
ica, Duncan E. Willett, secretary,
Maple avenue and Harrison street.
Oak Park, 111.

National French Draft Horse Associa-
tion of America, C. E. Stubbs, secre-
tary. Fairfield, Iowa.

German, Hanoverian, and Oldenburg
Coach Horse Association of America,
J. Crouch, secretary, Lafayette, Ind.

American Hackney Horse Society, Gur-
ney C. Gue, secretary, 308 West 97th
street. New York, N. Y.

American Morgan Register Associa-
tion. H. T. Cutts, secretary. Middle-
bury, Vt.

Oldenburg Coach Horse Association of
America, C. E. Stubbs, secretary,
Fairfield, Iowa.

Percheron Society of America, Geo. W.
Stubblefield, secretary. Union Stock
Yards. Chicago, 111.
The Percheron Registry Company,
Chas. C. Glenn, secretary, Columbus,
Ohio.

The American Breeders' and Import-
ers' Percheron Registry Company,
John A. Forney, secretary. Plain-
field, Ohio.

American Saddle Horse Breeders' As-
sociation, I. B. Nail, secretary, Louis-
ville, Ky.

American Slietland Popy Club, Morti-
mer Levering, secretary, Lafayette,
Ind.

American Shire Horse Association,
Charles Burgess, secretary, Wenona,
111.

American Suffolk Horse Association,
Alex. Galbraith, secretary, Janes-
ville. Wis.

The Jockey Club, W. H. Rowe, regis-
trar. 571 Fifth Avenue, New York,
N. Y.

The Welsh Pony and Cob Society of
America, John Alexander, secretary,
Aurora, 111.

ASSES.

Jacks and
Jennets

American Jack
Studbook.

Stock

American Breeders' Association of
Jacks and Jennets, J. W. Jones, sec-
retary, Columbia, Tenn.

♦Absorbed interests of the American Percheron Horse Breeders' Association,
May 9, 1904, whose certificates issued prior to that date only, signed by S. D.
Thompson, as Secretary, will be recognized.

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART XII.

825

HORSES.
Foreign Books of Record.

Belgian Draft .
Boulonnaise* .
Cleveland . . . .

Clydesdale . . .

East Friedland

Coach
French Coach .

French Draft**

Hackney

Hanoverian . . .
Holstein Coach

Studbook des Clievaux de
Trait Beiges.

Studbook des 'Chevaux de
Trait Francais.

Cleveland Bay Studbook.

Clydesdale Studbook

Ostfriesisches Studbuch. .

Le Studbook Francais,
Registre des Chevaux
de Demi-Sang.

Studbook des Chevaux de
Trait Francais.

Hackney Studbook

Oldenburg
Coach

Oldenburg
Coach

Percheron . . . .

Shire

Shetland Pony.

Suffolk

Trakehnen . . . ,

Thoroughbred
Thoroughbred
Thoroughbred

Yorkshire . . .

Welsh Pony
and Cob

Hanoverian Studbook

Gestutbucli der Holstein-
ischen Marschen.

Oldenburger Stutbuch. .

Stutbuch der Musterian
disch-Oldenburgischen
Geest.

Studbook Percheron de
France.

Shire Horse Studbook. . ,
Shetland Pony Studbook,

Suffolk Studbook ,

Ostpreussisches Stutbuch,

Australian Studbook
General Studbook . .

Le Studbook Francais,
Registre des Chevaux
de Pur-Sang.

Yorkshire Coach
Studbook.

Horse

Welsh Pony
Studbook.

and Cob

Societe Le Cheval de Trait Beige,
Chevalier G. Hynderick, secretary,
Brussels, Belgium.

Societe des Agriculteurs de France, M.
Henri Johanet, secretary, 8 Rue de
Athenes, Paris, Francis.

Cleveland Bay Horse Society of Great
Britain and Ireland, Thos. Curry,
Jr., secretary, Morton Carr, Nun-
thorpe, R. S. O., England.

Clydesdale Horse Society of the United
Kingdom of Great Britain and Ire-
land, Arch'd MacNeilage, secretary,
93 Hope street, Glasgow, Scotland.

Landwirthschaftlichen Hauptverein fur
Ostfriesland.

Commission des Studbook des Che-
vaux de Demi-Sang, Director-Gen-
eral des Haras. Ministere de 1' Agri-
culture, Paris, France.

Societe des Agriculteurs de France, M.
Henri Johanet, secretary, 8 Rue
d' Athenes, Paris, France.

Hackney Horse Society, Frank F. Bu-
ren, secretary, 12 Hanover square,
London, W., England.

Hannoversche Stutbuch Commission,
Freiherr V. Troschke, president,
Hanover, Germany.

Verband der Pferdeguchtvereine in den
Holsteinischen Marschen, Martin
Thormahlen, secretary, Moorhusen
per Elmshorn, Holstein, Germany.

Verband der Zuchter des Oldenburger
eleganten schweren Kutschpferdes,
Justus Schussler, secretary-treas-
urer, Rodenkirchen, Oldenburg, Ger-
many.

Zuchtvertaand des sudlichen Zuchtgeb-
ieties, J. W. Runge, secretary, Ol-
denburg, Germany.

La Societe Hippique Percheronne de
France. M. A. Thieux, secretary,
Nogent-le-Rotrou. France.

Shire Horse Society, J. Sloughgrove,
secretary, Hanover square, London,
W., England.

Shetland Pony Studbook Society, Rob-
ert R. Ross, secretary, Balmoral
Buildings. Aberdeen, Scotland.

Suffolk Horse Society, Fred Smith,
secretary, Rendelsham, Woodbridge,
Suffolk, England.

Landwirthshaftlichen Central - Verein
fur Litauen und Masuren, C. M.
Stoeckel, secretary, Insterburg, East

W. C. Yuille & Sons, Melbourne, Aus-
tralia.

Weatherby & Sons, 6 Old Burlington
street, London, W., England.

Commission des studbook des Chevaux
de Pur-Sang. Directeur-General des
Haras, Ministere de I'Agriculture,
Paris, France.

Yorkshire Coach Horse Society of
Great Britain and Ireland, John
White, secretary. The Grange, Ap-
pleton. Roebuck. Bolton, Percy, R.
S. O.. England.

The Welsh Pony and Cob Society,
James Hamer, secretary, Greenfield,
Penvdont Radnorshire. Wales.

•See French Draft. **See Boulonnaise.

826

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTXJRE.

The State Department of Agriculture can only recognize certificates issued
by the associations herewith printed.

NUMBER AND CHARACTER OF CERTIFICATES ISSUED TO MAY 1, 1908.

Counties

1

Be
<

4)

a

c

m
<D

5

^5

(3 0

CO 0
g (S

0

C

0

a

a

CO

c

0

a
0

u

a
0

05

0
c

D
GO

k

0

11

10

1

6
3
6

11
6
1
6
7
5
9
3

10
6
3
2
9
5
3
6
5
5
9
7
5
6
4
7
4
4
6
1
1
1
4
1

13
7
1
5
9
9
1
4
7

10
9
9
17
7
7
8
3
7

13
7
5

2

6

1

10
3
8
2
1
4
4
6
5
6

1

6

4

....

"3

1

2

2
1
2
4
2
2
11
1
4
2
1
3
6
5
4
1
1
3
9

9
36
9
8
5
15
16

9

9
16
12
10
23
17
14
12
16
18
24
76
14
14
12
12
16
23
14
161

4
18
14
10
17
19

8
12
20
21
12
20

6
25
16
13

7

9
14
19
T
29
2S
19

4

31
15
10
41
17
33

14
5
1
6
2
5
6
2

....

2

47

5»

Allamakee

Appanoose

....

19

1

8
6

....

1

.'^S

1

2»

1
1

....

....

4?

Black Hawk

—

3

2

4

1

— -

1

— -

1

45

38

— -

....

2

....

....

1

21

Buchanan

Buena Vista

Butler

2

4
1

9

99

—

2
2

i

.Tl

1

?5

' 1

2

....

51

1

8

33

3

— -

1

....

10
9

5

60

31

3
5
4
4
2
3
3
6
9

2fl

?fi

Chickasaw

Clarke

;;;;

13
2
1

....

1

2

-.-

1

i

3
15

3

4
2

1
8

5fl

— -

11.?

Clay

23

"" 1

1
1

29

Clinton

3

6
11
13

5

""3
1
1
2
3

"3

9^

2

1

1
1

2

....

.3.'i

5f

1
1
4

2
1
2
1

'"2

3

i
2

1

1

4e

5
83

—

"17

1
24

9

13
2
3
1
1
3
1
4
1
6

4r

Delaware

Des Moines

....

....

311

1?

.•^1

Dubuque

12
3

10
5
1
1
8
1
4

5
4
1
5
10
3
3
7
8
2
4
5
7
5
6

"65
4

— -

....

....

1

'i

....

....

---

:;:;

.34

2f

Favette

1
1
1

41

Flovd

9f

Franklin

....

1

'"2
4

;.-;;

1

21

If

....

2

3

7
1
2
1
6
2
4
1
1

11
1
6
5
2

10
8
5

i

1
1

i
2
1

'"2
""2

i

1
2

5
1

6

i

i
1

4f

34

7
2
2
3
13
2

.51

Hamilton -

1

....

1

1

....

....

3£

3

2

10

If

Hardin

1

i

3

1

4

5'

3;

1
1
2
3
2
5

14
9
2

15
3
2
2
3
5

'"2
1

1

"'"1

....

....

9^

....

1

3
3
8
1
6

11
5
3

15
8
1
7
2
9

?.

Ida

._.

....

3.

61

....

— -

8

Jasper

....

1

6

1

....

"2

.7

1

5

3

Keokuk

1
1

8-

Kossuth --

....

....

4

Lee _ -

%

3
1

e

1

1

1

1

1

....

....

1

1

13-

Louisa -

3

Lucas

9

6

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII.

827

Counties

9

c
2

"v

■d

a

■a
o

a "i

0) o

5e

a ce

§0

v

a

M
u
a

a

u

0

ClC

§5

a
0
bi
c
fi
a
u

4) J

■d

n

S c
4) 0

4)
U

3

0

a

P

3
0

Lyon

1

7

5

15

9

6

7

3

6

6

10

12

3

11

7

1

9

17

11

7

9

9

5

4

4

1

14

14

7

3

8

8

11

6

2

4

3

5

2
2

1
4
3
1
2

3
4
18
6
4

T
1

14
17
26
21
16
12
18
15
8
9
16
21
10
19
15
11
20
28
20
15
2t
19
6
15
18
32
24
60
46
25
13
43
16
12
13
15
12
12
13
11

6
1906

21
40
65
61
43
30
40
20
26
31
33
54

Madison

— -

4
6

1
1

1
1

1

— -

6

4
11

4
10

3

Mahaska

1

Marion

Marshall

....

1

Mills

1

Mitchell

— -

2

1

1

1

4
1
1
5
1
2
1
14
2

6
6
5
1
6
3
2
2
2
3
4
9
5
7
3
11
7
6
2
1
1
6

1

2

....

Monona

Monroe .

1
1

....

....

9
9
3
4
2
8
6

Montgomery

1

Muscatine

1
8
3
1
1
1
5

10
5

10
2
7
1
3
1
6
5
8
6
2
1
3
1
3
7
1
5
2

1

2

....

1

"

O'Brien

2

2

i

1

2

3

...

Osceola —

....

i

i
i

20

55
33

19

Page -- — -

1

Palo Alto

1
1
2
1
2
9
4
7

....
'"2

Plymouth

1

1

Pocahontas

3
11

7
10

5

6

45

Polk

1
3

i

1

....

75
58

Pottawattamie

2
2

1

::::

1
1

1

::::

Poweshiek

Ringgold

— -

1

56
53
51
15
29
23

Sac

— -

....

Scott -

1

Shelby - -

1

i

2

1

....

1

3

Sioux

3
2

9
5

1
6
4

""

Story -

1

i

2

— -

....

5

6

12

32

5

3

11

10

13

3

48

Tama

62

Taylor

109

Union

101

Van Buren - —

1

....

51

"Wapello

32

Warren

i

2

79

Washington

ifS

Wavne - — -

—

1

1

—

42

Webster — .

— -

'-

....

....

....

29

Winnebago

22

Winneshiek

4
2
1
1

1

3
2

1
3

2

506

29

Woodbury

....

....

W

Worth -

15

Wright -

2

2

—

5

—

—

7

13

—

—

24

Horses owned

near state

line

A

Total

628

504

5

253

47

401

54

35

41

22

10

9

4441

828

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

DIRECTORY OF OWNERS OF PURE BRED STAL-
LIONS BY COUNTIES.

(Certificates Issued to May 1, 1908.)

ADAIR COUNTY

fez

Name ol Owner

Postofflce

Name of Stallion

Breed

396

Johu McDermott_

Billv Boy 33799

Percheron

Nonpareil 23034 ....

Percheron

X)i

John McUermott-

Bridgewater

Honest Jerry 6374

Shire

isrrfi

Middle River

Horse Co

Greenfield

Jerrierais 31111 (43734)—

Percheron

1279
1283
1818

C. P. Liegerot

\ T Mason

Radio M. 37196

Trotter

Top Shot 7718 —

Shire

A. N. Vande-

Water

Ben Faraday 38258 . .

Thoroughbred

1.S79

E. W. Vande-

Orphan Boy 10S73

Clydesdale

13R0

E. W. Vande-

Orient

Crasher 9383 .

Clvdesdale

1435

C. C. Havens

Greenfield

Creston Boy 6206

Shire

H H Buck

Greenfield

Iowa Lee 40181. . . —

1532

Fontanelle Coach

Horse Co

Fontanelle - -

Vandyke 1169 (2371)

Cleveland Bay

1533

Fontanelle Perch-

eron Horse Co--

Fontanelle

Royaliste 31749 (45143)..

Percheron

1554

F. W. Raasch

Bridge water

Prince Improver 7839...

Shire

1558

C. T. Jackson

Orient . .

Orient Boy 37691

Trotter

1557

C. T. Jackson

Orient .

Bob McGregor 9752

Clydesdale

KiOJ

Frank H. Ed-

Orient

Greenfield

Usurper 7.567 (20996)

Shire

1630

J. A. Griswold...

Billy Grayson 40899

Trotter

1631

J. A. Griswold-—

Greenfield

Simmons Star 33030

Trotter

1718

Wm. N. Green—

Fontanelle

Botha 7003 (19390)

Shire

1757

F. P. Culverson..

Greenfield . -

Counsellor .Jr. 34958

Trotter

2220

C. L. Waltz

Spaulding

Toneham Strexton 853:3

(2:3801.)

Shire

2266

W. B. Hoskins-—

Orient

Pride of the West 7842

Shire

2621

F. P. Culverson.

Greenfield

Greenfield

Canus 8683 ...

Thoroughbred
Shire

2451

G. H. Sawyer

Black Jack IV. 6377....

(19343)

2579

Grove Township

Horse Co

Greenfield . . _ .

Upas 14857 (.59588) P....

French Draft

2753

John Wynn

Greenfield __ ..

Rampton 12709

Clvdesdale

67

Wynn Bros

Greenfield

Brampton Harold 6237..

Shire

ail 5

E. J. Oshel

F. A. Strong

H. A. Alcorn

Joe Swift 37576

Wilfrid S. 39403..

Trotter

3158

Orient _

Trotter

xnr

Lord Winchilsea 5720.—
(18170)

Shire

3326

Henion Drew

Orient . .

Billie Brvan 877

Belgian

3481

D. J. Cowden- -.

Adair

Bishop Whitestockings

Trotter

43519

.S.501

Henion Drew

Orient .

Beau Chief 9074

Shire

3553

Adair Horse Co..

Adair

Baron de Bois (Vol.
XII)

Belgian

3554

Adair Horse Co..

Adair

Charmant 41039 (56088)

Percheron

3651

H. A. Alcorn

Geo. Gruljer

Nutborn 15738

Trotter

3694

Fontanelle

King 13414

French Draft

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII. 829

ADAIR COUNTY— Continued

ii

Name of Owner

Postofflce

Name of Stallion

Breed

3697

C. T. Jackson

A. E. Johnson-
Strong Bros

J. F. Dorsey

W. N. Foster

J. P. Kembei'y-—

G. W. Hill

O. T. Truman

F. E. Louden

Orient -

John Perfect 12361

Soham Insurgent 6735..
Nailstone Desert Chief
8829

Vibrant 40702 (48891)

Turgot 54390 (64346).

Mongol Best 48019

Buzz K. 40H4

Clydesdale

1606

Orient --

Shire

3986

1278
4132

Orient

Greenfield

Orient —

Shire

Percheron
Percheron

3942
4245

Bridgewater

Orient

Orient

Middle River ...

Percheron
Trotter

3697
4410

John Perfect 12361.

Banker 51224

Clydesdale

ADAMS COUNTY

F. Hoskinson

E. P. Chapman.. _
Holt Township

Horse Co

C. M. BickfonL-
L. H. Humbert

& Son

L. H. Humbert

& Son

J. M. Devore

H. E. Nurdock-.
J. A. Bohanan..-
Wm. F. Hough...
Laban Harrison..
Laban Harrison..

J. H. King

L. D. Bishop

L. D. Bishop

E. Humbert

E. Humbert

E. Humbert

Vicker & Blazek..
E. B. Hess

J. N. B. Miller...
J. N. B. Miller...

J. N. B. Miller...

E. L. Humbert-. -

Hugh Coglan

Hugh Coglan

E. P. Chapman...

James Foy

J. N. Ankeny

J. S. Bowman

J. S. Bowman

John H. Oshel

Humbert & Son..
E. A. Hoskinson.

T. O. Swain

Chas. Long

B. L. Humbert-..
Wm. F. Hough-—
E. L. Humbert...
E. L. Humbert. .-
E. L.Humbert.—
E. L. Humbert.--
E. L. Humbert...
E. L. Humliert--.
B. L. Humbert---
B. L. Humbert---
E. L. Humbert...
E. L. Humbert.. -
E. L. Humbert...
E. L. Humbert...
E. L. Humbert...
Eno & Heather-

ington

B. L. Humbert---

Corning
Prescott

Corning

Mount Etna ._

Cornina

Corning

Corning

Brooks -

Corning

Corning

Prescott

Prescott

Prescott

Brooks .-

Brooks --

Corning

Corning

Corning

Prescott

Corning .

Prescott
Prescott

Prescott
Corning
Corning
Corning
Prescott
Prescott
Prescott

Brooks

Brooks

Nevinville

Corning -.

Corning -.

Corning ..

Corning ..

Corning .

Corning .

Corning .

Corning .

Corning .

Corning .

Corning .

Corning _

Corning .

Corning _

Corning .

Corning .

Corning .

Corning .

Corning .

Mustapha (53274)
Beaumont 24984 ..

Conine 9941

Duke of Altorf 21071....

Voltaire 45320 (56916)

Sully 21770 (40430)

Road Bird 22816

Lesdiguieres (51818)

Prince Henry 10238

Red Garnet 27132

Prince Mac Lure 11665_.

Demster H. 12145

Kirk 6576

LaSalle Star 37569

Waterloo 18600

Pasteur 50660 (65523)....
Manceau 50657 (58834)...

Primo 50661 (64315)

Domino 41882 (56570)....

Good Morning 8822

(21468)

1.S72

d'-\cosse 2041

Brilliant
Plumeau

(31098)

Franklin 34653

Jerrv 29836

Teddy 34721

Frank 43555 1

Snow Bali 21902

Apollon 26130 (42491).-!
Nailstone Modern Type

7260 (21688)
Comedian 50S55 (617.58)..

Counter 15347

Electralto 23579

Sullv Jr. 48106

Carat 50652 (59920)

Hal Parker 034

Bertie Long 37843

Panama 50659 (52668)...

Idylwild 36075

Neocho 4.3339

Mongol Best 48019

Blue Sully 49694

Alfred Sully 49692

Arthur .528.3:3 (62596)

Ruvter .52839 (64289)....
Cremieux .528.35 (.58976)..
Bourbon .52&34 (62605).. _

Nondoin 52836 (58922)

Soleil .52837 (57827)

Inel 52841 (.57625)

Evans .52840 (64.318)

Joli 52838 (.59404)

Percheron
Percheron

French Draft
Percheron

Percheron

Percheron

Trotter

Percheron

Clydesdale

Trotter

Clydesdale

Clydesdale

Shire

Trotter

Percheron

Percheron

Percheron

Percheron

Percheron

Shire

Belgian
Belgian

Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Shire

Percheron

French Draft

Trotter

Percheron

Percheron

Trotter

Trotter

Percheron

Trotter

Percheron

Percheron

Percheron

Percheron

Percheron

Percheron

Percheron

Percheron

Percheron

Percheron

Percheron

Percheron

Percheron

Corning . . Lapon 32832 (46018) Percheron

Corning Jay Tee 46467 Percheron

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
ADAMS COUNTY— Continued

0) Z

Name of Owner

Name of Stallion

4078

4099
4432

Chas. Cook

.T. C. Reese

Labon Harrison
& Son -

Fordv Premwilhar 9336

(248b.'5)
Sammy R. 45537

King Chattan 13406

Shire

Trotter

Prescott

Clydesdale

4483

C. C. Cook

J. W. Bigger

J. W. Bigger

Stuntney Daniel 9750.. J Shire

4465
4466

Corning

Corning -

(23704)
Blue Grass Prince 450081 Trotter
Gamberton 43364 1 Trotter

ALLAMAKEE COUNTY

384
143
142

445
640

W. L. Leas

M. T. Jacobson.-
M. T. Jacobson.-
Jas. McCormick--
Elon Draft Horse

Rossville

Waterville

Waterville

Waterville

Waterville

Church

Waukon

Dorchester

R. No. 1, Wau-
kon

R. No. 1, Wau-
kon

Herbert 29743

Black Ball 24384

Alfonso 30940

Percheron
Percheron
Percheron

Bold Harry 5514

Gamin De Glabais 1547-
(23560)

Shire
Belgian

John Munz

Waukon French
Coach Stallion
Co.

S. J. Svendson.--

C. G. Holming &
Co. - - -

Percheron

1078

Beau-Sire 3644

French Coach

1098
1207

Camille de Bierset 1548
(23056)

Document 710 (4980)

Gilbert 21037 - -

Belgian

1203

C. G. Holming &
Co. -- - -

Belgian

Ludlow Perch-
eron Horse Co—

Jas. Houlihan

Henry Orodegut.-

P. H. ONeill

Henry Lenz

Lansing Drafi
Horse Co

A. I. Steffen

Belgian Draft

Horse Ass'n

H. H. Conley

1437

2688
3039
3205
3441
661

4311
4317

4404

Englisch 1437

Percheron

Harper's Ferry.

Waukon

Harper's Ferry.
Lansing

Lansing

Stick 45806 (61875)

Admiral de Tilly (26770)

Lams Pedro 9870

Bussy 15181 (29810)

Bismark de Seumoy

1311 (24150)
Logan 42037 _- -

Percheron
Belgian
French Draft
Percheron

Belgian

Percheron

Postville

Postville

Leon d'Or (27502)

Dr. Cram 42585 . ---

Belgian
Trotter

APPANOOSE COUNTY

121
120
119
199
672

August Post

August Post

August Post- -

Lincoln Knapp

.John C. McCon-
nell —

Moulton

Moulton

Moulton

Centerville

Unionville

Unionville

Numa - -

Wayside Prince 10411--
Wayside Douglass 9395
Wayside Regnant 9836--
Sisteron 44301 (57869)—

Keota-AUan 27631

Bury Beauchief II 6155

(17218)

Bob Brooks 43300

Cyprien 28435 (48438)

Brewer's Delight 6133

(19408)
Black Sluggard 28582—
Baron Dillon Jr. 33402—

Taupin 26104 (46829)

Forton de Mons 1985—

(25500)
Gagnier 12666

Clydesdale
Clydesdale
Clydesdale
Percheron

Percheron

858
1412

Eli Smith, Sr

W. 0. Doggett-—

F. P. Hawks

Smith & Clawson.

.1. J. Strickler— -

.T. J. Strickler

Udell Horse Co—
W. H. Johnson-—

Marion McCrory..

Lincoln Knapp

J. R. Hensley

W. M. Jackson- —

W. M. Jackson—

Shire
Trotter

1414

Moravia . -.

Percheron

1539

2125
2126
2223

Cincinnati

Centerville

Centerville

Udell

Shire

Trotter
Trotter

2261

Moravia -

Belgian

2588

Moravia

French Draft

2770

Centerville -

Mystic

Centerville

Centerville

Keota Ben 7792 .

Shire

3003
3088

3087

Prince Esher 11907

Dunsmore Klondyke

6164 (18706)
Solide II 22672 (43537)-

Thoroughbred
Shire

Percheron

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART XII.

831

APPANOOSE county-Continued

Name of Owner

PostoflSce

Name of Stallion

Breed

3131

Cincinnati Horse

Co.

Cincinnati

Marronier 32421 (48881)

Percheron

2991

C. E. Mathew and

W. H. Howard.

Moulton

Haddo of Hillsdale

Clydesdale

12550

3191

.T. C. Stevenson-.

Cincinnati

Marlisman 881 (991)...

Cleveland Bay

:mn

Hollingsworth &

Vinzant .

Centerville

Stettin 34504 (51406)....

Percheron

3405.

John C. McCon-

nell Unionville

Hugh Dillon 45361

Trotter

3523

E. G. Swain ! Unionville

William J. Bryan 1535.i

French Draft

3579

D. A. Gregory Moulton

King Royal 12481

Clydesdale

3638

Thos. E. Hopkins

& Son ; Unionville

.Tack Sawyer 35577

Trotter

3857

Eli Smith, Sr 'Unionville

Bon Bacis 8790 (20281).

Shire

4056

Siler & Hurd Moulton

Mitron 51377 (59142) ...

Percheron

1042

Siler & Hurd Moulton

Bedwell Marquis 8336..

Shire

(22101)

4280

J. A. Stice

Moulton

Noble 13413

Clydesdale

3042

C. D. Bent

Moravia

Centerville Prince 5292

Clydesdale

2198

Edward Gault

Mvstic

King Robert 11918..

Clydesdale

4408

C. E. Sawyers

Centerville

Ensign Dillon 47897

Trotter

AUDUBON COUNTY

ft53

Oakfleld Township

:. 1 r-j

Horse Co.

Brayton

Monflno 28464 (44967)..

Percheron

89

C. R. Wilson

Melville Draft

Exira .

Greely 12440...

French Draft

93

Horse Co.

Audubon

Bon Rasselas 6064

(17789)

Shire

66

W. W. Weston...

Audubon

Prince Brilliant 9854.—

Clydesdale

657

Pleasant Valley

Horse Co.

Fiscus ...

Champagne Mecht 1340-
(25514)

Belgian

713

M. P. Henricksen

L. N. Esbeck

Poplar

Uylisse 1714 (28228)

Enrage 8107 (844)

Belgian

1452

Exira ..

French Draft

1490

Powell «& Harvey-
Peter N. Esbeck. -

Exira ...

Sol Phallis 28606

Sefton 11640

Trotter

2084

Kimballton . _

French Draft

2127

J. C. Hardman...
.T. C. Hardman...
Richard Fancher.

C. Ward

Amos Fancher

S. L. Mantz

Bravton . .

Prince 11588

Scotland's Crown 10628-

St. Columba 11427

Scotland's Hero 10639..-

Rattler 11214

Fernando 45091 (57896).-

Clydesdale

21 ?9

Bravton

Clydesdale

2390

Ross

Clydesdale

2128

Exira

Clydesdale

2497

Ross

Clydesdale

2498

Audubon

Percheron

2604

Jacob Layland..

Audubon — ..

Prince Albert 15455

French Draft

2850

Jas. L. Johnson..

Exira _. ... ..

Jouteur 29567 (45690)....

Percheron

2849

.Tas. L. Johnson..
F. O. Niklason. .

Exira .

Pastel 41404 (60075)

Early Union 41555

Percheron

2872

Audubon

Trotter

2871

F. O. Niklason...

Audubon

King Standette 41388...

Trotter

.3014

S. S. Wilson ..

Audubon ..

Ambulant 3895

German Coach

3340

John Cameron..

Audubon

Buster Brown 45297

Percheron

3533

Wm. Layland

Audubon

Major III 7440

Shire

BENTON COUNTY

185

W. A. Robison...

John Scolle

Chas. Henning

Urbana

Aesop 27805

Alexiev 12490

Casimir 24729 (44663)—

Trotter

469

Norwav

French Draft

638

Keystone

Percheron

628

Rene Horse Co

Blairstown

Rene 31138 (46669)

Percheron

761

Wm. Thiessen

Keystone

General 2019 (30118)

Belgian

702

David Spurgeon...

Shellsburg

Koubo 1109

French Coach

1089

Ellingson & Tow.

Norway

Quandum 2007

French Coach

1122

Keystone Belgian

Horse Co.

Keystone

Buron 1153 (18164)

Belgian

1172

Jos. Schmuecker..

Watkins

Beach Insurgent Vol 24

Shire

1269

I. N. Compton

Belle Plaine

Vidocq 10383

French Draft

1293

Chareaubriand 11281 .

Percheron

(20037)

1497

Ellingson & Tow.

Norway

Hardi (22648)

Belgian

832

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
BENTON county-Continued

o

2263
2341

2389
2480
2481
2503

2659
2660
2200

2465
2740

2764
2765
2766

2767
3063
3121
3178

2045

3278

3671
4107

1841

4194

4193

1074

Name of Owner

Postofflce

Name of Stallion

Richard Pickart-—

Luzerne Belgian

Horse Co.

J. R. Patten

Mt. Auburn Horse

Co.

.7. T. Cameron

L. L. .Tohnson

L. L. Johnson

Eden Township
Horse Co.

C. A. Burris

C. A. Burris

Wm. Rabe

Georsp .t Ross

Johnson

W. H. Thiessen--
W. J. Mullin

F. L. Thompson—
F. L. Thompson—
F. L. Thompson-.

F. L. Thompson—

S. L. Johnson

Thos. Sellers

Farmers' Perch-

eron Horse Co..
Fry Bros. &

Richart

Vinton Coach

Horse Co.

T. H. Weil

W. F. A. Rabe

I. N. Compton &

Geo. Parks

David Roth

David Roth

J. C. Stewart,
Otto Koopman,
Peter N. Kahler
& Hessenins

Norway

Luzerne
Vinton ..

Vinton _.
Vinton -.
Vinton _
Vinton .

Van Horn

Garrison -
Garrison _
Keystone

Vinton ..
Keystone
Aredale --

Van Horn
Van Horn
Van Horn

A'an Horn
Garrison .
Vinton -..

Vinton

Garrison ..
Blairstown
Keystone

Belle Plaine
Luzerne

Luzerne

Newhall

W. F. Cameron.-I Vinton

Bueephale de Ninove
1618 (24956)

Gran 1399 (21626)

Star Counsellor 35936—

Go-Ahead 7354 (Vol. 26)

Bolivar 40111 (46462)

Bernard J. 45624

Poppleton 45625

Gordon de L i e r d e

(254.38)

.Toe Briselain 38221

Garrison Reaper 44040.
Cambrinus de Lierde

2589 (3438S)

Masterpiece 29732

Moree II 28856

Travailleur 22656

(45430)
Berenice 46035 (60385)-

Actif 41695 (64674)

Mourzouk 2040

(Vol. 12, p. 425)

Bazel 39368

Thabor 410O7 (60392)—
Cosaque 41846 (62053).

Flambard 41506 (52188)

Alencon 41424 (61660)

Schappandre 3230 —
Rene 49286

Colletts Chieftain 9246-
(24828)

Homestead Dignity 5120
Wakefield 6311 (Vol. 23)

Young Regenhald 88—
(1554)

Cramptimois 1184 (20380)
The Connoiseur 47329--

Belgian

Belgian
Trotter

Shire
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron

Belgian

Trotter
Trotter
Belgian

Belgian

Percheron

Percheron

Percheron
Percheron
Belgian

Trotter

Percheron

Percheron

Percheron

Percheron

French Coach

Pei-cheron

Shire

Shire
Shire

Oldenburg Coach

Belgian
Trotter

BLACK HAWK COUNTY

173
243

C. C. Hahn

F. J. Schweer

Jas. Loonan

Jas. Loonan

G. W. Clark

E. E. Sage

K. E. Penney

W. D. Strayer.. -
W. D. Strayer...

C. F. Horse Im-
porting Co.

C. F. Horse Im-
porting Co.

C. F. Horse Im-
porting Co.

C. A. Hayzlett

W. S. Breeunier..
0. A. Jensen

Raymond

Dnnkerton

Waterloo

Waterloo

Cedar Falls

Waterloo

Cedar Falls

Waterloo

Waterloo

Cedar Falls

Cedar Falls

Cedar Falls

La Porte City..

Waterloo

Dnnkerton

Faquin 22876 (43778)

Captif (44891) ..

Percheron
Percheron

221

Bloomer 40589

Percheron

220

Superior 40605 .- .

Percheron

18?

Petronius 1249 -._

German Coach

286

7

Gartner 113 (1409)

Airoo 31861 .

Oldenburg Coacli
Trotter

478

Magor 26953

Percheron

477
618

Gabels Hopeful 5785....
(18029)

Richard 8th 7574

Shire
Clydesdale

617
615

Coquet de Herck 1545.
(25466)

Headlight 5604

Belgian
Shire

774
1063

Tommy Brown 5128

Mascot 2021

Morgan
Shetland Pony

1038

Don Pedro 22993

Percheron

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART XII. 833

BLACK HAWK COUNTY-Continued.

Name of Owner

Postofflce

Name of Stallion

Breed

1014

Chas. & Ed Wal-
ter .-

Finchford

Waterloo

R. 1, Waterloo-
Cedar Falls

Cedar Falls

Dunkerton

Waterloo

Waterloo

Hudson

King Gothard 14218

Wronr-h 'Hrnff

1139

1155
1416
1456

1581

Black Hawk

Horse Co.

H. W. Miller

C. E. Hearst

Henry Thompsou.

Joseph Harn

.Jas. Loonan

.Tas. Loonan

Wm. Crownover.-
Wm. Crownover_-
Wm. Crownover--

A. T. Kline-

Wm. Blowers

Wm. Blowers

Wm. Blowers

Wm. Blowers

Wm. Blowers

Wm. Blowers

M. J. Magee

Nils Hansen &

Sofus Larson—

.Toe McLnuglilin-—

.Jacob Hansen

Wm. Crownover_.
Louis Wickkleson

B. R. Doucrlass_-
M. T. Stiles

C. H. Blum

S. R. Larapman_

H. A. Brinker

M. T. Stiles

Colin 27082 (48364) Percheron

EclipseD'Oplinter(12538) Belgian

Gold Crown 10035 Clydesdale

Keota Charming Gift Clydesdale

11160
Regulateur 25027 (43441) Percheron
Gilbert 43543 . . Perf>Iiprnn

1787

Vanvert 41724

1W

Flascoe 46220 — .

1990

Sound Currency 8639—

Matchless 8340

Toneham Laddie 5393
(17041)

Lord Pinley 43576

Velox R. 43574

Latier F. 43575

Shire

^^m

Hudson

Shire

128

3556
3557

P5.5S

La Porte City-
Waterloo

Waterloo

Waterloo

Waterloo

Waterloo

Waterloo

Dunkerton

Hudson

Shire

Trotter
Trotter
Trotter

P5.50

Extelle 26839

Trotter

2560
3561
2900

3355

Camden W. 36231

Allertonian 36131

Marquis De Warelles
2244 (33608)

Porcaro 15245

Trotter
Trotter
Belgian

French Draft

3391
3542

3740

Waterloo

Cedar Falls

Hudson

Directum Centlivre 45440
Prince of Denmark
40817

Roval Buster 8641

Welcome 47972

Trotter
Trotter

Shire

3936

Cedar Falls

Waterloo

Cedar Falls

Cedar Falls

Cedar Falls

Waterloo

Cedar Falls

4005
2474

Bolivien 42076 (63855)—
Duncan 20584 _. _

Percheron

4058
4061

Black Hawk Prince

45640
Utell 22850 — -

Percheron
Trotter

4042

Monarch 51631 -

Percheron

Red Rob 44135

Trotter

BOONE COUNTY

190

.T. B. Tremain

W. B. Donelson. -

W. B. Donelson---

G. H. Zimbelman.
Geo. D. Muench--

.T. R. Doran

J. R. Doran

N. C. Petty

N. C. Petty

N. C. Petty

S. S. Gilbreath—
S. S. Gilbreath—
A. W. Williams--

E. D. Bryant

E. D. Bryant

.J. E. Smith

Geo. F. & Theo.

F. Freie

R. H. Reynoldson
Clinton McCaskey

August Peterson-.

Geo. Freie

A. W. Williams-
Henry .T. Lark-—

H. J. Lark

James Neild

Boone — —

Ogden

Ogden

The Idol 36083 -

Trotter

202
203

Herode de Fosteau 1466

(25494)
Boulet Gouy 1465

(25510)
-A.llerston 12862

Belgian
Belgian

237

Boone

Ogden

Trotter

368

Iowa Boy 9285

French Draft

4.33

Beaver ..

Charmante 14544

La Fayette 12050

French Draft

434

French Draft

677

678
679

Pilot Mound

Pilot Mound

Pilot Mound — .

Pilot Mound

Pilot Mound

Pilot :Mound —
Madrid

Fitch Dandruff Cure
Boy 0901

Villebon II 40668

Bumper 1865

Trotter

Percheron
Belgian

811
812
1127
1470

Count Shaw 43072

Argus Du Fagot 39434-
Keota Spurgeon 27696—

Ostendo 1065 (21594)

Bismark 13298

Trotter
Belgian
Percheron
Belgian

1492

Madrid

French Draft

1547

Illustre 10237

French Draft

1603

Athos II (919)- -

Belgian

1617
2113

Madrid

Ogden

Britian Yet 10113

Flamand 1970 . .

Clydesdale
Belgian

2146

Madrid

(Vol. 12, p. 555)

Keota Sharp 27686

Shiloh 46858

Dick 16729

Edelweise 14658

Budweiser 14660

Colonel 12585

Percheron

2182

Ogden -- - -. -

Percheron

2190
2225

Pilot Mound

Ogden

Trotter
French Draft

3226

Ogden —

French Draft

2403

Ogden

Clydesdale

53

834

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
BOONE COUNTY— Continued

^3

<i)Z

o

Name of Owner

Postofllce

Name ot Stallion

Breed

2627
2451

David Welsh

Dotlef Harten

Husted Osterhandt
Husted Osterhandt
Farmers' Draft

Horse Co.

Geo. W. Colwell—
Treloar Horse Co-

D. A. Bennett

Neild Bros.

Neild Bros.

Nield Bros.

Orlow Colwell

0 Colwell

Boone

Delavan 20709

Derwent Menestrel 6962
(21334)

Sir Consul Jr. 28899.

Major Beath 8350

Congo (13468)

Attila 8140 (35812)

Tirailleur 11533 (45113).
Pierre Le Blanc 43808-

Normal Tom 8117

Clayton 8862

Kruger 45446

Serail 51241 (56677)

Monthlon 10847

Percheron
Shire

193

Trotter

French J)raft

2804

Belgian

2866
3301
2231
3937
3938
3939
4237
964

Pilot Mound

French Draft
French Draft

Berkley

Percheron

Percheron

Shire

Ogden

Percheron

Berkley —

Berkley

Percheron
French Draft

BREMER COUNTY

158

A. J. Schmit

B. B. Shroes-

J. H. Carstensen.
J. H. Carstensen.

George Leyh

J. J. Lynes

J. J. Lynes

F. F. Lynes

C. H. Baskin

C. H. Baskin

C. H. Baskin.

Eugene White

Percheron Horse

Co.

Minkler

Roosevelt 10343

Clydesdale

159

187

Janesville

Tripoli

Conquerant 32746

(44954)

Carlisle .581 (4198)

Samson 32977

Marshall Lasnes 31059..

Fred Hudson 5031 _

4541 Morgan
Dude 4673

Percheron
Belgian

188

Tripoli

Percheron

735

Sumner

Percheron

731
730

Plainfleld

Plainfleld

Waverly .

Trotter
Morgan

1073

Keota Barnum 20646

Robert 26944 (46848)

Pomard 21275 (43229)....

King William 11524

Charleagno 25888

Mirliton 46055 (57209)...

Lord Aberdeen 12970

Dart 5130 ..

Percheron

1390

Waverly

Percheron

1391

Waverlv

Percheron

1389

Clydesdale

21.39
2515

Plainfleld

Waverlv _ _ ...

Percheron
Percheron

3217
3691

F. H. Baskins

J. J. Lynes

Jennings Bros

J. W. Teight-
raeier . ..

Janesville

Plainfleld

Janesville

Sumner

Sumner

Clydesdale
Morgan

3965

Raley 49418

4084

Charmant (Vol. XI).-.

Beau-Rivage (6022)

Royal Sady II 12968.

Sans Peur 2328 _

Belgian

211

J. W. Teight-

meier .. . .

French Draft

4361
4413

F. H. Baskins

Bert Fry . . ...

Janesville

Plainfleld

Plainfleld

Clydesdale

4414

Bert Fry

Admiral Dewey 3288

Shetland Pony

BUCHANAN COUNTY

363

P. H. Fockler....

Independence ...

Fairfield Buster 7833—

Shire

363

P. H. Fockler..-.

Independence ...

Nig 17816 . - . -

Percheron

361

P. H. Fockler

Independence ...

Monarcli 5684

Shire

360

P. H. Fockler

Independence — .

Royal 35357 - -

Percheron

381

D. J. Sensor

Hazleton

Avon A. 40917

Trotter

38-/

Jas. Netcott- -

Independence ...

Red Reaper 39280 - -

Trotter

151

W. H. Miller

Independence .—

Fusain 428.37 (56304)

Percheron

264

T. H. KimbalL.-

Quasqueton

Kermet .35393

Trotter

208

W. M. Molyneaux

Independence ...

King Greenlander 33775

Trotter

iS:',
1013

Peter Schuster

Rowley Draft

Jessup

Frivole 31448 (48512)

Percheron

Horse Co.

Rowley

Archer 2 8748 (45436)

Percheron

1060

B. E. Robinson—

R. 3, Rowley ...

Drafty Bill 26.372

Percheron

1315

L. B. Young

Independence ...

King Bow Bells 34331 ..

Trotter

1316

L. B. Young

Independence

Reveur 10718

French Draft

1593

E. W. Chessmore

& M. P. Kepford

Independence —

Victor 11222 -_

French Draft

17RS

Fred Retz-—

Lamont

Ocean 21273 (42903)

Percheron

1820

Geo. B. Winegar.

Brandon

Donnell 46107 -

Percheron

1976

C. H. Jakway

Aurora Percheron

Aurora

Newton J 41382

Trotter

2228

Horse Co.

Aurora

Lepanto 41657 (47428)—
Lion de Lonein 1543-..

616

J. J. McBride-..-

Winthrop

French Draft

(25464)

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII. 835

BUCHANAN COUNTY— CONTINUED

Name of Owner

Postofflce

Name of Stallion

Breed

3004
3020

3353
342.5

3505
4053
^79
4390

3723

A. J. Drake

Winthrop Horse
Co.

A. C. Whitcher—
A. D. Smith &:

A. J. Silke.

Clarence WardelL
Jas. J. McBrlde—

J. W. Elliott

T. H. Kimball &

J. F. Hekle

John D. Mahoney

Hazleton !

Winthrop 1

Hazleton

Hazleton

Hazleton

Winthrop

Brandon

Quasqueton

Stanley

Darling 41620 .

Percheron

Marengo 24467 (4^00)..
Pomard 31444 (45243)—

Catalan 16798 (34304)„._
Bob 12473

Enjoue 52365 (62296)— _
Remour II 45627

Percheron
Percheron

Percheron
French Draft
Percheron
Percheron

Percheron 35858 (52292).
Mikado 2698 (41748)

Percheron
Belgian

BUENA VISTA COUNTY

C. E. Cameron

J. E. Rudolph

Jas. M. Hoskins-
Jas. M. Hoskins-
Holmes & Ken-

Alta

Look Sir 31562

Trotter

4
24
25
219

Marathon

Sioux Rapids ...
Sioux Rapids —

Alta

Zalfo .34092

Trotter

Die Oleson 35603

Billy Lee 43177

Soprano 40.393 (4.5063)—

Brutus 21457 (43203)

Sabinus 13093 (25870)—

Parmentier 32401

(45668)
Satan 1813 (25282)

Moblot 29499

Trotter
Trotter

Percheron

201

642
951

1083
1010

Bradford & Seeth

J. A. Chindlund-

Elk Percheron

Horse Co.

J. M. Haywood-
Linn Grove Horse
Co.

David Snyder

Storm Lake Perch-
eron Horse Co—
M. Mulvihill. Sr-

N. M. Layman

N. M. Lavman-—

Carl P. Hoeg

J. T. Norton

Wm. Woods

E. E. Holmes

Len H. Lamar.—

Marathon Shire

Horse Co.

Geo. Kestell

Haves Shire Horse
Co

Buena Vista Cen-
ter Percheron
Horse Co.

Rembrandt

R. No. 3. Alta-

Alta

Alta

Linn Grove

Sioux Rapids ...

Storm Lake

Percheron
Percheron

Percheron

Belgian

Percheron

894
1219

1252
1261

Ambassador 5034

Muscle 34299 (46359) -..
Dewette 1252 . . . -

Shire

Percheron
Percheron

French Monarch 9353—

Allside Prince 5621

Diamond 43300

French Draft

1262

Shire

1759
1993
2037

Percheron

Marathon

y.nfFrP "^099

Trotter

Duke X II 5934 (18689)

Pompon Jr. 45197

3d Jeweled Prince 10881

Gabels Coeur-de-Lion

6961 (Vol. 25)
Ivrnno-PT- 9,3794 - —

Percheron

2196
2363
2693

2715
2784

2923

3

3358

3538

Marathon

Storm Lake

Marathon

Storm Lake

Storm Lake

Storm Lake

Storm Lake

Storm Lake

Marathon

Percheron
Clydesdale

Shire

Percheron

Highland Hero 4940

Baptiste 28163 (47052) —
McCaskle 6820

Shire

Percheron
Clvdesdale

Storm Lake Bel-
gian Horse Co.—

Webb Coach Horse
Co

Ovation 1446 (2.5.314)

Samton de Goyer 1275..

(17032)
Prince Newell 45579

Belgian
Belgian

355')

Geo. D. Anderson
H. F. Wellmerling
J. J. Richardson—
H. F. Wellmerling

Trotter

3653
4236

Rembrandt

Alta

French Draft

Westonian 41552

Mouton de Lillois 1781.
(17466)

Trotter

4418

Sioux Rapids —

Belgian

BUTLER

COUNTY

247
236

548
366
1084
1072
1064

T. J. Watterson.
Colin Horse Co —

W. J. Feltiis

H. C. Miller

R. W. Webster.-
F. W. Bucholz...
Miller & Rogers..

Aredale

Austinville

Allison

Bristow

Allison

"Clarksville

Allison

Bourdon 7314 (1458)

Colin 29946 (48454)

Prince Perche 20951

Major McKinley 826

Brown King 2635D

Keota Henry 31900

Alcibiade 15877 (22819).

1

French Draft
Percheron
Percheron
Belgian
Percheron
j Percheron
1 Percheron

836 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

BUTLER county-Continued

Name of Owner

Postofflce

Name of Stallion

Breed

1186
1359

Burt Curtis

J. Nevins -

Allison

Keota Rambler 27653—

Dude Jr. 43448

Drum Major 25880.

Pierre de Pieton 1988.

(29746)
Pompedour 900

Dewev 24585

Pereheron
Trotter

1827

H. F. Stanton

Chas. & Wm.
Tell „

2332

Clarksville

Belgian
Belgian
Pereheron

za.3

John Metcalf

Wedeking Bros.
& Co

659

Clarksville

918

M. H. Barnes

Beaver Grove

Horse Co.

Martin & Bur-

Guidon (34246)

Belgian

2942

New Hartford-..
Clarksville

Grandee 23212

2811

Romeo II 12551

Clydesdale

3244

M. H. Barnes

H. A. Boyd

C. A. Iblings

Thea. Buffridge—

Geo. O'Brien

W. C. Stewart-

Walter C. Walker

O. J. Early

R. M. Skillen

Sherwin 20975 .

Trotter

3510
3643

Clarksville

Parkersburg

Greene

King Kiosk 42251

Onix Vol. 7

Trotter

Oldenburg Coach
Trotter

3685

Vyzenio 34685

Warren Miles 43321

Prince Romeo's Heir
12219

Abilly 51339 (65592)

Idol B. 35581

3940

Trotter

3958

4071
3677

Clarkesville

New Hartford ..

Clydesdale

Pereheron
Trotter

494

Greene

Admiral Dewey 6241

Shire

CALHOUN COUNTY

98

J. M. Baker

Jolley

Moustache 24572 (43576)

Pereheron

160

Rockwell City

Horse Co.

J. B. Richards

J. M. Furney..

Rockwell
Rockwell
Manson .

City-
City...

Monaco 26908

Pereheron

261

Baron Lee 36549

Trotter

55

Watchword Junior

Trotter

.54

Gingerich & Pe-

35(>65

trie

J. M. Baker

Y e 1 1 e r Belgian

JNIanson .
Jollev

Butor (46127)

Pereheron

37

Rutland Prince 6223

Shire

85

Horse Co. —

Yetter _..

Charles Quint 18192

Belgian

411

J. W. Lockie

W. H. Kent

John Baughmen—

Pomeroy
Manson ..
Manson .

Allereo .3.5459

Trotter

915

Brown Ben 6249

Shire

1021

St. Laurent 13509

French Draft

W99.

Elsen Bros.

Manson .

Mouvement 25593

Pereheron

(44687)

vr£i

Weise & Co

Manson ..

Mouton D' Heure 1096..

Belgian

(21096)

963

A. A. Wells

Somers ..

Colonel Berry 33720

Trotter

962

A. A. Wells.

Somers ..

Tic Tac 28141 (44773)

Pereheron

1175

J. H. Van Meter.

^lanson _

Ponca Van 39834

Trotter

1176

J. H. Lish

Manson .

Dr. Dunkle 40620

Trotter

1179

L. E. Pierce

Rockwell

City...

Marmotte 26142 (44048)

Pereheron

1212

W. Q. Stewart

Rockwell

City ..

Rockwell Boy 41851

Trotter

1436

A. F. Ramthun..-

Rockwell

City...

Dogue 43910 (60856)

Pereheron

IbU

E. S. Carmean

Lake Citj

Surprise 25300

Pereheron

164«

Pomeroy Horse

Co. -

Pomerov

Citadin (48476)

1649

John Doyle

Pomeroy

Custine 6.587 (9970)

Pereheron

1753

0. H. Snyder

Manson _

Black Reaper 4.3.314

Pereheron

1754

O. H. Snyder

Manson .

Victor 24008 (44560)

Pereheron

1779

Knierim Belgian

Horse Co.

Knierim .

Daniel 1182 (17830)

Belgian

2124

A. M. Pierce

Rockwell

City...

Dauphin 3346 (30648)—

Belgian

2385

J. H. Hildreth...

Rockwell

City

Bedwell Tom 8435

(22102)
Lake City Matchless

Shire

2511

J. W. Bravton

Rockwell

City...

Shire

2517

Lake City Pereh-

7288

eron Horse Co—

Lake Citv

Emerv 3.3740 (46207). ..

Pereheron

2539

F. W.- Arney

Lake City

Prince Model 44268

Pereheron

2540

F. W. Arney

Lake City

Tom Tom 44269

Pereheron

2641

F. W. Arney

Lake City

Scarabe's Model 43701 .

Pereheron

2542

F. W. Arney

Lake City

Togo 44270 _-

Pereheron

2855

Hutcliinson & .Ja-
cobs Lake City

Horse Co.

Lake City

Tacticien 2481

French Coach

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII. 837

CALHOUN county-Continued

Si

Name of Owner

Postofflce

Name of Stallion

Breed

2887

J. E. Barr &

Wm. Winkleman

Lohrville

Pepin De Leernes 1756
(21650)

Belgian

inm

W. D. Plttman...

Lake City

Mahomet Royalist 4861.

Shire

55905

W. D. Pittman...

Lake City

Eden Chief 8713 (19580).

Shire

SRKM

W. D. Pittman—

Lake City

Mahomet Boaz 4928

Shire

1020

Nordhansen &

Schmidt

Manson . .

Waterloo 12661

French Draft

3229

George Moss &

Cain & Son

Lohrville ...

Llynelys Ladd 7098

(17450)

Shire

3299

C. W. Titus &

Son

Yetter

Pink Major 43927

34fi8

Smiley Francis

Jolley

Colonel 32306 (44313)

Keota Sorrento 27693

3469

Smiley Francis -

Jolley

3614

John Knoke &

Geo. Baskervell-

Bristol

Bristol de Lange 2514.

(32962)

Belgian

3661

W. D. Pittman...

Lake City—

Boaz II 9090

Shire

406?

John Doan - -

Rockwell City .

Black Frenchman 11643

French Draft

4083

J. W. Bravton

Rockwell City— .

Diaz 45550 ...

4^41

Lent & Petrie

H. G. Fillenworth

Manson

Saxwood 31794

Trotter

4288

Rockwell City

Doctor Sennett 25423..-

Trotter

4303

Garrett & Hud-

son -- .

Lohrville

Jollev — ...

Major III 45591

2743

J. P. Hammond--

Regent 27845 (43562)

CARROLL COUNTY

32

29

810

1245

1246

1562

1639
1690
1695

65
2227

2661
2684
2446
2543
2741

2798

2799
2809
1466
2869
2903

3308
3307
3446

3518
2171
330
4054
2877
4242
4253

4387

J. Coder

Henry Torpy

Jos. Wilson

Wm. Heuton

Wm. Heuton

Julian Township
Horse Co.

Wm. Rupiper

Henrj- George

L W. Schu-
macher

Wm. Wiese

Herman F. Von

Glan

A. Kessler

Hy Dammann

A. E. Bolton

H. E. Brown

Lefingwell Horse

Co. —

R. S. Keat

D. P. Copp

Phillip Schloisman

Mike Fritz

T. M. Campbell-
Manning Norman

Horse Co.

C. H. Johnson

Glidden Horse Co-
Geo. M. Schu-
macher

John H. Ginn

David Ferguson.. -

Henry Moeller

Stork & Vonnahme

Roscoe Bros

W. J. .Tohnston.-
Eischeid & Pott-

hofif

J. H. Kohorst

Glidden Red Wallace 22369 Trotter

Manning | Brilliant 1849 Belgian

Manning Bolibar 19335 I Percheron

Glidden ! Tobe II 746 | French Draft

Glidden Docelle 1246 | Percheron

Coon Rapids ... Hercule De Courtrai Belgian

1439 (25364)

Carroll ' Malborough 830 (13010). Belgian

Coon Rapids .-. What You Want Jr Percheron

29165

Carroll La Fleur 10900 French Draft

Manning Diemede 18548 Percheron

Breda | Grison (28932)

Carroll ! Moltka .39075

Manning Coriza 41830 (56193)

Glidden Regent II 10843...

Coon Rapids _„ Bertrand 13582

Glidden
Manning

Carroll

Belgian
Trotter
Percheron
French Draft
Percheron

Cedar 27303 (45840) Percheron

Faro de Rotheaux 2438 Belgian
(Vol. 12, p. 484)

Carnot (13561) Percheron

Carroll - ) Croquemitaine (52402)-. Percheron

Arcadia i Grandini 21988 (42783). Percheron

Coon Rapids ...1 Nobility 2.31 Suffolk

Manning i Conqueror 9107

Glidden

Glidden

Carroll

Glidden

Carroll

Manning

Breda

Carroll

Coon Rapids

Halbur Sultan -47715 ..

Acadia Claudius 27617

Demus 43616

Chapeau 31437 (48688)..

Rohan 15856

Benour 21956

Porus 11943 (5979)

Allison 20290

Rattler Yet 10810

Riposteur 27422 (44782).
Juneau 21142

French Draft

Percheron

Percheron

French Draft

Trotter

French Draft

Percheron

Clydesdale

Percheron

Percheron

Percheron
I Percheron

838

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

CASS COUNTY

520
348
224

179
241

273
284
583

651
650
608
607
412
766

739
831

1062
878
1156
1215
1214

1213

1229
1396

Name of Stallion

Breed

A. P. Cuykendall

Chas. Denne

Caledonia Shire
Horse Co

A. P. Cuykendall

J. H. Schofield &

Oliver Manison..

J. P. Brunner—

Alex Dallas—

R. A. Berry

Turner Bros

Turner Bros

Perry Woods

Perry Woods—,—.
Anita Horse Co —
J. A. Nelson

Geo. C. Lindeman
Ray McClintock

Atlantic ' Westside Referee 250-

Atlantic Ciceron 31105 (46917)—

Griswold Stuntney Zephyr 8366..

(22841)
Atlantic - West Side Sultan 230..

Griswold i Colosse 12458 _..

Griswold .- ! Rex 1591 (1618)

Atlantic — ! Peter Kane 36969

Atlantic ! Knottinglet Referee

j (22501)

Griswold Prince B. 10731

Griswold Major P. 11233

Marne Green Mountain Boy

Marne ! Banqueter 38881

Anita I Merrimac 11952

Atlantic

Lewis —
Griswold

B. D. Ruff

Frert Lassen

G. E. McDermott

J. F. Gissibl

Alfred Bailey

Alfred Baiely-

Wm. Hopley.

Peter Biggs...

1423 1 Watt Devore-

1538
1597

W. B. Berry.

F. H. & M.

Trailer

1781
2101

78
2298
2444
2449
2582
2698
2718
2719
2720
2721
2771
2781
697
1149
2984
3109

3106
3224

8246
3452
3640
3642
3862
1274
4272

4273
S721

4319

2697
2725
1181

738

Atlantic
Atlantic
Anita -.
Anita --
Anita --

Anita —
Atlantic
Anita .—
Massena
Atlantic

M. L. Northrop-
Caledonin Belgian

Horse Co. ...
S. L. Harrison —

Geo. Smith

E. F. Moon

Prank Ruchs...
H. C. Wohlenhaus

Otto Lassen

Cheney & Bell—
Chenev & Bell —
Cheney & Bell...
Cheney & Bell...
V. B. Mayherry..

Wm. Toepfer

Colwell & Brown.

James Duncan

Gene Pierce

Peter Hopley &

Son

A. R. Brown

Wilson Bros.

Marne
Lewis

Griswold

Marne

Atlantic

Atlantic

Massena

Griswold

Cumberland

Massena

Massena

Massena

Massena

Atlantic

Atlantic

Atlantic

Atlantic

Cumberland

Fred Steinke

G. J. Pellett-

M. O. Trailer

W. M. Burnslde..

M. A. Bell

W. H. Mauk

A. Caywood

A. Caywood

E. A. Taylor

G. E. Bshelman.

Metz Bros.

Hansen Bros. —
H. G. Highley... .

Emil Rabe --, ...

Lewis
Anita
Anita

Atlantic

Atlantic

Marne

Lewis

Atlantic

Lewis

Cumberland

Cumberland

Anita

Griswold ...

Anita
Anita

Anita

Lusnonnais 40874

(55255)

Banker Boy 21153

Archie Greenlander —

38704

Pat King 35906

Captaine (.51649)

Napoleon Boy 45204

Defender's Best 11646..-
The Master of Stair.. .

11607
Laird of Anita 12157 —

Orlando (2078.5)

Plough Boy II 5135

Luzignan 21778 (43899)..
Stuntney Blake II 6652-

(20061)
Northolme Gipsey King

8197 (22639)
Joe Bailey 8003

Suffolk
Percheron

Shire

Suffolk

French Draft
German Coach
Trotter
Shire

Clydesdale

Clydesdale

Morgan

Trotter

Clydesdale

Percheron

Tudor II 2572 (29482)..-
Conway Brilliant 904—

Beecher 14292

Young Hylas 43703

Julius 2529 (33670)

Bouvois 41876

Roy 7859

Montekuma 34968

RoYSton Prince 11635...

Herault 14972

Orlando 42842

Leloir 41835 (54790)

Patriote 27823 (44454)-..

Bishop Jr. 38199

Duke of Creston 10949.
Oriola 1567

Percheron
Trotter

Trotter

Percheron

Percheron

Clydesdale

Clydesdale

Clydesdale

Shire

Shire

Percheron

Shire

Shire

Shire

Belgian

Belgian

French Draft

Trotter

Belgian

Percheron

Shire

Trotter

French Draft

French Draft

Percheron

Percheron

Percheron

Trotter

French Draft

German Coach

Griswold

Janus 3899

Baba 41824 (60746)

Prince Kirtlebridge..

9221

Prince L. 2606

Noxall R. 0.565

Harold Melrose 15274..

Lumps 27290

Leslie Farghar 42555..
Greviste 30617 (43717).
Buffalo Bill 2406

(37402)

Gav 20787

Orlando 42842

Stuntney Royal Don...

5748

Piston 2414 (37398)

Happy Thought 11761..
Moulton Sir Peter

(22957)
Black Prince 21415-

German Coach

Percheron

Clydesdale

Shetland Pony

Trotter

Thoroughbred

Trotter

Trotter

Percheron

Belgian

Percheron
Percheron
Shire

Belgian

Clvdesdale

Shire

Percheron

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII. 839

CEDAR COUNTY

p

Name of Owner

Postofnce

Name of Stallion

Breed

390

Mechanicsville ..
Mechanicsville —

Sandscale Mafeking ..

7111 (19100)
I. D. 36221

Shire

391

Trotter

218

Downey Draft

Horse Co.

F. T.f. Emerson-—

A. J. Sawyer

F. W. Bilers

J. J. Jackson

Jno. Wilier. Jr

Sam McAfee

C. E. Kohl

Glen Linden
Shire Horse Co—

B. Kook

B Kook

Negrillon 2C105 (54340).

King Richard 5975

Maple Dick 12917

.Tim Corbet Jr. 7387

Howard Black 38488

Tipton Major 5454

Delamere Combination
7357 (1672)

Horbling Field Mar-
shal 7112 (18814)

Blaisdon Vulcan 7113—
(18529)

Pleasant Hill King

26380

Albert 32350 (48457)

Rustique 27152 (48366)—
Leander 12450 -

323

Clarence .- - .

545
563

West Branch ..
Tipton —

French Draft
Shire

720
857

Mechanicsville —
Tipton

Trotter
Shire

832

870
1162

1817
1318

Mechanicsville —
Mechanicsville —
Stanwood

Shire
Shire
Shire

Durant

Percheron

1233

Rustique Hors«
Co

Stanwood

We.st Branch —
Tipton

Percheron

1491
1478
2166

2179
2975

Leander Horse Co

Chas. Alason

A. .T. Glick

O. R. Click

C. L. & C. D.
Peck

French Draft

Cephas 10771 —

Trotter

Clarence

Clarence

Mechanicsville ..
West Branch — .
West Branch —
Lowden _ .

Click's Plunger 41589.—
Auctioneer 30234

Winton Duke 2975

Old Tar 15701

Percheron
Percheron

Shire

3136
3135
3324
3323
3314
3396
3395

F. M. Gray

F. M. Gray

C. L. iMcClellan—
C. L. McClellan—

W. S. Spears

Fred Schmidt

M e c h a nicsville
Percheron Horse
Co. —

French Draft

Billy J. Bryan 15702—

Farceur 9247 (6426)

Bright Gamaleon 44187.

Farmers Profit 7106

Sergent 27189 (44292) —

Clenenceau 31247

(48713)
Acelyte 41375 (54915)—
Tipton 41117 -

French Draft
Percheron

Trotter

Stanwood

Clarence

Shire
Percheron

Mechanicsville -.

Stanwood

Mechanicsville —

Clarence

Downey

Percheron

3668

3683
4302

H. S. Hoy man &

Son

Duane Risrby

L. P. Yocum &
Son -

Percheron

Bed Amber 44098

Sebatier 50766 (64448)...
Taylor the Great 47101.

Trotter

4347

Downey Draft
Horse Co.

Chas. W. De

Percheron

4365

Tipton -—

Trotter

CERRO GORDO COUNTY

578
579
580
690
1580
1627
16461
1679

1756
3286
2287
2313
2314
2415

1S35

8094
3093

C. H. Merchant...
C. H. Merchant...
C. H. Merchant-.

Neils Brown

A. M. Avery

P. Murphy

James Ferrier

Wetter, Latimer,
Crotty Horse

Co

C. Bryant

L. G. Parker

L. G. Parker

Robt. Carr

Robt. Carr.

L. G. Parker

Rockwell Horse
Co.

Mason City
Mason City
Mason City
Thornton ...
Mason City
Dougherty .
Mason City

Rockwell ...

Mason City

Mason City

Mason City

Mason City

Mason City

Mason City

Rockwell

T. B. Morse | Rock Falls

Paul Bros. Thornton ..

August Hanson &

Paul Bros Thornton ..

C. M. Baker j Mason City

Sir George 2736 Shire

Victor M. 8386 Shire

Maxmillion 7744 Shire

Caesar 27831 (48382) Percheron

Abe Lincoln 8400 Shire

Beauregard 40407 Percheron

Pipestone Bill 41406 Percheron

Bolero 40391 (56731) 'Percheron

Connaught 2779 |Shire

Rex 50294 |Percheron

Rouser .35826 i Percheron

Robert Patch 41405 Trotter

Barondean 36317
Peer 40418

Clos Vougeot 2203

(33310)
Keota Narragansett

(31831)
Calleo 42180

Renouvean 1063 (21582).
Frank 9523

Trotter
Percheron

Belgian

Percheron

Trotter

Belgian
French Draft

840

IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE.
CERRO GORDO COUNTY— Continted

Name of Owner

Van Note Bros

Van Note Bros

T. M. Dresbach—

Fred Ebanit

Mason City Bur-
chinal & Rock-
well Belgian
Horse Co.

Grant McGowan.

Grant McGowan.

Grant McGowan.

Grant McGowan.

Poetofflce

Name of Stallion

Mason City
Mason City
Mason City
Meservy

Rockwell

Mason City

Mason City

Mason City

Mason City

Armour 42089

Buster Brown 44364.

Reno 48783

Mountain 40688

Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron

Cognac de Bovesse 1451 1 Belgian
(25332) [

Decided 30183 Percheron

Win .51627 Percheron

Right 51626 Percheron

Prize 51625 Percheron

CHEROKEE COUNTY

157
1819

J. J. Richardson.
F. W. & C. H.

Peck

Marcus

Cherokee

Larrabee

Bloc 24705

Percheron

Sultan 44330 (56244)

Baccarat 20398.-

Marquis de Wytschacto

482 (35416)

Moquart 1353 (16790)

Polo 44135 (51875)

Cadet de Mouchon 1750

(2.3852)
Pichegru 13035

Percheron

2143
2168

F. F. Lowell

Maple Valley

Belgian Horse
Co.

C. P. Spinharney
C. P. Spinharney
John Soukup

W. J. Dawson

W. P. Green

G. W. Harrison..
G. W. Harrison..

T. B. Linton

L. H. Ducommun.

J. A. Kelly. -

Geo. Hirschman..

Fred Furkly

E. V. Ferrin

Cleghorn Horse

Co. . .

Percheron
Belgian

2191
2192
2194

Cherokee

Cherokee

Marcus _ _

Belgian

Percheron

Belgian

2197

Washta

French Draft

2404

Washta -

(51163) P.

Farmers Profit 27915

Walpole 245.54

Percheron

2551
25.52

Trotter

Washta ...

Mongout 27375 (44592)-

Branchwood 24164

Brilliant List 47328

Malmaison 41864

Saphir 33834 (46498)

Corbon 33056

Percheron

2783
2796
2963
3005
3006
3007
3105

Aurelia

Cleghorn

Larrabee

Marcus

Marcus

Marcus

Cleghorn

Washta

Trotter
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron

Gold Bug 21127

Cambodge 29492 (44914).

Chalet 40672 (55519)

Carnaval 2107 (29873)

Sans-Facon 33333 (46882)

Sandy 46213

Mouton 46707 -

Percheron

3114

W. P. Green

P. L. Draper

Geo. Bower

S. G. Dawson

G. W. Brown

L. M. Miller

A. A. Goodburn—
Geo. Lockwood—

Percheron

a558
3637
4043

Larrabee

Cherokee

Washta

Belgian

Percheron

Percheron

4291

Percheron

4265

Marcus . .

Tassin .33850 (45149)

Almond 25317

Percheron

4131

4149

Cherokee

Major B. 48091

CHICKASAW COUNTY

487

F. P. Shekleton..

Lawler

Matchless McKinley...

11798

Clydesdale

486

F. P. Shekleton..

Lawler

.Tohn Lawler 11797

Clydesdale

4A5

F. P. Shekleton..

Lawler

Newton Masher 76.54

Shire

484

F. P. Shekleton..

Lawler

Rockwell 19843

Percheron

576

W. S. Thorn

Gilbert Touney...

Fredericksburg .
Lawler

Faor 33136

Percheron

94

Roy Benton 8368

Shire

108

W. B. Porter

New Hampton...

Boyer 10522

Trotter

283

North Washing-

ton Horse Co...

No. Washington

Tiflis 23227 (41397)

Percheron

2

L. C. Goodsell...

Nashua

Sesostrls 27871 (43661)..

Percheron

426

Bassett Perch-

eron Horse Co..

New Hampton..

Rejoni 45011

Percheron

fiW

X. F. Mishak....
P. M. Smith

Ionia

Ionia

Farmer 10119

Clydesdale

7.57

King 12856

Percheron

719

Smith Bros

Fredericksburg..

Sherman 33339

Percheron

914

J. F. Cagley-

Nashua

Billy M. 5113 .

Morgan

1080

Dan Hickok

Ionia

Ralock 43341

Trotter

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART XII.
CHICKASAW COUNTY— Continued

841

Name of Owner

Postofflce

Name of Stallion

Breed

ins8

M. B. Farr

Alex Shekleton

New Hampton
Belgian Horse
Co. -

Nashua

Obus 27803 (4^548)

Cedric MacNeil 10049...

Beduoin 1256 (23802)

Lapin (58301)

104fi

Lawler

Clydesdale
Belgian

1357

New Hampton -
■Jerico

1224

Mike Whalen

Mike "Whalen

S. A. Shekleton.. -
S. A. Shekleton...
C. F. McNevin...

Otto Koerth

F. P. Shekleton..
F. P. Shekleton-.

X. F. Mishak

Frank Leightman.

James Ramsey

F. P. Shekleton..
F. P. Shekleton-
X. F. ?ilishak...-

J. T. Huffman

Jno. Clemens &
Co.

1225

•Terico .

Bangala 856 (11890)

Sable Prince 11.300

Prince Telectable 11831

Rob JfcNevins :J4289

Russell Ago 44463

Wm. McKinley 12372...
Black Major II 4.5437...

Francois II 40111

Gamzoo 34363 .

Belgian

1399

Lawler . . .

1400

Lawler . ..

1S78

Lawler ..

Trotter

2219

Ionia

Trotter

1498

Lawler

Cl.vdesdale

1499

Lawler

Percheron

17»4

Ionia

Percheron

1750

New Hampton—
Lawler

Trotter

1837

Silver Royal 4a539

Robin Rant 14645

De Soto 47227

Trotter

2237

Lawler

French Draft

2236

Lawler

Percheron

226.*)

Ionia _ .

Fleuris 14845 (61659)P..
Nedrow 41809

Ray Westfall 9651

Mae Niven 8655

French Draft

2782

Percheron

2838

New Hampton...

Clydesdale
Clydesdale

2902

Thos. H. Smith...

S. E. Johnson

F. P. Shekleton-.
F. P. Shekleton..
F. P. Shekleton.-

L. B. Scales

R. W. Donovan..
J. R. Whitcomb.-
Frank P. Shekle-
ton ...

3129

New Hampton.. -

Clapet 11050

Percheron

3143

Prince Discoverer 9746..
Crouse 47105 - . .

Clydesdale

3142

Lawler

Percheron

3141

Lawler

Quarius 43267

Percheron

3190

Nashua _

Donshaw a5979 „

Trotter

3194
8210
3282

Lawler

Fredericksburg .

Billy Bryan 13135

D'Aplomb 21604 (43071)..

Baron Doune 12613

(13254)

Aristide 50502 (64237)

Coran 2344 (32554)

Sethos 246.54 (436.57)

Cecil Twig 42112

Conway Albert 933

Clydesdale
Percheron

1947
3464

Peter Birgen

J. R. Hickok

New Hampton

Horse Co.

C. B. Sullivan

J. W. Pierce

J. W. Pierce

Frank P. Shekle-
ton

New Hampton...
Ionia -

Percheron
Belgian

3545

3570

360

3602

New Hampton.—
Fredericksburg .

Republic

Republic

Percheron
Trotter
Belgian
Percheron

3662

Trojan 49404

Percheron

3663

Frank P. Shekle-
ton --

Barney's Chief 10848

Pothuau 50548 (62463)...

Der Captain 464.5

Prince Hilton 40795

Turner (2155)

Clydesdale

Percheron
German Coach

1936

4nS7

Alta Vista Draft
Horse Improve-
ment Co.

X. F. Mishak

J. T. Huffman

Peter Birgen

F r e d ericks-
burg Shire Horse
Co. -

Alta Vista

Ionia — .

1305

Ionia

Percheron

1898

New Hampton-
Fredericksburg .

New Hampton-
New Hampton...

Holstein Coach

4230

Kendal Budgeon 6514

(Vol. 24)
Trojan 31389

Shire

1689

F. P. Wentz

Miller & Kenyon.

Percheron

4489

Mark Del 24914

Trotter

CLARKE COUNTY

156

J. A. & A. A.

Carson .

Woodburn

Osceola

234

213

459

A. H. Griffin

Murray Percheron
Horse Co

Osceola

Murray

38

Charles Swick

Thos. Johnson

W. G. Hindes

Hart Bros.

Hart Bros

Milton L. Evans-
Lewis Bros ... .

Osceola ..

440

Murray

669

Murray .

6Sf?

Osceola ... . .

681
413

Osceola —

Murray .... .

ion

Osceola

Bardolph 13566 „ French Draft

Hampfleld Samson 71.53 Shire
Martello 17988 (.37347)... Percheron

Makir 28441 (46877) Percheron

Hoverton Iron Duke French Draft
13366

Doctor D. 41505 Trotter

The Spartan 34175 Trotter

Vincennes 50195 (59558).! Percheron

Ducal 50194 (60035) Percheron

Cenright 6966 Clydesdale

The Black Prince 9345.. Clydesdale

842

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

CLARKE COUNTY— Continued

Name of Owner

Postofflce

Name of Stallion

1096
1135
1684
1685
1800
1816
1815
1829
1862
1844
1845
1846
1847
1848
1849
1850
1851
1852
18.53
1854
1855
1857
1858
1859
1860
1861
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2031

2039
2033
2034
2085
2086
2103
2121

10.57
2214

2216
2215
2248
2277
2291

2369

2370
2371
2373
2374
2375
2376
2377
2378
2.379
2380
2381
2382
2383
2384
2623
2702
2811

3059
3149

G. C. Lucas

G. P. Rhodes

David Mitchell

David Mitchell

Hart Bros

Hart Bros

Hart Bros

Hart Bros- —

Hart Bros

Hart Bros

Hart Bros

Hart Bros

Hart Bros

Hart Bros

Hart Bros

Hart Bros

Hart Bros

Hart Bros

Hart Bros

Hart Bros

Hart Bros—

Hart Bros

Hart Bros

Hart Bros

Hart Bros

Hart Bros —

Hart Bros

Hart Bros

Hart Bros

Hart Bros

Hart Bros

Hart Bros

Hart Bros

Hart Bros

Hart Bros

Hart Bros

Hart Bros

S. S. Critchfield-

Hart Bros

Robinson & Grif-
fin

David Mitchell

Hart Bros

Hart Bros

Hart Bros

Hines Bros

Hart Bros

Wra. Ritchie, Ed

Husted & J. B.

Hazlett

Hart Bros— -

Hart Bros-

Hart Bros

Hart Bros

Hart Bros

Hart Bros

Hart Bros

Hart Bros

Hart Bros

Hart Bros

Hart Bros

Hart Bros

Hart Bros

Hart Bros

Hart Bros

D. B. Hedge

B. C. Staley

C. B. Shinn

Clark Co. Horse

Co.

.T. E. Perry

Hart Bros

Hopeville
Woodburn
Murray —
Murray _..
Osceola .—
Osceola .—
Osceola ...
Osceola .—
Osceola ...
Osceola ...
Osceola ...
Osceola ...
Osceola ...
Osceola ...
Osceola ...
Osceola .—
Osceola ...
Osceola ...
Osceola ...
Osceola ...
Osceola ...
Osceola ...
Osceola ...
Osceola ...
Osceola ...
Osceola ...
Osceola ...
Osceola ...
Osceola ...
Osceola ...
Osceola ...
Osceola

Osceola ...
Osceola ...
Osceola ...
Osceola ...
Osceola ...
Woodburn
Osceola ...

Osceola ...
Murray ..
Osceola ..

Osceola ..

Osceola ..

Murray ..

Osceola ..

Murray ..
Osceola ...

Osceola ...

Osceola ...

Osceola ...

Osceola ...

Osceola ...

Osceola ...

Osceola ...

Osceola ...

Osceola ...

Osceola ...

Osceola ...

Osceola ...

Osceola ...

Osceola ...

Osceola ...

Osceola ...

Osceola ...

Osceola ...
Osceola ...
Osceola ...

Walter J. 20225

Caro (Vol. 7)

Teddy Roosevelt 1067...
Duke 5002

Ducal 50311

Abbot 50387

Joe-Banker .50386

.Joseph the Banker 8347
Roublard 50436 (62775)..

Joe Bailey 50886

Spark .50289

Du-Rock .50312 —

Victor Gilbert 50621

Ralph 50253

Jerry Johnson 50252

Hempfleld Samson 50250

Ducal 50674

Rataplan 50620 (60462)..

Mulot 50834 (5.3778)

CattU 50424 (51569)

Granit 50427 (64873)

Panquert 50435 (552.55)..-

Souaze 50437 (64787)

Maubert 50431 (57853)...

Mosnil 50433 (55589)

Mastique 50430 (64774)..

Slather 8396

Osceola Sampson 8695..

Champion 50287

Spring-Up 50703 —

Senitor 50702

Tableau de Aspe 2378.
(29916)

Slasher 50288

Victor-Gilbert 50730

Ferry Oak 8441 (23918).
Osceola Banker 50746...

Osceola Boy 50747

Balandard 22664 (42798).
Jerry Johnson 12218

Aloes 50217 (55899)

Jim Jam 32838

Lucky Lad of Town's
End 898 (9329)

Royal II 7085...

Ralph 50819

Osceola Rampton 8852..
Durock 50203

Feramorz 12594

Stuntney George 8860..

(24653)
Stuntney Shem 8861

(22835)

Mistral 5089O (62275)

Beatrix 50882 (62373)

Dartagnon 50866 (60097).

Xavier .50895 (61805)

Biffin 50884 (53737)

Raab 50893 (.58383)

Turenne 50897 (58865)

Pvthon 50893 (60409)

Afifuteur .50881 (64666)...
Benjamin 50883 (54566)..

Damier 50885 (64212)

Domino .50887 (64195)

Horoff 50889 (60458)

Mogol 50891 (62665)

Loyalty 11978

Conway Prince 978

Courgeon 24268 (44031).. Percheron
Zulman 12368 (5957B).. French Draft
Banker 50980 i Percheron

Trotter

Oldenburg Coach

Belgian

Shire

Percheron

Percheron

Percheron

Shire

Percheron

Percheron

Percheron

Percheron

Percheron

Percheron

Percheron

Percheron

Percheron

Percheron

Percheron

Percheron

Percheron

Percheron

Percheron

Percheron

Percheron

Percheron

Shire

Shire

Percheron

Percheron

Percheron

Belgian

Percheron

Percheron

Shire

Percheron

Percheron

Percheron

French Draft

Percheron
Percheron
Hackney

Shire
Percheron
Shire
Percheron

French Draft
Shire _

'(*! - ■

Shire

Percheron

Percheron

Percheron

Percheron

Percheron

Percheron

Percheron

Percheron

Percheron

Percheron

Percheron

Percheron

Percheron

Percheron

French Draft

Belgian

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART Xll. 843

CLARKE county-Continued

4)2

Name of Owner

Postofflce

Name of Stallion

3148
3147
3256
3257
3266
3267
3268
3269
3270
3271
3272
3273
3274
3275
3276
3311

3310

3369
3381
3526

3547

3675
3852
3897
4002
3437
3921
4137
4136

4195
439
4435
4437
235

Hart
Hart
J. A.
J. A.
Hart
Hart
Hart
Hart
Hart
Hart
Hart
Hart
Hart
Hart
Hart
Hart

Bros-.
Bros--
Voris.
Voris.
Bros--
Bros..
Bros--
Bros--
Bros--
Bros--
Bros--
Bros—
Bros--
Bros.-
Bros--
Bros-.

Hart Bros-

Hart Bros

Hart Bros

J. E. Reese & J.
TV. Kent

Baldwin, Reed &

Ayers

Hart Bros

Sinnott & Forney

C. T. Ayers

R. B. Bartlett—

Milton Evans

E. G. Paul

Hart Bros

Hart Bros

J. G. Carns—

Roy Sink

W. C. Hindes-

Hart Bros

C. B. Shinn—

Osceola Banker Joseph 9021

Osceola Harts Thumper 9020

Woodburn Hobson 9734

Woodburn Iowa 5452

Osceola .- Planquin 51035 (58803)..

Osceola Francillon 51028 (G2502).

Osceola Busserre 51027 (62238)..

Osceola Jupiter 51031 (56613)

Osceola Riflard 51036 (62337)

Osceola Turbigo 51038 (56820)...

Osceola Guignol 51030 (63699)

Osceola Fripon 51029 (51263)

Osceola Limier 51033 (62294")

Osceola Orphelin 51034 (60S69)..

Osceola .— - Marescot 51033 (62809)..

Osceola Sultan de Thy 2624

(34638)
Osceola Neron d' Ormei 2663—

(20794)

Osceola 1 Grimaud 41197 (60489) ..

Osceola j Camille 51026 (58952)—..

■Woodburn Coco 8826

Osceola Robo 11944 (.5966).

Osceola „ Hero-Ben 51086 ..

Osceola _! Kernal 52062

Osceola Caten 49509

Hopeville ..

Murray

Osceola

Osceola

Osceola

Breed

Murray .
Hopeville
Murray .
Osceola ..
Osceola ..

Norwood Brilliant 49330

Eavineer 330S4

Powerful 40993

Marengo 51439 (67312)...
Marnix de Destel 2894..
(41522)

Sampson 51513

Colonel Duroc 37967

Nemerod 51710 (60354)...
Le Bon IX 9344 (23426)
Ranger 6470

Shire

Shire

French Draft

Shire

Percheron

Percheron

Percheron

Percheron

Percheron

Percheron

Percheron

Percheron

Percheron

Percheron

Percheron

Percheron

Percheron

Percheron
Percheron

French Draft

French Draft

Percheron

Percheron

Percheron

Percheron

Trotter

Percheron

Percheron

Belgian

Percheron
Trotting
Percheron
Shire
I Shire

CLAY COUNTY

424

508

Clausen & Jones..

A. A. Reynolds...

F. J. Clarke

C. I. Ginger

Spencer Draft
Horse Co.

Harmony, Green-
ville & Douglas
Horse Co

Alonzo Jones

J. W. & Frank
McDowell

Royal Horse Co...

Frank ISIcDowelL.

Frank :McDowen-

Frank McDowelL.

Stouffer, Peterson
& Erfmever

I. N. Reed

Spencer Draft

Peterson

Spencer ...

Stockwell IV 6858

(iJOOSS)

Jonas 41868 (55201)

Silver Moak 40733

Sam H. ;^5S80.

Monaco 1185 (19354)

Romarin 27435 (43618)..
Jumbo G. 8314

Shire
Percheron

1002
1460
1561

Fostoria

Langdon

Spencer

Trotter
Percheron

Belgian

1659
2028

Greenville

Peterson

Greenville

Peterson

Spencer .

Percheron

Shire

2230

2353
2518

Bolsinger 33323

Pepin 29490 (45751)

Favorette 40658

Nogentais 23198 (43781).
Kenmor 23023

Trotter

Percheron

Percheron

2519

Spencer .. _

Percheron

2-5")4

Spencer ..

Percheron

1272

Fostoria

Webb -

Urson 2837

French Coach

2980

Audley Boy 7154

(Vol. 25)
Armagh 2523 .. ...

Shire

2990

Spencer

Dickens

Dickens

Webb

Spencer

Peterson

Dickens

Spencer

Belgian

Percheron
Clydesdale

3050

3171

E. U. Roberts

J. H. Everett

H. H. Mills

Miles Becket

W. H. Brown

J. C. Clark

Slater & Gillespie.

(Vol. 13, p. 543)
Tricolet 50650 (60116)...
Improver 4017

3312

Reno 35761

Percheron

4039

Compton 42965 .

Percheron

2283

Knute 18964

Percheron

4262
4369

Black Prince 50389

Biscaien 25707 (43007)...

Percheron
Percheron

844

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
CLAYTON COUNTY

•-2

Name of Owner

Postofflce

146
522
523

958
1386
1458

1832
2241
2242
2397
2544

2926
3262

3292
3429

3430
3472
3354
85491

1201

4086
4119

Koontz Bros

J. L. Schneider—
J. L. Schneider —

Joseph Cain

Pettit & Koontz—

Smith & Kahl-

baum

Kaiser Bros

Wm. Koth & Co.
A. A. Kishman &

A. Henkes

G. E. Bachtell—

Jas. Grain

Jas. Grain

Geo. Voshell

Garnavillo Shire

Hoi-se Go.

Mrs. E. E. Mey-
ers

Hurley & Meyer..
Henry Jennings,

J. C. & Wm.

Probert

Jno. L. Schneider.
Elkport Percheron

Horse Go

M. S. Welch

J. M. Donnelly-—
H. C. Bothmer Co
Humphrey St

Leahy

Gordon White —
Percheron Horse

Co.

C. H. Donahe

J. L. Bno

L. Bosener

Meder & Donaho

Uonona
■Elkader
Elkader

Elkader
Monona

Elkader

St. Olaf

Farmersburg

Farmersburg

Volga - -

Volga

Volga

Volga

Garnavillo

Elkader
Volga —

Volga —
Elkader

Elkport

Volga

Bloom'ton, Wis
Clayton

Name of Stallion

Buzot de Picton (29360).

Triton 42875 (44805)

Clarion De Bel Air 1721
(29522)

Iron Duke 29304

Royal Emblem 43208

David De Voile 1347

(24318)
Torpilleur 42832
Larbin 42881 (54647)

LeFertois 26296 (18836).
Star Onward 31514 —
Mercure 25721 (43490) — .
Laddie 45427

Jabot 41034 (.53708)

Magnum Bonum IV—

7928 (18901)
Chabrol 26076 (44799) —
Elvenden First Lord-

8583 (23919)

Pete 48051

Saxon Billy 9026 (20882)

Montague 25357

Penrose 6174

Earl King 21817

Allen Gilbert 42183

Paul 1944

Gatuamet 31792-

Volga

Volga -

Clayton Young Cherrl 25884.

Mederville ! La Salle 21566

Laun^ - I Black King 45.303.

Guttenbnrg Clipper of Fairfield—.

39809
Mederville Bury Colonel 6168

(17220)

Breed

Belgian

Percheron

Belgian

Percheron
Trotter

Belgian

Percheron
Percheron

Percheron

Trotter

Percheron

Percheron

Percheron

Shire

Percheron
Shire

Percheron
Shire

Percheron
Shetland Pony
Trotter
Trotter

French Coach
Trotter

Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Trotter

Shire

CLINTON COUNTY

527
525
526
.528
513
529
790

10,50
1051

994
1372
1544

1.5.56
1985
2438
2714
1041
2822

2821
3083
3156
3906
4042
3618
4157
4127

A. W. Johnson. --
A. W. Johnson---
A. W. .Johnson.--
A. W. Johnson---

J. B. Shannon

A. W. Johnson---
Center Grove

Horse Co.

George Corbin

George Corbin

Peter Frett

Chris Lund

Grand Mound
Horse Co

O. G. Henyon

Wm. Burk--

Wm. Tinnefeldt—

Hicks Bros

A. W. .Tohnson--
Brindisi Perch-
eron Horse Co-.
Eugen Hanssen—

J. O. Ott— -

Wm. F. Heinke--

A. W. Johnson

A. W. Jolinson

A. W. Johnson

A. W. Johnson

A. W. Johnson

De Witt
De Witt
De Witt

Valespir 11318

Bordelon 38677

Border Wilkes 29022

De Witt Margot 278t6 (47048)

De Witt I Sebastian 13886

De Witt I Enfield Stylish Chief—

; 7935 (21404)

Charlotte Frank 9926

Calamus —
Calamus .—

Brown .
Blwood

Grand Mound

Clinton

Charlotte

Lost Nation _.

Elwood

De Witt

Bryant -
Bryant -
Baldwin .
Delmar .
De Witt
Witt
Witt
Witt
Witt

De
De
De
De

Babeuf 44307 (51767)

Simon De Rosoux 1839.
(25366)

Africander (4.5089)

Apollon (19098)

Pedro 28621 -.

C. H. 33188

Brulot 41504 (.59670)

Colson (62987)

Lion de Buzet (.30272)-
Dewey Boy 39220

Brindisi 22723 (43414)--

Stanlaws 47.59

Glendale Major 42438-..
Vergoin 35101 (45656)—.

Paul 51533

Lew Karr 44300

Keota Bmmett 8371

Decide 47084 (62936) — -
Invite 51872 (64997)

French Draft

Trotter

Trotter

Percheron

French Draft

Shire

French Draft

Percheron

Belgian

Percheron
Belgian

Percheron

Trotter

Percheron

Percheron

Belgian

Trotter

Percheron

Shetland Pony

Percheron

Percheron

Percheron

Trotter

Shire

Percheron

Percheron

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII.

CRAWFORD COUNTY

845

O

Name of Owner

PostofQce

Name of Stallion

Breed

200

980

981

983

983

965

1151

133-t

1004

1488
1656
1&40

2391

2494
2648
2672
2673
2566

1940

2882

3035
3140
3166

3253
3264 I
3512
3513 1
3522
3544
3612
4060
3397 !
4227
303
170O

L. P. Rose

Peter J. Eggers..

I Peter .T. Eggers.

I Peter J. Eggers..
Schlichta Bros.
B. B. White—
W. H. Lamb-

R. Knaul

Ricketts Horse Co

Fred Coleman.

Peter Jensen_-_

Ida and Sac
County Perch
eron Horse Co...

Chris Koock

Henry N. KuehL.
F. J. Smitli

Kemp & Killeen..

.Tames Killeen

H. C. Pithan &

Herman Garbe.-
H. H. Chapman

& H. J. McGill-
Adolf Meyer, Sr-_
W. V. Whaley—
C. A. Saunders-—
J. B. Gardner...

Hugh Dnugherty--
P. A. Klinkefus—
T. M. Sheridan_.-

T. J. Kenney

James Mitchell-. .

L. P. Rose

Schmadke Bros-.

L. P. Rose

Tom Ransom

Albert Peterson.. -

F. W. Miller

Ellsle Brokelsly.-

Charter Oak

Denison

Denison

Denison

Denison

Manilla

Denison

Denison

Ricketts

Charter Oak .
Charter Oak .

Kiron

Boyer

Schleswig ...
Charter Oak
West Side ..
West Side ..

Charter Oak

Vail

Charter Oak
Dow City ...

Manilla

Manilla

Manilla

Manilla

Vail

Vail

West Side ..
Charter Oak

Denison

Charter Oak

Denison

Dow City

Manilla

Vail

General 186

Archie 34897

Corbett 42790

Mont Dor 8977

Vulcan 2<)S41

Young Maakoff 9651

Decorah Jr. 32331_.

Absola 43175

Zephir d'Herlaimont--
(Vol. 13, p. 478)

Victor Dewey 45479

Energy 745 (4788)

Feder 40143 (51266)

Bismark de Braibnt..-

1703 (25394)
Beau Souvenir (15014)..

Parnell Beauty 9179

Victor 11478

Arizona 13138

Michaux 14893

Tarascon 50552 (55555)..
Salvator 50219 (80080)___
Iowa Wonder 44 (1672)
Flanche 46431 (53966)...
Mastique II De Vlier-

ingen 1976 (28098)
Titus 1735 (8969)..

Sultan 285 1

Gravier 28479 (45129)

Iowa Ranger 30713

JIatinal 25708 (44350).

Tammo (12103)

Colenso 1402 (25004)..

Piston 40908 (46721)

Harry Judge 34560

Godolphin 4S874

Bon Atas 77.54

Hanksoid 33113

Oldenburg Coach

Percheron

Percheron

French Draft

Percheron

French Draft

Trotter

Trotter

Belgian

Percheron
Belgian

Percheron
Belgian

Belgian
Clydesdale
French Draft
French Draft

French Draft

Percheron

Percheron

Suffolk

Percheron

Belgian

German Coach

Suffolk

Percheron

Trotter

Percheron

German Coach

Belgian

Percheron

Trotter

Percheron

Shire

Trotter

DALLAS COUNTY

131

226
253
317
318
324

336
287
652
50
637
636
768
658

409
767
1056

1136
1199

1401
1480

J. B. Saum

Martin Russell

Belgian Horse Co

Leon Mills

J. R. Mills

W. B. Fritz.

T. P. Gushing

Thos. Eckert

Stoots & Kline.-

J. H. Andrew

R. S. Barr..

R. S. Barr

Robt. Burchfleld..

W. S. Robinson..

De Soto Shire

Horse Co

J. F. Turner

Wm. A. Warford.

Dawson Draft

Horse Co

T. A. Thornburg.

C. B. Pierce

D. C. Kelly

M. B. Boll

Woodward ..

Dallas Center

Redfleld

Perry

Perry

Dexter

Booneville ...
Woodward ...

Redfleld

Dexter

Adel

A del

Linden

Dexter

De Soto

Linden

Linden

Dawson

Linden

Woodward ...

Dallas Center
Waukee

Sans Tache 22012 Percheron

(43146)
Wenona Regent 225^4.. I Percheron
Saint Martin (29462)__-iBelgian

Banner 13189 iFrench Draft

Narcisse 21992 (42440).., Percheron
Sergeant Major 8292 ' Shire

(21849)
Scarclifif Sweep (8173) -.| Shire

Jules 647 iBelgian

Carral (54564) 'Percheron

Earl Royal .37070 iTrotter

Dan McCloud 43139. iTrotter

Colonel McCoy 33112 Trotter

Rex Legrand 1993

Jim Kelly 43068.

Halstead Duke 7352

(20537)
Facteur 26913 (4.5803).-
Grant 9138

Fairfleld Stormer .5673..

Maynard 10022

Major De Beaumont..
(20760)

Laurens 41030

Flashlight Prince 7701..

Saddle Horse
Trotter

Shire

Percheron
French Draft

Shire

French Draft
Belgian

Percheron
Shire

846

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

DALLAS COUiNTY— Continued

fez

Name of Owner

Postofflce

Name of Stallion

Breed

1489

1675

Perry Belgian

Horse Co

John Bair

John Bair

Beflgian Horse Co.
A. W. Dickerson.

J. R. Mills

J. R. Mills

J. R. Mills...

Leon Mills

Perry

Perry

Vulcan 2235 (25410)

Dewev 10974

Belgian
French Draft

1676
17S6

Perry

Dexter

Woodward

Perry

Perry

Perry

Perry

Adel

Woodward

Adel

Van Meter

Dallas Center ...

Dexter

Van Meter

Dexter

Woodward

Perry

Perry

Perry

Woodward

:Minburn

Bouton

Minburn

Perry

Waukee

Adel -.

Booneville

Dallas Center ..
Minburn

Dawson '

Bouton

Minburn

Bataclan 30587 (48721)-
Coco (10448)

Percheron
Belgian

1826
1836

Hero-Ben 50251

Salem 15092 .

Percheron
French Draft

1835

Minot 15090

French Draft

1834

Conrad 15087

French Draft

1833

Constant 15086

Rapin 24496 (42413)

Abel 677 (581).. ..

French Draft

1840
2218

Emery Skinner

W. B. DuToit

Blwood Beaseley..

H. C. Addy

I. C. Stine

Theodore Quick...

J. A. Minteer

J. H. Andrew

C. H. Green

C. W. Council

C. W. Council

R. C. Taylor

John J. Wolber...

Roy R. Bstls

C. H. Gardiner.. -
R. K. Purviance..

Henry Schnoor

Ortonville Horse
Co.

Percheron
German Coach

2674

Linwood 22566 . ...

Percheron

^61

Yacca 35903

Trotter

2569

Iowa Chief 2.569 .

Shire

2734
2827
3388

Tuduc 14991 (57768P)

Prince I. X. L. 43530...
Victor 24128

French Draft

Trotter

Percheron

3402
3433

Ted 45859

Pimeto 18761

Percheron
Trotter

3432

Drifton 12165 .

Trotter

3434
3489
a541

Taylor W. 42190

Major Murray 4597

Nick 46503

Trotter

Shire

Percheron

3562
3616

Nobelmann (Vol. 7)—
French 15730 ..

Oldenburg Coach
French Draft

3891

Proflt 7296

Shire

4024

Ronflant 51434 (61553)

Castor 41848 (62526)

Demblon 1327 (13188)

Molitor 44035

Percheron

2319
4225
4269

C. M. Badger

A. B. McCleeary.

J. H. Royle

Belgian Horse Co

R. S. Witter

Crawford Bros

W. N. Crawford..

Percheron

Belgian

Percheron

4274
4307
4355
4356

Gaspard de Liroux

(26910)
Avenir de Thines 3008

(34174)
Rubis de Berlin 1355..
. (23076)
Dance 12934 (.53888)P

Belgian
Belgian
Belgian
French Draft

DAVIS COUNTY

252

W. E. Irvin

J. D. Baughman..
Jno. Augspurger..
E. S. Stockman...
E. S. Stockman..

B. F. Ritz

Wm. G. Brown...
L. C. Warthen

W. C. Baughman.
W. C. Baughman.
W. C. Baughman.
W. C. Baughman.

Albert Munn

Peter B. Horn

W. W. Powers...
J. W. McConnell.

N. B. Merry

James McGowan..
James McGowan..
James McGowan..

P. G. Martin

A. L. Watson

I. C. Evans

J. & M. Ho ran

C. F. Davis

C. F. Davis

J. M. Peden

N. M. Peden

Chas. Daugherty..

R. No. 1, Floris-
Pulaski ... -

Enterprise 4047 ..

294

Lightfoot 13749 ...

French Draft

333

Pulaski

Titus 4669

557

Bloomfleld

Bloomfleld

Pulaski

Togo 13764

French Draft

556

Tedv-R 34522

592

Fletcher 29112

70O

Bloomfleld

Bloomfleld

Pulaski

Merak 9672 .

972
904

Troubadour 26061

(46815)
Colonel 13015

Percheron

905

Pulaski

Lerov II 14182

French Draft

906

Pulaski

Initial 20030

Grand Papillon 29761...

Ma.ior R. 10394

Brilliant 27209 .. .

907
1085
1079

Pulaski

Belknap

Bloomfleld

Bloomfleld

Drakesville

Bloomfleld

Bloomfleld

Bloomfleld

Bloomfleld

Bloomfleld

Pulaski

Trov

Percheron
French Draft

1054

Jericarde 21857 .. .

884

Lorin 2.3700 .

Percheron

French Draft

Trotter

Trotter

Trotter

Percheron

1165

Jerome 9819 ...

1475
1476

Baron Laddie 39865

Motell 40427 .-

1477
1721
2322

Reed Bismont 34102

Ecumeur 28457 (45983)..
Delcarde (7510) .

2386

Andrew Carnagie 44363.
Samson 10395

2388

Flofis ..

French Draft
Percheron
Percheron
French Draft

2679
2680
2806

Bloomfleld

Bloomfleld

Floris

Beaucamp 19938

Cap Sheaf II 43525

Noceur 11326 26911P

(45829)

Gaylord 11867

Theadore 34783

8807
2817

Ploris

Bloomfleld

Percheron
French Draft
Percheron

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII.

847

DAVIS COUNTY— Continued

Name of Owner

FostofQce

Name of Stallion

Breed

W93

I. C. Evans

Wm. J. Plank—
L. W. Cruikshank

A. A. Morgan

A. M. Swift

Cronk & Wise

C. B. Swartzen-
druver --. —

Troy

Picador 4038.5

Daniel 13002

Big Fox 12798...

Indi 30823

2943
3013

Bloomfleld

Bloomfleld

Bloomfleld

Bloomfleld

Bloomfleld

Pulaski

Bloomfleld

Bunch

Bloomfleld

Lunsford

Bloomfleld

Troy .

French Draft

Trotter

Trotter

3117
31fi.5

Bonnie Dillon 30589

Uncle Bob 9958 ..

Trotter
French Draft

839

Demon II 19407

Renebel 36731

Caserio 43348 (52417)

S. B. H. 26654

Topsman 12-561

Mosco 41954 -.-

Paul .50480

Turbulant 47078 (63496).
Demon's Dictator .53150
SeliP'flvi .513J8 (6?!804)

Vfvr

Geo. Baird-

Trotter

3363
34.53
34.S4
a539
36.54

W. S. McFarlin-

L. E. Cambron

U. W. Boatman..

P. C. Martin

I. C. Evans

L. C. & Walter
Warthen .

Percheron
Thoroughbred
French Draft
Percheron
Percheron

36G5

Bloomfleld

Ashgrove

4079
4353

J. F. Albright

Albert Munn

Albert Munn

Percheron

4a52

Belknap - -

Brilliant III 14183

French Draft

DECATUR COUNTY

.589

J. W. Mather

Lamoni

Gienbrino 30412

Trotter

565

J. S. Beavers

Woodland

Willingham Lad 59^...
(184.53)

Shire

fW)

A. Noble

Decatur ..

Joe Banker 6976 .. .

Shire

663

Pleasanton Horse

Co.

Pleasanton

Manuel (51817)

Percheron

984

E. P. Hamilton..

Garden Grove _.

Ferndale 10529

French Draft

985

E. P. Hamilton..

Garden Grove ..

Creston Jerry 6205

Shire

986

E. P. Hamilton..

Garden Grove ..

Harbison 29900

Trotter

1264

W. M. Frost

Leon

Souldern Vulcan 7501...

(200.38)

Shire

1358

X. L. Chase

Garden Grove ..

Prince of Norwood 1358

French Draft

1504

C. B. Thompson.

Leon

Major McKinley Jr. 955

Belgian

1135

Wm. Goodman .

Leon

Admiral Sampson 24957

Percheron

2137

Wm. Goodman

B. Gregorv

Leon

Augerau 44037

Percheron

2246

Weldon

Glendive .50155

Percheron

2393

Leon

Vampar 24.560 (43505)

Percheron

2321

Van Wert Perch-

eron Horse Co.—

Van Wert

Vaillant 50642 (55506)

Percheron

2333

Andover Draft

Horse Co.

H. L. Coontz

Lamoni . . ...

Pekin 1701 (17450)

Bury Ironclad 6692

Belgian

488

Woodland .

Shire

(20332)

?447

Geo. P. Britt..—
Leon Horse Co.—

Leon --

Osceola Champion 11597
Luron D'Orbais 2257—.
(Vol. 12)

French Draft

1661

Leon

Belgian

?«?9

A. A. Rew

0. W. Hood

Lamoni . .

Prince Henry 8207

Nougat 22658 (43653)...

Shire

2908

Le Roy

Percheron

2937

Chas. Boor & E.

H. Abraith

Theo. Brenizer

Eden Prairie

Le Rov

Mirko 640 (3934)

Faro d'Estinnes 2220...
(29510)

Belgian

3046

Belgian

3086

Shire Horse Co..

Leon -. .

Highland Laddie 7950..
(22976)

Shire

2158

Ernest Prang.

Turbott & Morri-

Decatur -

Port Arthur 41412

(61936)

Percheron

3373

son

Wilber Prall

B. E. Rushing

W. H. Hazlet

Weldon .

Hernande 12778

Wilesman 21078

Jeff G. 32150

Eastwood Field Mar-
shal 8991 (24217)

French Draft

3401

Trotter

3551

Le Roy

Trotter

.3.563

Leon

Shire

3576

John P. Kline

R. J. Critchfleld-
R. .1. Critchfleld.
Chas. E. Hall....

Weldon

Beaudoin 10341 (13923)..
Nickson Sprague 44368.
Prince Imperial 20640..

Marquant 32430

(48896)

Percheron

a590

Weldon

Trotter

3591

Weldon

Percheron

3606

Weldon

Percheron

1724

N. L. Chase

Garden Grove

Marquis Dewey 11047...

Clvdesdale

2249

Otis Deisher

Woodland

Eastern Craftsman 6240

(19575)

Shire

3996

E. P. Hamilton—

Garden Grove ..

Jumbo 51260

Percheron

3997

E. P. Hamilton..

Garden Grove ..

Boliver .51261

Percheron

848

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
DECATUR county-Continued

Name of Owner

Postofflce

Name of Stallion

Breed

3998
4207
4409

E. P. Hamilton..

S. P. Rogers

Truman's Pioneer
Stud - Keeper
Wm. Camp

Garden Grove —
Pleasanton

Leon

Dale 51259

Tellico II 15022

8190
Hockwold Bordeaux

Pereheron
French Draft

Hacljney

DELAWARE COUNTY

E. W. Cook

Enterprise Horse

Co.

Henry Goodhlle..
Henry Percival— .
W. A. Lang «&

Co.

W. A. Lang &

Co.

W. A. Lang &

Co.

W. A. Lang &

Co.

W. A. Lang &

Co.

"W. A. Lang &

Co.

W. A. Lang &

Co.

W. A. Lang &

Co.

W. A. Lang &

Co.

W. A. Lang &

Co.

W. A. Lang &

Co.

W. B. Van Al-

styne

H. Pugh

H. Pugh

Ryan Horse Co.-

F. W. Smith

Geo. Coldsbor-

ough

A. B. Holbert

A. B. Holbert-...
A. B. Holbert

A. B. Holbert

A. B. Holbert

A. B. Holbert

A. B. Holbert

A. B. Holbert

A. B. Holbert

A. B. Holbert

A. B. Holbert

A. B. Holbert

A. B. Holbert

A. B. Holbert.-

A. B. Holbert.-

A. B. Holbert—

A. B. Holbert..
A. B. Holbert..

Manchester

Ryan

Manchester
Manchester

Conway Hercule 878.

Mouton (53341)

Commodore Dewey 8883
Ideal D. 14562

Greeley Black Diamond 43423.

Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley

Manchester

Ryan

Ryan

Ryan

Manchester

Dundee
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley

Greeley

Greeley

Greeley

Greeley
Greeley

Greeley
Greeley
G reeley

Greeley

Greeley

Greeley

Greeley

Greeley

Greeley
Greeley

Zurich De Ronquieres

2233 (27594)
Marquis De Velroux..

(Vol. 13, p. 513)
Cacas Wild (32040)

Mouflfle (37362)

Bourguinon (36950)
Mikado (36916)

Werther

(Vol. 13, p. 287)

Vaillant De Letrud.

(37360)
Bijou Du Moulin

(36608)
Roustan (33822)

Osceola Prince 5988

Bahno 38751

Favorite 30151

Gelif 27100 (45.385)

Capricorne 34719 (44606).

Lexington Macey 36408.

Clamart (57369)

Tonsin (28530)

Stuntney Arsaces

(23729)
Stuntney Sagamore ...

(23828)
Rip Van Winkle

(23640)
Stuntney Button

(23743)

Mark Time (23487)

Redlvneli Mentor

(22716)
Cherry Fnrmer (23155)
Tansor Prince (22848)..
Stone Asliton Nabob.. _

(2.37.30)
Troag Conqueror

(2.3931)
Boxeur D'Oplinter 2384

(3.3012)
Bebe De Hex 2383

(33352)
CresuR D'Ap 2385

(.36920)
Pierrot De Kemexhe..

2.390 ("37428)
Zut 2393 (.30746)
Brigadier 2380 (25144)..

Belgian

Pereheron
Clydesdale
Trotter

Pereheron

Belgian

Belgian

Belgian

Belgian

Belgian

Belgian

Belgian

Belgian

Belgian

Belgian

Shire

Trotter

Pereheron

Pereheron

Pereheron

Trotter
Pereheron
Belgian
Shire

Shire

Shire

Shire

Shire
Shire

Shire
Shire
Shire

Shire

Belsrian

Belgian

Belgian

Belgian

Bi'lirian
Belgian

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART XI J. 849

DELAWARE COUNTY— Continted

A. B. Holbert— -

A. B. Holbert

A. B. Holbert.—

A. B. Holbert

A. B. Holbert

A. B. Holbert

A. B. Holbert

A.

B.

Holbert

A.

B.

Holbert

A.

B.

Holbert-—

A.

H.

Holbert

A.

B.

Holbert

A.

B.

Holbert

A.

H.

Holbert—

A.

B.

Holbert

A.

B.

Holbert

A.

B.

Holbert

A.

B.

Holbert

A.

B.

Holbert

Wm.

J. Claus_...

A.

B.

Holbert

A.

B.

Holbert

A.

B.

Holbert—

A.

B.

Holbert—

A.

B.

Holbert

A.

B.

Holbert

A.

B.

Holbert

A.

B.

Holbert

A.

B.

Holbert

A.

B.

Holbert

A.

B.

Holbert

A.

B.

Holbert

A.

B.

Holbert

A.

B.

Holbert

A.

B.

Holbert—

A.

B.

Holbert

A.

B.

Holbert

A.

B.

Holbert

A.

B.

Holbert

A.

B.

Holbert

A.

B.

Holbert

A.

B.

Holbert

A.

B.

Holbert

A.

B.

Holbert

A.

B.

Holbert

A.

B.

Holbert

A.

B.

Holbert

A.

B.

Holbert

A.

B.

Holbert

A.

B.

Holbert

A.

B.

Holbert.—

A.

B.

Holbert

A.

B.

Holbert

A.

B.

Holbert-...

A.

B.

Holbert

A.

B.

Holbert

A.

B.

Holbert

A.

B.

Holbert

A.

B.

Holbert

A.

B.

Holbert

A.

B.

Holbert

A.

B.

Holbert

A.

B.

Holbert

A.

B.

Holbert-—

A.

B.

Holbert- —

Greeley _- — .

Greeley

Greeley

Greeley

Greeley

Greeley

Greeley -

Greeley

Greeley

i . . . ....:vt-i-=a

Greeley

Greeley

Greeley

Greeley

Greeley

Greeley

Greeley

Greeley

Greeley

Greelej'

DeLaware

Greeley

Greeley

Greeley

Greeley

Greeley

Greeley

Greeley

Greeley

Greeley

Greeley

Greeley

Greeley

Greeley

Greeley

Greeley

Greeley

Greeley

Greeley

Greeley

Greeley

Greeley

Greeley

Greeley

Greeley

Greeley

Greeley

Greeley

Greeley

Greeley

Greeley

Greeley

Greeley

Greeley

Greeley

Greeley

Greeley

Greeley

Greeley

Greeley

Greeley

Greeley

Greeley

Greeley

Greeley

Greeley

Bourguignon 2382

(Vol. 13, p. 698)
Capitaine De Questenne

2474 (28324)

Joubert D'Enixhe 2476-

(Vol. 13, p. 46!))
Midas 2480

(Vol. 13, p. 935)
Ortoni 2481

(Vol. 13, p. 020)
Bruno De Hartenge

2472 (Vol. 13, p. 528)
Syveton 2483

(Vol. 13, p. 619)

Marin II 2479 (36496)

Barard Bier.«e 2473

(34696)
Le Dernier 2478 (35462)-

Teutone (2154)

Triumpf (2153)

Trompeter (2152)

Rittmeister (2085)

Goldfellow 3507

AValdeiuar 2507

Conseil 50515 (63464)

Milan 50543 (59935)

Cliamant 50512 (59938)-

.Toe Anderson 40174

Arlequin 50503 (63524).
Tartarin 50553 (55554) —

Idem 50530 (03371)

Lutteur 50539 (57156) —
Avenir D' Erbi 2381

(29458)
Grain D'Or D'Awans —

2387 (32418)
Hercule De Vald

(33290)

Puissant (33288)

Biocarde 50625 (63288)-
Coquet .50626 (64336)—
Krasis 50630 (63367) —
Louvigny .50531 (63539)
Martinet 50532 (5890.5)-
Herien .50629 (63373)—
Glorieux .50628 (56537)
Pollux .50633 (.58788)- —

Rosier .50635 (55147)

Eldorado 50637 (60095)-

Retour .50634 (61618)

Turbot .50555 (56725)

letere -50533 (63373)—-

Liao 50537 (62479)

Lusignan 505.38 (62499)
Marceau .50541 (62874)_
Mathurin 50513 (59438)
Madrid 50510 (5.3077). —
Pomard 50517 (55815).
Philosophe 50546 (61833).
Roiissillon 50550 (621.5'))
Ramoneur 50519 (62475)
Telephone 50551 (60100)-

Talma .50551 (62500)

Vainqueur 50557 (54331)-

Vallon .50559 (63026)

Vibrant 50560 (59941)

Turco 50556 (62731)

Armor 50505 (62317)

Amiral .50501 (61713)

Arlequin .50504 (6.3767) —

Bardoux 505,36 (62831)

Bataclan -50506 (62478)--

Brillant 50508 (5:?950)

Cointeyr 50511 (52724)

Bii^cuit 5O507 (63791)

Castor 50510 (59937)

Belgian

Belgian

Belgian

Belgian

Belgian

Belgian

Belgian

Belgian
Belgian

Belgian

Belgian

Holstein Coach

Holstein Coach

Holstein Coach

German Coach

German Coach

Percheron

Percheron

Percheron

Percheron

Percheron

Percheron

Percheron

Percheron

Belgian

Belgian

Belgian

Belgian

Perclieron

Percheron

Percheron

Percheron

Percheron

Percheron

Percheron

Percheron

Percheron

Percheron

Percheron

Percheron

Percheron

Percheron

Percheron

Percheron

Percheron

Percheron

Percheron

Percheron

Percheron

Percheron

Percheron

Percheron

Percheron

Percheron

Percheron

Percheron

Percheron

Percheron

Percheron

Percheron

Percheron

Percheron

Percheron

Percheron

Percheron

54

850 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

DELAWARE COUNTY-Continued

o

Name of Owner

Postoffice

Name of Stallion

Breed

1957
1958

1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970

1971
1972
1973
1995

1996

1998
1999
2000

2095
2096
2097
2098
2099
2278
2419

a420

2421
2423
2423
2424

2425

2426
2663

1575
2565

2733
2801
2927

W88
3016

1878

3787
3788
3789
3790
3791
3792
3793
3794

3795

3799
3800

A.

B.

Holbert

A.

B.

Holbert

A.

B.

Holbert

A,

B.

Holbert

A.

B.

Holbert—-

A.

B.

Holbert

A.

B.

Holbert

A.

B.

Holbert

A.

B.

Holbert-—

A.

B.

Holbert

A.

B.

Holbert

A.

B.

Holbert

A.

B.

Holbert—

A.

B.

Holbert

A.

B.

Holbert

A.

B.

Holbert

A.

B.

Holbert

A.

B.

Holbert

A.

B.

Holbert

A.

B.

Holbert

A.

B.

Holbert

A.

B.

Holbert

Peter

jMilroy — -

Peter

Milroy

Peter

Milroy —

Peter

Milroy

Peter

Milroy

.T.

1).

Moulton

A.

B.

Holbert

A.

B.

Holbert

A.

B.

Holbert

A.

B.

Holbert

A.

B.

Holbert

A.

B.

Holbert—.

A.

B.

Holbert—-

A.

B.

Holbert

Barry ville Horse |

Co.

Henry

Goodhile—

L.

C.

Reardon—

John

Rosa

F.

L.

Carpenter.

A.

B.

Holbert

A.

B.

Holbert

L.

B.

Stanger

A.

B.

Holbert

Edward Cook 1

A.

B.

Holbert

A.

B.

Holbert

A.

B.

Holbert

A.

B.

Holbert

A.

B.

Holbert

A.

B.

Holbert

A.

B.

Holbert

A.

B.

Holbert

A.

B.

Holbert-...

A.

B.

Holbert

A.

B.

Holbert

A.

B.

Holbert

A.

B.

Holbert

Greeley
Greeley

Greeley _.

Greeley -.

Greeley --

Greeley --

Greeley --

Greeley --

Greeley -.

Greeley --

Greeley -_

Greeley --

Greeley --

Greeley --

Greeley .-

Greeley ..

Greeley —

Greeley _.

Greeley -.

Greeley —
Greeley —

Greeley

Hopkinton
Hopkinton
Hopkinton
Hopkinton
Hopkinton
Hopkinton
Greeley

Greeley

Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley

Greeley

Greeley

Rvan

Manchester
Hopkinton

Masonville

Almoral Station

Greeley

Greeley

Hopkinton
Greeley —

Manchester

Greeley
Greeley
Oreeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley

. Greeley

Greeley
Greeley

Greeley
Greeley

Cabaster 50509 (63079)—
Considerant 50516

(60081)

Costo 50517 (63970)

Chatlet 50513 (,57372)

Docteiir 50520 (64995)

Derval 50519 ('62567)

Eclat 50521 (63212)

Ecorpain 50522 (62488)—

Edison .50523 C63119)

Estival 50521 (63653)

Etudiant .50535 (63073) —

Facteur 50536 (64154)

Fierot .50527 (62666)

Flerridalenzen 50528 ._

(63948)

Hafley 50532 (61724)

Farino 50665 (62885)

Racine 50636 (60813)

Passe Partout 2389

(.35570)
Garcon de Bothey 2386

(Vol. 13, p. 600)
Valerien 50558 (62497)—

Pedro 50545 (55549)

Guignol 50531 (57894)

Hero 23943

Sampson 26539

Bravo 22166

La-Forte 34839

Castelar I 29842

Friedland (45001)

Stuntney Bulbo 888

(9557)
Blanch Bombey 890

(955t)

Ely Orel 884 (9209)

Misty Morn 885 (9344)__
B. B. Crispy 886 (9113)
Duke of the Hills 882-

(9199)
Priory Prince 887

(9556)
Stuntney Extradition

883 (9031)
Mercure 24743 (44097)—

.1. S. Ricker 37168

Marcara Charming

10837
Perche 36562 16185

.Tann de Tenv (32016)-

Regulus 43894

Joubert II

(Vol. 12, p. 847)

Primo 25604 (44596)

Baron Willerby 889—

(87.30)
Sultan de Kemexhe

2391 (37430)
Orangiste .51470 (68735) _
Rambean 51472 (68895)-
:\Iagenta 51474 (69199) —
!\Iadere 51475 (67094) —

Petard .51473 (68511)

Flambard 51495 C5'y86t_
Robespierre 51481 (65817)
Polichinette 51482 —

(67786)
Franiboisy .51483

(65709)

Lapin .51486 (65185)

Boulanger 51496

(58992)
Roitlet 51499 (61904)--
Cnba 51476 (68674)

Percheron
Percheron

Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron

Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Belgian

Belgian

Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Hackney

Hackney

Hackney
Hackney
Hackney
Hackney

Hackney

Hackney

Percheron

Trotter

Clydesdale

Percheron and
French Draft
Belgian
Perclieron
Belgian

Percheron
Hackney

Belgian

Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron

Percheron

Percheron
Percheron

Percheron
Percheron

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII. 851

DELAWARE COUNTY-Continued

3801
3802
3803
3804
3805
3806
3807
3808
3809
3810
3811
3812
3813
3814
3815
3816
3817
3818
3819
3820
3822

3823
3824

3844
3843
3842

Name of Owner

Postofflce

Name of Stallion

Breed

A. B.

A. B.

A. B.

A. B.

A. B.

A. B.

A. B.

A. B.

A. B.
A. B.
A. B.
A. B.
A. B.
A. B.
A. B.
A. B.
A. B.
A. B.

A. B.
A. B.

Holbert..
Holbert-
Holbert-
Holbert-
Holbert-
Holbert-
Holbert-
Holbert-
Holbert-
Holbert--
Holbert-
Holbert-
Holbert-
Holbert-
Holbert-
Holbert-
Holbert—
Holbert—
Holbert—
Holbert-
Holbert—

Holbert-
Holbert—

A. B. Holbert

A. B. Holbert

A. B. Holbert

A. B. Holbert

A. B. Holbert

A. B. Holbert—

3841 A. B. Holbert-
3840 A. B. Holbert—

3839

A. B.

Holbert-

— .

3838

A. B.

Holbert.

— .

S835

A. B.

Holbert-

smi

A. B.

Holbert-

3833

A. B.

Holbert-

3832

A. B.

Holbert-

38:n

A. B.

Holbert-

38:»

A. B.

Holbert-

;«29

A. B.

Holbert-

3828

A. B.

Holbert-

3827

A. B.

Holbert

:«26

A. B.

Holbert

3858

A. B.

Holbert-

3895

W. A

Co.
W. A

Lang

&

3866

Lang

^

Co.
W. A

3867

Lang

<^

Co.
W. A

Co.
W. A

3868

Lang

&

3869

Lang

&.

Co. .
W. A
Co.
W. A

3870

Lang

&

3871

. Lang

&

Co.
W. A

3872

Lang

&

Co. .
W. A

Co.
W. A

3873

Lang

&

3874

Lang

&

Co.
W. A.

3875

Lang

&

Co. -

3327

D. W.

Barr

Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley

Greeley
Greeley

Greeley

Greeley

Greeley

Greeley
Greeley
Greeley

Greeley
Greeley

Greeley

Greeley

Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley .
Greeley .
Greeley .
Greeley .
Greeley .

Greeley .

Greeley .

Greeley .

Greeley .

Greeley .

Greeley .

Greeley .

Greeley .

Greeley .

Greeley .

Greeley

Manchester

Matinal 51477 (65767)

Brilliant 514S7 (68Wa) —

Zoubec 51510 (0G462)

Bonsfari 51505 (66463) —
Lacepede 51583 (68299) —
Montjoie 51507 (67405)..
Rivarol 51509 (66465)...
.Tosias 51504 (66166)... .

Aspect 51484 (66466)

Boileau 51508 (66469)

Polyte 51480 (66877)

Bruyant 51502 (65044)

Petard 51478 (6683.3)

Voloinbert 51530 (65716).

Rivoli 51471 (66676)

Bolero 51525 (66356)

Robinot 51529 (56255)...
Laghouat 5152S (68305)..

Crack 51527 (68372)

Colflchet 51536 (61600)___
Stnntney Benedict 1000

(8660)

Ely Dane 997 (9206)

Witcham Swell 998 ...

(9986)
Putney Prospect 999..

(9380)
Major de Gerbehaye.

2997 (38598)
Premus de Vlad 2999.

(41918)
Orpheon de Marais 2998
Sultan Du Marais 3003
Hercule de la Dendre

2995
Carnot de Vlad 2993.
Sultan de Vlad 3002..

(41920)
Vainquerur de Ninove

3004 (41924)
Samson D' Anseghem

3000

Rentier 4537

Partner 4535

Victor 4533

Reve D' Or 4531

Recke 4549

Trojan 4547

Uhland 4545

Takt 4543

Ubier 4541

Pascha 4539

Seemann 4591

Chambol 3113 (31960)....

Millardaire .3116 (41954).

Milton 3117 (40160)

.Toker 3021 (51964)

Blanc Bee D'Oudou-
mont 3111

Bandouin 3109 (41524)

Ideal 3019

Zlnger 3119

Forton de Lierde 3115_.

Pomme d' Or 3118

(51966)
Lionel 3577 (41956)
Dr. Hardie 43521

Percheron
Pereheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Hackney

Hackney
Hackney

Hackney

Belgian

Belgian

Belgian
Belgian
Belgian

Belgian
Belgian

Belgian

Belgian

German
German
German
German
German
German
German
German
German
German
German

Belgian

Belgian

[Belgian

Belgian

Belgian
Belgian

Belgian

Belgian

Belgian

Belgian

Belgian
Trotter

Coach
Coach
Coach
Coach
Coach
Coach
Coach
Coach
Coach
Coach
Coach

852 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

DELAWARE COUNTY— Continued

3357

3457

1049

3571
3573
3655
3710

3713

3713

3714

3715

3716

3717

3718

3719

3720

3721

3709

3708

3707

3706

3705

3704

3703

3701

3737
3736
3735
3734
3733
3739

3731
3730
3739
3727
3726

3725
3734

3723
3728
3743
3744
3753

3754
3755

3756
3757
3758

Name of Owner

W. A. Lang &

Co.

W. A. Lang &

Co.

W. A. Lang &

Co.

G. H. Utley

H. C. Smith

Thorpe Bros.

W. A. Lang &

Co.

W. A. Lang &

Co.

W. A. Lang &

Co.

W. A. Lang &

Co.

W. A. Lang &

Co.

W. A. Lang &

Co.

W. A. Lang &

Co.

W. A. Lang &

Co.

W. A. Lang &

Co.

W. A. Lang &

Co.

W. A. Lang &

Co.

W. A. Lang

Co.

W. A. Lang &

■ Co.

"W. A. Lang &

Co.

W. A. Lang

Co.

W. A. Lang &

Co.

W. A. Lang &

Co.

W. A. Lang

Co.

W. A. Lang &

Co.

A. B. Holbert-
A. B. Holbert-
A. B. Holhert-
A. B. Holhert-
A. B. Holhort.
A. B. Holbert

A. B.

A. B.

A. B.

A. B.

A. B.

A. B.

A. B.

A. B.

A. B.

A. B.

A. B.
A. B.

A. B.
A. B.
A. B.

Holhert--
Holbert--
Holbert--
Holbert--
Holbert--

Holbert.-
Holbert--

Holbert-
Holbert.-
HolbM-t_-
Holhprt-.
Holbert--

Holbert-.
Holbert--

Holbert-
Holbert-
Holbert-.

Postofflce

Greeley
Greeley

Greeley

Manchester
Manchester
Manchester

Greeley

Greeley

Gi'eeley

Greeley

Greeley

Greeley

Greeley

Greeley

Greeley

Greeley

Greeley

Greeley

Greeley

Greeley

Greeley

Greeley

Greeley

Greeley

Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley

Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley

Greeley
Greeley

Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley

Greeley
Greeley

Greeley
Greeley
Greeley

Name of Stallion

Breed

Royal King 977C

(10276)
Perfection 4852S

Sceptique 44308 (60627)-

Hazlett 29287

Ardell Simmons 38461-
Grimaux 29511 (45374)-

Aiglon 2898 (41870)

Fripon de Gammerages

2903 (412G8)
Moiiton de Lexhy 2907

(382:36)
Loufogue 2906

Lillois 2904 (33210)-

Moutou de Bierset

2108
Philippe 2909 (41894) —

Thomas 2910 (41872)

Leon de Trop 2905

(41456)
Garibaldi de Rouvroy

2903
Bouquet de Dhuy 2900

(39163)
Aspic 51232 (61814)

Gourmand 51239 (67885)
Dubreuil 51236 (61800)-
Cerbere 51234 (62771) —

Etonne 51237 (68563)

Agrach 51231 (65131)

Dartagnan 51235

(65756)

Phine 51240 (63336)

April 51235 (a9683)

Banqueteur 51236 (62976)

Caprice 51238 (59096)

Dore 51239 (64514)

Prince 51243 (63150)

Bon Espoie 51237

(63332)

Monaco 51242 (60109)

Renault 51244 (63945)

Imaret 51240 (6.3355)

Trotteur 2701 (35938)

Ivoire de Wieken 2696--

(.38106)

Clovis 2693 (41824)

Bilou de Ter 2692

(33630)

:Ntikado 2698 (41748)

Garibaldi 2695 (41820)--

Ravin 51477 (68421)

Stigmnte 51446 (66205)_-
Brillant de Malaxhe.-

30.33 (41934)

Insolent .3034 (37386)

Narius de Bove 3035_-

(39240)

Avenir de Bove 3033

Yunis 3038

Renard 3036 (41940)-

Clydesdale

Percheron

Pereheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron

Belgian

Percheron

Belgian

Belgian

Belgian

Belgian

Belgian

Belgian

Belgian

Belgian

Belgian

Percheron

Percheron

Percheron

Percheron

Percheron

Percheron

Percheron

Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Pereheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron

Percheron

Percheron

Percheron

Belgian

Belgian

Belgian
Belgian

Belgian

Belgian

Percheron

Percheron

Belgian

Belgian
Belgian

Belgian
Belgian
Belgian

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART XII.
DELAWARE COUNTY— Continued

853

Name of Owner

Postofflce

Name of Stallion

Breed

3759
3767
3769
3770
3771
3773
3773
3774
3775
3776
3777
3778
3779
3780
3781
3782
3783
3784
3785
3786
3916

3915

3914

3913

3912

3911

I
3919

3909

3908
3907
3927

3928

3955

4000
1551
4015
4017
4224
4193

4200

4187

4186
4169
4168

575

933
4313
4345

B. Holbert-

B. Holbert..

B. Holbert.-

B. Holbert..

B. Holbert..

B. Holbert-

B. Holbert-.

B. Holbert-.

B. Holbert..

B. Holbert..

B. Holbert—

B. Holbert—

B. Holbert-

B. Holbert-

B. Holbert—

B. Holbert—

B. Holbert—

B. Holbert—

B. Holbert-

B. Holbert-

B. Holbert-

A. B. Holbert-

A. B. Holbert

A. B. Holbert

A. B. Holbert...

A. B. Holbert

A. B. Holbert—

A. B. Holbert

A. B. Holbert-

A. B. Holbert

A. B. Holbert

A. B. Holbert—.

A. B. Holbert

A. B. Holbert

Henry Goodhile..

I. C. Odell

A. B. Holbert

A. B. Holbert

W. A. Lang A

Co.

C. H. Hull

Geo. B. Lane &

Son —

Geo. B. Lane &

Sons

Geo. & J. B. Nie-

man

Geo. & J. B. Nie-

man

W. A. Lang &

Co.

W. A. Lang &

Co.

Geo. & J. B. Nie-

man

A. B. Holbert

Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greele.y
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley

Greeley

Greeley

Greeley

Greeley

Greeley

Greeley

Greeley

Greeley
Greeley
Greeley

Greeley

Greeley

Greeley

Manchester

Greeley

Greeley

Greeley

Greeley

Hopkinton

Masonville

Masonville

Earlville -.

Earlville ..

Greeley

Greeley

Earlville
Greeley -

Tambour 3037 (41942).—
Sohlat 4523

Fulminate 51466 (66.385).
Marcara 51485 (66464).

Albain 51479 (66227)

Litliium .51498 (63937)--
Pauhard 51488 (66456)-.

Leon 51489 (65542)

Neptune 51493 (60632)--

KoliO 51492 (67810)

Lubin 51494 (68568)

Patraque 51491 (65437)--
Kroumir 51490 (65686)...

Marius 51511 (68702)

Batar-lan 51500 (63511)..

Due 51501 (60024)

Forban 51508 (66969)

Darius 51467 (65549)

Kalirtor 51468 (65508)

Ajose 51469 (66225)

Stuntney Dunneford...

1005 (9910)
Witclaam Gabriel 1006

(9984)
Stuntney Nigger 1013- i

(9919)
Stnutney Changeable .

1012 (9909)
Royal Coronet 1011

(8262) I

Wintringham A. I. 1010

(8338)
Wood Paragon 1009

Belgian

Gorman Coach

Percheron

Perclieron

Percheron

Percheron

Perclieron

Percheron

Percheron

Percheron

Perclieron

Percheron

Perclieron

Percheron

Percheron

Percheron

Percheron

Percheron

Percheron

Pei'cheron

Hackney

Hackney

Hackney

Golden Dream 1007..

(10036)
.Tack Tar 1003 (10034)

Amber 1001 (10037)

King George 1004 I

(10035)
Wharram Wanderer .

1002 (9971)
Baron Drege 1449

(25334)

Diomede 3337

Barney's Prince 10851.

Fos 9605

Greeley 3164

Golden Dream 3170...

Hackney

Hackney

Hackney

Hackney

Hackney

Hackney
Hackney
Hackney

Hackney

Belgian

French Coach

Clydesdale

Shire

French Coach

Belgian

Pachs 2913 (15714) Belgian

Alcos 47680 Trotter

Duke 50227

Dick 50226

Philiste 27S1

Bistouri 53120 (6640O).

Percheron
Percheron
French Coach
Percheron

Sultani 4.5123 (56900) i Percheron

Captain de Luttre 2232, Belgian

(Vol. 12, p. 286) I

Sir Thomas Lipton 6475 Shire
Jaubert II 3184 Belgian

(Vol. 13, p. 847) I

851

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
DES MOINES COUNTY

O

Name of Owner

PostofBce

Name of Stallion

Breed

165
164
163

82
1228

795
2251
2407
2360

860

3445
3583
4093

Henry Broder .— j

Henry Broder

Henry Broder -—i
■James D. Smyth_|
.Tames D. Smj'th-

.John Sutcliff

Henry Heibner ..
Clyde Featberby..

.T. H. Thie '

Burlington
Percheron

Horse Co.

E. W. Romiller-—

.T. R. Lamme

Chas. Nealey

Mediapolis
Mediapolis
ilediapolis
Burlington
Burlington

Sperry

Danville __
Yarmouth .
Middletown

Burlington

Danville

Middletown
Danville _—

Major 41821 Percheron

Alger 23049 (42014) Percheron

Fusain 42804 (58230) [Percheron

Entertainer 26774 I Trotter

King Entertainer 0706— I Trotter

Selim 8970 -._ j French Draft

Hard to Get 1.350 (7356); Shire

Menominee 8531 (23494)
Autumn Haze 21682

Cheri 9.319

Clermont 9997

St. Dillion 38375.
.Tumbo 34605

Shire
Trotter

French Draft
French Draft
Trotter
Percheron

DICKINSON COUNTY

.518

G. B. Wilson ... _

Milford

Ludovicus 6412 (8932)..

Percheron

373

J. H. Mills...

Lake Park

Ignace 22888 (42345)

Percheron

355

P S Mott

Spirit Lake

Spirit Lake

Trim .32061 ..

no

G. R. Bryan

Superior 30324

Percheron

1K1

D. V. Palmer ..

Lake Park

Red Ensign ISasO

Trotter

204

Clark L. Nicol...

Milford

Prince of Clayton 4698.

Clydesdale

4.37

G. N. Welch

Milford

King Capoul 38364

Trotter

574

H. H. & B. H.

Overhoeker

P. Hagerty

Milford .. .-

Verona Matchless 6483..
lams' Bon Ton 17443

Shire

406

Hagerty

Percheron

893

F. N. Reese &

C. M. Varney..

Terril

Talisman 27116 (45621)..

Percheron

797

D. V. Palmer

Lake Park

Butor 25152 (44160)

Percheron

2475

Geo. Heldridge

Milford

Radis 29506 (48415)

Percheron

2476

Geo. Heldridge...

Milford

Rainbow (8222)

Percheron

2547

.Tas. Chapman

Terril

Adrien 29536 (46939)

Percheron

2555

D. V. Palmer

Lake Park

King Jloak Jr. 42203...

Trotter

838

A. R. Vangren-

dren

Lake Park

:Milford

Wenona Marmion 4768..
Christopher C. 31413...
Sampson 22284

Shire

2358

E. F. Miller

Hugh Elliott

Trotter

2881

Lake Park

Percheron

.■^895

G. W. & C. C.

Heldridge .

Milford

Heldridge's Conquest ..

3894

G. W. & C. C.

.52410

Heldridge

Milford

Heldridge's Medhurst .

Percheron

.52414

4035

D. V. Palmer

D. V. Palmer

Lake Park

Lake Park

•Tustin 29671

3697

Wrestler Jr. 29323

Trotter

3893

.Tames Chapman

Terril

Heldridge's Midas 52409

Percheron

1045

D. S. Blakey

Spirit Lake

Jacques 29716

Percheron

4080

P. S. Mott

Spirit Lake

Clovis 27093 (45307)

Percheron

2491

H. H. Overrocker.
C. F. Hanson

Milford

King Edward 6947

Prince of Richland 11912

Shire

4228

Superior

Clydesdale

4208

Henry C. Floss

Terril

Iveota Haute 24840 .

Percheron

4205

Heldridge Bros. ..
C. L. Nichol ....

Milford

Silent M. 31415

Trotter

.3091

Miltord

Brown L. 3454.3. ...

Trotter

2592

G. P. Wilson

Milford

Black Lad 13512 (48980)

French Draft

DUBUQUE COUNTY

952

953

954

1055

M. .T. Noonan

M. J. Noonan

M. J. Noonan

Thos. F. Con-
nollv _

Bernard

Bernard

Bernard

Bernard

Bernard

Farley

Croiseur 24675 (45290)..

Martial 42724 (60151)

Briard 10794 (12252)

Midnight 44254

Caesar (60O96)

Goldzil 23277

Percheron
Percheron
Percheron

1249
1344

Jno. Connolly

Connelly & Kel-

ley

F. P. Kern

Anton B. Kern

C. D. Mills

Jno. Breitbach ..

Percheron
Trotter

1364
1366

1453

Dyersville

New Vienna

Peosta

Danton 1258 (24346)

Barn de Thisnes 1181.
(17890)

Charley M. 171.37

Militor 29986 (45039)

Belgian
Belgian

Trotter

1465

Peosta

Percheron

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII.

855

DUBUQUE COUNTY— Continued

Name of Owner

Postofflce

Name of Stallion

1979
1978

1977

2489
1914

The Cascade
Horse Co.

The Cascade
Horse Co.

The Cascade
Horse Co.

J. J. Hittemiller-

Richardsville &
Holy Cross
Horse Co.

2617 M. F. Barrett—
2618 'M. F. Barrett—

2619 , M. F. Barrett—

2620 i M. F. Barrett—

2625 Frank Kunkel —

2626 , Frank Kunkel —
I

2649 Ira Murphy

2864
1886

940
3356

2'W5 I Ben Witter

2823 Farley Belgian

Horse Co.

.Tacob Foxen

New Vienna and
Peters burg
Horse Breeders'

Association

R. J. Kennedy-—

Dyersville Horse

Co.

3502 Tames "Wilson

4033 ! Petersburg Horse
Co.

4076 ' Ben Witter

3864 Luxem,burg Bel-
gian Horse
Breeders' Ass'n_-
3487 Hickory Valley

Horse Co.

4403 John Brietback, _

Cascade — Keota Dairy mple 31847.

Cascade Jolly 5230

Cascade j Tam O'Shanter 8018

Dyersville ! Tom Sherwood 35157

N. Buena Vista

Cascade _.
Cascade —
Cascade -.
Cascade _.
Dyersville
Dyersville

Dubuque

Specht's Ferry-

Farley -—
Dyersville

D.versville
Zwingle —

Dyersville

Sultan Rion 2392

(Vol. 14, p. 483)

Keota Miteau 18871

Archer 41143 (60113)

Spender 43919 (5!'747)

Trois-Sous 1444 (25308).

Abseon 1551 (21364)

Gugus de la Bruvere-.

1653 (18990)
Baron Nitron 5202

32190
Herisson 46044 (62164)—.

Belle Face 1254 (12918)-
Laboureur II 1262—^—
(21720)

Gustave 2475 (34418).
Prince II (36894)

Farley

Farley

Specht's Ferry-

Luxemburs

Dyersville
Peosta —

Courageux 31286

(48933)
Woodrain 41652

Brabander 3112 (51958).
Glencow 49728 (61640)-

Gusse de Genlv 3015

(34560)

Eclatant 14800 (6401)

Banquit 50787 (58755)...

Percheron
Shire

Clydesdale
Trotter

Belgian

Percheron

Percheron

Percheron

Belgian

Belgian

Belgian

Morgan Trotter

Percheron

Belgian
Belgian

Belgian
Belgian

Percheron
Trotter

Belgian
Percheron

Belgian

French Draft
Percheron

EMMETT COUNTY

397

Taylor & Kenline

Bros.

Wallingford

Highland Dandv 22542..

Percheron

297

B. H. Knipe

Armstrong

The Parrot 34862.

Trotter

298

B. H. Knipe

T. E. Kent

Armstrong

Estherville

Bo.ss 20815

Percheron

310

Grand Victor 30645 - .

Percheron

862

A. J. White

Estherville

Paul 248 -

Oldenburg Coach

1011

Mathews & Dun-

das

Armstrong

Ormeau 22800 (42922)

Percheron

959

Estherville and
Superior Horse

Co.

Estherville

Ussy 29561

Percheron

1241

J. D. Weir

J. D. Weir

Huntington

Huntington

Khedive 11651

French Draft

1242

Gallopore 32604

Percheron

1421

R. E. Woods

G. W. Small

Estherville

Estherville

Pvthian 3640 - -

2491

King Edward 6947

Shire

371

Robt. West &

Walter Willett -

Estherville

Cvclone 833

Belgian

863

Robt. & F. L.

West - -.-

Petronius 21143

301

Robt. West

Estherville

Pluton II 1209 (21736)—

Belgian

2445

Felix Kriebs

Huntington

Bud 11652

French Draft

?777

G. E. Moore

Wallingford

Docile 42910

Percheron

2778

G. E. Moore

Wallingford

Armando 46270 -

Percheron

2779

G. E. Moore

Wallingford

Pathologist 42202

Trotter

2780

G. E. Moore

Wallingford

Franklin Audubon 38936

Trotter

1240

Ben Johnson

Plunger 32603

Percheron

3092

G. E. Moore

Wallingford

Howard Torke 40259

Trotter

4041

G. W. Gideen

Emmet Co.

Baron de Sartalard...

Belgian

4292

W. H. McClure—

Dolliver

King 13722

Clydesdale

4444

E. S. Elsworth

Est.

Dolliver

Golden King 13136

Clydesdale

856 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

FAYETTE COUNTY

fez

o

Name of Owner

Postofflce

Name of Stallioa

Breed

296

a

573

Ashbaugh Bros. .
,1. C. DaruelL —
R. & L. Oldfather

John Peters

Belgian Draft

Horse Co.

G. A. Wescott—
J. B. &' C. W.

Maynard

Randalia

Arlington

Brillando 29729 —

Kansas King 13813

Triomphe (59513)

Bou Courage 42879

(57093)
Pleiu D'Or 949 (16836)-
Red Stripe 39043

Eris 2070 (16702)

AUerian 21724

Percheron
Percheron
Percheron

1208

1209

1255

Hawkeye

Arlington

Randalia

West Union __-
West Union ---
West Union --_
West Union .-_
Westgate

Belgian

Trotter

Belgian

1296
1297
1298
1299
lilO
1687
1706
1707
1708

1709
1981

G. D. Darnall—

G. D. Daruall

G. D. Daruall

G. D. Darnall

Allen Doty

J. S. McSweeney-

B. L. Nus

E. L. Nus

E. L. Nus

E. L. Nus

Westgate Horse
Co.

Trotter

American Russell 21723

Goldflre 31395

J. A. B. D. 40744

Baron 521 - .

Trotter
Trotter
Trotter

Cliquant 31281 (46680)-
Brown AVilliam 45816.-
William Adelbert 790O—
Demblon de Dick

(32920)
Botha de Wyn (33298)-

Telemaque du Hazoir--

(•28346)
Calvado 42500

Perclieron

Arlington

Arlington

Arlington

Arlington

Westgate

Percheron

Shire

Belgian

Belgian

Belgian

1986

Fred Field

E. L. Nus

Shaffer & Hum-

Percheron

2029

Arlington

West Union

Big Ben 43401

Percheron

2245

A'igoureux 27390

(48267)
Cavalier 16207 -- -

Percheron

2342

F. W. Keil

Henry Reicks

Waucoma Horse
Breeders' Ass'n.

Geo. Connell

J. W. Whitely

Horse Co.

C. R. Ashbaugh

& S. C. Stewart
Gunder Horse Co.

E. T. Foley

E. L. Nus

.T. I. Phillips—-
H. C. Gosse

E. L. Nus

W. E. Howard--
L. V. Hiimplire.V-

E. U. Farr

Belgian Draft
Horse Co.

Oscar GliniP

Alpha Percheron

Horse Co.

Elgian Belgian

Horse Co.

Chas. Gabel

Percheron

2068
2524

2616

St. Lucas

Waucoma

Favette

Martin d'Enixhe 2298-

(36640)
Ravault 11285 (3477)

Fanchon 14108 (6279)B-

Leopard of Oakhurst-

8455 (21596)
Avalon 45047

Belgian
French Draft
French Draft

1699

Fayette

Shire

3080

Maynard

Elgin

31.37

Vigoureux 27127 (4691.5)-
Leon de Zellick (29564)-
Qualitv 1.5766

Percheron

3160
3214

West Union

Arlington

Belgian
French Draft

3263

Marcus 43052

R4m

Oelwein - —

Geant de Don 2666

(21912)
Woodford 15275

Belgian

3504

Arlington

Elgin -

Percheron

.S635

Pedro 49240

4007

AVest Union

AVaucoma

Hawkeye

Arlington -~.-—

AVest Union

Elgin

Voltaire 49243 -

Percheron

140O
4075

747

Prince Telectable 11831_

Piston de Felny 2753--

(40020)
Athel 17537 -

Clydesdale

Belgian

Trotter

4:r,4
3922

Matelot 51665 (51468)

Sans Pariel 2210 (29606)
Lunesdale Matchless _-
6773 (19803)

Percheron

Belgian
Shire

2944

Hawkeye

FLOYD COUNTY

134

135
276
275
274
273
694
826

1039
1303
1307

G. E. Andree

G. E. Andree

Henry Moll

Henry ^Moll

Henry AIoll

Henry AIoll

.Tolin Bisliop

^I a r b 1 e Rock

Horse Co.

Albert Gates

Fred C. Krueger.
Fred C. Krueger.

Charles Citv —
Charles Citv —

Rockford

Rockford

Rockford

Rockford

Nora Springs --

Marble Rock

Alarble Rock

Charles Citv

Charles City

Rene II 21276 (42468)-
Rompart 26915 (45839)

Floyd .lim 43950

Aiglon 26585

Sampson .31414

Molke XV 2299

Cleanthe Jr. 28127

Bambinos 25024 (43012)
Hercule 43747 (55020)--

Durbin 32181

New Cut 6900

Percheron

Perclieron

Percheron

Perclieron

Percheron

German Coach

Percheron

Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Shire

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII.
FLOYD COUNTY— Continued

857

Name of Owner

Postofflce

Name of Stallion

Breed

Fred C. Krueger.

Fred C. Krueger.

Fred C. Krueger.

Carbeiner & Bar-
ber

Carbeiner & Bar-
ber

F. H. Leaman

F. H. Leaman

L. M. Smith

L. V. Humphrey-
Fred C. Krueger.
Fred C. Krueger.
Fred C. Krueger.
Fred C. Krueger.

H. J. Stoenker

Henry Moll

Wm. Boyer

C. M. Anderson..
H. J. Stoecker— .

Charles City —

Charles City —
Charles City ___

Marble Rock —

Marble Rock ..

Rockford

Rockford

Marble Rock
West Union

Cliarles City

Charles City

Charles City

Charles City

Cliarles City

Rockford

Cliarles City

Charles City

Charles City

General Dewey 2047 Belgian

(.■i'«24) !

Captain Jr. 1431 1 French Coach

Intrepide 645 I French Coach

Gaston Hemel (15918)-

Evade de Peponghen.

1887 (28074)

Success 4478

Voltaire 22526

Ferris 25102

Forton de Zuevy

(16362)

Latourna 41879

La Mont 42155

Lavern 42039

Voyageur 41599

Quivit 2431 (36386)

Loubet 48225

Jay 41881

Monarch 2.5428

Lafayette 43797

Belgian

Belgian

Percheron
Percheron
Trotter
Belgian

Percheron

Percheron

Percheron

Percheron

Belgian

Percheron

Percheron

Percheron

Percheron

FRANKLIN COUNTY

1422

West Side Horse

Co. — - -

Sheffield

Murrow Free Lance
7752

Emit Ever sole 21620

Elder Pom Pom 6599..

Shire

1170

C J. Bigg

Sheffield .

Trotter

1138

J. S. Mulkins.—

Hampton

Shire

(19587)

707

H. H. Marble

Hampton

Foudryeur 2202 (267.56)..

Belgian

1610

Henrv Pralle

Latimer

Keota Allen .5802

Shire

1611

Fahrniann Sons

& Paullus

Latimer

Garby 22666 (43490)

Percheron

1637
1758

.\. M. Craighton.

Chas. Harrison,

P. J. Monahan

Hampton

Sir Wilfred 9538

Clydesdale

& A. D. Stilson

Hampton

Barbazo (6010)

French Draft

2520

Geo. O'Terrill

J. D. & P. Es-

Sheffield

Victor 43608

Percheron

2521

Sheffield -

Colin 27.551 (48309)

Percheron

?577

J. P. Brown

Hampton

King 22597

Percheron

2695

N. Thomas

H. W. Ihlings-—

Sheffield

Montrave Rupert 10.551-
Consonant (Vol. 7)

CIvdesdale

2792

Geneva -.

German Coach

2853

H. R. Esslinger..

Chapin .

Amboy 14.330 „

French Draft

1871

A. C. F. Vov

Ackley —

Horbling Shamrock ...

Shire

8364 (23929)

1945

.John P Peters

Acklev

Volta .50561 (62453). ..

Percheron

2910

G. H. Washburn.

Hampton

Ben Storing 4841

Morgan

3419

N. J. Thomas _.

Chapin

French Rival 8948

French Draft

4084

N. J. Thomas.-

Chapin —

General 50088 _

Percheron

4329

J. C. Arends _.-

Alexander

Bilbouquet 22638 (42566)

Percheron

4279

O. E. Benson

Geneva

Carlos 22615 -

Percheron

FREMONT COUNTY

L. Chambers

L. Chambers

L. Chambers

0. E. Coulter .—
Wm. C. Johnson.
Wm. C. Johnson.
A. M. McMahill.
S. A. Chambers,

Secv

1. E. Burdick &
W. H. Wadell—

Lee Jleek

Bartlett .
Bartlett .
Bartlett _
Farragut
Randolph
Randolph
Tabor —

Halle 198 - i Oldenburg Coach

Sir .Tacques 16018 'Belgian

Apollo 3247 Shetland

Roosevelt 35683 Percheron

Bob Chariton 31430 Trotter

Roscoe II 19422 Percheron

Cyrano (43606) Percheron

.Vnderson j Tullus 214 Oldenburg Coach

I

Farragut ! Balanfal 35379 [Percheron

Riverton i Roosevelt 33172 1 Percheron

858 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

FREMONT COUNTY— Continued

Name of Owner

Postofflce

Name of Stallion

Breed

987
1065
2153

Fred H. Martin..
Jas. H. Miller-
Pleasant G r 0 V ei
Percheron

Horse Co.

Percheron Knox

Horse Co.

Clover Wave

Horse Co.

C. W. Dodd

Sidney

Prince 50265

Pacifldue 40395 (48534)..

Sansonnet 41411 (57672).

Duguesclin 41422

(57775)

Lilas 40291 (57378)

King of Iowa -5648

Mickey 45595

Percheron

Farragut

Percheron
Percheron

2a5i

Percheron

3030

34^5

3892
4252

Hamburg

Randolph

TJnnf1r>lnll

Percheron

Shire

Percheron

R. E. Waderquist Randolph

Rejouis 54429 (67282). —

Percheron

GREENE COUNTY

564
9
408
407
1216

Schneider Bros...
W. W. Anderson-
Ira Batcheller

Albert Head

L. L. Wright &

J. E. Hammar..

E. H. Jackson-.-

Thos. Toyne, Sr.

Wm. Grivey

Percheron Horse
Co

Grand Junction.

Scranton

Paton

Zanoni (25506)

LaPerchie 30869

Sound Money 7050

Chief Ambassador 37525

Collegian 41317

Belgian

Percheron

Shire

Jefferson - -

Scranton

Jefferson -

Trotter
Percheron

1397
1553

1614

Constantine 20381

AVayside Tarbroech ...

9838
Breteuil 24815 (44482)...

Marius de Lil 1373

(19784)
Prince 10236

Percheron
Clydesdale

Dana

Percheron

1632

.Jefferson

Churdan _-

Churdan - --

Churdan

•Jefferson -

Cooper - -

Belgian

C Picht

French Draft

1625

C Picht

Gerant 32351 (42893)

George 40782 . . .

Percheron

1647
1698
1374

R. N. Flack

Michael Coyne ...
Harry W. Cole

F. B. Anderson.—
R. N. Flack

G. A. Wiggins

C. A. Flack

Chas. Holmes

Grand Junction

Horse Co.

D. W. Holmes-—

D. R. Rittgers-..
Kendriek Perch-
eron Horse Co--

Cornelius Picht .
S. D. Newcomb—
S. D. Newcomb-.

•Toe Bridgett

Peter Renburg —

Chas. Holmes

AV. J. Custer

Foster Bruntlett -

L. H. Roberts

Jas. E. Moss

.Tames E. Moss

Harvey Wise

Harvey Wise

Harry B. Cole

Chas. James

Hatfield & Fleck.
J. W. Hillman-—
A. S. Burk—

C. C. Berclay

E. C. Elmore

D. R. Rittgers

Cedar Percheron

Norman Horse
Co.

Percheron

Admiral Sampson 19976.

Nicodemus 21754

Gervais 47758 (.5541.5).—
Attaban de Givry 2282—
(A'ol. 13)

Iving Leopold 862

Electeur 50858 (55883)....
Bambin 21363 (41034)

Bonneval II 32327

(45505)
Lewiston 33861

Percheron
Percheron

2326
2066

2478

Jefferson

Churdan

Cooper . _

Percheron
Belgian

Belgian

2527
2593

Grand Junction.
Rippey

Percheron
Percheron

2858
2978

Grand Junction.

Scranton

Rippey

Percheron
Trotter

3008

Echo's Chief 4590

(13036)
Lambert 44955 (.52685)..
Monarch 15404

Shire

3012
3022

Scranton

Churdan

Adaza

Percheron
French Draft

3023

Bleu 2061 (29620)

Belgian

3024

Thomas 14103 (6282)B—

Guyanolus 42981

Robespierre 32336

Keota Turo 18330

Domino 12169

French Draft

3218
32.51

Jefferson

Paton -

Trotter
Percheron

3300

Rippev - -

Percheron

3336

Jefferson

Scranton

Paton

French Draft

3465
3578

Keota Ralph 27651

Paton Bov 8716

Perclieron
Shire

3630
3631

Scranton

Scranton

Paton

Marcus Miller 42031

Scranton 42331 . . .

Trotter
Percheron

3242

Puckerup Prince Har-
old Jr. 8333
Excelsior 8233 . - _ —

Shire

3923

Paton

Shire

3647

Park 9531

French Draft

4059

Jefferson _-

Jefferson

Dana - - -

Porthos VI 809

Belgian

4154

Alonitor 46074

Percheron

2401

Cardiff 9918

Clydesdale

3323

Rippev

Porto de Houtain 1353.

(18643)
Maior II 26872 . . -. .

Belgian

260

.Jefferson

Paton

Percheron

4270

Major de Merchantem

.3164 (35493)
Cirton Senator 8987

(20519)

Perpolian 47074 (63378)—

Belgian

4373

Rippey ...

Shire

4424

Ada zn

Percheron

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 859

GRUNDY COUNTY

Name of Owner

Name of Stallion

Breed

Clay Township
Percheron

Horse Co.

O. D. Hilmer

Miller & Shirk...
Felix-M e 1 r o s e

Horse Co.

P. .T. Baasch.

P. J. Baasch

M. C. Pattee

Fred J. Frost

Fred J. Frost

Samuel Deitrick..

John Tjaden

South Felix Horse

Co.

W. C. Hiatt

Canotier Perch-
eron Horse Co..

T. K. Saul '

A. F. Weiss

Adolph Albert

Chas. Staveley ..[

Fred J. Frost

Smith & Fearer..
Herman Redenius
Herman Redenius

John Tjaden

Helmer DeBers.-.j

Helmer DeBerg...
Helmer DeBerg.. -i

John Tjaden

.Tohn Tjaden

Holland Belgian!

Horse Co.

Melrose & ITeliz
Townsliip Horse

Co.

John Lister

T. W. Huismann.
Favor Horse Co.

Conrad

Reinbeck

Grundy Center.

Conrad

Conrad

Conrad ...

Reinbeck

Grundy Center.
Grundy Center.

Conrad

Wellsburg

Conrad

Conrad

Grundy Center

Reinbeck

Reinbeck

Reinbeck

Reinbeck

Grundy Center
Grundy Center

Dike

Dike

Wellsburg

Dike

Dike

Dike

Wellsburg

Wellsburg

Holland

Conrad

Conrad

Grundy Center
Grundy Center

Touraine 409.53

Histro F. 3.5686

Bichon 40190 (51206)

Seduisant 29530 (45257).

B. Favori 41310

B. Success 43983 _.

Paul 44695

Prince Cameron 10526...

All Right 245

Tomtom (6025)

Brilliant 30572 ((47001)..

Durand 41436 (60779)

Negro 46183 (59429)

Canotier 45607 (53890).
MacGill 8789

Bedford 141

Vainqueur (Vol. 12)...
Kirkland King 12226.

Corbett 20356

Hyperion 46619 (52087).

Edler (Vol. 7)

Dauphin 15156 (.57^53).
Nestor 41423 (&i588)...
Tiers 7302

Tiro (Vol. 7) ..

Oki (Vol. 7)

Horace 45261

Anacharsis 3628

Sapeur 48S6S

Casirair 51827 (.58109).
Willis 54405

Sifflot 53288 (65652).

Percheron

Trotter

Percheron

Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Clydesdale
Oldenburg Coach
French Draft
Percheron

Percheron
Percheron

Percheron

Clydesdale

Hacknej'

Belgian

Clydesdale

Perclieron

Percheron

Oldenburg Coach

Percheron

Percheron

East FriedJand

Coach
Oldenburg Coach
Oldenburg Coach
Percheron
French Coach

Percheron

Percheron
Percheron
Percheron

Favors 35701 ..Percheron

GUTHRIE COUNTY

+426

Frank Snow

Reinbeck

Mahomit George 48485..

Percheron

1091

Hackney Horse Co
J. M. Sheehan-.-.
H. C. Miner

Panora .

Conroy 633 (8423)

Araant 24448 (42918)

Blaisdon Luck 53&5

(14992)

Hackney

ns7

Stuart

Percheron

1203

Stuart .

Shire

760

Oilman J. Turner

Panora

King Cole 5218

Shire

770

Oilman J. Turner

Panora

Annas 41370 (56958)

Percheron

692

James E. Junk

Stuart

Rocher 40091 (46496)....

Percheron

696

Wichita Blegian

Horse Co.

Wichita

Brilliant de Hemptinne

(1.5692)

Belgian

572

A. D. Dickey

Jamaica

Eastern Topman 6308..

Shire

46

YaleDraft

Horse Co.

Yale

Compagnon 1298

(24830)

Belgian

1.576

C. B. McGinnis...

Casey

Haven's Pride 12534

Clydesdale

47

YaleDraft

(

Yale .

Diamont 11532 (44766) ..

French Draft

48

I. C. Sheets

Yale .-

Midday Sun 34656. ...

Trotter

109

J. T. Wasson

Panora

Teddy R. 0627

Trotter

101

Jamaica Horse

Co.

.Jamaica

Corisier 29485 (45168)....

Percheron

1567

J. B. Foltz

Stuart

Adair Medium 31596

Trotter

1,598

S. M. Ash

Bayard

Victor Hugo 42976

Percheron

2109

Stuart

Lallie 7507

Shire

2118

J. M. McPherson

& Son

Stuart

Richard Mac 37313

Trotter

860 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

GUTHRIE COUNTY— Continued

• Name of Owner

PostoflQce

Name of Stallion

Breed

2119

J. M. McPherson
& Son

Stuart

McMahon 22174

Percheron

2327

H. A. Saemisch...
D. W. Anderson.
D. W. Anderson.
S. J. Kirlcpatrick

* F W TCnrliTKr

Flambart 40741 (58618)

Dewan 41929

Lextus 41930

Babillard 12924 .

2612

Bagley

Trotter

2613

Bagley . ._

Trotter

2668

2820 S. B. Keatinr

1 nnrl T S T.niv

(53629) P
Sultan 18400 •

2844
2893

A. E. Colbv

J. B. Foltz

A. G. Sodaberger

Jerry Dewan

J. F. Maddick....

Chas. A. Reed

Bear Grove
Percheron

Horse Co.

J. F. Armentrout
& P. MeDanielS-

Wilson Bros.

Menlo Horse Co...

F. J. Boyd

Leroy Culbertson

G. B. Hughes

J. B. Brown

Pioneer Draft
Horse Co.

Elliott Compton .
Wesley Willey ..
.1. S. Low

Guthrie Center..
Stuart

Shadalmont 25535

Tartan 12024 ..

Trotter

Clydesdale

Clydesdale

Trotter

2907

Casey

Baron's Hope 12023

(11606)

The Bishop 30326

Massoud 946 (16918)

2936

Bayard

1711

Panora

Belgian
Trotter

8002

Menlo -

3053
693

Bear Grove

Stuart

Quande Meme 34246

(45883)

Val St. Pair 3184

Iowa Sphinx Jr. 33654..

Pernod 40015 (53570)

Van Toler 36478

Percheron

3232

3233

Menlo

3339

Menlo .

Trotter

3^49

Panora

Black Knight 12663

(13244)
Stuntney Facitus 7937..

(22836)
Finghall 12568 (13245)

Highland Chieftain

11479

Red McKee 42694

Creston Ben 5948

Servine 15.351

F. Northwav 206*4

Franklin 9631

3302

Baglev

3440
3449

3477
3648
389G

Guthrie Center..
Guthrie Center..

Stuart

Monteith

Stuart

Yale -

Clydesdale

Clydesdale

Trotter

Shire

French Draft

571

Clayton Miller ..

Wm. Morgan

Wm. Morgan

.Tapob Haunert

Trotter

3994

Jamaica

Jamaica

French Draft

3995

Avenir de Boingt 2754

(40802)
Adour 16517 .. ..

3902

Jamaica

French Draft

3901 A. D. Dicliev

Gallant 16519

French Draft

4085
4110
4133

Henry Campbell .

John Noland

C. B. MoGinnis _

Stuart

Stuart

Panora ..

Kadour 31222 (45167)

Black Acme 13019 (12855)
Couquetier 5i:5!)9 (65098)
King's Pride 9093

Percheron
Clydesdale
Percheron

4201 J. F. McNama

Casey ..

Shire

HAMILTON COUNTY

327
515
499
115

177
62
63
28
11

581

631
630
842
1068
1404

1529
1759
2300

Geo. H. Daniels..
Marion Horse Co.

L. C. Rood

N a y 1 o r & Mil-
burn

E. C. Brewer

B. T. Friedrich—
S. J. Cottington..

F. C. Ruegnitz...

Carl Bentson

Belgian Horse

Co. of Homer..

B. C. Brewer

Wall Lake Horse

Co.

F. C. Gearhart—

F. C. Gearhart

J. C. Cochran

Bendix Olsen

Stanhope Horse

Co.

.Tohn Ely

Helmick & Son...
Fran'^ Ross

Webster Citv .

Stratford

Webster City .

Stratford

Stanhope

Stratford

Stratford

Stratford

Jewell

Stratford

Stanhope

Jewell

Ellsworth

Ellsworth

Jewell

Stanhope

Stanhope

Webster Citv .
Webster City .
Blairsburg

Phil Frve 42574

Renard 27115 (45189)

Sir William R. 0729...

Sans Gene 400.39 (45012)

Milord (21682)

Merry Morgan .5032

Commodore 7741

Parson 2964

Diamond Dick 2608 .__

Copian (33172)

Prince Charming 10801

Dessinateur 31050

(46073)

Silver Seal 31379

Distingue 22349 (42854).
Keota Emperor 21670..
Prince 19179

Keota Emperor 22123...
Aurillac 2:3066 (44571)..

Carlin 27816 (48.389)

Oscar 26933 (45805)

Trotter

Percheron

Trotter

Percheron

Belgian

Morgan

Shire

Shetland

French Coach

Belgian
Clydesdale

Percheron

Trotter
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron

Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII.

861

HAMILTON COUNTY— Continued

Name of Owner

Postofflce

Name of Stallion

Breed

2331

Swanson & Ro-
dine ..

Stratford

Webster City ..

Webster City ..

Webster City —
Williams

Randall

Bijouti 1843 (26488)

Fayette Duluth 1519..
King Al 42749

Belgian

Saddler

Trotter

Trotter
Percheron

Percheron
Percheron

2S37

Ward Deffen-
baugh

2463

J. F. & Sam De
France

2464

J. F. & Sam De
France

Lerian 44073

2756

A. C. Henderson.

John T. Omvig

Peter Hove

O. W. Pearson-
Dennis Murphy ..
Dennis Murphy ..
Swanson & Rodine

E. S. Pringle

Cottington &
Smith -

Mon Caprice 3620

(2^34)
Torpilleur 27849 (44008).
Envoy 28264

1770

Stanhope

Ellsworth

Williams

Williams

Stratford — -

Webster City —

Stratford

Stratford

Alexander

Williams

Ellsworth

Webster City ._
Webster City ..

3097

Chelsea 41930

31 83
3189

Black Diamond 24314...
Beatem 40667

Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Belgian

Shire

Percheron
Percheron
Belgian
Trotter

3&t4

3690
4014

Keota Dan 18214

Boule du Chenoy

(18130)
Moulton Columbus

5816 (18226)

Grevy 41273 (5720a)

Premier 54070

Mouchon III 947 (18178)

Orcarlinus 37145

Illinois Lad 24044

Direction Jr. 47863

1666

4198
4417
4490

785

Stratford Perch-
eron Horse Co-.

J. C. Areuds

Andrew Caruth-—

A. B. Staples

John Ely _

4483

John Ely

Trotter

HANCOCK COUNTY

292
238

456

429

&41

1100

1131
1163
1198
1651

3482

263.5
2755

2868
3047
1311
3534
2393
4243

A. D. Fame

Belgian Horse Co

A. Chisek

L. E. Faber

J. N. Sprole

Brltt Belgian

Horse Co.

Klemme Horse Co
W. H. Greimann.

Ed Williams

Nelson Peterson. .
Twin Lake Horse

Co.

Klein Bros.

Orthel Township

Horse Co.

P. R. Gilligan

Nels Pederson

E. F. Klein

Paul Dorow

John Fitzpatrick.
D. M. Conlan

Kanawha i Amboy 26664

Goodell i Coran de Taverne

(18218)

Garner ! Kilburn Prince 9539

Miller | Dick Abbot 5.3.31

Garner DeNavaro 13619

Brltt ! Buffalo

Klemme ! Stj-x (24964)

Garner
Kanawha ..
Britt ...

Ajax 1061 (31446)

Ganymede 1198

Historian 45173 (.59177).

Goodell Flup 1789 (2T832)

Goodell I Veritable 27283 (48353).

Britt

Kanawha

Kanawha

Britt

Crystal Lake ..

Britt

Goodell

Osprey II 22417

Clampin 22616 (42780).

Prince 42776

Star Abbott 16679

Raven 12.334

Era 8380 (20468)

Victor 15190

Percheron
Belgian

Clydesdale
Shire
French Draft

Belgian

Belgian

Belgian

Clydesdale

Percheron

Belgian
Percheron

Percheron

Percheron

Percheron

Trotter

French Draft

Shire

Fren'ch Draft

HARDIN COUNTY

337

354

667
1120

C. H. Comly

.Tos. Caillard

J. T. Glenn

W. A. McBride.-
W. A. McBride..

R. T. Hamilton..

Rezin Kennedy

E. H. LaTeer

E. H. LaTeer

Wheeler & Turner

D. D. Goodenough
Telko & Sietsema
J. H. Bales-

Iowa Falls

Iowa Falls

New Providence
Alden .. ._ .

Wyatt 4733

Paul 280

Marengo 40159

Coad 41029

Pluton de Liroux

(23044)

Moncey 44746 (51661)

Coxev 247

Morgan
Belgian
Percheron

1121

Alden

1145
1426

Iowa Falls

Iowa Falls

Alden .

Percheron
Oldenburg Coach

14.54

Mo lay 1.3965 (19005)

Williams's Brilliant ...
:»176

Rustachio 19803

Hartington 4237

Royal S. 9008

Percy Woodside 41028..

1455

Alden

1.510
1618
17,33

Iowa Falls

Iowa Falls

Acklev

Trotter
Trotter

1782

Eldora

Percheron

862 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

HARDIN COUNTY— Continued

Name of Owner

Postofflce

Name of Stallion

Breed

2038

Seward Bros

Christ Risse

Leo B. Marks

Leo B. Marks

J. T. Glenn

D. H. Faris

J. E. Bailey

.1. T. Glenn-

J. T. Glenn

J. B. Fuller

G. F. Howard

E. S. Ellsworth
Estate

E. S. Ellsworth
Estate

New Providence

Hubbard

Eldora

Modell 45589 . .

2149

Keota Lion 7831

Shire

2354

Norve A. 0784 .

Trotter

2255

Goldflnder 9701 20320

Stuntney Joab 6617

Highland Berdell 43387.

Prince Albert 4725

Anthracite 47226

712
2636
2468
2470

New Providence
New Providence

Iowa Falls

New Providence
New Providence
Alden .

and Percheron

Shire
Percheron
Morgan
Percheron

2471
2901

St. Ives II 8904 (10333).

Jo 41854 (63435)

Sampson Jr. 42905

Lee Roy 45216

Shire
Percheron

2994
3017

New Providence

Iowa Falls

Iowa Falls

Percheron
Percheron

3018

Ruvier 45553

Percheron

3078

Fred Gehrke

O. J. Lacey

W. L. Thornton.
Bales Sc .Johnston
Samuel A. Tisher

Anson Miller

Eclipse Horse Co.

Myers Bros.

Myers Bros.

G. G. Pritehard-
Lewis & Pritchard
G. F. Pemberton

Enoch Warman ..

S. O. Welch

Robt. Wilkinson.

.T. F. Howard

Seward Bros.

D. H. Faris &

Mouron (25496)

3098
3096

New Providence
New Providence
New Providence
Alden

Eldora

Ussy 14858 (59254)P....
Major L. 42429.

French Draft

3095
3228

Senator A. 42428

Silver 9491 42113

Percheron
Frencli Draft

3367

Willi 4373 ...

and Percheron

3362

Ackley

Eclipse 35480

Percheron

3371

Whitten

Combre 34026 .

3.372

Whitten

Keota Benjamin 44753..

Don Alesor 44149

Earl of Alden 43471

Bismark de Rochefort

2336 (30548)
Trouville 46435 (62970)..
Jumbo 9153

Percheron

3474

Alden

Trotter

3475

Alden .. ..

Trotter

2062

3660

Iowa Falls

Alden

Belgian

2572

Union .

French Draft

3746

Iowa Falls

New Providence
New Providence

New Providence

Union ...

William D. 5465.

Morgan

4018
4115

Papillon 42137 (65354)...
Abel 47841

Percheron
Percheron

42-57

Highland Valma 41835-.
Sultan 36066

Percheron

4402

Union Draft
Horse Co.

Percheron

HARRISON COUNTY

531

A. C. Briggs

Missouri Valley.

Ben Lawers 1542 (2594).

Clydesdale

532

Missouri Valley
and Beebeetown

Horse Co.

Missouri Valley.

Violent 2877 ...

French Coach

533

Missouri Valley
Percheron

Horse Co.

Missouri Valley.

Arcachon 25050 (45461)-.

Percheron

534

Beebeeto wn
Percheron

Horse Co.

Missouri Valley.

Oiseau 31312 (48724)

Percheron

105

C. W. Reed

Woodbine

Mediumwood 19747 ..

Trotter

148

Geo. W. Crewd-

son

Leo (23586)

Victor 31809

Belgian
Percheron

113

J. T. Smith...

Woodbine .

320

W. A. Smith

Woodbine

King L. 38814

Trotter

319

W. A. Smith

Woodbine ...

H. D. 40324

Trotter

291

D. W. Bennett

Woodbine

Mont-Joie de Ragnies

Belgian

467

Percheron Horse

(25572)

Horse Co

Woodbine

Email 31319 (46074)

Percheron

44

J. Knowles

Logan

Paltu ''8352

Trotter

468

Coach Horse Co.

Woodbine

Varreville .3284

French Coach

723

C. C. Booth.

Little Sioux

Row On 33805 . ..

Trotter

814

P. C. McNally...

Dunlap

Glenflnlass 352S3

Trotter

1369

Cardinal Perch-

eron Horse Co..

Magnolia

Cardinal 24733 (43692)

Percheron

1530

•Tas. H. Black-

^

wood ..

Dunlap

Tronda's Chieftan 10291

Clydesdale

1550

W. D. & W. S.

Howard

Logan

Stuntney King Edward

Shire

8414

1636

P. C. Stire.

Logan

Loxley 40O92

Trotter

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII. 863

HARRISON COUNTY— Continued

Name of Owner

Postofflce

Name of Stallion

Breed

1752

V. C. Atwell

F. A. V 0 r e,
keeper .-

Little Sioux

Instard 20494

2493

Boulanger 24425 (43615)..

Cadix 2',/'32 (43771)

Scott 7966

Pereheron

2514

Persia Pereheron

Horse Co.

Wm. L. Carr

Pherguson Bros..

S. N. Dale

Harvey Dale

Pherguson Bros..

C. F. Putman

E. F. Ogden

F Hall

Persia

Pereheron

2662

Logan

Shire

2842

Dunlap ...

Fortune 41633

Pereheron

3073

Logan

"West Phallmont 43838-
Delwood 43965

Trotter

3074

Logan

Trotter

3130

Dunlap _

Dax 2304 (30738)

Belgian

3456
4152

Woodl)ine

Cartouche a5811

Robert McCaskey 41446

Mignon 46158 (59412)

Fortune Hunter 20394-

Hardi de Meerbeke

(Vol. 12, p. 646)

Champion II 7866

Abricot 20481

Pereheron
Trotter

4120

Orson - _-

Pereheron

2899
4316

Virgin Kinart

R. R. Mickle

W. W. Hollen

beck

Christenson Bros
Guyett & Son

Missouri Valley.
Kamrar

Pereheron
Belgian

4346

Shire

4370

Dunlap

Pereheron

4180

Woodbine

Marquis de Altre 2400-
(37036)

Belgian

HENRY COUNTY

328
329
673
787

851

955
899
1040
1081
898
897

879
1144
1143
1142

900

1231

Wm. H. Nugen...
Wm. H. Nugen—
O. C. New-bold—
Dunham Wright
& P. .1. Hanks.
Ed C. Herron

F. W. Walters-—
C. C. Anderson,. -

Frank A. Bird

Maurice Green

C. C. Anderson. .-
C. C. Anderson-—
C. C. Anderson-. -
C. C. Andersou---

H. H. Hills

H. H. Hills

H. H. Hills

H. H. Hills

Swede sburg

Horse Co.

Jacob Beckley -.-

1232 Jacob Beckley
1226 J. J. O'Laughlin.

1322

1424
1525

1526

1670
1828

2138
2364
2418
2516
2522
2523
1788
25ft4
2584
2416
2954
2979
3049

3161

Mt. Hamil Horse
Co.

D. H. McCahan.-

L. C. Wenger

Wenger Bros

Lee Ernst

C. M. Clark

Dudolph & Wal-
ter Lund

Ross S. Wright--

John Schadt

C. C. Anderson- -
Nelson Cornick-.-
Jesse D. Cooper.-
Jesse D. Cooper---
Jesse D. Cooper-—

K. S. Mills

Wenger Bros

John Shriver

C. C. Anderson-—

H. E. Watts

Wm. A. Harsh-

barger

W. P. Blackford

New London
New London
Hillsboro

New London
Mt. Union „

New London -
Mt. Pleasant
Mt. Pleasant

Wayland

Mt. Pleasant
Mt. Pleasant
Mt. Pleasant
Mt. Pleasant
Mt. Pleasant
Mt. Pleasant
Mt. Pleasant
Mt. Pleasant

Swedesburg ..
Hillsboro

Hillsboro
Rome

Hillsboro

Mt. Pleasant

Wayland

Wayland

Trenton

Mt. Pleasant

Winfield

Mt. Pleasant —

Rome

Mt. Pleasant --
Mt. Pleasant —

Winfleld

Winfield

Winfleld

Mt. Pleasant --

Wayland

New London -.-
Mt. Pleasant .-
Salem

Edward Bush 35987

Quinton Cross 38154

Iowa Jim 1190.3-— —

Mt. Pleasant ...
Hillsboro

Kalos 14439

Heron de Vrvheld 1293.
(21346)

Prince Albert 11577

Alexander 7218

Harm Vandecar 30O72— .

Arcturus 15798

Lord Commodore 8388-.

Lord Gentry 8389

Lord Claymont 7039....

Lord Curzon 7038

Cherreau 42473 (48488)-

Luckv Cross 10861

Fortune Hunter 9202—
Admiral 33035

Bernard 34307 (=i3267)-.

Wayside Smuggler

11857

Keota King 19437

Trevoux 12547

Damier 27119 (45993).

Keota Prince 4965

Superb 12507

F'ordv Duke 7534

(21432>

Nallv 10010

Cecilian 17563

Winifred's Prince 12777

.Vmbassaduer 43068

Keota Knight 8806

Lord Roosevelt 8735

.John 15033

Merriman 5376

.Tavelot 23051 (43301)

Hannibal 41728

Gold Eagle 5301

Cvrano 50487 (45628)

Creston Archie .3d 6659-

Novice 22614 (43366)

Agricole 41318

Trotter
Trotter
Clydesdale

French Draft
Belgian

French Draft

Shire

Trotter

Trotter

Shire

Shire

Shire

Shire

Pereheron

Trotter

French Draft

Pereheron

Pereheron
Clydesdale

Pereheron
French Draft

Pereheron
Shire

French Draft
Shire

French Draft
Trotter

Clydesdale

Pereheron

Clydesdale

Sliire

French Draft

Shire

Pereheron

Pereheron

Shire

Pereheron

Shire

Pereheron

Pereheron

Romeo 45175 Pereheron

Stuntney Sanrouge 840. Hackney

(9033) I

864

IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE.
HENRY county-Continued

fez
o

Name ol Owner

Postofflce

Name of Stallion

Breed

3162
3234

.Jacob Beckley — .
New London

Horse Co.

New London

Horse Co.

W. A. Tadei &

Sons

Hillsboro

New London ...

New London ...

Hillsboro

Hillsboro

Hillsboro

Hillsboro

Winfield

Mt. Union

Salem

Mt. Union

Mt. Pleasant .._
Mt. Pleasant ...
Mt. Pleasant ...
Mt. Pleasant ...
Mt. Pleasant ...
New London ...

King 15626

French Draft

Tyrolien ^60

French Coach

3235

::342i

Pomard 24489 (44564)

Rotrou 47083 (61541)

Pat Brown 28280

Joe Diamond 43202

Sir Archibald 12953

Ethelbert 12025 (12969)..

Lamy 14853 (.53953)

De Vallon 14780..

Percheron
Percheron

33.39
3338
3919
3920
4001
4026

H. C. Hampton..
H. C. Hampton..
O. C. Newbold...

.John A. Swan

A. L. Garrels

,T. W. Graber

A. L. Garrels

Henry Burky

R. C. Dutton.

Everett Beckwith.
Bverett Beckwith.
Everett Beckwith.
Ira Redfern

Trotter
Trotter
Clydesdale
Clydesdale
French Draft
French Draft

4069
2<)55
4323

Sans Tache (11724)

Happy Tom 8013

No Heels 45207 ..

Percheron

Shire
Trotter

442T
4-128
4429
4483

Ericeirs 14971

Kewango 15604

Seigneur .51451

Romu 48007

French Draft
French Draft
Percheron
Percheron

HOWARD COUNTY

398

P. .7. Gesell

Protivin Perch-
eron Horse Co..

Keune Horse Co..

C. A. L. Loomis.

C. A. L. Loomis.

F. A. Eckstein &
Bro.

Elma

Bonton 9067 . — .

French Draft

549
138

Protivin

Cresco ...

Saumur 25031 (43633)

Talmage 1069

Wild woods Ideal 1530..
Black 3221 (29464).

Cyclone II 1375

Percheron
Belgian

827

Chester . ... ...

Belgian

828

Chester

Belgian

997

Chester

Belgian

998

F. A. Eckstein &
Bro.

Chester

Macadam .7r. 1841

Ideal Jr. 1840

Maxy 1802 (14698)

Belgian

999

F. A. Eckstein &
Bro.

F. A. Eckstein &
Bro.

F. A. Eckstein &
Bro.

Chester .. .

Belgian
Belgian

lOOO

Chester

1001

Chester

Belgian

1371

Martin .Tones

Maple Leaf Bel-
gian Draft

Horse Co.

Clover Leaf Horse
Co.

Cresco .. . .. ..

Le Meniere (15409)

Paul Max (27498)

Epernon ^916 (46591)...
Regale 2082

Percheron

1474

Elma

1645

Cresco

53

P. .T. Herold

Albion Horse Co.

T. .7. Richards

J. W. Davis & I.
Roberts _ . .

Cresco .. .

2252

Bonair .. . ...

Buridan 27105 (48388)...
Barney Amber 10888-..

Nellie's Pride 11867

The Governor 3976

Prince James 8932

Trompeur 31248 (48879)..

Libaros 27.378 (44843)

The Fox 34703

2258
2259

Lime Spring

Lime Spring

Cresco .. .. .. .

Clydesdale
Clydesdale

2976

S. A. Converse

S. A. Converse

Geo. Moore

Saratoga Horse
Co.

2977

Cresco

Clydesdale

3013

Elma

3065

Cresco ..

Percheron

3509

M. E. Weighill...-

F. A. Eckstein

F. A. Eckstein

Cresco .

Trotter

3581

Chester

Bonlet de Canon 2534..
Epluche 43067 (60521)

Belgian

4256

Chester

Percheron

HUMBOLDT COUNTY

169
90

290

R. W. Taylor

Brown Bros. &
Beck

Harry Bratton

n. G. Olson

Rutland Horse Co

Moen & Anderson

Boone Percheron

Horse Co.

Bode

Humboldt

Ottosen

Sampson 7853

Cokeril 1800 (39592)

Captain Hopetown 11442
General Sherman 27897
Pollux II 1371 (18216)..-
Guepin 27159 (44716)

Reflescible 41866 (48870).

Shire
Belgian

1067
1189

Humboldt

Rutland

Percheron

1435
1744

Humboldt

Renwick

Percheron
Percheron

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII. 865

HUMBOLDT COUNTY-CONTINUED

u

c

Name of Owner

Postofflce

Name of Stallion

Breed

2359

Brown Bros. &

Beck

Humboldt

Major de Corroy 2533—

Percheron

aajo

Brown Bros. &

(24426)

Beck

Corail 14861 (62679)P—
Romance 26395 -.

French Draft

2433

P. L. DeSmidt—

Humboldt

Pioneer

2628 : L. E. Dolder

Thomas 34371 (46441)...

Percheron

2833 Renwick Shire

Horse Co.

Renwick

Stuntney Defiance 2853.

Shire

2938 Byron Brink

Renwick

Bob Sheldon 383S4

Trotter

3146 A. J. Hayden

Humboldt

LaPerche 45327

Percheron

3483 ! F. F. Kelling

Humboldt

Humboldt

Tessino (13903)

German Coach

3484

F. F. Kelling

William 1046 ..

German Coach

3163

Belgian Draft

Horse Co.

Pioneer

Charlemange 1799

Belgian

4097

Brown Bros. &

(12290)

Beck

Huml)oldt

Humboldt

Black .Tack II 9389

.Judge Transit 47746

Shire
Trotter

4433

C. E. Myers

42»1

A. K. Cleveland—

Humboldt

Frank Thornton 45353.

Trotter

3798

A. G. Cooper

Ottosen --

Bon-Valet 51497

(59946)

Percheron

Hlib

John Seaman

Bradgate

King Unique 43164

Trotter

IDA COUNTY

95
120
130

E. F. Peffer

Anton Grones

Holstein Horse
Co. .

Battle Creek

Holstein

Holstein

Arthur

Me Lud Conkling 34924
Andree 1159

Vernis 30421 (46609)

Nigrier 44625

Trotter
German Coach

167

J. F. Parks

Elmer C. Somers.
J. Y. Crawford-
John Crawford

John Crawford

Geo. H. Nailer—

V. D. Wolcott

V. D. Wolcott.

Arthur Horse Co.
Elmer C. Somers.

P. McGuire

P. McGuire

P. McGuire

P. McGuire

P. McGuire

Waldo & Ray

Clapsaddle

Ida Grove Horse

Co. -

35
45

51
52

23

26
27
83

Ida Grove

Ida Grove

Holstein

Holstein

Battle Creek _._
Battle Creek —
Battle Creek ...
-Arthur

Brynes 25936

Creston Prince 35728

10667
Marron De Vissoul 1350
Napoleon II 273.

(24818)

Harry 9378

Ibrahine 11520

Du Chaillu 11199

Fondant 40141

El Somero 0754

Trotter

Percheron and
French Draft
Belgian
Belgian

French Draft
French Draft
Trotter

Ida Grove

Holstein

Trotter

1481

Duke 43554

Cinchona 20.391

T R K 11837

1432

1483

Trotter

1484

Romeo 2.3495

Sweet King 40977

Alex of Odebolt 11754..
Danton 1020 ... . .. ..

14S5

Trotter

1727

Galva .

Clydesdale

028

Ida Grove

Ida Grove

Holstein

Galva .

Belgian
Shetland
French Draft

17:n
2024

B. M. Hester

H. P. Rice

G a 1 V a Union

Horse Co.

Galva Horse Co..

C. A. Shimerda..
F. O. Peterson..
Galva Shire

Horse Co.

.John H. Brunjes.

Geo. F. Nailor

A. Svkes

Black Prince 4324

Monaco 14100

2776

Pianiste 44474 (58181)....

Sasie 46060 (51718)

Ringmaster Jr. 8417

Money Maker 7874

Blaisdon Victor 7110...-

(20267)
Gamwav 45286 ..

Percheron

20S8

Galva

Percheron

2338
2583

Battle Creek

Galva

Shire
Shire

1776

Galva

Shire

3247

.Vrthur

Battle Creek

Ida Grove

Battle Creek

Galva

Trotter

3370

Perkins 48314 .

3674

Olga 22766 (43283)

Golden Era 4601

Buffalo 41563 (63938)

Wenona Swell 22991

Cardiff 53744 ..

3739

August Hunwar-

Morgan

2969

Baxter Bros

A. B. Bell .-

J. F. Parks

Hinds & McCrea..

Draft Horse Co.

of Ladora

Percheron

2589
4467

Ida Grove

Percheron
Percheron

3247
125

Gamwav 45286 . .

Trotter

Robert de Lillo (25508)

Belgian

55

866 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

IOWA COUNTY

u6

Name of Owner

Postofflce

Name of Stallion

Breed

126

Draft Horse Co.

of Ladora

Draft Horse Co.

of Ladora

W. V. Hixson

Chas. Boland

W. V. Hixson- —

W. V. Hixson

Henry Wiede-

/

Caesar de Wodecg

(29436)

Keota Edward 29654

Rosemack 10406

Belgian

127

t

Percheron

239
778
865
864
973

Marengo

Williamsburg _-

Marengo

Marengo

i*- ■

Millersburg

Millersburg

Williamsburg —
Victor - _.

Clydesdale

Palmerston 9728

Mac Delightful 2d 11314

Bon Roister 6065

(17790)
Eithon 2085

Clydesdale
Clydesdale

Shire

1028

Miller sburg
Coacli Horse Co.
W i 1 1 i a msbiirg
Draft Horse Co.
Samuel E. Harper
R. SI. Wyant.—

J. F. Talbot

Francis E. Grim-

.Tacob E. Cox

Jacob E. Cox

John B. Wyant—
W. H. Spratt

W. H. Spratt

J. H. Schrader

H. F. Loliman

W. E. Reynolds--

Koszta Horse Co.

Ladora Draft

Horse Co.

Jonas Mantz

Jonas Mantz

A. J. Clark

W i 1 1 i a msburg

Draft Horse Co.
G. M. Ocheltree-
Frank X. Conroy.

W. V. Hixson

W. V. Hixson

W. V. Hixson

J. P. Gunzen-

hauser .„

1009
871

Piston 839 (1.3000)

Scott Gamaleon 31292..
Jay Field's Hasty 36018

Keota Ranford 29656

Dewey .5203

Bourn 44470 (55162)

Devinez (57137) . .. .

Belgian
Trotter

1384
1405
1402
1450
1451

Millersburg

AVilliamsburg __
North English-..
Williamsburg _.
AVilliamsburg ..

Marengo

Parnell

Parnell .. .

Trotter

Percheron

Shire

Percheron

Percheron

1479
1518

1519

Dandy E. 0847

Cambushinnie Prince

Jr. 10861
Manor Surprise (16800).
Gables Shamrock 69.59..

(Vol. 25)
Bayard X 30585 (48326).

Flashwood 8066

Tresor (55352) ... . .

Trotter
Clydesdale

Shire

1552

0106
2509

9601

Marengo

Millersburg

Williamsburg ..

Shire

Percheron
Shire

2204

Ladora

Caesar de Merchtem...
2588 (36802)

Darius 44456 (.51256)

Rival 26903 (4.5850)

Scipion 41554 (63657)

Bobby B. 15467

Belgian

2653
2654

9675

1

Williamsburg __
Williamsburg ._

Ladora

Percheron
Percheron

Percheron

2689

Williamsburg __

French Draft

2546

Colonel 0. 13297

Joe Menary 43156

Baron Clifton 12611

Glenco 13334

French Draft

2731

Conrov - .

Trotter

2787
2789

JCarengo

Marengo

Marengo

Williamsburg ..

Williamsburg ..
North English...

North English.. -
North English.—

Williamsburg ..
North English-. _

Clydesdale
Clydesdale
Clydesdale

2790

Sefton 12331 ... -

2883

Paul 19422

2882

J. P. Gunzen-
hauser

Julo 2151 (Vol. 12)

Nelson 1785 . .

Belgian
German Coach

2752

E. F. McArtor—

Boylander Horse

Co.

1169

Boylander 30695

Printannier 28744

(47059)
Lord William II 541.5.__
Patwood 34296. .

Trotter
Percheron

Shire
Trotter

2998

3032
3057

Ross J. Miller—.

Jonas Mantz

J. D. Tliomas

A. J. Clark

J. G. Hanson

N. T. Wyant

W. D. Talbott— .
E. A. Simmons—

Geo. Boyer ,

Ernest Teggartz ..

Jonas Mantz

Geo. Schuetterle

Theo. Movekens,

S. DeRycke and

D. Landuvt

T. J. Burns

John S. Torrence-
John R. Fitzer

C. W. Voss

J. B. Cox

3221

Zoo Zoo B. 36336

The Exquisite 36730

Julian 44709 ..

3286
2676

Williamsburg ..

Marengo

Marengo

^Larengo

Victor ..

Trotter
Percheron

3343
3394
3416

Keota Hymen 31887

Coursier 2662 (18156)

Lendit 25059 (42414)

Prince of Pleasant Hill

23a35
Confidence 795 .

Percheron
Belgian

3427

3478

South Amana ..
)

Williamsburg .-
Marengo

Marengo

North English. -_

Victor .

Percheron
Belgian

3520
3747

1008
3985

Faucheur 13072

Picador 28751 (48312)

Baron Blantyre 9343

(10497)

Prince Reliable 8710

Loosegate Lord 8529

(22550)
Bury Client 8876 (23112)
Brvan II 52236

French Draft

Percheron
Clydesdale

Clydesdale

4092

4179
4177

Williamsburg ..

Williamsburg ..
Williamsburg _.
Williamsburg ..

Shire

Shire
Percheron

4178

J. E. Cox

Regulus 4089

French Coach

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII. 867

IOWA COUNTY— Continued

Name of Owner

Postoflace

Name of Stallion

Breed ■

4176

J. E. Cox

' illiamsburg ..

ictor

Marengo

Victor

Manage 51877 (63689)

Robin Ensign 119.39

Dale 12333 .

4247

9788

Bigler Bros.

H. T. Bell

James E. Ander-
son - .

Clydesdale
Clydesdale

Trotter

4278

Warren Boy 47534

Mae Delightful 10753...

867

T. .1. Kilcoin

Clydesdale

JACKSON COUNTY

374
375

Chris Boden, Jr_.
Comte Percheron

Horse Co.

Chris Peterson ...
D. H. Anderson. -
D. H. Anderson..
D. H. Anderson..
C. D. Krepps &

D. H. Anderson

Cook & Depue

Miles Belgian

Horse Co.

Belgian Horse Co.
Ely & Robinson..
John Orr, Sec'y..
Wm. Dunn

J. C. Dennison...
J. C. Dennison...
Wm. F. Meinke...

J. F. Kunan

J. L. Ripple & W.

W. May berry

Roach Bros.

J. L. Hoffman

Ed Farley

Wni. Schmndke...

Jos. Eberle

Sabula Belgian
Horse Co.

Jno. & George
Goepfert

Lamotte & Swin-
gle Horse Co

Jerry Broderson..

Geo. S. Flathers.

Fred Kelsall

Chas. Chapman _.

O. E. Barnes

Preston Perch-
eron Horse Co..

Wm. Gibson

Farmers Horse Co
J. C. Dennison

Green Island ..

Bellevue

Miles

Maquoketa

Maquoketa

Maquoketa

Maquoketa

Miles

Foxie 20868

Comte (46193) . .

Percheron
Percheron

347

268

Lapin 30198 (46857)

Cvclone 1852

Percheron
Belgian

267
266
265

251

Brilliant III 1347

Vonmore 23417

Woodford Russell 37964
Coco 11360

Blanqui de Mellemont

(29368)

Bornival 1403 (19204)

-Monteleone 29178

Romeo 23077

Beaudole III 33407.

(478.31)

Paralene 35112

Patrolist 40307

Ardea 42216

Sans-Gradin 24731.

(44668)

Fenelon 25807

Patalma 37916

Bernard (13100)

Clarion de Loyers 2174

(25503)

Nogeant II 35422

Grove Paragon 2216

(7334)

Coquet de Mellemont..

2345 (Vol. 13)
Sir Bolivar 12535

Miramar 31274 (48168)..
Champagne 274.39

(43154)

Dr. Kendall 2271.3

Bonaparte 19764 (43112).
Delateur 14821 (64096)...
Plantagenet 2.3200 (44573)

Reuil 22707 (4.3472)

William Gibson 39323..

Bock 45770 (61500)

Paral 46739

Belgian
Trotter

Trotter

250

Miles

Belgian

?a5

6
496

544

Maquoketa

Maquoketa

Bellevue .

Trotter

Percheron

Percheron

415

Trotter

414

Trotter

786
1092

Maquoketa

Sabula ...

Percheron
Percheron

1128

1146
1339
1527

Bellevue

Preston

Lamotte

Percheron
Trotter
Belgian
Belgian

1313

Preston . .

Percheron

1599
2508

Spragueville

Sabula

Shire
Belgian

2606

Bellevue . ..

Clydesdale

2716

2860

3110
3236
3380
^433

Lamotte

Maquoketa

^laqtioketa

Iron Hills

Lamotte

Percheron
Percheron

Trotter
Percheron
French Draft
Percheron

3523

Preston . .

Percheron

3592
3689

Maquoketa

Miles ..

Trotter
Percheron

3S76

Bellevue .. —

Trotter

JASPER COUNTY

James McKenzie..
Newburg Horse

Imp. Co.

Lavelleur & Zach-

ary

Oscar Wallick ...

M. C. Cramer

J. M. Furney '

David A. Moffet-I

J. W. Munn

Frank Bruner 1

C. S. Mershon...!

Baxter

Newburg ...

Prairie City

Monroe

Monroe

Prairie City
Prairie City

Newton

Prairie City
Newton

Sandy McNab 11211 Clydesdale

Avril 31348 (46164) Percheron

.\ristote 44302 (55655)... Percheron

Keota Senator 9614 Clydesdale

Dewey 9634 French Draft

Rex 256.30 Percheron

Robert 2098 French Coach

Prince Lucas 14.363 Percheron

Keota-Gallipoli 33459 .. Percheron
Baladin 29429 (46958) Percheron

868 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

JASPER COUNTY— Continued

Name of Owner

PostofBce

Name of Stallion

Breed

1267
1268

D. C. GifCord Est
D. C. GifCord Est

Robert Roush

J. P. Taylor

J. P. Taylor

Prairie City

Prairie City

Pompee 27986 (46835)

Dardaghan II 13181

Oherlin 19549 ._

Percheron
French Draft
Percheron

995

996

Sully

Twister 20753

Trotter

Sully

Twis G. B. 996

Trotter

Valeur 768 .

French Coach

2167

J. .J. Whisler

Eldredge Bros. —

Chas. Goeke

M. C. Cramer —

Fairmont

Sully

Regal Marconi 39287

Garnet Wilkes Jr. 4.3307

Newton Harold 7649

Arnold M. 15660

Matchfleld Jr. 12634

Seducteur 47205 ..

Trotter
Trotter

Shire

Trotter

Clvdesdale

Percheron

Gibson West

A. D. Gipson &

G. C. Butler

Lavalleur & Tay-
lor

Wilhelm 23608 . .

Percheron

389

Lapon 26724 (48351)

Monarch 13475 .

Percheron

956

Colfax

French Draft

L. N. Mateer

D. A. Moffet

Livingston Bros..
H. W. Kloping-
Johnson & King-

Arbitrator 47769

Stanislas 15155 (62729)...
Raymond 41181 .

Percheron

2962

Prairie City

French Draft
Percheron

3.179
3202

Gutemburg 41765

(60923)
King William 12782

Motus (56933)

Percheron

Prairie City

Prairie City

Prairie City

Newton -

French Draft

3203

Johnson & King-

Percheron

3204

Johnson & King-

Newton Victor 6921_..^.

Wenona King 5260

Newton King 40723

Scott W. Jr. 45377

Angers 40733 (49304)

Degourdi 45878 (65197)..
Monarch 51801 —

Shire

Louie J. Altemeir
Margaret Gates ..
Margaret Gates —
J. C. Johnson Im-
ported Horse Co_
Sugar Grove
Horse Co.

Shire

Trotter

Trotter

2854
3535

Lynnville

Percheron
Percheron

4031
2458

Monroe

Percheron

Baxter & Round
Grove Horse Co-

Geo. Eggert

W. N. Talbot &

Victor 47205 ... ... -

Percheron

3421
4095

Rampton Criterion 11..

8i82 (23922)
Keota Allen 44753

Gold Dust 12997

Shire

Sully

Percheron

4094

W. N. Talbot &

Chester'rTr'a'f t
Horse Co.

H. G. Bergman..

H. G. Bergman..

H. G. Bergman..

H. G. Bergman..

H. W. Klopping

Kellogg Belgian
Horse Co.

Baxter & Mal-
bonrne Horse Co

Vern Wheeler

.Tohn Laskewitz .

Vern Wheeler

Oscar Wallick

P. H. Vanderwool
Crawford & Grif-
fin

Sully ,-_.....^-.-.

Newberg

Newton .. .

Clydesdale

Shire
Trotter

4113
4220

The Boss III 5416

Sioux Valley Chief 36324
Pavori 44998 (57219)

Scott W. 36.378

Chicago 46195 (55823)....
Turcos 48449

Milton de Lessines 3122

(32634)
Caliph (12074)

4218

Newton .

Percheron

4219

Newton . ..

Trotter

4217

Newton

Percheron

4215

Newton

Percheron

4190

Kellogg

Belgian Draft

4188

Clvdesdale

4298

4300
4299

Newton

Killdnff

Newton

Brompton Boy 6534

(Vol. 24)

Keota Lambing 44763

Gondler 3897

Orphan Boy 12254

Trepan 32305 (45131)

Congolais 2814 (34314)..

Neptune 632 (7940)

Accordeur 41764 (64706)..

Loulaba 50782 (68247)....

Calvados 53737 (68366)..

Citoyon 52748 (69077)

Allegory 47813

Shire

Percheron
German Coacb

Clydesdale

4323

Newton ..

Percheron

4336

Newton .. .. .. .

Belgian

4337

Crawford & Grif-
fin

Newton

Hackney

43.38

Crawford & Grif-
fin

Crawford & Grif-
fin

Percheron

4339

Newton ...

Percheron

4341

Crawford & Grif-
fin

1

! Newton _

Percheron

4342

Crawford & Grif-
fin . _. ..

Percheron

4382

C. E. Conley.

Prairie City

Thoroughbred

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII.

JEFFERSON COUNTY

Name of Owner

Postofflce

Name of Stallion

Breed

E. E. Myers

E. E. Myers

E. E. Myers

Harlan B. Macy..
Batavia Belgian

Draft Horse Co-

Dr. J. V. Bean

Dr. J. V. Bean

Libertyville Horse
Co.

F. K. Laughlin..

John Larson

John Larson

John Larson

John Larson

Larson Shire

Horse Co.

Daniel G. Dana..

E. P. Taylor

J. Lewis Mc-

■ Cleary

E. P. Taylor

Chas. Stevenson.-
Wm. Case «& Co.-

J. V. Bean

Sylvester Hadley.
Wm. CarmichaeL-
Jas. CarmichaeL—

J. P. Campbell

J. P. Campbell

Alex Hoplvirli

J. E. Harris

J. E. Harris

J. E. Harris

John Larson

J. F. Carlson

John Larson

Julius Crile

J. E. Hoffman

C. W. Benn

C. W. Benn

C. W. Benn

C. W. Benn

C. AV. Benn

C. AT. Benn

E. R. Smith

J. W. Wilson-...

J. W. Wilson

J. W. Wilson...-

Jerry Bates

James M. Blake-
James M. Blake-
ley

J. S. Herald

J. S. Herald

Humphrey Bros...
Maasdam&

Wheeler

Walton Bros.

W. C. Estes & Co

Nady Bros.

Nady Bros.

Blogh Bros.

Blogh Bros.

D. B. Hedge

W. C. Estes & E.

A. Heald

Packwood

Packwood

Packwood

Pleasant Plain..

County Line

Fairfield

Fairfield

Libertyville

Batavia

Fairfield

F'airfleld

Fairfield

Fairfield

Fairfield

Fairfield

Fairfield

Libertyville

Fairfield

Veo

Fairfield

Fairfield _

Packwood

Fairfield

Fairfield

Libertyville

Libertyville

Lockridge

Batavia

Batavia

Batavia

Fairfield

Lockridge

Fairfield

Brighton

Abingdon

Packwood

Packwood

Packwood

Packwood

Packwood

Packwood

Fairfield

Fairfield

Fairfield

Fairfield

Fairfield

Fairfield

Fairfield

Fairfield

Fairfield

Pleasant Plain..

Fairfield

Pleasant Plain .

Packwood

Fairfield

Fairfield

Fairfield

Fairfield

Fairfield

Packwood

Kilted Lad 3d 10353

Sully's Jim 44183.

Reno 12483

Maceo 198S1

Due II De Montfort
2424 (25232))

Nebator 37751

Sphinxceps 40238

Abner 24261 (44604)

Governor 6199

Junius of Fairfield 38063
Fairfield Short Legs

7262
Fairfield Brother Bill..

7832
Fairfield Bumper 8332..

New Cut President 5705

Judge Marshall 25791

Romeo 35582

Leonard 14677

Laurent 19126

Keota Chilieoot 21662...
Capricieux 44459 (53278)

Bashneermont 5193

Marquise 13702

Fred Bee 38946

R. D. Rex 37723

Taupln 9022

Le Roy 13007

Mark Dupont 10771

Ellerslie of Fairfield

38065

Verjus 1.3635 (22666P)

Thumper 15014

Fordy Spark 8446

(23320)
Monte Marshall 44104..
Admiral Togo II S445..

(22990)
Champagne 41562

(52403)

Prince Archer 11397

Packwood Boy 43791

Wm. Packwood 43834..

Dr. Clark 44925

Romulus 22674 (43371)

Paul 40400 (45371)

Skirbeck Squire 6830

Parker 2379

Sansonnet 12038 (44364).
Octavian 6.337 (18994)...

J. W. B. 32333

Jerry May 41239

Clydesdale
Percheron
French Draft
Percheron

Belgian

Trotter
Trotter

Percheron
Shire
Trotter
Shire

Shire

Shire

Shire

Trotter

Percheron

French Draft
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Morgan
French Draft
Trotter
Trotter
French Draft
French Draft
French Draft
Trotter

French Draft
French Draft
Shire

Trotter
Shire

Percheron

Clydesdale

Trotter

Trotter

Trotter

Percheron

Percheron

Shire

Trotter

French Draft

Shire

Trotter

Trotter

Charles Byron 41480 Trotter

Charleston .Tr. 22122..-

Latimer 10024

Matchless 9998

Solide 41713 (46710)

15545

Keota Hymen 31887

King of Perche II 2988..

Vulcain 40705 (588S2)

Pvrrhus II 42015

Lafayette 42014

Coquin 14007 (54840)P..

Artiste 45792 (&4460)

King 13097

Fiston De Libenne 2105
(Vol. 12, p. 434)

Trotter
French Draft
French Draft
Percheron

Percheron
French Draft
Percheron
Perciieron
Percheron
French Draft
Percheron
Clydesdale

Belgian

870

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
JEFFERSON COUNTY=CONTINUED

u

o

Name ot Owner

PostofQce

Name of Stallion

Breed

W. C. Estes

A. D. Reed..

J. L. McCleary —
Jas. M. Blakeley.

John Graber

E. R. Smith

W. M. GofC

Allen Koons

Allen Koons

J. H. Copeland..
Henry Manhardt.
Henry Manhardt.
J. P. Campbell..
C. D. MePherson.
Henry Rupp

Packwood

Fairfield

Libert.vville

Fairfield

Lockridge

Fairfield

Batavia

Oscanion 1532

Belgian

Favorite 42011

Dewey 15652

French Draft

McLeod 10790 - .

Clydesdale

3443
3636

Paupiet 50860 (63355)—
Docile 19435

Percheron
Percheron

3749
4102

Bienvenu 21265 (43224)-.
Porton II 2409 (37406)...
Damocles 42360 (63821)..
Portland 11901 .

Percheron
Belgian

4103
674

Batavia

Fairfield

Brighton

Brighton

Libertyville

Fairfield

Lockridge

Percheron
Clydesdale

970

Merrv Tom 6248

Shire

1842
3611

2878

Favorli .50644 (.57174)

Brownie the Kid 42129..
Jumbo 27767 -.

Percheron

Trotter

Percheron

4354

King Tom XIV 9752...
(24349)

Shire

JOHNSON COUNTY

505
504

G. H. Miller

G. H. Miller

F. J. Cochran

Jno. Kelley

R. E. Jones

R. E. Jones

W. .F. Lutz

G. L. Falk

Whittington &

Ulch

Iowa City

Iowa City

Iowa City

Oxford ...

Dewey 26113 (44243)

Westwulf 6827 . .

Percheron
Shire

106
180

Del Chimarch 34572

Avignon 26078 (45016)...

Marius 9871 (9678)

Queen's King 23685

Conde 11204 16709

(34482)

Star Denmark (Falks)

2905
Chieftain Harold 5702..

(17251)

.loker 25007 (44963)

Larry Ginter 31998

Picador Jr. 11066

Canari 1422 (25262)

Brutus (243) _ _

Trotter
Percheron

312
313
623

1090
1314

Iowa City

Iowa City

Lone Tree

Iowa City

Percheron
Percheron
French Draft
Percheron
Saddle Horse

Shire

1346
1486
1634
1749

C. E. Colony. Jr.

C. S. Lucas

A. E. Barnes

Brennan Bros

John Eden

Brennan Bros

Jas. Rodgers

Scott Wilson

L. P. Kessler

L. P. Kessler

L. P. Kessler

Lue Rohret

Lue Rohret

W. H. Bailey...-

W. H. Bailey

Lutz & Co

Iowa City

Iowa City

Iowa City

Solon

Percheron
Trotter
French Draft
Belgian

1697

Lone Tree

Solon

French Draft

1748

All Black 8293 (23886)...
Phenix 19100

Shire

1720

Oxford -

Percheron

2352

2354

9R55

Iowa City

Iowa City

Iowa City

Iowa City

Oxford

Lightfoot of Fairfield-.
36408

Keota Superior 9328

Victor K. 43665

Trotter

Percheron
Percheron

2356

9707

Coledge K. 43665

Nig a3231

Percheron
Percheron

2090

Oxford .

Goodenough 34367

Marshall Ney 14270.

Trojus Jr. 12854

Chilli 46191 (58076)

Logan 13311 23717

Aegon Proctor 01031

Bayard De Claquebois

944 (13900)
Cahmporeau 32303

(43538)

.John the Fifth 0725

Colonel 50O42 _ .

Percheron

2810
1099
W15

Iowa City

Iowa City

Lone Tree

Iowa City

Solon - __

French Draft
French Draft
Percheron

783
3100

W. H. Bailey..-
L. W. Harding-
Martin Berkey &
Son

French Draft
Trotter

3108

Iowa City

Iowa City

Iowa City

North Liberty ..

Iowa City

North Liberty ..

Lone Tree

Lone Tree

Oxford

3107

Martin Berkey &
Son

3113

Bert Bell

Trotter

3206

R. C. Zeller

The Belgian
Horse Co. of
Iowa City

R. C. Zeller

A. Crawford

A. Crawford

A. B. D. Wiebold

Rhinehart &

Wolfe -

Percheron

3123

3207

3479
3480
3'>4S

Bijou De Bassine 162.5--

(24882)
Corame Vous 46603

(63523)

Prince Bverard 11169

Baron McMasters 11824
Jovial 26085

Belgian

Percheron

Clydesdale
Clydesdale

3564

North Liberty -.
Oxford .. ...

Meunier 12258 (51469)

Victor 4714

French Draft

363«

Wm. Harney

Henry Morrow ...

Geo. E. Hertz

D. J. Berkey &
Son ...

Percheron

3670

Iowa City

Solon ... .

Lemont 1805

Saddle Horse

3684

Fairfax Chieftain 1817..

Manea Loyal 6851

(20686)

Belgian
Shire

2576

Iowa City

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII.

JOHNSON county-Continued

871

fez

Name ol Owner

Postofflce

Name of Stallion

Breed

3836

Wm. Harney

John Eden

Frank Navy

W. H. Bailey

Geo. E. Hertz,...
Floerchinger Bros

J. G. Sterrett

Jas. A. Clarke

Oxford

Congo II 391 -'German Coach

Comet VII 9588 Shire

Cesar 23132 (45449) Percheron

Teddy 15703 -French Draft

Dandy Boy 15023 French Draft

3956
1070

Lone Tree

Swisher

3134

410»

Iowa Citj'

Solon

3476

Oxford

4226
4254

Iowa City

Iowa City

Camille 1539 (25460)

Dan Hamilton 01061

Belgian
Trotter

JONES COUNTY

12

P. H. Conner

Jlonticello

Al Platoe 3S896

Trotter

950

Fred Heltz

Anamosa

Pictor Drayman 6073 ..

Shire

990

G. H. Bohlken

ifonticello

Prince of Quality 10840

Clydesdale

989

G. H. Bohlken

Monticello

Prince Royal 12304

Clydesdale

1043

P. L. Smith

Olin

Marcos B. 41312

Trotter

1154

Geo. B. Colton.—

Auamosa

Brilliant 32842

Percheron

1238

L. H. Chipman..

Anamosa

Titus 1317 (25306)..

Belgian

1566

A. J. Beem

Anamosa

Cosaque de Tillv

(Vol. 11, p. 439)

Belgian

15H5

C. A. Schwab

Oxford Junction

Romeo 11988

French Draft

1584

Onslow Shire

Horse Co.

Wyoming

Black Dragon 5583

Shire

1784

G. W. Loehr

Anamosa

Dewev 9688

French Draft
Trotter

1825

G. H. George

Monticello

Marcos Bozzaris 30856.

1824

G. H. George

Monticello

Substantial 8990

Clydesdale

2633

Monticello Perch-

eron Horse Co_-

Monticello

Escargot 23224 (4.3471)

Percheron

2554

Geo. Oltmans

Scotch Grove ..

George Junior 40424

Trotter

28 to

S. E. Ireland

Anamosa

Ogle Swigert 20771

Trotter

2924

Jas. E. Keglev _

Wyoming

Reveil 2083

French Coach

o298

C. B. Bottom-

stone _—

Wyoming

Young Roosevelt 11081..

Clydesdale

3294

B. L. Hovt

Tipster 35574

Trotter

3308

Larkey & Shim-

Wyoming

Robert de Glatignes..

3305

Larkey & Shim-

2046 (19310)

erda

Wyoming

Jupin de Schoonenberg

2045 (33178)

3459

G. H. Bohlken...

Monticello

Barney's Best 11.309

Clydesdale

3488

Caesar 40845

3524

Warrior 11723 .. — ...

Clydesdale
Clydesdale

3566

John Tomnkins ..

Wyoming

Bonnie Lad 10877

SoSSl

Henry Frutchey

& Sons

Gold Coin 954.

Belgian
Clydesdale

3658

Andrew Davidson.

Monticello

Prince Charley 10786

3680

U. J. Shanklin...

Anamosa

Molina Pioneer 39913..

Trotter

3180

E. E. Prosser- .

Anamosa _. . -_.

Prosit 2568

Belgian

2863

Folkers Bros

Monticello

Prefet 2745 (36320)

Belgian

2634

Samuel Pfeil

Monticello

Royal .Tap 11849

Clydesdale

4202

Frank Trasker ...

Wyoming

Bracconier 45237

Percheron

4422

Geo. Holiib

Wyoming

Raveille 9078

Shire

4468

Geo. Ottmans

Scotch Grove ...

MeCannon 9608

Clydesadle

KEOKUK COUNTY

911

912

1579

1448

1447

1515
1590

O. O. Phelps &
Geo. Sauer

F. R. Feltz

F. R. Feltz

Wm. Cox

A. L. McClena

han

A. L. McClena

han

A. L. McClena

han

Chas. Santee

J. C. Ulin

Hedri

;k

Keota

Keota

Kinross

What

Cheer

What

Cheer

What
What
Delta

Cheer

Cheer

Magnus of Montomore.
7657

Limoges 1.3661

Wilkie Wilson 35737....
Idleton 29618

Keota Chief 5427.

6958.

Gables Monarch

(Vol. 25)

Malaga 27852 (44.383)

Capitain 193

Tirelarigot 13039

(51124)

Shire

French Draft

Trotter

Trotter

: Shire

I

I Shire

Percheron

German Coach
I Percheron and
1 French Draft

872

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

KEOKUK county-Continued

Name of Owner

Postofflce

Name of Stallion

1591

1608
1677

1678

1683
1729
1730
1773
1772
1775
1776

2108
718
2133
2344
2345
2346
1565

2351

2399
2486

2495
2496
2510
2614
2624

2646
2647
2448
2742
2744
910
2746

2747

2748
2749
2814

1764

2916
2990
3000
3021

3103
3167
3182
3420

3422
3423
3424
3617
3626
3467
3856
390")
3982
3981
4003

4004

J. C. Ulin..

L. G. Garrett-
Keswick Draft

Horse Co. .—
Delta Draft Horse

Co. No. 2

R. H. Schultz..
Corban Utterback
Corban Utterback
W. T. Pancher.

W. T. Fancher

Jno. Smith No. 1
Jno. Smith No. 1.

J. F. Priest

A. Hall

Keiser Bros. .„
F. M. Fixmer..

F. M. Fixmer

F. M. Fixmer

Dwight Beman

& J. H. Mc-

Nabb

J. B. Wolf &

Sons

R. H. Schultz

R. H. Schultz

A. L. McClena-

han

M. P. Frazier

M. P. Frazier

J. T. Morton

J. A. Lesrg

Dwight Beman &

J. H. McNahli..
Martin Moland ..

A. .1. Ramsey

Pierce Halferty —
Victor Verchev.il--
Victor VerchevaL_
Victor Vercheval..
D. G. Clyde

D. G. Clyde

D. G. Clyde

D. G. Clyde

Frank Snaken-
berg

J. F. Barton &

W. W. Wilson-.

W. A. Seaba

Samuel Singleton..
Samuel Singlpton..
Jno. Smith No. 1

Edward Blattner.
W. R. McClune—

.T. T. Morton

Singmaster & Sons

Singmaster & Sons
Singmaster & Sons
Singmaster & Sons
Singmnster & Sons

Emil Fixmer '

S. H. Kirkpatrick

L. G. Garrett

R. H. Shultz

Dexter Eller

Dexter Eller i

.Tas. A. Lough-
ridge

Jas. A. Lough- 1
ridge

Delta

What Cheer

Postilion 13743 (53S41).
Toreador 1608

iFrench Draft
i and Percheron
iShire

Keswick Barnflelds Lord 6932— ; Percheron

(20226)

Delta

Hedrick — .

Sigourney

Sigourney

South English ..
South English ..

Harper

Harper

Sigourney
Keswick .

Keota

Harper .-
Harper ._
Harper ._

Delta

Hedrick
Hedrick
Hedrick

What Cheer
Richland .„
Richland -._
Thornburg .
Sigourney ..

Delta

Richland

Richland

Keswick

Harper

Harper

Harper

South English _.

South English _.

South English _.
South English —

Delta

What Cheer
Sigourney ...

Richland

Richland

Harper

Sigourney .
Keswick ...
Thornburg
Keota

Keota

Keota

Keota

Keota

Harper

Kinross

What Cheer

Hedricl?

Hedrick

Hedrick

Revolver 22648 (43596).

Demon III 25795

Black Chief 2148:?

Sombrun 24283 (43610)..

Keota Count 19469

Fred E. White 33.?6S...

Keota Victor 4639

Buchman II 6596

(Vol. 24)
Canonier 44747 (57041).
Nobby Allerton 31441..

Lawson 11919

Bellero 44304

Rabelais 22626 (43468).
Victor of Elm Park...

11713

Clifford 14287

Major Hope 8413
All 41511 (60307)-.
Piedro 146S1

Falcan 43405

Danseur 46192 (59117)

Ramoneur 44450 (52112)..
Sangrador 12373 (51977).
Tom O'Rourke 13109

Scott 12288

Keota Mohland 44759....
Keota Commodore 7989.

Jupiter 8880

Docteur 3968

Mouton IV 1231 (21722).

Lisieux 13622

Hurbert 29024 14214

Gabels Startling 7122.

(Vol. 25)

Keota Cummins 6191

Garibaldi 15536 32304...

(44600)
Pattelin 25444 (45401)

Charley Clifton 36819...
Rossignol 24273 (44330).

Monet 13701 (42482)P

Victor Noir 14506

Dunsby Menestrel 8869.

(22304)

Keota Corette 3103

Bluecoat 9043 (18532)

Aubepin 7019 (8383)

Northern Star II 8584.

(22636)

Keota Major 4475S

Prudent 46149 (59079)

Trettoir 47068 (64018)

Keota Bostwick 35277..

Alert 15950

Aleska 9344 (10480)

Bsope 51682 (62538)

Van Raalte 9.347 (24840).
Degourdi 42328 (67563)..
Littleport Brown

George 9348 (21844)
Gaillard 2763

Delta

Delta Montagnard 2762

Percheron

Percheron

Percheron

Percheron

Percheron

Trotter

Shire

Shire

Percheron

Trotter

Clydesdale

Trotter

Percheron

Clydesdale

French Draft

Clydesdale
Percheron
French Draft

Trotter
Percheron
Percheron
French Draft
Clydesdale

French Draft
Percheron
Clydesdale
French Draft
French Coach
Belgian
French Draft
French Draft

and Percheron
Shire

Shire
French Draft

and Percheron
Percheron

Trotter
Percheron
French Draft
Percheron

Shire

Percheron
Shire
Percheron
Shire

Percheron

Percheron

Percheron

Percheron

French Draft

Cl.vdesdale

Percheron

Shire

Percheron

Shire

Belgian

Belgian

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART XII. 873

KEOKUK county-Continued

Name oi Owner

Postofflce

Name of Stallion

4006

585
1417

4114
1997

2964
4328
916

4376
43T7

Breed

C. H. Payton

J. A. Legg

J. Galbraith & W.

Campbell

Richmond Bros. ..

Clayton Messenger

A. L. McClanna-

han

Sam Keiser

D. A. Patterson..
Victor Vereheval..
Victor Vereheval..

Thos. Singmaster.

Thos. Singmaster.
Thos Singmaster.

Hedriek

Sigourney ..

Keswick _.
Sigourney

Keswick

What Cheer .

South English

Hedriek

Harper

Harper

Keota

Keota -.

Keota

Mason 16163

Be Be Sarreguemine ..

10120
Prince Surprise 11054...
Vulcain d' Bssche 2423

(29602)
Tobo Walnut 45754

Marquis de Bleret 2388

(35988)
Negrillon II 15466..

Curet 41193

Cheque 53353 (67637)...
Alma Samson 5403 .

(16485)
Upwood Combination

9240 (23623)
Procurer 51886 (63131)..
Volontaire 51903 (64107).

French Draft
Clydesdale

Clydesdale
Belgian

Trotter

Belgian

French Draft
Percheron
Percheron
Shire

Shire

Percheron
Percheron

KOSSUTH COUNTY

97
300

91
660

783
991

1304
1353
1393
1471

1505
1548
1736

Z103

2181

2213
1%(
809

2288

2657
2683
3462

3710

2727

2795
2802

2819
1785
3027

3064
3079
3144
3393

Hinderk Beenken.
Frank Froehle .
James Britt ...
Burt Shire Horse

Co.

M. B. Bratt &

Mann & Powers

James Pedley

Ledyard Belgian

Horse Co.

E. H. Staley

T. R. Hanifan.

H. P. Rasmussen.
Lone Rock Horse

Breeding Ass'n.
C. B. Albright...

H. G. Wright

Swea City Horse

Co.

Belgian Horse

Breeder's Ass'n.
Sam'l Gross ft

Sons

Akbnr Stallion Co
W. H. Strickler..
Leonard M. Hart
Sam'l Gross &

Sons

Sandscale Victor

Horse Co.

E. E. & W. R.

Sch^^itert

Irvington Horse

Co.

Germanla
Bancroft .
Algona ...

Burt

Burt ..
Algona

Ledyard

Burt

Swea City
Galbraith .

Lone Rock

Algona

Algona

Sparks Bros.

Whitcomb Ball &
Son

H. A. Paine

Knutson & Nel-
son

L. N. Larson

Albert Reutter ...
Hobart Horse Co.

Geo. A. Stoke

A. W. Young

George Beard

C. G. Dourte

Swea City .
Whittemore

Titonka

St. Benedict

Algona

Sexton

Romio 24083 Percheron

Corneillo (29508) 'Belgian

Wenona Tom 22563. Percheron

Pride of the West 7285.

Bon Coeur 23073 (43207).
Prince Climax 9807

Charmeur De Dompire
(20868)

Hugo Hercules 7477

Jongleur 948

Le Roy 11262

Orleans (25132)

King George 5783.
Landsut 1047

Titonka .
Bancroft

Burt

Irvington
Algona ...

Titonka
Algona .

Swea City

Algona

Lone Rock
Algona

Neron 22503 (42858)

Beau-Type 1360 (21624)..

Usedom 8801

Akbar 22893 (iSliOO)
Vic 31915

Judge Artus 30008.

King Gerome 35543

Sandscale Victor 5636...

(17593)
Tom Patch 12439

Jeun Brin D'Or 1014...

(15232)
Sovereign 48089

Swea
Burt

City

Burt

Swea

City

Provost 5323

Peter the Great 30321

Bambin 18270

Major Woodford 42853.

Arabe 17974 (39208)

Manor Society 6826

(19815)

Souance 21283

St. Laurent 10373

Stanislas 22881 (43502)..
Stuntney Upstart 1753..

(10576)

Shire

Percheron
Clydesdale

Belgian

Shire

French Coach

French Draft

Belgian
Shire
French Coach

Percheron

Belgian

German Coach
Pei'cheron
Trotter
Trotter

Percheron

Shire

Clydesdale

Belgian

Percheron

Shire
Percheron

Percheron
Trotter
Percheron
Shire

Percheron
French Draft
Percheron
Shire

874

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
KOSSUTH COUNTY— Continued

Name of Owner

Postocace

Name of Stallion

James Pedley Algona

J. M. Smith Swea City .

M. C. Mattern Wesley

P. W. Reece Ledyard —

M. C. Mattern Wesley

Jerry Helgens | Burt

T. F. McGovern— 1 Whittemore
W. F. Mattern ! Wesley

4473 James Wallace Fenton -.

Kinfe' Robert 12247

Joe Doe 7790

Vermoutb 23076 (42620)__

Keota Meireau 20212

Brock 1037 (Vol. 11)

General Grant 13332

Vineenzo 53187

.Justice M. 8815

Searchlight 11166

Clydesdale

Clydesdale

Percheron

Percheron

Belgian

French Draft

Percheron

Shire

Clydesdale

LEE COUNTY

C. G. Cline —

C. G. Cline

Sam'I Glendening
W. G. Willard-—
.J. Klopfenstein---

R. Klinger

R. Klinger

Setb Cook

Seth Cook

W. E. Brown &

Son

W. E. Brown &

Son

Theodore Abel

R. E. Hill

R. E. Hill

R. E. Hill

R. R. Bullard

R. Klinger

J. M. Newboy

Stephen Holtkamp
Stephen Holtcamp
Isidor Link

Fort Madison __
Fort Madison __
Mount Hamill __
Fort Madison _.

West Point

Donnellson

Donnellson

Mount Hamill --
Mount Hamill __

Fort jNIadison _-

Fort ^ladison -.

Donnellson

LaCrew

LaCrew

LaCrew

Weaver

Donnellson

;Mount Hamill ..

Overton

Overton

West Point

Pilmore 35374

George Green 3070O

Wilton Prince 17745

Gladiator 43541

r.ellair 31783

Joyeux 25302 (43677)

Trotter

Trotter

Percheron

Percheron

Percheron

Percheron

White Stripe 11496 French Draft

Prospect W. 39138 Trotter

Sirlus 17550 Trotter

Dedini 40425 (55357)-_

Riflard 41025 (54926)

Stuntney Kitchner 6930

Count d'Orf 18402

Billy Dorf 43441

Lion 8885

Confrere .31108 (45923)

Fearless Boy 12198

Brown Wheeler 35519--_

Halpine 45.348

Riant 48955 (63872)

Carlo 35002

Percheron

Percheron

Shire

Trotter

Trotter

French Draft

Percheron

Clvdesdale

Trotter

Percheron

Percheron

Percheron

LINN COUNTY

.512

W. J. Henderson.

Central City ...

Mahomet King 7272. .

Shire

543

S. J. Hagerman

& J. A. Abbott-

Center Point -—

Keota Standard 27698 .

Percheron

Central City .

Brown William 5721 _

Shire

512

W. J. Henderson.

(17208)

480

P. C. Boyd

Toddville

Pouliard (24476)

Belgian

544

S. J. Hagerman &

J. A. Abbott

Center Point

Dick Rogers 6398 ..

Shire

4bO

R. L. :Minor

Marion

Edison 5078

Shire

451

C. Fisher

A. Kinsey

Central City

Cedar Rapids __

Sulphume 31605

Trotter

446

Blythe Ben 6843

Shire

430

David G. McLen-

nan

Volontaire 27859 (45210).

Percheron

.509

Troy Mills!

Percheron

Horse Co.

Walker

Gambetta 22<596 (43728).

Percheron

687

Jno. A. Dunn

W. G. Coppock...

Central Citv

Whittier

Hercules 4166

Morgan

695

Colonel Russell 6490...

Shire

711

Joe Kvetensky &

.Tno. Kaplan

Fairfax

Keota-Talbert 33452 ...

Percheron

71V

.T. S. Kitterman..

Center Point

John Hale 32933

Trotter

H40

Prank Graver &
J. A. Van Fos-

sen

Lisbon

Gabels Thumper 5387_..
(17357)

Shire

830

Frank Graver &

J. A. Van Fos-

sen

St. Blaze 11642

French Draft

880

Walker Draft

1134

Horse Co.

West Prairie
Percheron

Walker

Ranieur 22:)00 (41803)

Percheron

Horse Co.

Central City

Sofferino 40147 (43776)...

Percheron

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII.
LINN COUNTY— Continued

875

4)2

Name of Owner

Breed

1167 I Dell Andrews

Cedar Rapids
Belgian Horse
Co.

G. C. Murphy— -

Carl Moore

Hiland Horse Co
H. M. Shanklin.
N. D. Harrold_.-
Palo Draft Horse

Co.

Bohemian Belgian

Draft Horse Co.
Wolfe Bros. &

Gamble

James Thompson.
W. L. DeCIow_-.
W. L. DeClow.-..

W. L. DeClow

W. L. DeClow

W. L. DeClow

W. L. DeClow

W. L. DeClow-...

W. L. DeClow

W. L. DeClow.

Central City

Palo

Walker

Central Citv ..

Walker

Waubeek ^

Cedar Rapids

Great Scott WU~.

Palo

Cedar Rapids -

Mount Vernon-.

Bertram

Cedar Rapids -.
Cedar Rapids -.

W. L. DeClow--
W. L. DeClow—

w.

L.

DeClow

w.

L.

DeClow

w.

L.

DeClow

w.
w.

L.

L.

DeClow

DeClow

w.

L.

DeClow

w.

L.

DeClow

w.

L.

DeClow

w.

L.

DeClow

w.

L.

DeClow

w.

L.

DeClow

w.
w.
w.
w.
w.

L.
L.
L.
L.
L.

DeClow

DeClow

DeClow

DeClow

DeClow

W. L. DeClow

W. L. DeClow

W. L. DeClow

W. L. DeClow--.

W. L. DeClow

W. L. DeClow

W. L. DeClow

W. L. DeClow-—
W. L. DeClow—-

Cedar Rapids -

Cedar Rapids -

Cedar Rapids -.

Cedar Rapids -.

Cedar Rapids -.

Cedar Rapids -.

Cedar Rapids -.

Cedar Rapids ...
Cedar Rapids -.

Cedar Rapids -.

Cedar Rapids _

Cedar Rapids _.

Cedar Rapids -.
Cedar Rapids ..

Cedar Rapids _.

Cedar Rapids _-

Cedar Rapids _

Cedar Rapids -.

Cedar Rapids -.

Cedar Rapids ..

Cedar Rapids -.

Cedar Rapids ._

Cedar Rapids _.

Cedar Rapids __

Cedar Rapids ..

Cedar Rapids __

Cedar Rapids __

Cedar Rapids _.

Cedar Rapids ._

Cedar Rapids ..

Cedar Rapids ..

Cedar Rapids ..

Cedar Rapids ..

Cedar Rapids ..

Pirate II 1272 (30620)..
Cupid 1357

Tagus (255W)

Pantin 29907 (46885)

Huit 2088 (20290)

Jacqueminot 40602 ...

Negus 30580 (45360)...
Don Carlos (14983).

Elgin 27025

Artemus 8593

Mirabeau 41037 (57698)..
Botha II 2283

(Vol. 13, p. 327)

Ami de Givry 3281

(Vol. 13, p. 847)

Caesar de Sagelsem

2885 (Vol. 13, p. 634)

Garibaldi 2286

(Vol. 14, p. 347)

Hercule d'Oost 2287

(37386)

Minos 2290

(Vol. 13, p. 327)

Beinfait du Kat

(Vol. 13, p. .330)
Christophe de .Tenefife..

2293 (Vol. 13, p. 497)
Conquerant 23.93 (37410).

Gustave 2294

(Vol. 13, p. 762)

Mirliton 2205

(Vol. 13, p. 903)

Jeannot de Beauvior

2288 (Vol. 14, p. 430)

Sapeur 2399

(Vol. 14, p. 347)
Monarque 2297 (37413)—

Ardent 2280

(Vol. 13, p. 431)

Max de Zonne 2396

(37388)

Mouton Du Val 3289

(Vol. 13, p. 594)
Tambour De Hal 3223—

(24238)
Pierrot Du Hazior 3225
(29304)

Coquelin 2222

(Vol. 12, p. 511)

Pedro 2224

(Vol." 13, p. 687)

Fanchon 41119

Volcan 41711 (64131)

Vanneau 41712 (64117)-.-

Partout 41432 (60430)

Transvaalein 41431

(60718)
Tropique 414.30 (63178)..-
Pomard 41429 (60647)—
Robinson 41426 (58144) —

Magnifique 41425

(61952)

Musele 41437 (63624)

Ginglard 41435 (65036)—

Roland 4143:5 (62949)

Ardent 41434 (606.51)

Gouverneur 2227

(26046)

Clydesdale

Belgian

Percheron

Belgian

Percheron

Belgian

Trotter

Percheron

Belgian

Percheron
Clydesdale
Percheron
Belgian

Belgian

Belgian

Belgian

Belgian

Belgian

Belgian

Belgian

Belgian
Belgian

Belgian

Belgian

Belgian

Belgian
Belgian

Belgian

Belgian

Belgian

Belgian

Belgian

Belgian

Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron

Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron

Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron

876

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
LINN COUNTY— Continued

Name ol Owner

Postofflce

Name of Stallion

Breed

3879

3878

3877

3960
3973
3980
4009

4010

4011

4012

4013

E. H. Knicker-
bocker

E. H. Knicker-
bocker

E. H. Knicker-
bocker

E. H. Knicker-
bocker

E. H. Knicker-
bocker

E. H. Knicker-
bocker

E. H. Knicker-
bocker

E. H. Knicker-
bocker

J. I. Williams-

J. F. Johnson-
Allen Bros

V. Lacock

W. L. DeClow

Jno. W. Altmyer.
Jos. Simanek —
"W. W. Vaughn--.
Lewis Payton —

C. L. Jordan

Jno. W. Altmyer
G. C. Murphy—

W. L. DeClow

Geo. K. Wenig-—
John Fairley -.
Joe Baker Jr--
J. W. Griffith.

E. W. Penly

W. A. Hutchinson
E. H. Knicker-
bocker & Son

E. H. Knicker

bocker & Son

E. H. Knicker-
bocker & Son

B. H. Knicker-
bocker & Son

E. H. Knicker-
bocker & Son

B. H. Knicker-
bocker & Son

E. H. Knicker-
bocker & Son

E. H. Knicker-
bocker & Son

B. H. Knicker-
bocker & Son

E. H. Knicker-
bocker & Son

E. H. Knicker-
bocker & Son

B. H. Knicker-
bocker & Son

E. H. Knicker-
bocker & Son

B. P. Aslop

Edwin Heaton

Edwin Heaton ...
A. M. Van Steen-

berge

A. M. Van Steen-

berge

A. M. Van Steen

berge -"

A. M. Van Steen

berge

A. M. Van Steen
berge

Fairfax
Fairfax

Fairfax
Fairfax

Fairfax
Fairfax

Fairfax

Fairfax

Troy Mills

Cedar Rapids —

Marion

Springville

Cerlar Rapids --
Central City ---

Walker

Marion

Walker

Central City

Centra! City

Walker

Cedar Rapids -_
Cedar Rapids __

Marion

Fairfax

Ceflar Rapids ..

Waubeek

Central City ---

Fairfax

Fairfax

Fairfax

Fairfax

Fairfax

Fairfax

Fairfax

Fairfax

Fairfax

Fairfax

Fairfax

Fairfax

Fairfax
Sylvia .
Fairfax
Fairfax

Fairfax

Fairfax

Fairfax

Fairfax

Fairfax

Vital 2002 (37156)

Bcrassant 2591 (36070)-.-

Louis de Terhaegen

2595 (35496)
Elmer de Lierde 2592—

(Vol. 14, p. 809)
Titus 2600

(Vol. 13, p. 511)
Dilon de Silly 2.590

(Vol. 13, p. 401)
Theo 2601

(Vol. 13, p. 512)
Brillant de Questenne-

2584 (Vol. 13, p. 609)
Bienvenu de Bougnies-

2317 (Vol. 15)

Clerlcus 17969 -

Alesor 16399

Fleurv 15809 (32215)

Boron 2631 (32530)

Border Wilkes 29022

District 45796 (64193)

Gendarme 43404

Japan 29.3.33

Questionneur 2005

Chadwick C. 33798

Red Cloud M. .343:35

Echo 41710 (63190)

Johnny G. 4.3444

Domino Noir 912 (11254)
Fairfax Augerau (48843)
Warboys Liberal 3367.
Arnold Onward 34409
Quality 5190

Pollux 3100 (38576)-

Colonel de Genly 2

(38856)
Pauliac 3099

Marquis de Lierde 3093

(41946)

Philippe d'Her 3098

Baron de Wattines 3078

Vado 3125 (24458)

Sous-OfC 42391 (65566)

Franjous 42387 (65106)
Briscard 42386 (67701)—
Troubadour 42392 (66731)
Quo Vadis 42390 (65794)-

Galopin 42388 (65122).

Bijou 3140 08698")

Grillon 42.396 (67536)-.
Bidel 42393 (68708)

Haurice 3093 (33694).

Houzard du Fosteau.—

3088 (29026)
Pranconi de Sinnes.—
3087 (30470)
Bakau 3079 (40880)

Souvenir de Mullem.
3102 (25900)

Belgian

Belgian

Belgian

Belgian

Belgian

Belgian

Belgian

Belgian

Belgian

Trotter

Trotter

Percheron

Belgian

Trotter

Percheron

Percheron

Thoroughbred

French Coach

Trotter

Trotter

Percheron

Trotter

Belgian

Percheron

Hackney

Trotter

Clydesdale

Belgian

Belgian

Belgian

Belgian

Belgian

Belgian

Belgian

Percheron

Percheron

Percheron

Percheron

Percheron

Percheron
Belgian
Percliernn
Percheron

Belgian

Belgian

Belgian

Belgian

Belgian

I

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII.

877

LINN COUNTY— Continued

^1

Name of Owner

Postofflce

iin

4162
4158
4159

4160
4161
4126
4124
4125

656
4234
4222
3711
4221

4216
4235
4271
1732
1987
3133
4367

2786

1674

4481
4469
4464

C. S. & F. C.
Nichols

A. M. Van Steon
berge

A. M. Van Steen-
berge -— -

A. M. Van Steen-
berge

A. M. Van Steen-

A. M. Van Steen-

berge

A. M. Van Steen-

berge

A. M. Van Steen-

berge

A. M. Van Steen-

berge

Geo. H. Cook

Lewis Heins

Harris & Atz

D. G. McLennan
A. M. Van Steen-

berge

D. G. McLennan

Lewis Heins

P. Newcomb

Geo. M. Pliimly..

C. E. Tuttle

Frerl Leverett

A. M. Van Steen-

berge

J. H. Smith &
Sons

E. H. Kniclier-
boelier

Edwin Bittle

F. E. Loverett

F. E. Hann

Walker

Fairfax

Fairfax

Fairfax

Fairfax

Fairfax

Fairfax

Fairfax

Fairfax

Troy Mills ..
Cedar Rapids

^farion

Marion

Fairfax

Marion

Cedar Rapids
Cedar Rapids
Springville ...
Cedar Rapids
Lisbon

Fairfax

Cedar Rapids

Fairfax

Lisbon

Lisbon

■Marion

Name of Stallion

Breed

Pomard 1457 (25406)

Expres 308J

(Vol. 14, p. 643)
Elie 3083 (39116)

Supberbe de la Fon-
taine .3101 (Vol. 14, p.
411)

Armac de Lierde 3070
(Vol. 14, p. 80;))

Marin .3094 (41584)

Milton Solt 3032 (41.362)

Orange II de Vels 3097

(Vol. 14, p. 433)
Louis Bogaerden 3091--

(.3-4792)

Billy Dugan 44251

Happy Jack .5189

Calwell 42267

Brave Tout 2899

(Vol. 15, p. 386)
Dragonde Solre 3081. ..

(40170)

.Admiral 51758

Brilliant IV 19648

Aegon Boy 47674

Hercules 32843

Irgos 2003:?

George Arthur 15704...

Leon de Zellick 3090__

(41664)
Eclaieur 1-5312

Negus 30580 (45360)

Maple Lee 53963

Boon 15263

Ora Pensas 47960

Belgian
Belgian
Belgian
Belgian

Belgian
Belgian
Belgian

Percheron
Shetland Pony
Trotter
Belgian

Belgian

Percheron

Percheron

Trotter

Percheron

Percheron

French Draft

Belgian

Belgian

Percheron
Percheron
French Draft
Trotter

LOUISA COUNTY

13
216
217
524
455
733
794
977

978

979
1025
1026

795
1107
1195
1777
1796
1791
1984
2183
2181
2185

2319
2394

S. C. Foster

Johnston Bros

.Johnston Bros

David Sheriden..
W. W. Wagner...
D. H. Westbrook
W. J. Hendprson.
C. V. Le Boutil-
lier

C. V. Le Boutil-
lier

J. T. Carithers.-
Wapello Horse Co
Columbus City

Horse Co

W. J. Henderson
Nicholas Stamm..
L. F. McColm....
TV. W. TVagner—
Chas. Estle

D. E. Barrick

W. W. M'agner.-

Frank Okell

J. G. Stafford—-
J. G. Stafford &

Frank Okell

Herman Vollmer.
.Tno. TV. .Tarvis

Columbus Junct-
Columbus Junct.
Columbus Junct-

Oakville

Letts

Letts

Morning Sun

Morning Sun

Dick Crockett 29751 Trotter

Chiloe 40831 (51.387) Percheron

Ribi 40857 (53279) Percheron

Jongleur 24497 (44219)... Percheron
Bataclan 21264 (43368).. .Percheron

Fly On (28t69)_
Conway Confidence II-

1230
Taupin 10704

Morning Sun E. R. J. 27241 Trotter

Morning Sun I Brilliant IV. 15.98 Belgian

Wapello Elder Champion II 6595, Shire

Trotter
Belgian

French Draft

Columbus .Tunct. I Keota Enoch 12.369

Morning Sun .__] Solim 8970

Letts I Barabin 16688 (.34654)

Letts I Sir Lionel lOOSO (10M7)-

Letts I Lord Aesop 43058

Letts 1 Honni 245W (44679)

Morning Sun __.; Young Allerio 41025

Letts Ratanhia 7992 (38139)...

Morning Sun .... Teddy R. 44856

Morning Sun ... Keota Illuminator .31889

French Draft
{French Draft
Percheron
Clydesdale
iTrotter
iPercheron
Trotter
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron

Morning Sun __-i Coco 45491 (52333) Percheron

Wapello Silver Tom 28876 Percheron

Morning Sun -_.t Dori de Leex 2177 'Belgian

(3U5S) '

878

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
LOUISA COUNTY— Continued

gz i Name of Owner

o 1

Postofflce

Name of Stallion

Breed

3528

2110

Concord Horse Co
T. W. Hendrick-

son & Griffith

Davis

Columbus Junct-

Columbus Junct-
Letts --

Nectar 47088 (58404)

Earl L. 44479

Plumet 48451 .

Percheron
Trotter

3589

Nicholas Stamm _
Chester Prindle—
W. J. Henderson.

W. J. Henderson-
Lyman Ogier

Chester Prindle

Percheron

3748

Oakville

Erma 48627 — _- -

3751

3752

1339
4142

Morning Sun ._-

Morning Sun -__

Morning Sun _-_
Oakville

Deeping Buscot 9200--

(24795)
Martin de Connin 3429—

(31316)
Sebastopol .50220 (58286)

Stick 52479 (66004)

Romer 47708

Atora 32046. .

Shire

Belgian

Percheron
Porclierou

4266
4332

.1. G. Stafford

James H. Letts—

Henrickson &

Davis

Morning Sun ___
Letts - -

Percheron
Trotter

4484

Columbus Jnnct.

Intrepid 830

French Coach

LUCAS COUNTY

227

G. W. Dillman...

B. F. Brown

E. F. Brown

E. F. Brown

James Brown

Derby

Rosco 9705 - - ..

French Draft

33^

Russell

Black Foxy 4636

Onus Black Hawk 5001.

Morgan King 4817

Pipelet 3ni3 (4.3904)

.Morgan

81

Russell ..

Morgan

SO

Russell ..

.Morgan

600

Chariton

Percheron

599

Chas. R. Kirk _

Chariton

Nisus 31745 (45921)

Percheron

597

Chas. R. Kirk-..-

Chariton

Hargrave Tom 7597

Shire

733

Kinmouth Bros..

Russell

Stuntney Napoleon 8367

Shire

734

W. H. House-

(32836)

Chariton

Walter Dewey .31731

Norwil Jr. .3604.? _

Trotter

886

David Q. Storie..-
David Q. Storie..
H. D. Vawter

Trotter

885

Sam Swift 26575

Trotter

1101

Chariton

Attractive Lad 10611

Clydesdale

1387

Daniel T. Tice. .

Russell

Tanner 11453

French Draft

1388

Daniel T Tice

Bertrand 40116

1429

W. W. Clore

Lucas

Conway Banker 6150

Shire

1430

W. W. Clore

Lucas

Tom Seevers 42154

Percheron

887

David Q. Storie

Chariton

Saunemin 33473

Percheron

1740

W. E. Johnson..

Russell

Colin 28433 (48416)

Percheron

1742

N. M. Pierce

Russell _._

Admiral 40657 .

Perclieron

1743

N. M. Pierce

Russell

Cormenon 16.399 (34136)—

Percheron

3160

Chas. R. Kirk_-__

Chariton

Rivoli 41430 (63516)

Percheron

2159

Chas. R. Kirk

Chariton

Hugo 41410 (60247)

Percheron

2157

Chas. R. Kirk

Chariton

Vernoy 41413 (61891)

Percheron

2156

Chas. R. Kirk

Chariton

("astin 41416 (57619)

Perchei'on

2178

E. F. Brown

Russell

Onus Foxv .5009

Morgan

3177

E. F. Brown

Russell

Star Foxy 5163

Morgan

2176

E. F. Brown

Russell

Black Hawk Eclipse...

5000
Foxy Eclipse .5011

Morgan

2175

E. F. Brown

Russell

Morgan

3174

E. F. Brown

Russell

Tony Foxy .5013

Morgan

2173

B. F. Brown

Russell

Black Diamond 5162—

"\lorgan

2272

I. G. Chapman...

Derby

Cherry's Prince 1045.3..

Clydesdale

22';3

I. G. Chapman...

Derby

Prince Gallant 6121

Clydesdale

2274

I. G. Chapman.. _

Derby

Hyperion 1.5798

Percheron

335
2350

J. S. Batten-

Greenville Horse

Russell

Creston Saul 6231

Shire

Co.

Operateur 34456 (44537).
.Tames 11600

2363

J. F. Spiker

Chariton

French Draft

2699

H. M. Spiker

Belinda

Red Rambler 43536

Trotter

2700

H. M. Spiker

Belinda

Les Authieux 10688

French Draft

2803

J. F. Spiker

Charlton

Refuge .5602

rivdesdale

2851

C. E. Foster

Chal-iton

Cherif 8711 (14636). ....

Percheron

298S.

R. T. Huston

Russell

Agressive 0873 .

Trotter

3!»K?

R. T. Huston

Russell . .. ..

Stuntney Salathiel 6741
(Vol. 34)

Shire

3066

J. E. Ross & J.

W. Kent

Lucas

Don-Pedro 41038 . _

Percheron

3296

R. O. Miller

Lucas

Mont 47723

Percheron

:-K«il

Wm. Bingaman .

Belinda ..

Falls .317.50 (45845)

The Lord Mayor 3173

3450

D. Q. Storie

Chariton

Shire

(8417)

:i449

D. Q. Storie

Chariton

Duke of Lanark 9195.. _
(107.32)

Clydesdale

3447

Daniel T. R. Tice

Russell

Jumbo 15896

Percheron

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART XII. 879

LUCAS COUNTY— Continued

Name of Owner

Postofflce

Name of Stallion

Breed

3584
1682

3968
3969

3970
3971
3972
3973
3974
3975
3976

3977

3978
688

4105

4106

4244

4248
3848

A. J. Noble

Hessing' & Traut-
man

Chas. R. Kirk

Chas. R. Kirk

Chas. R. Kirk

Chas. R. Kirk.

Chas. R. Kirk

Chas. R. Kirk

Chas. R. Kirk

Chas. R. Kirk

Chas. R. Kirk-...

Chas. R. Kirk

Chas. R. Kirk.-..
C. N. & D. O.

Hawkins

R. O. Miller & L.

Piulerbausrh

R. O. Miller & L.

Piiderbaug'h

Harmony Horse

Co.

Daniel T. Tice...
E. F. Brown

Chariton

Derby .-
Chariton
Chariton

Chariton
Chariton
Chariton
Chariton
Chariton
Chariton
Chariton

Chariton

Chariton

Chariton

Lacona

Lacona

Chariton
Russell
Derby --

Victor 41275 -.

Geant .Tr. 25t.31

Togo VII 9288 (24802)--
Lanes Marmion 9287-—

P.atailleur 42285 (62:!57)
Beau Poil 42294 (66449)
Etourneau 42287 (67364)
Ventose 4228'> (65a38)--

Aifrrin 42296 (64638)

Blaireau 12200 (59417)--

Ventriloque 422S.3

(58828)
Ciboulot 2288 (66571)—.

Don Quichotte 2291

(i8!)8S)
General Grant 47478...

12:319
Kimberley 13176

Storm King 49.331

Togo 4.3712

Vaughn 16854

Soham Prince 9300

(2.3714)

Percheron

Percheron

Shire

Shire

Percheron
Percheron
Perclieron
Perclieron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron

Percheron

Percheron

Percheron and
French Draft
Clydesdale

Percheron

Percheron
French Draft
Shire

LYON COUNTY

249
73
39

403

2334

2400
24a3
2492

2685

2824

29S4
3072
.3084
S090
3116
.3169
.3170
3220

3.320
.3657
4438

James Kemplay..

John Morgan

Christopher Her-
bert

Hartenhoff, Wen-

zel & Zorning..

H. J. & Harm

Meester .—

Willie Peters

G. S. Pohlman...
Christopher Her-
bert

Fred Essman

Henry Nolte &

Sons

Henry Moen

Louie Getting

Frank Roth

O. J. Feay

Geo. Rosenberg..-

M. D. Shutt

M. D. Shutt

Henry Kroeger...

H. T. Gulk

Wm. Parrv

G. W. Patterson
& Frank Roth..

Rock Rapids

Rock Rapids

Rock Rapids

Lester

Ellsworth, Minn

George

Doon

Rock Rapids

Ellsworth, Minn

Ellsworth, Minn

Inwood

Little Rock ..

George

Larchwood

Ellsworth, Minn

Rock Rapids

Rock Rapids

Alvord

Larcliwood

Rushmore, Minn

George '

Chambrey 23350

Verndale a5982

Bramble 10721

Nelson 40040

Lustre 450:30

Chrastos (63102)

Colonel 41539

Invincible 15391

Black Rock 44679

King 23.302

Adaigo 2521 (:??454)

Marabout 44828 (58431).

Gironde 4<»41

Matchless 17224

Armand 24419 (42785)..

>tarshall .33.389

Dave 47396

Sans Souci 1.3699

(5')180)P

Volger 50140 (52596)

Mounton de Marchove

(18122)
Orso 44076

Percheron
Trotter

French Draft

Percheron

Percheron
German Coach
Percheron

French Draft
Percheron

Percheron

Belgian

Percheron

Perclieron

Perclieron

Percheron

Percheron •

Percheron

French Draft

Percheron
Belgian

Percheron

MADISON COUNTY

170

A. D. Guy

Winterset

Gov. Cummins 1.30.37-— French Draft

102

Jno. Riser & Sons

Earlham

Brilliant De Neusvilles Belgian

on (1.3^18)

224

Smith Bros.

Earlham

Va-De-Bon-Coeur 12:312 French Draft

(5191)

225

W. G. Mitchell..

Winter set

Alexander the Great-- Perclieron
2.32^4

295

J. L. Waltman...

Macksburg

Creston Mack 10054 French Draft

300

Jackson Town-

ship Horse Co.-

Winterset

Royal Lad 7740 Shire

880

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
MADISON COUNTY— Continued

o

Name of Owner

Postofflce

Name of Stallion

Breed

5.53

W. A. Forbes

Winterset

Benefactor F. 7847

Shire

46S

Earlham Hackney

Horse Co.

Earlham .—

Brunei 626 —

Hackney

7?,

St. Charles Perch-

eron Horse Co—

St. Charles

Taupin 28142 (44779)

Percheron

609

Jos. Russell

Winterset

Thumper XXII 6369

Shire

596

Peru French

Universe 2857

French Coach

595

Van Meter Horse

Co. -

Winterset

Winterset

Patissier 27392 (4.5693)—
Creston Boy 6914

Percheron

410

W. S. Hildebrand

Shire

422

The Ored Perch-

eron Horse Co--

Winterset

Phoebus 34106 (45092)—

Percheron

765

Revnard 19903 —

772

Ony-West 32697

Percheron

868

Numa 3037 (2014).

German Cjoacn

817

St. Charles &
Wick Shire

Horse Co.

St. Charles

Warmington Brave
Prince 6989 (19220)

Shire

882

Thomas Kirkland

Macksburg

Sporting Boy 41163

Trotter

881

Macksburg Draft

Horse Co.

Macksburg

Cadix 27450 (48503)

Percheron

1124

Geo. Z. Smith

Macksburg

Rampton Baron 7586—
(21781)

Shire

1598

W. D. Bradshaw

Truro

Meti 33976 (53392)

Percheron

2290

Ord Percheron

Horse Co.

Winterset

Grisou 41221 (58517)

Percheron

2580

Robert Neal

Porto 2138

Belgian

2894

J. D. Ross & J.

(Vol. 12, p. .511)

M. Young

Winterset

Perry Mac 28266

Trotter

2805

Deer Creek Horse

Co. --

Prince Napoleon 50985..
Fanfaron 27393

1725

C. O. Clements-

Earlham

Percheron

3208

Madison County

Horse Co.

Winterset

Sansonnet 45764

(54418)

Percheron

3209

C. P. Abbott

Macksburg

Tommy Dunton 45213...

Trotter

3341

Union Township

Horse Co

Winterset

Vibrant 40108 (47485)

Percheron

8598

Loren Dunbar

Loren Dunbar

Loren Dunbar

Loren Dunbar

T. J. Hudson

Earlham

Vidoc 45543

Rocher 47770 (55307) — .
Black Diamond 45514...
Turc 44093 ...

Percheron

3594

Percheron

3595

Earlham

Percheron

3596

Percheron

4057

Winterset

Black Morgan Prince..

Morgan

5058 ...

4371

J. H. Shultz

AVinterset -

McKinley 14679

French Draft

4881

Ward McUaniel ..

Winterset

Brown Woodford 31813.

Trotter

4407

F. W. Workey—

Winterset

Wood 47851

Trotter

4487

F. M. McDaniel-

Winterset

Red Woodford 37660

Trotter

4488

F. M. McDanieL.

Winterset

Colonel P. 12307

Trotter

MAHASKA COUNTY

379

R. B. Porter

New Sharon „.

Sharon King 37310

Trotter

471

C. G. Tice

Taintor

Robert Cecil 9997

Clydesdale

498

Jno. W. Irwin

New Sharon _„

High Points 22292

Trotter

460

W. A. Sexsmith

& .1. M. Drennon

New Sharon

Ravaillac 27809 (47054)..

Percheron

716

J. R. Moore

Barnes Citv

Transvalien (21634)

Belgian

461

New Sharon
Shire & Hack-

ney Horse Co

New Sliaron

Childwall Chorister 7550

Shire

462

New Sharon
Shire & Hack-

(20ai8)

ney Horse Co

New Sharon

Heachara Hereward 693

Hackney

1284

A. L. Pox

New Sharon .. .

IMajor Lacy 28768

Perclieron

1828

E. E. Dalbey

Barnes .

Isard 498

French Coach

1360

I. M. Reed

Rose Hill

.Tno. Addison 10643

French Draft

1361

I. M. Reed

Rose Hill

Bedworth Boy 36968

Trotter

1862

■T. N. Aloore

Rose Hill

Perplexe (.54811)

Percheron

1863

Thos. Seevers

.1. H. Barnes

Oskaloosa

Osknloosa

Senator 33365

Percheron

1502

Blackstone II 14551

French Draft

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII. 881

MAHASKA COUNTY-CONTINUKD

Name of Owner

Postofflce

1

Name of Stallion

Breed

1542
1569

L. Van Buskirk—

J. H. Barnes

J. H. Barnes

Michael Denney.—

J. C. Jarard

A. S. Jarard

Maleby & Walden

R. H. & J. H.

Barnes -

Fremont —

Oskaloosa

Oskaloosa

Rose Hill

Taintor

Aurungzebe 13089

Bland 45148

French Draft

1571
1681

Lord Thomas 12784

Torcy 15152

French Draft

1704

Hobson 8894

Clydesdale
Clydesdale
Clydesdale

French Draft
Percheron
French Draft

1710
1153
1760

New Sharon

Rose Hill

Olivet

Robbie Burns 11317

Sharon's Wonder 8673..

Bon Joan 11467

1804

1803

R. Rodman -

R. Rodman

R. H. & J. H.
Barnes -

Oskaloosa

Oskaloosa

Oskaloosa

Oskaloosa

Oskaloosa

Oskaloosa

Oskaloosa

Oskaloosa

Oskaloosa

Oskaloosa

Oskaloosa

Oskaloosa

Leighton - _.

Leighton

Cedar

Triboullet 16757 (30543)..
Remus 11466

2009

D'Orsay 15181

2010

R. H. & J. H.
Barnes

Black Beauty 15185

Buster 15186

French Draft

2011

R. H. & J. H.
Barnes

2012

9014

J. H. Barnes

J. H. Barnes

J. H. Barnes

J. H. Barnes

J. H. Barnes

J. H. Barnes

J. H. Barnes

Arie Kool -

Blaekstone 15148

Admiral 46555 . ..

French Draft

2015

Triboullet 46557

2016

Coco 46561

2017

Bosler 46556 ..

2019

Parfait 46560

2020

Lacv 46563 --.

209?

Ferndale 11685

Clydesdale
Percheron

2023

Arie Kool --

Taupier 43736 (61059)

Sauveur 27825 (48282)

Vasistas 44472 (59403)....

Captain Reaper 4348.3

September 11613

Barville III 9823 (1:30.33) _

Powerful 47596

Keota Cherl 18864

Robert 443.58

2113

Steele & Bru-

2114

Steele & Brn-
baker

Cedar

2245
1287

M. H. Davidson—

W. C. Hite

Alex Soults

R. W. Hoit

J. F. Sheley

J. C. Redman

J. C. Redman

J. C. Redman

J. C. Redman

H. W. Lundt

H. W. Lundt

Heisel & Burrier.

Star Horse Co

Reed & Moore

J. I. Molyneaux—

J. C. Redman

Heisel & Burrier-
Heisel & Burrier.
Jay Roof

Oskaloosa

Trotter

Clydesdale

Percheron

2315
2477

Barnes City

Beacon -

2608
2642

New Sharon

Leighton

Leighton

Leighton .—

Leighton

Taintor

Percheron
Percheron

2643

Sherlock 42139

2644

Diplomat 15343

French Draft

2645

Paul 15341 - - _-

French Draft

2759

Cheri II 10438

French Draft

2760

Taintor

Vesuve 10931 (934) N

Billington 8483 (20249)...
Richland 47441

3015

Shire

3099

Fremont

3127
.31.50

3132
3.'?44

Rose Hill

Barnes City

Leighton

Fremont

Fremont

Cedar -

Medine 46182 (60405)

Blackbrooke Verona ..
8606 (202.59)

.Toe 15706

Remus 11466 ....._ ..

Percheron
Shire

French Draft
French Draft

3392

Rescue 7516 ._

Shire

3486

Bedford 11827

French Draft

3555

C. W. Fellers

H. E. Motto

Jesse Ross

J. E. Hull

J. E. Hull

J. B. Hull

J. B. Hull

J. E. Hull

Fremont -

Fremont Favorite 45.314

Shade Barron 40548

Montevillers II 9.50.3....

King Lofty 45988

Lofty 23904

Pike Timber Chief

11664 (2813)
Kilted Lad IV 12554..-.
Great Scott 145

2873
1:335

Oskaloosa

Fremont _—

Trotter

3987

Taintor

Perolieron

.3988

Taintor

3989

Taintor

Clydesdale

3990

Taintor ..

Clydesdale

3991

Taintor

Suffolk

MARION COUNTY

602
601

727

740
754
473

777
819

F. M. Ridgeway..

F. M. Ridgeway..

L. Maasdam &

Son

W. W. Rankin

John H. Cowman
Pella Horse Co.—

L. Maasdam

Walter Whitlatch.

Lee Wilson

56

Swan

Swan

Pella ....
Knoxville

Percy

Pella ....
Pella ....
Columbia

Columbia

Emerald 12ia5

Pride 14422

Nova 49735

Legal Tender 6322

Santiago 13030

Aride 25056 (45434)

Volage 55179

Bootle Champion 3963.

(10991)
Black Sam 40065

French Draft
French Draft

Trotter

Shire

French Draft

Percheron

Percheron

Shire

Percheron

882 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

MARION COUNTY— Continued

to

Name ol Owner

Postofflce

Name of Stallion

Breed

909
908
1015

Henry Bickford—

Henry Bickford

Johannes Stravers
Van Derwaal &

Van Zante

Marysville Horse

Co.

Columbia

Columbia

Pella

Stuntney Lubin 6731

Rex of La Moille 32067.
Chariot (55213)

Shire

Percheron

Percheron

1354

Pella

Jules 1354

Belgian

1337

Knoxville

Knoxville

Columbia

Knoxville

Knoxville

Knoxville

Pella ..

Lord Fordy 6909

(Vol. 24)

Cyclone 15855 (24031)

Admiral B. 22850

Baron De Jay 41467

Emmet H. 31170

Dieppe 15067 ...

Shire

1522
1586
1807
1864
2021

Oscar Buxton

L. V. Colwell

J. B. Elliott

Seth Way

W. M. Black

W. H. Maasdam.
Hartley & Wilson
H. H. Conrey

C. L. Hardman...
P. Jackson & Sons
Harvey James

D. C. Belknap

Bellamy & Hanna
J. M. JIaddy

Lewis Dunham ..

Isaac Hodgson ..

Wm. Visser

Mike Slykhuis,
Jno. DeBok and
Matthew Karl ..

Wra. J. Way

Levi W. Caulkins
Bussey Horse Co-
J. D. Cunning-

Percheron
Percheron
Trotter
Trotter
French Draft

1655

Exiiert 5883 .

Trotter

2311
2581

2876
866
3019
3058
820

Columbia

Knoxville

Knoxville

Pella

Knoxville

Knoxville

Harvev _

Lamy 46057 (58173)

Bristol Lange 1441

(25360)

Roitlet 25037 (44653)

Ro.se Lad 11316

Rampart 6775 (19963)

Charles Walton 44918...

Fred Willes 38017

Stuntney Fearnaught...

5347
Keota Warsaw 20693...

Vigoureaux (55019)

Man-Well 33885 ..

Percheron
Belgian

Percheron

Clydesdale

Shire

Trotter

Trotter

3126

3159
3201
3213

Knoxville

Knoxville

Pleasantville

Knoxville

Percy -

Shire

Percheron
Percheron
Percheron

32S3

Scarcliffe Powerful

(19110)

Keota Seductor 18225

Treko G. 45269

Shire

3333

Dallas

Percheron

3304

Bussey .

Trotter

3332
3360

Bussey

Knoxville

Knoxville

Attica

Armand 25587 (42962)

Kentucky Jay .38687

Directum Boy 31294

Paragon 24940

Percheron
Trotter

3359

J. D. Cunning-

Trotter

.3349

Neifert & Gillion

A. K. Hnrt

C. R. & J. A.
Hughes _

Percheron

3319
3426

Pleasantville .._
Percy

George B. 455.37

Billy Rex 45388

Percheron
Trotter

3451

R. Core

Pleasantville ...
Pleasantville __.
Tracy

Penrose 8803

Clydesdale

3506

Osa Butcher

John W. Bruere--

C. F. Blnckmau,-

R. C. Converse

.7. Van Niewen-

heinzen & Co

D. D. ^rarsh

D. C. Belknap.—

A. Kool

DeGeus Bros.

Hanna <fe Bellamy
C. L. Hardman—

T. D. Tice

T. D. Tice

Lee Wilson

Hartley & Wilson

L. M. Hardin

L. M. Hardin

Jacob Van der Pol
Hanna & Bellamy
J. E. Verploeg- .

Vermast 108S8 ....

French Draft

3543

Sir Consul 9851

Trotter

3550
3664

Knoxville

Harvev . ...

Biceps 9923 (1.3577)

Reve d' Or Wanegem..
2723 (29490)

Corbett <U93

Montmirail 28442 (45040)

Parapet 15872

Black Ben 44724.

Percheron

3667

Pella

Shire

3847
3850
.3819

Pleasantville ___

Knoxville

Otley

Pella ..

Percheron

Trotter

Perclieron

'?9H'>

Keota .Tabez 44756

Willie Riley 38311

Bon Carlsbad .5417

(17184)

Iowa Pride 01015

Reciiirocitv 10266

Gold" Magnet 44050

Pavilion de Noirhat

3041 (Vol. 14, p. 377)

Agenda 10855 (44896)

Finch's Buster Brown.

8429
Luxemburg 51213 (63264)
Erskine Warrior 10610..

4074
4150

4146
4145

Knoxville

Knoxville

Pella

Pella

Trotter
Shire

Trotter

4129
4128

42.33
4332

4191

Columbia

Columbia

Pleasantville ..^
Pleasantville .._

Pella

Trotter
Belgian

French Draft
Shire

4283
1587

Knoxville

Pella

Clydesdale
Shire

MARSHALL COUNTY

•538 F. C. Knight

370 Edw. Blackburn.
342 t J. S. Paul

Laurel Brooklyn 6487

Laurel Major B. 11141

Laurel 1 Sans-Peur 34016 (51102).

Shire

Clydesdale

Percheron

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAE BOOK— PART XII. 883

MARSHALL COUNTY— CONTINUED

Name of Owner

Postofflce

Name of Stallion

Breed

Wm. Schultz

Edw. Blackburu-

C. A. Rolston

Jno. Brown

Henry Hilleman,

Sr.

W. E. Elliott

LeGrand Perch-

eron Horse Co--
W. B. Elliott---

Wm. Paul

Wm. Paul

Louis Eckhardt .-

C. W. Bergman.-I
Chas. Greatreaks-!

J. A. Ward

J. A. Ward

J. A. Ward

B. F. & C. A.
Robinson

J. W. Crammer.-

D. C. Bligh

Jacob Waltemeyer
Bear Grove Draft

Horse Co.

W. A. Taggart.J
H. L. Hartwig...
Dannen Bros.

C. B. Dannen &j
Sons

B. L.

E. G.
Henry
Sherman

gong .
Sherman

gong .
Sherman

gong .

Laurel

Laurel

Lisoomb

Marshallown

State Center
Clemons

Le Grand

.Marshalltown

Laurel

Laurel

State Center .

Laurel

Marshalltown

Gilman

Gilman

Gilman

Pyle

Miller

D. Neidert
Wolf-

Wolf-
"Wolf-

Marshalltown

Liscomb

Laurel

Marshalltown

State Center _
State Center _
State Center .
Marshalltown

Melbourne ...
Marshalltown

Melbourne

State Center _

E. E. Carver

D. S. Forrey

Lewis Bros.

Joe Bunn

Grant Kuhns

Melbourne Pereh-

eron Horse Co__

E. W. Mahn

Fred S. Neier

Chas. Hulin

Marshalltown

Marshalltown

Marshalltown

Marshalltown
Marshalltown
Marshalltown
St. Anthony .
Laurel

McHanna 54531

Prince Henry 10990

Jupiter 30599 (46712)...
Major Marion 9584

Newton Duke 7014.
Red Gregory 41805.

Petrus 27054 (4.3878)

Wayne Boy 30242

Wesley Y. 1.3540

Keota Romer 19485

Laubet lOSS.")

Keota Lord 7.588

.Tohn Adrain 0811

Glen wood Dewey 3429..
Mac Claskie Jr. 9470....
Tunis 11095

Junot .3.5620 (.53132).
Sebastian 257 (0-.-
Water Boy S4784...
Forban 813 (9770)...

Trotter
Clydesdale
Percheron
Clydesdale

Shire
Trotter

Percheron
Trotter
French Draft
Percheron
Frencli Draft
Shire
Trotter

Shetland Pony
Clydesdale
French Draft

Percheron
Belgian
Trotter
Belgian

Cavaignac 27832 (44517). Percheron

Lipton 9265

Wenona Forester 4765.
Bloekey Prince 19368..

Ernest 41428 (64967)

Duchesne 25440 (42847).
Riffain 25149 (43641)...
Rob Edwards 12394___

Mongaillard 41232 .

(.53040)
Brulot 41233 (52580).

Clydesdale

Shire

Percheron

Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Trotter

Percheron

Percheron

Belgian

Rhodes

State Center
Haverhill ...
Gilman

.loubert de Silly 2827
(21952)

Prince Araneta 43474 Trotter

Fay K. 47551 Percheron

Beau Cheval 15346 French Draft

Loubert 32075 j Percheron

Manly 4.3098 Trotter

Scarabe 28455 (46896) Percheron

T. J. Girton .3209.3 Trotter

Debonair 42528 Percheron

Captain 1.3733 Clydesdale

MILLS COUNTY

.542

Phillip Hambsch.-

C. H. Peer

C. H. Peer

C. H. Peer

Malvern _

Arrondi 261.31 (44741)

Lord Gregory 42903

Brown Eagle 32794

Harry Mount 7024

Percheron

176

Strahan

Trotter

175

Strahan . ..

Trotter

174

Strahan

Trotter

647

W. E. Wicker-

sham

Glenwood

Barthelmy 1156 (21580)..

Belgian

646

W. E. Wicker-

sham

Alpago (1388)

Oldenburg Coach

419

A S Edwards

Glenwood

Glenwood

King Mills 35959

Trotter

703

A. M. Miller

Hinxton Jumbo 6391

Shire

(10688)

708

C. L. Miller

Glenwood _ _

Belkader (22968)

Percheron

758

Shire

822
1130

C. T. Boles

W ales Shire

Malvern

Jessie 23830

Percheron

Horse Co. . .

Emerson ... _

Harshfleld Warrior 7019

SUir^

1196

Percheron Horse

Co.

Glenwood ... _.

Luther 29507 (47005)

Percheron

1381

Albert Pullman..

Silver City

Kiaser 26004

Peicberon

1370

C. E. Ballain

Emerson

Jean Bart 12732

Percheron

884 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

MILLS COUNTY— Continued

o

Name of Owner

Postofflce

Name of Stallion

1463

J. L. Douglas

Henderson

Keota Spy 18226

Percheron

1464

J. L. Douglas

Henderson

Dalzel 25634

Percheron

1668

D. M. Culver

Hastings

Sophocles (7479) 5995

Percheron

1150

W. J. Roberts

Henderson

Driftway 31612

Trotter

1S?8

J. R. Maynes

Henderson

Nailstone Sidar 7987

Shire

8284

S. S. & R. B.

(22612)

Robert Burns 5832

Shire

2995
2996

Strahan .

Monone 41547 (62758) .

I'l rcheron

Flag of Truce 8823

Si. ire

(22364)

3033

.■•!034

C M Follett

Nailstone Luke 8826

Shire

L. C. Stevenson

(24783)

& W. H. Sal-

yers

Hans Neilsen

Malvern

Coco 44305 (58097)

Percheron

ISfifi

Emerson

Top Sawyer 3d 7506

Shire

4210

J. R. Maynes

Henderson

Coureur 41816 (647.33")...

Peicheron

4211

J. R. Maynes

Henderson

Nailstone Baskerville..
9176 (24469)

Shire

319

Geo. Lloyd

Glenwood

H. D. 40324

Trotter

1550

Geo. Lloyd

Glenwood

Stuntney King Edward
S414

Shire

MITCHELL COUNTY

400

W. D. Runge

S. T. Doyle

S. T. Doyle

Stacyville Perch-
eron Horse Co..

C. B. Jacobs

H. W. Clay

A. I. Stacy

E. J. Howe

Richard Jordan...
Richard Jordan...
Richard Jordan...
Mitchell Belgian

Horse Ass'n

Ricevillo French

Draft Horse Co

J. C. Kathan &

Son

J. C. Ashmore...

Fred Stark

O. V. Perry

C. H. Duenow

G. W. Shelhamer
W. D. McCabe....

Fred Worple

Richard Jordan ..
Frank Krulish ...

C. B. Wilkes

St. Ansgar Horse
Co.

Osage .. .

Emoi 27436 (43650)

Valliant 41035 (58028)

Estevan 40358 (51744)

Solim 24740 (43671)

Charming Tarbreoch...
Bayard de Tooz (23730).

Star 29780

Stuntnev Barak 6730

Gilbert a3622

Percheron

137
136
152

145
214
212
230

559

Riceville

T.'iceville

Stacyville

Osage

Osage

Stacyvillle

Osage

Mclntire

Mclntire

Mclntire

Percheron
Percheron

Percheron

French Draft

Belgian

Perclieron

Shire

Percheron

558
560
645

Woodbury Herod 4554..
Bill Morrison 19327

Llngot (18150)

INIorgan
Percheron

Belgian

666

Riceville

Osage ... -. .

Tigre 11275

French Draft

665

Ned K. 4.398.3

Nateby Tom 3509 (10036)
Bataille (19951)

Heir of Fame 10639

(11607)

Stuntney Dante 7059

Olnev 20998 ..

Trotter

789

Osage . ..

Shire

883
1174

1398
1657

Riceville

Riceville

St. Ansgar

Riceville .

Percheron
Clydesdale

Shire

17

Osage -.

Pilot Panic 4831 37792..
Vermouth 16021

1345

Alta Vista

Mclntire

St. Ansgar

Riceville . ..

246R

Mack 47151

2536
2813

Magnus Bov 12545

Lofty 22202

Clydesdale

2853

St. Ansgar

Alclntire

Riceville

Versailles 25196 (45415).
Governor Roosevelt ..

23185
Dancing Master 33349..

Canaillard 21514

Kentola 44288

Percheron
Percheron

Trotter

2889
2888

Richard Jordan...

H. A. Skinner

J. H. Pennv

J. C. Kathan

J. C. Kathan

Riceville French
Coach Horse Co

Wert Roe

Herbert Fletcher..

C. H. Duenow

Richard Dorsey ..
Richard Dorsey ..

G. H. .Tudd.

0. H. Thorson

O. n. Thorson

A. Bridges

2940

2957

Stacyville

Osage ..

Trotter
Trotter

2956

Osage .....

Norvaillis 443107

Vercingetorix 3292

Kimberley 27346 (46790).
Mercure (630)

Castalet 47641

Trotter

3068

Riceville

3062

Riceville .

3200

Osage

French Draft

3582

St. Ansgar

Osage

Percheron

3585

Ridfflev 10182

French Draft

3700

Osage -

Vermont 24408 (2568)

Stewart Manor 45755

Germinal 43745 (56292)..
Emmermann (6701)

Glen B 40137. .

4025

Riceville .

Trotter

4153
4156

4173

St. Ansgar

St. Ansgar

Riceville

Percheron
East Friedland

Coach
Trotter

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII. 885

MONONA COUNTY

Name of Owner

PostofBce

Name of Stallion

Breed

890

Moorhead Im-
ported Perch-

eron Co.

E. E. Richards-.
C. L. Watkins.—

Anton Hanson

M. B. Hildreth...

A. L. Erskine

J. Gries

H. Koth

J. A. Sarff

W. W. Griffith..
G. C. Harrison...
G. C. Harrison...

S. D. Jewell

A. V. Van Dorn..
Onawa & Blencoe
Horse Co.

Henry Hall

Mapleton Perch-
eron Horse Co..

James Hall _._

W. W. Griffith—
Ole K. Lee

Moorhead

Moorhead

Whiting

Soldier .- -

Bequin (43629)

88K)

Schley 30716 ..

888
1493

Billy Bartlett 35827

Courcival 27412 (45661)..

Ethan Allen 30974

Black Beauty II 33375-

Bayard 27400 (48374)

Major Glencoe 9173

Vinarold 38107

Prince Soliman 43382

Amour 26914 (4.5827)

Marquette 40052

Mat Kane 31575

Bruno 33739 (46059)

Raisonnable 24711

(45404)
Bay Luke 9370

Sarthois 43100 (60000)...
Leslie 46882

Trotter

1494
1780

Soldier

Perchorori

2195

Ute - -

2437
2485

Monona

Whiting

Clydesdale

Trotter

Perclieron

97n'^

lUencoe . ..

Perclieron

2763
3071
3151

Blencoe

Whiting

Rodnev ..

Perchoron

Trotter

Perrheron

^rn

Perr-heron

3fi7^

Whiting - - ---

French Draft

3687
3999

Alapleton

Percheron
Percheron

4112
3455

Onawa

Mapleton

Pompon 25739 (48499)

Bouncer 48058

Percheron
Percheron

MONROE COUNTY

401

J. F. Fitzpat-
' rick

J. A. Smith

T. B. McDonald.
L. A. McCreery.-

Ira Noble

Ira Noble

W. B. Griffin.-.
W. B. Griffin.—

"W. B. Griffin

Farmers' Mutual

Horse Co

Fred Galliers

A. Seieszinski —

J. R. Love

J. S. Quinn.

Lovilia S h i r.e

Horse Co.

J. F. Roney

J. F. Roney

Avery Horse Co..

J. R. Harker

J. F. Coleman—

Ira Robinson

J. J. Mullin

Avery Horse Co..

.T. R. Love

J. R. Love

J. R. Love

Georgetown

Albia

Alfred 297 (9) -

German Coach

171
150

Keota Mesmerist 24848.

Wick Spencer 12511

Castleman 16072

Roma 19920

Red Maple 33985

Ernest Wilton 26829

Paulus 17248

Belding 27923

Percheron ,
Trotter

107

Albia ._-

Trotter

88

Albia

Perclieron

87
205

Albia

Albia

Trotter
Trotter

207
206

Albia

Albia

Albia

Percheron
Trotter

299

The Saint (20971)

Mark 5696

Putnam 8755

Gideon D. 7647

Michel (29753)

Wenlock Thumper 6325.
(201.5;3)

Brntiis 5224

Newaygo 9192

Chacal 41415 (58077)

Corsair 40934

Osceola Banker 8830

Loulon 28367 (48118")

Fleurus 14851 (58tl4)P__
Dnnois 28439 (45239)__..
BlnfC Creek Tom 8185..

Dick Monroe 8186

Black Peter 8723

Shire

59

Albia

Shire

551

Melrose

Clvdesdale

Albia

Shire

Percheron

1564

S'ljre

1693

Melrose

Shire

1694

Melrose . . . .

Trotter

2152

Percheron

2172

Ute

pprpiieron

2217

Melrose

Shire

1277

Albia

Perclieron

2334

Melrose

French Draft

2629

Averv . .

Percheron

2567

Albia - -

Shire

2568

Albia .

Shire

2826

Albia

Shire

MONTGOMERY COUNTY

F. L. Steninger..
F. L. Steninger..

J. D. Gourley

T. J. Reznor

.T. H. Thompson.
J. H. Thompson.
A. C. Weidman...
Elliott Draft

Horse Co.

C. B. Thompson..
J. E. Farmer

Red Oak i Cherbourg 24274 (44003) Percheron

Red Oak ! The Rogue 5413 Shire

Villisoa Villisca General 5210.- Shire

Stennett Fruitier 40415 (48530).- Percheron

Elliott McKinlev III 7017 Shire

Elliott Creston Archie 3408 Shire

Red Oak Raynal 25163 (44651) Percheron

Stennett Girton Rogiie 5348 Shire

Elliott . . .- ! Creston Bov 7968 Sliire

Villisca Albert Margrava 42964.. Trotter

886 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

MONTGOMERY COUNTY- Continued

MUSCATINE COUNTY

f>54

G. A. Milnes

West Liberty --

Bonneval 3S337 (45494)..

Percheron

653

G. A. Milnes

West Liberty .—

Volunteer 22521

Percheron

1102

Wilton Horse

Wilton

Gaillard 28737 (44740)

Percheron

1104

W. A. Heck

West Liberty — .

The Sheriff 38114

Trotter

1106

P. N. Gibson

West Liberty ...

Boissy 25151 (45438)

Percheron

nOT

P. N. Gibson

West Liberty ...

Cherbourg- 2078

French Coach

1114

M. P.'McKeown—

Cranston

Keota Brevet 21660

Percheron

1133

E. J. Brown & R.

Nichols

Porto 1584 (20878) .

Belgian

1133

E. J. Brown & R.

T. Shannon

Nichols

Bon Micephorus 6063.—

(17189)

Shire

11 ?5

E. A. Poole

West Liberty ...

Russell Edsal 34782

Trotter

1211

Chas H Stone

Mammon 2020 . .

Shetland Pony

1324

E. F. Richman___

Muscatine

Pancantara 39080

Trotter

1325

E. F. Riehman...

Muscatine

Red Knight 13880

Trotter

1348

M. B. Walters..--

West Litiertv

Tam-Tam 14289 (19079)..

Percheron

13fi7

F. W. Diokey

AVest Liberty _._

Lindsay Dale 40391

Trotter

1411

E. F. Riehman.. -

Muscatine

Lindas Duke 26377

Percheron

117S

Union Stock Co..

Conesville

Riverain 25596 (45452)...

Percheron

346

Frert Waters

West Liberty ...

Canotier 84445 (44604)...

Percheron

1769

Boyd Bros

Conesville

Jupiter of Worsley 5373
(16208)

Shire

3113

F. A. Pike

Will Maxwell

Nichols . -

Saxon Jet 8867 (21843). _
L'Ami 21190

Shire

3248

Conesville

Percheron

3155

Harry Hartley ..

West Liberty _.

Jules 22875 (43574)

Percheron

3572

F. W. Dickey

West Liberty ...

Sanlerton 43874

Trotter

3963

G. A. WarflekL-
W. H. Liebbranrl

Muscatine

Muscatine

Colosse 2i2:38 .__ . ..

Percheron

4088

Major Gamaleon 47638..

Trotter

408:)

W. H. Lpil)brand

Muscatine

Al Rene W. 45540

Trotter

4108

D. Connell

Muscatine .

Guy Sulten 26645

Trotter

4175

P. N. Gibson

P. N. Gibson....

West Liberty .._
West Liberty ...

Reseda 2074

French Draft

4174

Forban 15657 (22813)

Percheron

4289

Iowa Township

Draft Horse Co.

West Liberty ...

Lezard 51120 (56722)

Percheron

4335

Chet Phillips ....

West Liberty ...

Concourse 52440 (64754)..

Percheron

1817

H. J. & B. W.

Brown

Jerry 41599

Counsel Attor 41013

Percheron

4443

Joe Nyenhuis

Muscatine

Trotter

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART XII. 887

O'BRIEN COUNTY

Name of owner

Postofflce

Name of Stallion

431

168

189
70

42
432

662

661

705
706
1048
1137
1517
1549
1623
1624
1641
1642
1643
1644
2232
2233

2235

2247
2490

2605
2687

2442
2545

2588
2587
2730

3181
3212
3252
3289
3325

3045

3»31
3645
3673
118
3<)24
3957
3983

77:?
4038

4077
4153
4260

4301
4331
4333
2414

Sehnei(ier&
Saupe

Big Four Belgian
Breeding Ass'n^
C. W. S. Gilson_
A. O. Crooks

Alex Scott

Schneider&

Saupe

George G. Kel-
lura

George C. Kel-
lum

W. A. Smith

W. A. Smith

H. C. Thaver

J. R. Tibltets I

David S. Taylor.

R. C. Jordan

John Breme

R. P. Powers

G. W. Sherwood
G. W. Sherwood
G. W. Sherwood
G. W. Sherwood
J. Weir

Breed

Sheldon

Sheldon ...
Sanborn _._
Primghar .

Paullina
Sheldon
Paullina

P. J. Weir.

B. F. Shirk...
W. C. KimmelL-.

W. J. iniman

Noble McDonald-.
Thos. Prender-

ga.st

W. J. Bnfflngton.
Wm. Kluender &

Co. . . ..

H. B. Brown

H. E. Brown

Richardson &

Cnlp

Wilson Bros.

Sam Webster

P. D. Fuller

A. C. Baile.v

MeCracken & Har-
rington

Thos. W. Farns-

worth

Wm. F. Schilds

W. L. Reager

G. Wesslink

D. I. Short

David .Tohnson

T. E. Mann

M. S. Draper..

I. E. Emery

John Keene

Paullina ..
I'aullina ..
Paullina _.
Primghar
hartley ...
Slieldon ...
Sutherland
Hartley ...
Hartley ...
Sheldon .__
Sheldon ___
Sheldon ___

Sheldon

Sheldon ___
Sheldon ___

Algerian 12260 (52673)

Mon Desir 1694 (2.S708)..

Gilford Bevans 42796

Nailstone Don .5731...

(16845)
Pride of Iowa 10954

Maskomita 24661 (43287]

Berton 32949

Sutherland
Sheldon _..
Paullina ...
Gaza

Dan Soehren

Chas. Burn.s

Black Joe Horse

Co.

Edo Peters _

Fred Gehrke

Paul Ka'iler

Max J. Drefke

Sanborn ._.
Paullina ..

Paullina ..
Primghar .
Primghar .

Sutherland
Primghar .

Archer

Sutherland
Sutherland

Paullina _.

Prince Paullina 3O670_

Chansler 35747

Pindore 42227 (47470)...

Condon 21519

Prince Bless 5178

Seductuer 40077

J. D. M. 0163

Rodney Rex 4.^7.5.

Altro 35068

Major Bell 32605...

Clarke 41101 ■

Lockheart 6884

Woodford Wilkes 2538

Corhit .32946

Thorney Royal 8631...

(19182)

Melito 23.352

Hector .31092

Allegro 20046

Gay Montrose 9886

(9916)
Bartle 14509

Stuntney Golden King

5744
Kisposcki .505.35 (52254).
Chambouder 45400 .
Archer 45401

Coronet 46272

Tom Mack 14945

Herzuba (Vol. 7)

Temeraire 45807 (62265).
Mazzeppa 48319

Sanborn
Paullina
Hartle.v

Ergo

Mango 34577

-- Martin II 48090

„, ,, -- Hartley Jim 45666

Sheldon Student (Vol. 7)

Sutler and Fashion 1084

Sutler and \ Marquis du Val 2969-

Suther and Turbulent 4.3774 (46897).

Sutherland Jfoncrieffe Matchless

410 (5:^2?)

Sutherland 1 Wyomie 29674

Sutherland Green Mountain Jr.

5512

Moneta 1 Bonjour 2.300 (.34656)

Sanborn 1 Lerov .50221

Hartley Black .Toe 20838

Hartley , Paulus 22645 (431S3)

Hartley 1 .Julian 1186

Hartley j Captain George 9085..

Paullina ; Gilbert 1094

French Draft

Belgian
Trotter
Shire

Clydesdale

Percheron

Percheron

Percheron

Percheron

Percheron

Percheron

Morgan

Percheron

Trotter

Trotter

Trotter

Trotter

Trotter

Trotter

Trotter

Percheron

Shii-e

Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Cyldesdale

French Draft
Shire

Percheron
Percheron
Percheron

Percheron
Trotter

Oldenberg Coach
I'ercheron
Percheron

Oldenberg Coach

Trotter
Percheron
Trotter

Oldenberg Coach
French Coach
Belgian
Percheron
Hackney

Trotter
Morgan

Belgian
Percheron

Percheron
Percheron
Cleveland Bay
Shire
Cleveland Bay

IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE.

OSCEOLA COUNTY

Name of Owner

Postofflce

Name of Stallion

Breed

60

W. S. Foley

Jno. N. Jackley--
Ashton Horse Co.
L. Pommer & H.

H. Wubbena .._

H. E. Dean

Jno. Price

J. & N. Frese...
G. B. Mackinson.
G. E. Mackinson.
G. E. Mackinson.
G. E. Mackinson.
Sibley Belgian

Horse Co.

R. Klatt

Melvin

Prudent 26736 (48349)...
Kirsch II 11837 .

1203

Ashton

Ashton ...

1349

Bayard Berni 1845

(23388)

Fayot 52453 12928

Durben 40011

Manliness 25546

Gabels Victor 7124

Arvola 3307 ..

1350

Ashton

Percheron

1336
1830
fil4

Ocheyedan

Ocheyedan

Sibley

Trotter

Percheron

Shire

SSS-i

Siblev

233fi

Siblev .

Fusain 28291 (45804)

Columbus 8279

Matteval 44814 (54795)

Edgard 2622 (17888)

Knightly King 15997

Hero Hobson 31544

Louis de Fallais 1244..

(14696)
Fulgurant 26704 (45618).

Alban 46137 (64433)

Rataplan 30390 (45062)..
Keota Mounton 11872..

Percheron

2fiSl

Siblev

Shire

SfiSa

Sibley ..

Percheron

2793

Siblev . . -

Belgian

?«=)9

Siblev

Trotter

2935
S0S9

Geo. Hamilton &
Son

G. W. Snyder

Joe Cload

G. W. Patterson.
G. W. Patterson.
John S. D. Pell-

Ocheyedan

Sibley

Trotter
Belgian

Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron

3184
3288
3361
3053

Ocheyedan

Osceola Co.

Osceola Co.

Allendorf

PAGE COUNTY

W. L. Lundy

F. P. Barr

F. P. Barr

W. H. Button

Edward Davison..
Jno. Nothwehr ...

A. A. Brush

East River Perch-
eron Horse Co..

M^m. Hiser

Wall Street

Horse Co.

Wall Street

Horse Co.

J. M. Bryson

J. A. Latimer

Thos. Wiggins ..
Jno. Rurode

G. G. Fleener

G. G. Fleener

G. G. Fleener

Wm. F. Schenck.
College Springs

Horse Co.

R. A. Duncan

R. A. Duncan

F. P. Barr

W. F. Hopker

W. F. Hopker

A. G. Harris

A. G. Harris

B. F. Allender

W. T. Goodman..

C. M. Cowen &
J. P. Chase

F. P. Barr

Clarinda

Clarinda

Clarinda

Coin

Clarinda

Yorktown

Shenandoah ...

Clarinda

Essex

Axlon 40254

Alaxandre 1.3083

Napoleon 1.3030

Champion .566 (2856)___

Nathanson 5973

Caporal 32662 (45508).-.
Luculus (48711)

Capitane .32425 (47591).
Vernot (57364) 45572...

J. B. Lawson

A. G. Harris

Lewis Annam

H. W. Rnnvon...
John H. Kendall.

K. G. Herren

E. T. Farrens

Hepburn 1 Danube 5703 (44226).

Hepburn ._.
Clarinda ...
Shenandoah

Coin

Coin

Clarinda ...
Clarinda ...
Clarinda ...
Clarinda ...

Tricotteur 26073 (44684).

Prince Oneer 35763

Dewey 27475

Merfleld Rival (7787)...
Roublard 14082 (22897)..

Darius 8883

Black Hawk 14734

Mintaka 9676

Creston King 6026

College Springs.

Shambaugh

Shamhaugh

Clarinda

North boro
Northboro
Northboro
Northboro

Essex

Coin

Shenandoah
Clarinda ...

Norwich ..
Northboro

Clarinda .

Coin ...

Clarinda .
Clarinda .
Clarinda .

Brilliant III 10O86

Roy 39451

Brooklyn 11101

Duke of Wellington ..

1.3084
Beranger 35566 (48918)..

Francis 41697

White Nemesis 34581...
Hempfleld Sampson Jr.

8774
Charmant 47514 (56243)..
Gilbert 14034

Drift Allerton 36428

Pourquoi Pad III 63.58..

(20122)
Nonant ITT 6790 (14568).
Stuntney Rooineck 8859

(22&34)

Sampson 47510

Banker 4829

Gazon 26912 (45979)

Axett 43532

Kimball 18235

Trotter

French Draft

French Draft

Belgian

Thoroughbred

Percheron

Percheron

Percheron
Percheron

Percheron

Percheron
Trotter
Percheron
Shire
Percheron
French Draft
French Draft
French Draft
Shire

French Draft
Trotter

French Draft

French Draft

Percheron
Percheron
Trotter
Shire

Percheron
French Draft

Trotter
French Draft

French Draft
Shire

Percheron

Shire

Percheron

Trotter

Trottpr

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII.

889

PAGE COUNTY-CONTINDED

Name of Owner

Postofflce

Name of Stallion

Breed

3491
3492
3490
3552

Wolfe & McFarrin

0. V. Hurdle

Farmers Horse Co
B. H. McClintock
W. R. McClintocli

Wm. Hoppock

W. E. McKee

W. E. McKee

M. W. Slaight. —
Wm. Hizer

Braddyville

Braddyville

Biaddyville

Essex -

Keota Lord 20671

Onrosemedium 36162 .—

Palatin 26723 (24376)

Greenlander 3552

Colonel Greenlander --

45597

Consul .Tunior 282

Percheron Boy 26762

Search Light 7857

Keota 16222

Gaulois 13559

Hero III 8349 —

Longworth 4.5596

Madere 29270 (^8310)

Ed Little 11486

Stuntuey Cricket 9749—

(23749)
Major McKinley 41047-
G. W. S. 28589 —

Percheron

Trotter

Percheron

Trotter

3557

Trotter

3666
3903
3904
3930
1191

Shenandoah

Braddyville

Braddyville

Clarinda

Essex

Oldenburg Coach
Percheron
Shire

French Draft
French Draft

376G 1 W. E. McKee

4324 Elmer M. Gibson

Braddyville

Coin - --

Shire
Percheron

4349
4350
4361

4348
4380

J. A. DeCamp

J. A. DeCamp

Pitman Bros

J. A. DeCamp

N. J. Thomas

Shenandoah

Shenandoah

Clarinda --

Shenandoah

Clarinda —

Percheron
French Draft
Shire

Percheron
Trotter

PALO ALTO COUNTY

228
153
36 I

418
1103 I

43 I
1631
2030
2343
2397
2132
2502

260O
2631

2867
2890
3120
2372
3185

3241
3368

3417

385
3183

141
4276

4277

4405
4406
1872
4480

N. J. Wright

.1. J. Steil

H. A. Thomas

Melvin Fisk

Osgood Percheron

Horse Co.

H. A. Mason

.Tonas Mantz

M. F. Coonan

.T. B. Jackson

.T. .T. Steil

.1. R. Frame

E. D. Spencer

J. J. Steil

W. H. Dempsey..

Hardi Horse Co— !
C. P. McKowen—

.T. H. Nolan.

B. F. Frazier

Claer, Debolt &

Co.

Clarence Maxwell

A. E. Harrison &
Co.

B. F. Stanton

.Tos. F. Nolan

Fred Johnson

Stanton & Lee

Claer. Debolt &

Co.

Claer, Debolt &

Co.

Thos. Claer

Thos. Claer

C. J. Brown

D. D. Johnson &
Sons

Cylinder

Emmetsburg
West Bend
Curlew

Freedom 33697

Ben Otto 23370

Moliere Jr. 25762

Ellerslie Fisk 32546.

Osgood — -

Ruthven

West Bend

Emmetsburg

Osgood

Emmetsburg

Cylinder

Emmetsburg

Emmetsburg

Curlew

Graettinger

Rodman

Ruthven __.
Ayrshire --.

Maupas 40460 (51903)

Duke 22798

Carpare 2237 (25122)

Joe Weitzel 21-522

Lors Rene Jr. 43857

Ergo A. 40349

Vigoureux 2288:? (43362).
Bardon Blaze 6450

(15973)

Aid Dunton 45059

Kilsley Bonny Tom 529i

(17426)

Hardi 23370 (48420)

Indoc 524 —

Archer Boy 11941

Dragon 50888 (59398)

Avrshire i Lord Minto 43403—

West Bend ; Cyclone 7230

Avrshire ' Waterloo 13491

Ruthven I Wilkie Simmons 23057-

Ruthven The Serpent 34861

Ruthven Sidi (46215)

Ruthven i Figaro 31.385

Ayrshire Marquis 51328 Percheron

Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Trotter

Percheron

Percheron

Belgian

Trotter

Trotter

Trotter

Percheron

Shire

Trotter
Shire

Percheron
French Draft
Clydesdale
Percheron

Percheron
Shire

French Draft

Trotter

Trotter

Percheron

Percheron

Avrshire — Cadix 45404 Percheron

Ruthven I St. Pierre 58096 Percheron

Ruthven King Midas 50651 Percheron

West Bend Noble Prince II (22629) Shire

Curlew

Draughtsman III 9207— Shire

1589

Martin McNam-

ara

1714

Nick Thill

1793

T. J. Wilson

19a3

Held Bros.

188?

Held Bros.

2123

D. M. Baker &

Co.

PLYMOUTH COUNTY

(24194)
Bramble 20841 Percheron

Theodore 140 Suffolk

Kingsley

Hinton

Ondawa (Vol. 6, p. 589) Thoroughbred
.Jonathan 2 (1302). Oldenburg Coach

Enzain 3107 - German Coach

Merrill

King Rayon 25624 Percheron

890

IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE.

PLYMOUTH county-Continued

Name of Owner

Postofflce

Name of Stallion

Breed

2282

Remsen Perch-

eron Horse Co..

A. R. Whitney...

.John Luken

Ireton & Struble
Percheron

Horse Co.

J. W. Patterson.. -
Martin McNamara

E. P. Harris

Neptune Horse Co

West Branch

Percheron

Horse Co.

Wm. Borinsky ___

W. H. Morse

Held Bros., P.
Schneider & A.
Helm

Remsen ..

Sosthene 3.3964 (53249)

Volubilis 3405 ...

Percheron

2630

French Coach

2704

2922

Le Mars

Struble

Railleur 1196 (Vol. 9)..

Premier 40170 (51434)...

Premier Prince 9189

Perche II 40820.

Belgian
Percheron

81(M

Akron .. .

Clydesdale

I.WO

Remsen

Percheron

3406
3681
3984

Le Mars

Kingsley

Merrill

Parker Hitt 40743

Selim 24114

.Toques 40949

Mabille 23069 (44574)

Gallopore 16944

Carabin 52515 (65747)....
Columbus 35619 (48766)..

Trotter
Percheron

Percheron

41 SI

Akron ..

Percheron

4290

Akron

Percheron

4312

Hinton

Remsen

4315

Mai & Ludwig:

Percheron

POCAHONTAS COUNTY

452

Alex Barber

A. D. Cleal

L. N. Ellis

H. F. Toben

J. W. Brock

J. W. Brock

Jacob Winegarden
W. G. Runyan...
W. E. Campbell..

W. A. Kyle

Wm. Steen

A. S. Wood

Jas. Frakjar

.Tas. Frakjar

E. M. Kellogg

Lilly Horse Co..
O. F. Edwards...
Lind & Cliarlton..
M. D. Wolcott...
W. A. Galbraith..

Lyman Bros.

M. L. Miller

M. L. Miller

Rolfe

Eckhart 30745

Saturne 25704 (44161)

Sim Sim 33973

Brilliant de Lieffe 33810
Lavance 32949 _

Trotter

454

Rolfe -

Percheron

357

Laurens

Trotter

.372

Palmer .

Belgian

104

Plover

Trotter

103

Plover

Audubon Bov 12842

;\fartin IV 41848

French Draft

304

Pocahontas

Havelock

Gilmore City ...
Laurens ..

Percheron

293

Rob Rov 9442 ..

French Draft

321

Oliver 34870

Percheron

684

Financier II 1440 (25362)
Martin V. 13123

Belgian

72fi

Havelock

Fonda

French Draft

818

Stavr 41462

Trotter

877

Rolfe

Prince Ponk 11889

Prince Lynedoch 9088..
Kruger 32452 . _ .

Clydesdale

,S7fi

Rolfe

ClA'desdaie

1200

Gilmore City ...
Fonda

Trotter

1461

Paulin 23076

Percheron

1629

Havelock

Rolfe

Ralph 1629 . . . ...

Percheron

784

Martin 17067 (35482)

Vulcain 42906 ...

Percheron

2270

Gilmore City ...
Fonda . . ...

Percheron

2.340

Fontanelle 36782. . .

Percheron

24.34

Gilmore City ...

Pocahontas

Pocahontas

Rolfe

Dictator 10759

French Draft

2435
24.36

Keota Thrive 2485

Cook 25138

Percheron
Percheron

2439 Alex Parker

Orville 29276

Percheron

2441 : W. G. Runyan...
2371 i Wilder Small

Havelock

Gilmore Citv __.
Fonda

Univers 47773 (.59594)

Leward 35762

Percheron
Percheron

2573 ! L. A. Dumond

Black Diamond 43748

La Porte Boy 28849

De Foe 15528 .. ... .

Percheron

2574

B. F. Barber

Olson Bros.

B. F. Barber &

L. A. Dumond..

H. D. Brinkman..

W. A. Elliott....

Frank Short

Harvey Eaton

W. P. Hopkins...
W. P. Hopkins...

G. C. Grove.

T. E. Meredith..

A. D. Ryon

Clark Perry

Cal Saylor

W. G. Runyon

Ferguson & Miller

Thos. & Chas.

Eberle

Fonda ... _

Trotter

2761

Palmer

French Draft

12B3

Fonda .

Borolvptol 32229

Martin VII 13125

Prince Thaver 44061

Capitaine 41449 (64119)..
Mere Harold 5639 (16251)

Haiti 34283 (51666)

Neptune-Pacha 585

(4212")
Deneau .357.59

Trotter

2885

Rolfe

French Draft

2895
29,30

Pocahontas

Rolfe - -

Trotter

2950

Fonda

Shire

.3040

Laurens ..

Percheron

.3041

Laurens .. .. ._

Belgian
Percheron

2269

Rolfe

1613

Plover

Milord de Reifle 979....

(13990)
Alfo 42768

Montagnard 2743 (33476)

Ala roc 41881 (63223)

Western Lad 9248

(24187)
Kruger 29903 (48366)

Raithby Tommy 6853...

(19043)
Bailly 26932 (45965) 1

3634
.3821

Laurens

Fonda

Trotter

2610
4027

Palmer

Laurens ... .

Percheron
Shire

1115

Palmer ..

215

132

Will E. Campbell

Gilmore City ...

Percheron

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART XII. 891

POLK COUNTY

Name of Owner

Postofflce

Name of Stallion

Breed

402

Campbell Belgian

Horse Co.

Campbell

Faro de Raille (16838)..

Belgian

HH

Chas. Irvine - - .

Ankeny

Gabriel 1286 (25.3;i6)

Grenat 410O1 (64205)

Nailstone Toddy 7980—

Belgian

161

A. K. Good.

162

A. K. Good

Ankeny

Shire

(22959)

a70

T. J. Shaw

Mitchellville —

Major Consul 40342

Trotter

ftS

E. J. Boynton

Lester Clark

Lester Clark

Des Moines

Valley Junction.
Valley Junction.

Macklin 1.5881

Trotter

u

High Tide 26760. .

15

Dewey 21748 .

Perclieron

447

Commeggs&

Stoll

Bondurant .

Voltaire 10482

French Draft

541

G. W. Smith

Altoona ... ... .

Creston Jerome 5978

Shire

5091

Jas. A. Sage

Stuntney King Cole III

Shire

3076 (10538)

501

Jas. A. Sage

Cresap Bros.

Anlvenv ...

Newton Corsair 5557

Stanley 40944 .

Shire

495

Altoona

503

Jas. A. Sage

Jas. Watt

Oku 7984 (22654)

Shire

504

Des Moines

Hail Cloud 23606

Trotter

517

Saylor Horse Co.

Due d' Aumale 22667-__

(43506)

570

J. W. Day-

Milev Bov 34:333.

Trotter

633

J. N. McClellan

Vinicus 33800 .. . ..

Trotter

639

R. T. Mally

Farmers' Belgian

Sumner G. 32362

Trotter

675

Horse Co.

Mitchellville

San Souci de Bett

Belgian

676

Beaver Valley

(20460)

Horse Co.

Grimes .. .. ..

Fourire 34335 (46288). __

Percheron

632

L. J. Ringgen-

Sheldahl

Don A. Hail 4343.3

606

C. L. Weisner

N Ware

Grimes .. . ...

Fritz 15748 (24044)

Iowa 11724

465

French Draft
French Draft

763

Walter Ferguson. .

Runnells

Keota Still 10190

798

Tom James

Des Jfoines .. ..

Barondale 20184

Trotter

1119

W. J. Crawford—

Des Jfoines

Gold Miner 30ni

Trotter

1173

N. J. Otto

Des Moines

Nabuko 27536 (44298)

Percheron

1227

N. W. Murrow—

Mitchellville —

King Milord 33762.

Percheron

1317

Big Four Horse

Co.

Tampon 26702 (45561)

1321

Poweshiek Perch-

eron Horse Co..

Carvalho (45130).-

1462

J. W. Anderson

& Son

Birdeer 37105 . .

Trotter

1521

Gust Alt and

Otto Engstrom..

1

Sheldahl

Refrigerant a5218

(52501)

Percheron

1616 Hem-y Wasrner .

Ankenv . .. —

Matchless Junior 5555..
Signor 2259 (31806)

Shire

1660

W. W. Garner ..

Des Moines . .

Belgian

1663

W. W. Garner

Des Moines

Caesar de Heusden 2256
(29494)

Belgian

1664

W. W. Garner . .

Dewev 24341

1665

W. W. Garner

Des Moines ...

Daniel 41273 (57923)

Percheron

1667

W. W. Garner

Des Moines

Nogentais 41372 (52852)..

Porclieron

1723

Willard Ferguson

Conro 25761 .

1765

A. J. Good

Ankenv ...

British Ensign III 7979
(22160)

Shire

1168

<i VV Smith

Jlidnight 31057

729 i W. W. Garner

Des Moines

Merry Legs 8:509

Shire

2145 Ivy Horse Co

Altoona _

Montmirail 31784 (44304).
Taupin 42878 (56415)....

Perclieron

2403 W. C. St. Clair—

Des Moines ...

Percheron

271 F. G. Thornton—

Altoona .

Teddv Lockheart 35772.

Trotter

2487 Hunter, Hall &

Bachman _.

Udell 32621 ...

Trotter

2667 j C. W. Schaeflfer—

Mitchellville

Baptiste (10552)

Belgian

2456

A. K. Good

Ankenv ... ..

Black Lad II 8681

(23932)

Shire

2575

F. Berkey

N. Bartholomew--

Ankenv

Tranquille 41396 (64035)
Galileo Rex 12347

Percheron

92

Des Moines

Trotter

3001

E. A. Elliott

Des Moines

Wilbrino Boy 37459

Trotter

3186

C. I. Stanton

Valley .Junction

lason U. 0917

Trotter

3265

F. M. Winfrey—

Runnells

Silver Duke 15774

French Draft

3374

G. W. Grigsby—

Sheldahl

Martin de Hazior 244.5..
(31862')

Belgian

3398

F. C. Bellairs

Valley .Junction.

Meadowthorpe 370.55 ...

Trotter

3400

W. W. Garner

Des Moines

Vimoutiers 41763 (60933)

Percheron

3398

W. W. Garner

Des Moines

Tambour de Genly 2566

Belgian

892 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

POLK COUNTY— Continued

O

Name of Owner

Postofflce

Name of Stallion

Breed

3410
3567
3568

S. O. Longnecker
W. W. Garner.—
H. P. Wilkinson

Elkhart

Des Moines

Mitchellville

Mendota Champion 6051
Dandola 31267 (48378)

Norman Emperor 8543.

(23544)
Consul the Second 1315

Louis d'Acesse 2567

Abraham 13365

Shire
Percheron

Shire

3604
36.50
3682
3329

W. W. Preston —

W. W. Garner

Chas. Irvine

Wyoming Cattle
Co

Des Moines

Belgian
French Draft

Des Moines

Valley Junction-
Valley Junction,
Ankenv -

Charming Lad 11297

Alcinrtor 51440 (56649)—

EUerslie Rex 47717

Andromede 53117 (66441)
Talma 51441 (60729)

Favor 15835

Clvdesdale

4116
4196
4259

Lester Clark

Ashworth Bros. —

Percheron

Trotter

Percheron

4171
4320

S. C. Morton

John E. Brown &

Son

Chas. Irvine

Chas. Irvine

.1. F. Randolph--
D Weeks

Percheron

Mitchellville —

Ankeny

Ankouy .

French Draft

4344
4343

4396
4401

Creon 51804

Percheron

Coquet 2766 (41852)

Ubert -50255

Star Russell 1902

The Hero 51679

Belgian
Percheron

Des Moines

Des Moines

Saddle Horse

4485

W. W. Garner—

Percheron

POTTAWATTAMIE COUNTY

149

M. C. Robinson—
Chas. Kingman.--
Neola Boomer Bel-
gian Horse Co.-

Wm. Casson

Underwood Bel-
gian Horse Co— .

Albert Peterson ..

T. H. Broughton
& A. J. Stuart..

Macedonia Perch-
eron Horse Co.-

C. S. Price

Ben Gress

T. S. Jolliff

T. S. JollifE

Jos. Jungferman—

De Wet 34618

Reno 11014

Iowa 1404 (25326)

Major II 22922

Perfait de Hantes 1405

(20334)
Arton 32308 (44548)

Prince of Beiges 1818.—

Raspail 33970 (48599)

Beacon 22W8

Bonny Tom II 6823

(18544)

Red Chaser 36708

Tryner 27776

Nailstone Rare Lad

6317
Nimble 8536

Trotter

449

Avoca

French Draft

259

Neola

Belgian

258

Neola - --

Percheron

243

588
1147

627

■714
771

849
850
841

833
1094
1093
1148
1243
1365
1604
1738
1975
2280
2328

Underwood

Hancock

Belgian
Percheron

Walnut

Macedonia

Macedonia

Walnut _- --

Belgian

Percheron
Percheron
Shire

Avoca

Trotter

Avoca -

Trotter

Neola -- - --

Shire

Carson

Trotter

H. E. Patterson--
H. E. Patterson-.

Edward Falk

E. Morrison

L. Kastner, Jr—

Burke Bros.

Wm. Converse -—
Leonard Everett-
Harrison Smith—
Stageman Bros. —

S. P. White

Wm. Shaw

C. P. Wasser &

G. B. McClellan
E. T. Waterman-
Trey nor Imp.

Percheron

Horse Co.

H. J. Giese

Prairie Rose Horse

Co.

Titan 2457 .- -

Avoca

Oakland

Fil-der-fer 25308 (44716).
Pride of Oakland 0713—

Villars 28079 (4883)

Brockway 11314

Rock Rover 1604

General Grant 4202

Banker 11384

Teddy M. 38001

Nero 34885 -. —

Percheron
Trotter

Council Bluffs —
Walnut

French Draft
Shire

Hancock

Council BlufCs .-
Avoca _ _ -

Clydesdale
French Draft
Trotter

Council Bluffs __

Percheron

2365

2500

269

Samson 7967

Lieutenant 30582 (45345)

Lord Linton 12690

Caffrey 2d 5288

Council Bluffs --

Percheron

French Draft
Morgan

3452
2534

Council Bluffs --

Silver City

Bentley

Romeo (48568)

2724
2750

Helmuth 1299

German Coach

Walnut

Chenimeau 31446 (48510)

Ring Rathbun 35429

Togo 46093

Asman 1977 (1095)

Coeur de Lion 26708

(46414)

2775

Lew Brown

J. 0. Frizzell

Prairie Rose Horse
Co. -- - -

Trotter

2831

Oakland - .

2751

Walnut

German Coach

2935

Botna Valley
Horse Co.

Carson .

Percheron

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII. 893

POTTAWATTAMIE COUNTY— CONTINUED

Name of Owner

Postofflce

Name of Stallion

Breed

2929

Underwood Bel-

gian Horse Co—

Underwood

Perfait De Hautes 1405

Belgian

744

Rassmussen &

(20334)

Walnut

Royal Defender 9692 . -

Clydesdale
Percheron

3067

Henry Parker

W. A. Lewis

Macedonia

Council Bluffs -

Dawson 27937 ,

8245

Rendlesham Politician

Suffolk

(3159)

3351

Leonard Everett _

Council Bluffs ..

Papillon 32836 (48304)..

Percheron

3383

Oakland

Barbancon 924 (13438)..

Wrangel 105 (556)

Driftmont 43336

Belgian

3384

Oakland —

3600

C. A. Ronk

Macedonia _

Trotter

3678

Ira Nixon -

Council Bluflfs ..

Stuntnev Brake 20064..

Shire

3055

Geo. Foster

Dumfries

Martin 3362

Percheron

mn

B. P. White

Oakland —

Black Harold 905s

Shire

834

W. W. Ronk

Macedonia

Morgan Wliip 4300.

Morgan

835

J. A. Burgin -

Walnut

.Tack E. 42191

Trotter

2717

Avoca -—

Lacheur 35512 (48474)..

10O7

Henry J. Stuhr—

ilinden — _

Championat 34512

(48681)

Percheron

4046

K. Morrison

Neola

Due de Bragance 15656
(30632)

Percheron

4072

Hopp Bros. - ..

Treynor

Walton 14903

French Draft

4»40

Geo. Eckrich

Neola

Bon Dominant 6594

(19.371)

Shire

4275

W. E. Campbell

Avoca

The Starter 41871

Trotter

4296

Sankey & Neilson

Walnut

Tourine 51195

Percheron

4297

Sankev & Neilson

Walnut

Nez 2592

French Coach

4411

H. D. Anderson-

Macedonia

Abricot 42363 (63279)

Percheron

4479

J. H. McKowen-

Honey Creek „.

.7. W. G. 0553 -

Trotter

POWESHIEK COUNTY

.393

Montezuma Horse

Co. . .

Montezuma

Paillus 22673 (43384)

Percheron

382

J. L. McUrath...

Hartwick -

Malvern Glory 5405

(16799)

Shire

351

Jos. C. Johnston-

Deep River

Caesar 27547 (47055)

Percheron

263

Guernsey Draft

Horse Co.

Guernsey

King Harold 2d 6685...

Shire

262

Guernsey Draft

Horse Co.

Guernsey

Sans Souci 28972 (44260)

Percheron

186

Dr. A. E. Anger.

Brooklyn

Doc Allerton 42167

Trotter

340

P. F. Smith

Montezuma

Montezuma Chief 35503.

Trotter

i?38

P. F. Smith

Montezuma

Morgan Panic 5003

Morgan

315

D. T. Gorsuch...

Montezuma

Iowa Boy 1053.3

Clvdesdale

314

Thompson Miller.

Brooklyn

Flambeau (26400)

Belgian

.311

J. B. Gorsuch

Montezuma

Bristolin (25356)

Belgian

470

C. M. Adams

Grinnell

Thiers 27070 (45769)

Percheron

466

C. M. Adams

Grinnell .—

Charmant 25211 (42404).

Percheron

425

A. C. Thompson

& Son _

Grinnell

Chinois 30036

Belgian

577

Miles & Evans

Grinnell

Henry Ward Beecher..

3036
Creston Victor 5759

Shetland Pony

590

A. Bramer

Guernsey

Shire

a34

Barnes City

Horse Co.

^lontezuma

Regional 26083 (45302)...

Percheron

685

W. H. Murphy..
M. Winchell

Vindex 4671

Morgan

622

Malcom

Bmilien 12046 (13396)

Percheron

404

B. J. Hadley

Grinnell

Ellerslie Russell .38817..

Trotter

855

H. J. Schmidt...

Grinnell

Jamin 1060 (12016)

Belgian

913

M. A. Latham...

Searsboro

Keota Boatman 5805

Shire

1036

E. J. Korns

Hartwick

Princewick 2d 12139

Clydesdale

1037

E. J. Korns

Hartwick

Handsome Prince II..

9486
Lillie's Prince 11085

Clydesdale

1167

B. B. Cransten.-

Deep River

Clydesdale

1205

W. F. Blain-. .

Montezuma

Favor 206a3

Percheron

1?«0

Ewart Belgian

Carol (29756)

Belgian

1473

J. W. Johnson

Deep River

Stuntney Beckett

Shire

2^44

Sugar Creeek
Percheron

(23740)

Horse Co.

Searsboro

Bazard 27083 (45284)

Percheron

4.38

Prank Schultz

Hartwick

Pompon II 16290

Belgian

2238

J. L. Mcllraith.-

Hartwick

Japonias 27985 (46830).,

Percheron

894 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

POWESHIEK COUNTY— Continued

Name of Owner

Postofflce

Name of Stallion

Breed

1501
2571

2732

2837
30.56
510
1035
3200
33!»
3463
1.573
3575

3741
3837
4029
4091

4141
3284
4285
4305

4308

4310
4359
4388
4400

M. L. Latham »&l

Sons Searsboro

Sheridan Belgian!

Horse Co. Grinnell -

Blocky 14550

S. G. Ing-rahamj

Montezuma

Fred Reed Brooklyn

Zack Hull Brooklyn

A. Halstead ' Grinnell -—

J. L. Mcllraith-- HartAvick _.

L. E. Anthony... Malcom

L. E. Anthony.. Malcom

Charley Terpstra. Grinnell ...
John Carter Montezuma

B. E. Inman Deep River

Wilkes Horse Co_

Miles & Evans

.1. L. Mcllraith_.
John Gabriel

H. J. Fick

Miles & Evans

Wm. Hagrenlock _.

G. E. Tinker

Wm. Hagenlock _.

Grinnell ...
Grinnell ...
Hartwick .
Deep River

Hartley .
Grinnell .
Grinnell .
Brooklyn
Grinnell .

Miles & Evans

W. O. Woods

R. B. Cranston. -
Charley Tarpstra.

Grinnell -_.
Malcom ...
Deep River
Grinnell .-

Porte Drapeau 945

(1.5818)
Rendlesham Cromwell.

252 (333)

Matchless 5478

Darby 33944

Lord Roberts 7037

Princewick 12138

Prince Consort 84.55

Dan Oline 45:306

Monarque 27135 (46788).

Felix 12021 (12576)

Girton Conqueror 5346.

(18037)

Wilton Wilson 4487.5

Brilliant Joe .50395

Buffalo de Wyt 2948

Faro d" Isegliem 2950..

(41896)
Grandini 23068 (44572)..

Melrose W. 42541

Polo 3897 (30398)

Bon Astur 8793 (21169)
Crofton Sirus 9305

(22228)

Moteur .50745 (49911)

Senator W. 33^15

Silver Prince 12265

Pella Pride 12255

French Draft

Belgian

Suffolk

Shire

Percheron

Shire

Clydesdale

Clydesdale

Trotter

Percheron

Clydesdale

Shire

Trotter
Percheron
Belgian
Belgian

Percheron

Trotter

Belgian

Shire

Shire

Percheron
Trotter
Clydesdale
Clydesdale

RINGGOLD COUNTY

280

W. F. Blackman.

Delphos

Poppennheim 3.315

German Coach

281

W. F. Blackman.

Delphos

Ad Leitem .359.31

Trotter

282

W. F. Blackman.

Delphos

Fais (23048)

Belgian

34

E. S. Botleman..

Diagonal

Creston Boy .38733

Trotter

643

J. A. Bliss

Diagonal

D. J. Count 6969

Shire

801

Tinglev . .

808

J. I. Morrison &

Co. .- .

Tinglev -. -

Capitola 29721

Percheron

340

J. P. Drake

Mount Ayr

Essort (47601) 45473. ..

Percheron

802

M. Mariner

Tinglev

Agate 26434 ... _

Percheron

800

Tingley Shire

Horse Co.

Tingley

Toft Right Stamp 5704_

Shire

1183

Claiide Bowen

Claude Bowen

:\Iount Ayr

Mount Ayr

Leader 35373

Percheron

1184

Uncle .John 16266

Trotter

1330

H. I. Brent

Diagonal

Fred .30652 ...

Percheron

1319

C. E. Bliss

Diagonal

Mocking Dare 36411

Trotter

i:i20

C. E. Bliss

Diagonal

Captain Dewev I. :W607-

Trotter

1418

M. C. Parr

M. C. Parr

Malov

Biron 24813 (44622)

Golden Prince 9806

Percheron

1419

Malov

Clydesdale

1516

L. D. Norry

Redding

.Tulliard 27525 .

Percheron

1545

Kellerton Horse

Co. -

Kellerton

Black Duke 27988

Percheron

1.588

Ellston Draft

Horse Co.

Ellston

Papillon 27488 (48264)...

Percheron

1,583

Washington Twp.

Horse Co.

Diagonal

Reveur (46169)

Percheron

1701

J. D. Blauer

Tinglev

Imperial Duke 11925

French Draft

1724

G. F. Long

Mount Ayr

Marquis Dewey 11047-.

CIvdesdale

2229

D. H. Pike

Diagonal

Becca 47442 (46911)

Percheron

2279

The Kellerton

Horse Co.

Kellerton

MacQueen's Model 10603

Clydesdale

2;n8

Gus Winterschied

Tingley

Baronet Dunbar 10522-.

Clydesdale

2861

J. & A. W.

Michael . _. .

Benton ..

Montague 30682

2615

J. H. & C. M.

Waugh . .

Redding ...

Mack 14465

French Draft

2669

Tingley Perch-

eron Horse Co

Ellston

Lutin ^44.52 (44678)..

Percheron

2467

D. M. Lane

Diagonal

Morning Star 11925

Percheron

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART XII. 895

RINGGOLD COUNTY— Continued

t,6
5«

Name of Owner

Postofflce

Name of Stallion

Breed

W69

L. A. Duff

Diagonal

Rendelsham Colonial

Suffolk

2ol (3174)

2W8

Wm. Reasoner .._

Beacousfield

Cinturier 31110 (47506)..

Percheron

2.562

L 0 t t s Creek
Percheron

Horse Co.

Mount Ayr

Freluquet 32429 (48745)..

Percheron

2696

L. D. Norris

W. P. Stetzler—
Kellerton Shire

Redding

Kellerton

Grueze 45864

Nutseal 38820 ...

Percheron

SWfil

Horse Co.

Kellerton

Moors Commander 6758
(18220)

Shire

W. F. Blackman--
W. F. Blackman..
C. F. Miller

Delphos .„

Daniel Boone 10606.
Alto 28227

French Draft

Percheron

Shire

3085

Delphos

161.5

Diagonal

Stuntney Jonadab 6739.

(Vol. 24)

3187

Bliss Bros.

Diagonal

Countness Right Stamp
9044

St. Claire 4.3148

Shire

■mo

Wm. Tapp

Tingley

Percheron

3386

Belgian Horse Co-

Bllston

Bijou de Marchove 1606

Belgian

"um

Bllston Standard

(25416)

Bred Trotting

Horse Co.

Ellston

Floodwood .39673

Trotter

S536

Z. T. Kinsell

Mount Ayr

Iowa K4ng 8377 .

Trotter

won

A. B. Clewel

Mount Ayr

Capulet 16207

French Draft

7764

B. F. Lambert—

Tingley

Lambert 50903 ..

Percheron

=!763

E. F. Freeman

Tingley

Sheridan 41693

Percheron

5762

Tinglev ... .

^61

E. F. Freeman

Tingley

Merimac 41691

Percheron

^760

E. F. Freeman

Tingley

Carnot 41853

Perclieron

601

John Lahs

Delphos

Hobson 10.346

French Draft

♦ISO

B. S. Botleman...

Diagonal

Doc Quinn 44252.

Trotter

2362

0. N. 'Perkins

Diagonal

Dewey 10345

French Draft

SAC COUNTY

166

775

Neal Hoskius

C. Christiansen ._
Wall Lake Horse
Co. - .

Sac City

Early

Taupin 31611 (48997)

Bolie 8313

Percheron
Shire

Belgian

781

Wall Lake

Auljurn

.Touhert De Vvnckt 2165

(a3306)
CouQuet V. HOT:? (14188)

Brilliant II 1373

McBurnev 23098

Hector 2005 (30020)

Brilliant 23677

Colenso de .Jandre 1467

(25376)
Chitornev 34369

825

B. F. M. Rose

W. C. Abney

H. H. Mead

Odebolt Horse Co

.Joel Johnson

0. A. C. Horse Co

W. C. Abney

Jerry Bell

W. A. Helsell____

W. T. Scott

W. T. Scott

N. A. Hank en

Wm. Schade

A. P. Jacobsen..
J. P. Goreham...
B 0 y e r Valley

Horse Co.

Early Shire

Horse Co.

Nemaha Horse Co
Ben McMartin ._.
J. P. Wollesen...

J. P. Wollesen...

Herman Dreessen

& Henry Wol-

Percheron

Belgian

Trotter

Belgian

Percheron

Belgian

Trotter

829

874

Earlv

1066

Odebolt -

1152
1180

Wall Lake

Odebolt

137-^

Auburn

1513

Early

Frasier 10812

Observation 38614

Cornepic 1144 (17878)

Rosier 1.3678 (5386.3)

Rosa's Prince 11082

Prince 23;?42

Warbler .3026 (10716)

King of Plainfleld 9655

(44547)
Beaumont 31365 (48667).

Stenigot Cracksmann...

5871 (ia376)
Moliere 24*60 (43666)...

Mobvrne 0764

Cristal II 2408

(Vol. 13, p. 932)
Ralph II 8776

Gilbert 20416 '

Clipser 9097

Jumbo 42656

Baron of Odebolt 12400

Clydesdale

1514

Odebolt ..

1523
1524

Early

Early .

Belgian

1582
1600

Sac City

Odebolt .

French Draft

1671
715

Lake View

Odebolt

Percheron
Shire

1747

Early

1746

'ino

Early

Nehama ..

Shire
Percheron

117

Odebolt ... ...

Trotter

2187

2188
2317

Lake View

Lake View

Wall Lake

Early

Belgian
Shire

>4n«

Wm. Hinde

J. J. Toop

Donald MeCork-
ingdale

Clvdesdale

>fi77

Auburn .. .

Percheron

>846

Odebolt

Clydesdale

896 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

SAC COUNTY— Continued

Name of Owner

Postofflce

Name of Stallion

Breed

3948
3966

Henry Bowman

L. H. Davenport.

Jos. Mattes

Corsant Bros.

T. G. Keir

T. W. Down

L. C. Pllloud

C. E. Stewart

T. G. Keir

Coon Rapids

Odebolt

Brisse 6877 (2057)—

Keota Cyrus 19470

Lofty of Odebolt 10438.
Salesbury Conqueror...

5384 (17590)
Agartam 31233 -

French Draft
Percheron

2992
3026

3038
3075
3081
3111
3177

Odebolt

Sac City

Sac City

Odebolt

Clydesdale
Shire

Percheron

Colonel D. 11764 -

Clydesdale

Sac City

Wall Lake

Sac City

Robroy K. 44916

Percheron

Morgan Star 32926

Prince Jr. 34959

Trotter
Trotter

Fruen 44907 .

Percheron

3346
3443
3639
3702

John Currie

Joe Henaman

J. Kessler .—

Murphy & Oldnet-
tle

Odebolt

Roosevelt 6319

Le Due 31434 (45370) — .
Captain Trotter 44577—

Beauceron 51233 (63454),
Chillingham 45944

Reveur 47065 (63816)

Baron La Follette 43565
Regolia 15405

Voltigeur 40999 (56177)..

Prince of Balloch Roy
13028

Togo 49822

The Illustrator 31800

Bristol II 892

Shire

Percheron

Auburn

Wall Lake

Odebolt

Trotter
Percheron

3961
3962

L. L. Goreham —
Odebolt Percheron

Horse Co.

W. H. Pettis & S.

L. Hawley

G. W. Little

C. J. Hinkley

Donald McCorkin-

Percheron

Odebolt

Percheron

3992

4040
4309
4330

Sac City

Early - — -

Trotter
French Draft

Odebolt

Percheron

Odebolt -

Clydesdale

4399

W. C. Abney

Chas. Anderson —
Joshua J. Spicer—

Percheron

4434
4471

Sac City

Sac City

Trotter
Belgian Draft

SCOTT COUNTY

537

Adolph Muhs

Davenport

Pantheon 25169 (44645).

Percheron

516
875
1.TO3

W. A. Barr

Henry Schlotfeldt
Kirk Bros -

Davenport

Claudius 212

Oldenburg Coach

Banquet 6381

Trotter

Davenport

Midnight A. 33409

Trotter

1393

E. T. Smith

Davenport

Baron Patchen 2890O

Trotter

1434

The Princeton
Percheron

Horse Co.

LeClaire

Veilleur 28192 (46864)

Percheron

1496

August Richter ..

Davenport

Patchen Seal 37941

Trotter

1409

G. A. Smith

Big Rock

Extrador III 6058

(11224)

Percheron

3107

F. Raasch

McCausland

Black Prince 14149

French Draft

944

Princeton Horse

Co

Bruno (33781)

Belgian

3239

McC a u s 1 a n d
Percheron

Draft Horse Co

IMcCausland . .

Picador 41521 (56945)

Percheron

2356

A. F. 01denl>urg^.

Davenport

Lebelm 41517 (61571)-..-

Perclieron

2701

E T Smith

Davenport

The Lad 44769

Trotter

3280

McC a u s 1 a n d

French « 'omcu

Horse Co.

McCausland

Telegramme 240O

French Coach

SHELBY COUNTY

4189:

C. F. Henderson.

Moscow

Colonel 20816

Percheron

737

W. H. Meyer

Corley

W. J. Bryan 2389

French Coach

195

Pleasant Twp.

Horse Co.

Shelby

Eperon 34511 (46452)

Percheron

307

Geo. McCamly ..

Harlan

Davy E. 32886

Trotter

308

T. J. Wyland

Harlan

Bob 29180

Percheron

309

T. J. Wyland

Harlan

Normandy 16673

Percheron

4.S3

Indian Valley

Horse Co.

Elkhorn

Organiste D Sartalard.
1755 (34434)

Belgian

.57

L. C. Donahue

Corley

Dewey 9732

French Draft

77

Douglas Town-
ship Belgian

Horse Co.

Kirkman

Aconit 1211 (18440)

Belgian

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII. 897

SHELBY county-Continued

fez;
o

Name ol Owner

Postofflce

Name of Stallion

Breed

1061

R. C. Rasmussen.

C. W. Best _

Shelby Draft

Horse Co.

Harlan Percheron

Horse Co

J. R. Debord

W. T. Plummer.
Tennant Horse Co

E. F. Morris

Defiance Horse Co

Cass Carter

Jno. Klinkefus .—
Frank Faltenson.

J. A. Kastner

C. W. Best-

L. H. Pickard

J. M. Mayer

Aaron E. Potter..

Caus Kenkle

T. J. & H. 0.
Wvland _.

Harlan

Dandy 11151 (22565)

Moutonnet 7175

Guignol 26112 (46826)-..

Logeur 40140 (46372)

Morgan Wilkes 4672

Tremolo Junior 16590...
Rangeur 34.501 (47518)...

Byrondale 42296

Ventriloque 34047

(46253)
Stuntney Menander 7928

(22824)

Santa Anne 30971

Bmile 376 (2338)

Lee Onward 30166

Raglan II 8549 (2iri'8)-

Capo 3i066

Rosier 26144 (40778)

Stand Back 3047 (8306)—
Happy Boy 50842

Gringalet 50724 (68210)..

Bucephalus 49611

Mazzola 41298 — -.

1204

Shelby

1248

Shelby .

816

Harlan .

1283

Harlan

Morgan

1368

Harlan . .

1433

Tenant

2585

Harlan

2865

2921

Shire

736

Irwin .

?993

Belgian
Trotter

3044

Defiance

3051

Shelby .

Shire

3083
3238
3391

Harlan

Defiance

Trotter
Percheron

Shire

2250

Earling .

Percheron

4034

Kirkman

Defiance -

Percheron

4?38

W. D. Schlensig-
N. P. Booth

Percheron

R67R

Trotter

SIOUX COUNTY

10

H. B. Smith

Traverse Parker .

W. H. Irwin

Henry Kokenge...

Gradus Kower ...

Gerrit Klock

Henry Grotenhuis

Jacob Minton

T. C. Parker

Peter Hansen

P. W. Moir

P. W. Moir

P. W. Moir

P. W. Moir

P. W. Moir

P. W. Moir

W. R. Winders..

John Fanning

Sheridan Belgian

Horse Co.

B. Van der Berg..

Thos. Chew

Nick Hulst

K. H. DeJong

P. B. Vosberg

John Panning ...
H. F. Kluender..

E. B. Koppert

Joe Verdorne Jr..

Bob Lockheart 36369

Charnyctzki 23028

Gros-Loup 102)8 (13641).

Strathilson 9427

Vol. XIV

Rudolph 41321

Involvo Jr. 21642.

De Ranger 32670

Don Arno 25564

Trotter

1347

Ireton

Percheron

1428

Percheron

1472

Alton

Clydesdale

1620

Alton

Percheron

1633
1650
2312

Sioux Center ...

Hosper

Rock Valley

Ireton

Alton

Percheron

Trotter

Trotter

233
2440

Prince Robert 2d 11837.
Babolin 14860 (58372)P—
Merveileux 48136 (59205).
Toreador 46269

Clydesdale
French Draft

2968
2970

Orange City

Orange City

Orange City

Orange City

Orange City

Orange City

Ireton

Percheron
Percheron

2971

Sandow 2971

Percheron

2972

Julien 28951

Percheron

2973
2974
3250

Gascoigne 29734

Colonel Dickey 38955

Morell 40932

Percheron

Trotter

Percheron

3330

Maurice

Boyden

Sioux Center ...

Hawarden

Alton

McMahon 21349

Percheron

3385

3511
3519
2170

Vengeur II 1458 (25418).
Bernice 25462 (43578)....

Bollon 23386 (43267)

Celestin 28189 (43772)...
Knockdhu 9716 (10790)..
Colonel 14223

Belgian
Pereheron
Percheron
Percheron

4008
1109

Orange City

Granville

Clydesdale
French Draft

4100

Allards Calypso 45723..
Lambert 51873 (60121)..

Enorve 16426 (64937)

Victor 33301

Percheron

4249
4389
4476

Granville

Chatsworth

Rock Valley

Percheron
Percheron
Percheron

STORY COUNTY

64
113

192
194

76
79

530

Thos. Swalwell ..
H. C. Denniston.

Geo. Connolly

Geo. Connolly .—

Kelley Horse Co..

Maxwell Horse

Breeders' Ass'n..

T. O. Savim

57

Collins
(I!ollins
Nevada
Nevada

Kelley .

King of the West 10156
Keota Flanders 33462...

Louvrain 2337

lams' Plunnger 9967

2^70
Apres 25057 (44752)

Maxwell Buffalo 23223 (43555) Percheron

Roland Laspaille 28692 (45687).. Percheron

Clydesdale
Percheron
French Coach
French Draft
Percheron
Percheron

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

STORY COUNTY— Continued

Name of Owner

Postofflce

Name of Stallion

Breed

725

780

779
861

983

1326

1376

J. W. Ogle-

C. W. Scott

C. W. Scott

Howard T o w n-

ship Horse Co-.
Zearing Percheron

Horse Co.

A. Van Stenberg

Oliver Cole

Oliver Cole -

S. B. Frey

S. B. Frey -

S. B. Frey

Story Percheron
Horse Co.

La Fayette Perch-
eron Horse Co..

M. J. Nelson

H. C. Davis

I. H. Boyd—

S. J. B. Johnson-
Zearing Belgian

Horse Co.

N. A. Stimson

C. A. Jerdeman_-
lowa State Col-
lege - --

Ames

Cole

Cole

Roland

Zearing

Story City

Roland

Roland

Deacon 45311

Triboulet 816

Hobson 41723

Seduisant 28161 (45033)-

Monopole 13364

Castor D' Hulste

(Vol. XII, p. 861)
Bio'-Joe 35707

Percheron

Belgian

Belgian

Percheron

French Draft
Belgian

1377
1408

Keota Bostedo 1377

Milford 10590 (25234)

Montelle 35223 9270

.Jean L 13370

Vainqueur 30442 (46877)-

Cacatoes 31128 (4572:3)—
Blaisdon Brilliant 7906-

(21147)
Soliman 21281 (43227)-—
Delamere B. P. 6510

(18(571)
M. Kazek 39781

Demblon 1153 (13394)-—

Alexander 41415

Mastodonte 2597

(Vol. 13, p. 292)
Etradegant 40553 (55321)

Refiner 12116

Babe 15358

.Jolif 46154 (60314)

Mazeppa 41840

Royal 5354 __ -— --

Percheron
Percheron and

1407

1406
1420

1446

1688

1805
2130

Ames

Ames

Roland

Gilbert Station-
Cambridge

Ames

Ames - -

French Draft
French Draft

and Percheron
French Draft

Percheron

Percheron
Shire

Percheron
Shire

2186
2142

2396
2207
2640

Ames

Zearing

Zearing

Story City

Ames

Trotter

Belgian

Percheron

Belgian

2841

Iowa State Col-
lege

Clydesdale

2693

H. C. Davis

H. C. Davis

Ames — -

French Draft

2694

Ames -- -- -— --

Percheron

2537 ' H. C. Lowrey. .

Nevada _ -- -

Percheron

3152 i F. C. Gearhart

Morgan

3164 Hougen & Co

McCallsburg

Ames

Nevada

Hercules 37268

3261 H. C. Davis

1433 M. L. Nutty

Nero 47448

Condor 44607

Airaable 41437 (64612)

Stow Regent 8866 (21915)

Moulton VI 41981

Paulin II (15960)

Monarch 16210

Marquis 41512 (64037)

Spartan's Hero 8428

Comet 696

Royal Victor 42183

Moneill 45590 -—

Percheron
Percheron

2048 Chas. H. SawtelL

Colo

Percheron

3613 1 Fred Holtby &

Grant Bates

3649 Geo. W. Bull

Collins

Zearing

Shire
Percheron

2393 Smalley & Niclss-
3693 ] Amos Hanson — -

Gilbert Station-
Collins

Belgian
French Draft

3695 Robt. L. Neese--

Collins

Percheron

1741
1185
4022
4073

Shaw Bros.

Geo. Bonde

M. .J. Nelson

S. B. Frey

F. A. Smith

Samuel Etnier

Maxwell

Story City

Cambridge

Shire

French Draft
Percheron
Percheron

4130
4212

Nevada

Colo -

Maraicher 51875 (65504)-

Black Hawk 41953

Acorn 42405

.lermiah 44699

Perfection II 46791

Orange Lad 16688

Clemont 47173

Percheron
Percheron

4213 1 Arthur Etnier . -

Collins

Percheron

4214 , Arthur Etnier .

Collins -

Percheron

4258 .T. W. Osle- -

Ames -. .

Percheron

4037

.John H. Hober-
land

French Draft

4314

John W. Bloom-
field - .

Maxwell

TAMA COUNTY

383

.J. L. Reedy

Geo. Niemand

Jos. E. Axon

W. A. Speer

Jas. Morgan

Jas. Morgan

Z. T. Moore -

Geo. Walz

Toledo Draft
Horse Co.

Garwin

Wentz 31735

Trotter

147

Traer -

Teddv R. 23923

Percheron

1R3

Traer -

Roan Charlie 11440

Timonnier 30406 (52771)-

Ailsa's Pride 11443

Prince Archer 11458

Dewey Day .34091

Cataline 40918

Philibert 40403 (51574)--

116

Buckingham

Traer

Percheron
Clvdesdale

?T1

Traer -

Clvdesdale

S09

Traer

Trotter

4(>

Tama

30

Toledo

Percheron

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII. 899

TAMA COUNTY— Continued

Name of Owner

Postofflce

Name of Stallion

Breed

I. D. ilagowan---

I. O. Magowan ..
Toledo Draft

Horse Co.

Jno. M. Bicket

Hildebrand Bros..

H. W. Rueppel

Chas. Vanbel

Traer Percheron

Horse Co.

Jno. Tiedje

G. J. Monroe

Jacob Ulstad

A. R. Wilson

T. A. Green

J. W. Sackett

J. W. Sackett

J. L. Reedy

Peter Grenewalt..
Peter Grenewalt.-

Geo. Filer

Clutier Horse Co-

Frank Landt

W. H. Sprole

Joe Krezek

Jacob Ulstad

G. "W. Mowers--.

Geo. Filer

Hildebrand Bros.

Henry Voege

Montour Perch-
eron Horse Co--
H. L. M. & N.

C. Bniner

Dysart Horse Co-
Percheron Horse

Co.

E. F. Brennen

E. F. Brennen

J. G. Posba.isky
& E. J. Stay-
askal

Oris Pryne

Belgian Horse Co.
Wm. F. Nation-. -
John F. Johnson
Nettie Goodwin -.
J. D. Filloon

Wm. Striire

Otto Kleppein

.Tames Morgan ...
James Morgan ...
.Tames Morgan ...

Chas. Liithje

J. C. Bradley

O. H. Morford

A. R. Fox

A. R. Fox

J. W. Manatt

J. W. Manatt

Tama

Tama

Toledo

Traer

Gladbrook .

Dysart

Dysart

Traer

Gladbrook .

Dj'sart

Dysart

Traer

Toledo

Clutier

Clutier

Garwin

Elberon

Elberon

Garwin

Clutier

Gladbrook .

Traer

Clutier

Dysart

Dysart

Garwin

Gladbrook .
Berlin

Montour ...

Toledo

Dysart

Dysart

Dysart

Dysart

Toledo

Elberon

Dysart

Buckingham

Chelsea

Tama

Toledo

Elberon

Clutier

Traer

Traer

Traer

Garwin

Garwin

Chelsea

Elberon

Elberon

Chelsea

Chelsea

Lewis Templeman

32809
Cedric 7185

T. H. M. 38691

Newton Quality 6919

Ailsa Again 1037i

Kautanglar 6005

Otter Bank 12.310

Introuvable 24765

(46658)

Roseau a4.547 (44327)

Brown Trippe 33669

Contest Day 43340

•Tudge Lockheart 43416._

Trappy A. G. 4^523

Black King 20947

Gilbert 12454

Silver King .50281

Printemps 34022 (51524).

Riverside 25580

Allendale 28588

Colin 26156

Charming Gift 10079...

(11006)

Deacon 45965

Bayard 201.35

Vyzantum 37703

Henry G. M. 37552

Patrique 40790

Major Luy 2310 (29320)..
Bury Valiant 8870

(24107)
Ivabyle 34761 (44167)

Frodoard 47115 (61993)-.
Iphis 20047

Crux 29266 (45146)

Forfait's Best Son

■ 23338

Richard 23343

Raven Nation 12555

Nicollet 17074

Boulevard 2281 (.33706)..

Timonnier .Ir. 15621

Invador 41729

Sam T. 41407

Severn Melton 8931

(23693)

Fidol Chief 30831.

.Tavelot 514.32 (58875)

Prophet 13167

Tama Jim 122^5

Prince Henry 10645

The Baron VII (2a930)..
Alvechurch Heirloom ..

9618 (239.50)

Congo (21578)

Raven .5.30X3 -- -

Pompev 42383

Porthos X 861—

Prince 1025

Trotter

Shire

Trotter
Shire

Clydesdale
French Draft
Clydesdale

Percheron

Percheron

Trotter

Trotter

Trotter

Trotter

Percheron

French Draft

Percheron

Percheron

Percheron

Percheron

Percheron

Clydesdale

Percheron

Percheron

Trotter

Trotter

Percheron

Belgian

Shire

Percheron

Percheron
Percheron

Percheron
Percheron

Percheron

French Draft

Trotter

Belgian

French Draft

Trotter

Trotter

Shire

Trotter

Perclieron

Clydesdale

(Clydesdale

Clydesdale

Shire

Shire

Belgian

Percheron

Percheron

Belgian

Belgian

TAYLOR COUNTY

Frank Stanley

W. H. Pfander—
E. T. Philpott

Gravity ' Compeer 9649

Sharpsburg Lucky Lad 4(M71-

Sharpsburg Bedford 25620

(19170)

Clydesdale
Percheron
Percheron

900

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

TAYLOR COUNTY— Continued

^3

a>Z

Name of Owner

Postoface

Name of Stallion

Breed

349

J. S. Hanshaw

G. W. Page

G. W. Page

E. W. Har den-
brook

J. S. Stimson

Jno. Curphey

W. H. Payton

Thos. McClintock.

Bedford

Brilliant 28679

Percheron

345

Lenox

Chasseur 32831 (46217)..
Mingo Chief 0666

Herschel Rysdyke

31325
Huxwood 38735 . .. .—

Percheron

344

Trotter

305

Bedford —

Trotter

325

Gravity

Trotter

306

Iroquois 34600

Percheron

356

Bedford

Soudeur 28688 (25700)

Sultan 33195

Percheron

464

Lenox .. . .

Percheron

519

Grove T o w n-
ship Horse Co..

Newton Rhoades.
Warren ODell

Lenox .

Lime Kiln Tom 7595

(21599)

Ernst 41867 (571.31)

Ottoman Chief Jr

34343
Ax Dowell 40369

Exbird 39999

Shire

33

Lenox

Percheron
Trotter

492

Dr. Wm. Read-
head

Dr. Wm. Read-

Trotter

491

Trotter

586

584

J. J. Knox

a. n. Hazen.

Clearfield

Bedford

General Scott 30497

King of All 30169

Denain 32428 (47543)

Antrione 43073

Percheron
Percheron

427 Charles Bean

683 1 -T- M. T^onor

New Market

Percheron
Trotter

613
745

750

G. D. Bix

Bedford

Gabels Black Prince

5751
Langton Napoleon 5749_

(18140)

King Purquois 45053

Bob Orr 25424

Shire

State Road Horse
Co. . -

Bedford

Shire

Clnrk Armstronsr

Lenox

Percheron

749 ' Clark Armstrong

Trotter

760 VV. W. Kirby.-.
808 The Morning Star
1 Percheron
Horse Co.

Gravity

Bedford

Major Genese 1250

(18802)

Rudolph 17323

Belgian
Percheron

852

850
844

Wise, Ray, Mil-
ler Horse Co

John Curphey

E. T. Philnott

New Market

Lenox

Sharpsburg

Sharpsburg

Sharpsburg

Gravitv .. . .

Picador 27854 (46930)

Sir Clinton 45309

Comet II 40520

Percheron
Percheron
Percheron

846 E. T. Philpott

848 E. T. Philpott

1086 Pierce Wheeler

Lamont 40807 ..

Percheron

Laureat 32670 (46176)....

Keota Captor 21661

Lord Bancroft 7040

Kid McCloy 9228

Lafleur De Wortghem.

(33292)
Bonneval 254.37 (45405)..

Samory 26551 (43742)

Baron Lockhart 9699—.

(10585)
Chestnut Sprague 35366
Sir Hugo 6378 (20028)....

Humbert de Pomm 2052
(23192)

Gold-Dust .50237

Lee-Dallas 502.39

Girton Tom 6390

Earl of Dunbar 10631..
Fanfulla 2238 (.32794)

Fauntleroy 41237

Teddy 15097

Blain 15098

Percheron
Percheron

1097 .J. A. Hamilton—.

Bedford

Shire

1006 Phil Slatterv ...

Lenox . . .

Clydesdale

993

S. A. Dowell

Gravity Draft

Horse Co.

Clearfield Horse

Improvement Co
J. T. Dunlap

E. M. Patton

A. D. Robey

C. H. Chamber-
lain .

Conwav

Belgian

1192

Gravity

Percheron

1247
1273

Clearfield

Lenox ..

Percheron
Clydesdale

1356'

Clearfield

Conwav .

Trotter
Shire

1375

Bedford

Belgian

1431

J. A. Hamilton.—
E. E. Leighton— .

W. P. Oliver

Harry Allen

S. E. Robinson...
B. T. Philpott &

Co.

H. N. Ray

H N. Ray

Bedford

Percheron

1487
1534

New Market

Lenox

Percheron
Shire

1669
1719

Hopkins, Mo. ..
Conway .

Clydesdale
Belgian

1761
1839

Sharpsburg

Ladoga ..

Percheron
French Draft

1838

Ladoga

French Draft

2130

Blockton Perch-
eron Horse Co.-

Blockton Horse
Co.

S. & W. W.
Hartzler

Dr. O. T. West—

J. D. Barrans

Herbert Peak

M. M. Spurgeon..
J. E. Anderson...
J. E. Anderson...

Blockton

Blockton

Bedford

.Toubert 2-5816 .

Percheron

2150
2285

Jupiter 10848 (921)

De Leon 42043

Horaere 42597

Stuntney Expectant ...
5374

Norvent Boy 39707

.\ccorte 14854 (59933)P.
Hercule II 920

French Draft
Percheron

2299

Conwav

Trotter

2499
2472

Clearfield

Shire
Trotter

2726

Bedford .-

French Draft

2772

Conway

Conway

Belgian

2773

Joseph 42238

Percheron

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART XII. 901

TAYLOR county-Continued

vZ
O

Name of Owner

Postofflce

Name of Stallion

Breed

2774
2843
2308
2863

2939
3124
3125
2131
1385
3403
3461
3483

3849
3861
3860
3859
1680
343
3933
4055
4223
4197
4170

4294
4293
4325
4327
4363
350

4439
4445
4446
4447
4448
4449
4450
4451
4453
4453
4454
44S5
4456
4457
4458
4459
4460
4461
4462
4463

J. E. Anderson...

Fine Bros.

E. E. Leighton...
Powell & De

Haven

J. N. Niciiols

W. H. Payton

W. H. Payton.

W. H. Price

W. H. Robinson..

H. Davidson

S. N. Bristown

H. M. Long

J. E. Barkliurst..

E. E. Leighton

E. T. Philpott— .
E. T. Philpott—..
E. T. Philpott....
E. T. Philpott-..

Clarke Grace

C. B. Atkin

W. H. Robinson..

J. A. Hamilton

Wm. Redhead — .
Elmer Crum

Conway

New Market
New Market

Conway

Clearfield ...

Bedford

Bedford

Gravity

Bedford

New Market

Bedford

Bedford

Clearfield ...

New Market
Sharpsburg .
Sharpsburg .
Sharpsburg .
Sharpsburg .

Bedford

Lenox

Bedford

Bedford

Lenox

Blockton

J. J. Mercer Lenox

J. J. Mercer Lenox

H. M. Long Bedford

B. E. Leighton j New Market

J. P. Lininger Lenox

Churchill &
Dougherty Bedford

J. M.
B. T.
E. T.
E. T.
E. T.
E. T.
E. T.
E. T.
B. T.
B. T.
E. T.
E. T.
E. T.
B. T.
E. T.
E. T.
E. T.
B. T.
E. T.
E. T.

Long

Philpott—
Pbilpott-
Philpott—
Philpott-.
Philpott-.
Philpott..
Philpott..
Philpott—
Philpott-
Philpott..
Philpott..
Philpott..
Philpott..
Philpott-.
Philpott..
Philpott..
Philpott..
Philpott-.
Philpott..

4284 N. Herrigan

Lenox

Sharpsburg
Sharpsburg
Sharpsburg
Sharpsburg
Sharpsburg
Sharpsburg
Sharpsburg
Sharpsburg
Sharpsburg
Sharpsburg
Sharpsburg
Sharpsburg
Sharpsburg
Sharpsburg
Sharpsburg
Sharpsburg
Sharpsburg
Sharpsburg
Sharpsburg

Conway

Conway Sully 42240

Prime Minister 5166

Maxima 50058 (59943)

Brave 13679 (60443)P

Captain Jinks 11103

Perfection 44731

Pink Paragon 43929

Jupiter Jr. 15031

Banker 50290

Major 6577

Victor 44734

Favorite Herschel 45441
Botha de Leoten

(33020)

Black Boulder 50252

Laurent 33171

Banker 51.538

Royal Boy 51055

Leduc 23313

Castellan 40144 (52911)..

MacCloy Jr. 9218

Geron 2846 (41868)

Baro 2843 (41866)

Colonel McDowell 4453G
William McKinley --.

30215

Lieutenant 35544

Mokrani 29835

James 51101 (67494)...

Lucky Strike 50340

Dexter 16622

Tatton Navigator 6990

(19170)

Garnetwood 47852

Blande II 41661

French Monarch 16980.

Success 41708 -

Gay Lad 41663

Orphan Boy 42849

Theodore 42490

Sargent 35369

Coco 51614

Black PereheroH 51201

Sargeant 50690

Success 50705

Bedford 42319

Black Joe 50691

Jean Le Blanc 41706

Teddie Boy 51.579

Blande II 51613

Brilliant 42538

Stuntney Prince 9690.
Sharpsburg Warrior

9077
Counsellor 4999

Percheron

Shire

Percheron

French Draft

French Draft

Percheron

Percheron

French Draft

Percheron

Shire

Percheron

Trotter

Belgian

Percheron

Percheron

Percheron

Percheron

Percheron

Percheron

Percheron

Clydesdale

Belgian

Belgian

Trotter

Percheron

Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
French Draft

Shire

Trotter

Percheron

French Draft

Percheron

Percheron

Percheron

Percheron

Percheron

Percheron

Percheron

Percheron

Percheron

Percheron

Percheron

Percheron

Percheron

Percheron

Percheron

Shire

Shire

Morgan

UNION COUNTY

569
61

40
568
709

710

R. C. Holland....
Taylor Kilgore ..

R. J. Ross

A. E. Otis

A. Latimer Wil

son

F. L. Streams

611 C. N. Paulson

610 C. N. Paulson

416 C. G. Webb

753 1 Sadler & Brown

I Bros.

792 W. R. Henderson.

Afton Judge Towner 19419 iTrotter

Cromwell Mongol 42230 (52133) I Percheron

Cromwell - -I Creston Royal 4943 Shire

Alton I Bijou 10839 French Draft

Creston Villebon 10529 (14471) 'Percheron

Creston — Plainview Dignity II.. Shire

1 6389

Lorimor Coco 23406

Lorimor Gentleman Joe 6181 —

Afton Lethbridge 7713

Percheron

Shire
Shire

Creston i Souverain 41195 (52467).. Percheron

Afton I Moscow 35509 (42605) ! Percheron

902 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

UNION COUNTY— Continued

Name of Owner

Postofflce

Name of Stallion

Breed

799
856
805
806
1053

1044 G.

1140 S.

1139 S.

1260 B.

1340 E.

1341 E.

1342 B.

1343 E.

804
1605

A. Stevenson.-

E. Reetz

J. Gibbons

J. Gibbons

J. Stalcup

W. Stream

J. Bayles

J. Bayles-

E. Carter

Fugier

Pugier

Fugier

Fugier —

Shannon City

Cromwell

Cromwell

Cromwell

Lorimor

Spaulding —

Cromwell

Cromwell

Creston

Creston

Creston

Creston

Creston

M. lams & Co— .
C. L. Waltz

Lorimor .
Spaulding

1621 G. li. Reed _.

1635 C. D. Riggs

1703 H. Y. Lnpher

1766 I G. W. Stream —
1798 ' Grant Hubble

326
2027
2320

1856
»i84
2655
2671

2473
2570

McKinnie Bros.
F. L. Stream-

Kent -

Spaulding
Lorimor ..
Spaulding

Kent

Afton

Creston — .

W. R. Wilson Arispe

H. H. Jeter-

G. W. Bilbo-

M. E. Thompson-
A. T. Worsley &

Sons

J. H. Garrels

Shannon City

Percheron

Horse Co.

Creston Shire

Horse Co.

Thayer
Creston
Afton -

Kent -
Thayer

2754 A. L. Wilson-

1052 L. L. Stoner.-

555 David Miller --

2861 J. J. Thompson—

2911 J. H. Garrels

2909 Ed Hupp

2928 E. F. & F. L.

Sullivan

2953
2952
2960

3128

3157
3333

G. W. Bilbo

G. W. Bilbo

L. M. Cherring
ton

F. L. Stream

Gale McCall

G. S. ■Rf>pt-

A. Latimer Wil-
son

Shannon City
Creston

Creston

Afton

Spaulding

Afton

Thayer _-
Afton

Afton

Creston —
Creston —

Creston —
Creston —
Lorimor

Cromwell

3S48 Stream & Wilson.

3411 Frank A. Ide-

3412 Franli A. Ide

3413 I Frank A. Ide

3414 S. H. Wright

3497
3498
3499
3500
3599
3628
3629
3686
3768
3890
3931

Geo. W. Bilbo—.
Geo. W. Bilbo—.
Geo. W. Bilbo—.
Geo. W. Bilbo—.

D. J. Gibbons

Geo. W. Bilbo—.

C. G. Webb

B. Whitworth ...
Frank L. Stream.
John Kilgore —
Geo. W. Bilbo--.

Creston

Creston
Creston
Creston
Creston
Afton ..

Creston --
Creston ..
Creston --
Creston _.
Cromwell
Creston --
Afton —
Afton —
Creston --
Cromwell
Creston --

Iowa Champion 7286

Redea 4557 —

Ravenwood 8339

Gibbons Charger 6968—

Romulus 44892

Prince of Wales 6725-..

Slasher 40401 —

Banker II 7635

Grayson 19436 —

Senator 41137

Percheron Chief 41106—

Chestnut Baron 8108

Hakes' Prince 5854

(18778)

Medley Rex 37790--

Stuntney Airlie 8023—.

(22965)

Sultan 45435 (48.324)

Iowa Prince 4841

Prince Albert II 13861--

Modock 41236

l,ofty Yet 9945

Bluffer 29717

Lucky Lad 8182

Duke of Marlborough-.

19540

Boileau 50422 (60614)

Colonel Beaumont 7998.
Custerwood 43445 --

Shire

Morgan

Shire

Shire

Percheron

Shire

Percheron

Shire

Trotter

Percheron

Percheron

Shire

Shire

Trotter
Shire

Percheron

Morgan

French Draft

Percheron

Clydesdale

Percheron

Shire

Percheron

Belgian

Shire

Trotter

Valerien 47985 (58032; Percheron

Lemaire 860 French Coach

Otta 40387

Plain View Dignity

5550
Edward VII 6931

(Vol. 25)

Maroc 14130

Bon Ami 4630

Greenwood 28150

Preval 14185

Calvin 11535

(20017)
Trumans Surprise 7342.

Keck 6575

Crown Prince 8O0O.

Percheron

Shire

Shire

French Draft

Shire

Trotter

Percheron

Percheron

Shire

Shire
Shire

Prime 2415 (36859)- _ Belgian

Sport 13731 French Draft

Major D' Ob 2531 Belgian

(Vol. 8, p. 480)
Sostene 50865 (62597) iPercheron

Bedwell Marquis 8326-. Shire

(22101)
Frimas 50957 (61646)....

Monteith 31604

Boulder 46527

Major 46526

Linton Executor 5654..

(17449)

Roy Hazelton 9054

Banker Boy 9066

Cap Vincent 9065

Rex Beaumont 9063

Irvington 8S57

Hugh Roderic 49519

Coal Brilliant 49520—
Brilliant's Model 22404
Pimpant 51370 (66729)-
Diavolo 51372 (65407)—
Vallor 50284

! Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
;Shire

Ishire
Shire

i Shi re

iShire

jShire

Percheron

Percheron

Percheron

Percheron

'Percheron

iPercheron

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART XII.

903

UNION county-Continued

4)Z

3933

3957
3993
4023
386
4(M7
4048
4049
4050
4051
4053
4111
4144
4204
4199
4195
4184
4183

4250

4251
4287
1005
4304
4362
4394
4397

670
4473

Name of Owner

Postoflace

Name of Stallion

Breed

Geo. W. Bilbo

Geo. W. Bilbo

Frank A. Ide

H. C. Schroder—

G. W. Stream

J. P. Cromwell.-.

Geo. W. Bilbo

Geo. W. Bilbo

Geo. W. Bilbo....

Geo. W. Bilbo

Geo. W. Bilbo. ._-

Geo. W. Bilbo

W. M. Smith

G. W. Welling

Loubet Horse Co.

W. R. Wilson

H. P. Bntxg

G. W. Welline...
A. Latimer Wil-
son -

L. M. Cherrlngton

Wm. Downs

Geo. W. Bilbo

Geo. W. Bilbo

D. J. Gibbons

Geo. W. Bilbo

C. W. Harkness-
A. Latimer Wil-
son

A. Latimer Wit-
son

J. H. Garrels

August Reetz

Creston

Creston

Creston

Creston

Creston

Shannon City .

Creston

Creston

Creston

Creston

Creston

Creston

Thayer

Afton

Thayer

Arispe

Afton

Afton

Creston

Creston

Creston

Creston

Creston

Cromwell

Creston

Creston

Creston

Creston

Thayer

Cromwell

Dick Ryan .50266

Couquor 50270

Theodore 49709

Black Diamond 48619..

Butor 42543 (62561)

.1. W. 11125

Black Jack 40859

Prosper 48070

Logan 50280

Major 52501

Monarch 50273

Pagoda 50276

Lime Light 44106

Carnegie 32686

Loubet 28440 (45686)

Sideram 42563 (65319)...
Greenwood, Jr. 43439.
Bicot 54380 (66825)

Inval 2847 (41890)

Mayeur 2849 (37210)

Aiglon 2841 (41858)

Hugh Vincent 9737

Doctor Lad 26340

Bamboo's Wonder 9719.

Hugh Bennett 50269

Tions Bon 2474

Percheron
Perclieron
Perclieron
Perclieron
Percheron
Frencli Draft
Percheron
Percheron
Perclieron
Percheron
J Percheron
Percheron
Trotter
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Trotter
Percheron

Belgian

Belgian

Belgian

Shire

Percheron

Shire

Percheron

French Coach

Bouncer 9561 Shire

Royal Paxton 9743 Shire

(25592)
Becket May Prince 6857 Shire

(17149)
LaRose 54387 (67502) Percheron

VAN BUREN COUNTY

457

J. V. Clark...

Birmingham

Blyth Farmers Lad

5389 (16003)

Shire

458

J. V. Clark

Birmingham

Rudolf 70 (1216)

Oldenburg Coach

114

T. L. Simmons &

Son

Bonaparte

Esnault 34769

155

A. A. Bonner

Keosauqua

.Jamais 25583 (43815)

Percheron

197

E. E. Keck

Stockport

Roseau 25586 (44296)

12994

French Draft
and Percheron

256

Jas. W. Rhynas-.

Stockport

Pepin 35100 (52938)

Percheron

479

Wm. Bishop

J. H. Stull

Milton

Marquis III 33769...

Keota-Sawyer 33440

Percheron

4.35

Birmingham

Percheron

792

J. W. Warner

Bentonsport ..

Mud Creek Bill 10274.

Clydesdale

813

J. V. Clark

Birmingham

Masher 8390 _

Shire

823

S. B. & L. C.

Carroll

J. H. Zeitler

Selma

Keota-Blaurock 24823...
Chequest Hero 44256

Percheron

824

Douds-Leando

Percheron

1161

L. S. Pickett

L. S. Pickett

W. D. Thomas

Cantril

Cherbourg 25581 (44507)..
Volcan 642 (4052)

Percheron

nfiO

Cantril

Belgian

1468

Douds-Leando ..

Chanteur 1918 (32820)

Belgian

1469

W. D. Thomas

Douds-Leando ..

Radis (48708)

Percheron

154

R. C. Harris

Stockport

Stockport

Stockport

Plato 44975

171'^

F M Smith

Champ 11570

Clydesdale

1713

F. M. Smith

Stockport Dewey 23673.

Percheron

1790

T. R. Robertson.

Farmington

Chopin 44113 (57667)

Percheron

1210

J. E. McKeehan..

Farmington

Chief Coburn 6982

Shire

2111

L. K. Doud

Panama 41618 . .

Percheron

2329

P. D. Holloway.-
A. J. Leffler

Milton

Omar C. 42168

Trotter

2395

Stockport

Master Fearless 94*4...

Clydesdale

2453

R E Meek

Bonaparte

Farmington

Mellier 9993

French Draft

2529

E. D. Prunty

Kale 8591

Clydesdale

2530

B. D. Prunty

Farmington

Quenny 24816 (44496)

Percheron

2531

State Line Coach

Rallien 2480

French Coach

2a35

V. F. Newell

Birmingham

Brilliant 15192

French Draft

2836

V. F. NeweU

Birmingham

Triton 15195

French Draft

904

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

VAN BUREN COUNTY-Continued

«-2

Name of Owner

Postofflce

Name of Stallion

Breed

28S2

Birmingham
Draft Horse Co.

A. F. Haney

A. F. Haney

M. S. Bonar

Morris, Newman

& Morris

Morris, Newman

& Morris -.

A. M. Brady

S. F. Henry

E. C. Holland,
W. H. Craven &
W. H. Atkins—
Harrisburg Perch-
eron Horse Co--
Harrisburg Perch-
eron Horse Co—
John W. Warner-

S. C. Kerr

S. C. Kerr

Fisher & Guy

Donald & Ed-
wards -

Birmingham

Milton

Favori II 45574

Percheron

SW-W

Pernaux 14878

French Draft

2958
3328

Milton

Milton

Ike Squirrel 1888

Wayside Chief 8586

King Dover 48394

Collard 35004

Nectur 45576 (64248)

Victor 7448

Saddle Horse
Clydesdale

3379
1108
3433

Stockport

Stockport

Milton

Percheron

Percheron
Percheron

3537

Bonaparte

Milton ..

Shire

3546

Onatas 13267

French Draft

3560

3561

3574
3609
3610

Stockport

Stockport

Bentonsport

Keosauqua

Keosauqua

Cantril

Citoyen 40277 (45928)....

Imprint Jr. 33548

Pat Crown 43203...

Benson Prince 15435

Triton 15429

Percheron

Trotter
Trotter
French Draft
French Draft

3607

Picador 44121 (60211)

Prince Goodwin 8931

King Edward IV 6121-
Lochinvar 45346

Percheron

3742

Stockport

Farmington

Keosauqua

Keosauqua

Stockport

Bonaparte

Clydesdale

3954
4066

B. M. Boyer

W. C. Strait

W. C. Strait

J. H. Keck

T. L. Simmons—

Shire
Percheron

4067
196

4262

Brilliantine 44255

Chartroose 7803 33721.-

Co Co 50603

Percheron
French Draft

and Percheron
Percheron

WAPELLO COUNTY

989

Jay Bros.

Blakesburg

Blakesburg

Blakesburg

Ottumwa

Ottumwa

Ottumwa

Agency .

Facteur 27139 (46785)

Belleau 24553 (43513)

Waldo 901 —

Mars 21919

Senator Ballingall 31895

Ouse Wonder 7944

Asseurus 12860

Red Allerlo 45423

Transvaal 23199 (44612)..
Cyprien 28736 (48448)

Uruguay (48765) 48009...
John 32039

Captor 12027 (12078)

Keota Standard 27693..
Brilliant 50218 (59668)..

Onslow 41973

Black Chief 41955

Mac Lilly 9071

King of Perche 34712

Pellico 24287

Shadeland Athelete .. .

29695
Anchor Lockheart 33162

Wapello Chief 13113

Xevier 29650

Judge Crisman 33161...

Captain K. 42412

Duke of Scotland 12631
Co Co 16845

Percheron

1>S,S

84
605
604
603
796

0. S. Miller

P. E. Leinhauser
P. B. Leinhauser
P. B. Leinhauser

Jas. A. Miller

L. C. Hendershot

J. H. Kepler

W. S. Maurice

T. F. & W. C.

Gonterman

W. S. Maurice

Village Creek

Horse Co.

C. E. Moore

B. M. Holmes

H. Woods

A. J. Black

Blair and Jackson
A. D. & Carl F.

Krueger

Belgian
Percheron
Trotter
Shire

976
1271
1822
2260

Ottumwa

Kirkville

Ottumwa

Eldon

Trotter

Percheron

Percheron

1722
1574

2816
2947
3123

Ottumwa

Ottumwa

Eddyville

Eddyville

Eldon

Percheron

Clydesdale
Percheron
Percheron
Trotter

3382
3470
3493

Blakesburg

Ottumwa

Ottumwa -

Ottumwa

Ottumwa

Ottumwa .-

Ottumwa

Ottumwa

Ottumwa

Ottumwa -

Dudley

Eldon

Percheron
Clydesdale

Percheron

3494
3495

A. D. & Carl F.

Krueger

A. D. & Carl F.

Krueger

Percheron
Trotter

3496

A. D. & Carl F.
Krueger

Trotter

3508
3530

3531

Roy Gosney

A. D. & Carl F.

Krueger „

A. D. & Carl F.

Clydesdale
Trotter

3532

A. D. & Carl F.

Trotter

Clydesdale
French Draft

3692
4165

Chas. Peterson,

P. A. Gustafson

& W. L. Johnson.

Leroy E. Pite

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART XII.
WAPELLO county-Continued

905

4164
4255
4263
4264

Leroy E. Fite

P. E. Leinhauserl

Geo. Lentner

Geo. Lentner

Eldon ...
Ottumwa
Ottumwa
Ottumwa

Mignon 14390 French n-nCf

Bon Lusty 6600 (llSg) Shfre ^"

Keota James 9514.... SL ro
Keota Calix 44793 Percheion

WARREN COUNTY

245 I

16
22

8
553
521
475
704
421

975

1077
1076
1075
1069
1033
1259

1358

1291

1290
1289
1288
1300
1301

1302

W. O. Romine &
W. J. Shigley...

Oscar Hunt

J. A. Mason...
F. W. Smith....

E. F. Keeney

H. E. Hopper

J. H. Simmerman
Henry Horse Co
Alexander &

Wheeler

St. Mary's Perch-

eron Horse Co.

Taggart & Son.

Taggart & Son,...
Taggart & Son....
C. E. Read_...
Schuldt .-
Barnett &

New Virginia ...

Carlisle ...
Carlisle ...
Winter set
Carlisle ...
ludianola .
Indianola .
Carlisle ...

Prole ..

Draft

Chris.
J. H.

Son
J. H.

Son
H. B.

Barnett &

Flesher

B.
B.
B.
D.

1459
1440

1441

1442

1444

1652

1653

1443

2089

2091

2147

2148 !

2501

2611

2532

2533

2563

1663

1794

2834
3037
3172

Flesher

Flesher

Flesher

Mason

j Warren County

Horse Co.

Warren County

Horse Co. .
H. E. Hopper...
F. O. Nutting &

Son

F. O.

Son

F. O.

Son

F. O.

Son

J. H.

Son

J. H.

Son

I. w.

T. G.

T. O.

H. E.

H. E.

W. T.

E. T.

St. Marys ....
New Virginia
New Virginia ..
New Virginia .
New Virginia
Norwalk

Indianola

Indianola .

Liberty Center..

Liberty Center..

Liberty Center..

Liberty Center..

Lacona

Beaumont Standard

0080 (11758)
Le Blanco II 13131.

Blue Rex 39786

Aeritouian 32506

Fuschia 25181 (imlV.

Marengo 41408 ... .. ^^.^-,,t.,.

Arthur 10059 iFrenf-h Ti^^ft.

Romeo 29519 (44986)1:::: Per?heron ^"

Penneloz 54.568

Shire

French

Trotter

Trotter

Percheron

Percheron

Nutting &
Nutting &
Nutting &

Barnett &

Barnett &

Thomas

McCoy-.-.
McCoy....
Hopper.—
Hopper...
Sinnard..
Keeney

Indianola

Indianola
Indianola

Indianola
Indianola

Indianola
Indianola

Indianola

Percheron

Percheron

Shire

French Coach

Percheron

Shire

Belgian

Percheron

What You Like 29161.. Percheron

Brilliant 10289 6427 ! Percheron

c ,„ I French Draft

Solide 21454 (43346) Percheron

Lenain 3966 Shire

Sampson 34733 Percheron

Banker 6783 Shire

Ecclier 33959 (48753)

Illinois II .5,536

Keota-Carnot 1469
Waterloo 50212

Edward VII 6931.::::"'

Port Drapeau 1066

(21590)
Teddy 34678

Taggart & Son....

Taggart & Son.

P. H. Hester

Churchville Horse

Co.

Cumming Horse

Co.

Social Plains

Horse Co .... indianola .
^- ,|- Shetterly.. St. Charles

E. M. Lewis Norwalk _

L. C. Barnett &

Co. Indianola..

Indianola

Norwalk

Indianola

Indianola

Indianola

Indianola

Carlisle .::

Carlisle ',

New Virginia ..
New Virginia ..
Indianola

Avalanch 10026

Admiral 24504 (44658)
Africander (Vol. 23)...

Rex 41887

French Draft

Percheron
Shire

Percheron
Percheron

Churchville
Cumming ..

Gladitor's Pride 43873..

Black Dandy 40772 jpercheron

Dewey's Image 431.50-.-lpercheron
Simpson Boy 346S1 Percheron

Percheron
Percheron

Brilliant 4.5630

Coco 35856

Admiral Togo 43076 .... Percheron
Kenwood Chief 34680... PercheroS
Better Yet 43995.-.. fiercneron

Perfeetum 44143

Keota-Burnett 33461

Black Joe 35854

Joe. Bailey II 8393.

Kruger 26314 -'Percheron

Robert Terton 37182 Trotter

Trotter

Trotter

Percheron

Percheron

Shire

Mirliton 2258 (Vol

Androcles 41274

12) -I Belgian
(59473)- iPercheron

Grincheur 2832 IPercheron

Napoleon 15565 [French Draft

Joe Cedric 40861 Trotter

General 43077 iPercheron

IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE.
WARREN COUNTY— Continued

Name of Owner

Postoflace

Name of Stallion

Breed

3173

3174

3175

3279

3318
1439
3345
3408
3471

3619
3620
3627
2502

699

L. C. Barnett &
Co.

L. C. Barnett &
Co.

L. C. Barnett &
Co. -

Read Bros.

J. P. Wilson

John Summerman

A. E. Vansyoc

J. A. Mason

A. DeMoss

James MulvihilL-

James Mulvihlll-.

J. F. Wright

Elmer Keeney

W. J. Wilson

3641 E. D. Spencer —

3669 Marshall & Han-

by

3260 S. W. Weeks

3750 Don L. Berry

3900 H. B. Flesher

3966 I xVdam Stamm

3295 F. L. Kessler

4098 W. J. Wilson

4104
4147

4135

4321
4326
3656

4148
2985

L. L. Harvey.

J. F. Gibbs

W. J. Wilson.
S. W. Weeks-.

Ora Conrad

F. H. Slack

Ned E. Spurgeon

E. Rigrgs

W. Weeks

Indianola

Indianola

Indianola

New Virginia .

Indianola

Indianola

:\Iilo

Carlisle

Spring Hill — .

dimming

Cumming

Milo

Lacona

Lacona

Milo

Summerset

Indianola

Indianola

Liberty Center.

(^arlisle

Lacona

Liberty Center.

Lacona

Lacona

Liberty Center.
Indianola

New Virginia .

Hartford

Ackworth

Lacona

Indianola

Admiral Jr. 48129.
Lad 48130

French Lad 15717

Stuntney Benedict 8893.

(23741)
Caesar 45539

Gladiator II 33148

Bulger 10033

Duroc Rex 45351...

Romeo de Bernissem...

2053 (27248)

Vaneau 31435 (46653)

Malicieux 30592 (48759)..

Diamond Dick 3598

Barondon Blaze 6450...

(15973)
Questeur 10149

Milo Boy 45455-

Agencol 16101

Damocles 28436 (44960)..

Josef 46S0O '....

Cedar Clav 4.5434

Bonpays 50800 (64190)_.

Otto 46096

Waxham Lad 7150

(19227)
Norwood Echo 49329--

.Toe 49333

Igniter 5191

The Arch Duke 2569--.

(8396)

Chief 13617

Dexter 15650

Groom 7342-11981 (22315).

Proud Brilliant 49334—.
Brisefer 28433 (45431)—.

Percheron

Percheron

French Draft
Shire

Percheron
Percheron
French Draft
Trotter
Belgian

Percheron
Percheron
Shetland Pony
Shire

French Draft

Trotter

French Draft

Percheron

Percheron

Perclieron

Percheron

Percheron

Shire

Percheron
Percheron
Shetland Pony
Shire

French Draft
French Draft
Percheron and
French Draft
Percheron
Percheron

WASHINGTON COUNTY

198
222
1059
1058
1047
1111
1113

1159
1158
1157

1327
1495
1806

1993
2006

2035
2036

2092
2093

2094
2210
2417
2512

M. M. Kempf

W. R. Bonham-..

J. E. BIgar

J. E. Elgar

E. M. Smith

W. C. White

W. C. White

Chapel Bros.

(!;hapel Bros.

Chapel Bros.

A. P. Hayes

C. C. Erude—

The Egypt Horse

Co.

B. J. Shetler

C. E. Hershber-
ger

Leichty & Conrad
Leichty & Conrad

R. H. Leeper

R. H. Leeper

R. H. Leeper

J. B. Spencer

C. J. Winter

T. E. Johnson

Kalona

Kalona

Noble

Noble

Crawfordsville

Ainsworth

Ainsworth

Ainsworth -
Ainsworth -
Ainsworth -

Washington
Wellman -—

Noble
Noble

Norm 13155

Why Not II 7186 (21027)

Little Plumb 40087

Big Cinnamen .39090

Orageux 36110 (44812)

Mithridate 20535 (35.918) _
Albert Sidney .lohnston

42345

Kadour 24767 (46672)

Frenchman 499

General Washington --

1475

Ganzoo 17645

Keota Arthur 5796

Washington Parfait 400.31 (42395)-.

Kalona Kalona Boy 38259

Wellman
Noble —
Noble —

Noble

Ainsworth -

Washington

Washington

Young Rapin 14543

Guerrero 46188 (60811)-
Prince John II 6137..

(19032)

Eugene 41566

Strubby Fear None.—

7573 (20935)
Congolias 1921 (29634).
Satisfait 46048 (63380)-
Ardent 46151 (58831)-
Lavron 28466

French Draft

Shire

I Trotter

iTrotter

Percheron

[Percheron

[Percheron

Percheron
French Draft
Saddle Horse

Trotter
Shire

Percheron
Trotter

French Draft

Percheron

Shire

Percheron
Shire

Belgian
Percheron
Percheron
Trotter

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART XII. 907

WASHINGTON COUNTY— CONTINUED

p

Name of Owner

Postofnce

Name of Stallion

Breed

2525

B. J. Oyer

D. Rittenhouse &
Son

Noble

Prince Monarch 40629...

Marcellus 46075

Roy N. 43477

Keota-Jacob 7780

Keota-Sargent 8270

Lalie Lancer 8785

(20622)
Dandy Dan 21503

Keota-Pansey 4972

All Here 9248

Percheron

Percheron

Trotter

Shire

Shire
Shire

Trotter

Shire

French Draft

French Draft

Shire

Percheron

French Draft

2632

Washington

Wellman

Wellman

Wellman

Washington

Washington

Riverside -.

Brighton

Brighton

Brighton

Brighton

Kalona .

2656
2590

2591

2728

2737
2874

E. E. Norman

E. E. Embe &

Chas. Gabriel —
E. E. Embe &

Chas. Gabriel .._
C. J. Winter

J. 0. Swift—

V. F. Schnoeb-
elen ..

2917

Wentworth & Mc-
Clelland

1918

Wentworth & Mc-
Clelland

Waldo 13323

8919

Wentworth & Mc-
Clelland

Gabels' Champion 6132..

(18028)
Rodomont 226^4 (34006)..

King 14456

2920
3119

Wentworth & Mc-
Clelland

E. D. Herchber-

ger

3418

D. J. & D. M.
Palmer ...

Washington

Kalona .. .. ..

Truant's Premier 21530.
Ed Aegon 45139

^1580

J. W. Justice

D. Rittenhouse ...

H. D. Hazlett

C. S. Fletcher

Henry Lefler

W. C. White

J. W. Glancy

Turbott & Morri-
son

Turbott & Morri-
son

Trotter

3745

Washington

Ainsworth

Crawfordsville .

Ainsworth

Ainsworth

Crawfordsville .

Ainsworth

Ainsworth

Prince of Lakewood...

21528
Red Rob 44135

Percheron
Trotter

1112

mo

Black Prince 4207.

Conrad 33890

Shire
Trotter

4030
4151
4391

4392

Hercules 15972

Glaneur 22711 (43051)

Ainsworth Lad 47898 ..

Keota Albert 49054.—

French Draft
Percheron

Trotter

Percheron

WAYNE COUNTY

A. F. Place.

Humeston

T. A. Toliver Clio

A. F. Place Humeston

F. Place Humeston

A. F. Place I Humeston

Clay Richman

Horse Co. ' Humeston

Clay - Richman

Humeston

D. L. McMurray..

A. H. Palmer

O. O. Littell

O. O. Littell &

Co.

O. O. Littell &

Co.

J. F. Hickman

T. A. C. Miller...
Clio Shire Horse

Co

Walnut Township

Horse Co.

C. H. Trembly

Thos. Allison

C. R. Noble & L.

W. Donald

C. M. Fordyce

Corydon _.
Humeston
Corj'don ..

Corydon

Corydon ..
Humeston

Seymour
Clio

Seymour
Lineville

Sewal

Promise City ..
Powersville, Mo.

Mambrino Kirkwood ..
30703

Ralph 6323

Columbus 11096

Spark IV 7147 (19136)...
Romulus 8851

Rosier 28350 (48816).

Markeaton Primate 6774
(19825)

Bismark 10374

Captain Pat 40845

Gentleman Joe II 6453.

Judge Halsey 33638

Guydirwood 28590
Metropolitan 31753

(47585)
Harlequin 24591 ...

Manea George

Dunios 34507 (48527)

Kingsland Victor 7773_

(20615)
Carroll 19192

Donzelo 500

Creston Jerry 10997.

Trotter

Shire

French Draft
Shire
French Draft

Percheron

Shire

French Draft

Trotter

Shire

Trotter

Trotter
Percheron

Percheron

Shire

Percheron
Shire

Percheron

Belgian
French Draft

908 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

WAYNE COUNTY— Continued

Name of Owner

PostofBce

Name of Stallion

Breed

1716

Couchman & Mc-

.Stuntney Hereward 6618

(Vol. 24)
Sentinel II 6883 (17612).
King of Perchie 18793—
Lad 8364

Shire

1813

2295

2296

Confidence Shire

Horse Co.

Thos. Donald

W. D. Wiley-

W. D. Wiley

W. D. Wiley

A. H. Palmer

Genoa Draft

Horse Co.

W. P. & T. H.
Brown

Promise City -—

Corydon

Lineville

Lineville

Lineville

Humeston

Shire
Percheron

Shire

2297

Roxev 8365 - - -

2412

Regular 7716 -

Shire

2637
2538

Labourer de Horrues—

2530 (34726)
Barbancon 29921 (48667).

Stuntney Duke

(Vol. 25)

Tona 1470 (25380)

Walter 46030 (53154)

Acadia 20265

Creston Tom 4449

Renzo (Vol. 21)

Gambette 40142 (52972)—

Lightraan .^1396 —

La Mark 11061

.Tohn the Baptist 5161-

Robuste 54550 (63610)

Colonel Colbert 39077—

Bristol 520O7 (67268)

Xavier 14561

Belgian
Percheron

2735

Promise City -—

Promise City —
Corydon

Shire

2736

W. P. & T. H.
Brown

Belgian

2769
1234

Tom Donald

Otto Thomas

C. T. Harper

T. H. & W. P.

Brown

R. E. Richie & J.

C. Snodgrass .—

O. O. Littell

O. O. Littell

C. L. Murrow

W. H. Thomas

R. W. Richie

C. E. Pettit

Henry B. Scholty

Percheron
Percheron

2891

Shire

2914

621

3514
3515
4090
4360
4393

Promise City -—

Allerton

Corydon

Corydon

Promise City .„

Sewal

Allerton

Hackney

Percheron

Trotter

French Draft

Morgan

Percheron

Trotter

4412
4440

Seymour

Allerton

Percheron
French Draft

WEBSTER COUNTY

960

Callender Horse

Improving Co. —

Callender

Attila 26064 (46766)

Percheron

1578

Frank Schill —

Harcourt

Bijou de Lant (24954)—

Belgian

1188

Knut Trondsen.—

Callender

Ismael Du Fosteau 1183

Belgian

1457

Roelyn Horse Co-

Mooreland -^

Page 40380 (54733)

Percheron

150-?

A. G. Leonard

P. H. Halligan-.

Fred Douglas 17468

Newton ^lajor 5559

Percheron

1531

Moorland

Shire

1751

P. R. Peterson

Fort Dodge — -

Dreadnaught 8394

Shire

2703

Richard Cooner ..
West Ft. Dodge

Durantin 22699 (42408)-

Percheron

2884

Horse Co.

Fort Dodge

Black Dan 43111

Percheron

S025

Elkhorn Horse

Co.

Kalo

Taupin 40711 (56545) -

Percheron

322

Jno. McMohn &

T M Butler

Indianola Lad 34682 - -

Percheron

Vf\a

Chas. Anderson .

Fort Dodge

General Macee 22379

Percheron

'wn

Otho Horse Co

Fort Dodge

Keiser 15888

French Draft

917

W. Li. Ainsworth-

Fort Dodge

Torouche de Melin 2650
(339.50)

Belgian

!?399

Knut Thorndson .

Callender

Til de Ter 2569

Belgian

?603

J. I. Rutledge

Fort Dodge

Duke 11928

Clydesdale

^605

John McMahon ..

Clare _

Straight Wood Jr

35334

Trotter

3659

M. H. Andrews- —

Dayton

Printemps 24262 (43992)-

Percheron

3898

\Vm. Haurahan -.

Duncombe

Kongo King 9018

Shire

3925

J. C. Savage

Fort Dodge

Edenson 11931 _

Clydesdale

3926

.John .T. Tierney--

Fort Dodge

Arcole 2851 (41884)

Belgian

3728

Clare Belgian

Draft Horse Co-

Clare

Monarque de Taviers--

2699 (29770)

Belgian

1082

.Tohn Crowley

Vincent

Perfection 16654

French Draft

2268

H. F. Hoyer & A.

W. Hasselbring-

Barnum

Black Monarch 42249 _.

Percheron

1236

Riehard Lee

Dayton

Monaboul Brownell - —

35:^09

Trotter

41.34

John Greall

Duncombe

Gueridon 54384 (67632)-

Percheron

3347

John A. Behrens-

Fort Dodge

Keota Champion 20226_.

Percheron

23.39

C. O. Humbert-

Fort Dodge

Coco de Falaon 1552

Belgian

4295

Crooks Draft

(16044)

Horse Co.

Burnside

Moniteur 44387 (26074)-

Percheron

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART XII. 909

WINNEBAGO COUNTY

123
139
140
331
472

1251
1250
2115
2116
2513
3215
3216
3195
3196

3606
3622
4032
4167
4166

4163

2982
4416

Name of Owner

Postofflce

Name of Stallion

Breed

Jno. Batchelor ...
Jolinstou Bros.
Johnston Bros.

Joice Hor.se Co

Sorn Olsen & Moe

Bros.

C. E. Holcomb.

C. E. Holcomb

C. E. Holcomb....

C. E. Holcomb

R. B. Young

Skiles Core

Core Bros

Johnston Bros

Johnston Bros

W. E. Butcher

O. A. Olson

P. H. Harrington

B. L. Kerby

Lake Mills Perch-
eron Horse Co...

.Johnston Bros

P. H. Harrington
J. B. Keeler.

Thompson

Buffalo Center.
Buffalo Center-
Lake Mills .

Stacyvllle

Buffalo Center.
Buffalo Center.
Buffalo Center.
Buffalo Center-
Buffalo Center..
Forest City ....

Forest City

Buffalo Center..
Buffalo Center-
Forest City

Forest City

Buffalo Center..
Lake Mills

Nicodeme 31288 (46297).. 'Percheron

I;orfait III 26479 iPercheron

Red Payne 37596... Trotter

Bardon 46504 ....Percheron

Starr Brilliant 22480

Velo 31524 (47571)

Brilliant 27213
Victor 46937 ..

Vigo 46936 '."'"

Super be 42820 (60762) V
Major Bernard 18561.
Bernard II 42096.

Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
-i Percheron
.Percheron
Percheron

Lghantier 41660 (48876).. Percheron

Archiduc 2522 1 Belgian

(Vol. 13, p. 543)
W. E. Butcher U114

Zeno 35185

Pool Jim 46473.
Jest B. 38S09

Lake Mills

Buffalo Center.
Buffalo Center.
Lake Mills

Annibal (624) ...
Philceon 21274 (431^) "'
Cartouche 42317
Peru 2785 '■

Trotter
Percheron
Trotter
Trotter

French Draft
Percheron
Percheron
French Coach

WINNESHIEK COUNTY

428
172

117
111

255

229
334

41

71

75
481

612

759

I. N. Reed

Bloomfleld Belgian

Draft Horse Co.

M. E. Marsh

Percheron Horse

Co.

Franklin Draft

Horse Co.

Jacob Headington
B. O. Bahken..
Belgian Draft

Horse Co. ..

Curtin &

Baker

Percheron

Burr Oak j Alger .35212 (52492).

Castalia .
Burr Oak

I Noe (25532)

Mark Hanna 1070

2212
2316

2949
2965

3176

3219

3409

593

701

3917

4063

4368

96

3851

E. J.
G. F

Ossian

Horse Co.

Ed Lynnes

Washington Prai-
rie Breeders'
Ass'n

Decorah Coach
Horse Co.

H e s p e r Draft
Horse Co.

Spillville Perch-
eron Horse Co..

Adolph Running..

Alex Sheggrud

Henry Steffes

Burr Oak Belgian
Draft Horse Co__

August Lansing _.

Thos. Floodv -

Thos Floody"

L. .T. Anderson...

E. J. Curtain

W. B. Sphar

Bluffton Horse Co
W. H. Bachelder.
Anderson Bros.

(keepers) I

August Lansing__J

Locust 1 Frondeur 29894 (46118).

Decorah ...
Decorah _._
Decorah __.

Decorah
Decorah

Ossian .
Decorah

, Maretiaux 1380 (25202)
Major Pilot 7171
Galopin (543.36) ..

Decorah

Decorah

Hesper, Minn...

Fort Atkinson .

Decorah

Decorah

Fort Atkinson _

Burr Oak

Ossian ...
Ossian ...
Ossian ...
Decorah .
Decorah .
Castalia .
Ridgeway
Castalia .

Maurisse (25500)

Claude Melnotte 33982.

Galant 24776 (4305O) .
Jaquot (56946)

Athos 14347

Pirat 2599

Baladin 42024 (54427).

Kleber 295S1 (44593)

Henri 30170

The Coupon 35474

British Flag II 4350

Percheron

Belgian
Belgian

Percheron

Belgian

Shire

Percheron

Belgian

Trotter

Percheron
Percheron

Decorah
Ossian .

Camin De Ligne 237.5.
(23356)

Fancy Roy 10433

Paros 151S4 (27271)

Allcolyte 45452

Prince Henry 6728

Superior 26492

Fickle Prince 11689

Pompon 40058 (427a5)...
Chester 9191 (10526) .

Sturmidor 29696
Prince llO&J

French Draft

German Coach

Percheron

Percheron
Perciieron
Trotter
•Shire

. Belgian

.'Clydesdale
. Percheron
. I Trotter

Shire

Percheron

Clydesdale

Percheron
I Clydesdale

Percheron
'Clydesdale

910

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
WOODBURY COUNTY

Name of Owner

Postofflce

Name of Stallion

Breed

254

Hans Peterson —
D. M. Hamilton—

J. A. Clark-

J. J. Buchan

The L a w t 0 n-

Bronson Perch-

eron Horse Co—
A. B. Robinson.—

Jas. Crabb

J. Onstot & J.

Marquart

Lum Hollow

Horse Co

Fred Dyson -

W. C. Coon

Joseph Bernard—

G. E. Loring

Anthony Bower —
August Peterson.-

J. E. Putnam

H. F. Ludwig

Moville Perch-

eron Horse Co—
H. W. Goreham..
Danbury Horse

Co. —

Danbury

Moville

Carlos (47475)

Percheron

Echo Chief 2d 5209

Lord King 24529

Sultan 10823 -

Shire

550

Percheron

723
957

French Draft

Vandeix 34437 (46494)—

Guy Caton 29643

Bruce MacGregor 8553—

Gazon 42873 (59782)

Bayard 31302 (46064)

Kin<^ 12208

Percheron

Sloan

Trotter

Clydesdale

1255

Percheron

1027

Smithland

Sloan - -

Percheron
French Draft

French Draft

March 12487

French Draft

1535
1596
2276

Sioux City

Correctionville --

Danbury

Smithland

Deed's Station—

Moville

Woodfern 33140

Mark Hanna 12489

Cacolet 46152 (55547)

Domero 33430 - -

Trotter
French Draft
Percheron
Trotter

Mvstico 14653 - --

French Draft

2526

Dominant (46091)

King II 44627

Pollux de Caviers

(30032)
Odebolt Choice 11758—-
Wildair 23037 . . - -

Percheron

Percheron

2711

Danbury

Danbury

Correctionville .-

Belgian

2845

Adam Trieber

R. M. Foster

J. F. Brooks

A. A. Sadler

0. S. Pixler &
G. W. Whitmer-

Ira Kelsey

S. L. Spencer

Rudolph Utesch —
F. C. Woodford—

Clydesdale
Percheron

Oreste 21778 (43544)

Bumper 45224 -

Percheron

Correctionville --

Percheron

2983

Financier 6135 - _— ..

Shire

Horniek

Rodrigo 40916

Percheron

Sloan - -

Our Baron 33108- - —

Trotter

Correctionville --
Glenellen

Leger (16648)

Belgian

Locklv 45153

Trotter

wdRTH COUNTY

Ramsey & King-
land

J. H. Huber

J. I. Hove

Deer Creek Draft

Horse Co.

Ben Moore

M. J. Tracy

Danville Perch-
eron Horse Co--
Hartland Silver
Lake Horse Co.-

H. Larson

Fertile Horse Co—

Jorgen J. Brasdal

Anton Nelson

D. A. Mitchell—.

Die G. Mellem

C. H. Dancliff

Joice

INIeltonville .
Northwood .

Deer Creek .

Manly

Manly

Kensett

Northwood .
Hanlontown
Fertile

Joice

Meltonville

Manly

Northwood
Manly

Trader 18996

Selim 32699

Prince 31725 -..

Ardent 27452 (44168)

Valient 30183

Dewey 23968

Chaumont (52914)

Reliance 34086

Culture 12778

Belnie Royal Harold
6781 (18512)

Black Duke 32045

Rambler 21004

Gladstone 12220

Boneville 49511

Rex Wallace 50520

Percheron
Percheron
Percheron

Percheron
Percheron
Percheron

Percheron

Percheron
Percheron
Shire

Percheron
Percheron
Clydesdale
Percheron
Percheron

WRIGHT COUNTY

Henry Mauss .
Oliver Fryslie
G. W. Finn—

G. H. Jameson.—
G. H. Jameson-—

Belmond
Dows .--
Dows -—

Dows -—
Dows -—

Corbon 34819

Orient 2780S (47028)

Volunteer Clippings _„

41142

De Arve 40182

Kruger De Corthys 2228

(24678)

Percheron
Percheron
Trotter

Percheron
Belgian

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII.

WRIGHT COUNTY- Continued

911

ii

Name of Owner

Postofflce

Name of Stallion

Breed

1500
1755
?5?R

W. H. Mantle

E. G. Gould

Polhemus Bros. —

F. Luick & Son—

F. Luick & Son..
Dows Shire Horse
Co.

Goldfleld -

Eagle Grove

Belmond

Keota Decide 20211

Eden G. 42350

Bonhomme 14113 (474)B

Virly 13530 (48482)P

42334
DuPiton 17063 (33658)..-

Exton Vulcan 6997

(Vol. 25)

Obstine 50544 (62536)

Keota Garfield 4970

Maraudeur ■*4468

(55601)

Riflard 28393 (47064)

Warrulton 13107 (45082).

Castellane 14662 (45082).
28151

Lambin 51241 (60152)....
Gold Lad (Vol. 24)....

Ward 5819 (18431)

Boulon 14862 (62679)

Pascal (25498)

Percheron
Trotter
French Draft

?54P

Belmond .. . — .

French Draft
Percheron

2550

Belmond

2705

Dows

Shire

1926
2818
2856

352!1

3615

J. C. Glngerich...

J. H. Callahan

B. Vest

D. D. Wood

E. Bohnett

Eagle Grove

Percheron
Horse Co

Hickory Grove

Horse Co

German Horse Co

W. A. Evans

E. Luick

Eagle Grove

Goldfleld

Goldfleld

Goldfleld

Clarion

Percheron

Shire

Percheron

Percheron
French Draft

3652

3738

4028
3378
3265

Eagle Grove

Belmond

Belmond

Eagle Grove

Belmond

Clarion _ - -

Percheron
French Draft

Percheron

Clydesdale

Shire

French Draft

3254

Cornelia Horse Co
F. H. Brooks

Belgian

4395

Belmond

Marabout 10911 (3382)

French Draft

HORSES OWNED OUTSIDE OF STATE NEAR STATE LINE

3623
4366
3517

4441

4470

4096

1792

Emmons Draft

Horse Co.

J. V. Gillard

E. S. Tead & Sons
Sam Domrud

John Michel

A. G. Anderson..

Andrew G. Ander-
son

.T. L. Thomson

Emmons, Minn.
Glenville, Minn.
Canton, Minn...
Canton, Minn...

Harmony, Minn

Worthington,
Minn.

Worthington,
Minn.

Guilford, Mo

Kruger 35231 (53175)

Togo 42585

Prince Favorite 40164.

Gables Pride 7125

(21450)
Anodin 35213 (53366)—

Phoenix 45531

Quentin 44080
Major II 9080.

Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Shire

Percheron

Percheron

Percheron
Shire

PART XIII

Directory of Associations and Organizations Repre-
senting Agricultural Interests in Iowa
and Other States.

Iowa Department of Agkicultuke: President, C. E. Cameron, Alta;
Vice-President, W. C. Brown, Clarion; Secretary, J. C. Sinapson, Des
Moines; Treasurer, G. S. Gilbertson, Des Moines.

Iowa State Horticulture Society: President, W. M. Bomberger, Har-
lan; "Vice-President, William Laughan, Cedar Rapids; Secretary, Wesley
Greene, Des Moines; Treasurer, Elmer M. Reeves, Waverly.

Iowa Park and Forestry Association: President, E. Secor, Forest
City; Vice-President, B. Shimek, Iowa City; Secretary, Wesley Greene,
Des Moines; Treasurer, A. T. Ersvin, Ames.

Society of Iowa Florists: President, Judson Kramer, Cedar Rapids,
Vice-President, Chas. N. Page, Des Moines; Secretary, Wesley Greene,
Des Moines; Treasurer, Peter Lambert, Des Moines.

Iowa Grain Dealers' Association: President, G. A. Stebbens, Red
Oak; Vice-President, I. E. Jackson, Cedar Rapids; Secretary -Treasurer,
Geo. A. Wells, Des Moines.

Iowa Corn Growers' Association: President, Jobn Sundberg, Whiting;
Vice-President, J. W. Coverdale, Elwood; Secretary, B. W. Crossley, Ames;
Treasurer, Fred M. McCulloch, Hartwick.

Corn Belt Meat Producers' Association: President, A. Sykes, Des
Moines; Vice-President, C. M. Maher, Fort Dodge; Secretary, H. C. Wallace,
Des Moines; Treasurer, Chas. Goodenow, Wall Lake.

Iowa Good Roads Association:. President, Henry Harlow, Onawa;
Vice-President, A. C. Steele, Coon Rapids; Secretary-Treasurer, Thos. H.
MacDonald, Ames.

The Farmers' Grain Dealers' Association: President, J. H. Brown,
Rockwell; Vice^-President, B. Hathoway, Kingsley; Secretary, C. A.
Messerole, Gowrie; Treasurer, Peter Gorman, Dougherty.

Iowa Swine Breeders' Association: President, E. Z. Russell, Blair,
Neb.; Vice-President, John M. Cox, Jr., Harlan; Secretary-Treasurer,
William D. McTavish, Coggon.

Iowa State Dairy Association: President, W. B. Barney, Hampton;
Vice-President, L. S. Edwards, Lamotte; Secretary, W. B. Johnson, Des
Moines; Treasurer, Frank Brown, Cedar Rapids.

58 (913)

914 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

FARMERS' COUNTY INSTITUTES IN IOWA.

Adaib — President, A. C. Savage, Adair; Secretary, D. J. Cowden, Adair.

Adams — President, C. T. O'Key, Prescott; Secretary, T. E. Stanley,
Prescott.

Benton — President, Geo. Aherns, Belle Plaine; Secretary, Fred Mc-
CuUoch, Belle Plaine.

Black Hawk— President, E. M. Liehty, Waterloo; Secretary, Ernest
R. Sage, Waterloo.

Bremee — President, J. W. Bennett, Janesville; Secretary, E. M. Reeves,
Waverly.

Buchanan — President, 0. K. Crew, Independence; Secretary, W. H.
Miller, Independence.

BuENA Vista — President, C. F. Kinnie; Secretary, S. R. Haines, Storm
Lake.

Butler — President, Geo. Adair, Shell Rock; Secretary, B. Leavens,
Dumont.

Calhoun — President, W. F. Schwark, Loherville; Secretary, Henry
Parsons, Rockwell City.

Cedar — President, Geo. H. Escher, West Branch; Secretary, L. J.
Rowell, West Branch.

Cerro Gordo — President, D. Mc Arthur, Mason City; Secretary, J. H.
Carr, Mason City. •

Cherokee — President, A. R. Hubbard, Quimby; Secretary, W. P. Daw-
son, Quimby.

Chickasaw — President, J. M. Heald, Nashua; Secretary, E. E. Tracy,
Nashua.

Clay — President, F. H. Black, Spencer; Secretary, Mrs. F. A. Square,
Spencer.

Clayton — President, Wm. Leonard, Elkader; Secretary, L. D. Smith,
St. Olaf.

Clinton — President, Warren Walrod, De Witt; Secretary, J. W. Cover-
dale, Elwood.

Dallas — President, Geo. T. White, Dallas Center; Secretary, M. J.
Graham, Adel.

Decatur — President, Wm. Chriehton, Leon; Secretary, Claude Wood,
Weldon.

Delaware — President, T. H. Corrothers, Ryan; Secretary, C. A. Clute,
Manchester.

Dickinson — President, Fred La Due. Spirit Lake: Secretary, Ike
Mitchell, Spirit Lake.

Emmet — President, L. L. Bingham, Estherville; Secretary, C. S. Blakey,
Estherville.

Fayette — President, J. S. Smith, West Union; Secretary, G. W. Van
Atten, West Union.

Floyd — President, Ike P. Dixon, Sidney; Secretary, T. W. Hutchison,
Anderson.

Franklin — President, Olliver Yelland, Sheffield; Secretary, F. H. Dirst,
Hampton.

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIII. 915

Fremont — President, I. P. Dixon, Sidney; Secretary, J. F. Stephens,
Sidney.

Greene- — President, R. G. Mai-tin, Dana; Secretary, L. C. Cochran,
Scran ton.

Grundy — President, Wm. Mooty, Grundy Center; Lewis W. Plager,
Grundy Center.

Guthrie — President, Grant Chapman, Bagley; Secretary, S. J. Reed,
Guthrie Center.

Hamilton — President, E. C. May lor, Stratford; Secretary, O. L. Swed-
hud, Stratford.

Hancock — President, F. G. Oxley, Corwith; Secretary, J. W. Schwab,
Stilson.

Harrison — President, W. S. Kelley, Mondamin; Secretary, Mrs. Peter
Peterson, Logan.

Howard — President, W. T. Forry, Cresco; Secretary, J. J. Driscoll,
C re SCO.

Humboldt — President, T. H. Gamble, Humboldt; Secretary, A. J. Hock,
Humboldt.

Ida — President, E. G. Preston, Battle Creek; Secretary, Chas. Rueck,
Battle Creek.

Iow.\ — President, Edward Poland, Williamsburg; Secretary, Robert
Edwards, Williamsburg.

Jackson — President, L. B. Parshall, Canton; Secretary, L. L. Littlefield,
Lamotte.

Jasper — President, T. J. Rating, Newton; Secretary, John Hawn,
Newton.

Johnson — President, J. Wm. Schkeiman, North Liberty; Secretary,
S. S. Stoner, North Liberty.

Keokuk — President, W. S. Chacy, Nugent; Secretary, G. E. Barnliart,
South English.

Kossuth — President, Mark Parsons, Algona; Secretary, I. W. Hutchins,
Algona. .

Lee — President, Joseph Fry, Weaver; Secretary, E. C. Lynn, Donnelson.

Linn — President, C. R. Mills, Springville; Secretary", F. B. Pierpont,
Springville.

Louisa — President, C. B. Wilson, Morning Sun; Secretary, T. J. Hewitt,
Morning Sun.

Lucas — President, S. A. Threlkeld, Chariton; Secretary, J. C. William-
son, Charlton.

Lyon — President, E. C. Elliott, Inwood; Secretary, C. B. Lankin, Inwcod.

Madison — President, Stephen A. Hayes. Earlham; Secretary, Wm. J.
Raymond, St. Charles.

Ma.hask.\ — President, E. F. Hanna, Lacey; Secretary. F. F. Everett,
Oskaloosa.

Marion — President, D. W. Ward, Knoxville; Secretary, J. D. Schlotter-
back, Knoxville.

Marshall — President, Merritt Greene, Jr., Marshalltown; Secretary,
M. A. Hauser, Allison.

MiLL-s — President, J. M. Anthony, Glenwood; Secretary, G. Hanson,
Glenwood.

916 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Mitchell — President, Wm. B. Allison, Osage; Secretary, W. H. Rich-
ards, Osage.

Mo>-ONA — President, Will C. Whiting, Whiting; Secretary, W. G.
Brown, Whiting.

Monroe — President, W. S. Graham, Albia; Secretary, L. M. Perrin,
Albia.

Muscatine — President, A. Rexroth, Wilton Junction; Secretary, Geo. W.
Kelley, Wilton Junction.

O'Brien — President, David Peckham, Paullina; Secretary, Alvin Pot-
ter, Paullina.

Osceola — President, W. J. Reeves, Sibley; Secretary, C. W. Sollitt,
Sibley.

Page — President, G. W. Trimble, College Springs; Secretary, Wm.
Forquhor, College Springs.

Palo Alto — President, Wm. Penn, Graettinger; Secretary, E. M. Thomp-
son, Graettinger.

Pocahontas— President, C. M. Savior, Pomeroy; Secretary, Ed Mere-
dith, Havelock.

Polk — President, O. 0. Brewbaker, Ankeny; Secretary, S.' W. McClain,
Grimes.

Poweshiek— President, H. H. Connell, Deep River; Secretary, George
Icenbice, Deep River.

Ringgold — President, Elmer E. Norris, Mt. Ayr; Secretary, Grant Stahl,
Mt. Ayr.

Sac — President, A. L. Mason, Early; Secretary, C. D. Bogue, Early.

Scott — President, Chris Marti, Donahue; Secretary, R. McRohlfs,
Davenport.

Shelby — President, H. B. Kers, Harlan; Secretary, Wm. Bomberger,
Harlan.

Siorx — President, J. C. Emery, Orange City; Secretary, Geo. A. Shel-
don, Hull.

Story — President, W. P. George, Ames; Secretary, G. C. White, Nevada.

Tama — President, C. E. Lambert, Buckingham; Secretary, R. C. Wood,
Traer.

Taylor — President, Jas. Edmonds, Lenox; Secretary, G. E. Campbell,
Gravity.

Union — President, L. J. Day, Afton; Secretary, Will Boys, Creston.

Van Buren — President, A. C. Mineor, Keosauqua; Secretary, A. F.
Sample, Keosauqua.

Wapello — President, W. A. C. Brown, Ottumwa; Secretary, Chas.
Bluhm, Ottumwa.

Warren — President, E. B. Igo, Indianola; Secretary, J. F. Samson, In-
dianola.

Washington — President, H. T. Reynolds, Washington, Secretary, John
. S. Wilson, Washington.

Wayne — President, Fred H. Duncan, Allerton; Secretary, O. B. Cobb,
Allerton.

Winnebago — President, J. H. Anderson, Forest City; Secretary, L. C.
Brown, Forest City.

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART XIII. 91Z

Winneshiek — President, John McMillon, Moblc, Minn.; Secretary, W.
Albert Van Vleit, Hesper.

Worth — President, T. L. Bolton, Northwood; Secretary, E. J. McQuat-
ters, Northwood.

Woodbury — President, R. J. Anderson, Moville; Secretary, Chas. H.
Babcock, Moville.

Wright — President, F. A. Thayer, Dows; Secretary, A. C. Fuller, Dows.

COUNTY AND DISTRICT AGRICULTURAL SOCIETIES AND FAIR
ASSOCIATIONS IN IOWA.

Adair — Adair County Agricultural Society, Greenfield; President, S. H.
Moffitt, Greenfield; Secretary, W. W. West, Greenfield.

Adair — Adair District Fair Association; President, .Preston Pdwel,
Adair; Secretary, A. C. Savage, Adair.

Adams — Adams County Agricultural Society, Coming; President, S. M.
RIchey, Coming; Secretary, Geo. E. Bliss, Corning.

AiXAMAKEE — Allamakee County Agricultural Society, Waukon; Presi-
dent, S. H. Opfer, Waukon; Secretary, A. C. Larson, Waukon.

Audubon — Audubon County Agricultural Society, Audubon; President,
G. W. Hoover, Audubon; Secretary, S. E. Curtis, Audubon.

Benton — Benton County Agricultural Society, Vinton; President, I.
Mitchell, Vinton; Secretary, A. Thompson, Vinton.

Black Hawk — La Porte City District Fair Association, La Porte City;
President, Jas. Husman, La Porte City; Secretary, B. L. Manwell.

BooNE — Boone County Agricultural Society, Ogden; President, C. H.
Williamson, Ogden; Secretary, W. C. Treloar, Ogden.

BooNE — Boone Driving Park and Fair Association, Boone; President,
W. R. Matt, Boone; Secretary, A. M. Bumside, Boone.

Buchanan — Buchanan County Agricultural Society, Independence;
President, Rudolph Leytze, Independence; Secretary, Chas. L. King,
Independence.

BuENA Vista — Buena Vista County Agricultural Society, Alta; Presi-
dent, M. Adams, Alta; Secretary, A. L. Denio, Alta.

BuTLEE — Butler County Agricultural Society, Allison; President, John
Couer, Shell Rock; Secretary, N. W. Scovel, Shell Rock.

Calhoun — Calhoun County Fair Association, Manson; President, Thos.
Griffen, Manson; Secretary, C. G. Kaskey, Manson.

Calhoun — Rockwell City Fair Association, Rockwell City; President,
Andrew Stewart, Rockwell City; Secretary, W. L. Stewart, Rockwell City.

Cass — Cass County Agricultural Society, Atlantic, President, Mose
Bell, Atlantic; Secretary, E. E. Marquis, Atlantic.

Cass — Massena District Fair Association, Massena; President, S. D.
Wyckoff, Massena; Secretary, D. P. Hog'an, Massena.

CARROLL^Carroll Fair and Driving Park Association, Carroll; Presi-
dent, H. S. Haselton, Carroll; Secretary, H. C. Stevens, Carroll.

Cedar — Tipton Fair Association, Tipton; President, L. J. Rowell, Tip-
ton; Secretary, F. H. Connor, Tipton.

918 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Ceeeo Gordo — Northern Iowa Agricultural Society, Mason City; Presi-
dent, Geo. H. Purdy, Mason City; Secretary, W. S. Rankin, Mason City.

Chickasaw — Big Four Fair Association, Nashua; President, W. P.
Raymond, Nashua; Secretary, C. L. Putney, Nashua.

Clatton — Clayton County Agricultural Society, National; President,
Jos. Matt, St. Olaf; Secretary, Henry Luchsen, Garnavillo.

Clayton — Strawberry Point District Agricultural Society, Strawberry
Point; President, G. F. Wheeler, Strawberry Point; Secretary, I. P.
Howard, Strawberry Point.

Clayton — Elkader Fair and Track Association, Elkader; President,
Henry Koehn, Elkader; Secretary, W. W. Davidson, Elkader.

Clinton — Clinton County Agricultural Society, De Witt; President, D.
Armentrout, De Witt; Secretary, E. J. Quigley, De Witt.

Clinton — Clinton District Agricultural, Fine Stock and Fair Associa-
tion, Clinton; President, John L. Wilson, Almont; Secretary, John B.
Ahrnes, Lyons.

Crawford — Crawford County Fair Association, Arion; President, Thos.
Rea, Arion; Secretary, M. B. Nelson, Arion.

Davis — Davis County Agricultural Society, Bloomfield; President, J. M.
Lain, Bloomfield; Secretary, H. C. Leech, Bloomfield.

Delaware — Delaware County Agricultural Society, Manchester; Presi-
dent, L. L. Hoyt, Manchester; Secretary, J. J. Pentony, Manchester.

Des Moines — Des Moines County Fair Association, Burlington; Presi-
dent, John B. Hunt, Burlington; Secretary, C. C. Fowler, Burlington.

Emmet — Estherville Agricultural Society, Estherville; President, H.
Oransky, Estherville; Secretary, A. J. Rhodes, Estherville.

Fayette — Fayette County Agricultural Society, West Union; President,
A. S. Smith, West Union; Secretary, A. J. Gurney, West Union.

Floyd — Floyd County Agricultural Society, Charles City; President, W.
D. Lindaman, Charles City; Secretary, W. B. Johnson, Charles City.

Franklin — Franklin County Agricultural Society, Hampton; Presi-
dent, F. J. Scantlebeny, Hampton; Secretary, Floyd Gillett, Hampton.

Grundy — Grundy County Agricultural Society, Grundy Center; Presi-
dent, H. N. Dilly, Grundy Center; Secretary, C. E. Thomas, Grundy
Center.

Guthrie — Guthrie County Agricultural Society, Guthrie Center; Presi-
dent, J. G. Thomas, Guthrie Center; Secretary, T. E. Grissell, Guthrie
Center.

Hamilton — Hamilton County Fair Association, Webster City; Presi-
dent, F. A. P. Tatham, Webster City; Secretary, P. J. Brandruf, Webster
City.

Hancock — Hancock County Agricultural Society, Britt; President, A. J.
Cole, Britt; Secretary, Jas. L. Manuel, Britt.

Hardin — Hardin County Agricultural Society, Eldora; President, R. B.
Lynk, Eldora; Secretary, H. S. Martin, Eldora.

Harrison — Harrison County Agricultural Society, Missouri Valley;
President, C. H. Deur, Missouri Valley; Secretary, W. H. Withrow, Mis-
souri Valley.

Henry — Henry County Agricultural Society, Mt. Pleasant; President,
T. F. Campbell, Mt. Pleasant; Secretary, O. N. Knight, Mt. Pleasant.

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIII. 919

Henry — Winfield Fair Association, Winfield; President, R. P. Davidson,
Winfield; Secretary, 0. E. Wilson, Winfield.

Humboldt — Humboldt County Agricultural Society, Humboldt; Presi-
dent, S. H. Gove, Gilmore City; Secretary, John Cunningham, Humboldt.

Iowa — Iowa County Agricultural Society, Marengo; President, C. M.
Beem, Marengo; Secretary, Alex McLennan, Marengo.

Iowa — Victor District Agricultural Society, Victor; President, Chas.
Raffensperger, Victor; Secretary, J. P. Bowling, Victor.

Iowa — Williamsburg Fair Association, Williamsburg; President, E. W.
Lloyd, Williamsburg; Secretary, Chas. Fletcher, Williamsburg.

Jackson — Jackson County Agricultural Society, Maquoketa; President,
Jos. Dostal, Maquoketa; Secretary, B. D. Ely, Maquoketa.

Jasper — Jasper County Agricultural Society, Newton; President, C. F.
Sauerman, Newton; Secretary, J. H. Gribben, Newton.

Jefferson — Jefferson County Agricultural Society, Fairfield; President,
J. P. Manatrey, Fairfield; Secretary, D. R. Beatty, Fairfield.

Johnson — Johnson County Agricultural Society, Iowa City; President,
E. M. Stevens, Iowa City; Secretary, Geo. A. Hitchcock, Iowa City.

Jones — Jones County Agricultural Society, Monticello; President, J. E.
Bateman, Monticello; Secretary Oscar E. Bucklin, Monticello.

Jones — Anamosa Fair Association, Anamosa; President, Joe Tyler, Ana-
mosa; Secretary, L. W. Russell, Anamosa.

Keokuk — WTiat Cheer District Agricultural Society, What Cheer; Presi-
dent, Jas. Stephenson, What Cheer; Secretary, Geo. A. Poff, What Cheer.

Kossuth — Kossuth County Agricultural Society, Algona; President, J.
M. Farley, Whittemore; Secretary, W. E. McDonald, Algona.

Lee — Lee County Agricultural Society, Donnelson; President, T. H.
Donnell, Donnelson; Secretary, Chris Haffner, Donnelson.

Lee — West Point District Agricultural Society, West Point; President,
John Lackmann, Weaver; Secretary, John Walljasper, West Point.

Linn — Wapsie Valley Fair Association, Central City; President, E. M.
Lanning, Albernett; Secretary, E. E. Henderson, Central City.

Linn — Prairie Valley Fair Association, Fairfax; President, Geo. O'Con-
nell. Cedar Rapids; Secretary, Thos. Delaney, Fairfax.

Linn — Marion Inter-State Fair Association, Marion; President, C. A.
Patton, Marion; Secretary, J. B. Travis, Marion.

Louisa — Wapello District Fair Association, Wapello; President, T. J.
Klotz, Columbus Junction; Secretary, N. T. Hendrix, Columbus Junction.

Louisa — Columbus Junction District Fair Association, Columbus Junc-
tion; President, T. J. Klotz, Columbus Junction; Secretary, N. T. Hen-
drix, Columbus Junction.

Lyoij — Lyon County Fair and Agricultural Society, Rock Rapids; Presi-
deat, J. H. Harrison, Rock Rapids; Secretary, A. S. Wold, Rock Rapids.

Madison — Madison County Agricultural Society, Winterset; President,
A. D. Guy, Winterset; Secretary, John Duff, Winterset.

Mahaska — New Sharon District Agricultural Society, New Sharon;
President, C. E. Rakestraw, Montezuma; Secretary, R. P. Doze, New
Sharon.

Marion — Lake Prairie District Agricultural Society, Pella; President,
C. M. Van Cleave, Pella; Secretary, Chas Porter, Pella.

920 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Maeshall — Eden District Agricultural Society, Rhodes; President, H.
G. Buck, Rhodes; Secretary, H. F. Stauffer, Rhodes.

Marshall — Marshall County Fair Association, Marshalltown ; President,
J. B. Classen, Green Mountain; Secretary, W. M. Clark, Marshalltown.

Mills — Mills County Agricultural Society, Malvern: President, Sherman
Jones, Malvern; Secretary, V. G. Williams, Malvern.

Mitchell — Mitchell County Agricultural Society, Osage; President,
Richard Dorsey, Osage; Secretary, W. H. Gable, Osage.

Monona — Monona County Fair Association, Onawa; President, C. B.
Ellis, Onawa; Secretary, A. W. Burgess, Onawa.

Montgomery — Montgomery County Fair Association, Red Oak; Presi-
dent, Henry Eberts, Red Oak; Secretary, W. S. Ellis, Red Oak.

Muscatine — Union District Agricultural Society, West Liberty; Presi-
dent, J. L. Peters, West Liberty; Secretary, W. H. Shipman, West Liberty.

Muscatine — Wilton Fair Association, Wilton Junction; President, L. N.
Ayres, Wilton Junction; Secretary, H. Wildasin, Wilton Junction.

O'Brien — O'Brien County Agricultural Society, Sutherland; President,
Chas. Youde, Sutherland; Secretary, J. B. Murphy, Sutherland.

O'Brien — Sheldon District Fair Association, Sheldon; President, C. H.
Runger, Sheldon; Secretary, Joe Morton, Sheldon.

Page — Clarinda Fair Association, Clarinda; President, C. E. McDowell,
Clarinda; Secretary, J. C. Beckner, Clarinda.

Page — Shenandoah Fair Association, Shenandoah; President, Chas.
Aldrich, Shenandoah; Secretary, A. W. Goldberg, Shenandoah.

Palo Alto — Palo Alto County Fair and Racing Association, Emmets-
burg; President, W. S. Parnham, Emmetsburg; Secretary, F. H. Wells,
Emmetsburg.

Pocahontas — Big Four District Fair Association, Fonda; President,
R. F. Beswick, Fonda; Secretary, John Forbes, Fonda.

Pottawattamie — Pottawattamie County Fair Association, Avoca; Presi-
dent, D. Gross, Avoca; Secretary, Caleb Smith, Avoca.

Poweshiek — Poweshiek County Central Agricultural Society, Malcom;
President, Wm. McClure, Malcom; Secretary, James Novak, Malcom.

Poweshiek — Poweshiek County Central Agricultural Society, Grinnell;
President, Samuel Jacob, Jacob; Secretary, I. S. Bailey, Jr., Grinnell.

Ringgold — Ringgold County Fair Association, Mt. Ayr; President, D.
B. Marshall, Mt. Ayr; Secretary, F. E. Sheldon, Mt. Ayr.

Sac — Sac County Agricultural Society, Sac City; President, Phil Schal-
ler, Sac City; Secretary, W. H. Pettis, Sac City.

Shelby — Shelby County Agricultural Society, Harlan; President, W. L.
Banghn, Harlan; Secretary, Fred Frazier, Harlan.

Sioux — Sioux County Agricultural Society, Orange City; President, A.
Van der Meide, Orange City; Secretary, H. Slikkerveer, Orange City.

Sioux — Rock Valley District Fair Association, Rock Valley; President,
James Walpole, Rock Valley; Secretary, Dennis Scanlan, Rock Valley.

Story — Story County Agricultural Society, Nevada; President, A. C.
Dean, Nevada; Secretary, F. H. Greenawalt, Nevada.

Tama — Tama County Fair Association, Toledo; President, Isaac Voor-
hes, Tama; Secretary, A. G. Smith, Toledo.

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIII. 921

Taylor — Taylor County Agricultural Society, Bedford; President, J. J.
Clark, Bedford; Secretary, F. N. Lewis, Bedford.

Union — Creston District Fair Association, Creston; President, N. D.
Merrill, Creston; Secretary, J. M. McCornack, Creston.

Van Buren — Milton Disitrict Agricultural Society, Milton; President,
H. C. Hill, Milton; Secretary, D. A. Miller, Milton.

Wapbxlo — Eldon Big Four Fair Association, Eldon; President, D. A.
Jay, Eldon; Secretary, H. R. Baker, Eldon.

Warren — Warren County Fair Association, Indianola; President, Lee
Talbott, Indianola; Secretary, Joe McCoy, Indianola.

Winnebago — Forest City Park and Fair Association, Forest City; Presi-
dent, 0. A. Olson, Forest City; Secretary, J. A. Peters, Forest City.

Winnebago — Buffalo Center District Fair and Driving Park Association,
Buffalo Center; President, F. T. Sparks, Buffalo Center; Secretary, J. P.
Boyd, Buffalo Center.

Winneshiek — Winneshiek County Agricultural Society, Decorah; Presi-
dent, Edward Bear, Decorah; Secretary, L. L. Cadwell, Decorah.

Worth — Worth County Agricultural Society, Northwood; President,
Nels Thorson, Northwood; Secretary, E. H. Miller, Northwood.

Wright — Wright County Agricultural Society, Clarion; President,
Daniel Huntley, Clarion; Secretary, Chas. Rotzler, Clarion.

AGRICULTURAL COLLEGES AND OTHER INSTITUTIONS IN THE
UNITED STATES HAVING COURSES IN AGRICULTURE.a*

College instruction in agriculture is given in the colleges and universi-
ties receiving the benefits of the acts of Congress of July 2, 18G2, and
August 30, 1890, which are now in operation in all the States and Terri-
tories, except Alaska, Hawaii, and Porto Rico. The total number of these
institutions is 65, of which 63 maintain courses of instruction in agri-
culture. In 21 states the agricultural colleges are departments of the
state universities. In 15 states and territories separate institutions
having courses in agriculture are maintained for the colored race. All of
the agricultural colleges for white persons and several of those for negroes
offer four-year courses in agriculture and its related sciences leading to
bachelors' degrees, and many provide for graduate study. About 45 of
these institutions also provide special, short, and correspondence courses
in the different branches of agriculture, including agronomy, horticulture,
animal husbandry, poultry raising, cheese making, dairying, sugar making,
rural engineering, farm mechanics, and other technical subjects. The
oflBcers of the agricultural colleges, engage quite largely in conducting
farmers' institutes and various other forms of college extension. The
agricultural experiment stations with very few exceptions are departments
of the agricultural colleges. The total number of persons engaged in the
work of education and research in the land-grant colleges and the experi-
ment stations in 1905 was 5,406; the number of students in these colleges,

a Including only institutions established under the land-grant act of July 2, 1862.
* Data following taken from bulletin published by the United States Department
of Agriculture.

922 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

59,812; the number of students (white) in the four-year college courses
in agriculture, 2,638; in short and special courses, 3,885. There were
also 1,624 students in agriculture in the separate institutions for negroes.
With a few exceptions each of these colleges offers free tuition to resi-
dents of the state in which it is located. In the excepted cases scholar-
ships are open to promising and energetic students; and, in all, oppor-
tunities are found for some to earn part of their expenses by their own
labor. The expenses are from $125 to $300 for the school year.

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIII.

923

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IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

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EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIII.

925

AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS OF THE UNITED
STATES, THEIR LOCATIONS, DIRECTORS, AND PRIN-
CIPAL LINES OF WORK.

Station, Location and Director

Principal Lines of Work

Alabama (College), Auburn:
J. F. Duggar

Alabama (Canebrake), Uniontown :
J. P. Richeson*

Alabama (Tuskegee), Tuskegee In-
stitute :

G. W. Carver

Arizona, Tucson :
R. H. Forbes.

Arkansas, Fayetteville :
W. G. Vincenheller.

California, Berkeley :
E. W. Hilgard. . ,

Colorado, Fort Collins :
L. G. Carpenter. . .

Connecticut (State), New Haven:
E. H. Jenkins

Connecticut (Storrs), Storrs :
L. A. Clinton

Delaware, Newark :
A. T. Neale ....

Florida, Lake City :
P. H. Rolfs . . .

Georgia, Experiment :
R. J. Redding . . .

Idaho, Moscow :
H. T. French.

Illinois, Urbana :
E. Davenvort .

Indiana, Lafayette :
Arthur Goss. .

Chemistry ; botany ; soils ; analysis of fertiliz-
ers and food materials ; agronomy ; horti-
culture ; plant breeding ; diseases of plants
and animals ; animal husbandry ; dairying.

-Agronomy ; horticulture ; floriculture ; diseases
of plants and ani.Tials.

*Assistant director.

Agronomy ; horticulture ; diseases of plants ;
animal industry ; dairying.

Chemistry ; botany ; agronomy ; horticulture ;
plant breeding ; animal husbandry ; dairy-
ing ; irrigation.

Chemistry ; agronomy ; horticulture ; plant
breeding ; diseases of plants and animals ;
animal husbandry ; dairying ; entomology.

Chemistry ; soils ; bacteriology ; fertilizer con-
trol ; agronomy ; horticulture, including viti-
culture and zj'mology ; botany meteorology ;
entomology ; animal husbandry ; dairying ;
poultry experiments ; irrigation and drain-
age ; silviculture ; reclamation of alkali
lands ; animal and plant pathology ; nu-
trition investigations.

Chemistry ; meteorology ; agronomy ; horticul-
ture ; forestry ; plant breeding ; diseases of
plants ; animal husbandry ; entomologry ; ir-
rigation.

Chemistry ; inspection of fertilizers, foods,
feeding stuffs, Babcock test apparatus, and
nurseries ; diseases of plants ; plant breed-
ing ; forestry ; agronomy ; entomology.

Food and nutrition of man and animals ;
dairy bacteriology ; agronomy ; horticul-
ture ; poultry culture ; dairying.

Chemistry ; bacteriology ; agronomy ; horti-
culture ; plant breeding ; diseases of plants
and animals ; animal husbandry ; dairying ;
entomology.

Chemistry ; agronomy ; horticulture ; diseases
of plants ; feeding experiments ; veterinary
science ; entomology.

Agronomy ; horticulture ; plant breeding ; en-
tomology ; animal husbandry ; dairying.

Chemistry ; physics ; botany ; agronomy ; hor-
ticulture ; plant breeding ; diseases of
plants ; entomology ; animal husbandrj-.

Chemistry ; bacteriology ; agronomy ; horti-
culture ; forestry ; plant breeding ; diseases
of plants and animals ; animal husbandry ;
dairying.

Chemistry ; agronomy ; horticulture ; plant
breeding ; animal husbandry ; dairying ; dis-
eases of plants and animals : entomology.
Principal Lines of Work

926 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS— CONTINUED.

Station, Location and Director

Principal Lines of Work

Iowa, Ames :

C. F. Curtiss.

Kansas, Manhattan ;
J. T. Willard . .

Kentucky, Lexington :
M. A. Scovell

Louisiana (Sugar), New Orleans:
W. R. Dodson

Louisiana (State), Baton Rouge:
W. R. Dodson

Louisiana (North), Calhoun:
W. R. Dodson

Maine, Orono :

C. D. Woods.

Maryland, College Park :
H. J. Patterson ....

Massachusetts, Amherst :
"W. P. Brooks

Michigan, Agricultural College :
C. D. Smith

Minnesota, St. Anthony Park, St.
Paul:

W. M. Liggett

Mississippi, Agricultural College :
W. L. Hutchinson

Missouri (College), Columbia:
H. J. Waters

Missouri (Fruit), Mountain Grove:
Paul Evans

Montana. Bozeman :
F. B. Linfleld. . ,

Chemistry ; botany ; agronomy ; horticulture ; .
plant breeding ; forestry ; diseases of plants ;
animal husbandry ; dairying ; entomology ;
rural engineering ; good roads investigation.

Chemistry ; soils ; horticulture ; plant breed-
ing ; agronomy ; animal husbandry ; poultry
experiments ; diseases of animals ; dairy-
ing ; entomology ; extermination of prairie
dogs and gophers ; irrigation.

Chemistry ; soils ; inspection of fertilizers,
foods, feeding stuffs, orchards and nurser-
ies ; agronomy ; horticulture ; plant breed-
ing ; animal husbandry ; dairying ; diseases
of plants ; entomology ; apiculture.

Chemistry ; bacteriology ; soils ; agronomy ;
horticulture ; sugar making ; drainage ; ir-
rigation.

Geology ; botany ; bacteriology ; soils, inspec-
tion of fertilizers and Paris green ; agron-
omy ; horticulture ; animal husbandry ; dis-
eases of animals ; entomology.

Chemistry ; soils ; fertilizers ; agronomy ; hor-
ticulture ; animal husbandry ; stock raising ;
dairying.

Chemistry ; botany ; inspection of foods, fertil-
izers, commercial feeding stuffs, seeds, and
creamery glassware ; horticulture ; plant
breeding ; diseases of plants and animals ;
food and nutrition of man and animals ;
poultry raising, and entomology.

Chemistry ; agronomy ; horticulture ; diseases
of plants and animals ; breeding of plants ;
animal husbandry ; dairying ; entomology.

Chemistry ; meteorology ; inspection of fertil-
izers, commercial feeding stuffs, creamery
glassware and nurseries ; agronomy ; horti-
culture ; diseases of plants and animals ;
animal husbandry ; dairying ; entomology ;
effect of electricity on plant growth.

Chemistry ; analysis and control of fertilizers
and feeding stuffs ; bacteriology ; agron-
omy ; horticulture ; plant breeding, diseases
of plants and animals ; animal husbandry ;
stable hygiene ; entomology.

Chemistry ; fertilizers ; agronomy ; horticul-
ture ; forestry ; diseases of plants and ani-
mals ; food and nutrition investigations ;
animal breeding ; animal husbandry ; dairy-
ing ; entomology ; farm management ; farm
statistics.

Soils ; fertilizers ; agronomy ; horticulture ;
plant breeding ; animal husbandry ; diseases
of animals ; poultry culture ; dairying ; ento-
mology.

Chemistry ; soil survey ; botany ; agronomy ;
horticulture ; diseases of plants and ani-
mals ; animal husbandry ; plant breeding ;
dairying ; entomology.

Horticulture ; entomology ; inspection of or-
chards and nurseries.

Chemistry ; meteorology ; botany ; agronomy ;
dry farming ; horticulture ; animal husband-
ry ; poultry experiments ; dairying ; ento-
mology ; irrigation.

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIII.

AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS-CONTINUED.

927

Station, Location and Director

Principal Lines of Work

Nebraska, Lincoln :
'E. A. Burnett. .

Nevada, Reno :

J. B. Stubbs

New Hampshire, Durhum :

W. D. Gibbs

New Jersey ( State ) ,New Brunswick
E. B. Voorhees

New Jersey (College), New Bruns
wick:

E. B. Voorhees.

New Mexico, Mesilla Park :
Luther Foster

New York (State), Geneva:
W. H. Jordan

New York (Cornell), Ithaca:

L. H. Bailey

North Carolina, Raleigh :

B. W. Kilgore

North Dakota Agricultural College
J. H. Worst

Ohio, "Wooster :

C. E. Thorne !

Oklahoma, Stillwater :

John Fields

Oregon, Corvallis :

J. Withycombe

Pennsylvania State College :

H. P. Armsby

Rhode Island, Kingston :

H. J. Wheeler

South Carolina, Clemson College :
J. N. Harper

South Dakota, Brookings :

J. W. Wilson

Chemistry ; botany ; meteorology ; soils ;
agronomy ; horticulture ; plant breeding ;
diseases of plants and animals ; forestry ;
animal husbandry ; dairying ; entomology ;
irrigation ; extermination of prairie dogs.

Chemistry ; botany ; soils ; agronomy ; horti-
culture ; forestry ; animal diseases ; animal
husbandry ; entomology ; irrigation.

Chemistry ; agronomy ; horticulture ; plant
breeding ; forestry ; animal husbandry ;
dairying ; entomology.

Chemlstrj' ; oyster culture ; botany ; analysis
of fertilizers, foods, and commercial feeding
stuffs ; agronomy ; horticulture ; plant
breeding ; diseases of plants and animals ;
dairy husbandry ; entomology ; soil bacteri-
ology ; irrigation.

Chemistry ; botany ; agronomy ; horticulture ;
animal husbandry ; entornology ; irrigation.

Chemistry ; bacteriology ; meteorology ; inspec-
tion of creamery glassware, feeding stuffs,
fertilizers, and Paris green ; agronomy ;
horticulture ; plant breeding ; diseases of
plants ; animal husbandry ; poultry experi-
ments ; dairying ; entomology ; irrigation.

Chemistry ; fertilizers ; agronomy ; horticul-
ture ; plant breeding ; diseases of plants and
animals ; animal husbandry ; poultry experi-
ments ; dairying ; entomology.

Chemistry ; soils ; agronomy ; horticulture ;
animal husbandry ; diseases of animals and
plants; poultry experiments; dairying;
tests of farm machinery.

Chemistry ; botany ; agronomy ; plant breed-
ing ; horticulture ; forestry ; diseases of
plants and animals ; food analysis ; animal
husbandry ; dairying ; farm mechanics.

Agronomy ; horticulture ; plant breeding ; for-
estry ; diseases of plants ; animal husband-
ry ; entomology.

Chemistry ; agronomy : horticulture ; plant
breeding ; forestry ; botany ; bacteriology ;
diseases of plants and animals ; animal
husbandry ; entomology.

Chemistry ; bacteriology ; agronomy ; horti-
culture ; plant selection ; diseases of plants ;
animal husbandry; poultry experiments:
dairying ; entomology ; irrigation.

Chemistry ; meteorology- ; horticulture ; agron-
omy ; animal husbandry ; dairying.

Chemistry ; meteorologj' ; soils ; inspection of
fertilizers and feeding stuffs ; agronomy ;
horticulture ; plant breeding ; poultry ex-
periments.

Chemistry ; inspection of fertilizers ; botany ;
agronomv ;horticulture ; plant breeding ;
diseases " of plants ; animal husbandry ;
dairj-ing ; veterinary science ; entomology.

Chemistrv ; botanj' ; agronomy ; horticulture ;
plant breeding ; diseases of plants and ani-
mals ; animal husbandry ; entomology.

928 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS— CONTINUED.

Station, Location and Director

Principal Lines of Work

Tennessee, Knoxville :
H. A. Morgan ....

Texas, College Station
J. A. Craig

Utah, Logan :

P. A. Yoder

Vermont, Burlington :
J. L. Hills

Virginia, Blacksburg:
A. M. Soule

"Washington, Pullman :

E. A. Bryan

West Virginia, Morgantown
J. H. Stewart

Wisconsin, Madison :

W. A. Henry

Wyoming. Laramie :

B. C. BufEum

Chemistry ; inspection of fertilizers ; agron-
omy ; horticulture ; diseases of plants ; ani-
weeds ; diseases of plants ; animal hus-
bandry ; dairying ; entomology.

Chemistry ; soils ; agronomy ; horticulture ;
animal husbandry ; diseases of animals ; ir-
rigation ; seed testing ; feed inspection.

Chemistry ; alkali soil investigations ; agron-
omy ; hortculture ; diseases of plants ; ani-
mal husbandry ; dairying ; poultry experi-
ments ; entomology ; irrigation ; arid farming.

Chemistry ; botany ; bacteriology ; inspection
of fertilizers, feeding stuffs and creamery
glassware ; agronomy ; horticulture ; diseas-
es of plants ; animal husbandry ; dairying.

Chemistry ; geology ; biology ; agronomy ; hor-
ticulture ; plant breeding ; bacteriology ; an-
alysis of foods and soils ; inspection of or-
chards ; animal husbandry ; veterinary sci-
ence ; dairying ; entomology ; cider and vin-
egar making ; ferments.

Chemistry ; botany ; bacteriology ; agronomy ;
horticulture ; plant breeding ; diseases of
plants ; animal husbandry ; veterinary sci-
ence ; dairying ; entomology ; irrigation.

Chemistry ; inspection of fertilizers, orchards,
and nurseries ; agronomy ; horticulture ; dis-
eases of plants ; animal husbandry ; poultry
experiments ; entomology.

Chemistry ; bacteriology ; soils ; agronomy ;
horticulture ; plant breeding ; animal hus-
bandry ; dairying ; irrigation, drainage and
agricultural engineering.

Botany ; meteorology ; soils ; range improve-
ment ; fertilizers ; agronomy ; plant selec-
tion ; food analysis ; animal husbandry ; ir-
rigation.

ASSOCIATION OF AMERICAN AGRICULTURAL COLLEGES AND
EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

President, J. L. Snyder, president of Michigan State Agricultural
College, East Lansing, Mich.; secretary-treasurer, J. L. Hills, director of
Vermont Experiment Station, Burlington, Vt.

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART XIII.

929

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IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

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EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIII.

931

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932

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

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EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIII.

933

APPROPRIATIONS FOR THE UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF

AGRICULTURE FOR THE FISCAL YEARS ENDING

JUNE 30, 1906, 1907 and 1908.

Object of appropriation.

Salaries, Statutory o

Library

Contingent Expenses

Collecting Agricultural Statistics

Plant Industry Bureau.—

Botanical Investigations and Experiments-—

Pomological Investigations

Grass and Forage Plant Investigations

Sugar Investigations

Tea Culture Investigations

Experimental Gardens and Grounds

Purchase and Distribution of Valuable Seeds

Vegetable Pathological Investigations

Grain Investigations, 1906

Chemistry Bureau, Laboratory

Forestry Investigations

National Forests, Administration, etc

Wichita Forest and Game Preserve

Survey and Report, Appalachian and White

Mountain Watersheds, 1907 and 1908

Soil Investigations

Entomology Bureau

Biological Survey Bureau

Agricultural Experiment Stations [for stations

under Hatch and Adams acts: $794,660, 1906;

$1,056,000, 1907; $1,152,000, 1908]

Nutrition Investigations

Irrigation Investigations

Public Road Inquiries

Cotton Boll Weevil Investigations

Publications, Department of Agriculture

Animal Industry Bureau

Eradicating Cattle Ticks, 1907 and 190S

Animal Industry Bureau (deficiency act)

Building, Department of Agriculture

Total -

$814,970.00
8,040.00
37,000.00
98,800.00

63,840.00

35,640.00

39,660.00

7,500.00

8,500.00

20,320.00

242,920.00

155,640.00

25,000.00

130,920.00

793,180.00

170,000.00
68,000.00
44,420.00

74.6G0.OO
20,000.00
74,500.00
37,660.00
190,000.00
132,250.00
1,456,520.00

$785,850.00
10,000.00
37,000.00
6112,900.00
502,301.28
(c)
(C)
(C)
(C)
(C)
(C)
242,920.00
(c)

15,000.00

d395,920.00

902,210.82

1,052,500.00

15,000.00

25,000.00
185,000.00
307,500.00

44,420.00

84,
20,

122,
57,

230,

132,
i;3,946,

107,

045.05
OOO.OO
200.00
660.00
000.00
250.00
980.00
500.00

63,000.00
950,000.00

780,934.68

$5,719,700.00

WEATHER BUREAU.

Salaries

Fuel, Lights and Repairs —

Contingent Expenses -.

General Expenses

Buildings

Cables and Land Lines

Salaries, Station Employes

$191,340.00
10,000.00
10,000.00
1,093,565.00
53,000.00
35,000.00

$194,690.00

10,000.00

10,000.00

630,000.00

53,000.00

541,550.00

Total Weather Bureau
Grand Total

$1,392,990.00

$7,112,690.00

$833,490.00

12, ,500.00

47,000.00

6122,900.00

586,559.40

(c)

(C)

(C)

(C)

(C)

(C)
288,000.00

650,000.00
1,917,507.26
1,666,709.15

6 23,403.76
170,000.00
255,207.27
44,420.00

107,065.15

5,000.00

150,000.00

57,660.00

185,632.42

/ 468,750.00

3,947,200.00

135,811.90

495,340.07

$196,990.00
10,000.00
10,000.00
645,000.00

551,000.00

o Statutory Salaries of Weather Bureau and Forest Service not included.

6 Includes $4,900 for Foreign Marlsets Investigations.

c Included under Bureau of Plant Industry.

d Includes $250,000 for enforcement of Food and Drugs Act.

c Unexpended balance from 1907.

/Includes Yearboolj and general printing funds.

ff Includes $3,000,000 for meat inspection.

934

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

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EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIII. 935

AMERICAN NATIONAL LIVE STOCK ASSOCIATION.
President, H. A. Jastro, Bakersfield, Cal.; Secretary, W. M. Tomllnson.

AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF LIVE STOCK HERD BOOK
SECRETARIES.

President, C. R. Thomas, Independence, Mo.; Secretary, Charles F.
Mills, Springfield, 111.

NATIONAL WOOL GROWERS' ASSOCIATION.

President, F. R. Gooding, Boise, Idaho; Secretary, George S. Waiker,
Cheyenne, Wye.

THE CORN-BELT MEAT PRODUCERS' ASSOCIATION.

President, A. L. Ames, Buckingham, Iowa; Secretary, H. C. Wallace,
Des Moines, Iowa.

PROTECTION AGAINST CONTAGION FROM FOREIGN CATTLE.

An act of congress of August 28, 1894, prohibits the importation of cattle
and cattle hides, but by the act of March 2, 1895, making appropriations for
the Department of Agriculture, it is provided that the prohibition may be
suspended by the President whenever the secretary of agriculture shall
certify to the President what countries or parts of countries are free from
contagious or infectious diseases of domestic animals. The President, by
proclamation of November 8, 1895, lifted the embargo with reference to
Norway, Sweden, Holland, Great Britain, Ireland, the Channel Islands, and
the countries of North, Central, and South America so as to admit cattle
under sanitary regulations prescribed by the secretary of agriculture also
from all countries so as to admit hides under regulations prescribed by
the secretary of the treasury.

936

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

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EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIH.:

937:

STOCK BREEDERS' ASSOCIATIONS, a

Names and Addresses of Stock Association Secretaries, With Breeds and Numbers of
Registered Live Stock In United States, June 30, 1907.

CATTLE.

Breed

Secretary

Post-offlce

Number Regis-
tered

Number Liv-
ing

Males

Fe-
males

Males

Fe-
males

Aberdeen- An-
gus

Chas. Gray

C. M. Winslow.

L. P. Sisson

H. P. Richards .
R. W. Brown ...

Wm.H. Caldwell
C. R. Thomas...

F. L. Houghton.
J.J. Hemingway

J. H. Martz

H. A. Martin....
John W, Groves

Overton Lea

C. D. Nixon

Union Stock Yards,
Chicago

36,372

10,310

8,281

649

17,946
12,174

133,021

50,871

76,817
6,615
16,366

282,000

85

2,424

59,029

22,095

14,094

1,385

U.754
22,678

135,862

104,846

207,453

7,957
27,148

432,003

188

3,572

31,757

1,286

4,000

175

7,000
8,000

(6)1:

(c)

(c)
4,505
6,500

93.000
68

(c)

40,419

7,020

10,000

500

Ayrshire

Devon

Brandon, Vt

Newark, Ohio

Easton, Pa

Dutch-Belted'..

Galloway

Guernsey

Hereford

Holstein- Frle-
slan

Union Stock Yards,

Chicago, 111

Peterboro, N. H

225 W. 12th St., Kan-
sas City, Mo

Brattleboro, Vt

8 W. 17th St., New
York City

10,100
14.000

5.000

(c)

Jersey

(c)

Polled-Durham

Red Polled

Short-horn . ...

Sussex

Greenville, Ohio...

Gotham. Wis

Union Stock Yards,

Chicago, 111

Nashville, Tenn ....
Owego, N. Y

5,631
13,500

186,000
108

Swiss, Brown .

(c)

(a) Under the provisions of paragraph 473 of the act of July 24, 1897, amended
March 3, 1903, any animal imported specially for breeding purposes shall be admit-
ted free provided that no such animal shall be admitted free unless pure bred, of a
recognized breed, and duly r-^gistered in the book of record established for that
breed. The Secretary of the Treasury, upon the advice of the Secretary of Agricul-
ture, issued, April 24, 1903, regulations for the importation of animals under this
law, and designated the recognized breeds and the books of record established for
these breeds.

(6) Total of males and females.

(c) No data.

938

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

STOCK BREEDERS' ASSOCIATIONS— CONTINUED
HORSES.

Breed

Secretary

Post-offlce

Number Regis-
tered

Fe-
males

Number Liv-
ing

Males

Fe-
males

Cleveland Bay.
Clydesdale .. ..

Coach, French
Coach, French

Coach, German
Coach, German
(Oldenburg) .
Draft, Belgian.
Draft, French .
Hackney

Morgan

Percheron.

Percheron.

Percheron

Saddle Horse .,
Shetland Pony

Shire

Suffolk

Thoroughbred,

Trotter, Amer-
ican

Jacks and Jen-
nets

R. P. Stericker
R. B. Ogilvie...

Chas. C. Glenn
D. E. Willet

J. Crouch.

C. E. Stubbs...,
J. D. Connor, ]r
C. E. Stubbs...,
Gurney C. Gue

T. E. Boyce

G. W. Stubble-
fleld

Chas. C. Glenn
John A. Forney

I. B. Nail

Mortimer Lever

ing

Chas. Burgess .
Alex. Galbraith
W. H. Rowe....

W. H. Knight ..
J. W. Jones.

80 Chestnut Ave.,
WestOrangQ, N.J.

Union Stock Yards,!
Chicago, 111 j

Columbus, Ohio —

Maple Ave. and
Harrison St., Oak
Park, 111

Lafayette, Ind

Fairfield, Iowa

Wabash, Ind

Fairfield, Iowa

Tichenor Grand
B 1 d g . , 61 and
Broadway, New
York City

Middlebury, Vt

Union Stock Yards

Chicago, 111

Columbus, Ohio

Plainfleld, Ohio ....
Louisville, Ky

1,252

520

Lafayette, Ind

Wenona, 111

Janesville, Wis

571 5th Ave., New
York City

355 Dearborn St.,
Chicago, 111

Columbus, Tenn..

(o) 13,236
276 6

2,149

275
2.740
10,071

5,022
1,787

2,500

6,652

194

290

23

395

5,942

4,614
413

4,126

3,800

2,482

128

(a) 49,706

46,170
1,436

159,845
900

1,200

(6)
268

1,500
1,900

240

2,800
6,000

622
2.000

21.500
1,762

21,000
2,166

3,000

2.375

120

(6)

25,000

(6)

450

(6)

500
250

25

425

5,500

1,176
2,000

14,000

393

13,000

3,096

3,500
625
100

(6)

50.ooa

(6)

(o) Total of males and females.
(6) No data.

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART XIII.

939

STOCK BREEDERS' ASSOCIATIONS-CONTINUED.
SHEEP.

Breed

Secretary

Post-offlce

Number Regis-
tered

Males

Fe-
males

Number Liv-
ing

Males

Fe-
males

Cheviot

Cotswold

Dorset Horn . ..

Hampshire
Down

Leicester

Lincoln

M e r i n o ( De-
laine)

Merino (De-
laine)

Merino
(French) .. ..

Merino

(German)

Merino

(Spanish)

Merino

(Spanish)

Merino

(Spanish!

Merino
(Spanish)

Merino

(Spanish) . ..
Oxford Down..
Shropshire

Southdown

Suffolk

F. E. Dawley..
F. W. Harding.
J. E. Wing

FayetteviUe, N. Y..

Waukesha, Wis

Mechanicsburg,
Ohio

ComfortA. Tyler

A. J. Temple

Bert Smith

B. M. McDowell
J. B. Johnson ..

Dwight Lincoln.

E. N. Ball

E. N. Ball ,

J. H. EarU

Wesley Bishop

J. P. Ray

C. A. Chapman.
W. A. Shafor....
Mortimer Lever-
ing

F. S. Springer ..

G. W. Franklin,

Nottawa, Mich...
Cameron, 111.. ..
Charlotte, Mich.

Canton, Ohio...

248 W. Pike St..
Canonsburg, Pa..

Milford Center,
Ohio

Ann Arbor, Mich...

Ann Arbor, Mich..,

Skaneateles, N. Y..

R. F. D. No. 1, Dela-
ware, Ohio

R. F. D. No. 3, East
Bloomfleld, N. Y.

Middlebury, Vt.
Hamilton, Ohio.

Lafayette, Ind

Springfield, 111. ..
Des Moines, Iowa

(a) 11,410
(a) 43,790

1,815

6,540
4,068
6,660

14,694
6,344
9,550

(a) 10,494

6,973

11,893

(a) 41,975
197 256
12,575 37,775
7,960 j 11,957

17,496 34,715

(a) 218,265
(o) 38,353

112.000 I 154,000

(o) 21,742

(a) 1,143

(a) Total number of males and females.
(6) No data.

625 I 3.150
(a) 16,000

4,711 1,200

3,000

2,500 8.000
3,417 5,328
4,800 6,800

(o) 18,000

500

15,000

158

1,000

90

3,200

(6)
(6)

50.000

2,000

25,000

191

5.000

630

7.986

240

(6)
(6)

(a) 10,000
300 330

HOGS.

Berkshire

F. S. Springer ..

Springfleld, III

(a) 102,040

(a) 5

3.000

Cheshire

Ed. S. Hill

Freeville, N. Y

1.291 1 2,728

300

1,000

Chester (Ohio

Improved) ...

J. C. Hiles

Cleveland, Ohio

(a) 13,203

7,500

22.500

Duroc Jersey ..

T. B. Pearson ..

Thorntown, Ind

10,183

23,530

9,000

18,430

Duroc Jersey ..

H. C. Sheldon..

Peoria, III

32,010

77,500

25,000

75,000

Hampshire

(Thin Rind)..

E. C. Stone

Armstrong, III

615

1,783

440

1,690

Poland China..

W.M.McFadden

Union Stock Yards,

Chicago. Ill

63,269

156,955

40,000

16,000

Poland China..

A. M. Brown

Drawer 16, Win-

chester, Ind

35,000

78,000

35,000

65,000

Poland China..

Geo. F. Wood-

worth

Maryvllle Mo

45,67,T
89T

110,060
1.316

3.000
400

12.000
700

Poland China..

H. P. Wilson....

Gadsden, Tenn

Tamworth

E. N. Ball

Ann Arbor, Mich...

(a) ;

.150

500

2.500

Yorkshire

Harry G. Krum,

White Bear Lake.

Minn

(a) 6-.=iOO

1.200

3.000

(a) Total of males and females.

940 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

FORESTRY ASSOCIATIONS.

American Forestry Association. — President, Hon. James "Wilson, Sec-
retary of Agriculture; Secretary, Thomas E. Will, Washington, D. C;
Treasurer, Otto Luebkert, Washington, D. C.

International Society of Arboriculture. — President, Gen. William J.
Palmer, Colorado Springs, Colo.; Vice-President, Henry John Elwes, F. R.
S., Colesborne, Cheltenham, England; Secretary, J. P. Brown, Connersville,
Ind.

Society of American Foresters. — President, Gifford Pinchot, Washington,
D. C; Secretary, W. F. Sherfesee, Washington, D. C.

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART XIII.

941

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IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

NATIONAL BEE KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION.

President, Geo. Hilton, Fremont, Mich.; Secretary, W. Z. Hutchinson,
Flint, Mich.; General Manager and Treasurer, N. E. France, Platteville,
Wis. '

NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGISTS.

President, S. A. Forbes, Urbana, 111.; Secretary, A. F. Burgess, Bureau
of Entomology, United States Department of Agriculture, Washington,
D. C.

ASSOCIATION OF OFFICIAL AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTS.

President, Harry Snyder, St. Anthony Park, Minn.; Secretary, H. W.
Wiley, Chemist, Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C.

EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIII.

943

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944

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

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EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIII. 945

AMERICAN BREEDERS' ASSOCIATION.

President, James Wilson, Washington, D. C; vice-president, Chas. W.
Ward, Queens, N. Y.; secretary, W. M. Hays, Washington, D. C; treasurer,
N. H. Gentry, Sedalia, Mo.; chairman, animal section, A. P. Grout, Win-
chester, 111.; secretary, animal section, C. B. Davenport, Cold Spring Har-
bor, N. Y. ; chairman, plant section, H. J. Webber, Ithaca, N. Y.; secretary,
plant section, N. E. Hansen, Brookings, S. Dak.

FARMERS' NATIONAL CONGRESS. "

President, B. Cameron, Stagville, N. C; first vice-president, Joshua
Strange, Marion, Ind.; second vice-president, L. B. Strayer, Rock Island,
111.; treasurer, W. L. Ames, Oregon, Wis.; secretary, George M. Whitaker,
Washington, D. C. ; First assistant secretary, John H. Kimble, Port Deposit,
Md.; second assistant secretary, Ralph M. Searles, Edgar, Neb.; third
assistant secretary, O. D. Hill, Kendalia, W. Va. ; executive committee,
president, secretary, and treasurer, E. W. Wickey, East Chicago, Ind.;
Levi Morrison, Greenville, Pa.; A. C. Fuller, Dows, Iowa.

PATRONS OP HUSBANDRY.

Officers of National Grange. — Master, N. J. Bachelder, Concord, N. H. ;
overseer, T. C. Atkeson, Morgantown, W. Va.; lecturer, G. W. F. Gaunt,
Mullica Hill, N. J.; treasurer, Mrs. E. S. McDowell, Rome, N. Y.; secretary,
C. M. Freeman, Tippecanoe City, Ohio; executive committee, F. N. God-
frey, Clean, N. Y.; E. B. Norris, Sodus, N. Y.; C. J. Bell, East Hardwick,
Vt.; P. A. Derthick, Mantua, Ohio; N. J. Bachelder, ex-officio. Concord,
N. H.

60

INDEX

FOREPART.

IOWA'S SOURCE OF WEALTH.

Average Inhabitants per farm 2

Average size of farms 2

Average value of farm buildings per farm 2

Average value per acre 2

Grand total of crops, land, stock, buildings and machinery 2

Number of farms 2

Per capita valuation 2

Statistical table of number and value of live stock 1

Statistical table of farm products 1

Total acreage of farms 2

Total rural population 2

Total value of farm buildings 2

Total value of farm machinery 2

Total value of farm lands and buildings 2

PART I.
REPORT OF WEATHER AND CROP SERVICE FOR 1907.

Annual precipitation chart 5

Barley crop, by counties 31

Climate and crop review 16

Climate and crop review 5

Corn crop, by counties 27

Crop maps 27

Crop report, June 1st 19

Crop report, July 1st 19

Crop report, August 1st 20

Dates of killing frosts 14

Farm value of products, Decmber 1st 20

Flax crop, by counties 33

Final crop report, by counties 24

Hay crop, tame, by counties 35

Hay crop, wild, by counties 36

Oats crop, by counties 28

Potato crop, by counties 34

Report of crops, June 1st » . . . 19

Report of crops, July 1st 19

Report of crops. August 1st 20

Retirement of Director John R. Sage 23

Rye crop, by counties 32

Sage, John R., Retirement of 23

Tabulated crop summary 21

Total yield of soil products 20

Wheat crop, spring, by counties 29

Theat crop, winter, by countlea 30

(947)

948 INDEX

PART II.

STATISTICAL TABLES OF IOWA'S PRINCIPAL FARM CROPS.

Number and value of farm animals In the United States on Jan. 1, 1908. . 64

Table of farm crops in various states for 1906 43

Tables of Iowa crops for various years 37

Tables of farm animals in the United States 64

Tables of principal farm crops in the United States for 1907 50

Tables of principal farm crops in the world 55

PART III.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE STATE FARMERS' INSTITUTE AND AGRICUL-
TURAL CONVENTION AND JOINT SESSION WITH THE CORN
BELT MEAT PRODUCERS' ASSOCIATION.

Address, G. W. Gond 157

Address, Dr. A. D. Melvin 136

Address of welcome, G. L. Dobson 67

' A discussion of Iowa statutes with reference to feeding stuffs, H. R.

Wright '^2

Beef production in the corn belt, H. R. Smith 114

Buying, feeding and selling the steer for profit, John G. Emboden 100

Cownie, John, "Failure with the oats crop in Iowa" 128

Dobson. G. L., Address of welcome 67

Emboden, John G., "Buying, feeding and selling the steer for profit". ... 100

Failure with the oats crop in Iowa, John Cownie 128

Gond, G. W., Address 157

McKerrow, W. A., "Sheep husbandry on high priced farm lands" 95

Melvin, Dr. A. D., Address 136

Moore, E. C, "Sugar beet industry in Iowa" 87

Response to address of welcome, G. H. VanHouten 69

Sheep husbandry on high priced farm lands, W. A. McKerrow 95

Smith. H. R., "Beef production in the corn belt" 114

The earning capacity of an eighty-acre farm devoted to dairying, Hugh

G. VanPelt 76

Thorn, Clifford, "Transportation problems affecting Iowa agriculture". .145
Transportation problems affecting Iowa agriculture, Clifford Thorn.... 145

VanHouten, G. H., Response to address of welcome 69

VanPelt, Hugh G., "The earning capacity of an eighty-acre farm devoted

to dairying" 76

Wright, H. R., "A discussion of Iowa statutes with reference to feeding

stuffs" 72

PART IV.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE STATE AGRICULTURAL CONVENTION.

Auditing committee, report 177

Brown, W. C, elected Vice-President of Board of Agriculture 196

Cameron, C. E., elected President of Board of Agriculture 196

Cameron, C. E., President's address 163

Committee on credentials 163

Committee on resolutions 163

Condensed financial statement of Department of Agriculture for vari-
ous years 180

Cownie, John, "The Iowa State Fair and Exposition" 187

Credentials committee, report 193

Curtiss, C. F., elected member of Board of Agriculture.... 197

Delegates to agricultural convention . . . ; .193

Election of officers 196

Ellysori, G. D., Treasurer's report : 177

Fairs, county and district, report of 1-72

Johnston, R. C, elected member of Board of Agriculture 196

INDEX 949

McDonald, M., elected member of Board of Agriculture 197

Packard, S. B., elected member of Board of Agriculture 197

Pike, H. L., elected member of Board of Agriculture 197

President's address, C. E. Cameron Ig3

Randall, E. W., "The State Fair; its economic and educational value".. 183

Receipts and disbursements for year 1907 173

Reeves, E. M., elected member of Board of Agriculture 197

Report of auditing committee 177

Report of county and district fairs for 1907 172

Report of credentials committee 193

Report of resolutions committee 19g

Report of Secretary, J. C. Simpson 165

Report of Treasurer, G. D. Ellyson 177

Resolutions committee, report 198

Secretary's report, J. C. Simpson 1 6.5

Simpson, J. C, Secretary's report 165

Statement of amounts paid for premiums for various years 179

Statement of expense and premium warrants issued in 1907 174

The Iowa State Fair and Exposition, John Cownie 187

The State Fair; its economic and educational value, E. W. Randall. .. .183

* PART V.

SYNOPSIS OF PROCEEDINGS OF STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE AND
COMMITTEE MEETINGS.

Assignment of standing committees 226

Auditing committee meeting 208

Chappel, Geo. M., recommended for director of weather and crop service. .210

Committee on adulteration of foods, seeds, etc., report 211

Committee on resolutions, report 218

Contracts awarded for electric light plant 204

Contracts awarded for electric light and power house 205

Contracts awarded for horse barn 205

Contracts awarded for swine barn and show pavilion 204

Department of live stock sanitation created 218

Deemer, J. H., elected Superintendent of Fair grounds 210

Election of Secretary, J. C. Simpson 210

Election of Superintendent of Fair grounds 210

Election of Treasurer, G. S. Gilbertson 210

Election of Marshals for State Fair 210

Executive committee meetings 199

Gilbertson, G. S., elected Treasurer 210

Koto, Dr. P. O., Superintendent of live stock sanitation.... 218

Marshals for State Fair 210

Meeting of State Board of Agriculture, April 201

Meeting of State Board of Agriculture, August 206

Meeting of State Board of Agricuture, December 209

Report of committee on per diem and mileage, April meeting 202

Report of committee on per diem and mileage, August meeting 207

Report of committee on per diem and mileage, December meeting 226

Report of committee on adulteration of foods, seeds, etc 211

Report of committee on resolutions 218

Resignation of John R. Sage 210

Simpson, J. C, elected Secretary 210

PART VI.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ANNUAL MEETING OF THE IOWA SWINE
BREEDERS' ASSOCIATION.

Benson, J. A., "Which is the most detrimental to the business — the breeder'

who undersells or the boomer and high-sellers?" 251

Care and management of litters, J. M. Stewart 232

Care and treatment of a crop of pigs for the greatest profit, J. R.
Harding 256

950 INDEX

Harding, J. R.- "Care and treatment of a crop of pigs for the greatest

profit" 256

Johnson, Harvey, "Piggy's troubles" 229

Johnston, R. S., "The Iowa State Fair and its object; the duties and

privilege of exhibitors" 245

McNeill, J. H., "The influence of proper sanitary conditions in the preven-
tion of swine diseases" 236

McTavish, W. D., President's address 228

Officers of Iowa Swine Breeders' Association 227

Piggy's troubes, Harvey Johnson 229

President's address, "W. D. McTavish 228

Stewart, J. M., "Care and management of litters" 232

The influence of proper sanitary conditions in the prevention of swine

diseases, J. H. McNeill 236

The Iowa State Fair and Exposition and its object; the duties and privi-
leges of exhibitors, R. S. Johnston 245

Which is the most detrimental to the business — the breeder who under-
sells or the boomer and high-sellers, J. A. Benson 251

PART VII.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIRTY-FIRST ANNUAL CONVENTION OF THE
IOWA STATE DAIRY ASSOCIATION.

Address, Frank L. Odell 322

Address, N. H. Trimble 339

Address, H. R. Wright 271

Address of welcome, H. R. Wright 261

Auditing committee 267

Barney, W. B., President's address 268

Bower, John, "Some standards in dairying" 343

Breeding up the dairy herd, P. J. Julian 349

Brown, F. M., Treasurer's report 265

Committee on resolutions 267

Dairy farming, W. D. Hoard 304

Edwards, L. S., Remarks 288

Election of officers 274

General dairying, G. L. McKay 316

Hoard, W. D., "Dairy farming" , 304

Iowa cow census for 1906 307

Johnson, W. B., Report of Secretary 265

Julian. P. J., "Breeding up the dairy herd" 349

Legislative committee 267

McKay, G. L., "General dairying" 316

Newberry, B. W., Response to address of welcome 262

Odell, Frank L., Address 322

Officers of Iowa State Dairy Association 261

Past and present methods of quoting the New York butter markets,

W. C. Taber 326

President's address, "V^''. B. Barney 268

Remarks, L. S. Edwards 288

Remarks, S. B. Shilling 273

Remarks, A. B. Storms 332

Remarks, S. B. Shilling 334

Report of committee on resolutions 357

Report of Secretary, W. B. Johnson 265

Report of Treasurer, F. M. Brown 265

Resolutions committee, report 357

Response to address of welcome, B. W. Newberry 262

Ross, J. J., "The management of a co-operative creamery" 336

Secretary's report, W. B. Johnson 265

Shilling, S. B., Remarks 273

Shilling, S. B., Remarks 334

INDEX • 951

Silos and silage, Hugh G. VanPelt 276

Some standards in dairying, John Bower 343

Storms, A. B., Remarks 332

Taber, W. C, "Past 'and present methods of quoting the New York

butter markets" 32$

The management of a co-operative creamery, J. J. Ross 336

Treasurer's report, P. M. Brown 265

Trimble, N. H., Address 339

VanPelt, Hugh G., "Silos and silage" 276

Webster, E. L., "What the creamery returns to the farmer" 290

What the creamery returns to the farmer, E. L. Webster 290

Wright, H. R., Address of welcome 261

Wright, H. R., Address 271

PART VIII.

EXTRACTS FROM STATE DAIRY COMMISSIONER'S REPORT OF 1907.

Butter prices 366

Centralization of creameries 368

City milk inspection 367

Coal tar colors in butter 364

Conditions of the dairy industry 359

Creamery butter manufactured 375

Oleomargarine 360

Purchase or sale of unwholesome milk or cream 362

Railroad butter shipments 375

Sanitation 361

Shipments of butter by counties 378

Shipping rates on cream 369

Table showing number of hand separators, number of patrons and

number of cows 371

Table showing net pounds of butter shipped out of state 376

Table showing number of pounds of milk, etc., received at creameries. . . .373

Testing cream 361

The work of Assistant Dairy Commissioners 360

Total net butter shipments, 1890-1907 379

Tuberculosis 365

Water in butter 363

PART IX.

PRESS REPORTS OF THE IOWA STATE FAIR AND EXPOSITION OF 1907,
AWARDS AND EXHIBITORS IN LIVE STOCK DEPARTMENTS,
SCORING IN SCHOLARSHIP CONTESTS. AWARDS AT 1907
MATURE CORN SHOW, AND MEETING OF EX-
OFFICERS OF STATE AGRICULTURAL
SOCIETY.

PRESS REPORTS.

Breeders' Gazette 412

Farmers' Tribune 409

The Homestead 398

Twentieth Century Farmer 430

Wallaces' Farmer 381

AWARDS AND EXHIBITORS IN LIVE STOCK DEPARTMENTS.

Cattle department 456

Horse department 443

Poultry department 491

Sheep department 483

Swine department 474

952 INDEX

SCHOLARSHIP JUDGING CONTEST.

Scoring of contestants in boys' judging contest 503

Scoring of contestants in girls' coolting contest 503

Awards in mature corn show, December, 1907 505

Meeting of ex-officers and members of State Agricultural Society 442

PART X.

PAPERS ON LIVE STOCK. AGRICULTURAL AND MISCELLANEOUS

TOPICS.

REGARDING LIVE STOCK.

Alexander, Dr. A. S., "The overheated horse" 533

As to breeding Short-horns, John Dryden 540

A successful hog and seed-corn farm, W. J. Spillman 559

Auctions of pure bred beef cattle in 1907 555

Baldwin, Chas. E., "The draft horse" 535

Black. Geo. D., "The red hog" 570

Breeding or feeding, Howard A. Chandler 581

Building up a dairy herd, Edward VanAlstyne 594

Chandler, Howard A.,' "The universal sheep" 577

Chandler, Howard A., "Breeding or feeding" 581

Cost vs. value of a good dairy sire, Wilbur J. Eraser 588

Dryden, John. "As to breeding Short-horns" 540

Feeding and marketing cattle 551

Feeding hogs for profit, Fred Watson 569

Feeding the ewe flock in mating time 586

Founding a pure bred flock 583

Eraser, Wilbur J., "Cost vs. value of a good dairy sire" 588

Gestation table 587

How to raise hogs successfully, John F. Myerly . . .' 574

Improved stock on one hundred dollar land 530

Influence of the ram on prolificacy 579

Kennedy, Prof. W. J., "The dipping of sheep" 575

Knowles, C. B., "The general purpose cow" 590

Myerly, John F., "How to raise hogs successfully"... 574

Preparation of cattle for shows 542

Spillman, W. J., "A successful hog and seed-corn farm" 559

Sense wanted in buying Short-horns 538

Testing cattle with tuberculin 601

The dipping of sheep. Prof. W. J. Kennedy 575

The draft horse, Chas. E. Baldwin 535

The general purpose cow, C. B. Knowles 590

The overheated horse. Dr. A. S. Alexander 533

The red hog, Geo. D. Black 570

The universal sheep; a schedule of its requisites and many advantages,

Howard A. Chandler 577

VanAlstyne, Edward, "Building up a dairy herd" 594

Watson, Fred, "Feeding hogs for profit" 569

Who should buy improved breeding stock 528

REGARDING POULTRY.

Buildings, sheds and yards for poultry. Prof. W. J. Kennedy 604

Care of the chicks, J. F. Schureman 608

Feed stuffs suitable for poultry. Prof. W. J. Kennedy 606

Kennedy, Prof. W. J., "Buildings, sheds and yards for poultry" 604

Kennedy. Prof. W. J., "Feed stuffs suitable for poultry" 600

Schureman. J. F., "Care of the chicks" 608

INDEX 953

REGARDING BEES.

France, N. E., "Foul brood and other diseases of bees" 679

Foul brood and other diseases of bees, N. E. France ■. 679

Phillips, Everett F., "The habits of the bee and some misapprehensions". 666
The habits of the bee and some misapprehensions, Everett F. Phillips. .686

REGARDING FARM CROPS.

A good seed bed for corn and how obtained 707

Alfalfa as a food and how to grow it, Wm. B. Goodrich 640

Amount of oats to sow per acre 636

Cost of an acre of corn, Joseph R. Fulkerson 653

A successful hog and seed-corn farm, W. J. Spillman 559

Fulkerson, Joseph R., "Cost of an acre of corn" 653

Goodrich, Wm. B., "Alfalfa as a food and how to grow it". 640

Hook, W. A., "The improvement of corn through breeding" 650

Oats 620

Oat hay 639

Oats in the corn belt '. 637

Sweet corn canning in Iowa 657

The improvement of corn through breeding, W. A. Hook 650

MISCELLANEOUS.

Address of President Roosevelt 507

Agriculture in countrj'- schools, Jessie Field 687

Bainer, H. M., "The care of farm machinery" 661

Beach, Prof. S. A., "Does it pay to spray ?" 645

Benefits derived from farmers' institutes, Martha F. Thornton 724

Buffln, Mr., "Horticulture" 648

Corrier, Lyman, "Cost of filling silos" 611

Cost of filling silos, Lyman Corrier 611

Does it pay to spray? Prof. S. A. Beach 645

Economy in farm operations 665

Evergreens in Iowa, Seymour G. Piatt 643

Field, Jessie, "Agriculture in country schools" 687

Financial statement of county farmers' institutes in Iowa 737

Hall, D. C, "Waste on the farm" 720

Horticulture, Mr. Buffin 648

How to improve pastures 719

Ines, Mrs. A. P., "Lift where you stand" 726

Kain, Mrs. Thos., "The dignity of labor" 731

Keeping the boy on the farm 701

Lantz, David E., "Methods of destroying rats" 711

Leichliter, A. M., "The farmer's boy and what becomes of him" 699

Lift where you stand, Mrs. A. P. Ines 726

Methods of destroying rats, David E. Lantz 711

Needs of the rural schools, Mary Riley 682

Owens, Prof. Wm. G., "The successful farmer's education" 694

Peters, Mabel C, "The short course at Ames" 524

Piatt, Seymour G., "Evergreens in Iowa" ; 643

Raymond, Wm. I., "Restoring and maintaining the fertility of an Iowa

farm" 704

Restoring and maintaining the fertility of an Iowa farm, Wm. I. Ray-
mond ^04

Riley, Mary, "Needs of the rural school" 682

Rittenhour, Martin, "The silo for Iowa farms" 619

Roosevelt, President, "The man who works with his hands" 507

Rural education. Dr. A. C. True. 689

Scales on the farm 663

Soil management in relation to the permanent pasture, Prof. W. H.

Stevenson ' '02

Spillman. W. J., "A -successful hog and seed-corn farm". . .559

954 INDEX

Stevenson, Prof W. H., "Soil management in relation to the permanent

pasture" 702

The care of farm machinery, H. M. Bainer 661

The cost of housing farm machinery 663

The cost of producing farm products in Minnesota 709

The dignity of labor, Mrs. Thos. Kain 731

The farmer's boy and what becomes of him, A. M. Leichliter 699

The man who works with his hands. President Roosevelt 507

The morning glory 708

The short course at Ames, Mabel C. Peterson 524

The silo for Iowa farms. Martin Rittenhour 619

The successful farmer's education, Prof. Wm. G. Owens 694

The two weeks' annual short course at the Iowa State College 517

The value of the agricultural newspaper to the swine breeder, Henry

Wallace 715

Thornton, Martha P., "Benefits derived from farmers' institutes" 724

True, Dr. A. C, "Rural education" 689

Wages on the farm 643

Wallace, Henry, "The value of the agricultural paper to the swine

breeder" 715

Waste on the farm. D. C. Hall 720

What the investigator has found out 735

PART XI.

FINANCIAL STATEMENT AND REPORT OP AGRICULTURAL CONDI-
TIONS BY COUNTY AND DISTRICT AGRICULTURAL
SOCIETIES IN I®WA FOR 1907.

Adair, W. W. West 741

Adair, A. C. Savage 742

Adams. Geo. E. Bliss 743

Allamakee, A. C. Larson 744

Audubon, O. B. Train 745

Benton, Arad Thompson 746*

Black Hawk, B. L. Manwell 747

Boone, W. C. Treloar 747

Boone. A. M. Burnside 748

Buchanan, Chas. L. King 749

Buena Vista, Wm. Zeilman 750

Butler, M. B. Speedy 751

Calhoun, B. E. Sebern 751

Calhoun, W. Q. Stewart 752

Cass, E. E. Marquis 753

Cass, C. L. Herring 753

Cedar, P. H. Conner 754

Cerro Gordo, C. E. Somers 755

Chickasaw, G. C. Hoyer 756

Clayton, Henry Luehsen 756

Clayton, W. W. Davidson 757

Clayton, J. C. Plenniken 758

Clinton, Phil Butterfuss 759

Clinton, J. B. Ahrens 760

Crawford, M. B. Nelson 760

Davis. J. C. Brouhard 761

Delaware, J. J. Pentony 762

Emmet, A. J. Rhodes 763

Payette. E. A. Mclllree 764

Financial statement of county and district fairs in Iowa receiving

state aid 816

Floyd, W. B. Johnson 765

Franklin, Floyd Gillett 766

Grundy, C. E. Thomas 766

INDEX 955

Guthrie, T. B. Grl8sell 767

Hamilton, P. A. Edwards 768

Hancock, John Hammill 768

Hardin, H. S. Martin 769

Harrison, W. H. Witlirow 770

Henry, O. N. Knight 771

Henry, Will D. Garmoe 772

Humboldt, John Cunningham 773

Iowa, Alex McLennan 774

Iowa, J. P. Bowling 775

Iowa, Chas. Fletcher 776

Jackson. B. D. Ely 776

Jasper, E. L. McMurray 777

Jefferson, D. R. Beatty 778

Jones, J. J. Liocher 778

Jones, L. W. Russell 779

Keokuk, Geo. A. Poff 780

Kossuth, "W. H. Wadsworth 781

Lee, Chris HafEner 781

Lee, John Wall jasper 782

Linn, E. E. Henderson 783

Louisa, A. H. Rundorff 784

Louisa, J. R. Smith 784

Lyon, A. S. Wold 785

Madison, Elmer Orris 786

Mahaska, T. S. Osborne 787

Marion, T. D. Tice 788

Marshall, TV. M. Clark 788

Marshall, H. P. Stouffer 789

Mills. J. T. Ward 790

Mitchell, W. H. H. Gable 791

Monona, A. W. Burgess 792

Muscatine, W. H. Shipman 793

Muscatine, H. Wildasln 794

O'Brien, Ray R. Crum 794

O'Brien, Joe Morton 795

Page, J. C. Beckner 796

Page, A. W. Goldberg 796

Palo Alto, P. H. Wells 797

Pocahontas, John Porbes 798

Pottawattamie, Caleb Smith 7!i9

Poweshiek, James Nowak 800

Poweshiek, I. S. Bailey, Jr 801

Sac, Ed Welch, Jr S02

Shelby, W. E. Cooper '^<'-

Sioux, H. Slikkerveer ^^^

Story, P. H. Greenawalt 804

Tama, A. G. Smith 805

Taylor, F. N. Lewis.

.806

Union, J. M. McCornack 807

Van Buren, D. A. Miller 808

Wapello, H. R. Baker.

.809

Warren, Lee Talbott 810

Wayne, Edd Aten

.810

Winnebago, J. A. Peters 811

8I:
.813

Winnebago, J. P. Boyd

Winneshiek, E. A. Waterbury

Worth, E. H. Miller **^*

Wright, O. P. Morton ^^^

956 INDEX

PART XII.

HORSE BREEDING INDUSTRY IN IOWA. LAW GOVERNING STATE
ENROLLMENT OF STALLIONS STANDING FOR PUBLIC SERV-
ICE, WITH LIST OF CERTIFICATES ISSUED TO MAT 1,
1908.

Directory of owners of pure bred stallions, by counties.
Stallion service law.

,828
.822

Stud books recognized by the U. S. Department of Agriculture 824

Table showing number and character of certificates issued to May 1, 1908.826
Worthless grade stallions 821

PART XIII.

DIRECTORY OF ASSOCIATIONS AND ORGANIZATIONS REPRESENTING
AGRICULTURAL INTERESTS IN IOWA AND OTHER STATES.

Agricultural colleges and other institutions in the United States having

courses in agriculture 921

Agricultural experiment stations of the United States 925

American Association of Farmers' Institute Workers 930

American Association of Live Stock Herd Book Associations 935

American Breeders' Association 945

American National Live Stock Association 935

Appropriations for the U. S. Department of Agriculture for years 1906,

1907 and 1908 933

Association of American Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations. 928

Association of Official Agricultural Chemists 942

Corn Belt Meat Producers' Association 935

County and district agricultural societies and fair associations in Iowa.. 917

County farmers' institutes in Iowa 914

Farmers' National Congress 945

Forestry Associations 940

Horticultural and kindred societies 943

Iowa Corn Growers' Association 913

Iowa Department of Agriculture 913

Iowa Good Roads Association 913

Iowa Grain Dealers' Association 913

Iowa Park and Forestry Association 913

Iowa State Dairy Association 913

Iowa State Horticultural Society 913

Iowa Swine Breeders' Association 913

National Association of Economic Entomologists 942

National Bee Keepers' Association 942

National Dairy Association 934

National Wool Growers' Association 935

Officials in charge of farmers' institutes 929

Official inspectors of fertilizers in the United States 936

Organizations for the protection of birds and game 944

Patrons of husbandry 945

Protection against contagion from foreign cattle 935

Society of Iowa Florists 913

State forestry organizations 941

State officials in charge of agriculture 931

Stock breeders' associations 937

The Farmers' Grain Dealers' Association 913

iiiiir'iH.n,'' Botanical Garden Libr;

3 5185 00260 84