The Irrigation age

From the collection of the

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San Francisco, California
2006

(olorado j^oad

has located along its lines the most desirable farming
lands in the west. Those contemplating the purchase of
agricultural lands in the state of Colorado should write

to

H. B. Davis, Immigration Agent of "The Colorado Road"
—Colorado & Southern Ry., Denver.

Our line also reaches the most desirable health and
pleasure resorts in the state and is the short line to
Texas.

f. E. FISHER./ Ccrjcral Passeoger Agent,

Denver, Colo-
P. S. Have you been over thefcloop?

MM

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Special bargains inllarge

or small ranches, with

or without stock. Write

us just what you want.

HOLLAND & WILLS,

Amarillo, Tex.

Rife Hydraulic Engine

PUMPS WATER AUTOMATICALLY BY
WATKB POWEB. Place this engine two
feet or more below your water supply
and It will deliver a con-
stant stream of water 30
feet high for every foot of
fall.

WITHOUT STOPPING.
WITHOUT ATTENTION.
KIFE ENGINE CO., 126 Liberty Street, New York.

THE WHEEL
OF TIME

for all time is the....

Metal Wheel

We make them in nil sizes and
varieties TO FIT AN Y
AXLE. Any height, any
width of tire you may want
Our wheels are either di-
rect or stagger spoke. Can
FIT YOUR WAGON,

Perfectly without change....

NO BREAKING DOWN

no drying out.no resetting tires
"HEAP because they endure
ind for catalogue and price*'

Electric Wheel Co!

ox »» Qulnoy, Ilia.

A WONDERFUL INVENTION.

They cure dandruff, hair falling ^fya'd-
ache, etc., yet cost the same as the ordi-
nary comb. What's that ? Why Dr.
White's Electric Comb. The only patent-
ed comb in the world. People everywhere
it has been introduced, are wild with de-
light. You simply comb your hair each
day and the comb does the rest. This won-
derfnl comb is simply unbreakable, and is
made so that it is absolutely impossible to
break or cut the hair. Sold on written
guarantee to give perfect satisfaction in
every respect. Send stamps for one. La-
dies' size, 50c; Gents' size 35c. Live men
and women wanted everywhere to intro-
duce this article. Selli on sight. Agents
are wild with success. (See want column
of this paper.) Add; ess D. N. ROSE, Gen.
M'g-'r, Decatur, 111

THE STATE

OF WASHINGTON.

You can find more progressive farmers
and poultrymen in the state of Washington
than in any other State of the same pop-
ulation. The people of this section are
pattiug in all of the best, such as good
cattle, stock, swine and poultry. The
progressive people of the older States arc
coHiiiiir in and settling up the lands. Land
can be purchased at very reasonable figures,
either govern incut or railroad.

The Pacific Poultryman. (Harry II.
Collier. Editor), Tacoma, Washington,
echeo all the new •< ( ' < i f s y ( ') ; <- all
of the poultry .nen. This journal is pro-
gre-ssi.'e and up to dal.3. A ; amp 3 copj
btaieu<J by stadipg five c:n s in
stamp!-;, or fifty cents will bring the \ :.iper
to you for a whole year.

Copies of al]

different Newspapers, M aga-
in/ zines, Periodicals, etc., worth

several dollars, sent to any
address for ouly 30 cents to pay part
of mailing. Toledo Adv. & Sub.
Bureau, 14 St, Glair St., Toledo, O.

PROFIT,

.BRINGERS.

That's what our fowls are.

They have all been selected, mated and
bved with a view to producing the greatest
amount of profit in actual production.
They are large egg yielders because
our breeding stock comes only from
hens that are large and long layers.
Every chick we grow and every bird we
sell has a long record of strong production
behind it.

OUR POULTRY BUYER'S GUIDE

contains full illustrations and description-; of
our fifty varieties of this kind of fowls and
very many other thimrs of value to the poultry-
man' or the farmer who prows poultry. Gives
prices of eggs and fowls, etc. Sent for 10 rents

J. R. BRABAZON, JR. & CO.,
Box 38. DELEVAN, WIS

Has- Arrived.

Where Are You?

I f not shunted tntakt-adva.il-
taffe of it, move to the

West or Southwest

Choice locations are open to
nil I'lasstv. of merchandising,

; 'i I'ac Hiring and banking
cnirrpi'iscs. as well as for (lie

practice of the professions, on

the lines of lli«-

SANTE FE ROUTE.

For pa ."ticula: :•• and nfor-
n lit ion us to r< --oiii-ccs dr.,
a Idress .) AS. A. DAVIS, I idns-
t.rial Commissioner, ]H»r> Q-rea :
Northern Uuiiclin^.

ww^vwv\ ^wv vwv -wvv ww

CONFIDENT

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POPULAR PRICE,

AND THE BEST

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YOUR CHOICE Or

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TRY IT A WEEK:

If not suited, we buy it back
and offer yju $1.10 for it A
Profitable Proposition any way
you figure it. Don't miss this
opportunity of a life time to
secure the best pen made.
Hard rubber reservoir holder
in f^ur simple parts. Finest
cjuaiiry diamond point 14k gold
p n and the only positively
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A Suggestion.— An appropri-
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Any desired flexibility
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|1 One Pen Only to One

Address on this Offer.

<1 LOSS — on tne pen you buy—
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.USINESS-Your pen pro-
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cents additional.
Reference:— Any Bank or
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Address

HUUGHLIN MFG. C0.9

CO Uughlln Block,

DETROIT, MICH.C

As-k your dealer to show you
his pen. If he won't get it for you, send hn
nu.neand your ord T 10 us, ;iud receive f jr your

t'rdnoleqne of our safe I'jcUet, Pen Hot l.jrs

i- eo of ohuriit.

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Scientific American.

A handsomely illustrated weekly. Largest cir-
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IBUNN&Co.36'B'°ad-' New York

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...More Money...

can be made from a~ flock of hens than
from a like amount invested in almost any
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The

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Tribune.

It tells how

A 28 to 32 page magazine, nicely illustrated, con
taining each issue interesting information from
the most successful poultrymen in the country
Subscription 50 cents per year. A three month
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ePOUI/TRY TRIBUNE, Freeport,

FEEDS AND
FEEDING

A New Book by
PROF. W." A. HENRY

of the Wisconsin Agricul-
tural Experiment Station.

A 65O PAGE BOOK FOR STOCK OWNERS.

TABLE OF CONTENTS:

PART I.

Plant Growth and Animal
Nutrition.

The plant: how it grows and elaborates food for

animals.

Mastication, digestion and assimilation.
Digestion, respiration and calorimetry.
Animal nutrition.
The source of muscular energy; composition of

animals before and after fa tening.
nfluence of feed on the animal body.
Explanation of tables of composition and feeding

standards -methods of calculating rations for

farm animals, etc.

PART III. Feeding Farm Animals.

Investigations concerning the horse.

Feeds for the horse.

Feed and care of the horse.

Calf-rearing

Results of steer-feeding trials at the stations,

Factors in steer fattening— final results.

Counsel in the feed lot.

The dairy cow— scientific findings.

Station tests with feeding stuffs for dairy cows.

Influence of feed on milk— wide and narrow
rations.

Public tests of pure bred dairy cows— cost of
producing milk and fat in dairy herds at vari-
ous experiment stations.

Feed and care of the dairy cow.

Investigations with sheep.

Experiments in fattening sheep— wool produc-
tion

General care of sheep— fattening.

Investigations with swine.

Value of various feeding-stuffs for pigs,

Danish pig-feeding experiments.

Feeding and management of swine— effect o;
feed on the carcass of a pig

PART II. Feeding Stuffs.

Leading cereals and their by-products.

Minor cereals, oil-bearing and leguminous seeds

and their by-products.
Indian corn as a forage plant.
The grasses fresh and cured— straw.
Leguminous plants for green forage and hay.
Miscellaneous feeding stuffs.
Soiling cattle. Preparation of feeding stuffs.
The ensilage of fodders.
Manurial value of feeding stuffs.

The publisher's price of this book is $2.00. We will send
you the Irrigation Age for one year, and a copy of "Feeds and
Feeding," for $2-50. When you consider that the regular sub-
scription price of the AGE is $1.00 per year you will realize
'what a bargain we offer you.

OUR DEAD PRESIDENT.

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

VOL XVI.

CHICAGO, OCTOBER, 1901.

NO. 1

William Death makes mourners of us
McKiniey. an. There is scarcely an
American citizen but has at some
period of time, when visiting the
cemetery, shed a gentle tear upon
the green mound raised over the
graves of loved ones gone. Well do
we remember when the electric flash
brought the sad news that the "God-
like" Webster slept beneath the
shades atMarshfield; again when in-
formed through the same instru-
mentality that the clarion voice of
Clay was hushed and would no
more be heard amid the councils of
the nation, that the Great Harry of
the West, the ablest Senator of
them all, lay cold in death at Ash-
land; and again when red-handed
treason stalked boldly forth in the
land and strong hearts and able
minds were needed to pilot the old
Ship of State to safety, WH were
called to mourn the death of our
own loved Douglas, who sleeps by
the Lake, made classic by his own
munificent hand, left to sing a fit
ting requiem to his memory as
wafted by the gentle winds of
heaven on, on to mid-ocean.

These were all great losses to
our nation — there b»4ng no one left
at the time to take their places —
yet they were given in answer to

our heavenly Father's call; and
while our loss was great, we could
but say amen and go forward with
bowed heads and bleeding hearts
in the discharge of our duties, as if
nothing of the kind had occurred —
but not so in the present emer-
gency. Multiply our grief a thou-
sand— yes, a thousand times a
thousand -fold over the loss of rela-
tives, friends and statesmen, called
in the regular way, and it will not
compare with our loss over the as-
sassination of the President of the
United States. It is not at the
loss of the man we grieve, though
great and good he was, but it is
the loss of the President of the
United States— to strike a blow at
him sends a thrill of pain to every
true American heart. While this
is not the first instance of the kind
that has befallen us, yet, if pos-
sible, it is more painful to our peo-
ple and far more dangerous in ten-
dency toward the life of the nation.
The assassination of President Lin-
coln and of General Garfield was
the act of the individuals, Booth
and Guiteau. There was no polit-
ical party or body of people behind
either of them; theirs was the work
of a morbid, vitiated mind, mad-
dened by drink, or a depraved na-

THE IRRTOA110N AGE.

ture lost to all self control. Not
so in this case. Czolgosz, the ter-
rible wretch that -he is, was only
an instrument in the hands of a
political organization of people in
this c untry, who have by their ac-
tions forfeited all right or claim to
citizenship and should be expatri-
ate I at the earliest day possible
and placed in captivity on some
lonely island far removed from all
the rest of the world and left there
to work or starve and enjoy only
the company of themselves.

The fathers in framing the Con-
stitution of the United States made
ample provisions for the country
in emergencies lite the present.
At the <!ea'h of Presidents Lin-
coln and Garfield, Vice Presidents
Johnson and Arthur took the oath
of office as President anc1 entered
up.nj the duties of the high office
just afe Vi'-e Presidents Tyler and
Fill more had done at the death of
Presidents Harrison and Taylor.
There WHS no shock to the bu-i-
ness or political interests of the
country then, and there should be
none now. While this occasion
calls for prompt, rigid, vigorous
legislation to prevent its recur-
rence, fortunately for our common
country we have a president in the
person of Theodore Roosevelt who
has the ability, courage and firm-
ness to ri>e to the occasion and
who will use all the power at his
command to see that adequate laws
aie enacted by congress to enable
him to crush out Anarchism in the
United States, and clothed with
that power, he will discharge his
duty to the letter and spirit of the

law; and in the performance of
.that duty he will be sustained by
all true American, citizens regard-
less of party ties, creeds, or re-
ligions.

If beauty can come from such a
terrible crime <as we have just wit-
nessed, it is in the fact of the un-
animity of sentiment of love for
our President on the part of the
people of the civilized world.
From the far off countries of the
Old World, as well as at home, the
South, the North, the East, the
West, the Jew and the Gentile, the
Catholic and the Protestant, comes
the universal cry, as if with one
voice saying, God save the Presi-
dent! God have mercy upon the
American people!

William McKinley was the obed-
ient son, the true friend, the good
husband, the brave soldier, the
able statesman, " the noblest work
of God, an honest man," respected
and honored by his own political
party when living, loved and
mourned by all when dead.

Sugar
Beets.

The growing belief that the
United States will shortly be
able to produce from beets the $100.000.-
000 worth of sugar which her people now
annually import seems to be shared by
British Consul Wyr.dham, who has given
the subject close attention and reported
upon it to his government. The following
is an extract from his report which has
just reached the Treasury Bureau of Sta-
tistics.

"The production of beet sugar in the
United States is rapidly -increasing, and in
the Chicago Consular district there are
four facuines in the State of Illinois, three
in Nebraska, and three in Colorado; those
in Nebraska and Colorado belong to the

1HE IRRIGATION AGE.

American Beet Sugar Company, and are
at Grand Junction, Rocky Ford and Sugar
City, and when fully completed will em-
ploy.thousands of hands.

" Statistics indicate that the United
States consumes more sugar than any
other nation or appioximately one-quarter
of the whole of the world's product. The
conditions of soil, climate, and other ad-
vantages are quite as good in the United
States, and especially in Colorado, Ne-
braska and Illinois for the development of
the beet as in any of the country of
Europe or Asia. The world's production
and consumption of sugar is now about
8,250,000 tons per annum, two thirds of
which is produced from beet and only one-
third from cane, whilst the normal con-
sumption is estimated as incrsasing at the
rate of 250 000 tons yearly.

" The success attending the cultivation
of sugar beet in this district has proved
that it may be made a profitable and suc-
cessful investment. A large factory has
been built at Rocky Ford, Colo., which
cost $200.000 to build and equip. It is
proposed to have it ready for the crop of
the coming season. To supply it the far-
mers in the vicinity have contracted to
grow 8,000 acres of beets a year for five
years. From tests made, they estimate
their beets will yield 15 to 18 per cent of
sugar. The factory, when running at its
full capacity, will consume daily 1,000
tons of beets, which it will convert into
about 100 to is of refined sugar of the high-
est purity. The beets reach maturity with
a high percentage, and seldom go below
15 per cent, 12 per cent is taken as the
basis of buying beets at the factory.

" The beets are grown by the farmers
under contract with the factory, and paid
for according to the saccharine contents
determined by chemical tests made of
samples taken from the wagons at the
time of delivery. In addition, the factory
controls about 5,000 acres of land. Most
of the land will be farmed by tenants, but

only a portion of each farm is devoted to
beets each year. Growers sell thteir beets
based upon the sugar contents. The tests
somewhat resemble the assaying of ore
from the mines. Selling upon this basis
encourages better farming and the raising
of better beets. It is the only fair way,
both to the raiser and the manufacturer.

"At Sugar City o>: a farm of 12 000 acres
afactoryhas been built with a capacity of
500 tons every 24 hours. On the farm 1.000
men and women have been employed-during
the summer, and this season's crop will be
converted into sugar. The establishment
of the sugar factory at this point built the
town, which a few years ago consisted of a
hut or two and thousands of prarire dogs.
Next year fully 4.000 acres of beets will be
in cultivation. The output will be in-
creased as rapidly as possible, and every
day the demand for workmen is increas-
ing.

"A general estimate of the cost of con-
struction, cost of operation, and general
results to be counted upon, of beet sugar
factories in this district, as taken from the
Rocky Ford plant places the general aver-
age of sugar in the beets at 12 per cent.
So far as the Arkansas Valley in Colorado
is concerned, this percentage is being
largely exceeded; the minimum percentage
of f-ugar being about 14 per cent, while
the maximum has reached 23 per cent,
with a coefficient of purity ranging from
89 to 95 per cent. In stating these re-
sults, reference is especially made to the
factory at Rocky Ford, built and worked
by the American Beet Sugar Company, a
New York corporation, which works two
factories in California and three in Ne-
braska, the one at Rocky Ford being their
fifth. The experts in charge of this last
factory all express surprise at the results
of this first campaign, and they have be-
come thoroughtly convinced that this val-
ley (Arkansas Valley, Col.) is the ideal
sugar-producer, thanks to its equable cli-
mate, ample supply of water for irriga-

7 HE IRRIGATION AGE.

tion, cheap fuel and limestone, and an un-
limited extent of available land for beet
culture. It is expected that the same
•company will erect one or more factories
in addition to the one at Rocky Ford, one
to be built further east and the other west
of Rocky Ford.

"As an example of the quality of the
sugar beets produced upon this land, it
may be mentioned that so far six car-loads
of beets from one field have been tested
with results as follows: one car-load,
16 3-10 per cent; three car-loads, 188-10'
per cent; and two car-loads, 20 4-10 per
cent.

Exports and Exports of American products
Imports to . „

Porto Rico. to Porto Rico in the nscal

year just ended were, according to the
figures of the treasury bureau of statistics,
more than three times as great as they
averaged when Porto Rico was under the
Spanish flag and more than 50 per cent in
excess of those prior to the enactment of
the Porto Rican law which went into ef-
fect May 1, 1900. The total domestic
exports from the United States to Porto
Rico in the fiscal year 1897, which entire-
ly preceded the beginning of hostilities
with Spain, were $1.964,850. In the
fiscal year 1900, ten months of which pre-
ceded the date at which the Porto Rican
tariff want into effect, our domestic ex-
ports to Porto Rico were $4,260.892. In
the fiscal year ending June 30, 1901, all
of which was under the Porto Rican act
which levied 15 per cent of the regular
Dingley law rates on goods passing into
that island from this country, the total
domestic exports from the United States
to Porto Rico were $6.861.917. These
figures include only exports of domestic
merchandise and do not include foreign
merchandise brought into the United
States and re-exported to Porto Rico,
which probably amounted to about a half
million dollars, since the Porto Rican
statement qf imports from the United

States for the fiscal year ending Juna 30,
1901, shows the grand total including
domestic and foreign to be $7,414,502.

Porto Rico imported in the fiscal year
ending June 30, 1901, goods amounting to
$9.367,230 in value, and of this $7,4 14,502
came from the United States, the total
from other countries being $1,953,728.
Of this , $1,952,728 imported from other
countries other than the United States,
the value of $808,441 was from Spain;
$374.837 from the United Kingdom;
$294.067 from Canada; $166.823 from
France; $152,201 from Germany, and $61,-
838 from the Netherlands.

The Date Palm Jt is known by very few
in America. even of our we]i posted fruit

growers that the Date Palm is an estab-
lished success in tho United States. For
centuries past there has been an occasion-
al tree glowing in some of the wanner
parts of the country, especially in south-
ern California, Arizona and Florida, but
these trees have all been seedlings which
have mostly come up by accident or were
planted by some of the mission fathers
who emigrated for Spain, and many of
them have never borne any fruit to this
day. It is also known only by a few that
the date palm is a diaecious tree; that is,
the flowers of the two sexes being on sepa-
rate trees, it is absolutely necessary that
a female or bearing tree should have a
staminate tree growing near, or that male
flowers when in a proper condition should
be carried to the female tref\s and placed
where their pollen will fall upon the
stigmas of the bearing tree in order that
fruit should be produced. This fact has
been known for thousands of years by the
inhabitants of the arid regions in other
parts of the world where the datij has been
grown very largely, and male trees are
kept purposely that their flowers may be
used in this way. This is a common prac-
tice among the Arabs and Budouins.
They also take advantage of this pecul-

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

iarity of the date tree in their wars. One
tribe or band making a raid upon another,
if successful is almost sure to burn the
male date trees in order that no pollen
may be obtainable for the fructification of
flowers of the bearing trees, and by this
means the fruit supply is cut off and star-
vation, or at least the material reduction
of their food supply is certain. But in
order to prevent such a calamity, those
who are forsighted enough to do so. take
the male flowers when in proper condition,
wrap them up carefully in cloth or other
material which will protect them and bury
them in some secret place where they can
be dug up, dampened and used in case of
necessity. The pollen -thus kept in the
flowers retains its vitality for several
years, and it seems to us a remarkable
fact that the Arabs, whom we have often
considered unscientific people, have long
been able to take advantage of this.

There are regions in Southern California
and Arizonia where the date can be grown
perhaps as well as anywhere in Europe.
Asia or Africa, and steps are being taken
to undertake its culture or an extensive
scale. Some twelve years ago when in the
government service in Washington City I
imported plants which were taken up as
suckers from some of the best bearing
trees in Algeria, Arabia and Egypt, and
had thpin planted near Phoenix, Arizona,
and in several places in California, where
they are now in bearing condition. This
is the only way in which the date can be
properly propagated, because to grow seed-
lings would be very uncertain as to which
sex would be produced, and the varieties
would not likely be of much value, as is
the case with seedlings of other kinds of
fruits. Bat when suckers or slips are

taken from the base of bearing trees they
are sure to bear fruit of exactly the same
character as that grown upon the original
trees. This is the method always followed
in date growing regions. The United
States Department of Agriculture, under
its present able management by Secretary
Wilson and his assistants, is following up
this idea by importing thousands of small
plants from the regions just mentioned
and plantations are being established in
the arid regions of Arizonia and California.
The soil and climate best suited to date
trees are just such as are found in the
hottest parts of those states, where rain
rarely falls and where the soil is quite
sandy, with abundant opportunity to irri-
gate. The Arab saying that "the date
tree needs fire at the head and water at
the feet," which means that the climate
should be very hot and dry, but the soil
should be moist.

Although a little fruit has been pro-
duced on trees in various parts of the sec-
tions mentioned, yet there has never been
any of it dried and packed until last year
at the Agricultural Experiment Station at
Phoenix, 'Arizona, where a number of
varieties were thus treated. There is a
case of this fruit now on exhibition in the
horticulteral building at the Pan American
Exposition, on the Arizona space, where
it may be seen. This marks a notable
event in date culture in the Western
Hemisphere. There 'is no good reason
why we should not produce in this country
all the dates which our people need, and it
is a matter of great satisfaction to those
who are interested in this line of work to
note the progress which is being made. —
H. E. Van Deman.

IRRIGATION IN INDIA AND
AMERICA.

BY. E. H. PARGITER, OF THE IRRIGATION BRANCH, PUBLIC WORKS
DEPARTMENT, PANJAB. INDIA.

(Continued from last month.)

It would be unwise to give to these small tenants in Endia, pro-
prietary rights in their land, as the Indian agriculturist is one of the
most improvident of men and many would soon run into debt, and
mortgage or sell their estates to capitalists or money lenders, the
very men whose ownership of such estates has been snown to be not
for the general interest. Hence while seeking to give tenants every
inducement to improve their holdings, and every opportunity of bene-
fitting themselves thereby, it was advisable to safeguard them against
their own extravagance or negligence; and therefore no means are
given them of disposing of their rights in their land, and of putting
themselves in the power of other landlords. Speculation in land also
is thus guarded against; all the profits arising from the increase in
the value of the land belong to the government which has in fact
done all the speculation itself, in constructing at great expense a new
canal in a barren land.

As soon as the construction of the Chanab Canal approached com-
pletion, work was started on another, the Jhelam Canal, from the
river Jhelam, in 1898. This is to irrigate the land between the rivers
Chanab and Jhelam; it is expected to take five or six years in con-
struction. The rate of progress on the construction of these canals is
governed by the amount of the capital money grant allotted to the
province each year by the government of India. For many years
past, the sum given to the Panjab annually, has been between $1,-
300,000 and $1,400,000. During the past two years, however, since
Lord Curzon has been governor general of India, considerably more
has been allotted, he having quickly recognized the immense advan-
tages to the country that these canals prove, and shown thus his de-
sire to hasten their construction. From one third to two-thirds of
the annual grant in the Panjab, is usually spent each year on the
large perennial canal under construction at the time, and the re-
mainder on small canals and on extensions and improvements of ihe
existing large canals.

The condition of the land in the doab to be irrigated by the Jhe-
lam Canal is similar to that for which the Chanab Canal was made.
Nearly all is waste land, but the upper half has more population than

1HL IRRIGATION AGE. 7

there was on the Chanab Canal tract. This is due to the fact of its
being nearer to the Himalaya Mountains, and so receiving more rain;
of which enough falls to render culturable the lower lying portions
and basins which receive the drainage from the higher surrounding
lands. Also as the width of the doab is not great, being about forty
miles, the depth below ground surface of the subsoil water is not
more than 90 feet where deepest in the center of the doab, and de-
creases to about fifty feet towards the edges of the higher land bor-
dering the river valley bottom lands. There are a good many wells
therefore in use, chiefly to supply drinking water to the people and
their cattle and flocks; but these are also brought into use to irrigate
a little vegetable and grain crops when rain is deficient. The rainfall
is usually sufficient to produce a plentiful crop of natural grasses, on
which large herds of cattle and camels are supported, and their own-
ers derive a handsome profit from the sale of the clarified butter
("Chee" in Hindustani) obtained from the milk.

Nearly half of the land irrigable by the Jhelam Canal is included
within village boundaries, and belongs to the population there, though
most of it is waste land, has never been cultivated for centuries, and
is more than necessary to supply with grass the cattle kept by the
people. This arrangement was effected many years ago at the time
of the settlement of the country, soon after annexation, when there
was absolutely no prospect of the land ever acquiring a high value
through the construction of an irrigation canal. The villagers were
then allowed to claim as their own, all the land for which they were
willing to pay the merely nominal grazing land assessment, fixed by
government for waste lands. The people are now gaining a large un-
earned increment by the great rise in the value of their land caused
by the approaching certainty of assured irrigation. Owing to the
three years' drought that has caused the recent famine in India, these
people have been very hard hit, and brought into great straits, for
neither crops nor grass could be grown. Many of them were obliged
to sell some of their land in order to be able to pay their way, and
this they were encouraged to do by seeing their land to have now be-
coming valuable. Whereas its value was only about $1 or $2 per acre
before there was any hope for irrigation for it, it has already attained
a value of $6 or $7 per acre, though three or four years must yet elapse
before irrigation can be commenced. Their need has been an oppor-
tunity for "capitalists and speculators to buy up land, and many have
done so, anticipating a further rise in value when the canal is opened
for irrigation. Under these circumstances of there being plenty of
privately owned lands available for purchase, it is not likely that
government will sell any of its land; but guided by the experience
gained on the Chanab Canal, will probably keep the ownership of it

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

itself, and. give the tenant farmers occupancy rights where they are
satisfactory tenants.

During the construction of a large canal like this, that takes sev-
eral years to complete, the accumulated interest charges on the capi-
tal cost will amount to a large sum, before any revenne can be ex-
pected. But to prevent any loss of revenue that could be obtained,
when once the canal is completed, it is desirable that all the land that
can then be irrigated, be already colonized, and prepared for cultiva-
tion, so that the canal may start working with a fair demand for
water. Now government has it in its own power to thus colonize all
its own land, and has a perfectly free hand to settle the new colonists
when and where, exactly as it requires, and finds best; arranging dif-
ferent tribes, castes, and classes, in separate villages or townships;
so that those may not interfere with each other's ways and quarrels
or disputes among neighbors be avoided. 'But with regard to pri-
vately owned lands, government has no guarantee that proper' ar-
rangements will be made to ensure early and extensive irrigation.
Speculation in land may only hold back their land to sell it again at a
good profit afterwards; owners may be unable to obtain sufficient ten-
ants, or laborers at once to take up all their land; while the old inhabi-
tants of the district are mostly very loth to change their long estab-
lished patriarchal mode of life, that cf keeping large flocks and herds
on the waste land, and iustead take up irrigation farming. Their
favorite recreations also hitherto have been cattle lifting and thieving,
a profession easily carried on, and difficult to check in the extensive
and uninhabited jungles of the district; but they would have to take
to more honest ways with the advent of a large population, and the
transformation of the jungle wastes and hiding places, into villages,
farms and open fields. So that if the government had to depend on
the irrigation of villages and privately owned lands alone for revenue,
it might be many years before the canal became remunerative; and
meanwhile, annual interest charges would be accumulating as a debit
against the account of the canal. In fact it would not pay the gov-
ernment to construct a canal for such land in such circumstances, and
it needs to have full powers for colonizing the land to be irrigated.
In the case of the Jhelam Canal, it does own more than half of the
land commanded, and this is sufficient to commence with as a revenue,
producing area.

After the completion of the Jhelam Canal, the next most feasible
large project to be undertaken, is the construction of one or more
large canals from the left or east bank of the river Indies; to irrigate
the doab lying between this river on the west, and the river Jhelam
and lower down the river Chanab on the east side. This will be a
very large work, and detailed survey of the country have yet to be

1HE IRRIGATION AGE.

made for it. If a single large canal be considered most advisable in-
stead of two or more canals, this canal will be, by far, the largest ir-
rigation canal in the world. At present, the Chanab Canal holds this
position.

But here, much more than in the case of the Jhelam Canal, the
question of the ownership of the land to be irrigated, comes in, and
forms the cru.r of the project. A very large proportion of it belongs
to the village inhabitants of the country, made over to them many
years ago at the settlement of the country, in the same manner as the
land of the Jhelam Canal tract. As already explained, a canal is not
likely to be remunerative in such tracts, which need colonizing, unless
the ownership of most of the laud is in the hands of the goverment;
and it has lately been notified to the people that no canal will be be-
gun until most of the waste land, now useless to them, is given back
to the government. This track receives hardly any rain; the land
produces but little grass for cattle, and is practically valueless to the
people, except in patches here and there of lower depressions, and
where there is a well, in some cases. The government therefore, a
few years ago, endeavored to persuade them to relinquish their own-
ership in most of the land, as being far more in area than they had
any need for, or could utilize; but without success, as they got wind of
the proposals to make a canal in their district, and therefore naturally
wished to hold on to laud, which would become valuable when irriga-
tion was made available. They believed that government would ulti-
mately construct the canal for the land, in any case, and therefore of
course refused to part with any of their land. So government has
had to put its foot down firmly, and has clearly notified to the people,
that it will not think of constructing any canal at all until the land
asked for has been given up. There is no injustice or real hardship
to the people, involved in this procedure; they will be allowed to keep
as much land as they now need for the purposes of their present cul-
t ivation, and pasture; as well as a certain proportion of the waste land,
Probably about one quarter of the whole area will be left-to them,
and about three quarters become the property of government, who
will then be put in a position to undertake the construction of a canal
or canals with a reasonable prospect of its expenditure being remun
erative, and the irrigation project a success commercially. The vil-
lage owners also will be largely benefite'd by the great rise in the
value of the land that will still belong to them; and by the change for
the better in their prospects, from their present precarious state,
with an uncertain and scanty rainfall, to one of assured prosperity
and the certainty of irrigation. It now remains to be seen if they will
respond to the invitation, and accept the terms offered ; for until they
do, nothing can or will be done to give irrigation to their land. To

10 THE IRRIGATION AGE.

bring the waste labor of congested districts on to the waste land, by
a profitable employment of its capital, is the main object of the gov-
ernment; not to risk its money on a costly undertaking, which might
not for long, if ever, prove remunerative, and the profits of which
would even then mainly go, as an unearned .increment, to those who
have in no way deserved them.

The construction of one of these canals for the irrigation of waste
lands, includes the laying and marking out of every farm and hold-
ing, in squares of about twenty -six acres each, and the completion of
a watercourse leading to each holding. Each village or township is
arranged to contain from about thirty to sixty of these holdings or
squares, which are not grouped together according to any geometri-
cal plan or pattern, but entirely in accordance with the watersheds
and drainage lines of the country, so as to allow of irrigation by flow
or gravity being carried out in the simplest and readiest manner.
Consequently no two villages are similar in size and shape. To do
this, of course, requires a complete detailed surveying and contour-
ing of the whole track, with plans showing every holding and con-
tours for each foot in level. These preliminary works are laborious,
expensive, and take time to complete, but when done, they permit of
ideal arrangements being made, so that no subsequent alterations are
required.

One of the squares is set apart as a village site, and roads are
made from it to the neighboring villages, and past every holding. As
soon as the watercourses of a village are ready, and canal water is
available, the village is colonized. The new settlers clear sufficient
land, each in his own holding, to grow what crops they require for
their first years' support; and they construct their houses on the vil-
lage site. These first houses would be made very rapidly and cheaply
of adobe walls, and roofed with jungle wood cleared from off the land,
with a covering of a few inches of earth. For the first two years of
irrigation no water rates are assessed on the crops grown, as the peo-
ple require all they can grow and earn, to support themselves while
preparing their farms and buildings. During the third year, half
rates only would be assessed; and then by that time, they should be
fully at home, with plenty of land under cultivation; so that in the
fourth year they could easily pay the full water rates fixed for the
various crops grown. One square of 28 acres is sufficient to support
one man with a family, and is large enough to occupy his whole time.
Where the family contained grown up sons, they would be given other
squares, as many as the.y could keep fully cultivated.

While the government of India can, is prepared to, and usually
does, wait several years after the opening of one of its large canals,
before the canal proves remunerative, it cannot afford to do so for an

1HE IRRIGA I TON AGE. li

indefinite or prolonged period, (unless the canal is maintained as a
protective work against famine in times of different rainfall in well
population districts). In all projects for canals designed expressly as
remunerative or reproductive works, careful forecasts are drawn out
showing the anticipated revenue and expenditure for twenty or more
years after completion. These show the growth of the irrigated area,
and revenue therefrom, year by year, the gradual paying off of the
accumulated interest on the capital cost by the net revenue, (total re-
ceipts minus all working expenses) until, after a certain number of .
years which may be ten, fifteen or twenty, the annual net revenue
forms a handsome interest on the capital cost. A less rate of interest
than 4 per cent would not be considered sufficient to render the work
remunerative; and on the canals of North India, a rate of 8 or 10 per
cent or even more, is realized frequently. Without a satisfactory
assurance that a canal would be, in this way, remunerative, the gov-
ernment would not be prepared to construct it. Ordinarily, when a
canal of this kind is constructed in any country, by private capitalists
or a company as a remunerative undertaking, the owners would ex-
pect a much quicker return of profits on their expenditure, and there-
fore would be less likely to undertake a single large canal carrying as
much as 8,000 cubic feet per second, (as the largest canals in North
India do) and which could not be expected to be remunerative for sev-
eral years after commencement. The state ownership of rivers and
canals has this advantage, that the government can afford to wait sev-
eral years, and can spend money more freely on so constructing a
work as to be permanent, without renewals being acquired. Efficiency
and permanent success are better ensued in the case of large and
costly undertakings by the government carrying out their design and
construction by a competent staff of trained and reliable engineer. In
the early days of a country such a staff is not usually available, and
in order to have its first railways constructed, the government of
India was obliged to have recourse to the system of inviting their con-
struction by guaranteeing a regular rate of interest on the capital ex-
penditure from their very commencement. But for many years past,
with an efficient staff of engineers in its own railway branch of the
Public Works Department, government has been able to do its own
construction work, and keep all profits for itself. In the development
of irrigation no such urgency was called for, and irrigation works
have been uniformly carried out by government agency, the depart-
ment being increased as more engineers were required.

All these perennial canals are designed to flow continuously
throughout the year. The works on them are constructed, once for
all, solidly of concrete, iron, brick and stone, with a view to perma-
nently withstanding the heaviest strain ever likely to be brought on

12 THE IRRIGA 1 1ON A OE

them, and to requiring th.e minimum of periodical repairs. While it
is usual for each canal to be closed entirely at its head, for a few
weeks, at some time in each year, to enable ordinary repairs and
clearances of the bed to be carried out, yet it may happen any year
through a failure of the rains, that the canal has to be kept in full
flow at that time to save the crops dependent on it. In such a case,
the usual annual repairs, must be postponed, perhaps for many
months; and the canal should be able to do its duty efficiently without
them. Deep and solid foundations are therefore given to all works
where any scour in the bed close by, is possible from any cause.

In the southwest regions of the Panjab, and throughout the
province of Sindh the annual rainfall is so slight, averaging less than
six inches, that without irrigation no crops can be grown. Along the
strips of bottom land bordering the great rivers, the spring level is
sufficiently near the ground surface to allow of water being profitably
lifted from wells by bullock power- Close to the river the amount of
life may not be more than ten or fifteen feet, but it rapidly increases
with the distance from the river, and would usually exceed thirty feet
at a distance of three miles, the land being fairly level along a line at
right angles to the river throughout the width of the bottom land of
the river valley. With a greater lift than forty feet but little irriga-
tion can be done during the intense dry heat of the hot weather in the
plains of North India. These plains are less than 1,000 feet above the
sea level; and in the arid regions now alluded to, only strips of land a
few miles wide bordering the great rivers, can be cultivated without
canal irrigation. For the tracts further distant, numerous small in-
undation canals take out from the rivers Indus, Jhelam, Chanab, Ravi
and Satlaj. The largest are about fifty or sixty miles in length, have
bed widths up to eighty feet, can carry a full supply depth of from
eight to ten feet, with a discharge up to about. 2,000 cubic feet per
second. Some are quite small, with a length of only about ten miles,
and a bed width of eight or ten feet. Many of these were made and
were in use by the people long before the commencement of British
rule. They were usually very badly aligned, and crossed drainages
or low ground with weak embankments which often breached, so that
they gave great trouble. Ever since the annexation of the country
the engineers in charge have been busy in improving and extending
these; amalgamating two or more small adjacent ones by giving them
a common head channel. None at first had any head regulator, or
any head works; they were simply open ditches fed from the river,
and their supply fluctuated with it. But by this time most have been
provided with head regulators to control the discharges and keep out
excessive 'flood supplies which were always a source of danger. These
regulators cannot be built at the very commencement of a canal, as
they would be destroyed before long by river erosion, which may cut
away from a quarter to a half of a mile in width of land along a river
bank in one year. They have to be built at some distance off, so as
to be always safe from river erosion.

(Continued next month.)

TWO WINDMILLS IN ONE LOT,

BY HEZEKIAH BUTTERWORTH, IN Farm and Fireside..

The time of protected crops is at hand, and the "glass gardens""
of New England and the irrigating windmills of Dakota but follow
the suggestion of the most productive crop-raising abroad. The dike-
and windmill made Holland a garden, and one of the most beautiful of
all garden lands of the world. Nowhere do flowers bloom brighter;
nowhere do small plants yield more vegetables.

A Holland story is told of a man who acquired an estate with'
two mills on one lot. He caused one of them to be taken down, be-
cause there might not be wind enough for two windmills in one field.

"Out West " there is wind enough for two windmills in a single'
field, and an irrigated garden even in the short season of the Dakotas.
will support a family. Thousands of toilers in the Northwest have
gone into debt, mortgaged their farms, into which they had put their
hard-earned money, and lost all they had. Their crops failed for the'
want of water. "I could have succeeded had I had the means of irri-
gation,'1 has been said thousands of times by the hapless, half-starved
wheat farmer,, as he turned.back to some city to live in a few rooms of
an apartment house, and to work for small wages, a slave to circum-
stances. A modern hydraulic machine or a simple patented windmill
for raising water would have saved his crops, turned his fields into
gold, made him a home in the pure airs of Nebraska or the Dakotas,.
and surrounded that home with cotton-trees, shrubs, vines, etc. But
he had no means of securing such hydraulic power.

Farmers rushed into the Dakotas and the Middle Northwest and
raised a single crop of wonderful proportions. They saw a clear for-
tune for them in a few years in their mind's. eye. They thought they
saw how much money they could borrow on next year's crop. The
East lent them money. The next year brought a drought; the "next""
year a crop almost ready to harvest, but which suddenly shrank and
withered for want of water. They must live; their families must be
supported.

How they struggled and toiled, and wrote to their friends in the
East for help, or perhaps to relatives in Europe! Their friends
helped them for a time, and then inconsiderately lost faith. How
those poor wives toiled and prayed and wept alone! How true these
sufferings and disappointments made the whole family to each other!
All that was needed was water — or the money to procure it. The
needed water was running in streams just below the earth.

Certain farmers in Nebraska who could, not get away or purchase
expensive hydraulic power, -turned their attention to home-made

14 THE IRRIGATION AGE.

windmills, such as would cost less than ten dollars, so at least to save
the garden. They made little windmills of old machinery, with any-
thing for fans that would turn the wind into service. One man favor-
ably situated made the wings of his little mill of coffee sacks, and ir-
rigated five acres for five dollars. Some used barrel- staves with fence
'wire; others turned roofing-tin to this service. A few years served to
show the- value of these home-made windmills in many arid localities.
The idea spread, the mills enlarged, when, presto, change, those who
experimented with the little home-made mills had gardens, while those
who did not had withered acres! Now a book has appeared on the
subject. The traveler may see green gardens in many places over
•which curious windmills of home production are turning.

The agricultural experiment station in Nebraska sent out an ob-
server among those windmill gardens. His published report is most
interesting to young farmers in the Middle West. The home made
Tfindmills offer new opportunity in garden farming. It is one of the
new suggestions that will help to bring a new order of farming to the
true-hearted industrious young farmers of the Middle West.

There is room for "two windmills" in most of the fields of honest
industry. Costa Rica protects her coffee; the United States of Colum-
bia her cocoabeans, and Florida is developing protected orange
groves which will yield golden fortunes. Glass gardens are filling
New England.

Wendell Philips used to says that there were two kinds of people
in the world — one kind "went ahead and did something; the other
showed how it should have been done in some other way." There are
a multitude of people that reason that there will not be room for two
windmills in the same field. There is room. " He can who thinks he
can, " and a purpose of success will make a way anywhere.

The writer spends his life in writing narratives of travel, and has
traveled considerably, and one of the things that has greatly inter-
ested him is how people are protecting their crops in our own and
other countries. The example of brave little Holland is being fol
lowed the world over, and the people who have the idea that two
windmills cannot be run in one lot are disappearing. Let me give
some examples of crop protection which I have seen by the way, be-
ginning at New England.

Some years ago there arose in Arlington, Mass. , a glass garden.
It was for the raising of cucumbers. It was remarkably successful.
It grew and spread, and became almost a farm. It was imitated. One
may see such gardens glittering along the old family roads around
Boston; and near Fall River, on what is called Gardener's Neck, and
near it one may see wonderful developments of New England farming
under glass. There is a farm in Connecticut that has ten acres under

THE IRRIGA TlON A GE 15

glass. With what result? The protecting farmer will get a larger
profit from an acre under glass than his grandfather did from a hun-
dred acres.

Let us turn from the North to frost- smitten Florida. The pro-
tected orange groves are filling the state. Some of this protection is
done by sheds with movable roofs, some by glass, and much by cloth
tents, after the manner of protecting hay- cocks in a New England hay
field. In Marion County, Florida, lives a man by the name of Dolittle,
whose name belies his occupation and enterprise. He saw the frost
cut down hundreds of beautiful orange groves, and out of his northern
blood he resolved that his delightful trees should not be destroyed.
He made frames for his trees, and in the winter filled uhem with dried
pine needles. This did not prove wholly satisfactory. He then tried
cloth tent covers. His orange trees now are the pride of the town.

The returns from choice orange groves will pay for protection.
I have seen a grape fruit tree near Belleview, Fla., that has borne
fifteen hundred grape fruits in a single year. These grape fruits at
ten cents apiece would have brought the owner one hundred and fifty
dollars. A hundred protected grape fruit trees would yield an in-
come of a thousand dollars or more, and support a man and his family
in Florida, a place where one may live more cheaply than anywhere
else in the world, as the sun fnrnishes him largely fuel and clothingj
and one's gardens may be made to produce sweet potatoes, cabbages,
strawberries, cumquats and figs and grapes nearly all the year. Like
Holland from the dikes, so Florida is to rise again and in golden glory
by protected trees. The rich are protecting . acres of orange and
grape fruit trees in this way. A poor man .may protect enough to
support his family.

There is a quality of the Florida orange that will always give it a.
distinct place in the markets of the world. The Florida orange can
never .be driven from the market.

The great use of grape fruit in the Northern cities would alone
secure Florida fruit growers from failure. The fruit is reported to
contain quinine, and to be a very good tonic and vitalizing. However
this may be, banquets that used to begin with soups now start with
halved grape fruit which have stood soaked with sugar for half a day
or more, awaiting the festal hour. In some places the grape fruit
pulp is frozen, and served like sherbet.

The hardy bush orange of China, or cumquat orange, is likely to
be grown extensively in Florida. It finds an immediate market. The
Citrus Deliciosa, or China Mandarin orange, is also likely to come into
use more largely than before, as it can be easily protected.

A few years ago I was in Costa Rica. I went from Port Lemon
to Costa Rica's beautiful city, San Jose. Passing through loft y

16 THE IRR1GA 72 ON A GE.

groves of cocoanut palms to what seemed to be an ocean of banana
fields, I was surprised to find cart loads of ripening bananas heaped
up along the way — bananas enough, it would seem, to feed all New
England. I turned to a friend sitting beside me and looking out of
the car windows.

"Why does the country pile up bananas by the roadsides to rot:' "

''That the leaves may grow stronger and last longer."

"But the people do not grow banana leaves."

"Oh, yes, they do."

"Why?"

"To protect their coffee plants. Those are not banana fields.
They are coffee fields. Coffee has to be protected from the sun."

It is so everywhere. Holland protects her glistening gardens
from the sea; New England makes her short season long by gardens
under glass. The Dakotas protect their crops from drought, and by
<5anned fruit and vegetables secure for the winter the products of long
season crops. They are doing what the hardy people of northern
Europe so well have done. Florida is protecting her oranges, and
Costa Rica her coffee. The agricultural and horticultural world is
finding out the value of the agricultural college; two windmills may
be placed in a single field; both of them will go. What is worth
growing is worth protecting. Thrift finds a way; creative genius is
money. One may conquer the soil.

FEDERAL AID TO IRRIGATORS.

With only 3,000,000 people at present occupying the Pacific slope
of the United States west of the Rocky Mountains, President James
J. Hill, of the Great Northern Railway system, say that when that
slope shall have 20,000,000 people Chicago ought to be the largest
city in the world. He bases this interesting possibility upon the fact
that 76,000,000 people in the country are supported more or less di-
rectly by trade with Europe and Africa, with their 400,000,000 popu-
lation.

"On the other hand," he says, "there are a thousand million peo-
ple off our Western coast with whom we should trade, and yet we have
only 3,000,000 population to reach out for it,"

He confesses to the handicap of the present coast country, but he
is sanguine of the good time coming when the United States shall
dominate the trade of Asia. Mr. Hill insists that the building up of
such a trade will depend in great measure upon the development of
the agricultural resources of the Pacific slope. To develop this he
says that government aid in building irrigating canals will be neces-
sary.

"Except for manufactured stuffs and cotton, these far Eastern
exports will be grain and flour," said Mr. Hill in a Chicago interview,
"and these agricultural products must be grown on the Pacific coast.
For this purpose we have a territory 1.000 miles square, which,
through centuries of aridity, have become vast beds of fertility, need-
ing only water to make them the most productive spots in the world.
There is water enough for the purpose melling from the mountain
snows; all that is needed is the canal system.

"The execution of this irrigation work is the one thing needed to
give to the United States the domination of the Pacific Ocean com-
merce and the supremacy of the world's trade. Without it progress
will be slow, because, unless there is an abundant supply of food pro-
ducts always available at shipping ports, it will be impossible to in-
sure full cargoes and quick dispatch to the vessels of large capacity,
which alone can be profitably employed in the trade. Every business
interest which hopes to benefit by participation in the trade of the
Pacific Ocean must be in favor of the reclamation of the great moun-
tain valleys for the occupation of agricultural workers. If successful
in the advocacy of this public improvement full rewards will come in
the shape of new markets in the orient, and it will be found, addition-
ally, that the settlement of the Western mountain region has devel-
oped a local market richer in natural resources than any other portion
of the earth's surface.

18 1 HE IRRIGATION AGE.

"There, where the soil under irrigation will grow the best quality
and greatest quantity of all the grains, except corn, .all the grasses
and fruits, the ground is seamed with deposits of gold, silver, copper,
lead, iron and coal. There the largest supply of standing timber,
and petroleum and natural gas abound. Under the influence of the
dry atmosphere and constant sunshine, good health prevails, and the
melted snow in falling to the sea level creates a water power avail-
able for electric heat, light, and motor service, equivalent in energy
to the combustion of 300,000,000 tons of coal per annum.

"People regard with amazement the present rapid growth of
wealth in the United States, but this will be comparative poverty
when with twenty million people on the Pacific slope engaged in rais-
ing grain and manufacturing flour for the orient, we can dispatch
large freighters daily from each of the Pacific ports loaded with the
manufactured goods of the Eastern factories, the cotton of the South,
and the food products of the mountain valleys. Then a river of
wealth will be turned into the United States, which will put to shame
the visions of the wildest dreamers.

"If Congress at its next session will appropriate $100,000,000 in 2
per cent bonds to be used in canal and reservoir construction, the
money will be returned directly many times in the increased value of
the public land. Indirectly, in trade results, the benefits will be per-
manent and incalcuable. As a matter of political policy, the party
which will take up and boldly advocate an immediate and liberal ap-
propriation will receive the support of millions of people now home-
less and discontented who desire homes and the opportunity to make
a living by honest labor.

"The agricultural products of the Pacific slope cannot come into
competion with the farmers of the middle West. On the contrary,
the section will open a large market for corn and hog products not
producable here. The storage of the water in mountain reservoirs
will reduce the flood level of the lower rivers and measurably relieve
the cotton and sugar estates from the dangers of overflow. .

"A policy of arid land reclamation to be effective must be con-
ducted on a large scale. An entire appropriation of only 161,000,000
would be childish. Two hundred and fifty million dollars was voted
without discussion for the Spanish war. This was for waste. In
these days of large undertakings an expenditure of $'00,000,000 for a
permanent improvement which will benefit millions of people should
not cause hesitation. Such an amount, properly used, would add
three billion dollars to the national wealth. Wnile it would make
homes for a multitude of settlers, the greatest benefits would come to
the manufacturers of the Eastern and middle Western states and their
employes, and to the cotton raisers and spinnzrs of the South. ''-
California Cultivator.

THE DIVERSIFIED FARM.

In diversified farming by irrigation lies tne salvation of agriculture.

PAN-AMERICAN LETTER.

(Written by Herbert Shearer.)

The lion's share of space in the Horti-
culture Building was assigned to the
State of California. The State govern-
ment deserves no credit because they
failed to make an appropriation, and it
became necessary for tbe fruit and busi-
ness men of California to come to the
front with both money and material or al-
low the state to go unrepresented at this
important exposition

In the exhibit made by the business
men of Fresno County, that of raisins is
one of the most important, the extent of
which already Covers a territory of 55,000
acres; three-fourths being in Fresno
County. Until recent years we imported
all our raisins from foreign countries, and
it was the exception to get a product that
was satisfactory, as the methods employed
in packing were not only slovenly but in
many instances downright dishonest.

The California product, on the other
hand, is systematically handled, packed
and shipped in a thoroughly straightfor-
ward business-like manner. Besides tbe
diffepent brands of selected raisins, rang-
ing from Imperial Clusters down to Two-
crown London Layers, I wish to call
especial attention to the seeded raisins
that are now being put up in such quanti-
ties, as well as the manner in which this
branch of the industry is being conducted.

There are two grapes known as "raisin
grapes" — the Muscatel and the Muscat of
Alexandria. The time of picking is de-
termined by the use of the sacharometer
in the following manner: About a peck
of grapes are picked promiscuously from a

great many different vines and the whole
lot pressed to extract the juice. Sufficient
juice to float the sacharometer is placed in
a glass tube and the record taken, which
in order to be right must be about 25 per
cent, sugar.

Picking begins about the first of Sep-
tember. The grapes are picked and
placed on wooden trays about 24 by 36
inches and left exposed to the sun's rays
for a week or ten days according to the
condition of the atmosphere. They are
then turned over by placing an empty tray
over the full one and inverting the two,
which empties the first tray, and this in
turn is used to hold the grapes that the
second tray contains, and so on down the
row; two men — one on either side of the
row— accomplish this turning very rapidly.
After the grapes have been turned and
exposed to the heat until about dry — a
condition that requires some skill and
judgment to determine — the trays are all
taken up and put in piles where they re-
main a few days until they "equalize."
They are then sorted out and divided into
"Clusters," "Layers" and "Loose," when
they are placed in the "Sweat Boxes."

As the loose grade is what we are
especially interested in, we will not fol-
low the other and more extensive grades.
The cleanly, mechanical handling of the
loose California raisin grape marks an era
of progress in machine-manipulated edi-
bles in a very typical manner.

As all grapes and raisins are more or
less dusty from exposure to the atmos-
phere during the growing period, they are
passed through a machine that brushes
the dust free and blows it out with an air

20

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

blast, thereby starting the packing opera-
tion with a thoroughly clean product.

The loose dried raisins are next run
through a recent invention — a "large ma-
chine called a ;'stemmer'; or '"grader" that
is the evolution of a great deal of work
and mechanical ingenuity. This machine
stems and grades into*four different clas-
ses, from 30 to 40 tons of raisins per day.
It is the two grades — the Two-crowned
Loose and the Three-crowned Loose, as
they come from this machine — that are
seeded and have become such an impor-
tant factor in the raisin business.

The seeding is done by another machine
that is a wonder in the mechanical line.
In this piece of mechanism the raisins are
passed between a steel roller and a soft
rubber band. The steel roller is provided
with needle points about one-sixteenth of
an inch apart. These needle points pierce
the raisius and push the seeds through
into the soft rubber, from which they are
removed by a scraper, and the raisins pass
out and are packed into pasteboard boxes,
without having been touched by hand
from the beginning to the end of the pro-
cess.

The benefits of organization are illus-
trated in this business by the California
Raisin Growers Association. This asso-
ciation is controlled by officers who tran-
sact all the business, sell the product or
make any necessary arrangements with the
packers and return the amount of money
due the grower. The result is a good pay-
ing and an even product that is satisfac-
tory to the trade, the grower and the con-
sumer.

By way of advertising the association is
distributing 250,000 sample boxes to visi-
tors at the Exposition. This will doubt-
less do a great deal to acquaint the general
public with the quality of the product, as
a great many people are. eating these rai-
sins, who are unfamiliar with this new
American industry. I am indebted to
Mr. Chas. F. Wyer. who has charge of

the exhibit in the Horticulture Building,
for much of the information contained in
this letter.

THE MODEL DAIRY.

The Model Dairy has been in operation
long enough to establish the importance of
rtie undertaking, and the results as pub-
lished from time to time have produced
more enthusiasm throughout the country
in regard to the different breeds of milch
cows than has ever before been made
manifest. It is not to be supposed that
these cows have done their best under the
trying circumstances and disadvantages
under which they have been placed,
though conditions, with very few excep-
tions are as fair for one as for the other.
Removing cows from their natural sur-
roundings to be housed in an exposition
building for six months under conditions
that are more or less detrimental is not
calculated to assist in producing the best
results. To appreciate this feature of the
Exposition, it is necessary to carefully in-
spect each herd and to take into consider-
ation a great many details and side issues
which it is impossible to give out in an
ordinary report.

While the old-time favorites still retain
the apparent advantage there are other
breeds that have shown astonishing sustain-
ing qualities that have won them fame.
One of the least known, perhaps, is the
French Canadian, a herd of five little
cows, whose record has far exceeded their
looks or previous recommendations. In
fact, a study of this model dairy will re-
veal more surprises than the ordinary
stockman is aware of.

A very important livestock side issue is
a large assortment of forage plants that
are now growing in a section of the
grounds near the livestock buildings.
This exhibit should be carefully studied
by every stockman in the country. It is
under the supervision of Prof. Lameon
Scribner, Agrostologist of the Agricul-
tural Department at Washington. This

THE I R RIG A TION A GE.

21

consists of native grasses, roots, millets,
different kinds of peas, beans and other
plants of a similar nature. Some of the
details of this work will be given in my
communications later.

In addition to other features of the
stock exhibit, visitors to the Exposition
will have an opportunity to see th.e filling
process of a modern silo. A large silo is
now being erected on the grounds and
suitable machinery is being installed to
cut the green feed and carry it to the silo
in the most approved manner. The latest
and best machinery for this purpose is
being used which no doubt will be of great
advantage to many farmers who are con-
templating work of this nature.

A series of international live stock
meetings will be held in the New York
State marble building on the grounds. At
these meetings the best talent in the
United States, Canada and the Latin
Americas will be present and deliver ad-
dresses on subjects pertinent to the occa-
sion. Amongst these is the International
Association of Farmers' Institute Work-
ers, which will bring together the differ-
ent lecturers throughout the United States
and Canada. It has come to be recog-
nized that no more potent factor in the
interest of farmers and dairymen exists
than these fanners' . institute meetings
when properly conducted. Men of wide
experience will be present on this occa-
sion, and the meetings cannot fail to be of
great interest and benefit.

Many details in connection with the
Business, that 'are calculated to save labor
or as being beneficial in some other way,
still will be on exhibition during the two
weeks that are especially devoted to the
-cattle interest. Among these may be
mentioned various kinds of cattle ties,
watering devices, milking conveniences,
feeding attachments, and a great many
other similar exhibits.

MODERN STABLE CONSTRUCTION.

The proper housing of domestic ani-
mals, is receiving careful systematic con-
sideration as never before. Investiga-
tions are being conducted by means of
careful, practical experiments by men who
are thoroughly conversant with the sub
ject from a practical as well as scientific
stand-point. .

Mr. F. A. Converse, who has charge of
the live stock and dairy departments at
the Pan-American Exposition is a pioneer
in this important field. He is demonstrat-
ing to the multitude at the Exposition by
actual working models, how it is possible
to build a really good stable for a very
reasonable amount of money.

In our northern climate, warmer stables
have for years occupied the attention of
our best farmers and stock-men and bank
barns have been the outgrowth of the
desire to provide comfortable stables
that were both warmer and better. The
convenience of having all stock under one
roof tucked carefully away from the cold
with plenty of feed over head, ready at all
times to find its way to mangers and food
racks by gravity, proved very alluring to
ambitious farmers all over the country.
Animals housed in these expensive dun-
geons were not happy and showed their
discomfiture in watery eyes, lusterless
hair, hot noses and hot feverish breath
with fretful quarrelsome actions together
with their inability to grow or fatten.
Too frequently cattle thus housed were
attacked by bovine disease germs which
were materially assisted in their work of
destruction by conditions so expensively
though unintentionally provided. Stock-
men thought the trouble was caused by
too great a change in tempersture by al-
lowing the cattle to go out for an airing or
for water each day; to remedy this, water
buckets were added to the stable outfit
and the stock confined in an abominable
atmosphere for weeks at a time.

Atmospheric conditions affect animals

22

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

differently. The heavy breeds of beef
cattle are usually phlegmatic in disposi-
tion, paying but little attention to ordi-
nary disturbances; these suffered less in
consequence, though it was noticed that
they did not benefit from the quantity of
feed as they should. Milch cows of a
highly nervous organization are more sus-
ceptible to incipient diseases caused by
objectionable surroundings than any other
domestic animal. Not until progressive
scientific men spent much time and money
in investigations and experiments was the
trouble traced to its true source.

Analyzing stable atmosphere led to the
detection of harmful backteria in incredu-
lous numbers. Scientists engaged in the
work were slow to give out the result of
their first investigations, thinking that
the conditions under which they were
working might be abnormal. Prospecting
further and while endeavoring to learn the
cause they found conditions in these cel-
lar stables particularly favorable to the
propagation of stockmen's worst enemy.
Harmful bacteria delight in a dusty at-
mosphere especially when it is impreg-
nated with moisture, when a share of the
dampness comes from the moisture laden
breath of animals that are obliged to
breathe the same air over and over again,
bacteria conditions are complete.

Bank barns are always damp and always
dusty; owing to their construction they
never admit sunlight in quantities, suffi-
cient to be any use. Sunlight is destruc-
tive to all forms of harmful bacteria there-
fore a stable properly constructed should
admit the direct rays of sun to every stall
if possible.

Great progress has been made during
recent years in stable construction, look-
ing to the complete elimination of the
troubles as set forth along these lines.

A model stable on the Exposition
grounds, in which is confined, a number
of different breeds of the best dairy cattle
in America, will demonstrate to the mil-

lions of Pan-American visitors, how a
really good stable may be constructed at a
low cost, that is warm in winter, cool in
summer, and sanitary and hygienic at all
times.

Public opinion backed by government
milk inspection has resolved into a strict
censure of dirty, antiquated methods.
City milk supply is now traced to its
source, the cows examined for condition
and health, and the stable for cleanliness.
If incompetency or indifference has led
the dairyman to disobey the state sanitary
requirements, he is not permitted to ship
his milk until he satifies the inspector
that he has mended his ways. This
course was made necessary by the rapidly
increasing volume of business which is
conducted by such a cosmopolitan class of
people, comprising as it does, all grades of
producers from the most progressive far-
mer down the line of small dairymen to
the ignorant huckster. Cleanliness is re-
quired by inspectors first, last and all the
time; thus, making the right start for
cleanliness, leads to many virtues. A
man who is particular about all utensils,
his wagon, stable, cattle and himself, will
not tolerate a poor stable or an unhealthy
cow. He may not understand the science
of ferments or disease germs, but his milk
supply will be good and wholesome, be-
cause he robs harmful bacteria of the dirt
upon which they thrive.

The proper location for a dairy stable is
one of the most important considerations
in the construction of the most important
adjunct to the dairy business. To be
able to start right it is necessary to con-
sider the subject from different stand-
points. Fresh air and a plentiful supply
of pure water, good drainage, protection
from cold winds, plenty of sunshine and
convenience in regard to feeding arrange-
ments, are the essential features to be con-
sidered.

Fresh air and drainage may be provided
by selecting an elevation. Protection

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

23

from cold winds is secured by planting a
tree belt along the northern exposure, but
it is not always easy to combine with a
location of this nature the proper water
supply which is a very essential feature.
Generally speaking the elevation also
assists in providing a water supply as the
pumping should be done by wind power, a
rise of ground naturally gives an uninter-
rupted wind approach as the derrick may
be high enough to lift the wind above the
tree wind break. In no case should the
water supply be poor, limited or incon-
venient.

In addition to the tree belt a high board
fence should enclose a breathing space;
this fence should be well constructed and
the joints between the boards battened
tight. If. in additiod to this, a shed roof
is provided opening to the south, winter
yard conditions will be about as good as
they can be made, provided, of course,
that the ground is supplied with proper
drainage. The filthy, miry condition of
so many barn yards is sufficient excuse for
laying so much stress on the importance
of this feature. The abomination that is
permitted to exist year after year in con-
nection with farm barns and stables is
little short of criminal. Ideas in this re-
spect, however, are fast changing, domes-
tic animals are recognized as possessing
certain inalienable natural rights that
owners are bound to respect. The old
fashion notion that any kind of an old
shed planted in any sort of a mud hole, in
any haphazard location, is good enough
for cattle has given way before recent
scientific investigations. This is particu-
larly true in the older states of the East
and Middle West, as well as throughout
the better dairy sections of Canada.

Boards of Health and State Boards of
Agriculture have inaugurated a system of
inspection that has exerted a salutary in-
fluence especially in milk shipping dis-
tricts. Humane considerations have had
a good deal to do in bettering conditions

in this respect, but mercenary interests
and the general health of humanity have
combined to bring the subject home to
many interested people in a very forceful
manner. The fact is now recognized that
it pays to take good intelligent care of
domestic animals, which is simply produc-
ing at all times natural favorable condi-
tions which are always the most economi-
cal in the end. Dairy cows return divi-
dends, the ratio of which increases in di-
rect proportion to the care and intelligent
consideration bestowed upon them.

So little attention is now being paid to
pasture that the fence and long lanes
leading from the stable to the fields,
which were formerly such an all-impotant
adjunct to a well regulated farm, does not
enter into the consideration. Pasturing is
too expensive in these days of keen com-
petition.

North of parallel forty-two there is an
average of only six weeks of good pastur-
age. Summer droughts sandwiched in be-
tween late spring and early fall rains are
responsible for this condition. A run-
way consisting of about one-fourth of an
acre per cow is a better and more satisfac-
tory arrangement. It should be enclosed
with a good movable fence and shifted oc-
casionally for the benefit of the land; this,
however, is largely a matter of personal
opinion as well as convenience. A per-
manent pasture that has never felt the
plow offers advantages that no artificial
production can equal. Where a running
stream of good water exists within a rea-
sonable distance of the stable the question
of a pasture run will settle itself. On the
great majority of farms, artificial water
supply must be depended on; a condition
that should be met by a never failing well
with a windmill sufficiently powerful to
carry the water not only to the stable but
to the pasture lot. A drinking trough
should be placed in a shady spot and
water conducted to it by pipes placed un-
der ground sufficiently deep to be cool in

24

THE IRR1 GA II ON A GE.

summer and beyond the reach of the frost
in winter.

Too much stress cannot be placed on the
importance of plenty of pure water pro-
vided conveniently for dairy cows. Fever
conditions which affect the condition of
the milk are too often produced by cows
going too far to water.

Tainted milk, or the fevered conditions
of the cow that leads to. tainted milk, is
produced in this way; too often it is ag-
gregated by the presence of a dog when
the udders are so full as to render every
step painful.

Silage crops are so thoroughly dis-
tributed over the farm that the location of
the stable makes very little difference in
the work of filling the silo through easy
grades and a good hard track will mater*
ially assist the aggregate amount of forage
hauled with a given number of loads.

Mr. Frank A. Converse, manager of the
agricultural departments of the Pan-
American Exposition is illustrating many
of these essentials to modern dairying on
the grounds. The intention is to interest
farmers in improving methods of conduct-
ing the business of the farm.

After deciding on the proper location
for the stable a great deal of future work
may be saved by selecting the exact spot
according to grade that will give the most
advantages. Here again the farmer must
be guided by conditions. If it is possible
to provide sufficient fall to get a wagon
track about four feet below the level of
the stable floor it will facilitate removing
the manure, an item of no small moment,
as it is a daily occurrence that follows up
year after year; however, this is overcome
in a measure by the manure cages that
have a hand elevator attachment.

After deciding on the size and dimen-
sions of the stable, it will pay to stake it
out on the ground several days or weeks
before the time set to commence opera-
tion; this will probably suve the remark
that we so often hear, " If I had to do it

over again I would do it differently.'' Re-
member that you are laying out work for
yourself for years to come; a little fore-
sight is worth a tremendous lot of regret.

It is a good plan to take a trip nbout the
country and look over half a dozen differ-
ent stables that are known to be correct in
principle. A good many men go ahead
with this kind of work without taking this
precaution with the result that after the
work is completed, or so far along that it
cannot be changed, mistakes are apparent.
A case in point occurred only last week.
A farmer in the eastern section of the
country was about to build a bank barn at
considerable expense. Hearing about the
work at the Pan-American, he decided to
investigate before completing his arrange-
ments. The result is that he has aban-
doned his original intention entirely, and
is now building a complete modern stable
on thoroughly scientific principles, as
mapped out by Mr. Converse at the Ex-
position.

When the location is finally decided
upon, a trench for the wall should be dug
deep enough to go below frost. The
trench should be the exact width of the
wall, say twelve inches, and a tile scoop
used to hollow out a space around the out-
side of the trench at the bottom for a two
and one-half or three inch drain tile. Lay
the tile flush with the outside wall of the
trench and true up with earth so mortar will
not squeeze out over the tile. This drain tile
is very important as it answers the double
purpose of providing a dry foundation for
the wall and prevents rats from working
under. Rats will burrow down next to
the wall to find the bottom but when they
meet with an obstruction they will follow
it sometimes for a long distance along the
wall, but never think of working away
from the wall to get around it.

Material for the wall must. depend upon
local conditions, price of stone, labor, etc. ;
in some localities stone is plentiful, in
others it is necessary to substitute grout

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

25

construction. With a trench like the one
described, a skilled mason is not required
to build the wall as it is only necessary to
fill in the trench \vith stone and thin -grout
mortar or to mix the grout and pour it in
the ditch until it is full. Where it is
necessary to build the. wall higher than the
ground, boards or planks are held tem-
porarily in position by stakes to carry the
wall to the desired height. Of course
there. is no objection to building a stone
wall in the usual manner if the extra ex-
pense is no object, but the construction
described is just as good and often better,
while the expense is considerably less.

The wall should extend but an inch or
so above the floor, and the top of the wall
carefully leveled to form a proper bed for
the sill. The reason why the wall should
not extend higher will be fully explained
in another chapter that explains every de-
tail in the construction of the stable above
the floor. Inside of the wall the ground
must be carefully graded in conformity
with the ground plan. Jog3, gutters,
mangers, inclines and track runs should
be laid out with great care to correspond
with a carefully drawn plan and profile.

Earth that has been loosened up by
handling should be wet down when neces-
sary to make it solid. Small grade stakes
should be driven along gutters as well as at
regular intervals over the graded bottom,
these stakes should be driven just deep
enough so that the top of the stake will be
level with the top surface of the first layer
of cement, they should be removed while
the cement is soft and the holes filled, al-
though this is not absolutely necessary.

In order to set these stakes properly,
what is called an A level is required; this
is made with three strips of board seven-
eights by three inches, nailed together in
the shape of a lettej; ':A. " A plumb bob
is hung from the top and a mark made on
the cross piece where the line crosses
when the feet are level. To find this level
drive two stakes and set one foot on each

stake; by reversing, .the feet and repeat-
edly driving down the higher stake until
the line touches the same point, when the
"A" is placed in either position the exact
level may be obtained. With one of these
simple instruments a few stakes and a
maul, two men may walk all over a hillside
and mark out a perfectly level course.

When the ground is finished ready for
the cement, mortar boards should be placed
conveniently that is plenty large enough to
be used without sides. Mix thoroughly by
measure dry, one part best Portland ce-
ment with six or seven parts of coarse
sand; a good liberal sprinkling of broken
stone is an improvement. When thor-
oughly mixed, wet to mortar consistency
which is just wet enough to be pressed
into a ball by hand spread directly on the
ground in a layer two and one-half inches
thick and tramp down solid. Gutter sides
and all jogs should be an inch thicker to
prevent breaking. Corners at these places
should be beveled for the same reason. '
The top or putty coat should be mixed
and laid on the stall floor with a rough
board trowel; this coat should consist of
one part cement to two parts sand that
has been sifted. It should not be trow-
eled down smooth on the standing floor
but it should be left rough in order
to furnish a hold for bedding; the
mangers and feed ways may he polished to
the queen's taste. This coat may be from
one inch to one and one-half inches thick
and it must be laid when the bottom coat
is fresh and damp or the two will not pro-
perly unite; for this reason it is better to
lay a large floor in sections, though if dry-
ness cannot be avoided, sprinkling will
.help to restore adhesiveness. In large
stables where a driveway is provided it is
necessary to make creases in the cement
when soft, otherwise the hard smooth
floor will furnish no foothold for horses,
this may be done by embedding a rake
handle at frequent intervals in the ceuien t
while it is soft. Stable floors made in

26

1HE IRRIGATION AGE,

this manner are permanent, sanitary ancT
comfortable for stock, when all the neces-
sary conditions are complied with, which
includes proper care in building and the
necessary subsequent cleanliness.

Cementing directly on the ground in
this manner, is all right provided the
ground is hard and dry. Judgment is re-
quired in this as well as in all other trans-
actions pertaining to the farm; if the soil
is a hard clay the cement may be much
thinner than for a soil of a loamy or looser
nature. On the other hand, if the soil is
sandy a thin layer of broken stone or
coarse gravel may be necessary. Where
gravel is used on sand, some kind of a
binder is sometimes required. This may
be a mixture of clay and ashes, or loam
and ashes or clay alone, but whatever
method is employed, condition must be
carefully studied to obtain the best re-
sults. Even cisterns may be plastered
directly on the earth with satisfactory re-
sults, if the nature of the ground is hard
and dry and the cistern covered sufficient-
ly to keep out the frost.

As a silo is a necessary adjunct to the
stable and should be built in connection,
the silo foundation should be built at the
same time that the stable foundation is
laid. The same rules will apply and the
same construction may be followed in all
except the design of the wall which will
of course, depend on the size and dimen-
sions of the silo. This will be taken up
in a separate article and treated at length
in the near future.

In stable construction the question of
sanitation is comparatively new. Ad-
vanced stockmen have for years recognized
the value to animals of plenty of fresh air
without knowing exactly why.

In this series of articles, describing the
experiments of Mr. F. A. Converse and
his illustration of good dairy work at the
Pan-American Exposition, it is my inten
tion to explain this, and to show how a
cheap, effective, sanitary stable may be

built. In former articles I described the
proper location for a sanitary stable and
the manner of constructing a foundation
and floor for the same. This article will
describe the proper construction of a
stable from the wall up.

We have built a wall from below frost
to the upper surface of the cement floor.
We do not wish to carry it higher because
a difference in temperature between the
inside and outside of the wall causes
dampness to collect on the inner surface.
This may be seen in the form of white
frost is almost any cellar or root house
during the winter season. It is also notice-
able in stables under bank barns and this
is one of the great objections to this class
of stable.

The stable should be built entirely sepa-
rate from the barn although it may be con-
nected therewith at one end for conven-
ience in feeding. It "may be connected
with a silo for the same reason.

The stable building should be of light
construction, only one story in height,
and in no case should storage be provided
overhead. The building should be con-
structed practically air tight, but fresh
air should by no means bo shut out.

Commencing with the top wall, a sill,
six inches square should be embedded in
fresh cement mortar. Studding, 2"x6"x8 ft
long are placed thereon, three feet apart
to be nailed into the sill with a 2" x 6"
plate, spiked on top; the studding care-
fully placed and plumbed, especially
where the doors and windows come.

Building paper must be used both inside
and outside of studding, thus making a
six-inch dead air space, which is the most
satisfactory non conductor of heat or cold.
This paper maybe protected with cheaper
expensive boarding at the option of the
builder. If the paper be carefully put on
it will provide the necessary air space
without respect to the quality of the lum-
ber used. Salvage should be left on the
paper at all openings, sufficient to reach

7 HE IRRIGATION AGE.

the window and door frames, which should
be made just wide enough to fill the space
between the flush sides of the inner and
outer boarding; the paper nailed to the
frame edges, an extra strip of paper put
over this which is in turn covered with the
casing and all nailed down tight. The
same care should be taken \rherever joints
are made around air flues, at the plates
and sills, and especially where the wall
paper joins the ceiling paper. Careless
workmen will need watching at such
places. It is the numberless little details
that determine the value of the stable
when finished.

To secure proper warmth and ventila-
tion a ceiling is provided 8£ feet above the
floor. As a stable should in no case pro-
vide for storage overhead the ceiling may
be very light. Joists 2"x6" placed 3 feet
apart will be heavy enough for almost any
stable no matter what the size may be, as
it is supported by the gas pipe uprights
that hold the cow chains and the wire par-
titions in place.

The ceiling joists are spiked to the
plates and rafters thus forming ties to
strengthen the building. Building paper
is tacked to the under side of the joists,
and matched, ceiling nailed on below the
paper. This ceiling may be of if' stuff or
thinner. Care should be taken to lap the
ceiling paper with the paper from the side
walls to leave no space for the admission
of air. All inside wood work should be
dressed and free from any heading or pro-
jection so far as possible; this is to pre-
vent the lodgements of dust, which is one
of the main things to be carefully guarded
against.

Window stools should be made so nar-
row that they will not become the recepti-
cle for curry combs, brushes, old bottles,
and other trash that are so instrumental in
collecting dust and other dirt.

Equal care should be taken with the

doors. Door frames are made and fitted

he same as the window frames with the

exception of the sill. This is made nar-
row and rounded so that the door will shut
tight against it without a jog or jam for
the accumulation of dirt. There is no ob-
jection to having the sill eight inches
high as the cows easily step over it and
the manure carrier is suspended from the
ceiling.

The roof should be comparatively steep,
as anything less than one-third pitch is too
short lived if covered with shingles. The
size of rafters will depend on the size of
building, though generally speaking 2"x4"
placed two feet apart for a rafter, up to
twelve feet in length is strong enough for
one- third pitch or steeper.

The matter of windows requires careful
consideration. They should be large
enough and numerous enough to admit
plenty of light and sunshine when re-
quired, but not sufficiently large to pro-
duce by radiation too great changes in
temperature. If possible, sunshine should
be admitted into every corner of the stable.
For this purpose and to prevent unneces-
sary radiation of heat at night and during
cold weather, it is better to have the neces-
sary window.s so far as possible on the
south or southerly side of the building.

A window should be provided in each
gable end. These windows should work in
grooves to slide easily up or down as re-
quired with rope attachments that may be
opened or closed as required.

For a double stable, if long, the 2"x6"
plate should be doubled, through a single
two-inch plate properly supported by the
boarding, both inside and out, makes a
very strong building, so solid in fact, that
the plate may be but away to make room
for the ventilators without any apprecia-
ble weakening of the structure.

With a building put up in this manner
and furnished with fly screens, dark
blinds, double doors and double windows,
with all properly and carefully fitted, we
have a stable which may be shut up prac-
tically air tight, and one that would be a
very unhealthy place for animals unless
provided with a good system of ventilation

PULSE OF IRRIGATION

SOLUTION OF THE DROUGHT PROB
LEM.

The following editorial in the Drover's
Journal is a fair sample of the awakening
to the benefit of irrigation all over the
country after a year of universal drought:

"The anxiety caused by the recent
drought and the attendant loss should
awaken this ingenious nation to the neces-
sity of providing in the future the mois-
ture that nature fails to supply. . Not only
the vast territory affected by drought, but
the whole of the United States have been
sufferers. It is not so much in the amount
of rain that may fall as it is to have it fall
at the right season of the year. One half
of the total rainfall would suffice if it
were distributed in proportions tanta-
mount to the needs of the crop.

"The demand the west has been mak-
ing for national assistance in reclaiming
the arid and stmi-arid sections will be
strengthened by the drought of this sum-
mer. There are many clubs forming for
the purpose of bringing this matter before
congress at its next session, but as the
movement is in an incipient state it would
be difficult at this time to forecast the re-
sult. There is not the slightest doubt of
the need of irrigation both in the large
neighborhoods of the west and in the small
farming communities in the agricultural
section, and even though we fail to secure
the co-operation of the national govern-
ment, we should not remain idle and wait
for a repetition of the drought which has
just been broken.

"In California, Colorado, Arizona. Utah,
Wyoming, Texas and New Mexico evi-
dences of the benefits of irrigation are
seen on every hand. In many instances

barren desert wastes have been converted
into1 fertile fields yielding abundant crops
of everything indigenous to each locality,
and in some sections the productive capa-
city of really good lands has been greatly
increased through the aid of irrigation.
In New Mexico the bounteous crops of
alfalfa. Kaffir corn, milo-ulai/e. apples,
pears, peaches, sugar beets and several
cereal crops are the result of irrigation.
In Colorado, Utah, Wyoming and Califor-
nia the prosperity of the farmer, the stock
man, and the fruit-grower is the result of
the water from the mountain streams. In
Texas the immense rice plantations and
truck farms are irrigated by pumping the
water from rivers and artesian wells.
These are all large communities, and while
some are aide.d by state appropriations,
the majority of the irrigating plants are
operated by private individuals and cor-
porations. In the rice belt there are
numbers of plantations adjoining which
aggregate fifty to one hundred thousand
acres, all watered from the same stream.

"The great value of artesian- well irriga-
tion is just beginning to be appreciated.
Not only the rice-growers are sinking
wells, but truck farmers and orchardists
have fallen into line and are sinking wells,
which supply their lands with the much-
needed moisture. A Drovers Journal
representative visited one of these im-
proved truck gardens during the annual
meeting of the Texas Cattle Kaisers' asso-
ciation in San Antonio last March. This-
farm consists of one hundred and forty
acres. At the time this land was pur-
chased it was almost barren — nothing but
thorny mesquite bushes would grow upon
it. This land was bought at fifty dollars-

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

29

per acre, cleared and grubbed thoroughly,
and a twelve-inch well sunk. At a depth
of less than a thousand feet a flow of over
24,000 barrels or over one million gallons
per day was struck. The farm is divided
into twelve tracts, with a small cottage on
each, and is rented to gardeners who pay
an average annual rental of $22.50 per
acre. These gardeners raise vegetables
for market, and their average net profit
per acre is more than $100. This well
supplies sufficient water to irrigate a- tract
many times larger than it is required to
do. This wonder is in a portion of Texas
where it seldom rains, and the owner has
refused $100,000 for his property.

"The farmers in Illinois, Iowa, Kansas,
Nebraska and other states affected by the
recent drought, might study with profit
the irrigation methods now in vogue.
Flowing artesian water at a depth of six
hundred to one thousand feet is possible
on any land that will produce crops. If a
flowing well, the water could be held in
check by a cap until needed, and then
distributed over the land by means of
ditches in quantities to suit the farmer.
He would not bother about rain, and with
water at his command would be enabled
to mature his crops at an earlier date.

''The first cost of a well or series of
wells may seem great, but. when the ulti-
mate benefits are considered is insignifi-
cant. It would be a good idea for farmers
in the more populous agricultural sections
to form irrigation clubs and sink wells at
some convenient place where each could
receive the benefit of the water. In the
west where farms are larger than they are
in the east, running streams could be
utilixed in connection with the wells.
Where water from the creeks and rivers is
used, a pumping plant on some high point
would flood the farms surrounding, and
the benefits would be incalculable.

"This is a- subject worthy the earnest
consideration of farmers everywhere. Ir-
rigation is not an experiment, but is prac-

ticed with great success in all the states
where the annual rainfall is light. If it
will benefit the arid sections it will also
benefit the middle states who were suf-
ferers in the recent drought."

IRRIGATION WORKS IN SIBERIA.

The Russian government contemplates
undertaking large irrigation works in
Western Siberia, which will extend over
a tract of land along the western section
of the Trans-Siberian railway for more
than 275 miles. In the districts of Tomsk
and Omsk alone no less than 833 artesian
wells have been bored during the last
three years. The expenditure for the
construction of these wells amounted to
$300.000. Furthermore there have been
constructed in the government of Tomsk,
n the different districts, altogether 276
miles of canals, while 85 miles of river
beds were cleaned from mud. It is re-
ported that the administration of the Si-
berian railway has recommended to the
Russian government a scheme to under-
take extensive drainage works in the
marshy Baraba steppe, for which works a
credit of about 3,000,000 rubles has been
asked.

BIG IRRIGATING PROJECT.
One of the big irrigation enterprises of
northern Montana that is now under con-
struction and is rapidly nearing comple-
tion has as one of its promoters a Helena
man, Jacob Switzer. Associated with him
are Lawyer T. E. Brady of Great Falls,
and D. W. Bateman, also of that city.
The plant is located at Ashville, between
Malta and Saco, along the line of the
Great Northern railway, in Valley county.
The work on the canal was started nearly
two years ago, and since that time work
has been pushed vigorously. Within the
next month it is expected that the main
canal will be completed.

A large lake known as Bowdoin lake,
which is some 20 miles in circumference,

30

7 HE IRRIGATION AGE

is being used as a part of the reservoir, to
which has been added as reservoir site
fully as much ground. The reservoir has
* contour or circumference of 43 miles and
<;overs 8,600 acres of land. For the reser-
voir a canal 23 feet wide and three feet
<deep is taken down upon and over lands
lying in the valley of Beaver creek and
lying east of the reservoir, for a distance
of about 12 miles. The canal commences
its work of irrigating within two miles of
the head gate and runs through the lands
which are to be irrigated from it the full
distance.

The reservoir has a capacity of irrigat-
ing 26,250 acres of land, which acreage
can be increased if necessary to double
that amount by lowering the canal at its
intake. In perfecting the reservoir an
«arth dam 4,900 feet long, four feet high,
10 feet in width at the top and 30 feet in
width at the bottom, was constructed last
fall across the outlet of this immense nat-
ural basin, and a ditch 20 feet wide and
three and a half feet deep was excavated
for a distance of 5,650 feet between the
large lake first mentioned and what is
knowQ as the lower lake, connecting the
two and allowing the water from the large
lake to be drawn down to the lower lake.

The reservoir has within its confines two
islands, aside from a couple in the big
lake. One of these islands contains an
area of about 800 acres and the other of
about 100 acres. This reservoir is fed and
filled annually by the waters of Beaver
creek, which takes its source in the Little
Rocky mountains, and flows for a distance
of 100 miles before discharging into the
lake after draining an immense territory
of mountainous country and bench lands,
and after receiving the waters of a large
number of smaller streams.

It is the intention of the promoters to
establish upon this irrigated land a large
bay and cattle ranch. The proximity of
the Great Northern station at Ashville
will enable them to ship hay at a small ex.

pense to Great Falls and Butte, and the
summer range for stock cattle in that
neighborhood being very extensive they
will be enabled to carry a large band of
cattle on their lands and properly care for
them in winter.

The lands subject to irrigation from this
canal are wonderfully productive and
within the next two or three years this
locality, which has for so many years been
merely a grazing land for roaming cattle,
will be one of the handsomest and most
productive fields in the state.

GOVERNMENT TO CONTROL ALL
IRRIGATION IN INDIA.

Lord Curzori has telegraphed to London
that the monsoon rains in India this sum-
mer are very unequally distributed, the
rice districts, which need large water sup-
plies for irrigation, being deficient in rain,
while excessive rains in the northern and
central regions have damaged the millet
crops. He does not intimate that as yet
there are serious prospects of another peri-
od of food scarcity. There is no other part
of the world where the distribution and
quality of the annual precipitation is
watched with such intense anxiety as in
India. Tn that overcrowded region the
land is so minutely subdivided that each
holding scarcely provided more than a
bare subsistence for one family. If the
vagaries of the monsoon rains deprive any
districts of the usual quantity of moisture
so that the crops are below the average
the direst poverty and sometimes the hor-
rors of famine ensue.

For several years private and state irri-
gation works have been established in In-
dia and for the last few years they have
been augmented to such an extent, and
their work has been so profitable that there
is now a scheme on hand for the India
government to exercise direct control over
all of them, with the idea of increasing
their usefulness. A' commission will
shortly be appointed, to be presided over

1HL IRRIGATION AGE. 31

by Sir Colin Scott-Moncrieff, "to lay down amounting to 9.52 per cent on the capital

rules for the interlacing, encouragement invested, while thirteen others yielded only

and control of irrigation work in India." 6.52 per cent, reducing the average return*

According to the Annual Review of Irri- to 7 per cent. The total area of the crops

gation, published last month, twenty-two irrigated or protected exceeded 18.500,000

irrgating works in India realized in the acres, being an increase of over 750,000

fiscal year of 1900-1901 a net revenue during the year.

AT THE CLOSE OF SUMMER.

By S. Raymond Jocelyn.
Russet clad, yet sports the plaintive thrush,

Beside great meadows, green with aftermath;
And eloquent amidst the Sabbath hush

The wood dove's notes fall on the orchard path.

The lichen whitens and the plump peach falls,
The sunflower, now its rightful crown assumes;

Proud covey -sultan on yon headland calls,
Where dusky wild grapes scent the willow plumes.

Beneath the dandelion's faded gold;

Through thistles' silvered hair its pale strands peep;
The sumach's vivid fruit hangs flaunting bold

Where spider threads float quivering o'er the steep!

CITY LIFE.

(A parody on Alexander Selkirk, by Wm. Cowper.)

By H. L. K.

I own nothing of all I survey,

My right here all seem to dispute;
From the Harlem clear down to the bay,

There's not room for a fowl or a shoot.
O, city life, where are the charms

That millions can see in thy face?
Better dwell in the poorest of barns

Than live in this horrible place.

I am right in humanity's reach,

Not a foot can I journey alone,
Never hear the sweet music of speech,

(For a week I have not heard my own),
The people that rush through the streets

My form with indifference see;
The girls jostle wherever we meet,

Their boldness is shocking to me.

32 THE IRRIO Al ION AGE.

Fresh butter, fresh eggs and sweet cream,

Divinely bestowed upon man,
Oh, had I a flying machine,

How soon would I taste you again!
My hunger I then might assuage

With food that was healthy to eat,
And not starve at a table d'hote

Down here on Twentieth street.

Religion, of treasures untold.—

The Bowery would scarce know the word;
All they want here is silver and gold,

And all that this earth can afford.
The sound of the church- going bell,

The crowds of this place never hear;
They would rather go to famed Coney Isle

Or South Beach by ferry so near.

Ye sharpers, that made me your sport,

Let me go from this horrible shore;
Give me money to buy a transport,

From a place I shall visit no more.
Friends said they would now and then send

A bill or a check after me;
My last bill I was coaxed up to lend,

And a check I am never to see.

How swiftly the automobile spins!

To rival the speed it attains
The swift little errand boy runs,

And the hospital ambulance strains.
When I think of my own native land,

With its feather beds not stuffed with hair
And its great herds of cattle not canned,

In a moment I seem to be there.

But the cable-cars gone to her nest,

The policeman's lain down in his lair;
Even here is a season of rest,

And I to my lodgings repair.
There is mercy in every place,

And mercy (encouraging thought)
Gives even the city a grace

And reconciles me to New York.

ODDS AND ENDS.

JACKY'S SUPERSTITIONS.

By D. P. Randolph, Ph. D., U. S. N.

In our fourteen thousand mile
cruise from New York to San Fran-
cisco, I made it a point to mingle
constantly with the men of the
Iowa for the purpose of learning
something of their superstitions.
In early days, we are told, super-
stition was as much a part of a ship
as the water in which she floated;
for it entered into the wood, scarfed
into her keel; it controlled her
name, her crew and her cargoes;
it summoned for her ill fortune and
evoked portents for her prosperity.
Certain objects, certain signs and
certain persons inspire Jacky with
an idea of the supernatural. The
German seaman, the British tar,
the Chinese waterman, the Italian
fisherman, the Nile boatman, all
share in common with the Yankee
blue- jacket, the fears that have
been handed down from their re-
spective marine ancestors for gen-
erations. Amongst the animals
which Jack considers as omens of
good or ill luck are cats, rats, hares
and sea-hogs.

You would be surprised to see
how tender-hearted Jack is and
how fond he is of animals. The
Iowa's goat was brought on board
by a coxswain transferred from the
Dolphin, and though the captain
of that vessel sent for the animal
on two different occasions, the goat

still remains the pride of the ship
and the chief source of amusement
of the crew. So well behaved is
he that none of the officers can
complain, He has recently become
thoroughly sailorized, going to
quarters mustering on deck and
otherwise observing the routine of
the day; he is very fond of tobacco
and prefers to take it from the
bowl of the pipe. Of all pets none
seems better suited for navy life
than this wily animal.

A few years ago English sailors'
wives kept black cats to insure the
safety of their husbands at sea.
Many sailors object to having cats
on board. Time was when a black
cat was supposed to carry a gale in
her tail, and a storm was sure to
follow any display of playfulness
on her part; also a firm notion ex-
isted among the seamen that the
throwing of a cat overboard would
bring on a storm. A dead hare on
board a ship was considered a sign
of an approaching hurricane. Cor-
nish fishermen used to declare that
a white hare seen about the quays
at night indicated that there would
be rough weather.

Dennis is the common name of
sea-going pigs, at one time accus-
tomed to have their baths at day-
light and be washed and brushed.
The Japanese sailor, you know,
hesitates to go to sea on any day
when he has encountered a pig

84

THE IRR1GAT\ OX AGE.

early in the1 morning. This animal
is an object of aversion to all sea-
men; there is scarcely an article on
the superstitions of the sea that I
have read that does not allude to
his Jonah-like propensities.

Our blue-jackets object to meet-
ing a priest previous to setting out
upon a cruise. Clergymen, law-
yers and women were ever looked
on with disfavor on sailing ships
as sure to bring ill luck. The first
named are unlucky, probably on
account of their black gowns and
their duty of consoling the sick and
burying the dead; lawyers, from
the antipathy of sailors to the class;
women, because a ship is the last
place for them, and because of the
dread of witches who are supposed
to live by selling contrary winds
and wrecked vessels, In these
days we are apt to ]ook upon the
sea as an electric railway, to think
that the romance Of ocean has
passed away, and with the Atlantic
"greyhounds" the last glamour of
mystery has faded from the pages
of marine history. The sailors
form part of the poetry of ocean;
they are the heroes that shine from
its terrible pages; they must be
brave, or nature brands them as
cowards.

In making the passage of the
Straits of Magellan, sea-gulls hov-
ered constantly about the ship.
Indeed, bad weather may always
be looked for whenever these birds
leave the open sea and hover near
the shore. The sea legends that
have to do with birds are of very
ancient date. The stormy petrel
presages bad weather. Of the

kingfisher it used to be said that»
while this bird was hatching her
eggs, the sea remained so calm
that the period became known as
the halcyon days. The Russian
Finns are considered wizards of
high degree. Hurricanes blow,
calms beset, gales roar as they
will. If they wish to drive rats
out of a vessel, they shove the
point of a snickersnee into the deck,
and every rat is supposed to run
for the blade and perform hara-
kiri. The proverbial desertion of
sinking ships by rats is founded on
reason, for rats like to prowl about
dry footed. A ship rat on the
other hand is no^ usually a cher-
ished object of affection. Its chief
value to its owner is to keep his
stateroom clear of all winged in-
sects and make a riot among the
ants and roaches of the wardroom.
During its stay, the cat is not al-
lowed aft. The great auk never
wanders beyond soundings; and
thus, taking their clue from him,
the Jackies know that land is not
far off.

NOTHING BUT NUTS.

Mr. McClure, the well-knnwn American,
publisher, was once crossing the Atlantic
with his seven-year-old boy, when the fol-
lowing amusing and suggestive incident
took place.

The boy was given his choice of the
vast, varied menu of the White Star. The
boy, bewildered by the variety, hid his
face in his father':? side, and whispered,
''Nuts!' Not another thing would he
have for dinner; and nuts he had, and
nothing else.

Later in the evening, as they psced the
deck together, McClure told the writer of

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

35

his intention to have his boy taught every-
thing a human being could learn. He
should go both to Oxford and to Cam-
bridge, and to two foreign universities as
well, so that he should be thoroughly
versed in every branch of knowledge.

His friend said, "Suppose, when you
try to stuff four universities full of mis-
cellaneous learning down his throat, he
flatly refuses to swallow anything but
nuts? "

McClure stopped in his walk and put his
hand on the speaker's arm. " I never
thought of that."

WHAT HE WANTED, AFTER ALL.

"Kind hearts are more than coronets."
The visit of the Duke and Duchess of
York to Australia has furnished a touch-
ing incident, an account of which we find
in The Presbyterrian.

The Duchess called at Sydney Hospital
incognita, and went through the wards.
On one of the beds lay a little boy. The
Duchess halted there and asked the patient
what was wrong. The reply came, "I've
broke my leg. " Her royal highness wished
to know how the accident came about. It
was all very simple and boylike. " I fell
off a fence trying to see the Duchess, and
I never saw her, after all ! "

A pretty little situation truly ! The
Duchess of York immediately told the boy
who she was, and said, " You can see me
now all to yourself." That boy wasn't
sorry he fell off the fence."

WHY HELEN KELLER IS HAPPY.

Who tires of.reading about Helen Keller?
This wonderful girl — deaf, blind and
dumb — or at least dumb until recently —
is perhaps the be^t known and best loved
young woman in all the land. We have
followed her from those early days when
the indomitable perseverance and marvell-
ous skill of her teachers pierced through
the shell in which a sad fortune had en-
closed her beautiful soul. We have

watched her progress, step by step, as thp
world has unfolded itself .before her de-
lighted appreciation. Of recent months
we have seen her entering Radcliffe Col-
lege, and taking honorable rank there.
Unending effort has even given her the
faculty of speech, though she can hear no
syllable that she utters. When chosen
vice-president of her class, she rose at the
freshman luncheon, and said distinctly:
"Classmates, it is a great pleasure, and I
esteem it a great honor, to be present here
and speak to you. I am glad to have an
opportunity to thank the class for their
kindness in electing me their vice-presi-
dent, and I hope that I may become ac-
quainted with many of you. Though I
cannot see you, I will soon know you by
touching your hands."

"Miss Keller," said one of her teachers,
the other day, "is really the happiest
person I know of. And why? Because
of the great obstacles she has overcome."

PAST AND PRESENT IN A CUBAN
TOWN.

When we compare the present with the
past in Cuba, we quickly see what pro-
gress has been made. Fairest of all the
isles dotting these sunny seas, horror-
haunted and terrorized for decades of
years, surely the martyr nation of the
nineteenth century is at length coming to
its own. Peace, tranquility and prosperity
have returned to these beautiful shores.

The thrifty city of San Antonio de los
Banos. not far away, was the scene of
many stirring events during the last war,
and has of late witnessed marvellous and
striking changes. Begirt with royal palms
and plantain groves, it has always been a
popular resort with the Havanese. Here
is the Ariguanabo, — a river which risen
from unknown depths two leagues to the
north, and, after traversing the city with
its swift crystal current, spanned by four
bridges, plunges mysteriously into a cave,
to be seen no more, though the thirsty

36

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

fields below call for its waters, emblem of
a wasted life.

It was in 1897, when patriot blood
flowed like water, the sun was low in the
western sky, and the shadows of the palms
grew long, as a band of Spanish guerillas.
armed to the teeth, spied a Cuban farmer
at work in his field near San Antonia. His
wife, near by in the palm-thatched hut,
prepared the evening meal as she waited
for his coming. Both were arrested, and,
suspected of being patriots, were driven
like dumb cattle to the public prison, with
threats, abuse, and deadly blows. They
reached it as the stars came out, more
dead than alive, the husband dying before
morning from the effects of the cruel
blows. His poor widow was turned loose
to care for herself, their little home having
been burned.

Three years pass. The strong hand of
the United States has aided the weak arm
of the Cuban patriots. The yoke of the
oppressor is lifted. His vast armies have
sailed away from shores they had desolated.

We visit the same cit3r. Lo. what a
change! The river flows to its plunge into
the dark cave, the air in midwinter is fra-
grant with roses and orange blossoms, but
the people are free. Patriots rule; no
more reconcentraiion of the weak, no mid-
night assassination of defenseless youth.
The arms of Spain are stripped from over
the prison door. A Cuban keeper is in
charge of the jail where men languished
until death curtained their staring eyes.

The lone star flag waves over the spa-
cious barracks where pitiless Spanish war-
riors drilled under the red-and-yellow flag.
The rural guard, mounted and armed,
shout "Viva Cuba Libre ! " as they gallop
through the streets. The very birds seem
to sing song of liberty.

Convinced are we that these changes are
to go on until the history of San Antonio
has been repeated in all of the cities and
villages of Cuba, land of beauty and of
promise, "Gem of the Western Seas."-
Rov. E. P. Herrick.

AN ORDINARY LIFE.

BY SARAH E. FISHER.
An ordinary woman,
An ordinary wife,
An ordinary mother.

An ordinary life.
Ordinary methods for things both great

and small,

Why should such a woman be ever missed
at all?

An ordinary husband,
An ordinary home,
Ordinary children.

Yet she never cared to roam
From all the petty duties of the plain and

common day,

In living out a common life in the ordinary
way.

Ordinary longings.
Ordinary fears.
Ordinary heartbreaks,

Ordinary tears;
Ordinary wrinkles and the thin hair

touched with snow,

Showed the ordinary troubles of the form
now bending low.

An ordinary illness,

Death's ordinary call;
The ordinary mourners,

And the ordinary pall.
The ordinary grieving o'er the mother's

vacant place,

And the ordinary longing for her ordinary
face.

An ordinary story

On this ordinary earth.
But the ordinary spirit

Heard in its celestial birth,
As the heavenly portals opened, the wel-
come of the Son:

"Dear ordinary mortal, thy work has been
well done ! "

A SPELL OF REST.
My wife she's been a-urgin' me t' take a
month o' rest,

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

37

T" leave ray work behind me. an' the

troubles that infest,
'T' visit all rny kinfolks,— for of late we've

prospered well.
An' I've worked so hard she figures I

should have a breathin' spell.
But seemingly there's somethin' allers

doing on a farm.
An' if I ain't here t' do it, things might

somehow come t' harm.
So I tell her 'long in April: "Well, I guess

I'll cut an' run
An' leave all care behind me when I get

the plantin' done ! ''

The plan appears t' suit her. so I labor like

a Turk,
Through May an' June, kept busy by the

season's rush o' work.
By that time wheat's t' harvest an' my

early corn's in silk.
There's calves that need attention and

there's four fresh cows t' milk.
An' then there's lots o' tinkerin' 'fore

summer work begins:
The wheat crop's extra heavy an' I'll have

t' have more bins.
Somebody has t' plan things, an' it seems

like I'm the one.
So I s"ay: "I'll have that visit when I get

the threshin' done !"
July slips into August and September

runs its nice.
An' still my time is occupied a-fixin' up

the place.
A-niendin fences maybe, pickin' apples.

niakin' hay.
An' pretty soon October an' November's

slipped away.
Then 'fore one knows it, winter holds us in

his frosty vise,
The stock needs more attention, an' I have

t' put up ice.
An' I haven't time t' take that promised

visit now, 'tis plain,

For before I'd get half ready, 'twould be
plantin' time again!

— Orange Judd Farmer.

FROM THE "AMEN" CORNER.
You say the hymns is dogg'rel — that they

ain't refined enough;
That all the time we've sung 'em they've

been nothin' else but stuff;
You say they need revisin' — we must make

'em more polite;
"On Jordan's Stormy Banks I Stand" is

not constructed right;
But, just the same, Perfessor Triggs, you'd

better let 'em be —
The Lord — he understands 'em — so they're

good enough for me.

I s'pose there's nothin' finer than that good

old "Beulah Land,"
And when our Lizzie sings it you can see

the glories grand;
When "Rock of Ages" rings out from the

hallelujah shore,
I tell you this old sinner ain't a-goin to

drift no more;
And when they strike "Amazin' Grace,"

each feller singin' free —
The Lord — he understands it, so it's good

enough for me.

It isn't what you're singin' — why, I often-
times forget

And praise the Lord to music with the
good old alphabet,

Until I strike the words again, and I don't
think it's wrong —

It isn't what is in it. but the soul behind
the song.

So, I tell you, Perfessor Triggs. you'd bet-
ter let 'em be —

The Lord — he understands 'em, so they're

good enough for me.
— Josh Wink in Baltimore American.

' THE AMERICAN
SUGAR INDUSTRY

A practical manual on the production of Sugar Beets and
Sugar Cane, and on the manufacture of Sugar therefrom

Prefaced by a Treatise on the Economic Aspects of the Whole Sugar Question
and its Bearings Upon American Agriculture, Manufactures, Labor and Capital

A HANDBOOK FOR THE FARMER OR MANUFACTURER,
CAPITALIST OR LABORER, STATESMAN OR STUDENT

By HERBERT MYRICK

Editor of ^American Agriculturist of New York, Orange Judd Farmer of
Chicago. Treasurer American Sugar Growers' Society, Etc.

FROM THE AUTHOR'S PREFACE

In January, 1897, appeared the author's first book on this subjedt, entitled " Sugar, a New and Profitable
Industry in the United States, for Agriculture, Capital and J^abor, to supply the Home Market with $100,000,000
of Its Product." That book was received with favor, not only among fanners and capitalists and by the press,
but especially in the Congress of the United States and by American Statesmen at home and abroad.

National legislation favorable to the development of our domestic Bugar -producing industry was enacfted
by Congress during the summer of 1897. This was followed by a phenomenal interest in America's domestic
sugar industry, which, however, gave way to uncertainty with the advent of the Spanish war and the problems
raised thereby. Provided those problems are now solved with due regard for American interests, it only needs
proper direction and right management to secure lor the United States large and permanent good from a vast
development of its domestic sugar-producing industry.

Many of those best capable of judging have been kind enough to partly attribute the promising outlook
for this new industry, at the outbreak of the Spanish war, to the book referred to, to the American Sugar
Growers' Society organized by the author, and to the agricultural journals under his editorial direction. This
would seem to impose upon the author a moral obligation to do whatever lie? in his power to help the industry
through its new politico-economic crisis.

It also seems incumbent upon the author to present the important scientific, practical and financial results
of the seasons of 1897 and 1898, in addition to the fruits of all prior experience. Thus, unfortunate and costly
mistakes in this new industry may be avoided, and uniform success attained by both farmer and capitalist.

BEET SUGAR IS THE ONLY BUSINESS FOR THE , FARMER AND INVESTOR
THAT IS NOT OVERDONE— THAT OFFERS A FREE FIELD

This book is the only complete, up-to-date epitome of this new and promising industry. It covers just
the points that everyone interested wants to know about. To the farmer it is a reliable guide upon all that
pertains to the agriculture of sugar crops. It illustrates and describes the newest model sugar mills. It
gives the results of the latest experience in promoting- and operating sugar factories. It shows just how to
establish the industry in any given locality. It is not theory, but is a statement of adhual facts from successful
experience in the United States, east and west, north and south.

Si/,e nearly 10 x 7 inches, over 240 pages, nearly zoo illustrations (many of tnem full-page plates from
magnificent photographs taken specially for this work), superbly printed, bound in cloth and gold. Price
$1 .50, postpaid to any part of the world.

ADDRESS

TUB IRRIGATION

914^916 W. Harrison Street, Chicago, 111.

C. B. PARKER,

Formerly of Lincoln,

NOW OF CH

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GREAT

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Write to F. A. Wadleigh, Salt Lake City, lor
Copies of pamphlets, etc

MILK

Montana.

pREE QOVERNHENT LAND can be easily
and cheaply irrigated from running
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For particulars about the Teton Valley
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For routes and rates to Montana points and
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A PUBLIC WRITER.

JOEL SHOMAKER, late editor of The National fanner and
Dairyman, has severed his connection with that publication and
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circulars, price lists and booklets for business men; prepares
essays and speeches and criticises manuscript for students and
teachers; compiles histories, genealogies, biographies and rem-
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articles for newspapers and magazines. He answers questions
about Washington and the West if stamps areenclosed, and gives
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reaches every State and Canada and Mexico. Editors of agri-
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to his abilities as a writer and capable instructor. Address him
at North Yakima Washington, if in need 'of his services in any
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Entered at the Post Office at Chicago, 111., as second-class matter.

THE IRRIGATION AGE is a Journal of Western America, recognized
, , throughout the World as the exponent of Irrigation and its kindrrd industries. It »
i i is the pioneer journal of its kind in the world and has no rival in half a continent. ( )
It advocates the mineral development and the industrial growth of the West.

I i ()

I • (1

CONTENTS FOR OCTOBER, 1901.

I

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

I

69 The Progress of Western America.

P )

(g William McKinley .' 1

Sugar Beets 2

Exports and Imports to Porto Rico 4

The Date Palm in America 4

Interesting Contributed Articles.

Irrigation in India and America 6

Two Windmills in One Lot 13

Federal Add to Irrigation 17

Diversified Farm.

( 3
Pan- American Letter 19 (

Modern Stable Construction 21

Pulse of Irrigation.

Solution of the Drought Problem 28 | j

Irrigation Works in Siberia 29 ( )

Big Irrigating Project 29

Government to Control All Irrigation in India 30

i )

Odds and Ends.

Jaeky's Superstitions 33

Nothing But Nuts 34

What He Wanted, After All .- 35

Why Helen Keller is Happy 35

| ! Past and Present in a Cuban Town 35

( 9 An Ordinary Life 36

| ! A Spell of Rest 3(i | |

From the ' 'Amen" Corner 37 ( '

Qy t

______________________________________ <

( |

| TERMS:— $1.00 a year in advance; 10 cents a number. Foreign postage 50 cents a year
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916 W. Harrison Street, ] |

CHICAGO.

has located along its lines the most desirablejjfarming
lands in the west. Those contemplating the purchase^of
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H. B. Davis, Immigration Agent of "The Colorado Road"
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Our line also reaches the most desirable health and
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I". E. pISHER' General Passerjger Agent,

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THE WHEEL
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Box 89 Qulmey, 111*.

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duce this article. Sel] ton sight. Agents
are wild with success. (See want column
of this paper. ) Add; ess D. N. ROSE, Gen.
M'g'r, Decatur, 111

THE STATE

OF WASHINGTON.

You can find more progressive farmers
and poultrymen in the state of Washington
than in any other State of the same pop-
ulation. The people of this section are
patting in all of the best, such as good
cattle, stock, swine and poultry. The
progressive people of the older States are
coming in and settling up the lands. Land
can be purchased at very reasonable figures,
sut,her government or railroad.

The Pacific Poultry man, (Harry H.
Collier, Editor), Tacoma, Washington,
reacheT all the new setters as well as all
of the poultry nen. This journal is pro-
gressive and up to dat 3. A t amp e copj
may bs obtaiend by sending five con s in
stamps, or fifty cents will bring the p.iper
to- you for a whole year.

a of all

different Newspapers, Maga-
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address for only 10 cents to pay part
of mailing. Toledo Adv. & Sub.
Bureau, 14 St. Clair St., Toledo, O.

PROFIT,

•BRINGERS,

That's what our fowls are.

They have all been selected, mated and
bred with a view to producing the greatest
amount of profit in actual production.
They are large egg yielders because
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Every chick we grow and every, bird we
sell has a long record of strong production
behind it.

OUR POULTRY BUYER'S GUIDE

contains full illustrations and descriptions of
our fifty varieties of this kind of fowls and
very many other things of value to the poultry-
man or the farmer who grows poultry. Gives
prices of eggs and fowls, etc. Sent for 10 cents

J. R. BRABAZON, JR. & CO.,
Box 38. DELEVAN, WIS

Prosperity
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Where Are You?

If not situated to take advan-
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SANTE FE ROUTE.

For particulars and nfor-
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a Idress J AS. A. DAVIS, Indus-
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A D VER TISEMEN 7 &

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ePOULTltV TRIBUNE, Freeport,

FEEDS AMD
FEEDING

A New Book by
PROF. W. A. HENRY

of the Wisconsin Agricul-
tural E/xperiment Station.

A 65O PAGE BOOK FOR STOCK OWNERS.

TABLE OF CONTENTS:

PART

Plant Growth and Animal
Nutrition.

The plant: how it grows and elaborates food for
fcnimals,

Mastication, digestion and assimilation.
Digestion, respiration and calorimetry.
Animal nutrition.
The source of muscular energy; composition of

animals before and after fattening.

nfluence of feed on the animal body.
Explanation of tables of composition and feeding

standards -methods of calculating rations for

Carm animals, etc.

PART II. Feeding Stuffs.

Leading cereals and their by-products.

Minor cereals, oil-bearing and leguminous seeds

and their by-products.
Indian corn as a forage plant.
The grasses fresh and cured— straw.
Leguminous plants for green forage and hay.
Miscellaneous feeding stuffs.
Soiling cattle. Preparation of feeding stuffs.
The ensilage of fodders.
Manurial value of feeding stuffs.

PART III. Feeding Farm Animals.

Investigations concerning the horse.

Feeds for the horse.

Feed and care of the horse.

Calf-rearing.

Results of steer-feeding trials at the stations ,

Factors in steer fattening — final results.

Counsel in the feed lot.

The dairy cow — scientific findings.

Station tests with feeding stuffs for dairy cows.

Influence of feed on milk— wide and narrow
rations.

Public tests of pure bred dairy cows— cost of
producing milk and fat in dairy herds at vari-
ous experiment stations.

Feed and care of the dairy cow.

Investigations with sheep.

Experiments in fattening sheep— wool produc-
tion

General care of sheep— fattening.

Investigations with swine.

Value of various feeding-stuffs for pigs,

Danish pig-feeding experiments.

Feeding and management of swine— effect oj
Teed on the carcass of a pig

The publisher's price of this book is $2.00. We will send
youajthe Irrigation Age for one year, and a copy of ''Feeds and
^lelinfT" for $2T50. When you consider that the regular sub-
scription price ofj the AGE is $1.00 per year you will realize
what^a bargain wejjoffer you.

OUR NEW PRESIDENT.
{Compliments of Chicago lifter-Ocean.

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

VOL. XVI.

CHICAGO, NOVEMBER, 1901.

NO. 2

Theodore
Roosevelt.

For the third time in
this generation has the
assassin's bullet caused the nation
to mourn, and with unmeasured
sorrow has it buried its dead; with
hope it now turns to the living.

President Roosevelt, so suddenly
and unexpectedly elevated to the
head of this great nation, has
doubtless had the most remarkable
career of any man now living in
this country. This is due some-
what to unusual opportunities, but
chiefly to the man himself with his
uncommon faculty for creating his
own opportunities and for making
the most of those which other peo-
ple would not even see.

Although descended from a long
line of distinguished ancestors and
born into the most aristocratic so-
cial circles of New York City, no
man was ever more thoroughly
democratic or more heartily des-
pised every form of snobbishness
and superciliousness than our pres-
ent president. This has often been
demonstrated, most noticeably per-
haps In his relations with the cow-
boys on his Dakota ranch.

Always possessed of a keen fond-
ness for study, he has had every
opportunity to gratify it. which his
health would permit. He grad-

uated at Harvard in 1880 and has
pursued graduate study at Colum-
bia. He has written a number of
popular books, all in a racy, imag-
inative, original style, and show-
ing great observation and other
deep research. Some of the most
important are: "Ranch Life and
the Hunting Trail," "The Winning
of the West," " A History of New
York City," "Essays on Practical
Politics, " ; ' Hero Tales from Ameri-
can History," and "The Naval War
of 1812."

His political career began in
1881, when at the age of twenty-
three he became a member of the
legislature at Albany from his own
district in New York City. To ac-
complish this, he fought and de-
feated the Republican party ma-
chine there; and the most remark-
able thing about his career from
that day to this, is that his rise has
been always in spite of and often
opposition to party machines. Con-
sequently no one has ever come to
the presidency more absolutely un-
trammelled by party dictation or
by political promises. During his
three years at Albany he advocated
and pushed through the legislature
the state civil service act and the
act regulating primary elections,.

40

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

two of the most important reform
measures of recent years.

In 1884 he made his first appear-
ance before the nation, going as a
delegate to the National Republi-
can Convention of that year. For
the next five years he was princi-
pally occupied as ranchman and
author. As a ranchman he lost
money but gained the magnificent
health which he has ever since
possessed, the material for some of
his most interesting books, and a
deputation for boldness and 'cour-
a'ge, second to none in the country.
In 1889 he was appointed national
civil service commissioner. He
took the civil service laws as he
found them and enforced them
most vigorously. He made the
spoilsmen of both parties hate him;
but he won the unbounded admira-
tion of the whole country by his
courage, honesty and ability.

From Washington he returned to
New York where he was appointed
police commissioner under the re-
form administration of Mayor
Strong. The hitherto corrupt po-
lice force was purified and made
efficient as it never was before or
since, to the astonishment and
gratification of all right-minded
persons. An amusing anecdote is
told of the way he reformed one
policeman whom he found on his
beat half intoxicated. Determined
to teach him a lesson he could
never forget, Mr. Roosevelt stirred
him up a little and got himself ar-
rested and taken to the station
house. The officer's feelings when
he discovered the personalty of his
prisoner, may be better imagined

than described,

In President McKinley's first
term came the appointment as as-
sistant secretary of the navy. He
was largely instrumental in prepar-
ing the navy for the conflict with
Spain and very influential in get-
ting Dewey sent to Hong Kong and
Manila. Then, finding that there
would really be a war, he resigned
his position in the navy. Then,
there occurred the following con-
versation, very characteristic of
the man. A lady friend said to
him: "Mr. Roosevelt, you have a
wife and five children depending
upon you for support. You have
no right to resign such a position
to enter upon service in the field,
where you are in danger of losing
your life any moment."

"It is true," replied Mr. Roose-
velt quietly but earnestly, "that I
have a wife and five children de-
pending upon me for support. It
is equally true that no one has been
more earnest in trying to bring on
this war. for the sake of our national
honor than myself. Therefore it
is my duty as well as my great
pleasure to help prosecute it to a
successful termination to the fullest
extent of my ability, thereby help-
ing to make this the greatest and
best nation on the face of the earth,
which my children can enjoy after
I am gone."

Accordingly he proceeded to or-
ganize the First Cavalry Volun-
teers, familiarly known as the
Rough Riders, of which he was at
first lieutenant colonel, and then
colonel before the end of the war.
The history of this regiment in-

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

41

eludes the history of the most im-
portant field operations of the
Spanish -American War and needs
no repetition here. His indomita-
ble energy was well exhibited in
the way he ignored and over-rode
the yards of red tape in the War
Department, which anyone else
would have felt obliged to unwind
with due ceremony. It was due
entirely to the leader himself that
the most useful and successful of
all the regiments sent to Cuba ar-
rived in time for action. At the
time of the battle of Manilla, know-
ing that the supply of ammunition
had necessarily been greatly re-
duced, Mr. Roosevelt was acting
Secretary of the Navy and at once
without further notice ordered a
full supply of ammunition sent from
California to Dewey's command.

Immediately after his return, he
was elected governor of New York
and filled that office with conspicu-
ous ability. He gave up his own
desire to run for this office again in
obedience to the universal demand
of the Republican party that he
should become their candidate for
vice president. This action of
Roosevelt's in sacrificing his own
preferences for the good of his
party is quite similar to that of
President Lincoln in 1856. When
he was within six votes of election
to the United States senatorship,
Lincoln gave up his claim on it to
Judge Trumbull, who was sup-
ported by only six votes, because
these six would not yield and vote
for himself, in order that the Re-
publican party might be successful
in the election. This generous ac-

tion on Lincoln's part secured him
the unanimous support of his party
against Douglas for United States
senator in 1858. While Mr. Lin-
coln was not successful in that cam-
paign, the great ability shown in
joint debates with Judge Douglas
secured for him the nomination and
election to the presidency in 1860.
So in giving up the really preferable
goverornship in order to add his
personal strength to the national
ticket, Roosevelt has unexpectedly
attained the same high office.

During the campaign he dis-
played his present wonderful
powers of physical endurance by
traveling over 21.000 miles
throughout the country, making
speeches everywhere and still far-
ther increasing his popularity with
the masses of the people. During
the few months that he was allowed
to remain vice president, he pre-
sided with conspicuous ability over
one extra session of the senate and
made several trips through the
country attending public functions
and making speeches.

Now for the fifth time in our his-
tory, the necessity of having a
very able man as vice president
has been forced upon us by the
death of our chief executive.
Roosevelt is the youngest presi-
dent we ever had; yet nothing de-
monstrates the wisdom of our
political institutions more than the
fact that he is older and more ex-
perienced than most of the present
rulers of Europe. He is forty-three
the 27th of this month, while the
Emperor of Germany is forty-two,
the King of Portugal thirty-eight,

42

1 HE IRRIGATION AGE.

the Czar of Russia thirty -three, the
King of Italy thirty- two, the Queen
of Holland twenty- one, and the
King of Spain fifteen.

In conclusion, Roosevelt may be
said to combine in his own person
the most prominent qualities of
our most conspicuous presidents,
the purity of character of George

Washington, the scholarly attain-
ments of John Adams, the iron will
of Andrew Jackson, the intense
patriotism of Abraham Lincoln,
the persistency of purpose of U. S.
Grant, the "bull-dog" tenacity of
Grover Cleveland, and the wide
popularity of William McKinley.

IRRIGATION IN INDIA AND
AMERICA.

BY. E. H. PARGITER, OF THE IRRIGATION BRANCH, PUBLIC WORKS
DEPARTMENT, PAN JAB. INDIA.

(Continued from last month.)

During the flood season the river water is heavily laden with silt
or sediment, mostly sand. This, entering a canal with the water, is
soon deposited on the bed in the first few miles, as the velocity in the
canal is very much less than that in the river. Wherever there has
been a heavy erosion of its bank by the river, upstream of a canal
head, as much as six feet of sand may be deposited on the bed of the
canal channel at the head, in one season of three months, decreasing
perhaps to one foot some five or six miles down. But where the head
is in a good position, with no erosion near, and especially when it is
in a long creek or small side channel of the river, there may be not
more than two feet of silt at the head: and nothing at all three miles
down. As the river falls after the end of the rainy season, a canal
whose bed is heavily silted will of course run dry much sooner than
one with little silt in it. The level of the canal bed is usually fixed at
the lowest cold weather level of the river water surface at its head, so
that the silt clearance goes down to the spring level there; it is not
easy to dig deeper, for the annual silt clearances are heavy enough
usually with the bed at this level. The bed is graded at a slope or
grade of from one in 10,000 to one in 2,000, according to the size of the
canal, and the natural grade of the country traversed by it. As soon
as the river begins to rise, water can flow down the canal, but in
practice it is not usual to open a canal with less than two feet depth
of water, as a mere dribble is of no use, and deposits its silt very soon
These canals are opened in March, April or May as required, and flow
until September, October or November. Occasionally it happens that
a canal flows throughout the cold weather months, it being free from
silt, and the bed level having been scoured out deeper than usual; but
this does not often occur. For these large inundation canals, a bed
grading of one in 5,000 is given wherever the natural slope of the
country will allow of it; but in some places a flatter grading has to be
adopted in order to bring the level of the water surface in the canal
more speedily above the level of the ground, and so allow of land be-
ing irrigated near the head of the canal.

During the cold weather months, when these canals are dry, they
are cleared of all silt deposits, banks are strengthened, bridges or
other works repaired, and new ones constructed where necessary.

44 THE IRR1 GA 2 ION A GE.

While the foundations of such works are usually built of concrete or
brickwork, yet timber is often used in the superstructure, both for
economy and rapidity of construction. Though repairs and renewals
are required from time to. time, still these are easily carried out each
year during the months the canals are dry, and there is no danger to
be apprehended from any long continued rnnning of an inundation
canal being required.

The construction of the canals and ditches in the western sta,tes
of America correspond more closely with that of these inundation
canals, than with that of the large perennial canals of North India.
For both the canals of America and these Indian inundation canals
are constructed with a view to economy in first construction, and to
being quickly brought into use, leaving renewals and repairs to be
done from time to time, when the canals are not in flow.

Labor is extremely cheap in India, while it is more costly in
America. For instance earthwork can be done in India for one-eighth
of its cost in America. A job for which twelve cents per cubic yard
would be paid in America, would cost only about 1£ cents in North
India (taking the Indian Anna as equal to two cents, at the present
value of the rupee which is about one-third of a dollar.) Earthwork
in excavation in India is done entirely by hunfan labor, machinery or
teams of horses, or yokes of bullocks not being used, except in very
special cases of large works, or embankments which require to be
trodden down and consolidated during construction. Digging out the
earth is done by a man with a broad bladed mattock, with which also
he fills the earth into baskets, and these are carried away on their
heads by men, women and children, who throw down the earth where
required. The final dressing to correct shape of the finished channel
or embankment would be done by these mattocks also. In digging,
the mattock is wielded by the arms, and brought down with a blow on
the ground; the Indian laborer does not use his feet to press it into
the ground for the reason that his feet are bare, or have on only light
shoes like slipper; it requires a strong boot or shoe to press a spade
into the ground. The daily wage of a laborer on earthwork would be
only six or eigth cents (three or four Annas).

In consequence of earthwork being thus so inexpensive while the
massive stone or brick structures required as falls, drops or rapids,
are comparatively costly in material, it is usual to design the channels
of large canals in India with longer reaches between falls, and with
banks higher above ground level, than would be done in America.
The bed of a canal (in a country where the grading or slope of the bed
was less steep than that of the country) would be allowed to run on to,
or nearly on to, the natural surface of the ground, before a fall would
be put in. With a depth of seven feet of water, the canal banks

THE IRRIGATION AGE 45

would be ten feet above ground with a top width of at least ten feet.
Below the fall the canal would be in deep digging of ten feet or more.
Falls of eight or ten feet are very common, necessitating deep foun-
dations. Whereas in America where timber is so cheap and labor so
expensive, the falls or drops would be designed nearer each other,
and deep channels and high banks be avoided as involving great ex-
penditure on labor.

There are two distinct crop seasons in North India. There is
really no winter in the great plains; it is never cold enough for snow,
and but rarely does a slight frost occur in the more northerly parts.
The cold weather is the pleasant season of the year, when white peo-
ple can be out in the sun all day with safety and comfort- It is the
great working and touring season. The hot weather, on the other
hand is decidedly unpleasant to white people, who must avoid the sun
as much as possible throughout the day for fear of sunstroke; if their
duty compels them to be "exposed to its heat, their health and safety
require them to carefully protect their heads and backs from its rays,
and to keep under shade of some kind if possible. The associations
and ideas connected with the terms "summer" and "winter" to dwell-
ers in temperate climates, do not apply at all to the corresponding
seasons in India, which are more like those seasons in the southern
states Of the United States of America, where the same crops are
grown as in the hot weather in India. The terms "hot weather" and
"cold weather" are usually employed in India, rather than the terms
"summer" and "winter;" and the native language also employ the
same terms, so that their literal meanings in English come naturally
into use. There being then no " winter," there is no sleep of nature,
or stoppage of vegetable growth, but the crops, fruit and vegetables
of temperate climates grow readily throughout the cold weather, and
produce their harvest at the end of it when the sun's heat begins to be
powerful. During the hot weather the crops, fruit and vegetables of
torrid climates grow In profusion and produce their harvest at the end
of it, A few kinds of produce interlap between the two seasons, and
some take almost the whole year from sowing to harvest, as for in-
stance, sugar cane, which is sown in March and cut in January usual-
ly, and the orange which flowers in March and April, and ripens its
fruits in the middle or end of the cold weather, from December to
February: again cotton is sown from March to June, and is mature for
picking from October to January. The regular cold weather crops in
the Panjab are wheat and barley, sown from October to December,
and reaped in April and May; turnips, sown from August to Novem-
ber, as a fodder crop for cattle throughout the cold weather; field peas
of various kinds, one of which is the chief grain given to horses, for
oats are not grown by the people for their uses; and several varieties

46 THE IRRIGATION AGE.

of rape and mustard for making oil from; these being- sown from
September to November and reaped in March and April. The regur
lar hot weather crops, beside cotton and sugar cane are sown from'
May to July, and reaped from August to November; such as maize,
the millets and fodder crops like kaffir corn; and rice where water is-
to be had in abundance; again in some parts, indigo is grown, sown
from March to May, and cut in August and September. The sesame
or gingelly oil seed is a somewhat later crop, often sown as a last re-
source when the season for the other crops has gone by.

The the perennial canals the irrigation is continuous throughout
the year; water is not taken for land on which cold weather crops are
to be sown, until the time of sowing approaches, and when it is no-
longer required for the hot weather crops, which by that time have
matured. But on the inundation canals the system is different. Here
a supply of water cannot be depended on after the middle of Septem-
ber, and what there is, is small and daily" diminishing, and would be
quite insufficient to do much irrigation. Hence the people utilize the
superfluous water received in times of high flood in the river, to irri-
gate the lands destined for their cold weather crops. The regular
ordinary full supply in a canal, having a depth of five or six feet of
water is all required for the hot weather crops; but whenever the
supply rises above this amount, as it continually does during the
rainy season, this additional water is not required for the existing
crops, and therefore is turned out on to the lands kept for the cold
weather crops; a heavy flooding is given in order to thoroughly satu-
rate the ground, and allow water to sink down in the soil, so that the
subsoil may remain moist for a long time. This land is then thor-
oughly ploughed up to prevent weeds and grass from growing, and
the moisture below considered by a careful smoothening of the top
soil; what is called in America "cultivation." One good watering in
August is usually sufficient in clayey soils to keep the subsoil moist
until October or November when the seed is sown; though two or
three are commonly given where water is plentiful; the soil is
ploughed up and " cultivated " after each watering. The earlier and
oftener that the ground can be thus watered and ploughed, the better
will be the subsequent wheat or barley or pea crop.

As the inundation canals are dry during the cold weather, the
further irrigation for the maturing of the crops, chiefly wheat, is car-
ried on from wells by bullock power. One well, with a lift of about
twenty feet, worked day and night by four to six pairs of bullocks,,
will supply sufficient water to mature sixty or seventy acres of crops,
sown on canal irrigated land; while it would only be able to supply
sufficient water for the ploughing and sowing of twenty to twenty-five^
acres where no canal irrigation was available.

'LHE IRRIGA I TON A OE. 47

Inundation canal irrigation is thus expected to be supplemented
by irrigation from wells; and it is more suitable for the bottom lands
of river valleys than perennial canal irrigation would be; for the con-
tinuous sinking into the soil of water, in the latter system, tends in
the course of a few years to raise the level of the subsoil water to the
ground surface; whereas in the former system the total cessation for
half the year of irrigation, with its pouring on to the land of water
from outside, gives time for the subsoil water to flow away, and for
its level to fall to its normal depth below the ground. The working
also of numerous wells at the same time, helps the process so that no
permanent injury is done in the way of saturating the soil, which is
kept wholesome and fit for use.

As a matter of fact, too profuse perennial irrigation has been al-
lowed in some places in the past years, with the result of saturating
the soil too much, so that drainage channels in addition have had to
be constructed to relieve the land and prevent further injury. But
the matter now receives full and proper attention in time. Careful
measurements are made, twice a year, in all canal irrigated tracts, of
the depth below ground surface, of the spring level or subsoil water;
and wherever it is found that this water is rising too rapidly and ap-
proaching the ground surface, means are carried out to check further
saturation of the soil. These means, ordinarily, will be to stop all ir-
rigation during the cold weather; and so to compel the people to de-
pend on the rain, or on wells, for their crops then; thus carrying out
the practice necessitated on inundation canals. Hitherto this exces-
sive rise of the subsoil has only occurred in those tracts near the
Himalaya Mountains, where there is a fair rain fall and where much
irrigation from wells used to be effected, before canal water was made
available. So the remedial means enforced, only make the land revert
to its former agricultural condition, a condition under which gocd
crops can be satisfactorily grown,

Another means, tried in some places, was to raise the water rates
assessed on the richer crops taking much water, to such an extent as
to induce the irrigators to give up canal water, and revert to well ir-
rigation as more profitable to them, or to depend on the rain where
the rainfall was sufficient for the ordinary grain and fodder crops in
average years. This plan, in itself, would answer admirable, but it
had the disadvantage of requiring great alterations in the assessment
of land revenue, and in the relations between landlords and tenants,
so it was not always suitable.

The above description of the conditions under which irrigation in
North India is effected, and has now reached such a degree of success,
politically asd financially, will enable American readers who know
the condition in the western states of America to compare the condi-

48 THE IRRIGATION AGE

tions and results in the two countries, In India everything has been
done under absolute and entire government control; while in America
private enterprise and speculation have largely had the whole field to
themselves. In India the progress has been slow and sure with every
precaution against a new project injuring the prospects of an estab-
lished work. In America the progress has been very rapid, but re-
sults have often failed to come up to what was expected, with numer-
ous conflicting interests, and heavy litigation, to hamper and obstruct
the smooth and due working of many projects. It seems advisable
now that government control should be increased in America in order
to conserve existing rights, and allow of future projects being de-
signed with a full prospect of permanent success. The great thing
to bear in mind is, that in arid countries, natural sources of water be-
long to the whole land, and are the property of the state, and not of
riparian owners only. The state can then make use of and distribute
the water, to the greatest good of the greatest number of its people.
In America the state means the people, and hence the majority of the
people should be able to derive the fullest possible benefit from the
natural resources of their state.

(TO BE CONTINUED.)

THE IMPERIAL SETTLEMENTS— A
WONDERFUL DEVELOPMENT.

(From The California Cultivator.}

Southern California is just developing the most extensive and im-
portant irrigation system to be found in arid America. The location
of this enterprise is on the Colorado Delta, and the water for the re-
clamation of that country is taken from Colorado river, where the
supply is more than abundant.

In extent, the land to be reclaimed under this system includes
about 500,000 acres m San Diego County, California, and about 300,000
acres across the line in Lower California.

The California Development Company has charge of this work,
which is generally known as the Imperial Canal System.

In April, 1900, Mr. George Chaffey, founder of Etiwanda and On-
tario, in San Bernardino County, and Mildura and Renmark, in Aus-
tralia, concluded arrangements with the California Development Co.
whereby he was to take absolute control of the enterprise and manage
it to a conclusion. Ln this work he has been ably supported by other
members of the company. Work was immediately commenced, and
the progress made during the past year and a half has been most re-
markable,— nothing like it being of record in the irrigation history of
this country. A few of the advance steps may be noted as follows:

First.— The public domain in that country has been resurveyed,
as most of the old stakes and land marks of the government survey
had been obliterated.

Second. — The Imperial canal has been constructed so that water
has been introduced into the Imperial Settlements from the Colorado
river in quantities in excess of the demand made by the men who have
taken over 100,000 acres of land from the government.

Third.— The work of constructing the distributing systems of
canals and ditches is progressing rapidly and will be completed as
rapidly as they may be needed for distributing water to the land own-
ers who may need it.

Fourth. — Although water for irrigation purposes did not reach,
the Imperial^Settlements until the middle of June of this year, over
two sections of land have been planted to crops — mostly sorghum and
millet for feed, — and these crops have grown beyond the most san-
guine expectations of all parties interested, some of the sorghum hav-
ing been] already harvested and yielding ten tons of cured feed to the
acre.

50 1HE IRRIGATION AGE.

Fifth. — A school district has been established, and a school is
now in operation with a competent teacher, and over twenty scholars
under a temporary brush shade supported by nine posts. This tem-
porary structure was made because the law required the school to be
opened by a certain date, and there was not time to build a school
house.

Sixth. — A large number of families are now moving into the set-
tlements, taking in teams to work on the canal system for a while,
afterwards to be used in putting in crops and improving the lands of
the settlers.

Seventh. — A railroad is the next program. Already the Los
Angeles, Imperial and Arizona Railway Company is being incorpor-
ated to build a standard guage railroad from Yuma through the Im-
perial Settlements in a northwesterly direction to Los Angeles, or to
a connection with some other line of railroad that will give entrance
to Los Angeles under favorable conditions. On this line of railroad
are located the towns of Imperial, Paringa and Calexico. This com-
pany also proposes to-construct a branch line from the town of Imper-
ial in a northerly direction through the town of Ranchita to a connec-
tion with the Southern Pacific; also a branch line from the town of
Ranchiia down through the Eastside Settlement on the east side of
Carter river, through the towns of Eastside and Ganges, to a connec
tion with the main line at Imperial, or some point on the main line
south of that town. Work of grading the line from the Southern Pa-
cific in a southerly direction throughout the towns of Ranchita, Im-
perial and Paringa to Calexico will be commenced in a few days, and
this portion of the road will be pushed to completion as soon as pos-
sible. '

Eighth. — From the best information obtainable, there will be
50,000 acres of land under the Imperial Canal system put under culti-
vation during the coming season.

Ninth. — The towns of Calexico and Imperial are already platted
and the lots in these towns are now on the market. The towns of
Ranchita and Paringa will soon be platted, and building operations
therein commenced. Another season will probably see Eastside and
Ganges commenced.

This is a summary of work thus far done in reclaiming the Col-
orado Delta and in developing the largest, and what promises to be
the most flourishing irrigation settlement for general farming and
stock raising to be fonnd in the United States.

What of the products? It is definitely known that alfalfa, barley,
and wheat will do as well here as anywhere; that more alfalfa can be
grown to the acre here than in any other known section; that as a
cattle and hog country, no section will produce more feed for convert-

1HE IRRIGATION AGE. 51

ing cattle and hogs into beef and pork. This will be the first staple
industry.

As to fruit, those fruits grown will be early. Canteloupes and
watermellons are being successfully and profitable grown at Indio and
Yuma. These crops have netted the growers $100 an acre or more
the past season, and the mai'kets for these products are fast being
developed. It is believed that apricots, peaches, pears and grapes
will -do well in this country. All such fruits will be from four to
six weeks earlier than similar fruits grown in the coast valleys of
Southern California. It is believed that the finest layer raisins in the
world will be produced in the Imperial Settlements, for they will be
cured by placing them on trays and not exposing them to the sun at
any time before being perfectly cured.

All indications point to a rapid settlement and a rapid develop-
ment of the resources of this country, and hence, there must be a
rapid advance in prices, not only of ranch property, but of town prop-
erty also.

One-fifth of the land that can be irrigated on the United States
side of the line is already in the hands of the settlers, and the other
four-fifths is being taken as rapidly as the irrigation system can be
extended.

Prices of water stock were started at $8. 75 per share or acre, with
liberal concessions to those who purchased the first 50,000 shares.
Tho price was then advanced to $11.25, and on the first of October,
1901, the price advanced to $15, and by the first of January next the
price will go to $20 a share. This will be cheap for the price of such
land, with such a'good water right, and so cheap water will not stop
until it reaches $50, $75 or $100 an acre, and the advance under pres-
ent conditions must be very rapid. The price of the land will still re-
main the same — $1.25 per acre. The price of the water stock will be
advanced so that it will keep pace with the price of land and water
combined. The speculation is not in the land, but in the water.

IRRIGATION IN THE NORTHWEST

Prof. F. H. Newell, of the Geological Survey, refers to a recent
report prepared under his direction, in which he discusses very briefly
the water supply of the public lands in the several western states, and
calls particular attention to the references to the states of Oregon,
Washington and Idaho. In his report Prof. Newell says:

"In Oregon the great bulk of the land to the east of the Cascade
Range still belongs to the National Government, together with a con
siderable area of forest along the coast and among the high moun-
tains. The aggregate area of vacant public lands is estimated to be
55,887 square miles, or 35,767, 680 acres, this being a trifle less than
three- fifths of the area of the state. The principal tracts disposed of
to individuals lie in the valley of the Willamette and in the smaller
valleys to the south and . west, In the extreme eastern portion are
also numerous entries, in the valleys among the Blue Mountains,
where water can be obtained. Next to Washington, this state is one
of the best timbered in the West, the estimated area in forest being
over 20,000,000 acres, and in woodland 17,000,000 acres. Part of this
has, however, been burned or cut over, and the present knowledge of
the condition of the timber is somewhat meager, so that these figures
may be above the actual facts. The largest forest reserve in the
United States, that of the Cascade Range, lies within this state. It
includes nearly 4,500,000 acres. Besides this there are smaller reser-
vations of relatively insignificant size.

"The greater part of the vacant public land is within the great
interior basin, the streams of which do not have sufficient volume to
cut their way to the ocean. They flow for a short distance from their
sources among the mountains, and gradually dry up, or flow into some
lake or marsh from which the water is evaporated The supply is
very small in comparison with the land to be supplied, and it will be
necessary to use storage reservoirs and well water, wherever it can
be obtained, in order to utilize the land.

"Washington, lying in the northwestern corner of the country, is
probably the most humid of those west of the Mississippi Valley.
Along the seacoast the precipitation is excessively heavy, and the
mountains are clothed with dense forests extending inland north of
the Columbia. The vacant public land aggregates nearly one-half of
the area of the state, and in addition to this over one-tenth of the land
surface has been reserved for the Indians and for forestry purposes.
The state is crossed by the broad land grants of the Northern Pacific
Railroad Company, these covering much of the best farming land.

THE IRRWAIION AGE. 53

The main body of vacant land is within the Cascade Range and di-
rectly west of the vast foreign region to the north of the Columbia,
and lies also out upon the broad, dry plains of the central part of the
state. In the eastern end the humidity is such that wheat is raised
by dry farming, the productiveness of this area being well know.

"Within the tree-covered regions the water supply is large and
well distributed, being often in excess of the needs of the relatively
small areas of the arable land. Out upon the plains of the Columbia,
however, the question of obtaining sufficient water is still unsettled.
Attempts at drilling deep wells have been prevented by the great
thickness of the lava underlying these plains and the expense neces-
sarily involved. The Columbia itself, although one of the largest
rivers of the country, and having an estimated low- flow of 60,000 cubic
feet per second, cannot be employed in irrigation, as it is bounded by
bluffs and cliffs hundreds or even one thousand feet in height. The
valleys west of the Columbia and immediately east of the Cascade
Range, although having a very slight rainfall, are well watered by
the numerous streams rising among the lofty, snow-crowned summits.
The principal stream of this area is in the Yakima, whose waters are
employed to a small extent in irrigation. The storage facilities are
exceptionally fine in the glacial lakes at the headwaters of these
streams, and great quantities of water can be held at small expense
for use upon the fertile lands stretching out to the Columbia. One of
the most favorable opportunities for development is in this part of
the state.

"Idaho is considered one of the best wooded states of the arid re-
gion, its narrow northern end being covered to a large extent with
forests and woodlands. The broad southern part, however, extends
over the lava plains bordering on Snake River, and is destitute of the
larger vegetation, the most conspicuous plant being the so-called sage
brush, which grows on this rich soil often to extraordinary size. The
water supply of the state is large, but, unfortunately, only a part can
be utilized to advantage, as the most important river — the Snake- —
soon after leaving the mountains, cuts for itself a deep canyon in the
lava, and by cascades and rapids falls to a depth of hundreds or thous-
ands of feet below the plains.

"The vacant land of the state — over 75,000 square miles — forms
nearly nine-tenths of the total area. The great mass of it, untouched
by settlement, lies in the almost unexplored mountain passes of the
central and northeastern parts of the state. On the great laval plains
of the Snake, also, are many miles of vacant land, the soil, though
fertile, being too d7§y to attract the pioneer. Along the northwestern
edge, adjacent to Eastern Washington, -the cultivation of cereals by
-dry farming is successful; and in the valley of the Weiser, Payette

54 THE IER1 GA T10N AG L.

and Boise many irrigating systems have been constructed carrying
water to farms on the benches and lowlands. There is si ill a surplus
of supply, and the area thus cultivated can be extended, although it, is
probable that the lands now in private ownership will demand all the
water easily obtainable.

"Considerable areas of vacant public land can probably be watered
by large canals heading on the Snake River near or below Idaho Falls,
and small tracts can doubtless be made valuable by the construction
of storage reservoirs upon or near the edge of the lava plains. Several
such reservoirs, as, for example, in the vicinity of Mountain Home,
have been built and are iu successful operation, the relatively low al-
titude and genial climate rendering possible the production of prunes
and similar fruits."

THE WATER QUESTION.

REPORT OP A MEMBER OF THE HYDROGRAPH1C

SURVEY.

The following article on the work of the hydrographic surveys
was written by George B. Hollister, resident hydrographer U. S. sur-
vey, Rutherford, N. J. :

Prof. Israel C. Russell of the U. S. geological survey is at present
examining the great lava covered plain of Southern Idaho, through
which Snake Run has cut its deep canyon. Many creeks and rivers
rising in the mountains on both sides lose their waters as they enter
upon the pervious surface. These percolate under ground to finally
reappear in great springs far down the canyon walls. Some of the
streams from these springs are literally large enough to float a steam-
boat. It is the object of the geological survey to locate the course of
these underground waters beneath the drouth stricken region and to
indicate where, by deep wells, water may be had for the cattle or
sheep which for lack of water are unable to graze over the broad area.
There are many tracts of fertile land embracing thousands of acres
which by use of the waters now flowing to waste, might be made into
productive farms and orchards. This investigation is part of the
general study of the water resources of the country, and the maps
prepared will add to the series exhibiting the probable depth and
character of the waters beneath the surface.

The United States geological survey is conducting a series of in-
vestigations in the vicinity of Greeley, Colo., the results of which are
expected to be of importance. The work, which is in the hands of
Mr. Geo. I. Adams, will consist in an examination of the geological

IRE JR RIG All ON AGE. 55

formations of this section with special reference to the location of
underground waters which may be made available by well borings.
Greeley is situated in the arid eastern part of Colorado nnd was
founded through the efforts of Horace Greeley, who was one of the
early enthusiasts of the possibilities of irrigation. In Colorado as in
all the arid states where most of the streams run low in the snmmer
season, a reliable supply of well water is of great importance, often
being equivalent to the difference between profit and loss in the man-
agement of the farm. This 'is especially true of the smaller farms
where wells are used to assist in irrigation. An attempt will be made
to locate the underground waters of the Greeley district and to secure
all the information possible regarding their depth, volume and relia-
bility.

The serious character of the recent July drouths which so jeop-
ardised the western crops gives an unusual interest to the investiga-
tions of the United States geological survey which are being con-
ducted in the Big Horn Mountains of Northern Wyoming. It is to
this section that the porous, water bearing rock formations come to
the surface which are known to underlie the whole of the great plains
region to the eastward, and from which are derived the very consid1
erable artesian water supply which means so much to the industrial
and agricultural development of the section. Along the slopes of the
Big Horn Mountains, the Black Hills and other localities numerous
mountain streams flow across the upturned faces of these rock layers
and furnish water which slowly works its way along them under the
plains to the eastw;ird. In these mountain regions it is possible to
measure their thickness, study the character of the rock lying beneath
them, and obtain other information of value in throwing added light
on the important question of the water resourses of the great plains.
The work is being conducted by Mr. N. H. Darton, who has spent sev-
eral seasons in similar investigations.

As the part of the general plan of the United States geological
survey for a comprehensive investigation of the underground water
resources of the great plains region, Prof. Charles M. Hall of the
Agricultural College at Pargo, N. D., will spend a portion of the sum-
mer in the study of the artesian waters of the upper Red River valley
and of the southeastern part of North Dakota. The wells of this re-
gion, which is an important agricultural center, have proved to be a
growing factor in increasing the possibilities of its further develop-
ment. The results of Prof. Hall's investigations will be published in
the series of interesting water supply papers issued by the govern^
ment.

DEEP WELLS FOR IRRIGATION.

BY JOEL MOODY.

The deep well system for irrigation is no longer problematical in
Vermilion parish. Hence it has passed from the experimental into
the practical realm of agricultural industry. At least twenty-five
good successful wells are in operation in the northwestern part of this
parish, and when dug deep enough give entire satisfaction.

These wells are not artesian, neither are they in any sense an
overflow. The water never flows forth like a fountain with groat
pressures from below like the artesian wells in Nebraska and South
Dakota, which are from one to two thousand feet deep. But these
wells which are sunk about twd hundred feet seem to have tapped a
subterranean sea in which the water supply, like the artesian, is prac-
tically inexhaustable. The water rises to within a few feet of the top
and has to be pumped.

Recently it was my pleasure to visit and inspect the irrigation
plant of Simms & Wathen, located ten miles west and two miles south-
ward from Abbeville. These gentlemen, who own a large tract of
land there, have put down four eight-inch wells to a depth of one hun-
dred and eighty feet. A less depth in this location does not often
reach this great body of clear water and never gives entire satisfac-
tion. Often two hundred and twenty feet is still better.

These four wells, which are within twenty feet of each other, are
pumped by a 12-inch submerged rotary, driven by about a fifty-horse
power boiler and engine. This is too light a power to come anywhere
near testing the capacity of the wells, yet it pumps over three million
gallons in twenty- four hours. We witnessed this volume of water,
clear as crystal, sparkling and cool, flowing in a large stream from
the flume, and drank bountifully of it as it came forth from its sub-
terranean sea.

Since the 8th day of June the pump has run only eighteen days
and six hundred acres of the finest stand of rice we have seen in the
parish was thoroughly watered. Much of this rice is now three feet
high and all of it is very clean and in splendid condition.

With this power, which is not half sufficient to test the capacity
of these wells, it is safely estimated it is sufficient to water one thous-
and acres. With the motive power doubled or quadrupled a far better
estimate of the value of deep wells could be had, but it is already suf-
ficient to take the question far beyond any doubt in regard to it.

It has been objected to the theory of deep wells that the water is
too cold for growing rice. This theory has been exploded by the fact

1 HE IRRIGATION AGE. 57

that the best and largest rice of the six hundred acres is at the very
door of the wells and got the water first and all the time.

The wells settle the fact of salt on rice. There is no salt in this
water. There is no earthy or mineral substance to stick to the stalk
and injure it. It is the best water that can be had for all purposes on
the farm, and is as soft as rain water. Dead crawfish, however, are
found along the sides of the trenches, but none among the rice, living
or dead; the water seems to be too pure and clean for such filthy
animals.

Within a radius of twelve miles from the Simms & Wathen plant
are twenty-two wells in successful operation, some of them deeper,
some not so deep. Those that are deeper give no trouble, those that
are of a less depth are not so satisfactory. It is safe to say that the
deep well is the coming and satisfactory source of success to the ag-
ricultural industry of this part of our state. Not rice alone will be
watered, but corn, cane, cotton, the kitchen garden, in fact, all the
agricultural products will grow and flourish by the waters beneath
the earth instead of from the clouds above. If it rains sufficiently the
pump may rest, if not, the waters from beneath will make the farmer
happy because he controls the situation. — Gulf Coast Farmer.

A FRIEND OF NATIONAL IRRIGA-
TION.

There is little donbt that, among other things, the question of
national irrigation of the arid lands will be well taken care of under
the administration of President Roosevelt. He has lived for a long
time in the West, and is fully able to appreciate the importance of this
question. Since becoming president, as well as before, he has point-
edly expressed himself in favor of the national irrigation of the pub-
lic lands of the arid West.

A dispatch from Washington states that Senator Hansbrough of
North Dakota, who is a prominent advocate of national irrigation, re-
cently called upon the president, and after the interview expressed
the belief that the president favors the required Congressional appro-
priation for the reclamation of the arid lands. He added:

"Congress is going to be liberal with the West in dealing with ir-
rigation questions, and I believe that President Roosevelt will also be
most liberally disposed. I believe that the government should give
the proceeds of the sale of public lands to irrigation purposes. This
would amount to about $2,000,000 each year, and it could be expended
under the direction of the Secretary of the Interior in making surveys
and in the construction of reservoirs and canals. After the govern-
ment has done its part the private land owners will do a great deal.
They stand ready to spend millions also,"

As The Times has previously observed, the application of the pro-
ceeds of the sales of arid lands to the building of reservoirs would be
all right, as far as it goes, but of itself it would be far from sufficient
to produce any adequate results, commensurate with the vast impor-
tance of the problem. Such money would probably be divided among
the states, in proportion to the amount received from each, and this
would not go far in the building of reservoirs.

There is every reason to hope that the coming Congress will deal
liberally with the arid West in the matter of an appropriation for irri-
gation purposes. The campaign of education on this subject that has
been carried on during the past couple of years has been productive
of good results. — Los Angeles (CaL) Saturday Times.

THE DIVERSIFIED FARM

In diversified farming- by irrigation li&s tne salvation of agriculture

SSSSSSSSSSSeseSSg

i.

FALL SEEDING OF ALFALFA.
Alfalfa may be sown from August 15 to
September 15, and if the season is favor-
able, will make a vigorous growth through
the fall and go through the winter in good
condition. August sowing is preferable,
as it gives the alfalfa a longer time in
which to grow before the ground freezes.

PREPARATION OF THE GROUND.

The ground for alfalfa should be thor-
ough^ pulverized and deeply plowed, but
it must be well settled before seeding and
only the surface loose. Alfalfa will usually
fail if seeded in the fall on freshly plowed
ground. If it is necessary to plow the
ground before seeding, plow as early as
possible, harrow thoroughly, making a
good seed-bed, and then wait until a good
rain has settled the soil before seeding.

A well cultivated corn field, with the
stalks cut and drawn off, will give ideal
conditions for seeding alfalfa. Such a field
should not be plowed, but harrowed before
seeding. Wheat, oat, flax and millet
stubble-ground plowed, harrowed thor-
oughly, and allowed to settle before seed-
ing, furnishes good conditions for alfalfa.
If such ground is mellow plowing may not
be necessary, and the land will need only
to be disked and cross-disked.

A careful farmer and a careless renter a
few years ago put in alfalfa in adjoining
fields in northwestern Kansas. The farmer
plowed the land deeply ana pulverized it
until it was like a garden bed. He immedi-
ately sowed alfalfa, secured a thick stand,
and in a few months the alfalfa entirely
died out. The renter thought it would
not pay to spend much time on another
man's land. His field had been in corn

the previous year. He broke the stalks
with a pole, sowed the seed broadcast, and
lightly covered it with a harrow. He se-
cured a good stand lhat was permanent.
Usually a good stand cannot be secur d
with so little preparation, but a deep,
mellow seed-bed at seeding time generally
insures a failure. The more thoroughly
the seed-bed is prepared the better, if it
is allowed to settle before seeding.

The ground must be deeply pulverized,
well settled, with a good mulch on the
surface, and saturated with moisture, so
as to bring up the seed quickly and force
the fall growth. If either of these con-
ditions is lacking do not sow.
HOW TO sow.

The best way to sow alfalfa is with a
press- drill, using twenty pounds of seed
per acre. Mix the seed with equal parts
by measure of coarse corn-chop or bran,
drill and cross-drill, sowing half the seed
each way. If either a hoe or disk drill is
used, care must be taken not to get the
seed too deep; about twelve times the
diameter of the seed is the proper depth,
if this places the seed in moist soil. If
necessary to sow broadcast, use twenty-
five to thirty pounds seed per acre, cover
with a harrow, and roll, unless there is
danger from blowing. It is much better
to seed with a drill.

Alfalfa should be sown alone. It does
not want a nurse crop.

WHERE FALL SEEDING IS PROFITABLE -

In general, it may be said that fall seed"
ing is advisable wherever the proper con"
ditions of seed-bed in regard to moisture
and mechanical condition can be secured
in August or early September. In some

60

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

years, in some sections of Kansas, the
conditions for fall sowing may be secured
but grasshoppers will destroy the young
plants.

From the east line of Kansas westward
for 120 miles, spring seeding of alfalfa
fails more often than it succeeds. Last
year, in Wabaunsee county, a farmer se-
cured a heavy stand of alfalfa from fall
seeding on a field where he had tried
spring seeding for four years in succession
and failed. Alfalfa seeded in September,
1900, yielded its first crop of hay in May,
1901.

West of a line 120 miles west of the
eastern line of the state, fall seeding of
alfalfa is not so certain. If conditions are
right it will pay; otherwise sprkg seeding
is best. Judging from our correspondence
and investigation, fall seeding is usually
best in states east of Kansas.

ADVANCING OP PALL SEEDING.

Alfalfa may be seeded in the fall after
another crop has been taken off. The
next year it will yield full crops of hay.
and no time is lost. Alfalfa seeded in the
spring usually yields no hay until the fol-
lowing year, and requires mowing several
times during the first summer to keep the
weeds down. Alfalfa sown in the fall
under proper conditions requires no atten-
tion whatever until the following spring,
when a crop of hay is ready to be har-
vested.

It must be remembered, though, that
conditions must be right or fall seeding
will fail, as a vigorous growth must be
secured in order to carry the alfalfa
through the winter.

Alfalfa, when sold, will probably return
a greater cash income year by year than
any other feed crop . raised in Kansas.
When fed on the farm where raised it
ranks among the most profitable crops.

At this Station, pigs are pastured
through the summer on alfalfa with a
light feeding of corn. After deducting
the probable gain from the corn, the gain

per acre from the alfalfa pasture was 776
pounds of pork. One lot of fattening hogs
were fed all the grain they would eat; an-
other lot all the grain and dry alfalfa hay
they would eat. The lot having the hay
made a gain of 868 pounds of pork per ton
of alfalfa hay. Alfalfa should form part
of the daily ration of every growing pig and
of all stock hogs.

With scrub cows fed alfalfa hay and
Kafir-corn grain, at ordinary prices for
feed, butter-fat was produced at a cost for
feed of seven cents per pound. On the
College farm young cattle are wintered on
alfalfa hay and corn, Kafir-corn or sorg-
hum fodder, and make through the winter
a good growth without grain.

A stockman in Rice county. Kansas,
made a gain of five pounds per day per
head on steers for forty-seven days with
alfalfa hay and corn. In ordinary feeding,
1000 pounds of grain are required to put
100 pounds of gain on a fattening steer.
With alfalfa hay and corn-meal, at this
Station, fattening steers made 100 pounds
gain for each 718 pounds of grain.

Alfalfa makes a good pasturage for
horses. Horsemen report a gain of six
pounds a day per head on horses pastured
on alfalfa and given a light ration of corn
or Kafir-corn.

Alfalfa hay is one of the best feed for
sheep that is grown, and both green and
dry alfalfa are valuable feeds for poultry.

On account of the effect on the skin and
hair, alfalfa is one of the best feeds for
cattle being fitted for the show ring.

At the Wyoming Experiment Station,
part of a field was seeded to alfalfa and
part planted to a variety of field crops. At
the end of five years, the alfalfa was plowed
up and planted to the same crops as the
other part of the field. Wheat, on the
part kept for five years in alfalfa, yielded
thirty bushels per acre; on the other part,
eighteen bushels. Oats on the alfalfa land
yielded seventy-eight bushels per acre; on
the other land, thirty-seven bushels. Alf-

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

61

alfa increases the fertility of the land and
improves its physical condition, making
stiff soils mellow and binding loose soils.
Kansas farmers need alfalfa for increasing
the yield of their other crops.

Alfalfa is adapted to a wide range of
soils and climate. It will makc'the greatest
growth on rich, well-drained bottom land,
where the subsoil, while not sand or gravel,
is porous. It has been grown for years on
the farm of the Kansas State Agricultural
College on high upland, where the sub-
soil is stiff hard pan, and where it is 180
feet to water. The yield on this land
averages more than three tons per acre per
year. On better landfcthe yield is four to
six tons per acre per year.

Alfalfa will not grow in wetland, nor on
land subject to overflow. On the College
farm, a part of one field has only four feet
of soil and then solid rock. In ordinary
years fair crops are raised on this part of
the field. In drought the yield is light,
but the alfalfa lives, ready to grow with
vigor as soon as rain comes.

Many farmers in eastern Kansas have
tried to grow alfalfa and have failed, and
the general impression is that alfalfa is not
a suitable crop for that section of the
state. The failures are due to improper
methods of seeding or to wrong treatment
after seeding. Secretary Coburn. in his
recently published book on Alfalfa, shows
that alfalfa is a profitable crop in thirty-
one states and territories. It grows suc-
cessfully in such widely different soils and
climates as that of California and Wash-
ington, and Delaware and New Jersey;
Idaho and Montana, and Louisiana and
Georgia. Secretary Coburn shows that
the annual yield per acre in New Jersey
has a feed value equal to six tons of bran;
that in Montana fields sixteen years old
are now yielding good crops, and that in
Louisiana six cuttings are made annually.
With this showing, farmers in eastern
Kansas should not be afraid of alfalfa not
succeeding with them. We have found a

yield of six tons per acre in a single sea-
son in Jackson county, where the best
farmers believed it could not grow. From
careful investigations made during the
past five years, we are convinced that
ninety per cent, of the tillable land of east-
ern Kansas is adapted to growing alfalfa.
It does not live long on sandy soils, and
should not be sown on any soil that is not
in good condition.

On most farms in eastern Kansas fall-
sown alfalfa, seeded on well drained land,
will grow well and will yield profitable
crops. It is a profitable crop for both
bottom and upland. — Experiment Station
Bulletin, Kansas State Agricultural Col-
lege.

THE PRODUCTION AND DELIVERY
OF MILK IN CITIES.

By A. W. BITTING, D. V., M. D.
Of all the food materials in general use
none are more wholesome than milk. It
is palatable, easily digestible, and highly
nutritious. This is partially recognized
by physicians in that they prescribe it
freely as the best article of diet for the
weak and sick patients suffering from al-
most all forms of disease. While milk
can not be made an exclusive food for the
adult as for the child, its real value is lit-
tle appreciated by the well. Its use is
largely that of a condiment for seasoning
tea and coffee, for berries or fruit, and as
an adjunct to the cooking. Very few use
it as a staple article of food as bread or
meat. In cities it is generally regarded as
being too expensive to be used freely.
When a family of four or five have a milk
bill for more than a quart a day they con-
sider that they are somewhat extravagant.
The facts in the case are, that a quart of
milk contains essentially the same amount
of nutrient material as three-fourths of a
pound of steak. The milk has the further
advantage in that it is practically wholly
digestible, while the steak is rendered less
digestible by the process of cooking. Upon

62

THE IRRIGA110X AGE.

the basis of steak being worth from 12 to
16 cents per pound, milk would be worth
from 9 to 12 cents per quart. Its ordi-
nary retail price is of often as low as 4£
cents per quart, and seldom exceeds 6
cents. The practical tests, too, coincide
with the laboratory tests to the effect that
where large quantities of milk are used,
the cost of living is reduced by the les-
sened use of more expensive foods. It
will be a long time, however, before the
woman who orders the kitchen supplies
will see the economy of ordering two
quarts of milk at 5 cents each instead of
one and one-half pounds of steak at 16
cents, yet the saving would be 14 cents.
The very qualities which make milk
such a desirable food also render it unde-
sirable from another standpoint. It is
particularly fine media for the growth of
bacteria, and through changes which may
occur within itself or by acting as a med-
ium or carrier, set up disease. Milk as
ordinarily handled is particularly* exposed
to bacterial infection. The germs even
invade the udder of the cow so that from
a practical standpoint, none can be ob-
tained in a sterile condition. During the
process of milking, hair, scales from the
body and dust from the air all add their
quota. If the milk be allowed to stand
exposed in buckets, as is too often the
case, hundreds of other bacteria are added.
The milk buckets and cans as a rule are
rinsed with well water that contains thou-
sands more, so that almost any milk will
contain from one thousand to several
thousand germs in each cubic centimeter
(small thimble full) by the time the milk
is ready to start to the customer. During
delivery the exposure continues if the milk
is carted in cans, and such is the usual
method. The dust from the streets falls
in the can each time the lid is removed to
dip, and the bowl or pitcher may have been
the same one used the day before and par-
ticles of "sour milk still cling to its sides.
Fortunately most of the forms which find

their way into milk in this manner are
harmless, or at their worst, only produce a
souring of milk. The most common dan-
ger, however, is that some forms will be
introduced that will cause diarrhoeal and
other intestinal disorders. It is from
such causes that so many children have
trouble in cities during the summer
months. It is only occasionally that milk
becomes the carrier of tuberculosis or
other disease from animals, or that it be-
comes the means of conveying typhoid
fever, or scarlet fever, or other infectious
diseases from a dairyman's home. There
are hundreds of well authenticated cases of
disease being carried in this manner, but
they are a small circumstance compared
with "milk poisoning " in children, which
passes under some other name.

THE HERD: — Good milk should contain
four per cent of butter fat, and a high
grade milk should contain five per cent or
more. Milk of this quality can not be ob-
tained from poor grade cows made poorer
by poor feed. The general practice in
city daries is to select cows on the basis of
quantity of milk produced, to keep them
only during the time they are thought to
be profitable, to turn the calves over to the
butcher for veal and let the cow go fatted
when she is no longer useful. The daires
are kept up by purchase. The result is a
nondescript lot of cattle below the milking
average in quantity and quality. The
farmer does not sell his best cow to the
dairyman. In not a single case has the
dairyman weighed the product of each
animal to know whether she is profitable
or not, neither has he had her tested for
quality. The result i§ a lot of herd aver-
ages of 3.2, 3.4 and 3.6 per cent of butter
fat, and with total milk production of less
than the average of the better dairies that
furnish five per cent. Dairies depending
upon purchase to keep up their stock have
more unruly cows, more defective cows,
and more disease than those rearing their
own stock.

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

63

It would be surprising to many to know
that it not infrequently happens that cows
are kept tied in their stalls for days at a
time during the winter, all feed and water
being carried to them. This total lack of
exercise is not conducive to good health.
The close stabling of the cows makes it
impossible to keep them clean without
special attention, and they too often suffer
neglect of the currying comb and brush.
It is more important from a sanitary
standpoint that inspection demands clean-
liness of the animal, than the tuberculin
test for tuberculosis.

THE FOOD: — The teaching at the present
time is that food has little effect upon the
quality of milk, which is dependent upon
the individuality of the animal. It is
acknowledged that food has a marked in-
fluence upon quantity. It is admitted
that some foods will have a prejudicial ef-
fect upon the flavor of milk so that onions,
turnips and spoiled foods are regarded as
detrimental, and milk from cows fed on
such food is considered adulterated. There
never has been any controversy as to the
healthfulness of pasture, the grains and
mill feed. There has been much contro-
versy as to the propriety af using brewer's
grains, and many city ordinances prohibit
their use. The dairymen and feeders
maintain that the dairymen feeding malt
feed can not show the high average per
cent of fat in the milk nor wijl it keep so
long as where sweet food is used. Taking
the feeders of malted grains in a class, the
average of the first 25 tests of herd's milk
is 3.5 per cent of fat. Taking the larger
dairymen who do not use malt grains and
the first 34 analyses give 3.95 per cent of
butter fat. It is also to be observed that
the milk delivered at the creamery by
farmers (and only two or three use the
malt grains) is nearly one-half per cent
higher than the milk delivered in the city.
The cattle are too nearly alike to explain
this difference. The milk from dairies
using the malted grains will sour more

readily than that from sweet fed cattle.
Whether this is due to the increased num-
ber of fermentation forms of bacteria to
which the milk is exposed, or to a less
stable compound of the lactose or some
other substance in the milk, has not been
determined, It may also be noted here
that condensed milk factories stipulate
that malt products can not be used as a
food. This is because of the fermentative
changes that are likely to result They
do, however, admit the use of silage.

THE WATER: — The water supply should
be even more scrupulously guarded than
the food supply. It serves a double pur-
pose, that of water for the cow and for the
washing of the utensils. The water for
both should be equally pure, and it ought
to be made an axiom that water unfit to
wash the pails or cans is unfit for cattle to
drink. The milking cow requires large
quantities of water, and whether it be
capable of demonstration that impurities
may find their way into the milk, it is
safest to take the benefit of the doubt and
use only pure water. I s;ai not aware that
a single dairyman uses pond water, two
use part spring water, but several have
wells that are very suspicious. A shallow
dug well in the corner of the cow lot can
not escape contamination at some time.
The contamination may not last all the
time, and it may be, as is usually the case,
that it is of a harmless character. The
fact is that any contamination from the
surface, no matter what may be its char-
acter, marks the well as one that may be-
come infected and the cause of an epi-
demic. It only remains for the right kind
of an infection to enter. It may require
one year or forty years. The special
forms which are partial to the water sup-
ply ar6 the intestinal germs that cause
diarrhoea and the typhoid form. Many of
the most alarming epidemics of typhoid
have been traced to such source. It is
not an easy matter to obtain an adequate
supply of water at all places about a city.

64

THE IRRIGA1ION AGE.

but as far as possible it should be from a
driven well. As far as tested, all driven
wells of more than twenty-five feet are
supplying pure uater. The hard pan near
the surface acts as an effective barrier to
the passage of germs, and those that come
from below are harmless. A driven well
of twenty-five feet is a deeper well from a
sanitary standpoint than any dug well.

THE COOLING OP MILK: — When first
drawn, milk has a temperature of about
100 degrees. It will lose part of its heat
and come to the same temperature as its
surroundings in a longer or shorter period
of time, depending upon the bulk and
upon the surface exposed to radiation. If
left in the la»ge bulk of the 8 or 15 gallon
can, the cooling process is very slow, as
there is very little surface from which to
lose the animal heat, and nothing to force
a continuous and rapid circulation of the
milk to the exposed surface. In order to
more effectively reduce the temperature of
milk, special apparatus has been devised
which reduces the bulk to a very large
surface for radiation. This is done so ef-
fectively that on even small coolers, a
pound of milk will spread over 8,000
square inches, and from 10 to 30 degrees
of heat removed in five seconds. Upon
even moderate sized machines, the same
can be accomplished in one second. The
ordinary 8 gallon can of milk will pass
over the cooler in about 12 -or 15 minutes
and lose 20 to 25 degrees of heat, while
the same if set in a tub of water might re-
quire an hour to an hour and a half to ac-
complish the same end.

The effectiveness of a cooler depends
upon the area of exposure and the degree
of coldness that may be maintained with-
in, to abstract the heat. No cooler will
abstract more heat than it gives off, so
that if 100 pounds of freshly drawn milk
passes over it, and it gives up 25 degrees
of heat, it will necessitate that 100 pounds
of water pass through at 50 degrees. If it
is desired to cool the milk more than 25

degrees, the quantity of water that passes
through must be proportionately increased.
To cool 100 pounds of milk in a cooler,
will require as much water as to cool the
same amount in a tub, less the difference
in the heat lost from the radiation from
the tub during the longer exposure. It re-
quires just as much water to cool 100
pounds of milk on a small Star cooler that
is 17 inches wide and two feet high, which
has 1,660 square inches of surface, as to
cool it on a Peerless cooler two feet in
diameter and two feet high, which has
only 520 square inches of surface. The
difference will be in the time required.
Th£ ordinary shotgun can present 440
square inches for exposure, and the milk
can 872 inches, but the layer of milk and
water in contact on opposite sides is not
changed rapidly.

DELIVERY OF MILK:— Milk is delivered
in four ways: (1) by dipping from large
cans, (2) by drawing from the bottom of
the can, (3) by carrying it in small cans
sufficient for each customer, and (4) in
glass jars. Each of these methods has its
advantages and disadvantages, but the
method in most common use is that of
dipping. Fully nine-tenths of the milk
sold in the city is retailed in this manner.

The delivery of such a large proportion
of the milk by dipping, is the result of
habit, and like many others, it is hard to
cure. The delivery by means of dipping
is the most objectionable of all. In the
emptying of a 15 gallon can, the lid is re-
moved on an average of 62 times. From
our observation there will be four one-half
gallon customers, 46 quart customers, and
12 pint customers. The lid will be off on
an average of more than 30 seconds for
each dippiag. taking from 30 to 40 min-
utes for each can. By exposure, it was
found that this was sufficient time for
from 100.000 to 150,000 germs to fall into
the can on a dry summer day, and as
many as 400,000 on a dusty day. If the
lid be made so that it fits into the top of

THE IRRIGATION AGE,

65

the can, it is an, easy matter for an equal
number to be deposited in removing and
closing the top. In the delivery of the
product of .one day, some of the larger
.dairymen have the milk exposed on the
ptreet fully two hours to receive the dust
?md dirt. The catching of 200,000 or
300,000 germs in 15 gallons of milk is not
much, when we consider that very bad
milk may contain as many as 3,000,000
germs in 15 drops. But the germs com-
ing from the street multiply with tremen-
dous rapidity, and in a short time are a
decided factor in the souring process.
. , In the delivery of milk by the dipping
process, the infection does not end with
the delivery co the customer. The milk
isr nearly always received in an open ves-
sel and carried to the house, another per-
iod of exposure, sometimes is not placed
in the proper storage place at once, another
exposure, and not infrequently in vessels
used for the same purpose the day before
and having only been rinsed, another ex-
posure. The dairyman may plead that he
is not responsible for what happens to the
m41k after it leaves his hands, but if the
delivery is made so as to avoid all these,
it is to his credit. The delivery from the
bpttom of the tcan has the advantage over
delivery from the top in that it avoids ex-
posure in the can.

.The delivery of milk in small milk pails
or glass cans sepures uniformity to all
customers and obviates all the exposure
incident to the other methods. The small
pail is only applicable to the delivery of
limited quantities of milk, and therefore
nepd not be considered as a method in
city delivery. In bottle delivery the milk
is exposed t,9 only .such germs as are pre-
sent when it leaves the premises. . No
cans are opened, no dust or dirt from the
street enters, it is not received in an un-
clean bow],. .but remains, in its original
package -until ready for use. The most
serious..ob.jeution that can be, urged is that
•the bottlejmay be used by a family where

there is sickness one day, and be delivered
t,o another .family the next, This neces-
sitates thorough cleanliness and steriliza-
tion, otherwise this may be made a more
serious menace to health than the can.
No bottle should ever be accepted from a
customer as being clean. After a thor-
ough cleaning the final treatment should
be in the steam sterilizer. This will in-
sure no germs and the maximum of effici-
ency in preventing souring. The objec-
tion from the standpoint of the dairyman
is that it is an .expensive method, owing
to the extra labor involved and the break-
age of bottles.

TO IMPORT EUROPEAN FARMERS.

Mrs. Eugene H. Grubb of Carbondale,
Colo., passed through Chicago last week
on a somewhat peculiar mission. She is
going to England, France, Germany and
Holland, to the latter country mainly for
the purpose of aiding her husband in find-
ing three or four hundred families who
will come to Colorado, settle down in the
irrigated sections, and build up the sugar
beet raising industry, the belief being that
the Hollanders, who are thoroughly ac-
quainted with the use of ditches for the
purpose of keeping water off the farming
lands of their- own country will be parti-
cularly useful in .the use of ditches used
for irrigating purposes. Mrs. Grubb's re-
lations will be principally with the women
and children of Holland, this being, the
labor largely employed in the sugar beet
culture.

Mrs. Grubb is accompanied by her hus-
band, who has extensive landed interests
in Colorado, and wno has always been in-
terested in irrigation matters. He headed
the Colorado delegation at the irrigation
congress held in, this city a year ago. He
carries influential letters to the Prime
Minister of Holland, which, it is believed,
will further the cause he seeks to advance.
The visit to the countries other than Hoi-

66

THE IRRIGATION AGE,

land will be made for the purpose of buy-
ing such prize winners in the way of cattle
and horses as exhibited at the last Inter-
national Live Stock Show, and may be
subject to purchase.

Besides being a woman of affairs, Mrs.
Grubb has another distinction. She was
the last person to pass out the gate of the
World's Columbian Exposition the night
the "show" closed. Mrs. Grubb estab-
lishes this distinction from the fact that
she was escorted out by a guard nearly an
hour after the grounds were supposed to
be vacated. She was "discovered" in a
secluded nook, where she had fallen into a
sleepless reverie while dreaming on the
beauties of the scenes so soon to be given
over to the hand of the destroyer.

Mrs. Grubb was a Chicagoan for twenty
years before moving to Colorado.

A MOCKING-BIRD FARM.

Sounds funny, doesn't it? Yet it's not
so strange after all. There's a big lot of
birds of this variety in Tennessee, and
they have a habit of nestling and breeding
in the same locality year after year.
Hence the spots where they thus make
their headquarters are frequently spoken
of as "the place where the mocking-birds
are." And so it came about that the farm
where my friend, a milkman, lives is
known to many as " the mocking-bird
farm."

Of this farm there is about 175 acres,
and a good part of it is glady hill land. It
is in the glades and the bushy woods that
the bird* nest year after year.

Of course the owner does not pretend to
be conducting a bird farm exclusively.
His business is, as intimated, dairying, to
which is added small farming to some ex-
tent. But nevertheless, the mocking-birds
are a good source of revenue to him. He
is accustomed to the birds and their
habits, and knows well how to handle them
in captivity. He also is very careful t0

guard against their extinction in their
choosen nesting grounds.

"The birds," said he, "usually have
four young to the nest, and when we find
a nest of the young we take but two of
them, leaving two for the old birds to
raise. Our land is "Posted," which pro-
hibits hunting, and saves the birds from
the hunters. This fact, coupled with the
way we take the young, accounts, I think,
for the way the birds stay with us year
after year."

"How about the small boy ?" I queried.

"Oh, we make him our partner in the
business. It's his business to hunt up the
nests, keep track of the young and advise
us when the young birds are about to take
flight. Then he brings in our share, leav-
ing two. as stated, for the parent bird«.
Of course the boy gets his share of the
profits."

"What are the birds worth when they
first come from the nest?"

"About 50 cents each,'1 replied my
friend of the milk wagon, "but we seldom
sell them that young. We usually keep
them until the singers, which are the
males, develop, and then sell the latter for
from three to five dollars each, and give
the females their liberty. The young that
we take are about half and half of each
sex."

The Tennessee mocking-bird is a beauti-
ful singer, that has something of the
nightingale about it. for on warm moon-
light nights in the early part of the sum-
mer, while the female is sitting or nurs-
ing her young, the male then seeks a high
elevation, and pours out the joy and music
of its heart in beautiful song that adds
much to the glory of a summer's night in
"Dixie land."

In addition I desire to say that 1 am
not interested in the milkman's mocking-
birds, and cannot agree to answer any cor-
respondence that this article may evoke in
connection with them. — H. B. Geer, in
Ftirmers Voice.

7 HE IRRIGATION AGE.

KEEPING OUT DISEASED LIVE
STOCK.

During the past three years, according to
reports received at the department of ag-
riculture, the dreaded foot and mouth dis-
ease has been raging among the livestock
in almost every country in Europe. The
officials of the department are vigilant and
are closely watching every report from
abroad regarding the extent of the malady
or to what degree it has abated. Nothing
favorable has been heard for some tim«
and the officials have refused to admit
cattle, sheep or swine from abroad, except
from the British Isles; The live stock
interests of tins country must not only be
protected, but when it is considered that
we have an export trade in cattle of some
thirty or forty million dollars, the work of
the agricultural officials is to be com-
mended.

Secretary Wilson recently has entered
into an agreement with the Canadian min-
ister of agriculture whereby Canada is to
station a first-class veterinarian in Eng-
land, who is to test all cattle intended to
be shipped to this country through Can-
ada. These tests are made with a view to
ascertaining what animals are afflicted

with tuberculosis so as to protect our own
interests.

According to an American official, only
10 per cent of our cattle have tuberculosis,
while those of Great Britain have reach e,d
the enormous proportion of 40 per cent»
The department desired to protect the
United States as much as possible apd had
taken steps to establish a quarantine
against cattle coming from Canada and
England, but the Canadian government
entered strenuous protest. The Canadian
minister of agriculture had said to Secre-
^tary Wilson that he saw no reason why
Canadian cattle could and should not be
admitted to this country without the teat
for tuberculosis at the border. The de-
partment of agriculture would not listen
to this, but made a counter-proposition by
which the Canadian government would
aend an expert to England, who, after
careful examination of all cattle intende.d
for the United States and which were to
come by way of Canada, finding such to be
free of tuberculosis, would make the pro-
per certification to that effect; then the
United States would allow thenj to come in
to this country.

PULSE OF IRRIGATION.

FARMERS TURNING TO THE IRRI-
GATED STATES.

Discouraged by last season's drouth,
many Kansan and Nebraska farmers are
turning to the irrigated regions at the foot
of the Rocky Mountains. Recent dis-
patche's told of a party of farmers from
Nebraska looking into the Wheatland col-
ony in Wyoming, and others from the
drouth-stricken region have moved to not
less promising places in the irrigated dis-
trict.

Undoubtedly the recent dry season was
a most effective plea for irrigation. While
farmers who depended on rainfall were
watching their crops shrivel, the agricul-
turists in the irrigated districts of the
West were computing their gains and
watching a rising market with satisfaction.
It is not strange that such an object lesson
had its effect on the farmers "of the Middle
West, and that there has been a subse-
quent demand for irrigated lands.

While Kansas and Nebraska will always
be great agricultural states, it is equally
true that there will always be an element
of chance in farming there. The farmer
may have two or three excellent seasons,
but he never knows when fortune is going
to change, and is never certain that a
drbuth or a pest of grasshoppers will not
wipe out all his profits and set him back,
penniless and discouraged.

In. Colorado or any of the other states
that depend upon irrigation, there is no
such element of chance. The only de-
mand is a preservation of forests, and gov-
ernment aid in the storing up of flood
waters. With irrigation fully developed,
the Rocky Mountain states will become

havens of contentment and good fortune
for the farmers who are n.ow battling
against discouraging conditions in les§
favored localities. — Denver Republican,
Sept. 10.

OTTER CREEK, UTAH, RESERVOIR.

The report of J. W. Fairbanks, water
commissioner on the Sevier river and
Clear creek, has just been made regarding
the work done by the Otter creek reser-
voir. The water drawn from it during the
year was 576,000,000 cubic feet, which
was drawn out during the fifty days of the
irrigating season at the rate of 11.320,000
cubic feet per day.

Put into a more common measure, this
immense artificial lake held 4,320,000,000
gallons, and 84,400, 000 gallons weredraWn
out of 'it every day of the fifty days in
which it was open. Still, the ordinary
mind will not grasp what Sevier county's
great reservoir is, but every man, woman
and child in the world could come and dip
a large bucketful of water out of it and
there would still be some left.

Of this immense amount of water 1,323,-
000,000 gallons were lost by sinkage and
evaporation between the reservoir gate and
the heads of the various canals, leaving
2,997,000,000 gallons to enter the irrigat-
ing ditches. This supplied the various
canals with thirty-eight irrigating streams
of two and a half cubic feet per second —
all an ordinary man needs — for fifty days.

The various canal companies that were
entitled to water received at the head of
their ditches every second during the fifty

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

days that the reservoir was open, cubic
feet, as follows:

Kingston (Plute county) 2,5437

Sevier Valley 14,4022

South Bend 14,504

^oseph 4,958

Well?.....:..... .;.. 2,516

Elsinore.. v.,4,255

Brooklyn .. 5,0597

JRichfield .,21,6265

Annabelia 2,1275

Y.ermillion. ... 6,0125

Rocky Ford 3,5822

. >: The gre,at benefit of this water has been
that when the natural flow of the Sevier
river was .down to forty-one cubic feet per
second, the reservoir was supplying ninety-
five cubic feet per second. Without this
the various crops would ha,ve been about
one-third what they are. The farmers
who used that water are raising 250,000
bushels of grain, worth at least $100.000
this season. They are raising hay that is
worth $75,000, lucerne seed worth $8.000,
and other crops worth $40.000, where th,ey
would not have raised enough wheat for
"the bread of the people in the county
without the help of the reservoir.

BIG SCHEME OF IRRIGATION.

Canadian Pacific Railway authorities
have at present under consideration an im-

mense scheme of irrigation for the North-
west, by which it is proposed to make^gpod
farming and grazing country out of millions
of acres, ,which now lie dry and arid, bfc-.
tween Calgary and Medicine Hat imuiQ--
diately on the North railway line.

James Anderson, the leading irrigation
engineer of the .world, who has done Siuch
gigantic work in California, Egypt and
other places, has. recently been over this
area and reports that there, is nothing to-
prevent this great work being successfully
carried out His report is now before the
executive in Montreal and it is understood
that as an experiment 300.000 acres o| the
3,000,000 barren acres will be put under

. ' . :!-.••• ' •".

irrigation.

The scheme in a nutshell is to build a
dam in the Bow River, a mile east of Cal-
gary, cutting intersecting canals and leav-
ing the force of gravitation to do^the rest.
But before .an experiment is made the
ownership of the land to be benefitted will
have to be settled. At present every, al-
ternate section is the company's property,
the remainder, being in the hands of the
federal government. It is probable, there-
fore, that at the next session of Parlia-
ment, a new grant will be obtained, giyjng
the company the ownership of the lands
through which the irrigation canals will
run and which at present are barren. «

*••-.•

•

;•: , ) : • •

. .. -

'• ••'

i '• :i»",1
':,•

. - \y\S'-
••:•-.
•

ODDS AND ENDS.

DENVER WOMEN HAVE NEW FAD.

''I'll give you my hat for yours."

"All right; mine's the best, but I don't
care. It's different, anyway. "

"There you are, Oh, my, it's more be-
coming to you than to me."

"How does yours look on me?"

"Oh, thank you. Want to trade any-
thing else?"

This conversation occurred at an after-
noon tea on Capitol hill recently. The
principals were two young women of the
same type of beauty. It may sound
strange to an outsider, but such language
is often heard in similar quarters in ''days
like these.'

Ir well-dressed women choose to run the
risk Of wearing any of their things — hats,
shirt waists, trimmings, frills or furbelows
more times than the inexorable law of
fashion allows, it is their own fault. All
they have to do is to get something natty
and chic in the first place, and after they
have worn it once, twice Or as many times
aa fashion's code permits, why, then trade
it off. The party of the second part in
the deal will be just as anxious to trade as
you are, although she may not confess it.

This is the newest of the fads to strike
Denver fresh from New York, with the
stamp of approval of the smart set upon
it. It has taken hold of Denver's well-
dressed society girls with a relish. At the
afternoon teas, at card parties, at Over-
land and even on the street hard bargains
aie driven daily. People are wondering
how it is that Miss Ahead O'Date can af-
ford so many new and handsome things,
and "Oh, my, but Mrs. Hear-the-Latest
has an extensive wardrobe. Her husband

must be making a killing down in that real
estate office of his." All the while the
theoretical head of the family is wearing
a hat of the vintage of 1899 and his trous-
ers bagging lazily at the knees, is shaking
like a quaking aspen every time he looks
at the calendar, for it is one day nearer
the dreaded first.

But his wife isn't worrying. She has on
a new hat every week, and her shirt waists
are as the sands of the sea, with scarfs of
all colors of the rainbow. It is enough to
make the neighbors talk about her — that
is, the neighbors who are not "next."
But they are all getting next "powerful
fast," and soon Capitol hill will be a busy
millinery mart.

There is talk of auctions. Then there
will be an intermingling of sets and
cliques on a common ground, for all well-
dressed women will have entree. Such
bidding and by-bidding and "bearing" and
"bulling" the market on 'change has never
yet been recorded or even imagined.

But all this is sub rosa. One of the
conditions is that the men must be kept
in the dark. So lovesick swains and scof-
fing bachelors and pushing, pressing wid-
owers and all, take notice. If you admire
something that you see on your well-
gowned friend, tell her so and let it stop
there. Don't ask her where she got it.
Even if you are a married man and thus
worthily interested in the source of the
supply, you will have to forbear all the
same.

If, as Carlyle tells us in "Sartor Recar-
tus," society is founded on clothes, this
custom of trading off things which are un-
desirable, simply because you have worn

1HE IRRIGATION AGE.

71.

them, for things that are desirable, simply
because you have never worn them, is
biiuiid to become the keystone of the
structure.

All women who wish to be well dressed
must get in line or they will have to go
away back and ait down.

IS OUR P. O. DEPARTMENT AIDING

GERMANY AT THE EXPENSE

OF OUR EXPORTERS.

When importunity and pressure of facts
became so strong that those in authority
could no longer refuse to accede to the
popular demand for the introduction of a
foreign Parcel Post service with some first
class European government, it was decided
that a treaty should be made with Ger-
many, the first and only European govern-
ment to secure such a treaty from the
United States.

At the lime this treaty was consum-
mated it was claimed by some selfish peo-
ple whose financial interests were not in
tune with the innovation, that it would
not be successful, the effect would be
to flood this country with German manu-
factures, and that the balance of trade, by
this method of transportation, would be in
favor of Germany.

For some time past, champions of the
extension of Parcels Post have given the
subject careful study. They have watched
the results of the German Parcels Post
treaty with a keen eye, only to be con-
fronted with an apparent confirmation of
this theory. Yet how could this be possi-
ble in the face of the government report
for the past year, which showed that the
balance of trade was largely in favor of the
United States? When it came to the im-
portations by Parcels Post from Germany
the reverse seemed to be the case, at least
so far as the casual observer could discern
from the reported statistics.

Why it was possible that such a showing
should have been made can perhaps best
be explained by the private transportation

companies, who suffer such a financial loss
by reason of the Parcels-Post treaty. It
is to be presumed, however, that they will
not do so, for it is a fact that it is for
their mutual interest that the present er-
roneous impression prevail, in order to se-
cure an adverse official report against the
further extension of Parcels Post.

How many individuals in the United
States understand the present Postal
Union, so to speak, between the leading
European commercial countries in so far
as their parcel post arrangements are con-
cerned? It is safe to say that not one out
of every fifty thousand of the business
men of the country has ever given the
subject a thought, beyond a passing glance
at the figures that may have bf en presented
to them by interested parties through the
press, and which tend to show that the
United States is the loser by the present
arrangement.

At the present time the Parcels Post
importations iuto the United States cred-
ited as coming from Germany are, as a
matter of fact, sent into this country from
every manufacturing center in Europe, all
being first sent to Germany, from England,
France, Austria, Switzerland, and Belr
gium. They are put into the German
mail, thus entering the United States as
coming from Germany, when the truth of
the matter is that they are the result of
the combined export trade by means of
Parcels Post, of all Europe, to this
country.

Are our postal officials absolutely blind
to the situation? Are they wholly un-
acquainted with the true condition of af-
fairs? It is far easier to believe that they
are only too glad to have the public retain
this erroneous impression in order that
they may, the more easily, defeat the» fur-
ther extension of Parcels Post when this
question is again prominently before the
American public. When the people do
realize that our commerce with foreign na^
tions will greatly increase as a result of

72

. THE IRK16A TION A GE;

the widening out of this system, all efforts
toward the extermination of Parcels Post
in the Utiited States; for the benefit of ex^-
isting private transportation companies,
will be without avail.

There is no doubt that the American
public will realize the situation as soon as
they are correctly informed. When the
public once realizes that it is not fair that
American trade should be hampered and
held back it will demand that our postal
authorities give to our commerce the best
postal trade facilities that are enjoyed by
any nation.

: It is not fair to ourselves that any one
country, especially when that country is
our greatest competitor, 'shall enjoy an
exclusive' Parcels Post treaty with the
United States, such as is enjoyed by the
German Empire. As th's 'partiality be-
comes toetrer known, all the countries of
Europe will use the German Post-Office to
a still greater extent for forwarding their
packages to the United States. In other
words, we have plaiced Germany in a posi-
tion? ' where she can control the parcel
trade' of Europe with the United States,
at the same time so arranging matters that
our exporters cannot compete for the na-
tural return trade, with the countries out-
side of Germany, as no Parcels Post trea-
trrn have befen made with them, and with-
out Which it will be' practically impossible
to carry o'n a parcel trade. This situation
id certainly injurious to our foreign trade.
The only way for us to profit by the great
ddvA'ntiiges afforded by the facilities of-
fered Vo ;our foreign trade by the Parcels
Post."is"to give us1 'the same facilities for
rea'c'hirig the markets of the countries of
Burbjie that they' now have of reaching
oor mttrkets through Germany.

WHEN THE 'GKAyY'S ON THE
BUCKWHEATS.

When the gravy's on the buckwheat andr

lire sausages ire hot,

When the steam is floating upward from'
' the Chining coffee' put.- "

When the cook 'stirs up the batter that;
was set the night before; • • •..;;•*•<'

And when little Bob and Clara smack!
their lips and yell for more, <

Oh, it's then a man is always feeling pret-
ty near his best — •••"

If there isn't any trouble with the works
beneath his vest —

And it's then he ought to humbly thank
the Lord for what he's got —

When the gravy's on the buckwheat and
the sausages are hot. "

There's a fragrance that comes floating

from the pancakes on the plate
That should nerve a man to action — make

him strong for any fate-
There is joy, there's inspiration in the

smears on Bessie's chin, ,.
And it's good to see dear Willie as he

scoops the sausage in. ,
And what sweeter music is there than the

rasping, slapping sound
That the busy cook produces as she stirs

the stuff around?
Oh, each precious, luscious mouthful

quickly finds the proper spot
When the gravy's on the buckwheats and
, the sausages are hot. , . ;._

— Chicago Record Herald. , :

A BOER.

The Boer is still a hopping

On the kopje,
And the British, never stopping

In their hopje,
Say that ' ' We regret to say
Everything just comes our way
Sometimes us, but mostly they,

Are on topje.

''We have chased them far and wide

On the veldt.
Till our chargers like to died,

And our beldt

Hung all loose and limp and slack,
Then the Dutchmen chased us back.
And their sudden, swift attack

Made us peldt.

THE IRRTGA TION A GE.

'When we banish them, they say:

'A her nit!"
It't their own outlandish way

Ju-t to sit

With a rifle in their fist,
On the hills the sun has kissed.
"When they've shot, they've never missed

Not a bit.

"So we're worried, and we're harassed

Most to d<ath:
Arid we're flurried and embarrassed,

And our breath
Cometh to us in short pants,
It's no fun to have to prance
A.hd forever look askance

Dodging death."

'"' • •• ' ' '• — Ex:

,UNCLE EPH'S ADVICE.
W'en yo' mental atmospherical condition

ain't., de bes': — : .

W'en Mi'* sorter dull an' gloomy in de

sky; .

W'en dey's headaches on yo' features an'

yo karn't get any res',
.An' yo got dat achiri' feelirr in yo eye,
. Dmp yo' troubles an' yo cares , ,,

• ; An' jes' wander anywheres , i ,
. An imagine yo's de king ob all creation.
j Kase dey ain't no chance t' smile

•)-.'• W'en yo' worry all de while;. , . .
An' yo. might as well indulge in jubila-
tion.

W'en yo' study up yo' troubles an' exag-
*. : gerate yo' pain,

• Jes' reflect dat dar's no pleasure in a

groan.

Fo' no mattah how you'se aehm' yo' c'n
«. make hit right again

An' widout a single supplement ob moan;
.< Take yo' tackle an' yo pole-

• An' explore some sunny hole '
Where de speckled trout is leapin' up an'

swishing' —

Set down on de bank an' dream
"J Ob de comfort in de stream
An' shake off yo' trials an' worries while
yo' fishin'.

UNCLE HIRAM'S OBSERVATIONS,. ;v
"I've seen." said Uncle Hiram., ''lots o'

noble men an' brave
Through jes' one bit o' folly brought t'

ruin an' the.grave—

Men rich endowed with honor, men re-
spected an' revered,
Whose qualities were envied an' whose

virtures were endeared.
An' yet they made a failure, much . t'

ev'ry one's surprise.
But, my boy, I've watched the matter,

an' in this the secret lies:
They were men who in position of advan-
tage had been placed.
With a hundred dollar income and a

thousand dollar taste.

An', my boy, I've seen them sinkin' in the

treach'rous swamp of Debt; - ,

I've watched the ooze creep higher, an

the waters o' Regret, .,.

An' I've sometimes felt like callin', as I

stood upon the shore,
"The way out, fellers, lies in jes' re-
trenchment, nothin' more."
Sometimes I've even , said it, to a good

friend, jes' that way,

An' while he heard, he couldn't compre-
hend a word I'd say.
He'd keep a sinking deeper in the swamp

o' daily waste,
With his huodred dollar income and his

thousand dollar taste.
So I've learned a valued lesson that to

you I fain would teach.
Don't ever feed on apples that you find

beyond your reach;
An' if you've money jes' enough to pay

for bread it's plain
You're doin' wrong by buildin' up a likin'

for champagne!
You'll find your Uncle Hiram's right, as

on through life you go,
That some men live pn what they make

an' some on what they owe.
But the first class, though they're plod-
ders, pass the ones who've forged in
haste

THE lEhlGAIWN AGE.

With a hundred dollar income and a

thousand dollar taste.
—Roy Farrell Greene, in American Agri-
culturist.

"I WISH'T I'D TOLD."

"Now, Tommy, dear Tommy, don't tell,"

said she.

"Come, say Tommy- boy, that you won't. ''
"And there's something down town mighty

swell," said he,

"And it's yours, little man, if you don't."
(But I wish't I'd told!)

For she, you must know, is my sister Kate,

And the prettiest ever you see;
And she hadn't kissed folks at our garden

gate,

Nor at anywhere else, — 'cept to me.
(And I wish't I'd told !)

Then that Elihu came. Pretty soon he

began

To come every night, an' he'd stay,
An' keep sayin' to me, "Go to bed, little

man,

And you'll see what I'll bring you some
day."

(Humph ! I wish't I'd told!)

Days they'd snoop off an' leave me with

nothing to do,

But I tagged them one time to the gate,
And that's when it happened, — she said,

"Elihu!"

An' he said, "My own little Kate!"
(I saw, — an' I wish't I'd told!)

O then it was, "Tommy, don't tell," said

she,

"Now promise me true that you won't.''
"And there's .something djwn town mighty

swell," said he,

"And it's yours, dear old chap, if you
don't."
(But I wish't ['d told!)

Then he gave me a knife, and a kite, and

a play,
And a goat, and a dollar in gold.

Now Pa's give him my Katie, to take her

away,
And he wouldn't, perhaps, if I'd told!

(0 dear! How I wish't I'd told!)
— Charlotte Whitcomb in Orange Judd
Farmer.

WITH OUR EXCHANGES.

SCRIBNER'S MAGAZINE.

Scribner's for November contains an ar-
ticle by Nelson Lloyd, entitled "Among
the Bunkers." A continued article, by
F. Hopkin«on Smith, begins in this num-
ber. A second paper, by 'I heodore Roose-
velt, entitled "With the Conger Hameds."
"Without Law or Licence," by Sewell'
Fordi Continuation of ''The Pines of
Lory," by J. A. Mitchell. The third
paper, by Francis V. Greene, of ''The
United States Army." : 'Marquis Ito,"
by Frederick Palmer, and "Russia of To-
day/' by Henry Norman, M. D.
LADIES' HOME JOURNAL.

The Thanksgiving number of The La-
dies' Home Journal is replete with good
fiction and interesting and novel features.
It opens appropriately with an article
which tells "Where the President's Tur-
key Comes From." Then there are de-
lightful stories by Hezekiah Butterworth
and Laura Spencer Porter, and a new love
story called "Christine," by Frtderick M.
Smith. Cleveland Moffett has an inter-
esting story ahout Ira D. Sank«v, the
great evangelist, and Edith King Swain
recounts the famous ascents she has made
in various parts of the world. Will Brad-
ley's original designs for a house begin;
with the breakfast room, and Wilson
Eyre, Jr., preaents plans for a country-
house arid a garden. Mr. Bok gives much
good advice to young married C"uples in
his editorial. Another most tiniels feat-
ure is "Why Should a Young Man Sup-
port the Church?" by the Rev. Francis E.
Clark. Many home-made Christmas gifts
are shown, and the first of "The Journal'*
Amusing Puzzles appear. The regular

rHE IRRIGATION AGE.

75

•departments are exceptionally good and
the illustrations superb.

M'CLURES'S MAGAZINE.
Nothing could be more timely than
three of the articles which go to make up
McClure's Magazine for November. Wil-
liam Allen White, in his inimitable stsle,
analyzes Hoosevelt in a way which shows
this unclassified man in a new light — the
tru* light. Kay Stannard Baker explains
"What the United States Steel Corpora-
tion Is, and How It Works." The "true
story of a recently discovered 'Treasure
Island' " is told by Sturgis B. Rand in
"The Romance of Christmas Island." A
very irtriking Western tale of adventure is
"Why the Hot Sulphur Mail Was Late,"
by Chauncey Thomas, with splendid pic-
tures by Charles S. Chapman. "The
Tipster," illustrated by W. R. Leigh, is
the last of Edwin Lefevre's Wall-street
Stories— some think the best. M. Quad
has written in his merriest vein of an in-
cident in the life of one ''Colonel Josyln,
U. S. A.," for which story A. I. Keeler
has supplied the illustrations. Kate M.
Cleary, whose story, "The Stepmother,"
attracted so much attention, contributes
a pathetic Thanksgiving tale, "The Mis-
sion of Kitty Mal-tne." Henry Hutt's
beautiful pictures catch the true spirit of
N. V. McClelland's dainty sketch, "Nan-
cy and I and the Girl." There are poems
and other features, all of which make the
November McClure's a notable number.

THE FORUM.

The November Forutu opens with a
timely character sketch of "Theodore
Roosevelt," from the pen of A. Maurice
Low. It is followod by a paper, ''Pre-
serving a State's Honor." in which Wil-
lard Saul-bury explains how it has come
to pass that Delaware is at present with-
out representation in the United States
Senate. "Sugar and the New Colonies"
.is the title of an article by Charles A.

Crampton on the economic significance of
our recent expansion. Hon. Martin
Dodite, writing on "The Government and
Good Roads," reports what has been done,
by the Washington Oflice of which he is
Director, for the improvement of the
highways in various parts of the country.
Karl Blind, who himself took part in the
organization of the Sicilian insurrection of
1860, reveals a page of its inner history in
an article on "Crispi and Italian Unity "
Price Collier contrasts ''The Ethics of
Ancient and Modern Athletics." Presi-
dent C. F. Thwing discusses the respective
merits of "The Small College and the
Large." Hon. Charles Denby, a former
minister to Peking, contributes a descrip-
tion of the peculiar methods of "Agricul-
ture in China." ''The Political and Com-
mercial Future of Asia" is forecasted by
W. C- Jameson Reid. Walter S. Allen
argues against the imposition of ''Taxes
on .-creet Railway Franchises." "Prefer-
ences and the Bankruptcy Law" is the
t-pic of a paper by Harold Remington.
In the concluding article S. P. Verner
wiites optimistically, not to say enthusias-
tically, of "The Development of Africa."

THE NOVEMBER DELINEATOR.

A seasonable atmosphere rises from the
various useful and valuable features of the
Novemb«r DELINEATOR. The styles
shown are those for early Winter; the
dressmaking article tells about the making
of coats: the fancy needlework article
bears upon Thanksgiving and Christmas
gifts; the crocheting articles are those of
a Winter character; the gardening article
deals with the pruning and protection of
rose trees throughout winter. Every wo-
man who wishes to get splendid value for
her expenditure should buy THE DELINE-
ATOR for itself. It. in turn will help her
to economize in household matters at
every point.

' THE AMERICAN
SUGAR INDUSTRY

A practical manual on the production of Sugar Beets and
Sugar Cane, and on the manufacture of Sugar therefrom

Prefaced by a Treatise on the Economic Aspects of the Whole Sugar Question
and its Bearings Upon American Agriculture, Manufactures, Labor and Capital

A HANDBOOK FOR THE FARMER OR MANUFACTURER,
CAPITALIST OR LABORER, STATESMAN OR STUDENT

^HERBERT MYRICK

Editor of American Agriculturist of New York, Orange Judd Farmer of
Chicago. Treasurer American Sugar Growers' Society, Etc.

FROM THE AUTHOR'S PREFACE
In January, 1897, appeared the author's first book on this subjea, entitled " Sugar, a New and Profitable

'but especially in the Congress of the United States and by American Statesn

Nationaflegislation favorable to the development of our domestic su'ijar. producing industry was enacted
by Congress during the summer of 1897. This was followed by a phenomenal interest in America's domestic
su-jar industry, which, however, gave way to uncertainty with the advent of the Spanish war and the problems
raised thereby. -Provided those problems are now sdlved with due regard for American interests, itor.ly needs
proper direction and right management to secure for the United States large and permanent good from a vast
development of its domestic sugar-producirig industry.

Many of those best capable of judging have been kind enough to partly attribute the promising outlook
for this new industry, at the outbreak of the Spanish war, to the bcok referred to, to the American Su'yar
Growers' Society organized by the author, and to the agricultural journals under his editorial direction. 1 his
would seem to impose upon the author a moral obligation to do whatever lies in his power to help the industry
through its new politico-ecdnomic crisis.

It also seems incumbent upon the author to present the important scientific, practical and financial results
of the seasons of 189^ and l?oS, in addition to the fruits of all prior experience. Thus, unfortunate and costly
mistakes in this new industry may be avoided, and uniform success attained by both farmer and capitalist.

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The Rio -Grande Western Ry: traverses
the richest valleys of Utah, which can be
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Write to P. A. Wadleigh, Salt Lake City, lor
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The MILK RIVER

Montana.

,

pREE QOVERNHENT LAND can be easily
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THE IRRIGATION AGE.

A1N ILLUSTRATED HONTHLY.

( |
Entered at the Post Office at Chicago, 111., as second-class matter.

THE IRRIGATION AGE is a Journal of Western America, recognized \ '
throughout the World as .the exponent of Irrigation audits kindred industries. It l*
is the pioneer journal of its kind in the world and has no rival in half a continent.
It advocates the mineral development and the industrial growth of the West.

CONTENTS FOR NOVEMBER, 1901.

The Progress of Western America.

Theodore Roosevelt 39

Interesting Contributed Articles.

Irrigation in India and America 43

The Imperial Settlements— A Wonderful Development 49

Irrigation in the Northwest 52

The Water Question 54

Deep Wells for Irrigation 56

A Friend of National Irrigation 58 $§

( )

Diversified Form. ®

II

Pall Seeding of Alfalfa ' 59 j >

Toe Production and Delivery of Milk in Cities. 61

To Import European Farmers 65 | [

A Mocking- Bird Farm 66 < '

Keeping Ou i Diseased Live Stock 67 (

Pulse of Irrigation.

Farmers Turning to the Irrigated States , . 68

Otter Creek, Utah, Reservoir 68

Big Scheme of Irrigation 69 J

Odds and Ends.

Denver Women Have New Fad 70

Is Our P.O. Department Aiding Germany at the Expense of Our Exporters? 71

| | When the Gravy's on the Buckwheats 72

Tampering With Trifles 72

Uticle Eph's Advice , 73

Uncle Hiram's Observations 7,'5

"I Wish I'd Told" 74

With Our Exchanges 74 ,

J, E. FORREST, Publisher.

916 W. Harrison Streit,
CHICAGO*.

I I

has located along its lines the most desirable farming
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agricultural lands in the state of Colorado should write
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— Colorado & Southern Ry., Denver.

Our line also reaches the most desirable health and
pleasure resorts in the state and is the short line to
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THE STATE

OF WASHINGTON.

You can find more progressive farmers
and poultrymen in the state of Washington
than in any other State of the same pop-
ulation. The people of this section are
patting in all of the best, such as good
cattle, stock, swine and poultry. The
progressive people. of the older States are
coming in and settling up the lands. Land
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either government or railroad.

The Pacific 'Poultryman, (Harry H.
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PROFIT...
...BRINGERS.

That's what our fowls are.

They have all been selected, mated and
bred with a view to producing the greatest
amount of profit in actual production.
They are large egg yielders because
our breeding stock conies only from
hens that are large and long layers.
Every chick we grow and every bird we
sell has a long record of strong production
behind it.

OUR POULTRY BUYER'S GUIDE

contains full illustrations and descriptions of
our fifty varieties of this kind of fowls and
very many other tilings of value to the poultry-
man or the farmer who grows poultry. Gives
prices of eggs and fowls, etc. Sent for 10 cents

J. R. BRABAZON, JR. & CO.",
Box 38. DELEVAN, WIS

Prosperity
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Where Are You?

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FEEDS AMD
FEEDING

A New Book by
PROF. W. A. HENRY
of the Wisconsin Agricul-
tural Experiment Station.

A 650 PAGE BOOK FOR STOCK OWNERS.

TABLE OF CONTENTS:

PART I.

Plant Growth and Animal
Nutrition.

The plant: how it grows and elaborates food for

animals,

-Mastication, digestion and assimilation.
Digestion, respiration and calorimetry.
Animal nutrition.
The source of muscular energy; composition of

animals before and after fattening,
nfluenceof feed on the animal body.
Explanation of tables of composition and feeding

standards-methods of calculating rations for

farm animals, etc.

PART II. Feeding Stuffs.

Cjeading cereals and their by-products.

Minor cereals, oil-bearing ana leguminous seeds

and their by-products.
Indian corn as a forage plant.
The grasses fresh and cured — straw.
Leguminous plants for green forage and hay.
Miscellaneous feeding stuffs.
Soiling cattle. Preparation of feeding stuffs.
The ensilage of fodders.
Manurial value of feeding stuffs.

PART III. Feeding Farm Animals.

Investigations concerning the horse.

Feeds for the horse.

Feed and care of the horse.

Calf-rearing.

Results of steer-feeding trials at the stations.

Factors in steer fattening — final results.

Counsel in the feed lot.

The dairy cow— scientific findings.

Station tests with feeding stuffs for dairy cows.

Influence of feed on milk— wide and narrow
rations.

Public tests of pure bred dairy cows— cost of
producing milk and fat in dairy herds at vari-
ous experiment stations.

Feed and care of the dairy cow.

Investigations with sheep.

Experiments in fattening sheep— wool produc-
tion

General care of sheep— fattening.

Investigations with swine.

Value of various feeding-stuffs for pigs,

Danish pig-feeding experiments.

Feeding and management of swine— effect oj
feed on the carcass of a pig

The publisher's price of this book is $2.00. We will send
you the Irrigation Age for one year, and a copy of ''Feeds and
Feeding," for $2-50. When you consider that the regular sub-
scription price of j the AGE is $1.00 per year you will realize
what a bargain we offer you.

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

VOL. XVI.

CHICAGO, DECEMBER, 1901.

NO. 3

An extract from the presi-
dent's .message on irriga-
tion will be found on another
page of this number. The Chicago Tri-
bune says editorially on this subject:

"The question of the, irrigation of the
arid lands owned by the general govern-
ment was not considered at all twenty-five
years ago. It is beginning to be con-
sidqred seriously now. The space which
the president, who is familiar with condi-
tions in the West, gives to it in his mes-
sage shows that he looks on it as one of
no small importance.

"When the agitation for the irrigation
of these arid lands began there was a feel-
ing of opposition to the measure except in
the regions* which would be specially
benefited. The impression existed that
the states and territories in which these
arid lands lie were anxious that the gov-
ernment should expend millions in making
these lands cultivable so that the popula-
tion and wealth of the states and territor-
ies in question might be increased. The
owners of fertile farms in the East and
Middle West did not look with favor on
what seemed to them a scheme to add at
their expense and that of other taxpayers
tens of millions of acres to the area of
cultivable land in the for West. They
saw in .this a reduction of the vaule of
their own farms and farm products.

''This hostile feeling is gradually diap-
pearing. It is coming to be understood
that the work of making these arid lands
cultivable to the extent that the water

supply will permit — there is not water
enough to irrigate all — will be an exceed-
ingly slow one. No great body of farm
lands will be thrown suddenly on the mar-
ket. The demand for farm lands is such
and the value of those now under cultiva-
tion has so increased.as to make it expedi-
ent from an economic point of view to en-
ter on the work of reclamation of these
arid Western lands. Private enterprise
has made a beginning, but it cannot aq-
complish much. The states in which
these lands lie cannot alone deal with the
question satisfactorily. The general gov-
ernment will have to co-operate.

"While the president advises action he
discourages hasty action. The job is too
large to be gone at pellmell or taken up
peicemeal. He says cwe must not only
understand the existing situation but
avail ourselves of the beat'experience of
the best experience of the time in the
solution of its problems. A careful study
should be made both by the nation and
states of the irrigation laws and condition.'
When tho necessary knowledge has been
obtained tho general government can take
up this great work of converting millions
of acres of arid lands into fertile fields."

Irrigation is being adopted

Garden118 *** ^y the successful gardeners
and small fruit growers
through the world- The fact that water
can be applied to fruit and vegetables at
any times required is argument enough to
convince any one of the value of irriga-
tion. Thorough tests in the rain belt re-

78

I HE IEEIGA1ION AGE,

gion have demonstrated that irrigation
makes better flavored products and more
than double the yield. In this sense the
application of moisture by hand has be-
come a science. This science dispels
droughts, and makes crops annual suc-
cesses. At best the rain dependence is
only an uncertain substitute for independ-
ent soil moisture by irrigation. Gardens,
small frurt orchards and vineyards are es-
pecially benefitted by irrigation, even
though there be an abundance of rain for
general field crops. The scienrific appli-
cation of water just at the exact time
needed solves the long mooted problem of
woether or not the garden pays for any ex-
cept the professional market garden.

National George H. Maxwell says in
°*' his editorial comments in the
National Irrigation: "There ts only one
way by which the national government can
be assured that its appropriations will ful-
fill their purpose of promoting homebuild-
ing and that is to reserve every acre for
which water is made available by national
reservoirs or canals, for actual settlers who
will go on the land and reclaim it and
make it their permanent home.

But this is what the advocates of "na-
tional aid io irrigation" who* are not in
harmony with the National Irrigation As-

sociation oppose and are attempting to
prevent.

The Mandell bill in the last session of
congress, and the State Engineers' Bill
prepared by Engineer Bond, of Wyoming,
make no reservaiion of the lands for actual
settlers, and should either bill become a
law, the moment it was known that a res-
ervoir or a canal was to be built to pro-
vide water for any government land, the
last acre of land that could be irrigated
from it would be gobbled up by speculators
under scrip or desert land locations. This
would be done long before any actual set-
tlers could by and possibility locate their
homes upon it. The result would be "na-
tional aid to irrigation" to be enjoyed by a
few spectators who would thus defeat the
whole purpose of congress and divert a
great national movement to their selfish
personal gain. If they could do this they
would destroy the national irrigation move-
ment.

If one single appropriation were made
for national irrigation works, and the
lands irrigable therefrom were all absorbed
by speculators instead of going to home-
builders, the national irrigation policy
would be set back ten years. The confi-
dence of the poeple of the East in the
whole movement would be destroyed.

IRRIGATION IN INDIA AND
AMERICA.

BY. E. H. PARGITER, OF THE IRRIGATION BRANCH, PUBLIC WORKS
DEPARTMENT, PANJAB. INDIA.

(Continued from last month.)

The physical configuration of a country to be traversed by a canal
naturally influences the design of the canal, and usually determines
the limits of its size. In the great and almost level plains of North
India, there is practically no limit to the width possible, as far as the
natnre of the ground is concerned. There the width and discharge
are determined, in most cases, by the quantity of water available in
the river suplying a canal; if the whole of the low cold weather dis-
charge of the river can be utilized for irrigation, then the canal is de-
signed to take this discharge, and is given a suitable maximum bed
width and minimum depth of supply for it; bearing in mind also that
this width, with a greater depth of supply, shall allow of double or
even perhaps treble that discharge being taken during the hot
weather when the supply in the river is many times greater. The
depth of supply possible to be taken in safety in a canal constructed
to allow of free flow or gravity irrigation, with its minimum cold
weather discharge, thus limits its maximum discharge during the hot
weather, and of course it would not be practicable to take, asa rule,
more than double the depth of the low supply, consistently with the
safety of the banks, and reasonable economy in iconstruction and
maintenance.

In some cases, as in the Jhelam canal now under construction,
the small size of the doab to be irrigated, limits the area of land for
which water is to be provided; and all the available cold weather dis-
charge of the river is not needed. In such cases, the canal is de-
signed to take only as much as it needs; and there is no necessity to
allow for largely different hot and cold weather discharges; though, as
a matter of fact, with approximately equal areas to be irrigated in the
two seasons, a considerably larger supply will be required in the hot
weather, owing to the greater loss by evaporation, and the greater
quantity of water required by the crops then grown.

The almost level plains of North India allow of curves of great
radius being given to a canal; so that a canal with a bed width of 250
feet or more, a depth of supply of 10 or 12 feet, and a discharge of

80 THE IRRIGATION AGE.

8,000 second feet or more, can be safely piloted through the country
for many miles.

But, in most cases in the arid states of America, the canals do not
traverse great level plains, but wind about the sloping sides of low
hills, or through rolling prairies, or are dug out of the sides of steep
bluffs and benches. Here they mnst take whatever course a hill side
may allow of, since they must follow its contour. In these circum-
stances, a large canal is obviously unsafe. The sidelong nature of the
ground in which it has to be excavated, limits its width very strictly;
and the frequent sharp curves und even bends, it takes as it winds
around a hillside, limit its velocity and depth. As however in such
cases, there is plenty of fall or grade in the country, irrigation re-
quirements are easily met by having a series of small canals at differ-
ent levels. A marked feature in such country is that advantage can
be taken to turn into reservoirs, valleys and depressions traversed by
placing embankments across their natural outlets, and filling them up
•at times when the water is not in demand for irrigation.

An important feature that largely affects the efficient working of
a canal, depends on this difference of construction imposed on us by
the physical nature of the country traversed, whether we can have
one large canal with a single head at a favorable point in the river, or
'whether we must have a series of canals with separate heads at differ-
ent points in the river. That feature is tti6-weir across the river be-
low a canal head. In the former case we dan afford to spend a large
sum on a perfect weir that will hold up the whole, or as much of the
Driver supply -as ifre need, in times of low water, and yet be perfectly
safe when passing floods and torrents in times of high supply. By
holding up the supply, we can feed the canal with topwater, tolerably
free from the heavier sandy sediment; and we form a large settling
basin in the river above the weir. This can be easily scoured out
from time to time by opening the undersluices of the weir, when the
•river bed is allowed to resume its original natural slope or grade. It
is always advisable to close the canal head at such times to prevent
the silt laden water entering and silting up theihead channel. If the
"canal becomes much silted, and at the time the demand for water for
'irrigation is great, so that it is not advisable to lose water by running
it through the -escapes to scour out and wash away the silt, it is often
possible to force a supply for a time over the silted bed, by raising
the supply level at the canal head by means of the weir.

But in the latter case of a series of small canals, it would not pay
to provide each head with such a costly weir; and in consequence such
canals must work less efficiently. On the American rivers where so
often the water is all fully appropriated among different canals, and
the supply is insufficient to meet the demands, the great point is to

1HE IRRIGATION AGE. 81

put into a canal as mnch water as can be got from the river. A sim-
ple weir is required to keep the water in the river at a certain mini-
mum level above the bed of the canal, or at least to keep the river bed
from falling below the level of the canal bed; but bottom water as well
as top has to be taken in, and heavy silt deposits naturally result.
The weir is not constructed to hold up the water much above its nat-
ural level, for the cost of doing so would be prohibitive in the cases of
a small canal; if a considerable drop or fall were made in the river be-
low the weir, the foundations of the weir would have to be very deep
and massive and the flooring of great length, to withstand the pres-
sure and sc.ouring action of the water passing over and beneath in the
soil.

• In a river, where several such canal heads were fairly close to-
gether, it might promote efficiency and ultimate economy to amalga-
mate the heads into one, and let the canals branch off from a common
main channel. Then it might be practicable to build an efficient weir,
as the cost, distributed over air the canals, would not be a. financial
burden on any one. But every such case would have to be decided on
its own merits and possibilities, according to the physical configura-
tion of the ground.

The practice of irrigation in America, is now showing the great
advantage derived from co-operation among the users of a Lateral,
and the efficiency and economy of having one main lateral for each
farm. It can readily be understood that the same principle will apply
to canals also; and that two or more canal heads may with advantage
be combined into one, if there are no special circumstances to hinder
such an arrangement.

The methods of construction and of the working canals in
America, they resemble more nearly those of the inundation canals,
than those of the great perennial canals of North India. The latter
are really monuments of engineering skill, enterprise and manage-
ment; so much so, that professional pride in and love for them, on
the part of their designers and constructors, has usually tended to
obscure in their minds, the special merits and uses of the simpler
inundation canals, which requires for their design and construction,
usually no great engineering skill. As has all ready been explained
the chief advantage of an inundation canal, is that its proper use does
not tend to swamp land by raising the subsoil spring level so much as
perennial canal irrigation would do. In the bottom lands bordering
a river, where the water is not far down below the ground surface
and can economically be raised from wells for irrigation during the
Indian cold weather months. Inundation canals are best stilted to the
land. But in the higher lying lands more remote from the rivers,
perennial canals alone will satisfy all requirements, and are a neces-

82 1HE IRRIGATION AGE,

sity; since the subsoil water is too far down to allow of its being
raised cheaply enough for irrigation use. Each class of canal then
has its place, and both can co-exist side by side; for in the case of
Inundation canals the extra cost of working wells during the cold
weather is set off by the smaller water rates to be paid for canal water
during the hot weather: for an Inundation canal, having no expensive
headworks, is cheaply constructed, and does not need in order to
make it a financial success, to charge as high water rates as a peren-
nial canal does.

It is amusing to note how the same names even have been applied
to the same class of works in America and India. In India, where
engineers have been brought to look upon a fine perennial canal as
alone worthy of the name of "canal" thoroughly made untidy looking
Inundation canals are spoken of scornfully as "ditches;" and in Amer-
ica all the early, small, roughly made canals have very naturally been
termed ditches rather than canals, their constructors and owners not
considering the latter more ambitious title at all applicable to their
humble creations.

It is admitted that irrigation in America is realty only in its com-
mencement— just as now in India, after having designed many large
perennial canals from most of the great rivers, engineers are turning
their attention to improving the humbler Inundations canals, by com-
bining their numerous separate heads into fewer, or even into one,
in order that an efficient weir may be constructed for it: — so in Amer-.
ica, as matters call for improvement, the present wasteful systems
will be reformed with a view to greater economy in the use of water,
and the consequent increase in the area of land that can be irrigated
and inhabited. The winter season in America does not call for very
much irrigation, and tends to make canals work more as intermittent
ones; so that there is every year plenty of time and full opportunity
to execute repairs and make alterations or improvements. There is
thus not the necessity for solid and permanent construction of works,
like those on the large Indian crnals; but, no doubt, the ever recurring
large maintenance charges of a roughly and unskillfully constructed
canal will be found more wasteful of revenue, than interest charges
on a larger capital spent on efficient and permanent first construction.
In the future, therefore, with engineers better trained, and more
experienced, new canals will be constructed more carefully with a
view to wear well, and the old ones will be gradually improved by
having their cheap rough temporary works replaced by more perm-
anent ones. The hurry to get things started, so characteristic of
pioneer work in America will in time give place to the wish to have
things done more with the idea of permanent efficiency.

To be continued.

IRRIGATION FOR THE WEST.

EXTRACT FROM PRESIDENT ROOSEVELT'S

MESSAGE.

The forests are natural reservoirs. By restraining the streams in
flood and replenishing them in drought they make possible the use of
waters otherwise wasted. They prevent the soil from washing, and
so protect the storage reservoirs from filling up with silt. Forest
conservation is therefore an essential condition of water conservation.

The forests alone cannot, however, fully regulate and conserve
the waters of the arid region. Great storage works are necessary to
equalize the flow of streams and to save the flood waters. Their con-
struction has been conclusively shown to be an undertaking too vast
for private effort. Nor can it be best accomplished by the individual
states acting alone. Par-reaching interstate problems are involved;
and the resources of single states would often be inadequate. It is
properly a national function, at least in some of its features. It is as
right for the national government to make the streams and river of
the arid region useful by engineering works for water storage as to
make useful the rivers and harbors of the humid region by engineer-
ing works of another kind. The storing of the floods in reservoirs at
the headwaters of our rivers is but an enlargement of our present pol-
icy of river control under which levees are built on the lower reaches
of the same streams.

The government should construct and maintain these reservoirs
as it does other public works. Where their purpose is to regulate the
flow of streams, the water should be turned 'freely into the channels
in the dry season to take the same course under the same laws as the
natural flow.

The reclamation of the unsettled arid public lands presents a dif
ferent problem. Here it is not enough to regulate the flow of streams.
The object of the government is to dispose of the land to settlers who
will build homes upon it. To accomplish this object water must be
brought within their reach.

The pioneer settlers on the arid public domain chose their homes
along streams from which they could themselves divert the water to
reclaim their holdings. Such opportunities are practically gone.
There remain, however, vast areas of public land which can be made
available for homestead settlement, but only by reservoirs and main
line canals impracticable for private enterprise. The irrigation
works should be built by the national government. The lands re-

84 THE IRR1 GA 11 ON A GE.

claimed by them should be reserved by the government for actual set-
tlers, and the cost of construction should so far as possible be repaid
by the land reclaimed.

The distribution of the waters, the division of the streams among
irrigators, should be left to the settles themselves in conformity with
state laws and without interfering with those laws or. with vested
rights. This policy of the national government should be to aid irri-
gation in the several states and territories in such manner as will en-
able the people in the local communities to help themselves, and as
will stimulate needed reforms in the state laws and regulations gov-
erning irrigation.

The reclamation and settlement of the arid lands will enrich every
portion of our country, just as the settlement of the Ohio and Mississ-
ippi Valleys brought prosperity to the Atlantic states. The increased
demand for manufactured articles will stimulate industrial production,
while wider honae markets and the trade of Asia will consume larger
food supplies and effectually prevent Western competition with East-
ern agriculture. Indeed, the products of irrigation will be consumed
chiefly in upbuilding local centers of mining and other industries,
which would otherwise not come into existence at all. Our people as
a whole will profit, for successful homemaking is but another name
for the upbuilding of the nation.

The necessary foundation has already been laid for the in-
auguration of the policy just described. It would be unwise
tro* begin by doing too much, for a great deal will doubtless be
learned, both as to what can and what cannot be safely attempted, by
the early efforts, which must of necessity be partly experimental in
character. At the beginning the government should make clear be-
yond shadow of doubt, its intention to pursue this policy on lines of
the broadest public interest. No reservoir or canal should ever be
built to satisfy selfish, personal or local interests; but only in accord-
ance with the advice of trained experts, after long investigation has
shown the locality where all the conditions combine to make the work
most needed and fraught with the greatest usefulness to the community
as a whole. There should be no extravagance, and the believers in
the need of irrigation will most benefit their cause by seeing to it that
it is free from the least taint of excessive or reckless expenditure of
the public moneys.

Whatever the nation doe's for the extension of irrigation should
harmonize with, and tend to improve the condition of those now liv-
ing on irrigated land. We are not at the starting point of this devel-
opment. Over two hundred millions of private capital has already
been expended in the construction of irrigation works, and many mil-
lion acres of arid land reclaimed. A high degree of enterprise and

THE IERIGA TION A GE 85

ability has been shown in the work itself; but as much cannot be said
in reference to the laws relating thereto. The security and value of
the homes created depend largely on the stability of titles to water;
but the majority of these rest on the uncertain foundation of court de-
cisions rendered in ordinary suits at law. With a few creditable ex-
ceptions, the arid states have failed to provide for the certain and just
division of streams in times of scarcity. Lax and uncertain laws have
made it possible to establish rights to water in excess of actual uses
or necessities, and many streams have already passed into private
ownership, or a control equivalent to ownership.

Whoever controls a stream practically controls the land it renders
productive, and the doctrine of private ownership of water apart from
land cannot prevail without causing enduring wrong. The recogni-
tion of such ownership, which has been permitted to grow up in the
arid regions, should give way to a more enlightened and larger recog-
nition of the rights of the public in "the control and disposal of the
public water supplies. Laws founded upon conditions obtaining in
humid regions, where water is too abundant to justify hoarding it,
have no proper application in a dry country.

In the arid states the only right to water which should be re.cog-
nized is that of use. In irrigation this right should attach to the land
reclaimed and be inseparable therefrom. Granting perpetual water
rights to others than users, without compensation to the public, is
open to all the objections which apply to giving away perpetual fran-
chises to the public utilities of cities. A few of the Western states
have already recognized this and have incorporated in their constitu-
tion the doctrine of perpetual state ownership of water.

The benefits which have followed the unaided development of the
past justify the nation's aid and co-operation in the more difficult and
important works yet to be accomplished. Laws so vitally affecting
homes as those which control the water supply will only be effective
when they have the sanction of the irrigators; reforms can only be
final and satisfactory when they come through the enlightenment of
the people most concerned. The larger development which national
aid insures should, however, awaken in every arid state the determin-
ation to make its irrigation system equal in justice and effectiveness
that of any country in the civilized world. Nothing could be more
unwise than for isolated communities to continue to learn everything
experimentally, instead of profiting by what is already known else-
where. We are dealing with a new and momentous question, in the
pregnant years while institutions are forming, and what we do will
affect not only the present but future generations.

Our aim should be not simply to reclaim the largest area of land
and provide homes for the largest number of people, but to create for

86 THE IREIGA 1 1ON A OE

this new industry the best possible social and industrial conditions;
and this requires that we not only understand the existing situation,
but avail ourselves of the best experience of the time in the solution
of its problems. A careful study should be made, both by the nation
and the states, of the irrigation laws and conditions here and abroad.
Ultimately it will probably be necessary for the nation to co-operate
with the several arid states in proportion as these states by their
legislation and administration show themselves fit to receive it.

THE HOME CIRCLE.

Supper is ready! Funny little flo6k

That struggles through the grass with tired feet
And sturdy appetites that need no clock

To warm them when the hour comes to eat!

The dull, blind world might find them but a row
Of happy country children, but for me

Bright beauty, grace and wisdom lurk below
Each rumpled head, and deeds that are to be.

Brave men and strong, and noble women lurk
In shabby little coat and tumbled frock;

Add all for which I live and dream and work
Supper is waiting! Funny little flock! •

INTEREST IN FOREST PRESERV-
ATION.

BY T. S. VAN DYKE.

Before Sunset Club of Los Angeles, Cal.

The arguments in favor of forest preservation have the advantage
of being so conclusive that they are disputed by few outside the cattle
and sheep men who want the range. But this very advantage tends
to deaden enthusiam in a great many, for enthusiasm generally has
its birth in intense thinking among the contestants in a disputed
question. The question of forest preservation is now in a very satis-
factory state of advance but we need more constant discussion and
increase of enthusiam in it until, at street corners, it is as much a
topic of conversation as the latest scandal of the millionaire, aud in
social gatherings, rank equal with the consideration of Peter Scarcm
or The Struggle for the Last Pigtail.

In nearly all I have heard on the subject the sheepman is consid-
ered the most guilty party in burning off the forests. He is as bad as
represented and even worse. But there are others. Two almost as
bad are of most eminent respectability. But lack the excuse of the
sheepman. He does it to increase the grass — that is for profit. The
other two do it for pure laziness or stupidity — generally both.

These are the hunters, campers and fishermen, nearly all in pur-
suit of pleasure, and the farmers at the base of the mountains. The
fisherman is much less of a fire fiend than the others, but only because
he camps lower down on the streams and more in the bottom of the
canyons along gravelly flats or sandy bars where there is no carpet of
dead grass or pine needles to spread his fire. Otherwise, he is qui,te
as certain to select the largest log or the biggest living tree to make
his fire against, and quite as certain to repeat the performance at the
next camping place although he just found his fire so big at the last
one that it was impossible to put it out. Especially is this the case
with the tenderfoot who is so fast becoming the terror of nature. It
seems but a few years when none but the experienced went hunting
or fishing. Occasionally a green hand was along with the party but
he was generally left at home as a nuisance and seldom dared to start
out on his own account. Today hunting and fishing are the proper
thing for the business man who wants rest as well as for the men of
means or leisure. Railroads and good wagon roads penetrating the
mountains in so many directions have made it possible for thousands
to go there where but a few years ago it took so much time that they
did not attempt it. The first performance of the tenderfoot is always

88 I HE IRRIGATION AGE.

to make the biggest fire possible. If fuel is handy he will have a fire
big enough to barbecue an ox if only a cup of tea is needed. And at
night though the evening be warm he must have sheets of name
streaming up among the trees, because it looks so cheerful, or so
wierd as his wife tells him. To expect a man to put out such a fire is
demanding considerable of human nature in these days of economiz-
ing energy. He has had enough to do to make it. The small fire, if
he should accidently make one, he leaves to be blown about by the
rising .wind because he thinks it wont do much harm. That is, when
he thinks at all. I have seen many such a one stand right beside a
fire and empty the coffee pot off on one side and all the dishwater, etc.,
when it was just as easy to put it on the fire.

Among the older hunters and fisherman there is more reckless-
ness than stupidity. Too many of them simply do not care. They
will make a fire in dry leaves, pine needles or dead grass when the
sandy bed of some little dry run is just as convenient, and are quite
as much opposed to wasting energy in putting it out as the most
recent formation of a tenderfoot.

What shall we do with these classes? Nothing in the way of
reformation is possible. The only way is to keep them entirely out of
those sections where the danger is greatest as in some of our southern
mountains. My interest in hunting and fishing is quite as great as it
is in irrigation so that what I say on this snbject is at least sincere.
I shall expect to do considerable of both yet as I have in the past and
I believe not only that I will lose nothing by having a portion of the
forest reserve closed against me that I will actually be the gainer.
The question of refuges in which game shall at all times of the year
be absolutely safe against all disturbance is already up among those
interested in game preservation. In many parts of the country, and
probably in all, the establishment of large places of refuge will soon
make game so much more plenty outside that the loss of the territory
will be more than make up. In southern California our best hunting
is not at all in the higher mountains where the forest laws must be
applied but in the lower hills. To these the higher ones would serve
as a nursery to increase the supply. It is not so much the case with
.fishing but the same principle applies to a great extent. The greatest
drain upon our streams is by those who ascend to the small tributaries
high up in the hills where they can catch fingerling easily by divert-
ing the stream and various other tricks when they do not bite well.
While it is not necessary to exclude hunters and fishermen from all
the forest reserve, I still believe it would be no bad thing if it were
done and no one allowed to camp there for any purpose except under
the direct supervision of a forest ranger of that section. In that case
his name, business, movements, etc., could all be registered, all his.

THE IRRIGATION AGE. 89

camping places known, and he could be held responsible for all his
acts.

In southern California many of the worst fires are in autumn, start-
ing at the base of the mountains and sweeping upward. While this
is not so common as it was it is still common enough. In almost every
case it is done by the farmer who wants to burn some brush or rub-
bish on his own land and selects one of the dry, hot days with a
desert wind in the fall that makes every thing burn well. It is too
much work to run a fire guard around the outside. It is also too much
trouble to do the thing at night when the wind is down or do it in
sections so that each can be managed. It is far cheaper, especially
for the dry rancher whose time is so valuable for rolling cigarettes,
to wait for a day when there is nothing to do but to touch a match
and let the whole thing go off by itself. Why of course he didn't do
it on purpose. And surely he has a right to make a fire on his own
land. He couldn't help it either, the wind shifted on him, or nature
interfered with his handling of it, and why shou]d he be punished for
what he could not help when doing a lawful act on his own land?

It is plain that convictions can not be had in such cases, or of the
hunter, fisherman, sheepman or tenderfoot just as long as the burden
of proof is on the prosecution to show that the burning of the public
forest was wilful, malicious, negligent or careless, or can it be done if
the defendant can offer in evidence due care on his part, for. he will
always be ready to swear that he was careful and there will rarely be
any evidence to the contrary.

To meet this I drafted a law some three years ago the effect of
which would be to make every one absolutely responsible for the con-
sequences of any fire made or used by him after being left by any one
else. To prevent any hardship as well as to aid in its enforcement
the fine was put at only one hundred dollars, the idea that if one does
not know enough to make a fire that cannot escape from him, one
hundred dollars is cheap tuition. If he does not want to pay it, all he
has to do is to keep out of the woods and practice on making fires that
he can control before he goes into them. This was unanimously ap-
proved and recommended to congress by the forestry convention that
met in Los Angeles three years ago. It passed the house all right •
but in the senate was changed some. The essential features are in one
way or another preserved but the fine was raised to a possibility of a
thousand dollars which is too great for western juries. It also lets
out the man who burns up the country by reckless making of a fire on
his own land. This was probably not intentional. The law is a great
improvement over the old one as it is not necessary to prove negli-
gence in all cases and it makes it the duty of every one to extinguish
a fire that he makes. But it still allows him to make a fire of any

90 THE IRRIGATION AGE.

•size and the wording is so changed that if a fire escapes in spite of due
dilligence he may be excused. No amount of diligence should be
an excuse because he is always at liberty to stay out of the woods if
he does not know how to behave as a woodsman should.

Of all the people in the world, we, of Southern California and
especially of its business center, Los Angeles, are the most vitally
;and immediately interested in forest preservation . Our interest is
not remote as in Oregon where the rainfall is so great, and where
there is already many times more water than the next century can
learn to use. We make talk of our climate and scenery and out of door
attractions as we please, and it is all true enough, but after all our
prosperity is dependent mainly on the productive power of the soil.
For though there are thousands who do not care to cultivate, there
are few who care to sit down in a desert for the mere inhalation of
climate, and most of these are quite as much opposed to a semi-desei't
as to the full-blown article. Our resources are strictly limited by our
water supplies and these are limited by our watersheds. That is so
far as we know. We have no right to assume that any of our water
comes from the Sierra Nevada of the north or any other distant
source. We know nothing about it. But we do know that our local
watersheds are sufficient, aided by the vast gravel reservoirs of the
slopes and plains, to account for all the water we yet have and con-
siderably more. But where the rain shed from a single acre of the
mountain top in winter is worth one hundred dollars or more in the
land below we cannot afford to risk one drop of it to accommodate the
whimsical, the reckless or the lazy.

CONSTUCTION OF STORAGE
RESERVOIR.

The following bill was introduced in the House of Representatives
December 2, 1901.

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Eepresentatives of the United
States of America in Congress assembled, That all moneys received from
the sale or disposal of public lands in the states of California, Colo-
rado, Idaho, Kansas, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, North Dakota,
Oregon, South Dakota, Utah, Washington and Wyoming, and in the
territories of Arizona, New Mexico and Oklahoma, be and are hereby
reserved, set aside, and appropriated as a special fund in the treasury,
to be known as the "reclamation fund," to be used for the survey and
construction of reservoirs and other irrigation works for the reclama
tion of arid lands.

Sec. 2. That the Secretary of the Interior is hereby authorized,,
for the purpose of reclaiming arid lands, to cause to be examined and
surveyed reservoir sites, tunnel sites for diversion of water, and irri-
gation canals connected therewith in said states and territories, and to
require reports as to the same, together with estimates of the cost of
construction thereof, and reports as to the quality and location of the
public lands which can be irrigated therefrom, as to all facts relative
to the practicability of each enterprise.

Sec. 3. That upon the filing of such report the Secretary of the
Interior may, in his discretion, withdraw from public entry the lands
embraced within the reservoir sites at highwater mark and a strip of
ground one hundred feet in width bordering on the same, and at the
base of the dams thereof, and the land within fifty feet on each side of
the center line of the irrigating ditches and tunnels, together with the
public lands which it is proposed to irrigate therefrom.

Sec. 4. That upon the determination by the Secretary of the In-
terior that the reservoir and irrigation project is practicable, he shall
cause to be let, upon proper notice, contracts for the construction of
the same in whole or in part, payments to be made out of the reelama-
tion fund.

Sec. 5. That upon the completion of each irrigation project the
lands to be irrigated thereby shall be subject to homestead entry after
notice by the Secretary of the Interior, upon the condition that, in ad-
dition to the requirements of the homestead act, the entryman, on the
making of final proof of settlement, shall pay to the government the
sum of five dollars per acre, and each entryman shall be limited to the
entry and settlement of not exceeding eighty acres,

THE IRRIGATION AGE

Sec. 6. That after construction the Secretary of the Interior shall
cause the said reservoir or other irrigation works to be operated at
the expense of said reclamation fund until the major part of the land
intended to be irrigated from each reservoir has been duly located
upon as aforesaid, when the management and operation of the same
shall be turned over to the said homesteaders and their heir, who, to-
gether with the homesteaders afterwards locating upon the lands to
be irrigated by such project, and their heir, shall manage, operate
and maintain the same, either as a body or through a corporation to
be formed by them, as may be formed by them, as may be required by
the Secretary of the Interior.

Sec. 7. That nothing in this Act shall be construed as interfering
with the laws of any state or territory concerning irrigation or the
distribution of water.

Sec. 8. That the Secretary of the Interior is also authorized to
cause to be dug artesian wells to be used for irrigation purposes on
public arid lands, which shall be open to settlement as above pre-
scribed, or to do any other thing necessary for the reclamation of said
arid lands, and the cost thereof shall be paid out of said reclamation
fund.

Sec. 9. That in case the water thus provided shall be more than
sufficient for the reclamation of the irrigable public lands proposed to
be irrigated, or if the Secretary of the Interior determines that land
in private ownership is better suited for the utilization of the waters,
or if there is a sufficiency for both, then rights to the use of water
may be sold at a price to be fixed by the Secretary of the Interior,
but no water right shall be granted for an amount exceeding eighty
acres to any one landowner, and the price and terms of use of same
shall be such as the Secretary of the Interior may deem just and fair,
such amounts so obtained to be paid into said reclamation fund.

Sec. 10. That when it becomes necessary for the construction,
operation, or maintenance of any reservoir or irrigation works pro-
posed or consructed under this Act, to acquire any right or property,
the Secretary of the Interior is hereby authorized to acquire the same
for the United States, either by purchase or condemnation under ju-
dicial process, and to cause to be paid from the reclamation fund the
sums which may be needed for that purpose.

Sec. 11. That the Secretary of the Interior is hereby authorized
to make such rules and regulations for the purpose of enforcing the
provisions hereof as may be just and proper.

A NEW CEREAL.

A new grain has been introduced in the
western section of the United States dur-
ing the past two years. It is known as
speltz and promises to be one of the most
valuable cereals^for cattle. hogs, sheep and
general farm purposes. It may be sown
in the fall or spring and will make good
winter pasture and summer green manur-
ing. Keports from Illinois are to the ef-
fect that speltz has yielded 90 bushels of
seed and 8 tons of hay per acre. The
grain furnishes excellent food for all kinds
of stock, and the hay is of the best quality.
It has the power of resisting drouth and
stools out so much as to make a poor stand
return fair crops of grain.

Speltz comes from Germany, where it
is recognized as one of the most valuable
plants. It is not a wheat, oat nor corn,
but a grain incorporating all the elements
of these cereals. It grows very rank and
resembles barley heads when ready for cut-
ting. . Some call it a mammoth wild rye.
It succeeds well on sandy soil and yields
better when in rich land. It takes up
much of the natural plant food and re-
quires annual dressings of the land with
potash to give the best returns. It will
yield better if sown on land that formerly
had clover, cow peas or other legumes.
The addition of a perfect fertilizer, con-
taining about 9 per cent available potash,
7 per cent phosphoric acid, and 2 per cent
nitrogen will insure a satisfactory crop.

Land should be plowed in August or
September and put in thorough condition
before planting. Sowing broadcast is ad-
visable, but the crop will give satisfactory
returns by being drilled in rows the same

as wheat, using the ordinary press drill.
If sown in the fall, it will grow up and
stool out wonderfully, having as much as
100 stalks from one kernel of seed. It
can be pastured throughout the winter and
early spring and left to grow into seed
stalks in midsummer. A field of speltz
will make excellent winter pasture for
sheep, hogs and cattle. The farmers of
Austria report it better for winter feeding
than any of the grains or grasses.

Speltz may be harvested the same as
wheat or other grain and threshed in the
same manner. The grains are larger than
in barley and the thresher needs to be set
accordingly. When threshed, the grain
may be crushed or chopped or fed whole.
Some boil it and mix with hay rations for
milch cows, and others make it into chop
feed. The hay left from the thresher is
greedily devoured by all kinds of stock and
is rich in muscle making food. A Cana-
dian stock grower states that1 his speltz
yielded at the rate of 100 bushels per acre
and he found it one of the most valuable
stock foods grown.

The seed of spletz is limited yet and
naturally sells for a good price. It can be
purchased from the leading seedsmen for
about 5 cents per pound. It may be sown
with perfect assurance of making a crop in
all latitudes. Being a native of Austria,
it is adapted particularly to the dry dis-
trits of the south and west. It is certainly
a most desirable crop where the rainfall is
light or drouths are of frequent occurrence.
In sandy soil requiring a strong grassy
binder, there is nothing better, as the
stooling qualities and stiff straws make it
a perfect wind break. The long blades

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

droop over and protect the soil surface
from sudden drying by wind or drouth.

The experimental stage of speltz in
America seems to be over and all doubts
as to its usefulness have disappeared. It
will soon be generally planted in all locali-
ties where a cheap forage and stock cereal
is wanted. Poultrymen will find it an
ideal crop to grow for feeding for market.
It is superior to other grains, except corn
for feeding hogs, and the immense yields
from a given area make it a crop that
every farmer should grow. It should be
fed on the farm, where the hay and grain
can both be utilized. In fact, the main
secret of success in farming is the selling
of poultry, pork and beef made by the
farm crops, rather than disposing of the
grain and robbing the farm of its return-
able fertility.

MONEY IN BARLEY.

Barley is one of the most profitable
general crops that can be grown in all sec-
tions of the United . States. It can be
used for feed for poultry, hogs, stock and
horses and always commands' a good price
on the general market. The yield ranges
from 75 bushels to 150 bushels per acre
in the western states and a similar crop
may be obtained in older sections where
the soil is kept in good tilth and suitable
fertilizers are used. Barley sells for from
75 cents to $2.00 per bushel, the price de-
pending on the location of the market.
Crushed barley is always desirable for
feeding at livery barns and is much in de
mand for city feed stuff.

The growing of barley dates back over
4,000 years, to the land of Egypt. It
was one of the most important cereals
grown on the Nile and was prized as a
food for man and beast. The Egyptians
crushed the grain and made a drink much
relished by all families. The flour was
used in making bread and soups and the
green cereal was boiled and cooked about
the same as rice. Straw was used in the

brick yards and in covering houses and
barns or sheltering places for stock and
sheep. The women converted barley
straw into many fashionable articles for
home use and adornment. It was the all
purpose cereal throughout the country in
ancient times.

There are three distinct varieties of bar-
ley, known as the two rowed and beard-
less. A new kind recently introduced in
the northwest, called Mansura, is of the
six rowed variety and is highly recom-
mended. The Highland Chief is a popu-
lar two rowed barley. The White Hulless
is a favorite with many growers. The Sil-
ver King is recommended as a great crop-
per, yielding as high as 173 bushels per
acre in Wisconsin. All varieties are good
stoolers and when sown in the fall make
excellent winter pasture. Pasturing does
not injure the plants unless too many
stock are put on the field early in the fall
or too late in the spring.

Barley requires a rich, moist, loamy
soil, and will succeed better when sown
after a cultivated crop of potatoes or other
similar products. Land containing an ex-
cessive amount of vegetable decomposition
generally produces rank straw but not good
grain. If the land is low and wet or has
an abundance of clay, it will not give sat-
isfactory results. Barley grown for the
brewing market must be well fertilized to
give best results and yield profitable re-
turns. A fertilizer containing 9 per cent
available potash, 7 per cent phosphoric
acid and 5 per cent nitrogen, applied at
the rate of 500 to 1,000 pounds per acre
will give profitable returns. If too much
nitrogen is used the straw will lodge and
the grain will not fill properly. Instead of
this, a mixture of 200 to 300 pounds of
acid phosphate, 100 to 150 pounds of mu-
riate of potash and 100 to 125 pounds of
nitrate of soda can be substituted.

Land for barley should be plowed as
early in the fall as possible and put into
good condition before sowing. If th

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

95

seed is to be sown in the spring the fall
plowing will cover the former crop and re-
tain moisture for a long period and the
surface will be made mellow by the winter
rains and freezes. Barley should be sown
at the rate of about one and one-half
bushels per acre. Some prefer to plant
with press drills, others sow broadcast.
For winter pasture that sown in the fall
is probably better put in broadcast
Where irrigation is practiced the seed
should be drilled and the water applied by
furrows. Barley may be killed by too
much water, but it will withstand drouth
more than most cereals. Statistics show
that the production has decreased in the
past few years, which is a sure indication
that it may now be made profitable by
proper growth and marketing.

ALFALFA IN NEW YORK.
I have raised alfalfa on a small scale
for about eight years past, and consider it
a valuable grass for all kinds of stock,
when cut green for horses, cattle, sheep,
and even hogs and hens. I wintered 40
hens last winter; gave them a small fork-
ing of green cured alfalfa, with the leaves
on, which they dispatched easily, and I
think was a help to them with their grain
rations. I have fed it in small quantities
to my three cows for a number of years,
and find there is no better hay for cows
giving milk than alfalfa, for quantity and
quality. It needs more curing than most
any other hay and should be cured mostly
in the cock to preserve the leaves, and
should be cut greener than common clover;
as soo n as it first begins to blossom it
should be cut. before the stalks get
hard and tough; usually three times in
each summer in Central New York. All
kinds of soils and farms are not suitable
for the raising of alfalfa. I would not
sow it on rough stone land, nor on poor
land with a hard pan bottom. "When
young it is a tender plant, more so than
our common clover for the first year or so.

The rich bottom lands along our brooks
and rivers where not too low and wet, and
the water does not stand on the ground for
days in the spring and no hard pan bottom,
seems well adapted for its growth. I
have made a success in raising it on such
bottom land ; black muck, much like the
prairie soil I have seen in the Western
states. The roots grow longer and
stronger every year for a few years, when
in good soil, branching out more after be-
ing cut off. I have seen more than 50
branches from one root. It also does well
on our gravelly and loamy soils when put
in condition. It will kill out in a .low
spot or a sink hole where snow water or
ice settles and freezes up in the spring of
the year, and stands on the land for a few
days. I consider it excellent for a per-
manent meadow, but would not sow it in
my regular rotation where I plowed up
once in three or four years, as the roots
get so strong and large as to make hard
plowing, requiring a plow point sharpened
on an emory wheel to cut off the roots.
The ground should be nearly level, but
may do if a little rolling, if no sink holes
for standing water. I made a mistake,
for years, in sowing too little seed to the
acre and'sometimes'by sowing too many
other kinds of seeds with it, especially or-
chard grass for one, which would choke
out the alfalfa; and by sowing three
bushels of oats to the acre with it ; that
shaded it too much. My best seeding has
eebn 30 pounds of alfalfa seed per acre
and not more than one bushel of oats with
it. That has furnished a small crop of
good heavy oats, and shaded the alfalfa
just about right to get a splendid start
the first year. It requires rich and well
cultivated land to produce a good crop of
alfalfa. The land should be well manured,
hoed, cultivated and dragged,, with crops
for two years, and brought into as fine
tilth as for a garden; then sow in the
spring, when we sow spring grain; roll
the land down smooth, after going ove

96

THE IRRIQA210N AGE.

the seed with a light drag, and you will
be likely to get a good cutting the first
year, but do not pasture it the first or
second year, or very late in the fall at
any time, especially with sheep, as they
eat it down very very close so that it may
die out in the winter, as the first winter is
the hardest time for alfalfa. The roots at
four years old in good land may be 3 feet
long with us here, and in the Western
world will run down 10 or 12 feet, so it
is said. It is their best grass and their
main dependence in some of the Western
states, and is becoming more and more
thought of all over the country and will
be used more and more in the Eastern
states as we become better acquainted
with it, and find our stock of all kinds will
thrive and fatten on it. — 7 he Practical
Farmer.

BUREAU OF FORESTRY.

The Bureau of Forestry of the U. S. De-
partment of Agriculture continues to re-
ceive requests for advice and assistance in
the management of private woolands in
the South. One of the latest requests is
for a working plan for 1,000,000 acres of
longleaf pine land in southeastern Texas,
the property of the Kirby Lumber Co. and
the Houston Oil Co. , of Texas.

The holdings of these companies cover
about eighty per cent of the virgin forest
of longleaf pine in Texas. The officials
state that they are anxious to exploit their
forests on scientific lines, cutting the mer-
chantable timber in such a way as to in-
sure protection to the young growth. A
preliminary examination of this large
tract will be made during the winter, by
agents of the Bureau. All things con-
sidered, this large area of timberland, if
handled on the lines which the Bureau
will advise, should prove to be one of the
most interesting undertakings in the line
of forestry by private owners yet attempted
in the United States.

The above request for assistance is but

one of a number that have recently been
received by the Bureau of Forestry. The
Baltimore & Ohio Railroad Co. has asked
for a working plan for its tract of 125,000
acres of mixed hard and soft woods, situ-
ated in Nicholas and Pocahontas counties,
southeastern West Virginia. Burton &
Co. has asked for an examination of their
tract of 25,000 acres of pine line situated
in Berkeley county, South Carolina. The
East Tennessee Iron and Coal Co., owning
60.000 acres of hardwoods in the Cum-
berland mountains, desires to cut its tim-
ber on conservative lines, and has re-
quested a preliminary examination of its
tract.

From North Carolina comes a request,
from Mr. Hugh McEae. for advice in the
handling of 16,000 acres of hardwood sit-
uated near Grandfather Mountain. A re-
quest has been received from the Georgia
Iron & Coal Co., with headquarters at At-
lanta, Ga. This company desires advice
in the handling of two tracts; one of 16,-
000 acres in Bartow County, and the
other of 30.000 acres in Dade County. An
examination is also asked for by another
firm, for 16,000 acres of pine land in Polk
County, Ga. Agents of the Bureau of
Forestry will inspect these tracts at an
early date.

A working plan is to be made this win-
ter by the Bureau of Forestry for the
woodlands belonging to the Okeetee Club
the preliminary examination having al-
ready been made. This tract is located
in Beaufort and Hampton counties, South
Carolina, and contains 60,000 acres of
longleaf pine land.

The foregoing include only the most re-
cent requests for assistance from private
owners in the South, The Bureau for
more than a year past has been co-operat-
ing in the handling of timber tracts in that
section. At Sewanee, Tenn., the domain
of the University of the South, consisting
of 7,000 acres of hardwoods, is being lum-
bered according to a working plan made

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

by the agents of the Bureau. A working
plan has also been completed for 100,000
acres of pine lands in Arkansas, belonging
to the Sawyer & Austin Lumber Company,
of Pine Bluff. Another interesting piece
of work just completed by the Bureau is
a working plan for a tract of 60,000 acres
in southeastern Missouri, belonging to the
Deering Harvesting Co. of Chicago.

Curing the summer the agents of the
Bureau of Forestry nave been at work col-
lecting the necessary data for a working
plan for 85,000 acres in Polk and Monroe
counties. East Tennessee. This tract is
the property of U. S. Senator George
Peabody Wetmore, of Rhode Island, and
the timber consists of a wide range of
hardwoods. A working plan has also
been made during the past field season for
a tract of 60,000 acres in the Cumberland
Mountains of Tennessee.

In October, 1898, the U. S. Department
of Agriculture, through its Division of
Forestry, first offered to give practical
assistance to farmers, lumbermen and
others, in the handling of their forest
lands. The response to this offer was im-
mediate, and in three years private owners
of over 4,000,000 acres of woodland have
availed themselves of the opportunity.

In no part of the country is \\ider in-
terest being shown in conservative forest
management by private owners, than in
the Southern states. Up to date the
amount of private lands in the South for
which advice in handling has been asked
of the Bureau, is 1,534,000 acres, and a
very large part of the work which will be
done by the Bureau for private owners in
the immediate future will be in that sec-
tion.

The industrial development of the South
on all sides during the last ten years has
been remarkable, but no single industry
has made greater strides than the lumber
business. This is not surprising when it
is considered that tho Southern states
. contain a greater percentage of forest area

than any other section of the United States,
The South has become a very important
factor in the lumber markets of the world,
not only through its1 wealth of forests, but
from the fact that it has unusually good
transportation facilities. In reaching the
home markets Southern lumbermen have
the advantage of a number of excellent
railroad systems to handle their products
and such important seaports as Norfolk,
Charleston, Savannah, Mobile, Tampa,
New Orleans and Galveston, provide ex-
cellent outlets through which to reach the
foreign markets.

Within recent years many lumbermen
from the North have been attracted to the
southern field ; the forests of Pennsylvania,
Michigan and Wisconsin having been al-
most exhausted, many of the leading
woodmen of those states are now' engaged
in cutting timber in the South. The for-
ests of the three states just mentioned
were once considered inexhaustible, but
once lumbering begins in earnest no forest
area is inexhaustible. The present condi-
tion of the forests in many northern and
eastern states is sufficient evidence on this
point.

The South now has a great army of lum-
bermen cutting away its forests, and in
spite of their great extent, unless the cut-
ting is done on conservative lines, the day
is not far distant when the conditions now
existing in the North and East will be
found there also. For this reason it is en-
couraging to see the interest in practical
forestry displayed by the owners of private
timberlands. This tendency to cut timber
conservatively, looking to the future value
of the forests as well as to present profits,
must be the safeguard. Conservative
methods are now being taken up in the
North when almost too late, and it will be
greatly to the credit of southern lumber-
men if they begin the protection of their
forest in time ; taking to heart the sad ex-
perience of people in other sections.

In addition to more than a million and

98

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

a half acres of private forest land in the
South, the Bureau of Forestry has re-
quests for the handling of more than
2,500,000 acres in other sections. Added
to this are nearly 50,000,000 acres of
United States forest reserves and state
lands, for which the Bureau is asked for
technical assistance from time to time.

Not only have the people throughout
the country shown interest in practical
forestry, but congress at its last session so
far recognized the importance of the gov-
ernment's work in this line as to raise the
Division of Forestry to the rank of a Bu-
reau. The annual appropriation was also
increased from $88,520 in 1900 to $185,440
in 1901. Still the demands upon the
Bureau continue to greatly outstrip its re-
sources.

1,000 KINDS OF GRASS IN AMERICA.

A report on the work of the divison of
agrostology of the Departure of Agricul-
u re, since its organization in 1895, has
been submitted to Secretary Wilson by
Professor F. Lamson Scribner, the gov-
ernment agrostologist.

The report says that of the occupied
public lands about 365.500,000 acres are
now regarded as fit only for grazing pur-
poses, and in addition there are 124,300,-
000 acres of forest land, the greater por-
tion of which is also used for grazing.

The relation of the grazing industry to
forest reserves, the water supply, erosion
etc. , the report says, can be solved only
by long and careful investigation of the
facts and conditions prevailing. As a
result of the field work already done the
department has been enabled to recom-
mend to farmers and stockmen thorough-
out the country the forage crop adapted
to their conditions and special require-
ments and to carry on experiments with
forage plants likely to prove valuable in
any particular region.

Within the United States are grown
over 1,000 species of grasses and, perhaps,

100 or more other plants of sufficient
forage value to justify their investigation
and cultivation. Because they are native,
says the report they have been too often
not only neglected, but abused, and in
some cases partially exterminated. Many
of these grasses have been sho vn by these
investigations to take kindly to cultivation
and produce much larger quantities of hay
and pasture than ordinarily supposed.

COAST'S GREAT RAISIN YIELD.

The raisin industry of this country
forms a subject of considerable interest
because virtually the entire consumptive
demand, which was formally met wholly
by importation, is now supplied by the
single state of California, the only rasin
producing state in the Union.

It is well known that no variety of na-
tive American grape has yet been devel-
oped suitable for the preparation of
raisins. Over twenty-five years ago
choice varieties of the raisin grape were
introduced into California from Spain,
the country from which our raisins were
derived.

The industry did not at once assume
commercial proportions, but it is notable
that so early as 1885, in the crop year
ended September 1, 1886, the efforts of
increased production in California began
to be shown in a decrease of imports. In
the fiscal year 1885-6 imports declined to
40,387,746 pounds from 53,703,220 pounds
only two years previous. Productions in
California on the other hand, began in
that year to assume commercial propor-
tions for the first time and amounted to
9,400,000 pounds against 3,500,000 pounds
in the previous year.

The impetus given to the industry at
that time was never relaxed, production in-
creased by leaps and bounds until in the
crop year ended September 1, 1895, the
high record mark was reached of 103,-
000,000 pounds. Naturally the effect up-
on imports of this remarkable increase of

IRE IRRIGATION AGE.

production was very marked, and in the
fiscal year 1894-5 they had fallen to
154,921,278 pounds.

Since 1894 the production of raisins in
California has declined, but this, it is
claimed, has been due to adverse climatic
condition and not to any decline of inter-
est in the industry. Production, however
has been almost equal to the demand and
although imports have not wholly ceased,
they are practically offset by exports of
California raisins, which are now sent in
small and experimental quantities to all
parts of the world.

The raisin producting section of Cali-
fornia comprises ten counties — Fresno,
Kern, Kings, Maderia, Mercer, Orange,
San Bernardino, San Diego, Tulare and
Yolo. It is estimated by some authorities
that as many as 64,000 acres are devoted
to the cultivation of the raisin grape in
these counties. The City of Fresno,
which is known throughout California as
the "Raisin City," is the center of a section
which produces about two-thirds of the
entire output of the state. Eight months
of sunshine and an abundance of water
irrigation makes this the ideal grape pro-
ducing section of the world.

HERE IS A NEW WORLD TO CON-
QUER.

Some interesting facts regarding the
great size and possibilities of our country
were brought out at one of the recent
hearings before the committee on irriga-
tion and arid lands. It is not usually
realized that an enormous area of our
country, 600,000,000 acres in extent, lies
unutilized. Of co.urse, a great deal of it
i3 and always will be unfit for the support
of a large population, but with proper
management it is destined to become the

home of thousands and even millions of
people.

This great tract lies entirely west of the
Mississippi Valley and extends over the
Rocky Mountains, the Great Desert and
into California. Much of it at present is
a barren and desolate wilderness, with too
scanty a rainfall to provide the necessary
moisture for any but the hardiest vegeta-
tion. Irrigation is to effect the change.

Years of successful experience in the
artificial watering of land has proved be-
yond doubt its wonderful efficiency in
certain portions of this arid section — in
California, in Colorado and elsewhere — so
that it is but a question of capital and en-
terprise before the whole large problem
will be solved. Every year sees an ad.
vance towards this desirable end.

Congress has some phrases of the mat-
ter constantly before it; United States
Geological Survey has rendered valuable
assistance in determining the flow of the
rivers, which must be used for water
supply, surveying and estimating the cost
of dams and reservoirs and pointing out
past mistakes and errors which may be
avoided.

Close the mind'-s eye for a moment and
picture the accomplished result. Fifty
million people added to the population
east of the Missouri River, for this is the
number of inhabitants the present waste
lands are capable of supporting — a great
nation in itself; an agricultural commun-
ity, changing desolation into fruitful lands
and creating a constantly increasing de-
mand on Eastern manufactures, taxing to
the utmost the carrying capacity of the
great transcontinental railroad lines. It
means a new and bright era of develop-
,ment for the country.

£ ww ww wwww ww ww ww ww ww ww ww ww ww w f w

l{

# W WWW WW WWW WWWW WWW WWWW V* V< VI VI VI VI V W

ODDS AND ENDS

SINCE WE GOT THE MORTGAGE
PAID.

We've done a lot of scrimpin' an' a-livin'

hand-to-mouth,
We've dreaded too wet weather an' we've

worried over drouth.
For the thing kept drawin' int'rest, whether

crops were good or bad.
An' raisin' much or little, seemed it swal-
lowed all we had.
The women folks were savin', an' there

ain't a bit of doubt
But that things they really needed lots of

times they done without.
So we've breathin' somewhat easy, an'

we're feelin' less afraid
Of Providence's workin's, since we got the

mortgage paid.

I wish I'd kept a record of the things that
mortgage ate,

In principal an' int'rest, from beginnin'
down to date! —

A hundred dozen chickens, likely fowl
with yellow legs,

A thousand pounds of butter an' twelve
hundred dozen eggs.

Some four or five good wheat crops, an' at
least one crop of corn,

An' oats an' rye,— it swallowed in its life-
time, sure's you're born,

Besides the work an' worry, ere its appe-
tite was stayed!

So we're feelin' more contented, since we
got the mortgage paid.

We've reached the point, I reckon, where

we've got a right to rest.
An' loaf around, an' visit, wear our go-to-

meetin' best, —
Neglectin' nothin' urgent, understand,

about the place,

But simply slowin' down a bit, an' restin'

in the race!
In time I'll get the windmill I've been

wantin', I suppose;
The girls can have their organ, an' we'll all

wear better clothes.
For we've always pulled together, while we

saved an' scrimped an' prayed,
An' it seems there's more to work for since

we got the mortgage paid.

— Orange Jndd farmer.

A PROUD FATHER.
The Kansas City Journal thus quotes
an old Misouri man: "I've a daughter
that's the handsomest young woman in our
town. She's mor'n that; she's smarter 'n
lightin' — smarter 'n Jim Blaine. She
made the vale-o'-victory speech in high
school last summer, an' she's now learnin'
all about the shorthand pot-hangers in a
private business college. But I ain't
a-goin' to let her stop theer. By Jingo,"
and he brought down his knife handle with
a bang on the table— "I'll never, never let
up till her eddication is finished in the
best cemetery in the land. I guess I know
what life is, gents, and don't you forgit it.
I've served in the calvary myself for
mor'n five years, an' had a hand in the lit-
tle game over in Cuby. Any man that
served in Uncle Sam's calvary, and he
needn't be one of Rosey's rough riders
nayther, ain't worth a dose of this oyster
stew if he don't know life."

A MONUMENT TO JENNIE WADE.

There was unveiled last week on the
battlefield of Gettysburg a monument
which commemorates one of the most
touching and picturesque incidents of the

THE IRRIGA110N AGE.

101

great war. When the great battle of Get-
tysburg was fought a modest brick cottage
stood Where the fight was thickest. It
was occupied by Miss Jennie Wade and
her mother. Both were in full and ear-
nest sympathy with the Union and while
the tide of battle rose and fell the two
women busied themselves in drawing
water from the well near the house and
filling the empty canteens of the soldiers.
Their spare moments were occupied in
tender services to the dead and wounded
of the Union armies, many of whom were
brought into the yard surrounding the
Wade house and laid on the grass under
the shading trees. On the second day of
the battle Miss Wade with her mother
started to cook food for the almost ex-

hausted soldiers and while at work a minie
ball crashed through the house and struck
her in the head, death being instant. No
movement to raise a stone over her grave
was started until a party of Iowa women,
members of the> Relief Corps, visited the
battlefield last year. One of the party
was a sister of Miss Wade and is now
prominent in the work of that corps. Ac-
cordingly it was suggested that the loyal
women of Iowa should undertake to build
the monument. The movement was suc-
cessful from the start and the monument
which was recently unveiled is among the
handsomest and most significant on the
historic battlefield.

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Copies of pamphlets, etc

The MIJLK

Montana.

OOVERNriENT LAND can be easily
and cheaply irrigated from running
streams and storage reservoirs. Five co-
operative farmer ditches in the vicinity of
Chinook, Yantic and Harlem. Land can be
bought with water right, or colonies of far-
mers can build their own ditches. Land pro-
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Good markets and shipping facilities. Bench
lands furnish fine range for horses, cattle
and sheep. Rich gold, silver and copper
mines and timber in the Little Rockies and
Bear Paw Mountains, along the southern
edge of the Valley. Large veins of coal crop
out of the river and creek bottoms. .'. .-. .•.

For information and printed matter, ad-
dress W. M. WOOLDR1DGE, Chinook, Mont.

For particulars about the Teton Valley
Colony,write to Z.T. BURTON, Burton, Mont.

For routes and rates to Montana points and
descriptive matter, address F. I. WHITNEY,
G. P. and T. A., Great Northern Railway, St.
Paul, Minn

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(Now in its ten^h year. )
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keeping. Published monthly at 50 CTS.
A YEAR its contributors are of the word's
most successful apiarists. Edited by a
practical bee-keeper of wide experience.
Bright, Newsy, Instructive and UP-to-
Dste.

Sample Copy free.
AMERICAN BEE-KEEPER,

FALCONER, N. Y.

DIGS
POTATOES

1 Rapid Clean
and Cheap.

ra!L"HOOVER" .

By mentioning this f

paper you can get (
" lustrated book free.

HOOVER, PROUT&CO. Avery, Ohio.

Subaqueous Tunnels for
Gas Mains.

By W. W. Cummings. Discussion
by Howard A. Carson, C. M. Saville,
Robert A Shailer and author, of Bos-
ton Society of Civil Engineers.

Flood Heights in the
Lower Mississippi.

By Linus W. Brown. Discussion
by H. B. Tlichardson, B. M. Harrod,
Wm. Joseph Hardee, Sydney F. Lewis
and author, of Louisiana Engineer-
ing Society.

Journal of the Association of En-
gineering Societies, June 1901.

30 cts. per copy; $3.00 per annum.

JOHN C. TRAUTWINE, Jr., Sec'y.
257 So. 4th St., Phila.

.• A PUBLIC WRITER.

40

T^ JOEL SHOMAKER, late editor of The National Farmer and

Tn Dairyman, has severed his connection with that publication and
AQ resumed the work of a public writer. He writes advertisements,
4^ circulars, price lists and booklets for business men; prepares
4^ essays and speeches and criticises manuscript for students and
"*< teachers; compiles histories, genealogies, biographies and rem-
2o iniscences for families; and writes stories, sketches and general
^o articles for newspapers and magazines. He answers questions

40 about Washington and the West if stamps areenclosed, and gives
4^ instruction on Journalism at reasonable rates. His field of labor

41 reaches every State and Canada and Mexico. Editors of agri-
^ cultural, sporting and travel publications will cheerfully testify
j% to his abilities as a writer and capable instructor. Address him
jo at North Yakima Washington, if in need -of his services in any

line.

\j^'

\fr

^

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or

$T

THE AMERICAN
SUGAR INDUSTRY

A practical manual on the production of Sugar Beets and
Sugar Cane, and on the manufacture of Sugar therefrom

Prefaced by a Treatise on the Economic Aspects of the Whole Sugar Question
and its Bearings Upon American Agriculture, Manufactures, Labor and Capital

A HANDBOOK FOR THE FARMER OR MANUFACTURER,
CAPITALIST OR LABORER, STATESMAN OR STUDENT

By HERBERT MYRICK

Editor of ^American Agriculturist of New York, Orange Judd Farmer of
Chicago. Treasurer American Sugar Growers' Society, Etc.

FROM THE AUTHOR'S PREFACE

b«t especially in the Congress of the United States and by American Statesmen at home and abroad.

National legislation favorable to the development of our domestic sugar-producing industry was enacled
by Congres^ during the summer of 1897. This was followed by a phenomenal interest in America's domestic
su-^ar industry, which, however, gave way to uncertainty with the advent of the Spanish war and the problems
raised thereby. Provided those problems are now solved with due regard for American interests, it only needs
proper direction and right management to secure for the United States large and permanent good from a vast
development of its domestic sugar-producing industry.

Many of those best capable of judging have been kind enough to partly attribute the promising outlook
for this new industry, at the outbreak of the Spanish war, to the bcok referred to, to the American Sugar
Growers' Society organized by the author, and to the agricultural journals under his editorial direction. This
would seem to impose upon the author a moral obligation to do whatever lies in his power to help the industry
through its new politico-economic crisis.

It also seems incumbent upon the author to present the important scientific, practical and financial results
of the seasons of 1897 an^ J^9^> *n addition to the fruits of all prior experience. Thus, unfortunate and costly
mistakes in this new industry may be avoided, and uniform success attained by both fanner and capitalist.

BEET SUGAR IS THE ONLY BUSINESS FOR THE FARMER AND INVESTOR

THAT IS NOT OVERDONE— THAT OFFERS A FREE FIELD

This book is the only complete, up-to-date epitome of this new and promising industry. It covers just
the pc A
perta'

establish the industry in any given locality. It is not theory, but is a statement of adbial fadts from successful
experience in the United States, east and west, north and south.

Size nearly 10 x 7 inches, over 240 pages, nearly 200 illustrations (many of tnem full-page plates from
n»a«rniiiccnt photographs taken specially for this work), superbly printed, bound in cloth and gold. Price
s$l .50, postpaid to any part of the world. -\

ADDRESS

THE, IRRIGA. TION

914^916 W. Harrison Street, Chicago, 111

REACHES D1DECT-

The
Famous

Winter
Resorts

of the...

Southwest.

Hot SpringS, Ark., "The Carlsbad of America."

Four other noted Mineral Springs within six miles.

Austin (The Capital City),

Noted for its Famous Water Power arjd Artificial Lake, navigable for
thirty-five rqiles.

San AntOniO, The A'amo City aqd Hom.e of Old Missions.

Galveston, Corpus Christi, Aransas Pass, Rockport,

The Farqous Beach, City, Deep Water Harbors aqd Shooting and Flshln
Points.

, Fort WOrth, HOUStOn, The Big Commercial Cltle»
, Th,e Egypt of tne New World,
The Golden Gate

ELEGANT PULLMAN BUFFET SLEEPING CARS.

RECLINING CHAIR CARS (Seats Free of Extra Charge).

PULLMAN TOURIST SLEEPING CARS AND ELEGANT DAY COACHES.

TOURIST TICKETS NOW ON SALE VIA THIS LINE AT
GREATLY REDUCED RATES.

FOR ILLUSTRATED AND DESCRIPTIVE PAMPHLETS. TIME FOLDERS, MAPS, ETC.. CALL

ON OR ADDRESS ANY AGENT OF THE COMPANY, OR THE GENERAL

PASSENGER AGENT AT ST. LOUIS.

AMERICAS MOST POPULAR RAILROAD |
PERFECT PASSENGER SERVICE BETWEEN

AND

CHICAGO AND ST. LOU IS,
CHICAGO AND PEORIA,

Through Pullman service between Chicago and

r~ -

HOT SPRINGS, Ark., DENVER.Colo

TEXAS, FLORIDA, UTAH,
CALIFORNIA AND OREGON.

If you are contemplating a trip, any portion of which can be made over the
Chicago & Alton, it will pay you to write to the undersigned for maps, pamph-
lets, rates, time tables, etc.

JAMES CHARLTON,

General Passenger and Ticket Agent,

CHICAGO, ILLINOIS..

fiawy Medical College

EVENING

CLINICS

AND

BEDSIDE

WORK.

PATIENTS

IN

ABUNDANCE.

Professor Zoethout's Class in Laboratory Physiology.
One Section Sophomore Class.

EVENING
SCIENTIFIC
WORK.
VISIT
THE

LABORA-
TORIES.

Physico-Phvsiological Laboratory.

SEND FOR

ILLUSTRATED

ANNOUNCEMENT.

flnatomy. Physiology and Chemistry in numfttr of
Dours and quality of teaching not excelled in any
college in Chicago.

» 167, 169, 171 SOUTH CLARK STREET
FRANCES DICKINSON, M. D., PRES. CHICAGO

THE IRRIGATION AGE.

AN ILLUSTRATED HONTHLY.

Entered at the Post Office at Chicago, 111., as second-class matter.

THE IRRIGATION AGE is a Journal of Western America, recognized
throughout the World as the exponent of Irrigation and its kindred industries. It
is the pioneer journal of its kind in the world and has no rival in half a continent.
It advocates the mineral development and the industrial growth of the West.

CONTENTS FOR DECEMBER, 1901.

The Progress of Western America.

Reclaiming the Arid Lands. 77

Irrigating the Garden 77

National Irrigation 78

Interesting Contributed Articles.

Irrigation in India and America 79 ( \,

Irrigation for the West 83

Interest in forest Preservation ;. 88

Construction of Storage Reservoir 91

Diversified Farm.

A New Cereal 93

Money in Barley 94

Alfalfa in New York 95

i Bureau of Forestry 96

One Thousand Kinds of Grass in America 98

! Coast's Great Raisin Yield 98

Here is a New World to Conquer 99

Odds and Ends.

Since we got the Mortgage Paid ........................................ 100

A Proud Father ........................... ............................... 100

A Monument to Jennie Wade.. . 100

TERMS:— $1.00 a year in advance; 10 cents a number. Foreign postage 50 cents a year
additional. Subscribers may remit to us by postage or express money orders, drafts on
Chicago or New York or registered letters. Checks on local banks must include twen-
ty-five cents for exchange. Money in letter is at sender's risk. Renew as early as
possible in order to avoid a break in the receipt of the numbers. Bookdealers, post-
masters and newsdealers receive subscriptions.

J. E. FORREST, Publisher.

916 W. Harrison Street,
CHICAGO.

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