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J OQURNAL of the 
ADELAIDE 


BOTANIC GARDENS 


AN OPEN ACCESS JOURNAL FOR AUSTRALIAN SYSTEMATIC BOTANY 


flora.sa.gov.au/jabg 


Published by the 
STATE HERBARIUM OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA 
on behalf of the 
BOARD OF THE BOTANIC GARDENS AND STATE HERBARIUM 


© Board of the Botanic Gardens and State Herbarium, 
Adelaide, South Australia 


© Department of Environment, Water and Natural Resources, 
Government of South Australia 


All rights reserved 


State Herbarium of South Australia 
PO Box 2732 
Kent Town SA 5071 
Australia 

Board of the 
Botanic Gardens and 
Reit State Herbarium 


of South Australia 
Department of Environment, 
Water and Natural Resources 


Journal of the Adelaide Botanic Gardens 27 (2014) 1-5 


© 2014 Board of the Botanic Gardens & State Herbarium (South Australia) 
© 2014 Department of Environment, Water & Natural Resources, Govt of South Australia 


Placynthium australiense sp. nov. (lichenised Ascomycota, 
Placynthiaceae) from South Australia 


Patrick M. McCarthy’ & Gintaras Kantvilas° 


“ Australian Biological Resources Study, G.P.O. Box 787, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601 
E-mail: Patrick.McCarthy@environment.gov.au 


’Tasmanian Herbarium, P.O. Box 5058, UTAS LPO, Sandy Bay, Tasmania 7005 
E-mail: Gintaras.Kantvilas@tmag.tas.gov.au 


Abstract 


Placynthium australiense P.M.McCarthy & Kantvilas (Peltigerales, Placynthiaceae) 1s 
described from hard mesic limestone in south-eastern South Australia. It 1s characterised by 
having discontinuous colonies of mainly squamulose thalli that lack a hypothallus and prothallus, 
as well as comparatively broad, |-septate ascospores. Three other lichens, Candelariella aurella 
(Hoftm.) Zahlbr., Endocarpon pallidum (Nyl.) Nyl. and Verrucaria calciseda DC., are reported 


for the first time from South Australia. 


Key words: biodiversity, lichen, new species, taxonomy, Placynthium, South Australia. 


Introduction 


The lichen genus Placynthium (Ach.) Gray (Pel- 
tigerales, Placynthiaceae), with about 25 species, grows 
mainly on dry to moist or inundated calcareous and 
siliceous rocks in temperate regions of the Northern 
Hemisphere. The usually dark to blackish thallus 
contains a cyanobacterial photobiont, often has a well- 
developed prothallus, and ranges in habit from crustose- 
areolate and densely coralloid-isidiate to squamulose 
with entire or dissected margins, or rosette-like with 
short to elongate lobes. Apothecia are black, lecideine, 
with an amyloid hymenium, mainly 8-spored Peltigera- 
type asci, and hyaline, transversely septate ascospores. 

The earliest records of Placynthium from Australia 
were of P nigrum (Huds.) Gray from Tasmania 
(Bratt & Cashin 1975) and, later, that species and P. 
subradiatum (Nyl.) Arnold from southern New South 
Wales (Weber 1977). Henssen (1984) reported the 
latter from the Australian Capital Territory, while 
Allen et al. (2001) cited collections of P nigrum from 
South Australia and the A.C.T. Records of both species 
from Victoria (McCarthy 2013) require confirmation. 
In this contribution, a new species, P. australiense, 1s 
described from hard mesic limestone in south-eastern 
South Australia, while three associated lichens, 
Candelariella aurella (Hoftm.) Zahlbr., Endocarpon 
pallidum (Nyl.) Nyl. and Verrucaria calciseda DC., are 
new records for the state. 


Methods 


Observations and measurements of photobiont cells, 
thallus and apothecium anatomy, asci, ascospores and 
conidia were made on hand-cut sections mounted in 


Published online: 18 Feb. 2014 ¢ flora.sa.gov.au/jabg 


l 


water and dilute KOH (K). Asci were also observed in 
Lugol’s Iodine (1), with and without pretreatment in K. 


Taxonomy 


Placynthium australiense P.M.McCarthy & Kantvilas, 
Sp. nov. 
Thallus ater, epruinosus, non lobatus, areolatus 
vel ex squamulis constans, hypothallo prothalloque 
destitutus; algae Scytonema pertinentes; squamulae 
rotundatae vel irregulares, 0.3—3 mm latae, 0.1—0.6 mm 
crassae, dispersae vel in tumulis aggregatae, superficie 
laevi, nodulosa vel coralloideo-isidiata, margine vulgo 
effigurata. Apothecia abunda, atra, lecideina, 0.25— 
0.66 mm diametro, ascosporis uniseptatis, comparate 
latis, 9-15 um longis, 5.5—8 um latis. 
MycoBank No.: MB 807101 
Typus: SouTtH AUSTRALIA. Murray River Region: beside 
Marne River, 10 km NE of Springton, 34°40°12”S, 
139°09°56”E, alt. 280 m, on gently sloping limestone 
slabs in pasture with Eucalyptus camaldulensis, 12 Apr. 
2013, PM. McCarthy 4010 (holo.: AD; iso.: CANB, HO). 


Thallus epilithic, initially crustose, richly rimose or 
areolate and 30—60 um thick, the areoles becoming larger 
and thicker and often subsquamulose or squamulose, 
these structures scattered and often resembling minute 
rosettes, or aggregated and forming colonies (2—) 5—10 
(-15) mm wide, greenish-black to black, dull, not 
swollen and not noticeably gelatinous when wetted, 
epruinose at all stages of development; often a range 
of immature, mature and post-mature thall1 occupying 
much of an area of limestone up to 10—20 cm wide, but 
generally discontinuous and interspersed with small 
colonies of crustose lichens (mainly Lecanoraceae, 
Physciaceae, Teloschistaceae and _ Verrucariaceae). 


ISSN 0313-4083 (Print) « ISSN 2201-9855 (Online) 


P.M. McCarthy & G. Kantvilas 


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Fig. 1. Placynthium australiense. Habit of thalli and apothecia. Scale bar: 1 mm. — Holotype. 


Sguamules and areoles rounded to angular or irregular, 
closely aggregated in a crust or more scattered and 
often laminally short-lobulate (with lobules 40-80 um 
wide) or marginally effigurate, (0.3—) 0.6—2.2 (-3) mm 
wide and 0.1—0.35 (—0.6) mm thick, thickest when the 
thallus is densely isidiate; squamules and areoles with 
a blackish underside, often markedly constricted at 
their attachment to the substratum, lacking dedicated 
attachment organs, such as rhizines. Thallus margin 
usually indistinct, rarely with contiguous to somewhat 
discrete simple lobes that are tightly appressed to the 
substratum, to | mm long and 0.15—0.25 mm wide. 
Thallus surface rather smooth, or granulose, nodulose 
or isidiate; isidia 20-50 (—80) um diam. and up to 0.25 
mm long, simple to irregularly branched, finger-like, 
furcate or + coralloid, usually more or less erect, others 
tilted to horizontal and smooth to contorted. Thalline 
anatomy paraplectenchymatous, the cells 5—10 (-15) um 
diam., largest towards the thallus interior, indistinctly 
corticate; cortical zone yellowish-brown to olive-brown, 


amorphous or with rounded and comparatively thick- 
walled cells 6-12 um diam. Photobiont cyanobacterial, 
Scytonema-like, consisting of scattered or irregularly 
clustered cells and short to moderately long filaments, 
occupying almost the entire thallus; cells in filaments 
yellowish-brown, 8-12 wm wide and 4-10 um long. 
Hypothallus absent. Prothallus usually absent around 
thalli as well as isolated squamules and areoles; a few 
squamules with an indistinct and discontinuous blue- 
black, fimbriate prothallus extending up to 0.3 mm 
beyond the margin. Apothecia sparse to very numerous, 
laminal, usually solitary, adnate to superficial, not 
constricted at the base, lecideine, (0.25—) 0.42 (—0.66) 
mm diam. [7 = 60], jet-black, usually matt, occasionally 
slightly glossy (mainly immature apothecia), colour 
unchanged when wetted; disc usually plane, occasionally 
slightly to moderately concave or convex at maturity, 
the surface smooth to minutely and irregularly uneven; 
proper exciple concolorous with the disc or a little paler, 
smooth, usually entire, sometimes faintly undulate 


J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 27 (2014) 


C 


New Placynthium species from South Australia 


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Fig. 2. Placynthium australiense. A, B sectioned apothecia (semi-schematic); C distal cells of paraphyses; D ascospores. Scale bars: A 0.5 mm; 


B 0.1 mm; C, D 10 um. — A-D holotype. 


or flexuose, 30-80 um thick, often slightly raised, 
persistent or becoming almost excluded (especially 
around the most convex apothecia); in section uniformly 
dark, consisting of radiating, tightly packed hyphae, 
continuous below the hypothecium, (30—) 40—80 (—100) 
um thick at the sides, 60—120 (—150) um thick at the 
base; cells at the margin ellipsoid to elongate-ellipsoid, 
8-17 x 5-10 um, with thick greenish-black walls. 
Hypothecium pale to medium greenish-brown or rather 
dark golden or orange-brown, 50—80 (—100) um thick, 
not inspersed with oil droplets or granules, I+ deep 
blue (fading) to almost black (without pretreatment in 
K) or I+ deep blue (fading) to reddish-brown (with pre- 
treatment). Hymenium 70-100 (—110) um thick, not 
inspersed with oil droplets or granules, I+ persistently 
deep blue to bluish-black (with and without pretreatment 
in K), subtending a greenish-black or violet-blackish 
epihymenium 10-15 (—20) um thick. Paraphyses 
unbranched to sparingly branched and anastomosed 
distally (scattered branches or anastomoses at all levels 
of the hymenium), short- to rather long-celled, 3-4 (—6) 
um wide, thin-walled, remaining coherent in water and 
K; shape of apical cells very variable even within a 
single apothecium, ranging from strongly capitate, with 
the apical cell rounded or somewhat pointed and 4—5 
(—6) um wide and with a hyaline or partly dark green to 
violet-blackish wall, or the distal 3—5 cells a little shorter 
and broader than more proximal cells, or the apical cells 
little altered 1n size and shape other than being included 


within the pigmented epihymenium. Asci narrowly to 
broadly clavate or clavate-cylindrical, 8-spored, 58—75 
x 12-17 um [n =20], with an external amyloid cap 
and a thin internal amyloid sheet adjacent to the apex 
of the ascoplasma. Ascospores colourless, 1-septate, 
overlapping-uniseriate to irregularly biseriate in the 
asci, ellipsoid, usually slightly constricted at the septum, 
uniformly thin-walled, lacking a distinct perispore, (9—) 
12 (—15) x (5.5—) 7 (8) um [n = 90]; cells more or less 
identical in size and shape; apices rounded to subacute; 
contents usually granular and guttulate. Pycnidia 
spherical, semi-immersed to almost fully immersed in 
the thallus, 70-100 um diam., with a greenish-black 
apex and a hyaline conidiogenous layer; conidiophores 
short-celled, 10-20 um long. Conidia bacilliform, 3—6 
(—7) x c. 0.7 um. Fig, 1-3. 


Remarks. Placynthium australiense 1s characterised 
by its blackish, epruinose, non-lobate thallus with 
squamules and areoles that are neither subtended by a 
hypothallus nor delimited by a prothallus; it contains a 
Scytonema-like photobiont. The squamules are rounded 
or irregular in shape, (0.3—) 0.6—2.2 (—3) mm wide and 
0.1—0.35 (—0.6) mm thick, scattered or contiguous in 
small groups, with a smooth, nodulose or coralloid- 
isidiate surface, commonly with an effigurate margin, 
abundantly fertile with comparatively small, black, 
lecideine apothecia (0.25—) 0.42 (—0.66) mm diam. 
and with comparatively broad, l-septate ascospores 
measuring (9—) 12 (—15) x (5.5—) 7 (—8) um. 


P.M. McCarthy & G. Kantvilas 


Placynthium can be subdivided more or less evenly 
into species with distinct, radial, elongate, marginal 
lobes and those with thalli that lack well-defined lobes, 
although individual squamules can have minutely and 
shallowly effigurate margins. Placynthium australiense 
lies comfortably among the latter, its distinctive and 
persistently 1-septate spores setting it apart from all but 
three known taxa. 

Placynthium tremniacum (A.Massal.) Jatta, from 
Iceland, the British Isles, continental Europe, Macaro- 
nesia, North Africa and Central Asia, has a glossy brown 
thallus, dark brown apothecia, an indistinct prothallus 
and narrower ascospores (9-16 x4—6 um: Clauzade & 
Roux 1985; Jergensen 2007; Gilbert & James 2009; 
Burgaz 2010). However, its relationship with P nigrum 
has yet to be fully resolved, because while most recent 
authors have regarded the persistently 1-septate spores 
of P tremniacum as being diagnostic for a distinct 
species, Czeika & Czeika (2007) examined syntype 
material, observed a minority of 3-septate propagules, 
and reduced P tremniacum to synonymy under P. 
nigrum. 

Placynthium anemoideum (Servit) Gyeln., from 
the British Isles, France, Croatia and Turkey, has 
isolated areoles with raised crenulate margins (Czeika 
& Czeika 2007: Fig. 6b) which are not unlike those of 
P. australiense, but the ascospores are smaller (9-10 x 
5—6 um) and the apothecia are only c. 0.3 mm diam. 
(Clauzade & Roux 1985; Czeika & Czeika 2007; Gilbert 
& James 2009). 

Finally, ascospores very similar to those of P 
australiense occur in P. tantaleum (Hepp) Hue, which 
is known from Greenland, Iceland, Svalbard, the British 
Isles, continental Europe (Clauzade & Roux 1985; 
Czeika & Czeika 2007; Jorgensen 2007; Gilbert & James 
2009; Burgaz 2010), south-western (Schultz 2002, as P 
nigrum (Huds.) Gray) and north-eastern U.S.A., Canada 
(Henssen 1963, as P nigrum var. tantaleum (Hepp) 
Arnold) and Central Asia. However, P. tantaleum has a 
glossy, mottled grey-brown thallus to 3 cm wide, resting 
on “a voluminous blue-green prothallus” (Jorgensen 
2007) or on “a distinctive blue-black hypothallus” 
(Gilbert & James 2009). 

Placynthium nigrum, the most common and widely 
distributed species, has comparatively elongate, 1-—3- 
septate spores [8—25 <x 4-6 um (Clauzade & Roux 
1985); 7-22 <x 3.5-6 um (Schultz 2002); 10-15 (—20) 
x 4-6 um (Jorgensen 2007); 8-18 < 4-6 um (Czeika 
& Czeika 2007); 7-22 x 3.5-6 um (Gilbert & James 
2009); 7.5—20 x 2.5—7.5 um (Gilbert & James 2009)]. 
However, when Henssen reported P nigrum from 
Argentina, Chile and New Zealand (Henssen 1984), she 
circumscribed the species “in the broad sense including 
var. tantaleum (Hepp) Arnold (see Henssen 1963)” and 
noted “only two-celled spores have been observed in the 
specimens from the Southern Hemisphere” (Henssen 
1984). Recently, Jorgensen (2007) observed that while P 
tantaleum usually occurs 1n and beside rivers, specimens 


J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 27 (2014) 


Fig. 3. Placynthium australiense. Immature (A), submature (B) and 
mature (C) asci stained with Lugol's lodine. Scale bar: 10 um. — HO 
isotype. 


from drier habitats with thin-walled, l-septate spores 
“appear only to be part of the variation of P nigrum’. 
Among the South Australian and Tasmanian specimens 
examined, there seems to a clear distinction, based on 
ascospore septation and dimensions, between P. nigrum 
as it 1s commonly circumscribed (see above) and P 
nigrum sensu Henssen (1984) with comparatively short 
and broad 1-septate ascospores. Whether or not both can 
be accommodated within the variation of P. nigrum will 
require further study. 

There have been inconsistencies 1n the description of 
the asci of Placynthium by previous authors. Whereas 
Jorgensen (2007) referred to an amyloid cap and internal 
sheets, Schultz (2002) mentioned an amyloid tube. Our 
observations are illustrated in Fig. 3 and interpreted thus: 
when young, the asci have an intensely amyloid external 
cap and a thin, internal, amyloid sheet at the base of the 
tholus adjacent to the apex of the ascoplasm (A). As 
the asci mature, a distinct, beak-like ocular chamber 
develops which pushes up through the inner amyloid 
sheet; the two sides of this sheet become orientated 
more or less vertically, somewhat approximating the 
appearance of an amyloid tube-like structure (B). 
With further development, this inner amyloid structure 
becomes more squashed and less prominent, although 
its vestiges can still be evident at the edges of the ocular 
chamber; the external cap remains prominent throughout 


(C). 


J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 27 (2014) 


Distribution & habitat. Placynthium australiense 1s 
known only from gently sloping, slab-like outcrops 
of hard limestone at its type locality in the Murray 
River region of south-eastern South Australia. 
Associated lichens include Aspicilia contorta (Hoftm.) 
Kremp., Buellia albula (Nyl.) Miull.Arg., Caloplaca 
mereschkowskiana S.Y.Kondr. & Kérnefelt, Caloplaca 
spp., Candelariella aurella (Hoffm.) Zahlbr.*, En- 
docarpon pallidum (Nyl.) Nyl.*, Lecania_ turicensis 
(Hepp) Miull.Arg., Lecanora dispersa (Pers.) Sommertf., 
L. sphaerospora Miill.Arg., Placidium sp., Rinodina 
bischoffii (Hepp) A.Massal., Yoninia aff. aromatica 
(Sm.) A.Massal., Verrucaria calciseda DC.*, V. muralis 
Ach. and . nigrescens Pers. The three species marked 
with an asterisk are new records for South Australia. 


Key to the Australian Species of Placynthium 


1. Central areoles commonly eroded, leaving arcs or rings of 
contiguous, radiating marginal lobes 1—1.5 mm long and 
Q.1—0.25 mm wide; prothallus and hypothallus absent .. . 

Se ot Be 4 F0, Rete obo ha eriiag ciple Placynthium subradiatum 

1: Central areoles not eroded; thallus without marginal lobes; 

prothallus and hypothallus present or absent 


2. Thallus a wide-spreading crust of more or less uniform, 

eranulose- and coralloid-isidiate areoles; prothallus 

usually extending well beyond the thallus margin; 
hypothallus often thick and visible between the areoles 

eT Lees etenlsysePeta ren & ted eases Placynthium nigrum s.l\at. 

2: Thallus of rounded to irregular squamules that are 

scattered or aggregated in small groups; prothallus 
absent or very faint; hypothallus absent ............ 

sok S Reb t Hadadloe ea coHee eho Placynthium australiense 


Additional specimens examined 

Placynthium nigrum s.str. 

SOUTH AUSTRALIA. Murray River Region: 15 km S of 
Angaston, on marble in pasture, 21 Oct. 1981, J.A.Elix 9243 
(CANB 9602209, det. A. Henssen, Sep. 1982). 

TASMANIA. Vale of Belvoir, alt. 840 m, on limestone 
outcrops in buttongrass moorland and heath, 16 May 1987, 
G.Kantvilas 61/87 (HO 569326); Tiger Road, 1 km NW 
of Florentine River bridge, 42°35’S, 146°26’E, alt. 370 m, 
on limestone boulder at edge of wet forest, 17 Dec. 2003, 
G.Kantvilas 742/03 (HO 524542). 


Placynthium nigrum s.l\at. (incl. sensu Henssen 1984) 

SOUTH AUSTRALIA. Yorke Peninsula: Innes National 
Park, West Cape, 35°14’°49”S, 136°497°31”E, alt. 45 m, on 
clifftop limestone outcrops and boulders, 14 Apr. 2013, 
P.M.McCarthy 4029 (AD). Kangaroo Island: Cape Borda, 
35°45’S, 136°35’E, alt. 100 m, on semi-exposed limestone 
rocks in dense heathy vegetation, 27 Sep. 1994, A. Streimann 
54956 (AD, B, CANB); track to Cape Gantheaume, 36°04’S, 
137°27°E, on coastal limestone outcrops in heathland, 29 Sep. 
2008, G.Kantvilas 321/08 (AD, HO); Ravine des Casoars, 
35°48’S, 136°35’E, alt. 5 m, on limestone outcrops in coastal 
heathland, 24 Sep. 2012, G.Kantvilas 453/12 (AD, HO); Point 
Ellen, 36°00’S, 137°11°E, alt. 5 m, on limestone outcrops in 
coastal heathland, 26 Sep. 2013, G.Kantvilas 214/13 (AD, HO). 

TASMANIA. c. 6 km SW of Hardwood Hill, alt. 75 m, 
on limestone outcrops in sedgeland heath, 25 Apr. 1985, 
G.Kantvilas 178/85 (HO 308227, MB); Mole Creek, alt. 350 m, 
on limestone outcrop in paddock, 19 Feb. 1984, PJames & 


New Placynthium species from South Australia 


G.Kantvilas 364/84 (BM, HO 308225, MB [det. A.Henssen]); 
W of Mole Creek, near Liena Road and Mersey Forest Road 
junction, | km NW of Florentine River bridge, 41°34’S, 
146°15’E, alt. 350 m, on limestone outcrop in pasture, 19 
Feb. 1984, G.Kantvilas 365/84 & P.James (BM, HO 564173); 
Eleven Road, Florentine Valley, 42°37’S, 146°26’E, alt. 
430 m, on limestone boulder at edge of wet forest, 17 Dec. 
2003, G.Kantvilas 744/03 (HO 524548); Flinders Island, 
Killiecrankie Bay, W of township, 39°50’S, 147°50’E, alt. 5 
m, on outcrop of soft calcarenite along seashore, 2 Apr. 2007, 
G.Kantvilas 150/07 (HO 544228). 


Acknowledgements 


The first author is grateful to Jack Elix for his 
company and assistance in the field, and for the loan of 
specimens. Jean Jarman assisted with preparing Figure 
3 for publication. 


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J OQURNAL of the 
ADELAIDE 


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Journal of the Adelaide Botanic Gardens 27 (2014) 7-21 


© 2014 Board of the Botanic Gardens & State Herbarium (South Australia) 
© 2014 Department of Environment, Water & Natural Resources, Govt of South Australia 


Drosera murfetu (Droseraceae): 
a new species from Tasmania, Australia 


Allen Lowrie? & John G. Conran? 


“6 Glenn Place, Duncraig, Western Australia 6023 


° Australian Centre for Evolutionary Biology and Biodiversity and Sprigg Geobiology Centre, 
School of Earth & Environmental Sciences, Benham Building, DX 650 312, 
The University of Adelaide, South Australia 5005 
Email: john.conran@adelaide.edu.au 


Abstract 


Drosera murfetii Lowrie & Conran is a new species from south-west Tasmania, Australia, 
bearing mainly non-carnivorous leaves and usually several large flowers per inflorescence. It 
is compared to its morphologically closest taxon, Drosera arcturi Hook., with which it often 
crows. The two species are described and illustrated, a key to species and a comparison table of 
characters is provided. Drosera arcturi 1s lectotypified. 


Keywords: Drosera arcturi, D. murfetii, Droseraceae, taxonomy, new species, Tasmania. 


Introduction 


Drosera arcturi Hook. from alpine southern 
Australia and New Zealand is very variable across its 
range and in Tasmania sometimes produces large, robust 
plants (Morris 2009), including a form bearing several 
conspicuous, basal glabrous leaves, a usually single, 
large trapping leaf, with obvious glandular hairs, and 
often several flowers per scape, each with 4—5 larger, 
ereenish-white or cerise stigmas (Lowrie 1998, Clayton 
2003, Gibson 2010). This form is widespread in south- 
west Tasmania and contrasts strongly with the type 
form (with which it often co-occurs at more elevated 
altitudes). The type form of D. arcturi is generally 
a smaller plant and always bears numerous trapping 
leaves, highly reduced (or no) scale-like glabrous leaves, 
almost always single flowers per scape, and usually 
three stigmas (rarely four). The so-called ‘giant form’ of 
D. arcturi was considered by Gibson (1998, 1999, 2010) 
to be at least an ecotype, while Clayton (2003) thought 
that the two forms should deserve at least subspecific 
status; both authors suggested that further study was 
needed. However, the fact that both morphotypes occur 
together over such a wide geographic range and in 
the same habitats, but without apparent intermediate 
forms, suggests instead that they may be distinct albeit 
closely related species, as subspecies are generally 
regarded as being geographically (Schlauer 1996) and/ 
or ecologically allopatric (Stace 1989). 

Although D. arcturi also occurs in New Zealand, 
Where it grows mainly in montane to subalpine bogs 
southwards from 39°S (Allan Herbarium 2000, Salmon 
2001), it extends down to sea level in the far south of its 
range in both countries (Allan Herbarium 2000, CHAH 
2013). Several New Zealand morphotypes have been 


Published online: 1 Apr. 2014 ¢ flora.sa.gov.au/jabg 


given taxonomic status in the past (Colenso 1890, 1896, 
1899), but these were later deemed to be relatively trivial 
size or foliage colour variants and reduced to synonymy 
(Cheeseman 1906). Specimens with 4—5 large, greenish 
white or cerise stigmas are absent from both New 
Zealand and mainland Australian populations and any 
large plants occurring there also lack the 2—5 large, 
non-carnivorous basal leaves seen in the Tasmanian 
‘siant form’ plants. Although isolated plants in New 
Zealand very rarely bear two flowers per peduncle, the 
plants and flowers are otherwise identical to the ‘type’ 
form both in size and morphology (Conran, pers. obs.) 

The two Australian morphs appear to differ con- 
sistently from each other for a range of characteristics 
relating in particular to the glabrous leaves, flower 
and stigma number, and there is a lack of apparent 
intermediate forms for these features when the 
morphs co-occur. Accordingly, this study compares 
the morphology of the two forms and examines the 
taxonomic implications of these differences. 


Methods 


Living and dried specimens of D. arcturi across its 
geographic range and covering all known Australian 
and New Zealand morphotypes were examined under 
dissecting microscope and/or by SEM. Descriptions 
and, where possible, type specimens for the formerly 
segregated names from New Zealand were investigated, 
as well as D. arcturi collections at AD, HO, MEL, OTA, 
PERTH, Gunn’s and Brown’s collections at K and BM, 
and personal collections by A. Lowrie and D.E. Murfet. 

To assess character variability in the complex, up 
to five complete specimens per herbarium sheet, re- 
presenting a total of 354 specimens from 107 accessions 


ISSN 0313-4083 (Print) * ISSN 2201-9855 (Online) 


A. Lowrie & J.G. Conran 


J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 27 (2014) 


Table 1. T-test comparisons between PATN dendrogram groups for the characters used in the cluster analysis assuming unequal variances, as well as 
Kruskal Wallace and r° values from the cluster and ordination analyses of 354 specimens from 107 accessions. 


D. arcturi D. murfetiz 

Character code mean + SD ders SD 
E# 0.56 + 0.83 2.91 + 0.88 
EL (mm) 4.31 +6.02 33.77 + 16.67 
EW (mm) 0:87 + 1.11 5.48 + 1.47 
G# 4.92 + 1.44 1.34 + 0.57 
GP (mm) 17.21 + 7.75 24.46 + 14.63 
GL (mm) 23.20 + 9.36 42.71 + 22.21 
SC (mm) 44.08 + 17.31 92.46 + 33.13 
F# 1.01 + 0.10 1.20 + 0.50 
SL (mm) 6.33 + 1.46 8.29 + 1.74 
SW (mm) 1.83 + 0.47 2.43 + 1.05 
PL (mm) 6.57 + 1.48 8.99 + 1.85 


t df P KW y? 
Do dS 1, 334.38 <Q.0001 224.30 0.887 
21.43 1, 290.83 <Q.0001 130.51 0.737 
33.12 1, 194.18 <Q.0001 145.05 0.727 
32.29 1, 282.69 <Q.0001 251.54 0.768 
5.58 be 27 <Q.0001 18.67 0.202 
10.24 1, 193.96 <Q.0001 106.03 0.125 
16.61 1, 224.95 <Q.0001 185.10 0.769 
4.74 1, 167.23 <Q.0001 6.26 0.203 
a Bea 1, 305.54 <Q.0001 88.50 0.684 
6.65 1, 208.42 <Q.0001 57.56 0.367 
Lao. 1, 296.40 <Q.0001 115.85 0.667 


Table 2. Summary comparison of distinguishing morphological character and character states differences between Drosera arcturi and D. murfetii 


derived from measurements of 354 specimens from 107 accessions. 


Character Drosera arcturi 
Basal, glabrous leaf size (mm) 3-27 x 0.7-4 
Glandular leaf number 2—12 

Glandular leaf length (cm) 1.3-12 

Scape length (cm) 0.8—9 

Flower number L 2) 

Petals (mm) 3-10 x 2.5-7 
Style number 3 (4) 


Stigma colour 
Seed size (mm) 


collected from Australia and New Zealand, were coded 
for 11 morphological characters: 

. Glabrous leaf number (E#) 

. Longest glabrous leaf length (mm) (EL) 

. Longest glabrous leaf width (mm) (E'W) 

. Glandular leaf number (G#) 

. Longest glandular petiole length (mm) (GP) 
. Longest glandular lamina length (mm) (GL) 
. Scape length (mm) (SC) 

. Flowers per scape (F#) 

. Sepal length (mm) (SL) 

10. Sepal width (mm) (SW) 

11. Petal length (mm) (PL). 

These data were then transformed by log,,+1 for 
continuous data and square root + 0.5 for counts (Zar 
1996) and then subjected to cluster analysis using 
Gower Association, flexible UPGMA with a beta 
value of 0.0. Ordination used non-metric semi-strong 
multidimensional scaling (SSH) with 100 random starts 
and a cutoff value of 0.9 in the program PATN v. 3.1.2 
(Belbin & Collins 2008), with character/specimen 
cluster relationships in the ordination space explored 
using Principal Component Correlation (PCC) analysis 
(Faith 1991). In addition, character mean comparisons 
were undertaken on the raw data using t-tests in JMP 
4.0.3 (SAS Institute 2000) for the two groups defined 
by the PATN cluster analyses, with the assumption of 
unequal variances. 

Seed micromorphology is considered important in 
Drosera at subgeneric and sectional level (Dwyer 1983, 
Boesewinkel 1989), as well as between related species 


\O COND NA B WN 


greenish-white to pale yellow 


0.5—1 (1.3) x 0.40.8 


Drosera murfetii 


(l=) 3=5(=12) * 5=15 


(O—) 1-2 (-4) 
3.5—21.7 
3—20 

1-4 

5-14 x 4-5 
4—5 


ereenish-white or reddish-cerise 


(0.8—) 1-2 x (0.4—) 0.6—1 


(Susandarini et al. 2002, Lowrie 2005, Lowrie & Conran 
2007, 2008). Accordingly, ten seeds per sample from 
14 samples, representing both morphs and including 
material from New Zealand, were measured and the 
two morphotypes compared using the Student t-test on 
log, +1 transformed data, allowing for unequal variances. 
SEM micrographs were also produced at The University 
of Adelaide Microscopy Centre (CEMMSA), following 
the methods of Susandarini et al. (2002), with additional 
information on the seeds of New Zealand material 
of D. arcturi obtained from Webb & Simpson (2001). 


Results 


The cluster analysis (Fig. 1) and ordination (Fig. 
2) both show that there are two clearly separated 
morphotypes within the D. arcturi complex, differing 
consistently for nearly all of the characters measured. 
One cluster represents all of the (O—) 1—2 (-4) trapping- 
leaved, multi-flowered specimens with multiple, large, 
broad, glabrous leaves from SW Tasmania, including 
all samples reported to have cerise stigmas; the other, 
consists of the multiple glandular-leaved, single- 
flowered and widespread type form with no or few, 
small, linear, glabrous leaves from New South Wales, 
Victoria, Tasmania and New Zealand. The vegetative 
morphological differences between the two forms, as 
well as inflorescence and floral characteristics clearly 
support the justification to treat these two taxa as 
distinctive species (Tables 1, 2), particularly as they co- 


J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 27 (2014) 


0.28 
D. arcturi 


0.21 


Gower dissimilarity 
oO 
BR 


0.07} 


| 


0.0 


f 


A new Drosera from Tasmania (Droseraceae) 


D. murfetii 


ii 


Fig. 1. Gower Metric flexible UPGMA clustering dendrogram of 354 specimens from 107 accessions in the Drosera arcturi complex from SE Australia, 


Tasmania and New Zealand. 


occur across a wide part of their respective ranges with 
no obvious intermediacy seen in our analysis (Stace 
1989). Accordingly, a new species, Drosera murfetii, 18 
proposed and described here and D. arcturi is redefined. 
Illustrations, descriptions and a comparison table for 
both species are provided. 

Character comparisons between the two clusters 
(Table |) show that there are significant mean differences 
for all features used in the analyses, with D. murfetii 


D. murfetii 
L 


stress: 0.09 
-2.015 


2.293 


EF Fyy 


EL \ a 


on average larger for all features, as well as generally 
bearing more flowers per scape (1.e. >1) and having 
larger, broader and more numerous glaborous leaves. 
In contrast, the type form of D. arcturi (which also 
included all type specimens and related accessions from 
Australian and New Zealand taxa in the same cluster) 
has few, small and linear (if any) glabrous leaves, more 
numerous glandular, trapping ones, but was otherwise 
significally smaller for the features measured here. 


1.046 


a 
A D. arcturi 


GH -1.232 
1.324 


Fig. 2. Non-metric semi-strong hybrid 3-D multidimensional scaling ordination of the Drosera arcturi complex specimens and clusters from the 
dendrogram shown in Fig. 1; white = D. arctur; red = D. murfetii; Principal Canonical Correlation vector arrows indicate direction of increasing score 


in the ordination space for the characters listed in Table 1. 


A. Lowrie & J.G. Conran 


( 


=: 


J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 27 (2014) 


Fig. 3. Seeds of Australasian alpine Drosera arcturi complex species under SEM. A-C Drosera arcturi: A seed; B close up of funicle; C detail of testa. 
D-F D. murfetii: D seed; E close up of funicle; F detail of testa. Scale bars: A-D 200 um; E-F 100 um. — A-C A.Lowrie 3178; D-F A.Lowne 3187 


& D.E.Murtet. 


The ordination (Fig. 2) shows that the two clusters 
had virtually no overlap. The stress value of 0.09 is well 
within the limits deemed acceptable for dimensional 
distortion (Belbin & Collins 2008) and the PCC plot 
shows the same pattern as the t-test and Kruskal- 
Wallace (KW) comparisons between the clusters from 
the dendrogram, albeit with much lower r* (<0.4) for 
glandular leaf size features, flower number and sepal 
width, indicating that these were not as important in 
the ordination space as the other features (all >0.6). 


10 


The features with the highest t, KW and 7’ scores were 
glabrous leaf number, length, width, glandular leaf 
number, scape length, sepal and petal length. 

The overall character ranges for features observed 
to differ between the two taxa are listed in Table 2 
(including some excluded from the cluster analysis 
as there were too many specimens missing those 
characteristics and/or the binary nature of the feature 
may have skewed the result). The seeds of the two forms, 
although similar in shape and testal morphology to each 


J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 27 (2014) 


other (Fig. 3), as might be expected for closely related 
taxa, differ in overall size; the seeds of Drosera murfetii 
being significantly longer (¢t = 14.762, df 1, 81.87, P 
<Q.0001) and wider than those of D. arcturi (t = 8.505, 
df 1, 90.62, P <0.0001), though there is some overlap. 


Amended key to the 
species of Tasmanian Droseraceae 


The key to Tasmanian Droseraceae of Morris (2009) 
should be amended to incorporate the new species by 
inserting a new couplet after number 5, as follows: 


5. Leaves orbicular, < 2 cm long; flowers 2-20 ........... 
sg nehiRe GET recht Ee Ure eioe enat acraserneee er cee D. glanduligera 

5: Leaves linear-oblong, 3—20 cm long; flowers 1—4 
Sa. Basal leaves broad, spreading, glabrous; inner leaves 
(O—) 1—2 (-4), glandular, erect D. murfetii 
5a: Basal leaves small or absent; glandular leaves numerous, 
often semi-erect D. arcturi 


Taxonomy 


1. Drosera arcturi Hook. 


J. Bot. (Hooker) 1: 247 (1834), emend.; Icon. Pl. 1: tab. 56 
(1837). — Type citation: “summit of Mt Arthur Mr Gunn, 
(n. 139 [sic].)”’, corrected by Diels, Pflanzenr. 4(112) 
[Heft 26]: 64 (1906): “Mount Arthur (Gunn n. 129 [...])”. 
Type sheet: “Summit of Mt Arthur, Van Dn’s [Diemen’s| 
Land, 129. W. Gunn 1832”, bottom collection on sheet. 
Lectotype (here designated, Fig. 6): K 000215043!*, pro 
parte [top middle specimen], ex Herb. Hook. Remaining 
Syntypes: K 00215043!* pro parte [remaining five 
specimens], MEL 96027A! 

Drosera polyneura Colenso, Trans. & Proc. New Zealand 
Inst. 22: 460 (1890) [°1889”"]. — Type citation: 
“Swampy spots, base of Mount Tongariro, County of 
East Taupo; 1889.” Syntype: Swampy spots, base of 
Mount Tongariro, County of East Taupo, [1889,| A. Hill 
s.n. KK 000659184). 

Drosera ruahinensis Colenso, Trans. & Proc. New Zealand 
Inst. 28: 593 (1896). — Type citation: “Ruahine 
Mountain-range: Mr. H.Hill, 1895; Mr. A. Olsen, 1895” 
Syntype: Ruahine Mountain-range, east side, wet spots 
near summits, [1895,] A.Olsen s.n. (X 000659178). 

Drosera atra Colenso, Trans. & Proc. New Zealand Inst. 31: 
269 (1899). — Type citation: “Ruahine Mountain-range, 
east side, wet spots near summits.” Syntype: Ruahine 
Mountain-range, east side, wet spots near summits, 
[1898,] A.Olsen s.n. (WELT 23581). 

Drosera ligulata Colenso, Trans. & Proc. New Zealand 
Inst. 31: 269 (1899). — Type citation: “Euahine [sic] 
Mountain-range, east side, wet spots near summits; 
1898.” Syntype: Ruahine Mountain-range, east side, 
in low-lying wet spots, [1898,] A.Olsen s.n.; n.v., fide 
Colenso (1899), 


A cold tolerant, fibrous-rooted alpine perennial herb; 
rhizome 1—5 (>10) cm long, covered with persistent 
dead leaf bases. Hibernaculum bud-like, derived from 
glabrous basal leaf sheaths covering rhizome apex. 
Glabrous leaves at emergence (Q—) 1-5, 3-27 x 0.7-4 
mm, lanceolate, apically acute, glabrous, often short- 
lived and absent by anthesis; g/andular leaves 2-12, 
narrowly lanceolate-spathulate, loosely  distichous, 


1] 


A new Drosera from Tasmania (Droseraceae) 


Fig. 4. Drosera arcturi. A plant; B lamina; C sepal; D petal; E gynoecium; 
F style and stigma. Scale bars: A 10 mm; B-D 5 mm; E-F 1 mm. 
— Drawn by A. Lowrie, 1988, from live material from the Snowy 
Mountains, New South Wales. 


semi-erect to spreading, 1.3-12 cm long, green to 
ereenish-bronze, red or almost black, persisting after 
senescence; petioles stem-sheathing, 0.6—0.8 mm wide 
at sheath apex, 1.5—1.8 mm wide at lamina, glabrous; 
lamina 9-70 x 2—6 mm, narrowly oblong, apex rounded, 
adaxial surface bearing large, sub-marginal insect- 
catching glands and smaller glands within, abaxial 
surface glabrous with a prominent midrib. /nflorescence 
terminal, scapose, | (—2)-flowered, 0.8—9 cm long, 
0.4—0.5 mm diam., glabrous, enclosed basally by leaf 
sheaths, persistent, erect after senescence. Flower shortly 
pedicellate, erect in fruit; pedicel 3—12 mm; floral bract 
subulate, 2—2.5 x 0.40.6 mm. Sepals greyish-green, 
4—10 x 1-3 mm, narrowly elliptic, adaxially concave, 
horizontal to recurved at anthesis, margins entire, apex 
obtuse, irregularly crenate, both surfaces glabrous. 
Petals white, 3-10 x 2.5—7 mm, obovate, entire, apex 
broadly rounded. Stamens 5, 4—6 mm long, filaments 
white, anthers and pollen yellow. Ovary 44.5 x 2.5- 
2.7 mm, ellipsoid, green, ovules numerous. Styles 3 
(—4), greenish-white to pale yellow, 0.5—0.6 mm long 
(excluding stigmas), semi-erect, fusiform, flat in cross- 
section; stigmas + reniform-peltate, 0.6-0.7 =< 0.2—0.3 


J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 27 (2014) 


A. Lowrie & J.G. Conran 


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Fig. 5. Drosera arcturi in Australia and New Zealand. A-B Hartz Range, Tasman 


Otago, New Zealand 


12 


J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 27 (2014) 


mm, stigma adaxially papillate. Fruit ellipsoid, 10—11 
x 44.5 mm. Seeds c. 50-60, brown, 0.5—1 (—1.3) x 
0.4—0.8 mm, irregularly lachrymoid to obovoid, + 
longitudinally flattened; funicle sulcate; testa minutely 
reticulate-foveolate, anticlinal cells walls sinuous. 
Alpine sundew. Figs. 3a—c, 4—7. 


Etymology. The epithet arcturi comes from the Latinised 
form of the Ancient Greek ApKktovpoc (Arcturus), 
meaning “Guardian of the Bear’, and from which the 
name Arthur is sometimes thought to be derived; it 1s 
referring to the type locality of Mt Arthur, Tasmania. 


Distribution and ecology. Victoria, New South Wales, 
Tasmania & New Zealand: Drosera arcturi 1s a 
relatively common herb of the alpine and sub-alpine 
regions of mainland Australia and Tasmania, as well as 
southern New Zealand (Fig. 10), extending to middle 
altitudes or even down to sea level in western and 
south-western Tasmania and southern New Zealand. It 
srows in sphagnum bogs on wet heathlands, as well as 
in black peat soils along the margins of small mountain 
streamlets and rivulets, or the boggy margins of lakes. 
It also frequently grows in cushion plants such as 
Donatia novae-zealandiae Hook.f. (Stylidiaceae) and 
Dracophyllum minimum F.Muell. (Ericaceae) (Cameron 
1981) and sometimes grows intermixed with D. 
murfetii, with which it is sympatric over much of south- 
west Tasmania, but with no clear evidence of hybrids or 
intermediate plants. 


Conservation status. Not currently threatened. 


Flowering period. October—January (during the snow- 
free season). 


Lectotypification of Drosera arcturi. William Hooker 
(1834) gives the type citation for D. arcturi as: “Summit 
of Mount Arthur Mr Gunn, (n. 139. [sic])”, but this 
appears to be an error, as J.D. Hooker (1860) cited the 
collection as “Gunn 129” in his F7. Zasmaniae. The type 
sheet at Kew holds two collections (Fig. 6), but as noted 
by Diels (1906), the lower sheet gathering with hand 
notation “summit of Mt Arthur, Van Dn’s [Diemen’s| 
Land, 129. W. Gunn 1832” (K 000215043) represents 
the type material of Drosera arcturi. Nevertheless, as no 
lectotype has been nominated previously, we accordingly 
here nominate the top middle specimen of that collection 
as the lectotype, with the other 5 duplicate specimens 
from that collection and the specimens on the duplicate 
at MEL regarded as residual syntypes. In contrast, the 
upper sheet gathering with hand notation “129 [over] 
1842 Mt Wellington 1/3/39 [1 Mar. 1839] & 31/1/40 [31 
Jan. 1840]” (K 000215085), represents material of D. 
arcturi from two separate, later gatherings from Mount 
Wellington and is not considered to be type material. 

The gazetteer (Geoscience Australia 2013) lists three 
Mt Arthur locations in Tasmania: 

|. Wellington Park, NE of Mt Wellington (42°53’6"S, 


147°13’5”E), which overlooks the city of Hobart 
2. Mt Arthur State Reserve, SW of Port Arthur near the 


13 


A new Drosera from Tasmania (Droseraceae) 


original English convict penal settlement (43°9’14’S, 
147°48°51”E) 

3. Lilydale, NW of Launceston (41°16°44”S, 147°17’ 

17”E). 

However, of these, Mt Arthur at Lilydale, north-west 
of Launceston, appears to be where Gunn’s original 
specimens of Drosera arcturi were collected in 1832. 
Buchanan (1988) noted that Gunn was a resident of 
Launceston, when he sent his first consignment of 
herbarium specimens to Hooker in 1832, and that these 
were gathered from east of Launceston, principally from 
Ben Nevis and Mt Arthur, including the type material 
for Drosera arcturi. 

Robert Brown collected material of what is now D. 
arcturi (Bennett no. 4850: BM 001050170) from near the 
summit of ‘Table Mountain’ (now part of Mt Wellington) 
in 1804 and labelled it with the unpublished manuscript 
name “Drosera lingulata” (Chapman et al. 2001). Un- 
fortunately, this excellently preserved flowering material 
(Fig. 7) was not included in his Prodromus (Brown 1810), 
nor was it apparently seen by Hooker. Gibson (2010, p. 
11) referred to this collection, saying “Robert Brown 
collected samples of the ‘Giant’ form of D. arcturi from 
Port Davey in March 1804, which were later described 
as D. ‘lingulata’.”’ However, the Brown collection at K 
is labelled “In paludosis summitatis Montis Tabularis 
prope fluvio Derwent Feb: 18 Mar 1804” [in a swamp at 
the summit of Table Mountain near the Derwent River] 
and Brown 1s not known to have visited Port Davey in 
Feb—Mar 1804, but was instead collecting in the region 
around Hobart (Vallance et al. 2001). This collection is 
also clearly conspecific with the type form of D. arcturi 
and was placed into that cluster in the analyses. As the 
epithet “/ingulata’ was never published validly it has 
no taxonomic standing, nor does the Brown collection 
represent type material. 

Colenso (1890, 1896, 1899) described several taxa 
from New Zealand which are clearly part of the D. 
arcturi complex and examination of photographs of 
specimens of D. atra (WELT 23581), D. polyneura 
(K 000659184), and D. ruahinensis (K 000659178) 
shows that they all fall well within the variability seen 
for D. arcturi sens. str. to where they were reduced in 
synonymy by Cheeseman (1906). These specimens also 
fell into the D. arcturi clusters in the numerical analyses. 


Specimens examined (specimens marked * were used in 
the numerical analysis) 

NEw SouTtH WALEs: Found below Snowy Crossing and not 
far below Charlotte Pass Road, Kosciusko Nat. Park, 6 Feb. 
1975, A.M. Ashby 5128 (AD 97529011); Near site of old Soil 
Conservation Hut near Blue Lake, 3 Feb. 1988, A.M Buchanan 
10806 (*HO 129367); Near Bett’s Creek S of The Paralyser (c. 
9 km ENE of Mt Kosciusko), 24 Jan. 1957, Hj.EKichler 13461 
(*AD 95736072); Near Bett’s Creek S of The Paralyser (c. 9 
km ENE of Mt Kosciusko), 24 Jan. 1957, Hj.Eichler 13472 
(*AD 95736029). 

TASMANIA: | km N of Reservoir Lakes, I1 Jan. 1984, 
D.G.Adams 7 (“HO 76687); Lake Salome, Walls of Jerusalem, 
25 Jan. 1982, MJ Brown 117 (“HO 65857); In paludosis 
summitatis Montis Tabularis prope fluvio Derwent, 18 Feb. 


A. Lowrie & J.G. Conran J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 27 (2014) 


Dresera arctuci Hoelk . | . 


ROYAL BOTANIC GARDENS KEW eo 
Newker's Soucwal id Senay 12244 (1934) WLU 
Determinavit : K00027 5085 


16/1) 198% | | 


7 


* ; ¢ 
; } ‘ + 

» tk + TTP Peet ee 

_¢ = 4 i — — - 


re 
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Fig. 6. Type sheet of Drosera arcturi with two collections by Gunn. The lectotype (K 000215043, collected in 1832) is indicated by a thick black line; 


residual syntypes by a dashed line. The upper collection (K 000215085, mixed collection from 1839 and 1840) is not type material. Image copyright 
of the Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; used with permission. 


14 


J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 27 (2014) A new Drosera from Tasmania (Droseraceae) 


TENA MSTORY 
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Fig. 7. Robert Brown's 1804 collection of Drosera arcturi (Bennett no. 4850: BM 001050170) from near the summit of “Table Mountain” (now part of 
Mt Wellington) and labelled with the unpublished manuscript name “Drosera lingulata’. The upper collection on the sheet (BM 001050169) is 
possibly a duplicate specimen. Image copyright of the The Picture Library, The Natural History Museum, London; used with permission. 


[5 


A. Lowrie & J.G. Conran 


1804, R.Brown 4850 (*BM 001050170, Fig. 7); Near Giblin 
River, 7 km from mouth, 23 Jan 1986, 4.\é/ Buchanan 8091 
(HO 142845); Lake Ewart, 4 Feb. 1987, A.M. Buchanan 9895 
(*HO 409074, mixed collection); SW Nat. Park, Middle Giblin 
River Basin, 8 km NW of Mt Gaffney, 13 km N of Mulcahy 
Bay, 17 Feb. 1989, J. R. Croft 10158 (*“HO 410760); Eagle Tarn, 
Mt Field Nat. Park, 2 Jan. 1948, WM. Curtis s.n. (“HO 3309); 
Mt Wellington, near Hobart, | Feb. 1947, WM. Curtis s.n. 
(“HO 42667); Cradle Mountain Nat. Park, Lake Dove, near 
boat shed, 7 Jan. 1960, Aj.Eichler 16465 (AD 96107068); 
Near Cradle Mt, Along track to Artist Pool, 9 Jan. 1960, 
G.Ford s.n. (“AD 98142217); Gordon River, 27 Nov. 1937, 
H.D.Gordon s.n. (HO 3322); Mt Wellington, 1 Mar. 1839 & 
31 Jan. 1840, R.C.Gunn 129/1842 (*K 000215085, Fig. 6); 
Hartz Mt, 18 Dec. 1966, /.H. Hemsley 6072 (*HO 3317); Mt 
Wellington plateau S, 27 Jan. 1968, .H. Hemsley 6503 (*HO 
3318); Upper Maxwell Valley, 15 Dec. 1978, S./.Jarman s.n. 
(*HO 30380); Surrounds of Lake Esperance, Hartz Mts, allt. 
1000 m, 23 Jan. 2005, A.Lowrie 3105 & D.E.Murfet (AD, HO, 
MEL, NSW, PERTH); Near Ben Lomond alpine village, alt. 
1425 m, 26 Jan. 2005, A.Lowrie 3135 & D.E.Murfet (*AD, 
HO, MEL, NSW, PERTH); On Belton & Belcher Lakes walk 
trail c. 500 m from road to Lake Dobson, Mt Field, alt. 1090 
m, 22 Jan. 2006, A.Lowrie 3173 & D.E.Murfet (“AD, HO, 
MEL, NSW, PERTH); Saddle c. halfway between Mt Arthur 
& Mt Wellington summits, overlooking Hobart, alt. 1180 m, 
23 Jan. 2006, A.Lowrie 3178 & D.E.Murfet (*AD, HO, MEL, 
NSW, PERTH); Start of the Hobartian Walk Trail on summit 
of Mt Arthur near road to Mt Wellington summit, alt. 1120 m, 
23 Jan. 2006, A.Lowrie 3180 & D.E.Murfet (*AD, HO, MEL, 
NSW, PERTH); Near Lady Tarn, Hartz Mts, alt. 1000 m, 24 
Jan. 2006, A.Lowrie 3185 & D.E.Murfet (*AD, HO, MEL, 
NSW, PERTH); Second Bar Lake, 11 Mar. 1984, A.Moscal 
6885 (HO 401488); Julian Lakes, 29 Dec. 1984, A.Moscal 
9113 (“HO 404030); Abbotts Lookout, 24 Mar. 1985, 
A.Moscal 10353 ("HO 143814); Hartz Mts Nat. Park, Lake 
Esperance area, 23 Jan. 2005, D.E. Murfet 4893 (“AD 178970, 
HO); Hartz Mts Nat. Park, Lake Esperance area, 23 Jan. 2005, 
D.E.Murfet 4594 (“AD 178971, HO); Mt Ben Lomond, near 
ski lodge area, 26 Jan. 2005, D.E. Murfet 4912 (SAD 178963, 
HO); Lake Dobson in the Mt Field Nat. Park, 22 Jan. 2006, 
D.E.Murfet 5184 (“AD 190697, HO); Lake Belcher/Belton 
walking trail, Mt Field Nat. Park, 22 Jan. 2006, D.E.Murfet 
5185 (*AD 190655, HO); Mt Wellington on saddle on way up 
from Mt Arthur, alt. 1180 m, 23 Jan. 2006, D.E.Murfet 5190 
(*AD 190792, HO); Mt Arthur, off Mt Wellington road near 
sharp bend, 23 Jan. 2006, D.E.Murfet 5191 (*AD 190791, 
HO); Ladies Tarn in the Hartz Mts Nat. Park, alt. 1000 m, 
24 Jan. 2006, D.E.Murfet 5196 (“AD 190654, HO); Hartz 
Mts Nat. Park, Ladies Tarn, 27 Dec. 2007, D.E.Murfet 5846 
(*AD 216591, HO); Mt Field Nat. Park, Lake Dobson, 28 
Dec. 2007, D.E.Murfet 5851 (*AD 216748, HO); Pine Lake 
on the Highland Lakes Highway, 31 Dec. 2007, D.E.Murfet 
5902 (“AD 216520, HO); Ben Lomond Nat. Park, Land of 
Little Sticks, 26 Mar. 1979, MG. Noble 28509 (*“HO 73420); 
Edge of Tarn, Wombat Moor, Mt Field Nat. Park, 26 Mar. 
1932, O.Rodway 104 (*HO 3311); Upper reaches of North 
West Bay River, Mt Wellington, 6 Feb. 2000, A.C. Rozefelds 
1626 (“HO 502869); Near Lake Dobson huts, Mt Field, 6 Jan. 
1978, J. M.B.Smith 246 (“HO 36364); N end of Tarn Shelf, Mt 
Field Nat. Park, 21 Mar. 2006, M Visoiu 176 (*HO 539027, 
mixed collection); Lake Augusta, 13 Feb. 2009, M Visoiu 
537, J.Balmer & M.Van Slageren (*HO 551187; Millennium 
Seedbank Voucher). 

Victoria: Mt Baw Baw, NE of Ski Village, 22 Jan. 1966, 
A.C. Beauglehole 15272 (MEL 538741A); Bogong High 
Plains, Watchbed Creek, 27 Jan. 1966, A.C. Beauglehole 15629 


16 


J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 27 (2014) 


(MEL 538743A); Mt Cope, 21 Feb. 1982, E.A.Chesterfield 
1609 (MEL 2130844A); Bogong High Plains, surroundings of 
Mt Nelse, alt. 1900 m, 13 Feb. 1958, M7. Eichler 14531 (“AD 
96105210); Bogong High Plains, Rocky Knobs, alt. 1800 m, 
3 Feb. 1958, AHj.Eichler s.n. (“AD 96105056); Alpine Nat. 
Park, Bogong High Plains, Head of Middle Creek, about 100 
m N of start of track to Cope Hut, alt. 1700 m, 18 Mar. 2009, 
J.A.Jeanes 2148 (MEL 2325711A); Mt Mueller, Gippsland, 
alt. 1540 m, s.dat., J.G.Luehmann s.n. & C.H.French Jr (MEL 
95997A); Bogong High Plains, Rocky Valley, alt. 1560 m, 20 
Jan. 1959, 7°B.Muir 704 (*AD 96435006); Bridge crossing on 
walk to Derrick Hut, S of Mt Lock, 2 Jan. 2005, D.E.Murfet 
4866 (*AD 178932, HO); Near Mt Cope on Bogong High 
Plains, 13 Jan. 2005, D.E.Murfet 4871 (“AD 178939, HO); 
Bogong High Plains, 20 Jan. 1936, R.7’Patton s.n. (MEL 
96023A); Mt Erica, s.dat., G. Weindorfer s.n. (MEL 580029A); 
Bogong High Plains. (c. 130 km SE of Wangaratta), s.dat., 
J.H. Willis s.n. (MEL 96024A); Echo Flat, Lake Mt, near 
Marysville, alt. 1480 m, 6 Dec. 1943, JH. Willis s.n. (MEL 
2217024A); Echo Flat, Lake Mt, c. 10 miles [16 km] NE of 
Marysville, alt. 1450 m, 25 Jan. 1948, JA. Willis s.n. (MEL 
95999A); Baw Baw Mts, 2 Jan. 1905 A.B.Williamson s.n. 
(MEL 620164A). 

New ZEALAND: Mt Sebastopol, Canterbury, 3 Feb. 
1946, G.TS. Bayliss s.n. (OTA); Devils Elbow Stream, Mt 
Cook, Canterbury, 11 Feb. 1968, A.M Buchanan s.n. (HO 
80813); Upper West Matakitaki River valley, 15 Jan. 1992, 
A.M.Buchanan 12263 (HO 538074); Near summit of Mt 
Whitecoomb, Umbrella Mts, 14 Dec. 1985, K...M. Dickinson 
& B.D.Race s.n. (*OTA); Little Pomohaka Headwater, 
Umbrella Ecology District, 6 Jan. 1986, K./.M Dickinson & 
B.D.Race s.n. (“OTA); Maungatua, Central Otago, 23 Mar. 
1985, J. Eason s.n. (*“OTA); Lammermoors, 20 Dec. 1977, D. 
Holdsworth s.n. (“OTA); Maungatua, Central Otago, s.dat., 
J.E.Holloway s.n. (OTA); Lewis Pass, Canterbury, 4 Jan. 
1968, PN.Johnson s.n. (“OTA); Red Mt, NW Otago, | Feb. 
1975, W.G.Lee & A.F-Mark s.n. (“OTA); Wiarau Valley, Red 
Hills, 30 Nov. 1972, W.G.Lee s.n. (*OTA); Maungatua, Central 
Otago, s.dat., A.B.Lloyd s.n. (*“OTA); Maungatua, Central 
Otago, s.dat., A.F’ Mark s.n. (OTA); Blue Mts, 31 Dec. 1964, 
A.F Mark s.n. (©OTA); Red Creek Barrier U, Pyke River , 9 
Dec. 1969, A.F! Mark s.n. ““OTA); Maungatua, Central Otago, 
Mar.1951, A.F!} Mark s.n. (OTA); Olivine Ledge, W. Otago, 
17 Feb. 1968, A.F! Mark s.n. (*OTA); Mueller Valley, Turnbull 
River, Mt Aspiring Nat. Park, 21 Jan. 1969, A.FiMark s.n. 
(*OTA); Mueller Valley, Turnbull River, Mt Aspiring Nat. 
Park, 21 Jan. 1969, A.F’} Mark s.n. (*“OTA); Upper Makarora 
Valley, Young Range, Mt Aspiring Nat Park, Fiordland, 9 Feb. 
1969, A.F! Mark s.n. (*OTA); Upper Aparima Valley, Takitimu 
Mts, N Southland, | Feb. 1971, A.FiMark s.n. (*OTA); 
Waitutu Forest, W Southland, 13.May 1985, A..F’ Mark s.n. 
(*“OTA); Lake Sylvester, NW Nelson, 17 Dec. 1967, A.F’ Mark 
& N.M.Adams s.n. (*OTA); Arthurs Pass, Arthurs Pass Nat. 
Park, 30 Dec. 1967, A.F’- Mark & N.M.Adams s.n. (*OTA); 
Borland Saddle, Hunter Mts, Fiordland, 7 Jan. 1968, 4.F’ Mark 
& N.M.Adams s.n. (“OTA); Key Summit, Fiordland, 10 Jan. 
1968, A.F’Mark & N.M.Adams s.n. (*“OTA); Mt Richmond, 
Two Thumb Range, Canterbury, | Jan. 1969, A.F’Mark & 
N.M.Adams s.n. (*OTA); Williamson Flat, Joe — Arawhata 
River, Mt Aspiring Nat. Park, Fiordland, 16 Jan. 1968, 
A.F. Mark & M.L.Burke s.n. (*OTA); Lake Tehafer, 27 Dec. 
1958, D. Scott s.n. “*OTA); Ajax Swamp, Catlins, SE Otago, 
29 July 1975, A. Mark, PH.Johnson & G.T:S.Bayliss s.n. 
(*OTA); Secretary Island, Feb. 1959, J Murray 4463 (*OTA)); 
Gardiners Rd area, 16 Feb. 1980, J F'West s.n. (*OTA); 
Gardiners Rd area, Glendhu, 16 Feb. 1980, ,FiWest s.n. 
(“OTA); 


J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 27 (2014) 


2. Drosera murfetii Lowrie & Conran, sp. nov. 

A Drosera arcturi foliis viridis et rubis, foliis basalis 

2—5, glabris, (1—) 3—5 (—12) longis, foliis distalis (0-) 

l—2 (—4), glandulosis, 3.5—21.7 cm longis, styliis 4-5; 

viridi-albis ad purpureo-ceriseis stigmata, semina 

(0.8—) 1-2 x (0.4) 0.6—I1 mm, differt. 

Typus: shores of Lake Esperance, Hartz Mountains, 

Tasmania, 43°13’44’S 146°467°14”E, alt. 1000 m, A. 

Lowrie 3181 & D.E. Murfet, 24 Jan 2006. — Holotypus: 

HO. Isotypi: PERTH; MEL, AD, NSW, distribuendi. 

Drosera arcturi auct. non Hook.: Marchant, FI. Austral. 8: 

54 (1982), pro parte; Lowrie, Carniv. Pl. Austral. 136 
(1998), pro parte; Morris, Fl. Tas. Online, Droseraceae 3 
(2009), pro parte. 


A cold tolerant, green, turning red with age or ex- 
posure, fibrous-rooted alpine perennial herb; rhizome 
1-5 (©10) cm long, covered with persistent dead leaf 
bases. Hibernaculum bud-like, derived from non- 
elandular basal leaf sheaths covering rhizome apex. 
Leaves at emergence 2—5, (1—) 3-5 (—12) x 0.5—1.5 cm, 
lanceolate, apically acute, glabrous; glandular leaves 
(OQ—) 1—2 (-4), linear to narrowly lanceolate-spathulate, 
loosely distichous, erect, 3.5—21.7 cm long, persisting 
after senescence; petioles stem-sheathing, 1.5—2.5 cm 
long, 0.8—1 mm wide at sheath apex, 1.5—2 mm wide 
at lamina, glabrous; lamina 22—55 (>75) x 2-6 mm, 
more or less linear to lanceolate or narrowly oblong, 
apex blunt to rounded, adaxial surface bearing large, 
sub-marginal insect-catching glands and smaller glands 
within, abaxial surface glabrous with a prominent 
midrib (occasional plants bear no trapping leaves at all). 
Inflorescence terminal, scapose, 1—4-flowered, 3-20 
cm long, 0.5—0.6 mm diam, glabrous, enclosed basally 
by leaf sheaths, persistent, prostrate after senescence. 
Flowers shortly pedicellate, erect in fruit; pedicels 1.5- 
12 mm long; floral bract subulate, 1-2 x 0.4—0.5 mm. 
Sepals greyish-green, 10-16 <x 2.3—2.5 mm, narrowly 
elliptic, adaxially concave, horizontal at anthesis, 
margins entire, apex obtuse, irregularly crenate, both 
surfaces glabrous. Petals white, 5-14 x 4-5 mm, 
obovate, entire, apex broadly rounded. Stamens 5, 6—7 
mm long, filaments white, anthers and pollen yellow. 
Ovary 7-8.5 x 4.2—5.1 mm, ellipsoid, green, ovules 
numerous. Styles 4—5, white, basally black, 0.8-2 x 
0.2—-0.3 mm (excluding stigmas), semi-erect, fusiform, 
flat in cross-section; stigmas greenish-white throughout 
most of its range or reddish-cerise (Hartz Mountains), 
+ reniform-peltate, 1.5-—2.5 x 0Q.5—0.6 mm, stigma 
adaxially papillate. Fruit ellipsoid, 7-11 x 4.5—7.7 mm. 
Seeds c. 80—90, dark brown, (0.8—) 1-2 x (0.4—) 0.6—1 
mm, irregularly lachrymoid to obovoid, + longitudinally 
flattened; funicle sulcate; testa minutely reticulate- 
foveolate, anticlinal cells walls sinuous. Giant alpine 
sundew. Figs. 3d-f, 8, 9. 


Etymology. The species is named in honour of Denzel 
Edwin Murfet (1957—), communications technician, 
amateur botanist, carnivorous plant, Stylidium and 
orchid enthusiast, who collected the species in the Hartz 
Range, Tasmania. 


17 


A new Drosera from Tasmania (Droseraceae) 


Bhd balts ize LIL Ee 


Fig. 8. Drosera murfetii. A plant; B lamina; C sepal; D petal; Egynoecium; 
F style and stigma, posterior view; G style and stigma, anterior view. 
scale bars: A 10 mm; B-D 5 mm; E-G 1 mm. — Drawn by A. Lowrie, 
2007, from type material (A.Lowrie 3187 & D.E.Murfet). 


Distribution and ecology. Widespread from sea-level 
to alpine areas of western and south-western Tasmania 
(Fig. 11) in wet heathlands, near the shores of tarns, 
and at higher altitudes, commonly grows in cushion 
plants (Donatia novae-zealandiae and Dracophyllum 
minimum), often alongside Drosera arcturi. 


Conservation status. Drosera murfetii throughout its 
range 1s common and not threatened. 


Flowering period. November—January, with a peak 
flowering period for D. murfetii observed by AL and DEM 
at the end of Dec. 2007 (during the snow-free season). 


Distinguishing characters. The morphologically most 
similar species to D. murfetii 1s D. arcturi, whose dis- 
tinguishing characters are given in parenthesis. Drosera 
murfetii 1s distinguished by having: green and red 
foliage (green to greenish-bronze, red or almost black) 
conspicuous, glabrous basal leaves, usually (1—) 3-5 
(—12) cm long above the soil surface (glabrous basal 
leaves absent or small, linear, mostly 3—12 mm long, but 
occasionally up to 27 mm); glandular leaves commonly 
1, sometimes 2, rarely up to 4, usually 3.5—8 cm long, 
but sometimes up to 21.7 cm long or longer (glandular 
leaves 3-12, 3-5 cm long, but sometimes up to 12 cm 


A. Lowrie & J.G. Conran 


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Fig. 9. Drosera murfetii in the Hartz Mountains, Tasmania. A plants showing broad glabrous basal leaves and few, erect trapping leaves; 
B close up of flower with white stigmas; C plant showing multiple flowers per scape; D close up of cerise stigma form. Scale bars: A, C 10 mm; 
B, D5 mm. — Photos: A. Lowrie. 


= 


long); styles 4—5 (styles 3-4); seeds (0.8—) 1—2 x (0.4—) 
0.6—1 mm (seeds 0.5—1 (—1.3) x 0.4—0.8 mm). 


Notes. Throughout its range, D. murfetii is more common 
than D. arcturi at lower elevations and particularly 
at or near sea level in south west Tasmania. Drosera 


J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 27 (2014) 


> . f \ A 
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18 


.* 


murfetii coexists with D. arcturi at higher elevations, 
where it commonly grows side by side with D. arcturi, 
sharing the same cushion plants. Despite extensive field 
explorations carried out by AL and DEM in Jan. 2005, 
Jan. 2006 and Dec. 2007 at several sites 1n south-west 
Tasmania, no intermediate forms were found in terms of 


J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 27 (2014) 


the possession of large glabrous leaves and few, erect 
(versus numerous, semi-erect) trapping leaves. 


Specimens examined (specimens marked * were used in 
the numerical analysis) 

TASMANIA: Moores Garden, 14 Jan. 1984, D.G.Adams 
41 (*HO 76650); 1 km NE of the W-most causeway on the 
S side of Lake Augusta, 5 Jan. 1971, W.R.Barker 1030 (FAD 
97114123); Ooze Lake, 31 Jan. 1981, A.Brown 221 (*HO 
327549); Head of D’Entrecasteaux River, 22 Mar. 1984, 
A.M. Buchanan 3039 (*HO 76816); Jubilee Range, 13 Jan. 
1985, A.M. Buchanan 5241 (*HO 120685); 2 km W of Granite 
Tor, 22 Jan. 1985, A.M. Buchanan 5469 (*HO 122115); Giblin 
River c. 7 km from mouth, 11 Jan. 1986, A.M. Buchanan 
7804 (*HO 405459); S ridge of Mt Gaffney, 14 Jan. 1986, 
A.M. Buchanan 7862 (“HO 405516); N peak of Mt Gaffney, 
14 Jan. 1986, A.M. Buchanan 7880 (*“HO 405532); SE ridge of 
the Lawson Range, 25 Jan. 1986, A.M. Buchanan 8107 (“HO 
404985); Low hills behind Coffin Bay, Port Davey, 5 Jan. 1987, 
A.M. Buchanan 9244 ("HO 405370); Ridge E of Deadmans 
Creek, 21 Jan. 1987, A.M. Buchanan 9761 ("HO 402904); 
Lake Ewart, 04 Feb. 1987, A.M Buchanan 9895 (HO 409074, 
mixed collection); Between Deadmans Bay and Lousy Bay, 
19 Jan. 1987, A.M. Buchanan 9638 (*HO 123668); Schnells 
Ridge, 27 Jan. 1998, A.M. Buchanan 15037 (HO 324160); Mt 
Read S side of summit, 21 Feb. 2008, 4. Buchanan 16916 
(HO 548612); Lake Dobson, Mt Field Nat. Park, 22 Jan. 1949, 
N.T-Burbidge 3259 (HO 3310); Darwin Plateau, 25 Dec. 
1984, P-Collier 220 (*HO 116495); Mt Field Nat. Park (Lake 
Belcher track, beyond saddle), 2 Feb. 1969, E.M Canning 
s.n. (“AD 97026096); Mt Solitary summit, 25 Mar. 1990, 
P.Collier 4641 ("HO 142923); Lake Dobson, Mt Field Nat. 
Park, 23 Jan. 1944, WMCurtis s.n. (‘HO 42666); Near 
Cradle Mt, along track to Artist Pool, 9 Jan. 1960, G.Ford s.n. 
(*AD 98204400); Denison Range, Reeds Peak area, 30 Nov. 
1978, C.Harwood s.n. (“HO 29560); Hamilton Range, 29 
Jan. 1977, S.J. Jarman s.n. (HO 411337); Propsting Range, 16 
Feb. 1977, S.J Jarman s.n. “(HO 410974); Mt Humboldt, 17 
Jan. 1978, S.J. Jarman s.n. (“HO 411973); Mt Rugby, 16 Feb. 
1978, S.J Jarman s.n. (HO 411018); Mt Lee, 3 Mar. 1978, 
S.J. Jarman s.n. (“HO 411087); Upper tributaries of the Giblin 
River, E of the Lawson Range, 31 Dec. 1978, S./.Jarman s.n. 
(*“HO 30472); Moth Creek, Bathurst Harbour, 31 Jan. 1962, 
H.J.King s.n. ("HO 3315); Melaleuca Creek, 31 Jan. 1929, 
F°'H.Long s.n. (HO 3323); Shores and surrounds of Lady Tarn, 
Hartz Mts, 27.Dec. 2007, A.Lowrie 3740 & D.E.Murfet (*AD, 
MEL, NSW, PERTH); Mt Lyell camp, Julia Creek, 8 Dec. 
1980, M.K.Macphail s.n. (“HO 37056); Hamilton Moraine, 
Basin Lake, 9 Dec. 1980, M.K.Macphail s.n. (“HO 37115); 
Jubilee Range, 8 Jan. 1985, A.Moscal 9187 (HO 97042); 
Jubilee Range, 13 Jan. 1985, A.Moscal 9255 (*HO 400964); 
Jubilee Range, 14 Jan. 1985, A.Moscal 9333 ("HO 95532); 
Jubilee Range, 16 Jan. 1985, A.Moscal 9372 (“HO 95146); 
Mulcahy River plain, 13 Jan. 1986, A.Moscal 11631 (*HO 
144694); Lawson Range, 25 Jan. 1986, A.Moscal 11944 
(*HO 402114); Wilson Bight, 13 Jan. 1987, A.Moscal 13935 
(*HO 409828); Hartz Mts Nat. Park, Lake Esperance area, 
23 Jan. 2005, D.E.Murfet 4894 & A.Lowrie (*AD 178971, 
HO); Lake Dobson in the Mt Field Nat. Park, 22 Jan. 2006, 
D.E.Murfet 5183 & A.Lowrie (“AD 190696, HO); 200 m 
from Ladies Tarn in the Hartz Mts Nat. Park, 24 Jan. 2006, 
D.E.Murfet 5192 & A.Lowrie (*AD 190794, HO); Ladies Tarn 
in the Hartz Mts Nat. Park, 24 Jan. 2006, D.E.Murfet 5195 
& A.Lowrie (*AD 190793, HO); Anthony Rd 8.3 km N of 
Zeehan Highway, 27 Jan. 2006, D.E.Murfet 5208 & A.Lowrie 
(*AD 190708, HO); Hartz Mts Nat. Park, Lake Esperance, 27 
Dec. 2007, D.E.Murfet 5843 & A.Lowrie (*AD 216534, HO); 


19 


A new Drosera from Tasmania (Droseraceae) 


Hartz Mts Nat. Park, Ladies Tarn, 27 Dec. 2007, D.E.Murfet 
5844 & A.Lowrie (*“AD 216536, HO); Mt Field Nat. Park, 
Lake Dobson, 28 Dec. 2007, D.E.Murfet 5850 & A.Lowrie 
(*AD 216513, HO); Queenstown, along Anthony Rd toward 
Tullah, 29 Dec. 2007, D.E.Murfet 5867 & A.Lowrie (*AD 
216515, HO); Hartz Mts, 29 Jan. 1938, A.M Olsen s.n. (*HO 
411530); Hartz Mts, 22 Jan. 1939, A.M. Olsen s.n. (“HO 
312393); Mt Wellington, 31 Dec. 1892, L.Rodway 190 (*HO 
3316); Twelvetrees Range, 12 Jan. 1980, D. Jan Morris 
8038 (HO 32596); Dove Lake, 31 Dec. 1908, L.Rodway 231 
(*HO 3312); Near Arve River, below hut, Hartz Mts, no date, 
J. Somerville s.n. (*HO 3313); Moth Creek, Bathurst Harbour, 
31 Jan. 1962, S.Stanier s.n. (“HO 3314); N end of Tarn Shelf, 
Mt Field Nat. Park, 21 Mar. 2006, M Visoiu 176 ("HO 539027, 
mixed collection); Sharlands Peak, Frenchmans Cap Nat. 
Park, 2 Jan. 1981, TJ. Wardlaw s.n. ("HO 541098); Charles 
Range, summit of Southern Peak, SW aspect, 17 Feb. 1987, 
J.M. Wells (?*HO 315576). 


Discussion 


Drosera arcturi occurs in the alpine regions of 
Victoria and New South Wales on the mainland of 
Australia, as well as Tasmania and New Zealand. 
The species is placed in subgenus Arcturia (Planch.) 
Schlauer [= Drosera section Psychophila auct. non. 
Planch. sensu Diels (1906) and Marchant et al. (1982)], 
along with D. murfetii. The New Zealand endemic 
Drosera stenopetala J.D.Hook and D. uniflora Willd. 
from southern South America are also traditionally 
included here (Diels 1906), but Culham (1993) found 
that pollen of D. arcturi was distinct from D. uniflora. 
This led Schlauer (1996) to transfer the latter to subgen. 
Ptycnostigma (Planch.) Drude, albeit with reservations 
on its placement. Although molecular studies also 
widely separated these two species, D. stenopetala was 
found to be sister to D. uniflora in an isolated lineage 
inside Drosera L. subgen. Drosera, rather than close 
to D. arcturi (Rivadavia et al. 2003, Yesson & Culham 
2006). The latter 1s instead sister to most of the genus, 
with only the isolated South African D. regia Stephens 
sitting below it in the phylogenetic tree of Cameron et 
al. (2002). 

Species concepts and taxon variability in Droseraceae 
vary considerably, with many taxa that are currently 
recognised at specific level within Australia (CHAH 
2008—) reduced 1n rank or placed into synonymy by some 
overseas researchers (Schlauer 1996, 2006—), largely 
due to differences in opinion on species definitions. 
Nevertheless, recent research on Drosera has found 
that there are generally more species than were thought 
previously within so-called species complexes, with 
the trend being to recognise more rather than fewer 
entities, usually as a result of detailed multi-character 
comparisons (e.g. Fleischmann et al. 2008, 2011; Riva- 
davia et al. 2009; Gonella et al. 2014). 

Cluster analysis and ordination is a standard method 
for the determination of morphometric variability within 
and between plant taxa (e.g. Stace 1989; Quinn & Keogh 
2002) and the technique was applied recently to the 
polymorphic Drosera peltata Thunb. complex (Gibson 


A. Lowrie & J.G. Conran 


SE Australia 


Melbourne 6 § 


on 9 Iasmania 


Drosera arcturi 


Fig. 10. Distribution map of Drosera arcturi. Map derived from AVH and 
specimens examined at AD, HO, MEL, OTA, and PERTH. 


et al. 2012). As with the present study, the use of multi- 
character comparisons including morphometrics, found 
that there were clear differences between the different 
entities in the complex, allowing the determination of 
exactly how many taxa there are for the group. 

When applied to D. arcturi, this approach shows 
that there are two discrete entities which differ in a 
range of features. Although D. murfetii is statistically 
significantly larger for nearly all measured features, 
there is still wide variability and overlap with D. arcturi 
for most of the size-related characteristics. Similarly, 
although the majority of D. arcturi specimens examined 
had three stigmas, while those of D. murfetii mostly had 
five, there were still plants in both taxa which possessed 
four. 

The most obvious difference between the two 
species relates to the possession of broad, glabrous non- 
trapping leaves. These were completely absent in D. 
arcturi, where, if there were still glabrous leaves present 
at anthesis, they were tiny linear structures, the leaves 
instead all being typical, mostly semi-erect to spreading 
Drosera glandular trapping leaves. In contrast, all the 
D. murfetii plants examined bore broad, obviously 
photosynthetic outer leaves with only 1—2 larger, erect, 
inner gland-bearing leaves, or in the case of ten plants 
examined, apparently no trapping leaves at all. These 
features, combined with the overlapping distributions 
of the plants in south-western Tasmania and absence in 
the field of any obvious intermediate plants for these 
features, even when both taxa are growing in mixed 
populations, support our conclusion that they represent 
discrete taxa at species level. 


Acknowledgements 


The Directors of herbaria AD, HO, MEL, OTA and 
PERTH are thanked for access to specimens, as are 
various Australian Botanical Liaison Officers at K. 
The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, 
Kew, and The Picture Library, The Natural History 
Museum, London, are thanked for providing images of 
Gunn’s and Brown’s collections. The School of Earth 
& Environmental Sciences is thanked for provision of 
facilities for some of this research. 


20 


J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 27 (2014) 


41 


-42 


-43 


Drosera murfetii 


-44 


143.9 144.5 145.9 


146.5 


147.5 148.5 


Fig. 11. Distribution map of D. murfetii. Map derived from AVH and 
specimens examined at AD and HO. 


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Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey). 


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Published by the 
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on behalf of the 
BOARD OF THE BOTANIC GARDENS AND STATE HERBARIUM 


© Board of the Botanic Gardens and State Herbarium, 
Adelaide, South Australia 


© Department of Environment, Water and Natural Resources, 
Government of South Australia 


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State Herbarium of South Australia 
PO Box 2732 
Kent Town SA 5071 
Australia 

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of South Australia 
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Journal of the Adelaide Botanic Gardens 27 (2014) 23-24 


© 2014 Board of the Botanic Gardens & State Herbarium (South Australia) 
© 2014 Department of Environment, Water & Natural Resources, Govt of South Australia 


New combinations for the Phillip Island wheat grass, 
Anthosachne kingiana subsp. kingiana (Poaceae) 


R. Govaerts 


Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Herbarium Building, Richmond TW9 3AE, United Kingdom 
E-mail: R.Govaerts@kew.org 


Abstract 


Phillip Island wheat grass has been known under many different scientific names. The taxon 
is now mostly placed in the genus Anthosachne Steud., following recent molecular phylogenetic 
data. Unfortunately no correct name 1s currently available under that genus which 1s rectified 
here. The new combinations Anthosachne kingiana (Endl.) Govaerts and Anthosachne kingiana 
subsp. multiflora (Banks & Sol. ex Hook.f.) Govaerts are made. 


Key words: nomenclature, new name, grass, Poaceae, Anothosachne, Phillip Island, 


Norfolk Island, Lord Howe Island, Australia. 


Introduction 


Since the early 1990’s I have maintained a database 
on plants recorded as being extinct. The entire database 
is not currently online, though the data feed into the 
World checklist of selected plant families (WCSP 
2014). Species recorded as being extinct are indicated 
with a dagger (1) after the relevant geographical code. 
When transferring the Phillip Island wheat grass from 
the genus Elymus L. to Anthosachne Steud., I noticed a 
nomenclatural problem, which I resolve in this paper. 

The Phillip Island wheat grass is a rare species listed 
as critically endangered in the Australian legislation 
protecting rare and endangered plants and animals under 
the name Elymus multiflorus subsp. kingianus (Endl.) de 
Lange & R.O.Gardner (Department of the Environment 
2014). Until recently, 1t was considered to be endemic to 
Phillip Island, off Norfolk Island, and was thought to be 
extinct together with the two other endemics, Hibiscus 
insularis Endl. and Streblorrhiza speciosa Endl., as 
nearly all the vegetation on the islet had been eaten 
by goats, pigs and rabbits. When these feral animals 
were removed, Phillip Island wheat grass was able to 
recolonize the area, and was rediscovered on Phillip 
Island in 1987 (Sykes & Atkinson 1988). The species 
has now also been found on Norfolk Island and Lord 
Howe Island (Green 1994: 469) and therefore can no 
longer be considered as being endemic to Phillip Island. 

After the removal of feral animals, the near-endemic 
Abutilon julianae Endl. also reappeared (Green 1994). 
This species was first described from Norfolk Island, 
but seems to have become extinct there a long time ago 
and can now only be found on Phillip Island. Another, 
previously unknown species, Achyranthes margaretarum 
de Lange (2001), was discovered recently, adding a third 
endemic species to the island. 


Published online: 29 May 2014 « flora.sa.gov.au/jabg 


At the species level Elymus multiflorus (Banks & 
Sol. ex Hook.f.) A.Léve & Connor is found in coastal 
eastern Australia (Connor 1990; de Lange et al. 2005). 
So it seems that the only true endemics to Phillip Island 
are Achyranthes margaretarum, Hibiscus insularis and 
Streblorrhiza speciosa, of which the last two are still 
considered to be extinct (Green 1994). 


Discussion 


The Phillip Island wheat grass was previously classi- 
fied within the genus E/ymus. Recent morphological and 
molecular studies (Barkworth & Jacobs 2011), however, 
have shown this taxon to be part of an Australasian 
eroup, distinct from Elymus, and the name Anthosachne 
has been resurrected to accommodate this group (Bark- 
worth & Jacobs 2011). 

When updating my personal database on plants 
recorded as being extinct, I noticed a problem with the 
newly published combination, Anthosachne multiflora 
(Banks & Sol. ex Hook.f.) C.Yen & J.L.Yang subsp. 
kingiana (Endl.) Barkworth & S.W.L.Jacobs. It seems 
that the basionym of the species name, dating from 
1853, is later than the basionym of the infraspecific 
name, which has priority from 1833, thus making the 
subspecies superfluous and illegitimate (ICN Art. 52.1; 
McNeill et al. 2012). This error seems to have started 
when Connor published the name Elymus multiflorus 
(Banks & Sol. ex Hook.f.) A.Léve & Connor var. 
kingianus (Endl.) Connor (Connor 1990), rather than 
making the combination under Elymus kingianus, and 
was perpetuated thereafter. This is hereby corrected. 


Nomenclature 


Anthosachne kingiana (Endl.) Govaerts, comb. nov. 


Triticum kingianum Endl., Prodr. Fl. Norfolk. 21 (1833). 
— Festuca kingiana (Endl.) Steud., Syn. Pl. Glumac. 1: 


ISSN 0313-4083 (Print) * ISSN 2201-9855 (Online) 


R. Govaerts 


316 (1854). — Agropyron kingianum (Endl.) Petrie ex 
Laing, Trans. & Proc. New Zealand Inst. 47: 18 (1915). 
— Elymus kingianus (Endl.) A.L6ve, Feddes Repert. 95: 
469 (1984). — Elymus multiflorus var. kingianus (Endl.) 
Connor, Kew Bull. 45: 680 (1990), nom. superfl. — 
Elymus multiflorus subsp. kingianus (Endl.) de Lange & 
R.O.Gardner, New Zealand J. Bot. 43: 571 (2005), nom. 
superfl. — Anthosachne multiflora subsp. kingiana (Endl.) 
Barkworth & S.W.L.Jacobs, Telopea 13: 50 (2011), nom. 
superfl. 


Anthosachne kingiana (Endl.) Govaerts subsp. 
Kingiana 


This is the correct name for the subspecies from 
Norfolk, Phillip and Lord Howe Islands, commonly 
known as the Phillip Island wheat grass. 


Anthosachne kingiana subsp. multiflora (Banks & 
Sol. ex Hook.f.) Govaerts, comb. nov. 


Triticum multiflorum Banks & Sol. ex Hook.f., Bot. 
Antarct. Voy. II (Fl. Nov.-Zel.) 1: 311 (1853). — Agro- 
pyron multiflorum (Banks & Sol. ex Hook.f.) Kirk ex 
Hack. in Cheeseman, Man. New Zealand FI.: 921 (1906). 
— Agropyron kirkii Zotov, Trans. & Proc. Roy. Soc. 
New Zealand 73: 233 (1943), nom. superfl. — Elymus 
multiflorus (Banks & Sol. ex Hook.f.) A.L6ve & Connor, 
New Zealand J. Bot. 20: 183 (1982). — Anthosachne 
multiflora (Banks & Sol. ex Hook.f.) C.Yen & J.L.Yang, 
Xiao mai zu sheng wu xi tong xue 3: 232 (2006). 


This is the correct name for the subspecies from 
south-eastern Australia and New Zealand, commonly 
known as the short-awned wheat grass. 


24 


J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 27 (2014) 


References 


Barkworth, M.E. & Jacobs, S.W.L. (2011). The Triticeae 
(Gramineae) in Australasia. Telopea 13(1—2): 37-56. 

Connor, H.E. (1990). Elymus (Gramineae) on Norfolk Island. 
Kew Bulletin 45: 680. 

de Lange, P.J. & Murray, B.G. (2001). A new Achyranthes 
(Amaranthaceae) from Phillip Island, Norfolk Island 
eroup, South Pacific Ocean. New Zealand Journal of 
Botany 39: 1|-8. 

Department of the Environment (2014). Elymus multiflorus 
subsp. kingianus. In: Species profile and threats database. 
(Department of the Environment: Canberra). http://www. 
environment. gov.au/cgi-bin/sprat/public/publicspecies. 
pl?taxon 1d=82413 [Accessed: 8 Mar. 2014]. 

Green, P.S. (1994). Flora of Australia, vol. 49: Oceanic islands 
I, (Australian Government Publishing Service: Canberra). 

McNeill, J., Barrie, F.R., Buck, W.R., Demoulin, V., Greuter, 
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bourne Code). (Koeltz Scientific Books: K6nigstein). 
[Regnum Vegetabile 154]. 

Sykes, W.R. & Atkinson, I.A.E. (1988). Rare and endangered 
plants of Norfolk Island. (Botany Division, Department 
of Scientific and Industrial Research, New Zealand: 
Christchurch). 

WCSP (2014). World checklist of selected plant families. 
(Royal Botanic Gardens: Kew, Richmond). http://apps. 
kew.org/wesp/ [Accessed: 25 Apr. 2014]. 


J OQURNAL of the 
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Published by the 
STATE HERBARIUM OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA 
on behalf of the 
BOARD OF THE BOTANIC GARDENS AND STATE HERBARIUM 


© Board of the Botanic Gardens and State Herbarium, 
Adelaide, South Australia 


© Department of Environment, Water and Natural Resources, 
Government of South Australia 


All rights reserved 


State Herbarium of South Australia 
PO Box 2732 
Kent Town SA 5071 
Australia 

Board of the 
Botanic Gardens and 
Reit State Herbarium 


of South Australia 
Department of Environment, 
Water and Natural Resources 


Journal of the Adelaide Botanic Gardens 27 (2014) 25-34 


Three new species of, and realignments in, 
Rhododendron sect. Schistanthe (Ericaceae) 


L.A. Craven ft 


Australian National Herbarium, CSIRO Plant Industry, G.P.O. Box 1600, 
Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601 


Abstract 


Three new species are described, two from Sulawesi and one from New Guinea: Rhododendron 
dissilistellatum Craven, R. gumineense Craven and R. torajaense Craven. The circumscriptions of 
R. seranicum J.J.Sm. sensu Argent, R. radians J.J.Sm. sensu Argent & Sleumer, and R. javanicum 
(Blume) Benn. sensu Argent are considered to be excessively broad and the taxonomy of these 
three species 1s amended. One new name and six new combinations resulting from realignments 
in taxonomic status are proposed: R. biappendiculatum Craven, R. cladotrichum (Sleumer) 
Craven, R. cockburnii (Argent, A.Lamb & Phillipps) Craven, R. extraneum (Sleumer) Craven, 
R. kinabaluense (Argent, A.Lamb & Phillipps) Craven, R. minahasae (Sleumer) Craven, R. pala- 


© 2014 Board of the Botanic Gardens & State Herbarium (South Australia) 
© 2014 Department of Environment, Water & Natural Resources, Govt of South Australia 


wanense (Argent) Craven. 


Keywords: 


Rhododendron, Rhododendron sect. 


Schistanthe, vireya rhododendrons, 


Ericaceae, new species, realignments, taxonomy, Malesia 


Introduction 


Fieldwork in support of the doctoral research of 
Gillian Brown (School of Botany, The University of 
Melbourne, and CSIRO Plant Industry, Canberra) into 
the morphological systematics of Rhododendron sect. 
Schistanthe Schltr. (at that time called sect. Vireya 
(C.B.Clarke) H.F.Copel.) was undertaken in Sulawesi, 
Indonesia, in 2002 (see also Brown 2004, 2006a, 
2006b). During the fieldwork, several collections of 
non-fertile plants were made and living material (seed 
or cuttings) was obtained of these in order to grow them 
on to flowering, at which point the plants could then be 
identified. In several other cases, herbarium collections 
were identified to a preliminary point only and detailed 
investigations into their identity were not then made. 

The identification of the Sulawesi collections has 
recently been revisited and I have concluded that the 
taxonomy of R. radians J.J.sm. sensu Argent (2006) 
and Sleumer (1966), and of R. javanicum (Blume) 
Benn. sensu Argent (2006) is unsatisfactory. The diffe- 
rences between the several taxa included in these two 
species are as great as the differences between other 
taxa accepted as “good” species by these two authors. 
Accordingly, realignments in the taxonomy of these 
two species and of R. seranicum J.J.Sm. sensu Argent 
(2013) are proposed below. Notwithstanding any 
possible interpretation to the contrary, all the new 
species in the present contribution are accepted as 
species insofar as the provisions of the /nternational 


‘The author passed away on 11 July 2014, three weeks after 
submitting the final version of this paper. — Editor. 


Published online: 21 Aug. 2014 ¢ flora.sa.gov.au/jabg 


Code of Nomenclature (McNeill et al. 2012) relating to 
acceptance of taxa by their authors are concerned. 

Based upon studies of several DNA _ sequences 
conducted in the Benjamin D. Hall laboratory, Seattle, 
USA, Goetsch et al. (2011) published an inferred 
phylogeny of sect. Schistanthe. This research was 
used as the basis for proposing a new classification of 
Schistanthe (Craven et al. 2011). An important finding 
of the phylogenetic research was that there was no 
support for the formal recognition of subsections which 
are now known to be artificial assemblages of species 
with certain common morphological traits. In the newly 
proposed classification, the subsections are treated as 
informal groups. The advantage of this approach 1s that 
the informal groups, which can be keyed, are useful for 
identificatory purposes. In the text below, the names of 
the informal groups are given in Roman font. 

It is worth noting in the context of taxon recognition 
in the present discussion that Sleumer (1966) apparently 
used the rank ‘variety’ when he was uncertain of the 
status of the entity involved (Argent 2006: 6). In other 
words, when Sleumer was uncertain as to whether or not 
an entity should be recognised at species rank or perhaps 
even not recognised at all, he ranked it as a variety. This 
led to his including taxa of uncertain acceptance within 
a “good” species, the expanded circumscription thus 
making that species itself of uncertain status. Argent 
(2006) has used the ranks of variety and subspecies in 
infraspecific taxonomies, but has not given a rationale 
for their application. In some cases he apparently has 
followed Sleumer in using the rank variety, e.g., for R. 
radians (see below). 


ISSN 0313-4083 (Print) * ISSN 2201-9855 (Online) 


L.A. Craven 


Taxonomy 


1. On the Euvireya group in western 
Malesia and Sulawesi 


1.1. Rhododendron javanicum sensu Argent (2006) 


Argent (2006) adopted a very broad circumscription 
for R. javanicum, one that 1s difficult to justify and 
that was criticised by Craven (2007). One significant 
issue 1s that there is no character state or combination 
of character states that uniquely defines the species R. 
jJavanicum sensu Argent. In fact, if one accepts that the 
summed character states of R. javanicum sensu Argent 
circumscribe a species of sect. Schistanthe then at 
least several other species accepted by Argent as being 
distinct species of the section would have to be included 
within his concept of R. javanicum. 

It seems the taxa mentioned with respect to the 
discussion of R. javanicum sensu Argent (2006) are 
probably closely related; in Goetsch et al. (2011), clade 
4 consists of western Malesian species that include 
several of the treated or mentioned taxa. It is pertinent 
also to note that within clade 4, R. brookeanum H.Low 
ex Lindl. and R. javanicum are in different, strongly 
supported clades, thus supporting Sleumer (1966) who 
maintained these two as distinct species. 

Very little is known about the extent of sympatry 
within this group of species, which is unfortunate, as 
biotic sympatry can be a powerful indicator of genetic 
distinctness. Sleumer (1966) indicates that R. teysmannii 
Mig. and R. javanicum rarely occur in biotic sympatry, 
which 1s evidence they are reproductively isolated. 

Several characters that are diagnostic for the 
western Malesian sect. Schistanthe species included 
by Argent (2006) in R. javanicum are listed in Table 
1, with the relevant states indicated for each taxon as 
far as the states can be determined. The character states 
predominantly have been taken from Argent (2006) and 
Sleumer (1966), supplemented with data from Callard 
(2014), protologues and personal observations. Where 
a state was not given by Argent (2006) or Sleumer 
(1966) for one of the infraspecific taxa they treated, 
but those authors indicated that the infraspecific taxon 
was morphologically the same as the autonymic, infra- 
specific taxon except for particular, designated features, 
the applicable state of a character has been determined 
by inference. Typically branchlets of taxa within the 
complex are scaly and lack hairs, but when Sleumer 
(1966) and/or Argent (2006) state that an organ 1s 
glabrous it is interpreted as there being neither scales 
nor hairs. Characters that I consider to be valuable for 
characterising species include leaf arrangement, leaf 
lamina anatomy, outer perulae shape, corolla form, 
ovary surface and the ovary-style interface. 

The leaves of Rhododendron species are spirally 
arranged on each seasonal growth flush, either pseudo- 
whorled or dispersed, and the possession of one or other 
of these two latter states 1s diagnostic. Occasionally, a 


26 


J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 27 (2014) 


species, in which the pseudowhorled condition is the 
usual state, may have dispersed leaves on a particularly 
vigorous growth or “water shoot” but this axis reverts 
to the pseudowhorled condition once the abnormally 
vigorous growth has slowed. Taxa which always 
possess the dispersed state are R. kinabaluense (Argent, 
A.Lamb & Phillipps) Craven, R. palawanense (Argent) 
Craven and R. schadenbergii Warb., the remainder 
have pseudowhorled leaves, with the exception of 
R. moultonii Ridl., in which the leaves are in an 
intermediate pseudowhorled-dispersed state. 

Leaf lamina anatomy is an especially interesting 
feature. In R. javanicum, the leaves of fresh material are 
relatively thin and the primary (the major lateral) veins 
are distinct; the leaves appear “dryish” when snapped. 
In some other taxa, such as R. brookeanum and R. 
kinabaluense, the leaves are thickened and the primary 
veins are obscured, apparently by being more or less 
immerged within the lamina; the leaves of fresh material 
appear “subfleshy” when snapped. The “subfleshy” 
leaves apparently are, to one extent or another, sunken 
between the primary veins and can perhaps be best 
described as “puckered”. The “dryish” leaves are flat 
between the primary veins. The subfleshy, puckered leaf 
type is well shown in photographs in Argent (2006: 246, 
R. brookeanum, & 247, R. cockburnii). The dryish leaf 
type is depicted well in Callard (2014: Species Gallery, 
as Rhododendron javanicum subsp. Javanicum). 

Anatomical studies underway at the Erik Nilsen 
laboratory at Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, will demonstrate 
the structural differences between the two leaf types 
and provide answers as to whether or not distribution 
of these leaf anatomies within Euvireya are congruent 
with the phylogenetic clades recovered by Goetsch et 
al. (2011) (E. Nilsen, personal communication). As it 1s 
of particular interest to those interested in physiological 
adaptations and as many sect. Schistanthe species are 
epiphytic, one hopes the Nilsen lab will also consider 
the potential significance of the subfleshy leaf anatomy 
to such aspects as water management. My impression 1s 
that these leaf features reflect major genetic differences, 
possibly indicating separate evolutionary paths, and 
therefore should be acknowledged in classification 
by distinct, specific-level, taxonomic recognition as 
opposed to uncritical “lumping”’. 

The shape of the outer perulae (inflorescence bud 
scales) and the nature of any indumentum also are 
valuable in species delimitation. Unfortunately, because 
of their essential ephemeral nature these usually are not 
available on herbarium specimens and data are only 
directly available for R. brookeanum and R. javanicum 
— collectors usually only collect rhododendrons when 
they are in flower, by which time the perulae have 
largely fallen, and non-insightful collectors usually do 
not collect buds. The corolla of all taxa is funnel-shaped, 
with the exception of R. cockburnii, in which the corolla 
is tubular-funnel-shaped with a constriction in the tube. 
Surface features of the ovary, whether scaly, hairy or 


Rhododendron sect. Schistanthe (Ericaceae) 


J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 27 (2014) 


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2 


L.A. Craven 


elabrous, are useful and easily scored. Generally, the 
particular states are consistent within a taxon, but in R. 
gracile and R. teysmannii hairs may be present or absent 
and in R. palawanense the ovary may be glabrous or 
scaly. Another useful feature involving the style is the 
ovary/style interface. The ovary may taper gradually to 
the style or may taper abruptly and apparently this is a 
difference between R. javanicum, in which the ovary 
tapers to the style, and R. brookeanum, in which it more 
or less abruptly tapers to the style. 

There are other characters, the states of which have 
diagnostic value, such as flower orientation (erect, sem1- 
erect, spreading, semipendulous, etc.), inflorescence 
shape (domed or flat), anther colour (yellowish or 
dark reddish/purple) and pollen colour (at least grey 
or cream), that could be used for circumscribing the 
species, but data are not available for sufficient taxa to 
include them in Table 1. Assessment of inflorescence 
shape is difficult when a plant is not flowering to 
the maximum of its potential; reduced nourishment, 
reduced vigour, etc., can result in the production of flat 
inflorescences instead of the usual domed inflorescences 
that that genotype may produce when in a state of 
optimal vigour. 

The name R. brookeanum var. extraneum Sleumer 
is not mentioned by Argent (2006), neither in the index 
nor in the text dealing with the R. javanicum complex. 
This is not just an isolated instance of a name either not 
appearing in Argent’s book or not being satisfactorily 
accounted for; it happens quite frequently. Surprisingly, 
Argent has not even included some of his own names, 
such as R. brookeanum subsp. brookeanum var. kina- 
baluense (Argent, A.Lamb & Phillipps) Argent, R. 
brookeanum subsp. gracile (Lindl.) Argent, and several 
others relevant to the present discussion as far as their 
taxonomic and/or nomenclatural status 1s concerned. 

Having considered the variation recorded for the 
taxa listed in Table 1 together with variation in other 
organs such as leaf lamina shape and size, etc., I believe 
the taxonomy of this complex is best resolved with all 
the taxa being accepted at species rank, as listed below. 
The species can be identified using the keys in Argent 
(2006: 234-237), with the exception of R. extraneum 
(see below). 

Additional synonyms are given under the relevant 
taxa in Argent (2006) and Sleumer (1966). 


R. brookeanum H.Low ex Lindl. 


J. Hort. Soc. London 3: 823 (1848). — R. javanicum 
subsp. brookeanum (H.Low ex Lindl.) Argent & Phillipps, 
Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 85: 15 (1982). 


Notes. Rhododendron brookeanum may be distinguished 
from R. javanicum sensu stricto by the puckered leaf 
lamina; the ovate subacuminate, glabrous outer perulae; 
and the ovary more or less abruptly tapering to the style. 
In R. javanicum the leaf lamina is flat; the outer perulae 
are broadly ovate, shortly subulate-mucronate, glabrous; 
and the ovary tapers to the style. 


28 


J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 27 (2014) 


R. cladotrichum (Sleumer) Craven, comb. et stat. nov. 


Basionym: Rk. brookeanum var. cladotrichum Sleumer, 
Reinwardtia 5: 224 (1960). — R. javanicum subsp. 
cladotrichum (Sleumer) Argent, Rhododendrons of 
subgenus Vireya 247 (2006). 


Notes. Sleumer (1966) separated R. cladotrichum 
(as var. cladotrichum) from R. brookeanum (as var. 
brookeanum) by the branchlets being hairy and the 
leaf lamina midrib being densely short-hairy on both 
surfaces in R. cladotrichum and the branchlets and leaf 
lamina being glabrous in Rk. brookeanum. 


R. cockburni (Argent, A.Lamb & Phillipps) Craven, 
comb. et stat. nov. 
Basionym: R. javanicum subsp. cockburnii Argent, 
A.Lamb & Phillipps, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh, 
42: 113 (1984). — R. brookeanum subsp. cockburnii 
(Argent, A.Lamb & Phillipps) Argent, Edinburgh J. Bot. 
52: 364 (1995). 


Notes. The pseudowhorled leaves, the subfleshy and 
puckered leaf lamina and the corolla with its constricted 
tube are diagnostic for the species. The corolla is 
depicted in Argent (2006: 247, as R. javanicum subsp. 
cockburnii). 


R. extraneum (Sleumer) Craven, comb. et stat. nov. 


Basionym: R. brookeanum var. extraneum Sleumer, 
Reinwardtia 5: 225 (1960). 


Notes. Rhododendron extraneum was treated by 
Sleumer (1966) as a variety within R. brookeanum. 
Rhododendron extraneum occurs on Sumatra whereas 
the other three of the four infraspecific taxa of R. 
brookeanum sensu Sleumer (1966) are from Borneo. It 
may well be that the present taxon fell into Sleumer’s 
“uncertain status” category, discussed above, and he 
placed it as a variety within R. brookeanum. The two 
specimens of R. extraneum in L, Meyer 4582 (the type) 
and Meyer 5390, cannot be keyed to a taxon in Argent’s 
key to sect. Euvireya sensu Argent (F. Adema, personal 
communication) and this supports its status as a distinct 
species. 

Sleumer (1966) separated this taxon from R. gracile 
(as var. gracile) on the basis of the leaf lamina being 
narrowly ovate and the corolla being 5 (—6) cm long in 
R. gracile and the leaf lamina being narrowly ovate- 
oblong and the corolla being 4 (—5) cm long in R. 
extraneum. 


R. gracile H.Low ex Lindl. 


J. Hort. Soc. London 3: 84, fig. (1848). — R. brookeanum 
var. gracile (H.Low ex Lindl.) Henslow, J. Roy. Hort. 
Soc. 13: 261, f. 42 (fol.), 43a (i1.) (1891). — R. javanicum 
subsp. gracile (H.Low ex Lindl.) Argent, A.Lamb & 
Phillipps, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh, 42: 114 
(1984). — R. brookeanum subsp. gracile (H.Low ex 
Lindl.) Argent, Edinburgh J. Bot. 52: 364 (1995). 


Notes. Fide Argent et al. (1984) the leaf lamina is 
smooth, not puckered, and up to 3.5 cm wide. The 
species 1S well depicted in Argent (2006: 247, as R. 


J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 27 (2014) 


Javanicum subsp. gracile). Argent (1995) considered the 
taxon as “clearly requiring at least subspecific status”’. 


R. Javanicum (Blume) Benn. 


Pl. Jav. Rar. 85 (1838), excl. t. 19, which 1s R. teysmannii 
fide Sleumer (1966). — Vireya javanica Blume, Buydr. FI. 
Ned. Ind. 15: 854 (1826). 


Notes. See under R. brookeanum for the differences 
between these two species. 


R. kinabaluense (Argent, A.Lamb & Phillipps) 

Craven, comb. et stat. nov. 

Basionym: R. javanicum var. kinabaluense Argent, 
A.Lamb & Philltpps, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh, 
42: 113 (1984). — R. brookeanum var. kinabaluense 
(Argent, A.Lamb & Phillipps) Argent, Edinburgh J. Bot. 
52: 363 (1995). — R. javanicum subsp. kinabaluense 
(Argent, A.Lamb & Phillipps) Argent, Rhododendrons of 
subgenus Vireya 248 (2006). 


Notes. Rhododendron kinabaluense 1s characterised by 
its dispersed leaves, puckered leaf lamina, and appressed 
and often emarginate outer perulae. 


R. moultoniu Ridl. 


J. Straits Br. Roy. As. Soc. 63: 61 (1912). — R. javanicum 
subsp. moultonii (Ridl.) Argent, Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 85: 16 
(1982). — R. brookeanum var. moultonii (Ridl.) Argent, 
Edinburgh J. Bot. 52: 364 (1995). 


Notes. This species 1s characterised by the intermediate, 
dispersed-pseudowhorled arrangement of its leaves, the 
puckered leaf lamina, and the ovary abruptly tapering to 
the style. 


R. palawanense (Argent) Craven, comb. et stat. nov. 


Basionym: R. javanicum subsp. palawanense Argent, 
Gard. Bull. Singapore 56: 90 (2004). 


Notes. Rhododendron palawanense 1s _ characterised 
by the dispersed leaves, flat leaf lamina, acute (never 
emarginate) outer perulae, and grey pollen. 


R. schadenbergii Warb. 


in Perkins, Fragm. Fl. Philippines 172 (1905). — R. java- 
nicum var. schadenbergii (Warb.) Sleumer, Reinwardtia 5: 
195 (1960). — R. javanicum subsp. schadenbergii (Warb.) 
Argent, Edinburgh J. Bot. 52: 364 (1995). 


Notes. Rhododendron schadenbergii 1s characterised 
by the dispersed leaves, apparently flat leaf lamina, and 
cream pollen. Argent (1995) comments that this plant 
“warrants at least subspecific status’. 


R. teysmanni Miq. 


FI. Ned. Ind., Eerste Biyv. 3: 585 (1861). — R. javanicum 
var. teysmannii (Migq.) King & Gamble, J. As. Soc. Bengal 
74: 75 (1905). — R. javanicum subsp. teysmannii (Miq.) 
Argent, Rhododendrons of subgenus Vireya 249 (2006). 


Notes. This species is characterised by the flat leaf 
lamina, the very commonly hairy pedicels, and the 
more or less densely pubescent ovary. As noted above, 
R. teysmannii and R. javanicum may occur in biotic 
sympatry which is evidence in support of their being 
distinct species. 


29 


Rhododendron sect. Schistanthe (Ericaceae) 


1.2. Anew name for Rhododendron seranicum subsp. 
sparsthirtum 


Rhododendron biappendiculatum Craven, nom. et 
Stat. nov. 
Replaced synonym: R. seranicum J.J.Sm. subsp. sparsi- 


hirtum Argent, Rhododendrons, camellias and magnolias 
2013, 127 (2013) (as sparsihirtus). 


Notes. Rhododendron seranicum subsp. sparsihirtum 
was distinguished from subsp. seranicum on the basis of 
it having hairs at the base of the filaments, on the disk 
and inside the corolla towards the base (Argent 2013). 
Argent also noted that the Binney plant, which is the 
type accession and the only specimen cited by Argent, 
“superficially looks identical to the other accessions of 
R. seranicum from Sulawesi, only on dissection of the 
flowers can the distinguishing hairs be seen” (Argent 
2013). 

The following material also originated from the 
Gunung Sojol complex in Sulawesi: A.Rouse s.n., 
Australia, Victoria, cultivated in Hawthorn East, 20 
July 2012 (CANB) [provenance: Indonesia, Sulawesi 
Tengah, the western lower slopes of the Gunung Sojol 
complex, on Tinombo-Sipatoh path, open steep grassy 
slope, leg. L.A. Craven, 23 July 2002, living material 
only collected]. This material must have been collected 
very close to, if not from the same, population from 
which living material was collected by David Binney, 
as, at the time of our visit in 2002, there was only the 
one path from the last village, Sipatoh; this was used 
by rattan harvesters, etc., to access the Gunung Sojol 
massif. The Binney-collected material subsequently 
afforded the type specimen of subsp. sparsihirtum. 
The Rouse material differs in several particulars from 
R. seranicum, as that species was circumscribed by 
Sleumer (1966). Sleumer noted that a slightly differing 
specimen, 1.e., to R. seranicum in the Moluccas, had 
been collected from Sulawesi, but, as he gave the 
distribution of R. seranicum as being the Moluccas only, 
it can confidently be taken that his 1966 description 
and concept of the species is based upon Moluccan 
specimens only. The Rouse collection differs from 
R. seranicum sensu Sleumer in at least the following: 
the indumentum features noted by Argent (2013); the 
biappendiculate anthers (blunt or minutely apiculate 
in Rk. seranicum); the narrowly oblong-obovoid ovary, 
brownish when dry (oblong-conical, blackish when 
dry in R. seranicum); and the pedicels not, or scarcely, 
widened at the apex (thickened at apex in R. seranicum). 

Argent (2013) also stated that the Gunung Sojol 
plant 

agrees quite closely to R. javanicum ssp. schadenbergii 
(Warb.) Argent a Philippine sub-species that was recorded 
from Manado in the north of Sulawesi (Sleumer, 1960). 
However the plants from Sulawesi have much shorter 
anthers than 1s recorded for R. javanicum ssp. schadenbergii 


from the Philippines and it seems safer for the present to 
keep that subspecies restricted to the Philippines. 


L.A. Craven 


It seems therefore that an association of the Gunung 
Sojol plant with the plant from the Moluccas may not be 
so strong that its inclusion within the circumscription of 
R. seranicum is the best possible taxonomic disposition 
for the Gunung Sojol plant. Given the several differences 
between the two plants noted above, and given that 
additional differences may be discovered in future (no 
material from the Moluccas has been available to me and 
I have relied on the data in Argent (2013) and Sleumer 
(1966), and that obtainable from the Rouse collection in 
CANB), my conclusion is that the Gunung Sojol plant 
should be recognised as a distinct species. 

The epithet sparsihirtum 1s not especially appropriate 
at species rank in sect. Schistanthe given that many of its 
species, when hairy, are sparsely so and for that reason a 
new name is given. Although Sleumer (1966) indicates 
that a tendency towards the appendiculate condition 
may be present in R. seranicum, the biappendiculate 
anthers in the Gunung Sojol plant are a striking feature. 


1.3. A new species from Sulawesi 


Rhododendron torajaense Craven, sp. nov. 


From R. rhodopus Sleumer it differs in the coriaceous, 
acuminate leaf lamina; the weakly sweet-fragrant flowers; 
the corolla being 45-50 mm long including the lobes; 
and the anthers being 3 mm long. In R. rhodopus the 
leaf lamina is obtusely acuminate to narrowly acute and 
cartilaginous, the flowers are strongly feijoa fruit-scented, 
the corolla 1s 65—79 mm long including the lobes, and the 
anthers are 6 mm long. 

Holotypus: Indonesia, Sulawesi Selatan, Tana Toraja, 
Batutumonga, on way to Gunung Sesean, Lat. 02° 54’ 
32” N, Long. 119° 53’ 02” E, alt. 1359 m, 12 July 2002, 
G.Brown, L.Craven & L.Juswara 78 (BO). Isotypus: 
CANB. 


Shrub to | m tall. Branchlets glabrescent (initially 
moderately densely scaly), c. 2.5-4 mm in diameter. 
Leaves 4—6-whorled (on vigorous growth the pseudo- 
whorls loose with the proximal leaves discretely 
inserted). Leaf lamina narrowly elliptic, elliptic, narrow- 
ly ovate or ovate, 85—170 x 35—75 mm, base cuneate to 
rounded, apex acuminate, margin subrevolute; abaxially 
and adaxially with moderately dense sessile scales with 
the rim irregular (but not incised) and with a raised 
centre; midrib prominent abaxially, adaxially prominent 
proximally and becoming slightly impressed towards the 
apex, lateral veins distinct, 8-14 per side. Petiole 12—277 
mm long. /nflorescence a 7—8-flowered umbel, flowers 
erect to spreading. Pedicel 14-22 mm long. Calyx 
obsolete. Corolla short-salverform, 45-50 mm long 
including the lobes, white, weakly sweet-fragrant, tube 
28-30 mm long, lobes 17—20 mm long and spreading 
at right angles to the tube, sparsely scaly outside and 
with or without pubescent hairs on the very proximal 
region of the tube. Stamens 10, unequal in length, 
slightly exserted; filaments 30-35 mm long, densely 
pubescent-hairy for the proximal c. 2/3 and glabrous 
above; anthers oblong, c. 3 mm long. Disk densely 
hairy. Ovary narrowly fusiform, 11—12 mm long, scaly 


30 


J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 27 (2014) 


Fig. 1. Rhododendron torajaense. Cultivated at the Rhododendron 
species Botanic Garden, Washington, USA. Photo: Hank Helm. 


and very densely hairy; style c. 18 mm long, exserted to 
c. 8 mm, densely hairy excepting the glabrous distal c. 4 
mm; stigma subdiscoid, c. 3.5 mm in diameter. Fruit not 
available. Fig. 1. 


Distribution and ecology. Indonesia, Sulawesi Selatan, 
Tana Toraja, on way to Gunung Sesean, Batutumonga, 
Lat. 02° 54’ 32” N, Long. 119° 53’ 02” E, alt. 1359 m, 
on a disturbed roadside bank. Only known from one 
wild location. 


Conservation status. This species is best given the 
conservation status Vulnerable according to the criteria 
of the IUCN Red List (UCN 2012), although, as the 
necessary surveys have not been undertaken, Data 
Deficient would also be applicable. The type collection, 
the only collection seen, was made in the village of Ba- 
tutumonga. The Batutumonga region is much disturbed 
with rainforest in the area above the village considerably 
cleared and converted to anthropogenic grassland. 


Etymology. The specific epithet is derived from the 
region Tana Toraja. 


Notes. The corolla form has been given as “short- 
salverform” in the description above. “Tubular- 
campanulate” might also be applicable. Argent (2006: 
364) gives several examples of corolla form in sect. 
Schistanthe species and his illustration for “cylindrical” 
is the closest to the corolla form in R. torajaense. 
However, the term cylindrical is better applied to the 
corolla of species such as R. perakense King & Gamble 
in which the corolla lobes are erect, 1.e. in line with the 
tube. In R. torajaense, the lobes are spreading at right 
angles to the tube and cylindrical is not the best term to 
use. Short-salverform is more appropriate. 

The flowers of R. torajaense have a weak, sweet fra- 
erance. It is not rich as in R. konori Becc., nor “spicy” 
as are the flowers of some other fragrant species, but 


J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 27 (2014) 


~ Lo 
— 


7 


Rhododendron sect. Schistanthe (Ericaceae) 


Fig. 2. Rhododendron gumineense. Cultivated at East Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia. Photo: Andrew Rouse. 


is a little reminiscent of gardenias. The first plant of 
Brown et al. 78 to flower at Melba did so in February 
2011 and the second plant flowered in June 2011. The 
fragrance of the latter was very much weaker than 
that of the summer-flowering plant, perhaps due to 
the cold weather, but the scent was so slight that it is 
difficult to describe in qualitative terms. The fragrance 
of the flowers of R. rhodopus is very different and in 
this species the flowers of the field-collected material 
(Brown, Craven, Juswara & Ramadhanil 129, BO, 
CANB) had a fragrance very much like that of the ripe 
fruit of fe1joa, Acca sellowiana (Myrtaceae). 


2. Anew species of the Phaeovireya group 
from New Guinea 


Rhododendron gumineense Craven, sp. nov. 


From R. beyerinckianum Koord. it differs in having the 
leaf lamina narrowly elliptic to elliptic, 22-35 <x 7—16 
mm, base cuneate and often very narrowly so, apex 
obtuse or shortly acuminate to very narrowly acute to 
very narrowly acuminate; anthers 1.2—1.6 mm long; and 
the ovary subcylindrical and tapering to the style. In 
Rk. beyerinckianum the leaf lamina is narrowly ovate, to 
broadly elliptic, obovate or subcircular, 30-60 x 10-35 
mm, base broadly tapering or rounded, apex obtuse, 
broadly acute, sometimes apiculate; anthers 2—2.5 mm 
long; and the ovary elongate conical or subovoid, usually 
abruptly tapering distally. 

Holotypus: Australia, Victoria, Hawthorn East, culti- 
vated in greenhouse, A.Rouse s.n., 29 December 2012 
(CANB). 


31 


Shrub to 40 x 40 cm. Branchlets terete, densely 
scaly, c. 0.8-1 mm in diameter. Leaves 3—5-pseudo- 
whorled. Leaf lamina narrowly elliptic to elliptic, 22— 
35 x 7-16 mm, base cuneate and often very narrowly 
SO, apex obtuse or shortly acuminate, very narrowly 
acute, or very narrowly acuminate, margin revolute; 
abaxially with dense dendroid scales each on a tubercle 
and with the limb deeply dissected; adaxially with the 
scales quickly deciduous and occasional hairs present 
along the midrib; midrib prominent abaxially, impressed 
to flat adaxially, lateral veins obscure abaxially and 
prominent adaxially, 5—8 per side. Petiole 7-12 mm 
long. Inflorescence 1—2-flowered, the flowers spreading 
to subpendulous. Outer perulae ovate, 8—8.5 mm long, 
acuminate with the acumen broad. Pedicel 6—9 mm long, 
scaly. Calyx obsolete. Corolla pink, tubular-curved with 
the tube flaring distally, c. 23-29 mm long including 
the lobes, tube curved, c. 17—20 mm long and 6-9 mm 
in diameter, lobes 6—9 mm long; outside the tube and 
lobes moderately scaly, inside glabrous. Stamens 10, 
slightly exserted; filaments c. 22—26 mm long, glabrous, 
anthers light brown, oblong, 1.2—1.6 mm long, base 
subapiculate. Disk scaly. Ovary subcylindrical and 
tapering to the style, 6 x 2 mm, densely scaly; style 
15—20 mm long, slightly exserted and approximating 
the stamens in length, scaly to within 4-5 mm of the 
apex; stigma subcapitate, c. 1.7 mm in diameter. Fruit 
immature. Fig. 2. 


L.A. Craven 


J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 27 (2014) 


Table 2. Character states of three Sulawesi Rhododendron species in the Solenovireya group. States have been taken from Argent (2006), Sleumer 


(1966) or are personal observations. 
Leaf scales 


Taxon Leaf lamina 


R. minahasae obovate to elliptic, base 
cuneate to truncate, 


apex acute to obtuse 


R. pubitubum elliptic or obovate 
elliptic, sometimes 
obovate, broadly 
attenuate towards the 
base, the very base 
rounded, not rarely 
subcordate, apex very 
broadly attenuate, 
obtuse to nearly 
rounded, occasionally 
very shortly retuse 


R. radians ovate to ovate-oblong, 
base slightly to 
distinctly cordate, 
apex shortly obtusely 


attenuate, sometimes 
nearly rounded 


incised 


Distribution and ecology. Papua New Guinea, Chimbu 
Province, Gumine. Nothing is known about the ecology 
of R. sumineense. However, the elevation of Gumine 1s 
c. 1700 m and consequently the forest type in the region 
would probably be lower- to mid-montane rainforest. 
Whether the species is epiphytic in rainforest or 
terrestrial on open ground is unknown. It is only known 
from one natural location. 


Conservation status. Rhododendron gumineense 1s best 
given the conservation status Data Deficient according 
to the criteria of the IUCN Red List (UCN 2012). 
Nothing is known about its population size or ecology. 


Etymology. The specific epithet is derived from the 
place name Gumine. 


Notes. Rhododendron gumineense keys to R. beyer- 
inckianum Koord. in Argent (2006), from which it 
differs in the features given in the diagnosis above. 
Additionally, the species differs from R. beyerinckianum 
in habit, being a very small shrub in contrast to R. 
beyerinckianum which is a shrub or tree from 1-5 m 
tall. Initially I considered that the Gumine plant might 
represent a primary hybrid, but I have grown it to 
flowering from seed obtained from my own plant and 
there were no morphological differences between the 
parent plant and those plants grown from seed. 

Even though described from cultivated material, R. 
gumineense has a known provenance. It was collected at 
Gumine by D.Stanton, Wollongong, NSW, Australia, in 
1971, and sent to the Australian Rhododendron Society, 
Olinda, Victoria, Australia by L.Searle (Kundiawa, 
Chimbu Province, PNG) in 1974. 

In cultivation in Australia, apparently from its first 
introduction, the species has been misidentified as R. 
xschoddei Sleumer, which is a plant possibly of hybrid 


funnel-shaped and 
inserted on a pedestal 
or foot of lamina origin 


marginal zone irregularly 
dentate or bitten, with 
a + persistent, blackish 
and sunken centre 


almost regularly rounded ovate-acuminate, acute, 
in outline to distinctly 


oe 


Outer perulae Style 

+ obtuse, subsericeous at hairy and scaly almost to 
the apex or practically the top 
glabrous 

orbiculate to obovate, subdensely hairy and 
densely short laxly scaly below (the 


scales well visible 

there), laxly hairy in 
the middle, glabrous 
for the distal 10 mm 


subsericeous on both 
surfaces 


laxly patent-pubescent 
to the lower 5/6 and 
bearing some scales in 
the lower part 


+ glabrous dorsally 


origin and is best treated as a nothospecies until its 
biological status can be verified. 


3. On the Solenovireya group in Sulawesi 


Sleumer (1966) recognised two varieties within 
the Sulawesi species R. radians: var. radians and vat. 
minahasae Sleumer. Argent (2006) added a third taxon, 
var. pubitubum (Sleumer) Argent, differentiating it 
from the other two varieties by “the corolla tube being 
densely hairy throughout its length and with the lobes 
hairy outside along the middle line’. Differences bet- 
ween these three taxa are given in Table 2. 

Scanning electron micrographs of R. dissilistellatum 
Craven, R. minahasae and R. radians showing abaxial 
scales and stomata are given in Fig. 3. The distribution 
of stomata relative to scales is worthy of note in R. 
minahasae and R. radians. In R. minahasae the sto- 
mata and scales are quite evenly distributed (Fig. 3B) 
whereas in R. radians the scales are inserted in a shallow 
depression in a zone which lacks stomata (Fig. 3D). A 
reason for this distribution pattern is not immediately 
evident. Material of R. pubitubum has not been available 
for examination. 

Based on the data given in Table 2 plus the scale 
distribution data, it is my conclusion that these three taxa 
should be treated at species rank. A new combination for 
R. minahasae 1s provided below. 

Living material of another species collected in 
2002, of which fertile material was not available in the 
field, subsequently flowered in cultivation. It keyed to 
R. radians in both Argent (2006) and Sleumer (1966), 
which is not surprising as long-tubular, white-flowered 
plants would key to this species alone. The newly 
flowered plant proved to be distinct from all other 
Sulawesi species of Solenovireya and is described be- 
low as R. dissilistellatum Craven. 


J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 27 (2014) 


The Sulawesi species of the Solenovireya group 
(sensu Craven et al. 2011) can be distinguished by the 
following key: 


1. Corolla 40—45 mm long including the lobes . . R. amabile 
1: Corolla more than 50 mm long including the lobes 
2. Leaf lamina narrowly elliptic to narrowly obovate .... 
R. dissilistellatum 
2: Leaf lamina ovate to ovate-oblong, obovate to elliptic, 
or obovate-elliptic 


3. Leaf lamina ovate to ovate-oblong R. radians 


3: Leaf lamina obovate to elliptic, or obovate-elliptic 


4. Perulae + obtuse, subsericeous at the apex or 
practically glabrous; style hairy and scaly almost to 
TOEVAPSK ihe ey ete Sees R. minahasae 


4: Perulae orbiculate to obovate, densely short seri- 
ceous on both faces; style hairy and scaly excepting 
the glabrous distal 10 mm R. pubitubum 


Rhododendron dissilistellatum Craven, sp. nov. 


From R. radians J.J.Sm. it differs in the leaf lamina 
being narrowly elliptic to narrowly obovate with 
the base cuneate to obtuse (in R. radians the lamina 
is ovate to ovate-oblong with the base cordate), the 
outer perulae being elliptic to broadly elliptic (ovate- 
acuminate in R. radians), and the style being hairy to 
within c. 2 mm of the apex (hairy 1n the proximal 5/6 of 
the style in R. radians). 

Holotypus: Australia, Australian Capital Territory, 
Melba, cultivated in greenhouse (from living material 
of G.Brown, L.Craven, L.Juswara & Ramadhanil 114), 
L.A.Craven 15044, September 2010 (BO). Isotypi: A, 
CANB, CEB, E, L, P. wa 


Lax shrubs to c. 60 x 70 cm. Branchlets moderately 
densely scaly and with moderately dense short hairs, c. 
1.5—2 mm in diameter. Leaves 5—10-pseudowhorled. 
Leaf lamina narrowly elliptic to narrowly obovate, 
25-64 x 7-19 mm, base cuneate to obtuse, apex 
retuse, margin subrevolute; abaxially with the scales 
sessile, mostly flat and rarely subfunnel-shaped, and 
with scattered hairs throughout; adaxially with sessile, 
funnel-shaped to flat, subentire to dentate scales with 
a broadish flattened centre, and with short scattered 
hairs that are more dense proximally along the midrib; 
midrib prominent abaxially, impressed adaxially, lateral 
veins more or less obscure, c. 5—6 per side, reticulate 
venation obscure. Petiole c. 1-3 mm long. /nflorescence 
a 7/—15-flowered umbel, flowers in a more or less 
spreading band. Outer maximally-developed perulae 
elliptic to broadly elliptic, c. 8-11 mm long, obtuse to 
rounded and often secondarily retuse through rupturing 
occurring at anthesis. Pedicel 7-13 mm long, scaly and 
hairy. Calyx obsolete. Corolla white, salverform, c. 59- 
79 mm long including the lobes, tube straight, c. 50-67 
mm long and 2—3 mm in diameter, lobes c. 9-12 mm 
long, outside the tube laxly scaly and proximally with 
a few hairs, inside hairy to about % to the apex, lobes 
glabrous. Stamens 10, scarcely exserted; filaments c. 
50-65 mm long, hairy for about ’2 way to their apex, 
anthers light brown, oblong, c. 1.4—1.8 mm long, base 


a3 


Rhododendron sect. Schistanthe (Ericaceae) 


Fig. 3. Scanning electron micrographs of the abaxial leaf surfaces of 
Rhododendron species. A R. dissilistellatum. B—-C R. minahasae: 
B (a) indicates scales; (b) indicates contaminant on the leaf surface; 
C arrow indicates the foot or pedestal that is of lamina origin. 
D R. radians. — A Craven 15044; B-C Alston 15800; D Brown et 
al. 128. 


obtuse to rounded. Disk hairy. Ovary 6.5—7 x 1.2 mm, 
subcylindrical and tapering to the style, densely scaly 
and hairy; style c. 60-65 m long, exserted to c. 12 
mm, scaly proximally, hairy to within c. 2 mm of the 
apex, stigma c. 2 mm in diameter. Fruit not available. 
Fig. 3A, 4. 


Distribution and ecology. Indonesia, Sulawesi Tengah, 
the western lower-mid slopes of the Gunung Sojol 
complex, Balukang, on Tinombo-Siboang path (between 
camp 3 and camp 1), Lat. 00° 28’ 19” N, Long. 120° 08’ 
27” E, alt. 1153-1344 m, lower montane rainforest. It is 
only known from one natural location. 


Conservation status. This species 1s best given the 
conservation status Data Deficient according to the 
criteria of the IUCN Red List (UCN 2012). Although 
known from only the one location in the wild, this 
location is unlikely to be disturbed by forest conversion 
operations or slash and burn gardening in the foreseeable 
future. Additionally, it is possible the species is widely 
distributed around the lower-mid slopes of the Gunung 
Sojol complex. 


Etymology. The specific epithet 1s derived from the 
Latin dissilio, tly apart, burst and stella, star. A plant in 
full flower, especially on a dull day, brings to mind a 
certain type of modern firework, 1n which the primary 
rocket explodes into numerous smaller rockets that 
themselves explode, giving rise to numerous radiating 
shafts of brilliant light (often white); the inflorescences 
are analogous to these final displays. 


L.A. Craven 


Other specimens examined. 

INDONESIA, SULAWESI TENGAH: the western lower 
slopes of the Gunung Sojol complex, Balukang, on Tinombo- 
Siboang path (between camp 3 and camp 1), Lat. 00° 28’ 19” 
N, Long. 120° 08’ 27” E, alt. 1153-1344 m, lower montane 
rainforest, G.Brown, L.Craven, L.Juswara & Ramadhanil 114, 
23 July 2002 (BO, CANB). 


R. amabile Sleumer 
Reiwardtia 5: 127 (1960). 


R. minahasae (Sleumer) Craven, comb. et stat. nov. 


Basionym: R. radians var. minahasae Sleumer, Rein- 
wardtia 5: 130 (1960). 


R. pubitubum Sleumer 
Reinwardtia 5: 126 (1960). — R. radians var. pubitubum 
(Sleumer) Argent, Rhododendrons of subgenus Vireya 170 
(2006). 

R. radians J.J.Sm. 
Bull. Bot. Buitenzorg II, 1: 403, t. 51 (1920. 


Acknowledgments 


The fieldwork in Sulawesi took place in the 
company of Gill Brown (The University of Melbourne), 
Lina Juswara (LIPI, Bogor) and Ramadanil Pitopang 
(Tadulako University, Palu); their fellowship made this 
productive trip all the more enjoyable. The Research 
Foundation of the American Rhododendron Society 
is thanked for its support of the fieldwork. Financial 
support was also provided by CSIRO Plant Industry 
and CSIRO International Scientific Liaison. The staff 
of Kebun Raya Indonesia Bogor are thanked for their 
assistance in obtaining export documents. 

I thank Dr Frits Adema and Gerard Thijsse, Leiden, 
for their assistance in the provision of information on 
specimens held at L; the responsibility for acting upon 
those observations remains with me but the unambiguity 
of their several reports was extremely helpful. 

Mark ‘Talbot, Microscopy Centre, CSIRO Plant 
Industry, produced the scanning electron micrographs 
and Siobhan Duffy, Visual Resources Unit, CSIRO 
Plant Industry, produced the final plate. Photographs 
of R. gumineense and R. torajaense were kindly made 
available by Andrew Rouse and Hank Helm, respectively. 

Elizabeth Minchin, Classics, ANU, as ever is 
thanked for her comments on my suggested epithets. 
The informed comments of two reviewers assisted 
ereatly in improving the manuscript. 


References 


Argent, G.C.G. (1995). New combinations and synonymy in 
some rhododendrons of section Vireya. Edinburgh Jounal 
of Botany 52: 363-365. 

Argent, G.C.G. (2004). New species and comments on Rho- 
dodendron (Ericaceae) from the island of Palawan, 
Philippines. Gardens’ Bulletin Singapore 56: 79-94. 

Argent G.C.G. (2006). Rhododendrons of subgenus Vireya. 
(Royal Horticultural Society: London). 

Argent, G.C.G. (2013). Current taxonomy: Rhododendron 
seranicum J.J.Sm. ssp. sparsihirtus Argent. Rhododen- 
drons, camellias and magnolias 2013: 126—127. 


34 


J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 27 (2014) 


Fig. 4. Rhododendron dissilistellatum. Cultivated at Melba, A.C.T., 
Australia. Photo: Lyn Craven. 


Argent, G.C.G., Lamb, A. & Phillipps, A. (1984). New taxa 
and combinations in vireya rhododendrons from Sabah 
(Borneo). Notes of the Royal Botanic Gardens Edinburgh 
42: 113-120. 

Brown, G.K. (2004). Phylogeny and biogeography of Rho- 
dodendron sect. Vireya. Unpublished PhD thesis. (School 
of Botany, The University of Melbourne: Melbourne). 

Brown, G.K., Craven, L.A., Udovicic, F. & Ladiges, PY. 
(2006a). Phylogeny of Rhododendron section Vireya 
(Ericaceae) based on two non-coding regions of cpDNA. 
Plant Systematics & Evolution 257: 57-93. 

Brown, G.K., Craven, L.A., Udovicic, F. & Ladiges, P.Y. 
(2006b). Phylogenetic relationships of Rhododendron 
section Vireya (Ericaceae) inferred from the ITS nrDNA 
region. Australian Systematic Botany 19: 329-342. 

Callard, C. (2014). Vireya rhododendrons. http://www.vireya. 
net/ [Accessed: 12 Jan. 2014]. 

Craven, L.A. (2007). Rhododendrons of subgenus Vireya, 
Argent, G. 2006. Royal Horticultural Society: London. 
Journal American Rhododendron Society 61: 90-92. 
[Book review]. 

Craven, L.A., Danet, F., Veldkamp, J.-F., Goetsch, L.A. & 
Hall, B.D. (2011). Vireya rhododendrons: their mono- 
phyly and classification (Ericaceae, Rhododendron sect. 
Schistanthe). Blumea 56: 153-158. 

Goetsch, L.A., Craven, L.A. & Hall, B.D. (2011). Major 
speciation accompanied the dispersal of Vireya rhodo- 
dendrons (Ericaceae, Rhododendron sect. Schistanthe) 
through the Malayan archipelago: Evidence from nuclear 
gene sequences. Jaxon 60: 1015-1028. 

IUCN (2012). IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria, 
Version 3.1, ed. 2. (UCN Species Survival Commission: 
Gland, Switzerland & Cambridge, U.K.). 

McNeill, J., Barrie, F.R., Buck, W.R., Demoulin, V., Greuter, 
W., Hawksworth, D.L., Herendeen, P.S., Knapp, S.., 
Marhold, K., Prado, J., Prud’>homme van Reine, W.F., 
Smith, G.F., Wiersema, J.H. & Turland, N.J. (2012). 
International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, 
and plants (Melbourne Code). (Koeltz Scientific Books: 
Koenigstein). [Regnum Vegetabile 154]. 

Sleumer, H. (1966). Rhododendron. In: van Steenis, C.G.G.J. 
(ed.), Flora Malesiana I(6): 474—668. (Wolters-Noordhoff: 
Groningen). [Reprinted by Wolters-Noordhoff as An 
account of Rhododendron in Malesia with an introduction 
and index]. 


J OQURNAL of the 
ADELAIDE 


BOTANIC GARDENS 


AN OPEN ACCESS JOURNAL FOR AUSTRALIAN SYSTEMATIC BOTANY 


flora.sa.gov.au/jabg 


Published by the 
STATE HERBARIUM OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA 
on behalf of the 
BOARD OF THE BOTANIC GARDENS AND STATE HERBARIUM 


© Board of the Botanic Gardens and State Herbarium, 
Adelaide, South Australia 


© Department of Environment, Water and Natural Resources, 
Government of South Australia 


All rights reserved 


State Herbarium of South Australia 
PO Box 2732 
Kent Town SA 5071 
Australia 

Board of the 
Botanic Gardens and 
Reit State Herbarium 


of South Australia 
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Water and Natural Resources 


Journal of the Adelaide Botanic Gardens 27 (2014) 35-39 


© 2014 Board of the Botanic Gardens & State Herbarium (South Australia) 
© 2014 Department of Environment, Water & Natural Resources, Govt of South Australia 


Notes on Hibbertia (Dilleniaceae) 10. 
Hibbertia hirsuta (subgen. Hemistemma: H. vestita group) 
does occur in South Australia and Tasmania 


H.R. Toelken 


State Herbarium of South Australia, PO. Box 2732, Kent Town, South Australia 5071 
E-mail: hellmut.toelken@sa.gov.au 


Abstract 


A review of Hibbertia hirsuta (Hook.) Benth., which is prompted by its recent rediscovery in 
South Australia, includes a full description and a discussion of the importance of an understanding 
of the position and number of stamens in a flower to place the species with allied ones. Its 
affinities to H. dispar Toelken and H. basaltica A.M.Buchanan & Schah. are assessed and its 


possible cleistogamy discussed. 


Keywords: Dilleniaceae, Hibbertia, taxonomy, cleistogamy, South Australia, Tasmania. 


Introduction 


When Joe Quarmby consulted Bob Bates about a 
plant from the Meadows Creek tributary that he could 
not identify, the latter immediately recognised it as 
a new species for the South Australian flora. He soon 
confirmed its natural occurrence in the area by finding 
a second population of the species a few kilometres 
away along the creek. This new evidence was needed 
particularly as the species, Hibbertia hirsuta (Hook.) 
Benth., as it was identified, has lately been described 
as a Tasmanian endemic (Curtis 1956, Stone & Curtis 
1971, Curtis & Morris 1975, Gray 2010). However, a 
closer examination of the literature shows that Mueller 
(1882, 1889) and Tate (1883, 1889, 1890) had already 
recorded its existence in South Australia, although all 
recent literature including three editions of the Flora 
of South Australia (Black 1926, 1952, Jessop 1986), 
have ignored it in spite of Tate (1883) citing details of 
a specimen(s) by J.G.O. Tepper and R. Tate. The only 
herbarium material found to date is a specimen collected 
by J.G.O. Tepper in 1881 (MEL119774), which has 
been overlooked for more than one hundred years, 
although it was correctly identified at the time. It 1s 
significant that Tepper also collected his specimen along 
Meadows Creek “on temporarily inundated flat’, while 
Quarmby (J/.Quarmby 189) describes it as “seasonally 
wet depression”. AHibbertia hirsuta is _ extremely 
localised in South Australia, while it is more widespread 
in Tasmania, but it has not been recorded from Victoria, 
which is geographically closer to and more similar in 
climate to Tasmania. 

One reason for overlooking the species for so long 
may be its very small flowers, as reported by Joe 
Quarmby (pers. comm.). Hibbertia pallidiflora Toelken 
has similar small flowers, which also gradually open 
(Toelken 1995, 2000), but as plants of that species are 


Published online: 29 Oct. 2014 « flora.sa.gov.au/jabg 


larger and more common they are better represented in 
herbaria. 


Floral biology 


Field observations in South Australia did not yield 
the envisaged breakthrough in the understanding of the 
breeding system of the species, except that it showed 
a very high percentage of seed set. An examination of 
the morphology of the flower together with different 
possible scenarios of the pollination biology are ex- 
plored below. It is hoped that these will stimulate 
further interest, new observations and research into the 
problem. 

Particularly important in HA. hirsuta is the reduction 
of the number of petals and stamens to usually one, 
rarely few. Similar to specimens from Tasmania, South 
Australian plants examined displayed short styles 
bearing slightly incurved stigmas, which are at the upper 
level of the anther(s). This flower arrangement differs 
from that of H. pallidiflora and the vegetatively similar 
H. sessiliflora Voelken. 

The small flowers, “which often remain unopened” 
as Curtis (in Stones & Curtis 1971) described it, cause 
difficulties in interpreting the breeding system of the 
species. The evidence that flowers never open, Bob 
Bates (pers. comm.) reported them to be cleistogamous, 
is at present incomplete. They might only open for 
a short time or at hours not coinciding with visits 
by collectors, particularly as they grow in not easily 
accessible localities in South Australia. 

The specimens show, though not clearly, the petal(s) 
protruding above the apex of the clasping calyx lobes, as 
also illustrated by Stones & Curtis (1971, pl. 92). These 
authors also reported a reduction of petals, but never the 
absence thereof. The photo in Wapstra et al. (2010, p. 
107) shows one flower with the calyx partially opened. 


ISSN 0313-4083 (Print) * ISSN 2201-9855 (Online) 


H.R. Toelken 


J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 27 (2014) 


Table 1. Morphological comparison of Hibbertia hirsuta, H. basaltica and H. dispar to show similarities and differences. 


Characters 


Hairs on branches 


Leaf lamina 


Hairs on leaves, 
upper surface 


Hairs on leaves, 
lower surface 


Outer calyx lobes 


Outer calyx outside 
hairs 


Inner calyx lobes 


Stamen number and 
position around 
ovary 


Anthers 
Seeds 
Habit 


H. hirsuta 


scattered larger and smaller 
fascicled hairs, rarely few 
simple hairs 


(2.2—) 3.5—5 (—6.4) 
x (0.7—) 0.9-1.3 (—1.6) mm 


scattered longer and shorter 
simple hairs 


scarcely raised central vein and 
undersurface with + dense 
fascicled hairs 


4-4.4 x 1.2-1.4 mm 


strigose, Coarse simple over 
fascicled hairs 


3.8—4 x 1.6—-1.8 mm 


1 (2) on one side 


0.8—1 mm long 
1.8—2 x1.5—1.6 mm 


prostrate to scrambling 


H. basaltica 


dense larger and smaller 
fascicled hairs and few longer 
simple hairs 


(2.4—) 3.5—-6 (-7.4) 


x 1-1.4 mm 


scattered simple, rarely forked 
hairs 


recessed central vein and 
undersurface with few simple 
over short fascicled hairs 


4.5-4:7 5.1) « 2.3-25-mm 


+ strigose, few simple over 
mainly fascicled hairs 


4.3—4.7 (—4.8) x 2.5—2.8 mm 
(3-) 4 or 5 (-7) on one 


and 1 on other side 


1-1.2 mm long 
1622 x 1.2—15-mim 


prostrate to procumbent 


H. dispar 


dense larger simple over smaller 
simple and/or fascicled hairs 


(1.8—) 2.5-6.5 (—10.4) 
x (0.8—) 1-1.3 mm 


scattered simple hairs 


flush/recessed central vein with 
mainly long over shorter 
simple hairs 


(5.2—) 5.4—5.8 (—6.1) 
x 1.8-2.6 mm 


+ strigose, few simple over 
mainly fascicled hairs 


(5—) 5.2—5.6 (—6) x 2.6—3.2 mm 
(2—) 4-6 (7) on one 

and (0) 1 or 2 on other side 
(1—) 1.1-1.4 mm long 
1.7-2 x 1.4-1.6 mm 


prostrate to decumbent 


A flower of the South Australian plants examined 
displayed only one petal clasping a dehisced anther with 
some pollen in it and a cluster of pollen grains on each 
of the adjoining stigmas. 

Plants of H. hirsuta show a very high degree of 
seed development, which could indicate selfing and, 
in fact, cleistogamous flowers, if the flowers can be 
demonstrated to remain closed. More field work is 
needed, as it 1s, for instance, not clear whether a polli- 
nating agent is still needed to burst the anthers by 
vibration in order to spread the pollen, as usual in 
Hibbertia species (Bernhardt 1986). The stigmas of 
flowers of the South Australian H. hirsuta examined 
were covered with pollen although not, or perhaps no 
longer, in contact with the anther. One could speculate 
on the continued presence of petal(s) inviting pollinating 
vectors to visit the flowers. Even though they are closed 
or partially closed (see Wapstra et al. 2010), visiting 
insects might provide the thoracic vibration required 
to dehisce the anther(s) to cause selfing/cleistogamy 
by violently distributing the pollen onto the adjacent 
stigmas. It is unlikely that such a visitor will forcefully 
open the flower, as pollen, the only reward in hibbertias, 
is sparse and was still found scattered in some flowers 
with developing seed. 

In a detailed study of the floral ontogeny in 12 
species of Hibbertia from different groups in the genus, 
Tucker & Bernhardt (2003) discussed the possible 
importance of the reduction of the number of stamens 
in specialisation and speciation in Hibbertia, with parti- 
cular reference to a form of H. fasciculata R.Br. ex 
DC., which has its anthers reduced to three (Tucker 


36 


& Bernhardt 2000). While this form of H. fasciculata 
differs only in the reduced number of stamens and 
flowers open normally, H. hirsuta displays also a 
reduction in the number of petals and, apparently, the 
flowers are not opening fully. This changes not only the 
floral biology, but has also obscured its affinity to the 
two related species (below) with anthers on both sides 
of the ovary. The specialisation of the breeding system 
of H. hirsuta needs further examination, as discussed 
above. The possibility that this is an inbreeding 
species, makes the disjunct, but morphologically 
indistinguishable populations of H. hirsuta in Tasmania 
and South Australia even more remarkable. 


Relationships 


A number of smaller species of Hibbertia, e.g. 
H. humifusa F.Muell. and HA. sessiliflora, with a 
superficially similar habit and morphology, occur 
throughout the genus. Raheem (2013, pp. 3-9, 3-10) 
placed AH. hirsuta next to H. dispar TYoelken in his 
molecular cladogram (ITS data) of the eastern Australian 
species. Hibbertia basaltica A.M.Buchanan & Schah, 
a very similar species to H. dispar (cf. Toelken 2013), 
was not included in his study. This close affinity of the 
three species is not only reflected in their very similar 
morphology (Table 1), but also in a progressive loss of 
stamens, especially of the anterior ones closest to the 
bract. Furthermore, the number of petals in H. hirsuta 
is also reduced to one, rarely two. Toelken (2013) had 
for that reason not included AH. hirsuta in his treatment 
of the H. vestita group, because it did not conform to 
the criterion of the group, 1.e. stamens on both sides of 


J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 27 (2014) 


the ovary. He, however, discussed the wide range of 
variation, particularly in the number of stamens found 
in H. dispar. 

Hibbertia basaltica and H. dispar are found in 
eastern Victoria and Tasmania, H. hirsuta in South 
Australian and Tasmania. Herbarium specimen data 
indicate that South Australian plants of H. hirsuta have 
been recorded only from temporarily wet areas in forest, 
while Tasmanian plants occur in drier habitats, such 
as, “amongst rocks in open sclerophyll forest” (RD. 
Hoogland 11748), or, as Gray (2010) describes it, “in 
dry grassy places, open heath and woodlands”. The very 
similar H. basaltica, as well as H. dispar, 1s also mainly 
recorded from rocky or gravelly outcrops; Toelken 
(2013) cited a number of different habitats for different 
populations of H. dispar, among them there are forms 
from Flinders and Clark Island in Bass Strait, “recorded 
from wet areas near a lagoon” and “in sedgeland on 
marshy flats”. 


Taxonomy 


Hibbertia hirsuta (Hook.) Benth. 


Fl. Austral. 1: 26 (1863); Spicer, Handb. Pl. Tasmania 
100 (1878); F.Muell., Census Pl. Tasmania 3 (1880); 
F.Muell., Syst. Census 1: 1, 141 (1882), includes S.A.; 
Tate, Trans. Proc. Rep. Roy. Soc. S. Austral. 6: 111 (1883), 
incl. S.A.; F.Muell., Second Syst. Census 1: 1 (1889), incl. 
S.A.; Tate, Fl. Extratrop. S. Austral. 14, 205 (1890), incl. 
S.A.; Tate, Trans. Proc. Rep. Roy. Soc. S. Austral. 12: 
70 (1889), incl. S.A.; Rodway, Tasmanian Fl. 4 (1903); 
W.M.Curtis, Student Fl. Tasmania 1: 21 (1956); M.Stones 
& W.M.Curtis, Endemic Fl. Tasmania 3: 172, t. 92 (1971); 
W.M.Curtis & D.I.Morris, Student Fl. Tasmania edn 2, 
1: 22 (1975); M.Wapstra et al., Tasmanian Pl. Names 
Unravelled 107, fig. (2010); A.M.Gray in M.Duretto (ed.), 
Fl. Tasmania Online: Dilleniaceae (2010). — Pleurandra 
hirsuta Hook., Companion Bot. Mag 1: 273 (1836); 
Hook.f., J. Bot. (Hook.) 2: 42 (1840); Walpers, Repert. 
Bot. Syst. 1: 64 (1842); Hook.f., Fl. Tasmania 1: 17 (1855). 
— Type citation: “Mr. Gunn (n. 445) — Gathered on dry 
hills, near Hobart Town, by Mr. Backhouse”. Lectotype 
(designated here): Tasmania, Hobart Town, dry hills, 
J.Backhouse sub Gunn 445 (K000687477!). Remaining 
Syntype: Vian] D[iemen’s] Land, [Tamar River, Whirl- 
pool Reach, Sep. 1835,] R.C.Gunn 445 (K000687476!). 


Suffrutex up to 0.15 m tall, prostrate to scrambling, 
moderately branched; branches thin-wiry, with leaf bases 
scarcely raised and scarcely decurrent, pilose but soon 
glabrescent. Vestiture on many parts persistent, sparse, 
consisting of fascicled and/or longer simple hairs; on 
branches sparse but denser below the inflorescence, a 
range of larger and smaller erect-spreading fascicled 
hairs (S—10 often unequally long arms) overtopped by 
scattered and on some branches very few porrect simple 
hairs, usually wearing off soon; on leaves above sparse, 
with scattered long and short erect hairs and rarely 
with a few forked hairs on the flanks of the revolute 
margins; on leaves below sparse with few fascicled hairs 
under scattered erect long and short simple hairs on the 
revolute margins and with dense spreading fascicled 


SY 


Notes on Hibbertia 10 (Dilleniaceae) 


hairs (8—12 often unequal arms on the central vein but + 
similar on the undersurface) and usually without simple 
hairs; on bracts moderately dense, above and below with 
few small fascicled hairs overtopped by longer antrorse 
simple hairs; on outer calyx lobes moderately dense, 
outside with short fascicled hairs (2-4 usually unequal 
arms) overtopped by coarse antrorse simple hairs, inside 
moderately dense with finer forked hairs overtopped 
by coarser antrorse simple ones; on inner calyx lobes 
outside sparse, with scattered coarser simple hairs 
mainly along the central ridge over more widespread 
finer forked hairs, but glabrous membranous margins, 
inside glabrous. Leaves with pronounced intrapetiolar 
tuft of hairs up to 1 mm long and often + decurrent on 
both sides of the petiole; petiole O—-0.4 mm long; lamina 
narrowly elliptic to rarely linear, (2.2—) 3.5-5 (-6.4) 
x (0.7—) 0.9-1.3 (—1.6) mm, gradually tapering into 
petiole, acute, rarely obtuse, above grooved to incurved 
and pilose, below exposing a tomentose undersurface 
between the slightly revolute margins and a narrow 
central vein, which is often visible to the leaf apex. 
Flowers sessile, single, terminal on terminal and axillary 
short shoots on distal branches; buds ellipsoidal; bracts 
lanceolate to almost triangular, 2—2.3 x 0.5—0.6 mm, 
bluntly acute, pubescent. Calyx unequally long and 
accrescent; outer calyx lobes 3, lanceolate, 44.4 x 1.2— 
1.4 mm, slightly longer than inner ones, acute, without 
ridge or recurved distal margins, outside strigose, 
inside strigose on upper half; inner calyx lobes broadly 
elliptic to obovate, 3.8—4 x 1.6—1.8 mm, obtuse, with + 
broad membranous margins, outside pubescent, inside 
glabrous. Petal apparently only one, linear, with incurved 
apex, 3.2-3.7 mm long, shielding stamen. Stamens 
1, rarely 2; filaments stiffly erect; anthers narrowly 
obloid and scarcely broader than and + continuous 
with filament, 0.8—1 mm long and positioned with apex 
between the stigmas. Pistils 2; ovaries obovoid, with 
2 ovules per ovary and attached above one another, 
pubescent; erect styles attached to the apex and curved 
inwards (sideway) to place stigmas next to anther. 
Seeds obloid to obovoid, 1.8—2 x 1.5—1.6 mm, brown; 
aril scarcely fleshy, with slightly lobed margins of the 
membranous cup covering the lower half of the seed. 


Distribution and ecology. Known in South Australia 
(Southern Lofty region) from “clay soils on flats near 
creek line with Eucalyptus viminalis subsp. cygnetensis, 
E. obliqua, E. camaldulensis over Acacia melanoxylon, 
A. verticillata, Exocarpus cupressiformis, Leptospermum 
continentale, Microlaena stipoides, Goodenia ovata, 
Hibbertia crinita, Haloragis heterophylla’ (J.Quarmby 
189) and from “heavy grey clay with seasonal wet 
depressions with Eucalyptus ovata over Leptospermum 
continentale, Banksia marginata, Gahnia_ sieberiana, 
Pteridium esculentum, Chorizandra enodis, Haloragis 
heterophylla and Gonocarpus tetragynus” (J.Quarmby 
188), while Gray (2010) recorded that south-eastern 
Tasmanian (TSE region) plants were growing “in dry 
grassy places, open heath and woodlands”. 


H.R. Toelken J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 27 (2014) 


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Fig. 1. Type sheet of Hibbertia hirsuta: Lectotype indicated in red (000687477: . J.Backhouse sub Gunn 445), The remaining syntype, indicated in 
yellow (K000687476: R.C. Gunn 445), is accompanied with a note by Gunn: “Sent in 1835 as received from Mr. Backhouse / which he collected at 
Hobart Town. — Those now sent / are not in flower, but were gathered by myself / at Whirlpool-reach on the Tamar early in Sept." / 1835 — growing 
on a dry hill-side, — the habit / evidently dwarf and procumbent, — or prostrate. —-". — Reproduced with kind permission of the Board of Trustees of 


the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 


38 


J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 27 (2014) 


Conservation status. Very rare in South Australia; 
“scattered but not common” in Tasmania (Gray 2010). 


Diagnostic features. Although the vegetative organs are 
similar to several small species of Hibbertia, the flowers 
are easily distinguished by the reduction of the number 
of petals and stamens to one or two. 


Variation. Except for some range of variation in the 
denseness of the vestiture in local forms, as for instance 
in north-eastern Tasmania, where it 1s much denser, H. 
hirsuta shows remarkably little variation for a suspected 
inbreeding species. 


Typification. A number of early specimens of this 
species have been accumulated on two sheets at K. On 
sheet A (Fig. 1), the specimen collected by J. Backhouse 
(left centre; inscribed “445. Dry Hills. Hobart Town”; 
K000687477), which is cited in the protologue of Pleu- 
randra hirsuta Hook., 1s here selected as lectotype, 
as it is flowering. The specimen gathered by R.C. 
Gunn (right centre; KO00687476) is a syntype. It was 
collected at Whirlpool Reach near Launceston in Sep. 
1835 and was sent to W.J. Hooker some time after the 
Backhouse specimen (see note by Gunn; Fig. 1), but 
both specimens were presumably available to W.J. 
Hooker when describing the species in Apr. 1836. 
Collections by J.D. Hooker on the type sheet, and three 
collections of Gunn collected in the 1840s, mounted on 
sheet B, are irrelevant to the typification. 


Specimens examined 

SOUTH AUSTRALIA: R. Bates 84343, Kuitpo Forest, 5.x.2011 
(AD, HO, MEL); J. Quarmby 188, Meadows Creek tributary, 
27.x.2011 (AD); J,Quarmby 189, Kuitpo, 27.x.2011 (AD); 
J.G.O.Tepper MEL1I1I97774, Meadows Creek, 10.x11.1881 
(MEL). 

TASMANIA: M.Allen HO758&47, Stringy Bark Gully, 
Warrane, 12.x.1975 (HO); M/Allen HO76346, Proctors 
Road, 25.1x.1975 (HO); A.M. Buchanan 560, Finger Post 
Hill, 7.x.1981 (HO); J. Bufton MEL695427, Port Arthur, 1894 
(MEL); PCollier 134, S Blackmans Bay, 26.x1.1984 (HO); 
P.Collier 1770, near Molesworth, 23.x.1986 (HO); P Collier 
4308, 6 km SW Tooms Lake, 14.x.1989 (HO); WM Curtis 
HO3114, Conara, Tunbridge, 20.x1.1952 (HO); A.V.Giblin 
HO3120, Mt Nelson Road, 15.x.1929 (HO); Gunn 445/184], 
Grass Tree Hill, Hobart, 12.x.1840 (K); Gunn 445/1842, 
Hobart Town, 1.1839 (K); Gunn 445/23.x.1S544, George 
Town (K, NSW); M Hart HO29331, Sandy Bay, 17.x1.1947 
(HO); R.D.Hoogland 11748, summit of Mt Nelson, 14.1.1970 
(CANB, K); 1. Murfet HO3115, c. 300m SE Mt Nelson Signal 
Station, 30.x.1957 (HO); L.Rodway 13, Queens Domain, 
Hobart, 15.x1.1897 (HO); L.Rodway HO311I9, Mt Nelson 
Range, x.1917 (HO); L.Rodway NSW243046, Bellevive, 5.1x. 
1892 (NSW). 


Acknowledgements 


I am grateful to Joe Quarmby and Bob Bates for 
providing additional information and photographs to 
complete this paper. 

Thanks are also extended to the following herbaria for 
the loan of specimens and/or assistance received while 
working there: BM, BRI, CANB, HO, K, MEL & NSW. 


ay 


Notes on Hibbertia 10 (Dilleniaceae) 


References 


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Toelken, H.R. (1995). Notes on Hibbertia (Dilleniaceae). 1. 
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Toelken, H.R. (1998). Notes on Hibbertia (Dilleniaceae). 2. 
The Hibbertia aspera-empetrifolia complex. Journal of 
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Additions to the genus Lecidella 
(lichenised Ascomycetes: Lecanoraceae) 


Gintaras Kantvilas? & John A. Elix? 


“ Tasmanian Herbarium, P.O. Box 5058, UTAS LPO, Sandy Bay, Tasmania 7005 
Email: Gintaras.Kantvilas@tmag.tas.gov.au 


’ Research School of Chemistry, Building 137, Australian National University, Canberra, 
Australian Capital Territory 0200 
Email: John.Elix@anu.edu.au 


Abstract 


Two new taxa in Lecidella K6rb. are described: L. leucomarginata Kantvilas & Elix, from 
Kangaroo Island (South Australia) and south-western Western Australia and L. granulosula var. 
lecanorina Kantvilas & Elix, from Kangaroo Island (South Australia) and the coast of southern 
New South Wales. Both display the unusual feature of an unpigmented proper excipulum, densely 
inspersed with crystals. A key to Lecidella in temperate Australia is presented. 


Keywords: biodiversity, Kangaroo Island, Lecidea, lichens, temperate Australia. 


Introduction 


Lecidella K6rb. 1s a genus of lichens characterised by 
a crustose thallus containing a trebouxioid photobiont, 
biatorine, typically dark coloured apothecia with a 
persistent proper excipulum composed of radiating 
thick-walled hyphae, clavate, amyloid, eight-spored 
asci referred to as Lecidella-type (Hafellner 1984; Fig. 
2), an hymenium that typically separates readily in 
KOH, simple, hyaline, non-halonate ascospores, and 
curved, filiform conidia; thallus chemistry is dominated 
by xanthones in the majority of species (Fletcher et 
al. 2009; Kantvilas & Elix 2013). With 12 species 
(McCarthy 2014), Lecidella is well-represented in the 
Australian lichen flora, occurring mostly in temperate 
latitudes on rock, bark or wood. The eight Tasmanian 
species were recently revised by Kantvilas & Elix 
(2013), who also studied comparative material from 
elsewhere in southern Australia. Morphological and 
anatomical relationships with superficially similar 
genera, such as Japewiella Printzen, Carbonea (Hertel) 
Hertel, Yasmidella Kantvilas, Hafellner & Elix and 
others, were discussed therein and are not repeated 
here. In this paper, we describe two further taxa from 
temperate latitudes. 


Methods 


The study is based chiefly on collections of the 
authors, housed in the Tasmanian Herbartum (HO) 
and the Australian National Herbarium (CANB). 
Descriptions are based on hand-cut sections of the 
thallus and ascomata examined with high-power light 
microscopy. Mounting media included water, 15% 
KOH (K), Lugols Iodine after pretreatment with K 


Published online: 29 Oct. 2014 « flora.sa.gov.au/jabg 


(IKI), ammoniacal erythrosin and 50% HNO, (N). 
Dimensions of asci and ascospores are based on 30 and 
70 observations respectively. The latter are presented 
in the format: 5" percentile-average—95" percentile; 
outlying extreme values are given in parentheses. 
Chemical constituents were identified by thin layer 
chromatography (Elix & Enrnst-Russell 1993) and 
comparison with authentic samples. Nomenclature of 
pigments follows Meyer & Printzen (2000). 


Taxonomy 


Lecidella leucomarginata Kantvilas & Elix, sp. nov. 


Lecidellae flavovirenti Kantvilas & Elix fortasse simi- 
lissima, sed sorediis destitutis, excipulo proprio hyalino 
vel pallide griseo, pigmentum deficienti, sed crystallis 
insperso, et ascosporis aliquantum parvioribus, 10-15 
um longis, 6-8 um latis, differt. 

Mycobank No.: MB810540. 

Typus: SouTH AUSTRALIA. Kangaroo Island, Western Cove, 
35°44’S 137°35’E, 0.5 m alt., on bleached dead wood 
of Melaleuca in salt marsh, 27 Sep. 2013, G. Kantvilas 
234/13 (holo: HO; iso: AD, BM). 


Thallus crustose, effuse, bright lemon-yellow, 
rimose-areolate, esorediate, lacking a_ prothallus, 
forming irregular, undelimited patches to 12 cm wide or 
more, 0.25—1 mm thick; individual areoles with upper 
surface unevenly verruculose and with edges mostly 
lifting from the substrate; photobiont cells globose, 
6-18 um diam. Apothecia biatorine, abundant, 0.5— 
1.3 mm wide, sessile, basally constricted to adnate, 
sometimes sunken in the thallus surface, scattered and 
roundish, or crowded, misshapen and fused together; 
disc plane at first, soon becoming convex, grey-black 


ISSN 0313-4083 (Print) * ISSN 2201-9855 (Online) 


G. Kantvilas & J.A. Elix 


J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 27 (2014) 


Fig. 1. Habit of new Lecidella taxa. A L. leucomarginata; B L. granulosula var. lecanorina. Scale bar: 1 mm. — A G. Kantvilas 234/13 (holotype), 


B G. Kantvilas 375/13 (holotype). 


to bluish black to jet black, sometimes a little mottled, 
matt, epruinose. Proper excipulum colourless to pale 
erey or yellowish grey, rarely dark grey, sometimes 
piebald, glossy, sometimes a little flexuose, persistent 
but increasingly less obvious in older, more convex 
apothecia, sometimes with adhering thallus fragments, 
in section 25—60 um thick, lacking blue-green pigments, 
composed of radiating, branched hyphae 3—5 um thick, 
densely inspersed, especially towards the outer edge, 
with minute, yellowish brown to reddish brown crystals 
that fluoresce yellow in polarised light and dissolve 
fleetingly yellowish in K. Hypothecium 80-150 um 
thick, colourless to pale yellow-brown, occasionally 
yellowish orange, more intensely coloured towards the 
base, intensifying yellow-orange in K and N, sometimes 
inspersed with scattered oil droplets. Hymenium 60—70 
um thick, separating readily in K, in the upper part 
usually dilutely greenish blue, K + grey-green, N+ 
crimson and overlain by yellowish brown crystals that 
dissolve in K, towards the base mostly colourless. Asci 
45-55 x 12-20 um, of the Lecidella-type. Paraphyses 
1.5—2 um thick, sparsely branched; apices not markedly 
capitate, sometimes expanded to 2.54 um, unpigmented 
or with a thin internal cap and a faint external blush of 
blue-green, N+ crimson pigment. Ascospores hyaline, 
(9—) 10—/2.4—-15 (—16) x (5.5—) 6—-6.5—8 um, broadly 
ellipsoid to oblong. Conidiomata pycnidia, black, 
emergent, resembling apothecial initials, in section 
with wall blue-green, N+ crimson; conidia thread-like, 
curved, 15—20 x 1 um. Fig. 1A. 


42 


Chemical composition. Vhiophanic acid (major), 3-O- 
methylthiophanic acid (+ minor), atranorin (+ minor), 
chloroatranorin (+ minor), arthothelin (4 minor or 
trace); thallus K—, C+ orange, KC-—, P—, UV+ orange. 


Etymology. The specific epithet refers to the distinctive 
colourless proper excipulum of the apothecia of this 
species. 


Remarks. This 1s a distinctive and remarkable species 
on account of its colourless proper excipulum, a feature 
also seen in L. granulosula var. lecanorina (described 
below). One of the defining generic characters of 
Lecidella is the black apothecial margin, comprised of 
radiating, thick hyphae coated in dark pigments and 
becoming swollen and almost parenchymatous towards 
the outer edge (Kantvilas & Elix 2013). In that regard, 
L. leucomarginata might appear to be misplaced in 
Lecidella. Yet, all the other salient characters, notably 
the anatomy of the thallus, its chemical composition 
consisting of xanthones, the distinctive ascus type, the 
hymenium that separates readily in KOH, the hyaline, 
broadly ellipsoid ascopores and the thread-like, curved 
condia, are consistent with Lecidella. Indeed, on close 
inspection, the anatomy of the excipulum can also be 
interpreted as being of the Lecidella-type, except that 
instead of being swollen with pigment, the hyphae are 
densely inspersed with crystals. However, there is no 
hint of any development of a parenchyma at the outer 
edge. Traces of blue-green (cinereorufa-green) pigment, 
characterisitic of most Lecidella species, can be 
detected in the hymenium by the application of HNO, 


J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 27 (2014) 


which yields a crimson reaction. Perhaps the most 
likely alternative generic placement for this species that 
was considered was Japewiella. However, this genus 
has a very distinctive excipulum composed of a loose 
reticulum of radiating, branched and anastomosing 
hyphae c. | um thick in a gelatinous matrix (Printzen 
1999; Kantvilas 2011). 

In the Australian flora, this new species appears to 
be most closely related to L. flavovirens Kantvilas & 
Elix, a corticolous species that likewise has a bright 
lemon-yellow thallus containing thiophanic acid as the 
major constituent, but which differs chiefly in becoming 
entirely sorediate. These species differ further in that 
L. flavovirens has unequivocally black apothecia, 
and although the proper excipulum lacks blue-green 
pigment, it is constructed in the typical Lecidella way, 
with the hyphae instead swollen with a dark brown 
pigment. In addition, the ascospores of L. flavovirens 
are also slightly longer and broader: (12—) 13-17 (18) 
x (6—) 7-10 um (Kantvilas & Elix 2013). 


Ecology and distribution. On Kangaroo Island, this new 
species 1s known only from the type locality, where 
it was collected from remnant, fire-killed, bleached 
Melaleuca stags (several metres tall) 1n a salt marsh. 
The site is extremely degraded by draining, burning, 
some clearing and stock grazing. The habitat of this 
Lecidella is very species poor with respect to lichens and 
the only other species with which it was associated was 
Ramboldia crassithallina Kalb, a common lignicolous 
lichen on Kangaroo Island. In the near vicinity of the 
type locality where living individuals of Melaleuca 
remain, the epiphytic flora is richer and includes species 
of Ramalina, Usnea, Lecanora and Parmotrema, but no 
Lecidella was encountered. Lecidella leucomarginata 
also occurs in south-western Western Australia where it 
erows on the bark of Acacia and Melaleuca in open, dry 
sclerophyll woodland. Here associated species included 
Austroparmelina pruinata (Mull. Arg.) A.Crespo, 
Divakar & Elix, Baculifera xylophila (Malme) Marbach, 
Buellia reagenella_ Elix, Flavoparmelia  rutidota 
(Hook.f. & Taylor) Hale, Haematomma eremaeum 
R.W.Rogers, Lecanora caesiorubella Ach., Pertusaria 
subarida A.W.Archer & Elix, Punctelia subalbicans 
(Stirt.) D.J.Galloway & Elix and Ramalina inflata 
subsp. australis G.N.Stevens. 


Additional specimens examined 

WESTERN AUSTRALIA. Wotto Nature Reserve, First North 
Road, 21 km NE of Eneabba, 29°42’29”S 115°24’37”E, 275 m 
alt., 5 May 2004, JA. Elix 28868 (CANB, HO, PERTH); same 
locality, 5 May 2004, JA. Elix 28875 (CANB); Gwambygine 
Nature Reserve, 11 km S of York, 31°58’24”S 116°48’38”E, 
245 m alt., 4 Apr. 2006, JA. Elix 31756, 37406 (CANB); 
Walebing, Quarrell Range, Moora-New Norcia Road, 22 km 
S of Moora, 30°41°38’S 116°12’20”E, 275 m alt., 2 Apr. 
2006, JA. Elix 37549 (CANB); Fourteen Mile Brook Nature 
Reserve, 13 km NW of Narrogin along Wandering Road, 
32°50’°08"S 117°06’07”E, 335 m alt., 6 Apr. 2006, JA. Elix 
43229 (CANB). 


43 


Two new taxa in Lecidella (Lecanoraceae) 


Lecidella granulosula var. lecanorina Kantvilas & 
Elix, var. nov. 
Respectu praesentiam chodatini, hypothecium incolo- 
ratum et ascosporas 9.5—14.5 um longas, 5—7.5 um 
latas, varietati granulosulae similis, sed excipulo 
proprio hyalino vel pallide griseo, pigmentum destituto, 
crystallis flavo-brunneis dense insperso differt. 
Mycobank no.: MB810541. 
Typus: SourH AUSTRALIA. Kangaroo Island, Creek Bay 
Farm, 35°50’S_ 138°06’E, 85 m alt., on rock in mallee 
woodland, 12 Sep. 2013, G. Kantvilas 375/13 (holo: HO). 


Thallus crustose, pale yellowish grey to greyish 
ereen, minutely granular, esorediate, lacking a prothallus, 
forming small, irregular, undelimited “islands” 2—3 cm 
wide amongst other lichens; individual granules mostly 
0.05—0.1 mm wide, dispersed or contiguous; photobiont 
cells globose, 6-18 um diam. Apothecia biatorine, 
0.4—0.7 mm wide, sessile, basally constricted, scattered, 
roundish; disc plane at first, soon becoming undulate or 
convex, grey to brownish grey to grey-black, sometimes 
a little mottled, matt, epruinose. Proper excipulum 
colourless to pale grey or yellowish grey, sometimes 
partly or wholly dark grey, glossy, persistent, in 
section 40-60 um thick, lacking blue-green pigments, 
composed of radiating, branched hyphae 4—5 um thick, 
densely inspersed, especially towards the outer edge, 
with minute, yellowish brown to reddish brown crystals 
that fluoresce yellow in polarised light and dissolve to 
form a pale yellow solution in K. Hypothecium 50-100 
um thick, colourless to pale yellow-orange especially 
at the base, intensifying yellow-orange in K and N, not 
inspersed. Hymenium 50—75 um thick, mostly separating 
readily in K, in the upper part overlain by a thick layer 
of yellowish brown granules that dissolve in K, usually 
also with patches of greenish blue, K + grey-green, N+ 
crimson pigment, especially adjacent to the excipulum, 
towards the base mostly colourless. Asci 50-60 x 12—20 
um, of the Lecidella-type. Paraphyses 1—2 wm thick, 
mainly simple, occasionally sparsely branched towards 
the apices; apices variable, not capitate or expanded to 
3.5—4.5 um, unpigmented or with the apical cell with an 
internal, blue-green cap, and the subterminal cell faintly 
blue-green, N+ crimson. Ascospores hyaline, (8—) 9.5— 
11.8—14.5 (—16) x 5—6.4-7.5 (—8) um, broadly ellipsoid 
to oblong. Conidiomata not seen. Fig. 1B, 2. 


Chemical composition. Chodatin (major), 1soarthothelin 
(minor), thiophanic acid (minor), 2,5,7-trichloro- 
lichexanthone (minor); thallus K—, C+ orange, KC-, P-, 
UV+ orange. 


Etymology. The infraspecific epithet alludes to the 
fact that the apothecia, with their pale coloured proper 
exciple, somewhat resemble those of a Lecanora. 


Remarks. The granular to areolate thallus containing 
chodatin as a major compound (an uncommon sub- 
stance, not least in Lecidella), the predominantly colour- 
less hypothecium and the relatively small ascospores 
indicate unequivocally that this new lichen is closely 


G. Kantvilas & J.A. Elix J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 27 (2014) 


Key to Lecidella in temperate Australia! 


1. Growing on rock or on bryophytes overgrowing rock 
2. Hypothecium yellow-brown to dark brown, with the colour intensifying in K and N 
a. Vicario present: diploicin and thurine1one-absent. «.-.. 60s 6 ak viene aea edad notaes te a ee eee L. sublapicida 
3: Vicanicm absent: cdiplorcin anid: Thurinetone presente. yn gate oi pk ee te ee es ee eR gin Shon’ eae a de L. carpathica 
2: Hypothecium colourless or at most pale yellowish brown at the base 
4. Thallus rimose-areolate, usually containing atranorin (K+ yellowish) together with other compounds 
5. Thallus areoles rather lumpy and verruculose, lacking a prothallus, containing atranorin and zeorin 


(sometimes only in trace amounts); apothecia 0.4—1.5 mm wide; mostly on calcareous or nutrient- 
CHTICHEC'SUBSHPALA cg o oes 12 Re ES ee 2 Pa IS ae MAHESH EDR ESR PARA pA Ta OS RP HEE RE EE SRS L. stigmatea 


5: Thallus areoles + plane, growing on a blackish, effuse prothallus; apothecia to 0.8 mm diam.; on 
siliceous substrata 
6. Diploicin and/or caloploicin, + thiophanic acid present; arthothelin and thuringione absent ...... L. buelliastrum 
6: Diploicin, caloploicin and thiophanic acid absent; arthothelin and thuringione present ......... L. enteroleucella 
4: Thallus granular, lacking atranorin but containing chodatin 
7. Proper excipulum black, in section densely infused with blue-green pigment and lacking crystals . . 
birds him rlast a ites ¥clee a abderb arty netted detip dats teins iabee ube a anlar at beh dutauteate a eat batechans L. granulosula var. granulosula 
7: Proper excipulum colourless to pale yellowish grey or mottled dark grey, in section lacking blue- 
ereen pigment but densely inspersed with crystals that dissolve pale yellow in KOH . L. granulosula var. lecanorina 
1: Growing on bark or wood 
8. Thallus not sorediate 
9, Thallus containing atranorin only (C—); hymenium inspersed with oil droplets and crystals that do not 
CUSSOING ISIE sired eaters i'd, & Mes lat «Boe SRAM severely esa REE yer. bing ANE CD Wyong afta Mar aad we Ge MRA PER Ane EONS te dN L. destituta 
9: Thallus containing xanthones (C+ orange); hymenium not inspersed, or at most with an epihymenial 
layer of granules that dissolve in K 
10. Hypothecium colourless to pale brownish; apices of paraphyses with an internal cap of pigment ...... L. xylogena 


10: Hypothecium pale yellow-brown to yellow-orange, colour intensifying in K; apices of paraphyses 
unpigmented or with an external cap of blue-green, N+ crimson pigment 


11. Ascospores 15—24 x 8—13 um; excipulum in section mainly opaque brown, with blue-green, N+ 


CTIMSOM PISIMGIE Abie SA OSS. ce sinew see cocks eps wide Wd bowls Hd nd mais od Oh Som eng ea db Ay oe sae Bas L. montana 
11: Ascospores 9-15 x 5—8 um; excipulum in section mainly colourless to dilute brown, with blue- 
Sree. NP CFIISON: PISNIE ALTNS- CAPSS 26.4 cae sce Se bie SG pd thie Rew oe Daw EE We L. elaeochroma 


8: Thallus sorediate 


12. Proper excipulum colourless to pale yellowish grey or mottled dark grey, in section lacking blue-green 
pigment but densely inspersed with crystals that dissolve pale yellow in KOH .................. L. leucomarginata 


12: Proper excipulum black, in section lacking crystals, opaque dark brown or with blue-green pigment. 


13. Ascospores 12—18 x 6—10 um; apices of paraphyses unpigmented or with an external cap of blue- 
ereen, N+ crimson pigment; excipulum in section opaque dark brown, lacking blue-green pigment; 
SOREMIA ALESIS Hh CISCRELS: SORTA 6 cn ee beta. eth ARN wld Ape RN 9) 4: Wa SECA a, OPER WH AO NE SD ha, WO SPE L. flavovirens 


13: Ascospores 7-14 x 4.5—9 um; apices of paraphyses with an internal cap of pigment; excipulum 
in section grey-green to pale brownish, usually with blue-green pigment towards the outer edge; 
soredia not in discrete soralia, arising from a dissolution of the thallus ................ 00.000 L. xylogena 


‘Australian records of L. asema (Nyl.) Knoph & Hertel (Elix 2008, 2010) are misdeterminations of L. flavovirens. 


related to L. granulosula (Nyl.) Knoph & Leuckert as being correlated with an absence of pigment or that he 
delimited and described by Kantvilas & Elix (2013), | saw any specimens with an unpigmented excipulum. No 
and by Knoph (1990) and Rambold (1989) (under its — crystals were observed in any Australian specimens of 
synonym L. chodati). Yet the pale, unpigmented proper — var. granulosula studied; we were unable to study any 
excipulum of the specimens studied is so distinctive and non-Australian material. In several species of Lecidella, 
visually striking, and unusual for the genus as a whole — specimens from exposed habitats tend to have more 
(see also discussion under L. /eucomarginata above) intensely pigmented apothecia. In the case of var. 
that we feel that they deserve taxonomic recognition. /lecanorina, specimens from exposed habitats certainly 
Specimens of var. granulosula invariably contain have darker apothecial discs, but this does not translate 
cinereorufa-green pigment in their excipulum, which — into a higher concentration of blue-green pigment; the 
is constructed of radiating, swollen hyphae typical amount of pigmentation tends to be + constant across 
of Lecidella. The new variety instead has a totally all specimens, with most of the darker coloration of the 
unpigmented excipulum which is densely inspersed disc deriving from crystals, and the blue-green pigment 
with crystals, identical to what is displayed by L. being very dilute and located mainly in that part of the 
leucomarginata. In his discussion of L. granulosula (as — epihymenium adajcent to the excipulum. 

L. chodati), Knoph (1990) mentions that crystals are In Tasmania, there is a _ further, undescribed 
seen “occasionally”, but he makes no mention of crystals saxicolous taxon with an unpigmented excipulum. 


44 


J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 27 (2014) 


This species has a well-developed, yellowish, areo- 
late thallus containing atranorin, 2,5,7-trichloro-3-O- 
methylnorlichexanthone (both major) plus zeorin and 
isoarthothelin (minor). It grows in sheltered underhangs 
in dry sclerophyll forest. We have excluded it from this 
study pending further collections. 


Ecology and distribution. This new variety 1s known 
from South Australia (Kangaroo Island) and the coast 
of southern New South Wales, and this widely disjunct 
distribution suggests that it is probably more widespread, 
albeit inconspicuous and overlooked. It has been 
recorded from sheltered aspects on coastal rocks (chiefly 
sandstone and laterite) where it grew in rather nutrient- 
enriched conditions, together with Buellia aeruginosa 
A.Nordin, Owe-Larsson & Elix, Candelariella vitellina 
(Hoftm.) Miill.Arge., Halecania subsquamosa (Mill. 
Arg.) van den Boom & Mayrhofer, Lecanora dispersa 
(Pers.) Sommerf., Verrucaria fusconigrescens Nyl., 
Xanthoria ligulata (K6rb.) P.James and species of 
Caloplaca and Amandinea. The type specimen is from 
a more inland locality in dry lowland woodland, where 
it grew beneath a canopy of mallee eucalypts, associated 
with Xanthoparmelia subprolixa (Nyl. ex Kremp.) O. 
Blanco et al. and species of Caloplaca. 


Additonal specimens examined 

SOUTH AUSTRALIA. Kangaroo Island, northern end of Ante- 
chamber Bay, 35°46’S 138°04’E, 5 m alt., 22 Sep 2013, G. 
Kantvilas 264/13 (HO). 

JERVIS BAY TERRITORY. Bristol Point, 35°08’S 159°44’E, 
1 malt., 17 Nov 2012, G. Kantvilas 606/12 (HO). 


Acknowledgements 


We thank Jean Jarman for producing the photographs 
for this paper and preparing the line drawing for 
publication. 


References 


Elix, J.A. (2008). Additional lichen records from Australia 67. 
Australasian Lichenology 63: 2-9. 

Elix, J.A. (2010). Additional lichen records from Australia 72. 
Australasian Lichenology 66: 60-69. 

Elix, J.A. & Enrnst-Russell, K.D. (1993). A catalogue of 
standardized thin-layer chromatographic data and _ bio- 
synthetic relationships for lichen substances, 2nd edn. 
(Australian National University: Canberra). 

Fletcher, A., Purvis, O.W. & James, PW. (2009). Lecidella 
Korb. (1855). In: Smith, C.W., Aptroot, A., Coppins, B.J., 
Fletcher, A., Gilbert, O.L., James, P-W. & Wolseley, P.A. 
(eds), The lichens of Great Britain and Ireland, pp. 519- 
525. (British Lichen Society: London). 

Hafellner, J. (1984). Studien in Richtung einer natiirlicheren 
Gliederung der Sammelfamilien Lecanoraceae und Leci- 
deaceae. Beiheft zur Nova Hedwigia 79: 241-371. 

Kantvilas, G. (2011). The lichen genera Japewia and Jape- 
wiella in Australia. Muelleria 29: 99-103. 

Kantvilas, G. & Elix J.A. (2013). The lichen genus Lecidella 
(Lecanoraceae), with special reference to the Tasmanian 
species. Muelleria 31: 31-47. 


45 


Two new taxa in Lecidella (Lecanoraceae) 


Fig. 2. The Lecidella-type ascus (with amyloid portions stippled), 
ascospores and paraphyses (with pigmented areas stippled), as 
exemplified by Lecidella granulosula var. lecanorina. Scale bar: 
10 um. — G. Kantvilas 375/13 (holotype). 


McCarthy, P.M. (2014) Checklist of the lichens of Australia 
and its island territories. (Australian Biological Resources 
Study: Canberra). www.anbg.gov.au/abrs/lichenlist/intro 
duction.html accessed: 27 June 2014]. 

Meyer, B. & Printzen, C. (2000). Proposal for a standardized 
nomenclature and characterization of insoluble lichen 
pigments. Lichenologist 32: 571-583. 

Knoph, J.-G. (1990). Untersuchungen an gesteinsbewohnended 
xanthonhaltigen Sippen der Flechtengattung Lecidella 
(Lecanorales, Lecanoraceae) unter besonderer Bertick- 
sichtigung von aussereuropdischen Proben exklusive 
Amerika. Bibliotheca Lichenologica 36: 1-183. 

Printzen, C. (1999). Japewiella gen. nov., a new lichen genus 
and a new species from Mexico. Bryologist 102: 714-719. 

Rambold, G. (1989). A monograph of the saxicolous lecideoid 
lichens of Australia (excl. Tasmania). Bibliotheca Licheno- 
logica 34: 1-345. 


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14-03 Lang Ol.cs6.indd 47 


Journal of the Adelaide Botanic Gardens 27 (2014) 47—56 


© 2014 Board of the Botanic Gardens & State Herbarium (South Australia) 
© 2014 Department of Environment, Water & Natural Resources, Govt of South Australia 


Goodenia valdentata (Goodeniaceae), a new rare species 
endemic to Davenport Range, South Australia 


PJ. Lang 


State Herbarium of South Australia, P.O. Box 2732, Kent Town, South Australia 5071 
E-mail: peter.lang@sa.gov.au 


Abstract 


A new arid zone species endemic to Davenport Range in South Australia 1s formally described 
as Goodenia valdentata P.J.Lang. It belongs in subsection Goodenia and fits within a group of 
species allied to G. grandiflora Sims. Previously, G. valdentata has been confused with Goodenia 
saccata Carolin and G. chambersii F.Muell., and characters distinguishing the three species are 
tabulated. Goodenia valdentata appears most closely related to G. chambersii, with G. saccata a 
more distant relative strongly linked to G. albiflora Schldl. by the synapomorphies of crenulate- 
laciniate corolla wing margins and flattened, short, white hairs inside the corolla. Based on its 
restricted range G. valdentata warrants listing as rare in South Australia. 


Keywords: biodiversity, new species, taxonomy, Australia, Goodenia subsect. Goodenia. 


This new species of Goodenia Sm. was first col- 
lected by B.G. (Bruce) Andrews! in October 1968 on 
Nilpinna Station. It 1s represented by nine collections in 
the State Herbarium of South Australia (AD), all from 
the vicinity of Davenport Range, a small isolated range 
on the boundary between Nilpinna and Peake Stations, 
c. 750 km NNW of Adelaide. Six of the existing AD 
collections have hitherto been identified as Goodenia 
saccata Carolin and the other three as G. chambersii 
F.Muell. (State Herbarium of South Australia 2013). 
Although related to these species, comparison of her- 
barium material shows that the new taxon is consistently 
and clearly distinct from both. 


Goodenia valdentata P.J.Lang, sp. nov. 


Typus: F./.Badman per W.R.Barker 5267, 28 Aug. 
1986, 0.5 km SE of Levi Springs Bore, 28°22’35’S 
136°09°32”E, Lake Eyre Region, South Australia, 
(holo.: AD 99524087; iso.: CANB, K). 
Goodenia saccata auct. non Carolin: Jessop, List Vasc. PI. S. 
Austral. ed 4, 87 (1993), as to LE occurrence. 


Perennial, erect-stemmed subshrub to 80 x 80 cm. 
Stems branched, with a fine, velvety indumentum of 
dense, short, simple hairs and sparse, short, glandular 
hairs; prominently ridged, becoming woody. Leaves 
usually with 1—6 widely spaced, patent, narrow petiolar 
lobes or pinnae 2—5 mm long, arising along the petiole 
7-20 (—25) mm long; /amina narrowly ovate to ovate, 
16-36 (-46) x 9-25 mm, deeply and coarsely dentate 
with 14—25 (—29) teeth (including 1—9 (—13) secondary 
teeth), primary teeth 1.5—5 mm long with an elon- 
gated terminal tooth, 2.5—7.5 (-9) mm long, forming 


' B.G. Andrews was briefly working in the area for North 
Broken Hill Ltd and developed an interest in the local flora; he 
submitted a total of 79 collections to the State Herbarium, all 
made in 1968. 


Published online: 24 Dec. 2014 «¢ flora.sa.gov.au/jabg 


an acute to acuminate apex; midrib prominent on 
abaxial surface, strongly and sharply raised at base, 
eradually shallower towards apex and disappearing 
near base of the terminal tooth (but continuing almost 
to the apex in upper inflorescence leaf-bracts); mid 
vein only weakly evident in lower two thirds of adaxial 
surface; both surfaces finely velvety with patent, stiff, 
short, fine, simple hairs, c. 0.1 mm long, and obscure, 
sparse, short glandular hairs. /nflorescence: flowers 
solitary, or rarely 2-flowered, in axils of upper stems, 
forming weakly differentiated leafy racemes or rarely 
thyrses; bracts leat-like, becoming more elongate and 
deeply-toothed up the stem; peduncles 1—1.5 mm long; 
bracteoles very narrowly lanceolate, 6—10.5 x 0.8—1.2 
mm, with mid-rib on abaxial side; pedicels angular, 
5—l11 mm long, persistent, articulate 1.2-2 mm below 
base of ovary. Hypanthium with 5 prominent, velvety 
ribs continuous with calyx lobes and covered in dense, 
simple hairs, intervening areas with mid-dense, short, 
glandular hairs, 5—7.8 mm long, grading into a basal 
stalk, 1.2—2 mm long. Calyx lobes green, leafy, narrow- 
lanceolate, 5.7-8 <x 1.1-1.5 mm, with a midrib in the 
lower 1/2—2/3, often with 1—3 (-4) weak teeth. Corolla 
a bright, rich yellow, often with purple veining inside 
on the lower part, 25-30 mm long, articulate; outside 
pubescent with dense, patent, short, fine, simple hairs; 
inside glabrous apart from fine, soft hairs at base of 
the tube, rows of prominent enations present in basal 
parts; pouch on upper 1/3—1/2 of the hypanthium, 
2.5—4.5 mm long, shallow; /obes distinct from wings, 
lanceolate to narrow-triangular, with apices acute to 
acuminate, with a narrow blunt tip extending a little 
beyond the wings; wings entire, with sparse, marginal 
setae 0.4—0.7 mm long, not projected beyond lobe apex 
but gradually, or abruptly, narrowed apically to form a 


ISSN 0313-4083 (Print) * ISSN 2201-9855 (Online) 


19/12/2014 12:48:42 PM 


PJ. Lang J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 27 (2014) 


—* 


Fig. 1-3. Goodenia valdentata. 1 habit and habitat: flowering shrub on sandstone outcrop; 2 flowers and foliage; 3 detail of leaves. — D.E.Murfet 7034 
et al. Photos: D.J. Duval, S.A. Seed Conservation Centre. 


48 


14-03 Lang Ol.cs6.indd 48 19/12/2014 12:48:44 PM 


14-03 Lang Ol.cs6.indd 49 


J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 27 (2014) 


Fig. 4. G. valdentata. Flowers, showing tapered corolla wings, and style 
with fine spreading hairs visible on the upper part. — D.E.Murfet 
/034 et al. Photo: D.J. Duval, S.A. Seed Conservation Centre. 


combined acute to obtuse apex. Adaxial corolla lobes 
diverging from fused corolla at 7-10 mm from base, 
12-18 mm x 1.9—2.5 mm; wings + equal, 7-12 x 1.4—2 
mm; lacking distinct auricles. Abaxial corolla lobes 
separating at a further 3.5-—6.5 mm past divergence of 
adaxial lobes, 10.5-16 =< 2.5-3.5 mm; wings 7-9 x 
1.5—2.8 mm. Stamen filaments linear, 7—7.5 mm long; 
anthers narrowly oblong to linear, 2.2—3.7 x 0.5-0.7 
mm, apiculate, with small, ovate extension 0.3—0.6 mm 
long. Style 16—21 mm long, pale cream with some short, 
glandular hairs and soft, fine, spreading hairs, 0.5—1 mm 
long, for almost its entire length, but becoming purple 
and with longer hairs to 1.5 mm near junction with 
indusium. /ndusium inclined forwards at almost right- 
angles to style, pale purplish-grey, obovoid-trapezoid, 
2—2.6 mm long, dorsiventrally compressed, with apical 
margin lightly convex from above and 3.84.1 mm 
wide, base 2.1—2.5 mm wide, glabrous except for some 
long hairs in a darker, purplish zone at its base, orifice 
beset with dense, white bristles 0.4—0.6 mm long. Fruit 
ellipsoid, 1O—14 < 5—7 mm, tapered at base into a short 
stalk, 0.5—2.5 mm long, 2-valved; valves extending 2-3 
mm beyond attachment of calyx lobes, apices rostrate 
and usually bifid, sometimes splitting towards base and 
giving the appearance of a 4-valved fruit; septum 2/3-— 
3/4 the length of loculus. Seeds light brown, broadly 
elliptic, 3.6-4.1 <x 2.3—2.6 mm, papillulose, surrounded 
by a raised thickened margin with a squared-off edge. 
Fig. 1-4, 7, 10. 


Diagnostic features. The new species has bracteolate pe- 
dicels and falls in subsection Goodenia (Carolin 1992), 
comprising over 53 species. Within this subsection 
it belongs with a loose group of species allied to G. 


49 


New Goodenia from Davenport Range (Goodeniaceae) 


me 
- 
. / - 


4 
: . 
> ; " +—_ ; by ad 
‘ _ j 7 . 
i 
4 . ¥ 
= - 
“ aff 
~~ a ; 
 * 
” : 


¢ 


> . 


Fig. 9. G. chambersii. Flowers, showing the abruptly terminated corolla 
wings and absence of hairs around the style apex. — D.J. Duval 1686 
& M.J. Thorpe. Photo: D.J. Duval, S.A. Seed Conservation Centre. 


grandiflora Sims, a widespread and variable species 
extending from coastal N.S.W. and Qld to the ranges 
of central Australia in N.T., and W.A. The group also 
includes G. brunnea Carolin, G. kingiana Carolin, and 
G. macmillanii F.Muell., as well as G. chambersii, G. 
saccata and possibly G. albiflora Schltdl., all species 
that have been previously treated as G. grandiflora 
or varieties thereof. Species of this group are shrubby 
perennials (excepting G. albiflora which is a renascent 
rhizomatous perennial), and they are usually long-lived, 
and found on rocky substrates. Goodenia valdentata 1s 
clearly distinct from all these species, but is most like 
G. grandiflora, G. chambersii and G. saccata in its 
general appearance. It differs from G. grandiflora by 
its narrower leaves that are never cordate at the base, 
the more deeply serrate leaf margin, and consistently 
ciliate corolla wings (with long sparse setae) that taper 
to the lobe apex. Goodenia valdentata most closely 
resembles the two South Australian endemic species, 
G. chambersii and G. saccata, with which it has been 
previously confused. Diagnostic characters separating 
these three taxa are summarised in Table 1. 

Goodenia valdentata has distinctive corolla wings 
that are gradually to steeply tapered apically (Fig. 4) 
rather than abruptly terminated. Combined with the 
main body of the lobe this produces an obtuse to acute 
apex. In contrast, the combined apex in G. chambersii 
is truncate (Fig. 5) or often emarginate where the wings 
are angled forwards beyond the apex; in G. saccata it 1s 
truncate with the lobe apex protruding as a short acute 
extension. 

The three species can also be separated on leaf cha- 
racters alone. The leaves of Goodenia valdentata are 
distinctive by their longer lateral teeth (to > 3 mm) 


19/12/2014 12:48:46 PM 


P.J. Lang 


Fig. 6. Isotype of G. saccata (detail), showing short white flattened 
hairs on inside of corolla and crenulate-laciniate wing margins. — 
Hy.Eichler 12676 (MEL 23070). Photo: JSTOR Global Plants. 


and the attenuate terminal tooth that is especially 
pronounced on the upper leaf-bracts (Fig. 3 & 10). They 
are consistently more elongate than the ovate-orbicular 
leaves of G. chambersi and approach those of G. 
saccata in their general shape, but differ by their deeper, 
more regular teeth. By contrast G. saccata has more 
secondary teeth, producing a somewhat irregular almost 
bidentate margin. The leaves of both G. valdentata and 
G. saccata are strictly speaking pinnatisect and bear 1-6 
small petiolar pinnae. The pinnae in G. valdentata are 
narrower and less well developed than in G. saccata, 
while in G. chambersii they are always absent. 

An unusual feature of G. valdentata is the develop- 
ment of 1—3 weak teeth on many of the calyx lobes. 
This was observed in four of the six collections of 
G. valdentata with flowers but in only seen once 
in G. saccata (on the holotype), and not at all in G. 
chambersii. 


Affinities. Goodenia valdentata is geographically situ- 
ated between G. chambersii and G. saccata species 
(Fig. 13) and shares some morphological features of 
each. Goodenia chambersii 1s found on breakaways in 
eypseous landscapes around Coober Pedy, Arckaringa 
and Evelyn Downs, and also extends southwards in an 
arc on residuals of the Stuart Range, well to the west of 
the range of G. valdentata. Goodenia saccata 1s endemic 
to the northern Flinders Ranges and occurs as three 
discrete major populations on basement rocks, in the 
Arkaroola-Yankaninna, Blinman-Parachilna-Moolooloo 
and Leigh Creek-Beltana areas. 

Goodenia valdentata matches G. chambersii in its 
larger, bright yellow flowers with a mostly glabrous 
indusium, prominent enations on the inside of the 
corolla, and entire wings that are distinctly ciliate with 
widely-spaced setae, particularly in their lower part. The 
latter character was among three highlighted by Carolin 
(1992) in justifying the recognition of G. chambersii as 
distinct from G. grandiflora. This status is supported by 
the molecular phylogenetic analysis of Goodeniaceae 
by Jabaily et al. (2012) where G. chambersii and G. 


14-03 Lang O1.cs6.indd 50 


SO 


J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 27 (2014) 


Fig. 7. G. valdentata seed. — LHS: BS69-25204; RHS: B.Andrews, 10 
Oct. 1968. 


grandiflora emerged as well separated sister species. 
The distinctive seed features of G. chambersii (more 
prominent sculpturing and a smoother, more tapered 
rim) are not shared by G. valdentata or G. saccata, 
which both have seeds with a squared rim typical of 
other species in the G. grandiflora group (Fig. 7-9). 
Goodenia valdentata is close to G. saccata in general 
leaf shape, presence of petiolar pinnae, its seed 
characters and in having spreading hairs distributed 
over the entire length of the style. However, G. saccata 
differs by its lighter and slightly glaucous foliage, 
predominantly white flowers (see Notes, p. 54), larger 
corolla tube pouch, and sweet scent (noted as especially 
strong in the late afternoon). A similar set of features 
is found in G. calcarata F.Muell.’ and G. albiflora and 
is indicative of a pollination syndrome, possibly for 
night-flying insects, such as moths. More importantly, 
Goodenia saccata has two distinctive apomorphic fea- 
tures that are absent in G. valdentata, but shared with 
G. albiflora: stiff, short, white, flattened-clavate (to 
narrow-oblanceolate) hairs on the inside of the corolla, 
and irregularly crenulate-laciniate corolla wing margins 
(Fig. 6). Its closest relationship appears to be with G. 
albiflora rather than G. valdentata. 

Overall, the new species appears more closely 
related to G. chambersii than to G. saccata, despite the 
obviously divergent leaf morphology of the former. 


Distribution. Goodenia valdentata is endemic to Daven- 
port Range and associated drainage lines, in the Lake 
Eyre Region of South Australia (Fig. 13 & 14). It is not 
to be confused with the Davenport Range of Northern 
Territory, but is part of a system generally referred to as 
the Peake and Denison Ranges (Twidale 2007, Ambrose 
et al. 1981), comprising small isolated remnants of the 
Adelaide Geosyncline fold belt, from which the Mt 


2 Goodenia calcarata (F.Muell) F.Muell. exhibits a similar polli- 
nation syndrome, but has the pouch extended into a prominent 
nectary spur. However, it appears less closely related and also 
differs by its ephemeral habit, entire corolla wing margins, and 
stiff purple hairs on the inside of the corolla that are slightly 
thickened but not flattened as in G. saccata and G. albiflora. 


19/12/2014 12:48:48 PM 


J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 27 (2014) New Goodenia from Davenport Range (Goodeniaceae) 


Fig. 8. G. chambersi seed. — LHS: B.Lay 638; RHS: E.H./sing, 22 Oct. Fig. 9. G. saccata seed. — LHS: K.H.Brewer 640; RHS: L.D.Williams 
1955. 11722. 


Lofty and Flinders Ranges were formed. The range — from Biological Survey of S.A. quadrats, data on sur- 
straddles the boundary of Nilpinna Station and The rounding vegetation indicate a very sparse tree or shrub 
Peake Station, and populations of G. valdentata occur — stratum dominated by Acacia species (A. ligulata, A. 
on both properties. salicina and A. tetragonophylla) or red gum (Eucalyptus 


Habitat. The major rock type in the Davenport Range is camatdutensis) in the watercourses. 


sandstone of the Burra Group from the Late Proterozoic = Conservation status. The known range of G. valdentata 
(S.A. Dept Mines and Energy 1982). Collectors’ field spans 21 <x 13 km, based on the seven more precisely 
notes describe G. valdentata as occurring on rocky located collections (Fig. 14). With such a restricted 
outcrops or hill slopes (4 collections) or watercourses — extent, it clearly warrants listing as a Rare species. There 
(5 collections). In all but one case, mention is made of | are no obvious immediate threats to the conservation 
the substrate being rocky or having a moderate to dense __ of this species, but it could also qualify as Vulnerable 
cobble strew. It is recorded as growing in: crevices of _ if its distribution within this area is found to be only 
deep red-brown rocks, skeletal brown soil, clayey sand, = sparse and patchy. Using the IUCN 2001 categories as 
and silty clay loam. The vegetation of Davenport Range adopted by the National Parks and Wildlife Council 
is mostly Open Woodland dominated by mulga and (2003), a plant may be assigned Vulnerable (VU) status 
chenopods (Gee et al. 1996). For the two collections — under criterion D2 for a restricted area of occupancy (as 


Amended key to South Australian + shrubby, cauline-leaved species of subsection Goodenia 
(‘Group B’ of Carolin & Cooke 1986) 
1. Leaves with petiolar pinnae (these often reduced) 
2. Leaf lamina lanceolate, viscid, with simple hairs almost absent........ 0.0... 0. cc ee eee nes G. brunnea 
2: Leaf lamina narrowly to broadly ovate (-triangular), finely velvety, with abundant short, simple hairs 
3. Leaf margin irregularly dentate/bidentate, longest lateral teeth 1-3 mm long; corolla mostly off-white 


WV CCTEN ATCT CA TNA TIO TAR OTITIS! aa gy cre se BENE ie ts ete Sav wl age AS a BENE, dtm Go Ev we Be aU IEER 8078 DEIN S'la Gh Few G. saccata 
3: Leaf margin strongly and evenly dentate, longest lateral teeth 3-5 mm long; corolla yellow with + 
STINT TR ANONITS: , sch os ace eh eile Lene dant ened Wee amet Na hiees Ate Sv aitc Less ect eas aide h Beh ine eee eet Seng Ge den Beh Py kas a G. valdentata 


1: Leaves simple, with petioles lacking pinnae, or sessile 
4. Leaves and stems with plentiful glandular and/or non-glandular hairs 
5. Leaves petiolate, with abundant simple hairs 


6. Leaves broadly ovate to orbicular, green, with fine short erect hairs ......... 0... 0. ccc eee ee eee G. chambersii 
6: Leaves linear to narrowly elliptic, silvery-grey, with appressed T-shaped hairs ...................5 G. mueckeana 
5: Leaves sessile and stem-clasping, with abundant glandular hairs 
7. Leaves strongly stem clasping, mostly > 3 cm long; indusium entire .......... 0... 0. cece eee eee G. amplexans 
7: Leaves weakly stem clasping, mostly < 3 cm long; indusium notched ................... 000005 G. benthamiana 
4: Leaves and stems glabrous or glabrescent, without conspicuous hairs 
$; [Leaves Sironely SAUCOUS) TOWEPS WHITES: osc LE fla ner eaten ew ot ne bol ate a nee tea be ate nok Habeas kone sess G. albiflora 
8: Leaves green, flowers yellow 
9, Leaves narrowly elliptic to oblanceolate; corolla with minute simple hairs outside .................. G. vernicosa 
9: Leaves ovate to elliptic, rarely narrower; corolla lacking simple hairs 
10. Leaves thick; sepals 2-4 mm long; bracteoles to 1.5mm long .......... 0... 0. ccc eee ees G. varia 
10: Leaves thin; sepals 3—11 mm long; bracteoles to6mm long ........ 0... 0... eee ees G. ovata 
5] 


14-03 Lang Ol.cs6.indd 51 c, 19/12/2014 12:48:50 PM 


P.J. Lang 


14-03 Lang Ol.cs6.indd 52 


peAiesel juBuAdOS 


eeuIsnNy yNos 
JO wnueqiay aes 


Fig. 10. Goodenia valdentata. Holotype, Fu.Badman per WR. Barker 5267. 


52 


J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 27 (2014) 


KU9952408 7 


State Herbarium of South Australia 


AVIA 
AD99524087 


Goodenia Va dentate: 


KE 22 Ney. 2013 


DET. P.J. Lang 


STATE HERBARIUM OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA (AD) 
Goodeniaceae / AD99524087 


Goodenia saccata Carolin 
det. D.E. Symon, 15 Nov 1995 
South Australia. Region 2; Lake Eyre, 
c. 0.5 km SE of Levi Springs Bore. 
(Autoderived cvord, 28 22°35"S, 136 09°32"E; precn 2) 


Common. Rock outcrop on W end of rocky hill; deep red-brown rocks; 
S-facing slope. In rock crevices. 
Mainly seedlings. Corolla mid yellow. Style and indusium light grey. 


F.J. Badman per W.R. Barker 5267 28 Aug 1986 


f 
- 


Duplicates tu: CA! % 


Wh 
Databased in: ADHERB (crobins; geoc.OK) ANNI 


19/12/2014 12:48:57 PM 


New Goodenia from Davenport Range (Goodeniaceae) 


J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 27 (2014) 


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53 


14-03 Lang Ol.cs6.indd 53 


P.J. Lang 


” Goodenia valdentata 


¢ Goodenia chambersii 


 Goodenia saccata 


Fig. 13. Distribution of Goodenia valdentata, G. chambersii and G. 
saccata, based on AD collections. 


opposed to extent) of “typically less than 20 km”. 
Currently there is insufficient information to estimate 
the area of occupancy. Collectors’ field notes merely 
describe it as [locally] moderately common or common 
(5 collections). To ascertain whether it qualifies as Vul- 
nerable, details on population sizes and their coverage 
within the range area are required, so at this stage only 
Rare status 1s recommended. 


Etymology. The epithet valdentata 1s formed from a 
contraction of the Latin words valde, strongly, and 
dentatus, toothed, and refers to the leaf margin with 
prominent teeth, which are more pronounced than in 
related species. 


Notes. One factor contributing to the confusion of G. 
valdentata with G. saccata is the description of white 
or yellow flower colour for the latter. Goodenia saccata 
appears to be a consistently white-flowered species, but 
its flowers were first described as “cream to yellow” 
(Carolin 1986), and later as “yellow or off-white” 
(Carolin 1992). It is unlikely that Carolin would have 
seen fresh material and these descriptions are probably 
based on the uniform yellowish tinge to the corolla seen 
on some herbarium specimens, which is probably an 
artefact of drying and aging. 

Flowers of the holotype sheet (Fig. 12) appear 
particularly yellowish, but on other plants from the 


14-03 Lang 01.cs6.indd 54 


54 


J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 27 (2014) 


’ A - ~y —_ ~ — - 
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Fig. 14. Detail of Goodenia valdentata distribution (+) based on the 
seven collections with a resolution of 1 km or better. 


same collection (e.g. the isotype, MEL 23070) they 
are clearly white. The possibility of yellow-flowered 
variants within the population cannot be eliminated 
completely, but it seems unlikely given the absence of 
field-based records of yellow-flowered forms, and the 
following evidence. More common species known in 
the field to be consistently white-flowered such as G. 
albiflora and G. calcarata do sometimes produce dried 
specimens with a yellowish tone on the flowers (e.g. 
R.Taylor 507 and D.J.Duval 1544, respectively). Also, 
one herbarium specimen of G. saccata with yellowish 
flowers (K.H. Brewer 546) has field notes describing the 
flowers as white. In the four other AD collections of G. 
saccata with field notes that refer to flower colour, it 
is also given as white. Further support is provided by 
recent field observations of the two eastern populations, 
one by the author and several by K. Brewer, who re- 
ported that the flowers were always predominantly 
white or “off-white”, although sometimes suffused with 
yellow towards the base. 


Goodenia valdentata collections examined other than 
type, all from AD 


SOUTH AUSTRALIA. Lake Eyre: B.Andrews, 10 Oct. 1968, 
Nilpinna Station; -!/.Badman 51438, 18 Apr. 1992, Peake 
Station, Edith Spring (Dups: BRI, NY); F'/.Badman 7051, 
12 Aug. 1993, 13 km NW of Mt Margaret, Peake Station; 
FE-J.Badman 7070, 12 Aug. 1993, 12 km NW of Mt Margaret, 
Peake Station; R.Bates 59193, s.dat. [c. 15 Aug. 2001 based 
on adj. nos.], Davenport Range (SW gorge), Nilpinna (Dups: 
MA, SIU); JL.Chivell & A.Shalekoff BS69-25204, 1 Mar. 
1996, 15.7 ENE Nilpinna; D.E.Murfet 7034, D.J.Duval & 
7’S.Te, 9 Oct. 2010, Davenport Range, c. 10 km ESE of Nil- 
pinna Station; A.C.Robinson & S.A.Bemmer BS69-28610, 
| Mar. 1996, 23 km ENE Nilpinna Homestead. 


19/12/2014 12:49:05 PM 


J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 27 (2014) 


New Goodenia from Davenport Range (Goodeniaceae) 


Table 1. Diagnostic characters distinguishing Goodenia chambersii, G. valdentata and G. saccata. 


Indumentum of stems 
& leaves 

simple hairs 

glandular hairs 


Petiolar pinnae 
number 


shape 


Lamina 


shape 


length/width ratio 


Leaf margins 


number of teeth 
secondary teeth 

lateral tooth length (max.) 
terminal tooth length 


Flowers per axil 


Corolla 
colour 


pouch 


enations 
vestiture inside 


wing margins 
wing marginal setae 
wing termination 


lobe & wing apex 
Style 


spreading hairs 


indusium surface 


Seed 

mature colour 
margin 

rim 

sculpture 


G. chambersi 


mid-dense 
sparse to mid-dense, 
conspicuous 


none 


broadly ovate to orbicular 


0.9-1.3 


crenate-dentate 


9-20 

rare 

Q.8—3 mm 
to 4.5 mm 


I-3 


yellow 
shallow, on upper 1/2 
of hypanthium 


yes 
pilose in lower 1/3—1/2 


entire 

yes 

not tapered apically, often 
projecting beyond lobe 


truncate or emarginate 


only in lower 1/2—2/3, and 
near base of indusium 
mostly glabrous 


mid to dark (reddish-) brown 
flush or slightly raised 
tapered or rounded 
papillose-verrucose 


G. valdentata 


very dense 
sparse, 
inconspicuous 


1-6 


narrowly oblong 


narrowly ovate to ovate 


1.4—2.0 


prominently & acutely dentate 
elongate terminal tooth 

14-25 

few 

3—5 mm 

to 7.5 mm 


1 (-2) 


bright yellow 

shallow, on upper 1/3-1/2 
of hypanthium 

yes 


pilose only near base 


entire 

yes 

gradually to steeply tapered 
apically, not exceeding lobe 

acute or obtuse 


entire length 


mostly glabrous 


pale brown 

strongly raised, 

flat with squared-off edges 
papillulose 


G. saccata 


mid-dense 
mid-dense, 
prominent 


1-6 
narrowly triangular to 
triangular 


(narrowly-) ovate to 
broadly ovate-triangular 
1.0—2.2 


irregularly compound-dentate 


18-45 
many 
1—3 mm 
to 4mm 


I-3 


mostly off-white 

prominent, on upper 2/3—3/4 
of hypanthium 

absent, or a few weak ones 

hispid, flattened straight white 
hairs in lower 2/3—3/4 

crenulate-laciniate 

no 

usually abruptly terminated 
short of lobe apex 

truncate with protruding tip 


entire length 


hirsute with soft hairs 


pale brown 

strongly raised, 

flat with squared-off edges 
papillulose 


14-03 Lang Ol.cs6.indd 55 


Goodenia chambers, selected specimens (of 27 seen), 
all from AD (except otherwise indicated) 

SouTH AUSTRALIA. Lake Eyre: D./. Duval 1888, 1 Sep. 
2010, 4 km E Arckaringa Station; E.AH Jsing 3626A, 15 Oct. 
1950, Evelyn Downs, 90 miles SW of Oodnadatta (Dups: 
MEL, K, BM, P, TI, US, CANB); £.AlIsing, 22 Oct. 1955, 
Evelyn Downs, Oodnadatta; PJ.Lang BSOP-438, 12 May 
2000, Just inside western boundary of Arckaringa Station; 
B.Lay 638, 11 Oct. 1971, Residuals of Stuart Range, c. 80 
km NW of Millers Creek Station, Balta Baltana; J. McDouall 
Stuart (expedition), 1859, N.W. interior of South Australia 
(lectotype: MEL 23048; isotype: K; images seen); 7’ Webb 9, 
21 Sep. 2010, c. 10 km E of Coober Pedy; H.P Vonow 3535 
et al., 14 Dec. 2010, Arckaringa Station, S of Wurley Hole; 
J.H. Willis, 23 Jul. 1979, Allandale Homestead, SE of Oodna- 
datta (Dup. of MEL 2118360). 


55 


Goodenia saccata, selected specimens (of 25 seen), 
all from AD 


SouTH AUSTRALIA. Flinders Ranges: H.W. Andrew, Aug. 
1920, Mt Bayley, near Beltana; K.H.Brewer 546 & T'S.Te, 
26 Nov. 2010, Glass Gorge road, c. 5 km from Parachilna 
Gorge; K.H.Brewer 640 & K.Waugh, 9 Dec. 2011, between 
Yankaninna Homestead and the outstation at Owieandana; 
P.E.Conrick AD28, Aug. 1979, Arkaroola; Hj.Eichler 12676, 
17 Sep. 1956, Gammon Ranges, near mouth of gorge of 
Arcoona Creek, south of Arcoona Bluff Range (holotype: AD 
95710018; isotypes: MEL 23070, B, L, images seen; BRI, 
NSW, BM, K, NE, P, TI, UC, US, n.v.); Hj. Eichler 12997, 
26 Sep. 1956, Aroona Dam, 6.5 km SW of Copley (Dup.: 
CAL); E.H Ising 511, 7 Oct. 1918, Witchen’s Well, Moo- 
looloo; D.N.Kraehenbuehl 23, 5 Oct. 1958, Near junction of 
Moolooloo and Parachilna roads (Dup.: RSA); D.E.Symon 


19/12/2014 12:49:06 PM 


P.J. Lang 


6762, 5 Sep. 1969, W end of Parachilna Gorge (Dups.: NSW, 
K, B, L); L.D.Williams 11722, 4 Nov. 1980, 12.2 km [N of] 
Yankaninna HS. 


Acknowledgments 


I am grateful to Dan Duval of the S.A. Seed Con- 
servation Centre, Botanic Gardens of South Australia, 
for providing images of the plant taken in the field. | 
also thank Kieran Brewer for sharing details of his 
recent field observations of Goodenia saccata, Ainsley 
Calladine for producing the images of herbarium sheets, 
and Graham Bell for information on B.G. Andrews from 
the State Herbarium archive. 


14-03 Lang Ol.cs6.indd 56 


56 


J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 27 (2014) 


References 


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Carolin, R.C. (1992). Goodenia. In: George, A.S. (ed.), Flora 
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Carolin, R.C. & Cooke, D.A. (1986). Goodenia. In: Jessop, 
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National Parks and Wildlife Council (2003). Review of the 
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State Herbarium of South Australia (2013). Census of South 
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flora.sa.gov.au/census.shtml [accessed: Aug. 2013]. 

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Twidale, C.R. (2007). Ancient Australian Landscapes. (Ro- 
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